Southern Hokkien: An Introduction [1] 9863500496, 9789863500490

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Southern Hokkien: An Introduction(Volume One) Bernhard Fuehrer and Yang Hsiu-fang with Wen Zhihao and Cheng Mei-chuan CD produced by NTU Open Forum for New Intellectuals Cover image provided by National Museum of Taiwan History © National Taiwan University Press 2014 GPN : 1010302854 ISBN : 978-986-350-049-0 This book has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication by National Taiwan University Press. All rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any fonn or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written pennission of National Taiwan University Press. National Taiwan University Press No. I, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C. http://www.press.ntu.edu. tw email: [email protected]

Table of Contents

Volume One Table of Contents Preface Abbreviations and Conventions Main Personae Introduction Lesson One Sound Structure and Pronunciation Vowels Consonants Transcriptions and Conversion Table Initials Finals Tones Pronunciation Exercises Pronunciation Exercises: Vocabulary Additional Vocabulary Homework Lesson Two

39581 1l2

te7 it4 kho3 27 27 27 28 28 29 33 39 41 47 49 te7 ji'kho3

Phonology: Tone Changes Tone Sandhi: A Few Basic Rules Words in Isolation Words in Context Phonology: Colloquial versus Literary Phonology: Multiple Pronunciations Names and Surnames Tone Sandhi Exercises Grammar Notes Sentence Patterns Additional Vocabulary Some Additional Place Names Listening / Reading Comprehension Translation Exercise Pearls of Wisdom

51 52 52 55 63 67

71 72 77 95 97 100

lO2 1O3 104

4 Southern Hokkien. An Introduction

Lesson Three Dialogue: Chho · 1-chhu3 kin3 bin7 Notes on Vocabulary Additional Vocabulary Sentence Patterns Listening/ Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice Translation Exercise Pearls of Wisdom Lesson Four

te7 sa01 kho3 105 106 133 136 137 138 140 141

Dialogue: Chin1iatu7-2chhho2i7 Dialogue: Seh8 -a2 chiah8 mih8 -kia"7 Notes on Vocabulary Numbers and Numerals Additional Vocabulary Sentence Patterns Listening/ Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice Translation Exercise Pearls of Wisdom

te7 si3 kho3 143 144 145 178 181 184 185 186 187 188

Dialogue: Tian7-oe7 ho7-be2 Dialogue: Khi3 peng5-iu2 in1 tau1 chhit4-tho5 Notes on Vocabulary Additional Vocabulary Sentence Patterns Listening I Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice Translation Exercise Tones in Mandarin and Southern Hokkien Pearls of Wisdom

te7 go ·7 kho3 191 192 193 219 221 223 224 226 228 229

Lesson Five

Lesson Six

tiguguo叫n alua可m

DDNAiiodaatedlloois e, ecVKSVoeuca"oi'ca-Jbtui bf lru2 kui2 hun1 ary Numbers, Dates and Time

te7 lak8 kho3 231 232 233 266 269

Table of Contents 5 269 270 271 274 275 277 279 281

Days of the Month Hours and Minutes Sentence Patterns Listening / Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice Translation Exercise Negations and Dialect Interaction Pearls of Wisdom

Volume Two

3

Table of Contents Lesson Seven

7

4

3

te'chhif'kho Dialogue: Li2 chit4-ma2 leh4 chhong3 sian2-mih4 7 8 Dialogue: Li2kio3-si7 sian2-Li2 go '7-hoe7 a0 Notes on Vocabulary 9 Additional Vocabulary 40 Sentence Patterns 44 45 Listening/ Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice 46 48 Translation Exercise Tan5 Bi2 -eng1 and her Family 50 51 Some Kinship Terms and Appellations Pearls of Wisdom 61

Lesson Eight Dialogue: Li2 bat4 khi3-koe3 to2 -ui7 Dialogue: 11 i2-keng1 loa7 -ku2 bo5 to3-khi3·0 lo ·2-0 Notes on Vocabulary Additional Vocabulary Sentence Patterns Listening / Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice Translation Exercise How old are you? Pearls of Wisdom

te7 peh4 kho3 63 64 66 106 110 112 113 115 117 119

6 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

Dialogue: PThi7oTa3"e-0p7ein17-su I e5 chin2-so· 2 Dialogue: Notes on Vocabulary Additional Vocabulary Sentence Patterns Listening / Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice Translation Exercise Revision of Directions Pearls of Wisdom

te7 kau2 kho3 121 122 123 158 162 164 166 168 170 171

Dialogue: TCih7ucnhh2-pi7i-7ticuh0o53 boe2-ge5 Dialogue: Notes on Vocabulary Additional Vocabulary Sentence Patterns Listening/ Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice Translation Exercise Pearls of Wisdom

te7 chap8 kho3 173 173 176 212 215 216 218 220 222

Dialogue: Thiu1 chiong2 Notes on Vocabulary Additional Vocabulary Sentence Patterns Listening / Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice Translation Exercise Measure Words Pearls of Wisdom

te7 chap8-it4 kho3 225 227 257 260 262 263 265 267 271

Lesson Nine

Lesson Ten

Lesson Eleven

Lesson Twelve Song lyrics: Sim1-su7 sia02-Iang5 chai1 g1 -kai 1 NSoontegslyronicVso:Pcaubt4uleanry Notes on Vocabulary Song lyrics: Po"2 phoa3 bang7

te7 chap8-ji7 kho3 273 273 280 280 284

Table of Contents 7 Notes on Vocabulary Song lyrics: U2 ia7 hoe1 Notes on Vocabulary Song lyrics: Phiau 1-phiat4 e5 chhit4-tho5 -lang5 Notes on Vocabulary Song lyrics: 1990 Tai5 -oan5 -lang5 Notes on Vocabulary Additional Vocabulary Sentence Patterns Listening / Reading Comprehension Cloze Practice Translation Exercise Pearls of Wisdom

284 303 303 311 311 319 320 334 338 339 341 343 345

Volume Three

Table of Contents

3

Material in Mixed Script

5

第三課

初次見面

5

第四課

真柱好

5 6

幫夜市［仔］［食］物件 第五課

第六課

電話號瑪

6

去朋友［慣］［兜］［迫迥］

7

幾點幾分

7 8

生日

第七課

第八課

汝［即］ ma2 着創［啥］物 汝叫是［啥］一汝誤會［矣］

9 10

汝別去過底位

10

伊已經［亻若］久無倒去了

11

8 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction 第九課

被病

佇鄭 醫師［的］ 診所 第十課

準備做尾牙

12 12

佇市場

13 13

第十一課

抽獎

14

第十二課

心事［啥］ 儂知

15 15 16 16 16 16

不應該

補破縟 雨夜花

［飄撇］［的］［迫迥］儂 1990 臺灣儂

Index

19

Reading Suggestions

137

Authors and Contributors

139

Preface This research-based textbook uses a situation-based approach in which lessons are designed to reflect scenes in real life rather than classroom situations. It developed out of our teaching at the School of Oriental and African St1.1dies (SOAS) in London and is designed for non-heritage learners who have acquired a reasonably good proficiency level of Mandarin, and wish to learn Southern Hokkien outside of its natural linguistic environment. Grammar and vocabulary explanations follow a primarily contrastive approach, focussing on differences between Mandarin and Southern Hokkien. References to grammatical, semantic and lexical similarities and parallels between the two languages are provided where appropriate and kept as concise as possible. Southern Hokkien shows a low level of standardisation which easily leads to the learner receiving conflicting infonnation and instructions from textbooks and native speaker infonnants. This textbook applies a descriptive approach and does not attempt to present one dialect variant as classroom standard. It reflects linguistic realities of contemporary Southern Hokkien spoken in Taiwan but also includes occasional references to historical layers and regional variants. This course uses the so-called Missionary Romanisation System (MRS), a variety of the Peh8-oe7-ji7 白話字（｀｀ vernacular writing"; POJ) romanization system which is widely used to transcribe Southern Hokkien dialects. Mandarin is transcribed in Hanyu Pinyin with the conventional exceptions; the revised Hepburn romanization system is used for Japanese; Cantonese is transcribed according to the Yale romanization system. Our main dialogues are presented in romanized Southern Hokkien; transcripts of the dialogues in mixed script are provided in the appendix to the textbook. Chinese characters for Southern Hokkien words are added in vocabulary lists for reference purpose only and where deemed beneficial for the learning process. Tone changes are indicated up to lesson five in the main dialogues and in our notes on vocabulary. From lesson six onwards we indicate only isolation tones (with occasional guidance regarding tone changes) and expect the learner to apply relevant tone sandhi rules. Although our focus is on romanized Southern Hokkien, vocabulary lists include characters to facilitate the "switch-over" from Mandarin to Southern Hokkien and to encourage the learner in his/her word-fonnation attempts.

IO Southern Hokkien: An Introduction Southern Hokkien written in Chinese script raises a number of issues. In addition to the obvious problem of writing words borrowed from other languages with Chinese characters and despite recent efforts to move toward a standardisation in Taiwan, the "correct" graphic representations of some of the most common Southern Hokkien words in Chinese characters are disputed. Some seem to have been collectively forgotten or may indeed never have existed. In view of the lack of agreed graphic representations of those words in Chinese characters, we aim at what we consider philologically reasonably accurate representations of words in characters (benzi 本字） rather than popular or popularised loans, and indicate phonetic and semantic loan characters by square brackets [] in this textbook. References to the current standard for written Taiwanese as set by the Ministry of Education in Taipei are marked as CTS, especially where we deviate from the written forms suggested by the language standardisation commission in their on-line dictionary (Taiwan Minnanyu changyongci cidian 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典）． This textbook is divided into three volumes and consists of a total of twelve lessons. The frrst volume contains lessons one to six, lessons seven to twelve are in the second volume. In the third volume we provide additional material including transcripts of the dialogue sessions and song lyrics in mixed script. These transcripts are for reference purpose only and may be found useful by native speaker teachers. The learner is advised to use the romanized version of our dialogues in which we provide clear indication regarding the application of tone sandhi rules. The appended index refers to vocabulary explanations in the numbered sections of the textbook (01.01 to 12.07). *

With the exception of lessons one, two and twelve, which have a different structure, all lessons include the following sections:

I. At least one dialogue scene: the dialogues reflect linguistic realities in that individual speakers exhibit dialectal idiosyncracies. 2. Notes on Vocabulary: words and expressions used in the dialogue(s) are printed in larger print. Example sentences and lexical explorations are in smaller print. In this section we indicate dialect variants where deemed appropriate.

Preface 11 3. Additional Vocabulary as used in the example sentences and elsewhere in the lesson. 4. Sentence Patterns in which the learner is required to identify suitable combinations of given options. In this part we only indicate isolation tones and expect the learner to apply tone sandhi rules. 5. Cloze Practice sections where a suitable option needs to be selected to fill in the blanks left in the sentences. In this part we also indicate isolation tones only and expect the learner to apply tone sandhi rules. 6. Listening and Reading Comprehension exercises that also serve as additional Southern Hokkien-English translation practice. In this part we also expect the learner to apply tone sandhi rules. 7. English-Southern Hokkien Translation exercises aim at expressing in Southern Hokkien the main idea behind a given sentence rather than providing literal translations. 8. Pearls of Wisdom: a selection of set phrases and popular sayings which are highly context-sensitive. Our translations are best perceived as approximations to be explored in class with the teacher. A number of lessons include additional short outlines of relevant topics, revisions and material that may be found useful. Once the Southern Hokkien grammar issues and sentence patterns are mastered, the learner will find that much of the switch from Mandarin to Southern Hokkien is about lexical issues. This includes words known from Mandarin that only require a change of pronunciation, cases where Mandarin and Southern Hokkien show different lexical approaches and, as one would expect, false friends(faux amis). In compiling this textbook we have thus put much emphasis on introducing a wide range of vocabulary, the majority of which is used in Southern Hokkien in the same way as in Mandarin. *

This textbook aims to serve a dual purpose: 1. Where used as an introduction to elementary spoken Southern Hokkien, the learner should focus on the vocabulary featured in the dialogue sections and applied in the Sentence Patterns, Listening and Reading Comprehension and Cloze Exercise sections. Most of this elementary vocabulary is marked in a

12 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

slightly larger font in the Notes on Vocabulary. This primary lexicon will enable the learner to engage and function adequately in simple standard situations. 2. In addition to the elementary vocabulary the more ambitious learner will want to study the additional lexical explorations provided in the Notes on Vocabulary and printed in a slightly smaller font. Further to sentences that show the application of given vocabulary and related Southern Hokkien vocabulary, a considerable portion of our lexical explorations will be well known from Mandarin. The material provided in the Notes on Vocabulary aims at enabling the learner to develop a more comprehensive lexicon and accelerate the learning process by switching pronunciations from Mandarin to Southern Hokkien. By listing words and sayings more likely to be used by an elderly generation and hardly applied by some young native speakers, the additional material as well as the vocabulary sections occasionally expand into historical layers of Taiwanese Southern Hokkien. *

Given that our textbook is the result of a team effort, some clarification regarding the contributions of our collaborators seems appropriate at this point. Based on a given set of persons and scenes, Wen Zhihao 溫志豪 drafted first versions of the dialogues. Wen Zhihao later also contributed towards the compilation of drafts of sentence pattern sections and listening and comprehension exercises. As the material was tested in our teaching of Southern Hokkien at SOAS for some years, the drafts went through(partly substantial) revisions and amendments. During those revisions Wen Zhihao provided suggestions for amendments of parts of the textbook; his field work on Southern Hokkien variants spoken by the younger generation outside Taiwan was an inspiring source for our excursions on these dialect variants. From the very beginning of this project, Cheng Mei-chuan 鄭美娟 helped with the compilation of draft versions of our notes on vocabulary. Cheng Mei-chuan also participated in the revisions of the entire textbook. We take this opportunity to thank Mr Wen and Ms Cheng for their contributions to the teaching material. Final decisions on matters on which the team did not manage to fully agree were made by the two project leaders, Bernhard Fuehrer and Yang Hsiu-fang, who take full responsibility 1ty titor remaining mistakes and imperfections of our material. *

Preface 13 The compilation of this textbook was facilitated by a joint project between the Graduate Institute for Taiwan Literature （ 臺灣 文學研究所； GITL) at National Taiwan University(NTU) and the Department of Languages and Cultures of China and Inner Asia at SOAS. This project (2008-2013) constituted a portion of the International Collaboration Program for Courses on Southern Hokkien （臺灣語言課 程國際合作計畫） instituted

by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan which

subsidized the majority of funds necessary for the compilation of our teaching material. Our thanks go to Professor Yeh Kuo-Jiang 葉國良， the then Dean of the School of Liberal Arts （文學院） at NTU, whose input was crucical in setting up this project. Professor Mei Chia-ling 梅家玲， director of the GITL (2008-2011) and head supervisor for the International Collaboration Program for Courses on Southern Hokkien, and her team provided us with a fantastic environment for the production of a series of draft versions. Heartfelt thanks are also due to Professor Ko Ching-ming 柯慶明， former director of the GITL (2005-2008), who supported our work from beginning to end. Ms Angelica Ho Chi-ting 何祺婷 administered the project, and Ms Julianne Yeh Chiu-lan 葉秋蘭 looked after us at the GITL and helped locating material in libraries. Ms Cheng Miao-chen 鄭妙真 provided us with depictions of the main characters that accompany us on our journey through this textbook. Mr Keith Sparrow (SOAS) helped with the proof-reading in London. Dr Tu Chia-tun 杜佳倫， Dr Chen Hsiao-chi 陳筱琪， Ms Lim Ka-i 林佳怡 and Mr Yang Kuo-ming 楊國明 helped with the proof-reading of the Southern Hokkien parts in Taiwan. Lim Ka-i also coordinated the production of the audio material. Special thanks go to Lim Kimsiann 林金城， Lim Siok-ki 林淑期， Ong Siu-iong 王秀容， Ko Tong-Shan 柯棟山，

Koo Ka-iong 許 嘉勇 and Lim Ka-i for undertaking the time consuming task of recording the audio files, and to Becky Ou Peichi 歐蓓綺 of Cave Video Production Ltd （敦煌傳播公司） for her technical assistance in the production of the audio

material. The NTU Open Forum for New Intellectuals （國立臺灣大學新百家學堂）， a project headed by Professor Ko Ching-ming provided financial support for the production of the audio material; his assistant Chen Han-shu 陳涵書 helped with practicalities during this process. Our thanks also go to our colleagues at NTU Press, especially Ms Tseng Shuang-shiow 曾奴秀 who did a remarkable job dealing with some of the more difficult issues when preparing the final draft for publication.

14 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

Without the encouragement, backing, assistance and support of all these friends and colleagues, this textbook would not have been possible. On a more personal note, I take great pleasure in expressing my gratitude to Mrs Cai Xuexin 蔡雪辛． As an enormously experienced and learned language teacher, Chhoa3 lau7-su1 introduced some of the subtleties of Taiwanese Southern Hokkien to me in a structured way, and notes taken years ago during highly enjoyable classes with her remain a vademecum for me as a learner. *

Last but not least, the compilation of this textbook was supported by a generous grant from the Ministry of Education in Taipei that enabled us to test previous draft versions of this textbook at SOAS, and to have regular working sessions in Taipei and London over some years.

B.F. & Y.H.F.

Liaumel and Taipei, December 2014

Abbreviations and Conventions A

derivative of the Amoy dialect as spoken in Taiwan

adj

adjective

adv

adverb

aux v

auxiliary verb

con」· con」 unction

CTS

Current Taiwan Standard for Written Taiwanese

dem

demonstrative

excl

exclamation

fig

figurative

IP A

International Phonetic Alphabet

LL

more literary or formal linguistic register

lit

literal

LW

location word

MRS

Missionary Romanisation System

MW

measure word

n

noun

NT

Neo-Taiwanese

num

numeral

o

object

part

particle

pers pron

personal pronoun

POJ

Peh8-oe7-ji7 Romanization System

poss pron

possessive pronoun

PRC

People's Republic of China

pref

prefix

prep

preposition preposi

pron

pronoun

16 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

QW

question word

QZ

derivative of the Quanzhou dialect as spoken in Taiwan

S

subject

suff

suffix

TLPA

Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet

TW

time word

v

verb

v-o

verb + object clause

ZZ

derivative of the Zhangzhou dialect as spoken in Taiwan

In this textbook we adhere to the following conventions:

1. We apply a descriptive approach and give priority to the fused dialect most frequently encountered in Taiwan. This dialect variant derives primarily from the Zhangzhou dialect but integrates some characteristics of the dialects associated with Amoy and Quanzhou.

2. As a general rule, we list pronunciations in our lexical explanations in the following order: ZZ, A and QZ. However, the linguistic reality in Taiwan demonstrates that most speakers do not strictly adhere to any of these three dialect variants but tend to fuse dialect characteristics. Where the majority of Taiwanese Southern Hokkien speakers does not adhere to the ZZ sounds but prefers another dialectal pronunciation, we change the order of pronunciations listed in the lexical explanations accordingly. 3. In the main body of the textbook we transcribe according to the Taiwanese derivative of the Zhangzhou dialect that blends in characteristics of other variants. In sentences that are clearly marked as representing a certain dialect variant, we adhere more closely to the phonetic specifics of dialect variants. 4. Similarily, we simplify QZ pronunciations, do not transcribe the final -w, and shall, with one notable exception, also not transcribe the final -::i.

5. The nasal initials m-, n- and ng- tend to lead to a nasalization of the_ final. Syllables like me5 C'night") a;e thus sometimes transcribed as me"5. We adhere to the established transcription of these syllables as me'. 6. Generally speaking we shall refer to lexical idiosyncracies of dialect variants on an occasional basis only.

Abbreviations and Conventions 17 4 a speaker from Amoy, her lines in the 7. Given that Un'Siok"-hong'represents dialogue sections include a limited number of examples that reflect the lexical preferences of contemporary speakers from Amoy.

8. In order to reflect the dialect continuum encountered in Taiwan, lines spoken by Tiu01 Chi3-beng5 and Te07 Hau3 -bun5 in the dialogue sections lean towards the QZ pronunciations. But like many other speakers, they do not strictly adhere to the phonetic system of the Taiwanese derivative of the Quanzhou dialect.

~

Main Personae These are the main characters that we encounter in this textbook. We list them in no particular order but let's see what they have to say about themselves:

Chen Meiying Tan5"7 Bi2"1-eng1 陳美英 I was born in Taipei, my family speaks Southern Hokkien at home and I am currently an undergraduate student at National Taiwan University. In my free time I work at a little Cafe not far from Taipei 101. My friends call me A Ying or A1"7-Eng1 阿英．

Guo Xuejuan / Lin taitai Koeh4-2 Soat4-8-koan 1 郭雪娟 I Lim5·7 thai3-2 -thai3 林太太 I was born in a village near Tainan and _moved !~ Taipe! s with my husband Lin -Zhengxiong / Lim5·7 Cheng3·2 -hiong 林正雄 shortly after we got married in the late 1960s. We have three children and I have been running a fruit and vegetable stall at a market nearby for some decades.

Wu Shanbao / Wu laoban 吳老闆 Ngo•5-7 San1-7-po2 吳山寶 I was born in Taizhong where I established a very successful furniture production company. I made a couple of business trips to the US and to Europe but as we aim at increasing our export I would like to take English lessons with a native speaker in Taizhong or Taipei once a week.

Main Personae 19 Fred Lee Li2"1 Hok4"8 -tek4 李福德 I studied Chinese at my university back home and came to Taiwan to improve my Mandarin but later decided to also learn Southern Hokkien. To meet my living expenses I took on a few private language students. My Taiwanese friends call me A1"7-Tek4 阿德．

豆 、＼~

;?

Zhang Zhiming Tiu01-7 Chi3-2 -beng5 張志明 I was born near Xinzhu, my mother tongue is Hakka but I also speak Southern Hokkien, English, some French and, of course, Mandarin. I recently graduated from Danjiang University and am now working in Mr Wu's Taipei office as an assistant in the export department. In my spare time I play guitar in a band.

、＇

Wang Chunfen Ong5"7 Chhun1·7-hun1 王春芬 I was born in Gaoxiong and moved to Taipei a few years ago. For the time being I found a job with local government. I love going out and would like to be a pop singer or movie star one day.

Wen Shufang Un 1·7 Siok4"8 -hong1 溫淑芳 I was born and bred in Xiamen where I attend a postgraduate university course. Last spring I was awarded an exchange scholarship to pursue further research at National Taiwan University for a whole year. It's all very exciting.

一 20 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

Zheng Xiaowen / Zheng yisheng 鄭醫生 Te0千3 Hau3"2-bun5 鄭孝文 I Ten7-3 i 1-7-SU I 鄭 醫 師 When I was born my parents worked a small fann near Taidong. Later we moved to Hualian where my father worked as a taxi driver. I studied in Taipei, was a doctor at a major hospital for some years and now run a private clinic. My friends call me A1"7-Bun5 阿文．

Huang Guojun Ng5-7 Kok4-8-chun3 黃國俊 My father set up a small shop selling beef noodles in Taipei. When I grew up my mother occasionally spoke Southern Hokkien with me but I only really learned to speak it well during military service. The last few months I have been very busy turning my father's former street vendor business into a medium-sized local restaurant. Food is my passion, and Taiwanese food is simply the best.

Introduction The Min 閩 languages are widely spoken in Fujian, the north-east of Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan and across various countries in South East Asia. Based on the area of Fujian province that they originate from, the Min languages can be divided into Minbei 閩北， Mindong 閩東， Minzhong 閩中， Minnan 閩南 and Puxian 莆仙， five

groups of languages and dialects that are not mutually intelligible. Within this group the most widely distributed and arguably most influential of the Min languages is Minnanhua 閩南話，｀｀the speech south of the Min river," which has a total population of slightly over 46 million in the PRC (nearly 25 million), Taiwan (15 million), Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines. Since the mountainous terrain of Fujian has kept them in relative isolation from most other Chinese languages, Min languages and Minnanhua in particular have preserved some features of Middle Chinese (and possibly Old Chinese) that are not evident in the majority of other Chinese languages. As a result Min languages offer interesting glimpses into the field of Chinese historical linguistics. The main dialects of Minnanhua or Southern Hokkien are geographically defined as variants associated with Zhangzhou 漳州， Quanzhou 泉州 and Xiamen 悶 門 (Amoy) in Fujian with the latter being considered the prestige dialect. Due to migration and its role for commerce, the dialect associated with Amoy fuses features of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. Amoy and the dialects spoken in Taiwan share about 90% of vocabulary and are mutually intelligible. The following table outlines some basic phonetic differences in the realisation of finals in Zhangzhou, Quangzhou and Amoy dialects. Quanzhou Zhangzhou -ue -e -ueh -eh -a -ue -oh -ueh -o -e -oh -eh -w 一1 -Ul•n -ng

Amoy -ue -ueh -e -eh -e -eh 一1． , -u -ng

E初x貯am買p買le洗s 细齊替題蹄第底雞溪契鞋矮街解 八狹節 火果過貨稅尾飛未被 歲糜 妹皮吹回 襪月說 坐螺袋胎 営絕愆

魚豬箸去鼠除女汝旅 煮 如語許

軟酸光板轉算 門問飯卵

22 Southern Hokkien· An Introduction

Quanzhou -un -i° -in • n 一JU -e

Zhangzhou 一1n

-en -in 一1. 0 · n

-e

銀p恩le根s E斤x巾am

Amoy -un -in -in 一1· Un -e

井星瞑坑更爭硬 鮮天邊 年片麵見變棉連錢 張楊羊唱娘香薑 碼馬爬加牙家假茶

For historical reasons a considerable number of loan words from Japanese are used in Taiwanese Southern Hokkien but absent in other dialects of Minnanhua. As a general rule it is noteworthy that borrowed terms received as pure phonetic loans are exempt from tone sandhi rules (and thus underlined in our textbook). But where loan words are perceived as words written in Chinese characters, the syllables of borrowed tenns are subject to standard tone sandhi rules. Examples of words that entered Taiwanese Southern Hokkien as purely phonetic borrowings via Japanese include: 01.01

Taiwanese t)helorn.h4Hokkien S_7ou乩 呈

背広

sebiro

suit

甿

E-Ik

biru

beer

刺身

sashimi

sashimi

夕 Ii3

tabako

tobacco, cigarettes

才一卜八亻，

sa7-si1-mih4 tha7-ba1-kho'h4 o'7-to'1-bai2 o·7-ba 1-sang2 7·I.1.I -sang2 o·7-Ii 1-sang2 o·7·-ne2--sangl 0.

--sang3 o.7·-m.2 o.· 7·-to·2-sang3

7_-ka2-sane3g l 。．三

0

kho'7-kho'1-ah4 lo· 7-lai2-ba3 tho·7-ma 1-to'h4

Japanese

English

otobaiku

motorcycle, scooter

栩比希 8k

obasan

aunt, middle-aged woman

拐切達 k

ojisan

uncle, middle-aged man, sir

拐姉 5k

onesan

elder sister, female attendant

拐兄 8k

onisan

elder brother, male attendant

拐父 8k

otosan

father

拐母 8k

okasan

mother

327

kokoa

cocoa

F7 亻八－

doraibii

screw driver

卜7 卜

tomato

tomato

Introduction 23 su7-IiI-pah4

7'') 、y 八

sunppa

slippers

仁

n^.::.

rmgo

apple

oa7-sa1-bih4

b5 杼

wasabi

wasabi

Examples of words that entered Taiwanese Southern Hokkien via Japanese but are subject to standard tone sandhi rules include: 01.02

Taiwanese hoH7 okkien khSoauu2t·h1-ecrn

Japanese

English

口座

koza

(bank) account

chut4-8-giap8

卒業

sotsugio

to graduate

chui2·1-to1·3 -chui2

水道水

suidosui

tap water

hong3'··2•-sang3

放送

h6s6

to broadcast; broadcast

Ju2·4·• -tiong I

女中

jochiii

female attendant

pian7,·.3, -tong I

弁蚩 1 便 當

bento

lunchbox

Southern Hokkien variants spoken in South-East Asia absorbed terms and expressions from various South-East Asian languages. Loan words from Malay used in Malaysian Southern Hokkien but absent in Minnanhua as spoken in Taiwan or the PRC include the following: 01.03

Malaysian Southern Hokkicn pasar

market; market place

scmua baru

alI new, ncwly;just now

dukun

doctor

sombong

arrogant; proud; haughty to mix; mixed pocket forest debt

ckaomcepkur hutan hutang

Meaning

Addltlonol lnformntlon pasar malam [night market] and pasar pagi [morning market]

originally referring to traditional village doctors, especially witch doctors

24 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

lubang

hole

sayang tahan

darling; to pity to persist in

macam rnabuk teksi bas parang

to look like; sort of drunk taxi bus long knife; long dagger judge

hakim thoalioran ng agak pakat kacau

extended meaning: "window of opportunity", "opportunity". also used for''to love", "lover" With the negation boe7, "boe7 tahan" can denote an ironic "Can't stand it any longer!"

Malaysian long cleaver-like cutting tool and weapon, similar to a machete

tsoturophesertli psme;dahteelp ttoo ardigsturue;bt;ocaogrnfueesed

In Malaysian Southern Hokkien the names of tropical local fruits like durian, manggis and pulasan would mostly be rendered in Malay. Where these fruits are also common in other areas, regional variants of the language would develop their own tenninology like in the case of kuini (Malay) which is known as 臨甿:-a2·1 -chhe"1 / 2-1 辜芒a2·1-chhi"1(［樣］［仔］青）． T in Taiwanese Southern Hokkien or q'fng manggz,6 青芒 果 in Mandarin.

Due to migration between Southern Hokkien speaking areas, some words entered Southern Hokkien via Malay and may now be encountered in a number of Southern Hokkien speaking areas. These include the following: 01.04

Southern Hokkien 7 ._I sa·-te I

皿

Malay satay duit

English satay money *

Generally speaking the tenns Taiwanese or Taiwanese Southern Hokkien denote a group of dialects of Minnanhua spoken in Taiwan which derive from the three main dialects in Fujian where the settlers from the mainland came from in the seventeenth century. The dialects encountred in Taiwan are often described with reference to the dialects associated with Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Amoy. But since Southern Hokkien dialects in Taiwan developed differently from their counterparts on the

Introduction 25 mainland, their equation with the three main dialects in the PRC can be somewhat misleading. We therefore describe the variants of these three dialects spoken in Taiwan as derivatives of the Zhangzhou, Amoy and Quanzhou dialects. Primarily in view of their geographical distribution, the dialect variants spoken in _ ,2 ·5-7 2 Tdiy1'i 盔 語 are often or Tai'·'-gu'I Taiwan collectively also known as Tai5-7 -g1 divided into the following five main sub-dialects: Haikou / Hai2·1-khau2 海口 or "seaport" dialect is spoken around the west coast of Taiwan and particularly associated with the city of Lugang. The Haikou dialect is often described as representing linguistic featt1res of the dialect spoken in Quanzhou and thus customarily referred to as Quanzhou dialect in Taiwan. Pianhai / Phian1·7-hai2 偏海 or "coastal" dialect is spoken on the north-west coast in cities such as Xinzhu and Nanliao; it is thought to be an intennediate between Haikou and Neipu dialects, with features closer related to Haikou. Neipu /

Lai7"3-po·1 內埔 or "inner plain" dialect

is spoken in . the north-eastern coast

areas around Yilan and the north-western plains and mountainous areas where it is also known as Neishan 內山 dialect. The Neipu dialect is believed to represent linguistic features of the dialect spoken in Zhangzhou and is thus customarily referred to as Zhangzhou dialect in Taiwan. Piannei / Phian1·7 -lai7 偏內 or "interior" dialect is spoken in the south-central inland areas such as Jiayi; it is also thought to be an intennediate between Haikou and Neipu, but with features closer to the Neipu dialect. Tongxing / Thong1·7 -heng5 逝行 or "common" dialect divides into a "northern common accent" associated with the Datong district of Taipei city, and a "southern common accent" which is spoken around Tainan. The common dialect used to be referred to as Tai5"7 -oan5·7 -oe7 盔灣話 during the Japanese occupation (1895-1945). Th e most notable differences between these dialects include the transfonnation of single vowels into diphthongs, changes in tones, de-nasalization of vowels and minor lexical differences. As the pronunciation is not unifonn within Taiwan and given the mobility of people within the island, we face a dialect continuum in which these

26 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

mutually intelligible variants will easily be heard outside the region they are originally associated with. Our textbook reflects the given dialect continuum and deals primarily with the main variants spoken in Taiwan that evolved from the dialects associated with the areas of Zhangzhou (ZZ), Amoy (A) and Quanzhou (QZ). In doing so, we give priority to the most common dialect variant which derives basically from the Zhangzhou dialect but blends in some features of the Amoy and Quanzhou dialects. *

Like any other language, Southern Hokkien is very much a living phenomenon and undergoes constant changes and developments. It is thus not particularly surprising that the variants spoken in contemporary Taiwan can differ substantially according to speakers'age groups. Suffice it to say that a majority of young native speakers show a tendency towards a sort ofMandarinized Taiwanese Southern Hokkien that we shall describe as Neo-Taiwanese(NT). Yet, some of the Southern Hokkien words often described as NT are actually found in written documents that date back to the Southern Hokkien spoken in Amoy over a century ago, and thus attest to the nonnative power of Mandarin(gz1iinh吡官話） as an important factor in the lexical development of Southern Hokkien over a considerable period of time. *

As speakers will often switch from Southern Hokkien to Mandarin and back even within the same sentence, code-switching and language-switching are frequently observed phenomena. In tenns of listening comprehension, this may create challenges at an early learning stage. But once the learner is accustomed to a certain level of flexibility, the advantages of this technique in expressing oneself with a limited Southern Hokkien vocabulary become rather obvious.

7 4 te'iC kho 3

Lesson One Sound Structure and Pronunciation

The following outline of Southern Hokkien sounds describes phonetic values as transcribed in the Missionary Romanisation System (MRS) with reference to the International Pronunciation Alphabet (IPA) in square brackets[].

VoweIs Southern Hokkien has six basic vowels; four of which can also be nasalized. The six non-nasal vowels are represented by the symbols a, e, i, o, o · and u, their pronunciations are [a] for a, [e] fore, [i] for i, [o] for o, 回 for o· and [u] for u. The four nasalized vowels and their pronunciations are 武［司， P 囯， en ［司， and 0·0 [3]. In our transcription nasalization is indicated by "superscript n" (0). Southern Hokkien also has a number of diphthongs and triphthongs, i.e. combinations of two or three vowels that can also be nasalized. The diphthongs are ai [ai], au [au], oa [ua], oe [ue], ia [ia], io[io], iu [iu]. Their nasalized counterparts are ai" ［明， aun [iU], ian ［預］，記 [iu] , ui" ［呵， and oa" [ua]. The triphthongs are iau [iau] and oai [uai]; their nasalized counterparts are iau" 固］ and oai" [uai].

Consonants The following chart shows the consonants and their IP A equivalents in []. bilabial MRS

plosive voiceless unaspiratcd voiceless aspirated voiced nasal voiced affricate voiceless unaspirated voiceless aspirated voiced fricative voiceless

p ph b m

IPA

alveolar IPA

MRS

[t] th

向

n ch chh

[I] [n] [ts] [tsh]

k kh g ng

[p] [p勺

[b] (m]

[dz] [s]

glottal

velar

MRS

IPA

MRS

IPA

[kl

h

[?]

h

[h]

[k勺

[g] [IJ 」

28 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

Transcription s and Conversion Table As it is the case for other Chinese languages, the phonetic structure of Southern Hokkien is probably best described in terms of initials, finals and tones. In the following tables we adapt this traditional approach and indicate the phonetic values (in IPA) with additional reference to a number of alternate transcription systems. Initials Including the so-called *zero initial [0] Southern Hokkien has a total of 18 initials. Note that the initials m-, n- and ng- can not be followed by nasal finals (-m, -n, -ng) or entering tones ending with -p, -t, -k. Speakers of the Zhangzhou dialect and variants that derive from it differentiate clearly between the voiced initials j- and 1-. But in practice j- tends to disappear and merge into 1- in the most common pronunciations used in Taiwan nowadays, a development widely associated with the influence of the Quanzhou dialect and its derivatives. The initials in IPA and some of the romanization systems most commonly used for Southern Hokkien are: MRS

IPA

CTS

TLPA (revised)

TLPA

Minnan Pinyin

p

p ph

p

p

p

b

ph

ph

ph

p

ph b

b

b

b

b

bb

m

m

m

m

m

bbn

t

d

th

th

th

th

th

n

n

n

n

n

ln

ch

ts

ts

z

C

z

chh

tsh

tsh

C

ch

C

Lesson One - te7 it4 kho3 29

」

」

dz

ZZ

s

s

s

s

s

s

k

k kh

k

k

k

g

kh

kh

kh

k gg

kh

g

g

g

g

ng

lJ

ng

ng

ng

ggn

h

h

h

h

h

h

g

Finals A conversion table of finals in the most commonly used romanization systems and in IPA:

MRS a an ah ahn

IPA

CTS

TLPA (revised)

TLPA

Mmnan Pinyin

a

a

a

a

a

a a?

ann

aN

ann

na

ah

ah

ah

ah

a?

annh

aNh

annh

nah

ai aI•n

ai

ai

ai

ai

ai

ar

amn

aiN

amn

nai

aih

ai?

aih

aih

aih

aih

aih"

ail

ainnh

aiNh

ainnh

naih

ak

ak

ak

ak

ak

ak

am

am

am

am

am

am

an

an

an

an

an

an

ang

al)

ang

ang

ang

ang

ap

ap

ap

ap

ap

ap

at

at

at

at

at

at

au au n

au

au

au

au

ao

au

aunn

auN

aunn

nao

30 Southern Hok.kien: An Introduction

auh

au7

auh

auh

auh

aoh

auh0

au?

aunnh

auNh

aunnh

naoh

e

e

e

e

eN

enn

ne

eh

eh

eh

eh

ennh

eNh

ennh

neh

ik

ik

ik

ik

eed

e

nhhkni. eeeee enn 因3ik.llJi

ng

'· D

la-la· la面 ·

ia

ing

ing

ing

ing

i

i

i

i

inn

iN

inn

ni

ia

ia

ia

ia

iann

iaN

iann

nia

iah

iah

iannh

niah iak

iam

nhnkmn .'~. aaahaa.13an·13

?kmnIJ

I

iah

iah

.'. iannh ' iaNh ialaa.la·laii

. I.'

iak

iak

iak

iam

iam

iam

ian

ian

ian

ian

iang

iang

iang

apatu ptuuuuhh iap iap

iap

iap

iat

iat

.l

.I g

iang

.13.13aaa.I.I

iat

iat

la la.la-la .

iau

iau

iao

. nhhn ~ l·I Ui 1aunn

iauN

iaunn

niao

iauh

iauh

iauh

iaoh

iauNh

iaunnh

niaoh

ih

ih

ih

ih

innh

inNh

innh

inh

n

iau

~? Urr iaunnh

im

nn

im

im

im

im

in

in

in

in

in

in

io

io

io

io

io

io

Lesson One - te7 it4 kho3 31

ioh

io?

ioh

ioh

iok

i::ik

iok

iok

iok

iok iong

ioh

ioh

iong

iolJ

iong

iong

tong

ip

ip

ip

ip

ip

ip

it

it

it

it

it

it iu niu

iu

iu

iu

iu

I. U __ n

~IU ~

tunn

iuN

iu m . nn

iuh

iu?

iuh

iuh

iuh

iuh

iuh0

預？

iunnh

iuNh

iunnh

niuh

m

m m?

m

m

m

m

mh

mh

mh

mh

mh

ng

1)

ng

ng

ng

ng

ngh

1J?

. ngh

ngh

ngh

ngh

。

。

。 。 •n

,

。

。

。

。

00

00

00

00

ooN

oonn

noo

5 3?

oonn

o·h

ooh

ooh

ooh

ooh

o·h 0

5?

oonnh

ooNh

oonnh

nooh

oa oa II

ua

ua

ua

ua

ua

ua

uann

uaN

uann

nua

oah

ua·1

uah

uah

uah

uah

oai oa,•n

uai

uai

uai

uai

uai

U~ i~l-I

uam . n

uaiN

uamn

nua1.

oai.h"

uaP

uainnh

uaiNh

uainnh

nuaih

oak

uak

uak

uak

uak

uak

oan

uan

uan

uan

uan

uan

oang

Ual)

uang

uang

uang

uang

oat

uat

uat

uat

uat

uat

oe

ue

ue

ue

ue

ue

32

Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

oeh

ue?

ueh

ueh

ueh

ueh

oh

0?

oh

oh

oh

oh

ok

3k

ok

ok

ok

ok

ong

31J

ong

ong

ong

ong

u

u u?

u

u

u

u

uh

uh

uh

uh

ui

Ul

ui

uh ui Ul,n

ui

Ul

缸

uinn

uiN

uinn

llUl

uih uihn

uP

uih

uih

uih

uih

呼

uinnh

uiNh

uinnh

nuih

un

un

un

un

un

un

ut

ut

ut

ut

ut

ut

Lesson One 一 te7 it4 kho3 33 严

Southern Hokkien is a tonal language with two groups of tones. Firstly, we differentiate

1. "entering tones" which end with final voiceless (-p, -t, -k) or the glottal stop (h), and 2. "non-entering tones" which end with any final other than -p, -t, -k, -h.

Secondly, we differentiate

I. "isolation tones"; also referred to as "lexical tones", "citation tones" or "etymological tones"; and 2. "sandhi tones"; also referred to as "modified tones". Traditionally Southern Hokkien is described as having eight isolation tones but only seven of them are actually used in the dialects associated with Zhangzhou, Amoy, Quanzhou and the dialects and sub-dialects spoken in Taiwan on which this textbook is primarily based. Each of these seven isolation tones has a tone sandhi (tone change) counterpart (see Lesson 2). In addition to entering and non-entering, isolation and sandhi tones, Southern Hokkicn also uses neutral tones for certain unstressed syllables. Note that di 郎rent dialects and sub-dialects of Southern Hokkien show different pitch levels, contours and patterns of tone changes. Although there is some agreement regarding the basic tonal features, more detailed studies, especially on sandhi rules, remain a desideratum. The tones have been described and illustrated in a number of different ways. Some use musical notation (sol, re, la etc.), some use digits (531) with 5 standing for the highest and I for the lowest pitch, and others refer to the three levels as high (1-1), middle (M), and low (L). Some romanization systems integrate tone markers in the transcription of sounds (see second column of the following table), others use graphic symbols like 7 for the first,'-I for the second, -I for the seventh, l for the eight tone and so forth.

■

34 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

The romanization used in this textbook marks all tones in superscript (see the third column). tone number I

transcriptions and tone notation a aI

2

a

a2

3

a

4

5

original contour 44 ss

蔭平

Level Yin

53

焓上

Rising Yin

a3

31

陰去

Falling Yin

ah

ab4 ends in -h I -p/-t/-k

32

陰入

Entering Yin

a

a5

13

隔乎

Level Yang

陽上

Rising Yang

6

7

a

a7

33

陽去

Falling Yang

8

曲

ah8 ends in -h / -p/-t/-k

33 ss

陽入

EYnantering g

。

-a a。

31

Notes

traditional terminology

Some describe the contour of the first thoonwe eavse5r 5p;romnoosutnscpeae44ker.s in Taiwan

tIanonndTeapartmi ｀e面rlgye,inAtdmmoaothiney laysnecdinoztonzdthttheoensees.ivxctnhth

NpTraoeirtfwehrenantcee ern &ndfoCsret3n3o trpawrolhnTeoarueiwnacsaenS5~s5~h.tohwcma Sec below.

l

33 44 31 l

31 32 33 As indicated above, there are three sets of neutral tones in Southern Hokkien. We differentiate the followi ouowmg circumstances:

1. Where directional verbal complements are pronounced in neutral tone, the unstressed tone contour of the complements is 31. The same contour applies also to numerals and measure words that are not to be taken literally. Consider the following examples:

Lesson One - te7 it4 kho」 35 01.05 (cf. 02.22) 孚－chhut4-0-khi 」 -0(ZZ) 醞七chhut4-0．khi 」 -0 ( A)

飛出去

to fly away, fly out

缸－lips -o_lais.o

(AQZ)

皿－jIp&0-lai5-0

行人來

to walk in, come in

(U.)

卑－khi3-0-lai5-0

寫 起來

to 、vrite

down, put dO\vn m

wntmg

01.06 (cf. 02.27)

2 _L ! •8.Q _7-0

等蜀下

to wait a bit; to wait a second

8-0 I4 阜 chit0""-poe

［飲］蜀杯

to have a drink

起 nng7-0sanI-0kin1-0(ZZ)

買 兩三斤

to buy a few (two or three) catty

早 chit0""-e I

·

辜 nng7"0sa"1-0kun1-0(AQZ)

2. Although unstressed, the actual pitch of the neutral tone in grammatical particles such as a0 ［矣］， leh4-0 着 ， lo'2-0 了 or the subordinating e5 ·0 ［的］， and personal pronouns is defined by the preceding syllable. We differentiate the following rules regarding the realization of the neutral tone:

2.1.

Where the preceding syllable is pronounced with a flat tone contour, i.e . first [contour: 44] and seventh [contour: 33] tone, the following neutral tone remains on the same pitch level as the preceding syllable: 01.07 I 54) 燒［的］ that which is hot TI1c neutral tone e0 in ~-e5·0 remains on the same contour level as the preceding syllable: 軍［contour: 44] - e5·0 [contour: 44].

里-c

7 5-0 that which is far away hruL-e 逑［的 l The neu叫 tone e0 in 皿£尹 remains on the same contour level as the preceding syllable: 皿［contour: 33] - e5·0 [contour: 33]. 血 a0 開［矣］ to be (already) opened The neutral tone a0 in 柚 a0 remains on the same eontour level as the preceding syllable: 纈［contour: 44] a0 [contour: 44]. chun丸QL 10·2-0 準備了 to be (already) prepared The neutral tone lo •2-0 in ehun丸QL 10·2·0 remains on the same contour level as the preceding syllable: QL [contour: 33] 10·2-0[contour: 33].

36 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

chau2·1 區 ao

走路［矣］ (already) run away The ne~I tone a0 in chau2·1 藺 a°re;ai~s on the same contour level as the preceding syllable: 1£ [contour: 33] a0。 [contour: 33].

Al -7_血£血伍h4--0.

阿英坐着 ． A Ying sits I is sitting. The ~~ne leh4-0 in che7-leh:i.o -leh ~e;ains on the same contour level as the preceding syllable: 孚［contour: 33] leh4-o [contour: 33]. 皿 i回

罵伊 to scold him/ her The neutral tone i1--0in me7 i1--0remains on the same contour level as the preceding syllable: 皿［contour: 33] i1.o [contour: 33].

2--0 罵我 to scold me The ~eutral tone goa2--0inffiigo~2--0r~mains on the same contour level as the preceding syllable: 皿［contour: 33] goa2--0 [contour: 33].

醞 goa

2.2.

Where the tone of the preceding syllable has a falling contour, i.e: second [contour: 53] and third [contour: 31] tone, the following neutra l tone reflects the falling pronunciation of the preceding syllable. Regardless of whether it follows a second or third tone, the unstresse d contour of the neutral tone is 31; e.g.: 01.08

鉭eh4--0

倒着 to be lying The neutral tone leh4--0 in m:-leh4--0m~intains the falling pronunciation of thc preceding syllable: m: [contour: 53]- leh4--0 [contour: 31].

瞑 ao!

好［矣］！

Done!

The neutral tone a0 in hi a0 maintains the falling pronunciation of the preceding syllable: 瓦［contour: 53] a0 [contour: 31 ]. 迫 a。

冷［矣］ to have become cold The neutral tone a0 in 區 a0 maintains the falling pronunciation of the preceding syllable: 區［contour: 53] a0 [contour: 31].

缸 a。去［矣］

to be (already) gone Th~ neutral tone a0 in 軍 a0 imitate~ the falling pronunciation of the preceding syllable: 軍 [contour: 31] a0 [contour: 31]. liau2· 1 －軍 10·2--0 了解了 to be (already) understood The neutral tone lo ·2--0in liau2·1－區 10 · 2--0 maintains the falling pronunciation of the preceding syllable: 軍［contour: 53] lo'2--0 [contour: 31 ].

Lesson One 一 te7 it4 kho3 37

that which is strange 奇怪 ［的］ ki54一粒正－ e5-0 J 5-0 .5.7 . 5-0 in imitates the falling pronunciation of the preceding ki'·'-粒旦－e The neutral tone e'"" 5-0 syllable: 臨［contour: 31] - e5-0 [contour: 31 ]. (to) understand you 了解汝 liau2·1 一區 Ii2-0 . The neutral tone li2-0in liau2·1-kai2 the falling pronunciation of the li"" maintains kfil'.'. li2-0 preceding syllable: 軍［contour: S3] li2-0 [contour: 31]. (to) understand me 了 解我 liau2. ＇－區 goa2-0 2-0 in maintains the falling pronunciation of the －早 goa 誣· liau 1-kai2 in liau2· The neutral tone goa""" preceding syllable: 臨i: [contour: S3] goa2-0 [contour: 31 ]. 2.3.

Where the preceding syllable has pronounced in fifth tone [contour: 13], th e unstressed contour of the neutral tone is 33; e.g.: 01.09 來［矣］

扉 ao

to have arrived

The neutral tone a0 in 區 a0 has the contour 33. 5

O

皿~-e

紅［的］

that

which is red

The neutral tone e0 in 正－e0 has the contour 33. 軍 10·2-0

無了

to have/ exist no more

The neutral tone 10·2-0 in 逗 lo ·2·0 has the contour 33. 3. The neutral tone of exclamatory sentence finals does not follow the contour of the preceding syllable but depends on the exclamatory particle. The neutral tone of exclamatory sentence finals such as la0 ［啦］， 10·2-0

3.1.

了 ， o ．。［噢］， le0 ［呢］ orm計［嘛］ has the contour 31. The neutral tone of exclamatory sentence finals such as ne0 ［哩］ has

3.2.

the contour 32. 3.3.

The neutral tone of exclamatory sentence finals such as a0 ［啊］ and o·0 ［喔］ has the contour 33.

01.10 區 la虹

好［啦］！

Let it be!

I ＇， ~chin1 ·7 逗 ne0!

伊儂 真好［哩］！

He/ she really is a very kind person!

38 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

迦 a虹

好［啊］！

OK!

*

Illustrations and descriptions of tones can only serve as approximations. It is therefore absolutely essential to listen carefully to native speakers and imitate the contours when learning the tones inside and outside the classroom.

Lesson One - te7 it4 kho3 39 Pronunciation Exercises 4 l 7 8 HoaC-im'lian'-sip

Listen to the audio material (sections 01.11 to 01.17) and imitate the following sounds:

Jln ~i rated Initials p- and ph-:

pah4 - phah4

pangI'- phang I

pio2 -phio3

k- and kb-:

ka1 -kha1

kai1 - khai1

ki3_khi3

t- and th-:

to·5 -tho'5

toa7'- thoa I

tian7'-•t'-hi·a_n__ I

cho3 - chho3

chu'~-chhu2

chau2 - chhau2

ch- and chh- :

Non-Nasalised and Nasalised Initials

go·1 - ngo·2

g- and ng-:

Oaa ·-

a7 0g

775 blog e7 e.a mnn 一＿＿

li2 - ni2

1- and n-:

---

575 blg .I5 0. mnn 。

bih4 - mih8

b- and m-:

72 .a og

a

· ,.

Initial Vowel and Initial h-

'

55 5g hh eo nn gg 1gn ei l

。

.'

5

--,ro

. 25 hh 1O 5

im5 -him5 8

oat0 - hoat

8

ioh8 - hioh8 oe7 - hoe7

Voiced and Voiceless Initials b- and p-:

bat4 - pat4

bi2 -pi2

bo 5 _po5

g- and k-:

5 gau'kau 5

2 goa~ -koa2

goan"'-koan

j - and ch-:

• • 8 - chit •8 jit0

2 _,_ · __ 2 jim~-chim

jin7 - chin7

2 , _ ____ 5

40 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction Fin al - n ~ sang-3 -sng3

-ang and -ng:

I

7

-eng and -ng:

peng -png

-ong and -ng:

thong1 - thng1

kang1 -kng1

khang3 - khng3

heng5 -hng5

seng- - sng

ong~5 -ng5

2 _2 long三－ nng

I

___ I

Final -io and -iu • 1

• 1

S10 一 SIU

chio1 -chiu1

kio3 -kiu3

jio7 - liu7

, _2

10

•__ 2

一 1U

kio5 -kiu5

tio7 - tiu7

thio1 - thiu1

chhio3 - chhiu7

chio2 - chiu2

Enterine: Tones -p

chhap4

kap4

hip4

J.l. p8

chap 8

gek8

·t

kiat4

chhut4

hoat4

U. t8

Si. t8

tat8

thak8

lak8

tok8

chiah8

goeh8

loh8

-k

kok4

pak4

chiok4

-h

thih4

chheh4

ah4

Lesson One - te7 it4 k1103 41 Pronunciation Exercises: 01.11:

Unaspirated and Aspirated Initials 拍枋芳鋹

pa忙百 4

phah pang

I

phang pio

3

票

家 骰該開記去囧塗大拖黽天

ka

I

2

phio

Vocabula立

I

num

hundred

V

to hit

n

board, plank

adj n

to be fragrant

n

ticket

n

watch

family

I .l k lk kkktlttlt nvvvvnn a.1aph. foot

a I3'5.7,`naohuhah must, should

h I5I7n3O2UUa

)

to open

to remember, write down to go drawing, depiction, map

10m10a.11hhhhhh

adj Iilcccccc

mud to be big

vnnvnvnvn

to drag

electricity I322U

做錯煮

heaven, sky to do mistake

鼠走草

to cook mouse, rat to run

2

grass

42 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

視

01.12: Non-nasalised and Nasalised Initials

bih4

v

to hide oneself, conceal oneself

物謀

mbomobem相． IllIonobngn

5 7 m52a 8 O a7,'2 77 s.7I ih n 5a

毛賣

罵李染

to dye, get infected 賴

爛路懦五午撻迎牙雅

. lngn g

閒行

adj n

to be overripe, rotten

adj

to be weak, cowardly

num

five

n

noon

V

to lift, carry

V

to receive

n

tooth, cog (ofa cog wheel)

adj

to be refined, elegant

road

nvn leisure ,n to walk, move, act; behaviour

椅喜

hi2 lm5

to rely on, depend on

Initial Vowel and Initial h-

heng5 ·2 I

to scold, blame plum

00ggag

01.13:

hair, fur, feather to sell

e2a

eng5

thing, object vv vnvvn ,n to plot, scheme; plan, plot

`7

'王

chair n, adj

joy, delight; to be delightful, ausp1c10us

adj

to be lewd, immoral, obscene

Lesson One - te7 it4 kho343

him5

熊

n

bear

ioh8

藥

n

medicine, drug

hioh8

右 年

n

leaf

t.ong5

容

V

to allow, tolerate

hiong 5

雄

adv

to be fierce, brave

。s

蠔

n

oyster

ho 5

河

n

n. ver

oat 8

越

V

to exceed, pass over, transgress

hoat8

伐

V

to cut trees, subjugate rebels

oe7

話

n

words, language

hoe 7

會

v,n

to meet; meeting

01.14:

Voiced and Voiceless Initials

bat 4

別

V

to know

pat4

八

num

eight

bi2

米

n

rice

pl·2

比

V

to compare

bo 5

無丶、

V

to not have, not exist

po 5

婆

n

(elderly) woman

gau 5

獒

adj

to be clever

kau 5

猴

n

monkey

goa 2

我

pron

I, me

koa~,

寡

num

few, some

goan2

［阮］

pron

we

koan s

權

n

power, authority

jit8

日

n

sun, day, daytime

chit8

蜀

num

one

44

Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

2一

. lm7.lil

忍枕認盡

2 `rc·Jc mh.lilh

vnv to endure, bear, tolerate

pillow to recognise, understand, identify

7

v,adv

01.15:

Final -ng and Syllabic -ng 算

san甿送

sng3 I

kngl

7

冰飯形

I

园

khng3

png

hng5

light, brightness adj v

garden to live, breed

通

thong1

to be sour, acid adj vnn to move or flow unobstructed

湯

soup

thng1 5

ng

5

nng2

軟

long2

king

王

黃攏

ong

to put, place, hide

ice; to be cold n, adj nnnv (cooked) rice

I

I

to be unused (land)

form, appearance

酸

sng

work, day

園生

heng5

seng

to count, calculate

工

khang3

peng

vvnn to send, present, deliver

光空

kang

to complete, exhaust; entirely

adj

yellow

adv

all, together

adj

to be soft, tender, weak, delicate

Lesson One 一 tc7 i 「 kho3 45

sio

I

siu

I

Final -io and -iu

chio I chiu io

2

iu

2

tio

7

tiu

7

thio

I

燒收椒洲甾友趙釉挑抽叫究尿

01.16:

adj, n, v

to be hot; fever; to bum, roast

vnnvnnn to gather, collect, receive

pepper continent, island in a river to lade out (water) friend a surname growing or full-grown rice vvvvnvnnvn to carry on a pole

I

thiu I

to draw out, take out, pull out

kio

3

to call, name, order; to be named

kiu

3

to examine, investigate

.. 7

liu

7

kiu

5

chhio

3

chhiu

7

chio2 酒

chiu

2

Entering Tones

chhap4

hip4

合 焓

kap4

插

01.17:

to steam, distil bridge ball

笑 樹少

kio

5

unne

餾 橋球

JIO

to laugh, smile tree adj n

to be few, little

v

to meddle with, interfere with, msert

conJ,. v

and, with; to fit or join together

adj; v

to be humid, muggy; to cover (to retain heat and exclude air)

liquor

46

•

Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

J..IP 8

人

V

to enter

chap8

十

num

ten

gek8

逆

v, adj

to go against, oppose; to be adverse

kiat4

結

V

to tie a knot

chhut4

出

V

to go out, come out, appear, leave

hoat4

發

V

to issue, emit, initiate

h·t8

直

adj

to straight, frank, honest

Si.t8

實

n, adj

fact; to be real, actual

tat8

值

V

to be worth

kok4

國

n

country, state

pak4

北

n

north

chiok4

足

n, adj

foot; to be sufficient, enough

thak8

讀

V

to read, study

Iak8

. . ,_ ,、

num

six

tok8

毒

n, adj

poison; to be poisonous

thih4

鐵

n

rron

chheh4

冊

n

book

ah4

鴨

n

duck

chiah8

［食］

V

to eat

goeh8

月

n

moon, month

Joh8

落

V

to fall, drop, let drop, descend

Lesson One - te7 it4 kho3 47

Additional Vocabular 2 _,_,_ • ____ l _• _1 ! Po·"-chhiong'sin'-su 01.18

Ban5-7-lam5-7-oe7 Ban5·7-lam5"7-gi2 (ZZ) Ban5"7-lam5"7-gu2 (A)

閩南話 閩南語

Southern Hokkien, Minnanhua; the speech south of the Min river

漳州

Zhangzhou

Chiang1·7-chiu1"7-khiu"1 (ZZA) Cheng1·7 -chiu 1·1-khiu"1 (QZ)

漳州腔

Zhangzhou accent or dialect

Choan5·3 -chiu 1 Choan5"7-chiu1 Choa•5·7-chiu 1

泉州

Quanzhou

Choan5·7 -chiu 1·7-khiu"1

泉州腔

Quanzhou accent or dialect

chun2·1-pi7

準備

to prepare

E7.3-mng5

度門

Xiamen

E7'3-mng5·7-khiu"1

反門腔

Xinmen / Amoy accent or diulcct

e1·3 -sai2

解使

OK

hng7

迫

to be far away

1-101.i _102-1 －心7

［河佬 1 活

Holo, Hoklo

Chiang1"7-chiu1 Cheng1"7-chiu1

(ZZ A) (QZ)

(QZ) (A) (ZZ)

［福佬］活

［河洛］，I6

Given that lhc origin of this expression is disputed, we list the three most commonly used transcriptions in characters. hoa14•M •im1

發音

pronunc1allon

hoat4·K -im1 ·7 lian 7·3-sipK

發音練習

pronunciation exercise

Hok4·` - kian3

福建

Fujian

Hok4-K-kian3·2-oc7

福述語

Southern Hokkicn

kho3

課

lesson

ki5·7·koai3

奇怪

to be strange

kong1-7 -kho3

功課

homework

I,.I4

one

48 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction leni

冷

to be cold

lian7'--J'-s_,ip_8

練習

practice; to practice

liau2·1-kai2

了解

to understand

m1·3 tioh8

［不］著

to be,vrong

罵

to scold, revile, blame

,

me

PPeehh88""33--ooee77··33--ji7 li7

((ZAZQ)Z)

白話字

.rod'vumerirnanngaizcthualetar io1n9wri1h sysctientnegm tury ", dCethvouretrlocahpneRsdcrobmiy beamnSiizaossutitiohonenarn ;rPieOsJ; dHuoriknkgiethn e(with a minor number of orthographic variants)

po ·2-1 -chhiong1

補充

to add; additional

po ·2·1 -chhiong1·7 sin1"7 -su5

補充新詞

added vocabulary, additional vocabulary

先生

Mister

SID 1-7-su5

新詞

new words, new vocabulary

sio I

燒

to be hot (often used for Mandarin re 熱）

臨 soa,1 n7 --aa_22·. 1-chhe"1

(Z:Z)

［樣］［仔］青

kind of green mango (often treated)

TTaaii55 . 77--ggui22

(ZZ) (A)

臺語

Taiwanese language(s)

Tai5.7-oan5

盛灣

Taiwan

Tai·5'-"7'-oan5'-·7'-oe7

臺灣話

Taiwanese language(s)

tak8-30-e5

逐［1-]

everyone, everybody

tak8·3'-e5·7 ho2

逐［介］好

hello everybody

te7

第

prefix indicating order or sequence

te7-3 it4-8 kho3

第一課

the first lesson, lesson I

tioh8

著

to be right, correct

to2

倒

to lie down, fall down, fall over, tumble over

smanI4l· ·-7·s-esn1.nI SI I

(ZZ) (AQZ)

1-chhi"1 (A QZ)

Lesson One - te7 it4 kho349 Homework Kong'-kho 3 l

1) Listen to the frrst set of isolated syllables in the audio material (01.19), identify and transcribe the sounds of the syllables in the romanization system used in this textbook without reference to tones. 2) Listen to the second set of isolated syllables in the audio material (01.20), identify the tones and indicate them on the following syllables. I

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

chhia che khi khi png pun chiah chiah chai chai cng cng kc kc SUlU SIau thcng lhch u u

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

toh tu te le thih thin nng ngo

29

。

30

lo lo po po poch pho' SI,n SI,n

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

mang SIang oan

3) Listen to the third set of isolated syllables in the audio material (01.21) and transcribe them (with indication of tones).

te7 ji7 kho3

Lesson Two Phonology: Tone Changes

From a lexical point of view every syllable has its isolation tone but in words and sentences, i.e. in connected speech, the isolation tones are subject to tone sandhi rules. In this textbook tone changes are marked in superscript (x 1·1) in the transcriptions of dialogue sections and notes on vocabulary up to lesson five. Words or syllables that are nonnally not subject to tone sandhi in a given context and thus pronounced in their isolation tone a r e ~ in the dialogues and notes on vocabulary. The following table sets out basic tone sandhi rules with changes adhered to in this textbook in bold print. Some alternate approaches are described in slightly smaller print. Isolation lone

Stoannddhs)i

I

7

2 3 4

5

Tone sandhi al·7

Original con1our 44

Sandhi conlour

53

44

31

53

Noles

33

'

a2-1

1-' 2--+1

2

a3·2

3---+2

8

4-+8

32

55

4-+8 for endings -p, -t and -k.

2

akg ah ,.2

4- •2

32

53

4--+2 only applicable to the ending -h. Note that the glottal stop is dropped. ah4..... a\,

7

a`'

5-,

13

33

Some nnlv rcco~nisc4-2 ZZ and A speakers tend to change 5-+ 7.

31

QZ speakers lend lo change 5-+3.

3

II +.`

5_.3

7

3

a7-J

7-,3

33

31

8

3*

akII-3·

8.....3*

33 / 55

31

3

ah II-3

8-+3

same as seventh tone

6

8-+3* for endings -p, -t and -k. 8-+3 only applicable to the ending -h. aNhoHt-+ e thaa3t. the glottal stop is dropped: Some onlv rccoanisc 8-3

52 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

Where ending with final voiceless stops (-p, -t, -k), the sandhi tone of the eight tone exhibits contours that are similar to the third tone. But as the stops are maintained (-p, -t, -k), the vowel becomes shorter than in the standard third tone. We thus identify it as a variant of the third tone and describe it as 3*.

Tone Sandhi: A Few Basic Rules Words in Isolation 1. Syllables and monosyllabic words in isolation generally do not change tone. They are pronounced in their isolation tones. In isolated compound words only the last syllable remains in isolation tone. All other syllables of compound words in isolation are normally subject to the tone sandhi: 0皿 2.01 儂

person

kheh4

客

guest

lang5生圖

儂客

guest

kheh4-2一恤

客儂

Hakka (person)

牛

cow

迪

［肉］

meat

gu`'－區

牛［肉］

beef

bah4-2一正

［肉］牛

cow (for meat production)

BUT

邑 ~2;02

BUT

Lesson Two 一 te7 ji7 kho353 02.03

血

聽

to hear

2

三

講

to speak

thia"1·7.區

聽溝

BUT

hearsay; it is said that

2. In isolated words the first syllable of a disyllable is subject to tone changes.

The tone of the last syllable remains unchanged and is pronounced in its isolation tone: i 5-47-oan5 T02a.·0

憙泗

lau7·3 －羋l hak8-3' -seng ___I to.5.7－迪

'

Taiwan

老師

teacher

學生

student

囧占

books and mnps

3. In isolated words only the last syllable of a polysyllable remains unchanged.

All preceding syllables change tone: 0T2a.i0~-5`'7-oan5·1-Ji!ni

嶽沔 儂

Taiwanese (person)

hak`J ·-scng, .7·迪J

學生證

student ID

10 ·5·'-su' ．［血

圖 占館

librury

gu5·7·bah4· 洲正

牛WJ] 麵

beef noodles

Note that some syllables followed by the suffix a2 ［仔］ show irregular tonal behaviour: a) Most speakers do not change the tone of nouns pronounced in seventh tone where they are followed by the suffix a2 ［仔］． b) Where a syllable that has the eight tone as its isolation tone is followed by the suffix a2 ［仔］， the eighth tone changes into the seventh tone: 8-7. c) Where a syllable that has the third or fourth tone as its isolation tone is followed by the suffix a2 ［仔］， a double tone sandhi is required: 3-2-1 and 4-2-1. Examples include the following:

54 Southern Hokkien· An Introduction

02.06 鄙

市

market

軍－正

市［仔］

market

ia7-3 -£!lhL－正

夜市［仔］

night market

迪

藥

medicine, drug

ioh8"7一正

葉［仔］

medicine, drug

區

麥

wheat, barley

beh8"7－正

麥［仔］

wheat

behs-1_a2-1 一編

麥［仔］酒

beer

tlam」

店

shop

Uaml-2-1-a_2

店［仔］

shop

皿

桌

table, desk

toh-i-2•1-i_

桌［仔］

table, desk

4. Surnames do not change tone when followed by "Mister''. In such phrases the / 1·0-se term sin1"7-se01 / sian1"7-si01 先生 is pronounced in neutral tone: sin 1-0-se"l-O sian1·0-si°1-0 先生 ("Mister").

0L2i1m .05- sssii anann1-01·-0--s-esn1nI-0l-0 比 7

.

TeI•n_077ssiiann1.(),.(－一) sSeI·0n1I..()() 工

(ZAZQ)Z)

(ZZ) (AQZ)

林先生

Mr Lin

鄭先生

Mr Zheng

5. Surnames change tone when used with any other title of address or in full names: 02.08 Tan5·11au1·3－正

陳老師

teacher Chen

l --su I NgS7.. -·7

黃醫師

Dr. med. Huang

Lim5·7 thai3·2-血

林太太

Mrs Lin

Un1·7 sio2·1 迪

溫小姐

Miss Wen

Lesson Two u 2·1 Hok-1-8－鉺

李福德

Li Fude / Fred Lee

Tiu01·7 Chi3"2一區

張志 明

Zhang Zhiming

Ng5"7Kok生血正

黃國俊

Huang Guojun

te勺 i7

kho355

Words in Context Slight pauses divide connected speech into sentences and phrases. In Southern Hokkien this division of speech is also reflected through the realisation of tone changes. Within sentences the application of the tone sandhi helps to divide sentences into phrases. It can also serve as a marker of emphasis and a means to differentiate behveen literal and figurative meaning. The way in which tone changes are applied · can thus have an impact on the conveyed meaning. Words in connected speech are subject to the tone sandhi rules and most of them are to be pronounced in modified tones. Yet there arc a number of circumstances where syllables remain in their isolation tones. In the following we outline a set of simplified basic rules.

I. Division of connected speech into phrases: The last word of a phrase does nomrnlly not change tone and remains in its isolation tone:

1.1. Verb+ object phrases: 02.09

___ 7 chiah K-l 巴 chc 7.3 迪

坐車

to take a car or bus

J.2 5 ~ phau'·•

泡茶

to make tea

講話

to speak

kong2· 1 睪

'

［食 ］ 皈

to cat

56 Southern Hokkien: An Introduction

1.2. Verb+ complement (except directional complements): 02.10

chiahs.3－正

［食］飽

to eat one's fill

thianl-1 -u1

聽有

to understand

,· l SIa2--· 1·軍

寫了

to have finished writing

chun2·1-pi1·3－佤

準備好

to have finished preparing

Note however that in some cases verb + object phrases are taken as functional verbs: 02.11

chiahg.」-pngl•)－軍

after the meal

［食］飯了

In this phrase liau2 functions as a complement, chiah8-3-png7 is taken as a functional verb. BUT chiahg.3 血 liau2·•-~

［食］飯了後

chiah8扭正 f·I·正

［食］飯以後

after the meal

In these cases chiahs.3 四 is taken as a verb object phrase.

2. Division of connected speech into sentences: Not counting sentence finals, the last syllable of the last word of a sentence does normally not change tone and remains in its isolation tone. But note that third person pronouns at the end of a sentence do nonnally change tone. 0l021.·71 2cbe1·3享 khi3"2-1 Tais-1 -

幽．

［僵坐車去崧北．

un旱＼甿祠f·;27si an2-I - 王春芬［的）英文名叫 OEnn{gL？71-bcuhhn丸 血 ［啥］物？ Chhian2-i n2·1 toe3"2 goa2·1 臨正．

請汝綴我講．

They take the car (or bus) to Taipei. What is Wang Chunfcn's English name'? Please repeat afler me.

BUT Mai1·2kon{1 i'-7.

［莫］講伊．

Do not mention him/her.

Mai1·2kon{1 in豆

［莫］講 (1 雄

Do not mention them.

Lesson Two -

tc勺 i7

kho3 57

3. Set phrases with a clear parallel structure (e.g. verb I - object I; verb 2 - object 2) tend to be pronounced like two phrases. The last syllable of each phrase thus remains in its isolation tone: 02.13 phau3"2 ~ khai' ，已

泡茶 開講

to make tea and have a chat

kong2·1 !!i'. sng3"2 臨

講話算話

to be true to one's word

iuS-7 軍 oan2-' 細

遊山玩水

to enjoy the scenery

4. Where the first part of an expression or phrase represents a specification or modification of the subsequent part, standard tone change mies apply: 0ti'"2.71-4kha1·7 mi'·3.臨正

豬妝麵繅

chck~-8-pch-1-2 hia01·7 -!L

叔伯兄弟

pig's leg noodles (festive dish ol\cn used for birthdays) paternal nephews, first cousins

Eng1·7 -kok-1-8 hak8·3• -三

英國學生

British/ English studcnl(s)

Sia"2"1-mih心· 1 si ' －迪血互

［啥 ］ 物時陣？

When'!

丶 t 0i.tK",·J'• -.t 0i.t8,J• 粒

直直 講

to talk without interruption

5. Regardless of its function and position within a sentence, the last syllable of personal names does not change tone: 02.15

Tm{7 Bi丸啤 si7·3

Tai5·7 -

隙 共放足如 鴴'L

Chen Mciying is from Taipei.

李福德［不）是茗t,．,

Fred Lee is not Taiwanese.

pak48迪函．

Li2· ItIok4丸tlL

5.7 '-- ··.S

m1·3 si7'3 Tni'·7.

oan' "' -血·儂．

伊送黃國俊兩 本 冊 ．

11·7 ~ang3·2 Ng'·7Kok4.國血正 nng77-)•J pun2.1 迪區记

He/ she presents Huang Guojun with two books.

6. Regardless of its function and position within a sentence, demonstrative pronouns such as che1 ［這］ localizers chia 1 ［此］

('' here")

('' this")

and he1 ［那］

and hia 1 ［彼］

('' there")

(``that")

as well as the

do not change tones:

58 Southern Hok.kien: An Introduction 02.16

［這］是汝［的］杯［仔］．

This is your cup / glass.

［那］ 是圓書 館［的］冊．

That is a book from the library. These are books from the library.

嚀 i2"1-keng1·7 sau3·2瘋 ao.

［此］已經掃好［矣］．

Here is already swept clean.

誆 u7'3 sian2•1-mih·J-tioh• (QZ)

做無著

to have failed to do something

Iml·77-Jn-ahtio蛭 bs.1J-e坤 7·3心 tia01·3 -tia01·3 kboa正2·

伊若解定定看［不］著

How come he / she always misidentifies people?

儂？

Labunn72--31-ante52.·1－血血砧(ZtZio) h8'3 bo5-7

［咱］an2-oe1 做，著無 問題．

There is/ will be no problem ifwe do it this way.

tiau5·7 hun1

著薰

to be addicted to smoking

孚 chiah"·'-tiau,

藎 ［食］著

Lbunan7''."·3' -a.to_ne'_ ·S''. 屯l 孚 (A，)tioh0· bo'·

Lbunan7呂"3-an~ ".'.－旦溈孚 (Q，Ztio) h0·'bo'.J

04.07 pent5-·7'-i• _u_2

朋友

n

friend, companion, acquaintance

lu24 peng54 4u2

女朋友

girlfriend

lam5,--7'peng>5-·7'-iu2

男朋友

boyfriend

peng5

朋

n

friend, companion, acquaintance

lU2

友

n

friend

Lesson Four - te7 si3 kho3 151

1 友情

［记'-cheng5

I

(LL)

friend如p

04.08

seh8"3 ke1

(ZZ)

靈街

v-o

seh`·」 koe'(A)

so 5.7k,_o_e_J

I. 2.

(A)

to stroll down the streets, go out (window shopping)

超街

The expression seh8"3 ke1 / seh8"3 koe1 速面 is commonly used in Taiwan and a number of other Southern Hokkien s,epreafrkoim ngAamreoasv. As a contemporary speake moy, Un 1·7 Siok4''-hong1 would use the expression so5.7 koe1 超街 which is an alternate lexical choice prelcrrcd by speakers from Amoy. Another lexical alternative used in Amoy is khos.1 koe1 迎面

T--eLn&7·33 Hau3·2·迦 nah拉·'-e7·3 khi3·24

鄭 孝文若解 去 范街？

How come Zheng Xiaowcn is out and alx)ut {window-shopping or shopping)?

V

to walk around idly, stroll, ramble, wander about, go around in a circle

go.12·1 khi 科 I 画 chit'·0-

［ 歹1 勢．我去 虹蜀下．

Sorry, I'm going out (and 丶viii be back soon). Sorry, I go for n walk.

liam7

疸飽念

to monn constantly {nnd about every thing)

V

to creep or crawl (like snake or worm), move slowly

趕來 趕 去

to slowly walk back an·•-chiap

4

迎接

to receive, greet, welcome

04.27 lau 7-3 - liat8 lau1·0-jiat~

(A QZ) (ZZ)

鬧熱

nau 7

(LR) (CR)

鬧

lau'

I. 2.

adj, v

to be busy, bustling, crowded, clirvoewldy); to make noise (as a fostive

V

to disturb, create a disturbance

NThoewCadRays laut7hies pronunciation nau7 (LlaRu7)"3i-sl used where it denotes "to disturb". applied in the word iat8 / lau7·3-jiut" 鬧熱．

chha·,-I•-nau7 Mai3'2 ka1·3 liat8 jiatx

goa2·1 皿正．

(LR A QZ) (LR 22)

熱

吵鬧

to quarrel noisily; to be noisy

［莫 ］ 共我鬧．

Don't unnoy me.

adj. n

to feel or be hot, earnest, passionate; heat, fever

loah~ (CR A QZ) joah'(CR ZZ) Where Mandarin uses re 熱 ("hot") Southern Hokkicn often prefers sio1 燒； e.g. sio1·7 ka' 天

I.

pil 燒咖 1IIlc1C .

2.

Bui when lulking uboul weather con