Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies 9811515425, 9789811515422

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Sadhan Kumar Ghosh   Editor

Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies

Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies

Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Editor

Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies

123

Editor Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Department of Mechanical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata, West Bengal, India

ISBN 978-981-15-1542-2 ISBN 978-981-15-1543-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1543-9

(eBook)

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Preface

Solid waste management has become a challenging task for the municipal authorities and non-governmental bodies (NGO), especially for developing countries largely due to the escalating generation of waste, improper waste handling and management, insufficient technical skills and lack of public awareness. Effective waste management approaches rest on local waste characteristics, which vary with cultural, climatic and socio-economic variables and institutional volume. The waste management strategies can typically be classified as functioning through command and control methods, economic encouragements and stimulation of novelty and incentive of innovation in the marketplace and educational and information efforts. The success of any waste management planning depends upon the collaborative efforts of different stakeholder groups involved in the waste management. Monitoring is an important constituent to the continued success and development of the planning and management. Solid waste echoes the principles that produces it and affects the environment surrounding it and the health of the people. Worldwide, people are forsaking growing magnitudes of waste, and its composition is very complex, as electronic consumer and plastic products diffuse. These developments pose a grave challenge to the urban cities, which are indicted with handling waste in an environmentally and socially suitable manner. Command and control policies such as enforcement and legislation generate a set of minimum and standard guideline for all to follow. Many countries have approved successions of laws stimulating the recycling and reduction in wastes, which comprise the basic law for endorsing the creation of a recycling leaning society; the reviewed waste management laws; the law for advertising of effective consumption of resources; and the green purchasing law in Japan. Economic appliances have been shown to have an uninterrupted influence on waste management systems as well as recycling performance which is a critical constituent of waste management systems. It also allows the expected impacts of the strategy to be measured against actual changes, and this can inform future revisions of the waste management plans. Regular waste management inspections should be planned at least once a year, but optimally at any time significant fluctuations in the waste stream are anticipated to v

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arise throughout the year. Case studies and assessment reports will help researchers to frame out the current status and success stories of the implementation of strategies and policies for sustainable waste management system. The outcome of the research will be beneficial to the stakeholders and policymakers for the betterment of waste management system and a set of factors that reveal the most significant causes for the system failure. The 8th IconSWM 2018 received 380 abstracts and 320 full papers from 30 countries. Three hundred accepted full papers have been presented in November 2018 at Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. After thorough review by experts and required revisions, the board has finally selected appropriate chapters in this book, Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies, dealing with the information, education and communication (IEC) campaign for awareness, 3Rs concept, city-specific waste minimization, environmental awareness, best practices and case studies, role of pollution control board in waste management, sustainable waste management strategies, framework for auditing of municipal SWM, capacity building strategies, Swachh Bharat Mission, ODF status, waste pickers, smart cities and sustainable city framework, case study in Nepal and community-based solid waste management strategy. The IconSWM movement was initiated for better waste management, resource circulation and environmental protection since the year 2009 through generating awareness and bringing all the stakeholders together from all over the world under the aegis of the International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW). The international society has supported a few research projects across India. Such research projects were carried out at CST, IISc, Bangalore, Jadavpur University, two colleges in West Bengal and one housing society, DCS, at Kolkata. The Consortium of Researchers in International Collaboration (CRIC) and many other organizations across the world are helping in the IconSWM movement. IconSWM has become significantly one of the biggest platforms in India for knowledge sharing, awareness generation and encouraging the urban local bodies (ULBs), government departments, researchers, industries, NGOs, communities and other stakeholders in the area of waste management. The primary agenda of this conference is to reduce the waste generation encouraging the implementation of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (3Rs) concept and management of the generated waste ensuring resource circulation. The conference will show a paradigm and provide holistic pathways to waste management and resource circulation considering the issues and challenges. The success of the 8th IconSWM is the result of significant contribution of many organizations and individuals, specifically the Government of Andhra Pradesh, several industry associations and chamber of commerce and industries, the AP State Council of Higher Education and various organizations in India and in different countries as our partners including UNEP, UNIDO and UNCRD. The 8th IconSWM 2018 was attended by nearly 823 delegates from 22 countries. The 9th IconSWM-CE 2019 was held at KIIT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, during 27–30 November 2019 participated by 21 countries. Sri Venkateswara University has

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expressed their willingness to organize the 10th IconSWM-CE at SVU in the temple city Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, tentatively during 2–5 December 2020. This book will be helpful for the researchers, educational and research institutes, policy makers, government, implementers, ULBs and NGOs. Hope to see you all in the 10th IconSWM-CE 2020 in December 2020 at Tirupati. March 2020

Prof. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Jadavpur University Kolkata, India

Acknowledgements

The Hon’ble Chief Minister and Hon’ble Minister of MA&UD for taking personal interest in this conference. We are indebted to Shri. R. Valavan Karikal, IAS, Dr. C. L. Venkata Rao, Shri. B. S. S. Prasad, IFS (Retd.), Prof. S. Vijaya Raju and Prof. A. Rajendra Prasad, VC, ANU, for their unconditional support and guidance for preparing the platform for successful 8th IconSWM at Guntur, Vijayawada, AP. I must express my gratitude to Mr. Vinod Kumar Jindal, ICoASl; Shri. D. Muralidhar Reddy, IAS; Shri. K. Kanna Babu, IAS; Mr. Vivek Jadav, IAS; Mr. Anjum Parwez, IAS; Mr. Bala Kishore; Prof. S. Varadarajan; Mr. K. Vinayakam; Prof. Shinichi Sakai, Kyoto University, JSMCWM; Prof. Y. C. Seo and Prof. S. W. Rhee, KSWM; Shri. C. R. C. Mohanty, UNCRD; members of Industry Associations in Andhra Pradesh; Prof. P. Agamuthu, WM&R; Prof. M. Nelles, Rostock University; Dr. Rene Van Berkel, UNIDO; and Ms. Kakuko Nagatani-Yoshida and Mr. Atul Bagai, UNEP and UN Delegation to India for their active support. IconSWM-ISWMAW Committee acknowledges the contribution and interest of all the sponsors, industry partners, industries, co-organizers and organizing partners around the world; the government of Andhra Pradesh, Swachh Andhra Corporation as the principal collaborator, the vice chancellor and all the professors and academic community at Acharya Nagarjuna University (ANU); the chairman, vice chairman, secretary and other officers of AP State Council of Higher Education for involving all the universities in the state; the chairman, member secretary and officers of the AP Pollution Control Board, the director of factories, director of boilers, director of mines and officers of different ports in Andhra Pradesh; and the delegates and service providers for making successful 8th IconSWM. I must specially mention the support and guidance by each of the members of the International Scientific Committee, CRIC members, the core group members and the local organizing committee members of 8th IconSWM who are the pillars for the success of the programme. The editorial board members including the

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reviewers, authors and speakers and Mr. Aninda Bose and Ms. Kamiya Khatter of M/s. Springer India Pvt. Ltd deserve thanks who were very enthusiastic in giving me inputs to bring this book. I must mention the active participation of all the team members in IconSWM Secretariat across the country with special mention of Prof. H. N. Chanakya and his team in IISc Bangalore, Ms. Sheetal Singh and Dr. Sandhya Jaykumar and their team in Bangalore, Mr. Soumen Chatterjee, Mrs. Ritasree Chatterjee, Mr. Saikesh Paruchuri, Mr. Anjaneyulu, Ms. Senophiah Mary, Mr. Rahul Baidya, Ms. Ipsita Saha, Mr. Suresh Mondal, Mr. Bisweswar Ghosh, Mr. Gobinda Debnath and the research team members in Mechanical Engineering Department and ISWMAW, Kolkata HQ, for various activities for the success of the 8th IconSWM 2018. I express my special thanks to Sannidhya Kumar Ghosh, who being the governing body member of ISWMAW supported the activities from USA. I am indebted to Mrs. Pranati Ghosh who gave me guidance and moral support in achieving the success of the event. Once again, the IconSWM and ISWMAW express gratitude to all the stakeholders, delegates and speakers who are the part of the success of 8th IconSWM 2018.

Contents

Three ‘R’: An Effective Sustainable Waste Management Approach . . . . C. Sai Kalyani Yogini, B. Deepa Reddy and Ch. M. Kumari Chitturi ‘To Study Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) Campaign as a Tool to Spread Awareness in Understanding the Support of 3R Concept for Waste Minimization in Indore City as the Cleanest City of India’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jagdish Chauhan, V. K. Gautam and P. N. Mishra

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Pathways for Ganesha Idol Immersion Process: A Review of Best Practices by BBMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. B. Manjula, Sandhya Jayakumar and S. Gopalakrishnan

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Collapse of Natural Carcass Disposal System—Kolkata Rotten Meat Incident: The Insight Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sucharita Bhattacharyya, Souvick De, Shilajit Dey and Anwesh Bhowmick

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Gender Transformative Planning for Urban Sanitation in India . . . . . . Paramita Datta Dey

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Facilitating Sustainable Waste Management Strategies Within the Hospital—An Explorative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rama Mohan Desu, Satish Kumar Saginela and Gowtham Ram

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Closing Access Loop: Situating Post-infrastructural Assurance Circumstances in Rural Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kopal Khare and Sunny Jose

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Framework for Auditing of Municipal Solid Waste Management System in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asit Aich and Sadhan Kumar Ghosh

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Design of Capacity Building Strategy for Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) for Andhra Pradesh—A Case Study . . . . . . . . . 101 Krishna Swaroop Konidena and Tanay Timblo xi

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Experience of Swachh Bharat Mission with Focus on Swachh Energy: An Experience in Silvarpatti Village of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 K. Loganathan, J. Sowndharya, S. Vignesh and V. Kirubakaran Low Cost and Affordable Innovation ‘NEERFLUSH’ and ‘NEERSWACHH’ for Swachh Bharat Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Sushant B. Wath On Ground Study of the ODF Status of Ghaziabad District, U.P. . . . . . 135 Padma Kant Jha and Vrinda Sharma Ecoparks as a Model of Sustainable Solid Waste Management . . . . . . . 143 P. Lakshmi Narayana Prasad and J. Karthikeyan Environmental Management of Acharya Nagarjuna University Campus, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India—A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . 151 P. Sankara Pitchaiah, P. Devakanth, Nazia Sultana and Ch. Israel Solid Waste Management in Small Island Developing States, Specifically in Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 P. Kowlesser Challenges in ‘Community Organisation’ of Scrap Pickers for Swachh Bharat: Reflections from Ahmedabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 R. S. Sannabhadti Waste Management—A Case Study in Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Aisha Khatoon Integrated Solid Waste Management in India—Implications from the Case Study of Hunsur Municipality, Karnataka . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Khushbu K. Birawat, K. P. Ravikumar, Biswajit Debnath and Sadhan Kumar Ghosh 3Rs Policy and Strategy for Municipal Waste Management in Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 C. Boonchit ITC’s Community-Based Solid Waste Management Strategy: A Case Study of Shivalik Nagar, Haridwar District, Uttarakhand . . . . . 213 Akhilesh Kumar Yadav and Subhendu Dash

About the Editor

Dr. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh is a Professor & Former Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department and Founder Coordinator of the Centre for QMS at Jadavpur University, India. A prominent figure in the fields of waste management, circular economy, SME sustainability, green manufacturing, green factories and TQM, he served as the Director of CBWE, Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India, and L&T Ltd. Prof Ghosh is also the Founder and Chairman of IconSWM, the President of the International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water, and the Chairman of the Indian Congress on Quality, Environment, Energy and Safety Management Systems (ICQESMS). In 2012, he was awarded a Distinguished Visiting Fellowship by the Royal Academy of Engineering, UK, to work on “Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste”. He received the Boston Pledge and NABC 2006 Award for the most eco-friendly innovation “Conversion of plastics & jute waste to wealth” in the ESP/50K Business Plan Competition in Houston, Texas, USA. He holds patents on waste plastics processing technology and high-speed jute ribboning technology that prevents water wastage and occupational hazards.

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Three ‘R’: An Effective Sustainable Waste Management Approach C. Sai Kalyani Yogini, B. Deepa Reddy and Ch. M. Kumari Chitturi

Abstract Urbanization is a coin with two faces. On one side it has improved the standard of living and on the other hands, given us the challenge of managing tons of waste. This increase in waste generation and its impact on environment and public health has led us think whether this is a boon or bane for the society. There is an immediate requirement to work on the sustainable management approaches to deal with waste generated at an exponential rate. A double-edged sword strategy of disposing the waste generated and reducing the generation of waste simultaneously has to be followed. The three ‘R’ approach of ‘Reduce, Recycle, and Reuse’ is a promising strategy to deal with this waste management issues. The success of this three ‘R’ approach depends on the effective implementation by the law makers at all levels from cities to villages. This should be followed by mandatory training of people on the three ‘R’ approaches from school to work places explaining the benefits of this approach. Promotion of these approaches has to be done on the public and social media. A successful management of waste can be possible with the good collaboration of government and public and by feeling the responsibility individually. Keywords Environment · Waste generation · Sustainable management approaches · Reduces · Recycle · Reuse · International Society of Waste Management · Air and water

1 Introduction One of the biggest challenges faced by the current generation is sustainable waste management. As per Agarwal et al. (2015) waste is defined ‘Anything which is not required by the owner, producer and processor.’ India is the second-largest populated country and among various obstacles to its development, management of waste is a bigger challenge. The waste generation has been continuous either from rural or C. Sai Kalyani Yogini · B. Deepa Reddy · Ch. M. Kumari Chitturi (B) Department of Applied Microbiology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women’s University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. K. Ghosh (ed.), Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1543-9_1

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urban areas with high amount generated from later areas due to industrialization. One of the main causes of huge waste generated in our country may be attributed to the population explosion, change in the lifestyle, and lack of general awareness about the sustainable waste management. The huge waste generated is a global concern as it affects the environment by polluting the air, water, and soil. The general perception of waste is something which may not be required any further. However, waste can be any inorganic or organic material which can be converted to useful material with scientific approaches without harming the environment. The way the waste is handled, stored, or disposed may pose environmental as well as public health risk (Zhu et al. 2008). The municipal corporation/councils hold the primary responsibility of managing the waste. Additionally, due to public awareness, many non-governmental organizations and private companies are also playing crucial roles in helping and developing strategies for effective management of waste. No doubt the current practice has made an attempt to manage the waste to a certain extent; however, these practices do not seem to be sustainable in the long run with our country moving toward development. Everyone born on this earth has a right for clean air, water, and food and it is the responsibility of us to maintain healthy environment for happy living. There is an immediate requirement to develop and implement strategies to come over the waste management issues. Besides the various waste management approaches undertaken by the government and non-governmental organizations adoption of three ‘R’ approach of reduce, recycle, and reuse would not only help in managing the waste generation but also use them appropriately thereby reducing the burden of disposal. This paper explains how the simple reuse, reduce, and recycle (3R) strategies can be used effectively in sustainable management of waste when used appropriately.

2 Classification of Waste The prerequisite for the strategy development for the sustainable waste management is to segregate the waste and assess its impact on human health. The waste can be classified as solid, liquid, or gaseous based on the physical form. The solid form can be household, plastic, office, metallic waste, etc. The liquid waste comprises of effluents from textile, tanneries, distilleries, pharmaceutical industries, etc. The gaseous waste constitutes the waste from chemical industries, power plants, metallurgies, etc. Figure 1 shows the classification of waste based on its physical form and its impact on human health. Based on the impact on human health, the wastes are classified as nontoxic, toxic, or pathogenic. Kitchen waste, paper, cotton, fruits, and vegetable peels are considered as nontoxic waste as they do not have much impact on the human health and they are biodegradable easily. The industrial waste from chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgies, nuclear, or electronic comes under the category of toxic or hazardous waste (Mumford 1973) Appropriate strategies have to be developed for the disposal

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Fig. 1 Classification of waste based on physical form and impact on human health

of these wastes as they have impact on human health. The major concern is with the hospital waste which is pathogenic to humans as well as animals.

3 Three ‘R’ Approach for Waste Management One of the important principles of waste management is waste hierarchy which has a basic moto to maximize the practical benefits of products and minimizing the end waste (Hasen and Jorgensen 1991). Three concepts in waste hierarchy are three ‘R’ which represents reduce recycle and reuse. The three R approach of reduce, recycle, and reuse seems to be most effective way for the sustainable waste management when implemented effectively (Fig. 2). Each option of the hierarchy has been built up as a diversion from landfill based disposal issues which was one of the major concern earlier (Van Ewijk and Stegemann 2014). Fig. 2 Three ‘R’ approach of waste management

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Fig. 3 Different Ways of reducing the waste generation

3.1 Reduce The first step of the waste management hierarchy is ‘reduce.’ This is based on the principle of less consumption which ultimately results in less waste to be recycled or reused. Alternatively, when the waste generation is less, it has less stress on the other two ‘R’s. Figure 3 shows the different ways by which our consumption of products can be reduced. One of the biggest issues is elevated usage of disposable products. They are very handy and can be discarded after use and therefore more preferable by the people. However, these disposable products pose the challenge for the environment in terms of recycling. Also, the use of products with more foil, plastic, or paper packing should be avoided. Since the packing materials are of no use and will add to the waste generated. The paper usage should be avoided and use of technology for communication among people should be used. Also, the use of durable products is encouraged as it would avoid multiple purchases which in turn would reduce on production as well waste generation (Newsom and Sherratt 1972).

3.2 Recycle The second ‘R’ of the waste management hierarchy is recycle. Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new usable materials and objects. Recycling can save material and helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, recycling aims at environmental sustainability by substituting raw material inputs into and redirecting waste outputs out of the economic system (Yavuz and Ziyadanogullari 2000). There are some ISO standards related to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001:2004 for environmental management control of recycling practice.

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One of the biggest challenges faced in the implementation of recycling is the segregation of waste products that can be recycled from the products which can not be recycled. Effective plans should be made for the proper collection, segregation, and recycling of waste materials. The municipal corporations should collect the waste materials and segregate them appropriately instead of dumping them without assessing its recyclability. Services of private companies which can recycle the waste and convert them into usable products should be utilized. People should be encouraged of using recyclable products and the benefit of the same should be explained to them.

3.3 Reuse The third ‘R’ of waste management hierarchy is reuse. Reuse is the action of using something again, whether for the original purpose or for a different function. Reuse is different from recycle. Recycle conserves energy, time, money, reusing the same thing helps to save the time, energy, and money.

4 Strategies for Implementation of 3R Approach The benefit of waste hierarchy in sustainable waste management is possible only with successful implementation. The first step in the implementation of this approach is to spread awareness among people about the uncontrolled waste generation, its impact on the environment and ultimately on the public health. People should be educated about the daily waste generated and the ways it could be minimized. Additionally, the awareness programs should also include recycling the already used materials and reusing them again in day-to-day activities. Sustainable waste management should also be included in the curriculum of students so they start implementing it from their early age. In the current generation, media has played a major role in spreading the information. Considering the widespread use of media, it should be used for communicating effective awareness programs among people. Government should prohibit the manufacture and use of products that cause threat to environment and should promote the environment-friendly replacement among people. Strict regulations should be implemented by the government to make this approach work. Government should strengthen the municipal corporation with financial and manpower support and should keep the record of their activities on regular basis. Additionally, government should work with non-governmental organization (NGO) and third-party vendors who can help in the management of waste. Additionally, government should also develop recycling centers where the common people can deposit their old waste item in return of some usable products.

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These centers would not only recycle the waste but would also generate employment opportunities for the people. Government should also fund researches projects aimed at developing replacement for plastics, dyes, and pesticides which pose serious threats to the environment.

5 Conclusion The three ‘R’ approaches if followed effectively will help in sustainable management of waste. This approach can be successfully implemented by bringing awareness among the people about the impact of waste generated on the environment and public health. A large scale campaigning should be undertaken by the government for spreading information and training people about reducing, segregation, recycling, and reusing the products without causing harm to the people. The laws should be made stringent in order to implement these practices. More NGOs and private companies should be encouraged which can work in collaboration with governmental organization for the sustainable waste management. As the management of waste is not an individual process, every person in the society should be aware of three ‘R’ concept so the government and the institute’s related for the better society should take up a duty in developing the society as pollution free by reducing, reusing, and recycling the wastes. Schools, colleges, and all educational institutes should educate students about the waste management for better future.

References Agarwal, R., Chaudhary, M., & Singh, J. (2015). Waste managment initiatives in India for human well being. European Scientific Journal, 11(10), 105–127. Hasen, P. E., & Jorgensen, S. E. (1991). Introduction to environmental management (Eds.). NY: Elsevier. Mumford, C. J. (1973). Industrial pollution control. Business Books. Newsom, G., & Sherratt, J. G. (1972). Water pollution. Sherratt & Sons. Van Ewijk, S., & Stegemann, J. A. (2014). Limitations of the waste hierarchy for achieving absolute reductions in material throughput. Journal of Cleaner Production. Yavuz, O., & Ziyadanogullari, R. (2000). Recovery of gold and silver from copper anode slime. Separation Science and Technology, 35, 133. Zhu, D., Asnani. P. U., Zurbrugg, C., Anapolsky. S., & Mani, S. (2008). Improving solid waste management in India: A sourcebook for policy makers and practitioners. World Bank Institute, WBI Development Studies, The World Bank.

‘To Study Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) Campaign as a Tool to Spread Awareness in Understanding the Support of 3R Concept for Waste Minimization in Indore City as the Cleanest City of India’ Jagdish Chauhan, V. K. Gautam and P. N. Mishra Abstract To build a mind-set of householders for waste minimization through awareness is becoming an important aspect in cities, especially after the mission given by the Prime Minister ‘Swachh Bharat Mission.’ Notwithstanding the fact that the message was given by the Father of the Nation—late Shri MK Gandhi, who always advocated that ‘Cleanliness is next to godliness’ but as we advanced in technology and to make ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ more effective, IEC implementation was considered important to reduce, reuse, and recycle waste at source. Waste minimization can be achieved in an efficient way by focusing primarily on the principles of 3 Rs; i.e., reducing is choosing to use items with care to reduce the amount of waste generated. Reusing involves the repeated use of items or parts of items which still have usable aspects. Recycling means the use of waste itself as resources. However, constituted agendas for sustainable urban sanitation have always been a matter of controversy between the developed and the developing countries, which, respectively, adopted the ‘green’ or ‘clean’ agendas taken from 3 R Forum in Asia and Pacific, respectively. The urban council, which is the statutory authority to minimize waste in the city, was duty bound to play a leading role in addressing these critical issues including the organizing comprehensive programs with the other actors for zero waste city. Here, cleanliness is not to look charming, but to reduce diseases or fever like dengue or epidemic. In the research paper, an endeavor has been made to focus initially to ‘Indore, the cleanest city of India’ and around to conduct a pilot study and then to the whole nation. Research is based on three main parameters and tried to penetrate as deep as possible to see the reality of India. To conclude, suggestions have been given to follow the concept to make a clean and pride nation, with special reference to Indore City. J. Chauhan (B) · P. N. Mishra IMS, DA University, Indore, India e-mail: [email protected] V. K. Gautam CAPE, Assessment Center, Ahmedabad, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. K. Ghosh (ed.), Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1543-9_2

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Keywords Cleanliness · Sanitation · Waste management · Municipal · Information, Education, Communication (IEC) · 3 R

1 Introduction Waste management is the most important aspect in urban as well as rural areas, to lead a neat and healthy life. Solid waste management (SWM) is far from a new phenomenon in India. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture offered loans to urban level bodies (ULBs) for SWM initiatives as far back as in the 1960s; however, no major changes were made, but in the last decade, especially with the Prime Minister’s philosophy of ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan,’ the waste issue moved faster on the country’s development agenda and received substantial interest and could notice, especially in younger generation, a big change on October 2, 2017, after the launch of a mission three years back. To attain the requisite results, first, ‘the plan states’ those have gone for ‘comprehensive project preparations’ should undertake for all towns and cities for both solid and liquid waste treatments and its recycling. To achieve this, land needs to be identified and acquired. It also stresses on waste segregation at source into nonbiodegradable and biodegradable waste (Laurence 1977). Another priority area is to promote organic farming and the utilization of organic compost. The plan encourages the conversion of municipal solid waste into vermi compost. The organic manure can thereafter supplement the use of chemical fertilizer in crop production. Vermi compost improves the physical condition of the soil and increases the level of micronutrients. The plan further stresses the growing demand for organically produced food, while positioning India as a potentially competitive organic food supplier in the world market. Hence, the waste management is a process to recycle, reduce, and reuse of the waste (Brown 1993). Table 1 shows the steps in separation and recycling of mixed waste. Table 1 Steps in separation and recycling of mixed waste Steps in separation and recycling of mixed waste Steps

Activity/actions to be taken in a progressive manner

Step 1

Separating reusable materials from other wastes

Step 2

Transporting and processing (including remanufacturing) the separated materials for use as replacements for virgin materials

Step 3

Managing the wastes from separation and recycling

Step 4

Returning the materials to commerce

Step 5

Selling the recycled products

‘To Study Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) …

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2 Review of Literature 2.1 Classification of Wastes As discussed earlier, for management purpose, solid waste may be classified as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Waste which can be decomposed by biological processes is known as non-biodegradable waste. Organic waste is biodegradable and recyclable. Biodegradable waste can be decomposed in two ways: (1) compost and (2) Vermi compost.

2.2 Role of Waste Management System (WMS) in a City Some places in our country is facing problem in waste disposal, and most affected are urban areas. Effective waste management systems (WMS) provides relief in waste disposal and management related problems in the environment (Dave and Gautam 2013).

2.3 Waste Management and Disaster Management Waste is a kind of man-made disaster. It affects lives and environment and leads to natural disasters like flood, earthquake, tsunami, and other disasters, which cause infection afterward (Dahiya 2003).

2.4 Waste Management and Waste-Picker Livelihood It is where more than 30 lakh people live in Indore and is the largest city in Madhya Pradesh, rather a center for large number of commercial activities. According to Indore Municipal Corporation, 6000 people (0.2% of the population) are primarily engaged in waste picking as a source of livelihood. They pick up recyclable material from garbage dump and other waste resources and sell to those who are involved in aggregation and reprocessing. This profession is a key link of recycling of waste and results in various environmental benefits for cities.

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2.5 Issues in Hand India is the second-most populous country that has about 16% of the world population and 18% of the land area (Mapuskar 2010). Rapid industrialization in the last few decades has led to the depletion of precious natural resources in India. Further, the rapid industrial developments have also led to the generation of huge quantities of hazardous wastes, which have further aggravated the environment problems in the country (Chakrabarti et al. 1999).

2.6 Solid Waste Management (SWM) 2.6.1

Introduction to SWM

It is the collection, transportation, processing or disposal, managing, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health and the environment. SWM is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. The management of wastes treats all materials as a single class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous, or radioactive substances, and tries to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through different methods (Gupta 2004).

2.6.2

Curbside Separation Mixed Waste Separation and Recycling

Curbside separation mixed waste separation and recycling can reduce the amount of waste that must be handled by other municipal solid waste (MSW) option. There are five steps in recycling.

3 Rationale and Objectives of the Study 3.1 Rationale of the Study Waste management has become a buzz word after having launched ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ by the Prime Minister. It was nothing new, but it was a need of the day and that would build the image of Indians in the international scenario. Hence, this study may derive several benefits in the arena of ‘environment and health.’ A survey revealed ‘how people feel about their waste disposal management system (focused upon), what parts of their system reuse, reduce, and recycle?’ Thus, a survey can be

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used as a powerful diagnostic instrument for looking at waste problems (Ambasht and Ambasht 2005).

3.2 Objectives of This Study 1. To study the household waste disposal system in Indore to make as the cleanest city of India). 2. To study the IEC as a tool for waste disposal awareness campaign by applying 3 R concept. 3. To study the community awareness about the government policies and rules in waste handling and managing. 4. To study the impact of waste segregation and waste disposal at household level for waste minimization and their recycling process in India in general and Indore, MP, in particular.

4 Methodology 4.1 Research Design India is a unique country, and above 70% population lives in villages. They lack amenities and education. There are improvements taking place in Indian waste management scenario. The objective of the present study is to find out new sets of parameters to study the role of waste disposal management system in India in general, in particular in Indore in the state of Madhya Pradesh under the umbrella of “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan”.

4.2 Type of Study Research was based on an exploratory study by structuring a questionnaire and administering to more than 500 respondents. Besides that a number of group discussions and interviews with upper strata of the organization and locals, directly affected, were considered:

4.2.1

Method

Questionnaire of 30 items with six demographic variables was developed. It was classified into three categories: for the importance of waste disposal education, household

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waste management as a need, and IEC material and campaign for household waste disposal management system awareness.

4.2.2

Pilot Study

A pilot study was carried out by administering questionnaire to 50 teachers, senior citizens, and staff that gave directions to modify the questions and explanation of technical words.

4.2.3

The Sample

The sample of the study was comprised of randomly selected 250 respondents from associations, corporations from urban, semi-urban, and rural areas of India. Most of the respondents were from the upper and middle strata of the local community.

4.2.4

Description and Type of Response Group

Majority were female respondents, excepting for government officials. Population was housewives, farmers, and teachers imparting primary as well as secondary education.

4.2.5

Education Level

It varied from primary class level to postgraduate or even to doctorate in few cases. There were certain respondents, who were as good as illiterate.

4.2.6

Income Group

The income of each respondent varied from one lakh to five lakhs PA and above.

4.3 Data Collection Tools 4.3.1

Structuring of Questionnaire

The questionnaire covered all the aspects of the subject under study. It was compiled after in-depth study with subject experts. It was developed in English and Hindi as well, as major area identified for research was Hindi belt and deduction level was low.

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Primary Data

It was collected from various establishments and locals during the specific visits to Indore Division (MP), Rajasthan, and Goa. Initially, help was taken from the supervisor, who happened to visit the solid waste management projects at ESI, Gandhi Nagar.

4.3.3

Secondary Data

Adequate literature survey and scanning of journals and other published material were done as the secondary source. In this, major sources were household waste management program at Indore Municipal Corporation, MP, libraries, journals, magazines, papers, and the Internet.

4.3.4

Interviews

Individual interviews were conducted with those officers who had worked or having a command in this field or still working, irrespective of the rank or position.

5 Factor Analysis, Interpretation, and Results 5.1 Data Collection The present study consisted of a sample of 250 respondents from different segments of society, from an age group of 18–65 years having a mean age of 31 and standard deviation of 88.

5.2 Factor Analysis The data obtained from respondents were analyzed by means of employing principal component analysis with varimax rotation. For the purpose of factor extraction, rotations were performed to obtain rotation factor matrix using eigenvalue of one (1) or more than one (1) only. Iterations were stopped, as the eigenvalue reaches below 1. Thus, in 25 iterations in all, 9 Factor emerged. In these factor variables, having a factor loading more than 0.48 or above was considered to be significant for contributing to the respective factor. Hence, all variables contributed significantly.

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Table 2 List of factors S. No.

Factor No.

Factor name

Variables identified

1

Factor I

Involvement factor

1, 2, 7, 16, 18, 20, 27, 29

2

Factor II

Awareness factor

11, 14, 17, 23

3

Factor III

Implementation factor

15, 30

4

Factor IV

Impact factor

5, 13, 25

5

Factor V

IEC factor

21, 22

6

Factor VI

Reduce and recycle factor

3, 4, 26

7

Factor VII

Understanding of waste management factor

8, 9, 10, 19

8

Factor VIII

Understanding of rule and policies factor

6, 28

9

Factor IX

Understanding of reuse factor

12

Note Item no. 24 was not considered

5.3 The Factors Emerged Nine factors emergen in the iterations. The factors emerged have been computed in Table 2.

5.4 Factors Interpretation 5.4.1

Involvement Factor

This factor had a significant factor loading on item nos. 1, 2, 7, 16, 18, 20, 27, and 29, highlighting the significance of ‘Education for waste disposal is essential,’ ‘Household waste disposal being main moral responsibility,’ ‘Involvement of communities, local authorities working for 3 R in spreading awareness,’ ‘Segregation of household waste at household level,’ ‘Involving society as a part of awareness campaign,’ ‘Involving traditional knowhow as a primary source of knowledge,’ and ‘Involving proper civic sense in any awareness campaign.’

5.4.2

Awareness Factor

This factor explained the concept of imparting the awareness through classroom teaching as well as practical training. It had significant factor loading on item Nos. 11, 14, 17 and 23 highlighting the significance of following points: ‘Understand the meaning and distinction between the waste management and sanitation’, ‘Development of good waste management practices from infancy stage’, ‘ Introduction of

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daily door to door waste collection and transportation in two parts by local authority or agency’ and ‘Application of any campaign, IEC material etc’.

5.4.3

Implementation Factor

It had significant factor loading on item nos. 15 and 30 explaining the needs of implementing the degradable and non-degradable waste and promotes civic sense for 3 R. On analysis, item’s contents could be classified broadly as ‘Municipal solid waste management and handling rules 2016 to act as an important role in awareness and implementation campaign.’

5.4.4

Impact Factor

It had significant factor loading on item nos. 5, 13, and 25, explaining the impact that can be made by various modes/methods with the help of ‘primary and higher secondary teachers in spreading awareness about household waste disposal,’ ‘by the way of better waste management facility that would leave an impact on environment and sanitation system,’ ‘making people aware of the tool of IEC media,’ and ‘expecting impact from jingles, wall painting, traditional drama or Nukkad natak, and puppet shows.’

5.4.5

Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) Factor

This factor explains the importance and essentiality of the understanding of IEC and use of IEC tools. This factor had significant factor loading on item nos. 21 and 22, highlighting that significant role would be played on ground level in respect of reduce, reuse, and recycle of waste.

5.4.6

Reduce and Recycle Factor

It had significant factor loading on item nos. 3, 4, and 26, where it highlighted the need about reduce and recycle and ‘awareness training through IEC tools as a source of awareness campaign.’

5.4.7

Understanding of Waste Management Factor

It had significant factor loading on item nos. 8, 9, 10, and 19, where it highlighted the need to know the ‘meaning of waste disposal’ and ‘meaning of education,’ and ‘polythene bags have become major hurdle to keep our waste disposal in order. It

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was clear that waste management aspect has to be well understood from classroom implementation or expecting impact on the society at large.

5.4.8

Understanding the Policies/Rules Factor

It had a significant factor loading on item nos. 6 and 28 only. This factor highlighted the importance of waste management rules/policies and proper implementation and applying in day-to-day life, practically.

5.4.9

Understanding of Reuse Material Factor

It had a significant factor loading on item no. 12 only. This factor highlighted the importance of IET material for waste minimization. Besides this, while campaigning, we may apply multi-facet approaches like use of colorful print material, electronics channels of media, puppet shows, and street plays to make it effective and early implementation.

6 Tables and Bar Charts for Data Analysis See Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and Figs. 1, 2, 3. Table 3 Average age-groups

Table 4 Demographic variable

S. No.

Age category

Men

Women

1

18–24

80

2

25–40

75

85

3

41-above

80

90

Total gender-wise

235

265

Total

500

90

S. No.

Category of respondents

Men

1

Government officials

40

Women 40

2

Housewives

40

40

3

Teachers (men and women)

40

40

4

Farmers

40

40

5

Others

120

60

Total gender-wise

280

220

Total

500

‘To Study Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) … Table 5 Education level

Table 6 Income group

S. No.

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Education level of respondents

Nos.

1

1st–12th

90

2

Graduate

120 100

3

Postgraduate

4

Ph.D.

5

Uneducated

100

Total

500

90

S. No.

Income PA (annual)

Nos.

1

Less than one lakh

147

2

1–3 lakhs

140

3

3–5 lakhs

128

4

Above 5 lakhs

85

Total

500

140 120 100 80

Men Woman

60

Column1 40 20 0 Govt. Officer House Wife

Teachers

Farmers

Other

Fig. 1 Demographic variable (bar chart)

7 Discussion, Findings, and Constraints 7.1 Discussions After due deliberations with the respondents, especially during the visits to the household waste management program at Indore and meeting the senior staff in service,

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120 100 80 60

Numbers Column1

40

Column2 20 0

Fig. 2 Education level (bar chart)

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Numbers Column1 Column2

Column2

Column1 Less then One lakh

1-3 lakh

Numbers 3-5 lakh

Above 5 lakh

Fig. 3 Income group (graph bar chart)

the results not only proved to be correct but also drew some of the important lessons, which have been highlighted in detail, ahead, especially results actually achieved by Indore Municipal Corporation, Indore, at the all India level surveys by the Indian Government in 2017–2018.

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7.2 Findings The study revealed the following few points: 1. Involvement was the keyword, wherein, ‘Education for waste disposal was essential’ and ‘Household waste disposal was considered as moral responsibility.’ It was found that ‘involvement of communities, religious, social, and cultural organizations was spreading awareness.’ 2. Spreading awareness by way of meeting, through local TV channel and radio communication, classroom teaching as well as practical training. Recommended areas of interventions are: the ‘development of good waste management practices from infancy stage,’ ‘introduction of daily door-to-door separated waste collection and transportation in two parts by local authority or agency,’ and ‘application of any campaign, by using electronic media.’ 3. Municipal SWM and Handling Rules of 2016 under this ‘government polices, rules, and acts implemented in the city were found to be an important part of city administration,’ and to make a campaign successful, IEC material can be of great advantage for implementation. 4. Impact of Implementation can be made by various modes with the help of ‘primary and higher secondary teachers in spreading awareness about household waste disposal,’ ‘by way of 3 R concept, better waste management facility would leave an impact on environment and sanitation system,’ ‘making people aware of the tool of IEC media,’ and ‘expecting an impact from wall painting, traditional drama or Nukkad Natak, and puppet shows.’ 5. IEC plays a dynamic role for successful 3 R concept. Involvement of IEC and Government Officials can serve better to common men and the local authorities for policy implementation. 6. Waste management training including class room and short term on-the-job training can play a pivotal role in waste management education. The proposed topics is Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable waste storage, collection and treatment, Awareness campaign through political and religious procession can bring long term benefits. 7. The study has revealed that polythene bags have become a major hurdle to keep waste disposal in order. The study highlight that the clear understanding of SWM Rules 2016 and the benefits of effective waste management will be most beneficial for implementation thus expecting any impact on the society at large.

7.3 Findings Based on Manual Data Interpretation 1. Majority of the respondents was aware of all the aspects like waste disposal education, household waste management as a need, and IEC material and campaign for environmental awareness. However, small segment of respondents

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2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

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did not understand the meaning and application of information, education, and communication (IEC). 70% of the respondents well understood the need and application of two main aspects: ‘Education for waste disposal is essential,’ and ‘classroom teaching is a better mode to understand the issues of household waste disposal and sanitation.’ The confidence level in their respective technical or job knowledge was high average, especially with respect to the awareness and need of sanitation. The training needs and expectancies were found just adequate. It revealed that the present system was covering all the major aspects of training and development, whether supported by the government or by way of training in schools. It was also ascertained that the confidence level of the respondents was reasonably high. As covered before, almost all had a rating of high average or above average. A gap has been found in the desired understanding and understanding level possessed, and it needed to be bridged. The major gap was between practices being followed vis-a-vis the in-depth theoretical knowledge possessed by the respondents, especially in the rural areas. Hence, there is a dire need to bridge these gaps to provide the fundamentals of whole concept of sanitation and its application with full benefits. During the interviews, government officials also emphasized on the creation of environment of trust among people, giving autonomy, developing leadership qualities, especially youth and women, and giving more credit to self-discipline than education/intellectual level.

7.4 Limitation of Study 1. Illiterate or with primary education level could not interpret the questionnaire as it was lengthy (with 30 statements) and little tricky, especially Part III, relating to IEC. Hence, it was to be translated into regional language and helped many in filling the response sheets. 2. Major sample limited to India and 250 respondents from various segments. It might not have given foolproof solution for other areas as a thumb rule. Suggested model: bridging the gap in existing 3 R (reduce, reuse, and recycle of waste at source) system in Indore (Fig. 4).

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Community Partnership

Team of Manpower Skilled/ Unskilled/Rag-pickers

Primary/Secondary/Ngos/Cbos Etc.

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Awareness Households, Markets And Institutions

Household Waste Disposal Management System Waste Generation by Society

INSPECTION TEAM

Training Services for Waste Segregation at Household Level

Waste Collection at Door Stapes

Transport and Disposal of Waste

CLEAN CITY: SWACHCHH BHARAT

INSPECTION TEAM

SWACHHATA RATH and IEC CAMPAIGN

(Model-1)

Fig. 4 Three Pronged Suggested model for Environmental education system in India: Team, Community and Awareness

8 Recommendations with Suggested Model, Conclusion, and Suggestions 8.1 Recommendations with Suggested Model, Suggestions, and Conclusion There is a need of integrated model complete in different contexts. It should be used by the professionals working in this field, first to influence the government, then the senior officers of the Municipal Corporations Health department, and later on, the entire society, by way of having multi-prong strategies by involving various agencies. The recommended model deals with the gap that needs to be bridged to strengthen conceptual framework and philosophy of waste management and sanitation. Right from the stage of primary education, awareness, training and conceptual support need to be imparted on of the household waste disposal management system and the needs of sanitation and application of IEC (Information, Education and Communication). As an individual grows, one’s conceptual clarity level is improved (Refer Model-1) with time and the influence of others. This model incorporates several aspects to improve quality of life at different levels for mass education in the society. Society must have a supportive structure to attain the objectives of effective waste management and sanitation. The government and each individual have to play respective role for success. The government has to be supportive in the budgeting and welfare consideration.

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8.2 Conclusion There are certain points that need to be appreciated to conclude the study. The future wars are going to be three-dimensional, and ecology has given indicators in many facets. War what we anticipate would not be a WW III rather a war of water. Since academicians do not take researches on social issues, in general, it is strongly recommended to educate people by launching campaigns and also cover solid waste management, as well as liquid management, to protect the environment. The best and most appropriate tool to be applied is 3 Rs, and Indore model is the most practical one, at least for class II and III cities of India.

8.3 Suggested Low-Cost MSWM and Involvement of All Stakeholders Implementation of low-cost MSWM system with lower subsidies, greater household involvement, range of technology choices, options for sanitary complexes for women, rural drainage systems, IEC and awareness building, involvement of NGOs and local groups, availability of finance, human resource development, and emphasis on school MSWM are the important areas to be considered. Concerns like, appropriate forms of private participation and public private partnerships (PPP), evolution of a sound sector policy in Indian context, and emphasis on sustainability with political commitment are very important prerequisites to bring the change in waste management and sanitation.

8.4 Summary of Suggestions The literature reviewed highlighted several critical aspects of a sustainable MSWMS program that need further study and implementation with rigorous follow-up: (a) The term MSWMS is to be used as panacea for clean and healthy society; (b) Sanitation must be addressed together with hygiene and water to fully stop disease transmission; (c) Success depends on responding to consumer demand; (d) Educating consumers on sanitation and hygiene practices is essential; (e) Teachers at primary and secondary school education level are to be involved, and this aspect is to be introduced in the academic curriculum; (f) Women are to be involved at every level of the process and form the backbone of waste segregation at household level;

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(g) Best way to educate is—to club social duties in a romantic way in the form of commercial films with a suggested title—‘Achhi bahu-saaf ghar men’; ‘swachchh bache achchhe bache,’ and so on; (h) All agencies are to be involved for awareness campaigns and application, thereof.

9 Study of City Indore as Cleanest City 9.1 Tangible Results of Indore City at a National Level in 2017 and 2018 Indore is a commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh with approximately a population of 30 lakh heads, and it was at the 149th position before 2016 in the Swachh Survekshan’s cleanliness ranking. It climbed to the 25th place in 2016 and to the top in 2017. Today, Indore is considered as India’s cleanest city as per the Swachh Survekshan 2017—Swachh survey, which is conducted by Quality Council of India, across 434 cities of the country and is based on the feedback of 18 lakh respondents. Again Indore has been declared no. one for the year 2018. The development was a result of corporation’s efforts to make the city garbage- and open defecation-free.

9.2 Campaigning in Indore Since 2016 on War Footings by Mayor and Commissioner By September 2016, the IMC began slapping spot fines ranging from Rs. 250 to Rs. 500 on those who were found spitting on roads, urinating in the open areas, or littering garbage. ‘Efforts to deter offenders have not worked in the past. We hope public shaming would work as a deterrent this time,’ says the Mayor. She has also announced a plan to publish offender names in newspapers and getting them broadcasted over the radio. She has gone out of her way to fine offenders personally on many occasions. The local government body (IMC) has taken several other steps to stop people from littering, emplaned four agencies Divine, Jawala, HMS, and Basix for community involvement. The IMC has distributed more than 30,000 dustbins to householder and shopkeeper and also vehicle owners in order to encourage them not to throw waste out of their windows. The bottle-shaped dustbins are fitted with the car bottle holders and are now sold for Rs. 35 each in the city. Now, IMC has taken other steps too, such as employing 1723 ragpickers in order to segregate dry and wet wastes, installing disposal units in gardens, hotels, and marriage halls to create compost

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from the organic waste, and installing material recovery facility at trenching ground, Devguradiya. Compost pits have been built at fruit and vegetable markets, along with a biomethanation plant which has been set up at the Choitharam Sabazi Mandi (the largest vegetable market in MP). IMC has removed garbage bins that used to overflow and attracted stray animals, as well as birds. They were also an eyesore. Swachhata Samitis have been set up in schools as well as colleges. Participants in religious and other such processions are encouraged to keep the streets free of litter. Moreover, public toilets have been built in large numbers.

9.3 Tangible in Indore City at a National Level in 2017 Indore, the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, was at the 149th position in 2014 in the Swachh Survekshan’s cleanliness ranking. It climbed to the 125th place in 2016 and to the top in 2017. Today, Indore is considered as India’s cleanest city as per the Swachh Survekshan 2017—Swachh Bharat survey is conducted by Quality Council of India across 434 cities of the country and is based on the feedback of 18 lakh respondents. The development was a result of corporation’s efforts to make the city garbage- and open defecation-free. By December, the IMC began slapping spot fines ranging from Rs. 250 to Rs. 500 on those found spitting on roads, urinating in the open areas, or littering garbage. ‘Efforts to deter offenders have not worked in the past. We hope public shaming would work as a deterrent this time,’ says the Mayor. She has also announced a plan to publish offender names in newspapers and get them broadcast over the radio. She has gone out of her way to fine offenders personally on many occasions. The local government body has taken several other steps to stop people from littering. The IMC has distributed more than 30,000 dustbins to householders and shopkeepers owners in order to encourage them not to throw waste out of their windows. The bottle-shaped dustbins fit into car bottle holders and are now sold for Rs. 35 each in the city. The Indore Municipal Corporation has taken other steps too, such as employing 1000 ragpickers in order to segregate dry and wet wastes and installing recycling units in gardens, hotels, and marriage halls to create compost from the organic waste. Compost pits have been built at fruit and vegetable markets, along with a biomethanation plant which has been set up at the Choitharam Mandi. The Indore Municipal Corporation has removed garbage bins that used to overflow and attracted stray animals as well as birds. They were also an eyesore. Swachhata Samitis have been set up in schools as well as colleges. Participants in religious and other such processions are encouraged to keep the streets free of litter. Moreover, public toilets have been built in big numbers. Cleanliness is next to Godliness —MK Gandhi

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Acknowledgements All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with ethical standards of the institutional research committee and informed consent was obtained from all individual participants in the study. Authors appreciate the organization for generous support toward the successful completion of the study.

References Ambasht, R. S., & Ambasht, P. K. (2005). A text book in environment and pollution (4th ed.). New Delhi: CBSE Publishers & Distributors. Brown, K. (1993). Business guide for reducing solid waste, John Winte. In H. M. Lappin-Scott & J. W. Costerton (Eds.), Microbial biofilms (pp. 23, 27–35). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chakrabarti, M. P., Patil, T., & Devotta, S. K. (1999). Report on management hazardous waste in India by National Environment Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marag Nagpur–44020 (India). Dahiya, B. (2003, April). Hard struggle and soft gains: Environmental Management, Civil Society and Governance in Pammal, South India. Environment & Urbanization, 15(1). Dave, B., & Gautam, V. K. (2013). A study of environmental sanitation: Hindu Ancient system, existing challenges and developing sustainable solutions, with special reference to Gandhi Nagar District (Gujarat-State-India). Ph.D. thesis, HAU, Florida-USA (Unpublished). Gupta, S. K. (April 2004). Rethinking waste management. India Together. URL: www.indiatogether. org/2004/apr/env-rethink.htm. Laurence, B. R. (1977). In Feachem, R., McGarry, M., & Mara, D. (Eds.), Insect breeding in relation to sanitation and waste disposal in water, wastes and health hot climates (pp. 284–98). London. Management of Solid Waste in Indian Cities, draft report for the 12th Finance Commission of India, Government of India. Mapuskar, S. V. (2010). Technologies for Liquid Waste Management in rural areas Appa Patwardhan safai Wa Paryawaran Tantraniketan, Dehugaon, tal. Haveli District: Pune Maharastra 412109. www.publicationsdivision.nic.in. www.unep.org (2004)

Pathways for Ganesha Idol Immersion Process: A Review of Best Practices by BBMP C. B. Manjula, Sandhya Jayakumar and S. Gopalakrishnan

Abstract Ganesha Chaturthi is a grand festival celebrated all over India, in the month of September, every year. Approximately Rs. 20,000/- crores of income is generated throughout the country during the 10 days of festival. After the celebrations and prayers, the Ganesha idols are immersed in nearby water bodies such as a river, lake or ocean. The Ganesha idols are supposed to be made with clay, which is a degradable material which can also be helpful for the growth of plants. But, for the purpose of attracting the buyers, the Ganesha idol makers use Plaster of Paris (POP), and paints mixed with hazardous chemicals and chromium, zinc, mercury and arsenic which are non-degradable. An attempt has been made by the researchers to understand the steps taken by Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike [BBMP] for the smooth execution of immersion process, effective waste management and promote the use of eco-friendly Ganesha for worship in Bengaluru city. Keywords Eco-friendly · Immersion · Plaster of Paris · Degradable · Hazardous · International Society of Waste Management · Air and water

1 History of Ganesha Chathurthi Chathurthi, also known as Vinayaka Chavithi, is a Hindu festival celebrated on the occasion of the birth of Ganesha, a ten-day festival on the fourth day of Hindu lunisolar calendar month of Bhadrapada. The festival is marked with the installation of Ganesha clay idols, privately, at homes or publicly in huge pandals. Festivities include chanting of mantras, prayers and offering prasadam from the daily prayers. The festival ends on the day, wherein the idol is carried in a public procession, then C. B. Manjula (B) Department of Political Science, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, India e-mail: [email protected] S. Jayakumar BBMP, Bengaluru, India S. Gopalakrishnan Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies [ICSSR MRP], Bengaluru, India © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. K. Ghosh (ed.), Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1543-9_3

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immersed in nearby water body such as a river, lake or ocean. Thereafter, the clay idol dissolves, and Ganesha is believed to return to Parvathi and Shiva at Mount Kailash. Ganapathi, also known as Vigneshwara, meaning obstacle remover is celebrated as Ganesh Chaturthi, every year. In the name of immersion, we are creating pollution in water bodies. While celebrating Ganesha festival, people generally ignore environmental impact, i.e., pollution of air water, noise, solid waste, etc., caused by various activities performed during the pooja. It increases acid contents in dissolved solids and metals damaging aquatic plants and marine life. People use Plaster of Paris (POP) material instead of clay which is non-degradable material contaminates and spoils the water bodies. Along with Ganesh idols, people dump other decorative items like thermocol and plastic, adding to the level of water pollution.

2 Statement of the Problem Ganesha Chaturthi is celebrated in India in a very grand manner. According to Times of India News (Ahmedabad Edition) dated September 15, 2018, Ganesha festival 2018 generated revenue of Rs. 20,000 crore across the country. The researchers made efforts to understand the awareness level of the consequences of the waste generated during this festival period. Efforts are made to analyze the implementation of guidelines given by BBMP and Pollution Control Board and its implementation during the immersion period in Bengaluru city. Planning and preparedness of BBMP to ensure proper waste management in the city roads and lakes are discussed, and findings and suggestions are given.

3 Objectives of the Research • To study the challenges faced by civic bodies at the time of immersion • To analyze the preparedness, plans and programs by BBMP (https://www.bbmp. gov.in.documents/10180/11525980.certificat%281%29.pdf) • To analyze the use of POP material in Ganesha idols for the past three years • To study the segregation and transportation process after immersion of idols • To suggest measures for the improvement of immersion process.

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4 Challenges Faced by Civic Bodies at the Time of Immersion and After the Immersion of Ganesha Idol During the Ganesha festival, 300–400 tons of waste are generated per day than regular days. It is a huge task for BBMP to segregate and dispose. And also it leads to several environmental problems. Plaster of Paris (POP) used to make Ganesha idol leads to metal sludge. Decorative items used to decorate the idols dissolve in water and contribute to suspended particulate matters and metals like chromium, zinc, mercury and arsenic. These materials damage the aquatic animals and other water species in danger. Bamboo material used during the festival is thrown into water during immersion, and it creates the river/lake to clog. Flowers, garlands and other decorative items used to decorate Ganesha idols are immersed with the idol which increase the contamination of water. Other materials like polythene covers, paper and eatables contribute oil and grease to water bodies.

5 Plans and Programmes by BBMP 5.1 Background About BBMP According to 2011 census, Bengaluru with an area of 800 km2 has a population of 8,452,970 with 2.5 lakh households and 3.5 lakh commercial properties. City has been divided into 198 wards and eight zones with municipal solid waste generation being 3000 TPD, per capita waste for domestic being 350 g/day. But only 10% of waste is generated at the source, and solid waste management lies with BBMP. Around 70% of solid waste management has been outsourced with the remaining 30% handled by the BBMP.

5.2 Pre-festival Planning by BBMP • Single window clearance for the permission of Ganesha installation from Police. • Auto/Prahari announcement about eco-Ganesha usage, ill effects of POP Ganesha, information of immersion tanks and mobile tanks (www.ppsthane.com/blog/ effects-of-ganapathi-festival). • IEC activities in schools, communities and slums with the help of Citizens, Zonal Co-ordinators, Master trainers and NGOs. • Provision of single window approval in all zones.

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• Green Waste Management: Green waste management action plan and assign vehicles to carry this waste to designated point from 2nd to 11th day of the festival (www.wikipedia.com).

5.3 Ganesha Festival Action Plan by BBMP Ganesha idols must not be left on the roads. Inform public about the immersion tanks in the area. Each ward should have two–four temporary mobile immersion tanks. There should be barricading at all immersion points so that the Ganeshas are immersed in the queue. There should be adequate light desk at all immersion points. Segregation is compulsory before immersion of idol at the designated places. There should be a crane available at major immersion points to handle the disposal of large Ganeshas. Every immersion point should accommodate police personnel, mandatorily. Display of sign boards regarding the procession route is compulsory at the immersion points. Ban crackers and plastic which pollute the environment. 108 ambulance service shall be provided constituency wise. During Ganesha festival, help centers must be opened in every Joint Commissioner’s office with the coordination of organizations, police department, BESCOM, Karnataka Pollution Control Board and BBMP for the purpose of permission. For the immersion of Ganesha Idols, Kalyani’s, temporary tanks and information and education activity should be arranged. In addition, assurance should be given to public of zonal and central offices being operative at the time of difficulty. The officer of the Karnataka Pollution Control Board shall insist the public to use clay idols instead of Plaster of Paris (POP) idols for worship. Burning of crackers is to be prohibited at the time of festival and assure public to use mobile tankers for immersion of Ganesha idols. (14 tankers in 32 places according to time table on September 13, 2018, to join hands with BBMP). Arrange a meeting of Assistant Engineer, Assistant Executive Engineer, Superintendent Engineer and other officers to discuss and draft a plan about Ganesha immersion and manage the immersion successfully. Use newspaper, radio and other media-related resources to create awareness and encourage to use eco-friendly Ganesha idols and not to use POP Ganesha idols for worship. Before the immersion of Ganesha idols, flowers and other decorative items should be removed and immersed in water. Sign board must be in place at the immersion locations and instruct to use cloth banners. Public has to be made aware of the uses of clay Ganesha idols in autos and other media. Citizens and Master Trainers to give the lectures in colleges and schools about harmful effect of Plaster of Paris (POP) Ganesha Idols. Maintaining Cleanliness in Public Places and Immersion Places. Scientific Management Process of wet waste disposal on the day of Ganesha Chaturthi and next day of Ganesha Chathurthi festival to be initiated and carried out successfully. Ganesha immersion spots should be equipped with 108 ambulance, barricades, police personnel with crane facility, swimmers with safeguard material. CCTV coverage is

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a must to avoid incidents. Karnataka Archakara Sangha has clearly communicated to BBMP officials that South Zone Master Trainers have refused to worship POP Ganesha since Gods do exist in temples and Kalyanis/Lakes are like of environmental Gods. The B-Clip members accepted to collect the data of immersed Ganesha idols and take the call about the disposal of the waste in consultation with the nodal officers. Day after the immersion of POP and clay Idols in Kalyanis, silt must be sent to rock crystals. All the zonal health inspectors are expected to provide information to Medical Officer Health (MOH) and Public Relation Officer (PRO) through Whatsapp, right from day one (1, 3, 5, 9, 11 days) of Ganesha festival to the day of immersion. As stated above, all Joint Commissioners, Superintendent Engineers, Assistant Executive Engineers and Junior and Senior Health Officers must inspect the immersion place and supervise to avoid any mishaps happening and pass on the information regarding the number of Idols immersed, quantity of waste segregated through phone.

5.4 Preparedness Plan for Immersion of Ganesha Idols For smooth immersion of Ganesha idols, BBMP has planned the following: • • • • •

BBMP Temporary Wells—63 BBMP Permanent Kalyanis—22 BBMP Mobile Tankers—282 places Karnataka State Pollution Control Board Mobile Tanks—32 Immersion facility in total—399

Inspection by BBMP Officials before immersion

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6 Ganesha Idol Immersion Statistics According to the News in Times of India (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ bengaluru/good-news-not-many-pop-idols-this-time/articleshow/65817329.cms) published on September 15, 2018, on the first day of idol immersion at artificial tanks set up in various parts of the city and mobile tankers, 1.69 lakh idols were immersed across eight zones, and only 7254 (4.2%) were made of Plaster of Paris (POP). According to https://www.kspcb.gov.in/eco-friendly%20ganesh-18092017.pdf, Karnataka State Police Control Board (KSPCB) which has published a “Success story of Eco-Friendly Ganesha Festival 2017,” as per the data given by BBMP, a total of 208,585 idols were immersed in designated lakes and mobile tanks in the city of Bengaluru on the first of day of immersion. 12,077 idols were made of POPs and remaining constitutes clay idols. In 2017, only 6% of the Ganesha idols were of POP material in comparison with 40% of the idols made of POP material. According to last year statistics, 350 tonnes of waste were produced on the first day of immersion. In 2018, 220 tonnes of waste were produced on the first day of immersion. This clearly indicates the raising awareness levels among people about the usage of eco-friendly Ganesha idols. Above data is for the Ganesha idols immersed in artificial tanks and mobile tankers on the first day of Ganesha immersion festival in Bangalore. % OF POPS IN GANES IDOLS 50

40 6

4

0

7 Segregation and Transportation At the time of immersion, segregation of waste is done by BBMP pourakarmika’s (Cleaning workers), segregated waste goes to the following places for processing the waste produced at the time. • Before immersion, flowers and other decomposable wet waste items are segregated and go to compost unit. • Segregated plastic used goes to recycle plants. • Immersed POP idols go to construction and demolition unit. • The idols immersed in BBMP temporary tanks silt will go to parks. • After Ganesha immersion takes place in Kalyanis (Artificial Tanks), silt formed will be removed and sent to parks.

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8 Recommendations • Government can ban the usage of Ganeshas made using POPs. • A policy should be made by BBMP to avoid immersion in unauthorized places like lakes and ocean. • More number of artificial tanks and mobile tankers need to be installed in all the areas of the city. • Awareness programmes and advertisement are to be done in a big way in TV channels, FM radio, posters in buses and bridges, as it cannot be missed by anybody in the city. • Appreciate eco-friendly clay idols which will dissolve in water in less than 10 h. • Motivate the public to use permanent idols made of brass or stone. • Immerse the idols in a tub or a water tank and the silt can be used for garden. • Create awareness about waste management to ensure separation of flowers and other wet waste before immersion. • Create awareness about composting plants to generate manure from flowers and wet waste. • Encourage the use of green/eco-friendly decorative items like natural flowers, leaves, natural colors and avoid using POPs, thermocol and plastic decorative. The environmental impact of Ganesha Visarjan has been realized to be a huge one, affecting aquatic life all over the country to a great extent. Hence, it is the duty of all citizens to adopt some of the measures stated above to protect marine life and safeguard the ecological balance. According to Water Act 1974 (33 A), using POP and other harmful color Ganesha idols is prohibited during Ganesha Utsav, and segregation of waste and disposal should be followed. Sincere efforts have been made by many Non-Governmental Organizations to encourage devotees to use traditional clay, metal or brass statues for the festival. Clay idols can be immersed which do not contribute to environmental pollution. Brass and metal idols can be immersed in a bucket of water at home and reused.

Collapse of Natural Carcass Disposal System—Kolkata Rotten Meat Incident: The Insight Study Sucharita Bhattacharyya, Souvick De, Shilajit Dey and Anwesh Bhowmick

Abstract Rapid urbanization with human-altered natural conditions results not only in proliferation of infrastructures but includes pollution and generalized habitat destruction as well. This loss in biodiversity potentially leads to the disappearance of natural processes. As an example, the disruption in regulatory ecosystem services provided by the vultures, world’s most efficient scavenger species by removing the dead animals is worth mentioning at this point. Their precipitous decline over past few decades has speeded up largely and become alarming because of their consumption of carcasses treated with man-made anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, identified lethal for them in 2003. These affect their long-term mutual relationship with human globally. The disappearance of vultures whose metabolism is a true dead-end for pathogens poses a serious challenge in the management of natural dead animal disposal system beyond urban boundaries. This has allowed additionally some alien species of deadly disease carrier to grow in population, contributing indirectly to thousands of human deaths every year. The lacuna in developing equally efficient municipal carcass disposal system and the gross failure in organized supervision of its ongoing processes have encouraged a new social change. The notorious activities of greedy people noticeably used this gap and initiated the practice of supplying dumped dead animal‘s meat from Kolkata to several food chains. The growing fastfood culture is found largely to be based on this rotten meat to massacre the masses as a slow poison inviting toxoplasmosis of millions of non-veg people countrywide and abroad for the last ten years or so. India being a poor country, the masses are subjected to malnutrition and starvation, so this free-market ambush spreads out beyond cities very fast. Proper supervision in every step of carcass disposal systems along S. Bhattacharyya (B) · S. De · S. Dey · A. Bhowmick Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Sodepur, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, India e-mail: [email protected] S. De e-mail: [email protected] S. Dey e-mail: [email protected] A. Bhowmick e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. K. Ghosh (ed.), Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1543-9_4

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with effective conservation policies of natural scavengers to maintain biodiversity and mass awareness can only stop this ugly practice recovering human health and social as well as environmental balance. Keywords Vulture · Mutual relation · Biodiversity · Diclofenac · Carcass disposal system · Rotten meat · Kolkata · Lacuna · Greedy

1 Introduction Managing dead animals in livestock and poultry growing situations is a great challenge. Throwing them openly or in a ditch is not legal and acceptable. Today’s ecological survey demands proper methods for disposal of dead animals where role of vultures (Koenig 2006), who feed on them and thereby perform the important task of nature by scavenging, is very important so far as environment cleanliness is concerned. Incidentally, these vultures, once the most abundant birds across the world including Indian subcontinent, are now considered to be one of the highly threatened species (Markandya et al. 2008). Numerous reasons are lying behind whose identification and preservation in the mutualistic relationship (Gangoso 2013) with human could be critical from the conservational perspective. Moreover, this disappearance and failure of proper supervision of civic authorities (Ali 2016) to the timely disposal of dumped carcasses encouraged a class of people to initiate a profitable business of supplying these dead animals’ meat from dumping yards surrounding Kolkata to several food outlets across the city and in neighbouring states and countries. This redefines the human-vulture correlation in the present socio-economic context.

2 Objective of the Study The present study discusses on human-vulture mutualism (Gangoso 2013) where humans provide food resources facilitating the maintenance of the dense population of the rare scavenger vulture, whereas the regulatory services are provided by vultures in return, cleaning up human faeces, wastes and most importantly carrions both in villages and cities. So, the decline in their population and existing inadequate infrastructures (Ali 2016) of the municipalities of Kolkata and its neighbourhood to dispose carcasses transforms this mutualism where the dumped carcasses formerly eaten by vultures are now served as palatable meat dishes in various eateries in the states of West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and countries like Nepal, Bangladesh. It is reported (The Times of India 2018) recently that a section of municipal staff allegedly conspired with some common needy people to develop and run this rotten meat industry successfully over a decade violating all ethics of humanity beyond imagination. The present study is an attempt to unveil the facts behind this unfortunate incident.

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3 Methodology To discuss various aspects of this newly developed relationship (Gangoso 2013) between human and vulture, one of the most threatened scavengers of the world at present, the study consists of the following. We have assessed initially the influence of human settlement on vulture abundance, their distribution and how their decline has affected their regular sweeping services. Then our study on existing infrastructure and methodologies of carcass disposal system of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) has identified not only several inadequacies and upgradation requirements, but it also has shown that how the lacunae in supervision of the dead animal disposal system helped to initiate an ugly practice of a thoroughly unethical business. We have finally proposed policy choices in both cases to maintain healthy socio-economic development along with the biodiversity conservation (Chouhan 1996) by protecting vulture population.

4 Case Study: Selection of the Study System 4.1 Vultures in India 4.1.1

The Population, Activities, Distribution

Nine species of vultures are living at present in India, most of which are now in danger of extinction after a rapid and major population collapse in recent decades (Koenig 2006; Markandya et al. 2008). There are currently about 100,000 vultures left in India compared to 40 millions in the 1980s, so decline in their population is nearly by a whopping 98%. This vulture die-off represents the fastest decline of any species in the world though the decline rate slowed down in recent years. Their distribution (wiienvis.nic.in/Database/SRP_8555.aspx for Species Recovery Programme) regionwise is as shown in Fig. 1. Indian vulture (Gyps indicus) is old world vulture native to Pakistan and Nepal also. It has been listed as critically endangered since 2002 on the IUCN Red List. Vultures in India live in communities and are generally very dependent on human activities. One of the most characteristic features is their soaring behaviour where using the thermals formed due to warm rising air currents in the sun they fly into great heights spreading their wings to spot carrion and other scavengers surrounding a body with their very good eyesight, strong and hooked beak and using the welldeveloped sense of smell before coming down to feed them. This specific practice helps them to scavenge most effectively compared to other members of the community ensuring almost no leftover of decayed remnants of carrions in the disposal ground for long, thus provide a great benefit to humans. Otherwise rotten remains

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Fig. 1 Vulture distribution in India

would attract insects transmitting diseases to both livestock and humans by contamination of the soil and water. Here, it must be mentioned that vultures’ highlycorrosive stomach acids (pH range 0–1) are able to attack bacteria and viruses (https:// www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016), thus preventing the spread of livestock fatal diseases like anthrax and rabies. So, these natural “garbage bins” (Cheung and De Vantier 2006) are recognized to be the most efficient scavenger species. Also,

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vultures often feed on human faeces, which provide an important service in villages that usually lack a sewage system, thus eliminating potentially hazardous organic remains efficiently. But in their absence, as cattle owners are burdened monetarily to bury or burn the dead animals, they prefer to simply dispose them into rivers which contaminate the water. Bone collectors are also affected as they depend on vulture-cleaned carcasses for their livelihood. Parsi community in India is facing problems from population reduction of vultures as they are inevitable for disposal of their dead bodies which are placed on a Tower of Silence where according to their beliefs vultures liberate the soul by consuming the body. Now, declining vulture population forced Parsis to drop these ancient customs for reasons of hygiene as bodies take normally six months to disappear. Vultures play a critical role in our ecosystem. Their disappearance causes abnormal changes in the natural food chain where population of scavengers like rats, feral dogs and even leopards increases sometimes which invades inhabited areas preying on feral dogs which ultimately leads to conflict with humans. This would increase the incidence of life-threatening diseases such as rabies and plague and are indirectly responsible for thousands of human deaths (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ wars_and_anthropogenic_disasters_by_death_toll) every year. So, decrease of vultures also imposes huge expenses on the government including medical care to treat animal bites, the sterilization and vaccination of animals along with the problem of managing the population of disease carriers. Most importantly, these less-efficient scavengers pile up the dumped carcasses which along with human negligence and incapability result in the unprecedented incident under consideration.

4.1.2

Decline and Threats to the Survival of Vultures in India

In 1998, observations and counts of vultures at Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, indicated a decline (wiienvis.nic.in/Database/SRP_8555.aspx for Species Recovery Programme; https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016) in numbers of vultures for the first time. In 1999, a sharp decline in number of vultures was identified in India, Pakistan and Nepal. Reasons were numerous with focus on food shortage, poisoning, use of pesticides, disease or other factors. But after elaborate study on possible viral causes of the decline, the culprit was discovered by Dr. Lindsay Oaks (Oaks et al. 2004) and his team in 2003 as diclofenac (C14 H11 Cl2 NO2 ) (Indian Pharmacopoeia 2012) which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) normally administered to livestock in the form of constituents of almost all gels, creams and sprays which are used to treat the symptoms of inflammation, muscle pain along with fevers to keep them working for long time. Similar research by Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) confirmed that widespread use of diclofenac as pain reliever in cattle is the cause of vulture’s mortality in India. Vultures die from kidney failure within days of exposure to diclofenac-contaminated tissues of dead animals where post-mortem findings of extensive visceral gout confirmed huge uric acid

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Table 1 Vulture population decline in India S. No.

Vulture species

Decline rate

1.

White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis)

99.7%

2.

Indian vulture (Gyps indicus)

97.4%

3.

Slender-billed vulture (Gyps tenuirostris)

97.4%

4.

Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis)

Not significantly alarming

5.

Eurasian griffon (Gyps fulvus)

Not significantly alarming

crystal deposition (hyperuricemia) mainly in the spleen, liver, abdominal cavities and thoracic. The widespread availability and use of this drug by veterinarians are thus identified as the main culprit to the sharp drop in vultures of India. A simulation model demonstrated that if only 1% of carcasses were contaminated by diclofenac, Indian vulture populations would fall by (60–90) % annually, and a study of carcasses showed that about 10% were contaminated (Koenig 2006; Markandya et al. 2008). Gyps species were mostly affected by diclofenac. The population decline of the three most common vulture species in India between 1993 and 2002 is shown in Table 1 (Swan 2006). It also includes the population status of other two mountain-dweller species. The percentages differ slightly because the white-rumped vulture is more sensitive to diclofenac, but all three were in danger of extinction. Two other species of Gyps were less affected, as Eurasian griffon only winters in India with much smaller initial population, and the Himalayan vulture is exclusively mountain dwelling with a similarly small population (Grimmet 1988). Vulture populations continued to decline in India at a rate between (20 and 40) % each year since 2007 (Markandya et al. 2008). Out of nine species of vultures found in India, only the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) is protected by law. Thus, legal protection lacking for other species is also a threat to the survival of this scavenging bird. Their habitats usually include plains or savannas, although some live in open mountains which allow larger vulture species to see or smell carrion while soaring in the sky. Some smaller vulture species can be found in suburban areas. They breed territorially though congregate in large numbers at communal roosts and feeding locations. Vultures are selective about lofty and sparsely branched trees in the forest area for nesting and roosting where loss in the forest affected the population (Gangoso 2013). Actually, destruction of habitats for various developmental activities is another major threat to vultures in India. Pesticide pollution (Oaks et al. 2004) is also a problem for vultures population in India. The dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) used as pesticide enters into the body of vultures through food chain weakening the eggshell as it affects the activity of oestrogen hormone and ultimately causes the death of the embryo. Poachers poison wild animals like tiger, rhinoceros, elephants to take away their tradable parts including hide, tusk, musk, antler and horn. Feeding of the carcasses of these poisoned animals has also been a threat to vultures in India. But the decline of vulture population worst affected metro city Kolkata and neighbouring area from a totally different perspective.

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4.2 Kolkata Rotten Meat Incident To investigate on a report of 19 April 2018, police took the lid off the organized racket at Budge near Kolkata by cracking down on units associated with a processed meat industry running in collusion with some powerful racketeer over ten years. It was identified that some civic service staffs working as informers at the dump yards played their roles heavily where it was found that after dumping the carcasses get transported to the cold storages in the heart of the city. The meat is then processed in steps and supplied to different markets and restaurants. This fake meat market is spread across Orissa, Bihar, Nepal and Bangladesh.

4.2.1

Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) and Its Waste Disposal System

Kolkata, the primitive megacity of West Bengal, is one of the four oldest metropolitan cities in India. It is situated at the bank of river Ganga and is under the civic administration of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC). Therefore, augmentation of the solid waste management facilities along with the carcass disposal system is a major issue of concern. KMC has a total area of 201 km2 (census 2011, Fig. 2) (Ali 2016). Its territorial jurisdiction has been divided into 15 boroughs consisting of 144 municipal wards with total population of nearly 5.5 million. Solid waste generation and disposal per day is 4500 tons/day (as per 2013–14) at a rate of (0.9–1.1) kg per capita per day. Key locations for dumping yards in Kolkata existing under Kolkata Municipal Corporation Normally, the collected waste is transported into the disposal site for final treatment. There are two disposal sites existing at present in Kolkata, Dhapa which is located at eastern metropolitan bypass and Garden Reach (eight hectors), in south-west Kolkata influenced by tidal influx, and both are nearly saturated. KMC has added around 14 hectors to the Dhapa site which now covers total 52 hectors. KMC has identified a new site near New Town, Rajarhat in action area III (twenty hectors). The average distance of each borough from Dhapa is given in Table 2 (Ali 2016). The expenditure of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (https://www.kmcgov.in/ KMCPortal/downloads/Budget_Estimate_2017_2018.pdf) for solid waste management is INR 4,074,426,208 annually (2017), in which more than 70% are expended for waste collection, around (20–22)% for transportation and the rest, and only (5– 7)% are used for final treatment and disposal. So, KMC’s priority status for this very important step is clear. Treatment of waste is done by one compost plant at Dhapa landfill with a capacity of 500 tons only. Bulldozers (seven operational) are used there for areal extend and to level the waste. Two efficient solid waste treatment plants are in operation at Kalyani and Howrah, but because of their locations, they are underused. Also, different Suburban Municipalities located at Budge Budge, Dumdum, Kamarhati, Panihati, Barrackpore, Kalyani, Howrah, etc., maintain their

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Fig. 2 Map of KMC area

Table 2 Average distance from different borough to Dhapa Borough

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Distance (km)

9

7.5

5

7.5

7

7

3.5

6.5

9.5

7

8

3

10

11.5

13.5

own disposal sites as their distances from Dhapa area are not cost effective so far as transportation is concerned.

4.2.2

The Dead Animal Disposal System of KMC

It may be mentioned that in KMC infrastructure, carcass disposal and management are considered separately from solid waste management, but in absence of organized infrastructure, it becomes a major environmental issue. At present, for KMC, only 10–12 carcass-carrying vehicles are in operation/day. There are three processes in operation for dead animal disposal in general.

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1. Burial: It is the most common one where a dead body is buried by digging a hole. It must be at least two feet deep, to prevent scavengers from digging it up. 2. Burning: Burning carcasses in a pit on the site is an acceptable method of disposal in KMC. 3. Incineration: Auxiliary fuels like propane, diesel or natural gas are used to destruct carcasses thermally by reducing them to ash which in general are biosecure. It is a preferred method for managing small carcasses, but at KMC, large carcasses cannot be handled using this method. Also, incineration requires a huge expenditure of energy, compared with other disposal methods and so is not considered as a viable economic disposal option in KMC system.

5 Plan of Actions and Results 5.1 KMC Managements To overcome such problems, KMC has taken up a sustainable management plan with number of steps to protect Dhapa dumping ground where animal carcasses are brought and buried every day. Various NGOs are engaged for overall management including manpower allocation for disposal and deployment of watchmen to intensify vigil round the clock. Lights have been Arranged, and police posting is done with patrolling van as well. Security has been beefed up particularly at the backside of Dhapa to barricade outsiders’ entry including a section of local rag pickers. Electronic surveillance is also mulled. Dump yards without incinerators are planned to have a demarcated area where animal carcasses would be burnt (Banerjee and Dasgupta 2014). A systematic disposal technique in the form of a carcass compost plant is going to be adopted where the animals must be skinned, and their bones have to be removed beforehand. Panihati Municipality in first slot has got this project approval in July 2018 for its implementation. The scare of the rotten meat incident has led also to a different flurry of activities. Several probe teams have been set up at different levels for their recommendations. Also, it has been decided that there should have been surprise visits to the cold-storage facilities. Here, people never know the real status of the marketing of food in metro cities, towns and even in villages as nobody cares for public health, and this particular incident should not be isolated from the general climate of woeful lack of food safety standards in India. So, Hotel and Restaurant Association of Eastern India (HRAI) has advised its members to buy meat only from registered suppliers. The health department also has issued notices to hospitals to ensure quality meat for uses. Kolkata is very famous for its cheap and quality street food. The city has about 50,000 street food vendors who are instructed to upgrade their products as per the standards specified by KMC to ensure their food quality approval certificates, going to be made mandatory shortly for maintaining their business.

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5.2 Vulture Population Maintenance: A Sustainable Plan for Future (2014–2025) The government had released the “Vulture Recovery Plan” in 2006. To make the vulture conservation programme sustainable, BNHS identified a set of action plans which includes the following: The government banned the veterinary use of diclofenac in 2006. So, a safe alternate for this drug should be found, and the present available substitute meloxicam needs to be subsidized. There is need to impose complete ban on the use of chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT intensifying policy and public advocacy for drug ban enforcement. Vulture safe zones (VSZs) are declared in Assam, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh with concerted efforts of BNHS. Research and monitoring on the risks in natural habitats are to be continued. In few states, vulture restaurants also have come up to provide diclofenac-free carcasses. To protect and conserve the threatened species of vultures, maintenance and scaling up of sensitized conservation and breeding initiative must be ensured. Moreover, all vulture species should be legally protected. Presently, India has four vulture breeding facilities at Buxa (West Bengal), Guwahati (Assam), Pinjore (Haryana) and Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh). In 2016, the Saving Asia’s Vultures from Extinction programme started off releasing captivebred birds into the wild (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016) from Haryana centre. Currently, the second generation of vultures is breeding. There is also utmost need to establish Vulture Sanctuaries near Parsis crematorium for the disposal of corpses which will increase vulture’s population owing to availability of sufficient food. The return of vultures in Kolkata which disappeared from the city sky in 2005 is confirmed for last few years. Recently, around 63–65 of them have been spotted near Race Course with their nests on a few tall trees near Victoria Memorial, suggesting the birds are breeding again.

6 Discussion Globalization has started to impact the archipelago (Gangoso 2013) resulting drastic changes in traditional land uses and economic activities particularly in urban areas affecting human–vulture relationships from social and economic perspectives. But it appears to be costly as well from environmental point, and the question arises as to what extent this imminent growth is compatible with the maintenance of a healthy vulture population and its associated functionaries. With the fast reducing habitats, birds are finding their way by adapting to changes. Food and shelter at the dumping grounds in cities have become alternate good birding habitats (Banerjee and Dasgupta 2014) where various kinds of avifauna are witnessed nowadays circling above all along the year. Devguradia hilltop of Indore (Verma

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and Bhonde 2014) and Guwahati Dumping Ground near the Deepor Lake, Jorbeer, become already famous and potential sites for watching vultures and other raptors. During winters, the local avifauna and winter migrants join to form a nice ecosystem. KMC also has decided to turn the stinking Dhapa to tourist destination by 2020. Accordingly, they have undertaken the project of widening the approach road to prevent water logging problem there and allow easier entry and exit after unloading of garbage. Additional thousand trees have been planted alongside the canal at Dhapa landfill site to reduce pollution and for possible vulture nesting.

7 Conclusion Our analyses reveal that the activated natural carcass disposal system has started gaining ground with successful vulture conservation schemes. Also, thanks to the primary negligence of Kolkata civic authorities which forced to make common people aware to prevent such nuisance, otherwise the unethical business of dumped-meat food outlets could affect the masses miserably, the scare of which has already spread to the neighbouring states and countries dependent on West Bengal for meat. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Mr. Debashis Chakrabarty, Panihati Municipality SI and JIS Group, for providing important information and infrastructural support for this work.

References Ali, S. A. (2016). Status of solid waste generation and management practice in Kolkata municipal corporation, West Bengal. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6(6), 1174. Banerjee, M., & Dasgupta, S. (2014). Case study on some positive initiative for solid waste management in west Bengal. International Journal of Humanistic and Social Science Studies, 1(3), 247. Cheung, C. P. S., & De Vantier, L. M. (2006) Socotra—A natural history of the islands and their people. In K. Van Damme (Science Ed.). Odyssey books and guides (408p). Air photo International Ltd., Hong Kong. Chouhan, B., et al. (1996). Bio- energy scenario in India. IREDA News. 7(1). Gangoso, L., et al. (2013). Reinventing mutualism between humans and wild fauna: Insights from vultures as ecosystem services providers. Conservation Letters, 6, 172–179. Grimmet, R., et al. (1988). Birds of the Indian subcontinent. London: Christopher Helm, 10. Indian Pharmacopoeia (2012). Koenig, R. (2006). Vulture research soars as the scavengers’ numbers decline. Science, 312, 1591– 1592. Markandya, A., et al. (2008). Counting the cost of vulture decline—An appraisal of the human health and other benefits of vultures in India. Ecological Economics, 67, 194–204.

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Oaks, et al. (2004). Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature, 427(6975), 630–633. Swan, G. E., et al. (2006). Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures. Biology Letters, 2(2), 279–282. The Times of India, May 12, 2018. Verma, A., & Bhonde, B. K. (2014). Optimization of municipal solid waste management of Indore City using GIS. International Journal on Emerging Technology, 5(1), 194–200.

Gender Transformative Planning for Urban Sanitation in India Paramita Datta Dey

1 Introduction It has been highlighted through various researches1 that women and adolescent girls are very adversely affected by lack of access to clean toilets. Poor location, improper design and insufficient maintenance prevent women and adolescent girls to use public toilet blocks. Further, they also face many challenges and risks regarding safety and dignity while using public toilets. Provision of facilities such as water and electricity are critical to ensure that women use public toilets. Women usually avoid using toilets at night in the absence of sufficient lighting for fear of safety. Sanitation issues faced by women are related to the following five spheres: Education: Numerous reports from both rural and urban areas have highlighted how girls and adolescent girls drop out of school due to lack of toilets. Even if a toilet exists, they lack adequate water, electricity, dustbins and other necessary fixtures that are very crucial elements of a toilet for women. Menstrual hygiene management (MHM): Amenities to change and dispose-off menstrual absorbents or menstrual hygiene products are very important to maintain personal hygiene. Many times, a ladies toilet does not even have a dustbin to disposeoff this kind of waste, which is hazardous if mixed with municipal solid waste. Health aspects: In the absence of a toilet at home, women control the intake of food and water to limit urination and defecation. This is because they are able to practice 1 Going to the Toilet When You Want, Sanitation as a Human Right, Human Rights Watch, 2017; Ending Open Defecation in India: Insights on Implementation and Behavior Change for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Kathryn Alexander et al., Advised by Professor Jeffrey Hammer, 2016; Public Spaces, Private Acts: Toilets and Gender Equality, by Isha Ray, 2017; Cities through a “gender lens”: a golden “urban age” for women in the global south? Sylvia Chant, Environment and Urbanization, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), Vol. 25 (1), www.sagepublications. com.

P. D. Dey (B) National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. K. Ghosh (ed.), Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1543-9_5

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open defecation only in the early morning or late at night. In case of community or public toilets, they are not comfortable using them, as they are not clean and lack adequate water. This causes urinary tract infections (UTI), constipation, gastric problems, to name a few. Safety: Due to the fear of being assaulted while practicing open defecation, women face harassment and attacks while accessing community and public toilets. Not only do these toilets lack adequate water, lighting and ventilation, broken doors and missing latches are not uncommon in such toilets. General well-being: All of the above finally leads to negative psychological effects—stress, anxiety, fear, disgust and low self-esteem.

2 Existing Policy and Programmes on Urban Sanitation in India In India, States are responsible for provision of sanitation facilities, i.e. sanitation is a state subject. However, the National Government plays a key role in providing direction, guidance and funding through many policies and programmes. The policies and programmes that enable urban sanitation are promoted by a wide range of ministries including the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Ministry of Health (MoH), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), etc. Let us look at two policies that focus on sanitation: The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) and the National Fecal Sludge and Septage Management Policy (NFSSM). The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), formulated in 2008, lays down the broad enabling environment for urban sanitation. It focuses on behavior change and education, and envisions to end open-defecation and to provide city-wide sanitation facilities. It further dwells on institutional roles and responsibilities, awareness generation, technology choices, reaching the undeserved, and most importantly lays emphasis on incremental and sustained improvements. The development of City Sanitation Plans (CSP) and State Sanitation Strategies are recognized as the two important living documents as tools for implementing its ambitious vision. The NUSP draws attention to women as a vulnerable group but does not elucidate on the specific sanitation-linked needs of women. Some gender-specific suggestions include the following: 1. Women should be engaged in the design and management of toilets. It is very important to involve women at every stage—right from planning, operation and finally maintenance and upkeep of sanitation facilities. 2. There is a need to raise awareness among stakeholders (including community members) about women’s needs. Besides women, all other stakeholders should also be involved.

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3. Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) must be included while planning for sanitation. 4. The needs of women’s access, safety and security must be addressed in all public and community sanitation facilities. The significance of concerns related to safety and security is not only inside the sanitation facilities, but also in the area and route to that facility. 5. In order to implement the above, it is essential to collect, collate and use sex-disaggregated data for planning sanitation facilities. Most monitoring formats outlined by policy documents do not recommend the collection of sexdisaggregated data. They also do not gather information on differences among men’s and women’s utilization of facilities and services provided. Due to this paucity of data from monitoring and evaluation, differences by age and sex undermine the policy makers and programme planners effort to identify gender gaps in sanitation and service delivery. The National Fecal Sludge and Septage management (NFSSM) Policy, 2017 is the most recent policy that addresses city-wide sanitation for all cities in India. It has emerged as a result of a nudge from various stakeholders. It recognizes that for a city to be free from open defecation, one needs to have an integrated approach of on-site and off-site sanitation solutions. The policy focuses on mainstreaming fecal sludge management (FSM), defines the role of stakeholders (Government, private sector, civil society, etc.) for effective FSM, establishes synergies between various Government of India (GoI) programmes (AMRUT, SBM, Smart Cities, HRIDAY, etc.) and ensures sustainable sanitation for all. It lays thrust on incremental approach to achieving standards set by GoI, gender-based sanitation planning and State level strategies. Some of the aspects that it mentions on gender are: 1. Gender-specific gap: The policy mentions that it “…will promote gender mainstreaming in FSSM where women are seen as active agents and participants of change, not merely as recipients or victims of policies.” 2. Objective 6 of the policy targets to “Mitigate gender-based sanitation insecurity directly related to lack of toilet …and involvement of both genders…” 3. It mentions “Gender mainstreaming of IEC material for FSSM across the country” 4. In the section on Financing, it says “The Government of India may provide assistance for funding projects proposed as part of FSM Plans through its ongoing urban development schemes and programs including gender budgeting of FSSM projects”. 5. Additionally, the policy also mentions the involvement of both genders. Though the NFSSM articulates some gender-specific needs and aspects, more needs to be done to articulate the implementation of actions on ground. The GoI programme that support Urban Sanitation can be grouped into four categories: main urban development programmes, dedicated sanitation programmes, programmes of ministries other than urban development and the Finance commissions.

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Fig. 1 Current GoI programmes that support urban sanitation

1. Main urban programmes: This includes the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY), Smart Cities Mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). 2. Dedicated sanitation programmes: This is primarily the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or the Clean India Mission. 3. Programmes of other ministries—This includes Programmes like Namami Gange (the programme to clean the Ganges river). 4. Finance commission: This includes the latest 14th Finance Commission (Fig. 1). The opportunities for improving sanitation under each are summed up in the table below. However, none include gender in a proactive manner.

Programme

Opportunity for improving sanitation

Focus on gender/women

AMRUT

Funds can be sought for creating “…sewerage systems…recycling and reuse of wastewater”

“… the purpose of Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) is to …All these outcomes are valued by citizens, particularly women, and indicators and standards have been prescribed by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) in the form of Service Level Benchmarks (SLBs).” (continued)

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(continued) Programme

Opportunity for improving sanitation

Focus on gender/women

HRIDAY

One of the key components that the program can fund includes “Provision of basic services…and its linkage with city infrastructure/trunks for water and waste water management and treatment”

“…Skill development of tour operators and guides, local artisans and women Entrepreneurs…Support marketing, promotion and development of local heritage industry including women managed cottage industries…”

Smart Cities Mission

Sanitation (particularly wastewater recycling and storm water reuse) is one of the core infrastructure elements included in the programme

“…core infrastructure elements in a Smart City would include…safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly…”

PMAY—Housing for All

Programme guideline mentions that “provision of toilet at every household level which can be connected to trunk sewer line…if these houses are located in the peri-urban/newly developed/compact areas where trunk sewer is not available, then these toilets can be connected to on-site/decentralized system).”

“…Preference under the Scheme, subject to beneficiaries being from EWS/LIG segments, should be given to Manual Scavengers, Women (with overriding preference to widows)…” “…Preference in allotment may be given to physically handicapped persons, senior citizens, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, minority, single women, transgender and other weaker and vulnerable sections of the society.”

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

Programme guidelines mention that “…in the event that a sewerage system is not available within 30 m from the proposed household toilet, in addition to the construction of a toilet super structure, an on-site treatment system …should also be constructed for the collection, treatment and/or disposal of sewage at or near the point of generation.”

Discussed in detail in the paper

(continued)

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(continued) Programme

Opportunity for improving sanitation

Focus on gender/women

Namami Gange

Program guidelines refer to “…in situ sewage treatment in open drains”

No specific mention of gender

Fourteenth Finance Commission

The FFC recommends basic grants to ULBs “…with the purpose of providing unconditional support for the delivery of basic services that includes water supply, sanitation….”

No specific mention of gender

A quick examination on the clauses related to sanitation and gender reveals that though the policies include women, more detailed action plans need to follow to make sure that the programmes are gender sensitive. The subsequent section examines the Swachh Bharat Mission from a gender lens. Among all these programmes, the Swachh Bharat Mission is dedicated only to sanitation. One of the key objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is the elimination of open defecation. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential to provide adequate construction, operation and maintenance of toilets. Provision of individual household toilets is one of the major components of SBM. Concurrently, it is also essential to provide for public toilets in locations where a high percentage of population visit frequently (e.g. markets, railway stations, tourist and religious places, etc.). While the SBM directs the ULBs to ensure that the city has sufficient number of public toilets, ULBs are encouraged to identify land for public toilets and encourage private sector engagement in its construction and management. The Revised SBM (Urban) Guidelines, 2017,2 mandates all States to formulate a proposal containing the brief State Sanitation Strategy. As per Section 10.1 of the SBM Guidelines “First installment will be released to States on receipt and acceptance of proposal containing the brief concept state sanitation strategy.” The guidelines further mention the need to prepare full-fledged State Sanitation Strategies (SSS) and City Sanitation Plans (CSP). The management of public toilets is a crucial part of city sanitation planning. There is a need to prepare an action plan at the ULB level to facilitate administrators in city-wide planning for public toilets and effective service delivery. The purpose of the action plan is to assist in the planning, design, implementation, operation and maintenance of public toilets in a step by step manner through proactive engagement of all relevant stakeholders. An action plan will not only allow city managers to achieve efficiency in the provision of existing and new toilets but also meet future toilet demand. In addition, it will help achieve effective service delivery by connecting better with the users. 2 Guidelines

for Swachh Bharat Mission—Urban, Revised as on 5th October 2017, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.

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Such an action plan is incomplete without adequate perspective on gender. In a nutshell, a gender-sensitive public toilet facility should satisfy the following aspects: • • • • •

Easily accessible to women Has the provision of basic facilities such as water and electricity Is clean and sufficiently maintained The design essentials ensure privacy and dignity for women Is safe for women to use at all times (i.e. equipped with adequate lighting and security provisions) • Provides for child and menstrual hygiene management. The Government of India has published guidelines on community toilets in 1995. The Bureau of Indian Standards also establishes norms that provide guidance on various aspects of toilet management. According to Section 6.10 of the Revised SBM (Urban) Guideline, 2017 “ULBs should ensure that for the convenience of the public, at every public place (Banks, post offices, bus stops, petrol pumps, metro stations, hospitals, restaurants, schools, health centers, anganwadis and citizen centers) there should be at least one public toilet available and that the facility should be kept functional and open for public use.” There is a need to have a systematic approach with regard to provision and management of public toilets in a step by step manner and with particular focus on gender. This can be done by using data management technology and user feedback for good planning and decision making. In addition, it is important to work with ULBs to prepare a road map or action plan on comprehensive gender-sensitive public toilet management, covering planning, construction, operations, institutional and financing aspects. The Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) or SBM (Rural)3 has issued guidelines to include gender issues in the mission. It emphasizes on”… issues of lack of privacy, personal safety, sexual harassment and gender-based violence are faced by women and girls…” It recognizes the “health risks through medical conditions such as urinary tract infections, chronic constipation and mental stress.” The guidelines call for strengthening the role of women in “planning, procurement, toilet construction and monitoring.” It also clarifies that the term “women” does not mean a homogenous group. It includes girls, adolescents, pregnant women, elderly women and challenged (physically, visually, etc.). The menstrual hygiene management (MHM)4 needs of adolescent girls and women should take into consideration issues such as ample space, water availability, sanitary pad disposal mechanism, privacy and adequate ventilation. As the gender issues in SBM (G) guidelines rightly mention “Elderly women with age related constraints face increased risk of injury in everyday tasks, including while using toilets… For many squatting is uncomfortable due to stiff joints…similar 3 Guidelines

on Gender Issues in Sanitation (No. S-11018/2/2017-SBM), Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin), Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India. 4 Menstrual Hygiene Management, National Guidelines, 2015, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India.

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difficulties can be experienced by pregnant women. Badly designed toilets also deter children from using them due to fear of darkness or falling down the plughole.” “An inclusive toilet design should be barrier-free, well ventilated and well lit. To avoid stumbling, the floor should have a gentle slope to keep the floor dry and prevent it from slipping.” These issues are crucial and need to be looked at very carefully at the planning and construction phase. The guidelines stress that the cleaning of toilets is looked upon as an “unclean” job, often to be done by women. The idea should be promoted that, irrespective of gender, everyone has equal responsibility in keeping toilets clean after use. This aspect needs to be carefully looked at when preparing an action plan or strategy for operation or maintenance of public toilets. For example, public toilets should have both men and women as sanitary workers, who should be facilitated with the right protective gears and equipments. The costs of gender-inclusive toilets should be budgeted in each phase—design, construction (with consideration for women across all age groups,) and maintenance (including opening and closing timings, cleaning charter and schedules, cost of staffing, occupational health and safety, major and minor repairs). Further, tariffs and subsidies should also be looked at from the gender perspective (e.g. if there is a user fee, concessions may be provided for elderly women and children).

3 Way Forward Thus, going forward, a lot more needs to be done to mainstream gender in policies and programmes related to urban sanitation. Following are a few recommendations: Mainstream gender in all policies and programmes: Taking the toilets as an example: It needs to be ensured that women participate in the design of household, community and public toilets, disposal of menstrual waste products should be mandated to be part of solid waste management plans of cities. For this, there is a need to spread awareness about gender-responsive solutions for sanitation. This should be accompanied by a robust monitoring and implementation plan that can evaluate use patterns and assess impacts on men and women. Strengthen women’s participation and Equity in decision making: Both men and women should have an equal voice in decision making. For this, empowerment of women as managers and decision makers is imperative. Capacity development: It has been observed that women are generally underrepresented in careers and training on sanitation management. Most of the training for working professionals is targeted for experts in technology, social development or hygiene. There is less emphasis on scaling down to women who are responsible for operation and maintenance. Such trainings are crucial for the sustainability of sanitation systems. Resource Mobilization: Women groups need to have access to grants or credit on concessionary terms for installation and maintenance of sanitation facilities. Resources should be allocated to civil society organizations and small-scale providers

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of sanitation facilities, especially where women are partners. Creative alternate financing mechanisms (e.g. micro credit) can be provided to gender-sensitive organizations for improving or building sanitation services. Establishments of women’s networks are needed that will train women on “how to speak out on the issues they face and how to negotiate for change.” Encourage gender-balanced approach in plans: For example, in public and community toilets, enough thought needs to be given for gender-related location considerations: proximity of functional facilities, safety measures, supply of water and electricity, maintenance of light fittings, safe and private entrance to women’s toilets, etc. This will ensure that toilet design and implementation efforts are responsive to gender needs across different socio-cultural strata. Mandate Gender Budgeting in all programmes and plans: The above needs to be budgeted at the planning stage so that there is no resource crunch at the implementation stage. Gender budgeting is an approach so that governments can promote equality by means of fiscal policy. It includes analysis of how budgets have different impacts on men and women and allocating money accordingly. It also includes setting targets, e.g. if funding from water and electricity is reduced, it can force women and girls to spend more time to fetch water instead of going to school or work. Implement monitoring and evaluation plans to evaluate facilities and use patterns: There needs to be regular monitoring with emphasis on feedback from users. This will also help in constant improvisations. Every urban local body should have a strategy and action plan so that gender elements are woven into planning and practice. The “Guidelines for Public and Community Toilets management by cities in Andhra Pradesh,” 2016 developed by Swachh Andhra Corporation (SAC) in technical collaboration with GIZ India (SNUSP-II), merits mention here. This document not only provides a blue-print for managing community and public toilet by the urban local body, it also has a very strong gender focus. Section 1.3 of the document defines a gender-sensitive toilet. Various sections of the document (3.1, 4.2, 5.4.1) detail out the design considerations for a gender-sensitive toilet, operation and maintenance plan including safety for women and women’s role in monitoring of service levels. Sections 5.5 and 5.7 elucidate how women can be integrated in the awareness generation and user education initiatives. It sums up with a gender needs checklist for public toilets in Section 6.4. To end on a positive note, examples of gender-sensitive toilets show that there is an emerging focus on gender in sanitation. The She-Toilets in Warangal is a public convenience exclusively designed for women with emphasis on privacy, safety and security. Constructed by Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation (GWMC), these are two-seater toilets of which one is designed for specially abled with hand rail and ramp with railing (to access for people with special needs). They have a woman caretaker, CCTV, sanitary vending machine, incinerator for disposal of sanitary napkins and a room to keep belongings of users. They also have a customer feedback machine. Another example is the Sunidhi Toilet constructed by Dindigul and Madurai Municipal Corporations. These “women only” toilets are located in busy places with high footfall (bus stands, parks, temples, market areas, etc.) and have been built in consultation with women stakeholders. They are modular, self

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cleansing and easily installed in public places and are equipped with facilities like a sanitary vending machine, incinerator for disposal of sanitary napkins and a women caretaker. Other note-worthy models are the child-friendly community toilets in the slums of Tiruchirapalli City Corporation in Tamil Nadu. These included smaller-size toilets with features like stories narrated through pictures and cartoons of plants and animals, painted on the front wall of toilets. Provision for anal cleansing and hand washing was made in such a way that accompanying mothers and sisters had no problems. The toilet cubicles have piped water facilities in press and use mode to ensure judicious use of water. The first toilet was constructed in 1999–2000. Since then, it has been adopted 186 urban slums in Tiruchirapalli.

References AMRUT. (2015, June). Mission statement and guidelines. Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India (January 2015). Operational guidelines for HRIDAY: Heritage city development & augmentation Yojana. Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India (June 2015). Smart City: Mission transformation, mission statement and guidelines. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. Housing for all (urban), scheme guidelines 2015. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India.

Facilitating Sustainable Waste Management Strategies Within the Hospital—An Explorative Study Rama Mohan Desu, Satish Kumar Saginela and Gowtham Ram

Abstract Background The waste management strategies should include reduce, reuse and recycle. The studies indicate that by 2040, most of the cities cannot cope up with the solid waste which adversely affects the health of the people. 75–85% of health-care waste is domestic waste and the rest is hazardous. The strategies should focus on conversion to power/energy, biogas and manure for agriculture. Aim is to evaluate feasibility of sustainable waste management strategies within the hospital. Objectives include (1) audit of availability of infrastructure, (2) knowledge and practice of waste management and (3) feasibility of 3 Rs concept in the hospital among various categories of the hospital. Methods (1) Prospective study of the infrastructure of the waste management through checklist (n = 79). (2) Questionnaire study to evaluate the knowledge and practice among staff (n = 100). (3) Semi-structured interviews with medical and other staff keeping in view of awareness and feasibility of 3 Rs concept (n = 100). Results Compliance to availability of colored bins is 100%, same-colored bags 98.40%. Biohazard symbol and Colour code posters are available at 100% of the areas of the sample. Segregation 86.08%. Recapping of needles (22%), plastics cut (70%) of the areas in the hospital. The knowledge (81.40%) and practice (75.58%) among staff nurses and housekeeping and in Doctors (97.36% and 76.30%) 66.66% of staff and 90% of Doctors opined 3 Rs concept is feasible and applies to solids and liquids. Recommendations The health-care staff having infrastructure, knowledge and practicing waste management within the hospital needs awareness and implementation of sustainable strategies. The attitude and behavior change in the organizations through Goal setting, constant training, legislation, technology, teamwork and support from all stake holders. Keywords Health-care waste · Practice · Strategies · Concepts · Behavior

R. M. Desu (B) · S. K. Saginela Narayana Medical College & Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India e-mail: [email protected] G. Ram Department of Hospital Administration, NMCH, Nellore, India © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. K. Ghosh (ed.), Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1543-9_6

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1 Introduction Efficient usage of resources focussing on the waste generated and minimization to achieve sustainable development goals is the essence of sustainable waste management. Innovations in technology, knowledge awareness and practices by all stakeholders of health-care industry should focus for sustainability in this area of medicine for benefitting the community and to protect the hazardous affects on the population (Cebe et al. 2013). Aim is to evaluate feasibility of sustainable waste management strategies within the hospital. Objectives: The study is planned in the hospital setting keeping in view of sustainable waste management strategies feasibility and implementation. 1. To make audit of availability of infrastructure facilities which are essential for implementation of biomedical waste management practices. 2. To study the knowledge and practice of waste management among various categories of staff in the hospital setting. 3. To study and understand feasibility of 3 Rs concept in the hospital among various categories of the hospital. Methodology: The study was done in three parts. 1. The initial objective through the audit of availability of infrastructure facilities in the hospital is to explore the availability of physical structures which are basic requirements for the health-care workers to operate effectively in relation to the waste management. 2. The second part of the study explored the knowledge and practice of waste management among a sample of doctors, nurses and housekeeping staff with a set of questionnaires which addresses various components of biomedical waste management act, and other theory and practical aspects of disinfection, segregation, treatment and disposal of waste. 3. The third part of the study highlighted on the 3 Rs concept and its feasibility of in the hospital setting and opinion through questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Study setting: study was conducted at a 1000+ bedded medical college teaching hospital at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh state. Part I: A checklist was prepared to identify and check the physical infrastructure facility and their availability in different areas of the hospital wards, intensive care units, emergencies, operation theaters (n = 79) on the same day by surprise check without any intimation to the in charges of the areas. A team of post-graduate administrators and supervisors were experienced in day-to-day handling of biomedical waste were involved in the collection of the data.

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Part II: Cross-sectional questionnaire study to evaluate the knowledge and practice among staff nurses working indifferent areas of the hospital (n = 86). The team of post graduates of hospital administration who are having knowledge of environment protection act and involved in day-to-day operations of the hospital are trained in research methodology were selected to collect data from a group of staff nurses. The questionnaire was distributed in the wards and then collected after ample time. Part III: Regarding 3 Rs, it is important to ask participants to define what they understood by the terms reduce, reuse and recycle and its feasibility of usage in the hospital setting applied for solids and liquids, and open question on items that can be recycled, reused and reduced. The sample consists of staff nurses (n = 86), clinical doctors (n = 37) and housekeeping staff (n = 33). Part I: checklist has only “yes” or “no” as it was to check the availability of physical facilities and was analyzed to draw inferences. Part II and III: The data was tabulated in excel sheets and averages were measured depending on the correct answers to each question. Inferences were drawn and frequencies and percentages are calculated for each question. The analysis was based and categorized on the domains described in the methodology to evaluate the knowledge and practices and opinion on 3 Rs concept and by different study sample of doctors, nurses and housekeeping staff.

2 Statistical Analysis The data values have been entered into MS-Excel and statistical analysis has been done by using IBM SPSS Version 20.0. For categorical variables, the data values are represented as number and percentages.

2.1 Literature Review Municipal solid waste (MSW) is any waste generated by household, commercial and/or institutional activities and is not hazardous. Municipal services wastes which arise from streets, parks and beaches usually contains food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, glass, metals, wood, street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings (Annual review report 2015–16).

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2.2 Distribution of Solid Waste in the Hospital General solid waste constitutes 75–80% of hospital waste containing household or municipal waste such as food, yard leaves, paper, grass, wood, glass, metal and plastic glasses etc. and 20 to 25% is Biomedical waste having anatomical, soiled, infectious plastics, microbiological, disposables, implants, chemical and sharps. The 3 R along with fourth Recovery principles and strategies can be implemented for sustainable management of waste. Solid waste technologies should be introduced in all municipalities for effective management (Joshi and Ahmed 2016).

3 Three Rs Concept Waste management is first to reduce waste generation and separate potential recyclables at source to improve the quality of materials for reuse. Recycling is another option after reducing and recycling. Wastes that cannot be recycled should be recovered (World Bank 2005). The policy that incorporates waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting called “zero waste” which means zero disposals and zero warming from waste. Indeed “zero waste” seems to be a difficult but not impossible task (Adedipe et al. 2005; Alhumoud and Alhumoud 2007).

4 The Methods of Recycling or Reuse 4.1 Landfill Gas-to-Energy Plants A study conducted by United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) has shown that green house gas emission from landfill can be significantly reduced by following environmentally sound management of hazardous and other wastes (UNEP, 2008, 2010; Kumar et al. 2014). Biological treatment of organic waste: Aerobic composting having high nutrient value, is humus (compost). Composting could be either labor-intensive or mechanical. Introducing earthworms on semi-decomposed organic waste is another method In Anaerobic digestion, stabilization occurs and biogas is liberated by the conversion of organic matter. The biogas has 55–60% methane and it can be used as fuel for power generation. Incineration of Indian MSW is not suitable as the MSW has high organic constituents, moisture content or inert content in the waste in the range of 30–60% each and calorific value in the range of 800–1100 kcal/kg in MSW (Jalan and Srivastava 1995; Joardar 2000; Kansal 2002; Sudhir et al. 1996).

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5 Results and Discussion NMCH biomedical waste 2017 data Months Jan-17

Solid waste in kg 90,000

Yellow in kg

Red in kg

Sharps

Total (infectious waste with sharps)

5024

1260

228.5

6512.5

Feb-17

84,000

4634

1125

188.5

5947.5

Mar-17

99,000

5168

1143

198

5509

April-17

84,000

4951

1190

190.9

6331.9

May-17

90,000

5191

1230

195.9

6616.9

June-17

78,000

6500

1350

250

8100

July-17

99,000

3849

7552

815

12,216

Aug-17

90,000

4952

2925

1580

9457

Sep-17

90,000

6194

1425

2936

10,555

Oct-17

90,000

7621

1622

3901

13,154

Nov-17

90,000

7050

1490

3799

12,339

Dec-17

90,000

6350

1150

3243

10,743

1,074,000

67,484

23,462

17,525.8

108,481.8

Total

Solid waste per month is about 89,500 kg and average of 3000 kg/day Infectious waste is about 7578 kg/month and it was around 300 kg/day Sharps constitute around 1460 kg/month and 50 kg/day

The waste generation rate is between 3.87 kg/bed/day and 7.44 kg/bed/day and consists of 71.44% of domestic waste, 27.8% of hazardous/infectious waste and 0.76% of sharps. Hospital waste makes up approximately 30% of all the hazardous waste generated in Kuwait (United Nations 2018).

62

R. M. Desu et al.

Part I: Checklist of biomedical waste management practices in patient-care areas (n = 79)

PART-1 A COLORED BAGS

B SEGREGATION

C MUTILATION

D DISINFECTION

75.50 72.50

66.25

A Color Bags

B SegregaƟon

C MuƟlaƟon

65.70

D DisinfecƟon

The checklist of physical facilities was grouped into “A” containing availability of Yellow, Red, black or blue colored bins with the same-colored bag fitted inside. 75.50% of areas were having this facility, and remaining areas have bins in place but lining is not proper or not foot-operated or not covered properly. In “B” domain, segregation of waste is properly maintained in 72.50% of areas and in remaining areas, there is mixing or improper segregation. “C” and “D” domains are mutilation (66.25%) and disinfection of sharps (65.70%). Part II: Comparison of biomedical waste management Q3: Biomedical waste management means … Q4: How much percentage of BMW was hazardous? 97.37% of doctors, 82.35% of nurses and 38.10% of housekeeping staff of the study are aware of the definition of the waste and is generated during the process of patient care, diagnosis, treatment and management. 56.76% of doctors are aware of the classification categories and hazardous component of BMW.

Facilitating Sustainable Waste Management Strategies Within …

63

120.00 100.00

Nurses

Doctors

97.37

House Keeping

Percentage (%)

82.35 80.00 56.76

60.00 38.10

40.00 20.00

5.95

9.52

0.00 Q3

QUESTION NUMBER

Q4

Percentage (%)

Q7: What you will do if needle stick injury occurs … The protocol for needle stick injury as prescribed by the act includes documenting the accident report form. The staff is required to inform the higher authorities. 52.63% of doctors opened they will ask for investigation, clean the wound with soap and water and consult the emergency physician and recommend emergency treatment. 55.81% of nurses opined they will inform nursing superintendent, document and clean the wound with soap and water and refer to emergency physician. And ask for prophylactic treatment. 40% of housekeeping staff informed that they will clean the wound with water and soap.

60.00 40.00

Q7 52.63

55.81

40.00

20.00 0.00 Doctors

Nurses

House Keeping

Segregation of waste: Q10: Placenta should be collected in which colored bag Q11: IV tubes and catheters should be collected in which colored bag and Bin Q12: Dressing is done in the ward should be collected in which colored bag and Bin Q13: Discarded linen should be collected in which colored bag and Bin Q15: Needle and syringes should be discarded in …

64

R. M. Desu et al. 100.00 90.00 80.00

82.35 81.82 76.74

Nurses House Keeping

72.73

70.00 Percentage (%)

Doctors

91.86

70.00 62.50

60.00 50.00

50.00 36.84

40.00

39.39

28.24

30.00

19.05

20.00

8.57 11.11 4.65

10.00 0.00 Q10

Q11

Q12 QUESTION NUMBER

Q13

Q15

82.35% of doctors, 76.74% of nurses and 81.82% of housekeeping staff are aware of disposing the infectious waste, i.e. placenta. Awareness on the collection and disposal of IV tubes and catheters ranges from 8.57 to 11.11%. 72.73% of doctors, 91.86% nurses and 70% of housekeeping staff opined the discarded linen shall be collected in yellow-colored bin. 39.05% of doctors and 50% of nurses are aware of disposing the needles and syringes. Q17: Risks associated with hospital waste … The staff are aware of transmissible infections through improper disposal of waste like HIV, hbs ag, injuries, etc. Housekeeping staff are unaware of this issue.

Q17

Percentage (%)

100.00 80.00

93.94

75.29

60.00 40.00 20.00

14.29

0.00

Doctors

Nurses

House Keeping

Q21: the concept of 3 Rs … Reduce, reuse and recycle 100% of doctors, 57.14% of nurses and only 31.58% of housekeeping staff are aware of the 3 Rs concept.

Facilitating Sustainable Waste Management Strategies Within …

100.00

65

Q21

100.00

Percentage (%)

80.00 60.00

57.14

40.00 31.58 20.00 0.00 Doctors

Nurses

House Keeping

Part III: Comparison of opinion on 3 Rs concept among doctors, nurses and housekeeping staff

Q1 A Doctors

House keeping

Nurse

Total

Total A, B

B

C

D

Count

12

0

1

16

8

37

% within PROF (%)

32.4

0.0

2.7

43.2

21.6

100.0

% within Q1 (%)

21.1

0.0

16.7

59.3

47.1

34.3

Count

14

1

1

6

1

23

% within PROF (%)

60.9

4.3

4.3

26.1

4.3

100.0

% within Q1 (%)

24.6

100.0

16.7

22.2

5.9

21.3

Count

31

0

4

5

8

48

% within PROF (%)

64.6

0.0

8.3

10.4

16.7

100.0

% within Q1 (%)

54.4

0.0

66.7

18.5

47.1

44.4

Count

57

1

6

27

17

108

% within PROF (%)

52.8

0.9

5.6

25.0

15.7

100.0

% within Q1 (%)

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

66

R. M. Desu et al.

Chi-Square Tests

Value

df

p value

Pearson chi-square

21.175a

8

.007

Likelihood ratio

21.940

8

.005

No. of valid cases

108

SIG

a7

cells (46.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .21

Q1: Do you agree 3 Rs concept can be applied and practiced in hospital setting? 32.40% of doctors opined it is feasible, 43.20% opined partly feasible and 21.60% are unaware of the concept and replied can not say. 60.90% of housekeeping and 52.80% of nurses opined 3 Rs concept was feasible. 26.10% of house keeping and 10.40% of nurses opined that 3 “R” s concept was partly feasible. 23.36% of total sample opined it was not feasible (Ahmadi 2007). Q1 has p value of 0.007 with chi-square 21.175 with likely hood ratio of 21.940 and df was 8. Q2: out of 3 Rs, reduce, reuse and recycle, which is feasible in hospital

Total

Nurse

House keeping

Doctors

63.0 100.0

% within PROF (%)

% within Q2 (%)

50.0

% within Q2 (%) 68

70.8

% within PROF (%)

Count

34

4.4

% within Q2 (%)

Count

13.0

% within PROF (%)

45.6

% within Q2 (%) 3

% within PROF (%)

Count

31 83.8

Count

A

Q2

100.0

0.9

1

0.0

0.0

0

100.0

4.3

1

0.0

0.0

0

A, B

100.0

2.8

3

0.0

0.0

0

100.0

13.0

3

0.0

0.0

0

A, B, C

100.0

1.9

2

0.0

0.0

0

100.0

8.7

2

0.0

0.0

0

A, C

100.0

8.3

9

33.3

6.3

3

44.4

17.4

4

22.2

5.4

2

B

100.0

1.9

2

0.0

0.0

0

100.0

8.7

2

0.0

0.0

0

B, C

100.0

13.0

14

42.9

12.5

6

35.7

21.7

5

21.4

8.1

3

C

100.0

8.3

9

55.6

10.4

5

33.3

13.0

3

11.1

2.7

1

D

100.0

100.0

108

44.4

100.0

48

21.3

100.0

23

34.3

100.0

37

Total

Facilitating Sustainable Waste Management Strategies Within … 67

68

R. M. Desu et al.

Chi-Square Tests

Value

df

p value

Pearson chi-square

48.900a

14