SHTF Field Manual

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INTRODUCTION -----------------------------------------------------------------------7 TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES -------------------------------------------------11 MISSION AND OPERATIONAL VARIABLES -----------------------------------21 OPERATIONS ORDER ---------------------------------------------------------------33 PACKING LISTS -----------------------------------------------------------------------43 PRINCIPLES OF PATROLLING ----------------------------------------------------47 NOISE, LIGHT, AND LITTER DISCIPLINE -------------------------------------53 ROUTE PLANNING ------------------------------------------------------------------61 RALLY POINTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------69 PERIMETER SECURITY-------------------------------------------------------------75 HUNTING MAN -----------------------------------------------------------------------82 EVASION PRINCIPLES --------------------------------------------------------------91 ITEMIZED GEAR LISTS -----------------------------------------------------------118 IMMEDIATE ACTION DRILLS ---------------------------------------------------127 FINAL THOUGHTS -----------------------------------------------------------------135

INTRODUCTION

Looking at a variety of manuals, books, instructional videos, and the course of history, I have found in my experience that there is little guidance for how to prepare for an actual “shit hit the fan” scenario. You will find plenty of packing lists, checklists, scare tactics, and reasons to prepare; however, when it comes to the necessary steps to plan, prepare, and execute a bug out plan, conduct recon, establish security, route planning, and patrol operations there is a significant lack of quality material.

The SFTF Field Manual attempts to provide this detailed planning in a concise manner in order to help you prepare for the worst case scenarios. I would urge a word of warning, I always advise to prepare for most likely events first rather than the least likely. But in my experience, the knowledge needed to adequately prepare for both is the same.

I should also state my belief that an actual SHTF scenario that includes societal, economic, or political collapse by means of an enemy of the State, invasion, or natural disaster is extremely unlikely. And it’s worth cautioning against fear mongering, or any other attempt to use the unlikely in order to promote an ideology that works against society in any manner. I do not advocate violence or the threat of violence to push political or ideological goals. It’s also worth noting; however, that should the unlikely become a reality, the vast majority us will face a decision making process I wish on no man, woman, or child. The idea of a serious food shortage, security crisis, or upheaval to this degree is frightening when you consider the second and third order of effects it has on society and us as individuals.

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This isn’t a manual to advise bugging in, or bugging out as neither option will likely be sustainable for any duration of time for the majority of the population. It is meant to serve as a guide, for those looking not just how to work through the planning and execution of a variety of tasks, and how we can use these skills for the most likely events.

Keep your head on a swivel, your powder dry - and stay STOKED.

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TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES

Everything begins, in my experience, with having a framework for processing. You need a system that shapes and guides your processes. One that enables flexibility to changing conditions but is rigid enough to withstand variables you may not have anticipated.

The Troop Leading Procedures are used in the military as this tool. Of course, no tool is worth its weight unless we practice and use it. I believe that most of us (to some degree) use this sort of process, even though we may not use the language of it. But the more we sink in and marinate the more aware we can be of short falls in our own planning.

In the United States Marine Corps, these procedures are known as BAMCIS:

• Begin the Planning • Arrange Recon • Make Recon • Complete the Plan • Issue the Order • Supervise and Refine

In the Army, the procedures are expanded slightly:

• Receive the Mission • Issue the Warning Order

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• Make a Tentative Plan • Initiate Movement • Reconnaissance • Complete the Plan • Issue the Order • Supervise and Refine

While they both resolve to the same conclusion, we will spend a little more time with the Army’s framework.

RECEIVE THE MISSION This is where it all begins. Someone (possibly even ourselves) gives a task and purpose. It doesn’t matter if it’s for a large operation or for a small one. You could be planning for a camping trip - a road trip - societal collapse - , etc.

The type of operation doesn’t matter - they all begin with a task that needs to be completed or prepared for.

A critical step in this first phase is to ensure a shared understanding if we are giving it to someone else, or to confirm our understanding if we are receiving it from another. Re-stating the order, asking questions, or conducting a back brief are all acceptable.

ISSUE THE WARNING ORDER

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One of the things we fail to do is to live by a golden rule in planning known as the one-third, two-thirds rule. This is a time management issue that plagues most leaders and managers. We hold onto information until we believe our plan is Murphy-proof, and the effect is minimizing the ability of our team to do their part. As a general rule, we should strive to utilize no more than 1/3 of the time available for planning purposes while allowing 2/3 of the time for inspections, rehearsals, and other activities needed before the commencement of the operations.

As quickly as we can we need to utilize what’s known as mission variables (METT-TC and discussed further in the next section) or operational variables (PMESIIPT, also detailed later) and then issue a warning order to our team so they can begin their preparations and rehearsals.

As with receiving the mission, if we are giving this to a team, we need to ensure a common understanding of the task and purpose of the order.

MAKE A PLAN Now the fun begins!

We know the general end state for the mission, so we begin to use our institutional and experiential knowledge to start planning. If needed, we can insert a decision making process before deciding on a most likely course of action. And it will be here, that we will continue to consider the mission and operational variables.

Example:

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You must travel from your home to a bug-out location located 175 miles away towards the Northeast.

Too many (I believe) would start and stop with the idea of simply getting in their vehicle and making the drive. But if I’ve learned anything - it’s that this sort of planning doesn’t just fall apart when Murphy comes knocking - it results in catastrophic failure and can have a severe impact on us and those in our party.

Consider a few questions we could and should ask:

• What is the current state of the road systems in the area? • How contested is the environment? • Is the route populated and well-used? • What is the populace like (customs, values, crime, etc) • What is the terrain like for the whole area? • How long does it normally take to travel the route during the day and night? • Are stops required along the way? • How will the variables of changing seasons impact the travel? • Do you have the opportunity to plan a primary and an alternate route (both to and from the location)? • What emergency services (Police, Ambulance, SAR, Sheriff, etc) are available enroute and at the objective? • How many people will be traveling?

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• What will the formation of the convoy be? • What are their skillsets, experiences, and equipment that they are bringing? • How will you employ communications and control the movement? • How will a change in the societal and political environment change your considerations? • What needs to be completed now and staged before movement - and can it remain staged? • After staged, how long will it take to initiate movement? • What local/state/federal rules, laws, and regulations will impact your movement? • What supplies, equipment, and gear is necessary? • What are your plans for a vehicle breakdown? • What are your plans if confronted by a hostile individual or group? • What would constitute NOT making the convoy and staying in place? • Is there a location that if not reached I may need to return (and if reached I must continue forward)? What are those conditions and variables? • How can you alter your movement en-route and communicate that to others in the convoy? • What check points, phase lines, and rally points can we plan on to control movement?

We can use local and national news services to assist in a better understanding of the history of the area we are operating in as well as guide books, maps, and more. We talk with others who have journeyed where we are going. We visit local bookstores and libraries for regional information.

We use online and paper maps to begin to visualize the journey and possible make terrain models with key points of interest. We develop supplies required. We analyze logistics and administrative requirements.

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INITIATE MOVEMENT This step probably already happened, especially if when giving the order to a team member, we gave instructions for follow on actions (inspections, supply requests, etc); however, it maintains it’s own step to highlight the need for it to happen at some point in the process.

Because you can’t sit on your hind quarters and expect everything to work out.

You need movement to sustain life.

RECONNAISSANCE Far too often we get the idea of recon wrong. The tendency is to use it as a tool to scout an area after we have implemented a plan without placing it in full view of it being a planning tool.

Reconnaissance is, at its root a confirmation of planning and validation of assumptions rather than simply an impromptu method.

We developed a plan, but we need to validate that our plan (primary and alternate) will actually pass test. So we hit the road and the books to discover if our ideas were on the right track.

The best type of reconnoiter is actually getting boots on the ground - a physical survey of the routes and locations. Going out to meet people and see things as they will be seen during the operation.

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We can also use historical information, current events, digital & paper maps, or conversations with people who have done what we are doing in the past. One of the most beneficial advances in your ability to conduct reconnaissance is by using Google Earth. Not only can you get 3D views, but the ‘street view’ is often up to date.

COMPLETE THE PLAN Once our preconceptions of the plan have been validated or modified we can begin to formalize our plan. In the military, we use a five paragraph format to do this (detailed in a subsequent section); however, regardless of form we take pen to paper and sort through all of our planning and codify it into something that can be issued, worked from, and modified with updated information.

ISSUE THE ORDER Once we have our plan complete, it’s time to issue it to everyone who will be participating in the event. It’s best to do this in person with the use of training aids that may assist in understanding (for example, a large terrain model of the area; hand outs, etc).

As we prepare our team to receive the order, we instruct on when and how to ask questions.

Giving the order in person helps reduce confusion in the team because it gives us visual indicators of understanding. Do team members look confused or are they grasping the task and purpose?

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Whether at scheduled breaks during the brief, or at the conclusion, we ask a series of questions that pertain to critical tasks of our team to ensure there is truly a shared and common understanding of the operation at large or individual tasks.

SUPERVISE AND REFINE Once complete we continue our preparations. We conduct inspections of individual and team gear. We conduct rehearsals of specific tasks until they can be completed to standard within the time allotted.

We base refinements to our plan on the knowledge and expertise of our team (even if only operating by ourselves) in order to increase our survivability and chances of success.

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NOTES

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NOTES

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MISSION AND OPERATIONAL VARIABLES Mission variables influence management, speed, restrictions, and so much more in a specific operation. They provide a situational awareness relevant for the mission that impacts our judgement and decision making process.

They are the characteristics of the area we are focusing on and how each one may impact the mission. The ability to visualize, describe, direct and assess them dynamically impacts your ability to operate freely or understand the risk(s) that you are assuming with your course of action.

For the purpose of this section, the scenario will continue to be the movement to a bug-out location.

MISSION In three words: task and purpose.

You should develop a mission statement that includes the “who, what, when, where, and why” of the operation (the how is detailed out in your plan).

On order (before/during/after a triggering event) You and your team will convoy 175 miles to your cabin.

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It can be that simple, or it could be more elaborate. Considering the example of moving to a bug out location, you should consider the risk vs reward of bugging in and bugging out. If you don’t plan for both - you will probably fail at both.

ENEMY In the military, our ‘enemy’ is often very clear. They are the ones we are intentionally operating against. Recognizable by their uniform or associations. On the civilian side, we may not have a clear and present enemy that can be clearly defined, and we should be careful with our language (because words have meanings and consequences); however, we should to the best of our ability clearly understand any element that may pose a threat to the success of our operation regardless of the label we assign to it.

What is the enemy’s disposition? Their organization, strength, and ability to sustain mobility. What are their capabilities, equipment, probable courses of action, and techniques?

During each phase of the mission there is an elevated risk of engaging non-friendly personnel. The closer in proximity to the urban areas, the more likely this engagement will be. There is no way to differentiate between friendly and non friendly except through actions and perceived intent.

We do anticipate some organizations of groups that may operate in mob activity near and around major metro key points including bus stops, police stations, and court houses. Personnel operating in these groups have been know to wear all black with bandanas or other

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face coverings and often have respirators or other defensive items to protect themselves against the use of riot control agents.

There have been reports of personnel carrying side arms, and hand-held weapons; however, there is a reduced probability of shoulder fired weapons or the use of ballistic armor as they operate with the assumption deadly force will not be used against them by law enforcement. If we depart after a triggering event, it is anticipated that these and other unorganized groups will escalate their operations into full blown mob mentality and will as a result be more likely to inflict deadly force on those them deem are their enemy.

These urban areas and personnel should be avoided at all costs.

A final thought on potential “enemies” as it relates to SHTF scenarios. We often only consider those who may not share our values and beliefs as those who may work against us. But I would remind you, that it is those nearest to us who often cause us the most heartache. Our local community. Our neighbors. Our friends. Even our family. In the worst of times, when people believe their safety and well being is at stake, may strike out against those nearest to them in an act of desperation.

TERRAIN AND WEATHER What are the natural and man-made features that will have an impact on your operation? How will the current and projected weather affect your mobility, control, and sustainment?

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Terrain includes natural features including mountains, valleys, rivers, and vegetation but also man-made ones as well (cities, buildings, roads, power lines, etc).

We often use an acronym OKOCA as a memory aid for the five major aspects of terrain

Observation & Fields of Fire Key Terrain Obstacles Cover and Concealment Avenues of Approach

But we should also further understand how the size, orientation, elevation, shape, slope, and orientation (SOESS) of all the major and minor features will impact our movement and shape the operation.

Beginning in town there are major considerations that need addressing including freeways, bridges, and buildings. The major roads and intersections will likely be contested after a triggering event and we assume that the area will turn into a non-permissive environment. Likely areas to be used by those who may pose a threat to our operation are

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bridges that cross our routes as well as buildings above 2 stories that will offer a means of controlling the area.

If traveling before a triggering event, we will work along our primary routes. If traveling during or after, we will use our alternate routes in order to mitigate risk to our convoy. Once outside the urban center, the key terrain features include the routes, rivers, and mountains along our path to the cabin.

TROOP AND SUPPORT AVAILABLE Are we operating independently or do we have a team? Regardless of the answer, we should understand the capability, skill sets, experience, knowledge, and gaps that may impact support.

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Further, we are likely operating in an area that has friendly support (Police, Fire, EMS, SAR, etc) and we need to know their respective roll and how to engage with them as needed. Pay particular attention to detail as you understand city/county/state boundaries as well as what local/state/ federal agencies may have jurisdiction or control of a specific area.

The operation consists of three couples and their families. Couple one has a background in vertical construction with an emphasis on framing, electrical, and plumbing. Couple two has experience in homesteading and communications. Couple three brings military related skills and defensive operations.

After a triggering event, there will be limited access to law enforcement agencies as they will be focused on maintaining order in urban environments. We will monitor all local RF stations and be prepared to contact in the event of an emergency.

TIME AVAILABLE There is NEVER enough time.

Ever.

The best approach to understanding how much time is available is to perform backwards planning.

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Begin with the end and then fit in your actions that must take place between now and then allocating the time you have available.

It is currently 0600 and you plan on arrive at your cabin no later than 1645

•1630 vehicle’s unloaded and staged •1600 arrive at destination •1430 refuel point •1245 short halt to inspect equipment and vehicles • 1200 initiate movement to bug out location • 1130 final check on equipment and personnel • 1100 rehearsals of contingency plans • 0900 individual equipment loaded • 0800 organizational equipment loaded • 0745 communication plan check • 0700 break for chow • 0645 conduct preventative maintenance checks on vehicles • 0600 issue order to prepare for movement

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CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS The influence of infrastructure, institutions, and attitudes/activities of civilian leaders, local population and various organizations and entities throughout the area of operation.

There are six major characteristics to consider including:

Areas borders, boundaries (natural and man-made), size, location, etc

Structures facilities, energy, sustainment

Capabilities size, experience, resources

Organizations private, public, government

People density, tendencies, stability

Events current and planned

Take each consideration and use ASCOPE to clearly define and understand their impact on your operation as well as how they may assist you as needed. For example: on a large map of your area of operations, you could use separate overlays for each entity that has a role or responsibility within the areas including their boundaries, how to contact them, facilities available, size, etc)

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OPERATIONAL VARIABLES As evident, we conduct heavy analysis in our planning. This is from conducting assessments of missions after completion and discovering specific ways we were subjected to or experienced risks and hazards that impacted how well the mission was performed.

Again, as a general rule - you should only spend 1/3 of your time understanding the mission and operational variables. But you SHOULD spend time on them.

To understand the operational environment, there are eight interrelated variables that exist which must be addressed including

Political understand the political power within your operational environment (OE) and area of interest. The structure of state, official, non-recognized, criminal, and tribes

Military capabilities of uniformed, militias, rebels (including training level, leadership, equipment, etc)

Economic related to production, distribution, and consumption of resources. Can vary from valley to valley; state to state and the differences can have a huge impact on your decision making process.

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Social stability and influence of religious, cultural, and ethnic groups (including their shared values, convictions, and likely courses of action). What are the social networks, functions, and forms of communication? How could a changing OE impact what they do?

Information the means, extent, and effect of individuals, entities, and systems to gather, distribute, process and conform to information. Media (social, mainstream, underground) has a huge role in shaping an environment. What does each social group use? How are you monitoring them?

Infrastructure the facilities, maintenance, services, and installations that keep societal order including communications, water, electricity, transport, irrigation, hospitals, schools, trash, and more.

Physical Environment the physical and artificial structures including buildings, bridges, rivers, resources (above and below ground), biohazards, topography and more. Terrain shapes people, visibility, transportation and the implementation of direct and indirect fires. Weather and climate can impact as well (tides, storms, solar flares, etc).

Time is a critical element in any operation - one that cannot be created, and is always lost. Time available impacts decision making, operational speed, planning and more.

These variables provide a strategic insight and are used to shape a structured approach for operations. They can be applied to any scenario and location (including business)!

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NOTES

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NOTES

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OPERATIONS ORDER Once we have a full understanding of our mission, the variables that exist within time and space, and the risks associated, we can begin to formalize our plan. The standard operations order contains five paragraphs that provide the details needed to ensure successful completion of an operation.

For the purpose of this section, the example will center on a dismounted security patrol of the area the cabin is located at.

SITUATION The first paragraph contains the overall situation in which the operation will be conducted in including terrain, weather, enemy forces, friendly forces. The operation and mission variables feed the leader much of this information.

We are currently located at the cabin. To the North is multiple creeks, large spurs and Forest Service Road 8618; to the South lies two larger open danger areas and Forest Service Road 8613 to the East is a wooded area that extends towards Pipestone Rock; to the West is Forest Road 8614.

The current weather is a high of 85 and a low of 50, there is no forecast of precipitation. The area features 40 acres, mostly wooded and includes a creek that runs east and west approximately 200 meters to the north of the cabin. Key areas for this operation include the primary access roads as well as a valley to the East where there is continued access to a National Forest.

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It has been three weeks since we’ve arrived at the cabin and there have been reports received via HAM radio of individuals seeking to access property for rest/harbor with a few reports of individuals acting with aggression.

Headquarters will be onsite at the cabin to monitor FM communications. There are no known friendlies in the area and no attachments.

MISSION The mission paragraph contains the who, what, when, where, and why for the mission. A solid mission statement directs overall task and purpose for those who will be participating.

On order, you will conduct a two-man security patrol through the property in order to inspect the area for any disturbance by either man or animal.

EXECUTION Here we have the “meat and potatoes” of the operation. It begins with the intent of the operation, which is normally a rephrasing of the mission paragraph but provides an end state and mission accomplishment criteria.

Then, it elaborates on the one element mission from the mission - and that’s the “how”. It will break down the concept of operations as detailed as required for the size of the element and continue providing details on how to not only perform the mission, but what to do based on contingencies and variables the unit encounters.

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These “what-if” break outs help codify the mission as well as provide tasks for the unit to rehearse.

You will conduct a two-man security patrol throughout the area in order identify any area of disturbance by man as well as identify any sign of animals.

End state: identification of any operation within our area of interest. Friendly forces remain free to continue to operate unimpeded. The area is clear of any unarmed personnel and resources are identified for future sustainment operations.

Concept of Operations:

At 0400, you will depart the cabin heading southwest towards the primary entrance into the property and conduct a long security halt, establishing a listening and observation post (LP/OP) at known point Alpha. After satisfied the area is secure and shows no sign of disturbance, you will travel through the wooded area adjacent to the open clearing and conduct a long security halt and known point Bravo.

You will then head towards FSR 8613 and conduct a long security halt and report back all activity. Depart the FSR and use the hill and tree lines to mask your movement as you head further east towards Coyote Flat spring to resupply water and inspect the creek line for signs of trespassing as well as animal sign. Once complete, you will depart west Big Pipestone Creek to

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point Delta where you will have a high overwatch of the creek and FSR 8618. Establish another long security halt setting up an LP/OP.

You will establish and coordinate primary and alternate routes to and from your objective.

Departure/re-entry of friendly lines will be per SOP.

Contingencies: You will not engage with any force - belligerent or otherwise, unless there is only one individual who is unarmed. Any armed personnel will not be engaged and you will maintain security, and report to HQ of any suspicious operation.

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Similarly, no animal will be engaged during this patrol, only seek information regarding movement and general occupation.

In the event you are injured you will render first aid and report to HQ. Should the injury require additional assistance, you will establish a hide site and report to HQ.

In the event of becoming isolated, you will attempt to move back to the last known point and contact HQ for guidance.

When crossing linear danger areas, you will ensure the near side is clear and use thermal optics to clear the far side. Due to the size and nature of the element, the entire team will cross the danger area at the same time to minimize time to cross and then physically clear the far side. Utilize the apex on the linear danger area unless situation demands a different site to cross.

When crossing open danger areas, especially by the National Forest, you will contour around using vegetation to conceal your movement.

Actions at halt: per SOP

No Comm Plan: per SOP

In the event of enchanting a hasty ambush (near or far), you will immediately break contact, move to a secure location and contact HQ.

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Priorities for rehearsals include the conduct of security halt (Stop, Look, Listen, and Smell), crossing linear and open danger areas, internal communications, and the establishment of a hide site for long security halts.

SUSTAINMENT How will the unit be able to sustain operations? Here, the operations order details this out. The easiest way to remember what should be included in this paragraph is with the 4 B’s:

Beans Bullets Bandages Bad Guys

How will the unit sustain life by means of food and water? Will there be resupply or does the element need to pack everything once they initiate movement?

What are the considerations for ammunition and defensive operations?

What life support exists for evacuation in the event of an injury or illness?

How will those we encounter be detained and processed?

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Not listed in the 4 B’s is fuel - but you need to consider this dependent on the type of operation.

You will pack food for 72 hours of continuous operation as well as 4 liters of water per person. There will be no resupply once you’ve departed. Water may be sourced at the Creek (must be purified).

Thermal optics will be issued as well as NVGs and binoculars. You will also carry a satellite transponder.

You will carry 300 rounds for your primary weapon and 45 rounds for your secondary weapon.

Each member will have their own shelter, first aid equipment, fire kit, map and compass and change of socks as well as wet weather gear and personal items for survival.

COMMAND AND CONTROL

The final paragraph for the operation provides details on challenge and passwords, the location of unit leaders, succession of command, call signs and frequencies, reporting requirements, and more.

HQ will be located at the cabin. The succession of command enroute is Puller and then Butler.

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The signal plan is:

Primary: 155.55000 Alternate: 460.225 Contingency: Sat Phone Emergency: Runner The challenge and password is “Stoked” and “Craft” respectively. The Running Password is “Pabst” The hand/arm signals will be per SOP. The Near/Far recognition plan is per SOP.

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NOTES

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NOTES

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PACKING LISTS

The gear needed for a specific mission will be dictated by the size, scope, location, and weather. No specific gear list will be adequate for all missions. Rather, you should approach your personalized packing list based on the mission requirements as well as what is needed to survive.

Essential survival tasks include (in no particular priority):

Food how will you gather and process the nutritional requirements to sustain life? Fire how will you plan for and execute a fire making plan to cook food, purify water, and stay warm? Water how will you collect, filter, purify, and transport water? Shelter how will you create sustainable shelter to stay dry and remain concealed? First-Aid how will you treat wounds, injuries, and illness? Navigation how will you remain oriented to the world around you and control movement? Communication how will you communicate with your team and with others in your area? Maintain a Core Body Temperature how will you regulate your body temperature? Self-Defense how will you defend yourself and your team?

The gear needed is also shaped by your experience and knowledge. As can be tolerated, I would encourage a PACE plan for each survival task

Fire-Making Kit: Primary - lighter with Duct tape

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Alternate - weather resistant matches w/weather proof striker Contingency - ferro rod Emergency - friction fire

It should be noted that these are all ignition sources for fire and by themselves will only serve as one of the three elements needed for fire (oxygen, fuel, spark) - always consider your fuel sources, and plan for your next fire in advance!

Gear is typically carried in three areas, or layers.

Layer one is on your person. It’s what you are left with if standing with nothing but your clothes on. What are you wearing? What’s in your pockets? What’s on your belt? What are your shoe/ boot laces made of? Depending on how contested the environment is you plan to be operating in, always consider cross loading some of your gear and consider each survival task. At a minimum a lighter and calorie source should be on your person at all times.

Layer two is your load bearing equipment. It could be a harness, a belt, an ass-pack, or a chest rig. But it is the gear that you are left with if you take your pack off. Typically, this will include our ammunition, water, a days worth of rations, shelter materials, and survival kit. It shouldn’t be over burdensome, and you should be able to wear it without impacting your stamina. But, it should be able to sustain you in the event you need to drop your pack to lighten your load or in the event you are separated from your gear.

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Layer three is everything in our pack. This isn’t how will survive so much, it’s how we plan on thriving. All of our larger, bulkier items. All of the additional pieces of kit that we don’t “need”, but “want” to make life a little easier. As a general rule, your pack weight should be between ten to twenty percent of your body weight.

Perimeter Security Kit

Escape & Evasion Kit

Can you pack less? Sure, but at what cost to quality and comfort? Can you pack more? Again, yes - but consider the impact of the additional weight on your body. Feet, knees, hips, back, and shoulders can only carry so much for so long at a specific speed for distance. You might be able to carry 35 lbs 12 miles in two and a half hours, but can you do it again the next day? And the day after that?

This is why planning drops can be of critical importance. Even back packers understand this principle. When thru hiking one of the three big ones (PCT, continental divide, Appalachian) you can send yourself packages to the Post Office using General Delivery. These items will be held at the office for 30 days, so you can plan your stops and resupply along the way.

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In the same way, you can secure cache(s) after you’ve conducted you recon for an area. What you pack in them is up to you and situation dependent, but the sky is the limit and your only limitation is your creativity and access to the areas in question.

Cache

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PRINCIPLES OF PATROLLING There are five primary principles of patrolling.

Planning. Simple plans are often more effective than complex ones. Plan and prepare for realistic results.

Reconnaissance. It confirms your plan. Plain and simple. We all have assumptions, but we need to mitigate the risks associated with them and work to eliminate them all together.

Security. You MUST preserve your force and take no unnecessary risk. Each member of the patrol is paramount and your number one ingredient is your people.

Control. A clear concept of operations combined with disciplined communications can win

Common Sense. Do what you're supposed to do, and make sure that what you're supposed to makes sense to you and your team.

There are elements common to nearly every patrol, not least of which are the special teams imbedded within them.

Aid and litter teams - who will provide first aid and evacuate casualties?

Surveillance teams - who maintains visual security during a leader’s reconnaissance?

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Recorder - who is documenting all information gathered during the mission?

Navigation team - who is navigating the patrol to ensure direction and movement to rally points?

Pace man - normally not the same as the navigator and is often the point man providing frontal security.

Other special teams may include assaulting and security elements, support elements, demolition team, search teams, and breaching teams.

Reconnaissance patrols typically feature a recon team that conducts reconnoiter after security teams are in place and are usually fire-team sized or less in number in order to reduce the possibility of detection.

Recon and Security teams are typically employed in situations where it is impractical to separate the responsibilities for reconnaissance and security, such as in a zone reconnaissance.

Security elements provide security at danger areas, secures the objective rally point (ORP), isolates the objective and supports withdrawal as well.

One of the most important elements to conducting a patrol is the active use of SLSS. Though typically only used during the short security halt, it is more than that. It is a way of being and

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conducting yourself whether in the woods or deep in the city. It’s a short acronym for Stop Look - Listen - Smell.

Stop. Pause. Take your attention to everything within 5 and 25 meters. And then beyond. It’s easy to get caught up in everything outside of our control and for those factors to control us. And it’s an intentional act to slow down and pay attention to what’s around us.

Look. What do you see? Sizes, shapes, silhouette, movement, colors. Man-made and natural. What would you normally expect to see? What time of year is it and how might that factor in? As you gaze in front of you, use your peripheral to catch movement. Scan in a figure 8 pattern from near to far. Light travels extremely well and you can often discover movement and disturbances over great distances.

Listen. The sounds around us naturally have a rhythm. A cadence. From deer and squirrels to inner city traffic. What should we expect to hear? Can we hear that, or has something disturbed the natural heartbeat? Sound doesn’t travel near as far or as fast as light; however, depending on the terrain it may fool you as you consider distances. It takes time and practice to understand how noise travels in a draw or valley, or over water.

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Smell. It’s a sense we often take for granted because we become accustomed to what we normally smell. And that begins with our bathing. Scented soaps fool and rob us of our ability to detect odors in nature. But everything around us has a unique scent that can be detected with training and preparation. Oils, gasoline, soap, and even death.

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NOISE, LIGHT, AND LITTER DISCIPLINE

Have you ever sat in the woods and just listened with your eyes closed? What did you hear? What did you expect to hear?

Maybe it was birds chirping. A squirrel running about. The buzz of a fly or mosquito. The wind bristling through the pines. Maybe it was water flowing in a nearby creek, or a tree branch falling down off of a dead tree.

Sound travels at 767 miles per hour, so our sense of hearing can detect movement all around us if we pay attention. It can be deceitful though, as sound travels differently in, through, and on different surfaces as well as the impact of weather. What may sound like its close could be hundreds of meters away.

Conversely, we are often concerned about our own noise, because it’s so close it’s naturally louder. But we should also remember that the wilderness around us muffles even our noise.

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While there is much to hear in the woods, there are probably countless other activity that remains beyond our ability to detect it. Many animals are nocturnal and restrict their movement to when it’s cooler. So while they are present, it’s unlikely to hear the bear moving about.

All the animals around us use their sense of sound for their own survival as well. They know what is natural and what is unnatural. They know the sound of the hunter as well as the prey. What they are accustomed to probably doesn’t startle them at all. Even your presence not be a distraction for them if you’re careful.

Maintaining noise discipline can be a force multiplier to retain freedom of maneuver and security. As you look at the area either in person or on a map - what do you see? What is the vegetation like? The terrain features including hills, depressions, spurs, or draws? Are their pine forests or marshy areas? Is there a patch of oak or maple?

As you consider your movement and routes, you want to use these to your advantage. Keep a major terrain feature between you and possible contact. Walk through older growth where there may be a lot of moss or a pine forest that may have a tall bed of needles to help decrease your sound.

It’s worth noting that before you even begin your expedition, you need to secure your gear properly. Tape up your straps on your pack. Don’t allow any long strings to hang off that may become entangled in trees. Make sure your water is full to prevent it from Secure Your Straps

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sloshing around. If there is any piece of kit attached to your person, your load bearing vest, or pack - ensure that it is tight, and dummy corded. Jump up and down to see what moves and what doesn’t.

The novice often makes avoidable mistakes when working through the trees. They have a tendency to not pick up their feet, or only look at where they are going. But you must look through ‘the wall of green’ as well as where you are at right now because each step may require a different technique. My normal approach is to land with my heel and roll towards my toes; however, if there is a branch in my way, I may need to lead in with my toes and then step down on my heel.

Walking through the woods is a puzzle that requires careful attention to detail.

The amount of time you have as well as your task and purpose will dictate your speed. You can’t always afford to move at a snails pace, but you must also recognize the risk you are taking when moving at an increased pace.

Light travels much faster than sound at a speed of 186,000 miles per second in a vacuum. This is one of the reasons we are so keen on this sense. We use it so much, we often take our vision for granted.

When it comes to light discipline, we often only believe we are breaking it at night when using a white light. While that is true, there are many other ways we don’t abide by this principle.

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Movement, in and of itself breaks light discipline. How many times have you looked for your keys or wallet, only to find them on the night stand that you looked at 10 times? Happens to me all the time - especially when I’ve been distracted or dealing with stress or my anxiety is higher than normal. And the more I look at all the ‘usual places’ the more confident I am that they aren’t there.

Luckily for me, I have an amazing wife, who after she finds them laying right there where I just looked doesn’t give me too much of a hard time.

Because the items were stationary, they are harder to discern. Same is true of our movement as well. But we can’t remain rigid and in place forever - we have a mission to accomplish after all.

But we need to be aware that our movement can be seen by an observer and therefore use our intellectual capacity to actively and passively defeat observation.

Cross open fields or skirt around them? Cross a linear danger area at a bend, or where you can see hundreds of meters in either direction? Walk over a hill, or around it?

And the same is true for light discipline as it is for noise. Always attempt to keep a major terrain feature between you and your adversary.

Never walk directly to your objective, but plan a route that will incorporate multiple changes in direction. Be cognizant of your own shadows and where the sun is.

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When observing, rely on your peripheral vision as you scan in a figure 8 pattern from near to far. When moving at night, always account for at least 30 minutes after last light in order to acclimate to the darkness.

Just because it’s night time doesn’t mean you can’t see - or be seen.

What’s the luminosity of the moon? During a full moon you can see incredibly well. On the border, raids were often conducted using a ‘horse thief’ moon, or a crescent moon. Just enough to see nearby for those in your operation, but dark enough that with just a few hundred meters you could remain unseen.

At camp, be careful of fires, lamps, and other sources of night. If you gather around them, you likely cannot see outside well at all. But from the exterior, you remain easily identifiable.

I grew up knowing that if I pack it in, I’m going to pack it out. So we dumped out packs prior to and ensured everything we were taking on a mission was absolutely essential. We field stripped our MREs not only to shred weight, but to rid ourselves of what we didn’t need. We always repackaged them back into the heavy duty pouch they came with, because they served for multiple uses.

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After we ate, we could use them as a strong and reliable garbage container and then tape them up to reduce the odor of the meal we consumed. We were careful to ensure that every bit and piece was placed inside so as not to leave any sign of man-made materials.

I’ve been on a few patrols where the bag was also used for other collections as well, as we couldn’t afford to dig a hole to defecate in. Good times when you have to poop into a bag and then pack it out.

The best of times.

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ROUTE PLANNING

One of the weaknesses in the military may come at a surprise to you, but it’s land navigation. Even in the infantry, hundreds of service members fail to perform tasks to standard.

And so, it’s compounded when executing a patrol, because what they had been taught was to move from A to B.

That can get you killed.

I was attending a school back in the late 1990s and was charged with planning a patrol route. At this stage of the school, many of my peers had drastically disappointed me. Lazy, going through the motions and self-righteous. So as I reviewed the topographical map to plan a route, I had one primary objective in mind and two end-states.

We had 2,500 meters to maneuver through the low lands of North Carolina and it would have been easy to set in a few check points along the way and call it a day. But I noticed a field, probably 200 meters by 600 meters, an area identified by what looks like green grass.

It was a marsh. And it was beautifully perfect for my goals.

I planned our route through it and I snickered as we were walking through knee high swamp.

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I knew that our enemy would never go into this particular area - so we retained freedom of maneuver and were able to move rather quickly. The route itself provided us security.

Because it was through a swamp in North Carolina, it also ensured that each squad member was completely destroyed by chiggers.

Glorious!

As a side note, I learned an old trick to keep them from tearing into you. Wear panty hose. It may sound crazy, but it worked. That weekend everyone’s legs but mine looked like they were shot with multiple rounds of birdshot.

I still laugh about that to this day.

When planning a route, you need to consider the mission variable (METT-TC) as well as your task and purpose. From your starting point, look at your objective and examine the terrain and vegetation. What can be used to your advantage to conceal your movement? What danger (open or linear) exist you can must be aware of plan against?

Shortest line isn’t always the best path

We too often want to work in a straight line

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from point to point but that can lead to disaster. In the case of moving from the cabin to the first known point (Point A) there is an open danger area in between as well as a road with clear line of site where our movement could be detected.

Therefore, we use the tree line and set out before sunrise in order to conceal our movement. We work in a long arch and as an added precaution, prior to entry into Point A, we use a dog leg approach.

From our LP/OP near FSR 8613 and route to Point C and Coyote Flat Spring, again, we have an open danger area that we must negotiate. But we also have a hill top that we can use to assist in masking the sound of our movement.

Primary Routes & Enroute Rally Points

Always attempt to keep a major terrain feature between you and possible areas of enemy activity.

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When departing friendly lines, consider what your movement tells an observer, or one who may come across your sign. Are you walking directly towards your objective? Are you leaving, assuming nobody is tracking you? These two easily avoidable mistakes may be catastrophic if you don’t include a couple proven principles.

When working through terrain, it’s always advisable to not expend the additional energy by working straight up, but take a longer approach as you climb or decline. There may be times when you must work in a calorie deficit, but if it can be avoided, do so.

In addition, as you are planning routes, you need to plan a primary and alternate route that can used either in response to activity, observation, or other mitigating purposes. You should also identify known locations that can be used as pre-planned rally points should the be needed due to contact or becoming isolated.

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Once you depart, but before you have gone more than 100 meters, conduct a short halt in what is known as an initial rally point. Here you double check your gear to make sure it’s secured, that you haven’t left anything behind, and are mentally prepared for your mission.

From here, you can opt to swing back towards your first point; however, in cases where the conditions are contested, you can use a Figure 4 technique. From your initial rally point, you work in a figure four pattern, first working at a 45 degree angle away from your objective, and then crossing over your original path. This provides heightened security because you’ll be able to determine if anyone is tracking you. The figure four technique can be employed anywhere along your route for the same purpose of confusing a tracking party as well as to determine if your patrol is under surveillance.

Along the way, you identify enroute rally points. Typically using a well identifiable feature that if need be you can fall back to should you come into visual or physical contact, or your team becomes separated for some reason.

In other scenarios when you may be moving to an objective you need to plan on what is known as an objective rally point (ORP) . This is your final halt in preparation for actions at your objective.

The objective could be establishing an LP/OP, a hide site, establishing a bug out location, a point of known or assumed enemy presence, etc.

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The ORP should be beyond sight, sound, and small-arms weapons range of your objective typically 200-400 meters in terrain. From here, you can send out a leaders recon to your objective and make any final adjustments to your planning as may be needed to complete mission.

Always assume you are being tracked.

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RALLY POINTS

As you are moving, there may be times to conduct a halt for an extended period of time in an area that is unprotected. As a general rule, always use surrounding terrain to provide passive security from enemy detection; cease all movement during daylight hours; rest and reorganize; and continue to provide security.

Whether you are remaining overnight, during the day, establishing an LP/OP, or lying up in place there are several principles and techniques of tradecraft you need to employ.

All such sites should be away from natural lines of drift. These lines are created by terrain and channel movement, often times unnoticed by the novice. For example, when entering a draw from lower elevations, the spurs are going to funnel you into the V. If a movement is in the vicinity (regardless of intent), the natural tendency is to follow the path of least resistance. Therefore, you would want to avoid if at all possible the apex of the V.

Other natural lines include marshy areas - people are lazy and don’t want to deal with wet feat, bugs, or snakes, and so they will avoid these areas. The boundary of the marsh itself is a natural line of drift.

It’s easier to move (and look) downward. If possible, select a hide site that is uphill from suspected movement.

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Look for areas that offer good cover and concealment (including from the air). A poor hide site would be in the open not only due to its inability to hide you, but also because it’s not easily defendable.

It’s worth the extra 20 minutes to find an area that Fishhook Technique

is thick and difficult to travel to. In addition to combating laziness of others, the noise made by the enemy working towards your position gives extra advantage. But, always make sure you have multiple lines of egress if needed.

You can plan for a prospective rally point before you roll out, but you may need to identify one enroute so don’t be afraid to remain flexible. Ensure you give yourself enough time to halt prior to establishing the site to eat chow and conduct any maintenance prior to moving into your rally point.

Indians used this technique regularly by establishing a camp, cooking their food, and resting and then after the sun was down would sanitize their camp and move to their actual camp or the evening under the cover of darkness.

When approaching your site, ensure you deviate from your route to avoid working straight to it. You can fishhook or dog leg into the site. Prior to entry, conduct a short security halt for 10 minutes to ensure the area is secure.

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Once in position, if you have the personnel, send out a security team to sweep 60-150 meters out. You want to know if there are any trails, roads, signs of travel, etc. When complete, inspect the area for what nature provides. Deadfalls above you can come crashing down. Branches may need to be moved, but should be moved back when you leave. This isn’t a “glamping” experience you’re on a mission in a contested environment, so don’t cut down what you don’t have to (when you do, cover with mud).

Remove your packs from a kneeling or sitting position and never drop your ruck. Maintain a low profile, even if you must urinate or defecate. Pack your shit out, and never urinate in the same place twice.

Always maintain security by having no more than 50% resting at any point in time. Your point man be located at the point opposite the most likely avenue of approach to lead the team out in case of contact.

Before nightfall, scan your sector of fire. Not only to determine distance and direction, but to become familiar with the terrain. The last thing you want is to think a tree is a person moving out at 50 meters and lose your shit.

While your pack may be on the ground, your kit should stay on in case of a hasty movement due to contact. In the event you need to send a SITREP, do so prior to establishing your site or have in place an SOP that you location at any hide site will be 200 meters at 60 degrees grid from the location you give (example).

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When it comes to shelters - don’t make one if the situation is non-permissive. Sleep on the ground with your boots on and ready to go. If you are going to be in place for more than one night and you are reasonably comfortable with your area being secure you can set up a hasty hooch but use BLISS as your guide.

Blend in with the natural surroundings. It’s not just enough to use natural colors and vegetation to mask your site. Ensure you think about depth of field and emplace concealment at a distance away from your site. View from the enemies perspective and make necessary improvements.

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PERIMETER SECURITY Once you are set up at your bug out location, rally or check points, or in a hold up site, you need to plan for, and implement perimeter security into your operations.

I find it best to think in layers in order to provide depth in security in order to give you adequate time to respond to any intrusion. But you need to understand two things right up front. Your situation, and your mission.

There are five characteristics for your defensive operations including prepared positions, security, disruption, mass, concentration, and flexibility. Your actions should cause an enemy attack to fail and may also achieve your ability to gain time, wear down enemy forces, retain tactical advantage, and establish offensive operations.

As the defender, you have arrived in the area prior to others and have used METT-TC to make the most of your preparations. Security is continuous and based on the size of your element as well as the location and current threat level, you will have to determine if you need to run your operations at 50/50, establish LP/OPs, etc. Concentrate your efforts towards the highest threat of large loss and apply active protection measures. Remain flexible and non-rigid in your approach to deny the the approaching party agility and sustainment in their efforts.

Are you working in a contested or non-permissive environment? It could be something as simple as camping off in back country inhabited by Grizzly bears, or maybe you are working through an SHTF moment and working to get to or provide security for a bug out location. What is the terrain and weather you are dealing with and preparing for?

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When considering the terrain, use OKOCA as your guiding principle.

Observation and Fields of Fire. Review your topographical data on your map and conduct a reconnaissance of the ground to determine what can be observed from your position. What is the maximum effective range of your weapon platforms? A lot of people like to spend money on expensive scopes, but operate in terrain that is hilly and oversaturated with underbrush, making their choices nearly null in void. Consider these variables when selecting caliber as well.

Create range cards and sector sketches using range finders or other means of determining distances to known points for fast engagements and the creation fo target control points.

Key Terrain. Similarly, know and understand how the terrain will shape the possible engagements. Rivers, valleys, ridges, and more will create natural lines of drift and can be used to determine courses of action as well as funneling people where you need them to go in order to maximize your effectiveness.

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Terrain features that favor defensive operations include parallel ridges, unfordable streams, swamps, and lakes as well as high ground with good observation and long-range fields of fire. Limited road networks from the most likely avenues of approach to confine the enemy to predictable locations and good road work or trail systems that can be used for egress as needed.

Cover and Concealment. As you survey the property, known and understand what may offer protection to you, or against you. Take time to remove cover from an approaching target in order to leave them vulnerable to your actions.

Obstacles. Natural obstacles including marshes, fast moving rivers, and cliffs pose challenges for any intruder. You should also consider how these obstacles may impede your operations as well. How you deal with each obstacle will be situation dependent, and no action should be made in haste or without considering the second and third order of effect from it.

Avenues of Approach. What are the most likely avenues of approach based on the key terrain? While this is where you will certainly want to devote the majority of your time, attention, and efforts; you cannot dismiss the least likely as well. Especially in a non-permissive environment against trained adversaries.

Your intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) plan should provide early identification of locations, composition, strengths, and weakness of enemy forces. Their objectives and goals as well as locations of assembly areas. Identify gaps in defense and the effects of terrain and weather of projected operations. What are the most likely withdrawn routes and anticipated timetable for the enemy’s most likely courses of action? Don’t forget non-combatives that may be in the area or dislocated civilians.

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Once your map and ground reconnaissance is complete, you can begin to draft up an initial plan for security. Some efforts may be to reduce the capability of operating motor vehicles by using fallen trees, creating trenches, or other barriers. If you have the time and resources, you can emplace wire obstacles to funnel the approaching forces towards your most casualty producing weapon systems. And don’t forget to utilize trip wires or other field expedient audible alarms as well.

With every effort, you need to consider the time it may take you to conduct an immediate action drill (and make sure you rehearse them as well!). This is one of the primary reasons I like to use all available means and methods, beginning with some that may be further out.

Similar to basic home security. You may have a fenced yard to serve as your first layer. Then, you may have outside lighting. Your doors and windows have locks. An alarm system to notify you of intrusion. Inside, you have dogs and your personal weapon of choice.

Perimeter Security Kit

Setting up a Trip Alarm

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In a bug out scenario or other field planning, the same applies. For example, you can utilize lighting attached to IR sensors and powered by solar or hardwired in. When someone passes through the sensors at night, the lights come on and can serve two functions. First is an obvious indicator that they know, you know they are present. That can be just enough. That act alone may be enough to defeat a sole intruder.

In the event they continue to press forward, you established trip alarms. Many popular ones use shotgun shell blanks, and when they let off it’s another obvious sign that something isn’t right. And again, now that we have a mechanism that uses ammunition it can be enough to ward off those who seek to occupy your area of operations.

You can create similar trip alarms using mouse traps as well, or even electronic buzzers that can be powered by larger batteries. These cost effective solutions not only work against two legged animals, but can warn off the four legged variety as well.

Once set in place, conduct a walk through from all avenues of approach to ensure that your devices remain concealed from view. When creating trip alarms, make sure you use nonstretchable materials such as wire or kevlar. In the event you utilize wire, run mud over the length of it to keep it from reflecting any glare that could give its presence away.

Dependent on the size of your forces, you may be able to employ rear operations to assure your freedom of maneuver and to minimize vulnerability in conjunction with security operations by way of screening forces and patrols.

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HUNTING MAN Before you should consider evasive principles and counter tracking, it’s wise to think about the art and science of hunting man. It all begins with a profile of the individual or group. Who are they? What is their mental state? What do you know of their biological cycle and general health? What is their experience in the environment? What do they know about you?

An untrained individual is likely to make specific decisions based on statistical research. The trained, should they believe they are being tracked, are also most likely to veer down courses action appropriate to the scenario. As you are tracking, you must gather as much information about them as possible. Get into their minds and know as much about them as possible.

The typical isolated hiker is often over reliant on travel aids and typically becomes disoriented and misjudges time and distance. Their profile suggests they are under 30, adequately prepared, and most likely following a trail while missing. 85% are found within 5 miles of the point last seen. They will travel less than half a mile uphill and 5 miles downhill in mountainous terrain with a max zone of 4 mies up, and 6 down. In flat terrain that extends to 2-3 miles and a max zone of 4 miles.

The hunter for example is often less focused on navigation and more on their game. They tend to over extend themselves into darkness but are often unprepared for a change in weather. They are in generally good condition and in the ages between 15-35, and ironically limited in survival training. In most cases, they are found 66 percent of the time within 2 miles of their point last seen.

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In the event of someone evading your efforts, while they may have a destination, if the environment is non-permissive for them, they are likely to not travel very quickly. You need to understand what their training and background is. What their purpose was. Deduce their point of origin and understand the point last seen and how that may relate to their story.

How prepared are they to remain in place over night? Are they prepared to extend beyond 72 hours? What kind of shape are they in? What is the terrain, vegetation, and water availability like?

For example, ff you are positive they have no pack and a limited kit, they will likely (if untrained and non disciplined) make a series of mistakes as their body begins to break down from lack of food and water.

Search and Rescue (SAR) operation data has been collected for dozens of years and informs us of the science of hunting man.

It all begins with the probability of finding a subject (POS) multiplied by the probability of a subject being in the area (POA) that equals the probability of detection (POD).

There is a steep bell curve in the POD between the number and spacing of searchers as well as the time involved. To help determine this, you need to conduct tests in the area being searched with the knowledge of what the subject looks like, what they have on, and their intent on remaining hidden or being discovered.

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For example, if you were looking in the woods with thick underbrush for a someone wearing camouflage, and they are assumed to be laying down, the POD is drastically limited. On the contrary, if you were searching for someone wearing a bright neon orange shirt in the same location and they were standing, there is a much higher detection rate. This isn’t something that can be assumed prior to commencing your search, but should be tested by all hands joining in to assist.

This data will inform the searching party how far they can reasonably scan an area with an expectation of discovering any clues about the isolated person.

When considering the probability of a subject being in the area, you need to include subjective areas including natural barriers, physical clues, intuition, likely spots, as well as natural lines of drift. You can upon commencement of your search determine a probability density (that is, the probability that the isolated person is in a given area) and then focus your attention to areas with the highest probability first.

Consider how fast moving rivers, steep cliffs, linear danger areas might channel an individual moving through an area compared to a partly wooded area in a pine forest that offers freedom of movement. You may be wasting time searching on the other side of a river from the point last seen at the same time as through the flat area near the point last seen.

On your map, divide the area into segments to reduce the area into manageable units and consider that in general, it can take a ten man search team 4 hours to properly search 160 acres.

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Your chances of finding a subject is also directly related to the area size. This is why you limit search areas by establishing road/trail blocks, look outs, track traps, and string lines to assist in monitoring traffic as you focus on specific segments.

Your team needs to understand that they are not searching for the subject, but for clues. The clues will lead you to the subject. Clues of a subjects wear location include the point last seen and a detailed analysis of the surrounding 30-60 meters. What does their activity tell you about their actions at that objective and intent as they moved out?

Did they have an established camp? How many sets of tracks are in the area? What trash and debris is left behind? Look for food, wrappers, cordage - anything, and everything tells a story. And that story will help you better understand the subjects mindset, attitude, and possible intent.

Did they have an open fire? Is it covered up or is the coal in the open? Does the earth or terrain show obvious signs of damage or modification (broken branches, digging, etc)? What kind of shelter was utilized? Is there toilet paper in a half buried cat hole? You may be able to discover how long a subject was remaining in place through how they lived at the site.

Are there other stains, prints, or impressions? Continue to look for low sign, but also at sign that may be above waist height. People don’t like to lean over and may show evidence of activity as they were standing. Consider the weather and what it may have done to the sign. Have you had rain or has it been dry? Temporary sign will degrade faster in wet conditions, but the clues still tell a story!

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Is there any indication of attempting to conceal activity? Sign from walking backwards, dirt that has been brushed over, prints that don’t match depth or detail as would be expected considering the soil type or conditions.

Can you deduce the point of entry to the location? Though you may not be able to assume that the isolated person remained consistent in their azimuth, you should attempt to discover their origin, as they may attempt to return from whence they came.

Is there sign of exit? How many in the party? Does it match with what entered the area and your assumptions? Can you discern how long it has been since the subject was in the area?

A person of average condition traveling on foot may be able to sustain a speed of 2 miles per hour on a road, but through a wooded environment, it could take an hour for someone to move a single kilometer. Even longer if the subject is avoiding detection.

You can then take your map, and draw out with a degree of accuracy the maximum radius a subject could be. Review the terrain and consider the size, shape, slope, orientation, and elevation changes as well as obstacles, cover and concealment, key terrain, and avenues of approach. Work on the areas with the highest probability first, and never assume that because an area has been searched that there is no probability of any clues in it, or that a subject could move through an area after it’s been searched.

A subject with a proper load out and training provide clues for their survivability. A backpacker whose history includes long thru hikes over the course of multiple days or weeks has little issue becoming disoriented or isolated for a day as they re-orient themselves to the area.

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A day hiker whose past includes posting “selfies” on Instagram three times a day has only a small degree of being able to detect attempts of others locating them, let alone their odds of surviving multiple days on their own.

If you are searching for a small team conducting a patrol through your area for the purpose of conducting recon, gathering information on your activity, or poaching game, you need to be prepared to be patient and understand that they believe you detecting them will automatically result in an engagement.

Looking for clues is your number one priority; however, you can’t be so quick as to assign value to a clue. Use what’s known of the area AND the subject as you analyze physical clues, recorded clues, people, or events. Did the subject intentionally leave a clue for you to find to get you off their track? Or was the leaving of the clues innocent? Work from the point last seen, and reconstruct to the best of your ability what the scenario was in the area.

As you being to move out, also consider that the circumference of an area is easier to be searched that the area itself. Therefore, in some instances, it can be beneficial to move out 50-100 meters and walk in a circle with the point last seen at the center searching for signs of travel. And simply because you found sign doesn’t mean you don’t complete the 360 degree search as the tracks you discovered could have been left to throw you off. Mark the area and finish the circle.

The time of day also has an impact on the probability of discovery. For the innocent traveler, they are likely to remain stationary at night. For those attempting to evade discovery, they are more likely to move under the cover of darkness.

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In a contested environment, always assume that the subject expects you are searching for them. What do you know about their training and experience? What do they know about your training and experience? What do you believe they know about what you know about them? These riddles and clues may shape their potential actions in the future.

If you are searching for an untrained civilian who may be attempting to remain elusive, they are more likely to maintain movement and only rest in place for short periods of time. Whereas the trained professional is likely to find the nastiest hold up location possible and hide in place until night fall.

The hunting of man has science behind it, but if searching for someone who desires to remain hidden it becomes an art filled with mystery. Every assumption and decision you make carries risk associated with it. Risk of being right - risk of being wrong.

Risk of wasting time, or deducing correctly and cutting hours from your attempt. Risk of walking into an ambush or unintentionally injuring yourself.

Don’t make a decision unintentionally.

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EVASION PRINCIPLES

The first rule of evasion, is to always assume you are being tracked.

It’s worth repeating. The first rule of evasion, is assume you are being tracked.

Threats to your operation may be more significant during some operations compared to others; however, there is always a risk that it can compromise your ability to accomplish your mission. Under the threat of listening and observation posts, aided by a variety of manned an unmanned areal systems, and the use of dogs, you must employ every effort of integrating proper techniques to conceal your movement, activity, and objective.

Though proper route selection and the use of passive evasion principles will minimize the threat of observation, once you have been detected you must assume that skilled trackers with tracking aids may be brought in to destroy your team.

EVASION IMMEDIATE ACTION It would be unwise to detail actions taken in a specific order, as the situation will dictate; however, there are several critical steps that must be considered, assessed, and actioned against when working through an evasion scenario.

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Assess the Situation. The major conditions affecting survival in a contested environment may change based on METT-TC; however, they often fall into four categories.

Understand the environment. What’s the terrain and weather like? This will dictate so much of what you can and cannot do as previously discussed. High desert mountains, thick forests, lack of suitable water sources, winter conditions, winds and rain all directly influence your evasion planning. What natural resources are available to maintain your caloric intake, and do you possess the skills to gather and prepare them?

Duration. It’s one thing to ‘survive’ for a weekend in the forest where you can easily depart back to the luxury’s of your daily life. It’s quite another to work through an extended operation with limited supplies, and is further exasperated in a non-permissive environment. In addition to expected time of evasion operations, you must consider the distance that must be traveled in order to make it to friendly lines.

Individual Condition. Are you injured or wounded? What is your general morale like? Are you physically capable of what’s required? Do you have the intestinal fortitude to do what is required to survive? These factors directly impact your ability to solve complex problems you will face in any evasion scenario.

Socio-Political. What exactly makes the conditions contested? Is it a social unrest in an urban environment or larger catastrophic collapse? What friendlies may exist and how can you communicate with them? What are the consequences of being discovered?

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Escape & Evasion Kit

Assess Medical Condition. Check yourself and those with you. Any sprains or broken bones? Do you have any scrap or injuries that need to be addressed before they become infected? How are your feet doing? Are you dehydrated? When was the last time you had a meal?

Often times, treating a medical condition may be a luxury; however, any lingering wound or injury is going to have a dynamic impact on your mental health and ability to think clearly. They should be addressed as quickly as possible to prevent them from negative consequences that can be resolved now.

Gather Equipment & Determine Need for Travel. What supplies do you have on hand? What is the status of your equipment, and does it need any repair work - or do you need to cross load it from one place to another? Is there any item that may weigh you down that is unneeded? Should you create a cache in place?

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What was your plan for recovery operations? How far away are friendly forces that may assist in your actions? After considering the terrain and weather and number of personnel in the area, is it safer to remain in place or to attempt to move?

Inventory your kit and sanitize both as needed. Look at your maps and notepads for any markings or notes that, if discovered, may assist the enemy in assessing your operations. How secure is your kit? Put away anything that reflects a shine, secure straps, check your water sources, and ensure that there is no unnecessary movement of items in your kit that may make noise.

When making an initial movement from your current location, use adequate camouflage and concealment, work uphill, and never in a straight line to your first hide site.

CAMOUFLAGE AND CONCEALMENT Camouflage and concealment relates to noise, light, and litter discipline. In general, most people understood noise discipline. If something makes an audible sound, it triggers a reaction. This is why its critical to understand the terrain you are moving in and how you can use both the ground beneath your feet (don’t step on what you can step over) as well as the terrain around you (keep a major terrain feature between you and the

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enemy) to dampen the effects of noise. It’s why we keep our canteens full and secure our straps. Why we utilize hand and arm signals and minimize radio traffic.

But too many only believe that light discipline impacts operations at night; however, breaking light discipline (being seen) poses a significant threat to your operations during the day. There are seven principles, that when employed correctly, can assist you in this area.

Shape & Silhouette. The human body has an easily identifiable shape, especially the head and shoulder area. What can you do, with minimal preparation to break up these lines? Even a schemague or bandana wrapped around your neck can help. You don’t want to walk around looking like a bush; however, even small attempts can have huge dividends. Consider how your movement may create a silhouette of yourself, and don’t forget shadows as well!

Shade, Shine, and Shadow. These three components relate to colors, reflection, and depth of view. If you have anything on your person that is not a natural shade of a color found in your direct area, remove it or conceal it. Remove watches, or rotate them so the glass is on the inside of your wrist. Consider the oils on your skin and how they can reflect light. Use a snipers veil over any optic used to keep the glass from glinting. Even items that are camouflaged can be improved by placing a second layer that doesn’t cover the entire piece. This creates shadow, depth, and texture which can be difficult to discern, especially with the untrained eye.

Sound and Speed are the final two characteristics. Every movement makes some degree of audible noise. While it cannot be eliminated, you can reduce the levels by monitoring your speed and route. You’ve already checked your kit to ensure there is no metal to metal contact of items, and your canteens are full. Make each step intentional and use terrain features and the weather to

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Maintain a low silhouette when conducting a short security halt

Use caution when executing anti-tracking techniques

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mask the sound you are making when working through the wilderness.

Camouflage has been used since the dawn of time and there are two basic types, disruptive and mimicking. Disruptive patterns use blotches or patterns to break up a solid piece. The military has used disruptive patterns since World War II and has made changes and improvements of the patters based on the terrain operated in.

Disruptive Patterns

Mimicking Patterns

Opposed to, and much older than disruptive patterns, is camouflage that mimics a surrounding. From using natural resources and materials to man-made items that use images of a woodland environment, the idea is to make what is seen a replica of the surrounding area.

Neither one is inherently better than the other, in my opinion. But it’s worth remembering that at a distance, all attempts become disruptive.

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DEFEAT DETECTION In order to maintain security and freedom of maneuver, you need to remain undetected against the threat of ground reconnaissance and as well as manned and unmanned aerial systems as well as the variety of employed complex sensors. There exist eight tactics, techniques, and procedures you should consider when working to defeat adversarial observation platforms including infrared, night vision, and multi-spectral systems.

Consider the challenges from the enemy’s point of view when conducting counterreconnaissance operations. One of the first considerations are the number of conditions that must exist simultaneously in order for effective intelligence gathering.

Scope

Night Vision

Night Vision

Multi-Spectral

For the ground operator, one must be well trained and proficient to use both digital and analog equipment, capable of operating remotely (often times well beyond the reach of support or sustainment operations). They must have the correct position of observation; looking in the proper direction; at the right moment; and be capable of discerning something worth consideration.

When working through a non-permissive environment it is all too apparent that scouting, reconnaissance, tracking, and evading is literally like hunting for a needle in a haystack.

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Every decision must be weighted with the cost of making it as you consider your adversary’s most likely course of action. The terrain, weather, vegetation, angle of view, light data and more all directly impact the ability to detect movement while the avoiding detection.

For the assisted operator, it becomes even more challenging. Unmanned operations are extremely complex and costly; and more often than not, beyond the reach of non-State or large government and private sector institutions. The advisory must first possess the assets,

have competent

operators, dedicate the time, resources, and allocations. They must also face the challenges of poor sensor resolution.

The systems feed raw data which requires a system operator to interpret into intelligence worth actioning against. The timing, location, and angles are even harder to align as these systems are moving quickly in high altitude resulting in analysts having much less time to observe activity or suspicious anomalies the require attention.

Then there exists the operational requirement to be conducting counter-counter-reconnaissance operations in the first place. Without a need for, or when faced with the astronomical costs associate with operating and maintaining multi-billion dollar systems, governments and private institutions are faced with the decision to utilize lower cost solutions which also face the same challenges of having the major variables align.

This is a gross oversimplification of these operations, but must be considered in risk management, intelligence gathering, evasion, and operational planning as you consider other operational variables.

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If you know that your enemy doesn’t possess multi-spectral capabilities then that is one threat you don’t need to invest time and energy into defeating. If you are working in a location and are faced with an entity that doesn’t possess unmanned aerial systems, then you need to plan to work against the ground operator.

The following TTPs are consistent regardless of the platform (though there may be additional resources needed to defeat specific systems) in order to remain undetected while conducting movement, establish observation posts, hide sites, patrol bases, or larger staging areas.

The first one is to disperse into small elements and then displace as often as possible. Depending on the size and shape of your operation, as well as the task and purpose, this may mean organizing into small cells or work individually.

You need to find a concealed site and conform to your terrain while securing your hide site. Remember that natural foliage will defeat multi-spectral systems more effectively; however, in the event you are working to defeat ground operators, you should use care when selecting the foliage so as not to pull too much from a single source. And always remember to reassess, continue to improve, and look at from the enemy’s point of view.

Conform to your terrain. Consider the size, shape, slope, elevation, orientation, as well as the natural and man-made features.

While planning, utilize nighttime operations to greatest extent possible. Night vision and FLIR are fairly cost effective and employed by a number of agencies, so while you cannot work at

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night assuming you cannot be seen, you also need to combine this technique with others to reduce risk.

Everything needs to be properly camouflaged. You need to blend into your surroundings to the greatest extent possible. Plan for the type of systems you are most likely working to defeat.

Minimize unnecessary movement. If something doesn’t have to move, then don’t move it. This includes radio traffic as well. A trained operator can easily triangulate your position if you don’t

As part of your priorities of work, you need to employ listening posts and observation posts to the greatest extent possible to secure you location and movement. If you’re not looking, someone is looking at you.

You need to plan to work under unmanned systems and do not take for granted that resources have not been allocated towards your operation.

Always inspect your signature, using all available sensors, from the enemy’s point of view in order to improve your position.

It isn’t possible to avoid all detection, especially when working against advanced systems. Systems we are aware of now that are being employed are literally decades old, and commercial platforms are becoming more and more economical. But with careful planning and strategic thinking, you can find ways to operate in most contested of environments.

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MOVEMENT Move only when dictated by the situation whether it be enemy contact or threat of natural hazards. You must be sure of your location, your destination, and your ability to get there.

It’s preferred to move during low light or darkness to conceal your movement; however, don’t forget your silhouette! You can use the noises of wind and rain to mask your movement, but remember that if your noise is being muffled, so is everyone else's. Nobody likes getting wet or patrolling in the rain, so you may be able to take advantage of a downpour to make your movement as others are trying to keep dry. Look for hazardous terrain during the day for movement. Only the highly trained will venture into a marsh, swamp, or deep into a dangerous spur or over a cliff. Consider the effects on your next move as well though.

Of course, a moving object is easy to spot. So attempt to move from major terrain feature to major terrain feature in and through the brush and vine - never in the open. Walk in and with shadows of tall trees. Never walk over a hill that may expose your position. Remain two-thirds down from these areas (the military crest) to keep you from silouhetting yourself.

You can minimize evidence of movement by using irregular routes and zig-zagging through an area. Remember, it’s not just your presence you want to conceal, but where you came from, and what your destination is.

Never break branches or grab small trees or brushes which will either leave a permanent sign of your presence or create unwanted movement. In the winter, consider how your movement not

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only may leave prints, but also may shake snow off of the vegetation. Pick firm footing and use the shadows of vegetation and downed logs to help reduce tracking efforts.

Don’t forget - you are being tracked!

You need to consider your routes. There may be times when it is beneficial to use a well used path (road, hiking or game trail) in order to generate more distance between you and a tracking party as well as have a greater chance of masking your scent. It can also be easier for some evasion techniques, as your tracks can easily get lost on pavement or when mixed in with others.

There are certainly risks involved in doing so. You’re on a linear danger area that may be under surveillance. You could easily be detected by a passerby or through unmanned aerial systems. However, when used sparingly and wisely, you can increase your speed and separate yourself from the enemy providing a little more time for you to continue to assess your current situation and plan follow on actions.

You should rely more on least used routes. Bushwhacking through areas that have received no foot travel. The danger here, is that it is slow. You need to move with intention to prevent moving in circles. You are laying sign (seen or unseen) that a well trained tracker can detect. However, you can use the terrain to your advantage to conceal your position, your routes, and your objective.

When working through open areas, attempt to bypass if at all possible. When unavoidable, observe the area for five to ten minutes and select the best route.

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Skirt around the edge of the area remaining in the tree line.

Open Danger Area

If you must pass, cross single file and avoid crossing in areas with high grass as they often leave trails that are easily identified (especially with morning dew). Identify and use small trails and streams that cross them as it may increase your speed, and counter-tracking efforts will be minimal.

Roads and other linear danger areas pose a significant risk as well, as listening and observation posts may be established along these routes and corridors. Find a curve in the road and cross at the apex; however, remember that L shaped ambushes are often established in these areas. Halt fifty to one hundred meters prior to and send out a small search detail to clear the near side and to observe the crossing site for five minutes. Once good to go, send a clearance team to the far side and conduct another box or clover route to ensure the Team is safe to cross. Once cleared, quickly move across, attain accountability of all personnel and equipment and depart as quickly as possible.

When approaching and using trails (animal or man-made), use care to conceal where you enter and exit. While it makes sense on some level to brush out tracks, this effort is often easily spotted

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by a trained tracker. That said, you should make every effort to return vegetation back to its natural state. Select harder surfaces as a crossing point and avoid making false or obvious tracks unless you are positive you are being tracked. You can consider stepping across sideways in order to leave sign that may not catch the eye.

When crossing streams, select hard surface entrance and exit points and avoid sliding down to avoid leaving sign on the banks. Mud should be avoided at all costs even and look for shallower crossing points as mud or debris lifted from your movement may signal your presence to downstream elements. Waterproof equipment as required and be cognizant that wet gear not only drips after exiting, but also increases weight and burden on the individual.

Regardless of the danger area, as you are making your approach, change direction to hasten your approach to the linear area. It will provide clues to a tracking party that you are trying to save time and energy by working directly to it, and possibly turning to follow it. Approximately one hundred meters before hitting the obstacle (trails, roads, streams, etc), change direction to approach at a forty-five degree angle.

Move down the danger area for one to two hundred meters leaving not obvious sign of your movement, and then back track (without leaving any sign) to work off the danger area at a fortyfive degree angle opposite of your initial approach. This technique is called “slipping the stream”, and when used properly can make it much more challenging to a tracking party.

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Slipping The Stream

An easy technique to employ when moving from point to point is to work in angles, rather than directly to the point. If your azimuth was 180 degrees and your distance, shoot an azimuth of 135 and work 50-100 meters; then turn and shoot an azimuth of 225 and work an equal distance.

A box technique takes this further. First, begin your line of travel (not heading directly towards your destination) and employ a series of 90 degree turns to form a box. Continue moving and form another box as you make your way to your next site. Do not make your boxes the same size or continuously turn in the same direction. Both of these simple techniques can be completed

90 Degree Technique

Box Technique

while maintaining a general compass heading without anyone being able to determine your route.

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A variation of this technique is a figure eight. Rather than making square boxes, you make circles. You can use both in order to not set a definite pattern. You can even use them to lay false trails or to jump back onto a previously walked route and change direction again.

Figure Eight

Dog Leg

The dog leg method is an easy way to approach your destination, or even when departing a rally point. Make a series of turns, changing direction, prior to your entrance. Not only does it make your route of march more challenging to determine, but it also enables you secure a rally point prior to occupying it.

Though slower, a more methodical approach to secure a rally point is to use a spiral. Beginning out at 100 meters, begin to turn in towards your destination and begin make your first large circle around the site. As you approach where you began, make your circle tighter by ten or fifteen meters. Repeat until you are at the site. This is a sure way of securing an area before occupying it, but also identifies possible danger areas and egress sites you may have not otherwise had awareness of.

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The button loop is a technique that can be used once you are aware of, and certain you are being tracked. It works best after negotiating a danger area as it will give you an indication of the size and capability of the tracking party. Approach the danger area as you would normally and leave sign. Continue your route of march in a circle until you at a desired location that cannot be seen from the initial approach. Select positions of cover and concealment. Emplace flanking and rear security and wait for the enemy to approach the danger area. Once in view the option is yours based on the situation to simply observe and then continue moving (closing the button loop), or initiate a hasty ambush.

ACTIVE MEASURES The button loop as discussed previously can be used in conjunction with passive measures by the establishment of an ambush. The button hook can be used with other terrain features including roads, hills, or structures to attain the same desired effect of providing you the opportunity to move on the offense.

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Button Loop

In the event you choose to use direct action, always consider the odds (maintain a 3:1 ratio three of you, to one of them) and the fact that your location will be discovered by other enemy forces. Even if only employing perimeter security techniques, trip wires on your trail, or claymores, as soon as there is a activity, everyone in ear shot will know you are in the area.

If dealing with a dog team who is likely to be less armed and equipped than other ground forces, know that they do not often work isolated but have support nearby that can move towards their direction and may outnumber you, making the decision to pull the trigger a costly one in the long run.

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Hide & Hold Up Sites

In a true evasion scenario, a shelter may be a luxury you cannot afford. Though there are several options that may be used including using natural and man-made materials, your best option may be laying in the prone and embracing the suck of mud, water, and bugs.

A hide site is used as a preliminary location to assess your situation, inventory and cross load equipment, and determine your follow on actions. It should provide concealment from ground and air searches, be a safe distance from the enemy and high traffic areas as well as natural lines of drift. Your hide site should have multiple avenues of egress and provide the ability to maintain communications with your supporting agency.

Hide sites are generally not occupied for more than 24 hours as you treat injuries and consume water. Food is a luxury you may not be able to partake of, as you are likely to leave sign as well as provide a scent that can be tracked easily.

Depending on terrain, vegetation and the permissive nature of the environment, you may be secure with a radius of 500 meters from any avenue of approach. Ensure as you are preparing your site, you perform limited actions to conceal it, as any action may result in a tracking party confirming your activity and possible follow on actions.

Establish & Occupation of Hide Site

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Hold up sites are used for rest, recuperation, and to prepare food while planning your next move. You still don’t want to cook or prepare food in the vicinity of the site, but move away from it and eat your food cold unless it requires heat in order to prevent parasites or viruses. Avoid fires except when necessary.

Be wary of natural hazards such as flash flooding in ravines and canyons and avoid obvious locations that searchers may be drawn to such as abandoned buildings. Always return the site to its original state before moving away.

At your hide or hold up site, disturb the immediate area as little as possible and avoid activity that may reveal your movement or occupation. Take advantage of natural concealment but do not select vegetation from the same source. Take the time to ensure all electronic devices are off, and sanitize your uniform.

If you must set up a shelter at either location in order to protect you from the elements, use the following guidelines.

Blend in with your surroundings. Ensure your shelter matches color and shade, and further conceal with fresh vegetation to improve the camouflage attempts. I have found it best to do so in depth. In other words, I may place branches, moss, or fern directly on my tarp, but I will also

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work out five to ten feet and emplace additional items in an irregular pattern. This provides depth to the camouflage and can make discerning the shelter much more difficult if someone is searching the area.

Low silhouette. Your shelter should be no higher than knee height. It’s not a five star resort or bush crafting shelter your working on. It’s mean to conceal you from enemy movement. If it’s roomy and comfortable, your probably doing it wrong. Even if the site is made using only natural materials and you believe it blends in perfectly, a taller structure is just easier to identify as a possible location for your presence.

Irregular shape. Some would have you believe that there are no straight lines in nature. But they must have never seen a standing tree or a fallen one for that matter. That said, you should avoid them at all costs, because they may create stimuli in a searching party. This is why, if setting up a hasty hooch with a poncho, you never have your ridge line taller than your knees. And I have found that if I don’t drape my poncho over my ridge line, but suspend it underneath using prussik knots and small pegs, that the poncho will naturally form an irregular shape. In addition, I can now use the ridge line to affix vegetation to, and it’s easier in order to blend in. You can also suspend the middle of a poncho up to a branch and secure the corners on the ground as an additional set up.

Secluded location. As mentioned, you want to hide or hold up in a location that nobody has any desire to be in. Near low standing water, uphill, mosquito infested, swamp or marshy, etc. If someone is going to find your site, they need to earn their money. This is why it’s important to avoid natural lines of drift, because just like water, searchers will also conform to the terrain when moving through an area and be more likely to progress as the terrain dictates.

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Small in size. How small are you curled up in a fetal position? That’s about how big your shelter should be. And unless you need the shelter to maintain a core body temperature, your shelter may need to be only big enough for your equipment if you have no other means of protecting it.

When occupying your hide or hold up site, never approach directly, but utilize a dog leg or fishhook technique. Never leave the way you came, and ensure when you do leave, that the area has been sanitized.

FRIENDLY LINK UP Prior to commencing your operation, you planned and rehearsed a variety of contingencies and immediate action drills, and it is paramount that recovery of isolated personnel is included.

What is your communication plan? Digital means (radio, satellite phones, etc) are fantastic, but you need to have depth. You need a PACE plan because odds are, in an evasion scenario, you may have to resort to the emergency, which likely includes mirrors, VS17 panels, whistles, hand and arm signals, or challenge and passwords.

If you don’t have a plan, the entire operation may turn for the worse at the moment of link up, as the isolated personnel is on high alert and on edge for potential enemy contact. How will each party identify themselves and communicate their respective needs?

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REMEMBER:

Assume you are being tracked

Never walk on anything you can step over

Don’t break anything that can simply be bent

Do not walk on soft soil

Don’t break spider webs

Never make an unintentional decision

Move during the rain and through the swamps and marshes

Keep your nose to the wind

Dont use soap, shampoo, or too much weapon lubricant

Pack out what you packed in

Travel on ground that has been used by people or animals to increase speed distance

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Travel on ground where no-one has been to conceal your routes

Return vegetation (on routes, hide sites, and rally points) back to original state

Never urinate on a tree or bush

Never move in a straight line

Never do the same thing twice

At your hide site, move as little as possible

Be ruthless when enforcing noise, light, and litter discipline

Be ware of the risks you are taking with each decision

Stop, look, listen, and smell with each step

Give a tracker every excuse to quit

Time and distance are your friends

Assume you are being tracked

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NOTES

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NOTES

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ITEMIZED GEAR LISTS

Packing lists are helpful when considering how to plan and organize your kit. For dismounted movement, you will generally layer your kit into three lines.

The first line is what you have on your person, that if separated from the rest of your kit, you will always have. These items may include a knife, compass, lighter, protractor, E&E kit, sanitized maps, pen, paper, and a communications card.

The second line includes your load bearing kit. Six to eight 30 round magazines, individual first aid kit, GPS, IR Strobe, gloves, frag/smoke, communications equipment, multi-tool, weapons cleaning kit, 550 cord, poncho, canteens (w/cup and stove), light stick, small survival kit and your choice of load bearing equipment to carry it.

The third layer is what’s included in your ruck sack. An additional three to six more 30 round magazines, field stripped food, three to five liters of water, snivel gear, additional cordage, extra socks (in zip lock bags!), foot powder, e tool, batteries, bivy sack, poncho liner, extra skivvy shirts, hygiene kit, VS 17 panel, as well as claymores, radios, assorted equipment (radio wire, antennas, optics, perimeter security kit, cameras, or items needed to participate in a special team (POW, search, demo, radio operator, etc).

You should plan to include caches of equipment staged and ready, because you can’t carry it all and need to be prepared for foraging, hunting small game, and collecting and purifying water.

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The following gear lists are not meant to state what you MUST carry, but to assist in the planning phase of how you approach SHTF scenarios or just heading out to enjoy the wilderness. Only you, based on your experience, training, location, task and purpose can generate what you will need for any specific mission.

GENERAL PERSONAL PACKING LIST

Food (stove, fuel, cook set, utensils, dishes, bear canister, meals, etc) Fire (lighter, ferro rod, flint/steel, matches) Water (collection, storage, filtration and purification) Shelter (tarp, tent, extra cordage, pegs/stakes, sleeping pad) Navigation (map and compass, pen and paper, GPS, altimeter, personal locator beacon, way point marking) Hygiene (baby wipes, towel, Ivory soap, foot powder, toothbrush and paste, trowel) First Aid (sunglasses, bandages, tourniquet, insect repellent, prescriptions, pain relief, allergy medication, moleskin, lip balm) Communication (whistle, two-way radios, phone, sat phone, chemical lights, head lamp) Core Body Temperature (beanie, sleep system, extra wool socks, glove and mittens, hand warmers, rain gear, long underwear) Self Defense & Tools (binoculars, knife, bear spray, repair kit, duct tape, walking stick, firearm with ammo, knives)

VEHICLE CHECKLIST License, permits, passport, Cash, cards, phone w/charger, pen/paper, knife, multi-tool, flashlight, firearm

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General Operation (lights, horn, tires, spare tire, fuel/fluid levels topped off) Strip map (start points, check point, destination, routes, etc) Extra fuel and oil (engine, transmission, brake, coolants, etc) Communications equipment (vehicle radio, CB, HAM, hand cranked radio, etc) Recovery equipment, chain saw, jumper cables, flares, triangles, fire extinguisher, traction support, shovel, and axe Four way water wrench, air compressor, general tool set Tire repair kit, jack, and lug wrench Spare batteries, power bank, solar charger, and extra charging cables First aid kit, tarp, food, and water Toiletries, blanket, sleeping bag, and seasonal supplies (snow chains, etc)

FIRST AID KIT Preferred pouch (I use a Tactical Tailor E&E Kit for my go to, and larger bags for vehicles and the home). Antibiotics, anti-anti-inflammatory medication, allergy meds, and other prescriptions (pay attention to how you store these and their respective shelf life). Tourniquets, hemostatic gauze, non hemostatic gauze, cravats, bandaids and other means of stopping the bleed. Burn ointments, repellent, moleskin, antiseptic wipes, and hand sanitizer. Splints, shears, razor blades, finger nail clippers, markers, pen and paper, tweezers, eye protection, thermal blankets, and means of transporting others. Sewing needle and thread and staples are great for mending larger wounds, and super glue is fantastic for smaller ones.

ESCAPE AND EVASION KIT Your E&E kit should be small enough to be a layer one kit. Signal mirror, kevlar cordage, ceramic razor blade, water bag w/iodine tablets, small BIC lighter with duct tape, whistle, and

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energy bar. Situation dependent, you can expand the set to include additional communications or survival equipment.

PERIMETER SECURITY KIT Fences (electrical or non) make great neighbors, but they don’t always keep away those you really want to maintain their distance. But, in the event of using metal fencing, consider running wire and resistors even if non powered). I have two trip alarms, an assortment of wire, shells, primers, nails, and screws I keep in an older Willy Pete canister. It’s the perfect size for camping and most scenarios. In the event of planning for larger or more elaborate security, you will want to increase your number of trip alarms, have spools of non-stretchable cordage, wire, and a spare set of gloves. IR sensors, batteries, electrical cords, solar power, horns, and resistors can all be pre-established, or sitting on a shelf ready to emplace. Chain saws, axes, larger saws, chains, and a backhoe can make quick work of your bug out location as well.

SHELTER KIT Plan on something to sleep in, something to sleep under, and something to sleep on in order to get the best evenings rest and to maintain a core body temperature. A 10’ x 10’ tarp works great and is light weight. A poncho and poncho liner can be used by themselves in an emergency or in conjunction with the tarp. Bivy sacks are amazing pieces of kit as well. Sleeping pads and bags may take up more space, but should be considered. A thirty foot hank of para cord as well as four ten foot hanks will enable you to construct nearly any kind of shelter imaginable. But you can’t go wrong with also using bank line or kevlar cordage as well.

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FIRE KIT I like to keep my fire kit handy in its own bag. It enables me to easily place it into a pack or a vehicle and can be cross loaded as necessary. In addition to what’s in my kit, I always have a lighter in my pocket wrapped in Duct tape, as well as a knife with a 90 degree spine. My fire kit contains a 6” ferro rod, flint & steel, striker, magnifying lens, cordage to build a bow saw as well as man-made tinder sources to start at least 10 fires. I also use my bag to transport natural tinder I may collect (birch bark, pitch, etc) and I also carry a small piece of fat-wood I can scrape.

WATER KIT Water should be high on your list when it comes to your kit. You should have multiple means and methods of storing, filtering, and purifying water in order to sustain survival even in the harshest of elements. I have relied on using a “Billy Pot” to boil water as well as using a variety of filters (Grayl, LifeStraw, and Sawyer) in addition to using chemicals to treat impure water. I carry a variety of camel backs and MSR water bladders and firmly believe that you cannot overpack enough water to sustain your operations. Field expedient means from using a mix of grass/sand/ rock/charcoal or even a Dakota well shouldn’t be left out of what you can do; but know that these are truly for more “survival” rather than thriving in any particular environment.

NAVIGATION KIT My navigation kit consists of two compasses. My primary is a USGI Cammenga lensatic (tritium model), and a Silva Ranger. I have multiple other compasses as well, but those are my go to. I also have maps, pen, paper, and protractor to plot points, do some math, and record my experiences while I’m out. I carry logging tape to mark way points and also use my range finder to assist in determining distances. I have a weather meter I often carry and utilize to help understand the effects of the weather, but also to take more accurate notes in my journal. For

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field expedient means I nearly always have a watch on; create as shadow stick; and can navigate using stars, sun, and moon. I possess a Garmin GPS, but rarely use it, and also have several applications on my phone that I use from time to time.

FOOD KIT While it may seem obvious that using a firearm may be your primary method of securing food, depending on the permissive nature of the conditions you face, this couldn’t be further from the truth. A shot ringing out is a sure sign and tell of your presence. You need to take advantage of your planning timeline to understand what sort of game is abundant in each season. Gill nets, fishing, frogging, bird traps, snares, and more should be employed; however, experience has taught me that relying on small game with only a few traps will yield little success over the course of time. You need to plan for, and prepare for foraging edibles as well, and one of the best sources of information for your area may very well be a used book store or your local library as each specific location is going to be different from other regions in your country. Often times, food is put on the back burner when it comes to survival; however, you cannot afford to think or believe that you can go weeks without consuming enough calories. Spend an hour or two (especially at sunrise or sunset as well as hours of darkness) to actively hunt, trap, and fish when game may be more likely to be moving.

COMMUNICATIONS KIT Often overlooked is how to communicate with others. We take cell phones for granted, but in most secluded locations, this will not be an option (let alone during a contested environment). Consider employing a range of radio frequency options at your disposal and consider how you will supply them with power and what antennas you will use to maximize their effectiveness. If your communications are unsecure, keep them off unless needed, only use 3-5 second

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transmissions, and relocate as often as possible. Use VS-17 panels, signal mirrors, laser pointers, and whistles. Though considered crude by todays standards, you can still pick up field radios to employ, and they work great.

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IMMEDIATE ACTION DRILLS

As you plan for and prepare for operating in a contested environment, there are hundreds of unique “What-Ifs” that you must plan for. While many be shared contingencies that others may face, they will each be unique to your situation and mission.

In my experience, planning for contingencies begins with a table top exercise. A shared conversation with others, a white board, or taking notes in conjunction with case studies can reveal a variety of things that can go wrong you must be prepared for.

While you should detail your plans and drills, you also need to understand that the variables are unlimited. Time of day, specific location, angle of approach, size of your element, size of the adversaries element, time available, terrain, weather, and more can change your actions. While I believe, you should have a plan for the contingencies outlined below (and more), and you MUST rehearse them, you need to be flexible in action and ensure everyone understands the primary objective for the drill.

The number one decision that you must make is whether or not to engage with force (deadly or not). There are consequences that exist in normal day-to-day life as well as after shit has hit the fan that may call you to be accountable for your actions, let alone losing your life. Know and understand your local, state, and the federal rules and regulations before using any force. In a truly SHTF scenario, where you are operating in a highly contested environment, you must also be aware of the 3:1 golden rule.

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This rule provides you with the idea that to successfully engage a threat, you should outnumber the adversary three to one in order to overwhelm and defeat the enemy. As you consider your contingencies ensure you have plans for when you are operating alone (and thus NEVER possess the advantage) to when you may be in a team. History has also taught us in lessons learned that a single threat may be a ruse to lure you into an ambush.

The following scenarios are provided in order for you to brainstorm your own that you may face based on your situation, mission, task, and purpose and are not intended to be all inclusive. Due to the variety of variables and “what ifs," I can’t provide a detailed list for every scenarios, but hope that the following gives you points to consider as you plan for your situations. They will be separated by urban and rural as well as manned and unmanned.

URBAN

VISUAL CONTACT DURING CONVOY Suppose you are driving in a convoy and discover you are being followed or observed by a static observer. What are your actions? Confirm through counter reconnaissance and attain as much detailed information about the identity of the individual? Alter your route using a dog-leg or other avenue of approach? Stop movement and approach or otherwise confront the individual?

ROAD BLOCK ON PRIMARY ROUTE While on your primary route, you receive information that there is a protest on the freeway, or a riot in the streets along your route. What are your actions? Continue on believing that you are safe in your vehicle? Return to your last known point? Cross over to an alternate route that may take an additional hour to reach your

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destination? Halt in place for a short duration to ascertain the development of the issue and make a decision.

PHYSICAL CONTACT DISMOUNTED You are unarmed, and dismounted, moving through an urban area that is highly populated, though not entirely contested. An individual approaches you, displays no weapon, and begins to intimidate you, threatens you, and demands your valuable items. What are your actions? Will you immediately engage in force? Turn and walk away? Begin to argue with the individual? What might your actions be if you are armed? How would you change your approach if there were two or three? Consider this in both day time, and in the evening. Crowded streets, alleys, or even in a store front. With your family or children. And don’t forget the 3:1 rule.

SMALL ARMS FIRE DURING CONVOY OPS You are driving through an urban center, when you see and hear gunfire. Do you drive through the kill zone? Attempt to quickly reverse direction or make a turn down a side street? Do you stop and exit in order to engage? What happens if a passenger is struck from a round? What happens if it was your spouse or child, and your vehicle has been disabled forcing you to stop? Do you render first aid or deadly force on the attacking element? Do you utilize the vehicle for cover, or move quickly to a nearby brick and mortar structure? How do you account for collateral damage? Will you remain at your position in defense, break contact, or transition to offense? When the firefight is over, what are your follow on actions in regard to reporting to authorities?

TRESPASSING AT HOME An individual has moved onto your property, but has not entered it. You can tell they are armed and pose a threat. Will you leave your house, call the authorities, or otherwise orally tell the trespasser to leave? Did you have any perimeter security devices to warn

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or ward off the intruder? What are your actions if the individual transitions to orally harassing you; points their firearm towards your house; fires a shot in the air; fires a shot towards your house?

DISCOVER HOUSE HAS BEEN BROKEN INTO You return to your home and notice your front door is open, and there are obvious signs of an intruders presence having been inside. Will you remain outside and call the authorities? Will you enter the home assuming the criminal has departed? Will you attempt to perform a one man clearing of the house? How will your actions change if someone was home when you left earlier that day? Does this event have a different SOP for hours of low light?

LOSS OF COMMUNICATIONS Satellites have been disabled, resulting in your inability to contact your family. Local FM radio is operational; however, nearly all internet based communications are either down or severely degraded and the ability to discern what exactly is happening is unavailable. All economic transactions are down, and with each passing hour, tensions are rising in the community. What plan do you have in place to physically link up, and what are your follow on actions? How will your actions change if you discover the communications was an intentional act from an enemy of the State? What will the impact be, and your actions should the damage be permanent or long lasting? Do you even still have “rabbit ear” antennas for your television?

96+ HOURS EVENT The event has triggered a four plus day degradation on the economy and has severely impacted society to the point where reports of rioting and looting are common place. Most law enforcement agencies are operational but only responding to larger incident sites. Up until this point, you decided to “Bug In”. Is there a point where you will attempt to

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depart the city? Relocate with friends in another part of town? How do you communicate your plans to others? What security measures do you take in your home if you stay (windows, doors, lighting, guard shifts, etc)? If you attempt to convoy out, how will you plan your routes assuming that there are potential rioting and a high volume of vehicles on the road causing potential bumper to bumper traffic, and a society where everyone’s stress is elevated? Do you plan to move during the day or low light?

EVENT PLUS 8 DAYS The same event has now gone on for over a week. What changes do you suppose are happening regarding law enforcement and the military? What options do you believe are feasible to take now concerning staying in place, or navigating elsewhere? Even without an invading force or physical strike, how would shutting down the economy and severely degrading all forms of communication requiring the internet will have on society? Are people still working taking cash? Are stores open, boarded up, or have they all been emptied by looters? How much fuel, food, and other supplies do you have on hand - right now? Have you communicated with your neighbors? Do you trust your neighbors?

ISOLATED PERSON You have left your home to find supplies or food. While out, you are cut off from being able to return to home. What was the contingency plan when you left for what actions those who remained behind should take if you failed to return? Do you have the ability to communicate at all with them? What are your actions to attempt to evade observation or confrontation with others? How many hours or days can you get by in an urban environment? What actions would you take if it was you at the home, and a friend or loved one was isolated? Would you attempt to go search for them leaving others at higher risk?

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RURAL

VISUAL CONTACT BY UAS The excrement has hit the oscillating device, and at your bug out site you observe an unmanned areal system over your area. What are your actions? Will you remain concealed and observe the activity? Will you attempt to destroy the system? What actions will you take, if any, to increase the threat awareness and security of your location?

VISUAL CONTACT While in a rural environment during a time of crisis in the world, you spot an armed individual 500 meters away who has not detected your presence. Do you engage with deadly force or simply observe and remain concealed? What would be the consequence of engaging? Would your actions change if instead of a single individual it was a group of 12 conducting a patrol? How might you egress to a hide site if required? How can you communicate with others for assistance or support? Would your actions change if it was you on a patrol with half a dozen and you observed an individual?

AUDIBLE CONTACT You have a perimeter security alarm that tripped approximately 150 meters away from you site. What actions do you take to respond? Do you assume it was a person who tripped it? Do you remain in defense, or move to offense? What means do you have to validate what triggered it, and how or when to stand down from a heightened state of security?

PHYSICAL CONTACT A stranger approaches either unarmed, or with weapon presented in a non-threatening manner. They tell you they are seeking refuge, and are asking for assistance. Do you trust them and provide food, drink, or shelter? Do you engage in conversation or demand they leave the premises? If allowed to stay, how do you maintain security? If they depart, do you send out a patrol to observe their actions? Could welcoming in a stranger have benefit to your

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condition? What are the changes of it having a negative impact? Would your actions change if instead of an individual, it was a married couple with a child or children?

PHYSICAL CONTACT An individual or small group approaches your bug out location and presents threat of, or engages with deadly force. What are your actions to notify others and how will you engage? Will you remain in your building or structure? If the element disperses, will you follow or assume you are safe? How will you increase security, and how long can you maintain that security?

NEAR CONTACT You are conducting a patrol or other dismounted movement when you are engaged by a threat using small arms fire. After securing cover, you assess that the target is 75 meters to the North and is a singular party. Do you return fire or remain concealed? Do you locate, close with, and attempt to destroy the threat? Do you break contact? How would your actions change in different times of the day, under different weather conditions, or if you assess they are using a side arm rather than a shoulder fired weapon system? What actions would you take if you patrol was four to six in strength and you were engaged by a single adversary? How would you lay suppressive fire, fight through the threat, and then clear the area? Do your decisions change if you have on body armor, or if you can determine that they do?

FAR CONTACT You are scouting an area for resources when you are engaged by small arms fire at a distance of 500 meters by a single individual. You have a 45 pound pack on, an AR15, and 180 rounds of ammunition. After seeking cover, do you attempt to confirm distance, adjust sights, and engage the target? Would you attempt to flank the enemy, realizing that your movement will cause you to lose visual contact with them? What do you do with your kit? Will

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you instead break contact and move to a previous rally point? Do you have the methods to contact support?

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FINAL THOUGHTS

As you begin planning and preparing for the situations you believe are most likely, to those that may be least likely, I hope this field manual may serve as a reference point for a variety of common tasks. Many of these specific tasks have been set into video format and featured on my YouTube channel - www.youtube.com/stokermatic and explored in writing on my website www.stokermatic.com. I hope to continue the conversation there with you and wish you all the best on your journey.

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