Shouting, Embracing, and Dancing: The Growth of Methodism in Newfoundland, 1774-1874 9780773582521

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SHOUTING. EMBRACING. AND DANCING WITH ECSTASY

M C G I L L - Q U E E N s STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF R E L I G I O N Volumes in this series have been supported by thejackman Foundation of Toronto. Series Two In memory of George Rawlyk Donald Harman Akenson, Editor 1 Marguerite Bourgeoys and Montreal, 1640-1665 Patricia Simpson 2 Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience Edited by G.A. Rawlyk 3 Infinity, Faith, and Time Christian Humanism and Renaissance Literature John Spencer Hill 4 The Contribution of Presbyterianism to the Maritime Provinces of Canada Edited by Charles H.H. Scobie and G.A. Rawlyk 5 Labour, Love, and Prayer Female Piety in Ulster Religious Literature, 1850-1914 Andrea Ebel Brozyna 6 The Waning of the Green Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto, 1887-1922 Mark G. McGowan 7 Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine The Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia, 1867-1900 John-Paul Himka 8 Good Citizens British Missionaries and Imperial States, 1870-1918 James G. Greenlee and Charles M. Johnston 9 The Theology of the Oral Torah Revealing the Justice of God Jacob Neusner

10 Gentle Eminence A Life of Cardinal Flahiff P. Wallace Platt 11 Culture, Religion, and Demographic Behaviour Catholics and Lutherans in Alsace, 1750-1870 Kevin McQuillan 12 Between Damnation and Starvation Priests and Merchants in Newfoundland Politics, 1745-1855 John P. Greene 13 Martin Luther, German Saviour German Evangelical Theological Factions and the Interpretation of Luther, 1917-1933 James M. Stayer 14 Modernity and the Dilemma of North American Anglican Identities, 1880-1950 William H. Katerberg 15 The Methodist Church on the Prairies, 1896-1914. George Emery 16 Christian Attitudes towards the State of Israel Paul Charles Merkley 17 A Social History of the Cloister Daily Life in the Teaching Monasteries of the Old Regime Elizabeth Rapley 18 Households of Faith Family, Gender, and Community in Canada, 1760-1969 Edited by Nancy Christie 19 Blood Ground Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799-1853 Elizabeth Elbourne

so A History of Canadian Catholics Gallicanism, Romanism, and Canadianism Terence J. Fay

31 W. Stanford Reid An Evangelical Calvinist in the Academy A. Donald MacLeod

21 The View from Rome Archbishop Stagni's 1915 Reports on the Ontario Bilingual Schools Question Edited and translated by John Zucchi

32 A Long Eclipse The Liberal Protestant Establishment and the Canadian University, 1920-1970 Catherine Gidney

22 The Founding Moment Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College William Westfall

33 Forkhill Protestants and Forkhill Catholics, 1787-1858 Kyla Madden

23 The Holocaust, Israel, and Canadian Protestant Churches Haim Genizi 24 Governing Charities Church and State in Toronto's Catholic Archdiocese, 1850-1950 Paula Maurutto 25 Anglicans and the Atlantic World High Churchmen, Evangelicals, and the Quebec Connection Richard W. Vaudry 26 Evangelicals and the Continental Divide The Conservative Protestant Subculture in Canada and the United States Sam Reimer 27 Christians in a Secular World The Canadian Experience Kurt Bowen 28 Anatomy of a Seance A History of Spirit Communication in Central Canada Stan McMullin 29 With Skilful Hand The Story of King David David T. Barnard 30 Faithful Intellect Samuel S. Nelles and Victoria University Neil Semple

34 For Canada's Sake Public Religion, Centennial Celebrations, and the Re-making of Canada in the 19605 Gary R. Miedema 35 Revival in the City The Impact of American Evangelists in Canada, 1884-1914 Eric R. Grouse 3 6 The Lord for the Body Religion, Medicine, and Protestant Faith Healing in Canada, 1880-1930 James Opp 37 Six Hundred Years of Reform Bishops and the French Church, 1190-1789 J. Michael Hayden and Malcolm R. Greenshields 38 The Missionary Oblate Sisters Vision and Mission Rosa Bruno-Jofre 39 Religion, Family, and Community in Victorian Canada The Colbys of Carrollcrofi Marguerite Van Die 40 Michael Power The Struggle to Build the Catholic Church on the Canadian Frontier Mark G. McGowan

41 The Catholic Origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931-1970 Michael Gauvreau 42 Marguerite Bourgeoys and the Congregation of Notre Dame, 1665-1700 Patricia Simpson 43 To Heal a Fractured World The Ethics of Responsibility Jonathan Sacks

53 Shouting, Embracing, and Dancing with Ecstasy The Growth of Methodism in Newfoundland, 1774-1874 Calvin Hollett

Series One: G.A. Rawlyk, Editor

44 Revivalists Marketing the Gospel in English Canada, 1884-1957 Kevin Kee

1 Small Differences Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants, 1815-1922, An International Perspective Donald Harman Akenson

45 The Churches and Social Order in Nineteenth- and TwentiethCentury Canada Edited by Michael Gauvreau and Ollivier Hubert

2 Two Worlds The Protestant Culture of Nineteenth-Century Ontario William Westfall

46 Political Ecumenism Catholics, Jews, and Protestants in De Gaulle's Free France, 1940-1945 Geoffrey Adams 47 From Quaker to Upper Canadian Faith and Community among Tonge Street Friends, 1801-1850 Robynne Rogers Healey

3 An Evangelical Mind Nathanael Burwash and the Methodist Tradition in Canada, 1839-1918 Marguerite Van Die 4 The Devotes Women and Church in Seventeenth-Century France Elizabeth Rapley

48 The Congréegation deNotre-Dame, Superiors, and the Paradox of Power, 1693-1796 Colleen Gray

5 The Evangelical Century College and Creed in English Canada from the Great Revival to the Great Depression Michael Gauvreau

49 Canadian Pentecostalism Transition and Transformation Edited by Michael Wilkinson

6 The German Peasants' War and Anabaptist Community of Goods James M. Stayer

50 A War with a Silver Lining Canadian Protestant Churches and the South African War, 1899-1902 Gordon L. Heath

7 A World Mission Canadian Protestantism and the Quest for a New International Order, 1918-1939 Robert Wright

51 In the Aftermath of Catastrophe Founding Judaism, 70 to 640 Jacob Neusner 52 Imagining Holiness Classic Hasidic Tales in Modern Times Justin Jaron Lewis

8 Serving the Present Age Revivalism, Progressivism, and the Methodist Tradition in Canada Phyllis D. Airhart

9 A Sensitive Independence Canadian Methodist Women Missionaries in Canada and the Orient, 1881-1925 Rosemary R. Gagan 10 God's Peoples Covenant and Land in South Africa, Israel, and Ulster Donald Harman Akenson 11 Creed and Culture The Place of English-Speaking Catholics in Canadian Society, 1750-1930 Edited by Terrence Murphy and Gerald Stortz 12 Piety and Nationalism Lay Voluntary Associations and the Creation of an Irish-Catholic Community in Toronto, 1850-1895 Brian P. Clarke 13 Amazing Grace Studies in Evangelicalism in Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States Edited by George Rawlyk and Mark A. Noll 14 Children of Peace W. John Mclntyre

18 Pilgrims in Lotus Land Conservative Protestantism in British Columbia, 1917-1981 Robert K. Burkinshaw 19 Through Sunshine and Shadow The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Evangelicalism, and Reform in Ontario, 1874-1930 Sharon Cook 20 Church, College, and Clergy A History oflheological Education at Knox College, Toronto, 1844-1994 Brian J. Fraser 21 The Lord's Dominion The History of Canadian Methodism Neil Semple 22 A Full-Orbed Christianity The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada, 1900-1940 Nancy Christie and Michael Gauvreau 23 Evangelism and Apostasy The Evolution and Impact of Evangelicals in Modern Mexico Kurt Bowen

15 A Solitary Pillar Montreal's Anglican Church and the Quiet Revolution Joan Marshall

24 The Chignecto Covenanters A Regional History of Reformed Presbyterianism in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, 1827-1905 Eldon Hay

16 Padres in No Man's Land Canadian Chaplains and the Great War DuffCrerar

25 Methodists and Women's Education in Ontario, 1836-1925 Johanne Selles

17 Christian Ethics and Political Economy in North America A Critical Analysis of U.S. and Canadian Approaches P. Travis Kroeker

2 6 Puritanism and Historical Controversy William Lament

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SHOUTING, EMBRACING. and DANCING wi[h

C£STA 58-63> 85~668 Ibid., 30. 69 Ibid., 10. 70 O'Flaherty, The Rock Observed, 68. 71 Ibid., 17, 93, 99,100,121,187. 72 Wain, Selected Shorter Poems of Thomas Hardy, 20.

Notes to pages 30-5 267 73 Cartwright, A Journal of Transactions and Events, 342. 74 O'Flaherty, The Rock Observed, 36. 75 Beardsall, "Methodist Religious Practices in Outport Newfoundland," 61-2. 76 O'Flaherty, The Rock Observed, 25-6, 30. 77 Beardsall, "Methodist Religious Practices in Outport Newfoundland,"

63.

78 PANL, MG 598, SPG, A194 "Bishop Spencer's Visit, Placentia Bay, 1843," 3 July. [Hereafter the PANL copy of the SPG material will be designated as SPG, A.] 79 SPG, A217, Extract from Bishop Feild's Journal, 1859, White Bay. 80 Lives of Missionaries: North America, "Memoir of the Reverend Jacob George Mountain," 227. 81 Lumsden, The Skipper Parson, 154,156. 82 Lench, The Story of Methodism in Bonavista, 177. 83 Quoted in Thwaite, Glimpses of the Wonderful, 58. 84 PANL, Letter of Richard Newman, Twillingate, to Thomas Colbourne, 26 May, 9 December 1817, 13 December 1818, 6 December 1819, 11 December 1820, 9 September 1828, i and 7 December 1829, 5 October 1830. 85 UC Archives, WY 500, "A Journal kept by James England, Wesleyan Missionary Newfoundland, 1837-1841," 22 February 1839. 86 Lumsden, The Skipper Parson, 72. 87 Bond, Skipper George Netman, 10, 36. 88 Wain, Selected Shorter Poems of Thomas Hardy, 69, "In the Moonlight." 89 [Lowell], The New Priest in Conception Bay, 1:86. 90 Ibid., 1:9,16, 25, 72-3, 76, 80,165-6, 283,303; 2:10, 20, 24, 64, 97,139, 200, 247, 275, 290, 304, 314, 323. 91 [Grey], Sketches of Newfoundland and Labrador, plate X, Starve Harbour [Herring Neck]. 92 Tucker, Five Months in Labrador and Newfoundland, 29-32, 62. 93 Westfall, Two Worlds, 16. 94 Armour, "Religious Dissent in St. John's," ii, 41, 113; Barrett, "Revivalism and the Origins of Newfoundland Methodism," 221-3. 95 Handcock, "The West Country Migrations to Newfoundland," 9. 96 See, for example, Buckner, "Was There a British Empire?"; Vaudry, "Evangelical Anglicans and the Atlantic World" and Anglicans and the Atlantic World. 97 On "the north shore" of Conception Bay, Coughlan was able to gain Catholic converts in a similar fashion (Rollmann, "Laurence Coughlan," 161). 98 Grey, "The Ecclesiology of Newfoundland," 159-61. 99 Neylan, The Heavens Are Changing, 114. 100 Chadwick, The Victorian Church, 1:373. 101 Rawlyk, Wrapped Up in God, vii.

268 Notes to pages 35-9

102 103 104 105

Sider, Culture and Class in Anthropology and History. Christie and Gauvreau, "Modalities of Social Authority," 18. Rollmann, "Laurence Coughlan," 67. Story, George Street United Church, 23. CHAPTER TWO

1 PANL, MG 597, WMMS, reel 24, 1835-37, Jonn Pickavant, Chairman, to Secretary, 2 June 1836. 2 PANL, MG 598, SPG, Anniversary Meeting, 1809, 22-3; Methodist Magazine, 1809, 3993 Methodist Magazine, 1815, 354, and 1817, 358; SPG, Anniversary Meeting, 1817, 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18

32-3-

Findlay and Holdsworth, eds., The History of the WMMS, 1:274. Lovett, The History of the London Missionary Society, 21726. Thorne, "Religion and Empire at Home," 151. Methodist Magazine, 1816,181, 469-70, Samson Busby, Carbonear, to James Buckley, 16 January 1816. Ibid., 1817, 432, John Lewis, Burin, to George Marsden, 7 July 1817. "To say that a man is 'converted5 means ... that religious ideas, previously peripheral in his consciousness, now take central place, and that religious aims form the habitual centre of his energy" (James, Varieties of Religious Experience, 155). Methodist Magazine, 1817, 432, John Lewis, Burin, to George Marsden, 7 July 1817. WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, William Ellis, Burin, 29 November 1825. SOAS, WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 20, George Cubit, St John's, to Committee, 26 October 1816. SOAS, LMS, America, box i, William Hyde, St John's, to George Burder, 12 January 1816; ibid., Richard Vicars, St John's, to George Burder, 30 September 1816. [Hereafter LMS, box.] LMS, box i, William Hyde, St John's, to George Burder, 25 June 1813, 28 October 1814, 9 June and 11 December 1815, 12 January and 26 April 1816; ibid., William Hyde, St John's, to Joseph Hardcastle, 4 October 1815. LMS, box i, James Sabine to George Burder, St John's, 31 July 1817. LMS, box i, Richard Vicars, St John's, to George Burder, 21 December 1817. See Johnson, "A Matter of Custom and Convenience"; Lahey, "Religion and Politics in Newfoundland," 10-18. SPG, Aigo, David Rowland, St John's, 30 November 1816 and 29 January 1817. There was also an issue of money, marriage being a ceremony that brought in extra income (Lewis Amadeus Anspach to Doctor Morice, 3 September 1812). SPG, A192, George Coster, Bonavista, to Anthony M. Hamilton, 22 December 1826.

Notes to pages 40-1 269

19 See Seegmiller, "The Colonial and Continental ChurchSociety in Eastern Canada," 21-4, 31; The Codner Centenary, Rowe, A History of Education in Newfoundland^ 38-9. 20 NSS, Proceedings, 1848-1840,, i. These Newfoundland School Society reports are at the Guildhall Library, London; microfilm copies at PANL, Colonial and Continental Church Society, MG 595. 21 NSS, Proceedings, 1840-1841, i. 22 McCann, "The Newfoundland School Society," 95. 23 Ibid., 100. 24 Ibid., 105. David Alexander found that the area with the highest literacy rate (70%) was the Eastern Avalon, which included St John's and Ferryland districts. The second highest (57%) was the northeast coast - Conception Bay to Twillingate district (Alexander, "Literacy and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Newfoundland," table 6,127). 25 WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, Ninian Barr, Journal, 29 October 1823. 26 WMMS, reel 33, "Minutes of the Missions Committee," London, July 1814 - July 1851, vols. 1-6 (extracts), 24 July 1823, 3 March 1824. I*1 the first quarter of the nineteenth century, Methodist day schools were the exception. For example, John Hoskins began a school at Old Perlican in 1784; Hannah (Mrs James) Bulpit, Richard Taylor and his wife, and Mrs Sampson Busby had schools intermittently in Carbonear from 1807 to 1816; John Walsh and his wife had a school "for two hours three days a week" at Blackhead in 1818; Anne Hepditch (Mrs W. Kelson) "with two three young females" had a school "on Sundays and Thursdays" at Trinity in 1821. See Arminian Magazine, 1785, "An Account of Mr. John Hoskins in a Letter to the Rev. John Wesley," 26; Methodist Magazine, 1806, James Bulpit, Carbonear, to Thomas Coke, 12 June 1805, 378; 1813, John Gosse, Carbonear, to the Rev. Mr. Highfield, 21 December 1812, 319; 1816, abridged edition, William Ellis, Sampson Busby, John Lewis, and Thomas Hickson, St John's, to the Missionary Committee, 21 June 1816, 438; 1820, John Walsh, Blackhead, 20 October 1819, 238; Wesley an Methodist Magazine, 1822, James Hickson, Trinity, 10 January 1822, 270. 27 WMMS, reel 24, 1835-37, John Pickavant, Chairman, to Secretary, 2 June 1836. 28 WMMS, reel 27,1842-45, James Norris, Trinity, 11 January 1844. 29 SPG, Aig2, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Anthony Hamilton, Secretary, 15 December 1827, 6 December 1829. 30 SPG, A192, John Chapman, Twillingate, to A*M. Campbell, Secretary, 7 December 1835. 31 SPG, Aig2, Archdeacon George Coster, St John's, to Hamilton, 27 August 1824; ibid., George Coster, Bonavista, to Richard Lendon, Cloisters, Westminster, 9 November 1826, "A copy of the letter sent to Mr. Parker, Secretary to the Society PCK." On Coster, see Rollmann, "The Colonial Episcopate," 29-30; "George Coster," DCS, 8:171-4.

270 Notes to pages 41-3 32 SPG, A193, William Bullock, Trinity, to Archdeacon of NL, 25 October 1833. 33 SPG, A193, Edward Wix, St John's, to Archdeacon Hamilton, 28 December 1830, 13 September and 8 August 1831. 34 SPG, A193, Edward Wix, St John's, to Archdeacon Hamilton, 12 September 1832. 35 Wix , Six Months of a Newfoundland Missionary 's Journal ', 6 2 . 36 John Pickavant, chairman of the Newfoundland District, called him "a bitter enemy to Methodism" in 1834 (WMMS, box 5, 1833/34-37/38, file 207, John Pickavant, Brigus, 14 July 1834). 37 Wix, Six Months of a Newfoundland Missionary's Journal, 39. 38 SPG, Ai68, Collett to Wix, 13 May 1836; Wix, Six Months of a Newfoundland Missionary's Journal ', 40. Collett last subscribed to the Newfoundland School Society in Petty Harbour in 1833 (NSS, Proceedings, 1833-1834, 33). 39 WMMS, reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 9 January 1833. 40 WMMS, reel 24, 1835-37, John Pickavant, Chairman, to Secretary, 2 June 1836. 41 Methodist Magazine, 1820, 236-7. 42 Wesley an, "The Deputation to Newfoundland," 30 August 1855. 43 Lench, A Souvenir of the Brigus Methodist Jubilee, 4-5; Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries', Smith, History of the Methodist Church, vol. i. 44 WMMS, box 2, 1819/20-23/25, file 52, Thomas Hickson, Brigus, to Joseph Taylor, 28 December 1820; WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, John Haigh, Brigus, 10 July 1822. 45 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, John Haigh, Brigus, 10 January 1823. Methodist class meetings were held weekly for Christian fellowship, united prayer, sympathetic instruction, and helpful counsel "under the pastoral oversight of a duly appointed and recognized leader" (Methodist Monthly Greeting, April 1901, 3, "Forty Years Ago, No. 11," John Waterhouse, Manchester). See also, Winsor, Hearts Strangely Warmed, 11. 46 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, John Haigh, Brigus, 10 June 1823. 47 Ibid., 29 December 1823. 48 SPG, Report for 1827, 68-9, Bishop John Inglis, Journal, 10, 11 June 1827. 49 SPG, Aig2, Charles Blackman, Porte de Grave, to A. Hamilton, 18 December 1827; WMMS, box 3, 1823/25-28/29, file 144, William Ellis, Brigus, 12 June 1828. 50 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 182, Richard Knight, Carbonear, 27 December 1832; Public Ledger, 7 June 1833. See also, "The Empire of Charles Cozens," in Leamon, Brigus, 372-9. 51 Wesleyan, "The Deputation to Newfoundland," 30 August 1855. 52 SPG, Aig6, J.M. Martin, Brigus, 3 April 1846. 53 NSS, Proceedings, 1832-1833, 7-8.

Notes to pages 43-5 271

54 SPG, Aig6, J.M. Martin, Brigus, 3 April 1846. 55 WMMS, reel 27, 1842-45, Ingham Sutcliffe, St John's, 20 November 1843. 56 SPG, A194, Bishop Spencer, Trinity Harbour, 2 July 1840; Bishop Spen cer, St John's, to Campbell, 7 November 1840; Bishop Spencer, St John's, to Ernest Hawkins, 18 November 1840; Bishop Spencer, St John's, to Hawkins, 23 July 1841; Bishop Spencer, St John's, to A.M. Campbell, 26 April 1841; Aig2, Charles Blackman, St John's, to Bishop of Nova Scotia, 17 January 1839; A193, Archdeacon Wix, St John's, to Archdeacon Hamil ton, 8 August 1831; A192, George Coster, Bonavista, to Richard Lendon Cloisters, Westminster, 9 November 1826, "A copy of the letter sent to Mr. Parker, Secretary to the Society PCK." 57 SPG, Aig2, George Coster, Bonavista, 21 July 1827. 58 SPG, Report for 1822, 58, Report of John Leigh, Ecclesiastical Commissary. 59 Wix, Six Months of a Newfoundland Missionary's Journal, 123. 60 SPG, Aigo, Lewis Amadeus Anspach, St John's, to Rev. Dr. Morice, 28 October 1802. 61 The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel was founded in 1701 to plant the Church of England in the British colonies ([SPG], The Spiritual Expansion of Empire, iii). On SPG schools, see White, "A History of S.P.G.Supported Schools in Newfoundland." 62 SPG, Aigo, John Leigh, Harbour Grace, to Anthony Hamilton, 15 January 1821; SPG, Report for 1821, 55-6. Similarly, Bishop Feild gave the injunction to lay readers: "You shall not preach, or interpret; but only ... read" (Robert Dyer's Diary, Greenspond, 1841-1859, 12 June 1853; draft manuscript copy in preparation for publishing by Linda White; original at the Anglican General Synod Archives, Toronto). 63 SPG, Aig2, William Bullock, Trinity, to James Markland, Treasurer, 2g June 1831. 64 SPG, Aig2, Charles Blackman, St John's, to A. Hamilton, 16 September 1822. 65 Gunn, The Political History of Newfoundland, 33-42, appendix B, Members of the House of Assembly, tables 11 and ill, ig4-5. Yet the Protestants still retained control of the actual government, that is, the executive council. 66 Howley, Ecclesiastical History of Newfoundland, 323. 67 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, John Pickavant, Chairman, Official District letter to Secretaries, 2g May 1837. 68 Ibid. 6g WMMS, reel 24, 1835-37, Thomas Angwin, Port de Grave, 21 December 1836. 70 WMMS, reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, John Pickavant, Chairman, Official district letter to Secretar-

272 Notes to pages 45-8

ies, 29 May 1837. See also, WMMS, box 6, 1837/38-41/42, file 251, William Faulkner, Blackhead, 5 January 1837. 71 WMMS, reel 25, 1838-40, John Pickavant, Carbonear, 12 September and 21 November 1838. 72 SPG, Aipi, John Burt, Oswald J. Howell, and Thomas F.H. Bridge, St John's, to Bishop of Nova Scotia, i November 1838; Aig3, T.F.H. Bridge, St John's, to A.M. Campbell, Secretary, 26 October 1838. 73 SPG, Aigi, John Burt, Oswald J. Howell, and T.F.H. Bridge, St John's, to Bishop of Nova Scotia, i November 1838; A193, T.F.H. Bridge, St John's, to A.M. Campbell, Secretary, 26 October 1838. 74 Wix, Six Months of a Newfoundland Missionary's Journal, 36, 81,120-2, 156, 169-74. 75 Ibid., 172-3, 257. 76 Ibid., 33; Millman and Kelly, Atlantic Canada to 1900, 20. 77 SPG, A195, George B. Cowan, Burin, to Bishop Spencer, 16 May 1842; A194, Bishop Spencer's Visit to Placentia Bay in 1843, *3 Juty 1^43» A195> Bishop Edward Feild, Great Placentia, 25 November 1845; A222, Quarterly Report of William Kepple White, Harbour Buffett, 30 September 1854. 78 Howley, Ecclesiastical History of Newfoundlandr, 195. Lahey, James Louis O'Donel in Newfoundland, 1784-1807,13. Rollmann, "Prince William Henry in Newfoundland." 79 WMMS, box 5,1833/34-37/38, file 202, Charles Bates, Hant's Harbour, to Secretaries, 29 January 1833. 80 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 9 January and 18 May 1833. 81 WMMS, reel 27, 1842-45, John Snowball, Blackhead, to Robert Adler, 7 July 1843; WMMS, box 8> 1846/48-49/51, file 38o» George Ellidge, Port de Grave, 10 November 1847. 82 WMMS, reel 25,1838-40, John Pickavant, Carbonear, to Robert Adler, 24 December 1839. 83 SPG, Aig2, Charles Blackman, St John's, to A.M. Campbell, 7 November 1838; Aigo, Frederick Carrington, St John's, 29 October 1829; Carrington, St John's, 24 October 1838; Aigi, John Burt, Harbour Grace, to A.M. Campbell, 11 January 1839. 84 SPG, Report for 1839, 28-30, 36. 85 UC Archives, WY 100, box i, 1829-73, 1839-43, Newfoundland Auxiliary Wesleyan Missionary Society, Meeting of 15 November 1839. 86 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1843, 7^6. SPG, Report for 1843, xxxiv. 87 SPG, A194, Charge of Bishop Spencer, 1841. 88 An account of an evening spent with Feild in St John's shows how endeared he was to the tractarian movement: "The evening was passed at the Bishop's, when the conversation was about Oxford, and Keble, English personages and Christian art. A few poems were read from Keble's Chris-

Notes to pages 48-51 273 tian Tear, and commented on by the Bishop, who is a personal friend and admirer of the poet" (Noble, After Icebergs with a Painter, 74). 89 SPG, Aigs, Bishop Feild, St John's, to Ernest Hawkins, 10 June 1845. 90 SPG, A195, Bishop Feild, Bermuda, to Ernest Hawkins, 19 March 1846. 91 WMMS, reel 27, John S. Peach, Hermitage Cove, 30 September 1842. 92 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1842, 1073. Articles against apostolic succession had also appeared in the new publication, the Wesleyan, 14 March, i July 1838 and 11 February 1839. 93 Handcock, "English Migration to Newfoundland," 34-6. 94 The following on tractarianism is from the writer's MA thesis, Hollett, "Resistance to Bishop Edward Feild in Newfoundland," 35-8. 95 Livingston, Modern Christian Thought, 117. 96 Yates, The Oxford Movement and Anglican Ritualism, 22-3. 97 Livingston, Modern Christian Thought, 118. 98 Yates, The Oxford Movement and Anglican Ritualism,32. 99 Chadwick, The Mind of the Oxford Movement, 11. 100 Livingston, Modern Christian Thought, 117. Rudolf Otto observed that "mysterium tremendum" may also be felt "in the fixed and ordered solemnities of rites and liturgies, and ... in the atmosphere that clings to old religious monuments and buildings, to temples and to churches." He thought that in the West "the Gothic appears as the most numinous of all types of art" (Otto, The Idea of the Holy, 12, 67). 101 Ibid., 123. 102 Chadwick, The Mind of the Oxford Movement, 26. 103 Ibid., 28. 104 "Baptismal Regeneration" meant that at the baptismal rite of the infant, and not at later conversion, a person was born again and made part of Christ's church. "Real Presence" meant that Christ's body and blood were actually present in the elements at the Holy Communion service. Evangelicals, on the other hand, saw the elements as symbols of Christ's death; whatever was taking place spiritually was taking place in the individuals present and not in the elements. 105 Livingston, Modern Christian Thought, 125. 106 Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches, 2:468-70. 107 Public Ledger, 6 September 1853. 108 Quoted in Vaudry, "Evangelical Anglicans and the Atlantic World," 158-

9109 Spencer, Sermons on Various Subjects, 244-5, 331. See also his Brief Account of the Church of England, 62. no Quoted in Tucker, Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of Edward Feild, 34-5. in In contrast, he ordered lay readers, "You shall not enter within the communion rails, or ascend the Pulpit" (Robert Dyer's Diary, Greenspond, 1841-59,17-20 February 1855).

274 Notes to pages 51-6

112 SPG, Reportfor 1845, xlviii-xlix; letter of Bishop Feild, Twillingate, to the Rev. Canon Seymour, 14 November 1868, printed in Tucker, Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of Edward Feild, 233-6. While Feild said he could not change the church because of "its construction, still more its situation in the churchyard," it is possible that evangelical Anglicans in Twillingate would not allow it. 113 SPG, A227, W.W. Le Gallais, Channel, 18 February 1861. St Peter's remains so today. 114 Bishop Feild, Order and Uniformity. 115 [Medley], A Charge Delivered at His Primary Visitation, 14. 116 Wesleyan, 22 September 1849, "Revival of Religion at Carbonear" by John Snowball. 117 Ibid. 118 See, for instance, Coughlan, An Account of the Work of God in Newfoundland. 119 For example, WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, James Hickson, Trinity Harbour, 28 December 1822; reel 27,1842-45, Samuel W. Sprague, Burin, 5 November 1845; ibid., John S. Peach, Trinity, 29 November 1845. 120 WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, John Boyd, Journal, Trinity, i March 1824. 121 For example, WMMS, reel 25, 1838-40, George Apsey, Ship Cove, Labrador, 16 September 1839; reel 28, 1846-48, Samuel W. Sprague, Burin, 14 December 1846; reel 29,1849-52, John Brewster, Burin, 9 March 1850; reel 30,1852-53, John Brewster, Green Bay, 10 May 1853. 122 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, James Hickson, Trinity Harbour, 28 December 1822. See also SPG, A222, Ernest A. Sail, Bonavista, 31 December 1854; A228, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1860. 123 Methodist Monthly Greeting, May 1902, 13, "Forty Years Ago, No. 22," John Waterhouse. CHAPTER T H R E E

1 PANL, MG 597, WMMS, reel 29, 1849-52, John Brewster, Twillingate, Green Bay, 26 October 1850. 2 Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, 430. See also, 43-4, 58, 4373 Hempton, Methodism: Empire of the Spirit, 7-10. 4 Methodist Magazine, 1815,160. 5 Parsons, "The Origin and Growth of Newfoundland Methodism;" Kewley, "The First Fifty Years of Methodism in Newfoundland"; Grant, "Methodist Origins in Atlantic Canada," 36; Semple, The Lord's Dominion, 28-30. 6 Lay representation was not allowed until 1874 with the formation of the Newfoundland Conference (Provincial Wesleyan, 22 August 1874, "Minutes of Newfoundland Conference").

Notes to pages 56-9 275

7 For example, Fortune Bay was seen as a frontier region. In the first two decades of it being designated a circuit, 1816, Richard Knight, John Oliver, Simeon Noall, George Ellidge, Richard Shepherd, Thomas Angwin, and Ingham Sutcliffe were sent there as novices. See circuit appointment lists in the Methodist Magazine, 1816-36. 8 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, James Hickson, Trinity Harbour, 28 December 1822; reel 22, 1831-33, John Smithies, Burin, 19 November 1832; reel 26, 1841-42, John S. Addy, Trinity, 9 November 1841; reel 27, 1842-45, James England Burin, 31 October 1843; ree^ 3°» 1852-53, Edmund Botterell, St John's, 24 August 1853. On the south coast it was often women who did the rowing. See QEL, "William Marshall, Diary, 1839-1842," 31 July, 2 August, 7 October 1839, 16 April, 20 August 1840, and 7 February 1842; "John S. Peach Diaries, 1841-1855," 28 June 1842. 9 WMMS, reel 25,1838-40, William Faulkner, St John's, 11 December 1838. 10 Ibid., Philip Tocque, St John's, to Secretaries, 11 January 1840. 11 Tocque, Newfoundland, As It Was, 84; quoted in Doyle, Newfoundlander in Exile, 21. 12 Chadwick, The Victorian Church, 1:376. 13 Jones, "Bishop Feild: A Study in Politics and Religion," 84-6. 14 WMMS, reel 30, 1852-53, Thomas Fox, St John's, to Secretaries, 25 May 185315 SOAS, WMMS, box 7, 1841/42-46/48, file 343, William Faulkner, Brigus, 30 January 1844. 16 WMMS, reel 29,1849-52, John Brewster, Burin, 13 April 1849. 17 UC Archives, WY 500, "Journal of Thomas Fox, 1851-1877," 27 January 1854 and end of year 1855. 18 Public Ledger, 17 January 1860, letter to editor from "A Methodist" on "Methodism in Newfoundland." A writer replied to the Courier that the lack was not the missionaries' fault and cited no training facility as one of the reasons (Courier, January 28, 1860). However, many of the missionaries received their training by reading prescribed theological works as they ministered in Newfoundland and elsewhere. For the assertion of native rights, largely in St John's, see "The Newfoundland Natives' Society," in Poole and Cuff, eds., Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, 4:21-7. 19 WMMS, reel 34, September 1814 - December 1867, Minutes of the Missions Committee, London, Outgoing Letters - extracts, John Beecham to Edmund Botterell, Superintendent and Chairman of the Newfoundland District, 21 March 1854. 20 QEL, "Journal of Thomas Fox, 1851-1877," 27, 31 January 1854. 21 For example, WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, William Wilson, Grand Bank, 18 November 1823; reel l9-> 1$24-25, Richard Knight, Brigus, 18 July 1824; reel 23, 1832-35, William Faulkner, Burin, 10 January, i December 1834;

276 Notes to pages 59-61

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

36 37

38 39

reel 24,1835-37, George Ellidge, Carbonear, 23 June 1836; reel 31,1854-67, Edmund Botterell, St John's, 26 January 1854. QEL, "William Marshall, Diary, 1839-1842," 22 April - 15 July 1840. WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 174, John Haigh, Carbonear, 15 May 1830. WMMS, reel 29,1849-52, John Brewster, Burin, 9 March 1850. Wesleyan, 16 March 1850, "Sabbath School" letter from John Brewster, Burin, Newfoundland, to the Wesley Sabbath School children, Halifax. For example, see the Wesley an, John Brewster, "Notices of Newfoundland, Nos. 10-14," *7 November 1849 - 8 December 1849. WMMS, reel 29, 1849-52, Richard Williams, Chairman, and William Faulkner, Secretary, St John's, re John Brewster, 3 July 1850; ibid., John Brewster, St John's, 3 June 1850. Ibid., Edmund Botterell, St John's, 18 December 1850. WMMS, reel 31,1854-67, Edmund Botterell, St John's, to Rev. Osborne, 3 August 1854; Courier, 11 January 1854; Public Ledger, 13 January, 3 February, 9 June 1854. WMMS, reel 31, 1854-67, Edmund Botterell, St John's, to Osborne, 3 August, 6 September 1854; ibid., John Brewster, Island Cove, 12 October 1854. Ibid., Edmund Botterell, St John's, to Osborne, 4 November 1854. Ibid., John S. Peach, Grand Bank, to Secretaries, 10 December 1855. UC Archives, WMMS 100, box i, 1829-1873, "District Journal 1851-1858," District Meeting, St John's, 17 May 1854. Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2:362. WMMS, reel 29, 1849-52, Thomas Angwin, Blackhead, 5 April 1852; reel 30, 1852-53, James England, Bonavista, to Elijah Hoole, 31 January 1853; ibid., James Norris, Blackhead, 6 June 1853; ibid., Edmund Botterell, St John's, to Rev. E. Osborne, 13 June 1853; ibid., W.E. Shenstone, Brigus, 12 September 1853; reel 31, 1854-67, Thomas Smith, Port de Grave, 29 May 1854; ibid., Samuel W. Sprague, Harbour Grace, 13 February 1855; reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Meetings, Carbonear, 16 May 1855WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1854,1855. WMMS, reel 30, 1852-53, Thomas Smith, Port de Grave, 22 November 1852, 9 and 13 April, 5 December 1853; reel 31, 1854-67, Thomas Smith, Port de Grave, 24 April 1854; ibid., Thomas Smith, Bonavista, to the Committee, 25 January 1855; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine 2 (1855): 653-6. WMMS, reel 31,1854-67, John S. Addy, Blackhead, to General Secretaries, 11 April 1855. WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 19 May 1852.

Notes to pages 62-4 277

40 WMMS, reel 31, 1854-67, Samuel W. Sprague, Rant's Harbour, to John Beecham, 23 March 1855; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine 2 (1855): 843. 41 WMMS, reel 31,1854-67, Edmund Botterell, St John's, to Samuel Sprague, 24 March 1855. 42 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, Carbonear, 16 May 1855. Response to Question 21: "Has the Chairman of the District received any instructions, advices, or observations from the Committee to be laid before the Brethren?" 43 WMMS, reel 31, 1854-67, Leaders, Local Preachers and Stewards of St John's to John Beecham, August 1855. 44 WMMS, reel 31, 1854-67, Meeting, St John's, Received by the Committee February 1855. 45 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1843, letter to Secretaries from George Ellidge on the "union of the several British North American Districts into a General Conference." 46 WMMS, reel 34, September 1814 - December 1867, Minutes of the Missions Committee, London, Outgoing Letters - extracts, John Beecham to Edmund Botterell, Superintendent and Chairman of the Newfoundland District, 21 March 1854. 47 Provincial Wesleyan, 12 June 1861, letter from Newfoundland, St John's, 30 May 1861. 48 Ibid., 19 July 1855, "The Inauguration of the Wesleyan Conference of Eastern British America." 49 Ibid., 30 August 1855, "The Deputation to Newfoundland." Richard Knight had been a missionary in Newfoundland, 1816-33, before transferring to the Maritimes. 50 WMMS, box 12, 1868-83, file 570, John S. Peach, Brigus, to Perks, 29 August 1871. 51 WMMS, box 11,1858/63-68/83, file 538, John S. Peach to Rev. G. Osborne, London, 19 March 1867. 52 WMMS, box 10,1852/54-58/6, file 17E, Samuel W. Sprague to Secretaries, 27 November 1856; box 12, 1868-83, file 570, Thomas Harris, Chairman, Harbour Grace, 3 August 1871. 53 Provincial Wesleyan, 15 February 1871, Thomas Fox, Hant's Harbour. 54 WMMS, box 12,1868-83, file 570, George Milligan, St John's, 28 January 187555 Ibid., 14 January 1875. 56 Ibid., 28 January 1875. $ee also tne large increase in the next twenty-five years, despite the continuing exodus: Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1899, 8, "What Hath God Wrought? A Review of Methodism in Newfoundland," by J.T.N., and July 1900, 12, "Newfoundland Methodism during the Century," by H.C. Hatcher. 57 Provincial Wesleyan, 9 April 1873, George Forsey, Burin Circuit.

278 Notes to pages 64-8

58 For Victorian respectability, see Thompson, The Rise of Respectability. 59 Provincial Wesleyan, 2 November 1864, "Incidents in Newfoundland," John Brewster. See also Pitt, Windows of Agates, 64-9; Nichols, ed., A Century of Methodism in St. John's, illustration of "Gower Street Church, 1858." 60 "Architecture: Monumentalism and Morality," in Gunn, The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class, 40-3. 61 Provincial Wesleyan, 12 January 1874, Newfoundland letter to editor from George S. Milligan, 24 December 1873; Courier, i February 1873. See also Story, George Street United Church, 1873-1973. 62 Wesleyan, 7 September 1878. 63 Ibid., 29 February 1884. 64 For an exploration of the tensions between Christianity and civilization, see Niebuhr, Christ and Culture. 65 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1830, 464. For an example of "habits of economy," see "Early Rising," 1833, 857-8. In the same volume, George Smith noted that at Portland, Dorset, those who were not converted were "in a good measure civilized" in the 17905 through Methodism ("Memoir of the Rev. George Smith," 7). 66 Provincial Wesleyan, 13 April 1874, 29 January 1876. 67 Wesleyan, 5 April 1879, letter from Musgrave Harbour, 17 February 1879. 68 Methodist Monthly Greeting, June 1903, 11, "Whither Are We Drifting?" by S. Chadwick, Methodist Times. 69 Ibid., September 1903, 10, "The Bi-Centenary Revivalistic Movement An Open Letter by the General Superintendent." 70 Westfall, Two Worlds, 67. 71 Ibid., 141. 72 Jones, "Bishop Feild: A Study in Politics and Religion," 121, 108-33, 15361, 170-90; Hollett, "Bishop Edward Feild: A Wedge in Newfoundland Society," 34-40. For tractarians, "the Church" referred only to the Church of England. 73 Greene, "The Influence of Religion in the Politics of Newfoundland," 98101. 74 McCann, "The Politics of Denominational Education," 30-59. 75 Ibid., 31-6. The Bible question became an issue in Prince Edward Island in the next decade but was resolved in 1860 without resorting to denominatibnalism (Robertson, "The Bible Question," 22). 76 McCann, "The 'No Popery' Crusade," 95. 77 "Michael Anthony Fleming," DCB, 7:292-300. 78 FitzGerald, "Conflict and Culture," 90-4,136, 202. 79 French, "Methodism and Education in the Atlantic Provinces." See also, Fingard, The Anglican Design, 152-8. 80 Ibid., 154. 81 Wood, "The Significance of Evangelical Presbyterian Politics," 62-85.

Notes to pages 68-70 279

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

90

91 92

93 94 95 96

97

98

French, "Methodism and Education in the Atlantic Provinces," 159. Wood, "The Significance of Evangelical Presbyterian Politics," 85. Tromblay, "Thomas Louis Connolly," 114-27. UC Archives, WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," special meeting on Subdivision of Protestant Grant, Carbonear, 14 August 1850. Ibid., "District Journal, 1851-1858," District Minutes, 20 May 1858; Provincial Wesleyan, i August 1866, "Jottings from Newfoundland." Ibid., "District Book, 1870-1871," Annual District Meeting, St John's, 25, 29-30 May 1871. WY 100, box 3, Meeting of Committee of Education, 24 August 1871. Provincial Wesleyan,.^ May 1874, letter to editor from George S. Milligan, St John's, 29 April 1874. See also, Methodist Monthly Greeting, January 1901, 2, Lench, "The Makers of Newfoundland Methodism," re George S. Milligan. WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "District Book, 1870-1871," Newfoundland School and Agency Society Committee, 17 June 1875; box 3,1874-1902, Journal of the Newfoundland Conference, St John's, 15 June 1875. James Dove said that Milligan opposed denominational schools but "bowed to the inevitable" and determined to make the best of it (Methodist Monthly Greeting, February 1902, 8, obituary of George Seaton Milligan by James Dove). Wesleyan, 6 May 1876, Journal of Green Bay Circuit by John Reay, Twillingate, 23 March 1876. Methodist Monthly Greeting, January 1901, 2, "The Makers of Newfoundland Methodism - 13: The Builders of Our Educational System"; February 1901, 2, "The Makers of Newfoundland Methodism - 14: The Division of the Protestant Educational Grant." See Neil Semple on Methodism's new mission "to transform the entire nation into a highly moral social order" (Semple, The Lord's Dominion, 334-62). Hemp ton, Methodism: Empire of the Spirit, 149. Gunn, The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class, 92. Courier, 8 June 1859; Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1891, 62, "Obituary of Martha Downes, Sound Island." Smith, in his history of Methodism, merely refers to her as the "equally zealous wife" of Charles Downes (Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2 ^373) • NF GenWeb Vital Statistics Records, Avalon South Region, Vital Statistics, vol. 26E, Anglican Cathedral of St John the Baptist, St John's, Newfoundlandi Marriages from 1754, Part Two . Methodist Monthly Greeting, August 1903, 6, "Forty Years Ago, No. 34," John Waterhouse.

280 Notes to pages 70-2

99 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, abridged edition, 1824, m- Abridged volumes were 200—300 pages shorter owing to items being removed. 100 Muir, Petticoats in the Pulpit, 26. 101 For women as exhorters, see Methodist Monthly Greeting, July 1900, 12, "Newfoundland Methodism during the Century," by H.C. Hatcher. 102 Bell, "Allowed Irregularities," 6,10. 103 [Lowell], The New Priest in Conception Bay, 1:184. 104 For example, John Corlett: "I exhorted the people at Silly Cove ... I do not recollect to have preached with more liberty" (Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1827, 275)- See also WMMS, reel 20, 1825-28, William Wilson, Burin, Journal of visit to Placentia Bay, Oderin, 17 September 1826; reel 24,1835-37, Thomas Angwin, Porte de Grave, 14 July 1836; Provincial Wesleyan, 10 November 1869, "Obituary of George Apsey." 105 Muir, Petticoats in the Pulpit, 5-7, 26-9. 106 WMMS, reel 23,1832-35, William Ellis, Bonavista, 12 August 1834. 107 For women as class leaders, see WMMS, box 7, 1841/42-46/48, file 344, T.N., obituary of Catherine Newell, Carbonear, 29 April 1845; Provincial Wesleyan, 22 April 1858, Hannah Goddard, Burin; 18 January 1860, Charles Comben, "At Henley Harbour one of the good sisters, a Leader from the Carbonear Circuit, regularly met her class every Sabbath"; 2 May 1866, Mrs George Lake (Nancy Major), Fortune; 10 November 1873, Elizabeth Finch, Trinity, later Elizabeth Wilson; 23 March 1874, Esther Stone, West Point, Lapoile Bay; 11 May 1874, Amelia Rogerson, St John's; Wesleyan, 27 August 1880, Jane Taylor, Carbonear, later Jane Bemister; 14 March 1884, Elizabeth Percy, Brigus; Methodist Monthly Greeting, September 1888, 2, Emma Hollett, Burin; November 1889, 10, Mary Wilkinson, St John's; February 1893, 30, Elizabeth Goddard, Spoon Cove; November 1896, 170, Rebecca Taylor, Change Islands and Seldom; November 1896, 173, Hannah Darby, Burin; November 1896,185, Rachel Benson, Grates Cove; September 1898, 135, Elizabeth Squires, Bay Roberts; April 1899, 63, Mrs Richard Pelley, Hant's Harbour; December 1899, 3> Elizabeth Mitchell, Burin; May 1900, 4, Mrs James Whelan, Blackhead; July 1900, 13, Emma H. Hollett, Burin; September 1900, 9, Sarah Parsons, Freshwater; October 1900, 6, Mary Guy, Twillingate; January 1901,13, Julia Parsons, Freshwater; June 1901, 10, Elizabeth Vigus, Burin; April 1902, 10, Ann Samways, Twillingate; June 1902, 11, Selina French, Moreton's Harbour; July 1902, 16, Christiana Forsey; November 1902, 12, Mrs Jacobs, Twillingate; December 1902, 12, Mary Ann Legrow, Blackhead; July 1903, 14, Sarah Whelan, Western Bay; September 1903, i, Nancy Penwell, Grand Bank; November 1903, i, Emma Butler, Clarke's Beach; December 1903, 5, Elizabeth Moores, Bonne Bay; March 1905, 15, Isabella Whiteford Rogerson, St John's; July 1905,15, Mary Ann Taylor, Change Islands. 108 Methodist Monthly Greeting, February 1918, 19, Mrs Andrew Butt, Flat Island.

Notes to pages 72-4 281 109 Ibid., July 1908, 3. no Ibid., April 1901,3, "Forty Years Ago, No. 11," John Waterhouse. "In North America ... the class meeting became the essential and distinguishing institution of Methodism. Assembled weekly under the supervision of a mature Christian leader, it held the society together and sometimes even serves as a surrogate family to lonely individuals who joined the fellowship. As mission operations expanded into newer areas, the class meeting often predated the arrival of the itinerant preacher or the formation of regular worship services, and thus it acted as a crucial advance base for church work. It also functioned as a training ground for exhorters, lay preachers, and even itinerant ministers" (Semple, The Lord's Dominion,

19).

111 Crowther, A Portraiture of Methodism, 267, in Winsor, Hearts Strangely Warmed, 12. 112 Methodist Monthly Greeting, September 1911, 8-9. 113 Chaulk, "John Wesley and Newfoundland Methodism," 164-5. 114 WY 200, Twillingate, box 4, "Circuit Book 1868-1875," 1869; Methodist Monthly Greeting, March 1905, 15; ibid., November 1896, 170, Henry J. Indoe, Seldom, "A Chapter in the History of Newfoundland Methodism"; WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, "Reports of the Work of God in the Newfoundland District," William Marshall, Green Bay, 1843. 115 Methodist Monthly Greeting, September 1888, 2, December 1899, 3, and July 1904, 2. 116 Ibid., September 1898, 135, "A Short Account of Two Church Members," John Reay. 117 Ibid., January 1901,13, "Forty Years Ago, No. 9," John Waterhouse. 118 Ibid., April 1900, 7; Wesley an, 17 March 1877. 119 Harvey, How the Fish Came into Hant's Harbour, 14-17. Johnson, History of Methodism, 287. Cranford and Janes, From Cod to Crab, 115-20. 120 WMMS, box 2,1819/20-23/25, file 97, William Wilson, Bonavista, to Committee, 19 May 1823. 121 Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 246-9. Wilson said that his source was a written report "taken down from the lips of the parties, on the respective days when the event occurred," He suppressed the names, except for the woman, "Mrs. P." and the Church of England clergyman, "John." 122 WMMS, reel 29,1849-52, John Brewster, Twillingate, 26 October 1850. 123 Provincial Wesleyan, 22 April 1858, Hannah Goddard, Burin; 2 May 1866, Mrs George Lake, Fortune; 10 November 1873, Elizabeth Finch, Trinity, later Elizabeth Wilson; 23 March 1874, Esther Stone, West Point, Lapoile Bay. 124 Ibid., 10 August 1878, Catherine Gill, and 12 April 1879; Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1903, i, Emma Butler.

282 Notes to pages 75-7 125 QEL, "Journal of John Lewis," 1.01, i, 2 April 1815. See also, 1.02, 4 August, 3, 26 September, 30 November 1815; Methodist Magazine, 1820, 953, James Hickson, Journal, Island Cove. George Smith credited "some bottles of port wine ... under God" for his recovery from "a violent cold" on his second visit to Bonavista in 1796 (Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1833, "Memoir of the Rev. George Smith," 10). 126 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.04, 27 February 1816, and 1.06, 3, 8 December 1817; WY 200, Burin, box i, "Account Book, 1821-1835," Parsonage House account, 20 October 1821, $/i gallons of rum, Rev. Thomas Hickson, Wesleyan Missionary, Burin Bay, Newfoundland. 127 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, James Hickson, Trinity Harbour, 28 December 1822. 128 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 47, [George Cubit], "Observations on the Island of Newfoundland," March 1819; file 25, George Cubit, St John's, to George Marsden, 21 May 1818. 129 Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 347-9. See also Pope's observations of "the cultural significance of alcohol and tobacco" in the seventeenth-century Atlantic world, in his Fish into Wine, 393-401. 130 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.01, 28 April 1815; 1.05,20, 25 June, 4 August 1817; 1.06, 8 November 1817. See also 1.02, 7 August, 20 October, 6 November 1815; 1.03, 3 January, 16 March, 9 April, 31 October, 22 November 1816. 131 Ibid., 1.02, 27 August 1815; 1.03, 20 January 1816. 132 Ibid., 1.08, 4, 22 November 1818. 133 QEL, "John S. Peach Diaries, 1841-1855," 19 January 1847. 134 Tucker, Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of Edward Feild, 186. 135 UC Archives, "Journal of Thomas Fox, 1851-1877," 28 January 1858. 136 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.05, 24 September 1817; Coll-2O5 1.06, 29 December 1817; Coll-205 1.08, 20 September 1819. 137 WMMS, box 2,1819/20-23/25, file 72, John Bell, St John's, to Committee, 20 November 1821. 138 WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, Adam Nightingale, Island Cove, 17 June 1824. 139 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, John Pickavant, Harbour Grace, 18 November 1822. 140 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 17, Samuel McDowell, William Ellis, and Richard Taylor, Carbonear, to William Ward, 20 September 1812; file 17, Samuel McDowell and William Ellis, Carbonear, to Thomas Blanshard, 8 July 1813. 141 Methodist Magazine, 1820, 237, John Walsh, Blackhead, 20 October 1819. 142 PANL, MG 598, SPG, AK)2, William Bullock, Trinity, to A. Hamilton, 23 November 1826; WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, William Wilson's Journal, Grand Bank, 12 August 1823. 143 Public Ledger, 22 January 1833. So Philip Henry Gosse vowed in 1832, the year he became a Methodist convert (Thwaite, Glimpses of the Wonderful,

50).

Notes to pages 77-9 283 144 Public Ledger, 18 February 1842. The Irish temperance movement was introduced to St John's in 1841 (FitzGerald, "Irish Fraternities"). 145 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, John Pickavant, Chairman, Address of the Annual District Meeting to the Methodist Societies in Newfoundland, Brigus, 27 May 1842. 146 WMMS, reel 27, 1842-45, John Snowball, Blackhead, to Robert Adler, 7 July 1843; WMMS, box 8,1846/48-49/51, file 380, George Ellidge, Port de Grave, 10 November 1847. 147 Whelan, "The Newspaper Press," 122-4. 148 WMMS, reel 31,1854-67, Edmund Botterell, St John's, to Rev. Osborne, 3 August 1854; Public Ledger, 5 September 1854. 149 Wesleyan, 25 January 1884. In 1848 John Lewis, who had returned to Britain and by then was a teetotaller, was opposed by every Methodist minister at the District Meeting at Whitby, North Yorkshire (JRL, PLP 53.34.1, John Lewis, Malton, 29 June 1848). 150 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1891, 62. 151 Courier, 29 June 1867. 152 Times, 17 May 1845, 3 June 1^4^153 Tucker, Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of Edward Feild, 11. 154 Jones, "Bishop Feild: A Study in Politics and Religion," 21, 112. Public Ledger, 20 February 1846. 155 Public Ledger, 28 November 1845. 156 Street, The Journal of Oliver Rouse, 61, 62, 71,100,140,168,177. 157 Ibid., 89, 248. 158 Public Ledger, 18 February 1842. 159 Ibid., 12 July 1853. The Sons of Temperance was a secret society that began in New York in 1842 in which members, using signs and oaths, covenanted never to drink alcohol or be associated with it, and to help each other in need. 160 Courier, 20 September 1851. See Whelan, "The Newspaper Press," 127-9. 161 Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct, 130. 162 For instance, in Channel, Provincial Wesleyan, 16 April 1862. They also probably marched at Petites, Grand Bank, Fortune, and Burin (Provincial Wesleyan, 17 September 1862, 20 May 1863; Courier, 18 July, 9 September

1863).

163 Public Ledger, 5 January 1844. The Methodist alliance with Roman Catholics in the temperance movement helped pave the way for political cooperation, which ousted the Anglicans in the 1855 election for responsible government. 164 Ibid., i May 1849. 165 Ibid., 26 November 1847. 166 Courier, 15 January 1845, reprinted from the Weekly Herald. A Sons of Temperance Hall was opened in Harbour Grace with much acclaim in 1851 (Whelan, "The Newspaper Press," 132-4).

284 Notes to pages 79-81

167 [Feild], Journal of the Bishop of Newfoundland's Voyage of Visitation, 1848, 62. 168 Wesleyan, 8 December 1849, Jorm Brewster, "Notices of Newfoundland, No. 14." 169 Ibid., 24 November 1849, John Brewster, "Notices of Newfoundland, No. 12."

170 Courier, 23 November 1859, 14 January, 26 May 1860. Woods himself ran unsuccessfully in Burin in the 1855 election (Courier, 23 May 1855). 171 SPG, A194, William Jeynes to T.F.H. Bridge, 21 December 1840; QEL, "John S. Peach Diaries, 1841-1855," 24 June, 24 July, 17 August 1842. 172 Provincial Wesleyan, 9 October 1861. 173 Ibid., 16 April 1862. See also, Charles Ladner, "Memoirs," 38-9, United Church Archives, Victoria University, Toronto. 174 Ibid., 16 April, 17 September 1862. 175 For instance, WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 47, [George Cubit], "Observations on the Island of Newfoundland," March 1819; file 25, George Cubit, St John's, to George Marsden, 21 May 1818; file 49, Ninian Barr, 3 November 1819; box 4,1828/29-33/34, file 181, Richard Knight, Carbonear, 4 July 1832; WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meeting, 24 May 1824; reel 23,1832-35, William Faulkner, Burin, 10 January 1834; reel 25, 1838-40, William Marshall, Gaultois, 4 December 1839; Wesley an Methodist Magazine, 1824, abridged edition, 642, John Walsh, St John's, 9 January 1824. 176 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 23, John Lewis, Burin, 7 July 1817, printed in the Methodist Magazine 2 (1817): 873. 177 Wesleyan, 10 November 1849, Jonn Brewster, "Notices of Newfoundland, No. 10"; Provincial Wesleyan, 20 July 1864, William Wilson, "The New. foundland Mission and Its Missionaries, No. 26." 178 Provincial Wesleyan, 6 May 1863. 179 Courier, 18 July 1863. 180 Provincial Wesley an, 21 June 1871, "Newfoundland District Meeting." 181 Ibid., 4 May 1874, letter of J.J. Rogerson. 182 Quoted in Winsor, "Methodism in Newfoundland," 73. It was not until 1879 that a Church of England temperance society was sanctioned by its bishop. It included members who advocated moderation in drinking or total abstinence (Whelan, "The Newspaper Press," 143-4). 183 Semple, The Lord's Dominion, 358. John Webster Grant noted that for many evangelicals "temperance steadily overshadowed other concerns, until in the minds of some it superseded faith, hope and love as the touchstone of Christian discipleship" (Grant, The Church in the Canadian Era, 80-2). 184 Courier, 23 March 1864. 185 Provincial Wesleyan, 22 February 1865. See Westfall, Two Worlds, 186-7. See also, Valverde, The Age of Light, Soap, and Water, 21-3, 44-76.

Notes to pages 83-9 285 CHAPTER FOUR 1 2 3 4 5 6

7

8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

QEL, "John S. Peach Diaries, 1841-1855," 5 July 1846. Ibid. Hempton, Methodism: Empire of the Spirit, 80. Knox, Enthusiasm, 519. For "general" and "special" providence, see McNeill, ed., Calvin, Institutes, 1:201-7. QEL, "William Harding Diary, 1793-1877." Provincial Wesleyan, 6 February 1864, William Wilson, "The Newfoundland Mission and Its Missionaries, No. 6"; Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 218. uc Archives, "A Journal kept by James England, 1837-1841," 7 January 1838. Such a view of deliverance from the peril of the sea was not unique to Methodists. Successfully crossing the Atlantic had long been "regarded as a special providence by many devout travellers, be they Puritan, Quaker, or Anglican" (Steele, The English Atlantic, 11). George Bond, "The Castaway of Fish Rock," Canadian Methodist Magazine 33 (January-June 1891): 507. Provincial Wesleyan, 21 September 1878. Methodist Magazine, 1817,450, 599-601, 682-3. Ibid., 1818, 286-7, 359-60. Arminian Magazine, 1785, 629, letter of John Hoskins, 5 November 1784. Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2:174. Also repeated for the edification of Methodist readers in Lench, The Story of Methodism in Bonavista, 70. Arminian Magazine, 1785, 629, letter of John Hoskins, 5 November 1784. The vision had "such an effect on the captain" that he quit going to sea. QEL, "William Marshall, Diary, 1839-1842," 6 August 1841. Henry Lewis, "How Methodism Came to Foxes: A Story of Life in Newfoundland," Canadian Methodist Magazine 19 (January-June 1884): 268. "A Journal kept by James England, 1837-1841," 21 February 1840. Lench, The History of... Methodism on the Western Bay Circuit, 21. PANL, MG 597, WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, William Ellis, Burin and Placentia Bay, September 1824. WMMS, reel 20,1825-28, William Wilson, Burin, Journal, 2 May 1828. "William Harding Diary, 1793-1877." WMMS, reel 28,1846-48, Samuel W. Sprague, Burin, 14 December 1846. For example, Provincial Wesleyan, 9 October 1856, obituary of Samuel Pitman, Whale Cove, Burin Circuit; 13 February 1861, obituary of Captain Stephen Percy, Brigus; 26 October 1864, William Wilson, "The Newfoundland Mission and Its Missionaries, No. 31"; 5 September 1874, obituary of William H. Lucas, Fogo; Methodist Monthly Greeting, June 1894, 87,

286 Notes to pages 89-93

24 25

26 27 28 29

30

31 32 33 34

35 36

obituary of Amos Goudie, North West Arm, Green Bay by J.R.; June 1901, 2, "Forty Years Ago, No. 13," John Waterhouse. Beardsall, "Methodist Religious Practices in Outport Newfoundland," 33-5, 85-6, 255. WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1849, Thomas Angwin, Blackhead Circuit report; SOAS, WMMS, box 10, 1852/54-58/6, file i/E, Charles Churchill to Rev. Elijah Hoole, on the death of Robert A. Chesley, 15 August 1857; Thomas Hickson on the death of his brother James, Wesley an Methodist Magazine, 1840, 186, 193; John S. Peach on the drowning of Dr Hunter at Grand Bank, "John S. Peach Diaries, 1841-1855," 19 July 1854. PANL, MG 598, SPG, Aig6, W.F. Meek, Harbour Buffett, 15 September 1856. Lewis, "How Methodism Came to Foxes," 522. "A Journal kept by James England, 1837-1841," 8 March 1840. WMMS, box 10,1852/54-58/6, file 508, Edmund Botterell, Halifax, to William B. Boyce, 7 July 1862. For 1862 as a turning point in the seal fishery, see Ryan, The Ice Hunters, 143-7. Other instances were 1819,1843, and 1855. See WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 49, William Ellis, Port de Grave, 25 July 1819; Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 285; Robert Dyer's Diary (see chap. 2, n.62, above), Greenspond, 1841-1859,17-20 February 1855. SPG, A197, Ernest A. Sail, Bonavista, to Secretary, 30 June 1855. SPG, A228, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1859. Bond, Skipper George Netman, 57-101. WMMS, box 5,1833/34-37/38, file 206, Adam Nightingale, Island Cove, 10 May 1834; Provincial Wesley an, 15 April 1858, letter from W.E. Shenstone, Carbonear; SPG, A195, William Netten, Catalina, Quarterly Report, 31 March 1856; Aig7, Benjamin Smith, Trinity, Quarterly Report, Lady Day, 1856; A222, William Netten, Catalina, Quarterly Report, 31 March 1858; A223, Benjamin Smith, Quarterly Report, 31 March 1855; A226, Benjamin Fleet, South Shore, Conception Bay, 28 June 1860. SPG, Aigs, William Netten, Catalina, Quarterly Report, 31 March 1856. Methodist Monthly Greeting, October 1890, 150, Thomas Harris, "Reminiscences, No. 3." George Rawlyk noted that, in the Maritimes, "exhorting, it may be argued, was far more influential than Biblical preaching in actually bringing about and sustaining religious revivals in Nova Scotia during the post-Alline period. Exhortation - a complex mix of personal testimony, introspective prayer, both articulated and unspoken concern for the spiritual welfare of one's friends and neighbours, tears, sobs, and often other forms of frenzied emotional behaviour - became a vitally significant ingredient in the colony's evangelical religious culture" (Rawlyk, Ravished by the Spirit, 111).

Notes to pages 93-4 287

37 WMMS, reel 18,1822-23, John Haign> Brigus, 10 June 1823. 38 Tocque, Wandering Thoughts, 196. 39 Wesleyan, 3 November 1849, Jonn Brewster, "Notices of Newfoundland, No. 9." 40 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, John Haigh, Brigus, 10 June 1823; ibid., William Wilson, Journal, Grand Bank, 18 November 1823; ree^ *9> 1^24~25j Ninian Barr, Journal, 30 November 1823; reel 2 ^» 1841-42, John S. Peach, Old Perlican, 9 March 1842; reel 27, 1842-45, John S. Addy, Carbonear, 19 January 1844; WMMS, box 2, 1819/20-23/25, file 72, Richard Knight, Carbonear, to the General Secretaries, 28 November 1821; box 3,1823/2528/29, file 144, William Ellis, Brigus, 12 June 1828. 41 WMMS, reel 27, 1842-45, John S. Addy, Carbonear, 19 January 1844; reel 31, 1854-67, Adam Nightingale, Port de Grave, to Secretaries, 26 April 1856; reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1831, Richard Knight, Carbonear Circuit Report; ibid., 1846, Jabez Ingham, Old Perlican Circuit Report; WMMS, box 9, 1849/51-52/54, file 408, William Faulkner, Harbour Grace, 8 February 1849; Provincial Wesleyan, 5 July 1866, "Revival Intelligence, Old Perlican, J.W," John Waterhouse. 42 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, Richard Knight, Carbonear, 30 July 1822; WMMS, box 5, 1833/34-37/38, file 206, John Smithies, Blackhead, 2 July 1834; Wesleyan, 22 September 1849, John Brewster, "Notices of Newfoundland, No. 4"; ibid., 6 February 1864, William Wilson, "The Newfoundland Mission and Its Missionaries, No. 6." 43 WMMS, reel 31,1854-67, Adam Nightingale, Port de Grave, to Secretaries, 26 April 1856. George Bond dramatized such a showdown on the ice for the edification of Methodists and propagation of the gospel in "Captain Sam's Two Easter Sundays." 44 Provincial Wesleyan, 21 May 1865, Joseph Todhunter, Greenspond. 45 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine 2 (1848): 934, letter of John Brewster, St John's, 28 April 1848; Methodist Monthly Greeting, April 1901, 10, Charles Lench, "The Makers of Newfoundland Methodism, No. 15." 46 WMMS, box 5, 1833/34-37/38, file 206, John Smithies, Blackhead, 2 July 1834; file 208, John Smithies, Burin, 7 December 1834. 47 Ibid., box 2,1819/20-23/25, file 72, John Pickavant, Brigus, to Committee, 23 August 1821; box 7, 1841/42-46/48, file .310, George Ellidge, St John's, 28 May 1841; WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, Jonn Walsh, St John's, 4 January 1823; ibid., William Wilson, Journal, 1827; ree^ 2^, 1846-48, George Ellidge, Port de Grave, 29 December 1847; reel 3 2 > ^58-64, Newfoundland District Meeting, St John's, 30 May 1861; reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823, Local offerings for ministry, Richard Knight, 4 July 1823; Provincial Wesleyan, 4 May 1864, "Newfoundland Correspondence," Paul Prestwood, St John's.

288 Notes to pages 94-8 48 Methodist Monthly Greeting, March 1890, 36, W.T.D. Dunn, "Seal Hunting on the Sabbath"; Johnson, History of Methodism, 311. 49 Methodist Monthly Greeting, June 1892, 166, Levi Perry, "A Burning Question," Seldom-Come-By, 12 April 1892. 50 SPG, A194, Oswald J. Howell to Ernest Hawkins, Near Leicester, 16 May 1849, extracts of letter to Howell from Johnstone Vicars, Brigus. 51 SPG, A223, Benjamin Smith, Trinity, Quarterly Report, 31 March 1855. 52 Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 220-1. 53 Hempton, Methodism: Empire of the Spirit, 137. 54 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, John Walsh, St John's, 4 January 1823; ree^ 25> 1838-40, William Faulkner, St John's, to WMMS, 24 July 1838. 55 WMMS, box 8, 1846/48-49/51, file 378, John Brewster, St John's, to "Madam," 7 January 1846. 56 Ibid., box 7, 1841/42-46/48, file 310, George Ellidge, St John's, 28 May 1841. 57 WMMS, reel 33, "Minutes of the Missions Committee," London, July 1814 - July 1851," vols. 1-6 (extracts), 24 September 1823. 58 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, Richard Knight, Journal, 20 December 1823; ibid., 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823, local offerings for ministry, Richard Knight, 4 July 1823. For "the law of current supply," see Ryan, Fish Out of Water, 59-61; Cadigan, Hope and Deception in Conception Bay, 90-9. 59 Bradley, "Smugglers, Schemers, Scoundrels, and Sleeveens." See also Sweeny, "Accounting for Change," 121-37. For the credit system as oppressive to fishermen, see Ommer's work on the Gaspe, From Outpost to Outport. For an overview of issues relating to the credit system in Newfoundland history, see Hiller, "The Newfoundland Credit System," 86-101. See also Pierson, "Merchant Credit: Parasites or Animators," 31-49. 60 WMMS, reel 24,1835-37, James Hennigar, Burin, December 1835. 61 WMMS, reel 26, 1841-42, Thomas Angwin, Harbour Grave, 23 June 1841. So also WMMS, box 4,1828/29-33/34, file 181, John Pickavant, St John's, 2O January 1832. 62 SPG, A2i6, letter of William K. White re Oderin Church [1851]. 63 WMMS, reel 23,1832-35, William Ellis, Bonavista, 12 August 1834. 64 WMMS, reel 31,1854-67, Thomas Smith, Port de Grave, 24 April 1854. 65 WMMS, reel 28, 1846-48, George Ellidge, Port de Grave, 29 December 1847; reel 27,1842-45, George Ellidge, Bonavista, 19 December 1842. 66 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, letter of John Pickavant, Chairman, to Secretaries, 4 June 1833. 67 WMMS, reel 28, 1846-48, George Ellidge, Port de Grave, 29 December 1847. 68 James 2: 15-16, King James Bible.

Notes to pages 99-101 289

69 WMMS, reel 28, 1846-48, George Ellidge, Port de Grave, 29 December 184770 WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, William Ellis, Burin and Placentia Bay, September 1824. 71 For example, "Journal of John Lewis," 1.05-1.08, 30 July, i, 4, 10 August, 28 October, 8 November 1817, 10 January, 8 March, 15 July, 1-4 August 1818, and 20 September 1819; "William Marshall, Diary, 1839-1842," 22 June, 17,19, 24, 26, 28 July, 15 September, 19, 21 October, 12 November, 19, 25 December 1839; WMMS, box 3, 1823/25-28/29, file 101, William Ellis, Burin, to Jabez Bunting, 4 August 1823. 72 JRL, PLP 69.31.2, John Lewis, Burin, to George Cubit, Methodist Chapel, St John's, 13 April 1818; "Journal of John Lewis," 1.05, 24 September 1817. 73 WMMS, box 2,1819/20-23/25, file 51, John Lewis, Burin, to Joseph Taylor, 17 December 1819. 74 WMMS, reel 28, 1846-48, George Ellidge, Port de Grave, 27 December 1847. 75 Beamish, Hillier, and Johnstone, Mansions and Merchants. 76 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 47, [George Cubit], "Observations on the Island of Newfoundland," March 1819; file 25, George Cubit, St John's, to George Marsden, 21 May 1818. 77 SPG, Ai94, Bishop Spencer, St John's, to Campbell, 30 December 1840; [Feild], A Journal of the Bishop's Visitation of the Missions on the Western and Southern Coasts, 1845, 21; British Magazine, i August 1845, ^S"^; Gospel Missionary (London), 14 (April 1864): 54-7, letter of Rev. W.W. Le Gallais; Colonial Church Chronicle and Missionary Journal (London), 21 (December 1866): 470-1, "Diocesan Endowment Fund For Newfoundland"; Mission Field, i July 1871, 212-13, Bishop Feild to the SPCK; ibid., i August 1877, 366-7, "Address from the Synod of the Church of England in Newfoundland to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," by Thomas M. Wood, Ecclesiastical Commissioner and Chairman, Joseph F. Phelps, Clerical Secretary to the Synod, and G.T. Rendell, Lay Secretary to the Synod. But also the Methodists, see Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 358. 78 Hempton, "Money and Power," in his Methodism: Empire of the Spirit, 1093°. 79 As early as 1784, the American Methodist Episcopals had "jettisoned the liturgical and formal side of the Wesleyan tradition" (French, Parsons and Politics, 21). In Newfoundland even at the turn of the century, the preacher James Lumsden was called a parson (Lumsden, The Skipper Parson, 53). 80 Methodist Monthly Greeting, April 1900, 12, and October 1900, 2, "The Makers of Newfoundland Methodism"; Lench, The Story of Methodism in Bonavista, 45.

290 Notes to pages 102-5

81 WMMS, box 7,1841/42-46/48, file 343, George Ellidge, Harbour Grace, 8 April 1844; WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, arrival of George Ellidge and Simeon Noall, 23 September 1824. 82 Methodist Monthly Greeting, January 1900, 10, "Forty Years Ago, No. 2," John Waterhouse. 83 Ibid., April 1900,10, "Forty Years Ago, No. 3," John Waterhouse. 84 Ibid., October 1900, 2, "The Makers of Newfoundland Methodism," Charles Lench; Johnson, History of Methodism, 333. 85 Kewley, "The First Fifty Years of Methodism in Newfoundland," 7. 86 Provincial Wesleyan, 27 July 1864, William Wilson, "The Newfoundland Mission and Its Missionaries, No. 27." 87 Wesley, Collection of Hymns. See Wesley's sermons "Christian Perfection" and "On Perfection," and "A Plain Account of Christian Perfection, as Believed and Taught by the Reverend Mr. John Wesley, from the year 1725, to the year 1777," in Wesley, The Works of John Wesley, 6:1-19, 411-24; 11:366-446. 88 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 24, John Lewis, Burin, 2 December 1817. 89 Methodist Magazine 2 (1817): 872, John Lewis, Burin, to George Marsden, 7 July 1817. 90 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 19, James Hickson, Bonavista, to James Buckley, 16 December 1815. 91 WMMS, box 9,1849/51-52/54, file 408, William Faulkner, Harbour Grace, 8 February 1849. 92 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, John Pickavant, Chairman, Address of the Annual District Meeting to the Methodist Societies in Newfoundland, Brigus, 27 May 1842. 93 Wesleyan, 21 April 1877, obituary of William Harding of Collin's Cove, Burin Circuit, by J.P. 94 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 176, Richard Knight, Blackhead, 25 June 1830. 95 UC Archives, "A Journal kept by James England," 16 October 1841. 96 WMMS, box 2, 1819/20-23/25, file 71, William Wilson, Island Cove, to Committee, 13 August 1821. See Missionary Notices, December 1820, 380-1, "Extract from Mr. James Hickson's Journal, Island Cove, 15 July 1820," or Methodist Magazine, 1820, "Missionary Intelligence," 953-4. 97 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823, Jonn Walsh, St John's Circuit Report; reel 18, 1822-23, James Hickson, Bonavista, 22 December 1823. 98 WMMS, reel 20, 1825-28, Charles Bates, Bonavista, 17 October 1826; Simeon Noall, Grand Bank, 11 May 1827. 99 WMMS, reel 29,1849-52, John Brewster, Burin, 13 April 1849. 100 "A Journal kept by James England," 16 October 1841; SOAS, Missionary Notices 8 (March 1837): 425-39.

Notes to pages 105-8 291 101 WMMS, box 8, 1846/48-49/51, file 378, John Brewster, St John's, 6 May 1846. The portrait of Robert Newton had appeared in Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, January 1833, facing p. i. 102 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 175, Richard Knight, Blackhead, 25 June 1830; extracts printed in Methodist Magazine 1831, 62-3. 103 Provincial Wesleyan, 3 August 1864, William Wilson, "The Newfoundland Mission and Its Missionaries, No. 28." 104 WMMS, reel 19, 1824-25, James Hickson, Bonavista, 25 October 1824; Wesleyan Notices Newspaper, 27 February 1851, John Brewster, Twillingate, Green Bay, 4 September 1850, 46, reprinted in the Wesleyan, 19 April 1851; Mercer, A Century of Methodism in Twillingate, 20. 105 Methodist Monthly Greeting, December 1899, 10, "Historic Methodism" by Philip Tocque. See also Thwaite, Glimpses of the Wonderful, 52. 106 WMMS, reel 32,1858-64, TTiomas Fox, Catalina, 13 November 1860, Journal of Voyage to Labrador. 107 Lumsden, The Skipper Parson, 72. 108 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1827, l39-> obituary of Martin Ivamy, English Harbour, Trinity Bay, by John Corlett. 109 George J. Bond, "The Castaway of Fish Rock," Canadian Methodist Magazine 33 (January-June 1891): 502, 504; Hymn 189, "Now I Have Found the Ground Wherein Sure My Soul's Anchor May Remain," in Wesley, Collection of Hymns. no "Journal of John Lewis," 1.07, 30 August 1818, 6 and 13 September 1818, 25 October 1818. in Wesleyan Methodist Magazine 2 (1845): 1052-7, "Memoir of Mrs. Virtue Vey of St. John's, Newfoundland." 112 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 48, Hannah Goddard, Burin, to Joshua Bryan, 5 June 1819. 113 Provincial Wesleyan, 9 October 1856, Elias Brettle, Burin, 22 September 1856, obituary of Samuel Pitman, Whale Cove, Burin Circuit, age 32, 13 September 1856. 114 Wesleyan, 17 March 1877, obituary of Eliza Ann Beck of Newtown, Sound Island, by H.C. Hatcher, Sound Island, 12 January 1877. 115 WMMS, box 2, 1819/20-23/25, file 51, James Hickson, Island Cove, to Committee, 5 July 1820. For Wesley's sermon, "Advice to the People Called Methodist with Regard to Dress," see Wesley, Works, 11:466-78. See also his sermon "On Dress," 7:15-26. The reference to dress was curiously omitted from Hickson's account printed in the Methodist Magazine, 1820, 954, possibly because the editor did not want to offend many Methodists in the homeland who were on their way to respectability and were no longer heeding Wesley's advice. 116 WMMS, box 2,1819/20-23/25, file 52, Ninian Barr, Trinity, to Joseph Taylor, 6 November 1820; Wesley, "A Word to a Drunkard," Works, 11:169-71.

292

Notes to pages 108-11

117 WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, Grand Bank, William Wilson, Journal, 26 March 1824. 118 WMMS, reel 21,1828-31, William Wilson, Burin, to Committee, 5 November 1828. 119 WMMS, reel 25,1838-40, George Apsey, Ship Cove, Labrador, 16 September 1839. 120 For instance, Wesleyan Methodist Magazine', 1824, (abridged edition), 6423, John Walsh, St John's, 9 January 1824; ibid., 1827, 13°"15 Jonn Corlett, Journal, Trinity; ibid., 1859, 185, John S. Peach, Notre Dame Bay; Provincial Wesleyan, 6 January 1864, Labrador Mission, John Goodison, Carbonear, 8 October 1863, and letter from George S. Milligan, 8 December 1873; WMMS, reel 22, 1831-33, John Smithies, Burin, 13 December 1831; reel 24,1835-37, Adam Nightingale, Bonavista, 10 December 1836; reel 25, 1838-40, William Marshall, Gaultois, 4 December 1839; reel 27, 1842-45, James Norris, Trinity, 11 January 1844; reel 30,1852-53, Edmund Botterell, St John's, 24 August 1853, Trip to Twillingate. 121 Methodist Magazine, 1818, 72, William Ellis, Trinity, to Mr Blanshard, i August 1817. 122 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1822, 270, Ninian Barr, Bonavista, 30 December 1821. 123 Methodist Magazine, 1821, 637, John Haigh, Grand Bank. 124 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1856, "Value of Tracts in Upholding the Sanctity of the Lord's Day," 443-53. 125 WMMS, box 5, 1833/34-37/38, file 206, Thomas Angwin, Island Cove, 24 June 1834. 126 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 18, John Lewis, Adam's Cove, to Thomas Blanshard, 26 May 1815. 127 WMMS, box 5, 1833/34-37/38, file 206, Thomas Angwin, Island Cove, 24 June 1834. 128 SPG, A222, Benjamin Smith, Trinity, 16 October 1854; A223, Benjamin Smith, Quarterly Report, Trinity, 31 March and 30 September 1855; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1833, 441, "Newfoundland School Society"; Robert Dyer's Diary (see chap. 2, n.62, above), Greenspond, 1841-1859, i March and 17 April 1842, 8 August 1845, 27 February 1846, report for May 1846, 27 February 1847, 25 February 1848, i March 1849, 27 February 1850 and 1851, 26 February 1852, 3 March 1853, 27 February 1855,1856, and 1858, 28 February 1859. 129 WMMS, box 11, 1858/63-68/83, file 537, W.E. Shenstone, Lower Island Cove, 10 February 1865. CHAPTER FIVE

i [Lowell], The New Priest in Conception Bay, 2:186-7.

Notes to pages 112-17 293

2 PANL, MG 597, WMMS, reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings. 3 Methodists outnumbered Anglicans two to one' in 1836 (Census of Newfoundland, 1836). SOAS, WMMS, box 3,1823/25-28/29, file 144, John Pickavant, Carbonear, 14 January 1828. For experience as "the characteristic trait" of Methodism, see "Religious Experience: The Supreme Passion," in Roy, "A Reappraisal of Wesleyan Methodist Mission." 4 WMMS, box 3, 1823/25-28/29, file 147, John Corlett, Harbour Grace, 2 January 1829. He observed that Methodism in Trinity Bay was more like "Home Methodism," however. 5 WMMS, box 3, 1823/25-28/29, file 121, Ninian Barr, Carbonear, 27 April 1826. 6 WMMS, box 3,1823/25-28/29, file 144, John Pickavant, Carbonear, 14 January 1828. 7 Kewley, "The First Fifty Years of Methodism in Newfoundland," 7, 17. Jacob Parsons was the first to emphasize the value of organization to Newfoundland Methodism, it being made a district in 1815 (Parsons, "The Origin and Growth of Newfoundland Methodism," 35-50). 8 Methodist Magazine, 1811, 275, letter from Carbonear, 23 November 1810. 9 WMMS, box 3,1823/25-28/29, file 144, John Pickavant, Carbonear, 14 January 1828. 10 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 151, Richard Knight, Black Head, 7 December 1829. 11 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 149, Richard Knight, Black Head, 6 July 1829. 12 Arminian Magazine, 1785, 27, 26. 13 Ibid., 86-7. Such expression was common to Methodism, as demonstrated on both sides of the Atlantic in Yorkshire and South Carolina revivals (Hempton, The Religion of the People, 11-12). 14 Ibid., 628. 15 Ibid., 143-4. 16 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine 2 (1851): 871. 17 SOAS, LMS, box i, John Hillyard, Harbour Grace, to George Burder, 16 January 1804. 18 Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 1:287. Hans Rollmann concluded that McGeary had a "dismal effect" (Rollmann, "The Pillars Fall, Yet the Building Stands," 6). 19 Arminian Magazine, 1792,122-3. 20 Methodist Monthly Greeting, October 1902, 10. Hans Rollmann argues that in this part of Conception Bay it was "female remnants" such as these "who preserved in their small class meetings a Methodist religious identity" ("The Pillars Fall, Yet the Building Stands," 2). 21 Methodist Monthly Greeting, September 1898,135, "A Short Account of Two Church Members," John Reay.

294 Notes to pages 117-20

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

35 36 37 38

39 40

Ibid., January 1901,13, "Forty Years Ago, No. 9," John Waterhouse. Arminian Magazine', 1792, 234. Kewley, "The First Fifty Years of Methodism in Newfoundland," 22-4. Grant, "Methodist Origins in Atlantic Canada," 36. Methodist Magazine, 1811, 438, William Ellis and Samuel McDowell, Carbonear, to the Missionary Committee, 4 July 1811. WMMS, box 2, 1819/20-23/25, file 51, James Hickson, Island Cove, to Committee, 5 July 1820; extracts printed in Methodist Magazine, 1820, 8768,953-4WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823. WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, Adam Nightingale, Island Cove, 10 November 1823. Methodist Monthly Greeting, September 1902, 10, "Historical Sketch from the Island Cove Circuit," by T.H.J. [Thomas H. James]. Ibid., April 1899, 63, obituary of Mrs Richard Pelley, by William Kendall. Ibid., September 1902, 10, "Historical Sketch from the Island Cove Circuit," by Thomas H. James. WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, Adam Nightingale, Island Cove, 17 June 1824. Transhumance from Hant's Harbour to "solitary parts" of Trinity Bay was common (WMMS, reel 35, 1823-55, Charles Bates, Hant's Harbour, 28 May 1833). For information on the intelligent, industrious, and pious Methodist John Tilley, see Tocque, Newfoundland, As It Was, 134-5; Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2:54; Martin, Once Upon a Mine, 48. The 1869 census showed there were 267 Methodist adherents in Random Sound (Census of Newfoundland, 1869). Wesleyan, 9 June 1877, obituary of Moses Tilley by Samuel Snowden, Shoal Bay, 10 May 1877. Ibid., 12 February 1883, obituary of Aaron Tilley, Esq., by Jesse Heyfield. See also May 1926, 5-6, "Early Methodism in Random and Smith's Sound," J. Leawood. Methodist Monthly Greeting, February 1905, 12, obituary of "Grandma Pelley," Shoal Harbor Mission, William Kendall; ibid., May 1926,5-6, "Early Methodism in Random and Smith's Sound," by J. Leawood. Leawood's main source of information was Frederick Pelley of George's Brook, who was eighty years old in 1926. Hant's Harbour was a totally Methodist town in 1869, having 735 Methodist adherents and not a single Anglican; Old Perlican had 822 Methodists and nine Anglicans (Census of Newfoundland, 1869). Ibid., November 1896,187, obituary of Matthias Martin. Methodist Monthly Greeting, May 1926, 5-6, "Early Methodism in Random and Smith's Sound," by J. Leawood; Martin, Random Island Pioneers', Small, Harcourt, 8.

Notes to pages 120-4 295 41 452 43 44 45 46 47 48

49 50

51 52 53 54 55 56

57 58

59 60

61

Lumsden, The Skipper Parson, 81. Ibid., 82-4. Coughlan, An Account of the Work of God in Newfoundland, 18-19. Arminian Magazine, 1792, 233. Thoresby, Narrative of God's Love, 73, no. Ibid., 56. Methodist Magazine, 1811, 438, William Ellis and Samuel McDowell Missionary Committee, 4 July 1811. But John Walsh was not overly impressed with Blackhead in 1819, at least with one class in particular. Yet there were several classes meeting (jRL, PLP 110.11.2, John Walsh, Blackhead, to George Cubit Methodist Chapel, Glasgow, Scotland, 4 November 1819). Bonavista is examined in the next chapter. WMMS, reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823, 1828; UC Archives, WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1829. WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1829,1^32Ibid., Newfoundland District Meeting, Brigus, 20 May 1829. WMMS, box 3, 1823/25-28/29, file 147, John Corlett, Harbour Grace, 2 January 1829. Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1827, 27^WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 175, District Meeting, John Pickavant, Chairman, and Richard Knight, Secretary, May 1830. JRL, PLP 66.14.1, Richard Knight, Portugal Cove, to George Cubit, 4 June 1829; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1829, 853, extract of a letter from John Smithies, 2 September 1829. Methodist Monthly Greeting, December 1899, 1O» "Historic Methodism," Philip Tocque. WMMS, reel 25, 1838-40, Philip Tocque, St John's, to Secretaries, 11 January 1840. Marjorie Doyle wondered also if his father's sudden death "prompted a religious crisis" (Doyle, Newfoundlander in Exile, 8). WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 174, John Haigh, Carbonear, 15 May 1830. Ibid., file 176, John Haigh, Carbonear, 20 July 1830. Nor was this the first notable lay Methodism in Conception Bay. John Stretton wrote in 1775: "A poor illiterate fishermen ... boldly stood up, and spoke in his name; him we constantly hear ... Mr. Thomey also exhorts ... this is done from house to house" (Letter of John Stretton to Eliza Bennis, 14 November 1775, Christian Correspondence, 210). I thank Hans Rollmann for alerting me to this source. Beamish, Hillier, arid Johnstone, Mansions and Merchants, 75.

296 Notes to pages 124-7

62 Provincial Wesley an, 10 November 1869. 63 Rompkey, ed., "Philip Henry Gosse's Account of His Years in Newfoundland," 243-4, 251. 64 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, letter of S.W. Sprague to Secretaries, Carbonear, 9 June 1838. 65 Wesleyan, 22 September 1849. 66 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 176, John Haigh, Carbonear, 20 July 1830. 67 Ibid., 13 December 1830. 68 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 151, Richard Knight, Blackhead, 7 December 1829; ^ 175, Richard Knight, Blackhead, 25 June 1830; extract printed in Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1831, 61-2. 69 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1830,1831. 70 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 175, Richard Knight, Blackhead, 25 June 1830. 71 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 176, Richard Knight, Blackhead, 23 September 1830. 72 Almost all residents of the area considered themselves nominal Methodists (Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 195). 73 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 176, Richard Knight, Blackhead, 23 September 1830. Philip Tocque, who lived in Carbonear at the time, estimated that Knight was "not what may be called an eloquent preacher" (Methodist Monthly Greeting, December 1899, 10, "Historic Methodism," Philip Tocque). 74 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1829-32. 75 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 178, St John's, Stewards, 18 December 1830. 76 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1832. 77 Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 195-6; Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2:32; Nichols, ed., A Century of Methodism in St. John's, 17. 78 Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England, 186. Gilbert's definition of anomie is "social disorganisation - the breakdown of established social and cultural systems - in which there is a loss of solidarity produced by the collapse of old social structures, and a loss of consensus as norms and values previously taken for granted are challenged or overthrown," 89, 229. For the origin of this concept, see "The Anomie Division of Labor," in Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, 353-73. 79 Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, 920. 80 Hempton, The Religion of the People, 25. For other discussion of the relationship between religious receptivity and marginality, liminality, disloca-

Notes to pages 127-30 297

tion, transition, and distress, see Cross, The Burned-over District, 12, 55-76, 268-70; Carwardine, Trans-Atlantic Revivalism, 51-6; Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct, 135-64. 81 Ryan, Fish Out of Water, 258. 82 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1831. 83 Ryan, The Ice Hunters, 98,129. 84 Ibid., 445. Slightly over 199,000 seal skins in 1829 compared with over 536,000 in 1830. Ryan noted, however, that there is some confusion between "seals taken" and "seals exported" precisely in the year 1829, 446. 85 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 151, Charles Bates, Old Perlican, 24 December 1829; ^G 177» Charles Bates, Old Perlican, 14 October 1830; file 180, Charles Bates, Rant's Harbour, 25 December 1831. 86 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 177, William Wilson, Bonavista, 8 November 1830; file 179, William Wilson, Bonavista, 25 July 1831; file 180, William Wilson, Bonavista, 31 October 1831. 87 WMMS, reel 21, 1828-31, William Wilson, Burin, 14 April 1829; George Ellidge, Burin, 9 December 1829. 88 Beamish, Hillier, and Johnstone, Mansions and Merchants, 22. See Spurrier bankruptcy notice, Public Ledger, 26 October 1830. 89 WMMS, box 4,1828/29-33/34, file 181, Richard Knight, Carbonear, 4 July 1832. 90 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1829-32. See pages 189 and 224 below. 91 Ryan, The Ice Hunters, 284-5. 92 Bond, Skipper George Netman, 20-31. 93 Gunn, The Political History of Newfoundland, 8, quoting from Gosse, The Life of Philip Henry Gosse, 7-8. 94 Rompkey, "Philip Henry Gosse's Account of His Years in Newfoundland," 221. 95 Prowse, History of Newfoundland, 439. 96 Little, "Collective Action in Outport Newfoundland," 37-59. 97 Head, Eighteenth Century Newfoundland, 206. 98 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 21, James Hickson, Bonavista, 6 December 1816; file 23, Thomas Hickson, Bonavista, to James Wood, 25 August 1817. 99 Ibid., file 17, Samuel McDowell, Conception Bay, to Missionary Committee, 10 January 1814. 100 Prowse, quoted in Ryan, The Ice Hunters, 46-7. 101 Wesleyan, 6 October 1849, Jonn Brewster, "Notices of Newfoundland, No.

5"

298 Notes to pages 131-4 CHAPTER SIX 1 PANL, MG 597, WMMS, reel 19, 1824-25, James Hickson, Bonavista, Journal, 5, 7 March 1824. 2 NSS, Proceedings, 1828-1829, 43-4. 3 Wesley an Methodist Magazine, 1833, 7; Lench, The Story of Methodism in Bonavista, 36. 4 Lench, The Story of Methodism in Bonavista, 40. 5 SOAS, WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 18, William Ellis, Bonavista, to Thomas Blanshard, 26 July 1815. 6 Lench, The Story of Methodism in Bonavista, 76. 7 SOAS, WMMS, The Annual Report of the State of Missions, 1811, 14; WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 17, letter of Samuel McDowell, William Ellis, and Richard Taylor, Carbonear, 20 September 1812. 8 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 17, Samuel McDowell and William Ellis, Carbonear, to Thomas Blanshard, 21 October 1812. 9 Methodist Magazine, 1815, 158, William Ellis to Missionary Committee, 26 November 1814. 10 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 21, James Hickson, Bonavista, 6 December 1816; file 23, Thomas Hickson, Bonavista, to James Wood, 25 August 1817; JRL, PLP 53.34.1, James Hickson, Port de Grave, to Joseph Entwisle, Methodist Chapel, City Road, London, 14 August 1817. 11 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 21, William Ellis, St John's, to James Wood, 23 November 1816. 12 WMMS, reel 20,1825-28, Charles Bates, Bonavista, 8 December 1826. 13 Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 179. 14 Grant, "Methodist Origins in Atlantic Canada," 36. 15 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 19, James Hickson, Bonavista, to James Buckley, 16 December 1815. 16 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 23, John Bell, Island Cove, to James Wood, 17 June 1817. 17 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 21, William Ellis, St John's, to James Wood, 18 November 1816; file 18, William Ellis, Adam's Cove, to Thomas Blanshard, 18 January 1815. 18 WMMS, reel 15, 1800-17, William Ellis, Sampson Busby, and John Pickavant, Carbonear, to Thomas Blanshard, 6 January 1815. 19 Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 200-2. See Wilson for an excerpt of the ballad. 20 Lench, The Story of Methodism in Bonavista, 57, no. 21 Ibid., 80, 49-50. 22 Ibid., 51-2. Methodism had begun as an ecclesiola in ecclesia in protest against the spiritual laxity of the Church of England, and class meetings were the form of collegia pietatis which were its hallmark. For the role of

Notes to pages 135-41 299

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

40 41 42

the collegia pietatis in forming a "pure" church within the church, and Wesley's borrowing the framework from the Moravians, see Wach, Sociology of Religion, 173-6, and Davies and Rupp, A History of the Methodist Church in Britain, 51-2, 218-24. WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823, 1^24, l%25WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, John Boyd, Journal, Trinity, i March 1824. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity, 50. For a Canadian example, the Hay Bay camp meeting, see Rawlyk, The Canada Fire, 14361. Methodist Magazine, 1815, 158, William Ellis, Adam's Cove, to Missionary Committee, 26 November 1814. WMMS, box 2, 1819/20-23/25, file 51, James Hickson, Island Cove, to Committee, 5 July 1820. WMMS, reel 24,1835-37, Adam Nightingale, Bonavista, 30 August 1836. WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, James Hickson, Bonavista, 25 October 1824. Ibid.; Lench, The Story of Methodism in Bonavista, 142. PANL, MG 598, SPG, A192, William Bullock, Trinity, to Archdeacon Wix, 28 March 1832. WMMS, box 5, 1833/34-37/38, file 204, William Wilson, Journal, Trinity, 13 November 1833. Wilson defended himself against three charges in his letter from Trinity of 3 December 1833 (see file 204). SPG, A192, William Bullock, Trinity, to Archdeacon Wix, 28 March 1832. SPG, Reportfor 1827, Bishop John Inglis, Journal, 24 June 1827, 77-8. WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 16, Bonavista Petition with 37 signatures to Archbishop of Canterbury, with a cover letter by magistrate John Bland, 8 October 1795. See also Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1833, 8-9. SPG, A192, George Coster, Bonavista, to Richard Lendon, Cloisters, Westminster, 9 November 1826, "A copy of the letter sent to Mr. Parker, Secretary to the Society PCK"; NSS, Proceedings, 1826-1827, 22-4. WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1825, l833-34WMMS, reel 23,1832-35, William Ellis, Bonavista, 12 August 1834. UC Archives, WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1839; WMMS, reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1855. Sanger, "The Evolution of Sealing and the Spread of Settlement," 136-45. WMMS, reel 28,1846-48, Jabez Ingham, Bonavista, 27 October 1846. WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1855. The 1857 census showed an increase of Methodist adherents from 675 to 929 and an Anglican decline of 130. By the time of the 1869 census, the Methodists had a majority in Bonavista. At nearby Bird Island Cove, while the Anglicans had increased slightly from 52 to 72 in 1857,

3°° Notes to pages 141-5

43

44 45 46

47 48

49

50 51 52 53

54 55 56 57 58

the Methodists had increased from 301 to 435 (Census of Newfoundland, 1845, l857> l869)WMMS, reel 30, 1852-53, Thomas Smith, Port de Grave, 22 November 1852; reel 31,1854-67, Thomas Smith, Port de Grave, 24 April and 29 May 1854. WMMS, reel 31,1854-67, Thomas Smith, Port de Grave, 24 April 1854. WMMS, Thomas Smith, Bonavista, to the Committee, 25 January 1855; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine 2 (1855): 653-6. The Wesleyan Notices Newspaper, 29 March 1855, "Extracts of Two Letters from the Rev. Edmund Botterell, dated St. John's, December 26th, 1854, and February 6th, 1855." Wesleyan Methodist Magazine 2 (1855): 654, 656, Thomas Smith, Bonavista, 25 January 1855. Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 1:290. See also Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1833, 8. In 1800 the London Missionary Society considered sending a missionary to this region - Bonavista, Greenspond, and Trinity Bay (SOAS, LMS, box i, John Hillyard, St John's, to Joseph Hardcastle, St John's, 18 July 1800). Sealing was a great attraction. In 1793 exports of seal oil from Bonavista and Greenspond were greater by far than anywhere else on the island (CO 194/21, fol. 425, "Annual Report on the Fishery and Trade of Newfoundland for the Year Ending 10 October 1793," quoted in Ryan, The Ice Hunters, 52). The northward trend of population migration for staples is well documented by the following: Staveley, "Population Dynamics in Newfoundland"; Macpherson, "A Modal Sequence in the People of Central Bonavista Bay"; Sanger, "The Evolution of Sealing and the Spread of Settlement"; and Head, Eighteenth Century Newfoundland, chapters 10 and 11. Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1827,129~32> John Corlett, Journal, 1826. SPG, Aig2, George Coster, Bonavista, to Anthony Hamilton, 19 July 1826. SPG, A192, George Coster, Bonavista, 4 November 1826. SPG, Aig2, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Anthony Hamilton, Secretary, 15 December 1827; SPG ? Report for 1827, Bishop John Inglis, Journal, 28 June 1827, 80-1. SPG, Aig2, George Coster, Bonavista, to Anthony Hamilton, December 1826. SPG, Aig2, George Coster, Bonavista, 21 July 1827. SPG, Report for 1827, Bishop John Inglis, Journal, 28 June 1827, 80. SPG, Aig2, George Coster, Bonavista, 21 July 1827. WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 20, P.G.W. Eastaff, St John's, to Committee, 30 October 1816. The Wesleyan Methodist securing of property began with William Black at Carbonear during his visit to Conception Bay in 1791 ("The Journal of William Black, in His Visit to Newfound-

Notes to pages 145-7 3O1

59

60 61 62 63 64 65

66

67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75 76

land," Arminian Magazine, 1792, 235; Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 1:283). WMMS, reel 33, July 1814 -July 1851, Minutes of the Missions Committee, London, vols. 1-6 (extracts), 5 September 1821; SOAS, The Report of the Wesleyan-Methodist Missionary Society, 1821 (London: T. Cordeux), cvi. WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823. Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1825, 58-62,136-8, 206-7. SOAS, The Report of the Wesleyan-Methodist Missionary Society for the Year Ending December 1824 (London: B. Bensley), 133. WMMS, box 2,1819/20-23/25, files 105-7, Richard Knight, Journal of Visit to Labrador, 22 October 1825. WMMS, reel 20, 1825-28, John Corlett, Trinity Bay, November 1826; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1827,132* WMMS, reel 34, September 1814 - December 1867, Minutes of the Missions Committee, London, Outgoing Letters - extracts, letter to William Croscombe, St John's, 18 March 1825. WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, letter of John Pickavant, Chairman, and Richard Knight, Secretary, St John's, 10 May 1828. WMMS, reel 25, 1838-40, William Faulkner, St John's, 11 December 1838. WMMS, reel 25,1838-40, George Ellidge, St John's, 29 May 1839. WMMS, reel 27,1842-45, George Ellidge, Bonavista, 19 December 1842. WMMS, box 6, 1837/38-41/42, file 288, John S. Addy, St John's, 11 June 1840 - Journal, Salvage, 19 September 1839. The 1845 Census of Newfoundland reported 288 Anglicans and one Methodist. WMMS, reel 27,1842-45, George Ellidge, Bonavista, 19 December 1842. Provincial Wesleyan, 6 April 1864, J.S. Allen, Greenspond. Macpherson, "A Modal Sequence in the People of Central Bonavista Bay," 117. The 1857 census listed 210 people of the Church of England and no Methodists. Provincial Wesleyan, 6 April 1864, John S. Allen, Greenspond. The Anglican clergyman Julian Moreton observed that the 1857 census overlooked "dissent" in the Greenspond Mission (SPG, A225, Julian Moreton, Greenspond, 30 September 1858). The 1869 census listed 54 Methodists at Flat Islands. Methodists complained of census underreporting. John Brewster commented on the 1845 census of Grand Bank, "The census, of course, gives a much lower number, as Government Agents know not our Shepherd's mark, and therefore cannot count our sheep" {Wesleyan, 24 November 1849, Jonn Brewster, "Notices of Newfoundland, No. 12").

302 Notes to pages 147-50

77 This is an interpolation. The 1857 census listed 1,083 Methodists, and the 1869 census listed 2,094 for Bonavista Bay. 78 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1893, 164, Charles Lench, "My Predecessors." 79 Ibid., March 1914,15, obituary of "Sister Ann Whiteway," by J.B. Wheeler, Musgrave Harbour, 28 January 1914; Wesleyan, 9 September 1876, report from Greenspond Circuit by Jeremiah Embree, Blackhead, 25 August 1876. 80 Methodist Monthly Greeting, March 1902,10. 81 Census of Newfoundland, 1869; Sanger, "The Evolution of Sealing and the Spread of Settlement," 142-5. 82 Provincial Wesleyan, 21 May 1865, Joseph Todhunter, Greenspond. 83 The 1869 census showed 43 Methodists where there had been none before. Five years later, Cape Freels, Middle Bill Cove, had also switched from Church of England to Methodist. At nearby Cape Island, Methodists outnumbered Anglicans by two to one (Census of Newfoundland, 1857,1869; Census of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1874). 84 Methodist Monthly Greeting, September 1905, 2, obituary of Jacob Rideout by Alfred Vincent, 10 August 1905. 85 Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity, 9-10. 86 Provincial Wesleyan, 21 May 1865, Joseph Todhunter, Greenspond. As a result of this revival, the 1869 census showed 140 Methodist adherents at Greenspond, where the 1857 census had not recorded a single Methodist. By 1874 the Methodists had increased to 458, while the Church of England had declined by 137 (Census of Newfoundland, 1857,1869; Census of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1874). 87 Provincial Wesleyan, 21 May 1865, Joseph Todhunter, Greenspond. Smith added that they were going to run him into an opening in the ice (Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2:166). 88 Methodist Monthly Greeting, March 1913,14, obituary of Ruth Whitemarsh. 89 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1893, 165, Charles Lench, "My Predecessors"; ibid., January 1900,10. 90 SPG, A226, Julian Moreton, Greenspond, 30 June and 30 September 1859. 91 SPG, A226, Julian Moreton, Greenspond, 30 June 1859. 92 SPG, A225, Julian Moreton, Greenspond, 30 September 1858. 93 SPG, A226, Julian Moreton, Greenspond, 31 December 1859. 94 WMMS, reel 20, 1825-28, John Corlett, Trinity, 19 July 1825, Journal of a Visit to Greenspond, 5 June - 11 July 1825, extract printed in Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1827,129~~3295 SPG, A222, Julian Moreton, Greenspond, 31 December 1854, 31 March

1855-

96 SPG, AH)4, Thomas Boonc, Twillingate, Quarterly Report, Christmas 1854.

Notes to pages 152-6 303 CHAPTER SEVEN

1 PANL, MG 597, WMMS, reel 30, 1852-53, John Brewster, Green Bay, 10 May 1853. 2 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1896,170, Henry J. Indoe, "A Chapter in the History of Newfoundland Methodism." Smith said that "several Methodist families" from Conception Bay had moved "to two or three of the islands" in Notre Dame Bay (Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2:367). 3 Methodist Monthly Greeting, July 1900, 12, "Newfoundland Methodism during the Century," by H.C. Hatcher; Mercer, A Century of Methodism in Twillingate, 7-9. Mercer thus concluded that the Methodist Church in Notre Dame Bay "was born in a private home, the services being conducted by worthy laymen" (155). 4 WMMS, reel 26, 1841-42, John S. Addy, Journal of Visit to "Green Bay, or rather the Bay of Notre Dame," 24 July 1841. 5 WMMS, reel 26, 1841-42, letter of William Marshall, Twillingate, Green Bay, 26 October 1842. 6 WMMS, reel 26,1841-42, John S. Addy, Journal of Visit to "Green Bay, or rather the Bay of Notre Dame," 24 July 1841. 7 WMMS, reel 26, 1841-42, letter of William Marshall, Twillingate, Green Bay, 26 October 1842; reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, "Reports of the Work of God in the Newfoundland District," William Marshall, Green Bay, Twillingate Islands, 1843. 8 Valenze, Prophetic Sons and Daughters, 11, 52. 9 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1896,170, Henry J. Indoe, "A Chapter in the History of Newfoundland Methodism." 10 For instance, when William Wilson returned to the Bonavista circuit in 1829, ne found that the numbers in society at Catalina had decreased because a failure of the fishery had caused "many ... to emigrate to a distant part of the island," likely Notre Dame Bay (SOAS, WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 149, William Wilson, Bonavista, 18 July 1829, 123? printed in Wesley an Methodist Magazine, 1830,134). 11 Mercer, A Century of Methodism in Twillingate, 43-4. 12 Methodist Monthly Greeting, February 1891, 221, Thomas Harris, "Reminiscences - Twillingate." 13 The Newfoundland School Society "received sixteen sets of Sea and Cottage Sermons and Sermons to the Aged, for the use of catechists on the island" (PANL, MG 598, SPG, Aig3, Archdeacon Wix to Archdeacon Hamilton, St John's, 8 August 1831). 14 Burder, Memoir of the Rev. George Burder, 345, 360-3. 15 SOAS, LMS, box i, John Hillyard, Twillingate, to the Directors of the Missionary Society, 3 November 1801.

3°4 Notes to pages 156-9 16 Ibid., John Moors, Twillingate, to William Kingsbery, 29 October 1802. 17 Mercer, A Century of Methodism in Twillingate', 7-9. Moors and Moores are variant surnames. 18 WMMS, reel 26, 1841-42, letter of William Marshall, Twillingate, Green Bay, 26 October 1842; LMS, box i, John Moors, Twillingate, to William Kingsbery, 29 October 1802. 19 Provincial Wesleyan, 18 June 1862. 20 LMS, box i, John Hillyard, St John's, to the Directors of the Missionary Society, 24 June 1799. 21 LMS, box i, John Hillyard, St John's, to Joseph Hardcastle, 18 July 1800. 22 LMS, box i, John Hillyard, Twillingate, to the Directors of the Missionary Society, 3 November 1801. [Bicentennial History Committee], The Dissenting Church of Christ at St. John's 1775-1975-> 4923 LMS, box i, John Hillyard to the Directors of the Missionary Society, 5 July 1804. 24 LMS, box i, John Hillyard to George Burder, 24 October 1806. 25 LMS, box i, W.J. Hyde to George Burder, 24 December 1813. 26 SPG, Anniversary Meeting, 1815, 37. 27 SPG, A191, John Leigh, Twillingate, 17 April 1817. 28 SPG, A193, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Bishop Spencer, 10 October 1840. 29 SPG, Report for 1828, 86. 30 SPG, Report for 1825, 5 8 • 31 SPG, A193, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Bishop Spencer, 10 October 1840; SPG, Report for 1828, 8. 32 SPG, Report for 1824, 5& 33 SPG, Report for 1825,56. 34 SPG, A19O, Thomas A. Grantham, St John's, to A. Hamilton, 20 May 1819. 35 SPG, Report for 1831,124-5; SPG ? Aig4, Journal of Bishop Spencer's visit to Placentia Bay, 3 July 1843. 36 WMMS, reel 26, 1841-42, John S. Addy, Journal of Visit to "Green Bay, or rather the Bay of Notre Dame," 18 August 1841; SPG, Aig3, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Bishop Spencer, 10 October 1840. 37 WMMS, reel 25, 1838-40, Committee of Auxiliary WMMS, St John's, 4 June 1839. 38 SPG, Report for 1822, Report of John Leigh, Ecclesiastical Commissary, 54. 39 SPG, Ai93, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Bishop Spencer, 13 October 1841. 40 WMMS, reel 26, 1841-42, letter of William Marshall, Twillingate, Green Bay, 26 October 1842. The 1845 census underreported Methodists, registering only 48, with 274 as Anglicans (Census of Newfoundland, 1845). 41 SPG, A194, Spencer, Twillingate, to Campbell, i August 1841.

Notes to pages 159-64 305 42 SPG, A193, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Archdeacon Wix, 11 June 1832; John Chapman, Twillingate, to Archdeacon Wix, 5 May 1836. Baptists would not have adhered to infant baptism but to baptism upon conversion, or believer's baptism. 43 WMMS, reel 26, 1841-42, letter of William Marshall, Twillingate, Green Bay, 26 October 1842. 44 WMMS, reel 27, 1842-45, William Marshall, Twillingate, 29 December 1843. 45 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1899,12, "Methodism in Green Bay," John Reay, reprinted from the Provincial Wesleyan, 1875 - unavailable, see the Wesleyan, 6 May 1876; Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2:370-1. 46 Bond, "How the Gabbites Came to Gull Cove: A Story of Early Methodism in Newfoundland," 23. "Gabbites" in the story was a term of derision for Methodists, 3. 47 SPG, A193, John Chapman, Twillingate, to A.M. Campbell, Secretary, 19 December 1839; ibid., Bishop Aubrey George Spencer, St John's, to Campbell, 16 November 1841; Manuel, St. Peter's Anglican Church, Twillingate, 15,

!?• 48 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine 2 (1856): 664, obituary of Simon Jacobs. 49 SPG, Aigi, George Skelton, Trinity, to William Morice, Secretary, Trinity, 5 January 1819. 50 Bond, "How the Gabbites Came to Gull Cove," 143-9, 231-7. 51 WMMS, reel 27,1842-45, William Marshall, St John's, 12 June 1843. 52 Ibid., William Marshall, Twillingate, 10 December 1845. 53 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1842-46. 54 Mercer stated that John Addy on his arrival "gathered together the few souls who had formed class-meetings previous to his appointment," as visiting missionary in 1841 (Mercer, A Century of Methodism in Twillingate, 9). 55 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1825. 56 Provincial Wesleyan, 14 December 1864, 23 September 1876. Methodist Monthly Greeting, February 1891, 221, and April 1902,10; Mercer, A Century of Methodism in Twillingate, 10. 57 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1899, 12, "Methodism in Green Bay," John Reay; WMMS, reel 26, 1841-42, John S. Addy, Journal of Visit to "Green Bay, or rather the Bay of Notre Dame," 17 August 1841; reel 27, 1842-45, William Marshall, Twillingate, 10 December 1845; Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2:369. 58 SPG, A193, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Bishop Spencer, 10 October 1840. 59 SPG, A194, SPG form, question 21, Thomas Boone, 29 June 1846.

306 Notes to pages 164-7

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

78 79

80 81 82 83

Public Ledger, 4 August 1843. SPG, A194, SPG form, question 21, Thomas Boone, 29 June 1846. Times, 19 October 1850. Public Ledger, 4 August 1843. Collett, Church of England, No. 2,13-14. Quoted in Tucker, Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of Edward Feild, 188. Speaking of galleries, William Grey noted that Feild "wages war against them" ("The Ecclesiology of Newfoundland," 157). Letter of Richard Newman, Twillingate, to his sister, 13 August 1828; to his brother, 17 December 1827anc** Juty l^9SPG, A192, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Archdeacon Wix, 5 May 1836. Stebbing, Polemical Tracts, 29-30, 35, 69, 73. SPG, A192, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Anthony Hamilton, Secretary, 28 October 1826. Ibid., 15 December 1827. Public Ledger, 4 August 1843. Ibid., 11 August 1843. Times, 16 August 1843. Public Ledger, i September 1843. SPG, A192, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Anthony Hamilton, Secretary, 15 December 1827anc* 6 December 1829. SPG, A192, John Chapman, Twillingate, to A.M. Campbell, Secretary, 7 December 1835. SPG, A192, Archdeacon George Coster, St John's, to Hamilton, 27 August 1824; George Coster, Bonavista, to Richard Lendon, Cloisters, Westminster, 9 November 1826, "A copy of the letter sent to Mr. Parker, Secretary to the Society PCK"; A193, William Bullock, Trinity, to Archdeacon of NL, 25 October 1833. For Burin, see chapter 8. Obelkevich, Religion and Rural Society, 5-9; Wearmouth, Methodism and the Working-Class Movements of England, 5; Hempton, "Methodism," 120; Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England, 69; Winsor, "Methodism in Newfoundland 1855-1884," 129-34. SPG, A193, John Chapman, Twillingate, to A.M. Campbell, Secretary, 19 December 1839; Peyton, River Lords, 102. WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, "Reports of the Work of God in the Newfoundland District," William Marshall, Green Bay, Twillingate Islands, 1843. WMMS, reel 35, 1823-55, 1847 Report of the Work of God in the Newfoundland District, John S. Peach, Green Bay. UC Archives, WY 103, box i, "Newfoundland District Spiritual State Reports, 1840-57," John S. Peach, 1850 Green Bay Circuit Report.

Notes to pages 168-74 307

84 Wesleyan Notices Newspaper, 27 February 1851, Missions in British America, Newfoundland, extract of a letter from John Brewster, Twillingate, Green Bay, 4 September 1850. 85 WY 103, box i, "Newfoundland District Spiritual State Reports, 1840-57," John S. Peach, 1850 Green Bay Circuit Report. 86 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1842-51. 87 Methodist Monthly Greeting, September 1898,135, "A Short Account of Two Church Members," John Reay. 88 WMMS, reel 29, 1849-52, John Brewster, Twillingate, 30 October 1851, partially published in Wesleyan Methodist Magazine i (1852): 206. The text says "Robert R." - most likely Robert Rideout, a class leader in Twillingate in 1853 (WY 200, Fogo, box 2, "Green Bay Circuit Book, 1846-1868," 1853). 89 WY 103, box i, "Newfoundland District Spiritual State Reports, 184057," John Brewster, 1853 Green Bay Circuit Report. By 1857 there were 112 Methodists at Little Bay Islands, and on the eastern side of the bay, 141 Methodists at Muddy Hole and Doating Cove (Musgrave Harbour), where there had been none a little over a decade before (Census of Newfoundland, 1845,1857). 90 WMMS, reel 30,1852-53, John Brewster, Green Bay, 10 May 1853. 91 WMMS, reel 19, 1824-25, James Hickson, Journal, Bonavista, 5, 7 March 1824. 92 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, "The Recent Church Movement at Leeds," 1854, 919. 93 WMMS, reel 30, 1852-53, Edmund Botterell, St John's, 24 August 1853, Journal of a Trip to Twillingate, Sunday, 14 August 1853. 94 WMMS, reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1854 Reports of Religious State of the various Circuits in the Newfoundland District, Green Bay Circuit; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine 2 (1854): 844. 95 WY 200, Fogo, box 2, "Green Bay Circuit Book, 1846-1868," 1853. 96 WY 103, box i, "Newfoundland District Spiritual State Reports, 1840-57," Paul Prestwood, 1857 Green Bay Circuit Report. 97 Provincial Wesleyan, 6 May 1860, Thomas Harris, Twillingate, "Revival in Newfoundland." There was distress: Harris notes that during the previous fall there had been losses of vessels and men in "successive storms" two vessels with twenty crew - while returning from St John's. Moreover, Boone noted that later in the year measles took the lives of 45 infants and children in his church alone (SPG, A228, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1860). 98 SPG, A228, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1860.

308 Notes to pages 174-8

99 Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 200-2. 100 Methodist Monthly Greeting, December 1899, 7, "Methodism in Green Bay," John Reay. 101 SPG, A228, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1860. 102 Methodist Monthly Greeting, December 1899, 7, "Methodism in Green Bay" John Reay; ibid., January 1900, 2. 103 SPG, A228, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1860; ibid., 31 December 1861. 104 SPG, A228, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1860. 105 Provincial Wesleyan, 7 September 1859, "Letter from Newfoundland" to editor from Aleph, 26 August 1859. For the role of experience in "scriptural holiness, see "Religious Experience in Conversion and Instant Sanctification," in Roy, "A Reappraisal of Wesleyan Methodist Mission," 198-209. 106 Provincial Wesley an, 21 July 1859. 107 The missionary John S. Peach at Twillingate saw Bishop Feild as just "a mortal man with a three cornered cap" (QEL, "John S. Peach Diaries, 1841-1855," 5 December 1846). 108 Methodist Monthly Greeting, December 1899, 7, "Methodism in Green Bay," John Reay, concluded. Yet Bishop Feild said in 1868 that "young adventurers" who "generally are dissenters" had replaced the "old establishments" (Tucker, Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of Edward Feild, 235). 109 SPG, A228, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1860. no Provincial Wesleyan, 4 May 1864, "Newfoundland Correspondence," Green Bay, E.K., Exploits Burnt Island, 10 February 1864. in Ibid. See also Henry Lewis on the lay contribution to Methodism ("How Methodism Came to Foxes," 165). 112 SPG, A228, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1859. The clergyman Louis Legrand Noble, on his way north with the artist Frederick Edwin Church, was in Twillingate on 3 July, the day of Bishop Feild's visit (Noble, After Icebergs with a Painter, 103-4). 113 SPG, A232, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1863. 114 SPG, A232, 2 May 1866. See also ibid., 31 December 1869. 115 Provincial Wesleyan, 8, 22 April, 15, 22 July 1868, and 23 June 1869. 116 Wesleyan, 6 May 1876, "Journal of Green Bay Circuit," John Reay, Twillingate, 23 March 1876. 117 Wesleyan, 19 October 1878, "Twillingate Sabbath School Festival," William Swann. 118 WY 103, box i, "Newfoundland District Spiritual State Reports, 1840-57," Paul Prestwood, 1857 Green Bay Circuit Report. 119 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Newfoundland District Journal, 1859-1873," 1859 Annual District Meeting, Carbonear, 18 May 1859; SOAS, Minutes of Conference, 1859, 273; SPG, Report for 18^2, Report of John Leigh, Ecclesiastical Commissary, 54.

Notes to pages 178-9 309 120 SPG, A193, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Bishop Spencer, 13 October 1841; WMMS, reel 27,1842-45, William Marshall, Twillingate, Green Bay, 26 October 1842. 121 WMMS, reel 32, 1858-64, Henry Daniel, St John's, 26 October 1858, published in Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1859,186. 122 1857 Census of Newfoundland. 123 WMMS, reel 32,1858-64, Henry Daniel, St John's, 26 October 1858, published m Wesley an Methodist Magazine, 1859,186. 124 WMMS, box 12, 1868-83, file 57°' Henry L. Cranford, Twillingate, 10 December 1870. The 1857 census had registered Methodists on the French Shore at Englee, St Anthony, and Griquet. The 1869 census registered 71 Methodists at Red Bay, Labrador, compared with 41 Church of England, and also 40 at Henley Harbour, where they were outnumbered only slightly by the Church of England. By 1874 Methodists at Bonne Bay on the west coast had increased to 270 from 28 in 1869. There was a much smaller number in the Bay of Islands: 70 in 1874 (Census of Newfoundland, 1857,1869; Census of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1874). 125 James A. Duke spent a winter there in 1860 instead of remaining on Exploits Burnt Island (Provincial Wesleyan, 6 May 1860, Thomas Harris, "Revival in Newfoundland"). 126 WMMS, box 12, 1868-83, fite 57°' Henry L. Cranford, Twillingate, 10 December 1870; Martin, Once Upon a Mine, 13; Shaw, History of Cornish Methodism, 68-75,120-1. 127 Methodist Monthly Greeting, June 1898, 86, obituary of Sister H. Locke, Tilt Cove. 128 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Newfoundland District Journal, 1859-1873," 1864 Annual District Meeting, St John's, 27 May 1864. 129 SPG, A242, Robert Temple, White Bay, 30 June 1877; Martin, Once Upon a Mine, 19; Bassler, Vikings to U-boats, 89-95. 130 WY 200, Fogo, box 2, "Green Bay Circuit Book, 1846-1868," 1853. According to the 1857 census, there were a similar number of artisans, merchants, and traders at both places (Census of Newfoundland and Labrador). 131 WMMS, reel 30, 1852-53, Edmund Botterell, St John's, 24 August 1853, Journal of a Trip to Twillingate. Mobility due to the seasonal round played a role in conversion, since in 1861 Thomas Harris visited a "Mr. Pope" on Fogo Island who once opposed religion but was converted "in the Bay" during the winter and now opened his house for prayer. Later in the year there were rumours of a lay revival on the island, so a missionary was sent there to assess the situation (Provincial Wesleyan, 10 April, i May 1861). 132 Methodist Magazine, 1816, 469, Meeting of the Newfoundland Methodist Missionary Society, Carbonear, John Gosse, Esq., Chairman. 133 SPG, A193, John Chapman, Twillingate, to Bishop Spencer, 10 October 1840; Bishop Spencer, Twillingate, to A.M. Campbell, i August 1841.

310 Notes to pages 179-81 134 SPG, A193, John Chapman, Twillingate, to A.M. Campbell, Secretary, 19 December 1839; John Chapman to Secretary, Thornton, 2 March 1841. 135 SPG, A222, William A. Elder, Fogo, Christmas 1854. 136 SPG, A226, Reginald M. Johnston, Fogo, n April 1860; A22y, Reginald M. Johnston, Fogo, i October and 30 December 1860; A23O, Reginald M. Johnston, Fogo, January 1863 and January 1864. 137 UC Archives, "Journal of Thomas Fox, 1851-1877," 10, 28 July 1862. 138 SPG, A23O, Reginald M. Johnston, Fogo, January 1863. 139 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1896, 170-1, Henry J. Indoe, "A Chapter in the History of Newfoundland Methodism." 140 Ibid., March 1906, 3. Lucas served as a class leader for over fifty years. 141 Probably referring to the Duders. When the Methodist Church in Twillingate burned in 1868, it had an outstanding debt to Edwin Duder (WY 200, Fogo, box 2, "Green Bay Circuit Book, 1846-1868," 1868). Mrs Thomas C. Duder (Emily Haddon) was the organist and led the singing in the Fogo Methodist church for ten years (Methodist Monthly Greeting, January 1903, 10). Bishop Feild also complained of the Church of England being "divided and desolated" by this change (letter of Bishop Feild, Twillingate, to the Rev. Canon Seymour, 14 November 1868, printed in Tucker, Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of Edward Feild, 235-6). For the changeover of the old English merchant houses in the outports to the St John's merchants, see Ryan, Fish Out of Water, 62-4. 142 SPG, A234, Reginald M. Johnson, Fogo, 31 December 1865. John Bemister, the new colonial secretary, under the Frederick Carter administration, an active Methodist, was trustee of the church in Carbonear and often chaired meetings of the Wesleyan Missionary Society; see WMMS, box 9,1849/51-52/54, file 409, Carbonear Report of Trustees, Carbonear, i November 1849; WMMS, reel 25, 1838-40, Rules and Regulations of Carbonear Wesleyan Missionary Society, 2 April 1839; reel 29, 1849-52, John S. Addy, St John's, "Missionary Meetings in Conception and Trinity Circuits," 15 December 1851; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine i (1854): 473. Both Bishop Feild and H.W. Hoyles protested against John Haddon being appointed Inspector of Schools in 1861 because he was a Wesleyan (PANL, GN 2/2 1858, box 47, letter of Bishop Feild to Governor Bannerman, 28 - May 1858; Courier, Editorial, 17 April 1861). 143 WMMS, reel 32,1858-64, John S. Peach, Blackhead, to William B. Boyce, London, 3 February 1864. 144 SPG, A233, Reginald M. Johnson, Fogo, January 1865. 145 SPG, A235, Alfred M. Oakley, Fogo, 31 December 1868. 146 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1899,12, "Methodism in Green Bay," John Reay. 147 Census of Newfoundland, 1857,1869; Census of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1874,1884.

Notes to pages 182-4 311 148 SPG, A239, Walter R. Smith, Exploits, 31 December 1871. 149 Quoted in Tucker, Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of Edward Feild, 170. 150 SPG, A238, Thomas Boone, Twillingate, 31 December 1869. So also George Bond noted, "Who that has laboured on the out-port circuits of Newfoundland has not been filled with amazement at the fluency and eloquence of speech, the clearness of idea, the fulness of insight, and the fervour and pathos of expression with which new converts, often utterly illiterate, and by nature modest and shrinking, are enabled to tell of their experience and to appeal to their unconverted friends?" (Bond, Skipper George Netman, 105). 151 SPG, A232, George Seymour Chamberlain, Moreton's Harbour, 14 April 1864. 152 SPG, Aigo, Lewis Amadeus Anspach, Harbour Grace, to Doctor Morice, 19 December 1803; A191, John Leigh, Harbour Grace, to Anthony Hamilton, 15 January 1821. 153 SPG, A192, Archdeacon George Coster, St John's, to Hamilton, 27 August 1824; WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823. A similar complaint was made of Mr Brace at Bareneed: "You know he is an extempore preacher" (SPG, Aig3, Charles Blackman, Porte de Grave, to Archdeacon Wix, 29 September 1831; Archdeacon Wix, St John's, to Charles Blackman, 3 October 1831). 154 SPG, A193, Edward Wix to Rev. Burt, Harbour Grace, July 1832. 155 Bishop Feild required Oliver Rouse as a deacon to declare that he would "conform to the Liturgy as by law established" (Street, The Journal oj'Oliver Rouse,99). 156 Methodist Monthly Greeting, September 1903, 2, "Forty Years Ago, No. 35," John Waterhouse. 157 SPG, Ai92, Aubrey George Spencer, Trinity, 24 January, 5 April 1821. 158 Methodist Monthly Greeting, February 1902, 6, "Forty Years Ago, No. 19," John Waterhouse. 159 SPG, A239, H.M. Skinner, Salvage, 31 March 1873. 160 Provincial Wesleyan, 25 December 1861, "Extemporaneous Preaching." 161 Bond, Skipper George Netman, 55-6. In the service on the ice in his "Captain Sam's Two Easter Sundays," he writes: "Poor Dave wasn't much of a reader, but he was slowly spellin' it out like," but afterward when the sealers prayed extemporaneously, "such prayers I thought I never heard before" (9). See also Bond's description of "a Newfoundland fisherman's prayer," the first such prayer they had ever heard "from one of their own class," in his "How the Gabbites Came to Gull Cove" (21). What Bond did not realize was that education might take such fluency from them. James Lumsden commented in his book Skipper Parson-. "Doubtless, as education spreads, out of the lay reader the local preacher will be evolved" (Lumsden, The Skipper Parson, 87). Henry J. Indoe replied, "I pray 'So mote it

312 Notes to pages 184-8

be!' remembering that in Nova Scotia it has not so followed" (Methodist Monthly Greeting, May 1906, 2, review of Lumsden, The Skipper Parson, by Henry J. Indoe, Nova Scotia). 162 Bond, Skipper George Netman, 98, 66,108,114,125. See also Captain Sam's reference to his identity as a Methodist: "The Lord Jesus Christ is my Captain ... an' the Methodist Church is the ship I sails in. I likes her, I do. She sails well, is a good carrier, an' can be depended on in a breeze of wind. A fine stiff craft she is, well built and well found" (Bond, "Captain Sam's Two Easter Sundays," 3). 163 Lewis, "How Methodism Came to Foxes," 159. CHAPTER EIGHT

1 QEL, "Journal of John Lewis," 1.08, 8 December 1818. 2 Ibid., 1.05, 22, 29 June 1817, 6, 7 July 1817. 3 Methodist Magazine 2 (1817): 873; John Lewis, Burin, to George Marsden, Placentia Bay, 7 July 1817. He was in Placentia Bay for less than three weeks; he may have been making a formulaic comment. 4 Ibid., 872. This would appear to be the will of the Auxiliary Missionary Society meeting of 16 January 1816, in Carbonear. The society had specifically stated such wider visitation throughout Trinity and Fortune Bays (Methodist Magazine, 1816, 469). 5 QEL, "William Harding Diary, 1793-1877." 6 JRL, PLP 69.31.2, John Lewis, Burin, to George Cubit, Methodist Chapel, St John's, 13 April 1818. 7 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.05, 8 July 1817. 8 Ibid., 26 October 1817, Coll-2O5 1.07,17 August 1818; ibid., Coll-2O5 1.08, 5 July 1819; SOAS, WMMS, box 2,1819/20-23/25, file 51, John Lewis, Burin, to Joseph Taylor, 17 December 1819. 9 PANL, MG 598, SPG, A19O, Thomas Grantham, Burin, to A. Hamilton, 10 December 1816. 10 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 24, John Lewis, 2 December 1817. 11 Ibid., file 24, John Lewis, 2 December 1817. 12 Ibid., file 25, George Cubit, St John's, 20 December 1817. 13 Ibid., file 47, James Hickson, Harbour Grace, 9 January 1819; JRL, PLP 69.31.2, John Lewis, Burin, to George Cubit, Methodist Chapel, St John's, 13 April 1818. 14 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 48, John Lewis, Burin, to Joseph Taylor, 17 May 1819. 15 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 48, Joshua Bryan to Joseph Benson, Shaftesbury, 5 April 1819; ibid., Hannah Goddard, Burin, to Joshua Bryan, 5 June 1819. Bryan had been in Newfoundland and had returned to England. 16 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.08,11 December 1818.

Notes to pages 188-91 313

17 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 48, Hannah Goddard, Burin, to Joshua Bryan, 5 June 1819. For obituaries of converts at the time - Hannah Goddard, Sarah Bartlett, Thomas and Martha Hollett, and Hannah Darby see Provincial Wesleyan, 22 April and 8 July 1858, Wesleyan, 8 July 1881, and Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1896, 173. Other converts were George Mitchell and Richard Willey ("Journal of John Lewis," 1.08, 22 November 1818 and 5 January 1819). 18 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.08, 25 February and 27 June 1819. 19 Ibid., 11,12 December 1818, 20 June and 29 August 1819. 20 Ibid., 8 January 1819. 21 On 10 December 1817, Lewis sent Lawlor several books: John Fletcher, Works, vol. i; David Simpson, Plea for Religion-, John Wesley, Plain Account of Christian Perfection-, Disney Alexander, Reasonsfor Methodism; and on 16 May 1818, he sent him Richard Baxter, Saints' Everlasting Rest, and John Howe, Blessedness of the Righteous ("Journal of John Lewis," 1.06,1.07). 22 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.06, 3 November 1817. 23 Davies, "In the Garden of Christ," 206. 24 Historians see an illustration of "Thirsk's Law" in nineteenth-century Methodism, with women losing their "temporary position of influence" as leaders and preachers, as the movement continued from its revivalist expansion phase to the more formal chapel phase in which it became a denomination. See Hempton, The Religion of the People, 181 and i85ni2: "In a paper on 'The history women' at the Irish Conference of Historians in Belfast in 1993, Joan Thirsk stated that at the opening of all new enterprises women were able to play an important part before the structures were later cemented by men" (Valenze, Prophetic Sons and Daughters, 11, 52).

25 UC Archives, WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1831,1832. 26 PANL, MG 597, WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, William Ellis, Burin and Placentia Bay, September 1824. 27 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 49, John Lewis, Burin, to Secretary, Joseph Taylor, 11 October 1819. 28 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.05, 6 July 1817; WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 23, John Lewis, Burin, 7 July 1817. 29 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.05,17 August 1817. 30 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1827, l^9"3^ Journal of John Corlett, 2 July 1825. 31 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 23, John Lewis, Burin, to WMM Committee, 7 July 1817. 32 Ibid. 33 WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, William Ellis, Burin, 29 November 1825. The ref" erence is to Luke 10:42, KJV; reel 20, 1825-28, William Wilson, Burin, 5 October 1826; Luke 14:5, KJV.

314 Notes to pages 191-5

34 WMMS, reel 20, 1825-28, William Wilson, Burin, 5 October 1826; reel 19, 1824-25, William Ellis, Burin, 29 November 1825. 35 UC Archives, Burin, box i, "Account Book, 1821-1835." 36 WMMS, reel 19,1824-25, William Ellis, Burin, 29 November 1825. 37 WMMS, reel 20, 1825-28, William Wilson, Burin, 25 July 1826; reel 19, 1824-25, William Ellis, Burin and Placentia Bay, September 1824. See also SOAS, Missionary Notices, 4:189, Thomas Hickson, Burin, 15 November 1822. 38 WMMS, reel 20,1825-28, William Wilson, Burin, 5 October 1826. 39 SPG, Reportfor 1825, 5240 SPG, Report for 1827,100-1. 41 SPG, Report for 1830, William Bullock, Trinity, to Archdeacon Goster, 21 October 1829, n42 Ibid., Archdeacon Edward Wix, Journal, 9 October 1830, 90. 43 WMMS, reel 22,1831-33, John Smithies, Burin, 19 September 1832; reel 26, 1841-42, James England, Burin, 4 December 1841. 44 Sweeny, "Accounting for Change," 135-7. 45 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1827, 641, William Wilson, Wesley Vale. 46 WMMS, reel 20,1825-28, William Wilson, Burin, Journal, 2 May 1827. 47 Ibid., 9 December 1826, William Wilson, Wesley Vale, 17 June 1827; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1828, 58, William Wilson, Burin, 17 May 1827. 48 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1828,58, William Wilson, Burin, 17 May 1827; WMMS, reel 20,1825-28, William Wilson, Burin, 2 November 1827. 49 WMMS, box 5,1833/34-37/38, file 204, William Wilson, Burin, Journal, 13 November 1833; files 204-5, William Wilson, Trinity, 4 December 1833. 50 WMMS, reel 20,1825-28, Charles Bates, Bonavista, 8 December 1826. 51 William Harding is a reminder that a number of emigrants from Britain were already sympathetic to Methodism upon their arrival in Newfoundland. They had been to Sunday services, attended prayer meetings, or even attended class meetings while in England ("William Harding Diary, 1793-1877"). There was an early Methodist presence in the south of England. For example, by the end of the eighteenth century there were already Methodist societies in forty parishes in Dorset, including Poole, Weymouth, Bridport, and Portland (Biggs, The Wesleys and the Early Dorset Methodists, 55, 59-61). 52 "William Harding Diary, 1793-1877." 53 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1823, ^37, letter of Thomas Hickson, Burin, 15 November 1822. 54 WMMS, reel 21, 1828-31, William Wilson to WMMS, Burin, 5 November and 2 December 1828. 55 Methodist Monthly Greeting, February 1893, 30, obituary of Elizabeth Goddard, Spoon Cove, Burin.

Notes to pages 195-8 315

56 WMMS, reel 35,18523-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823-26; WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1827-38. 57 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," John Smithies, Burin, 1832. 58 WMMS, reel 21, 1828-31, William Wilson to WMMS, Burin, 5 November 1828. Wilson neglected to mention his Grand Bank thesis that people's transhumance for fish and wood production actually enabled the spread of Methodism. See reel 23,1832-35, William Faulkner, Burin, 10 January, i December 1834; WMMS, box 3, 1823/25-28/29, file 101, William Ellis, Burin, to Jabez Bunting, 4 August 1823. 59 WMMS, reel 22,1831-33, John Smithies, Burin, 19 November 1832. 60 WMMS, reel 23, 1832-35, William Faulkner, Burin, 10 January 1834; reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, William Faulkner, Burin Circuit Report, 20 May 1835. 61 WMMS, reel 21, 1828-31, William Wilson, 14 April 1829; ibid., George Ellidge, Burin, 9 December 1829. 62 WMMS, reel 28,1846-48, Richard Williams, St John's, 26 November 1847. 63 Pascoe, Two Hundred Years of the S.P.G., 857-8. Fleet's presence explains the dramatic increase in Anglicans in the 1845 census an 1846-48, Samuel W. Sprague, Burin, 14 December 1846; WMMS, box 6, 1837/38-41/42, file 252, James G. Hennigar, Burin, 14 December 1837. 181 WMMS, reel 29, 1849-52, John Brewster, Burin, 9 March 18 50 ; Journal of the House of Assembly, appendix, Education, "Statement of Accounts Presented at the Meeting of Protestant Board of Education for Placentia Bay," 3 July 1850, 83. It is likely that Charles and Martha Downes are among those referenced in White's SPG report, which noted that "at convenient intervals a man and woman of the class called Ranters are resident" (SPG, A197, Quarterly Report of William K. White, Harbour Buffett, Christmas, 182 Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2 1373. 183 WY 103, box i, "Newfoundland District Spiritual State Reports 18401857," 1852, 1853. 184 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1891, 62, "Obituary of Martha Downes, Sound Island"; Courier, 8 June 1859. 185 Valenze, Prophetic Sons and Daughters, 11, 52. 186 While one can agree with Linda Gordon in her critique of Carrol SmithRosenberg that almost everything in nineteenth-century history was "liminal," still, some people and areas were more marginal than others (Gordon, a review of Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct). 187 Provincial Wesleyan, 14 November 1866. 188 Methodist Monthly Greeting, November 1891, 62, "Obituary of Martha Downes, Sound Island." 189 Wesleyan, 29 July 1876; Smith, History of the Methodist Church, 2:373. 190 WMMS, reel 21, 1828-31, William Wilson, Burin, Journal, 21 October 1828. 191 UC Archives, "A Journal Kept by James England, 1837-1841," 16 October 1841. 192 Provincial Wesleyan, 19 January 1874, Report from Burin Circuit by J.H J., 24 December 1873. (j.H.j. should be T.H J. [Thomas H. James].) 193 WMMS, reel 20, 1825-28, William Wilson, Burin, Journal of Visit to Placentia Bay, 14 September 1826. 194 WMMS, reel 22, 1831-33, John Smithies, Burin, 19 November 1832, Journal of Visit to Placentia Bay, i October 1832. 195 WMMS, reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, John S. Peach, Burin Circuit Report, 1854. 196 WY 200, Burin, box i, Circuit Book, 1854. 197 Census of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1836, 1845, 'l%57> 1869; Census of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1874.

322 Notes to pages 218-25

198 WMMS, reel 19, 1824-25, William Wilson, Grand Bank, Journal, 7 April 1824. CHAPTER N I N E

1 Wesley an, i December 1849. 2 SOAS, WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 24, Richard Knight, Grand Bank, to Missionary Committee, 14 April 1817. His first letter from Grand Bank to the WMMS gave an account of his voyage immediately upon his arrival (files 20-1, Richard Knight, Grand Bank, Fortune Bay, to Missionary Committee, 11 November 1816). 3 UC Archives, UCC Fortune Pastoral Charge Fond, Dinah L. King, "The History of Methodism in Fortune." 4 Fizzard, Unto the Sea, 74-5. 5 Lench, Methodism on the Grand Bank and Fortune Circuits, 2iff. 6 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 24, Richard Knight, Grand Bank, to Missionary Committee, 14 April 1817. 7 Lench, Methodism on the Grand Bank and Fortune Circuits, 57-8. 8 PANL, MG 597, WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, William Wilson, Grand Bank, Journal, 12 August 1823. 9 Wilson, Newfoundland and Its Missionaries, 227. 10 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 25, Richard Knight, Grand Bank, 14 April 1818. 11 Methodist Magazine, 1820, 78. 12 Q,EL, "Journal of John Lewis," 1.08,14 February 1819. 13 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, 1823-28; UC Archives, WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1829-32. 14 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," Circuit Report, Grand Bank, 1829. 15 SPG, Report for 1830, William Bullock, Trinity, to Archdeacon Coster, 21 October 1829,115-16. 16 SPG, Report for 1831, James Robertson, Journal, 12 August 1830,114. 17 The 1845 census showed that with a proportion of the population of over eleven to one, Grand Bank and Fortune had acquired identities as Methodist towns (Census of Newfoundland, 1836,1845). 18 WMMS, reel 18,1822-23, William Wilson, Grand Bank, Journal, 12 August 1823. 19 WMMS, box 2, 1819/20-23/25, file 70, John Oliver, St John's, to Joseph Taylor, 8 June 1821. 20 WMMS, reel 18,1822-23, William Wilson, Grand Bank, Journal, 18 November 1823. 21 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 25, Richard Knight, Grand Bank, 14 April 1818. So also, box 2, 1819/20-23/25, file 72, John Oliver, Grand Bank, to Joseph Taylor, 18 October 1821.

Notes to pages 225-7 323 22 WMMS, reel 22,1831-33, John Smithies, Burin, 19 November 1832. 23 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, William Wilson, Grand Bank, Journal, 18 November 1823; Provincial Wesley an, 3 August 1864, William Wilson, "The Newfoundland Mission and Its Missionaries, No. 28." 24 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 24, Richard Knight, Grand Bank, 14 April 1817; box 2,1819/20-23/25, file 70, John Oliver, St John's, to Joseph Taylor, 8 June 1821. 25 "Journal of John Lewis," 1.07, 30 August 1818, 6,13 September 1818, and 25 October 1818. 26 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1831. 27 There were also Methodist immigrants from England. William Marshall visited William Rideout at Pass Island who "was brought up in connection with a Wesleyan family in Dorsetshire." Marshall commented, "Many there are on this shore who have previous to their leaving England been similarly circumstanced" (QEL, "William Marshall, Diary, 1839-1842," 17 July 1841). 28 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," St John's, 23 May 1844. 29 QEL, "John S. Peach Diaries, 1841-1855," 14 November 1842. 30 "William Marshall, Diary, 1839-1842," i June 1840; WMMS, reel 25, 183840, William Marshall, Gaultois, Hermitage Bay, 30 July 1839; reel 26, 1841-42, William Marshall, Hermitage Cove, 21 July 1841; reel 27,1842-45, John S. Peach, Hermitage Cove, 30 September 1842. 31 WMMS, reel 27, 1842-45, John S. Peach, Hermitage Cove, 30 September 1842; "John S. Peach Diaries, 1841-1855," 20 June - 30 November 1842. 32 WMMS, reel 28, 1846-48, Adam Nightingale, Grand Bank, 10 December 1846; ibid., S.W. Sprague, Burin, 10 November 1847. 33 NSS, Annual Report for 1853-1854, 67. 34 Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1857, 9455 WMMS, box 10,1852/54-58/6, S.W. Sprague, Chairman, to Secretaries, Brigus, 29 October 1856. 35 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, John Pickavant, Chairman, Official District letter to Secretaries, 29 May 1837. 36 Ibid., Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, Numbers in Society, 1833-37. 37 WMMS, reel 24,1835-37, John Addy, Grand Bank, 30 August 1836; extract published in S O A S, Missionary Notices, 8:374~5. 38 WMMS, reel 35,1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, Circuit Report, Grand Bank, 1836. 39 Ibid., 1837. Another smaller revival had taken place in the winter of 1829. See WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," Minutes and Circuit Report, Grand Bank, 1829.

324 Notes to pages 228-33

40 WMMS, reel 18, 1822-23, William Wilson, Grand Bank, Journal, 18 November 1823; Provincial Wesley an, 3 August 1864, William Wilson, "The Newfoundland Mission and Its Missionaries, No. 28." 41 WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 179, Richard Shepherd, Grand Bank, 30 September 1831; file 180, 5 December 1831. 42 WMMS, reel 27, 1842-45, Adam Nightingale, Grand Bank, 12 September 1845. Carbonear, the largest station, was seen as the "most important" (WMMS, reel 24, 1835-37, George Ellidge, Carbonear, 23 June 1836; reel 27,1842-45, John S. Addy, Carbonear, 19 January 1844). 43 WMMS, reel 19, 1824-25, George Ellidge, Jersey Harbour, 18 November 1824; WMMS, box 4, 1828/29-33/34, file 182, Thomas Angwin, Grand Bank, 30 October 1832; box 5, 1833/34-37/38, file 208, Ingham Sutcliffe, Grand Bank, 29 August 1834; file 228, John S. Addy, St John's, 11 June 1836; WMMS, reel 24, 1835-37, John S. Addy, Grand Bank, 30 August 1836. 44 WMMS, box 2,1819/20-23/25, file 52, Pickavant, St John's, to Joseph Taylor, 29 December 1820; box 5, 1833/34-37/38, file 207, John Pickavant, Brigus, 14 July 1834; box 6,1837/38-41/42, file 252, W. Faulkner, St John's, 30 December 1837. 45 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1848 District Meeting, St John's; WMMS, reel 29,1849-52, John Brewster, Burin, 13 April 1849. 46 Wesley an, 17 November 1849. 47 WMMS, reel 29,1849-52, John Brewster, Burin, 13 April 1849. 48 UG Archives, "Journal of Thomas Fox, 1851-1877," 14 December 1850. 49 WMMS, reel 29,1849-52, John Brewster, Burin, 13 April 1849. 50 Wesley an, i December 1849. 51 Ibid. 52 Ibid., 24 November 1849. 53 [Feild], Journal of the Bishop of Newfoundland's Voyage of Visitation, 1848', 14. 54 PANL, MG 598, SPG, A195, Bishop Feild, St John's, to Hawkins, 20 June 1848. 55 SPG, Aigs, Bishop Feild, November 1845. 56 Wesley an, 24 November 1849. 57 For instance, in 1821 when John Haigh said he sent tracts to these places, it would have been the fishermen who were the messengers (Methodist Magazine, 1821, 637). 58 WMMS, reel 26,1841-42, William Marshall, Hermitage Cove, i November 1841. In his diary he noted that as he visited the western shore at Upper Burgeo, Lower Burgeo, and Eastern Point in La Poile Bay, Methodists in these settlements who had formerly resided at Grand Bank or Fortune gave him a hearty welcome ("William Marshall, Diary, 1839-1842," 18, 20, 25 August, 24 September 1839, anc^ $, 12 August 1841).

Notes to pages 233-6 325 59 WMMS, box 6,1837/38-41/42, file 288, William Marshall, Jersey Harbour, 15 October 1840; Wesley an, 23 June 1880. He also visited to a large welcome in 1839 ("William Marshall, Diary, 1839-1842," 18-22 August and 19-30 September 1839). 60 Handcock, "English Migration to Newfoundland," 30-7; Staveley, "Population Dynamics in Newfoundland," 56-7. 61 SPG, A192, Charles Blackman, Ferryland, to A. Hamilton, 24 October 1824; SPG > Report for 1823, 5°~462 SPG, Report for 1827, Bishop John Inglis, Journal, 14, 15 August 1827, 1012. 63 SPG, Account of the State of the Schools in the Island of Newfoundland, 1827,1O' SPG, A192, William Tulk, Great St Lawrence, to Anthony Hamilton, 17 November 1827. 64 SPG, Report for 1830, 88; Report for 1831, 96-106,115. 65 SPG, Report for 1836, 29-30. 66 Wix, Six Months of a Newfoundland Missionary's Journal. 67 Ibid., 2nd edn; Wix, "Three Weeks of a Missionary's Life in Newfoundland" and "Missionary Travels in the Interior of Newfoundland." 68 "An Appeal on Behalf of the Protestant Episcopalians of the Town of St. John's, Newfoundland," in Wix, Six Months of a Newfoundland Missionary's Journal, 2nd edn, ix-xi. See also, 193-5, 200-1. 69 WMMS, box 5, 1833/34-37/38, file 227, Ingham Sutcliffe, Grand Bank, 6 July 1835. After his return, Wix sent Thomas Wood straightway on a visitation to Fortune Bay in the fall of 1835 (SPG, Aig2, T.M. Wood, Petty Harbour, i January 1836). John Pickavant called Wix "a bitter enemy to Methodism" (WMMS, box 5,1833/34-37/38, file 207, John Pickavant, Brigus, 14 July 1834). 70 WY 100, box i, 1829-73, "Minutes, Newfoundland District, Wesleyan Methodist Church, England, 1829-50," 1836 Newfoundland District Meeting, Carbonear, Official Letter to Committee, 28 May 1836. 71 WMMS, reel 24, 1835-37, "Thomas Angwin, Port de Grave, 21 December 1836. 72 WMMS, reel 25, 1838-40, John Pickavant, Carbonear, to the WMMS, 12 September 1838. 73 WMMS, box 6, 1837/38-41/42, file 251, William Faulkner, Blackhead, 5 January 1837. 74 SPG, A194, Thomas Boone to T.F.H. Bridge, Harbour Breton, 8 March 1842. 75 WMMS, reel 26,1841-42, William Marshall, Hermitage Cove, 21 July 1841. 76 WMMS, reel 27, 1842-45, John S. Peach, Hermitage Cove, 22 November 1842. 77 Ibid., 30 September 1842.

326 Notes to pages 236-8

78 WMMS, reel 25,1838-40, John S. Addy, Old Perlican, 15 August 1837; ibid., William Marshall, Gaultois, 4 December 1839; reel 26, 1841-42, William Marshall, Gaultois, i November 1841; reel 35, 1823-55, Minutes of Newfoundland District Annual Meetings, Circuit Reports, Hermitage Cove, 1841; WMMS, box 6, 1837/38-41/42, file 288, William Marshall, Jersey Harbour, 15 October 1840. 79 Wix, Six Months of a Newfoundland Missionary's Journal, 46-86,111-53, 219' "Memoir of the Reverend Jacob George Mountain," in Lives of Missionaries: North America, 206-38. 80 SPG, A225, W.K. White, Harbour Breton, 31 December 1858. 81 WMMS, box i, 1791-1819/20, file 24, Richard Knight, Grand Bank, to Committee, 14 April 1817; file 48, John Haigh, Grand Bank, 19 July 1819; Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, 1828, Simeon Noall, Grand Bank, 1827, 206-7; WMMS, box 6,1837/38-41/42, file 288, William Marshall, Jersey Harbour, 15 October 1840. 82 WMMS, reel 27, 1842-45, John S. Peach, Hermitage Cove, 22 November 1842. 83 SPG, A195, Edward Feild, November 1845. 84 SPG, AK)6, Martin Blackmore, Sand Banks, Upper Burgeo, to Bishop Spencer, 18 May 1842. 85 Blackmore, "Journal of Rev. Martin Blackmore." 86 [Feild], A Journal of the Bishop's Visitation of the Missions on the Western and Southern Coasts, 1845,1287 WMMS, reel 26,1841-42, William Marshall, Hermitage Cove, i November 1841; reel 30, 1852-53, John S. Peach, Western Shore, 15 May 1854. Omitting references to other denominations was not unusual in Anglican journals. As John C. Street noted, "When reading works on Newfoundland written by or for Anglicans one too easily forgets that during the mid-i9th century Roman Catholics outnumbered Protestants in St. John's ... and of the Protestants, nearly one-third were Methodists by the time of the 1857 census" (Street, The Journal of Oliver Rouse, 265). 88 SPG, Aig6, Martin Blackmore, Burgeo Islands, Report, May 1847. 89 Blackmore, "Journal of Rev. Martin Blackmore," Bible classes, 30 January, 5,13, 27 February, and 7,13 March 1845; Bunyan classes, 26, 31 November 1845 and H> 28 January 1846. 90 Ibid., 16 July 1845, 26 June 1846,16 March and 18 May 1847. 91 WMMS, reel 30,1852-53, John S. Peach, Western Shore, 15 May 1854. 92 Blackmore, "Journal of Rev. Martin Blackmore," 26 October 1845, 5 April, 25 October 1846, 25 April, 17 October 1847, an !59-67> 268-75, 324-33, 522-32 Lives of Missionaries: North America. (J.G. Mountain). London: S.P.C.K. [n.d.] [Lowell, Robert Traill Spence]. The New Priest in Conception Bay. 2 vols. Boston: Phillips, Sampson & Co. 1858 Lumsden, James. The Skipper Parson on the Bays and Barrens of Newfoundland. Toronto: William Briggs 1906 [Medley, John]. A Charge Delivered at His Primary Visitation Held in Christ Church Cathedral, Fredericton, August 24, 1847 by John, Bishop of Fredericton. London: Joseph Masters 1848 Millais, John Guille. Newfoundland and Its Untrodden Ways... With Illustrations by the Author and from Photographs. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1907 Millman, Thomas R. "Life in Newfoundland, 1841-1859, and in Prince Edward Island, 1859-1884, as described in the Journals of Robert W. Dyer." Journal of the Canadian Church Historical Society 14 (June 1972): 30-45 Mission Field. Bishop Feild to the SPCK, 16 (July 1871): 212-13. "Address from the Synod of the Church of England in Newfoundland to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," by Thomas M.

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INDEX

Ackerman, Abraham, 44 Adam's Cove, 53, 55, 109, 121, 129 Addy, John S.: early teetotaler, 78; lampooned by "Judy," 59-60; participated in 1854 Blackhead revival, 258; reconnaissance of Notre Dame Bay, 152, 154-6, 159, 3°5n54; visit to western shore, 234-5 administration, 6-7, 11, 13, 14-15, 19; a hindrance to the growth of Methodism, 9, 55-64, 252. See also District Meeting agency. See popular agency Alexander, David, 269^4 Allen, John S., 147; first Methodist missionary appointed to Greenspond, H7 Alline, Henry. See Newlight sect American Methodism, 5, 25-6, 136, 148 Amulree Report. See Newfoundland Royal Commission Report Anglo-Catholicism. See tractarianism anomie, 96, in, 126-30, 227, 296^8 Anspach, Lewis Amadeus, 16, 44, 182, 264ni8, 265n37 Apsey, George, 8; conversion, 124; on the Labrador, 108; prayer leader, 52 Athenaeum Hall, 65 Australia, 28, 61, 62, 179 Authoine, John, 221, 225 Auxiliary Wesleyan Missionary Society, 39, 45, 48, 96, 227 Avard, Adam Clarke, 145 Avery, Mary Jane, 73 Baggsjohn, 76 Balfour, James, 20

Bannerman, Sir Alexander and Margaret, 216-17 Bannister, Gerald, 257 Baptists, 5, 27, 158; at Port aux Basques, 242, 327™^; at Tilt Cove, 179 Barber, John, 118-19 Barr, Ninian, 40, 75; formed tract-reading society, 108; Methodists lacking in feeling, 112 Barren Island, 203, 205 Barrett, Dawn, 21-3, 34-5 Bates, Charles, 46, 193 Batstone, H.A.: cruel land debate, 16, 21, 29-30, 253-4; isolation and degeneracy, 12, 15-16, 30, 264ni5; moral rescue by clergy, 12, 16, 254 Bay Roberts, 108. See also Squires, Elizabeth Beardsall, Sandra: charismatic vs canonic debate, 89-90, 95-6; cruel land debate, 16, 21, 2 9~3°5 253~4» cultural degeneracy in Newfoundland, 28-30, 33; Methodism and moral rescue, 28 Bebbington, David, 24 Beck, Eliza Ann, 73, 107-8 Bell, John, 76-7, 133 Bemister, John, 177, 3ioni42 Bendle, Thomas and Bridget, 211; example of frequent resettlement in Placentia Bay, 206 Bennett, C.F., 210 Bermuda, 47, 51, 63 Bethel, 120, 239-40, 253, 327^9; migratory significance of, 240 Bett's Cove, 179

352 Index

Billing, Emma (Emma Brewster), 55, 59

Bird Island Cove (Elliston): Methodist increase at, 299-300^42; revivals, 131, 134-8, 139-40, 150 Black, William, 25, 116-17, 121, 124, 259; converts of, 72, 107; distress during revival, 129; and securing of Methodist property, 300-1^8 Blackhead, 102, 105, 114-15, 121, 295n48; decline in drunkenness, 77; description of meetings at, 53-4; ecstasy of 1830 revival, 103-4, 125, 154; fishermen and 1854 revival, 60i, 258; school, 269n26; sealers took 1859 revival to Catalina, 93 Black Island: lay evangelism, 3, 170-1, 172; resettlement from Harbour Grace, 171 Blackman, Charles, 43, 44, 47; visit to Placentia Bay, 192, 203-5, 3^114 Blackmore, Martin: at Burgeo, 237-8 Blanshard, Thomas, 132, 133 Bluff Head Cove, 153, 162, 170, 171 Boland, Thomas, 242-3 Bonavista, 8, 44, 104, 121-2, 193; Anglicans alarmed, 136-7; clergy a hindrance at, 77, 132, 138; destitution in 1826 and 1830, 127-8, 193; ecstasy of 1824 revival, 131, 134-6, 172; 1814 revival, 129-30, 136; 1834 revival, 139-40; 1854-55 revival, 60-1, 92, 141, 259; few sealing schooners in 1831, 128; flagstaff showdown, 133-4, 174, 250; increase of Methodists, 299~3Oon42; large seal oil exports in 1793, 30On49; local preachers to Greenspond and Little Bay Islands from, 147, 178; Methodists called "crawlers," 85; migration from, 6, 140-1, 147, 163; NSS at, 41, 138-9; persecution of Methodist woman, 73-4; popular Methodism, 131-6; shore sealers "blown off" from, 92 Bond, George, 32; portrayal of Methodism in writings: in "Captain Sam's Two Easter Sundays," extern-

poraneous prayer, 3iini6i, and sea language, 3i2ni62; in "The Castaway of Fish Rock," Methodist hymn, 107; in "How the Gabbites Came to Gull Cove," fisherman's prayer, 3iini6i, and popular opposition to Methodism, 162; in Skipper George Netman\ Bethel flag, 327^9; conversion while adrift on ice, 128; fisherman rebuffing merchant's threat, 160-1; remarkable speaking ability of oral culture, 3iini5o; revival after sealers "blown off," 92; view of nature, 32 Bonne Bay, 33, 3O9ni24 Book of Common Prayer, 50, 137, 204;

identified with loyalty to homeland, 162, 207; Wesley's Abridgement, 101, 204, 255; literate neighbours read marriage service, 39; Methodist apologetics of fishermen from, 240-1 Boone, Thomas, 167, 182, 235; alarmed there were Methodists in Twillingate, 164; attempted to enclose Hart's Cove cemetery, 174-5; mourned ecstatic Methodist revival, 173-4; realized congregation not attracted to tractarianism, 177 Boston, 18, 65, 200 Botterell, Edmund, 259; chairman during 1855 administrative change, 61-2; lampooned by "Judy," 59-60; visited Notre Dame Bay, 172-3, 179 Bradley, David, 8, 262nig Bragg, John, 86 Brettle, Elias, 53-4 Brewster, John, 55, -152; acquired missionary for Sound Island, 59, 216-17; empathy with fishermen, 59, 130; falsely accused by Botterell, 59-60; in fisherman's hut, 105; let people speak personally, 229-31; in trouble with District Meeting, 59-60 Brigus, 57-8, 226, 245; Anglican sealers refused to sailon Sunday, 95; popular Methodism at, 42; Church of England initiative to, 43; migra-

Index 353 tion to Change Islands and Seldom, 72, 155; NSS at, 43 Brown, James, 141 Brown, Josias, 57 Brushett, Mary (Mary Harding), 18, 84, 194 Buffett, Emma (Emma Hollett), 72; class leader, 28oniO7 Bugden, Thomas, 104-5, 217-18; class leader at Haystack, 205 Bullock, William, 77, 138; Methodists attend his services, 158; opposed to Methodist feeling, 53; uneasy relationship with NSS, 40-1; visits south coast, 192, 224 Bulpit, James, 37, 157 Burder, George, 147, 155-6, 30^13 Burgeo, 247-8, 251-2; Church of England clergyman appointed to, 237; first Church of England missionary at, 237; Grand Bank migratory 'fisherman, 233; Methodist funds appropriated, 237; resettled Methodists from Grand Bank and Fortune, 233, 237-8, 324^8; tracts sent to, 109; visited and recommended as a mission station by Marshall, 233; winter transhumance to La Poile Bay, 238 Burin, 102, 166, 171, 188, 191, 194; Church of England initiative to, 196-7, 209-10, 228; Church of England setback in, 38, 187, 196, 200-1; class meetings, 191, 198, 28onK>7; common Protestantism at, 158, 192, 197; communication with Halifax, 193, 198; destitution, 89, 128, 199-200; drinking, 75-6, 80; emptied by winter transhumance, 192; entertained by Fortune Bay singers, 107; first Methodist missionary at, 38, 103, 186; fishing off Cape St Mary's from, 86-9, 186, 190, 191; fishing on Sabbath, 87-8, 186, 189-91; in Atlantic world 17-18, 186-7; immorality portrayed by John Lewis, 38; leadership of Emma

Hollett and Elizabeth Mitchell, 72; measles and smallpox, 193, 209; merchant hospitality to missionary, 75, 99; Methodist increase, 196-8, 201; Methodist social network, 188-9, 195> 219; politics, 67; resettlement from, 206; revival brought by Grand Bank fishermen, 197-8, 219; revival of 1832, 189, 191, 195; revival of 1837, 195, 208; revival of 1863, 80, 201; smuggling, 108; Sons of Temperance, 80; tractarianism, 197, 219; tragedy from gales, 86-9; winter transhumance from, 88, 192-3, 219 Burin Bay Arm, 191, 192, 209 Burt, John, 43, 47; allowed extemporaneous prayer, 183 Canadian Methodism, 4-5, 17, 25-7, 61-3, no Canadian Methodist Magazine, 86, 285n8, 285ni6 Cape Charles, 85, 107 Cape Freels, 148, 250; sudden conversion to Methodism, 3O2n83 Cape Island, 148, 150; sudden conversion of two-thirds of population to Methodism, 3O2n83 Cape La Hune Bay, 86, 95 Cape Ray, 109, 196-7, 234; migratory fishermen from Grand Bank and Fortune, 233, 239; visited by Marshall, 242 Cape St Mary's: August gale in 1824, 86-7; Placentia Bay fishermen fish off, 86-90, 187, 190, 192, 209; transhumance from Burin, 88 Carbonear, 31, 37, 65, 85, 157; Auxiliary Missionary Society meeting, 3i2n4; chapel burnt, 187; class meetings, 72, 96-7, 117, 123, 28oni07; day school, 26gn26; failure of Methodism, 6, 19, 116, 250; migratory fishermen from, 114, 125; nominal Methodism, 42, 111-15; Protestant and Roman Catholic antagonism, 129; resettle-

354 Index ment to Flat Islands, Seldom, and Henley Harbour, 147, 155, aSonioy; revival of 1830-32, 105-6, 123-5; revival of 1849, 52; William Black's revival, 121 Carrington, Frederick, 47 Cartwright, George, 30 Catalina: resettlement from, 1829, 3O3nio; revival of 1824, 134, 136-7; sealers from Conception Bay bring revival to, 93 census of 1845, l&57: underreported Methodists, 149, 301^4, 301^6, 3 57 Chamberlain, George, 182 Chambers Island, 202, 206, 3i8nii7 Change Islands: leadership of Rebecca Taylor, 154-5; resettlement from Brigus, 72; spiritual zeal, 179-80; summer migration from Cupids, 154 Channel-Port aux Basques: Feild acquired Protestant church, 51, 242-4; Methodists from Grand Bank, Fortune, and Halifax, 242, 247; revival of 1861, 244-5; Sons of Temperance formed, 80; tracts burnt, 245 Chapman, John, 158; attacked Methodists when leaving Twillingate, 165-6; cooperated with NSS, 166; an evangelical Anglican, 164 Chaulk, Cyril, 20 cholera, 141, 258-9 Christmas, 65, 79, 224 Church of England, 60; divisions in, 37, 40-1, 138-40, 166, 200; Establishment mentality, 39, 133-4, 174-6, 180, 187, 236; lay readers, 434, 144, 27in62; lost to Methodism, 54, 138, 201; marriage controversy with Methodists, 39; new initiative in Placentia Bay, 209-11; persecuted Methodists, 149, 160-1, 168; strong but discomfited in Twillingate,

166-7; used consecration as a tactical manoeuvre, 138, 143-5, 174r^ 237-8, 242-3 civilization, 17, 65-6, 82, 278^4, 278n65 Clark, S.D., 24-6 class meeting, 42, 84, 117, 155; decline of, 65, 134; held during winter transhumance, 167; importance of, 72, 134, 28inno, 293n20; origin of, 298~9n22; role in revival, 141; without payment of penny a week to, 96-100, 254; women as class leaders, 71-3, 191, 198 clergy: desired to remain in Conception Bay and St John's, 56; focus on themselves in clerical record, 34, 172, 194, 195, 222-3; as heroes, 147, 163; from lower orders, 57; moral failure of, 45-7, 77-8, 138, 193, 200; moral rescue by, 13, 223, 254; penchant for decorum, 64, 171-2, 231, 246-7; reluctant to be in Newfoundland, 60; tractarian passion, 60; women excluded, 10, 69-70, 82. See also District Meeting Cobblar's Island, 150; sudden conversion to Methodism, 148 coffee, 77, 78, 79 Coke, Thomas, 114, 132, 264nn Colborne, John, 164 Cole, Benjamin, 131-3, 193, 250 Collett, Elizabeth Tonkin, 70 Collett, Thomas E., 41-2, 211 Comben, Charles, 156-7, 227, 244, 28oniO7 Conception Bay: character of people in, 16; concentration of Methodist clergy in, 112, 252; District Meeting in, 59; migration of Methodists from, 6, 126, 149, 154-5, 303n2; revival, 7, 60-1, 105-6, 122-30, 250 Congregationalists, 39, 45, 78, 265^4; at Twillingate, 37, 152, 155-7, 242 conversion, 50, 70, 112, 115; during revival, 136, 173, 175; effect of, 268n9; fishermen's personal accounts of,

Index 355 167-68, 213-14, 230-1; through lay ministry, 148, 168, 241 Cook, William, 84, 194 Cork, 45 Corlett, John: baffled by lack of emotion in Newfoundland Methodism, 112; visited Greenspond, 142-3 Cornwall Methodists: in Tilt Cove, 178-9 Coster, George, 138-9, 182-3; alarm at Methodist missionary going north, 143; articulated resettlement pattern for resources, 144; view of NSS, 41 Coughlan, Laurence, 8-9, 18-23, 252 Cowan, George Baring, 196, 209, 215 Cozens, Charles, 42, 43 Cramer, Charles, 222 Crewe, George, 137 Crow Head, 170 cruel land debate, 16, 21, 29-33, 253-4 Cubit, George, 39, 75, 100, 263n6, 3l8nl34 culture, 33, 70; importance of Methodism in, 4-5; Methodism incarnated in, 105-7, H8> 226; oral, 71, 182-4; and religion, 4, 35-6; and respectability, 65, 259-60; and revival, 23-4; significance of Newfoundland Methodism to, 6, 7, n » 35> l85» 249, 255-7, 260. See also cruel land debate; isolation and degeneracy; winter transhumance Cunningham, John, 239 Curtis, John, 182-3 dancing, 76, 162, 173, 195 deference: replaced with self-assurance, ii, 185, 249, 255-7, 260 democratization of religion. See Hatch, Nathan denominational education, 9, 10, 69, 177, 198 distress. See insecurity District Meeting, 56-60, 216-17; exclusion of lay representation, 56; formation, 56; held in St John's or Conception Bay, 59; ill timed for

work cycle of fishery, 58-9; inept service to south coast, 234, 244, 251-2; mandatory attendance, 59; migration of Methodists beyond purview of, 146; sends novices to frontier areas, 56, 228, 234-5, 275^; registration of Methodists in frontier areas, 162-3; rejection of local missionaries at, 57-8; strategic errors of, 142, 226-7, 233, 251-2; unbefitting missionaries sent by, 132, 138 Dodsworth, George, 138 Dowland, Jasper, 153, 155-6, 170-1 Downes, Charles and Martha, 70, 78, 216-18, 252, 279ng6, 32im8i dress, 108, 29inii5 drunkenness, 76-7, 107, 108, 132, 212; compared to ecstasy of Methodism, 76; decline in, 79, 196 Duder, Edwin, 3ioni4i Duder, Mrs Thomas C. See Haddon, Emily Durkheim, Emile, 296^8 Duval, Joshua, 243 Dyer, Robert, 27in62, 273nm Eastern Point: Methodists from Grand Bank and Fortune resettled at, 233, 237~8> 3241158 EBA (Conference of Eastern British America), 14, no, 244, 258-9; encumbrance to Newfoundland, 63; Newfoundland no power to reject, 62; Newfoundland reluctance to join, 61-2 ecstasy: in American Methodism, 5, 23; in British Methodism, 23, 167; compared to drunkenness, 76; at conversion, 135, 136, 168, 188, 195; decline of, 9, 10, 65-6, 82, 248, 25960; the dynamic of Newfoundland Methodism, 6, 15, 185, 249, 253, 256; effects not ephemeral, 262n9; in 1824 Bonavista, Bird Island Cove, Catalina revival, 131, 135-7; i*1 182932 Conception Bay revival, 103-4, 123-6; in 1834 Bonavista revival, 140;

356 Index in 1853 revival at Twillingate, 171-2; in 1854-55 Bonavista and Blackhead revivals, 141, 258; gave Methodists a separate identity from Anglicans, 137-8, 152, 165, 173-4, 256; at Leeds revival, 172; in Robinson Crusoe, 24; Rudolf Otto on, 264ni2; in Wesley's writings, 22-3; as union with God, 107-8, 152, 186, 195, 259 Eddy, Isaac, 118-19 education, 66-9; King's College, Windsor, 68; Methodist school teachers, 10, 69, 177, 218-19, 269^6; Sackville Academy (Mount Allison), 67-8; subdivision of Protestant grant, 66-9, 198 Elder, William, 179 Ellershausen, Francis, 179 Ellidge, George, 102, 146-7, 196, 3i8nii7; articulated spread of Methodism through resettlement, 206; not ashamed of handling fish, 98; first Methodist missionary to winter in Labrador, 145-6; long tenure in Newfoundland, 99; response to death of daughters, 90; on rise of St John's merchants, 99 Ellis, William, 38, 43, 87, 132, 136; amazed at preaching of two young women, 71; and 1834 Bonavista revival, 139-40; found Methodist experience on Sound Island, 203; long tenure in Newfoundland, 140; on tragedy as a warning from God,

77-8 Embree, Jeremiah, 148 emotion, 139-40, 171-2, 230-1; in American Methodism, 5, 25-6, 136; in British Methodism, 19-20, 258; lacking before 1829-32 in Conception Bay Methodism, 111-13; in Methodism of Upper Canada, 4-5, 24-6; in Nonconformity, 24; in Wesley's conversion and writings, 22-3. See also ecstasy; experience England, James, 32, 85, 86, 217-18; despondent over Anglican initiative in Placentia Bay, 209-10, 211

Englee, 3O9ni24 English Harbour, 75, 106 entire sanctification. See perfection evangelicalism: description of, 24, 50; evangelical Anglicanism, 37, 50, 138, 158, 204-5; evangelical church architecture, 51, 164-5, 244 Evans, John, 202 Evans, William, 223 exhortation, 115, 125, 148, 286^6; and preaching, 70-1, 170, 28oniO4; of women, 70-2 experience: Methodism as a religion of, 4-5, 23. See also ecstasy Exploits Burnt Island, 176; common Protestantism on, 159; lay foundation and maintenance of Methodism at, 177-8, 181-2; Manuel leader for both Anglicans and Methodists, 159 extemporaneous prayer, 54, 137, 232, 246, 31111161; disallowed by Church of England, 44, 165, 182-3, 203, 256; women known for, 73 extemporaneous preaching. See under preaching Facheux Bay, 44 Faulkner, William, 103, 146, 195-6, 216, 235

feeling and truth, 6, 53, 70, 140, 165, 173-4; in tractarianism, 34, 49-50, 66, 273nioo Feild, Edward, 30; acquired church in Channel-Port aux Basques, 242-4; contribution to Methodist identity, 54; encountered Methodist emotion at service, 210-11; negative attitude to Methodism, 17, 54, 196; negative attitude to NSS, 48; passion and ability, 221, 248; and subdivision of Protestant education grant, 67, 198; against teetotalism, 78; thwarted in consecrating Hart's Cove cemetery, 174-6; against voluntary societies, 78 fighting, 212 fisheries, 127, 129; seen as obstacle to growth of Methodism 42, 114-15, 125-6, 223-4; facilitated the growth

Index 357 of Methodism, 154, 197-8, 239-40, 253* 255 fishermen: arguments for fishing on Sabbath, 190-1; bring revival from Grand Bank to Burin, 197-8; bring Methodism from Grand Bank to western shore, 228; economic distinctions of, 7-8; initiated 1854-55 Bonavista revival, 141; leave fishery for revival, 258; and Methodist apologetics from Prayer Book, 240-1; mobility, 18, 137, 154, 187, 253, 255; personal accounts of conversions, 167-70, 213-14, 230-1 fish flakes, 6, 95, 98, 105, no, 253 fishing families, 95, 105 Fizzard, Garfield, 222 Flat Islands, Bonavista Bay, 71-2, 147 Flat Islands, Placentia Bay, 201, 207, 218

Fleet, Benjamin, 196 Fleming, Michael Anthony, 33-4, 44, 67,255-6 Fogo, 8, 176; conversion of fisherman during winter transhumance from, 3O9ni3i; first Methodist missionary, 155, 179; little Methodist headway, 152, 179, 181, 184; mercantile changeover, 180, 3ioni4i; resettlement to, 181; Slade's help in building church, 179; spiritual lethargy, 180-1 Follett, Adam, 119 Foot's Cove, 198 Ford, Gerard, 134 Forsey, George, 64, 201, 246-7 Fortune: identity as Methodist town, 322ni7; Methodists before Knight's arrival, 221-2; migratory and resettled Methodists to western shore from, 226, 233, 239-42, 247-8, 251-2, 324n58; revival of 1837, 227; revival of 1848-49, 228-31, 239-41, 258; revival of 1857, 245-6; revival of 1863, 201; singers at, 107, 226; Sons of Temperance formed at, 80; visited by Bullock, 224 Fortune Bay: Church of England initiative to, 235; first Methodist mis-

sionaries talk of abandoning, 187-8, 223-4; hymn singers from, 107; overland route from Placentia Bay, 187 Fox, Thomas, 57-8, 63, 172, 176; first Methodist missionary stationed at Fogo, 180-1; participated in 1848-49 Grand Bank revival, 228-31; rejected by District Meeting, 57-8 Fox Harbour (Southport), 120, 240, 253

French, Goldwin, 26-7, 289^9 French, Solomon, 85, 107 Freshwater, 73, 123 Freshwater Pond, 192-3 Friday's Bay, 170 Frye, Northrop, 28, 33 "gabbites," 160-1, 162 Gaetz, Thomas, 79-80, 200-1, 244-6 gale, 86-7, 88, 89, 90, 128, 307^7 Garia, 327^8, 328ni24; resettled Methodists from Grand Bank, 239 Garland, Jane (Jane Hickson), 70, 191 Garland, William, Sr, 118 Gathercole, John Cyrus, 197, 200 Gaultois, 99, 235-6 George, Theophilus, 178 George Street Methodist Church, 64 Gilbert, Alan D., 126-7 Goddard, Elizabeth, 195 Goddard, Hannah, 107, 186, 188-9 Goodison, John, 177 Gosse,John, 38 Gosse, Philip Henry 31, 124, 129, 204 Gothic architecture: in Methodism, 64, 66, 259-60; Rudolf Otto on, 273nioo; in tractarianism, 34, 49, 238, 244 Gower Street Methodist Church, 64 Grand Bank: Church of England roots at, 232; considered remote by missionaries, 228; Feild's initiative to retake, 231-2; first Methodist missionaries talk of abandoning, 187-8; identity as a Methodist town, 322ni7; lay initiative at, 222-3, 225; Methodists before Knight's arrival, 222; migratory and resettled

358 Index Methodists to western shore from, 226, 233, 239-42, 247-8, 251-2, 3241158; revival of 1823, 227-8; revival of 1837, 227; revival of 184849, 228-31, 239-41; revival of 1857, 245-6; revival of 1863, 201; singers, 107, 226; Sons of Temperance formed at, 80; visited by Bullock, 224 Grant, John Webster, 19, 117, 133, 266n*8, 284.m8q Grantham, Thomas, 38, 158, 187, 196 Grates Cove, 73, 75; lay leadership at, 119, 155; Methodism to Northern Bight from, 119-20, 252-3 Great Burin, 89, 191, 193, 197-8 Green, John, 118-19 Greene, John, 67 Greenspond, 131, 250, 301^6, 3O2n86; Anglican attempts to fortify after Corlett's visit, 143-4, 150; in Atlantic world, 252; Dyer at, 27in62, 273nin; importance of, 144; large sealoil exports in 1793, 3Oon49; as a mercantile centre, 142-3, 150; Methodist resettlement in, 149; relaxed Sabbath, 142, 190; revival initiated by a Saint from Bonavista, 147; visited by Corlett, 142-4; visited by Smith, 142; Todhunter at, 147-9, 302n87 Grey, William, 32-3, 34, 57, 64 Griquet, 30^124 Grole, 79, 236, Groswater Bay, 145 Gunn, Gertrude, 128-9, 262nn Haddon, Emily (Mrs Thomas C. Duder), 8, 3ioni4i Haddon, John: appointed Protestant school inspector, 3ioni42; NSS teacher at Harbour Buffett, 208, 211 Haigh, John, 59, 109, 187-8, 324^7; amazed at ability of laity in evan'gelism and ministry, 124; views on cod fishery and sealing, 42, 124-5, 223-4,225

Halifax, 25, 68, 143, 244; and Burin, 18, 59, 187, 193; and Port aux Basques, 242, 245, 247; Sunday school sent books to Placentia Bay, 59, 198-9 Hamilton, Anthony, 143 Handcock, Gordon, 18, 263n2 Hann, Thomas, 211 Hant's Harbour, 46, 76, 118; and dress, 108; identity as a Methodist town, 294n38; lay leadership of men and women, 118; Methodism to Random Sound, 119-20; resettlement from, 252-3; robust vernacular Methodism, 76, 104, 118-19; Sister Lydia's prayer for fish, 73; transhumance from, 294^4 Harbour Breton, 8, 99, 225, 235-6, 241; Church of England at, 222, 235, 237, 244, 247-8 Harbour Buffett, 90, 215, 32ini8i; arrival of tractarianism, 211-12; made centre of Anglican mission, 209, 216, 220, 252; Methodist society at, 211; resettlement of Anglicans to, 208 Harbour Grace, 20, 43, 79, 92, 139, 183; failure of Methodism at, 6-7, 21, in, 116-17, 130, 250; Methodism at, 38, 77, 78, 102, 103; resettlement to Notre Dame Bay, 3, 153-5, 17°~li resettlement to St John's, 126; revival of 1791, 121; revival of 1829, 122-3 Harbour Le Cou: resettled Methodists from Grand Bank, 239; winter transhumance to La Poile Bay, 238 Harding, William, 8, 103, 191, 209, 220, 251; Methodist connection before arrival of, 194, 3141151; providential marriage to Mary Brushett, 84, 95; tragedy in family, 88-9; winter transhumance at Mortier Bay, 193-4 Hardy, John, 44 Hardy, Thomas, 29, 32 Harris, Thomas, 93, 307^7; at Hart's Cove cemetery, 174-5 Hart's Cove, 174-5, 250

Index 359 Harvey, James A., 179 Hatch, Nathan: democratization of religion, 5, 136, 148 Hatcher, H.C., 153 Haystack, 209, 211, 251, 253, 3i8ni24; Bugden, 104-5, 205, 217-18; class meeting begun, 205; example of resettlement Methodism, 205-6; Methodism emotion at, 207 Head, C. Grant, 18, 129 Hempton, David, 83; on revival and insecurity, 127; on tensions within Methodism, 55 Henley Harbour, 28oniO7, 3O9ni24 Hennigar, James, 97, 208 Hermitage Bay, 45, 224, 233-6, 247, 251-2 Hermitage Cove, 59, 227-8, 237 herring, 3, 8, 32, 85, 170-1, 316^8 Hickman, Jonathan, 222 Hicks, Jane (Mrs Andrew Butt), 71 Hickson, James, 75, 103, 119, 132, 133; a Bethel experience, 240; and revival of 1824at Bonavista, Bird Island Cove, and Catalina, 131, 134-8 Hickson, Jane. See Garland, Jane Hickson, Thomas, 42, 70, 75, 132, 194; visit to Labrador, 145-6 Higgins, Thomas, 222 Hiller, James K., 288n59 Hillyard, John and Jane, 38, 116, 157 Hindmarsh, Bruce, 22-3 Hiscock, Jasper, 119 history: focus on administration, clergy, and theology of institutional, 11, 13, 27, 117, 222-3, 258; importance of religion in, 4, 35; and literature, 28, 29, 105, 262ni8; misdirected focus in pre-i829 Newfoundland Methodism, 111, 116-18, 250; social, 3-5, 13, 15-16, 34-5, 264ni8 Hollett, Benjamin, 240 Hollett, Betsy, 198-9 Hollett, John, 203-5, 214-15 Hollett, Joseph and Martha, 76, 88, 192 Hollett, Thomas, 191

Holy Spirit, 183, 206, 208; and ecstasy, 165, 258; and feeling, 70, 112, 137, 165, 173-4, 203; and repentance, 65, 148 Hooper, George, 200 Hopewell, James, 28, 89 Hoskins, John, 6, 7, 9, 115-16, 131; persecution of, 85-6 House, Mary, 136 household Methodism, 3, 125, 148, 195, 204, 229 Hoyles, H.W., 3ioni42 Hudson, Elizabeth, 121 Hudson, Peter, 54, 90, 256 Hudson, Temperance, 86 Husson, John, 118-19 Hyde, William, 39 hymns: in church, 54, 3ioni4i; conversion during singing of, 168; on flakes and stages and in fishing boats, 1056, 120, 123; and Fortune Bay singers, 107, 226; in household meetings, 90, 119, 125, 141, 148, 204; in revival meetings, 120, 135; on Sabbath school parade, 177; in sickness and extremity, 107; Wesley's Collection, 103, 105-6, 243, 256, 29ini09, 329n8; in winter tilts, 32, 167 immigration, 49; of Methodists, 115, 178, 3141151, 323n27 Indoe, Henry J., 152-3, 3ii-i2ni6i Ingham, Jabez, 140, 226 Inglis, John (bishop of Nova Scotia), H3» *92 insecurity: during 1846-49, 89, 199200; and fishing, 130, 227; and receptivity to religion, 10, 24, 96, 126-30, 258-9; and sealing, 92-3, 128 Isle Valen, 202, 206, 210; Anglican church planned for, 209; antiMethodist pamphlets on, 202-3 isolation and degeneracy, 5, 249, 254; and Batstone, 12, 15; and Beardsall, 28-30, 33; and McLintock, 12; Newfoundland Royal Commission Report (1933), 13-15

360 Index Jacobs, Simon, 161 James, Thomas H., 118, 218 Jarvis, John, 207-8 Jarvis, Robert, 207-8 Jenkins Cove, 76 Jersey Harbour, 99, 221 Jeynes, William, 209, 211, 214-15 Job, Robert, 45 John de Bay, 207-8, 218 Johnson, Reginald, 179-80 joy: "flow of," 22; in Methodist meetings, 53-4, 135-6, 140, 141, 148; in Robinson Crusoe, 24; in singing hymns, 106-7; i*1 Wesley's Collection of Hymns, 23. See also ecstasy Keble, John, 49, 272-3^8 Kellogg, F.W., 79 Kewley, Arthur E., 17-19, 113-18 kitchen: class meetings in, 72, 90 King, Dinah L., 221 Knight, H., 176 Knight, Richard, 97, 103-4, 105, 2g6n73; as "Candidus," 42; first Methodist missionary to Grand Bank, 221-6, 232, 322n2; on the fishery as obstacle to growth of Methodism, 114-15, 125-6; on Methodist collections, 97; as promoter of EBA in Newfoundland, 63; visit to Labrador, 145 Knox, Ronald A., 23 Labrador, 18; fishery on the, 108, 11415, 123, 137; lay Methodism, 105-6, 327n99; Methodist mission to, 145-6 Ladner, Charles, 244-5 Lahey, Raymond, 67, 257 Lake, John, 221 Lamaline, 197, 199, 200-1, 209 La Poile, 200, 238* 244 Lawlor, Stephen and Elizabeth, 75, 99, 189, 202, 205 Lawn, 218 lay evangelism: on Black Island, 170-1; in Britain, 175; in British Columbia, 34; at Cape Freels, 148; in Conception Bay revival of 1829-32,

124-6; at Lower Island Cove, 116; in Notre Dame Bay, 181-4; at Old Perlican, 115; in Random Sound, 119-20; on the western shore, 239-42 lay readers. See under Church of England Leading Tickles, 72 Le Gallais, W.W., 239, 242, 244-5 Leigh, John, 43-4; at Twillingate, W-8* !59 Lench, Charles, 31, 42, 131, 132-3, 222-3; on denominational education, 69; on effect of the Church of England on Newfoundland Methodism, 101-2; on flagstaff showdown at Bonavista, 134; writer of "The Makers of Newfoundland Methodism" series, 287n45 Lewis, Henry, 86, 90, 256 Little Bay Islands, 171, 178, 185, 307^9 Little Burin, 191 Little Coney Arm, 30-1 Little Harbour, Twillingate Island, 153, 155-6,170 local preachers, 17, 116, 118-19, 153-5, 176, 182; See also Cole, Benjamin; Fox, Thomas; Harding, William; Locke, Sister H.; Lucas, John G.; Pike, John; Saint, Charles; Saint, John; Stretton, John; Vey, Christopher Lock, Elizabeth, 95, 96 Locke, Sister H., 178 Lowell, R.T.S., 32, 71, 111 Lower Island Cove, 77, 104, 117-18; Elizabeth Lock's refusal to break Sabbath, 95; Jane Garland, 70; pre1829 thriving Methodism, 7, 9, 20, 118, 121; residents bring 1779 revival from Old Perlican, 115; sealers take 1859 revival to Catalina, 93 Lucas, Glen, 210 Lucas, John G., 180 Lumsden, James, 31, 32, 240, 3iini6i; on Methodist joy and revival at Random Sound, 106, 119-21, 252-3 Macdonald, D.A., 8

Index 361 McDowell, 114, 117-18, 121 McGeary, John, 116, 293ni8 McGowan, Mark: plea for social history, 4 McLintock: influence on Newfoundland Methodist historians, 13, 15; on isolation and degeneracy, 12, 249, 254; on moral rescue by clergy, 13, 254; and Newfoundland Royal Commission Report (1933), 13, 254 MacNeill, Warren, 242 magistrates: arm of the Church of England, 74, 250; at Bonavista, 1334; sympathetic to Methodism, 197; at Twillingate, 152, 160, 164, 167 Manuel, William, 159 marriage, 59-60, 84, 182, 268ni7; controversy between Church of England and Methodists, 20, 39, 257; customs of, 39, 76, 240 Marshall, William: in Notre Dame Bay, 147, 154, 159-63, 185; on south coast, 59, 86, 227, 233, 237-8, 242 Martin, J.M., 43 Martin, Matthias, 119 materialism, 208, 3i9ni38 Matthews, Keith, 13, 257, 263^ Medley, John, 51 Meek, William Frederick, 90, 208,

243 meetings, 52, 180, 182 Merasheen, 44, 67, 3^138 Mercer, W. Edgar, 153-4, 155, 303^, 3°5n54 merchant credit: curtailed Methodist weekly collection, 96-7, 254; and "law of current supply," 97; missionaries collect fish because of, 97-8 Merchantman's Harbour, 105-6 merchants: attempt to increase consumerism, 161-2; attempts to oppress Methodists, 160-1; largesse of John Slade, 161, 179; missionaries' cosy relationship with, 99; Newman, Hunt and Co. build Anglican church, 227; prosperity and failure of British, 99-100; Spurrier agent's

hospitality to Methodist missionary, 75, 186 Merritt's Harbour, 170 Methodist Magazine, 49, 61, 70, 85, 103-4, 109-10 Methodist merchants and agents: Authoine, 221; Cozens, 42, 43; Duder, 3ioni4i; Gosse, 38; Lawlor, 75> 99» ^9, 202, 205; MacNeill, 242; Rogerson, 8; Saint, 8; Stabb, 59-60, 78; Waddell, 245 Middle Arm, Bloody Bay, 183 Middle Bill Cove, 142, 148; sudden conversion to Methodism at, 3O2n83 migratory fishermen. See fishermen, mobility of Minty, George, 155, 177 Minty, Joseph, 176 missionaries: visiting versus itinerant, 45, 146, 227, 234. See also under clergy; District Meeting 11O l Missionary Notices , 103, 104-5, > ^^-> 184 255 Mitchell, Elizabeth, 72, 28oniO7 mobility, 5-6, 18, 111, 255, 26in8; from Bonavista, 163; from Burin, 189; to Change Islands, 154; from Conception Bay, 153-5; fr°m Grand Bank and Fortune, 225-6; as obstacle to growth of Methodism, 114-15, 125-6, 195; to Petites, 239, 241; to Random Sound, 119-20; of sealers and revival, 93, 120, 136-7; to Twillingate, 153-5. See also fishermen, mobility of; winter transhumance Montreal, 18, 47, 177 Moors, John, 156-7 moral improvement, 38, 81, 195-6, 212 moral populace: Anspach on, 16, 265n37; Coughlan on, 30; Thoresby on, 30 moral rescue. See under clergy Moravians, 146, 298-9^2 Moreton, Julian, 149 Moreton's Harbour, 159, 182 Mortier Bay, 192 Moulton, Thomas, 76, 189

362 Mountain, Jacob George, 31, 57, 236, 237; on extemporaneous prayer, 246; passionate tractarian, 244 Mulley's Cove, 53, 54 Mullock, John T., 7 Musgrave Harbour, 65, 148, 307^9 Musgravetown, 31 Napoleonic Wars, 34, 127, 129, 161-2, 257 Nemec, Thomas, 7-8 Newfoundland Conference, 9, 17, 19, 64, 68-9, 274n6 Newfoundland District, formation of (1815): historians' focus on, 6, 111-26, 130, 131, 150, 250 Newfoundland Methodism uniqueness, 17-19, 83-110 Newfoundland Royal Commission Report (1933): conclusions transposed to earlier time, 14, 254; vested interest in degeneracy, 14-15 Newlight sect, 25, 26-7 Newman, John Henry, 49 Newman, Richard, 165 Newman & Co., 45, 48, 99, 227, 235-6 New Perlican, 122 Neylan, Susan, 34 Nicolle & Co., 99, 221, 244 Nightingale, Adam, 118, 224, 228; married Jane Garland, 70 Nipper's Harbour, 178-9 Noftle, Billy, 54 North Harbour, 205, 216 north shore, 95, 115-18, 126, 267^7 Nova Scotia, 179, 193; communication with Burin, 18, 59, 193, 198-9, 219; communication with Port aux Basques, 242, 245, 247; Methodism at, 25, 27, 145, 286n36; Newlights at, 25 NSS (Newfoundland School Society) 208, 303ni3; at Bonavista, 138-9; conflict within Church of England, 40-1, 48, 54; conflict with Methodism, 37, 40, 42; enlistment of

Index teachers by Bishop Spencer, 43-4, 48; evangelical nature, 40, 131, 138; impact on literacy, 40; on the south coast, 211, 221, 236, 237, 247, 252; at Twillingate, 166 Obelkevich, James, 19-20 Ochre Pit Cove, 253 Oderin, 17-18, 189, 199, 202, 218; Anglican church planned for, 209; arrival of Lewis at, 38, 186; Spurrier & Co. at, 75, 99, 128; visit of Blackman, 203 O'Flaherty, Patrick, 28-30, 257, 264ni6, 264ni8; contra degeneracy, 29-30 Old Perlican, 127, 294^8; lay leadership at, 57, 58, 115, 118; Methodism to Random Sound from, 119-20, 253; pre-i829 thriving Methodism, 7, 9, 20, 117-19, 121; revival of 1779, 115-16; sealers take 1859 revival to Catalina, 93 Oliver, John, 225 Ommer, Rosemary, 288n59 Oxford Movement. See tractarianism. Pack, Stephen Olive, 197 Pafford, Samuel, 90 Paley, William, 50 Palmer, Maria (Maria Nightingale), 70 Parsons, Aunt Julia, 73 Parsons, Henry, 85 Parsons, Jacob, 14, 293^ Parsons, Richard, 118-19 Pass Island, 79, 323^7 Peach, John S., 48-9, 60, 63, 83, 167; upset over sudden recall from Hermitage Bay, 226, 235, 237 Pearce, Andrew, 164 Pelley, Frederick, 294^8 Pelley, John, 119 Pelley, Mary Anne (Sister Lydia), 73, 95, n8 Pelley, Richard, 118 Penny, Henry, 155 Penny, Samuel, 163-4

Index 363 Percey, John 42 perfection, 22, 103, 157, 195, 227; defended from Book of Common Prayer, 241 Petites: migratory Methodist fishermen from Grand Bank and Fortune, 79, 241, 247, 251-2; resettled Methodists from Grand Bank and Fortune, 238-9, 247-8, 251-2; revival, 244-5; temperance, 79, 80, 244, 245; winter transhumance to La Poile Bay, 238 Petty Harbour, 40, 41-2, 270^8 Peyton, Jr, 164, 167 Phinney, John S., 201 Pickavant, John, 47, 70, 77, 101-2, 103, 114; negative view of NSS, 37, 42; on rivalry with Roman Catholicism, 45, 235 Pickmore, Francis, 187 Pike, John, 201 Pilgrim's Progress, 213-14, 238 Pinchard's Island, 142, 149 Pitman, Samuel, 107 politics and religion, 7, 67, 249, 283ni63; revival and representative government, 257-8; revival and responsible government, 258-9 Pook, Thomas, 160 Poole, 18, 44, 186; dissenters, 34; John Slade, 99-100, 161, 167, 179, 180; Methodists, 3141151; Spurrier & Co., 99, 128, 189, 202 Poole's Island, 149 popular agency, 6, 249; Burin residents' refusal of governor's surrogate, 187; Elizabeth Lock's refusal to break Sabbath, 95; flagstaff showdown at Bonavista, 133-4, 250; Hart's Cove cemetery showdown, 174-6, 250 popular antagonism to Methodism: against enjoyment, 162; betrayed homeland, 162, 207; Methodist clergy not real clergy, 166, 236 popular Methodism. See vernacular Methodism Port de Grave, 43, 47, 94, 107

Portugal Cove, 158, 182-3 poverty, 12-13, 28, 98-9, 127-8, 199 prayer meeting, 52, 59, 73, 228, 240, 258; and the growth of Methodism, 72, 103-4, 180, 182, 195; hymns at, no, 119; length of, 173, 230; as a vehicle of revival, 148, 171-2, 173, 197-8, 258; on vessels, 226, 239-40; in winter tilts, 167, 193, 228, 238; women as leaders in, 55, 73, 74 preaching: and exhortation, 70-1, 286n36; extemporaneous, 41, 51-2, 115, 182-4, 232; women, 70, 178 Presbyterians, 68, 156, 179 Prestwood, Paul, 173 Prince Edward Island, 189, 278^5 professionalism, 5, 56, 62, 81, 101-2; guild mentality, 252 proselytism. See conversion Protestant conversion to Roman Catholicism, 44, 204, 207 Protestantism: in common at Burin, 197; at Harbour BufFett, 211; in Placentia Bay, 207, 209, 3i8nii7; on Sound Island, 204; transcended the Anglican-Methodist divide, 37, 138, 147, 158-9, 178, 236-7; versus Roman Catholicism 37, 44, 128-9, 227, 235 providence, 10, 103, 199; instances of special, 7, 83-6, 92, 95, 107, 285^; instances of tragic, 85-90, 95-6; as warning, 85-6, 87-8 Provincial Wesley an, 63, no, 175 Purse, George, 88-9 Pusey, E.B., 49,50 Puseyism. See tractarianism Pushthrough, 79 Queen's College, St John's, 60, 197, 244 Ramea, 109, 233 Random Island, 63 Random Sound, 106; migrant Methodism to, 119-20, 252-3 rank, 6, 79, 98, 126 ranters, 112, 32ini8i Rawlyk, George, 27, 286n36, 299^5

364 Index Reay, John, 69, 72-3, 160, 170, 181; author of "Methodism in Green Bay," 305n45, 3o8moo Red Bay, 3O9ni24 religion, study of. See history religion and culture. See under culture religion of experience. See experience Remmington, John, 14, 131-2, 264nn resettlement: articulated by Ellidge as beneficial for spread of Methodism, 206; from Bonavista and Bonavista Bay, 140-1, 146, 149, 163; from Grand Bank, 226, 233, 239, 251-2; to Notre Dame Bay, 6, 154-5; in Placentia Bay, 206, 208, 218-19; in Trinity Bay, 119-20, 252-3 respectability, 64-6; and Botterell, 172; and decline of the class meeting, 65; and decline of ecstasy, 65, 201, 259; and decorum, 64-5, 171-2, 201, 231, 246-7; and English Methodist missionaries, 26; and maintenance of status quo, 82; and Nova Scotian Methodist preachers 27 revival: critiqued by Boone, 173-4; effect on politics, 257-8; at Leeds, 172; as a popular movement, 133; portrayal by Bond, 92-3; seen as a "work of God," 52, 140; and the spread of Methodism, 23, 53, 133, 250; McLoughlin on, 23-4 revivals: 1779, 115-16; 1791, 107, 121; 1814 at Bonavista, 129-30, 136; 1823 at Grand Bank, 227-34; 1824 at Bonavista, Bird Island Cove, and Catalina, 131, 134-7, 172; 1829 at Grand Bank and Fortune, 224, and at Harbour Grace, 122-3; ^30-32 at Carbonear and Blackhead, 7, 103-4, 105-6, 123-30, 250; 1832 at Burin, 189, 191, 195; 1834 at Bonavista, 139-40; 1837 at Burin, 195, and at Grand Bank and Fortune, 227; 1848-49 at Grand Bank and Fortune, 228-31, 239-41; 1849 at Carbonear, 52; 1849-50 at Burin, 197-8; 1850 at Twillingate, 167-70;

1853 at Twillingate, 171-2; 1854-55, at Blackhead, 258, and at Bonavista, Bird Island Cove, and Catalina, 60i, 92, 141, 259; 1857 at Twillingate, 173; 1859 at Blackhead, Lower Island Cove, Old Perlican, and Catalina, 93, and at Poole's Island, 149, and Twillingate, 173-4; 1861 at ChannelPort aux Basques and Petites, 244-5; 1863 at Petites, 80, and Burin, 201; 1864 at Bonavista and Cape Freels, 147; not ephemeral, 23-4, 121, 136, 262ng Richard's Harbour, 44 Richey, Matthew, 26, 63 Rideout, Jacob, 148, 150 Rpdeout], Robert, 170-1, 172, 307^8 Roberts, John, 249 Robertson, James, 224, 233-4 Robinson, Mary Angela, 24, 35 Robinson Crusoey 24 Rock Harbour, 206, 218 Rogerson, Isabella Whiteford, 72 RogersonJ.J., 8 Rollmann, Hans, 21, 35, 36, 267^7, 293ni8 Roman Catholicism, 6, 54, 66, 67, 207, 234 Rouse, Oliver and Maria, 78, 246 Rowe, Mrs (of Brigus), 155 Rowland, David, 39 Rowsell, Mary Jane, 72 Roy, Richard, 28 Rozier, William, 197, 200-1 rum, 75, 78, 79, 160, 162, 282ni26 Sabbath, 186; Anglican sealers refuse to sail on, 95; Elizabeth Lock's refusal to break, 95; fishing on, 878, 189-91; progress in observing, 38, 80, 196, 235; sealing on, 94; women making fish on, 95 Sabine, James, 39 Saint, Charles, 131-4 Saint, James, 8 Saint, John, 178 St Anthony, 3O9ni24

Index 365 St John, William Charles, 78, 79 St John's, 77, 155, 158, 234; centre of ultramontanism and tractarianism, xv; fishermen attend Methodist chapel on visits for supplies, 159, 163; respectability at, 64-5; revival of 1829-32, 126; rise to prominence, 36, 99 St Lawrence, 218 St Mary's Bay, 88, 192 Saints' Everlasting Rest, 213-14, 3131121

salvage, 147, 183 Salvation Army, 27 Samways, Ann, 72, 173, 28onic»7 Samways, Peter, 155, 173 Scilly Cove, 118, 119, 28oniO4 sealers: arrived at 1824 Catalina revival, 136-7; and breaking the Sabbath, 94; sermon for, 93; take 1859 revival to Catalina, 93; walk from Twillingate to Greenspond, 150 sealing: aided expansion of Methodism, 93; concentration of vessels in Conception Bay and St John's during 18305, 127; dangers of, 91-2; decrease in catch during 182829, 127; and degeneracy, 42; insecurity of, 93, 128; seen as obstacle to growth of Methodism, 42, 93, 114-15; from shore, 90 Seldom, 154-5 Shepherd, Richard, 46-7, 226, 228 Ship Cove, 75, 76, Shoal Harbour, 119 shouting, 86, 231; defended from Book of Common Prayer, 241; during revival, 71, 76, 135, 148, 167, 198 Sider, Gerald M., 35-6 singing. See hymns Sister Lydia. See Pelley, Mary Anne Skelton, George, 161-2 Skipper George Netman. See Bond, George Slade, John, 160-1, 166-7, *79 Smith, George, 131, 132, 141-2 Smith, Thomas, 141 Smith, Walter R., 181-2

Smithies, John, 28, 122-3, X95» 2O2 > 206-7, 218 Snelgrove, Mr (of Grates Cove), 75, 119 Snowball, John, 47, 52 socinianism, 208, 3i9ni38 Soper, John, 118-19 Sound Island, 73, 204, 206, 218; Anglican church planned for, 209; Anglican overtures rejected by, 21416; Charles and Martha Downes at, 216-17; chosen for Methodist chapel for inner Placentia Bay, 216; first evidence of Methodist experience at, 203; Hollett at, 203-5; visited by Wix, 204 SPCK (Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge), 139, 211; antiMethodist pamphlets, 202-3 Spencer, Aubrey George, 30, 37, 50-1, 158, 159; episcopal appointment to Newfoundland, 47-8; expansion to Harbour Breton and the western shore, 235, 237-8; extemporaneous preaching, 183; Placentia Bay initiative, 196-7, 209-10, 215-16, 220, 252; positive relationship with NSS, 43, 48, 54, 236. See also evangelicalism SPG (Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts): and appointment of clergy in Newfoundland, 57, 138, 146, 157, 233-4; board, 139; grant for building churches, 209; and lay readers, 44, 182-3; rivalry with Methodism, 37, 143, 187, 232, 244 spirituality. See vernacular Methodism Spoon Cove (Epworth), 195, 28oniO7 Sprague, Samuel W., 60, 61-2, 89, 124, 196

Spurrier & Co., 128, 189, 202; hospitality to Methodist missionary, 75, 99 Squires, Elizabeth: kept Methodism alive in Bay Roberts, 72-3, 117; class leader, 28oniO7 Stabb, Nicholas, 59-60, 78 Stirling, William, 164 Story, George M., 18, 264ni8

366 Index Strachan, John, 4-5, 47 Stretton, John, 77, 116, 131, 157, 295n6o Stretton, Mary, 23 Sunday school, 40-2, 108, 119, 139, 144; aided by Halifax Sabbath School, 198-9; at Grand Bank, 222-3; at Harbour Grace, 153 supernatural, 85-6, 95 Sutcliffe, Ingham, 43, 275^ Swain's Island, 142-3 Taft, Mary, 70 tarring, 85-6, 149 Taylor, Rebecca, 72, 154-5 temperance, 74-81; and change to teetotalism, 77-81; and decline in drunkenness, 79; and local option bill, 80-1; as moderate drinking of alcohol, 74-6; Roman Catholic leadership in, 79; Sons of Temperance, 80, 244-5; women's leadership in, 78 Thirsk, Joan, 313^4 Thistle, James, 54 Thompson, E.P., 55, 127 Thoresby, William, 30, 121 Tickle Cove, 146-7 Tilley, Aaron, 119 Tilley, John, 119 Tilley, Moses, 119 Tilt Cove, 178-9 Tipple, Jane, 241 Tizzard's Harbour, 182 tobacco, 79, 80, 81, 245, 282ni29 Tocque, Philip, 30, 105; on degeneration from sealing, 93; joined Methodist Society, 123; on local preachers, 57; rejection by District Meeting, 57 Todhunter, Joseph, 147-9 tractarianism, 149; challenge to Methodism, 34; church architecture of, 51, 238, 244; clergy-centred, 6, 255-6; conflict with evangelical Anglicanism, 37, 197; contrast to Methodism, 53, 232; description, 49-51; pre-Feild entry to

Newfoundland, 48-9; and passion of clergy, 60, 244 tracts, 202-3, 204, 245; and spread of Methodism, 109-10, 142, 180, 225-6, 228; of tractarianism, 49, 211; Wesley's, 108 Trinity, 161; Methodists attend Church of England services, 158 Tucker, Ephraim, 33 Tucker, H.W., 164-5, 3o6n65 Tucker, Otto, 27 Tulk, William, 187 Twillingate: Addy's 1841 visit, 152; The Arm, 171-2; Back Harbour, 153, 156-7; Bluff Head Cove, 153, 162, 171; Bulpit's summer sojourn in 1800, 157; Church of England persecution of Methodists at, i6»o-i, 168; Church of England strong but discomfited at, 166-7, ^1; Congregationalists at, 37' 155~7> conversion during winter transhumance from, 167; evangelical Anglicanism at, 164-5, 17^~7» 256; Hart's Cove cemetery showdown, 174-6, 250; lay founding of Methodism at, 152-5; lay leadership, i55> 163-4, 167, 173, 176; resettlement from Harbour Grace, 153-5; revival of 1850, 167-70; revival of 1853, 171-2; revival of 1857, 173-4; sealers walk to Greenspond from, 150; sealing from shore, 90; secession of Methodists, 164; travel over ice from Fogo and Exploits Burnt Island, 176 ultramontanism, 6, 34, 67, 255-6 Upper Canada, 47; Methodism in, 4-5, 25-6, 266n58 Valenze, Deborah, 154, 189, 217, 3131124 vernacular Methodism, 6, 15, 34, 104, 137; in conversion of Jacob Rideout, 148; and flagstaff showdown at Bonavista, 133-4, 250; and Grand Bank fishermen, 239; and Hart's Cove cemetery showdown, 174-6;

Index 367 sea language of, 168, 184, 230-1, 3i2ni62; and self-assurance, 5, 6; 36, 176, 249, 255-7, 260; and spread of Methodism, 55, 145, 150, 159, 178, 239-40 Vey, Christopher, 183 Vey, Dinah, 200 Vey, Virtue, 107 Vicars, Johnstone, 50, 95 Victorian values, 9, 64, 69-70, 82, 259 voluntary societies, 10, 38, 65, 78-9 Walsh, Mrs (widowed at Burin), 87, 88,89 Ward, William, 132 Ward's Harbour (Beaumont), 178 Waterford, 18 Waterhouse, John, 70, 73, 117, 183; description of a Methodist meeting, 53-4; historical reflections in "Forty Years Ago" series, 270^45 Weber, Max, 24, 126 Wesley, John: pamphlets, sermons, and hymns in Newfoundland, 102-3, 105-8, 110; views on ecstasy, 22, 23 Wesleyan Methodist Conference, 6-7, 56, 103, 116, 189 Wesleyanism. See Methodism Wesley Vale, 192-3 Wesleyville, 94 Western Bay, 46-7, 60-1, 75, 122, 125 western shore, 109; Church of England initiative, 237, 241-4, 252; fishermen spread Methodism, 6, 79, 109, 227, 228, 239, 241 Westfall, William, 4-5, 33 Wheller, Samuel, 153, 163-4 White, Edward, 8 White, William Kepple, 197, 216, 32ini8i; intensified tractarianism in Harbour BufFett and Placentia Bay, 211-12; offers to buy Methodist chapel on Sound Island, 215; stationed at Harbour Breton, 236 White Bay, 30-1, 178-9 Whitemarsh, Ruth, 149

Wilcox, Miss (of Brigus), 155 Willey, Richard, 194 William, Prince, 46 Willoughby, Mark, 139 Wilson, William, 138; articulated migratory Methodists as missionaries, 225-6; charges of imprudence against, 47, 138; continually recording information, 134; on degeneracy, 15-16; missionary focus of, 223; winter transhumance at Wesley Vale, 192-3, 219 Winsor, Isaac, 178 Winsor, Naboth, 16-17, 181 winter transhumance, 132; at Burin, 192, 193, 251; conversions during, 167, 3O9ni3i; cultural significance of, 5-6, 18, 120, 206, 228, 326~7n93; and informal economy, 32, 120 192; lay ministry during, 195, 228, 238, 253, 255; of Rebecca Taylor at Seldom, 155; viewed by missionaries as an obstacle to Methodism, 195, 224; of William Harding as a local preacher, 193-4; of William Wilson at Wesley Vale, 192-3, 219 Winton, Henry, 78, 129 Wix, Edward, 183, 233-4, 241-2; absconded, 45-6, 47; appointed archdeacon, 138; detracted from south coast mission with St John's appeal, 234; negative attitude to the NSS and Methodism, 41, 43, 234, 325n6g; suggested resettlement of Anglicans to a single location, 208; visit to Burin, 192; visit to Sound Island, 204 women, 69-74, 117, 118; acute suffering from tragic providence of, 86-7; as class leaders, 71-3, 146, 191, 198, 28oni07; as exhorters, 70-2, 188-9; and extemporaneous prayer, 73; on the frontier, 55, 72, 154-5, 178, 217; leadership in temperance movement, 78-9; making fish on the Sabbath, 95; persecution of, 73; as preachers,

368 Index 70, 178, 182; and rise of domesticity, 74; silenced in Methodism, 10, 55, 69, 74, 82, 3i3n24; as spiritual leaders, 72-3, 178; voluntary societies, 65, 78-9, 82, 260

wood production, 32, 120, 192 Woods, Joseph, 79, 81, 284ni7O Woody Island, 203, 206, 209, 216; Methodist emotion at Anglican service, 210-11