Russian Handbook of Spoken Usage [1 ed.]

Citation preview

This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible.

https://books.google.com

PB90-238544

RUSSIAN HANDBOOK OF SPOKEN USAGE

National

Security Agency

Fort George G.

Meade ,

MD

1989

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Technical Information Service

NTS

PB90-238544

Russian Handbook

of

Spoken Usage

1989

REPRODUCED BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE SPRINGFIELD , VA. 22161

RSCH

‫ازدید‬

Slavic

• BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

PB90-238544

Report Nos :

none

Title : Russian Handbook of Spoken Usage . Date : 1989 Authors : W. H. Girvan .

Performing Organization : National Security Agency /Central Security Service , George G. Meade , MD .

Fort

Supplementary Notes : Text in Russian and English . NTIS Field/ Group Codes : 92D Price : PC$ 60.00/MF$60.00 Availability : Available from the National Technical Information Service , Springfield , VA. 22161

Number of Pages : 618p

Keywords : *Russian language , * Languages , Abstract : The intent of the

* Grammars ,

Linguistics ,

Syntax ,

Speech .

handbook is to present a collection of detailed

information about the Russian language , especially the colloquial language . Most of the information is not assembled elsewhere in English . Much of it is not available in Russian sources in any form that is at all convenient for reference . The principal focus of this work is on words and phrases that serve some grammatical purpose rather than refer to a concept , the words and phrases that are components of constructions rather than vocabulary items . They are important because they often determine the tenor of the whole sentence , but are generally not given enough attention because they are on the border between grammar and vocabulary . In other words , their value is syntactic and modal . The book is not meant as a simple compilation of idioms , but as a lexicon of constructions .

i

Russian Handbook

of

Spoken Usage

William H. Girvan

PG 2121 .G57 1989

i.a

Preface

The intent of this handbook is to present a collection of detailed information about the Russian language, especially the colloquial language. Most of this information is not assembled elsewhere in English. Much of it is not available in Russian sources in any form that is at all convenient for reference . The principal focus of this work is on words and phrases that serve some grammatical purpose rather than refer to a concept, the words and phrases that are components of constructions rather than vocabulary items. They are important because they often determine the tenor of the whole sentence, but are generally not given enough attention because they are on the border between grammar and vocabulary. In other words, their value is syntactic and modal . I am convinced that it is these "bits" that cause the most trouble for the foreign student of Russian. It is often said that every language has a number of shadings and subtleties "which foreigners can never learn." That every language has fine points which are not taught and that foreigners frequently do not learn them is true enough, but is not saying the same thing. Claiming that a language contains elements which are second nature to the dullest native but are forever beyond the understanding of any foreigner is romanticism and mystification. Idiom can be analyzed . The book is not meant as a simple compilation of idioms, but as a lexicon of constructions. Every construction or locution is listed alphabetically under a Russian word that is a characteristic and necessary part of the construction . Borderline or overlapping cases are cross-referenced . Some items are labelled as Common, Rare, Dialectal, or Substandard where such information seemed especially pertinent. I have not hesitated to include rarities, on the ground that they are the very things that are so exceedingly hard to look up. An example is the verbal form in -мши. Admittedly, its use is dialectal and out ofthe ordinary. But it does occur, and very few books on the language mention it. Occasionally, familiar information is included for the sake of completeness and clarity . For example, the subjunctive particle бы is reviewed at length . But this kind of treatment is not the rule. Standard Russian authors are sometimes quoted as authority for a syntactic usage - preferably authors from the Soviet period, but older authors as well when they offer an especially clear and convenient example. In syntax, the language does not change so rapidly. Although the primary interest of the book is in the present-day spoken language, a few older usages and constructions have been included, with some comment such as "Considered bookish and old-fashioned. " They were included partly for completeness and contrast, partly because the student may meet them in his reading if not in conversation, but most of all because experience has shown repeatedly that many supposedly obsolete expressions are still used in popular speech or at least by some individuals. I have tried to be concise , but where brevity could be attained only by ignoring special cases and exceptions or by pretending that complicated matters are simple, brevity was abandoned. As a general principle, nothing was included here that could be found in either Smirnitsky's Russian-English Dictionary or the Dictionary of Spoken Russian first published by the War Department as TM30-944 and later by Dover · two widely used and readily available dictionaries. However , some such items have been included in the present work either in order to explain them in greater detail, or else , occasionally , simply by oversight. Naturally, no work of this kind can pretend to be either exhaustive or flawless. If this book can serve as a prototype for larger and better reference aids, I will feel well satisfied .

1

A 1.

Used when trying to get someone's attention . is

The name of the person addressed

always repeated.

!

I say there !

!

Hey,!'

! '

Мать, а мать? Mother, ... Mother?

Вася , а Вася! Vasya !

2.

Hey, Vasya!

Used in questions , either alone or at the end of a question.

'Huh?'

•

eh?'

'Hmm?'

•

isn't it?' /' doesn't he? '/ etc.

'What?' -Коля! -A? -Kolya ! -What? Попробуй этого супа .

Нравится, а?

Try some of this soup .

You like it, eh?

Жарко сегодня , а? Hot today, isn't it?

3.

(а OR да) --IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS .

Always first in its sentence ; practically always in reply to a question . Expresses some degree of displeasure , unwillingness to answer, or annoyance . Suggests that the question was about something of little interest or importance , or was about something obvious or commonly known .

Дa in this use is a little

stronger than A. Replies of this type always consist of ( 1 ) a repetition of the other speaker's question ,

either in its entirety or reduced to the most essential part, + (2 ) a

statement in answer to the question . The a or да may stand either (a ) first in the repeated question or (b ) first in the answering statement.

2

(а)

-Куда ( ты) ездил? —А куда ( я ) ездил?

Всё туда же .

-Where were you making those trips to? -Uh , where was I making trips to?

(b)

To the same place all the time .

— Что там произошло вчера?

-Произошло ?

А ничего!

-What happened there yesterday? -Happened?

4. A (BOT) + dem. pron.

Why, nothing !

--In reply to interrog. pron .

+ dem . adv .

interrog, adv.

'Just this: . . . '

'Why , 'Well,

•

'Just what I said: ...

'What I mean is that ... '

(Need not always be translated)

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS . --A demonstrative pronoun in the reply always repeats the form (gender, number, and case) of an interrogative pronoun in the preceding question. Matter-of-fact replies to questions may take up the interrogative word in the question (interrog. pron. or adv. ) and answer it with an a (or, less commonly , да) + the corresponding demonstrative word (dem. pron. or adv . ) .

An additional

BOT is sometimes inserted between the a and the demonstrative . Like other answers introduced by a or дa, these replies have the effect of dismissing the question as being of little interest or importance , or as having a self- evident answer.

-Да что же это такое!

-вскричал я .

-А то такое , что и не знаю, что с ней делать · -But what does this mean?

•

I cried .

-It means I don't know what to do with her ..

-Что ж вам так слова мои не по нраву пришли ?

—проговорил он.

-А то не по нраву , что не люблю , коли говорят неправду . -Why did what I said strike you as so distasteful? -Just this :

he said.

what is so distasteful about it is that I don't like it if

people say things that aren't so.

3

-Она от меня осталась вдовой. -То есть как же? -А так же : вдовой .

Меня ведь нет .

-She's been left as my widow . -How is that?

-Why, it's like this : as a widow.

5.

A

I'm not there , you see .

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS .

AX

' Oh , I see ,

АХ ДА

' Oh , that's right , . . . '

А ДА

' Oh , that's how it was ,

А НУ

' Ah , yes , · . •

AX BOT KAK

‘ Oh ,

Normally stands first in the reply. Used in replies that express recollection , realization , sudden grasping of something previously not understood , satisfaction at being reminded or informed of something.

-Почему он к нам не зашел? -А он ведь только завтра должен прийти .

-Ах , вот как , завтра! -Why hasn't he come to see us? -But he isn't supposed to get here until tomorrow, you know . -Oh , that's right, it's tomorrow!

-Когда закончат?

- Уже всё закончено . -А ну, всё закончено?

Красота!

-When will they finish up? -It's all finished already . -Oh , all finished? Great!

А И А И ... ЖЕ (Strengthened forms of И $ 4 ( intensive ) .

See under И. )

4

A TO A HE TO 1. ' otherwise, ' ' if on the contrary , ' ' or else . ' Здесь скользко .

Осторожно , а не то упадёшь .

Be careful , or you'll fall down .

It's slippery here .

2. ' actually, ' ' as a matter of fact , ' ' as it is.' Если б я только мог остаться здесь !

А то нельзя .

If only I could stay here ! As it is , I can't . 3. ' because , ' ' since , ' ' as . ' Торопись , а то поздно , будут кричать на нас . Hurry, because it's late and they'll yell at us . 4. (when changing one's mind )

'(Or) come to think of it , ·

-Как? Заехать ли за ними? — -Нет , не надо . . .А то , пожалуй , лучше бы заехать . -What do you think? Shall I stop at their place and pick them up? -No, there's no need to... Come to think of it , I guess it would be better to do that. 5.

+ interrog. pron . or interrog.

adv.

--IN REPLIES TO QUESTIONS .

A Tо что ж? - ' What else? ' (lit .: "Otherwise what? " )

· А то куда?

' Where else? ' ( i.e. , Of course that's where to . )

6. in wishes , trying to get another person to agree to doing something. А не то провели бы несколько дней в Москве. I do wish we could spend a few days in Moscow.

A TO

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS.

A TO HE

'How could it help being .

• ?'

'You think maybe it's ( not ) ... . ., or something?' 'Do you mean to say you think it's (not) . . .?'

Always

in reply to a question .

A то не is used in reply to a positive

question; a ro is used in reply to a negative question .

The particle (a To or

а то не) normally stands first in the repetition of the other speaker's question , a but may stand last . Contradicts the other speaker by expressing surprise that he should ask his question at all , and that he should even believe that what he asks could be any other way .

-Небось , страшно? -А то не страшно ?

( OR :

Не страшно а то? )

-I suppose it was dreadful ? -You think it wasn't dreadful?

5

- Он ходил по деревне, просил денег . . Что ж, не дала? - А то дать! - He was going around the village asking for money. - My, you didn't give him any, did you? -As ifI would!

АУЖ A Yж...TO (See under YX.)

Aыы

(dialectal: Southern/Western) = чтобы, только бы: 'I wish that ... ,' 'If only ...'

АВТОМАТИЧЕСКИ (popular speech) 'regularly' ,

'withoutfail',

'immediately',

'inevitably'

АЖ (See also under AH .)

1. (as intensive particle) = даже: 'indeed' , 'really'. Пришла откуда-то такая бумага, что хозяин мой аж завертелся. A document came from someplace, and it put my boss in a real dither. (lit.: 'A document arrived from somewhere which was such that my boss really went into a dither.") 2. (as conjunction) = так что : 'so that... ,' 'so that indeed...'. Often preceded by Tak. Солнышко-то так и греет, так печет, аж глазам больно. The sun is so warm, it's so baking hot, that it hurts one's eyes.

АЖНИК

(dialectal) .

= даже. See ДАЖЕ .

АЖУР: В АЖУРЕ (popular speech) (from French à jour, ' as ofcurrent date' (bookkeeping)) 'the way it should be'

'properly'

'well'

АЙ 1. (interjection ) = ax, ax и, аxтé, etc.

+ concrete noun 2. (interjection ) Aй АЙ ДА proper name verb predicate Nom. , often preceding the logical subject. Used in vivid expressions of reaction to something, or appraisal of it . admiration; less commonly, disapproval. a.

Ай /АйдА + concrete noun . (MOST FREQUENT USE . ) Ай да жена! Вот люблю! Oh, what a wonderful wife ! I love her so!

Often conveys

6

b.

АЙ АЙ ДА + proper name. (FREQUENT. ) Ай да Михаил Андреевич! Настоящий Цыган! Oh, that Mikhail Andreevich ! He's a regular gypsy!

с.

АЙ АЙ ДА + verb. (LESS COMMON.)

Ай да валяет ... музыкантша .. Битховен ! See how she goes slopping along ... (and she claims to be) a musician ... Beethoven, hah! d.

АЙ/АЙ ДА + predicate Nom. , often preceding the logical subject. Ай да молодец Петька Бурков! Ah, what a fine young fellow Pet'ka Burkov is!

3. (conjunction) = аль , али. Vulg. for или. See ИЛИ.

4. (particle) = аль , али . = разве. See ИЛИ,

#4

(old-fashioned)

АКИ

= как, 'like' аки бы = будто бы, 'allegedly', 'supposedly'

АККУРАТ

(pop. sp.)

'exactly,' 'right on the dot'

В АККУРАТ (pop. sp. ) = АККУРАТ В АККУРАTE (pop. sp.) 'properly,' 'the way it should be'

АККУРАТНО

1.

' accurately'

2.

(colloq.) 'carefully'

3.

(colloq.) ' regularly,' 'punctually'

АЛИ

See АЙ, # 3 and # 4, and see ИЛИ

АЛЬ

See АЙ # 3 and # 4, and see ИЛИ

7

AH

(Many dialectal variants and equivalents: аж, аже , ажно, ально, альни, анно, анда, ажинолича; ин, инно, инда, ильно.) 1. 'but,' 'but in fact,' 'but as it turned out'

Думал отдохнуть , ан опять командировка. I thought I'd get some rest, but again there was an assignment. Я думал, она его забыла; ан, видно, нет. I thought she had forgotten him, but apparently not. 2. Used at the beginning of replies that contradict the preceding remark.

- Дай мне денег. - Ан нет, не получишь! - Give me some money. - No. I won't either! You're not getting any! - Ну что, проигрался? ·- Ан нет, семнадцать рублей выиграл. -Well, did you get cleaned out? Not at all. I won seventeen rubles.

8

БАДЁГА

(dialectal : Southern) (Related to Spanish bodega?)

a cheap cafe (popular speech, dialectal, & Ukrainian.)

БАИТЬ / БАЯТЬ / БАСТИ

'talk'

'Say' БАЛАКАТЬ

(substandard.)

= болтать

БАСКОЙ

'chat'

'gab'

(dialectal)

= хороший

BAT

'converse'

'good'

(parenthetical) (dialectal: Northern)

1.

= говорят, говорит: (from баить.)

they say,' 'people say,' 'he says,' 'he claims.'

Он, бат, тебе хорошо заплатил. He claims he paid you well. 2.

= может быть : 'perhaps ,' 'maybe'

Он у них. Встретили, бат, в городе и туда привезли. He's at their place. Maybe they met him in town and brought him there. 3.

= ведь, же : ' after all ,' 'you know .'

От чаю бат не опьянею. I'm not going to get drunk on téa, you know.

Она бат не девочка. She's not a little girl , after all. 4.

= прежде, когда-то, бывало: 'formerly,' ' at one time.’ Бат баяли. They used to chat.

БАЧИТЬ

(dialectal : (1 ) Central; (2) Southwestern and Ukrainian)

1.

(Central) 'talk'

2.

(SW/Ukr) 'look at,' 'see;' бачится: 'it seems ,' 'it looks as if ... '

БАЯТЬ = баить, басти. See БАИТЬ.

БЕЖАТЬ run

бегу Standard Present forms: бежишь бежит

бежим бежите бегут

бежат for бегут.

Substandard 3 pl .: Substandard Inf.:

бечь бог бежать.

Dialectal Inf.:

бежить for бежать.

(with Past бег, бегла, бегли, but Pres. forms same as of бежать.)

9

БЕЗ : БЕЗ НИКОГО (popular speech) : = один: 'without anyone else," 'alone' БЕЗ НИЧЕГО (popular speech) :

(И) БЕЗ ТОГО :

= безо всего, ни о чем»'without anything' (lit.: "without nothing")

'as it is ,' 'in any case ,' ' withoutthat,' 'aside from that,' 'even so,' 'anyway,' 'anyhow ' ( = и так, —ито #к)

Человек он и без того молчаливый, а тут и вовсе замкнулся. He's not a talkative man in any case, but at this point he clammed up entirely. К чему все эти мелодраматические сцены? ... Ей богу, тяжело и без того. What's the idea of all these melodramatic scenes? ... Things are tough enough anyhow, for heaven's sake .

НЕ БЕЗ ТОГО:

Used in evasive and reluctant replies

'probably'

'I suppose so '

'I guess so'

'More or less'

To some extent'

'Somewhat'

'I'mafraidso 'There is something to that' 'I suppose one could say that' ..

(lit.: "It's not without that." -I.e. , It's not entirely untrues) е

- Были прогулы? -Не без того. -Were there any absences? -I'm afraid so. -Опять пьян? -Не без того.

-Drunk again? -Somewhat .

БЕСПОКОить In expressions ofpoliteness when making a telephone call . Это Чурбанов беспокоит вас. Такой вопрос, значит ... This is Churbanov; let me trouble you about a problem ... (lit.: This is Churbanov troubling you . This is my problem ...) БЕСПРЕМЕННО

(popular speech and regional...

= непременно, обязательно: 'without fail

БЕЧЬ

(popular speech)

See БЕЖАТЬ.

БИШЬ

(from баешь / баишь, 'you say' . ) (particle) (SAID TO BE OBSOLESCENT)

Used in questions when the speaker is trying to recall something. Implies that the other speaker knows the answer or in fact has recently said it.

-Что значит это письмо? -А что бишь там написано, -What's the meaning ofthis letter? -Well, what does it say there?

-Где бишь он работает? -Where was it again that he works?

10

-Мне говорил на днях один человек ... как бишь его (зовут), -The other day some fellow was telling me ... Now, what was his name? TO БИШЬ (SAID TO BE OBSOLESCENT.)

'Or no, ...'

' I mean to say ...’

Used when correcting something the speaker has said by mistake. Дайте мне красный карандаш. -- То бишь не красный, а синий. Hand me the red pencil . -- Or no, not the red one . The blue one. БЛАГО Indicates approval, positive attitude toward what is spoken of. 1. (as particle) In independent clauses, благо may stand either first in its clause or inside the clause.

f 'ortunately'

'It's a good thing that ...'

Он, благо, скоро уехал, -не узнал об этой путанице. It's a good thing he left soon - he didn't find out about this mixup. Благо ему сегодня выходной день. У него зверский насморк. Fortunately for him it's his day off. He has an awful cold . 2.

(as conjunction) In dependent clauses, благо occurs at the beginning of its clause only. Use of благо as a conjunction is non-literary, but common in colloquial speech . 'because'

'especially since'

' since'

'seeing that ...'

Собаки заснули, благо не на кого было лаять. The dogs went to sleep since there was no one to bark at. Прямо с аэродрома я поехал к нему -- благо весь мой багаж составлял маленький чемоданчик. I went directly to his place from the airport, seeing that all my baggage consisted of a small suitcase.

БЛЕСК!

(slang)

'Great!'

БОЛЕЕ: более + Comparative adj / adv

(colloq., substandard)

e.g. , более сильнее (lit.: "more stronger") = сильнее, более сильный / более сильно. более интереснее более красивее более лучше etc.

See САМЫЙ+ Superlative , used in the same way. более - менее (colloq. ) = более или менее: ' more or less,' 'partly' более и менее 'Everything .. OK' / 'Everything is normal' / 'Everything is as it should be.' более не менее (colloq.) = не более и не менее (как): ' neither more nor less (than) ,' 'exactly'

11

БОЛЬНО

(dialectal: Northeastern) 'exceedingly'

'very'

'strongly'

БОЛЬШЕ: Больше нет лучше. = They don't have better (ones) anywhere.

БРАТ

(used as pronoun) : (colloq.)

на брата = на каждого три рубля на брата: 3 rubles per person

Possessive pronoun + брат: наш брат: People like us, the likes of us Ваш брат: Реople like you , the likes of you Не для вашего брата! Not for the likes of you (I won't)!

БЛЯДЬ

(vulgar)

Roughly like '... , dammit, ...', etc. (Literally, 'whore'.) Used in vulgar speech as an expletive, inserted into the sentence in this form without other case endings and without any grammatical connection with the surrounding words.

БОЛЬНОЙ

'not working'

'out oforder'

'broken down' (-of equipment )

БОЛЬШЕ 'mainly'

' mostly'

'chiefly'

'largely'

'principally'

for the most part' '

Шли мы больше горами; оно хоть труднее, но зато безопаснее. (-Короленко) We went mostly by way of the mountains ; it was of course harder going, but on the other hand, it was safer. Читал Маркелов немного - и больше всё книги, идущие к делу: -Герцен в особенности. (-Тургенев) Markelov had not read a great deal · and for the most part it was always books that related to the cause: - Herzen in particular. Я думаю, Антон Антонович, что здесь тонкая и больше* политическая причина. (-Гоголь) I think, Anton Antonovich, that there is a subtle and mainly* political reason here . (* If 'more political' had been meant, it should have been более политическая.)

12

В БОЛЬШИНСТВЕ

= В большинстве случаев 'usually'

'largely'

'basically'

'mainly'

'chiefly'

'mostly'

Работа там в большинстве канцелярская. Thejob there is mainly clerical . Солдаты взвода в большинстве натирали полы, мыли грузовики. The soldiers in the platoon were waxing floors and washing trucks most ofthe time.

БОРОНИ БОГ ГРЕХÁ 'God forbid' Боронить (old-fashioned & regional) = оборонить; takes Genitive object. Грех can mean 'misfortune' as well as 'sin' or 'fault.' .Что, конечно оно можно ехать, отчего не ехать! А только борони бог греха, середь лесу ночью сядем, кто виноват останется? (-А.Н. Островский) Well , of course it's possible to go . Why not? Only, if we have a breakdown in the middle of the woods at night , God forbid, who's going to get blamed for it?

БРАДЕН, БРАДЕНОЙ *

(from брать) (dialectal : Western, especially Southwestern)

= -бранный (-which occurs only in prefixed verbs in standard Russian) E.g. , забраден = забран, blocked up' *In dialects, -ой is the m Nom sg ending, even when unaccented .

13

БРАТЬ /ВЗЯТЬ

(pop . sp. )

1. ' get , ' ' obtain '

2. 'buy'

---IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS.

БРОСЬТЕ БРОСЬТЕ ТАМ

(modal)

БРОСЬТЕ ЕЩЕ May stand at either the beginning or the end of a reply .

In either case , бросьте /

бросьте там /бросьте еще is set off from the rest of the reply by a slight pause. May also stand alone as an exclamation. Used in scornful denials and rejections of what has just been said. ' Oh , for Pete's sake ! .... , he says !'

. . . . indeed ! ' ' Oh , don't give me that ! ... -Говорит , ты часто бездельничаешь. -Бросьте там - бездельничать ! У меня дела по горло! -He says that often you're loafing. -Oh , don't give me that !

Loaf!

I'm up to my neck in things to do !

БРЯКАТЬ /БРЯКНУТЬ (slang) = ЗВЯКАТЬ /ЗВЯКНУТЬ (also slang) , ' call by phone ' , ' ring up ' .

БУДЕ 1.

(pop . sp . and Northern dialectal) = если : ' if' (Usually used with Prf Fut) Эй ты !

Слушай !

Буде спросит

кто о чём · молчи , коли жив быть хочешь!

Понял? Hey you ! Listen ! If anybody asks you about anything - shut up , if you want

to live ! Understand? 2. (Northern dialectal) (parenthetical modal) ' it seems , ' ' I should think , ' ' I guess '

БУДЕМ + Ipf Inf In addition to its regular meaning of ' we will . . . . ' , the combination of будем (ог будемте ) + lpf is used as an equivalent of давай (те ) to form a 1 pl Imperative , "Let's ...." . .8

Будем ( те) начинать . Let's begin.

Давай(те) начинать.

(Ipf)

Давай(те) будем начинать

( Ipf)

Начнём( те) .

(Prf)

■

14

In negative sentences : Не будем спорить . (The Prf is not used in 1 pl negative Imperatives . ) Let's not quarrel .

Не будем опаздывать. Let's not be late . In negative sentences with a predicate Nom.: ' Let's not be ..

В следующий раз не будем такие простаки , чтоб верить ему . Next time let's not be such simpletons as to believe him.

Давай не будем !

(pop . sp. )

' Stop that ! /' Knock it off!' /' Let's not have any of that stuff! ' ( Lit .:

Let's not (be doing that) . )

Слушай! Давай не будем!

Не люблю таких штук!

Listen ! Cut that out ! I don't like tricks like that !

БУДЕТ :

(See also under БЫТЬ.)

1. (impers . )

' That's enough . ( --of what has been done or has been going on . )

a . (used independently)

Будет . / Да будет ! That's enough . ' /' That'll do . ' / 'Stop it ! ' (e.g. , Stop talking like that !) Будет этого .

Enough of this . Я заплатил им столько же , сколько я им должен был , и будет . I paid them exactly what I owed them, and that's enough. b . будет ( + Dat ) + Inf (Полно is used in the same way.

See ПОЛНО . )

Будет (тебе) работать над этим . You've done enough work on this . Будет ( вам) беспокоиться об этом. Don't worry any further about that.

с . будет + c + pers . pron. Будет с тебя.

That's enough for you . / You've got enough . Помаялся , пошатался лет 50 по чужой стороне . I've

Будет с меня!

worked like a dog and I've knocked around for about 50 years

away from home .

I've had enough of that!

2. Used to convey that something is regularly the case at all times . (collog.i ' is ' /' would be ’

15

пятью пять будет двадцать пять. 5 times 5 is 25. Столица Польши - это будет Варшава. The capital of Poland - that would be Warsaw.

БУДЕТЕ ГОВОРИТЬ telephone switchboard operators' expression: 'You've got the line now.' 'You can go ahead now.'

'I have your connection now.'

БУДТО : 1.

with many variants and equivalents: словно будто ровно словно бы ровно бы будто бы словно бы как словно и будто и словно как будто как* ровно как словно как будто словно будто *

как будто как бы

точно

: точно как точно как будто

как ровно как бы словно

*Sometimes separated in the sentence: будто... как, словно... будто. These particles are used in expressions of uncertain supposition, doubt, and conjecture. The particle usually stands before the word it applies to, but may also stand after it. 'apparently' 'it seems' 'it seemed'

'I guess' ' as far as I can see' '(it was) asif

Услышал, что кто-то будто плачет. I heard what sounded like someone crying. / I thought I heard someone crying. Ты б, чудак, сказал ей, может- не рассердится, она будто добрая. You kook, you ought to tell her ; maybe she won't get angry. She's a kind person, as far as I can see. Шибко мол, раненый парень был, а теперь будто и ничего ... He said the fellow was badly hurt, but he seems to be all right now ... The particle may be used even with verbs like казаться and чудиться, which themselves mean 'to seem': И чудилось ему, что-то еще слышно: будто где-то железо о железо нозиякивает. And it seemed to him there was another sound too: it was like iron ringing on iron somewhere. а сама будто, показалось мне, как улыбается. ... , - and I got the impression that she herself was smiling. (будто ... как and показалось мне mean the same thing and reinforce each other.)

16

2.

будто будто и будто уж как будто

I suppose ' ' 'Do you think ...?, 'As if ...! 'Do you suppose ...?' me ...? to)tell (try Do you mean to Am I supposed to believe that ...?'

Used in what in form are expressions of uncertain supposition doubt, or conjecture, but in meaning are assertions of conviction that the opposite is the case . I.e. , будто # 2 is будто # 1 with the possibility of uncertainty or doubt only pretended.

- А ты почему это знаешь, что я плакала, - Да я ж будто не слышал? - But how come you know I was crying? - And do you suppose I didn't hear you?

· Я надеюсь,что ты не думаешь расстаться со мной ... - Будто это так огорчит тебя? -I hope you aren't thinking of leaving me ... -Am I supposed to believe that that will grieve you so much?

- А вы будто уж и не замечали ничего? - And do you mean to try to tell me you haven't noticed anything? - Тебя Александра Васильевна научила, - Будто я уж сам и не могу додуматься до такой простой вещи. - Did Alexandra Vasilievna put you up to that? - As ifI couldn't come up with such a simple thing as that myself. - In Replies Containing Repetitions: будто 'Oh, really, ...? будто бы 'Do you really think ...? будто бы уж 'Do you mean to say ...?' и '... indeed!' будто

уж будто Уж будто будто будто

'...! A likely story! ' 'As if...! уж уж и

'Oh , so it's supposed to be ... '

Of the above particle-combinations, those that contain an и always stand at the beginning of the repetition; those without the и may stand either at the beginning or at the end of the repetition . All of these combinations express either doubt or complete disbelief of what the other speaker has just said. Often there is also a shading of opposition, mockery, irritation, being pained, or being offended. - Все они мошенники! · Будто уж и все? OR: Уж будто все? -They're crooks, all of them!

OR: Все уж будто,

- Do you really think they all are? / Do you mean to say they all are? Ты что же не пришла? - спросил он горячим шопотом. -· Голова болела... -· уж будто голова! · Why didn't you come? he asked in a fierce whisper. - I had a headache ...

- Headache! A likely story! - Это мы здесь все починили. -· Так уж будто и 'мы"? -We're the ones that fixed everything here. Oh , so it's supposed to be ' we', is it?

17

3.

будто (Standing alone , used as reply.) 'Really?', 'Is that so?"

БУДЬ: 1.

ну, будь/ну, будьте ( роp. sp.) = Будь здоров/Будьте здоровы 'Goodbye ,' 'So long' (See also БЫВАЙ / БЫВАЙТЕ and ЖЕЛАЮ, used similarly.)

2.

будь аѕ Subjunctive of быть . The form будь is used regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural. Used to make conditional sentences (-- always conditions contrary to fact.)

Будь письма написаны, я успел бы их отправить. Ifthe letters had been written, I would have had time to mail them. Не будь так поздно, я непременно остался бы. Ifit weren't so late, I would certainly stay.

И будь не они, он пропал бы Ifit hadn't been for them, he would have been done for. (Lit.: And be they not (there), ...)

БУДЯ + Inf

'that's enough' (Cf БУДЕТ, # # 1) Чуть свет Алексашка толкнул его : " будя спать-то, вставай." At first light Alexander poked him, and said, "That's enough sleeping, get up!"

18

БЫ :

(contracted form : 6) Basically, any Russian construction that contains the particle б

refers to a

situation that is regarded as an imagined possibility but not an actual fact and not a definite and likely possibility. (The particle бы is derived from an old past tense (the Aorist ) of быть, and was originally an auxilliary verb used with other verbs . ) Bы is used (1 ) with a Past tense form , ( 2 ) with Infinitives , ( 3 ) with a Participle , and (4 ) without any verb in the predicate.

1. 6ы with Past-tense verb A. In conditional sentences referring to imagined possibilities . The standard type of the conditional sentence consists of two clauses , a condition and a conclusion .

Sentences that refer to imagined possibilities

normally have a бы in both clauses . 1. Time : Time is indicated only by context or by the addition of words that refer to time :

Past:

Если бы они попросили ( раньше ) , я им сообщил бы об этом. If they had asked me to (before ) , I would have informed them about it.

Present :

Если бы они попросили ( сейчас) , я им сообщил бы об этом . If they asked

Future:

me to (now) , I would inform them about it.

Если бы они попросили ( после ) , я им сообщил бы об этом . If they asked

me to (later on ), I would inform them about it.

(*OR were to ask OR should ask)

2.

Aspect:

There

sentences.

are

no special rules for the choice of aspect in conditional

Either clause may be in either aspect, according to the sense of

the remark. w . Prí:

Если бы он помог им, они бы скорее закончили работу . If he had helped them, they would have finished the job sooner.

w . Ipf:

Если бы он помогал им , они бы скорее заканчивали работу (каждый день) . If he helped them, they would finish work sooner (every day).

But verbs that refer to continuing states , e.g. быть ' be ' , знать ' know ', хотеть ' want' , мочь ' be able to ' , ждать ' wait ' , держать ' hold , keep' , etc. , are regularly Imperfective because of their meaning: Если бы я знал об этом , я им сообщил бы.

(Ipf. + Prf. )

If I had known about it, I would have informed them. Если бы они мне сообщили , я знал бы об этом .

(Prf. + Ipf. )

If they had informed me , I would have known about it . Если бы я был там , я знал бы об этом . If I had been there , I would have known about it.

(Ipf. + Ipf. )

19

3. Condition -clauses without conjunction

(LESS COMMON )

e.g. Был бы отец здесь, ...

If Father were here, . (The same as older-style English "Were Father here , . . . ) 4. Conditions

without 6ы :

Conditional

sentences that refer not to an imagined

possibility but rather to a known fact or to a definite and likely possibility do not contain быl . Если ( = Когда ) они попросят , я им сообщу об этом . If (= When ) they ask me to , I will inform them about it.

Если станет так холодно , река замерзнет . If it gets that cold, the river will freeze . Если ( = Раз) они знали , зачем не сообщили нам об этом ? If (= Once /Since /Seeing that ) they knew , why didn't they inform us of it?

Если ( = Насколько ) кто виноват , то я один . If (= Insofar as ) anyone is at fault , it is I alone . 5. 6ы in the condition but not in the conclusion .

( LESS COMMON ) .

A mixture -type of conditional sentence , with 6ы ( i.e. , Conditional ) in the condition and a plain Indicative in the conclusion , is occasionally encountered , usually in colloquial implies

speech .

The underlying idea is

exactly what the choice of forms

that the condition is only an imagined possibility , but the conclusion

is undoubtedly true. a . With verbs that express continuing states . in the past .

When referring to a situation

Если бы они меня попросили , я мог им сообщить об этом . If they had asked me to, I could have informed them about this.

Literally,

· я мог бы им сообщить об этом = I would have been able to inform them about this

and

я мог им сообщить об этом = I was able to inform them about this

(i.e., At any time during that period I was in a position to inform them about this . ) Since the distinction in meaning here is just as slight in Russian as it is in English, either conclusion-clause , with or without бы , may be used .

b. With a Future form in the conclusion .

When expressing a general truth.

In conditional sentences where the condition may or may not be true, but if it is , then the conclusion is absolutely certain and inevitable . Была бы спина , найдется вина.

(Proverb)

Lit. Should there be a back ( to put it on ) , a fault

will be found .

i.e. If there is someone around who can be hectored , they will be.

20

Была бы шея , (а) хомут найдется (OR найдем OR будет ) .

(Proverb)

Lit. If there should be a neck , a yoke will be found . i.e.: If a worker is available , work will always be found for him . Было бы болото , а черти будут ( OR найдутся ) .

(Proverb)

Lit. If there should be a swamp, the devils will be there . i.e.

If there is some despised job , someone can be found who is willing to do it (for his own advantage ) .

Было бы корыто , а свиньи будут ( OR найдутся ) .

(Proverb)

Lit. If there should be a trough , the pigs will be there . i.e.

If there is an advantageous opportunity, there will be no lack of takers .

c. When referring to the present .

The condition is an imagined possibility ,

contrary to fact in this situation , but the conclusion is a matter of no doubt at all to the speaker.

" (Лиза :) Ударюсь об заклад , что вздор , И если 6 не к лицу , не нужно перевязки . " ( Грибоедов ) (Liza :) I'll bet that's claptrap And if it weren't that it looks good on him, there is no need for a bandage .

B. Other clauses containing бы wish ,

request ,

suggestion ,

+

Past-tense

advice ,

verb:

obligation ;

theoretical possibility ,

with negative :

misgiving,

worry, warning, reproach.

Some Russian sentences either (a ) consist of only one clause and contain a бы with a Past form or

(b ) consist of more than one clause , only one of which contains a бы with a Past form.

Most sentences of this kind can be most easily explained by regarding them as either the first half or the second half of a conditional sentence -- as either a condition or a conclusion .. with the other half left unstated . 1. Condition type : usually expresses a wish . wish :

Occasionally:

misgiving.

Если бы они мне сообщили! (- я перестал бы волноваться.) If only they would let me know ! ( I would stop worrying.)

Sentences of this kind are of course somewhat dependent upon the context. Compare : wish :

Если бы они узнали об этом !

(-

то мы могли бы закончить планировку . )

If only they would find out about this! (-we could finish the planning.) misgiving : Если бы они узнали об этом! (- мы попали бы в переплет . ) If they should ever find out about this ! (-we would be in the soup . )

21

2. Conclusion type :

POSSIBILITY: " Мне

хотелось книг , которые волновали бы и радовали , как чудесный

Бальзак. "

( Горький )

I felt a desire for some books that would excite and cheer me the way that marvellous Balzac did .

(i.e. , some books that would excite me

if I had them . )

POLITELY ASSERTED WISH :

Я зашел бы завтра к вам . I would like to come to see you tomorrow . (Literally: I would come to see you tomorrow (- if you wouldn't mind/- if that would be convenient , etc. ) )

STRONG WISH : Ах , уж оставили бы они меня в покое! Oh, I do wish they would leave me in peace ! (Lit. They would leave me in peace (- if I had my way) .)

NEGATIVE WISH , MISGIVING : Не услышали бы!

I hope they don't hear us!

ADVICE :

Поспал бы ты часок . You ought to take a nap for an hour. (Lit.: You would take a nap for an hour ( - if you took my advice ) . ) Note how closely the ideas of what is possible or desirable or beneficial or advisable or proper overlap and merge into each other: Пoспал бы ты can be rendered as You might take a nap . ( i.e. , if you were willing to) I wish you would take a nap . ( i.e. , if you did what I would like you to) You should take a nap .

( i.e. , if you did what would be best for you)

You ought to take a nap . ( i.e. , if you did what would be best for you ) You had better take a nap . ( i.e. , if you did what would be best for you)

POSSIBILITY:

Кто бы это подумал ! Who would have thought that !

(i.e. , if in fact anyone had )

22

PROPRIETY AND OBLIGATION: Постыдились бы они! They ought to be ashamed !

C. Word-order:

(i.e. , if they took the proper view)

Position of бы in its clause .

1. Commonly after the Past form of the verb . (See examples under A and B, conditions , wishes, etc. )

2. Regularly after the conjunction in the combinations

если бы когда бы

-'if'

-'if' , ' whenever '

если бы даже-'even if'

Даже если бы

хотя бы

-'even if' -'even if ' (DIFFERENT: хотя ... (VERB) бы = ' although '.)

3. Often after a pronoun . The pronoun may be emphatically stressed or not. Он бы хотел , чтоб... ( - Он хотел бы, чтоб ... )

He would like . . . Я бы отдохнул немного . ( - Я отдохнул бы немного. ) I'd like to rest a little . "1 " Нет ничего в мире , что бы могло прикрыть Днепр. " There is nothing in the world that could cover up the Dnieper.

Кто бы это подумал! Who would have thought that!

" Ну, в деле сердца я бы не послушался маменьки . " Well , where love comes into the picture, I wouldn't obey mama .

The placement of бы after a pronoun is especially common after a 2nd person pronoun in giving advice or a suggestion:

Ты бы , дядя , рассказал нам сказку . Uncle , it would be nice if you would tell us a story.

Ты бы поспал.

You should take a nap . (The difference between Поспал бы ты and Ты бы поспал is a matter of putting slightly more emphasis on whichever word is placed first. In Попал бы ты, the emphasis is on the action and how advisable it is . In Ты бы поспал , there is more of an appeal to the person addressed . Постыдились бы они !

is saying that ashamed is what they ought to

be . Ты бы, дядя , рассказал нам сказку is an appealing plea to Uncle . )

23

4. Often after any word that has been placed first in its clause for emphasis . Я бы этого не сказал .

I wouldn't say that .

Этого бы я не сказал .

That I wouldn't say . Какая музыка !

Век бы слушал и не наслушался !

What music ! I could listen for an age and not hear enough! Дождя бы не было !

I hope it doesn't RAIN ! " Ох ,

знать бы , каждый бы день ей надо было писать о себе хоть

два словечка ! "

Oh ,

(Алексей Толстой )

if I could only know ( how she is ) .

She ought to write every

day about what she's doing, even if it's only a couple of words! (-i.e. , It should be every day that she should write . . . ) Опять проспал !

As

Бросил бы ты это !

Overslept again !

You ought to quit doing that!

$$ 2 ,

suggest , there is a strong tendency to have бы

3 , and 4

stand second in its clause . Thus

( Бы is never the first word in its clause . )

in the great majority of cases , бы stands either ( 1 ) after the

Past form of the verb or ( 2) in the second position in its clause .

5. Less commonly , бы can stand elsewhere in its clause . " И на Царицыном Лугу с поля бы не прогнали . " (Л. Толстой ) Even on the Tsaritsyn Meadow review ground they wouldn't order (that regiment) off the field . 6. The word order is fixed in combinations with an interrogative of the type

кто бы .. • НИ • · · -no matter who где бы · • • ни • · • -no matter where когда бы ·

-no matter when.

• НИ ..

D. Repetition of бы . 1. In

standard literary usage , when there are two or more verbs in the

same clause the particle бы is not repeated with each verb . " Мне хотелось книг , которые волновали бы и радовали , как чудесный Бальзак . " ( Горький ) I felt a desire for some books that would excite and cheer me the way that marvellous Balzac did .

24

11 " Ты бы не читал , а спал .

(Горький)

You should be sleeping , not reading.

Я поел бы и ушел . I'd like to have something to eat and be off.

2. But in practice , an " unnecessary" бы is sometimes inserted for reinforcement, especially if the verbs are separated by a good many intervening words . Спать бы шел и гостью 6 покой дал . " (Полевой) You ought to go to bed and let our guest have some peace. " " Как вольно вздохнули бы нивы , если бы извечные степные ветра " вместо жгучей суши принесли бы на пашню и рассеяли туманы. (Федин) How freely the grainfields would breathe , if instead of burning- hot dryness the age-old winds of the steppe were to bring mists to the plowed land and scatter them there. " Если бы каждый человек на куске земли своей сделал

он

может ,

как прекрасна

была бы земля наша . "

бы

всё

(Горький)

If every man were to do all he can on a piece of ground of his own , how beautiful our earth would be. " Нет

сейчас такого советского оперного театра, где бы оперы на

сюжеты Пушкина, ставшие национальной гордостью, не бы

ведущего положения в репертуаре,

занимали

не были бы поставлены с

огромной любовью и тщательностью. " There is now no such thing as a Soviet opera theater where operas on themes from Pushkin , which have become a proud national possession, would not occupy a leading position in the repertoire and would not be presented with enormous love and care .

E. Omission of бы. 1. In the conclusion of a conditional sentence referring to an imagined possibility . (RARE AND NONSTANDARD . ) " А ты Семен, не допускаешь такого предложения :

если бы я не

просто " был " в Гремячем , а работал бок о бок с вами , то , возможно , и промахов меньше было . * " (Шолохов)

* fоr было бы. But Semyon, you're not considering this sort of idea: If I were not to just " be there "

in Gremyachii , but rather worked right

along with you, then maybe there would be fewer slip- ups .

25

2. In the colloquial expression надо было ' should be/should have/should have been ' ( = надо было бы) . Вот тут по- старому надо было . In this case it should have been done the old way. Надо было вот что :

вычистить карбюратор .

What should have been done was to clean out the carburetor.

II. ɓы with Present-tense verb Vinogradov (Pyсский язык, 6ы

is

sometimes

used

with

1947 , p 602 ) says that in colloquial speech Present-tense forms to express an imagined

possibility: " Сын- то мой и хорошо бы учится , да только часто хворает . " My son would do well in school , except that he's often sick. (So far, I have not been able to find another example of this construction . In fact , in the 1972 edition yчитcя is changed to yчnaca. ) III . Бы + Inf .

+ бы + Inf. Dat.

+ 6ы

+ Inf.

Dat.

+ бы

+ было

Bы

+ бы

Inf.

+ 6ы

+ Dat.

+ Inf.

как бы не kak бы

Inf.

+ Inf.

+ Dat .

He

+ Inf.

with the Infinitive expresses the same ideas as clauses containing бы

with the Past :

possibility, hope , wish , desirability, advisability, obligation ;

with He: misgiving, warning , or reproach. The subject is usually left unnamed if it is implied by the context who the actor would be ; if the subject is specified , it is in the Dative case . With regard to word-order, the positions that can be occupied by бы when used with the Infinitive are essentially the same as for бы with the Past :

6ыl

usually stands after the Infinitive , after a (Dative) pronoun , after interrogatives like kaк and гдe, or after an important word. Since using the Infinitive always means naming the action , бы with the Inf. differs from 6ы with the Past in that there is somewhat more emphasis and concentration of attention on the idea of performing the action at all ; when бы with the Past is used, attention is rather more spread over the situation as a whole. Either Infinitive , Perfective or Imperfective , may be used . Perfective occurs more often .

In practice , the

POSSIBILITY:

Он думал , думал , как бы осуществить это. He thought and thought about how one might bring that about .

(OR how he could OR how he might, etc. )

26

WISH , DESIRABILITY : Прочитать бы эту статью полностью .

I'd like to read this article all the way through.

Покурить бы теперь . It would be nice to have a smoke now.

WISH (WITH если) :

Если бы забыть прошлое! If I could forget the past ! / If one could forget the past !

STRONG WISH :

(Almost always preceded by an interjection - usually Ax , Ox, or Эх. )

Эх , сесть бы на пару минут ! Whew !

If I could just sit down for a couple of minutes !

Ох , знать бы, что там происходит !

Oh , how I'd like to know what's going on there !

ADVISABILITY:

Вам бы собираться в путь. You ought to be getting ready for your trip. Пора бы ему отправиться в город. It's time he started out for town. With было added , the бы + Inf. construction indicates desirability/advisability/ obligation in the past : Вам было бы записать все подробности . You ought to have written down all the details .

NEGATIVE WISH = MISGIVING/ WARNING / REPROACH : Не опоздать бы! / Не опоздать бы нам! I hope we aren't late ! Не упасть бы вам !

Тут скользко .

Watch out that you don't fall .

It's slippery here .

Как бы ему не захворать! I hope he doesn't get sick !

IV . Бы +

Past Active Participle .

( RARE . CONSIDERED LITERARY AND OLD-

FASHIONED . ) The construction бы + Past Active Participle is a rather bookish equivalent of a relative clause containing 6ы that refers to an imagined possibility that has not materialized .

In the example that follows ,

27

· обретший бы = ум , который обрёл бы .. •

ум

"1 Спит ум , может быть , обретший бы внезапный родник великих средств . " ( Гоголь) The mind which might have discovered an unexpected source of wealth , perhaps , is asleep.

V. Бы without any accompanying verb. A. With a conjunction .

In abbreviated replies .

-Не буде помогать нам . -Хотя бы! -They aren't going to help us . -Even if they aren't !

( -- we'll go ahead anyway. )

-Он приезжает домой сегодня? —Нет .

Если бы .

-He's coming home today?

-No .

If only he were .

B. With an Accusative object in expressions of desire . The person who desires it is in the Dative .

Мне бы заведующего. I want (to talk to) the manager.

Еще бы чашку чаю . I'd like another cup of tea. Нам бы три порции мороженого .

У вас какие сорты?

We would like three orders of ice cream . What flavors do you have?

C. With an interrogative . Кто бы это вон там с ними? Who could that be over there with them?

С чего бы это? Why would that be?/ What could be the cause of that?

С чего бы это они так Why would they act that way?/ Why would they talk like that ?/ Why would they say that? /Why would they think that? ( Depending on context )

In all of these three questions , the бы could be omitted.

Бы, when inserted

in these questions , emphasizes the fact that the questioner is rather puzzled and very eager to find out the answer to his question .

28

Compare: О че это ои? - What is he talking about? О чем бы это он? What can he be talking about? What could he be talking about? D.

In other verbless sentences that do not contain an interrogative, бы regularly stands for был бы/была бы/было бы/были бы. (In # C. , above , it is the interrogative expression that helps to imply some verb other than быть. For example, it is the o чём that implies О чём (говорил) бы это он? / О чём (думали) бы они? etc.)

Трудно бы теперь. That might be difficult now.

That would be pretty difficult now.

Молода бы она, кажется, водить трактор. It seems to me she's a little young to be driving a tractor. (Lit.: It seems to me she might be too young...)

Давно бы так! It should have been done long ago! Не худое бы что! ( = Не было бы что-то худое!) I hope nothing bad happens!

Вот бы хорошо! That would be great! / Now that's what would be really fine!

Вор избежал бы нас, если бы не Гриша. The thiefwould have gotten away from us, if it hadn't been for Greg. ( = если бы не был.Гриша / если бы не был там Гриша - if Greg hadn't been there.)

Если бы не льдины, я бы перевез их на лодке. Ifit weren't for the blocks of ice, I could take them across in the boat. Если бы не дождь, мы катались бы на лодке. If it weren't for the rain, we would go boating.

БЫ: ЛУЧШЕ БЫ

'It would be better to ...' See under ЛУЧШЕ , p 210 .

БЫ:

НАДО БЫ + Inf 'should have' See under НАДО , p 228.

БЫВАЕТ (as parenthetical expression) 1. (colloq.) It happens that ...' '.... , as sometimes happens' 2.

(dialectal. Central .) = может быть: 'perhaps,'

' maybe.'

Бывает, и не все вышли. Maybe they're not all gone. А может, бывает, прежде не так называлась. But perhaps formerly that wasn't the name she used to be called.

29

3. (dialectal . Southern. )

-случайно :

' by any chance , '

' possibly. '

Не осталась она, бывает , на рынке? Didn't she stay at the market, by any chance?

У вас , бывает , нет яблок? You don't possibly have any apples , do you?

( pop. sp. )

быВАй (ТE )

* Бывай(те) здоров( ы) =Будь ( те) здоров(ы) . 'Goodbye ,' ' So long. '

БЫВАЛО

(Cf. Bудь and жEЛA

.)

+ ( 1 ) Ipf Pres

(as particle)

(2) Ipf Past

(3) Prf Pres -Fut (4 ) Ipf Past of old unprefixed frequentatives in - ыва- , • ива- . (OLDER USAGE ) (5) Separated from the verb, and used to introduce its clause , in which it stands first.

(6) (dialectal ) =было

'from time to time' 'would (sometimes ) . . .'

'(sometimes) used to ..

Used in any of the first five constructions abovе , бывало еmphasizes the idea that the action is something that occurred repeatedly at irregular intervals in the past . бывало can stand in three positions :

if it does not stand first in its clause , then it

stands either immediately before or immediately after the verb. In the first four constructions , with бывало immediately before or after the verb, the expression is spoken without any pause between бывало and the verb , in spite of the fact that in writing бывало is frequently (though not always ) set off with commas .

Often

бывало

can be read as

simply the Past of бывать :

' It used to be

But since бывало regularly occurs

(that)

• .' ,

without

the conjunction что , бывало is considered a particle used with verbs to

' It used to happen ( that) . . .' .

form a construction .

1. + Ipf Pres Играют бывало в карты целый день . They would play cards the whole day . 11 Я , бывало , говорю ему : " • · •

I used to say to him , ".

30

2. + Ipf Past Мы бывало убеждали его в этом . From time to time we would try to convince him of this.

Я бывало говорил ему :

· . ""

I used to say to him,

3. + Prf Pres-Fut "

Я бывало скажу ему :

. ""

I used to say to him, Старик сядет , бывало , заведет рассказ, ... The old man would sit down and start a story ...

4. + Ipf Past of unprefixed verb in - ыва- / - ива- .

(OLDER USAGE )

Вечером он бывало сиживал , писывал до полуночи . In the evening he would sometimes sit writing until midnight.

5. Separated from the verb and used to introduce its clause . Бывало , при хорошей погоде мы ходили по берегу. Sometimes when the weather was nice we used to walk along the shore.

Note that бывало can be used in a sentence which contains two or more verbs that have the same subject and apply to all of them, and that the verbs do not have to be all exactly alike in form .

(Prf) (Ipf) Бывало .. выйдешь с вечера и всю ночь шлепаешь по казанскому тракту , иногда -- под осенним дождём , по глубокой грязи . " ( Горький) ( - Бывало я выходил с вечера и всю ночь шлёпал • •

Gorkii is

referring to himself.) Sometimes you'd go out in the evening and tramp along the Kazan highway all night , sometimes you'd be out in an autumn rain and deep mud. (Prf)

(Prf)

" Неслышно отворит бывало дверь маменькиной комнаты , неслышно прокрадется

(Prf) (lpf) в уголок, сядет и , словно очарованный, не сводит глаз с маменьки .

( Салтыков - Щедрин) Sometimes he would noiselessly open the door of his mother's room, noiselessly steal to a corner, sit down , and as if entranced he would never take his eyes off his mother.

31

6. + Past

(dialectal)

In Northern dialect , meaning is different .

бывало can also occur with the Past ,

but

here the

In Northern dialectal use , бывало can refer to one-time

actions in the past and было сan refer to repeated actions in the past, which is the

reverse of the use of бывало and было in standard Russian .

(See also

under БЫЛО, § 15(c) . ) In this dialectal use , бывало simply emphasizes the fact that the event referred to is thought of as belonging to past history.

Я бывало перва родилась. I was the first born./ I was the eldest child . Это потоп- то бывало был , потоп - то .

That was some flood then. У нас бывало гроза была-

дом сгорел от грозы . We had a storm--the house burned down as a result of the storm.

БЫВАЛОЧА

(colloq . ) See БЫВАЛО , above .

(particle )

• БЫВАЛО.

БЫВАЛОЧИ , БЫВАЛЫЧИ , БЫВАЛЫЧА , БЫВАЛЫЧ - БЫВАЛО , БЫВАЛОЧА .

(dialectal)

See БЫВАЛО , above .

(dialectal)

БЫЕ

1. быле - может быть , возможно.

2. быде - если .

БЫДТО

(colloq. )

-БУДТО .

БЫЛК

See БУДТО , above .

(dialectal)

• только что : 'just , ' 'just now , ' ' just then . ’ Хотела бы к спать ложиться , а она пришла. Just as I wanted to go to bed , she arrived .

БЫЛНО , БЫЛЬНО

(dialectal )

= БЫЛО (particle used with Past : Resultless action . ) See БЫЛО , below .

БЫЛО

( strengthened forms :

уже совсем было , совсем уже было , совсем уж был . )

+ (1 ) Prf Past ( FREQUENT) (2) Prf Past + Prf Inf

32

(3 ) Prf Past + Ipf Inf (4) Ipf Past ( UNCOMMON) (only with some vbs . See $4 below . )

(5) Ipf Past + Prf Inf (6) Ipf Past + Ipf Inf

(7) Ipf Pres (VERY RARE ) (8) Past Act Prtc (often Rfl ) (9) Past Pas Prtc (RARE ) (10) Past Gerund (RARE ) (11 ) Without a verb (12 ) Special meaning in colloq. speech : " I think" ( 13 ) Prf Inf + Prf Inf ( UNCOMMON ) ( 14) Inf + Dat

(15) dialectal : 3 uses

' started to. 'had started to.

' tried to. 'was about to

-ing'

' was on the point of

Used in the above combinations , было indicates that an action in the past was begun but came to nothing.

The basic meaning of these constructions is resultless

action in the past. The action expressed by the main verb is always thought of as having been begun, but it can be barely begun and immediately nipped in the bud , begun and fairly well along when interrupted , or begun and actually completed but subsequently undone or reversed . What the particle было conveys is that ULTIMATELY the action had no effect . Thus , the sentence Он ушел было , но раздумал,

' He started to leave , but

changed his mind, ' does not specify whether he stopped when he had scarcely stirred from the spot, when he was half way across the room, when he had reached the door, or after he had actually left and was outside .

Other words would have to be added

to indicate this circumstance . Note that in the case of combinations of verbs which convey intention (e . g., хотеть , думать , etc. ) + было + Inf . , the action gets no farther than the stage of being intended. Inf.

Grammatically, the было applies to the verb of intending, not the

taken literally, xотел было means

' (had) started to want to, ' думал был

means ' (had) started to think of, ' and the action of the Infinitive is not begun at all. Thus , Он думал был уйти ,

но раздумал , ' He thought of leaving, but changed

his mind, ' means literally ' He started to think of leaving, . . . , ' (NOT ' He thought of leaving and started to do so ' ) . In this case , he got no farther than the thought, and did not move .

33

However, the fairly common combination стал было . . . does not mean ' started to begin

‚' but rather is a special case .

Verbs which themselves have the mean-

ing of ' begin ' (e.g. , стать, начaть) are used with an Ipf. Inf. in the было- construction when the verb that is in the Ipf. Inf. form represents an action that is thought of as going on for some length of time or else as being done intermittently from time to time .

Here , cтал is added to carry the idea of beginning and было , as always ,

carries the idea of lack of result. Thus ,

Он написал было письмо , да опять изорвал ,

' He started to write a

letter, but tore it up again. ' refers to the writing of one letter on a single occasion. But Он стал было писать стихи , да бросил , ‘Нe started writing poetry, but dropped it.' refers to an activity that was taken up and performed from time to time but was eventually discontinued without producing any lasting results . In the same way :

Он было заснул, но его разбудили . He had gone to sleep, but they woke him up.

But:

Он было стал засыпать , как зазвонил телефон . He had started going to sleep (i . e . , being the phone rang .

WORD-ORDER:

drowsy),

when

The particle 6ыло may stand either before or after the main

verb . Он было ушел = Он ушел было .

Он было думал уйти - Он думал было уйти . The subject , the particle было , and the verb (--or, in the other order, subject , verb , and было) most often stand immediately next to each other, as in the examples above .

Other words may intervene between them, however:

Простились , и она совсем уже было к двери пошла, вдруг оборачивается и спрашивает

(Полевой)

The goodbyes were said, and she had already started to go to the door (OR : she already was about to go to the door) ; suddenly she turned around and asked ... Note the word-order in one of the examples in Smirnitsky's Russian-English dictionary:

" He was on the point of not coming at all " : " Он было вовсе не Xотел

приезжать " instead of the expected Он было хотел вовсе не приезжать .

EXAMPLES :

1. было + Pгf Past (FREQUENT) Куда ты? - спросила было мать, но Фаина быстро вышла .

( Бажов)

"Where are you going?" her mother started to ask her, but Faina quickly left the room.

34

Я сперва было предположил , что он шутит , а потом понял , что нет . At first I had assumed that he was joking, but then I realized that he was

not .

2. было + Prf Past + Prf Inf Захар, с подносом в руках,

наклонился было поднять булку ,

вдруг увидел , что обе руки заняты и поднять нечем .

но ,

присев ,

(Гончаров)

Zakhar, with the tray in his hands , had started to bend down to pick up the bun, but after squatting down he realized that he had both hands full and had no way to pick it up.

3. было + Prf Past + Ipf Inf (--with the Prf Past a verb expressing either beginning or else an action preliminary to the action of the Ipf Inf) Я было стал читать , да печать очень мелка. I started to read it, but the print is awfully small . Она начала было протестовать , но потом замялась и села. She started to protest, but then faltered and sat down . Конь . . . на ходу потянулся было пить , но всадник заторопил его ... (Шолохов) As he walked along, the horse tried to reach out to drink, but the rider urged him on . Он попробовал было бороться, но тотчас же махнул рукой. He was about to try to put up a fight, but immediately gave up the idea.

4. было + Ipf Past (UNCOMMON )

Они шли было туда, но передумали и вернулись . They were on their way there but changed their minds and came back.

5. было + lpf Past + Prf Inf (In this construction , хотеть is by far the most commonly used main verb . "Had it in mind to " " (had) meant to '' ' ' (had ) thought of --ing" are often good translations of хотел было .)

Он думал было уйти , но раздумал. He thought of leaving, but changed his mind .

Он хотел было отказаться , но его уговорили . He wanted to* refuse , but they talked him into it . *(OR had it in mind to OR had meant to)

--In some examples of хотел было , like the one just given , хотел было comes close to the meaning of хотел бы:

Он хотел было отказаться ... He wanted

to refuse , but was persuaded (and did not) /Он хотел бы отказаться ...- Не would have liked to refuse , but was persuaded .

35

6. было + Ipf Past + Ipf Inf (LESS COMMON ) Я ложился было спать , как мне позвонили . I had just started going to bed when they phoned me. Он хотел было жаловаться , так уж я насилу отговорил .

( Салтыков- Щедрин)

He wanted to make a complaint , but, with difficulty , I talked him out of it .

7. было + lpf Pres (VERY RARE) Федор Иваныч

садится было за газету .

(Л. Толстой)

Fyodor Ivanych was about to sit down to his newspaper.

8. было + Past Active Participle (Often Reflexive ) Вспыхнувшую было на востоке зарю тотчас опять заволокло тучами. (Арсеньев) The dawn, which had just started to light up in the east , was immediately obscured again by clouds. Прекратившийся было дождь вдруг снова полил .

( Симонов)

The rain, which was just on the point of stopping*, suddenly poured down again .

* (OR: which had stopped)

Погибшего было моряка спасли . They saved the sailor who was about to lose his life.

9. было + Past Passive Participle (UNCOMMON) Посланная было книга оказалась не той , да возвратил . The book that was sent turned out to be not the right one , and I returned it.

10. было

+ Past Gerund (UNCOMMON)

Умерши было , он стал поправляться. After being on the point of dying, he began to get well .

11. было without any accompanying verb The Past form of the verb that would normally accompany было may be omitted when it is clear from the context what the omitted verb would be.

Я было что- то насчет этого , но не дал мне кончить. I started to say something about that , but he didn't let me finish .

Он было наутёк, да задержали . He tried to get away, but they stopped him.

Мы было к тебе , но . .. We were going to go to your place , but place , but . . .

• ./We had just arrived at your

36

12. Special meaning in colloquial speech : ness

about

one's

own

assertion .

Expresses uncertainty, hesitancy, doubtfulUsually

in

replies

containing repetitions.

-Эту деталь надо дырочками вниз ставить . -Я было так и ставила . -You have to put this part with the holes down. -Uh , I thought I was putting it that way.

-Ты ее пересолила. -Да я было чуть- чуть посолила. -You've oversalted it. -But I just barely put any salt on it, it seemed to me.

13. было + Prf Inf A somewhat similar shading of undecidedness and deliberation is expressed in the following construction with the Infinitive: (Скотинин :) Все меня одного оставили .

двор .

Пойти было прогуляться на скотный

(Фонвизин )

(Skotinin:) They've all left me alone . I guess I'll go take a walk to the pigpen.

14. было + Inf + Dat (CONSIDERED OLD-FASHIONED AND PROVINCIAL) Conveys that something was imminent but did not take place after all .

Сегодня быть- было гулянью в Марьиной роще , да дождь помешал . (quoted in Словарь современного русского литературного языка , 1,728-9) Today we were to take a walk* in Mary's Grove , but the rain prevented it . *Lit.: "there was to be a walk"

15.

Northern dialectal :

3 uses

In Northern dialect , было is widely used , and has three sharply differing uses :

a . Exactly as in general Russian usage, with Ipf or Prf Past forms of the verb and referring to an action in the past that was begun but came to nothing and ultimately had no effect.

Я хотел было табак посеять , да раздумал . I had meant to plant tobacco , but I changed my mind. b . With Prf Past forms of the verb and referring to an event in the past that did take effect .

Here , the particle было simply emphasizes that the speaker

is looking back to the past .

Было год сей в апреле вышел лед .

This year the ice went out in April .

37

c. With Ipf Past, Prf Past , Ipf Pres , or Prf Pres-Fut and referring to repeated action in the past , while at the same time . бывало can refer to one -time actions in the past , all of which is the reverse of the uses of было and бывало in standard Russian.

+ Ipf Past:

(See under БЫВАЛО, 6. )

Было Семеныч мне всё носил рыбу . Semenych used to bring me fish all the time .

+ Ipf Pres :

Зимой было дрова вожу . In winter I used to haul firewood.

+ Prf Pres-Fut :

Я было когда заболею , он мне все таблеточки . I'd get sick every so often; he was always giving me pills .

БЫЛО И

+ Prf Past The combination было и always precedes the verb .

The use of было и is

closely related to the было constructions above that refer to resultless action in the past, but note that in the following examples containing было и the remark refers to something that the subject did not intend or desire to do .

Я было и забыла совсем . .. I really had just forgotten it completely. . . Этого я сперва было и не заметил . I had at first actually failed to notice this.

БЫТЬ :

Special and idiomatic uses .

(See also under БУДЕМ and БУДЕТ . )

1. Future: polite inquiry. In popular speech, the Future is sometimes substituted for the Present of 6ыть in questions in order to convey an added shading of politeness or friendliness . This

is because " Bы кто будете? " , for example, is thought of as

sounding less blunt than " KтO Bы?" вы кто же будете , молодцы? And who might you young fellows be? -Вы будете начальник отдела?

—Я буду . -Would you be the chief of the department ? -Yes, I would.

2. He ✦ Fut + Ipf Inf ( = negative of Ipf Fut ) : strongly negative intention . With the negative , the Ipf Fut is sometimes used in emphatic statements that convey that it is not merely now expected that something will not be so ,

38

but rather that it is in fact determinedly intended that it will not be so.

Most

often, expressions of this kind occur in the 1st person (sg or pl ), though not necessarily. That is , не буду can be used emphatically exactly like English 'I'm not going to ·

. ' , with the idea of ' I haven't any intention of

_-ing, '

'I'll be darned if I'll . . . ' , ' I'm not about to . . .'. When a negative Ipf Fut has не буду is frequently placed in the last position in the sentence : this shading, He ... не буду . '

Не стану . . . , 'I'm not going to start

„-ing' is used in the

same way . Вот что :

вставать в пять часов только для того не буду.

Now I'll tell you something: I'm not going to get up at 5 a.m. just on

that account. Слушай! Не будем переписывать всего этого . Listen! We haven't any intention of retyping all this stuff. Вот ! Торчать здесь целый день не будешь Look! You're not going to stick around here all day.

Так и знай, нам помогать не будут. They don't mean to help us , and you can bet on it.

3. не я буду + если + не:

strong conviction.

я не я буду 'I'll bet anything . . .'

..., or my name isn't ... 'As sure as shooting, .. (Lit.: I won't be I if ... not . . ./ I am not myself if . . . not ...) Не я буду , если не сидит пьет в кабаке каком- нибудь. Sure as shooting, he's sitting around drinking in some tavern.

4. а . Есть /Было /Будет + что * + Inf** + Dat subject b . Есть /Было /Будет + что * + Inf**

с . Есть /Было/Будет

d.

Есть /Было /Будет

+ что*

+ Inf**

Any form of что **Ipf or Prf Inf

'There is something to ...'/ 'There was plenty to ... .'/etc. Of the four patterns shown above, the commonest is b.

39

а . Было от чего * прокатиться волне пессимизма среди людей в городе . There was plenty of reason * for a wave of pessimism to sweep over** the people in the town. ( * Lit .: " There was why " )

( ** Lit .: to roll through among)

b . Будет что рассказать ребятам! That will be /We'll really have something to tell the kids about ! -Они очень беспокоятся.

-Есть о чём беспокоиться. -They're feeling very uneasy . -There's plenty to be uneasy about . И правда , у них было чем и похвастаться . And indeed, they did have something to boast about . У вас там есть на чём отправить сюда рабочих? Do you have something ( i.e. , any vehicle) there to send the workmen to us in?

с. Они очень радуются ; и есть чему . They are very glad ; and they do have something to be glad of.

d. Было заслушивать там в этом* в кабинете. ( * в этом = в этом деле) There was plenty to hear in the office there about this matter. У нас тут передать ему есть.

We have something to forward to him.

5. быть (always Inf) + Dat : inevitability .

In statements :

Быть грозе. There's going to be a thunderstorm./There's sure to be a thunderstorm . Быть беде . There's going to be trouble./There's sure to be trouble .

In questions : Наверно мираж - подумал он . - Откуда быть воде ? '' It's probably a mirage , "

he thought .

(from a magazine story)

" How could there be any water? "

( Lit.: Where is any water to be from?)

40

6. быть ( Inf) + Dat + Inf (dialectal : Western) + Inf (dialectal : wide area)

быть (Inf) Expresses

various

shadings

of obligation ,

inevitability,

necessity,

or

possibility .

STANDARD LITERARY

DIALECTAL

Быть

= Нам рано не управиться .

нам рано не управиться.

We aren't supposed to finish up work early.

Ведь быть же нам в праздник

= Ведь придется же нам в праздник работать.

работать.

We're going to have to work on the holiday, you know.

= Значит , суждено тому случиться.

Значит , быть тому случиться . Well , it's bound to happen .

Быть дождю идти.

- Быть дождю . * /Пойдет дождь. ( *As in $5 above)

It's sure to rain. Быть опоздать тебе сегодня.

Опоздаешь ты сегодня .

You're ( undoubtedly) going to be late today.

Сколько ни плакать , а быть

- Сколько ни плачешь, а придется

перестать.

перестать.

No matter how much one weeps , one will have to stop (sometime ) . Бегом бежить , а быть опоздать.

- Бегом бежать , а всё ещё опоздать можно.

You can run like the devil and still be late.

7. быть (Past ) + Ipf Past or Prf Past

(dialectal :

Northern)

Used when referring to an event a long time ago in the past .

( Compare $ 15b

under БЫЛО. The difference is that there the было is invariable ; here , in the following examples , all 4 forms --был , была , было , были– аre used. ) Он был пришел . He arrived./He had arrived ( prior to some other event) .

Она была с дочерью жила . She used to live with her daughter. Сын в Ленинграде был работал . * Their son was working in Leningrad (at that time ) . Метра два было снегу напало . About two meters of snow fell. Ягоды росли были . The beries had grown . /The berries were (already ) ripe .

41

8.

быть, быт (as reply) (dialectal) 'Yes, that's right'

Yes, I think so' '

'Yes, certainly'

- Ты давно здесь? - Быть, давно. -Have you been here a long time? - That's right, it's been a long time. - Проеду ли я тут? или снег глубок? - Быт. Проедешь. -WillI be able to get through here? Or is the snow too deep? - Oh , yes. You'll make it through. 9. быть + Dat case of short-form adjective (ARCHAIC) Used in reference to exhibiting a quality on a particular occasion. быть упряму: be stubborn ( = быть упрямым) Зачем же быть, скажу вам напрямик, Так невоздержну на язык? (Грибоедов) I'll tell you point-blank : Why be so intemperate in what one says? 10.как + быть (Past) + Dat + Inf in questions

'How was ... supposed to ....? ?'

'How could you expect ... to ...?

'How could ... (have) ...?

Вот чудак!-удивился Ершов. Как же мне было бежать? Батька у нас вовсе хворый был - он раз на Иордани в прорубь оступился, так и не мог оправиться. Чахотку, что ли, нажил, -каждой весной помирать собирался. (-Соболев) "You really are an odd one!" said Ershov in surprise. "How was I supposed to run away? Our father was a total invalid. He fell in a hole in the ice once, at a 'Blessing of the Waters' ceremony and he just couldn't get well again. It was consumption he got, I suppose: every spring he almost died. "

42

43

В ЖУТЬ :

' extremely ' .

See XYTb .

B: Nom Noun + не B + Acc of same Noun .

See under HE .

В ОБЩЕМ Often faded and used simply as a filler when continuing with what one was , .. saying. Often like English ' Anyway.

anyway ' , ' Anyhow,

how ' , ' In any case , · ..', ' At any rate ,

·

·, any-

rather than in the stronger and fuller

sense of ' in general ' or ' on the whole.'

ВАжнЕUкИй :

Рop. sp. for важный , but only in the sense of ' good ' , not in the sense of

'important. '

ВДРУГ А ВДРУГ

А вдруг

Any tense

'Suppose (that) . . . '

( = неравно)

'What if ...'

телеграмму

не

получили ?

Вдруг

там

их

не

будет ?

Suppose they didn't get the telegram? What if they won't be there?

ВЕДЬ The fundamental use of ведь is to call the hearer's attention to an idea and urge him to take it into consideration .

Beдь can be used when informing him of a

fact for the first time , or when reminding him of a fact already known to him. In practice, reminders of old facts are commoner. It is also characteristic of ведь that while some particles , such as xe, - TO, and BOT, emphasize a word, ведь regularly emphasizes a whole clause rather than a single word . With regard to position in its clause, ведь is one of the freest of all particles . It most often stands first in its clause , but may also stand last, especially in short sentences , or

inside its clause next to an important word.

USES: 1. Substantiating---In clauses that give supporting reasons for what has just been said before . THIS IS BY FAR THE COMMONEST USE OF BЕдь.

'You see, ...' • •, you see '

'That's because

' after all '

' Remember , . . .'

...

' surely'

'Keep in mind that .

seeing that ...'

'Don't forget that . . .

Preceding page blank

44

Лисы должны быть где- то здесь . Ведь следы в снегу вот вижу. There must be foxes around here somewhere , because I see tracks in the snow . Не подходите ближе ко мне .

Ведь я болен гриппом .

Можно заразиться .

Don't come any nearer to me. You see , I've got flu.

You might catch

it. Откуда я знаю?

Вам ведь и это .

How should I know?

You're the one that's supposed to handle this ,

after all. a . The

reason

for the preceding thought may be in the form of a question:

Я собираюсь упражняться на баяне .

Ведь никто не спит еще ?

I'm getting ready to practice on the accordion.

Surely nobody is still

asleep? 2. Reminding:

' Remember , . . . '

' Keep in

mind that

..' 'Don't forget that ...' ..

‘ Understand , . . . ' Торопись ! Ведь мы обещали прибыть туда в пять часов. Hurry up! Remember, we promised to get there at 5 o'clock. 3. Of what is regarded as obvious , natural , a matter of common knowledge, a general truth .

'After all, ... ', 'Of course, •

., you know, . . . ' 'Undoubtedly, . .. . , '

'As everyone knows , . . .' Ведь голых случайностей на свете не бывает .

( Федин )

After all, there are no such things as pure coincidences in the world. А между тем ничего ведь не может силы.

быть легче , как переценить свои

But at the same time , you know, there is nothing easier than to overestimate one's own capabilities. 4. Strong contrasts. Vehement Denials .

Indignant contradictions.

'though ' , ' however ' , ' but ' , ' . . . , I tell you ' , ' Hang it,. . . ' , ' for heaven's sake' Он ни за что ни про что обрушился на меня . He tore into me for no reason at all . Pete's sake . Я ведь не украла .

And I hadn't said anything, for

Она сама дала мне на время.

I tell you , I didn't steal it . Что!

А я ведь ничего не сказал.

Танцевать не хочешь?

She

herself gave it to me for a while .

Не старуха ведь.

What ! You don't want to dance? You're not an old lady, for heaven's sake . 5. In concessive clauses :

' although ' .

( LESS COMMON)

Ведь сильно ранен, он убежал . Although severely wounded , he escaped.

45

6.

In exclamations: Ведь действительно бывают такие случаи! To think that such incidents really happen!

7. Demonstrative-Intensive , used much like вот :

(UNCOMMON)

"Ведь как котенок растет быстро!" ( Горький) See how fast the kitten is growing! 8. Often faded in meaning in colloquial and popular speech, used simply as an attention-getter at the beginning of a remark : I say, ...', ' Look here, ...' , 'Really, now, ...'. А скажите- ка, старина, правду: Ведь прежде в ваше-то время лучше было? But tell the truth, old fellow: Really now, were things better before , in your time?

ВЕДЬ...ЖЕ Strengthened form of ведь.

ВЕДЬ ВОТ ВОТ ВЕДЬ Strengthened form of вот. = вот уж/уж вот. See under BOT. Reinforces the meaning ofthe whole construction. Regularly stands first in its clause.

'for sure ,'

'really,'

'certainly'

Удивился: вот ведь неожиданно вышло! I was amazed. That certainly turned out unexpectedly!

ВЕДЬ И ТО Strengthened form of и то # 3 . See under И ТО .

ВЕДЬ:

АВЕДЬ ДА ВЕДЬ

(VERY COMMON)

НО ВЕДЬ but'. Here ведь strengthens a, да, & но.

ВЕДЬ: А ВЕДЬ И ЕСТЬ

See under ECТЬ: И ЕСТЬ , # 3 , p 115 .

ВЕДЬ: ТАК ВЕДЬ

See TAK #26b , p 346 .

ВЗЯДЕН (from Взять) (dialectal : Western, especially Southwestern) ВЗЯДЕНОЙ •

= Взят Взятый * In dialects, -ой is the m Nom sg ending, even when unaccented .

46

ВЕСТИ - вести себя, ' behave ' (pop. sp . ) Учительница говорит , что ты плохо ведешь на уроках. The teacher says you behave badly in class . Дети хорошо вели целый день.

The children were good all day .

ВЕСТИТЬ (Dialectal )

. вести

ВЕЧЕРКОМ 'in the evening' (colloq)

ВЕЧОР 1. = вчера вечером

' yesterday evening '

(Dialectal )

2. = вчера

'yesterday'

(Dialectal )

3. - сегодня вечером ' this evening'

(Dialectal )

ВЕЧОРАСЬ

- вчeра, ' yesterday , '

ВЗЯТЬ

(Dialectal )

( + да /и /да и ) + Verb ' simply,' ' just, ' ' go and . . ., ' ' up and ..

USAGE : 1. The Perfective взять is always used in this idiomatic construction , never бpать. 2. Bзять and the verb it accompanies may occur in any Perfective form (Prf-Pres or Past, Imperative , Infinitive , Past with 6

or Infinitive with 6ы, etc. )

3. Взять and the verb it accompanies almost always match each other in form (--both Past, both Imperative , etc. ) Departures from this rule are possible but rare . 4. The да or и ог да и between the two verbs is optional , but it is more usual to use it. 5. Взять usually stands before the other verb, but may also follow it, though this is far less common . 6. A strengthening BOT often precedes the взЯTь .

MEANING: Independent action. In general , when a verb is modified by a matching form of взЯть, the action is thought of as having no evident relation to surrounding circumstances-apparently neither caused nor affected by them: tears , '

' simply snapped in two, '

' up and burst into

'just went ahead and finished the job himself . '

47

The primary idea of independent action is often accompanied by any of some closely associated ideas :

1. Uncomplicated action -action accomplished without any special effort , without encountering any obstacles or complications , 2. Arbitrary decision --decision quickly and easily arrived at, without much thought, without consulting anyone , sometimes a mere whim, 3. Abrupt, unexpected action -action that comes as a surprise to other people , not to the doer.

(Many grammars and dictionaries give abrupt and unexpected action

as the only meaning, but actually it is a frequent shading, not the fundamental meaning. ) These associated shadings need not always be present .

That the shading of

arbitrary decision is not always present , for example , is shown by the fact that the взЯть construction can have an inanimate subject and can refer to results that are not desired by the subject :

inanimate subject :

Данилов и сам знал , что его не убьют . просто взять и оборваться .

Не может

его жизнь так вот

(Панова)

Danilov himself knew they weren't going to kill him .

His life couldn't

simply break off just like that . undesired result :

а на другой- то год она взяла умерла . •

but the following year she up and died .

Надеялись на поездку в Москву , так нет , он возьми да и захворай . We were looking forward to a trip to Moscow , but no , he had to go and get

sick all of a sudden . *

( * Note : It is the Imperative form that

corresponds to the English rendering "all of a sudden . " ) FORMS USED WITH ВЗЯТЬ : Any Perfective form may be used, and with all the meanings the Perfective always has when not modified by взять.

Examples :

WITHOUT ДА/И /ДА И :

Prf Past :

Никто не заметил , как я вошел .

No one noticed when I came in .

И взял я сел .

And I simply sat down .

Prf Pres (--of repeated action in the past):

Часто возьмет начнет

французские песни петь .

Often he'd just start in singing French songs .

48

Prf Pres (- of Fut . ): Какая

наглость!

Удавлю вот возьму!

Of all the nerve !

I'll up and strangle him !

WITH ДА/И /ДА И : Prf Pres (-- of Fut): Кстати, я еще не твоя жена, и если ты будешь так глупо вести себя, я вот возьму и выйду за другого .

(Каверин)

By the way , I'm still not your wife, and if you're going to behave in such a silly way , I'll just go and marry someone else . Prf Pres + neg:

Она хочет уедет .

остаться здесь ..

Возьмет и скажет :

кто ей может

запретить ?!

Вот

возьмет и не

" Володичка, ты как хочешь , а я не уеду " . (Панова)

She wants to stay here, and who can tell her not to? She'll simply fail to leave . She'll just say " Walty boy , you do as you want , but I'm not leaving. '' Prf Imp ( - of sudden past event ) : Я пришел к нему записаться на курс, а он вдруг возьми да и пригласи меня к себе на вечер.

(Тургенев)

I had gone to his office to sign up for a course, and he suddenly proceeded to invite me over for the evening.

Prf Inf + бы: Взять бы да и стукнуть по носу! How I'd like to just go ahead and give him a punch in the nose !

ВИДАТЬ

. sp. )

- видно .

( Слыхать is used in the same way for слышно . )

1. (as impersonal verb) 'One can see ... , ' ' . . . is visible , ' ' . Темно здесь внутри . It's dark in here.

can be seen'

Ничего не видать. You can't see a thing.

Отсюда легко видать дорогу. One can see the road easily from here.

Видать , что он очень силен .

One can see that he is very strong. 2. (as

parenthetical

adverb)

' as one

can see, '

' undoubtedly . ' Она,

видать , образованная женщина.

She is evidently a well -educated woman .

' evidently, '

' plainly, '

' clearly, '

49

ВИДНЕЕ

(+

Dat.)

knows better', '

'understand(s) (it) better,'

' know(s) more about it'

Мне всё равно,что она говорила! Мне виднее! I don t care what she said! I know better! Согласовать это сперва с ним? Хорошо, вам эти дела виднее. Check it out first with him? Okay, you know more about these matters. вить

1.

(as verb:) 'wind,' 'twist.'

2. (as particle :) Variant of ведь. -Что, батюшка, слепы-то, что ли? -сказал ключник. -Эхва! А вить* хозяин-то я! (Гоголь: Мертвые души 1, 6.) "What's this, my dear sir, are you blind?" said the [supposed**] steward. "Why, for heaven's sake, I'm the master!" *Spelled Вить ог Ведь in different editions. **In the story, Chichikov has mistaken the landowner for a steward.

ВИШЬ (ты)

( = ишь (ты)).

(See also under ИШЬ. C. КАК ЖЕ .)

-In Replies Containing Repetitions. May stand at either the beginning or the end ofthe repetition. Expresses amazement that the other speaker would take that attitude . Usually in indignant or strongly disapproving replies. - Поторопись! - Вишь, "поторопись. " Я всё бегаю. - Get a move on! - For Pete's sake! "Get a move on , " he says! I'm running all the time.

во · Pop. sp. for вот. 1.Ги. Непонятно. Кажется, тут что-то не так ... Во, во, во, ясно. Hm. I don't get it. Something seems to be wrong here ... Oh , I get it , I get it, now I see. 2. Во, во, во, что ты делаешь там? Hey, hey, hey, what are you doing there?

ВОБЩЕМ Incorrect for B в общем, 'anyway', 'anyhow' , p 43 & 262.

BOBHE

(prep + gen.)

Pop. sp. for вне , 'outside of,' 'disregarding,' 'not subject to'

See ВОВНУТРЬ, used similarly for внутрь . ВОВНУТРЬ

(ргер + Gen. & adv.) (prep

-Pop. sp. for внутри, внутрь, ' inside ,' 'within.' ВОДЮТ

(nonstandard)

= водят they lead'

50

ВОЗМОЖНО

(colloq.)

= по возможности, ' insofar as possible ' , ' as much as possible ' . возможно подробный доклад : ' a report in as much detail as possible '

BO3MOXHO + Comparative

(colloq . )

как можно + Compar. , ' as . . . as possible '. = Kaк возмOжно Cкорee :

' as soon as possible'

возможно больше :

' as much as possible '

BOHA 1. (Pop. sp. & Regional) (adverb/particle ) = вOH (a) ' there, ' ' over there ' ; (b) (with pronouns and adverbs of quantity & degree) ' How. . .! ,' 'What a . . . !'

2. (Colloq. ) a. In

exclamations . Expresses

extreme

astonishment :

'Wow!'

' Holy smoke!'

-Вас переведут на Владик на будущей неделе. -Вона! -They're transferring you to Vladivostok next week. -Wow! b . Exclamation

in

replies

containing

repetitions .

In popular

practically always stands at the beginning of the reply.

speech,

вона

Expresses great

surprise at what has just been said, and when joined with a repetition always expresses

some sort of negative ,

unfavorable,

or contrary reaction :

dis-

approval , annoyance, mockery, indignation, or scorn.

' Oh my gosh !'

'Hell !'

'For Pete's sake!'

'Ye gods !'

' Oh great!'

'Good Lord!'

-За что же ему такое нехорошее прозвище прилепили? -Вона! За что? Кому следует .. сразу прилепят . (Троепольский) -What did they stick such an unpleasant nickname on him for? -Oh honestly, for gosh's sake ! stick one on him right away.

во сколько

(pop. sp. )

at what time? when?

What for? Whoever has it coming, they

51

BOT (1 )The basic and most familiar use of BOT is in pointing out and calling attention to something, and it is from this that the specialized uses derive .

(2) Bor can em-

phasize nouns , verbs , predicate adjectives , pronouns , and adverbs , and also whole phrases or clauses .

(3 ) As a rule, BOT is unstressed and stands before the word or

words it applies to, but there are some exceptions .

1. Simply

pointing out a fact :

(BOT + Noun :)

Вот моя машина.

This is my car.

(BOT + Verb:)

Вот приехали .

They've arrived .

Вот солнце всходит .

The sun is coming up .

(BOT

whole clause :)

2. Reinforcing demonstrative pronouns and adverbs ( этот , тот , такой , таков , туда , сюда , оттуда , отсюда, тогда , так , там , тут , здесь , etc ) .

With a demonstrative ,

the BOT can stand either before or after it , unless standing after it would make BOT the last word in its phrase . If there is any special emphasis , it is on the demonstrative ,

not the BOT .

Так вот случилось ; такое вот дело : (OR Вот так случилось ; вот такое дело : ... .) It happened like this ; it was one of those deals : Он жил вот здесь .

(NOT " .... . здесь вот . " )

He used to live right here. In matter-of-fact remarks , neither the BOT

nor the demonstrative is emphasized:

Дайте мне вот эту бумагу.

Hand me that piece of paper there . When a

demonstrative is

governed

by

a

preposition,

BOT

stands

before

the

preposition: Он жил вот здесь , вот на этой самой улице .

He used to live right here, right on this very street. Все телефонные номера он заносит вот в эту книжку . He puts down all the telephone numbers in this notebook here.

3. Combining with interrogative/relative pronouns and adverbs ( кто , что , чей , какoй , каков , куда , как , где , почему , etc ) to point out something thought of as at one time not known, or the answer to a question one had in mind .

Unlike the case of

the demonstratives ($2) , here the BOT is stressed , not the interrogative , and the BOT always stands before the interrogative.

Вот кто спёр карандаши . That's who swiped the pencils .

52

Так , вот

почему они так торопились .

So that's why they were in such a hurry .

Вот как он это делал . Here's how he used to do it. When special emphasis is meant , both the BOT and the interrogative are stressed : Вот что , Михаил Петрович : Вы лучше отправьте ответ на эту телеграмму скорее . See here, Mikhail Petrovich --You'd better send off an answer to that telegram as fast as you can. Хозяин сказал вот что: Чтоб впредь никто не .... I'll tell you (exactly ) what the boss said.

He said that from now on no

one is to . .. When

an

interrogative is governed by a preposition, BOT

stands before the

preposition :

Вот за кого она вышла. That's the man she married.

4. Pointing out that a number of actions form a sequence , expecially when recounting a succession of events clearly visualized . The BOT may come at the beginning of the series only, or may be repeated before each item.

Я не шевельнулся , следил за ними. выглянули , вот

Вот

вскочили и побежали

они

присели

в

камышах,

вот

через дорогу. . .

I didn't move and kept watching them.

They crouched down in the

reeds , peered out , jumped up and ran across the road...

5. Contrasting and contradicting .

Since BOT is used to call for attention , to stress

and emphasize, it is natural that it is often used in pointing out a contrast or in contradicting what someone else has just said:

In expressions of this kind,

BOT stands either first in its clause or inside it , but preceding the word or phrase it emphasizes . Вам- то вот смешно , а нам слёзы.

To you it's funny, but we feel like crying. -Боюсь, вы забыли об изменении срока. —Нет , вот не забываю . -I'm afraid you've forgotten about the change in deadline. -No, I'm not either forgetting about it.

-Где пропадал? -Пропадал или не пропадал , а вот нашелся.

-Where did he disappear to? -Disappeared or not , he's turned up again .

53

6. Inserted between words that express a unified idea . a . Bor can also stand between a subject and a predicate and emphasize the two of them together.

This word order usually occurs in contrasts .

Играйте в карты всю ночь если хотите , а я вот не буду . Play cards all night if you want to , but I'm not going to.

Он вино , а мы вот пиво пьём . He's having wine , but we're drinking beer. b. Similarly, when an object precedes its verb, BOT can stand between them and

emphasize both as a whole . Денег вот дать не обещаю .

I'm not promising to give them any money . Велосипед вот купил .

Первоклассный.

He bought a bicycle .

It's a swell one .

7. At times BOT is weakened to a mild attention -getter, or even little more than a filler: На курсы электротехников вот просится . Как думаешь , отпускать? He's asking to go to the school for electricians . What do you think , shall we let him go?

8. In assertions of opinion .

Characterizing .

Here BOT points out that the word or

phrase it applies to is a very apt description of the subject at hand.

(Viewed the

other way around, BOT emphasizes that the subject is an outstanding example of whatever the speaker is calling it, an example of it " in the fullest sense of the word . " ) Assertions of opinion are frequently in the form of exclamations , though not necessarily.

The BOT always precedes the word it applies to .

In popular speech, BOT is sometimes pronounced " or" this kind .

in expressions of

See also under BОТ ВЕДЬ ВЕДЬ ВОТ , p 45 & 55 , BOT- TO /BOТ ЭТО . . .TO , p 64 , and BOT УЖ / УЖ ВОТ , P p 66 . a. With nouns :

Вот вздор! That's nonsense ! Вот гадость ! What a rotten trick! Вот диковина!

What an odd thing! Вот комик! Now there's a comedian for you !

54

b. With noun & verb:

Вот будет потеха! That's really going to be fun!

c. With verb: Вот танцуют ! Look at them dance !/Just see how they dance ! Вот не ожидала! She certainly wasn't expecting that ! d . With predicate adjective ( including participles ). Вот неожиданно!

That was unexpected ! e. With inflected adjective Вот адская эта погода. . .. This ghastly weather. . . f. With Infinitive + бы

Вот бы устроить вечеринку .

It would be great to have a party . g. With adjectival predicate Вот интересно бы сравнить их.

( = было бы интересно)

It would be interesting to compare them.

h. With a Subjunctive expression А мне то что -- они оба дураки . What do I care?

9. In expressions

Вот бы и дрались.

They're both idiots .

Let them go ahead and fight .

of a negative or ironic opinion of something.

In independent

constructions with this meaning BOT never occurs alone , but rather is always in combination with another particle or a pronominal word; the only time that BOT can occur alone and have this meaning is in REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS (--See BOT /BOT ЕЩЕ /НУ ВОТ ЕЩЕ $ 3. )

Thus Вот работники! - What (good) workers ! But Вот они работники! - What (lousy) workers! Вот еще работники !

= What ( lousy) workers!

Вот работники тоже ! = What (lousy) workers ! See under BOT . . .ЕЩЕ + Noun/Verb , BOT OH/ОНА/ОНО/ОНИ + Noun , BOT. . (-ТО) ТОЖЕ . " 10. IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS : 44 horseradish !'' See under BОТ ЕЩЕ .

" The heck it is ! " ,

indeed!, ''

55

A BOT

A BOT ... И ... ДА ВОТ И вот

НУ ВОТ When compounded with one of the particles a , да, и ог ну , вот always stands at the beginning of its sentence and emphasizes not the word or phrase that directly follows it , but instead emphasizes the overall meaning of the whole sentence and its relation to what preceded it. Вы взломщика видели ?

Да?

You saw the burglar?

Ну вот расскажите всё об этом .

You did ?

Well , then , tell all about it .

- Вы сейчас чем занимаетесь?

-Да вот готовлю бумаги к докладу . -What are you doing right now? -I'm getting my papers in shape for a report, that's what.

ВОТ ВЕДЬ (--See also BOT УЖ / УЖ ВОТ , which is the same in use and meaning. ) ВЕДЬ ВОТ In combination with ведь , вот is an intensifier applying to the whole construction that

follows

it .

Often in remarks about something that has just come to one's

attention. Удивительно!

Вот ведь тип ! Вот экземпляр! Ну и ну!

Amazing! He really is a strange one ! What a specimen ! Really !

Вот ведь неожиданно вышло ! That certainly turned out unexpectedly ! Ведь вот уехали на нашей машине ! Возмутительно! Look, they've gone off in our car !

Outrageous !

ВОТ ЕЩЕ!

НУ ВОТ! НУ ВОТ ЕЩЕ! -As independent exclamation ; not connected with other words. 'What an idea !,' ' What nonsense !, ' 'What rot !, ' ' Oh come on now !, ' ' Don't be silly!'

In denials and expressions of disagreement . -Я тебя к себе заберу , бабушка .

-Не поеду.

Ты больна.

Вот еще !

-I'll take you to my place , grandma . -I won't go .

What nonsense !

You're sick .

56

N -Ты можешь поднять этот диван . -Ну вот еще !

Давай !

С ума сошел разве,

-You can lift that sofa.

-What an idea!

Go on !

Have you gone crazy?

ВОТ ЕЩЕ ... ! ВОТ ... ЕЩЕ !

+ Noun or Verb (See also EшE , A EWE . )

Expresses derision and scorn . (The same as BOT §9 , BOт он/она/оно/они + Noun,

and BOT ... . . тоже. ) Вот воин еще ! A fine soldier he is !/Isn't he the soldier, though !

Вот еще выдумал ! And that's the idea he came up with ! /Some idea he cooked up! Вот еще проблема .. пера не найти ! Some problem !

BOT

Can't find a pen !

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

ВОТ ЕЩЕ НУ ВОТ ЕЩЕ 'The heck ... !'

'Don't tell me . . . !'

'... indeed!'

'Don't give me that stuff about . . . !'

'... horseradish !'

'How do you like that , . . . !'

Expresses

offended or annoyed disagreement with what has just been said.

May stand either first or last in the reply.

May or may not be set off by a pause

if it stands first ; always set off by a pause when it stands last.

-Ты, пожалуйста, не сердись . -Вот , сердиться ! -Please don't be mad.

-How do you like that !

"Be mad!"'

-Мой пиджак тебе не влезет . -Вот еще , не влезет ! ( OR :

Не влезет , вот еще ! )

-My jacket won't fit you. -Baloney it won't fit !

(OR:

Won't fit, baloney ! )

-Ошибся, не так ли? -Вот еще ошибся. -You were mistaken , weren't you? -The heck I was mistaken .

57

BOT ... XE Strengthened form of BOT $ 5 (Stressing and contrasting) . А чтоб ты треснул! Хотел было даром отдать , но теперь вот не

получишь же ! Blast you ! I was going to give them to you for nothing, but now you're not getting them !

Сам больной , а вот пришел же . He was sick himself, and yet he came.

вот и The combination вот и , with its compounds (а вот и , вот тебе и , вот тут и , etc ),

has two main meanings , each of which has minor shadings .

The two main

meanings are (1 ) pointing out that something is a natural consequence , an expected result, and (2) pointing out something sarcastically, expressing a low opinion of it because it fails to be what it was claimed to be , did not measure up, or was a fiasco. 1. Pointing out natural consequences and expected results . When used in the following combinations .

И

a. BOT BOT ...

и

' and naturally', ' and of course ' .

вот тебе * И (*When reбe is inserted, it does not refer to any person in particular, but instead is generalizing and impersonal, used in the sense of " There's a fine case of

for you" , " as anyone can see " , " just as one would imagine " ,

etc. In other words, here reбe is itself a particle, not a real pronoun .) Expresses recognition that something is a natural consequence . Ему всегда удается отделаться от неприятностей, вот и отделался. He always manages to get out of jams , and naturally he got out of it. Я заранее отправился, вот и заранее приехал .

I started out ahead of time , so of course I got here early. Унять- то его некому , вот и ссорится со всяким . There's nobody to shut him up, and so he quarrels with everybody . Играть в карты он совсем не умеет , вот тебе и проиграл .

He doesn't know a thing about playing cards , and as you might know, he lost.

58

BOT

И

а вот

И

BOT

и

вот тебе

И

b.

Calls attention to the realization of an expectation .

Often in reference to

something that has been expected long and impatiently,

or apprehensively .

Вот ты и приехала, слава богу.

You've (finally) got here , thank goodness . А вот и магазин. And here's the store . /Here we are (at last ) at the store.

Вот я и дома! Home at last!

Ah !

Вот и весна наступила. Spring has (finally ) come . с. вот и -- IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS In replies containing repetitions , BOT и introduces firm and unyielding contradictions : '' It is too " etc. '' , '' It isn't either '' , '' I do too -Борис , весь случай с дракой пропускаешь . -Вот и не пропускаю.

Ты об этом расскажи !

Я только дохожу до этого .

-Boris , you're leaving out the whole story about the fist fight.

Tell

them about that ! -I'm not either leaving it out . I'm just getting to that. d. а вот и

-- IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

In replies containing repetitions , а вот и expresses disagreement with what has just been said , teasing the other speaker by hinting that there is something about the situation that he does not understand , does not know, or is mistaken about :

' Oh yes , it is ' , ' You just think it is/isn't. ' etc.

-Да тебя маменька на порог не пустит. -А вот и пустит .

И еще спасибо скажет .

.

- Mama won't let you set foot in the house. -Oh yes, she will .

And she'll thank me , too ...

-Кто его послушает , Болтунова ! -А вот и послушают !

Вас уверяю.

- Boltunov? Who'll listen to him!

-Oh , but they will , I assure you. 2. Sarcastic expression of a low opinion . a. BOT и

Scorn of what has failed to measure up.

вот тут и + Imperative ( Regularly Imperative singular. )

BOT

и ... тут

59

Used in ironic expressions of the conclusion that what was supposed to be the right and proper thing to do has been tried and found by experience to be impossible , useless ,

or

pointless .

( Literally , it is a sarcastic parroting of a real or imagined command , as in " Oh . . "' and similar formulas . ) to .... sure , I'm supposed to Вот и делай так , как тебе велят , а не обдумывай! Oh yeah , it's always " Do as you're told and never mind thinking it over! ''

Вот и верь после этого добрым соседам ! So much for believing our good neighbors after this! Вот и угоди на вас! Just try to please you !

Вот и разберись тут ! Try and figure that out! Вот тут и толкуй с упрямой старухой .

Just try to reason with a stubborn old woman ! b . вот ( вам /тебе /те * ) и + Past (with subject of Past verb omitted ) ( * те =тебе ) Only a little different from $ 2a .

Used to refer with heavy irony to an action

that failed to be done , did not succeed , or produced undesirable results . Говорила я , так ты слушать не хотел . I

Вот и дождался !

kept telling you , and you wouldn't listen .

That's what you got by

keeping it up ! Он обещал напомнить мне об этом .

Вот тебе и напомнил !

He promised to remind me about that . A swell job of reminding he did! с . Вот вам /тебе / те * и + Noun

( * те = тебе)

Used in scornful denials that the subject has the quality ( named by the noun) that the subject has been assumed to have or would naturally be expected to have. Он всё проповедует щедрость , а сам скупой .

Вот вам и гуманитарность

вся его . He's always preaching generosity , and he himself is a tightwad. what all his humanitarianism amounts to. Вот тебе и знаток ! Some expert !

Он об этом ни в зуб ногой.

He doesn't know beans about it .

Скоро встретят и не узнают .

In

That's

Вот те и дружба !

a short time they'll run into you and not recognize you .

friendship for you ! d . вот ( тебе ) и + words quoted from another speaker's remark . Expresses ironic disagreement with the other speaker. —Минутку , я сейчас ! -Вот тебе и сейчас!

That's

60

-Just a minute. I'll be with you right away! -Right away my foot!

и

e. BOT

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

вот те( = тебе) (и) вот вам

и

The particle combination always stands first in the repetition .

Usually

what is expressed is a critical or annoyed and derisive attitude ; sometimes , an ironically sympathetic attitude.

—Что вы, шутите? -Вот те шутите !

Факт .

-You don't say ! -Joking nothing!

Are you joking? It's a fact .

-Что вы! -Вот тебе и что вы!

-You don't say! -The devil I don't!

ВОТ ИМЕННО 1. (With personal or demonstrative pronoun ) ' exactly ' , ' just ' , ' the very...' Вот именно он первоначально задал вопрос. He's the very one who asked the question in the first place. 2. (As an introductory phrase , followed by a clause that is complete in itself. ) 'The thing is , ... , ' ' You see , . . . , ' ' Actually, . . .' . Вот именно, я знаком с ним не был , .

The thing of it is, I wasn't acquainted with him ; . . . 3. (Standing alone and used as an answer) 'Yes indeed ' , ' Exactly so ' , ' That's it exactly. '

-Значит , нам недостает данных.

—Вот именно. -In other words, we don't have enough data. -That's it exactly.

ВОТ КОГДА 1. ' That's when . . .? (See BOT §3 . )

2. 'Whenever' (used as conjunction)

61

BOT HET (As an answer , when contradicting , especially in expressions of strong disagreement ) 'No, it's not either'/' No , I don't either'/' No , you don't either ' , etc. —Он улетит завтра в Париж. В Лондон !

-Вот нет !

-He's going to fly to Paris tomorrow. -No he's not either! It's to London !

ВОТ НУ Это Used when explaining and clarifying.

-Почему не был на совещании ? —Не мог . И не мог туда дозвониться . Так что туда позвонил. -Куда " туда " ? -Вот ну это на вашу контору затем .

-Why weren't you at the conference ? -I couldn't. And I couldn't get a phone call through . So I called there. -Where do you mean by " there "? (Lit .: Where is " there " ?)

-Why , it was to your office that I called next .

BOТ он/она/оно/они + Noun (+ particle - To) Expresses disapproval and irony . The sense is that of having discovered or

concluded that the subject is not all it is claimed to be. 'And this is what they call . . . ! '

'So this is . . . !'

' And these are . . . ! Great , aren't they?' 'And this is supposed to be . . . ! '

. ' " 'Take a look at him, the great . · .!

'So much for ...!'

Вот деньги потеряны !

Вот они , его мечты!

The money is lost ! So much for his great dreams ! Всё хлопоты да суета ! Вот она , семейная жизнь ! Troubles and fussing all the time ! And this is supposed to be family life ! " Я же , по милости сынов ( = сыновей) моих , горбом пропитание добываю.

Это как?

Вот оно , потомство .

Да пропади оно пропадом ! "

"And I , thanks to my sons , get my living by my own hard work . come?

There

posterity!"

you

see

what they call posterity !

Blast

and

How damn

62

ВОТ он /она/оно/они

+ Infinitive

(RARE )

Expresses the same disapproval and irony as the same construction with a noun . ОЙ! Вот так история !

Вот оно-- откровенно с вами говорить!

Oh, boy! A fine mess ! So much for being frank with you!

BOT TAK

1. As reply, unaccompanied by additional words . "That's it ' , ' Right . ' 2. As a concessive clause . 'That's true, (but . . . ) ' , 'That may all be, (but . . . )' . —Нет , Доклад не готов.

Никто не может печатать так скоро !

—Ну вот так , только хозяин хочет сейчас.

-No, the report isn't ready. Nobody can type that fast! -Well, that's true , only the boss wants it right now. 3. In explaining and placating 'That is ...', ' I mean, . . . ' , 'That is to say,. Он просил , если он не нужен, то . • •9 значит , он просит чтоб тогда задержаться там по всей возможности , вот так по возможности , конечно. He was asking, if he's not needed , then . . ., he's asking to stay there in that case if it's at all possible, that is if it's possible , of course.

BÓT TAK

+ Noun or Verb The Tak is never stressed when BOT TAK is used in this way.

BoT Tak

always stands at the beginning of the construction. It lends emphasis to expressions

of opinion.

The opinio:

may be either favorable or unfavorable ,

although in practice opinions introduced by Bór Taк are more often unfavorable

ones : Some

!

What a

How.

_!

(favorable :) Ребята вот так пушка! — Да ! Уж оченно , сейчас умереть , большая ! Boys, that's some cannon ! one !

Yeah !

Hanged if that ain't a mighty big

(favorable or unfavorable , depending on context:) Вот так день выбрал для этого ! What a day he picked for it!

63

(unfavorable :)

на два аршина под землей всё видит . Вот так старичок задался : Lookit how the old goat has put on airs --acts as if he could see five feet into the ground .

BÓT TAK BÓT (COMMON) Cf BOT ËTO BOT 1. Often said when agreement has been satisfactorily reached and the subject is

being dismissed : ' That's it , then . '

'Okay, then . '

' That's the stuff. '

'Then that's what we'll do . ' 'That takes care of it. '

'All right, fine . ' -Не умею связываться с ними . -Не беспокойся.

Я позвоню им .

-Вот так вот .

-I don't know how to get in touch with them. -Don't worry .

-Okay .

I'll phone them .

Great .

—Всё до сих пор записал? -Всё , да. —Вот так вот .

Следующее : ...

-Have you got it all written down up to now? -Yes , all of it . -Okay, then .

The next item is ...

2. Said

maintaining that however surprising or un-

at the end of an explanation ,

satisfactory the answer just given may be , nevertheless it is true . ' That's the way it is . '

' That's how things stand. ' -Свои ключи забыл . Можно ли взять ваши? —Нельзя .

Не имею права отдать эти ключи .

—Как не имеешь права отдать?

—Ну вот так вот . -I've forgotten my keys . -We can't do that .

Can I take yours?

I'm not authorized to let anyone have these keys .

-What do you mean , you're not authorized to? -Well, that's the way it is.

-Что с машиной? —Не

знаю .

Мотор действует ,

больше ; вот так вот с мотором .

но так километров может

быть 40 ,

не

64

-What's wrong with the car? -Don't know.

The engine runs , but you get oh, perhaps 40 kilometers

an hour -- not more than that.

That's how it is with the engine .

BOT TAK 3TO - IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS Used in derisive replies expressing disbelief and displeasure. 'Now you're going to give me that stuff about .

'Now it's ...

'That's great, that . . . stuff. ' Или опять забыла?

-Ты принесла? -Мама !

Я принесла.

Я почти никогда не забываю, да что ты.

-Ну да .

Вот так это " что ты " .

На прошлой неделе два раза забыла.

-Did you bring them? Or did you forget again? -Mama! I brought them.

I practically never forget.

How can you say

that? -Oh sure.

Now it's " how can you say that?"

Last week you forgot

them twice .

ВОТ ТАКОЙ ВОТ

'That's the one .' Легко найти . BOT .

За углом стоят три дома из кирпича.

It's easy to find.

Третий-- вот такой

Around the corner are three brick houses.

The third-

that's the one.

BOT

- TO

BOT 3TO ———————- TO

+ Noun or Verb or Predicate Adjective

BOT- TO Strengthened form of BOT §8 (In assertions of opinion & characterizing.) 'What a ...' 'Now there's a ... (for you) . ' 'Now that's what I call a real . . .'

'Now that's really

-ing . '

Вот это художник- то! Now there's a real artist ! Трагедию вздумал писать .

Вот чудит- то .

He took it into his head to write a tragedy . being eccentric.

Now that's what I call

65

Вот- то приятно было гулять- то по реке . What was really pleasant was walking along the river.

BOT ... TOXE!

(See also under TOXE . )

Expresses disgust and disapproval . (The same as BOт §9, вот он/она/оно/они + №оun , and BOT ( . . . ) eшe. ) Note :

Like вот еще and other еще -combinations (еще , а еще , еще и , а еще и) ,

Toxe and BOT TOжe are usually used sarcastically.

This means that the word that

these expressions are used with is an expression of what the person spoken of thinks is right and the speaker thinks is wrong: 8 Вот еще моряк ! Вот моряк тоже ! And he calls himself a sailor! Вот еще проектировщик !

8 Вот проектировщик тоже!

A fine planner he is! 8 Вот гений тоже!

Вот еще гений !

Huh, some genius ! Occasionally, BOT ... Toxe is used directly: the word that BOT • • . тоже is used

with expresses what the speaker actually thinks , Ах , вот дурак- то тоже !

instead of its opposite :

( Фадеев)

Lord, what an awful fool! Вот BOT ... TOжe can also be applied to a whole sentence :

Вот этого бездельника держат тоже! And they persist in keeping that good-for-nothing around!

BOT TO- TO BOT TO- TO XE BOT TO- TO . . . И -- elucidating, Strengthened form of TO- TO $ 2c -

enlarging, illustrating .

Said

especially of something that has just come up that illustrates what one has said before.

'There you are: ..

'That's just it. '

'That's exactly what I've been saying. ' 'Now here's a perfect example of .. ' This is just what . .

means . '

-Честное слово , я это только случайно . -Вот то-то случайно . Внимание обращать надо . -Honest , I only did it by accident. -That's just the point , it was by accident . you're doing .

(OR: There

you are:

You have to look what

it was by accident ·

•

• .)

99

66

-А где он теперь? —Вот то- то я и не знаю. -But where is he now? -That's exactly what I don't know . Вот то- то детки!

Всё хлопоты!

Trouble all the time !

That's what it is to have children !

BOT TÝT TAK ' Here's what the situation here is'

BOT УЖ

УЖ ВОТ

(Similar to BOT ВЕДЬ /ВЕДЬ ВОТ. ) Reinforces the meaning of the whole construction . ' certainly, ' ' really , ' ' I must say . ' Вот уж спасибо. I certainly thank you

Вот уж не скупой . He's certainly not a bit stingy. Здравствуйте, вот уж не ждали. Hello there ! I must say we haven't been waiting any length of time

Вот что 1. As introductory phrase:

(Literally :

" Here's what ' . )

' Here's the story on that : . . . 'Here's how it is: . . . ' 2. As parenthetical phrase : · • well , it's like this, · •

the thing of it is,

· , you see, .. 3. As pronominal combination:

'whatever' И вот что он говорил , они да еще дакали .

And whatever he said , they kept saying "yes" .

67

BOT :

TAK BOT что

Perhaps a combination of Taк BOT and Bот чтO : • here is, ... ' , ' The thing about it is that ...'

' Here's the story ' , 'The point

Такое дело, Коля ! Так вот что , этот мотор производят в двух вариантах. Какого надо, знаешь? It's like this , Kolya ! The point here is , this engine is manufactured in two models . Which do they need , do you know?

BOT : ТОЛЬКО ВОТ ЧТО : ' only on one condition :

вот это

+ Verb (See BOT $ 3 . ) (that you will . . . etc) '

(See BOT §2)

1. 'Here's what . ..', 'That's what ... (I want, etc) Вот это мне куска проволоки длинее надо было . What I needed was a longer piece of wire./That's what I needed , a longer piece of wire. 2. "The point is that

.", "Here's why . . ." , "You see, . . . " , " Look here,

..", ' Here's the thing of it, .. (Used when explaining something that the hearer has failed to understand . ) -Журнал посылаете мне ?

Какой журнал?

- Который вы просили , который вы. • . .Вот это , Жуликов читал, и вы хотели прочесть тоже , помните? -You're sending me a magazine ? What magazine?

-The one you asked for, the one you .

Look here, Zhulikov was

reading it and you wanted to read it through too. Remember? 3. BOT 3TO + Noun Strengthened form of BOT §8 ( In assertions of opinion & characterizing. ) Similar to BOT $ 8 and BOT

-TO/BOT 3TO

-TO/BOT - TO

, except that BOT

Tо regularly occurs with Nouns , and regularly expresses approval and admiration . Note that the 3To here is an invariable particle , and does not change to agree with the noun that follows it.

• 'What a ... '

' Now they're what I call some real

'Now there's a real . . .'

'That's some · .. !'

Вот это стрелки ! Now those are real marksmen !

Вот это постройка! That's some piece of construction !

68

вот это вот

Cf ВОТ ТАК ВОТ

1. ( Upon reaching an agreement)

' That's it ' , ' That's the stuff. ' , ' That's what we'll do ' 2. (In explaining something the hearer has failed to understand.

Often with a

shading of impatience . )

-Ну вот , они должны завтра прибыть к вам . -Кто ?

—Ну , вот это вот , инспекция . -Look here , they're supposed to arrive at your place tomorrow . -Who? -Why, the inspection team , that's who .

ВОТ ЭТО ТАК Expanded form of вот так.

In expressions of one's reaction to something, or

opinion of it (often unfavorable ) . Их нет дома.

Вот это так мило!

They're not home .

Isn't that just dandy!

Вот это так собака!

Wow, some dog !

ВПЕРЁД

( adv )

(The first three meanings are standard literary usage ; the fourth is colloquial and substandard. ) 1.

' forwards , ' ' ahead , ' ' up front . '

2. ' in the future , ' 'for the future ' , 'from now on' . ( впредь , на будущее время , отныне ) 3. ' ahead , ' ' in advance , ' ' before falling due ' . заплачен за год вперёд paid a year in advance 4. first, before (-i.e. , before doing something else), to start with ( * прежде , раньше , сперва, сначала) Вперёд подумай , а потом ответь.

Think a minute first, and then answer. Вперёд поработаю , а после почитаю. First I'll do some work, and then I'll do some reading. Побудьте , я загляну вперёд , готовы ли они . Wait a minute .

I'll take a look first and see if they're ready.

69

ВПРАВО ИЛИ ВЛЕВО

'one way or the other' Бензина нету.

Ну , я обращусь к друзьям .

There's no gasoline .

Вправо или влево достану .

Well , I'll try my friends .

One way or another

I'll get some .

used for G. sg . времени.

ВРЕМЯ:

(nonstandard)

Сейчас сколько время у вас? What time do you have right now? Нельзя теперь вдаваться в подробности .

Время у меня нет .

I can't go into details now . I don't have time.

ВРЕМЯ : ВО ВРЕМЯ бно (colloq . & substandard ) ' (at) some time or other. ' (--in the FUTURE . ) ( In standard literary usage , во время оно is a rather old-fashioned and bookish phrase like English '' in days of yore , ' ' and refers to the past only . ) Теперь уж мы удивимся, наверно , во время бно . Now we're probably going to be surprised sooner or later.

ВРЁШЬ Used as a one-word exclamatory sentence . ' Nonsense! '

'You're kidding!'

' Ahh , you're out of your mind ! '

'You're crazy!'

' Oh , that can't be right ! '

' Oh , no it's not ! '

The literal meaning of врёшь is “ You're lying . "

However, in many expressions

of disbelief what is meant is not a blunt accusation of deceit , but only a strong conviction that the other speaker is mistaken . -Он очень болен . Лежит дома в постели , говорят .

-Врёшь !

Я только что увидел его в ресторане.

-He's very sick.

He's home in bed , they say.

-Ahh, you're out of your mind! I just saw him in a restaurant .

ВРОДЕ

-As adverbial particle ( colloq . & pop . sp. ) БЫ

ВРОДЕ ВРОДЕ

КАК

ВРОДЕ

КАК

БЫ

(COMMON . )

ВРОДЕ И

Used

as

an

adverbial particle ,

вроде

conveys a

feeling of uncertainty and

70

indefiniteness . It indicates that the speaker is not sure that what he is saying is accurate, or not sure that he is choosing quite the right word. Вроде is used in this meaning either alone or compounded with other particles , as shown above . It usually stands immediately before or after the word it most directly applies to , and may stand first , last , or in the middle in a sentence . (In literary Russian , вродe is supposed to be used only as a preposition that takes the Genitive case:

' a sort of

a . . . ' , ‘ a kind of . . .' Note that in colloquial English ' sort of' and ' kind of' are used in exactly the same way : вроде:

Он был вроде сердит :

He was sort of mad . Я боюсь ,

I'm afraid, kind of. ) There are many possible translations :

' sort of'

'it seems'

' somewhat'

'more or less'

'I guess '

' mainly'

'one could say'

' I suppose '

' as it were'

'something like . . .' ... , really ' actually'

Всё вроде хорошо. Everything's all right , I guess. -Ну, как моя прическа? -Ничего вроде . -Well, how do you like my hairdo? -Not bad, all in all.

-Идут часы? -Вроде бы как идут.

-Is the clock running? -It seems to be running all right, I guess . ненужные усложненности, но я понял · вроде бы. любит Он He loves to make things unnecessarily complicated , but I understood it, after a fashion . Он сперва вроде бы не воспринимал всерьёз того , что происходит . At first he more or less didn't take seriously what was going on.

BРОДЕ

(followed by an enumeration of items ) . Note that Bроде does not take the Gen.

case in this construction.

The case of the words after вроде is determined by the ' such as' , ' including' ( кaк- то , а именно)

construction of the whole sentence . (colloq .)

Нам только нужны некоторые данные , вроде адрес , телефонный номер, и так далее. We only need a few facts , like address , phone number, etc.

71

И

ВРОДЕ

(pop. sp . )

' and so forth , " and things like that' . Нам

только

нужны некоторые

данные -- адрес ,

телефонный

номер,

и

вроде. We only need a few facts --address , telephone number, and things like that.

ВРОДЕ

+ G. case

КАК НАСЧЕТ ' as in the

case

of, '

(pop.sp. )

' like the business about

' 'like the time it was

about . . .' Он только изредка так шумит , вроде как насчет дела, что вы задевали . He only raises the devil like that once in a while , like the time it was about the file that you mislaid.

ВРОДЕ НЕТ

(as reply)

'Nothing like that . ' -Ну ,

должно быть , так случилось тогда .

-Да нет !

Сомнений нет , ничего?

Вроде нет .

-Well , that's the way it must have happened , then.

There aren't any

doubts about it or anything, are there? -Oh no! Nothing like that .

BCË 1. (Usually + Verb or predicate adjective . ' always the same ') .

Also with pronouns , e.g. всë то же ,

' all the time ' , ' right along '.

Indicating that something has been going on or has been the case for a long time, constantly , and predominantly.

Вы всё шутите , а мне уж не до шуток , право . You're always kidding , but I'm not in the mood for jokes , and that's a fact .

2. (+ Verb, predicate adjective , or pronoun) ' still ' ,' continued to . . . ' , ' went on

- ing ' , ' kept on.

-ing'.

Indicating that an action or state is of some duration , the focus of interest , and continued from before . Сядь ! " кричали , но он всё стоял.

"Siddown !" they shouted , but he kept on standing. Её здоровье всё нехорошо? Ls her health still poor?/Is she still in poor health?

72

3. (+ Noun, pronoun , or predicate adjective )

' all ', ' entirely'. Indicating that something is exclusively so and is the only important fact. " ( Анисья :) На отца сворачиваешь , а умыслы-- твои всё * " (- ЛНТолстой , Власть тьмы , 1,8 . ) ( * Note : всё , not sce . ) (Anisya:) You're trying to push the blame off onto your father, but the intentions were yours entirely. 4. (+ Noun , Pronoun , or Infinitive)

' all' Indicating what is clearly the sole cause or reason or source for an event. Всё ты ! It was all your fault ! Ошибок тут воз .

(Lit.:(It was) all you OR you (did it ) all . )

Всё нерашество!

There's a load of mistakes here . It's all (due to) sloppiness ! А к чему?

Всё отличаться .

And what for? All for the sake of distinguishing themselves .

5. (+ Comparative of Adjective )

' more and more

,'. '

er and

-er' , ' ever

_ -er'.

всё ближе nearer and nearer

6. (+ Present Participle) всё расширающийся ever-expanding

BCE

BCE X E BCE X

ТАКИ

BCE .

ТАКИ

' nevertheless ' , ' all the same ' , ' still , anyway' .

BCË

+ a form of делать + another verb referring to the same subject 8 - всë, что ' all that' -Что там делаешь?

-Hy, всё делаю я сижу, жду его . -What are you doing there? -All ' r doing is sitting and waiting for him.

73

ВСЕ ДО ЕДИНОГО/ЕДИНОЙ 'without exception ' , ' every last one of them ' , ' to the very last one ' .

BCE TAK + adversative conjunction (--any word for ' but ' or ' however' ) 'That's all very well , (but... ) ' , ' That's fine , (but . . . ) ' , 'That's all perfectly true, (but...)' Всё так, но это ты забыл ключ. That's all true enough , but you're the one that forgot the key.

BCE - TO Strengthened form of BCE $ 1 : ' all the time ' , ' right along' .

BCEгo (as introductory word) 'The whole thing is that ...'

'(Considered ) All together ,. . . ' ' In a word, . . .

ВСЕГО

ВСЕГО

+ Gen. case (Сf. только + Gen. , with same meaning)

И

ВСЕГО ЛИШЬ И ' only' , 'the only———————_ is_____ '' ,, '' the the. _' , ' all there is to the

is nothing but

' , ' the whole

Lis

is —————————' .

Всего- то дела грузить овощи на телегу да возить в город. All there is to the job is to load the vegetables on the wagon and haul them to town.

ВСЕГО ВСЕГО- НАВСЕГО ВСЕГО- ТО- НАВСЕГО

' only ', ' nothing but . . .' " Какой же из меня командир?

И всего- то- навсего я кочегар " .

—сказал

старый матрос . "What kind of a commander would I make? When I'm nothing but a stoker' , said the old sailor.

74

ВСЕГО ПОНЕМОГУ ВСЕГО ПОНЕМНОЖКУ ' a little of everything ' , ' a conglomeration of stuff' Здесь в ремонтной мастерской нужно всего понемножку. Here in the repair shop we have to have a little of everything.

BCEM

+ Dat . pl . Noun + Nom . sg. of same noun

' a really fine.

' , ' what I call a real .

Expresses a high opinion of a person or thing, characterizing it as the best of its kind .

Всем молодцам молодец. Now there's a fine young fellow. Всем писателям писатель. He's an outstanding writer.

ВСЧЁТ ЧЕГО?

( colloq . )

- насчёт чего? -- ' About what? '

ВСЮ ДОРОГУ

(slang)

' all the time ' ( Lit .: ' the whole way " )

ВЫДУМАТЬ in sarcastic expressions , regularly with the verb in the Prf Past :

e.g. вот

выдумал, что выдумал , с чего выдумал, etc.

Смех да и только!

Вот выдумал подать в суд.

That's a laugh! Что!

He got the great idea of taking it to court.

Я дать ему взаймы? What !

Да с чего ты выдумал?

Me lend him anything? And where did you get that idea?

ВЫДЬ , ВЫДЬТЕ /ВЫЙДЬ

(рор . sp. /substandard)

Irregular imperative of выйти .

ВЫЗНАТЬ (pop . sp./substandard) ' to find out . ' ( = узнать. )

Выдь - выйди , ' Go out ' .

75

ВЫЛЕТЕТЬ ' to give out ' , ' to go bad ' .

( = полететь . )

(Apparently a cut -down version of the expression вылететь в трубу , ' go up the flue ' , ' be a dead loss' . )

Автомобиль не действует . The car won't work .

Аккумулятор вылетел .

The battery has given out .

ВЫРУБИТЬ

1. ' to quit ' , ' to knock off work' 2.

' to switch off ' , ' to turn off' , ' to cut out ( a motor or electrical circuit . ) '

ВЫХОД :

НА ВЫХОДЕ ' on the way out ' , ' on its last legs ' , ' pretty well shot' . Опять сгорела лампа!

Это радио совсем на выходе .

A tube burned out again ! This whole radio is pretty well shot.

76

77

Preceding page blank

ГАВКАТЬ

(slang)

'to shoot off one's mouth ' , ' to yap' .

ГДЕ -- used in the sense of куда , ' to what place? ' , ' where to?' (1 ) Ukrainianism (2 ) Dialectal Russian : Southern (3 ) widely used, but uneducated & non-standard in Russian

Где вы идете? Where are you going? Где делась моя книжка? Where has my notebook gotten to?/What became of my notebook?

ГДЕ

(colloq . ) -где- нибудь Нет ли где сквозняка тут ? Isn't there a draft here someplace?

гдЕ Bы

(+ Dat )

+ Inf

'instead of.

(С. ЧЕМ (БЫ)

+ Inf)

-ing ' , ' whereas (he , she , etc ) was supposed to

Где бы ему спешить , он стал возиться с мелочами . When he should have hurried , he started fussing over trifling details . Где бы помочь, они мешали нам . Instead of helping, they hindered us .

(1) + Dat + Inf

ГДЕ ГДЕ

(See also under КУДА)

(2) + Dat

Ж

(3)

ГДЕ УЖ

+ Inf

ГДЕ

TAM

(4) + Prf 2 sg (used impersonally in generalizations )

ГДЕ

ТУТ

(5) Standing alone , used as a reply

(6) IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS . ГДЕ УЖ ТУТ 'How could ... (possibly) ...?'

'What chance has . . • got of ____--i ing ng ... ?' 'How is • possibly supposed to . . .?' 'A fat chance . . . has of ever. -Used to express the

-ing ... !'

speaker's complete conviction that something cannot

possibly be done . If it is only a certain person who cannot do it , that person is always in the Dative . ( --See §6b . )

The гдe usually stands first in the construction ,

but can also stand last or directly before the Infinitive . way with the same meaning .

Kyдa is used in the same

78

1.

Dat + Inf Ох , какая бездна подробностей ! Где мне одному справляться с ними ? My gosh , what an endless lot of details !

How could I ever manage with

them by myself?

2. + Dat Он учился электронике , он- то понимает , а уж нам где? He's

studied

electronics

and he

understands

it,

but how are we

supposed to? 3. + Inf Вы слыхали про него? Нет ? Ну , да где же и слыхать! Have you heard about him? You haven't? Well , I don't see how you possibly could!

4.

+ Prf 2 sg (-used impersonally in generalizations ) Конечно искали , да где там найдешь без всякого света? We looked, of course , but what chance of finding it do you have without any light at all?

5. Standing alone , used as a reply. -Ну , поправился?

-Где уж тут ! -Well , did he get well again?

-How could he possibly ! 6. IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

-Боюсь , он запутается. -Где уж запутается! Он хорошо знает лес . -I'm afraid he'll lose his way. -Of course he won't lose his way! He knows the woods well .

(Lit.: How could he lose his way?)

: Repetitions of the verb frequently change a personal verb-form taken from the preceding speech into an Infinitive .

When the change to Infinitive is used ,

the implication is that not only is the person named (in the Dative ) unable to do it, but also that the situation is beyond the control of anyone at all , and that the result is inevitable .

Changing what was originally a Perfective

personal form to an Imperfective Infinitive heightens this implication still further. Either Infinitive , Perfective or Imperfective may be used, however. -Боюсь , он запутается . -Чушь ! Где запутываться там ?

-I'm afraid he'll lose his way. -Nonsense !

How could anybody get lost there?

79

b. In repetitions that do not repeat the verb but do repeat the subject,

the

repeated subject may be changed from Nominative to Dative as if the verb were repeated in Infinitive form . -Он сам поставит это.

-Где уж самому? Он уже очень занят . -He'll attend to it himself. -How can he possibly do it himself? He's very busy already .

ГДЕ- ГДЕ ' here and there '

ГДЕ - НИБУДЬ (colloq. ) - когда- нибудь , ' at some time or other'

( что- нибудь is also used with this meaning .) • где- нибудь в декабре . sometime in December.

ГДЕ- ТО В РАЙОНЕ

(colloq . )

' approximately ' (в районе is also used alone with the same meaning. ) где- то в районе пяти часов . ... somewhere around 5 o'clock

где- то в районе 150 кг . somewhere around 150 kg/ something like 150 kg .

ГДЕ- ТО ... , ГДЕ- ТО . . . , ГДЕ - ТО ...

' First .. .

(UNCOMMON )

and finally ... ' . then ....

Used in describing a long, slow and elaborate process . Старик где- то вылез из машиной , где- то поднял капот , где- то слушал Двигатель, где- то завернул пару винтов. First the old man climbed out of the car, then he lifted the hood , then he listened to the engine, and finally he tightened a couple of screws.

80

гляди 1. гляди + Imperative 2 sg. (-Often with He + Imp. , but not necessarily.) In warnings : ' See that you....', ' Make sure you . . . ', (With He: )' ' Watch out,

or ... Смотри iѕ more common than гляди in this construction. Быть начеку надо .

Гляди , не усни !

You have to be on the ball . See that you don't fall asleep! Это единственный экземпляр .

Гляди из рук не выпусти!

This is the only copy . Make sure you don't let it out of your hands .

2. In similar warnings , but without the Imperative .

(LESS COMMON . )

'Watch out ' , ' Look sharp ' , ' Watch it . ' Верить этим людям опасно , гляди! Believing these people is dangerous . He тронь этих вещей! Гляди у меня! Don't touch those things !

Watch out !

Watch yourself or I'll see that you really

get it!

3. гляди глядь глядь и Used as a parenthetical interjection in expressions of surprise .

Often referring

to something that has already happened . ' all of a sudden ' , ' I'll be darned if . . . didn't didn't/hasn't /hasn't .. . . ' , ' By gosh ...'

Тихоня- тихоня, а гляди -разбуянилась. She was always such a goody-goody, and darned if she hasn't made an awful row . Сколько у тебя народу перебывало , а всех , гляди , запомнил !

What a lot of people have come to call on you , and by George you remembered them all!

4. гляди глядишь

.. usually with a Perfective verb, referring to the future .

Other construc-

tions are possible , however. In expressions of supposition :

' Very likely' , ' Before you know it ' , ' I'll bet ' ,

'I imagine ' , ' In a second' , ' First thing you know ' (colloq . )

Надеюсь, что Вася зайдет к нам сегодня.

И то , гляди зайдет .

I hope Vasya stops by to see us today . And in fact, most likely he will .

81

Краюху большую она мне дала, а, гляди, всю съем . It's a big chunk of bread she gave me , but I imagine I'll eat it up . Учись !

Глядишь , и профессором станешь .

Study! Before you know it , you'll be a professor. Вот

вскочить бы на этот поезд, а к вечеру, глядишь, и были бы дома. It would be nice to hop on this train, and I'll bet we'd be home by evening.

5. того

гляди

(того и смотри , того и жди , того и жду аre used in

того и гляди

the same way. )

того и гляди, что

• ' Any minute '

' Before you know it , . . . ' When

' As soon as you turn your head, · • 'Before you can say " knife " , . .

' First thing you know ,

·

in combination with того ог того и , гляди

regularly refers to an

undesirable event that the speaker fears may happen at any moment. The phrase with гляди may stand first or last in its sentence , or in the middle next to the word it most directly relates to. The accompanying verb is regularly Prf. Дайте мне записать : ведь такие вещи забудутся того гляди . Let me make a note of that , because things like that get forgotten the minute you turn your head. Мы очень боимся , что опять , того и гляди , случится как в прошлом году. We're very much afraid that any minute it'll happen again like last year. Ведь уж слишком много рыси . Того и гляди , что сломит себе шею . Look here ,

now ,

really that's

too much friskiness .

First thing you

know, he'll break his neck.

глядь

(pop.sp./uneducated)

Глядь и

(cf. ХВАТЬ И)

'the next minute '

' all of a sudden '

' what do you know'

' of all things '

Similar to ГЛЯДИ $ 3 .

Refers to something unexpected, most often something

expectedly seen. Expresses surprise or unpreparedness on the part of the beholder. Мы завернули за угол , да глядь : там целая орава народу . We turned the corner , and what do you know: there was a whole mob of people there .

82

ГОВОРИТЕ? (-when telephoning) 'Is there anyone on this line?"

'Are you using this line?"

ГОВОРИТЬ: Будете говорить telephone operators' expression: 'You've got the line now' 'You can go ahead now'

'I have your connection now'

ГОВОРЮ

Я ГОВОРЮ 1. (When repeating, either because the other speaker could not hear or did not understand, or because he did not believe it.) 'I said, ... ' (Note that Russian regularly uses Present where English would use Past.) ' ... , I tell you .'

2. (When explaining) 'I mean to say, ...' That is to say, ...'

TOBOPIOT

(nonstandard)

= говорят

ГОВОРЯ .

(Standing last in the sentence)

6...

'... , so to speak .'

ГОВОРЯТ ТЕБЕ ТЕБЕ ГОВОРЯТ ГОВОРЯТ ВАМ

... , I tell you!'

.... dammit!'

' ... , for heaven s sake!'

'I'm warning you, ...'

Газуй, тебе говорят! Step on the gas, I tell you!

Говорят вам, ускорьте дело там! I'm warning you, hurry that job there up!

ПО ГОРЛО 1.

(Referring to large quantities) 'lots', 'loads', ' up to one's neck in ...'

У меня работы по горло. I'm up to my neck in things to do. 2.

(Referring to annoyance or disgust) ' fed up with ...' ,'sick and tired of ...'

А по горло (мне) это путаница. I've had it right up to here with this foul- up.

ГРАНИЦЕВ (uneducated) = границ (G.pl.) Similar: делов for дел, местов for мест, разов fоr раз.

83

ГРЕБТИТСЯ

(dialectal)

= кажется, 'it seems', 'I guess'.

ГРИТ / ГРЫТ / ГЫТ

(dialectal)

= говорит. грите = говорите; грить = говорить.

ГУТОРИТЬ / ГУТАРИТЬ (dialectal)

= говорить.

84

29

85

Preceding page blank

ДА The fundamental meanings of да are (A ) ' yes ' , ( B ) ' and ' , ( C ) ' but ' , and ( D ) to call attention to and place emphasis upon the words that follow it. 1. The uses of да that relate to the basic meaning of ' yes ' are uncomplicated and cause no difficulty: a. Standing alone , used as a reply in the form of a question , often with some shading of mild surprise or doubt:--Дa? ' Is that so? ' , ' Really?' b. As an interrogative attached to the end of a sentence : . . .‚ ,да?: ‚ Äа?: ' . • that right? ' , ' . . . , don't you think so? ' c. In replies expressing skepticism or disbelief.

Any construction may follow

the дa , but an Imperative is especially common : ! '

sure ,

isn't

' Oh , yeah,

. .

.!',

' Oh

( Cf. да , ну да , да уж ; etc , р 90 )

Да , рассказывай! Oh sure! Do tell ! -Не плачь . Найдем . -Да, найдете . А как это? -Don't cry. We'll find it. -Yeah , you'll find it .

But how are you going to do that ?

d . (Separated by a pause from the next word . )

Upon arriving at the conclusion

of a train of thought: ' Yes , . . .' , ' Truly, . . . ' , ' There's it, ....' , 'All in all , . . .. ' Вот

четыре месяца я работал над этим заданием .

no getting away from

Да , такие задачи

всегда оказываются сложными. I worked on that assignment for four months . There's no getting away from it, problems of that kind always turn out to be complicated . 2. Used with the meaning ' and' , да can connect two nouns , two pronouns , two verbs , This meaning of ' and ' also occurs in a specialized form as a _____ : — _ — _ — — _ — _ — _ — _ — _ — ____ да _ member of doubled-word constructions of the pattern _ two clauses , etc.

a . Doubled noun .

Expressing the ideas of great multitude and vast expanse .

Море бурно. Волны да волны . The sea is rough .

There are waves and waves .

Везде снег да снег . Everywhere, it's snow and more snow.

b. Doubled verb. of time.

Expressing constant , uninterrupted action over a long period

Present, Past, Imperative , Infinitive , Infinitive + бы , etc may be used .

Пароход шел да шел узлов по восьми . The steamship(just ) kept on going at about eight knots .

Сосны растут да растут . The pine trees are growing and growing.

86

Откладывай да откладывай , и в конце концов из этого ничего не выйдет . Keep putting it off and putting it off, and in the end nothing will come of it.

После экзаменов мне спать бы да спать. After exams , I'd like to sleep and sleep. c. Doubled adjective один.

Intensifies the meaning.

Он один да один . He's all alone. d. Any word doubled .

When quoting with irony and disapproval what someone

has often said before . else's .

The words quoted may be either one's own or someone

(COMMON )

Она стала приставать ко мне : купи да купи. She started nagging me : “ Buy it , buy it , buy it . " -Ну, как у вас там дела?

-Да ничего, сносно.

—Вот всё ты так :

сносно да сносно , а я этого терпеть не могу .

-Well, how are things with you people there? -Oh, not bad, middling. -That's what you always say , always “ Middling, " and I can't stand that . e. Doubled verb.

Expressing intensiveness of action .

(NOT COMMON . )

Поехали да поехали! Boy, that was some ride we had! f. Doubled verbal root: unprefixed Ipf verb + дa + Ipf verb of the same root, prefixed (-usually with no-) . Expressing action performed over a length of time in complete freedom, without any outside interference, entirely independent of other circumstances .

Сиди да посиживай там . Sit there to your heart's content .

Дождь льет да поливает . The rain just keeps on pouring down .

Здесь жить бы да поживать. I'd like to just live on and on here.

3. In the sense of ' but ' , да is simply a synonym of нo and a : Я хотел спрашивать об этом , да там не было никого .

I wanted to ask about that, but there was no one there . This adversative aa has a few specialized and characteristic uses also : a. The use of да in the sense

of ' but ' is especially common among northern

speakers , while a and нo predominate in the usage of the south .

87

b. Дa is used in exclamations and incredulous questions where some obvious and surprising contrast is involved .

The дa always stands between the two

components that are contrasted. If the two components are ( 1 ) phrases or clauses , then the result is much like a similar English construction with ' and' or ' but'.

But (2) the да can also stand between the subject and verb ,

or object and verb, of the same clause , which does not have any near counterpart in English , apart from voice-inflexion . The да is always unaccented . Да чтобы means the same thing .

See also under ДА ЧТОБЫ .

(1 ) between a phrase and a clause :

В своем родном городе да улицу не найдешь ? In your own home town , and (you mean to say) you can't find the street?

between two phrases : С его способностями да не учиться! With his abilities and not to study ! (2) between subject and verb , or object and verb , of the same clause : Ты да не поймешь? (You mean to tell me) YOU don't understand it?

К другу да не зайти ! The very idea of not stopping to visit a friend ! (More nearly literal : A friend and not to call on him ! ) Начальника да как отчитал ! And how he lectured the boss himself!

(Cf the non-standard English construction " Him the boss yet and what a lecture he gave him".) c. Indefinite pronoun or Indefinite adverb + дa + verb (any form ) ' I don't know who /what/where /why it is , but . . . '

'Whatever/Whoever/Wherever/Whyever it is , there is no doubt that . Дa between an indefinite pronoun or adverb and a verb forms a fixed construction whose meaning is that the circumstance referred to by the indefinite is unknown or uncertain , but the idea expressed by the verb is not in doubt at all.

Кто- нибудь да сделает . Whoever it is, somebody is going to do it (without fail ) .

Это чего- нибудь да стоит . It's certainly worth something, at any rate./I'm not sure how much , but it's certainly worth something.

Куда- нибудь да поеду . I don't know where , but I'm certainly going.

88

Кому- нибудь да убитым или раненым быть-- уж это верно . Someone or other is sure to be killed or wounded--that's certain . d. Хоть . .., да · • ·

11 Да

is

often

found

in

sentences

of the pattern " Хоть • •

' Although ... , nevertheless . . . ' , ' Although . .

да ·

still ...'.

4. Дa is frequently used to lend force , conviction , and emphasis to the words that follow it .

Typically , the да stands at the beginning of its clause , although it can

also stand inside its clause , accentuating the word or phrase directly after it , as in

i,

below.

Having a remark introduced by да is often an indication that the

remark represents the speaker's reaction to what he has just heard (or seen) immediately before . the дa

In linking the remark in this way to whatever provoked it,

shows its kinship with the other meanings of ' and ' and ' but ' .

Indeed ,

' and ' and ' but ' are often good English translations of this introductory да .

The

following are ways in which assertive да is used :

a. Used to add forcefulness or express conviction : 'Now, . . . ' , ' Really , . . .' Да я вам скажу, еле ноги унёс .

I want to tell you , I barely got away./I kid you not , I barely got away. Да это вздор ! Now, that's nonsense !

b. At the beginning of questions , before an interrogative pronoun : Да кто это? Now, who is that?/And (just ) who is that?

Да что это он сделал? But what was it that he did? c. Expressing surprise :

Да пошел снег ! Why, it's started snowing! Да что ты ! Why, how can you say that ?!

d. At the beginning of a reply , expressing surprise at being asked: -Кто тот человек вон там? -Да он заведующий!

-Who's that man over there? -Why , that's the manager ! e . At the beginning of a reply containing a repetition . being asked, as in d, or annoyance .

and also

Expresses surprise at

some displeasure , unwillingness to answer,

The underlying attitude is that the question was about some-

thing uninteresting,

unimportant ,

or something obvious or commonly known .

Replies of this kind consist basically of a repetition of the original question ,

89

either entire or skeletonized , plus a statement . The particle a is used in the same way, but дa is a little stronger than a.

-Как у тебя часы пропали? -Да как пропали ?

Вытащили .

-How did your watch get lost? -How did it get lost? Why, they stole it.

— Кто пустил эту утку? -Да кто пустил , вот кто пустил : эти плуты !

-Who started this phony story? -If you want to know who started it , here's who started it : these wise guys! f. Дa is sometimes used very much like ведь. (See BЕДь §1 , Substantiating, §2 , Reminding, and §3 , Referring to what is obvious , natural , a matter of common knowledge , or a general truth . )

Это письмо от него-

да почерк его можно узнать сразу.

This letter is from him, because anybody can recognize his handwriting right away. К Новогодней встрече не прибыть !

Что вы !

Да там все !

Not come for the New Year's party! What an idea !

Why, everyone will

be there ! Да оно всегда так бывает : никто не хочет быть первым . Indeed, it's always like that : no one wants to be the first one.

g. Дa (Hу) + Imperative

(COMMON )

'Come on, now, . . .', ' Here , now, . . . ' , ' Now , really, . . .' Frequent in persistent urging, repeating an Imperative already said before .

Да садись! Чего стоишь? Here, now, sit down ! What are you standing for? Стало поздно! Да вставай же !

It's gotten late ! Come on , now , get up ! h . дa + Imperative ( --as if-clause in a conditional sentence) Да будь я богат , · And even if I were rich , ... . . . i. Standing inside its clause , accentuating the word after it .

Clauses of this

kind often express some sort of supposition or possibility. Ночной сестры нет .

А вдруг да умрет кто за ночь?

There isn't any night nurse .

But what if someone actually DIES during

the night? Если она да мое место возьмет , то ·

If she takes my seat, then . . .

•

90

j . Upon suddenly recalling something that had been left out of the preceding discussion

or upon changing the subject of conversation :

' Oh , yes : ... ' ,

'Oh , another thing: . Ну , я побежал. -- Да ! Well ,

Ты слышал , что он воротился?

I've got to run .--Oh , yes : did you hear that he's come back?

Кажется, это всё . Да ! Чуть было не забыл .

Телеграфируйте им , узнайте ,

на каком поезде они приедут . That seems to be all .

Oh , another thing!

I almost forgot .

Telegraph

them and find out what train they're coming on.

ДА,. . . НУ ДА ,. . .

ДА УЖ , .

НУ ДА,. . .

ДА УЖ , .

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS.

НУ ДА , КАК ЖЕ , .. ' Oh sure ,

С

ДА $ 1.c .

' .· . . , hah ! ' , ' . . . indeed ! ' , ' Like hell it's ... !

.. The particle or particle combination is always set off from the repetition by a pause . It expresses emphatic disagreement, sometimes with a shading of defiance or derision.

The last three combinations (ну да, да уж, and ну да, как же) аccentuate

the sense of disbelief and annoyance. , он позаботится об этом . -Не беспокойтесь -Ну да , позаботится !

Всё забывает.

-Don't worry, he'll attend to that .

-The hell he'll attend to it ! 'He forgets everything. -Пусть он поговорит с ними .

-Да уж чуткий -- похоже !

Он весьма чуткий. 1

-Let him talk it over with them. He's very tactful. -Tactful , hah !

That's just like him , of course , isn't it ?

-Вам бы извиниться перед ним . —Ну, да , как же , я извиниться ! -You should apologize to him . -Oh , great !

I should apologize !

ДА ( УЖ / BOT) + dem . pron . in reply to corresponding interrog . pron . or dem . adv . in reply to corresponding interrog. adv . --IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS . Demonstrative pronouns repeat the

form ( gender ,

number , and case ) of interrogative pronouns without change .

inserted yx or BOT adds emphasis .

An

91

Repetitions of this kind are used in matter-of-fact replies .

Like other answers

introduced by a or дa, these replies have the effect of dismissing the question as being of little interest or importance , or as having a self-evident answer. (A is more common than да in this use . ) -Как так?

—Да уж так.

-Why is that? -Well , it just is that way .

ДА : АХ , ДА

' Oh , yes,

.!', ' Oh, that's right : . . . ! ' , 'Oh , another thing: •

Said

upon suddenly recalling something that had been forgotten or left out.

See also A §5 ( A , АХ , АХ ДА , АX BOT KAK , etc. ) and ДА $ 4.j .

- К тебе кто- то . -Ко мне? Ах , да . .. по поводу новой машинки . -There's someone to see you. -To see me? Oh , yes ... About the new typewriter.

ДА ВЕДЬ

( VERY COMMON )

A very frequent combination at the beginning of a sentence . stantiating, reminding, known.

BOT

or

Used when sub-

pointing out something thought of as obvious or well-

Cf BEДь § 1 , 2 , and 3 .

ДА !

ВОТ ЭТО ДА !

ЭТО ДА !

(pop. sp. )

'That's the stuff! ' , ' That's what I like ! ' , ' Boy , I'll go along with that !' --or any expression of enthusiastic approval .

ДА ГДЕ ДА ГДЕ ТАМ

ДА ГДЕ ТЕБЕ ДА КУДА , etc. Used as a reply or as an interjection after one's own remark: ' And how would he be able to?' , ' But what chance is there?' , etc. --See under ГДЕ /ГДЕ ТАМ / ГДЕ ТЕБЕ / etc and under КУДА .

' But how can I ?' ,

202

92

ДА ЕЩЕ ' and also' , ' and besides , ' ' and indeed , " ' and . . . at that .' Эти ботинки хорошие , удобные , да еще дешевые . These shoes are good , they're comfortable , and they're cheap besides. Непонятно.

Он прямо лютовал , да еще из - за мелочи .

I can't understand it. He was absolutely furious, and about a trifle at that .

ДА И 1. = да ( $ 2 ) : and ' .

Sometimes a little stronger : ' and besides . '

2. -да (§3 ) : but . '

Sometimes a little stronger: ' but actually ' , 'but even .

3. Да и joining two verbs sometimes means ' and ' with an added implication that the second verb represents a surprising occurrence or an unexpected result: ' and', ' and then ' , ' and wound up by

-ing' , ' and instead ' .

Я искал шайбу , что я уронил , да и нашел монету. I was looking for the washer that I dropped and instead found a coin.

4. In doubled-word constructions of the pattern

да и .

'.

Any part of

speech and any grammatical form may be thus doubled . a. Expressing long, uninterrupted action , usually with an additional suggestion of intensiveness , concentrated attention , purposeful effort .

Сидит там каждый день , читает да и читает . He

sits there every day

and just reads and reads .

(i.e. earnestly ,

attentively) Грабят в этом округе . There

Гляди да и гляди .

are robberies in this

neighborhood .

You have to watch out

every minute . b . Expressing intensity, high degree . больно да и больно

very sore, very painful Ты слишком их щадишь ! С народом этим надо руки да и руки . You're too easy on them !

With this bunch you have to keep a firm hand.

c . Expressing an unconditional assertion .

-Не хочу танцевать сейчас. -Что с тобой? Неможется тебе?

-Не хочу да и не хочу, и только . -I don't want to dance right now. -What's the matter with you? Don't you feel good? -I just don't want to , that's all .

93

ДА И ТО Strengthened form of И TO $ 3 .

ДА

И

ДА

И ... ЖЕ

See under И TO .

ДА НУ И

ДА УЖ И Strengthened forms of

$4 (Intensive ) .

See under И.

ДА КАК IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS KAK XE ДА КАКО ЖЕ

НУ КАК ЖЕ See under KAK .

Also cf ДА §4e .

ДА КУДА ДА КУДА ТЕБЕ /МНЕ / etc .

ДА КУДА ТАМ

ДА ГДЕ , etc. Used as a reply or as an interjection after one's own remark:

' But how can I ? ' ,

' And how would he be able to? ' , ' But what chance is there?' , etc. --See under КУДА .

ДА НЕТ

See also ГДЕ /ГДЕ ТАМ /ГДЕ ТЕБЕ , etc.

(as reply ) (VERY COMMON)

'Oh , no. ' , ' Absolutely not . ', ' Hell , no ! ' , ' Not in the least . ' - Как , сказал ему об этом? -Да нет ! -What did you do , did you tell him about it? -Certainly not !

ДА НУ ?

(as reply)

' Really? ' , ' No kidding? ' , ' You mean it?' , 'Are you serious?' Expresses

surprise ,

usually with the implication that the speaker has some

reason for finding it hard to believe .

94

-Поздравляю . -С чем? -Говорят , новый председатель комитета. -Да ну?! -Congratulations. -On what?

-They say you're the new chairman of the committee . -Are you serious?

ДA HY + Imperative

ДА НУ + Comparative Adds

a note of insistence or impatience when urging someone to do something. Да ну, поторопись ! Come on, there, get a move on!

Да ну, погромче !

Не бормочи так.

Hey there, louder!

НУ ДА :

Don't mumble like that .

See under НУ.

ДА УЖ

ДА УЖ И Strengthened forms of YX.

See under YX.

ДА ЧТО ДА ЧТОХ ДА ЧТО ...- ТО See under ЧТО

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS . -- dismissal of the preceding §2) ( = ( А /ДА /НУ) ЧТО ( Ж/ТАМ /ТУТ)

remark as unimportant .)

ДА ЧТОБ ДА чтоб

+ Past OR Inf (Prf or Ipf), between contrasting elements . and . . . ! ' , ' . . . , and then . . . ! ' , ' You mean to tell me that . . .' , ' and then , ..!'

In

incredulous exclamations and questions .

The same as ДA $ 3b .

The да

чтобы stands between two components that are thought of as logically contradictory and making no sense together. When да чтобы is used instead of дa, there is usually an especially heavily marked pause between the two things that are contrasted .

95

Разумный человек , как он , да чтоб не понять этого? An intelligent man like him, and not understand that? В таких укрепленных позициях, да чтобы сдаваться? Отчего же? In fortified positions like those , and then surrender? But why? У заведующего , да чтоб данных об этом не было! Do you mean to tell me the man in charge doesn't have any figures on that?

ЭТО ДА ! - Вот да!

- Вот это да !

See ДА :

Вот ( это) да, р. 91 .

ДАВАЙ /ДАВАЙТЕ

& ДАЙ /ДАЙТЕ .

(See Summary chart at end of this entry. )

These forms , naturally, have literal meanings as ordinary Imperatives of дать ' give ', ' let ' . particles

At the same time , they have acquired an independent existence as

which are

used in various combinations with other verb-forms , with a

number of specialized meanings .

There is considerable disagreement among dictio-

naries and grammatical works in regard to both combinations and meanings .

The

following is an attempt to summarize and reconcile them :

1. The basic sense of ‘ let ' and its derivative shadings . The uses of дать in the sense of ' let ' are strikingly similar to the uses of ' let' in English: a. Ordinary Imperative . дай/дайте + Dat . pron. ( 1st or 3rd person) + Inf ( Ipf or Prf) "" " Let me/us /him/her/them . . . .' (1 ) Simply asking someone to permit something to be done . Дайте нам тоже прийти .

Let us come along too. In the negative, давай/давайте is used :

Не давай ему убежать . Don't let him get away. ( 2) Telling someone to let a thing be done without interference.

Дайте ему рассказать всю историю. Let him tell the whole story (without being interrrupted) . b. Proposing a course of action/Offering to do something.

In meaning, these ideas seem to derive from §1.a ( 1 ) (Asking permit something to be done) . But a different construction is used :

someone

to

96

дай /дайте / давай /давайте + Nom pron ( 1st person sg/pl ) + Prf 1 sg/pl ( Дай is used more often than давай . )

I'll... if . 'I'll 'Let me/us ... ' , ' Allow me/us to . ..', 'I'll ..., okay?', ' you like' (1 ) Proposing a course of action . Asking for someone's agreement :

-Дай я пойду. -Нет , спасибо , я сам .

-I'll go, okay ? -No thanks, I will myself. (The

plurals дайте/давайте would not be used

in this typically

colloquial

exchange . )

(2) Offering to do something : Давай я позабочусь об этом . I'll attend to that , if you like . Дайте- ка мы вам поможем .

Here, let us help you. c. Asking or telling someone to wait until something is done. Sometimes relating to §1.a (1 ) (Asking permission), but more often to $ 1 . a (2) (Telling someone to let a thing be done and

not to interfere ), is the

following set of ideas : ( 1 ) Asking or proposing being allowed to finish doing something (before doing something else ). Much the most frequent construction is the use of даž(те) with a first-person Perfective (most often 1st sg), and with the expression of a Nominative pronoun subject optional : дай/дайте ( + я /мы) + Prf 1 sg/pl According to Виноградов,

Грамматика русского

языка,

1960 :

I , p498 , §771 , this usage is limited to the 1st person singular, and at the same time both давай /давайте for the particle and the Imperfective Future for the

verb are

also permissible ,

and in any combination:

Дай ( те) спою .

Давай(те) спою.

Дай(те) буду петь

Давай( те) буду петь .

" Let me sing first . " (--i.e. before starting to do something

else) However, it is true that дª¤/¤ªйте and the Prf 1 sg is the formula most often encountered : На дворе холодно.

Дайте обогреюсь у печки.

It's cold outside.

Just let me get warmed up by the stove .

(-before taking up anything else . ) Погоди .

Дай я попробую починить .

Wait a minute.

Let me see if I can fix it, first.

97

(2) As in English, ' Just wait till . . .' comes to amount to meaning ' as soon as . . . ' . Дaвa¤ is not used in this sense , and the singular дaй is usually found in this idiomatic use where there is no real addressing of an Imperative to any particular person . The subject may be 1st , 2nd, or 3rd person, sg. or pl . The verb is Prf.

Вот дай только кончишь вуз , получишь хорошее место . Just wait till you finish school and you'll get a good job. As soon as you finish school you'll get a good job. (3) Another extension of the idea of telling someone to wait until something is done is its use in warnings, threats, and promises . Дaй is the only form used in this idiomatic use where no particular person is really addressed. The verb is Prf in all the examples observed . Говорят ,

на пристани идет большая драка.

Дай , мы придем , то

ли еще будет ! They say there's a big brawl going on, on the wharf.

Just wait,

we'll go there, and then won't the fun really begin ! 2. Proposing a joint activity/Urging participation in an action together with the speaker: "Let's . . .". The sense of ' Let's • pressed

by

a

lst

Пойдёмте туда.

pl

verb

alone ,

--Let's go there .

can of course also be ex-

of either aspect :

Идём/ Идёмте/ Пойдём/

But the use of the particle давай/давайте is

far more common in the spoken language . a. There are three particle-constructions : (1 ) давай/давайте + Prf 1 pl Давай рассмотрим .

Let's look it over.

(2) давай/давайте + Ipf Fut 1 pl

Давай будем рассматривать.

Let's look it over.

(3 ) давай/давайте + Ipf Inf

Let's look it over .

Давай рассматривать. b. Pronoun subjects are regularly omitted .

c . The давай(тe) ordinarily precedes the verb, but occasionally follows it , at least when the verb is Prf: Сядем давайre · Let's sit down . d. In the negative , the Ipf forms are used: Давай не будем спорить. Let's not quarrel .

Давай не спорить.

Let's not quarrel .

e. In popular speech , Давай не будем ! become a set phrase :

without

any

stated

Infinitive

has

' Cut that out !' , ' Let's have none of that !' , ' Now,

we're not going to start that stuff!' f.

Виноградов says that давай.

He

( Грамматика

" less

often "

русского

языка ,

1960 :

II.1 ,

399-400 ,

himself quotes no example containing дaй , however.

certainly safe to say that давай is the normal usage and дaй common .

$ 489)

дай is used in these constructions instead of It

is

is far less

98

3. Forcefully/Insistently urging someone to do something (--without the participation

of the speaker): 'Come on, ...!' , ' Come on, now, .. .!', ' Go ahead and . . .. ' , ' Please . . .. ' , 'Please .... ' , ' Please do . . .. ' а . дай /дайте/давай /давайте + Prf/Ipf Imp 2 sg/pl (1 ) This construction is

considered unacceptable in the standard written

language, but is very common in the spoken language. (2) Давай/давайте is more often used than дай/дайте. But although most dictionaries

and grammars maintain that only давай/давайте is used

with the Imperative , дай /дайте also occurs with it in popular speech. (3) It might be expected that the particle and the Imperative would match in aspect and number.

In fact, they often do, but not necessarily .

The

plural forms дайте , давайте аге гegularly found with plural Imperatives , but the more popular and idiomatic singulars дай and давай оccur with both singular and plural Imperatives . оoccuг: дай (те)

with a

Prf

And all four aspect-combinations

OR Ipf Imperative ; давай (те) with an Ipf

OR Prf. (4) The particle commonly precedes the Imperative ; but can also follow it. EXAMPLES: Пей давай! Come on, drink up !

Давай, расскажи нам . Please do tell us about it. Дай яснее объясняйте! Come on, now, give clearer explanations ! Дайте, спойте нам это . Please, sing it for us . Телеграммы от них не поступило .

Давай позвоните.

We haven't gotten any telegram from them. them up .

b . давай/давайте

Go ahead and call

without any verb.

The Imperative may be omitted when it is clear from the context what the verb would be. Ну, так вот

- давайте, хлопчики , по домам .

Скоро будет темнеть .

Пора ужинать . Look, you kids go home now. It'll be getting dark soon., It's supper time. Тяни !

Сильнее , давай!

Pull ! Come on, harder! -Позвольте , я доложу вам результаты опыта. -Давай. -Let me report the results of the test to you . -Let's have it./Go ahead.

99

c. (??) давай/давайте + Ipf Inf? (Ordinarily this construction is used for urging someone to participate in an activity together with the speaker , as already described in § meaning " Let's . . ." .

2.c,

with the

Occasionally a doubtful case is encountered where

it appears that the action may not necessarily include the speaker, or that if the speaker is included in the action it is mainly in the role of a supervisor or merely an interested onlooker.

Up to now, a decisive example has

not been found . )

4. Expressing a casual decision: '(Well, ) I think I'll . . .' , ' I guess I'll . . . ', ' I believe I'll . . . ' .

а. Дай ( -ка) /Давай ( + я ) + Prf 1 sg. (1 ) Decisions referred to by this construction are generally on matters of personal preference rather than important , urgent,

" official " matters .

The implication is that the decision is not the product of long thought or consultation with others , but rather is quite offhand . often

occurs together with думаю ,

подумал ,

The construction

говорю

себе ,

or other

words of similar meaning when the speaker is telling someone what he decided

earlier.

Another

name

sometimes

given to

it

is

" inward

decision. " (2) Only the singular forms дай and давай are used. (3) Дай is used much more commonly than давай in this construction . (4) The pronoun subject я may be either expressed or omitted . (5) The particle ordinarily precedes the verb, but can also follow it. EXAMPLES : Глядит интересным .

Прочитаю , дай- ка, после обеда.

That looks interesting. I think I'll read it through after dinner. Одиннадцать часов .

Дай лягу спать .

It's eleven o'clock. I guess I'll go to bed. Был прекрасный день , так дай , думаю , я пойду погляжу на выставку. It was a beautiful day, so I thought " I believe I'll go and take a look at the exhibit. " Давай, подумал он , я зайду к ним . 'I think I'll stop in to see them , " he thought to himself. b. Дaй (-кa ) without a verb.

The Prf verb may be omitted when дaй is accompanied by any periphrasing expression referring to what it was decided to do :

" I guess I'll . . . ' , ' Well ,

then, I'll . . . ' , ' All right then , I'll . . . ' Лопата не берет , дай ломом . The spade won't work on that ; all right , then , I'll try it with the crowbar. OR: If/Since the spade won't work on that, then I guess I'll try with the crowbar.

100

На машине не проехать - дай верхом. (If one can't get through there by auto , well , then , I'll go on horseback .

Напиться хотел - ковша нет; дай, думаю, из пригоршни. I wanted a drink and the dipper wasn't there; all right , I thought, I'll drink out of my hand. Мне нужно поговорить с ним, да нынче у них гостей полно - дай лучше завтра. I must speak to him; but right now they've got the place full of visitors - well , I think it's better to come tomorrow. 5. In narration, indicating the beginning of action in the past, usually concentrated and done to the exclusion of anything else. давай + Ipf Inf

- 'started to' a.

(colloq.)

'started ... ing'

'began to'

Давай is the only particle-form used in this construction. Он схватил и давай бежать. He grabbed it and started running.

Они давай кричать и ругать. They started velling and cursing.

I Я вскочил на ноги и давай шагать оттуда. I jumped to my feet and started making tracks away fromthere. 6.

Expressing tentative action in the past. Perhaps related to the idea of starting to do something, but made up of different forms is the following construction:

дай + PrfInf

' tried ... ing, (Лягушки) Сперва перед царем ничком;, А там, кто посмелей, дай сесть к нему бочком; Дай попытаться сесть с ним рядом. (Крылов) (quoted in Словарь современного русского литературного языка, III , 524.) At first they were face down before the tsar. But then, whoever were bolder than the rest tried taking a seat sidewise to him; (Then) they tried making the experiment of taking a seat beside him. 7.

As an expression of leave-taking at the close of a conversation. Давай alone, as a sentence in itself.

'So long.',

Take it easy.' '

Давай до следующего. Давай. So long until next time. Take it easy.

101

Summary

person w-o prtcl prtcl дай дайте давай давайте Dat Nom | Prf Ipf| Fut Imp Inf 1 2 3 sg pl vb prcdg fllwg pron pron Давай дай дайте давай дай дайте давай Давай дай Давай

давайте давайте давайте давайте

2. дай дайте давай давайте давай давайте

X X (x)

(x) (x)

Fut Fut Fut Fut Fut

1 1 1 1 1

sg pl sg pl sg pl sg

prcdg prcdg prcdg prcdg fllwg prcdg fllwg

Ipf Fut Ipf Fut

sg

1c1 Wait, ... prcdg prcdg fllwg 2a2 Let's ...

Prf Ipf

3. дай дайте давай давайте| давай давайте х давай давайте давай давайте давай 5.

Prf Prf Prf Prf Prf

1

EEEE

1.

11

I

Imp

Prf Ipf Ipf Ipf Ipf

pl

2 Inf 1

sg pl 3 sg pl

--

дай

давай

2. дай дайте давай давайте

M

давай давайте давай

II 1. дай дайте дай дайте давай давайте дай дайте давай давайте дай ? дай

x (x) X

(x) (x)

1b1 proposing 1b2 offering 1c1 Wait, ... 2a1 Let's ... 4a | I think I'll ...

prcdg fllwg 3a

Come on,.

1a1 predg prcdg fllwg 2a3 3c prcdg 5 prcdg

NEG: Don't let him Let's .... Come on, ... [??] started to ...

prcdg prcdg

3b Come on, ... 7 So long!

prcdg prcdg prcdg prcdg prcdg

1b1 1b2 1c1 1c2 1c3

Prf Prf Prf Prf Prf ?

Fut Fut Fut Fut Fut

1 sg 1 sg 1 sg 1 2 3 8g 1 ?

Prf

Fut

1

sg

prcdg fllwg 4a

Ipf Fut

1

sg

prcdg

sg pl

prcdg fllwg 3a | Come on,.....

3. дай дайте давай давайте!

Prf Ipf

4. дай дайте дай дайте дай дайте дай

Prf Ipf Prf Ipf Ipf Prf

5. Дай

Translation

Imp❘ Inf 1 Inf 1 Inf Inf

2

pl pl pl pl

3 sg pl 3 sg pl

--

proposing offering Wait, ... as soon as warning, threatening, promising I think I'll ...

1c1 Wait, ...

prcdg prcdg prcdg prcdg

lal 1a2 2f 6

Let's ... Let's ... Let's ... tried

prcdg

4b I think I'll ...

The uses of давай/давайте and дай/дайте have been presented in terms of seven meanings, 1 through 7. In the above chart, they are presented from the point of view of the five grammatical constructions that they occur in: in combination with (1 ) Perfective, (2) the Imperfective Future, (3) the Imperative, (4 ) the Infinitive , and (5) without any verb-form . They are sorted first by (I) давай/давайте combinations and then by (II) дай/дайте combinations, with the result that there are some duplications in I and II. A question mark in any column means that no example containing that form was found, although there is no common-sense reason against it. An xin the columns for Dative pronoun and Nominative pronoun is used to save space . The columns for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person and singular or plural number tell which pronouns are used . The abbreviations prtel prcdg and prtcl fllwg stand for ' particle preceding' (i.e. , the verb) and 'particle following' . The column headed ' §' contains references to the discussion in terms of meanings ( 1 through 7) that precedes this. Since the translations in the last column are only shorthand for a set of meanings , the paragraphs should be referred to. The symbol -- in the column 'Without any verb' simply stands for just that: no verb.

102

ДАВЕ

ДАВЕЧА

ДАВИ

ДАВИЧА

ДАВЯ

ДАВИЧИ

ДАВЕШЬ

ДАВИЧКА = недавно, recently', 'not long ago' -Больно уж старишь себя, смеешься надо мной! Я и то Раечке даве говорю: "Витечкина сила, говорю, долго еще будет противиться!" -Когда же ты с ней говорила, -А даве, прибегала без тебя! (-Леонов) -You're making yourself out to be awfully old, you're making fun of me! As a matter of fact, I said to Raisa just a while ago, 'Vic's constitution is going to stand up a long time yet!'I said. -When was it that you were talking with her? -Why, just a while ago. She dropped in when you weren't here.

ДАДЕН, -A, -О (from дать) (popular speech & dialectal : Western, especially Southwestern) = дан,-а,-о, 'given'. So too выдаден, отдаденой * *In dialects, -ой is the m Nom sg ending, even when unaccented. - Сегодня две недели с того дня. Будем о будущем думать. Сегрей в земле лежит -а мы жить остались. Значит, нам слово дадено. (Помолчав) Шагающий из ремонта выходит, в экипаже одного человека недостает -как поступать решим? (-Арбузов) Today it is two weeks since that day. Let's think about the future. Sergei is lying in the ground - and we are still here to live. Well then, an order has been given to us . (After pausing:) The self-propelled [excavator] is coming out of the repair shop, and the crew is short one man - how shall we decide to deal with this?

ДАДИТ (substandard) (COMMON)

= даст, 'will give' So too передадит, 'will hand over to', 'will pass along to'

ДАЖЕ 1.

'even'

2. 'indeed', 'to be sure' , ' certainly'; 'in fact', ' actually', 'positively', 'really', 'truly', 'quite'. 3. (in a reply) 'very much!', 'Yes indeed !', 'indeed!'

4. (In Replies Containing Repetitions:) a.

(questioning:) ' Would you really say ...?', 'Really? ...?'

b.

(insisting :) 'Oh yes it is', 'I do too', 'They do so ... ', etc.

The stock translation of даже is # 1 , ' even'. However, there are many instances where 'even' will not make any sense , and a good many more where it is not as good as #2, 'indeed' or 'in fact' or 'really'. -Даже always sets off and emphasizes an idea . -Даже can apply to a subject , an object , or a predicate.

103

--Даже саn stand either directly before or directly after the word it applies to . EXAMPLES :

( * marks sentences

where

' even '

is

also

possible ,

though

not

preferable . )

Вот это даже совсем напрасно. It is really entirely useless to do that. -А вас интересует русская драматургия? —И очень даже !

-And are you interested in Russian drama? -Indeed, very much so! Вот это одобряю .

Очень даже одобряю .

Now this I approve . ( Note :

In fact , I approve of it highly .

In dialogue , даже is frequently found before or after очень . )

" Лето готовило ему даже радость : на его жалобные письма нежно отозвалась мать и обещала приехать погостить у тетки . " ( Федин ) Summer was bringing him a pleasure indeed:

his mother sent a loving

answer to his plaintive letters and promised to come to stay with his aunt. -Ты? Водить машину?

Чай , не знаешь , как заводить мотор!

-Я знаю , я даже знаю! -You?

Drive a truck ?

I'll bet you don't even know how to get the engine

started. -I know! I do too know! Теперь даже трудно поверить , что в то время так думали . Today it's actually * hard to believe that in those days that's what they thought .

А деньги он за ничто считает , он даже презирает их . But money he regards as nothing, in fact * he despises it . (* Also possible : . . . , he even despises it . ) Редакция так изменила мой рассказ , что даже возмутительно .

Он

The editors changed my story so much that it's downright infuriating. настаивает на то, чтоб всякая мелочь была занесена в протокол .

Смешно даже ! He insists that every little thing be entered in the minutes . It's positively* funny ! -Ему награду дадут , да вероятно повышение .

-Даже ( и) повышение? -They're going to give him an award, and probably a promotion . -Would you really say /Do you really think * a promotion?

ДАЖЕ

И

Strengthened form of ДАЖЕ $ 1,2 , & 4a .

104

A

ДАXЕ ... и TOT/TA/TO /TE ( and other cases) . . . 'even' .

Даже. · .и тот. . . means the same thing as даже # 1 , ' even ' .

This con-

struction , perhaps a little more emphatic than дaxe alone , can be used when either a subject or an object precedes the verb. The даже applies to the subject or object , and the и TOT joins the verb to it. Даже сорняк , и тот пахнет по- своему . Even a weed has a smell all its own . ( Lit .: " Even a weed , that too has a smell all its own " . )

Даже пообедать , и то не всегда успеваешь . You don't always even get time to eat ( i.e. , on this job). --The даже can also be omitted . See under И TOT .

JAKE BOT KAK See BOT KAK, under KAK.

ДАЙ ( & ДАВАЙ) See under ДАВАЙ.

ДАЙ ПОКАЗ УХУ !

( slang)

'That's for sure !'

ЛАК / ДЪК Vulgar pronunciation of тak. E.g. , in the combination BÓT ASK . . . ! , 'What a fine . . . ! '

ДАЛЕЧЕ JAлÉчЕ

(pop. sp . & regional )

- далеко

ДАЛЬШЕ , .

(as introductory word)

'As I was saying, . . . ' , ' Furthermore , . . . ' .

105

ДАЛЬШЕ :

ТАК/ТАКОЙ . . . , ЧТО ДАЛЬШЕ НЕКУДА

' as . · .as can be ' , ' as . . .as . . .can get ' , ' as . . .as they come ' , ' so .. .that it just beats everything. ' ( Lit .: so...that after that there's nowhere to go.) Он такой ловкий , что дальше некуда.

He's as slick as they come . Там у них в конторе такие тупые , что дальше некуда. Over there in their office, they're so dumb that it just beats everything.

ДАТЬ :

Nom pron + Dat pron + Prf of дать + Inf/Inf clause / noun /prepositional phrase / repetition from previous remark

e.g. Я тебе дам . . . / Она ему даст . . ./etc . ' I'll give you /him/them/etc ... ' ' She'll show you/him/them/etc ... ' 'They'll teach you /him/them/etc to . . . ' Used in warnings and threats .

Other verbs can be used in this construction besides

Дать : задать , показать , прописать.

Я им дам озорничать . I'll show them some acting up . /I'll give them Play Rough . Я вам покажу шуметь ! I'll teach you to make a racket !

-За это в суд! -Даст он вам в суд! -We'll take this to court ! -He'll give you Take It To Court !

ДАТЬ СТРЕЧКА/СТРЕКАЧА

( pop . sp.)

' run away ' , ' get away' .

ДВУМЯ =оба , вдвоём :

' both ' , ' the two of us' /' the two of them ' /etc .

ДВУМЯ РУКАМИ ' doing one's utmost ' , ' making an all -out effort '

106

ДЕ

(pop . sp. )

(Always unstressed )

' he says , ' ' he said ' , ' they said ' , etc. Used to indicate that the remark is taken from someone else , and does not originate with the speaker.

Дескать and мол агe used similarly .

Сообщите ему , работа- де стоит там . Tell him that they say the work is at a standstill there . Он сказал мне , что вот - де очень короткий срок, но успеют . He told me they said it's very short notice , but they'd get it done .

ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНО :

ЭТО ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНО , ... !

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS ' Like hell ... '',, ' The hell it's . . . ' , ' The devil . . . '

-По- моему он поступил совсем как следует . -Это действительно , как следует ! -I think what he did was absolutely right . -The hell it was right!

ДЕЛАЙ !

' Get busy ! ' Вот , всё остальное давай планируй , делай.

Look, go ahead and plan all the rest of it , get busy.

ДЕЛО !

( slang)

' That's good ! '

ДЕЛО :

Possessive pronoun + ДЕЛО + Nom . noun

Conveys that whatever is expressed by the noun is the one salient fact or the only significant thing about the person at this time . sense .

Мое же дело .. бабьё .

The noun is usually rather abstract in

А он .. учёный.

I am just an ordinary woman .

But he is a scientist.

( Lit : (one of) the women . ) Мое дело ·· солдат.

I'm just a simple soldier. Твое дело ·· сторона . This doesn't concern you./The only thing for you to do is keep out of it .

107

Его дело - труба. (idiom) He's finished/washed up/done for. ( Lit.: As far as he's concerned, it's the flue.)

ДЕЛО:

НА ЭТОМ ДЕЛЕ

= в этом деле, 'in this matter' , 'on this subject'.

ДЕЛОВ Dialectal & uneducated for дел, G. pl. of дело. (So too границев for границ, местов fог мест, разов for раз, etc.)

ДЁН

(Dialectal) = дней (G.pl.) - Ну что ж, соврать вам что-нибудь? . Проповедь* бы мне написали. Уж сколько дён прошу. - Языком действительно владею, а к бумаге у меня дара нет. (-Леонов) - Well now, shall I make up a story for you? - I wish you'd write a sermon* for me. I don't know how many days I've been asking you to. (* In the play, this speaker is a local priest.) - When it comes to talking, I'm really good at it, but I don't have any talent for putting things on paper.

ДЕНЁГ (dialectal: Northern)

= денег (G.pl.)

ДЕНЬГА,-Й,- У, etc (sg .) (pop . sp .) =деньги

ДЕРЖИВАТЬ (non-standard)

= держать, hold', 'keep', 'maintain' etc.

ДИВИ БЫ

(pop . sp. )

=добро бы пускай бы еще = пусть бы That would be all right, if ... , (but the fact is that ...).' 'It would be understandable , if ... , (but what happened was that ... ),. 'It would make sense , if ... , (but actually ...) . 'One could see why, if ... , (but in this case ...) . , Диви бы always stands first in its clause. The but' clause is often introduced by a тo or a то и, but does not have to have any conjunction to introduce it. Уж диви бы охотник, а то и ружья-то никогда в руки не брал. That would be okay if he were a hunter, but actually he's never had a gun in his hands. И диви бы с ними незнаком был, а то вот так сказал! I could understand it if he wasn't acquainted with them, but under the circumstances what a thing to say!

108

ДИКИЙ (slang) 'rightful','unusual', 'extraordinary (-practically all the slang meanings of 'wild' in English .) Это, знаешь, по голове был удар дикий у меня. You know, it was a great shock to me.

ДЛЯ РАДИ

+ Gen. (pop. sp. )

= ради + Gen. , 'for the sake of' , 'for'. За ради is also used in popular speech .

ДЛЯ ЧЕ? (dialectal)

'Why? ( = для чего.) Обождать-то , для че не обождать, это ведь всё в наших руках. As for waiting a while , why not do that? It's entirely up to us, after all .

ДНИ (dialectal) = дня

(G.sg.)

Ревет моя девка после этого ровно два дни ... (Писемский) After that my lass cried for two whole days; ...

ДНЯМИ (pop. sp.)

= на днях. either 1. or 2.

'in the last few days', 'a few days ago' (with verbs in the Past) 'in the next few days', 'one ofthese days' (with verbs in the Future)

Интересный случай был буквально днями. There was an interesting thing that happened just a few days ago.

Днями выставка будет открыта. In a few days the exhibition will be opened .

ДО + Gen. (often with verbs of motion) (1. Dialectal : Southern. ) (2. Ukrainianism.)

= k + Dat. Пойдемте до них. = Пойдемте к ним. Let's go to their place. Мне надо зайти до соседа. = Мне надо зайти к соседу. I have to stop in at my neighbor's. У меня до вас просьба. = У меня к вам просьба. I have a request to make of you.

(Dat + ) НЕ ДО + Gen. (Dat + )

ДО + Gen. + ЛИ

Used in dismissals of a subject as of no interest, inopportune at present, eclipsed by something of more urgent concer: ... don't/doesn't/didn't care about ... ' ' ... can't/couldn't be bothered with ... ' '(But) Who has/had time for ...?'

'What do/does/did ... care about ...?'

' ... don't/doesn't/didn't have time to worry about ...'

109

Мне не до мнений, мне надо фактов! I'm not interested in opinions, I need facts!

О старых перебранках они забыли; не до того было тогда. They forgot about their old quarrels; there was no time for that then. Теперь всем вообще не до проформы; дело не терпит. Right now nobody wants to be bothered with formalities at all; this matter won't wait. (Note how English 'nobody wants to be bothered with' = Russian 'всем ... не до’.) Я знаю. Провалился. До того ли мне? I know. He flunked. Does that have anything to do with me?/Am I supposed to worry about that?

ДО ЧЕГО ( + Aсс?)

(Or repeating whatever case-form the repeated word had in the preceding remark?)

= что до, 'as for', 'regarding', 'as far as ... is concerned' - Я уже постарался уяснить себе обстановку там. Кажется, она очень запутанная. -До чего обстановку, есть ведь два вопроса. Давайте я объясню вам .... -I've already tried to figure out the situation there. It seems it's awfully involved. -As for the situation, you see, there are two problems. Let me explain it to you .... ДО ЧЕГО + predicate adjective/ adverb/ verb with qualitative meaning Expresses high degree of some quality. До чего may precede or follow the word it applies to. The sentence is usually in the form of an exclamation. Как and какой are used very similarly. До чего хорош лес! (OR Хорош до чего лес! OR Хорош лес до чего!) What a fine forest that is! Note: Not to be confused with the construction where a short-form adjective standing before a noun is used to express sarcasm and contempt : xoрош лес! 'Huh, a swell forest that is! In our example here , the presence of a modifier, in this case до чего, shows that the remark is sincerely and not sarcastically meant. До чего устала! How tired I am!/How tired she is!/How tired you are!

До чего ловко! How clever! /How cleverly he did that! До чего он их обошел! How he fooled them! /How he took them in! ДОБРО БЫ (colloq .) (СfЕСЛИ БЫ ... А ТО ... & ПУСТЬ БЫ .) 'That would be all right if ...' 'It would be understandable if ... '

'One could overlook it if ...' 'It wouldn't be so bad if ...'

'It would be different if ...' 'It would make sense if ...'

Often followed by a contrasting clause introduced by a то. Добро бы is the same as диви бы . For examples, see ДИВИ БЫ . ДОБРО ( ...) ЕЩЕ

(UNCOMMON)

= добро бы = диви бы Запрет он вас · добро еще со мной , А то ... ( Грибоедов) ( Liza to Sofya:) If he locks you up , it's all right as long as it's both of us , But what if ...

110

ДОБРО:

ЗА ДОБРА УМА (old traditional & regional)

(Cf ПО ДОБРУ, ПО ЗДОРОВУ below.) ' while the going is/was good', 'prudently', 'before something might happen', 'while one still can without a lot of trouble', 'in good time'

Уж не воротиться ли, за добра ума, домой? Shouldn't we get back home while the going is good? Я советую вам поговорить с ним за добра ума. I advise you to have a talk with him, before any trouble can get started. Я спешил улизнуть оттуда за добра ума. I hurried to slip away from there while I still could.

ДОБРО:

ПО ДОБРУ, ПО ЗДОРОВУ (Also written подобру- поздорову. )

1. ' satisfactorily', 'nicely'. Мы поживаем здесь подобру- поздорову. We're getting along very nicely here. 2.

=за добра ума (above): 'while the going is/was good', 'prudently', etc.

Довольно ПОМНОГУ

'quite a lot' ... сибирская зима хочет всё-таки дать себя знать. Но я уже несколько привык, что ли, к морозам, только гуляю каждый день довольно помногу. (-Ленин: letter, 14 Feb 1898) ... all the same, the Siberian winter aims to make itself felt. But by now, I've gotten somewhat used to the freezing weather, I think; I just go walking quite a lot every day.

ДОЖИДАЙСЯ! -In replies containing repetitions or in remarks where the speaker is ironically parroting what he imagines that another person typically would say. The дожидайся may stand either first or last. In either case, it is set off by a slight pause. Expresses derision and certainty that the other person's thought is completely mistaken:

'Just wait and see!' 'Don't bet on it!'

'Don't try holding your breath until it happens!' 'Afat chance!"

Так и даром отдаст вам! Дожидайся! So you think he'll hand it over to you for nothing! A fat chance there is of that!

ДОКА

(dialectal)

ДОКОЛЕ

доколь ДОКУДА

допоки = пока

111

ДОЛГО ЛИ + PrfInf

'It won't take long to ...',

'It won't be long before ...'

Долго ли дать маху, если так торопливо работать. It won't be long before you goof up, if you work in such a rush .

должнÓ (popular speech and regional) = должно быть = надо быть = вероятно, 'probably', 'evidently', 'must (have)' Мещане разбудили извозщика. Говорят: пойдем-ка, любезный, посмотрим, что там такое? Должно, с каретой что случилось (-Н . В. Успенский) The city people woke the driver up. They said , 'Come on, my good man , let's see what's the matter there. Something must have happened to the carriage .' А удочку вашу мне пожалуйте: у вас червячок, должно, съеден ... Съеден и есть. (-Тургенев) But hand me your fishing rod. Your worm is probably eaten up. ... Eaten up is right. Голова у меня что-то разболелась ... Должно, к непогоде ... (-Чехов) My head has started aching for some reason ... Very likely it's a sign of bad weather coming. -Не пьет он, -И, что ты, матушка! Ни маковой росинки. А должно, что запьет, я так полагаю, надо быть, в скорости. (-А.Н. Островский) - Doesn't he drink? - Oh, how you talk, my dear! Not a drop. But it's probable that he will take to drink, I suppose most likely pretty soon. (i.e., in that awful job he's got. )

должно (as predicate)

'is proper ',

'is fitting',

'should be',

'ought',

'ought to be'

У него был тот здравый смысл посредственности, который показывал ему, что было должно. Теперь должно было ехать, если не в отставку, то в отпуск. Почему надо было ехать, он не знал. (-Л.Н. Толстой) He [Nikolai Rostov] had that common sense that a mediocre person has, which told him what was appropriate . At this time it was appropriate to go: if not into retirement, then at any rate on leave. Why it was necessary to go he did not know. Хорошая книга та, говорит он,в которой сочинитель говорит то,что должно, Не говорит того, чего не должно, и говорит так, как должно. (-А.Ф. Вельтман) A good book, he [Aristotle ] says, is one in which the author says what is proper, does not say what is not proper, and says it in the way that is proper. Должно заметить, что Авенир ... нисколько не обманывал себя насчет своей болезни. (-Тургенев) It ought to be noted that Avenir ... did not deceive himself at all about his illness .

ДОЛЬШЕ + Gen 'some time after' ... дольше десятого марта .. some time after the 10th of March ...

112

ДОПРЕЖЬ

(regional)

= прежде чем, before'

ДОРОГА: ВСЮ ДОРОГУ

(slang)

'all the time'

ДРАПАТЬ / ДРАПАНУТЬ

(slang)

'run away', 'get away', bug out'

Драпанём! Let's get out of here! дък =дак, vulgar pronunciation of так. ДЮЖЕ / ДЮЖО

(dialectal)

'very', 'very much' , ' greatly', ' exceedingly' . As reply: 'Very much so!" ДЮЖИЙ / ДЮЖОЙ / ДУЖИЙ

(dialectal)

'healthy', 'strong', 'sound', 'solid' ДЯДЕНЬКА / ДЯДЬКА

(slang)

' stranger', 'strange man', 'guy', 'geezer'. Стук. Я открыла дверь. Вот там стоял этот дядька с портфелем ... There was a knock . I opened the door, and there stood this geezer with a briefcase ...

ЕВОННЫЙ (unedu:ated) ЕВОНЫЙ EBOHOB Possessive adjective,

ero, 'his' , 'its'

ETO (as adverbial particle) Ero sometimes occurs in expressions of doubt, uncertainty, and perplexity as a vague reference to the surroundings and the circumstances in general. The ero conveys that the speaker finds himself in an unfamiliar and complicated situation that he does not understand. Thus a fair English equivalent of ' чорт его знает' is 'Gosh, the devil knows' or The devil only knows' (NOT "The devil knows it') . That the ero is an adverbial particle and not an object is shown by the fact that it occurs with verbs that do not take an object: Где б его присесть? Now where-all might I sit down?

Куда б его еще* пойти? Where the heck CAN one go, anyway? (*See EIIE II.4.b (3) , page 124.)

113

Other examples: Что ж его делать? What the deuce are we going to do? Что б его еще предпринять? Blast it, what IS there that anybody can do?

А кто его знает? I'll be darned ifI know.

Что-нибудь его something or other ( This ero is invariably neuter because it is impersonal and generalized . Slightly resembling it, but referring to a definite person or thing already mentioned is the construction пусть его/ее/их + Ipf Pres . e . g. Пусть его думает, Let him think anything he likes'. See under ПУСТЬ.)

ЕДИНСТВЕННО: ВСЕ ЕДИНСТВЕННO (popular speech & regional)

'all the same',

EE

'without regard to that',

‘it makes no difference'

(as adverbial particle) Cf ЕГО , p112. Expresses doubt, uncertainty, perplexity about the circumstances in general.

·- Здорова ли твоя Дуня? -продолжал я. Старик нахмурился. ·- А бог ее знает - отвечал он. (-Пушкин) -'Is your daughter Dunya well? I went on. The old man frowned. -'God only knows,' he replied. Обломову видна была только спина хозяйки, затылок, и часть белой шеи да голые локти. -Что это она там локтями-то живо ворочает? -спросил Обломов. Кто ее знает! Кружева, что ли, гладит. (-Гончаров) Only the landlady's back, the back of her head, and part of her white neck and her bare elbows were visible to Oblomov. ' What is it she's doing there, moving her elbows so briskly?' Oblomov asked. ' Who the deuce knows! Ironing lace, maybe .'

ЕЖЕЛИ (pop. sp.) = если, 'if In the 20th century ежели has gone out of general use in the written language, and is now considered characteristic of popular speech .

ЕЙНЫЙ (uneducated) Possessive adjective, = ей, 'her’.

114

ЁЛКИ! ... А ЁЛКИ! ... ЭТИ ЁЛКИ!

БОТ ЭТИ ЁЛКИ! ... ЁЛКИ ЗЕЛЁНЫЕ! ...

ЁЛКИ ПАЛКИ! ... ЁЛКИ МОТАЛКИ! ... ЁЛКИ ТОЧЁННЫЕ! ...

Good grief, ...!

Blazes, ... !

ЕСЛИ

for heaven's sake!

In Replies Containing Repetitions

НУ ЕСЛИ

Used similarly:

РАЗВЕ ЕСЛИ

разве Ну разве

ЕСЛИ УЖ

Ну разве что

разве что разве уж Expresses vacillation, hesitation, unconvinced and unenthusiastic acceptance of what is said. May stand at the beginning or end of a reply containing a repetition unless there is a preceding Hy; in that case, always stands first.

We-ell, ifyou say so.' ' Well, if it really is/does..'

' Well, ifyou really think it's ... ' Well, okay, ...' '

' Well , all right then, it's ...' ' Well, as long as it's ..."

-К брату пойдешь? -Разве если к брату. -Will you go to your brother's? -Well , okay, as long as it's to my brother's. -Я то и дело водочки пью, для ревматизма. -Ну, если для ревматизма. -I drink a little vodka now and then, for the rheumatism. -Hm, well , if it's really for the rheumatism ...

ЕСЛИ БЫ ... А ТО ... (СҒ ДОБРО БЫ & ПУСТЬ БЫ.) 'It would be all right if ... but (as it is) ...' 'It would be a different matter if ... but (as things stand) ...' Старший офицер просил нас держать бегство Лютикова в секрете от матросов ….. - Если бы бежал какой-нибудь негодяй, а то лучший унтер-офицер. (Станюкович) The senior officer asked us to keep Lyutikov's escape secret from the sailors ... It would have been different ifsome worthless fellow had run off, but this was the best non-com.

115

ЕСТЬ : И ЕСТЬ Shows conviction that the word it applies to expresses exactly what is the case and is absolutely appropriate :

and that's all there is to it'

'Now there's what I call ...' '... is an absolute . . .'

... and nothing but . . .'

' a . • · if there ever was one '

.. and no getting away from it' .. is the word for it , all right ' There are four constructions with и eсть :

1. Following a doubled noun , and (optionally ) a Nom . pronoun that agrees with the doubled noun : N N ( он /она/ оно / они ) и есть ! Опять прогулял ! Лентяй лентяй он и есть ! Skipped work again !

He's a

loafer,

and that's all there

is to

it!

Какой красивый дом ! Дом-- дом и есть ! What

a

beautiful house ! Now there's a house that is

a house !

2. Following a noun repeated from a preceding remark of one's own . The noun is therefore repeated instead of doubled. Он злой , как аспид .

Да аспид и есть !

He's mean as a viper. And viper is just the word for him! Назвали его плутом , да были совершенно правы . Плут и есть ! They called him a crook, and they were absolutely right . there ever was one !

He's a crook if

3. With a verb, either preceding or following it. А ведь и есть-- потерял . Well , there's no getting away from it--I've lost it . 4. With any word ( noun , verb , pronoun , predicate adjective , etc. ) in a reply containing a repetition from the other speaker's words . The compound particle и еcть stands . most often at the end of the reply, but may also stand at the beginning of it . In either case, there is no pause between и есть and the repeated word or words . The repeated words are usually nouns or verbs that make up the predicate of the preceding remark ; less commonly it is some other word that was stressed because of the sense .

(Cf KAK ECTь §3b , p 118 , which is quite similar .

'You bet it's

•

'...is right. '

'It sure is /was /does /did . . . ' .

'I'll say it's . . . ' .

'You're darned right it's . . . ' .

-Не признал ошибку , видно? -Не признал и есть . -He didn't acknowledge the mistake , I take it? -You're darned right he didn't .

116

—Пришли - то вы рановато . -Рановато и есть . -You got here pretty early . -I'll say it's pretty early . -Он разобрал всё это?

Должно быть , он гений!

-И есть, гений. -He figured all that out? He must be a genius! -Genius is right .

(NOT " Yes, he's a genius . "')

-Да кому вперед- то их везти?

Коле , что ли ?

—( Коля :) Мне и есть . -And who's supposed to haul them from now on? Kolya , maybe? -You bet it's me.

ЕСТЬ : КАК ЕСТЬ 1. Expresses completeness ; conveys that something is the case throughout and that it is true unmistakably and beyond any doubt .

Kaк ecть is most often used with

nouns and adjectives ( especially in short clauses where the noun or adj . is the predicate and the subject is not specifically expressed) .

However, it is also used

with verbs and full clauses where both subject and verb are expressed . The kak ecTь stands either immediately before or immediately after the word it applies to. 'for sure' 'absolutely' ' completely ' ' entirely'

' really'

' throughout '

' certainly '

' perfectly '

' undoubtedly '

На нем была старая куртка , как есть все в клочках.

He had an old jacket on , absolutely all in rags . Болваны как есть !

Вот теперь уронили !

Now they've dropped it ! Dunderheads through and through!

Как много народу !

Полон театр , как есть .

What a lot of people ! Да- да- да скользко .

The theater is chock full .

Брякнулся .

Как есть брякнулся !

You bet your life it's slippery. I fell down like a ton of brick. Boy, did I ever fall down!

a . Kак еcть is often used in this intensive meaning with Beсь, ' all '

(adj or

pron), один in the senses of ' alone ' , ' only ' , and with some other expressions of measure or quantity .

все , как есть

every single one of them

117

всё , как есть

every last bit of it одна как есть /одна , как есть одна all alone Всю ночь, как есть , до утра пели. They sang the whole livelong night , until morning.

2. Expresses extreme likeness , complete resemblance . When used in this meaning, the кaк еcть stands first in its clause .

'an absolute . • • a perfect ...'

'just like a ...' 'like a regular . . .'

Комната была полна шляпок.

a downright ...' 'a

Как есть целый магазин .

The room was full of hats . It was just like a whole store. Лицо у него было как- то странное-

как есть лиса .

There was something strange about his face--he looked exactly like a fox. Вот еще суп !

Как есть клеем пахнет !

Huh, some soup !

It smells just like glue!

a. Kak ecть is also used with this same meaning of striking resemblance in another arrangement : inside a doubled-noun construction : N как есть N. Да рабочих навезли , ну , полк как есть полк. And they brought a whole lot of workmen, a perfect regiment of them. Что и говорить , шикарно- то ты сегодня одет - шёголь как есть щеголь ! You certainly are dressed like a cool cat today--a downright dandy !

3. Expresses complete conviction about an opinion of one's own , or strong agreement with an opinion of another person's . In this meaning , кaк есть usually stands last in its clause. •

'indeed' 'for certain '

'for sure '

and you can bet on that'

• and that's a fact' • ., beyond a doubt '

И тогда я понял , что он во всём виноват , как есть . And then I saw that it was all his fault , beyond a shadow of a doubt . Ничего ты от меня , миленький , не получишь , ни одного грошика , как есть . You're not going to get anything from me , dearie , not one red cent and that's a fact .

118

а . Как

есть осcurs most commonly of all in dialogue , in replies expressing

strong agreement , usually in set phrases like the following: это так как есть это

как есть

уж это

как есть

BOT

как есть

' That's right . ' ' That's absolutely right. ' 'That's exactly the way it is /was. ' Всё это вы верно говорите , вот как есть . Everything you're saying is true , it's exactly right .

-Вот гайка- то отвертелась , вот и беда. -Это так как есть. -The nut came unscrewed, see . That was the trouble. -That's just how it happened .

b. IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS .

May stand at the beginning or

If как есть stands at the beginning, there is no pause

end of a repetition .

between it and the repeated word ; if it stands at the end, setting it off with Usually when как есть is used , only one word- from the

a pause is optional .

preceding speech is repeated --usually a noun or verb that made up the predicate of the preceding speech, or else a significant or emphasized word . -

И ЕСТЬ $ 4, p 115.

Expresses acknowledgement or recognition of what is

repeated as being exactly right and undoubtedly true .

' you bet it's ....

' It sure is /was /does/did . •

' . . . is right . '

'You're darned right it's . ·

'I'll say it's . . .. '

' You bet your life it's

-Настоящая каторга, значит? -Как есть каторга.

Ни днём , ни ночью покоя не знаю .

-It's really drudgery , right? -You

bet your life it's drudgery .

I never have any peace day or night.

-Ведь это разбой !

Бессовестно запрашивают!

-Как есть разбой!

Вот не куплю!

--Why, this is robbery! They're asking a criminal price ! -Robbery is right !

ЕСТЬ :

I won't buy any !

Interrogative pronoun or adverb + НИ ( НА ) ЕСТЬ Expresses the idea that it makes no difference which of several possibilities is

The compound suffixes ни есть and ни на есть have a rather бы ни : нибудь and broad range of meaning, equivalent to both

actually the case .

119

someone or other/it makes no difference who / no matter who/

KTO ни есть:

never mind who /etc как ни на есть : какой ни есть : где ни на есть :

somehow or other/one way or another /regardless of how /etc . some

sort

of/whatever /whichever/regardless

of which/etc .

it doesn't matter where'never mind where / somewhere or other /

etc. Он старается чем ни на есть держаться на виду . He tries to keep himself in evidence in any role at all. А этот цветок какой?

Какой ни есть , да красивый !

What kind of flower is this? Whatever it is , it's certainly beautiful ! Решени

всех вопросов не знаем , но надо как ни на есть начинать.

We don't know any answers to all the problems , but one way or another we have to make a start .

Может , вы

думаете , что я какой ни на есть мошенник?

Is it possible you think I'm some sort of crook?

ЕСТЬ : ЧТО НИ ( НА ) ЕСТЬ + adjective ( usually Superlative) The phrase что ни (на ) есть always precedes the adjective .

If the Superlative

is the compound Superlative ( самый + adj ) , then что ни ( на ) есть may stand either before the самый оr between the самый and the adjective . Indicates that the quality expressed by the adjective is found here in the highest possible degree ,

in the highest degree imaginable , absolutely without exception . ' couldn't be more . . . '

' the very most .

.

' the most

• of all '

Да какой же тебе еще ? Уж это что ни есть лучшая. Well , what other one could you want? Really , this is the best of all . Это была что ни на есть самая обыкновенная заминка, а он ломал руки , не знал , что предпринять. It was the most commonplace snag imaginable , but he wrung his hands and didn't know what to do. У этой микстуры что ни на есть отвратительный вкус .

This medicine has a most repulsive taste . Доставляли самый что ни на есть последний сорт бревен . They supplied logs of the very lowest grade . (Note : There seems to be a noticeable tendency in popular speech to use самый + что ни на есть + an adjectival form that is itself a Superlative and does not require the world самый :

Все были .

Самое что ни на есть высшее начальство.

They were all there . The very top bigshots.

120

Повадился

к

нам

медведь на

лучшие ульи таскать .

пчельник

ходить ,

и самые что ни на есть

(Новиков- Прибой)

The bear got in the habit of coming to our apiary and stealing the very best beehives. Perhaps this is because the intervening чTO ни на есть makes the connection between the caмый and the adjective less close and obvious , and because the самый may have come to be thought of as regularly associated with что ни на есть.)

EXATь:

Imperative forms . According to the literary standard , no Imperative is formed from exать ; поезжай

is used as a substitute , and in less cultivated speech eзxaй also . formation

éxaй

occurs

in

popular

speech

However, the

and also, at least in prefixed verbs ,

еди / едите :

Подьедите к нам сюда . Drive over here to our place.

ЕЩЕ Eme has a wide range of uses , broadly dividing into two kinds :

( 1 ) as an adverb

referring to time, and ( II ) as a particle idiomatically conveying a number of emotional shadings .

I. TEMPORAL When referring to time ,, actually eme is used to point out one time in relation to another. The fundamental meaning of ewe is to place something before the end of some other period or state of affairs. In the majority of cases , eme corresponds very well to English ' yet' or ' still ' , or, when referring to past time , to ' as long ago as' (--plus the sense of ' (one) more ' , ' (some ) more ' ) .

However, the following additional

uses and translations may be pointed out as well :

1. только еще + Ipf Pres ' only now ' , ' just .

• now .. •·

-Ты вчера написал ему письмо , не правда ли?

-Нет , я только еще пишу . -You wrote a letter to him yesterday, right? -No, I'm just doing it now. 2. eme + Fut (Ipf or Prf) in statements of intent

a. With words referring to time ' 'before the end of' , ' by the end of' , ' before . .. is over ', ' not later than

121

Они еще будут сегодня звонить нам вечером . They're going to phone us not later than this evening.

Я еще завтра зайду к ним когда. I'll call on them some time before tomorrow is over. b . Without words referring to time . (1 ) ' later on ' , ' in the near future ' , ' shortly ' Ну ладно , я еще лично с ним поговорю . Okay, I'll talk with him personally later on. (2) ' still ' , ' for a while yet , ' ' for now' . В настоящее время ее не переводят . Так она еще останется у вас , да?

At the present time she's not being transferred .

So she'll remain

at your place for a while yet , okay? 3. еще + Past ( Ipf or Prf) . . ' , ' not later than . . . ' , ' as Through the meanings ' before the end of .... long ago as ... ' , еще when referring to past time has come to be used much like colloquial English " back " :

' back in . . . ' , ' back around . . . ' , ' a while

ago' . -Папирос нет .

-Как это нет? -Да ведь и вчера еще у нас вышли . --There aren't any cigarettes.

-What do you mean , there aren't any? -Why, we ran out of them back yesterday. -Ты что?

Забыл вчерашний мой разговор с тобой?

-А чего хотел? -Вот я тебе когда * вчера еще говорил , так ты мне говорил Понятно , и мне так далее.

Ладно ,

А сегодня ничего не помнишь.

-What's the matter with you?

Have you forgotten my conversation

with you yesterday? -What did you want? -I was just talking to you back some time during yesterday , and

you kept saying '' All right '' and ' I see

and all that stuff.

And

today you don't remember a thing. когда = когда- то Я еще с ним говорил по этому вопросу. I was talking with him about this problem a while ago. " Как вам известно , Тамань отвоевал у хазар еще Святослав . "

(- Первенцев) As you know, it was Svyatoslav who won Taman from the Khazars back in his day.

122

11 Истрясли мы в ту пору

рублей больше тысячи

на тогдашние еще

деньги , и схоронили - таки родителя по своему обычаю. " ( -Салтыков Щедрин) In those days we squandered more than a thousand rubles , more or less , in the money that was used back in those days, and we buried our father according to our custom . II. IDIOMATIC 1. In recollections , especially in a series of remarks reflecting gradual recollection , where eme either introduces or emphasizes additional details known in the past and successively remembered. Ewe usually stands first in the sentence , or else directly before or after the the most significant word. It usually applies to a verb, and because of the context of recollection , usually a verb in the Past. ' And another thing, ...'

'He /She was the one that . . .

'And ...'

'Oh, yes, and . . .' Разве не знали его?

Он жил недалеко от Тугодумовых.

Хромал . . . .Еще он

любил удить рыбу . Didn't you know him? He lived not far from the Tugodumovs .

He had a

limp ... . . . .Oh , yes , and he loved to go fishing. А помнишь , когда мы ехали в Москву . По срочному делу было .

Мы еще чуть

не опоздали на поезд . Remember the time we were going to Moscow? It was on urgent business . And we almost missed the train. 2. In expressions of misgiving, pointing out an undesirable

possibility.

Since the

reference is to a fear of what may happen , the verb is ordinarily Future .

Eme

may stand first or last in the sentence, or inside the sentence next to an important word.

Sentences of this kind often contain other expressions in addition to the

ewe , such as пожалуй , ' perhaps ' , ' very likely ' , чeго добрoro , ' for all I know' , 'I'm afraid (that ) ' , 'There's a good chance that ' , смотри , ' very easily ' , ' before you know it ' , Tого и гляди , ' before you know it ' ,

' first thing you know' , etc.

The sense of ewe here is very similar:

'like as not'

'before you know it'

' very easily'

'I'll bet'

' most likely'

'It wouldn't surprise me if . . . '

' Next thing,.

Приедет он , да , пожалуй , еще нагрубит . He'll come , and I suppose like as not he'll be rude. А то еще жена Позвони к себе домой ИЗ КОНТОВЫ , что задержимся тут . подумает, что метелью нас где то занесло. Call home from the office about our being kept late here . Otherwise your wife will very easily think we've gotten snowed in somewhere by the storm .

123

Вот я запишу это .

Еще забуду , чего доброго .

I'll just write that down .

It wouldn't surprise me if I forget it , very

likely . Беги бегом , согреешься на ходу!

А то сразу замерзнешь еще .

Run real fast , and you'll get warm as you go .

If you don't , you'll get

frozen right away before you know it.

3.

еще

а еще еще и

а еще и

вот еще In indignant criticisms , pointing out the contrast between what is actually the the case and what is supposed to be . Eme occurs most often together with a noun ,

but may also be used with a verb .

its clause or, less commonly , at the end .

Еще may stand at the beginning of If еще stands at the beginning, it

is frequently used in the strengthened forms А еще , Еще и , ог А еще и .

When

the еще applies to a noun , verbs like называться , зваться , считаться , etc. are often used to state the idea in full , but are frequently omitted . a. WITH NOUNS

' A fine . . .!'

'And that's what they call a . . . ! '

'And he's supposed to be a ..• . !'

' And you call yourself a .. .. . (too) ! '

'And he claims to be a ... !' Так, отказываешь мне в такой мелочи -- сосед еще ! So, you refuse to do such a little thing as that for me--and you call yourself a neighbor! Разве поверил этой сказке?

Еще и разумный человек .

Do you mean to say you believed that story? And you're supposed to be a sensible fellow. Проиграл князь!

два двугривенных , а шум делаешь на трёшницу . ·

. Еще

( Горький , На дне , II)

You lost forty kopecks ,

and you make enough noise for three

rubles... And you call yourself a prince ! b. WITH VERBS 'And '

' And of all things '

' And yet '

'And he has the nerve to...'

' And still ' И еще смеётся .

Подумаешь-- смешно !

And she has the nerve to laugh . funny !

Can you imagine , she think it's

124

11 Мы рабочие ! "

Что это вы так поздно? А хвастаете еще :

Why

are you so

late getting here ? And yet you brag: "We're

workmen !'' 4. In various expressions of displeasure , irritation, censure , mistrust , doubt , etc. ( Cf sarcastic ' yet '

in colloquial English . ) Cf вот еще , under BOT , p 56 .

a . With a verb, noun , or adjective predicate . -Вы это совсем не так делаете —Ну да , вот ты еще разговаривать станешь .

-You people are doing it all wrong. -Oh sure, now you're going to start jawing too , of course. Целы ли еще деньги- то?

Is the money all there , I trust ? b. With an Imperative .

The еще follows the Imperative .

(1 ) In irritated threats .

(See also §4d , below . )

Кричи еще на меня , работу не закончу вообще . Just keep up that yelling at me , and I won't finish the job at all . (2) In expressions of nonagreement , displeasure , irritation , etc. Поспорь еще !

А вот как окажется .

Sure , argue all you want !

But that's how it'll turn out .

-Осторожно . Держи гвоздь прямо . Не ударь пальца. —Учи меня еще .

-Be careful . -Great .

Hold the nail straight . Don't hit your finger.

Give me lessons onhow to do everything.

(3) In questions , with ewe in combination with an interrogative pronoun (кто, какой , etc. ) or adverb (зачем , куда , etc. ) . Expressing displeasure , irritation, annoyance , etc. Олухов приехал? Какой еще тут Олухов? Olukhov has arrived? Who the blazes is Olukhov? Это еще зачем нам понадобилось ? What the heck did we have to have that for? Кто- то стучит в дверь .

Кто там еще?

Someone's knocking at the door.

Who the devil is that there ?

Когда еще они прибудут? When ARE they ever going to get here? (4) With the verb дождаться .

In threats.

Да еще дождётся он у меня . Самому начальнику жаловаться буду . Just let him wait and see what I do. chief himself.

I'll make a complaint to the

125

5. In concessions and assumptions . Всех подвезти туда не могу . Если бы еще два , три человека , а то семь . I can't give them all a ride there .

Sure, if there were two or three people

I could , but there are seven of them . Еще здесь можно присесть , а жара такая ! At least one can sit down here , but it's so hot ! " (Лиза ( Софьей) :)

Запрет он вас , добро еще со мной , А то .. " ( Грибоедов)

( Liza (to Sofya ) :) If he locks you up , it's all right as long as it's both of us , But what if . . .

6. In emphasizing, used to set off with particular stress . Сколько тебе нужно? есть.

(COMMON . )

Пять рублей? Хорошо ! Еще как нарочно у меня при себе

How much do you need? Five rubles? with me .

Good !

It just so happens I have it

" Я , кажется , человек и честный и не то чтобы совсем глупый --напротив , люди еще " головой " зовут , -- а ни за что- таки приняться не могу . " ( Салтыков ) I'm an honest man , I think , and not what you'd call stupid--on the contrary , people call me " a man with a head on his shoulders " in fact --but I can't settle down to anything. В этом плане нужно еще много подробности разработать . There are an awful lot of details in this plan that need to be worked out.

7. In combination with как ог какой , reinforcing them . Ведь вот человек удумал штуку .

И как еще ловко подвел .

It seems the fellow thought up a trick. And how extremely cleverly he worked it in.

-Разве мальчик музыкант , -Ого !

Еще какой!

-Is the boy really a musician?

-Oho! And WHAT a musician! -Что случилось? -Еще какие !

Затруднения?

-What happened?

Did you run into difficulties?

-I'll say I did !

А ЕЩЕ ЕЩЕ И

А ЕЩЕ И

See ЕЩЕ , $ II . 3 , р 123 .

126

ЕЩЕ БЫ ЕЩЕ БЫ НЕ 1. In isolation , independent of any other words .

(Only the form eme бы is used when

a break follows , because eшe бы не would have to be followed by additional words .)

Еще 6ы ! a. Standing alone , used as a reply: Eшe 'I should say so!'

'You bet!'

'I should think so!'

' Absolutely ! '

'I'll say!'

-Пьесу смотреть пойдешь? -Еще бы !

-Are you going to see the play? -You bet ! b. Set off by a break from the sentence that follows it.

'Of course it was they did etc. 'Naturally' 'That's natural :. . .' Он был очень счастлив.

Еще бы :

сегодня получил аттестат .

He was very happy. Naturally he was :

today he had received his

diploma . 2. IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS . Eшe ōы ( нe) always precedes the word or words repeated from the other speaker's remark, repeated

and is not separated from them by any pause .

The word

is whatever word was logically stressed in the preceding speech :

usually a verb or noun that constituted the predicate ; less commonly, an adverb or a direct object .

An inflected verb is often replaced by the Infinitive of the

same verb. Used in strong assertions ,

made with a great deal of conviction.

The

assertion may be either in agreement or in disagreement with the other speaker's last remark . NOTE :

The choice of еще бы ог еще бы не is not related to whether the

reply agrees or disagrees with the preceding remark. еще бы and еще бы не both mean the same thing :

Odd though it seems ,

simply that the key word

(which is the word picked up and repeated) is strongly asserted . This is because the underlying idea , which eme оы не expresses in a very abbreviated way, is something like " (what ) else would it be (if) not . . .?" / " (What ) other (possibilities ) could there be ( if) not . . .?" , and eшe бы is an even briefer expression of the same idea :

" (What ) else could be possible (other than ) . . . ? " There

appears to be a tendency to use еще бы in replies to remarks that contain a не , and еще бы

не

in replies to remarks that do not

themselves

contain a не .

127

' Of course ·

' Naturally .

'Certainly

' can't be anything else (but) '

' How could . . .not

.?'

' Obviously ,

- " (Наталья :) А я-- не люблю . -(Людмила :) Она это знает . -(Наталья :) Да , еще бы не знать . " ( Горький) -(Natalya :)

But I -- I don't love her.

-(Lyudmila :) She knows that . -(Natalya :) -Не волнуйся .

Of course she knows it . Ничего не вытаскивают .

-Еще бы они вытащили ! -Take it easy. Nobody's swiping anything.

-They did too swipe things !

(See $ 3 BELOW FOR ALTERNATIVE

MEANING . ) " (Ласуков :)

Это

еще бы не грибы . "

что

такое?

Это

не

грибы?.

. ( Пробует )

Конечно ,

грибы ,

( Некрасов)

(Lasukov:) What's this? Aren't these mushrooms?. . ( Tries them) Of course , they're

mushrooms ,

they

can't

be

anything

but

mushrooms .

3. With a verb in the form of the Past. ' It wouldn't be nice if ...' ' It would be extremely out of line if . . . ' ' It would be the last straw if . . . '

' . . . had just better not . . . 'I certainly hope ..

. not ..

' It would really be the living end if . . . '

— Не волнуйся .

Ничего не вытаскивают .

- Еще бы они вытащили !

-Take it easy. Nobody's swiping anything. -They'd just better not swipe anything !

(See $ 2 , ABOVE . )

Еще бы он отказался! It wouldn't be very nice if he refused ! /It would be the last straw if he refused ! Еще бы ты был недоволен !

I certainly hope you're not dissatisfied ! Еще бы он узнал об этом ! It would be the living end if he found out about this!

ЕЩЕ:

ВОТ ЕЩЕ НУ ВОТ ЕЩЕ

See under BOT .

128

ЕШЕ:

И НЕ ТО

(ЕЩЕ)

ТО ЛИ (ЕЩЕ)

БЫЛО /БУДЕТ /ВИДЕТЬ /НАХОДИТЬ /ВСТРЕЧАТЬ

See under TO . ·

ЕЩЕ :

ЕЩЕ ЛИ

(SAID TO BE OBSOLETE . )

= разве . неужели , ' really ' , ' really , now, . .

ЕЩЕ :

ЭТО ЕЩЕ НИЧЕГО

(pop. sp. )

' That doesn't amount to anything. '

'That doesn't matter.'

' That isn't anything serious. '

'That doesn't make much difference .'

' That's nothing much . Он , правда , иногда божится , но это еще ничего.

А его брат - чуть что , он

и станет рвать и метать. It's true he swears occasionally , but not to amount to anything.

But his

brother! The least little thing and he'll start having a raving fit.

Кашляю немножко , но это еще ничего. I have a slight cough , but it isn't anything serious . Дело не в том , что сегодня идет дождь , это бы еще ничего.

Но становится

холодно , на улицах замерзнет . It's not that it's raining today; that wouldn't matter much . cold, it'll freeze on the streets'.

ЕЩЕ : ЕЩЕ- ТО

' so far'

'up to now'

ЕШЕ:

ЕЩЕ ТОЖЕ

See under TOXE .

But it's getting

129

ЖДАТЬ :

ТОГО И ЖДИ (, ЧТО)

того ( и ) глgaи : Same meaning as тoгo

imminent possibility of something undesirable .

The accompanying verb is regularly Prf.

'Any minute

'As soon as you turn your head ..

' Before you know it ...'

' Before you can say " knife " . . . '

'First thing you know ... Он бежал по льду .

Того и жди , что упадет .

He was running over the ice. He was in danger of falling down at any moment. Берегись !

Стена того и жди повалится .

Look out ! First thing you know , that wall is going to fall over.

XE/X

1. Contrasting: ' but ' , ' while ' , ' whereas '. Most commonly after a noun or pronoun subject , but also after other words referring to circumstances .

Он пошел в театр , мы же домой. He went to the theatre , but we went home. Снаружи было темным-темно , внутри же было ярко освещено . Outside it was pitch dark, but inside it was brightly lighted. 2. Continuing:

Adding further information about someone or something or some situation just mentioned before : and /and . · too /and in fact/you see/actually.

In this meaning, xe is often followed by an и .

Sometimes the added statement

gives the grounds for the first one . Сf ведь.

Мост очень интересует меня .

Я ж инженер .

The bridge interests me a great deal . I'm an engineer, you see./I myself am an engineer. Сад был порядочный , он же и огород .

( Гончаров)

The garden was a fair-sized one . It was a kitchen- garden , actually. Нет никакого смысла в этом .

Перебрасываем же все эти вещи туда,.

There's no sense to this at all . Получается 4,2 .

Here we ship all this stuff there ,

Это же показывает , что .

The figure obtained is 4.2 .

And that indicates that . . .

3. Emphasizing the word it follows . In its

general emphasizing sense , xe can be used after practically any

word of any grammatical type :

noun , verb, pronoun , adjective , adverb, etc. With

some grammatical forms , it has acquired a more specialized meaning as well . a. General emphatic use :

(1 ) After an Imperative :

(FAIRLY COMMON)

.

130

Дайте же мне сесть ! Do let me sit down ! /Darn it , WILL you give me a chance to sit down!

Так высылайте ж к нам ! Then by all means send it to us!

(2) After an adjective applied to a noun : Но на первом же шагу наткнулись на препятствие . But at the very first step we came up against an obstacle. (3 ) After an interrogative pronoun or adverb :

(VERY COMMON)

Да кто же всё это сделает ? And just who is going to do all that? Когда же это будет ? When exactly will that be? Не пойти туда?

А отчего же нет?

Not go there? But why the heck not? Зачем же возмущаться так?

Не стоит .

What ever do you get so steamed up for? It's not worth it . (4) After an adverb: Я думаю выехать сегодня же . I figure on leaving this very day/before the day is out. Сейчас же!

Right away ! Да как же милы они! And how exceedingly kind they are !

(5) After any verb : Прежде были же затруднения здесь у нас. In those days there really were problems around here.

Вот , я не выдумал же . Look here, I didn't just imagine it.

(6) After нет : Нет же , он совсем не такой. Oh , no , really .

He's not like that at all .

(7) After a noun : Ой !

Кусачки же забыли !

Oh , no !

You know what we forgot ? The wire-cutters !!

А братья ж твои?

Разве не могут помогать ?

But how about your brothers ? Can't they help? Да бумага ж вышла, тебе говорят ! But as for paper, we've run out of it , I keep telling you !

131

b. Specialized uses: (1 ) After demonstrative pronouns and adverbs :

" same " .

Apparently an

outgrowth of the general emphatic value of xe is its use with demonstratives in the sense of " same " : тOT

жe :

the same man (Lit:

'that very one ' ) , To xe : the same thing, oттуда же : from the same place , тaк жe : the same way , just like it , тогда xе : at the same time ,

at that same time , такой же :

the same kind, столько жe:

just as much/many, the same amount . (2) After personal pronouns Tы and Bы :

(COMMON )

Xe after any personal pronoun form can of course always have the senses of ' but' or ' and ' given above in $ 1 and $ 2 .

However, after the

form Tы (or Bы ) it can also have the effect of calling the hearer's attention to the fact that he is being addressed , to the remark as a whole that is being addressed to him, and to the seriousness with which it is meant. This is often the meaning when Tы is followed by an Imperative ,

but other sentences can have this

sense also :

Ты же лучше объясни!

You darn well better explain ! Стёпа , ты же не уходи , подожди нас . Steve, don't go away. Wait for us.

Ты же , Дуня, наглая. Really, Dunya , you've got a lot of nerve . Юра, Юра. . .ты же матрос. · • Ну " .Держись, Юра ! " ( Соболев ) Now Georgy, you're a sailor , remember

... Chin up, Georgy!

(3) After adjectives and nouns referring to a quality. When a predicate is made with a word expressing something that can occur in various degrees of intensity , the addition of a xe conveys that here is an instance where the degree is high, often surprisingly high. Typically, the predicate - adjective , noun, or verb - is before the subject. WITH SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVE :

Ну и пуглив же ты ! My, you really are timid!

Глуп же он ! He's really dumb ! WITH LONG-FORM ADJECTIVE : Нахальная же какая девчонка! What a perfectly brazen dame !

132

WITH NOUN :

Чудак же ты !

Well , now , if you aren't a strange one ! WITH VERB : Перепугал же ты меня!

Ох !

Ooh ! You really startled me! (4) After nouns that refer to masses and substances: Conveys that here we have an unusual quantity or quality or both. The noun is regularly first in the sentence . " Беда! Совсем не думали орудия увезти.

Грязь

же

была " .

(Л.Толстой) It was awful ! We didn't believe at all that we'd get the guns out of there. The mud was really something. Сено же будет ! It's going to be a great crop of hay! (5) After verbs : Conveys that the case is a remarkable one , and that it is surprising that it should happen at all . the sentence .

The verb is always at the beginning of

(a) Characteristically, the verb is Perfective .

A form of тaкой

often follows the necessarily:

verb-and-particle combination , Prf + же xe (+ такой) .

though not

взбредёт же в голову! ( OR : Взбредёт же такое в голову! ) What ideas come into your head! /To think that such an

idea could occur to you ! Вот создаст же такое природа!

To think that nature can create such a thing! "

. Наградит же ведь господь бог такими глазенапами . (НОВИКОВ - Прибой) To think that the Lord God endowed

anybody with

peepers like that!

Ну, скажет же такое ! Now, what was the idea of saying a thing like that? ( b ) The

Imperfectives бывать

and есть occur with this same

meaning. Бывают же такие мошенники! Would you believe that there are such swindlers?!

133

ЖЕЛАЮ

(pop . sp . ) -Желаю всего хорошего. ' Goodbye ' /' So long .

ЖЕЛЕЗНО !

(Cf будь(те) & бывай (те).)

(slang)

' Fine !' , ' Great !'

ЖИВУЧИ

(dialectal : Northern)

' in (one's ) whole life' Мне бы ни за что не окунуться :

я живучи не купывалась.

I wouldn't want to get in the water for anything:

I've never been swimming

in my life .

ЖИСТЬ

(pop . sp . & regional .

Sometimes used humorously )

* жизнь , ' life '

ЖУТЬ :

В ЖУТЬ

= до жути , ' extremely ' .

Надоели мне они в жуть ! I'm so fed up with them I could scream./I've gotten dreadfully sick of them .

134

135

Preceding page blank

3A + Acc

(COMMON )

'about' , ' concerning ' . ' in regard to' (Usually with verbs of saying, knowing, thinking , feeling, etc. ) 1. Ukrainianism . 2. dialectal Russian : Southern. 3. widely used, but uneducated and non-standard in Russian. Ну вот , я знаю за одного из них, но не знаю за тех. Look, I know about one of them, but I don't know about those fellows .

За нас не беспокойся . Don't worry about us . О чём мы с ним разговаривали? Так , знаешь , вообще-- " за жизнь " , как говорят . What were he and I talking about ? You know :

just things in general --"about

life " , as they say .

3A + Acc after a Comparative

(dialectal : Western)

' than' Он старше за Сашу. He's older than Sasha .

Она приедет быстрей за мать . She'll get here quicker than her mother.

3A + Noun derived from verb

Refers to starting to do something " Такое житьё , что как поутру встал , так и за вытьё . "

(- Горький, На дне , І. ) It's such a (terrible) life that when one has gotten up in the morning one starts in wailing right off.

( Popular saying, A humorous way of charac-

terizing an absolutely miserable life . )

3A-

(pop . sp . & dialectal ) Often unnecessarily prefixed to words that mean the same thing without it . See also пoд- , similarly overused in popular speech . завсегда = всегдá, ' always'

задаром

B дáром , (1 ) ' free ' , at no charge ' , ( 2 ) ‘ in vain '

= Задарма задешево

задаром = даром =

дëшево, ' at a low price ' , ' cheaply'

136

задорого зазря

= дóрoго, ' at a high price ' , ' at great expense ' 8 зря, ' in vain'

заместо

Bмécтo, ' instead of' , ' in place of'

заполучить = получить , ' receive ' , ' obtain ' , ' get ' See also зÁПРOCTO : 3 meanings . Page 138 .

ЗА РАДИ

+ Gen

(pop. sp. )

= ради + Gen, ' for the sake of' , 'for'. (для ради is used in the same way . )

ЗА СЧЕТ + Gen 1. ' at the expense of' , ' by taking from ' .

(standard literary)

Увеличили эту комнату за счет другой. They enlarged this room by taking from another one. 2. 'by means of' , ' by the way of' , ' through the method of'.

(nonstandard)

Подняли урожай за счет расширения посевных площадей. They increased the harvest by expanding the area under cultivation.

3A TO

'for that reason ' (DIFFERENT: зaro, ' on the other hand' , ' in return ' .)

ЗА ЧТО?

(nonstandard)

' why? ' , ' what for?'

ЗАВОРАЧИВАТЬСЯ / ЗАВОРОТИТЬСЯ

(nonstandard)

'turn up (somewhere ) ' , ' show up (at some place )' . (Dictionaries

give заворачивать/ заворотить

' stop in briefly on one's way somewhere else ' )

ЗАВСЕГДА

(pop. sp. & dialectal )

= всегда, ' always ' .

See 3A-.

without

the

-ся

as

' drop in ' ,

137

ЗАДАРОМ /ЗАДАРМА

* даром , ( 1 ) ' free ' , ' at no charge ' (2 ) ' in vain ' .

See 3A- .

(in threats: Я тебе задам ... )

ЗАДАТЬ

Used like дать .

See ДАТЬ , р . 105 .

' I'll give you ... ' I'll show you some •

' I'll teach you to . . .

ЗА́ДЕШЕВО - дёшево , ' at a low price ' , ' cheaply ' .

See 3A- .

ЗАДОРОГО

* дорого , ' at a high price ' , ' at great expense ' .

See 3A- .

ЗАЗРЯ

* зря, ' in vain ' .

ЗАИМЕТЬ

See 3A- .

(pop . sp. )

' get ' , ' obtain ' , ' acquire ' .

ЗАКРУГЛЯТЬСЯ "ЗАКРУГЛИТЬСЯ

(pop. sp. )

' break off (a conversation , a long story ) ' , ' wind up ' , ' knock it off. '

ЗАМЕСТО * вместо , ' instead of' , ' in place of ' .

See 3A- .

ЗАМЕЧАТЕЛЬНО 1. Normally used in a favorable sense : a. ' exceptional ' , ' extraordinary ' , ' unusual ' , ' remarkable ' , ' amazing ' , ' wonderful . ' b . ' outstanding ' , ' excellent ' , ' splendid ' .

138

2. pop. sp .: used also in an unfavorable sense :

' amazingly bad ' , ' way out ' , ' really something '. Мы замечательно живем здесь . Ты знаешь , чуть не плачем . It's really something , the way we live here . You know, we could practically cry ..·

ЗАНИМАТЬСЯ "ЗАНЯТЬСЯ

(colloq . )

'get busy ' Он должен заниматься этим . He's got to get busy on that. IN THE IMPERATIVE + ANOTHER IMPERATIVE :

get busy and · Вы сейчас насчет этого займитесь напишите письмо.

•

You get busy and write a letter about this right away.

ЗАПОЛУЧИТЬ

= получить.

(pop. sp . )

See 3A-.

ЗАПРОСТО 1. (colloq . ) ' simply ' , ' without ceremony ' , ' as a close friend ' . 2. (pop . sp . ) ' easily ' , ' without special effort ' , ' without any trouble ' , ' easy to do ' . 3. (pop. sp . ) ( As an answer:) ' Yes ! ' , ' Certainly ! ' , ' Of course ' .

3APA3

1. ' all at once ' , ' in one session ' , ' at one blow'.

2. ' immediately ' , ' right away ' .

ЗАТЕЯ :

КАКИЕ ЗАТЕИ

(standard literary)

(regional & nonstandard )

-IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS .

Expresses manifest displeasure at what has just been said. 'What nonsense ! . . . !'

' ... baloney ! ' ! What an idea !'

-Вот кровь !

-3 !

Надо позвать врача .

Какие затеи

врача!

-Look at the blood! We'll have to call a doctor. -Huh! What an idea!

- A doctor!

139

(official jargon)

ЗАЧИТАТЬ

' read aloud' (e.g. , a resolution , an order)

ЗВЯКАТЬ /ЗВЯКНУТЬ

(slang) ' call by phone ' . ' ring up' . • БРЯКАТЬ /БРЯКНУТЬ .

ЗДОРОВО :

ВOT ЗДОРОВО

'That's just great ' . Вот здорово , вы не знаете ; это и вас не украшает , что вы не знаете . That's just great .

You don't know . It's certainly not to your credit that

you don't know.

ЗНАЙ

3HAII CEBE

Ipf Pres 3 sg (USUALLY)

ЗНАП . . . СЕБЕ 3HAET

+

Ipf Imp 2 sg without any verb (UNCOMMON)

3HAET CEBE

Use : with 1. Definite subject--a certain person or thing just mentioned a. With Indicative : Imperfective ( usually Pres 3 sg) .

(COMMON )

( 1 ) знай may precede or follow the verb. (2 ) знай себе may only precede the verb. (a ) The verb may stand between знaй and ceбe ( RARE ) . (3 ) знает is not nearly as commonly used as знай and знай себе .

b. With Imperative . ( 1 ) знай usually follows the verb, but does not have to . ( 2 ) знай себе usually precedes the verb, but does not have to. (3) знает is not used with the Imp. c. Without any verb . ( UNCOMMON ) . d. With the conditional (RARE ) . 2. Indefinite subject-- generalizing : " one " , " a person " , " anybody " .

a. With Imperative ( REGULARLY ) . ( 1 ) знай usually precedes the verb (--as opposed to 1.b. ( 1 ) -- ) . It can follow. ( (2) No example of знай себе with an indefinite subject & the Imp was found . ) ( (3 ) знает is not used . )

140

Meaning: Indicates

action carried on without regard to surrounding circumstances , unin-

fluenced by them , unconcerned about them , or in spite of them . ' just '

. - ing'

' goes /went right on

' simply '

'keep(s ) right on

--ing

(s ) away '

Examples : 1.a. Definite subject + lpf Pres 3 sg .

Около него шум и суета, а он знает себе пишет .

( LESS COMMON )

( LESS COMMON)

OR :

Около него шум и суета , а он знает пишет .

OR :

Около него шум и суета , а он знай себе пишет .

OR :

Около него шум и суета , а он знай пишет .

OR :

Около него шум и суета, а он знай пишет себе .

OR :

Около него шум и суета , а он пишет , знай .

(COMMON )

(COMMON ) ( RARE )

( UNCOMMON )

Around him there is noise and bustle , but he just keeps on writing. Я сто раз спрашивал его об этом , а он знай сидит молчит .

I asked him a hundred times about that, but he simply sits and says nothing. 1.b : Definite subject + Ipf Imp 2 sg. Не твое дело , шевелись , знай . It's none of your affair.

( Новиков - Прибой)

Get a move on and don't worry about it .

Пусть его мелет в свое удовольствие, а ты, знай , посмеивайся ! (А. Н. Островский) . Let him rave on to his heart's content, and as for yourself, just go ahead and laugh every once in a while . 1.c : Definite subject + no expressed verb .

(UNCOMMON)

Бывало , жена-то воет- воет , а мы знай свое.

( Г. Успенский)

His wife would wail and wail , but we would just keep on doing our own work. 1.d : Definite subject + Conditional .

(RARE)

" Своей болтовней я отнял у теба последнее утешение . Знала бы себе до смерти лечила мужиков , да не ела мяса, так нет же , язык ! " ( Чехов )

дергал

меня черт

за

I've taken your last consolation away from you with my gabbing. You would have just gone right on doctoring peasants to the last gasp and not eating meat .

2.a :

But no, the devil possessed me to talk !

Indefinite subject + Imperative . Хорошая тропинка там есть .

Только знай иди .

There's a good path there . All you have to do is go ahead and walk .

141

Хорошая

работа-- служить

кассиршей :

знай сиди ,

получай денежки , давай

сдачи . It's a good job, working as a cashier--just șit and take in money and give change . Additional observations and commentary : 1. At least in practice , the form of an Imperfective verb used with знай /знай сeбе/ знает

is nearly always Present and nearly always 3 sg. The quotation from

Chekhov ( 1d) containing the Conditional is the only instance of any form other than Present that was found ; it is cited here for the sake of completeness , but it is quite unusual .

A verb in this construction with знай оccurs in the Present

even when other verbs in the sentence are in the Past and the whole sentence evidently refers to a past time : " На улице первым делом парнишки налетели , дразниться стали . . знай , идет своей дорогой . "

Федюня ,

( Бажов )

On the street, the first thing the boys did was come in a swarm and start their horseplay. . . Fedyunya ( Fyodor) simply went his own way without paying any attention . 2. Although the знай + Ipf Рres construction , with its basic idea of action uninfluenced by surrounding circumstances , usually has a person as subject , nevertheless it can also be used with an inanimate subject : " Ишь льет - поливает ! (Салтыков )

рожь только что зацветала, а он * , знай , поливает . "

( * он = дождь . )

See how it pours and pours ! The rye has just started to bloom, but it goes right on dumping down.

3. The знай 'знай себе , знает is sometimes preceded by только ог только и , stating the idea of ' just ' /' simply ' /' only '

explicitly. Note the two other constructions

with Tobкo and только и , оп рage 142 , which are different in meaning. In them , только and только и аrе required parts of the construction and must be present .

ЗНАЙ : ТО И ЗНАЙ + Ipf Pres Very similar to то и

1е.10

' constantly ' ,

' continually ' , ' incessantly ' ,

' keeps on

-ing'. Тут на большой станции поезда то и знай прибывают , уходят . Here in the big station there are trains arriving and leaving constantly.

142

ЗНАМО

ЗНАМО ДЕЛО ( pop . sp . & regional ) = известно / ясно : ' it is well known ' , ' it is plain ' , ' certainly ' . . -Не тут !

А кто взял?

-Знамо кто : Воришкин . Всё таскает . -It's not here ! But who took it? -It's plain who did : Вот проси Иванова .

Vorishkin .

He swipes things all the time .

Он , знамо, крупная птица в отделении , он сумеет помочь .

Look, ask Ivanov .

Everybody knows he's a big wheel in the department ;

he'll be able to help. Знамо дело , с потолка не взял , он знал об этом .

А как же это?

He certainly didn't just make that up--he knew about it .

ЗНАТЬ (-as parenthetical adv . )

1. + Past verb :

probably.

But how did he?

( colloq./'pop . sp. ) -ed/must have ______________- ed

2. obviously / apparently /evidently Куда он делся?

Знать пошел в кладовую.

Where did he go? He must have gone in the store -room. Знать , планы полностью еще не разработаны. Obviously, the plans are not yet fully worked out .

ЗНАТЬ

Ipf Pres

( 1st , 2nd, or 3rd person ) + ТОЛЬКО + Inf

Ipf Past ' All ______ know / knows / knew how to do is/was(to) ——————_ . ' 'The only thing-know /knows /knew how to do is /was(to) ' Practically all_does is (to ) / did was (to)

.'

.'

Они знали только на совещания ходить да спорить . All they knew how to do was go to meetings and argue. OR : Practically all they did was go to meetings and argue .

ЗНАТЬ :

Только и +

Noun :

Делать

Ipf Pres

сделать

Ipf Past

знать

Prf Pres

in Aspect , Tense ,

дело

Prf Past

and Person.

дела

+ ЧТО + vb matching 'делать

143

' All .

does is

' All

did was

'The only thing — does is .

'The only thing

did was

does nothing but did nothing but Он только и знает , что ходит взад и вперёд . He does nothing but pace back and forth . For other examples of this construction see under ТОЛЬКО И.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ :

ИГРАТЬ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

' play a role' This expression has grown out of the confusion of two other expressions : роль ,

‘ play a role '

and иметь значение ,

Usually in some form such as

играет

' have importance ' ,

играть

' be of importance . '

большое значение , играют очень важное

значение , не играет никакого значения- -'plays a large role ' , ' play a very important role ' , ' plays no role ' .

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ :

ПРИНЯТЬ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ С ЧЕГО- НИБУДЬ ( рор . sp . / non-standard)

' to take something seriously '

( = придать значение чему- нибудь , the usual formula . )

ЗНАЧИТ

(equating the two words that it stands between )

( Literally , ' means ' .

Need not always be translated . )

опять забыли .

Вы

Вот ,

смотрите ,

я

говорю ,

без

напоминания приносить

мне почту. Поступает значит принесли , понятно, You forgot again. Now, see to it ; I'm telling you , you're to bring the mail to me without being reminded . When something comes in , you bring it at once, got that ? ( Lit. , ' something comes in means you bring it at once ' )

ЗНАЧИТ ТАК

• значит , ' that is .

' I mean , ·

Значит так , не понял вас That is , I didn't get what you said .

144

ЗНАЮ :

НЕ ЗНАЮ КАК (3 words run together in pronunciation) .

(pop . sp . )

'You just can't imagine how. . . ' , ' hugely' , ' immensely ' , ' like anything'. Вот я его за это не знаю как уважаю!

I really respect him enormously for that . У нас народ этому не знаю как радуется. You just can't imagine how glad of that the people at our office are .

ЗРЯ ' incorrectly ' , ' wrongly ' . ( pop . sp./non-standard ) Вы зря понимаете этот вопрос . You've got the wrong idea of this point./You misunderstand the problem here .

Часы зря идут. The clock isn't running right .

145

И (as conjunction and particle) И is very frequent , especially in the spoken language .

The following points

are only a collection of observations , and are far from attempting to account for every occurrence of и . . There is some disagreement among Russian grammars and dictionaries on when to regard И as a conjunction or a particle . But from the point of view of the Englishspeaking student , the significant fact is that и has all the uses of English ' and ' , plus some others that ' and ' does not.

1. As a general rule , when и stands in any position in a sentence where ' and ' can stand in English, и can be read as ' and ' , and will have essentially the same meanings:

' and ' , ' and also ' , ' and then ' , ' and indeed ' , ' and even ' , ‘ and (although ) ' ,

The commonest positions are : a . Between similar words --two nouns , two verbs , etc.

etc.

b. Between two clauses , forming one sentence . c. At the beginning of a sentence . 2. Russian и occurs in a number of word-orders where English ' and ' does not appear. There are several meanings associated with и in these constructions : the broad and general meaning common to all of them is that one way or another и emphasizes and reinforces not only the most significant word in its clause but also the clause as a whole , emphasizing that what the clause says is indeed and undoubtedly so in the case here at hand , regardless of whatever may very well be so on other occasions. a. Simply emphasizing that something is indeed so in this instance . The и often stands between the subject and the predicate , which ' and ' cannot do in English. Most often in this construction , и is found between a pronoun and a verb, although the subject can be a noun , and the predicate can be a noun or an adjective .

Не кричи .

У меня есть уши , я и слушаю.

Don't yell. I've got ears , and I AM listening . А для чего я его с собой и взял - то?

Он ведь знаток .

And why did I bring him with me? (--i.e, why at all?) Because he's an expert.

Ведь

от

любви родители и

строги - то

к вам бывают .

. . (Островский )

Don't you realize that it's out of love that your parents are strict with you,... (--i.e . , in the case of these parents)

146

( 1 ) И is common with a negated verb in emphatic denials : -Спору нет , он бригадир очень хороший . -А я и не сказал , что он плохОЙ . -There's no question about it, he's a good brigade leader. -But I didn't say he was a bad one./But I never said he was a bad one. (2 ) И can stand between a form of весь and its noun :

Вот поди ж ты!

Всё и похмелье соскочило .

What do you think of that ! My hangover is all gone ! Остальные бы договорились , так нет , он спорить.

Всё и горе в этом .

The rest would have arrived at an agreement , but no, he had to start arguing.

That's the whole trouble about this thing.

b. Emphasizing that something is indeed so in this instance , though different from what would ordinarily be expected . Commonly with и between the subject and the predicate . Извините меня , пожалуйста .

Когда вызвал меня хозяин, я про тебя и

забыла. Please excuse me . When the boss called me away, I actually forgot about you . (1 ) This use of и is especially common in negative clauses .

' Not even '

is usually a good translation of и не (ог и . . .не ). Разные есть науки , про которые мы с вами и не слыхали . There are various sciences that you and I have not even heard about. Я и не знал , что тут канавка. I didn't even know there was a ditch there . /1 really had no idea there was a ditch there. Старик и умер не так , как умирают другие люди . The old man didn't even die the way other people do. (2 ) When the predicate contains an inflected verb with an Infinitive , either of two word-orders may be used :

Subject + и + не + Inflected

b + Inf

or : Subject + и + Inf + не + Inflected Vb .

Скрягин и не думал нас выручить. It never even occurred to Skryagin to help us out. Писать ! Он и читать не умеет .

Write! He doesn't even know how to read. ( Lit .: " He doesn't know how to even -read . " ) Я на них и смотреть не желаю . I don't even want to look at them . look at them. )

( Lit .:

I don't want to even

147

(3 ) Similarly, when the object of the main verb is a question , the и stands inside the question , between the interrogative word and the question's verb : Не знаю , что и сказать об этом . I really don't know what to say about this . Не знаю , где и спать- то их всех положить . I don't even know where we can sleep them all . Я не помню , когда эти деревья и сажали . Очень стары они . I don't remember when the heck they planted these trees . They're very old. c. Emphasizing that there is indeed a case of something corresponding or fitting or suiting, coming at the same time or coming at an opportune time , coinciding or turning out to be the same one .

' Indeed ' or ' in fact ' or ' just then ' are

often useful in translation ; sometimes :

' the same ' .

(1 ) The и is often between the subject and the predicate .

Я только что думала о вас , а вы и пришли . I was just thinking about you , and just then you arrived .

А , да вот он и подходит . Ah , here he comes now , as a matter of fact. Я и хотел сказать это , а потом они перебили меня . I was just going to tell you that , but then they interrupted me . Тропа вывела на дорогу , по которой мы и въехали в город . The path came out on the same road by which we had driven into the town. (Lit.

The path came out on the road by which we had

in fact driven into the town.) -У вас беспризорные унесли , а я детдомовский. -Вот детдомовские- то и разбойники .

( Каверин )

-It was homeless kids that stole it from you , but I belong to the children's home . -It's exactly the children's home kids that are a bunch of robbers . (2 ) When expressing the idea that one thing is in fact identical with another, the object of the verb or some other modifying element

(e.g. a

prep-

ositional phrase ) that would ordinarily follow the verb is placed first for emphasis , and the и stands between it and the verb . Sentences of this kind correspond to English ' It was . . . that . . . ' .

Послушала

она ,

поняла , -- караулят

кого- то .

А

ее

и

караулили .

(Бажов) She listened and understood --they were lying in wait for someone . And it was she that they were lying in wait for.

148

В кабинете директора два окна.

Из них и свет идет .

·

The director's office had two windows . It was from them that the

light came . .... d . Used in a sentence of two clauses , emphasizing that the second thing does indeed happen without fail when --and only when-- the first thing happens. The и can stand either at the beginning of the second clause , as in English , or between the subject and predicate of the second clause , as has already been shown to be common in Russian . ( 1 ) With the и at the beginning of the second clause , as in English : Диспетчеры велят водителям ехать куда- то , и они едут . The dispatchers tell the drivers to go somewhere , and they go. Семечко , взойдет .

допустим ,

живое ,

а

не

всхожее .

А

погрей

его-- и оно

(Троепольский ) .

The seedlet is alive but not germinating, let us say.

But just

warm it, and it sprouts . (2 ) With the и between the subject and predicate of the second clause :

Взял толью в руки эту штучку , а она и развалилась . All I did was pick it up, and it came apart in my hands . а . . .и . . . .) (This is a frequent pattern : . . . . , a Говорят :

сегодня вот чем занимайтесь , я и занимаюсь .

They say " Here's what you're to work on today'' , and I work on it.

Не мешаю я вам , вы и оставьте меня . I'm not bothering you , and you let me alone too. e. Used in concessive and contrastive clauses : ' Even if ...', ' Even though ... ', 'It's true ..., but . . . ' .

If both subject and predicate are stated in normal

order, with the predicate following the subject , the и stands between them . If the predicate is emphasized by putting it before the subject, or if either the subject or predicate is not expressed , then the и stands directly before the principal element in the clause --which in practice usually puts the и first in the clause . Sentences of this kind are sometimes introduced by воT. Вот он и хитёр, тем не менее он очень мил . It's true he's tricky, but nevertheless he's very likable .

Они и менее опытны тебя , а лучше работают. Even though they're less experienced than you , they're doing a better job . И крупный человек Костя , а стушевался .

( Троепольский)

Kostya was indeed a big fellow, but he made himself unobtrusive . И убьешь - то его , так проку от него нет .

( Салтыков)

Even if you kill him , there's no good to be got out of him.

149

f . Used at the beginning of exclamations , asserting that something is an outstanding and notable instance of its kind . А

ога Да .

the

The и is often preceded by an

The word that refers to what is'notable comes directly after

u , and is very commonly followed by a же .

subject or verb , or both , they follow thereafter.

If there is an expressed

To summarize , the type is :

( 1 ) ( А / Да / Да ну Да уж +) и + Adj , long ( + же/уж) ( + Noun / Pron , Nom) (+ Vb) (2 ) ( А /Да / Да ну /Да уж + ) и + Adj , short ( + же/уж) ( + Noun/Pron , Nom) (+ Vb) (3 ) (А / Да’Да ну /Да уж

(4) ( (5) (

+ ) и + Adverb ( + же / уж) ( + Noun/ Pron , Nom) ( +Vb) "" "" ).( ) ( ") ) и + Noun , Nom ( "" ) И + Noun , Gen ( ) (") ) (

( 1 ) И веселый же ты сегодня!

My , you certainly are cheerful today ! Вся округа его знает .

Да и неприятный же сосед!

The whole neighborhood knows him. What an unpleasant neighbor !

Да и мировая же у тебя , брат , машина! Wow , what a swell car you've got , fella!

(2 ) И горяч ты , нечего сказать ! Well , you ARE hot -tempered , I must say !

(3 ) И ловко она правит . She certainly does drive skillfully.

(4 ) Да и жара же! What awful heat!

А и аспид же он ! What a stinker he is! И мастерица уж она стряпать ! Is she ever a whiz at cooking!

What a cap you've got on !

Да и погода же была! What weather that was!

Да и грязь же какая! What awful mud ( there was ) !

(5 ) Да и грязи же ! What a lot of mud (there was ) !

1

Да и шапка же у тебя !

150

g. Used at the beginning of other exclamations , where the и can be translated with an ' And' or ' Now ' , referring to the remarks that have preceded or to the situation that forms the background .

The exclamation is often in the

form of a question , and hence the word after the и is often an interrogative word.

И не стыдно тебе? And aren't you embarassed? И не убьет же бог громом этакого аспида !

(Салтыков)

And to think that God doesn't strike a viper like that dead with a thunderbolt !

И зачем я сказал им это! Now , what ever did I tell them that for?! И откуда все это берется? And where does all this stuff come from?/Now, where are we getting all this ? h . Often

after demonstrative

and correlative adverbs and pronouns ,

lending

emphasis or reinforcement , sometimes only slight . (1 ) After demonstratives вот , так, это:

Вот тут - то Алексей и совершил промах .

( Полевой )

Right at this point Aleksey made a mistake . Вот эти деньги он и отложил .

This money he put aside . Так и работать нельзя . That's no way to work.

Так ему и надо. That's what he deserves./It serves him just right . Так и быть.

Well, all right then ( , that's what we'll do) . Так оно и есть , они улизнули . That's just the way it is . ( --i.e . , Just as I thought . ) They've bugged out . Хорошо ! Fine !

Так вы ему и скажете . You tell him exactly that .

Это и есть наука. This is what Science really is . Этим разговор и кончился . With that the discussion ended .

151

Demonstratives with a reinforcing и sometimes refer to an expected result . (See also under BOT & TAK . )

Я думал , можно они в саду .

Так оно и было .

I thought they might be in the garden .

And so it was.

А вот и вокзал . But here is the railroad station ./And here we are at the station. (2 ) After an interrogative used to introduce a clause : (See also $ 2c , a question as the object of the main verb . ) Он переселился в Москву , где и жил еще двадцать лет .

He moved to Moscow , where he lived another twenty years . Тригорин

вернулся

следовало ожидать . Trigorin

к

своим

прежним

привязанностям ,

как и

( Чехов)

returned

to his former affections , as was to be

expected.

А

я

( Л.

что

и

Толстой , (Nikita's

видела

не

видала ,

что

И слышала

не слыхала .

Власть тьмы) mother (having come

upon him flirting with his

master's wife ) :) What

I saw

I didn't see ,

and what I

heard I didn't hear.

( --i.e . , If anyone asks me , I won't tell what I saw and heard. )

И in DOUBLED- WORD CONSTRUCTIONS : See also under Doubled -Word Constructions . 1. Positive a . Ipf Pres or Past + n + same form Noun ( naming an action ) + n + same form --long , constant , uninterrupted action .

(Similar to English . )

Говорит и говорит без конца. He talks and talks endlessly . Они спали и спали целый день. They kept right on sleeping all day.

Крики и крики . There was yelling and more yelling. b . Adj (Nom short ) + u + same form Noun

+ и + same form

Vb ( Ipf or Prf)

+ и + same form

--intensity, high degree of a quality

152

Ты неправ и неправ. You're completely wrong. Там скука и скука. It is an utter bore there ..'There's nothing there more boredom.

but

boredom

and

Не понимаю и не понимаю.. I simply can't understand it at all .

Пристал

пристал.

и

He kept at us and at us about it. c . Any form + и + same form

--categorical , insistent assertion . Учитесь и учитесь! Study ! Above all study ! Нет и нет ! No! Absolutely no! d . Any form + и + same form ""

--admission , assumption : " All right , let's say

·

-Глуп , говорит , ты! —Ну , глуп и глуп .

Не впервые мне это от него слышать .

-He says you're stupid ! -All

right , let's say I'm stupid .

This isn't the first time I've

heard that from him. e . Noun ( Nom ) + и + same form (Similar to KАК §8 . ) --ordinariness , typicalness (especially of appearance)

лошадь и лошадь a horse like any other horse/just a plain old horse f. Any form + и + same form --in referring to what someone was always saying.

А он только в свое время и в свое время. But all he ever said was " in due time , in due time . ' Прежде

был

всё

Степой и Степой, а теперь называют Степан

Андреевичем . Before , he was always " Stepa " , but now people call him Stepan Andreevich . g. Interrogative pronoun + n + same form of interrog. pron .

--multiplicity , numerousness Кто и кто эти люди?

Who ARE all these people?

153

2. Negative и не .

in

и не .

--uncertainty , dubiousness

Он верил и не верил этому слуху. He believed the rumor and he didn't believe it either. Он и похож и не похож на него. He resembles him, but not entirely.

И --IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

АИ

вот и

ДА И НУ И Always precedes the repeated word or phrase . The word repeated is sometimes a noun , but is usually a verb. The form of the verb is normally changed to fit the point of view of the second speaker. Two very common patterns are : 1. a 1st person sg or pl Future (usually Prf) in reply to an Imperative, 2. an Imperative in reply to an Indicative or an Infinitive. Replies of this kind are used when the second speaker agrees with the basic idea ( --which is expressed in the word that he picks up and repeats- ) , but objects to the spirit in which it was mentioned to him.

He feels that the first speaker fails

to see his point of view. He regards the first speaker's remark as in some way unwarranted : as needless advice , or as nagging, or as an unreasonable demand , or as an uninformed opinion , or as an unwanted opinion , or as a meddlesome assumption of authority, or as in some such way inappropriate and objectionable . The attitude is one of " Yes , but stop making such an issue of it . ” The second speaker's assertion of his own point of view may be either aggressive and insistent or else defensive and placating, sometimes even apologetic . The particle

by itself is used for either attitude :

aggressive or defensive .

The compound form да и is associated with the more aggressive and self-assertive attitude . The compound form нy и is usually associated with the more defensive and placating attitude .

EXAMPLES : -Иди ! -11 пойду , ей богу ! -Come here ! -Well, I AM going to come , for Pete's sake !

154

- Мы сами устроим все эти дела.

-Вот и устройте. -We'll arrange all these things ourselves . -Fine !

Go ahead and arrange them .

-Тогда, что хотите . . .хоть расстреляйте . . .

-И расстреляем! -строго сказал Дубов .

( Фадеев )

-Then do whatever you like ... Shoot them, if you want to... -"We certainly will shoot them ," said Dubov sternly.

-Ваше дело богу молиться .

-Я и молюсь , да уж что- то бог моих молитв не слушает .

(Чехов)

-The thing for you to do is pray to God. -1

do pray , but for some reason God doesn't listen to my prayers .

-Ты на меня рассчитивай , Павло ,

я не подведу.

-Я и рассчитываю . ( Макаренко) -You count on me , Pavlo , I won't let you down.

-( Indeed ) I AM counting on you . -А я думала, что все знают этот способ . -И знают , да не все им пользуются . -I thought everybody knew this way of doing that. -They do know , but they don't all use it .

Николай смеялся: —Зенитчица, фронтовичка... —Ну и зенитчица и фронтовичка , а грозы боюсь. Nikolai laughed . and . . . !"

( В. Некрасов)

"She's an anti-aircraft gunner, a front-line soldier,

-" Yes , I'm an anti -aircraft gunner and a front-line soldier, but I'm afraid of a thunderstorm. ' (Сатин : ) ... Я был образованным человеком ... знаешь? (Бубнов : ) Слыхал ... сто раз . Ну и был ... . . . эка важность ! ( Горький) • you know? (Satin:) I was an educated man .

( Bubnov :) I heard it ... a hundred times . what?

И ЕСТЬ See under EСТЬ .

All right , so you were . So

155

+ как 44

predicate adj + verb

И- И + какой 44

(+ repetition)

+ predicate noun + attributive adjective

Same uses and meanings as ax in same combinations . See under AX.

и то 1. Characterizes

whatever is referred to as independent of other circumstances .

pointing out that it was true all along , and was NOT brought about by them. The characteristic pattern is this : the и To occurs in the second of two statements , and conveys that the second statement is already true regardless of whether the first statement ever comes to be true . The point of view is one of looking from the present to the immediate future .

' as it is'

' as things stand now '

' even so '

' in any case'

' anyway'

' entirely aside from that'

' and anyway'

'without that'

' already (Compare и тaк and (и ) без тогo , similar in meaning . ) Не попрекайте , не попрекайте , я уж и то себя проклинаю . Don't reproach me , don't reproach me , I'm already cursing myself as it is . Непременно

достань

их да привези .

Мне и то один раз досталось за то ,

что я на прошлой неделе забыл о них . Get them and bring them without fail. I've already caught hell once as it is for forgetting about them last week.

- Вы свободны теперь? - Садитесь !

У нас новый вопрос есть .

Я и то хотел поговорить с вами .

-Are you free now? We've got a new problem.

-Have a seat ! I wanted to talk with you in any case. 2.

и то

да и то Similar to something,

1.

Characterizes whatever is referred to as NOT affected by

contrary to the result that might naturally be expected .

The и тo

stands in the second of two statements and emphasizes that the second statement is true even though the first has also been true . of looking from the present back to the past .

The point of view is one

Often in appended afterthoughts

that enlarge on the preceding remark or comment further. ' and even then' •

' and even so , and . . . at that . '

156

Словом , в конце полугодия мы с Катей только раз собрались на каток-- и то не катались .

( Каверин )

In a word, at the end of the half year Katya and I had made the decision to go to the skating rink only once --and even then we didn't skate . Мы не знакомы .

Встретились три года назад , и то вскользь .

We aren't acquainted . We met three years ago , and even then it was casually . (OR:

. , and at that it was casually. )

Он лишь изредка пьет водки , да и то немного . He drinks any vodka only once in a while , and not much at that. Вы хоть слушаете , я и то благодарен .

( Л. Толстой )

You have at least listened to me , and for even that I am grateful . ( --In this last example , the contrast is by implication :

Simply listening

is all the hearer has done , but even then the speaker is grateful . ) 3.

и то ведь и то да и то Introduces remarks that affirm or substantiate what has just been said . (See И TO in replies containing repetitions , below . )

'indeed '

' And in fact . . .'

'And so it is'

' actually'

' As a matter of fact , . . .'

Никак он закончил?

И то он .

So he seems to have finished? That he has indeed! Скоро наступит весна . ' И то зелено всё уже . Spring will come soon . And in fact everything is green already .

и то

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

А И ТО

ДА И ТО May stand at the beginning of a reply containing a repetition , or at the end of it. In either case , in speaking there is no pause between the particle -phrase and the rest of the reply . preceding speech :

The word repeated is whatever word had the logical stress in the usually a verb or noun that contituted the predicate ; less

commonly, an adverb or an object .

Sometimes the repeated word appears in the form

of a related word : the same root with a different prefix, or simply a synonym . 1. Expresses affirmation , agreement with the point of view of the other speaker, friendly acceptance of a piece of advice or an invitation or a reminder, etc. The meaning of и то is the same as that of и то # 3 ( и то / ведь и то /да и то) , above ; it is only that it occurs more commonly in replies containing repetitions .

157

'I sure will • · ./I sure am .. ./1 sure did . ..

' That's right, · ' . . . is right '

' sure enough '

' You're darned right I'll . .

'You bet . . .'

-Тебе бы поторопиться. -И то поторопиться .

( OR :

Торопиться и то . )

-You'd better get a move on . -Get a move on is right .

—А он , стало быть , сердит был , что ли ? -А и то сердит .

Бешенствовал .

-But I suppose he was mad , then , huh ? -You bet he was mad . He was raving .

2. Expresses agreement , but also indicates that what was advised or suggested or pointed out by the other speaker is in fact what is actually the case , or is already being done anyway . ' That's what I'm doing'

' But I AM

-ing'

'Sure I did '

-Торопись , торопись !

-И то тороплюсь. -Hurry, hurry ! -I AM hurrying. -Водки , чай , привез,

—И то привез. -You brought some vodka , I suppose?

-Sure I brought some . -Что это ты так говоришь ?

Точно профессор какой.

-Да и то профессор . -What do you talk like that for? It's just as if you were some sort of professor .

-But I am a professor. -Ты в кабаку не пойди сегодня .

Драка будет , как всегда.

-Я и то не пойду. -Don't you go to the tavern today . There'll be a brawl , as always . -I'm not going anyway.

(ДА) И ТО СКАЗАТЬ And in fact , . .

And the fact is , And it must be admitted that ... There's no getting away from it that . . .

158

11 ТОТ (И ТА ,’И TO’И TE , etc. )

(Cf. II TO $ 2 . Cf. ДАЖЕ ( + И ТО ) . )

Equivalent in sense to и то $ 2 , things

rather than instances .

has been said before .

and even then ' , but used to refer to persons and

Often in appended afterthoughts that amplify what

Sometimes preceded by даже .

'even ' 11 даже милиционеры-- и те засмеялись . And even the policemen started laughing. Главный редактор -- и тот не поймет . The editor-in-chief--even he can't understand it .

Здесь нечего читать .

Стенную газету и ту убрали .

There isn't anything to read here . They even took away the bulletin board newspaper .

IT : Numerous variants in dialects

идеть

ихти

идить

найсти

итеть

пайсти

иттить Forms in - ть are typically Southern , though иттить is widespread and occurs in the West and Northwest also.

Пить is Southwestern .

ИЗТИ К МОКРУ ' get wet ' , ' get soaked through ' ( мокру : old Dative short form . )

II дожди здесь ! Пока доберёшься через двор , всё идет к мокрую And the rains they have here!

By the time you get across the yard , every-

thing you've got on is soaked through .

ИДТИ "ПОЙТИ

НА + Асс

(literary:) ' accept ' , ' agree to ' ; ( slang:) ' go along with ' , " buy" .

Первые летчики шли на страшные опасности . The earliest flyers accepted frightful dangers . Забастовщики пошли на мировую. The strikers agreed to a peaceful settlement . Вот это да! Я пойду на это ! That's the ticket !

I'll go along with that ! I'll buy that !

Он убеждал- убеждал , доказывал- доказывал , но не пошли на то. He tried and tried to persuade them, he argued and argued , but they wouldn't go along with it .

159

ИATII HA + Loc . (of rates:) ' be based on ' , ' go by' У нас зарплата идет на основных работах . At our place , wages go by basic jobs .

ИЗ СЕБЯ See under CЕБЯ .

ИЗВЕСТНО

-- IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

Stands at the beginning of a repetition . The word repeated is whatever word was logically stressed in the preceding speech :

usually a verb or noun or adjective

that constitutes the predicate ; less commonly, an adverb or an object . Used in strong affirmations of what has just been said . 'Yes indeed (it's ) ...'

' certainly' 'That's right,. . . ! ' 'You're darned right ,

—Умный он. - Известно умный . -He's a smart fellow . -You're darned right he's a smart fellow.

изволить

+

Ipf Inf

'deign to .. ..' Now often used ironically to Originally, ' be willing to · · express displeasure , like English ' be so good as to . . ' 'see fit to ., ' ' decide to

. ,'' ' have to ..., ' ' go and ...' Куда ты изволил пропасть?

Where did you decide to disappear to? Совещание было назначено на пятое :

так

нет ,

председатель

изволил

заболеть. The meeting was scheduled for the 5th ; but no , the chairman went and got sick. Вы взяли бумажки .

Так извольте отдать .

You took the papers . All right , be so good as to hand them over. Ты по магазичам шляешься , а я- то тебя на углу изволь дожидаться .

You run around in the stores , and I'm supposed to just kindly wait on the corner for you.

160

ИЗВОЛИТЬ :

ИЗВОЛЬ( ТЕ)

Used to express agreement , consent . 'All right ,

' Fine !, ' ' Okay , ' ' Very well , ' ' Whatever you want.'

Изволь , я схожу за ним . All right , I'll go after them. Вы хотели знать , что мы тут делаем .

Извольте , я вам скажу .

You wanted to know what we're doing here. Very well , I'll tell you .

ИЗ - ПОД =113-3a. ' because of , ' ' due to , ' ' out of, ' ' through ' (popular & dialectal ) из- под неосторожности , ' due to carelessness ' из- пол уважения к нему , ' out of respect for him '

из- поз стрaxa , ' from fear'

11.711 1. Used when changing one's mind or correcting oneself, much as in English . ' Or no , I mean . . .' ' Or no .

guess I'll . ....'

' Or come to think of it, . . .' Ты пожалуйста ступай туда за . . . , или нет , тебя здесь надо будет . You please go there to get the . . ., or no, we'll need you here. Нет , не стоит пойти туда . . . ,’ или пойду ! No, it's not worth while going there . ·

or come to think of it , I will

go! 2. ии/иль & (popular speech :) али/альай Used when suggesting alternative ideas , when the speaker is not sure what is the case or what is the explanation of some situation . the same way .

Пейте же чай .

' Or' is used in English in

Или слишком крепок,

Drink your tea.

Or is it too strong?

А ты чего так рано? Поезд- то будет через час ...Иль с женой поругался? ( В.

Лукашевич) But why are you here so early? It'll be an hour before the train is here. Or did you have a fight with your wife?

3. или /иль & (popular speech :) али /аль /ай Derived from # 2 above is a use that English ' or' does not have , where или simply introduces a question . Questions of this kind often have a чтo or что же before the или .

161

' maybe '

' Could it be that . . . ?

' perhaps '

(The или need not always be translated . )

Is it possible that . . . ?

А что ж , аль зазяб? What's the matter, are you cold? Что ж , или не признаешь меня? What ! Don't you know me?

Ай болит что?

Do you have a pain somewhere? Аль не рад , что это так вышло ? Aren't you glad it turned out this way? 4. Also derived from $ 2 , above , but carried even farther than $ 3 , is a use where the question introduced by или али etc. is only a rhetorical question :

the sentence

is in form a question but in meaning is an expression of the speaker's absolute conviction that the opposite of the words used is what is really so . In this use , или, али is similar to разве and неужели .

' Do you think . . . ?' ' Do you mean to say . . . ? '

' Is anybody going to try to tell me (that) . . .? ' ' ... or something? '

Я спрошу его .

Или я боюсь?

I'll ask him. Do you think I'm afraid to? ( Lit .:

Or am I afraid to ( , do you think) ?)

Вот так оправдывается !

Да али мы дураки .

That's some excuse he gives ! What are we supposed to be , fools or something?

Или ты не знал об этом? Do you mean to say you didn't know about that?

ИЛИ ЖЕ

or else . .. . . , or , on the other hand , . . .

.... ИЛИ КАК

'... or whatever ' -Так , труба перебита .

А какая?

Где она крепится к двигателю?

-ily , посреди , ну около этого ... а... как его . . .насоса, насоса это , или как . -Okay , there's a tube broken . the engine?

But which one? Where does it fasten onto

162

-Well , in the middle , sort of near this .

. .uh . . .whatchamacallit . . .near

the pump, this thing near the pump or whatever.

. . .ИЛИ НЕ . . . , А / НО . . . Refers to a circumstance that will make no difference in the outcome , much as in English , except that the following clause that states the outcome is regularly introduced by an a оr а но .

e.g. рад или не рад : like it or not сердись или не сердись : ( whe ther you ) get mad or not охота или не охота:

feel like it or not

Уж рад или не рад , а туда пойдешь .

Like it or not , you're going to go there. Охота или не охота, а сделают , как им велено . Feel like it or not , they're going to do as they're told . Хозяин тебя извинит или не извинит , но я тебе дам по носу , милый мой . The boss can let you off or not , but I'm going to punch you one in the nose, buster.

ИЛИ :

ЧТО (Ж) ..

Или ...

See ИЛИ, §3 .

ильно See under AX .

ИМАТЬ + Ipf Inf Forms : sg

(dialectal :

Northern. ) pl

-имём OR имем

1. имӳ 2. имёшь OR ймешь —имёте OR ймете 3. ИМЕТ OR имет

-имут

Used as alternative to быть for forming Ipf Fut . Что ты им сказать- то имешь? What are you going to tell them? See also under ИМЕТЬ.

163

11MEHHO 1. Expressing that what is said is beyond doubt , and that the word used is absolutely the right word for it. 'absolutely '

' simply'

'positively'

'nothing but'

Поверьте мне , это не так .

Они мечтают , да именно мечтают !

Believe me , that's not the way it is .

They're daydreaming , absolutely

daydreaming! Страшный , можно сказать , день был !

Именно уж страшный , никогда не

забуду! It was a really frightful day !

Absolutely frightful ! I'll never forget it!

2. Expressing that one thing coincides with another, that two things that are mentioned are in fact one and the same . Так бы , кажется , взял да и уехал ; а уехать- то именно и нельзя . In the circumstances , it seems as if he would simply leave ; but leave is just what he can't do. Он , именно он мудрит , он эту канитель разводит ! ( Салтыков) It's him , he's the one that is splitting hairs ; he's the one that's dragging this business out !

3. In replies ' Exactly ' 'That's exactly right Replies of this kind often contain repetitions from the preceding remark : —Так я это ему посылаю , не так ли? - Именно ему .

-So I'll send it to him, right? -That's exactly right . Send it to him./Right , he's the one.

ИМЕТЬ

as Future auxiliary .

(NONSTANDARD IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN . ) (See also IIMATb , still used as an auxiliary verb in some Northern dialects . ) Considered old-fashioned and flavored with officialese , but still occasionally encountered , is иметь used as an auxiliary verb. The use of иметь with an Infinitive indicates action in the future , with a suggestion that it is obligatory : the action is not simply predicted , but is expected because it has the weight of authority behind it . Заседание имеет быть в девять часа.

The meeting is to be at nine o'clock .

164

Note also that while имать in present-day dialectal use is used with Imperfective Infinitives , and simply indicates futurity , иметь is found with Perfective Infinitives : " Барклай за обедом передал . • что князь Андрей имеет явиться в квартиру Бенигсена , в шесть часов вечера.

( -Л .

Толстой)

After dinner Barclay brought the order that Prince Andrei was to appear

in Benigsen's quarters at six p.m. Seemingly similar , but not quite the same in construction or meaning is иметь + что( -то) + Inf , used exactly like ‘ have something to

''' in English :

Вы еще что имеете сказать , товарищ? Do you have something further to say, Comrade?

ино/инось ин /

(pop . sp . )

Used in expressions of decision to do something or agreement to do something. Indicates that it is a decision made in view of the circumstances .

Often indicates

that the speaker is changing his mind and deciding to abandon a previous course of action. The и

usually stands at the beginning of its clause ; less commonly , inside it.

' All right ,. . . '

' Okay , ... ' ' Then ...

' All right , then , .. • · 'Very well ,

' In that case , . . . '

.

' Very well , then , · · Вот уж шестую неделю так- то с ним маемся! Ин искать уж другого! Here it is the sixth week that we're having such a terrible time with him !

All right , then , we'll look for another one !

Ин возьми , если тебе нужно. Okay, take it , if you need it. Ну ладно , пусть будет ин по- твоему !

All right , have it your way , then !

ИНДА /ИНДО /ИННО

(dialectal & pop . sp. ) (Cf. аж . )

1. ' indeed , ' ' really' , ' actually' , ' positively. ' С ярости инда она плакала. She positively wept with rage . 2. 'so that, ' ' to the point where , ' ' until . '

Я учился исчислению , инда и теперь помю. I studied calculus so that even now I remember it.

165

ИНИЦИАЛЫ

(colloq. )

-имя и отчество, ' first name and patronymic . ' Сейчас вспомнил , Павел Николаевич его инициалы, вот как. I just remembered , his first two names are' Pavel Nikolaevich , that's what they are.

ино 1. = ведь .

( pop. sp . ) Не ляг ! Ино заниматься надо. Don't lie down !

2. = же

Because we've got to get busy.

( regional)

Пойди ино посмотри! Just you go and take a look ! Ты где ино теперь? Just where are you now? 3. ино/ нино . (dialectal : Southern) .ино or . ино. · . ' either..

. ' ; нино . . .нино.

' either. . .or. •

.

Инно -ИНДА $2 , so that , ' ' to the point where . '

See ИНДА .

ИНО /ИНОСЬ See ИН .

ИСКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНО

(AS REPLY) (colloq.)

Used as a sprightly all -purpose positive answer, like English ' Oh , absolutely , ' ' Oh , definitely , ' ' You bet , ' etc. -Тебе понравился фильм? -Исключительно! -Did you like the movie?

-Definitely ! -Ну , как , много пришлось поработать? -Исключительно! -Well , what say , did it give you a lot of work to do? -Absolutely !

166

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАET (pop. sp. & dialectal : Northern)

= использует, 'makes use of The -OBа- appears in all the forms ofthe Present Tense. It appears in the same way in the Present Tense forms of all verbs in -овать, of which использовать is the commonest example. In other words, popular and Northern dialectal speech treat verbs in -овать like verbs in -ывать and -ивать.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАЕТСЯ (nonstandard)

= использует, 'makes use of This form has not only -ова- instead of the literary standard -y-, but also a gratuitous -ся, apparently due to confusion with пользоваться.

ИТТИТЬ / ИТИТЬ / ИДИТЬ (dialectal)

See under ИДТИ .

ИТЬ (pop. sp. )

= ведь Горяч ои, дюже горяч, а ить любим мы его геройство: жизии он своей не жалеет. (Фадеев) He's hasty, very hasty, but you see, we love him for his heroism: he's not concerned about his own life. Вечером дед Михайла потирал руки: -Ить и ничего решили министеры-то мои Долговолосые. А, Алекса? (Полевой) That evening Gramp Mikhail rubbed his hands as he said, 'I tell you, Aleksei, it's not bad at all, the plan my long-haired cabinet ministers (i.e. , the women of the collective) have decided on. "

ИХ (as adverbial particle) Cf ЕГО, p112, & EE, p113 . Expresses doubt, uncertainty, perplexity about the circumstances in general .

- Сапоги-то нашлись, Яша? - He-e! Черт их знает, куда делись. (-Панфёров) Have the boots been found, Yasha? - No! The devil knows where-all they've gotten to.

ИХНИЙ ИХНЫЙ

ИХНОЙ (-dialectal) Possesive adjective, = их, 'their'. Popular speech . More commonly used than евонный and ейный. Лошадь точно ихняя-с; только продать они ее не продавали. (-Тургенев) The horse is theirs, for a fact, sir; only as for selling it, they never have. В ихнем кругу всегда так делают. (А.Н. Островский) In their set they always do things that way.

167

Поклажа-то стоит дешевле ихнего проезда. (-Достоевский) The luggage costs less than their travel. Люблю интеллигентных людей за безкорыстие ихнее, за честное отношение к работе.с. (-Горький) I love educated people for their unselfishness, and for their honest attitude toward work.

ИШО (dialectal)

= еще

ИШЬ ( = ВИШЬ = ВИДИШЬ) (рор. sp. ) Ишь ты is a frequent combination. 1. Expresses surprise: either surprise alone or surprise accompanied by either pleasure or displeasure. Ишь ты usually indicates displeasure, though not invariably.

Ишь ведь, а у меня и не записано! Good gosh , I don't have that down here in my notes! Ишь, какой разумник! My, what a clever fellow! И

-то ведь как! Well, what do you think of that!

2.

Used to call someone's attention to something. Ишь, льет- поливает! Just look at the way that rain pours down! Ишь, всё в пыли! Hey, there's dust all over everything!

3. In Replies Containing Repetitions: Ишь, ишь ты, and вишь, вишь ты are all used. Expresses surprise, usually with displeasure. The particle ишь, ишь ты, etc. , may stand at either the beginning or the end ofthe repetition. -Взял лист, и пиши! ."Пиши”, ишь, ты! Писать что? -Take a piece ofpaper and start writing! -"Write,"for heaven's sake! What am I supposed to be writing?

ИЩО (dialectal)

= еще.

168

169

-KA (colloq .) (Regional & pop. sp. variants:

- KO - кась - KOCь

- тка - TKO ·• ткась

- ткось.) 1. -кa + Ipf/Prf Imp 2 sg/pl The suffix -ka makes an Imperative less peremptory and more personal, friendly, and familiar. It is used for asking, inviting, and urging. It can also be used ironically, lending an edge ofpretended pleasantness to what is really a threat.

genuine urging:

ironic:

'Please ...'

'Do ...' 'Come on, please ...'

'Won't you ...' 'Please do ...'

'What do you say, ...'

'Just ...' 'You'd better ...'

'Be so good as to ...'

'Kindly ...'

Зайдите- ка к нам Please do drop by and see us. Просмотри-ка вот это. Двух минут не займет. Won't you please look this over? It won't take two minutes. Расскажи- ка нам об этом. Do tell us about it. Это я принимаю решения здесь. Запомните-ка это! I'm the one that makes the decisions here. Kindly keep that in mind! Убирайся-ка, милый мой, а не то достанется тебе! You just get out of here, buster, or you're going to get it!

2. -кa + Imp 2 sg in if-clause of a conditional sentence The suffix -ka, when added to an Imperative used to form an if- clause, adds a shading ofthe suggestion that it is only necessary for the person being spoken to to try doing the same thing himself, in order to see immediately what the inevitable result is: 'Just ..., and ...' 'Butjust ..., and ...'

'Just try ...-ing ..., and ...' 'But just let someone .... and ...'

'Just you try ...-ing ..., and ...'

Поработай- ка с зари - будешь сердит! (Эртель) Just you try working from dawn on - you'll be bad-tempered! А возрази- ка кто, так она разбушуется. But just let anyone raise an objection, and she flies offthe handle.

3. -Ka + 1 pl As in #1 , -ka adds a tone of personal appeal to a 1 pl. used in the sense of ' Let's ...'. Поедем- ка в Ленинград Do let's go to Leningrad.

particles 4. -кa As in # 1 -кa adds a tone of familiarity and insistence to various particles which themselves are used when urging someone to accept a point of view or to do something, e.g. Давай, на, ну, поди, полно, пусть.

Preceding page blank

170

А ну- ка, прочь с дороги! All right now, clear the way! Полно- ка вам ругаться. Now that's enough of that quarreling of yours. Ты бы угостила его чаем, поесть дала бы, голодный, поди- ка. (Горький) . It would be a good thing if you'd treat him to some tea and let him have something to eat. He's hungry, one would certainly think.

5. - ка + Prf 1 sg. In expressions of casual decision. Very similar to дай(-ка)/давай ( + я) + Prf 1 sg. See ДАВАЙ/ ДАВАЙТЕ, ДАЙ / ДАЙТЕ, # 4а . 'I think I'll ...' 'I believe I'll ...'

'Maybe I'll ...'

'I guess I'll ...'

Why don't I ...' '

Схожу- ка, что ли, я за ними? Why don't I go and get them, okay? Не имею понятия. Спрошу-ка его об этом. I haven't got the slightest idea. I think I'll ask him about this.

А поеду-ка в город. I think I'll drive into town.

КАЖЕТСЯ (AS PART OF A REPLY) ' I should certainly think so.'

'I should hope so.'

-Вы знаете об этом, -Да!! Кажется. Это я написал эту цтатью. -You know about this? -Yes!! I should hope so! I'm the one who wrote this article.

КАЖИНЫЙ

(regional)

КАЖИННЫЙ

(regional)

КАЖНЫЙ

(regional)

КАЖОДНЫЙ

(uneducated)

= Каждый. Кажный is probably the variant most often used in representations of popular speech in fictional literature.

171

KAжиCь (popular speech & regional ) = кажется, ' it seems , ' ' I suppose . '

KAK In addition to its ordinary meanings of ' how , ' additional uses :

' like , ' ' as , ' kaк has a number of

1 . = как- ниōудь , ' somehow , ' ' somehow or other , ' ' some way . ' (colloq . ) На препятствие натолкнулся , но это я как устраню .

I've run into a snag , but I'll dispose of it somehow or other.

༡

- koгдa, ' when ' (colloq . ) a . 'when , ' ' as soon as' Я поговорю с ним , как сюда вернусь . I'll talk with him when I come back here. b. 'when , ' ' whenever' Как мерзла река , мы переходили на льду . When the river froze , we used to go across it on the ice . c . 'when, ' ' if, ' ' once ' Как она захочет сделать что- то , ( то /так) отговорить нельзя . If she decides she wants to do something, there's no talking her out of it.

3.

■ с тех пор , как , ' since ' . Прошло два года , как мы с ним увиделись .

Two years have gone by since he and I have seen each other. 4. = тak kak , ' as , ' ' seeing that , ' ' since , ' ' because ' (pop . sp . )

Я не вдавался в подробности , как такая штука его не интересует . I didn't go into the details , since this sort of thing doesn't interest him . = 5. Tak, ' that way, ' ' like that' (pop . sp . ) А что это ты как помыкаешь ими? What's the idea of you ordering them around like that?

6.что, ' that ' (often need not be translated ) Мы видели, как они бежали через улицу . We saw them run across the street. = чeм , ' than ' (after a Comparative ) не позднее как два часа

not later than two o'clock 8.

+ Prf.

kak + Prf. Past

+ Prf. Imp .

172

Expresses suddenness , unexpectedness , strength, intensity , or violence of an action , usually in the past .

(Often said to be expressed by как + Prf only , but all

three forms - Prf, Prf Past , or Prf Imp -- are in fact used with kak . )

споткнётся Он как споткнулся о что- то . СПОТКНИСЬ All of a sudden he stumbled over something.

9. DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTION : Expresses

ordinariness ,

как

typicalness ,

nondescript

character.

Nouns

are

most commonly used in this construction , but other words may be used as well . (Similar to И IN DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTIONS , & le , p 152. )

'Alike any other 'Just a plain old.

' simply' город как город. a town like any other town/a nondescript sort of town .

Она была одета как одета. She was just dressed in the usual way .

Я здесь живу как живу. I just get along the way everybody else here does . 10. IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS :

Kak.

2 /Да как —

?

Always stands at the beginning of the repetition , without any pause between the Kak and the repeated expression . The repeated expression is usually reproduced without change in grammatical form, but nouns with a qualitative

and charac-

terizing meaning may be changed to Nominative or left unchanged. Expresses surprise , incomprehension , and a demand for an explanation of what

has just been said, combined with various shadings of other emotions :

hostility , disbelief, mistrust, bewilderment, disapproval , displeasure , irritation , indignation , distress , etc. Sometimes there is no real failure to understand, and the form of a question is being used to express displeasure , irritation , etc. , exactly as is also done in English . (See also under КАКОЙ : ?' 'What do you mean ,

?'

'What do you mean by. 'What's this about ____

(ДА ) КАКОЙ (ТАМ /ТУТ / , ЕЩЕ , etc. ) . )

.?'

-Туда с такими пустяками не ходят . -Как пустяки ?!

( OR : Как с пустяками?! )

-People don't go there with such trifling matters . -What do you mean , ( with ) trifling matters?!

173

—Почему ты не писал? -Как не писал?

Я писал .

-Why didn't you write?

-What do you mean , didn't write?

I did write .

КАК БУДТО - See under БУДТО .

• БУДТО

$1 .

• БУДТО

§2 .

КАК БЫ -1. как бы ( + Dat ) + Inf

' How can one

in questions

..? '

' How is one supposed to ... ?'

А как бы нам собрать такую массу данных? But how are we supposed to collect such a mass of figures? 2. как бы + Inf -- in indirect-statement clauses

как бы + Past -- in indirect -statement clauses ' how ... . . . would . . . , '

' how ... . . . might ... , '

' how .. . . . could .. . . .

Он придумывал , как бы объяснить это хозяину .

He was thinking of how he might explain this to his boss./ He was thinking up ways he could explain it to his boss. Он воображал себе , как бы он объяснял свое открытие хозяину . He imagined how he would explain his discovery to the boss . ( i.e. , how he would enjoy explaining his discovery to the boss . ) 3. как бы + Past -- in exclamations ' how ... would . . . ! Как бы мне хотелось его видеть!

How I would like to see him! 4. как бы + Gerund ‘ as if . . .———————- ing , ' ' as if . . . were

_- ing '

Он упомянул это только мимоходом , как бы не считая важным . He mentioned it only in passing , as if he did not consider it important.

5. как бы + Inf -- in parenthetical phrases .

(colloq. )

' as ( one ) ... might ... ' Работа отстала.

Нам нужно , как бы сказать , выйти на орбиту!

The work has fallen behind . get out in orbit !

What we need , as one might put it, is to

174

как бы + any expression 6. кak -БУДТО §1 .

(colloq . )

See under БУДТО .

Expresses uncertainty , doubt , conjecture .

' apparently '

'I guess '

' it seems '

' as far as I can see'

' it seemed'

'(it was) as if'

Лица некоторых из них выражали как бы удивление .

The faces of some of them seemed to express surprise./

7.

The faces of some of them expressed surprise , it seemed . как бы + Past . · • + Past + быl -- in conditional sentences . = если бы , ‘ if . . . were . . . '

(pop . sp. )

Как бы услышали об этом , обрадовались бы . If they had heard about it , they would have been glad . 8. как бы не + Past . . . ! - in negative wishes and expressions of fearing как бы не ( + Dat) + Inf . . . !

' if only ... doesn't . . . !'

' I'm afraid that . . .'

' I hope ... doesn't /won't ... ! ' Used to express misgiving and apprehensiveness of some undesirable

event. Как бы не опоздать! I hope (we/they/etc ) won't be late !

Как бы мы не опоздали ! I hope we won't be late!

Как бы не гроза! If only there isn't a rainstorm !

Как бы не худое что! I hope nothing bad happens ! Сейчас вошел кто- то .

Как бы не Вася!

Somebody just came in. I hope it's not Vasya ! Боюсь , как бы нам не заблудиться!

I hope we don't lose our way ! /I'm afraid we might lose our way. Смотри , как бы не попасть в беду! Watch out you don't get into trouble !

КАК БЫ ЧЕГО НЕ ВЫШЛО 'to be on the safe side '

( lit .: ' lest anything come of it' )

'just to make sure ' This set phrase is derived from the construction with кaк бы не in negative wishes and expressions of fearing just described above , under KAK Bы $ 8.

175

Проверьте данные , как бы чего не вышло . Check the figures , just to be on the safe side .

КАК БЫ СЛОВНО -БУДТО $ 1 .

See under БУДТО .

Expresses uncertainty , doubt , conjecture .

КАК БЫТЬ

( regional)

= как раз ( и) Indicates that something is opportune , timely , or coincides with something else . ' just , ' Я

' just then , ' ' just at that moment , ' ' just at this time ' только хотел позвонить ему ,

а тот

как

быть

вошел

в контору .

I was just about to call him up , but just then he walked into the office . Indicates that something is near, real , quite likely to happen . ' just , '

' right , ' ' before you know it , '

' any time now , ' ' any minute , '

' in a

moment ' Да вишь , как снег идет ! Как быть с дороги собьешься . Look how it's snowing !

You'll be off the road before you know it .

Indicates that something corresponds completely to what is desired , to what is the model or norm .

' just , ' ' exactly , ' ' precisely , ' ' just right ' Он

новый

преподаватель

у

нас .

Сведущий

в

своем

предмете ,

энергичный , весёлый -.. как быть учитель . He's

our

new

instructor.

He's

well

grounded

in

energetic , jolly - he's everything a teacher should be . Indicates that something is exactly the way it is described . ' right . . . , ' ' exactly '

Этот магазин как быть против вокзала. That store is right across from the railroad station .

KAK :

KAK

BOT

KAK

BÓ

КАК

(vulg . )

ВОТ УЖ КАК УЖ ВОТ ДА УЖ

ВОТ

KAK KAK

+ Verb

his

subject ,

176

ДАЖЕ

KAK

BOT

КАК - ТО ЛИ ( pop . sp . ) Уж

KAK- ТО ЛИ

Expresses high degree of a quality, intensity of effect , concentration of effort . The particle or particle -combination nearly always stands directly before the word it applies to. ·. "

' Oh , how

' like nobody's business '

' Boy, how .

' like anything'

'Is it ever · · ·

'something awful'

Если бы я получил место там , уж я бы как старался ! • If I got the job there , would I ever try hard! Ох , болит у меня зуб .

Вот как болит !

Ohh, my tooth hurts .

Boy , does it ever hurt !

В понедельник будет экзамен .

Даже вот как учимся:

There'll be a test on Monday . Леса

тут

поблизости

We're studying like everything .

не знают .

Уж

как- то ли заблудятся ,

They don't know the woods hereabouts . awful ,

эво как!

They'll get lost something

and how they will !

Он вот как ждет ответ на письмо . He's anxiously awaiting a reply to his letter.

КАК ЕГО = как его зовут / называют .

Said when unable to think of the name of someone or something. Я встретился вчера с • .. а .. · как его . . . Сидоровым . uh . . . what's his name ... Sidorov . Yesterday I ran into . . . uh На прошлой неделе вышел из строя . . . как его . . . карбюратор . Last week the . . . the whatdoyoucallit . . . the carburetor went bad.

КАК ЕСТЬ See under ECТЬ , р 116 .

КАК ЖЕ 1. как же

--IN QUESTIONS

Emphatic form of как : ' just how . . . ? ' ' how exactly . . . ? ' Как же он услышал об этом?

Just how did he hear about that?

177

как же

2.

a

как же

a

то как же

ну

как же

ну и

как же

--USED ALONE AS A REPLY OR

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS .

May stand either at the beginning or at the end of a reply repetition . In either case , the кaк xe is set off by a slight

containing a

pause .

There is

usually no essential change in the repetition . Expresses

complete

conviction .

Reaffirms what is said as self-evident ,

necessarily so , undoubtedly so.

' ' Of course .. . ! 'Naturally

'Sure , why not?'

.! ‫י‬

'No question about it , . . 'But of course'

'Certainly ...!'

-Ты когда- нибудь в Ленинграде бывал? -Бывал , как же ! -Have you ever been in Leningrad?

-Of course I have! -Вы приедете в субботу?

—А как же . -You'll come on Saturday? -Naturally ! 3.

как же

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

да , как же May stand either at the beginning or at the end of a reply

repetition.

In either case , the кaк xe is set off by a

'. ..? How?'

containing a

slight pause .

'...? What nonsense !'

? Ridiculous !' ' ... ! Oh sure !'

'What an idea ! . . .!' '...! What chance is there of that?'

The predicate of the preceding remark may be repeated in any of three ways:

a . without change , or without any significant change . -Он восторгается моими планами . -Да, как же , восторгается !

Он тебя обманывает .

-He's enthusiastic about my plans . -He's enthusiastic ! What nonsense ! He's fooling you. b. with a personal verb-form replaced by another verb-form used in izations , e.g. 2nd sg.

-Золото украли? -Украдешь , как же ! ( Бажов)

-Did they steal the gold? -Steal it!

How is anybody going to do that?

general-

178

c. with a Subjunctive form replaced by a Past form.

This is an idiomatic Past

used to refer ironically to something that is sure to turn out to be very hard to do , if not impossible . -Оттого и

Были бы денежки да хорошего

что денег нет .

строго ,

, небось оправдали бы , ловчака нанять

.

.

.

.Тот ,

лохматый , носастый ,. · .из воды сухого выведет . —Как же , взяла,

как бишь его , Кабы его взять .

(Л. Н. Толстой)

-The reason she got a severe sentence is that she didn't have any money .

If there'd been money to hire a good smart lawyer, you

bet they'd have acquitted her . . . . That man , what was his

name

again, the shaggy-haired one with the big nose . . . he'd get you off clean no matter how it looked .

If only she could have gotten

him! -Gotten him !

4.

как же

What chance was there of that ? . . •

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

да как да как же

Ну как ну как же Usually in reply to a question. Expresses incomprehension of the point of the question , surprise at being asked , and slight annoyance , or else mild irritation at having to explain something that is entirely natural and obvious . ‫י‬ ' Huh , .. .! ‫"ד‬ ' Hah , • •

' You want to know . · .! " .. .. for Heaven's sake !'

· indeed !'

'What's all this stuff about . . . ?' Сколько у тебя при себе денег ?

-Послушай !

-Да как сколько? -Look here !

А ты уже знаешь , денег у меня совершенно нет! How much money have you got with you?

-You want to know how much I've got?

Why , you know I

haven't got

any at all ! -Молоток?

На что тебе?

-Помилуйте !

Как же на что?

Свой молоток прошу , а не чужой!

-The hammer? What do you want it for? -For pity's sake !

What's all this

stuff about what for?

for my own hammer, not anybody else's !

I'm asking

179

-Что вы видели там? -Ну , как что !

Я вообще ничего не видел !

-What did you see there? -Huh , what did I see?

KAK

I didn't see a blasted thing!

TO ECTЬ

TO ECTS КАК TO ЕСТЬ КАК

это

KAK

это

КАК ЖЕ ЭТО --IN REPLIES CONTAINING КАК ЖЕ ЭТО ТАК

это

KAK

ЭТО ТАК

KAK

TAK

KAK

TAK

REPETITIONS

See also KAK ЭТО , p186 .

Expresses bewilderment , incomprehension , and astonishment , sometimes with an additional

shading

of disbelief ,

'What do you mean ,

mistrust ,

disagreement ,

.?'

or readiness

'Where do you get this stuff about . . . ? '

—Ну , будь .

— Это как так будь? -Well , so long! -What do you mean , so long? -Так говорили у полковника. -То есть как это у полковника? -That's what they were saying at the colonel's . -What's all this about "at the colonel's"? -Он ударил меня , говорю , ни за что ни про что ! —Как же это так ни за что ни про что? -He hit me , I tell you , for no reason at all ! -Where do you get this stuff about for no reason at all ?

НЕ ЗНАЮ КАК (all three words run together in pronunciation)

May stand before or after the word it applies to . Expresses intensity , high degree . ' You just can't imagine how ' ' I just can't tell you how '

object.

' What do you mean by that , ... ?'

'What's this about . . .?'

КАК :

to

(colloq . )

180

Славный парень .

Не знаю как уважаю.

He's a great guy.

I just can't tell you how much I admire him .

Это ей понравится не знаю как . You just can't imagine how much this will please her.

KAK MOXHO 'when/if you get a chance' Вы как можно давайте сюда к нам приезжайте . Drive over here and visit us when you get a chance .

KAK MOжHO

-IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

May stand either at the beginning or at the end of a reply containing a repetition . Always set off in intonation from the repeated word. Expresses indignant disagreement . 'Where do you get that stuff about ...?' 'What makes you think . . . ?' 'What an idea !

•. "

'How can you say that? .. ...! , -Не пожертвуешь . -Туг !

Ты туг .

Как можно туг !

-You won't contribute .

You're tight.

-Tight ! How can you say I'm tight?

КАК НАДО БЫЛО + Inf?

What was the use of . . . -ing? Как надо было домой писать? What was the use of writing home?

KAK ... HE ... 1. + inflected verb, Ipf OR Prf Expresses immediate possibility that something is about to happen. ' on the point of———————-ing'

'just about ready to

' on the verge of of________- ing '

'about to

В каких только лавках мы не бывали ! Мы как с ног не валимся . The stores we've been in!

We're about ready to fall off our feet !

181

У меня уж , кажется , как глаза от слез не вылезут , голова как не треснет , я до смерти устала. I think my eyes are about to fall out from crying ; my head is on the verge of splitting, and I'm dead tired . Ах, наелся!

Как не лопну !

Ah , I've had all I can eat !

I'm ready to burst !

2. a. + Noun b. ( + Dat) + Inf

In these uses , the кak is always first in its clause . Expresses confident assertion , mentally contrasted with a possible doubt

or contrary assertion . ' really '

' of course '

'... is an absolute . .

'certainly'

'to be sure' Ну, как же не дурак!

Well now, what an absolute fool! Как мне здешние места не знать ! Of course I know the places around here!

KAK (... ) HE

KAK XE

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

HE

ДА КАК

HE

ДА HA KAK XE

HE

popular and uneducated speech as synonyms

HY KAK

HE

of как не . )

УЖ КАК

HE

(See also КОГДА НЕ and КОЛИ НЕ , used in

Always precedes the repeated word or words .

The word repeated is whatever

word was logically stressed in the preceding speech :

usually a verb or noun that

constituted the predicate ; less commonly, some other word emphasized because of the sense of the preceding remark. Change of form of the repeated word is common , though not obligatory: 1. Inflected verb-forms are changed to Infinitives . (--Note that in this use the replacement for нer is быть. ) 2. Adjectives , adverbs , and impersonal predicate -words (adjs in -o) are also changed to Infinitives , NOT Nominative case . Expresses convinced assertion , reaffirmation . rhetorical question .

The reply takes the form of a

The underlying sense is that of amazement at the

idea that

whatever is mentioned could possibly be thought to be otherwise than it in fact is . Frequently a reassertion of the same fact or an explanation of it follows .

182

' Of course . •

'You're darned right,

'certainly'

'What makes you think,

'to be sure'

'You better believe . . .'

I'll say : · '

'How could . .. . fail to .. .?'

not ... ?'

WITHOUT CHANGE OF FORM:

-Что ж , тебе было скучно там ? —Уж как не скучно ! Три часа разглагольствовали !

Ужас !

-What's the matter, did you have a dull time there? -I'll say it was dull ! Three hours of speechifying !

It was ghastly !

-Ты услышал об этом ? —Как, чай, не услышал ?

Ведь весь город говорит об этом .

-You heard about that? -How could I fail to hear about it , after all?

The whole town is talking

about it. -Так это- то по- вашему мошенники? -Как же не мошенники?

-So you think they're crooks? -You better believe they're crooks !

WITH CHANGE OF INFLECTED VERB TO INFINITIVE :

—Что ж , ты скучал там? -Да как не скучать! -What's the matter, did you have a dull time there? -I'll sa

it was dull !

-Разве помнишь ? -Да как же не помнить!

-Do you actually remember that? -Of course I do! -Неужели у тебя денег нет ? -Ну как у меня денег не быть ?

-Do you mean to say you haven't got any money? · -Certainly I have !

WITH CHANGE OF ADJ . OR ADV . TO INF .:

-Что ж , тебе было скучно там? -Да как не скучать! -What's the matter , did you have a dull time there? -I'll say it was dull!

183

-Рад ? -Как же не радоваться? -Are you glad ? -Why shouldn't I be glad? -Что- то он сегодня грустный. -Да как же не грустить? -For some réason he's feeling low today . -Naturally he does !

КАК НЕ НАДО + Comparative adverb

( pop . sp . )

= как нельзя ; ' couldn't be more ... '

'as . . . as you could want ' ' extremely' Опыты оказались как не надо лучше. The tests turned out extremely well . Он был изумлен как не надо больше. He couldn't have been more flabbergasted .

КАК- НИБУДЬ ПОТОМ

'later on '

КАК- НИКАК (, А) ' in spite of all that '

' be that as it may '

' in the end '

' all the same'

' still '

' one way or another '

' nevertheless ' 'however' Как- никак , а работу завершили . In spite of everything they got the job finished. Я убеждал его, что как- никак, а поездки не миновать . I tried to convince him that in the end there would be no getting out of making the trip . Дорогу занесло снегом .

Как- никак, он добрался сюда .

The road is drifted full of snow .

All the same , he got here .

184

КАК НИ (НА) ЕСТЬ - как бы ни ( было) /все равно как/ безразлично как ' somehow or other, ' ' one way or another , ' ' regardless of how .' See under ЕСТЬ :

KAK :

Interrog . pron . or adv . + НИ (НА) ЕСТЬ , p118-9 .

А КАК НИЧЕГО

But it isn't anything serious .

КАК ПОЛОЖЕНО

= как следует , ' properly , ' ' the way it ought to be .

КАК РАЗ (И) = как быть.

See under КАК БЫТЬ .

KAK PA3 + adv. Подожди ! Wait !

Ты как раз быстро .

Как пишется это ?

You went so darned fast .

How do you spell that ?

КАК РОВНО · БУДТО

$1.

See under БУДТО .

Expresses uncertain supposition , doubt , conjecture .

KAK TAK --IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

See under KAK :

КАК И ЧТО

" ( ТО ЕСТЬ ) КАК (ЖЕ ) (ЭТО) ( ТАК) etc" , р . 179 .

( pop. sp . )

' what the situation is '

' the details '

' what's going on '

' the scoop'

Поехали туда , посмотрели , как там и что. They went there and saw what was going on there.

Чтоб доложил как и что , как вернется. Have him report what the situation is as soon as he gets back.

185

KAK-TO 1. ' somehow, ' ' somehow or other' Он как- то выдержал экзамены. Somehow he got through the examinations . 2. 'somehow, ' ' for some reason '

Этот роман как- то мне не нравится . For some reason I don't care for that novel . 3. 'somehow , ' ' sort of, ' ' rather , ' ' somewhat , ' ' in a . . . sort of way, ' ' what you might

if you know what I mean .'

call ..

Used when the speaker either feels that the matter he is talking about

is not

entirely clear to him, or cannot think of a word that exactly fits . Он ничего не отвечал .

Он только как- то усмехнулся и ушел .

He didn't answer at all . Я возьму эту шляпу .

He just sort of grinned , and left .

Она как- то солиднее .

I'll take this hat . It's more dignified , if you know what I mean . Ежиков посмотрел на бумажку как- то рассеяно и возвратил ее молча Федору.

( Фурманов)

Ezhikov looked at the piece of paper in an absent-minded sort of way and handed it back to Fyodor without saying anything. 4. ' at some time or other ,' ' once , ' ' one day. '

Я как- то на днях увидел его на улице . I saw him once a couple of days ago on the street . Как- то поздно ночью я ходил на берегу . Once late at night I was walking on the shore . 5. (emphatic in questions ) ' how ?' , ' just how . . .? ' , ' how the deuce ...?' Как- то успели сделать всё это ? How the deuce did they have time to do all that? 6. (at the beginning of an enumeration)

' like , ' ' such as , ' ' namely, ' ' which are , ' ' for example , ' ' including' Целый

набор инструментов

принес ,

как- то молот ,

клещи ,

отвертки , и

т . д.

He

brought

a

whole

set

of

tools ,

including a hammer ,

screwdrivers , etc.

KAK- тO лИ

(рop . sp. ) See p 176 .

Strengthened form of кak expressing intensity or high degree . Уж как- то ли заблудятся , эво как! Boy are they ever going to get lost , and how! (Cf. Eng. pop . sp. "Boy are they some kind of going to get lost !"' )

pliers ,

186

KAK- TO PA3 = KAK- TO

KAK:

4 , ' at some time or other,' ' once'

YX BOT KAK

Strengthened form of ( BOT ) кaк expressing intensity or high degree .

See (BOT) KAK,

p 175-6. Да уж вот как стараться буду , уж вот как . . .

Boy, am I really going to try, I really will . . .

КАК ЭТО

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

See under KAK :

" ( TO ECть ) KAK ( XE ) ( TO ) ( TAK) etc. " -- p 179 .

When the repeated word from the preceding speech is a verb , the verb may 1. have its its personal ending changed in the reply if the second speaker is simply thinking of how he himself is affected by this situation , or 2. be quoted without change of form , showing a stronger emotional reaction . 'What do you mean , .... ? ' 'Who says ...? ' 'What's this about . . .?'

'What do you mean by that , . . . ?'

'Where do you get this stuff about . . .?'

WITH CHANGE OF FORM :

—Он уходит ! -Как это ухожу?

-He's leaving! -Who says I'm leaving? -Вы ведь обещали. -Как это обещал?

-After all , you promised . -Where do you get this stuff about how I promised?

WITHOUT CHANGE OF FORM :

—Он уходит ! -Как это " уходит " ?

-He's leaving ! -What's this stuff about " he's leaving" ? -Вы ведь обещали . -Как это " обещали " ?

-After all , you promised . -What's this about " you promised'' ?

187

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

КАК ЭТО ТАК

See under KAК :

" ( ТО ЕСТЬ ) КАК (ЖЕ ) ( ЭТО ) (ТАК) etc. " --р 179 .

‘ What do you mean by . ..?' 'What's this about . . .?' --etc .

—Он бывший председатель . -Бывший? -Да . -Как это так бывший председатель? -He's the former chairman . -Former?

-Yes . -What's this about " former chairman "?

КАКИЕ ЗАТЕИ

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

See under ЗАТЕЯ .

'What nonsense ! .. •

KAKÓ

" • baloney! '

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

= какое ( какое там / какое тут / да какое там). See КАКОЙ , § 11 .

Stands before the repeated word or phrase. Expresses contradiction based on strong conviction , usually with a refutation or reason for disagreeing given immediately after.

-Чай- то от хозяйки , что ль ? - спросил он . . . -Како от хозяйки !

( Достоевский)

-(A cup of tea) from the landlady, eh? -From the landlady indeed !

КАКОГО ? = Какого числа?

On what date was that?

KAKOE

KAKOE TAM КАКОЕ ТУТ See КАКОЙ § 12 .

(as reply)

he asked

• •

188

КАКОЙ Kakoй has several well -known uses which requires no discussion here : 1. (interrogative ) ' what kind of . . .?'

2. (interrogative ) ' which?' , ' which one?' 3. (in exclamations , with nouns and adjectives ) ' What a . . . ! ' , ' How . ... !' 4. ( usually coordinated with такой ог тот ) такой . that ... ' ; TOT . . . какой :

. какoй:

' the kind of ...

' the . . . that . . .

The following additional uses , some of them more colloquial or less common or even non-standard , should also be pointed out : 5.

(as

adj . ) = kакой- нибудь ,

' some ,' ' some . . .

or other; '

(in

questions :) ' any .'

(colloq . ) In this meaning кaкoй may come either before or after the word it applies

to. Он смешил нас небылицей какой. He'd make us laugh with some yarn or other . Что ты стоишь , точно статуя какая?

What are you standing there like some statue for? Нам нужно здесь какого молодого человека , способного к арифметике . What we need around here is some young fellow who's good at arithmetic . Нет

ли дополнительных каких сведений о них? Isn't there any further information about them?

6. (as pronoun ) ' some ' ( pop . sp. Use as pronoun is considered substandard) . Чай , удивились какие из вас . I'll bet some of you were amazed . 7. (as

pronoun). When

kaкoй precedes

instead of follows TOT

(see KAKOй

§4

above ) , the кaкoй is equivalent to ' whichever' . ночь хором

Бывало,

всю

награда.

(Тургенев)

поют ,

и

какая выше

голосом забирает ,

той и

They used to sing in chorus the whole night , and whichever girl reached the highest note , he gave her a reward.

8.

■ (as relative pronoun) 8

который,

' who, '

' which , '

' that . '

(pop.

sp. & regional)

Although found in standard works of fiction , kakoй in the sense of ' who, ' ' which , ' ' ' that '

is

characteristic of popular speech,

rather than formal writing.

especially frequent in the speech of southern Russia . Поглядели на бумажку , какую он нашел . We looked at the piece of paper that he had found . Чтоб женщины , у каких маленькие , стали в эту очередь. Have the women with small children stand in this line.

It is

189

9. какой

какой уж

+

Noun

какой уж это какой

там

какой

это

какой же

тут

какой

тут

Used to express disapproval , negative reaction to whatever is named noun , denial that the noun is fittingly used in the instance at hand .

'What kind of a ... is that? ' Huh , some ... ! Какой он руководитель! Huh, some manager he is ! /Why , he's no manager at all !

Какая уж это жизнь! What kind of a life to lead is that? 10. Interrogative pronoun or adverb + какой

' different in different instances , ' ' not the same ... . . all the time ' где какой : not the same in all places когда какой : not the same at all times кому какой : not the same to all people -- IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS 11. какой /какая/ какое /какие :

какой какой

там

какой

тут

какой

еще

какой

там еще

какой

тут еще

какой

теперь

какой

тебе

какой

к чёрту

какой же

какой же тут

какой уж какой уж там

какой уж тут а какой

а какой уж а какой

да

какой

да

какой же

там уж

by the

190

да какой уж да какой там

да какой

тут

Ну какой ну какой же ну какой уж уж какой The use of kakoй to introduce repeated words is one of the commonest of all replies containing repetitions .

MEANING : The basic meaning of кaкoй + a word or phrase repeated from the preceding remark is always confident contradiction , with the idea of questioning what the first speaker

has

just

said because the

second speaker believes

something entirely

different and finds it ( or pretends to find it) amazing that the first speaker would say what he did , cannot imagine why he would think that, etc.

REINFORCING PARTICLES : In general , the additional particles а, да, ну, yx, xe simply reinforce the sense of surprise and disagreement ; the demonstratives там, тут , теперь add a scornful and disparaging note ; phrases

using eme

are still more scornful

and impatient .

USAGE IN CONSTRUCTIONS : Within the basic meaning, there are several variations in grammatical usage : a. The word or phrase repeated from the preceding speech may be either (A) quoted directly and without change or

(B ) converted into another grammatical form .

b. The word kакой may be used either

( 1 ) in the forms

какой,

какая ,

какое ,

какие :

always Nominative

case, but treated as variable in gender and number so as to agree with the repeated word or phrase,

51

or

(2) with the neuter Nom. sg. Kakoe treated as an invariable form that does not agree with the quoted word or phrase that follows it. (In popular speech, this kaкoe is sometimes pronounced " kakoй " . )

The underlying explanation of these variations in grammatical construction is this :

the basic sentence -type is кaкoй

+ repeated word (Nom case ) with the idea

of asking " N? What kind of an N do you call that?" In practice , there are three constructions used , which may be called

A1 , B1 ,

and A2, taking the symbols A, B, 1 and 2 from what has just been said above about usage and using them in combinations :

191

B.

A. repeated

repeated

word

word

quoted

converted

directly

in form

1. with an agreeing Α1

B1

A2

B2

какой /какая /

какое /какие 2. with an invariable какое that does

(does not occur)

not agree

(1 )

If the

repeated

word is a noun , pronoun , or adjective

that actually

occurred in the Nom . case in the preceding remark, the construction is very easily formed :

it is simply a matter of choosing one of the four

Nom. forms of какой ( какой , какая , какое , какие ) that agrees with it , and the type is Al :

Direct quotation of the repeated word , introduced

by an agreeing Nom form of какой.

-Слушай ! Волк? -Какой волк! -Listen!

( OR Какой тебе волк ! ) Is that a wolf?

-Nonsense ! Wolf indeed!

-Всё твои уловки! -Какие же мои?

Никакие не мои.

-You and your tricks !

-What do you mean , ' mine '? They aren't mine at all . (Note : The

change of твои to мon to fit the

sense of the

reply is a different kind of change and is not the point here . The

point here is only that no change of case

occurs . ) (2) If the repeated word was a noun , pronoun , or adjective that originally occurred in some other case ( Gen. , Dat . , Acc . , Ins . ) , only one adjustment is needed :

the repeated word is converted to Nom . case

troduced by a form of кaкoй as

before .

The type is

form of кaкoй + converted form.

—У тебя, почитай , много денег . -Какие ( OR Какие там , Какие еще , etc. ) деньги?

-I'll bet you've got lots of money . -Huh! What money?

and in-

B1 : Agreeing

192

—Чем ты живешь теперь? Жалованием? -Да какое же жалование? -What are you living on now? A salary? -Good night, where did you get the idea of a salary? (3) If the repeated word is a verb or adverb and does not have cases , or is a short -form adjective ( used as a predicate ) , not considered usable as a regular Nominative , then there are two ways of dealing with it : (a ) The word is converted to a noun , preferably a noun derived from the same root but at least a noun allied in meaning, and is put in the Nom .

sg.

The type is still Вl :

какой/какая/какое

+ converted

form . -Спишь ?

-Какой там сон! -Are you asleep?

-Sleep hah ! -Говори серьезно , этим не шутят !

Я и серьезно говорил .

-Какие шутки !

-Talk seriously !

This is something people don't joke about .

-What jokes are you talking about?

I was serious .

-Богат ? -Какое богатство ! Гол, как сокол !

-Is he wealthy? -What

do you

mean ,

wealth ?

He's

poor as

Job's

turkey!

(b) The effort to arrive at Nom. case with agreeing кakoй is abandoned . The repeated word (vb . , adv . ,

short-form adj . ) is quoted directly

in its original form and introduced by the invariable form kaкoe, which

makes no pretense of agreeing with it, but simply stands

as an absolute form used to introduce the construction . is A2 :

The type

Directly quoted word introduced by the invariable кaкoе.

-А что он лечит , точно?

-Какое лечит !

Ну , где ему !

-But what is he treating him for, exactly? -Treating indeed ! -Не рано ли?

A lot he knows about it!

Чуть светает .

-О нет , какой* рано! -Isn't it pretty early?

It's just getting light.

-Oh no! What do you mean , early? (* Note :

Kaкoй

here

is

a

colloquial

pronunciation

kakoe, not the masculine Nom. sg. )

of

193

-Значит ,

видели его?

-Да какое там видели ?

Мы встречаемся очень часто .

-Then you've seen him?

-What do you mean, have we seen him, for heaven's sake ? We

meet very often . (c) Note that the use of Type A2 , Directly quoted word introduced by the invariable кaкoe , has now spread to words that could be put in the Nom . case .

Nouns , pronouns , and adjectives may also be

quoted directly in the case -form in which they occurred , if they are then introduced by какое .

-Новые ведь еще сапоги- то . -Какое новые !

( OR :

Новые?

Какое! )

-The boots are still new , you know . -What do you mean , ' new ' !

(OR : You call them new?!)

-А ведь , право , они очень добрые . -Какое добрые !

Мошенники !

-But you know, it's true , they're very kind people. -Where do you get that ' kind ' stuff? (d ) The

type

They're swindlers !

B2 , Converted form introduced by an invariable кakoe ,

does not occur , since once the conversion to Nom . is made at all , there is no point in using the invariable kaкoe to avoid the issue of agreement . SPECIAL IDIOMATIC USE OF PLURAL :

A noun, pronoun , or adjective may occur in the first speaker's remark in the Nom.sg. or in the sg . of any other case and be converted to Nom . pl . in the repetition . Also, a verb, a short-form adjective , or an adverb may be converted to a related noun in the Nom. pl .

The use of the plural has the effect of giving additional emphasis

to the second speaker's disagreement with the preceding remark, and also to his feeling of irritation and scorn or disdain toward either the subject of discussion or the first speaker's opinion , or both .

This is a special case of Type B1 :

word in the repetition is always какие

(never кaкoe) .

Reinforcement of the word

кaкие by adding там or TуT is common in repetitions of this kind . The plural can be used in the same way in English : -I think that as a precaution we should .. -Oh , you and your everlasting precautions !

-У тебя в кубышке- то небось не мало . -Какие у меня кубышки! -I'll bet you've got plenty in the old cashbox . -What cashboxes have I got?

The first

194

-Не будет ли какого приказания от вас ? —Какие приказания !

Я уеду сейчас .

-Don't you wish to give an order of some kind?

-What orders !

I'm leaving right now .

12. какое какое там

какое тут 'No such luck!'

' No indeed!'

'Nothing of the sort ! ' 'Just the opposite ' Less often ,

какое ,

какое там ,

and какое тут аrе used to express

the same

ideas of contradiction of what was previously said or thought as were just described under $ 11 above ,

but without being in a reply containing

a repetition .

Ushakov's

dictionary has Только собрался выходить-- какое там ! I

was

getting

ready

to go

out -No

опять дождь пошел . such

luck !

It

started

raining again .

КАКОЙ НИ ( НА ) ЕСТЬ - какой бы ни. See under ЕСТЬ :

КАКОЙ :

Interrog . pron . or adv . + НИ (НА ) ЕСТЬ , р . 118-119 .

НИ В КАКУЮ .

' not for anything ' ' not under any circumstances' Я хотел рано утром отправиться, а он ни в какую . I wanted to set out early in the morning, but he wouldn't hear of it .

( Lit.:

but he (said , ) " Not under any circumstances . " )

КАКОЙ- НИКАКОЙ

(collog. )

- какой- нибудь - КАКОЙ $ 5 ,

some , ' ' some ... or other '

Ведь

* , наверно , найдется у вас какая- никакая комнатка .

так

е что ни на есть захудалый.

Уголок какой ,

(Федин)

Surely some little room or other can be found in your corner , nothing special -- the shabbiest one there .

house . Just some

195

КАКОЙ ТАКОЙ 1. ' What sort , exactly? ' ' Just what kind of . . . ? ' Какой такой он человек?

Just what sort of fellow is he? 2. -

какой там / какой тут .

See КАКОЙ §11 .

IN REPLIES CONTAINING

REPETITIONS

'What do you mean , • • .?' ' Nonsense! ... indeed ! 'Where do you get that stuff about . . . ? ' -Это представляет собой большой шаг вперёд . -Какой- такой шаг вперёд !

-This represents a great advance. -Nonsense!

Advance indeed !

КАКОЙ- ТО 1. ' kind of . · ' sort of · Не очень люблю его .

Он неприветливый какой- то .

I don't like him very much .

He's sort of unfriendly .

2. (IN NUMERAL EXPRESSIONS) - какой- нибудь , ' about , ' ' аррroximately , ' ' something like' В каких- то пятидесяти метрах от дороги был пруд . About 50 meters from the road was a pond .

КАКОЙ ЧЕРТ - IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS See under ЧЕРТ .

КАЛЫМ

(slang)

1. ' wages , ' ' pay ' 2.

' bribe , ' ' bribery , ' ' graft' (-from Turkish .

Originally , money paid by a bridegroom to the bride's parents )

КАРТИНА -in the sense of ' situation ' .

196

через два дня я Должен докладывать о … . ..

Значит , у меня такая картина :

Well , the situation I've got here is that in two days I'm supposed

to be

giving a report on . . .

- КАСЬ

(dialectal/pop . sp . )

Variant of · кa.

See -KA.

КАШКАЛДЫ /КИШКИЛДЫ 'Hello !'

'Hi !'

(Humorous greeting. language . meaning

Perhaps derived from a phrase common to many Turkic languages ' Welcome ! ' ,

килдегез ,

КИМАРИТЬ

Said to come from "Tatar, " which often means any Turkic

' Glad to

see

you ! ' :

Turkish

hoş

geldiniz ,

etc. )

(slang)

' sleep '

КЛЕВАТЬ ' go, ' ' go well, ' ' work, ' ' work out , ' ' come off, ' ' click, ' ' succeed '

-Ну, как жизнь? -Так, не клюёт . -Не клюёт ? -Да. -Совсем?

—Ну, клюёт , но плохо. -Hy!

-Well, how's life? -Oh, it's not going very well. -It's not?

-That's right. -Not at all ? -Well, it's coming along, but it's not good.

-Hm ! Хорошую уловку майор выдумал .

Клюёт !

That's a good stratagem the major thought up .

It's working!

Tatar xyш

197

КОГДА

(Сf как and какой. ) In addition to its ordinary meaning of ' when, ' the following other uses of когда

should also be pointed out:

1. = иногда, ' sometimes , ' ' from time to time '

Мы когда посещаем их . We visit them every so often . 2 . - когда- нибудь , ' ever, ' ' at any time , ' ' (at ) some time'

пуще чем когда more so than ever Читал ли ты когда роман Доктор Живаго?

Have you ever read the novel Doctor Zhivago? a. This meaning perhaps provides the best explanation for the following colloquial construction : Захочешь когда и покушай.

( Горький , На дне , I , 2. )

When ( OR If ) you feel you want to , eat some of this . In expanded form , the equivalent would probably be Если захочешь когда- нибудь , тогда и покушай . 3.

= если , ‘ if' ( --And similarly , когда бы - если бы . ) a . As in some other languages , it is only a short step from ' when ' to ' whenever' to ' if' : Ну , хорошо тогда.

Дай мне помогать , когда устанешь.

Well , okay then .

Let me help you if you get tired .

Когда ясна цель , когда мы организованны и единодушны , для невыполнимых задач .

нас нет

(Ажаев)

If the goal is clear , and if we are organized and united , there are no tasks we cannot fulfill . b . когда бы - если бы: Очень заинтересовались бы , когда бы знали об этом . They would have taken a great interest in it , if they had known about it. с . когда бы ( не) + Past form/Inf. /Noun/any predicate.

In wishes :

(pop . sp. )

Когда б они были здесь !

If only they were here ! Когда бы не опоздать !

( = Как бы не опоздать !

- Не опоздать бы ! ) I hope I /we /they won't be late !

Когда бы не гроза ! ( - Как бы не гроза ! ) I hope there won't be a rainstorm !

198 4. Introducing a clause that is the object of a verb.

Ordinarily this use is similar to that in English and causes no difficulty:

Он не любит , когда дети шумят. He doesn't like it when the children are noisy . Less like English, however, is the frequent use of когда after ждать in the sense of ' until . '

The verb after когда is regularly Prf.

Мы будем сидеть дома и ждать когда ты позвонишь . We'll stay home and wait until you phone us.

КОГДА ЖЕ НЕТ

(as reply) (pop . sp. )

'Yes , certainly' 'Yes .

Of course !'

-Вы знакомы с ними?

—Когда же нет! -Have you met them? -Yes , of course I have !

KогДА HE

-IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS .

(pop . sp . )

- как не - коли не . In popular and uneducated speech , когда не and коли не are used in the same way as кaк не.

See under KAK HE for detailed explanation of constructions and

meaning, p181-3.

' You're darned right . . 'I'll say · · ·

"

'It sure is · · 'Is it ever ..

-Разве выгоднее ездить в извоз , чем дома хлебопашеством заниматься? -Когда не выгоднее , ... Дома- то лошадей кормить нечем . (Л. Н. Толстой) -Do you mean to say it's more profitable to be a freight · hauler than to be a farmer at home? -I'll say it's more profitable , ... .At home there's nothing to feed the horses on .

КОГДА HE TAK? KOгД

(as reply )

(pop. sp. )

'Certainly that's true'

' Of course that's right' -Действительно так? —Когда не так? -Is that really so? -Of course it's so!

'What else could it be?'

199

--DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTION . (УЖ) КОГДА ... , TAK ... так ... See under TAK , $ 20 . Expresses possession of a high degree of the quality indicated by the doubled word ; refers to something that is an outstanding example of its kind . Уж когда вечеринка, так вечеринка! Once we decide to have a party , it's really going to be some party!

КОЙ ЧЕРТ

-IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

КАКОЙ ЧЕРТ See under ЧЕРТ .

Kоли HE

--IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

(pop . sp.)

- как не - когда не In popular and uneducated speech , когда не and коли не аre used in the same way as кaк не .

See under KAK HE for detailed explanation of constructions and

and meaning, p181-3 .

'You're darned right . . .'

'It sure is . . . '

'I'll say . . .'

'Is it ever ..

'Certainly . . .'

-А ты точно сам видел , как они деньги брали?

-Коли не сам! -And you yourself actually saw them take the money? -I certainly did see it myself!

КОМПЛЕКС

' specialty,' ' special field' Понимать электронику?

(slang ) Я?

Understand electronics ?

-КОСЬ

(dialectal/pop. sp . )

Variant of -ka.

See -KA .

КОТОРЫЙ

The familiar meanings are 1. 'which, ' ' that ' and 2. 'which ... ?', ' which one?'

Да ведь это мой комплекс ! Me? Why , that's my field!

200

But the following should be noted : 3.

, = какой- нибудь 'some,' 'some ... or other,' 'one ,' 'a,' 'any.' (pop . sp. ) Если который человек позвонит, сообщи мне. If some fellow calls up, let me know. После того, как переедем туда, я выучусь ремеслу которому. After we move there , I'll learn some trade or other. Которые вышли до того, как собрание кончилось. Some people left before the meeting had ended.

4. (Of times. With words referring to times: год, месяц, день, ночь, утро, вечер, раз, etc. Often accompanied by уже.) 'not the first (time)' Я который раз уже вас предупреждаю. This isn't the first time I'm warningyou.

КОФЕ In standard literary language kope is masculine and indeclinable..(-From French le café (masculine).) In popular speech , кофе is often treated as neuter, though still not declined . (Apparently the issue of other case-forms is regularly avoided by using the word in the Nom . or Acc.)

КОФЕЙ КОФИЙ Common in popular speech. Masculine, and declined in all cases ( кофей, кофея ог кофею, ... , and кофий, кофия ог кофию, ... etc.)

КРАЛЯ 1.

'queen' (in playing cards)

2.

'attractive woman', 'a beauty' (pop. sp.)

3.

'woman' (i.e. , any woman) (slang)

4.

'mistress' (slang)

KPOME (used adverbially, without any Genitive object)

= кроме того, besides,' 'in addition.' (See ВРОДЕ, used as adv. in the same way.) Вот три предложения. Мы после что-нибудь придумаем кроме. Here are three proposals. We'll think up something in addition later on. Было кроме много карандашей там в ящике. There were a lot ofpencils in the drawer there besides .

КРУТИТЬ 'get started ,' 'expedite' (slang)

Это дело крутить. Get this job started./Get this show on the road.

201

KTO: AGREEMENT When referring to unidentified or indefinite persons Kтo is ordinarily treated as masculine singular, even when plainly referring to persons of both sexes or to a considerable number of people. Кто не хочет, не обязан присутствовать. Whoever doesn't want to is not obliged to be present.

Кто был за, кто против. Some were for it, and others were against. кто Besides 'who?' the following meanings should be noted: 1.

= кто- то, кто- нибудь, ' somebody,' ' anybody' Если кто придет, скажите, что я скоро вернусь. Ifanybody comes, tell them I'll be back soon.

Кто в лес, кто по дрова. One pulls one way and the other pulls the other way.

2.

= который 'who,' 'that' Вот человек, о ком я говорил. There's the fellow that I was talking about.

KTO -referring to occupation - А кем быть надеешься, Антон? - Доктором. (-Арбузов) - And what do you hope to be , Anton? - A doctor. Кем же ты стал теперь, Порфирий? ... Планы какие у тебя? ... Расскажи. (-Леонов) What kind of job have you taken up now , Porfiry? ... What plans do you have? ... Tell us about them. Кто :

IN DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTIONS 1. Doubled case-form ( ...) + не Who ... not ...?

'Lots of people'

'Practically everybody'

Кого- кого там не спросил. Whom didn't he ask there. / He asked practically everybody there.

Кому- кому это не известно. Who doesn't know that? / Loads of people know that. 2. Doubled case-form + а

'Of all people ( ... certainly)' Кто-кто, а он должен знать как это делать. Of all people, he certainly should know how to do that. Кому-кому, а им сказал об этом. Of all people, they were the ones he told about it.

KTO + interrog .

'One person

one ... ; another ... another ...’

'Some ... one ... ; others ... other ... '

Кто что. One person did one thing; others did something else.

202

Кто как. Some people did it one way , and others did differently . Кто куда .

Various people went to various places .

Note : Кто куда, а я в кино. I don't care what the rest do , I'm going to the movies./Other people can go where they want , but I'm going to the movies .

( Lit .:

Different individuals

can go to different places , but ... )

КТО НИ

( НА ) ЕСТЬ

' anybody , '

(See also under ЕСТЬ :

' everybody , '

Interrog. pron./adv . + НИ (НА ) ЕСТЬ)

' it makes no difference who , '

' regardless of

who , ' ' one

person or another' Разве вы позволяете , чтобы кто ни на есть входил в эту кладовую? Do you mean to say you let just anybody go into that storeroom?

TAKOB

КТО + ТАКОЙ /ТАКАЯ / ТАКИЕ TAKOE 'Just who? '

' Exactly what sort of person? '

А ты кто такой? /Да кто вы такое? And just who are you?

Стой !

Кто такие ?

крикнул сторожевой .

Who are you ?''

" Halt !

shouted the guard .

Мы хорошо знаем , кто он таков /Мы хорошо знаем , кто он такой. We know very well what sort of person he is. Видите ли эту девушку вон там ? Кто она такая? See that girl over there? Just who is she?

КТО + ТАКОЙ + Inf.

Да ты кто такой командовать над нами? And just who are you to order us around?

КТОЙТЕ

(pop . sp . )

- кто- это - кто- то , ' someone ' --In popular speech , 3тo is sometimes substituted for · To in making indefinite pronouns .

In the same way , " кудайте " • куда- это -

куда- то ,

' someplace !

203

(dialectal )

Kубыть

- может быть ,

' maybe ' .

КУДА Besides the basic meaning of ' where to?'

the following meanings should be

noted, which may not all be equally well known :

1.

куда- нибудь, ' to some place ,' ' somewhere , ' ' someplace' Если нужно будет поехать куда, сообщите мне . If you have to make a trip anywhere , let me know.

2. ■ к чему? зачем ? на что? для чего? ' why ?' ' what for?' Куда мне молоток?

Зачем принес ,

What am I supposed to do with a hammer? What did you bring that for? Куда же ты так насолила суп? What did you put so much salt in the soup for?

3. куда + Compar. of Adj .: ' much (more) ..

' 'far (more) ..

куда лучше : much better куда более интересно : far more interesting 4.

куда

+ Dat.

қуда уж/же /ж

+ Dat. pron. + Inf.

+ Inf (Ipf. or Prf. )

куда

+ Inf.

уж куда

+ Inf.

куда

+ Inf.

там/тут

куда

+ Dat. pron.

да куда

+ Dat. pron .

куда

там /тутDat. pron.

куда уж /же /ж

+ Dat. pron .

куда

+ Dat. Noun

(IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS )

куда уж /же /ж! там /тут !

куда

куда уж /же/жтам /тут ! kyда + ANY word (IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS )

куда! (--last in its sentence . ) Kуда! (--alone .

As exclamation . )

Although the diagram above seems to present a rather large and complex picture , nevertheless it does in fact represent only one basic construction :

a highly flexible

construction, capable of an unusually great number of variations .

The fundamental

form of the construction is the one in the first line : three

elements

куда + Dat . + Inf. , with these

typically occurring in that order . The

construction

is

frequently

made more emphatic by the addition of yx ( or xe or x ) , or of там ( or TуT) , or of

204

both, with yx regularly preceding Taм.

The great variability of the construction lies

in the fact that not only can the Dative be omitted when it is obvious who is meant , and the Infinitive be omitted when it is obvious what action is meant , but also both can be omitted , leaving only the куда and an emphatic particle , or the куда all alone. This could be condensed into the formula

кyлa ( уx / xe/x ) (Tам/TуT)

( + Dat . pron. )

(+ Inf. ) . The construction is used in confident denials and strong objections to what has just been said, expressing utter disbelief that the person referred to is able to perform some action , or (with the Dative omitted ) that the action can be done at all by anybody, or that the whole idea is impractical , unrealistic in view of the facts , or not pertinent to the discussion :

'A fat chance . . . has . . . of . . . - ing . . .'

'How could ... possibly . . .? ' 'What chance is there of . . . -ing . . . ?'

'How do you expect ...?' 'Where do you get this stuff about . . .?'

'What would be the point in .. .-ing ...?' Куда ж мне подвести итоги?!

Здесь всех данных нет .

How am I supposed to add up the totals? The figures aren't all here . Уж куда отремонтировать его?

Запчастей нет .

What chance is there of fixing it up? There aren't any spare parts . О крысах беспокоиться? Куда крыоам ! Всё в стальных ящиках. Worry about rats? What can the rats do? Поссорились .

Everything is in steel boxes .

Вы конечно будете говорить , я должен был удержать их.

Да куда мне ! They quarreled .

Of course you'll say I should have stopped them .

But

how could I?

-Мы и сами переедем , как потеплее будет , недели через три . -Куда недели через три !

Управляющий говорит , что через две недели

рабочие придут : ломать все будут . ( Гончаров) -We'll move in any case , when it gets a little warmer, in around three weeks . -Where do you get this stuff about agent

" in around three weeks ?"

is saying the workmen will come in two weeks ,

The

and they'll

tear up the whole place .

-Хочешь , чтобы у тебя папка знаменитостью стал? -Это как?

- спросила Аночка .

-- Это , как артисты?

-Куда артистам ! Так, чтобы меня все знали .

( Федин)

-Would you like it if your papa became a celebrity?

-How's that? asked Anochka . -You mean , like actors ? -Actors indeed ! What I mean is that everybody would have heard of me.

205

-Вы

его любили , мужа?

—Куда любила ! Говорю вам : чисто на каторге .

( Панова)

-Did you love him, your husband? -Did I love him? What an idea ! It was just like being on the chaingang.

5. куда + Dat . + до + Gen/за + Ins . Expressions

of this type are related in construction and meaning to those in

§4 , above . They are used to assert with great conviction that the second person or thing (after the preposition до or зa) is in some way far beyond the capabilities or powers of the first ( in the Dative) : '# 1 can't begin to keep up with #2' ' #1 is completely outclassed by #2' '#2 is completely beyond # 1' Фадеев хорошо писал , но куда ему до Толстого !

(OR : но куда ему за Толстым ! ) Fadeyev was a good writer, but he's just not in the same class with Tolstoy . Куда мне до таких теорий . Theories

Я мало понимаю по математике для этого .

like that are completely beyond me . I don't know enough

mathematics for that. ( Lit .: What chance have I got of attaining to theories like that ?)

КУДАЙТЕ

(pop . sp . )

• куда- это = куда- то , ' somewhere , ' ' someplace '

· --In popular speech , 3тo is sometimes substituted for Кудайте is a contraction of куда- это . "in the same way .

КУДЫ

To in making indefinites :

See КТОЙТЕ , made from кто- то , ' somebody '

(pop. sp. and regional ) (COMMON)

- куда .

КУРС :

БЫТЬ В КУРСЕ ДЕЛА

Note the following construction used to connect the two clauses :

Я не в курсе дела этого , почему ушли . I don't know the story on why they left.

206

КУШАТЬ ' eat' --Formerly used almost entirely in the 2nd person , in expressions

Now also used of oneself: " я куша

."

of politeness .

207

ЛАБУДА

(slang)

'nonsense'

ЛАМПОЧКА:

'drivel'

'trash'

А мне до лампочки . (slang)

That doesn't interest me . / I don't care about that.

ЛЕЛИ / ЕЛИ / ЛЕСЛИ / ЛЕЗЛИ

= если

(dialectal: Southern)

ᎥᏝ

ЛЕПШЕ , ЛЕПШИЙ = Лучше, лучший From Ukrainian ліпше, ліпший.

ЛИ / ЛЬ

In strong assertions

The fundamental use of ли is in questions that expect either 'Yes' or 'No' as an answer. Derived from this is an idiomatic use in a number ofexpressions which in meaning are strong assertions, because in form they are questions that clearly expect the answer 'No.' The implication is that no one would think the answer was 'Yes. ' When imbedded in a context, this meaning is sometimes less obvious than it may seem that it ought to be.

Шутка ли. That's nojoke' / 'It's no small thing' /'It's not a trifling matter' (Literally: ' Is it a joke?' / '(Do you think) that's ajoke?") Легко ли мне спешить так? It's certainly not easy for me to rush like that. (Lit.: (Do you think) it's easy for me to rush like that?) Теперь мне до того ли? Do you think I'm interested in that stuff at a time like this?

Всё это сказал ему, и кстати ль! I told him all that. And you don't suppose it did any good, do you? Чёрт ли сладит с ней. Мегера какая! The devil himself can't manage her. What a shrew!

Чёрт ли в этом. That doesn't amount to anything./That's not important. See also under МАЛО ЛИ.

линия : 1.

по линии + Gen. (popular speech; originally officialese .) 'regarding,' 'in connection with'

2.

по линии a. 'on the (phone) line to'

b. 'through N's office' c. 'in N's line of work,' 'in N's specialty' 3.

под (кого- нибудь) линией 'under N's supervision,' 'under N's command'

208

ЛИШЕК: С лишком

(Not слишком)

See under C ЛИШКОМ. p324. ЛИШЬ БЫ

+ Past + Inf

1. Only wish, sole desire: 'if only'

Да что мне? Лишь бы заплатил! Пускай ночнуют ночью. (-Некрасов) But what difference does it make to me? Ifhe just pays! Let them stay for the night. Я мальчиком оденусь. Верно буду Тебе служить, дорогою, в походе Иль на войне --войны я не боюсь, Лишь видела 6 тебя. ( Пушкин) I'll dress as a boy. I'll serve You truly, travelling by land or sea ... I'm not afraid of war Ifonly I can see you. 2. Only aim, sole purpose : 'if only' , ' as long as', 'provided that', just so that'. Sometimes overlapping in sense with # 1 , Only Wish . Да ишь ты, с вами не скоро сообразишь, бралиантовые. Тятенька-то твой ладит за богатого: Мне, говорит, хотя Федот от проходных ворот, лишь бы денежки водились, да приданого поменьше ломил. (-А.Н. Островский) (Matchmaker:) Honestly, with you people one can't arrange something that fast, darlings. Your daddy is aiming for a rich man. 'I'll take any Joe Blow that comes in off the street,' he says, 'just so he has money, and doesn't ask for too much ofa dowry.' Все что угодно говорить, подхалимничать, стелиться травкой, лишь бы старик оставил эту идею --уходить с завода. (-В . Панова) He was willing to say whatever he wanted to hear, to fawn, to grovel,* if only the old man would give up this idea ofleaving the factory. (* Lit.: 'spread himselfout like a lawn') Честнейшая душа, не извольте беспокоиться! Он свое проживет, лишь бы доверителю угодить. (-Гончаров) He's a thoroughly honest fellow: there's nothing for you to worry about. He'll use up his own money if he can just oblige a client. [The man is being recommended as an estate manager.] Пили они это пили; кажется, ничего не жалел, лишь бы глотку-то его поганую залить - так нет, вот мало ему и того. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) They drank and drank; apparently he was not sparing anything, and all he wanted was to sluice his foul gullet -- but no, that wasn't enough for him.

ЛИШЬ БЫ ТОЛЬКО

+

Past Inf Adv

no following word Reinforced form of лишь бы, above . Cf ТОЛЬКО БЫ, etc. p414. 1.

Only wish, sole desire : 'if only' Лишь бы только она поправилась! If only she gets well!

209

2. Only aim, sole purpose: 'if only' , 'as long as' , 'provided that', 'just so that', just to', 'only to' Листовки должны наклеиваться не кое-как -лишь бы только держались, а так, чтобы их трудно было содрать. (-Катаев) The posters should be pasted on not just any old way just so they'll stay up, but in such a way as to be hard to tear off. - Нет, лучше я надену цветное. - Цветное! Право, говоришь лишь бы только наперекор. (-Гоголь) No, it'll be better ifI put on the print dress. - The print dress! Really, you're saying that just to be contrary. И с какой стати ему смотреть на тебя? - Право, маменька, все смотрел: .. - Ну, может-быть, один какой-нибудь раз, да и то так уж, лишь бы только . (-Гоголь) - ... And what reason would he have to look at you? - It's the truth, mama, he kept looking at me the whole time: ... - Well, maybe once some time, and even then, he just happened to , that was all he did it for.... Вы, насмешники, лишь бы только посмеяться над провинциальными. (-Гоголь) You mockers, all you want to do is have a laugh at us provincials.

ЛИШЬ БЫ ТОЛЬКО ...-НИБУДЬ

'no matter ...'

'it makes no difference ...'

лишь бы только когда-нибудь: лишь бы только какой-нибудь: лишь бы только где-нибудь: лишь бы только что-нибудь :

ЛИШЬ ТОЛЬКО

'regardless of ...'

regardless ofwhen it makes no difference which it makes no difference where no matter what

See under ТОЛЬКО, p 410 # 4, 4 , & p 416

Лишь только is simply an intensive, made by combining the two synonymous words лишь and только. 1. 'exclusively', 'solely', 'only', 'just', 'nothing but', СТОЛЬКО #4, p410. Охота быть тебе лишь только на посылках? (-Грибоедов) What ever is it that you like so much about doing nothing but run errands?

Она, как под крылышком у сна, Так тиха, свежа лежала, Что лишь только не дышала (-Пушкин : Сказка о мертвой царевне и о семи богатырях.) She, as under the wing of sleep Lay so quiet and fresh-complexioned That the only thing was that she did not breathe. 2.

' as soon as', ' no more than ... when ...', 'no sooner ... than ... ', 'the minute that ...' Марьяна, только лишь настанет ночи мгла, К палатам Анджело идти должна была. (-Пушкин) Mariana was to come to Angelo's palace As soon as the darkness of night should come on .

210

Лишь только мы въехали на самую высокую точку горы, лошади вдруг совсем остановились. (-Гончаров) As soon as we rode up onto the highest point of the hill, the horses suddenly came to a complete stop. Лишь только она начала ходить, ее уже заставили возиться с маленькими братьями и сестрами. (-Решетников) She had no sooner started to walk than they had her taking care of her little brothers and sisters.

ЛОЖИТЬ

(popular speech)

= класть

put' '

ЛУЧШЕ ЛУЧШЕ И УЖ ЛУЧШЕ Used to refer to what is believed to be a preferable or more advisable course of action, much as 'better' is in English. In Russian, this idea can be expressed by quite a variety of constructions:

1. лучше + Imperative (Ipf or Prf) (COMMON) Посмотри, который час ... Нет, лучше дай мне сюда часы. (Гаршин) See what time it is ... No , you'd better hand me the watch. Лучше ты переночуй у нас. You'd better stay overnight at our place. a.

As in English, this construction is also used in threats:. Ты же лучше убирайся! Youjust better get out ofhere!

b.

When the course of action that is less preferable or less advisable is specified, this is done by using чем and the Infinitive: Чем ехать всю ночь, лучше переночуй у нас. Rather than drive all night, you'd better stay overnight at our place.

2. лучше + Prf Я лучше пойду. Уже поздно. I'd better go. It's already late.

Лучше я пойду посмотрю, что там у них происходит. I'd better go and see what's going on at their place.

3. лучше + Dat. + Inf. Нам лучше спешить, осталось только пять минут. We'd better hurry, we've only got five minutes.

4.

лучше + Subjunctive Вы бы лучше взяли с собой все бумаги. You'd better take all the papers with you.

ЛУЧШЕ БЫ

without verb

'it would be’ Буду ждать от вас в Питере письма, а лучше бы еще вас самих. (-Римский-Корсаков: letter) I'll be expecting a letter from you in St Petersburg, but it would be better still to be expecting you yourself.

211

ЛУЧШЕ НЕ

'or'

(popular speech) 'otherwise'

(-in warnings)

Положи в карман,лучше не потеряешь. Put it in your pocket or you'll lose it.

ЛЮДЯМИ

(popular speech)

= людьми, Ins. pl . of люди.

212

МАБУДЬ (dialectal : Southern & Western) = может статься = может быть

'perhaps'

'it may be'

-Afrequent Sholokhovism, often the first word in a reply. МАЛЕНЕЧКО МАЛЕНИЧКО 'a little bit'

'a little'

-Ты грамотный ли? -Маленечко учился. (-Короленко) -Can you read and write? -I went to school a little. [С детьми] все как бы маленечко повеселее (-Григорович) [With children] everything seems a little jollier. -Маленечко ошибся, -промолвил мой возница: -в сторону, знать, взял грешным делом, ... (-Тургенев) "I was a mite off on that," said my driver. "It looks like I bore off to one side, I must admit . ” [-He had missed the ford and gotten the carriage into a deep place in the stream. ]

-Книг маленичко зачитался, -заметил хозяин: -в голове-то у него и тово ... Что денег на эти книги изводит! (-Горбунов) "He's read a few books too many," remarked the host . "He's got something not quite right in the head. ... What a lot of money he spends on those books!" МАЛО:

Constructions with MAJO and МАЛО ЛИ.

Мало is the basis of a large family of expressions whose usage is fundamentally perfectly clear and systematic, but has been complicated by later variant and derivative uses. 1. There are two basic sets of constructions: a.

those introduced by мало, 'little,' 'few,' and

b.

those introduced by мало ли , 'many,' 'lots of,' 'plenty of.' ( Мало ли is literally "Is it few that ...?". This is a case of ли being used to make up what in form is a question, but in meaning is a question that so obviously expects the answer 'No' that it amounts to being a statement of the opposite . For other examples, see under "ЛИ in Strong Assertions . ")

2. The same three sets of forms are used after both мало and мало ли: a.

Genitive case of

(1) nouns (2) personal pronouns

(3) demonstrative pronouns (4) adjectives b.

Any case of interrogative pronouns and adjectives (кто, что, какой, чей) - whichever case would be required by the rest of the clause if the мало ог мало ли were not there.

c.

Interrogative adverbs (где, когда, откуда, как, сколько, почему, отчего, зачем, etc.)

EXAMPLES: WITH GENITIVE OF NOUNS, PRONOUNS , ETC.

У него мало денег. He has very little money.

213

Мало ли у него денег . He has lots of money.

Мало ли он писал писем, но ответа не получил. He wrote a lot of letters, but he didn't get any answer. (Lit.: Was it few letters that he wrote, (do you imagine,) but ...) Уж мало нас осталось, старых друзей! Truly, there are not many of us old friends left! Мало ли нас на вечеринке было. There were a whole lot of us at the party. Таких, как он, мало. There aren't many like him.

Об этом положении можно сказать мало хорошего. There isn't much of anything good that can be said about the situation. WITH INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES Мало кто знал об этом. Few people knew about that. Мало ли кто знал об этом. Lots ofpeople knew about that. Он мало кому это сказал. He told that to very few people. Мало ли кому он это сказал. He told that to lots ofpeople.

Весь сарай горел. Они мало что могли сделать. The whole shed was on fire . There wasn't much they could do. Тот вариант мало чем отличается от этого. That model differs very little from this one. Мало ли какие дела бывают! Lots ofthings like that happen! Отец у него почтальон, а почтальон пока из дома в дом ходит, мало ли чего наслушается. (Гайдар) His father is postman, and a postman is sure to hear plenty of things as he goes from house to house. (Note: наслушаться takes Gen.) (IN REPLIES TO QUESTIONS:) -Мы у них поучиться можем. .Чему это? -Мало ли чему. -We could learn from them. -Learn what? -Lots.

WITH INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS Мало где я мог потерять это. There aren't many places where I could have lost that.

Мало ли где я мог потерять. There are lots of places where I could have lost it. Я мало когда говорил с ним. I have rarely talked with him.

214

Я мало ли когда говорил с ним. I have talked with him a number oftimes.

Мало ли куда они ездят. They go to loads ofplaces. Ему мало зачем приходится видеться с ними. He has very little occasion to see them. WORD ORDER. In combinations of this kind waлo often stands between the subject and the verb, and мало ли often stands first in its sentence, but these are not hard-and-fast rules, and either мало ог мало ли can stand in either position, e.g. Мало когда я бываю там OR Я мало когда бываю там, 'I am not often there ' All the examples given so far illustrate the basic, straightforward uses of maлo 'little,' f 'ew' and мало лè 'lots,' 'plentу' (whеге мало ëи has its origin in ironic questioning: “Do you think it's not much that ...?", as explained before) . Several further points should be observed: 3. The combination мало ли + interrog. (-pron. or adv.) has evolved a further meaning: from saying that there are lots of people who ... , lots of places where ..., lots of times when ..., lots of things that happen, etc. , it is not a very long step to meaning that there are lots of them and that it is of very little interest which one of them it is. To look at the same thing another way, мало ли 'lоtя' began as an ironic use of мало 'little,' and мало ли with an interrogative is in turn sometimes used ironically and given still another new twist. Мало ли кому это нужно! Lots ofpeople need it!: (Yeah, sure,) lots of people need it: What do I care who needs it. Мало ли что говорят! Мне виднее! I don't care what they say! I know better! (They say lots of things: I don't care what they say. I know better!) a.

Any interrogative pronoun or adverb can be used in combination with мало ли in this meaning, but in practice it is mало ли что that is most often used in this way.

b. малоли что can also stand by itself as a reply: 'So what?"/ "What ofit?' c.

In popular speech, чero is sometimes substituted for чro: Мало ли чего бывает. = Мало ли что бывает. Lots ofthings happen.

Мало ли чего, что сердится. So what if he IS mad at us? d.

In some cases, the что becomes so faded in meaning that it loses its value as a pronoun, and hence has no strong grammatical connection with the words that follow it, with the result that a whole clause can be placed after it. The effect is that the pronoun чTo seems to become practically indistinguishable from the conjunction что, 'that'. -Он болен. -Мало ли что болен! -He's sick. -I don't care if he IS sick

Мало ли что вам удобно - надо и о других подумать. (Dictionary of Spoken Russian , TM 30-944, p295 (under другой) .) It may be convenient for you, but you've got to think of others.

215

e.

Occasionally the что is dropped, leaving мало ли alone :

-Они же сразу пошлют характеристику. -Мало ли они сразу пошлют. Они не имеют права послать. Мало ли что пошлют. -They'll send a performance evaluation immediately. -It doesn't make any difference whether they send it immediately. They aren't authorized to send any. I don't care if they send one. f.

As an expression of this attitude that what has just been said is of no interest , immaterial, not worth any serious consideration, not worth talking about (-as in # 3 above) , мало (ли) что/чего lends itself naturally and often to use in Replies Containing Repetitions . It can stand either first or last: - Я тебе сказал. -Мало ли что сказал! (OR: -Сказал? Мало ли что!) -I told you that. -I don't care what you told me. (Lit. "Yas, you told me lots of things. ")

g.

Less commonly, in popular speech the ли is sometimes absent , although the meaning is still the same as in # 3. Admittedly, this last usage seems to contradict the original contrast between мало and мало ли, and one is forced to rely on context to tell which sense is meant. Apparently, either the ли has been dropped, or else the combination мало что/чего is also used ironically in the sense of "Oh sure , very little indeed"/" Oh of course, not much at all ," hence " lots, " " plenty, " and hence "There are lots of them like that; I don't care a thing about them. " Мало что бабы болтают! (Горбунов) The women jabber all kinds ofstuff! /I don't care what the women jabber! -Ведь я тебе велел. -Мало что велели? А когда мне? (Островский) -Now, I did tell you to do that. -Yes, you told me to do heaps of things. But when did I have time to? (Possibly : " It's not much you told me to do , is it?”) -У нас в школе говорили ... -Мало что в школе. Ты учись, а стариков не суди. (Бажов) -In our class at school they were saying ... -The heck with what they say in school . You study, and don't pass judgment on . your elders

4. Other derivative usages and set phrases: Ты бы лучше взял калоши. Мало ли чего, вдруг пойдет снег. You'd better take your galoshes. You never know what may happen, it may start snowing any time. Мало ли чего! What next! Мало чего нет! Oh sure! Why don't you go ahead and hog it all! МАЛО НЕ / МАЛО ... НЕ

= чуть не/едва не

(popular speech)

'nearly'

'almost'

'barely'

'scarcely'

Я мало не проспал. I almost overslept . Хлопнул его по спине так, что Морозкина голова мало не отделилась от туловища. (Фадеев) He gave him such a thump on the back that Morozka's head nearly came off his body. Огромный сейф-мало в эти двери не войдет. It's an enormous safe - it will barely go through this doorway.

216

Об этом поступила в редакцию мало не сотня писем. The editorial office received nearly a hundred letters about that.

МАНЕНЬКО

(popular speech)

= маленько

= немного

'a little bit'

'a little'

Ай-ай, ровно бы горчит маненько, а? ... Пригаринка, видно. (Леонов) Oh boy, I guess it tastes a little bitter, huh ? ... It must be a burned spot. МАТЬ:

Diminutives

As might be expected, 'Mother' has a great many affectionate forms, much like English 'mom,' 'momma, ' 'mommy' etc. The same person was once heard to use all seven of the following in the course of a few minutes of talking with her mother: мама мамаша мамка

Мамуль Мамулька мамуля мамуся

(Папуля, 'daddy' was also used.)

МАХОНЬКИЙ

( popular speech / regional)

= маленький 'little,' 'small ,

МЕНЬШЕ

+

Ins.

'... short,'

'lacking ... ,'

'with ... missing

Что это? Тут шесть банок, а только пять крышек. У меня получается крышкой меньше.

1

What's this? There are six jars here and only five lids . I've come out one lid short.

МЕРА:

ПО МЕРЕ + verbal noun in Gen. sg . ПО МЕРЕ ТОГО КАК

'as ( + verb)' 'as ... continued to ...'

*

+ Ipf.

'with ( + verbal noun)' 'with continuing ... '

'with further ...' 'with increasing ...'

The Russian construction по мере + Gen. sg. verbal noun has exactly the same meaning as the commoner по мере того как + Ipf. , just as there is no difference in meaning between the English translations using ' as' with a verb and ' with' with a noun. The clause with по мере того как always has its verb in the Imperfective, but the other clause of the sentence may have its verb in either aspect, depending only on the shade of meaning intended. The two clauses need not have the same subject.

I

По мере прочитывания, всё становилось (OR стало) ему ясно. = По мере того как прочитывал, всё становилось (OR стало) ему ясно. As he read it over, everything became clear to him. MECTÓB

Dialectal and uneducated for мест, G. pl . of место. (So too границев for границ, делов for дел, разов for раз, etc.) МЕСЯЦ

(after the name of a month) COMMON

" The month of ... Taken from the style of official documents. Месяц is declined to match the name of the month : в январе месяце , etc. Often decried as bad style , but often used.

(

217

МИРОВЕЦКИ!

(popular speech)

= мирово МИРОВÓ

(popular speech)

'Fine!'

'Great!'

MHE (бы) + Acc. of person OR thing in expressions of desire . (Cf. БЫ, # V B , p 27. ) Бы is used when the requestor means to be polite and ingratiating, as in English requests with "I would like ... "; a plain мне with the Acc. is used when the request is urgent or peremptory, and the бы is absent.

Мне Болтунова. Get me Boltunov. (-i.e. Get him for me on the telephone.)

Мне заведующего. Get me the manager. Фонарь мне, фонарь! A light! Bring me a light!

МНОГО + Comparative (popular speech) Oftenused colloquially, instead of the more literary гораздо. ' much more expensive' 'far louder'

Много дороже Много громче НЕ МОГИ

See under МОЧЬ, p 219. МОЖЕ МОЖЕТ

(regional) (-as adv.)

'maybe'

- может быть

'perhaps'

МОЖНО СКАЗАТЬ See under CКАЗАТЬ. MOHETOB Dialectal and uneducated for монет, G.pl. of монета, (1 ) 'coin', (2) ruble (in popular speech). But also found in Tolstoy: Хотя конь и не хорош был, по его мнению, однако стоил по крайней мере сорок монетов (-Л.Н. Толстой: Казаки 22) Although the horse was not a very good one in his opinion, nevertheless it was worth at least forty rubles.

Мочь:

Dialectal forms.

The very common verb мочь cccurs in an unusual number of regional variants. In the summary below , the 3 sg, 1 pl , and 2 pl are formed like the 2 sg, just as in the case of the standard forms (может, можем, можете).

могу " " " "

2 sg. можешь могешь могёшь могошь могешь могёшь

3 pl . могут

8

Pres. 1 sg Standard : Dialectal:

могут "

218

Pres. 1 sg.

2 sg.

3 pl .

Morý "1

могошь

могут "1

могишь

11 можешь "1

можут " 1

можу "

=

11

можу

11 можут

могу можбшь

можу

МОЧЬ + Inf : - in expressions of possibility and probability . Like English‘can ' and ' may , ' мочь is used to refer to the possibility of something happening.

Possibility ,

likely possibility, and probability easily merge into each

other. В комнате зверски холодно , она может захворать. It's villainously cold in the room--she may get sick . Note that in referring to something that was a possibility in the past , the plain Past of мочь is commonly used , even in referring to a possibility that never became a reality , rather than the Subjunctive with the particle бы:

Старый котел мог в любую минуту разорваться. The old boiler might have blown up at any minute . Заходил он , нибудь

собственно , не к ней лично , их встреча была случайной .

другой

мог

отворить

ему .

Ее

вообще

могло не быть дома ,

Кто •

(Панова) Actually , he didn't come to see her personally ; their meeting was accidental . Anyone else could have opened the door for him. She might not have been at home at all , .

(Cf. bbl ,

I.A.5.a , p . 19. )

МОЧЬ with the negative : не мочь + Inf ' be unable to_ мочь не + Inf ' be able to avoid ______- ing , ' ( Lit .: ' be able to not

')

"be able to refrain from —- ing , ' 'be able to manage without

-ing , ’

' not have to —________ 'may (possibly) not , не мочь ( чтоб ) не + Inf ' be unable to help

-ing' ( Lit .:

' be unable to do without ' be unable to fail to

-ing '

' not be able to not

:)

219

The general rule is that He logically applies strictly to the word that immediately follows it.

(A preposition and its object are treated as a single unit :

inserted between them. ) The difference

He

is not

between Russian and English usage

is

thrown into sharp contrast when мoчь + Inf is negated in the various possible ways : Вы не можете смеяться над ним . You can't laugh at him. ( - e.g. , considering his misfortune ) Вы можете не смеяться над ним . You can (just) refrain from laughing at him. (--and you'd better)

You can manage very nicely without laughing at him. You needn't laugh at him./You don't have to laugh at him .

It's possible that he won't make you laugh . Вы можете смеяться не над ним . You can laugh, but not at him. You can do your laughing at somebody besides him. ( = Не над ним можете смеяться .

Him you can't laugh at . ) Вы не можете не смеяться над ним . You can't help laughing at him. You can't fail to laugh at him.

мочь:

нE моги + Inf (pop . sp . & regional .

Sometimes used jokingly , )

Used in strong prohibitions

'Don't you dare . . . !' 'See that you don't . . . !'

'Now, don't you Не прерви!

Не моги прервать !

Don't interrupt !

Don't you dare interrupt !

Починить его я постараюсь , только мешать не моги ! I'm going to try to fix it, only see that you don't bother me!

МОЧЬ (f) :

(Dat + ) НЕ В МОЧЬ (УЖ)

= мочи нет / мочи не стало

МОЧЬ (f) :

... can't stand it '

МОЧИ НЕТ -- phrase used as adverb

Usually мoчи нет , ' . . . can't stand it , ' is used as the basis of an ordinary clause : Постылы вы мне все !

Мочи моей нет видеть вас!

You all are hateful to me ! I can't stand looking at you!

220

However, the expression мочи нет

is also found used adverbially :

Мы мочи нет друг другу надоели .

( Грибоедов)

We bored each other beyond endurance. Досадно мочи нет , чем больше думать станешь . ( Грибоедов) It's intolerably annoying, the more you start thinking about it .

МУДРЕНЫЙ :

МУДРЕНОЕ ДЕЛО

( + Inf)

Мудрёный alone = ' intricate , ' ' strange , ' ' hard to understand , ' ' tricky , ' ' hard to do . ' Thus Что ( ж ) ( тут ) мудрёного /Мудрёного нет /Мудрено ли / не мудрено ( что ... ) all mean about the same thing :

' It's not surprising , '

' There's nothing strange about . . forward derivatives of

' Is it any wonder (that .

. .), '

. , ' etc. , and all of them are regular and straight-

мудрёный .

BUT note the expression мудрёное дело , used ironically (as if it were мудрёное ли дело) with the opposite of what the literal meaning of the words suggests : Мудрёное дело дать мне определённый ответ . It's just not all that hard to give me a definite answer.

—МШИ

( verb -ending)

= —вши . i.e.

(dialectal : Southern)

In dialectal usage, the Gerund can be used as the main verb of a sentence ,

as the equivalent of a simple Past tense.

221 HA The great majority of the uses of нa can be regarded as applications of a few fundamental senses such as location on or at , orientation toward , and future intent . They are well presented in dictionaries , and are not reviewed here . Only non-standard

HA + Acc .

popular

usages

and

supplementary

points

are

added

in

a few

this book .

(See also under C + Gen. )

= B, referring to a destination .

( pop . sp. ) (VERY COMMON )

'From ... to ...' is expressed by из . . . B ... in the standard literary language when referring to travel between named geographical points or between other definite · B • • • is very locations . However , the use of c ... Hа . . . instead of из frequent in popular speech : В понедельник летит с Москвы на Лондон . On Monday he flies from Moscow to London .

5 Судно отходит с Ленинграда на Гавану 10 - ого января . The ship sails from Leningrad for Havana on the 10th of January . Ha is also used instead of the literary в when the

' from ..

' is not expressed :

На другой день они вернулись на деревню . The following day they returned to the village . Отнеси все эти письма на контору . Take all these letters into the office .

NOTES : 1. A few expressions with Hа

are

accepted

standard literary

usage :

на Kавказ

'to the Caucasus ' , на урал ' to the Urals ' , нa украину ' to the Ukraine ' . 2. Not popular speech only , but also standard literary , are some expressions using

на Ha

+ Acc .

instead of B when the city is a destination on the route

but not

necessarily the terminal :

Дорога на Смоленск . the road to Smolensk (and perhaps farther)

Он сел в поезд на Варшаву. He got on a train to Warsaw. (i.e., He got on a train going to Warsaw , among other places . )

HA + Acc .:

В Hочь HА + date

' in the early morning of the

-th ' , ' early on the______-th '

Note that the English expression ' on the night of the 8th ' refers to the time from nightfall to midnight of the 8th and does NOT correspond to the Russian в ночь на 8- oe, which refers to the time from midnight to sunrise of the 8th .

222

В ночь на 5 - ое января пошел снег . The snow started early on the 5th of January . Затем поехал я в город, в ночь с 7 на 8 марта. Then I drove into town on the night of 7-8 March.

НА + Acc ( of a person or group) 'for' , ' for the benefit of' , ' for the purposes of' , ' in the interests of' Старуха варежки вяжет на армию . The old lady is knitting mittens for the army . Я не хочу и не буду работать на немцев .

( Фадеев)

I don't want to work for the Germans and I'm not going to.

HA + Acc . ' on ' , ' on the subject of ' , ' in regard to '

( pop . sp . )

А мы с ним разговаривали уже на эту тему. But we're already had some discussions with him on this subject . Личные дела не держатся здесь у нас .

И только в

лучшем случае к концу

месяца материал на вас поступит . The personnel records aren't kept here at our office . fortunate

And only in the most

case will the material on you come by the end of the month .

Не забыли ничего 1

И науки ради Исписали на него Толстых

три тетради .

( Твардовский)

They didn't leave out a thing, And in the interests of Science they filled three thick notebooks on him. ( i.е. , 3 notebooks devoted to him and his case = 3 notebooks subject of him. )

НА + Acc . with работать

(pop . sp. )

' work at ' , ' work on ' ( = над + Ins . ) Приказал всё прекратить и работать на этот вопрос. He ordered them to drop everything and work on this problem.

— О каких машинах он говорил? -Ну , эти самые , на которые мы работаем . -What vehicles was he talking about ? -Why, the ones we're working on.

on the

223

НА + numerals ( Acc . )

(pop . sp . ) (VERY COMMON )

' nearly' , ' close to ' ( --but not more than) , ' just about' (Cf. American regional ' nigh onto ' . )

' amounting to ' , ' some , ' ( Need not always be translated . ) Отсюда далеко .

Километра на четыре .

It's a long way from here .

It's close to about four kilometers .

Отправили на десять человек на помощь. They sent some ten men to help .

( OR :

They sent ten men . . .)

Там стояла сосна высотой на тридцать метров. A pine tree stood there , some thirty meters in height. ( Standard literary usage :

высотой в тридцать метров . )

Из необходимого железного лома поступило в завод на 680 тонн . Of the required scrapiron , 680 tons have arrived at the plant . На сома поохотиться не желаете , господин? ... Сомок -- пуда на два. ( Горький) Wouldn't you like to go fishing for sheatfish* , sir? A nice little sheatfish is close to about two poods**. (*A very large fish something like a catfish . ) ( ** About 70 pounds .)

HA + Loc . .. of stages or points along the way in a process . —У нас одна машина неисправна.

-Сколько времени вам для ремонта надо? -Ну , сейчас на определении в каком месте . -We've got one vehicle out of order.

-How much time do you need for repairs ? -Well , right now they're on the decision of where it should be done . Затем ставят канаты , полиспаст , и крюк .

На этом заканчивается монтаж

крана . Then they attach the cables , the compound pulley , and the hook .

.

point the assembling of the crane is finished .

HA- KA HA- KO

НА- КА ПОДИ НА- КО ПОДИ ' Look at . . . ! ' (And) What do you think (of that) ? ' ' How do you like that ? . . . !'

At this

224

'And what does . . . do? . . . !'

'What do you know?' Used

in

expressions

of

surprise

and

displeasure . ,

Often follows

a

Nom .

pronoun . Я всё устраивал , а ты на- ка!

Придираешься.

I was making all the arrangements , and what do you do? Find fault ! На- ка!

Совершенно забыл об этом , на- ка !

How do you like that? I forgot all about it ! На- ка , теперь у нас молокосос руководителем !

What do you think of that !

Чёрт !

What do you know , now we've got a greenhorn as a boss ! Blast !

НА ПОДИ ДА И НА ПОДИ ' no matter what you do'

' dreadfully '

' can't do a thing about it'

' something awful'

Expresses bewilderment and inability to cope with some problem. Три раза проверили данные , а всё что- то не так , да и на поди . We've checked the figures three times , and still something isn't right , no matter what we do. Краска всё сходит со стены , да и на поди . The paint keeps peeling off the wall something awful . Он разошелся так , что и на поди . The way he blew his top , we couldn't do a thing with him.

HА TO (И ) + Nom noun 'That's what . . . is . '

'That's how it goes with . .

'That's the way . . . is . '

'That's ... for you.'

Originally , this construction referred to purpose :

'That's what . . . is for.' hence: 'That's what . . . is supposed to be .' & hence : ' That's how

I always is .'

This older meaning of purpose is still sometimes found, as in the first example . На то он и помощник заведующего , чтобы слушать жалобы.

That's what he's an assistant manager for: to listen to the complaints . Одержи

победу - все

назовут

гением ;

поражение

потерпи -

дураком .

На то командир . Win a victory and everybody will call you a genius ; suffer a defeat and everybody will call you a fool .

That's what it is to be a commander.

1

225

Многие зябнут , голодают , погибают .

На то и война.

Many people are freezing , starving, and dying.

That's the way war

always is. Скучно тебе , так не прогневайся, друг мой -- на то и деревня ! ( Салтыков) If you find it boring, don't be angry , my friend .

That's just living in

the country for you !

НА ЧТО ? 'What for?'

'Why?'

'For what purpose?'

HA чTO + Dat + Acc . . .? 'What do/does .

• need ... for? '

'Who needs ...?' 'What do/does .... care about .. .?'

'Why should ... care about ...?' 'Who cares about . . .?' -А я? -сказал слепой жалобным голосом . -На что мне тебя? —был ответ .

(Лермонтов)

" But what about me?" said the blind boy in a plaintive voice . "What do I need you for?" was the answer . -Да на что вам мое отчество? What do you

Зовите меня просто Марианной.

have to know my patronymic for?

Just call

(Тургенев) me Marianna .

НА ЧТО УЖ НА ЧТО НА ЧТО УЖ

1. + Adj . , long or short + Adj . , Compar. + Vb.

+ Noun + Gen. of (Adj +) Noun

( = descriptive Gen. )

Expresses completeness , thoroughness , intensity , high degree of some quality. Often found in constructions where one thing is contrasted with another . The particle combination regularly precedes the word it applies to . 'exceedingly'

'(as) ... as can/could be

'absolutely '

'couldn't be more . . .'

'extremely '

'What could be more .

.?/ '

226

with adj : Он уж на что умен .

Всю задачу решил .

He's clever as can be . Какой пейзаж !

He solved the whole problem .

Уж на что красиво!

What scenery !

What could be more beautiful?

w. Compar.: Погода скверная .

На что хуже.

The weather is vile . w . Vb .:

Вот рубашки чистенькие .

Now ,

It couldn't be worse . Уж я на что стирал .

there are some nice clean shirts .

w . Noun : Hе даст .

I washed them like

all hell .

На что уж жмот .

He won't give us any. He's an awful tightwad . w . Gen. Adj . + Noun : Его отец был старик уж на что большого разума. His father was an old man of enormous intelligence. a

2. + Adj . , long or short

И

+ Adj . , Compar.

+ но

+ Vb. + Noun

аи

+ Gen of ( Adj . +) Noun

a •

• И

НО И When the statement made in one clause is contrasted with the statement made in the other, the second clause is usually introduced by some conjunction , such as а , и , но , а и , ог но и with the meaning of ' but ' , ' but even . '

Frequently the result is

a concessive sentence of the type ' ... was indeed exceedingly . one

·

.' .

The particle combination (на ,

что ,

уж на что ,

. but even that

на что уж) regularly

precedes the word it applies to. Конструкторы у нас на что умны , а и те еще не решили задачу. The designers at our place are extremely clever, but even they haven't yet solved the problem . На что уж черное лицо было у Павла, но и оно теперь покраснело . ( Макаренко) Pavel had an extremely dark face , but even that now turned red. Даже наш

уезд,

на что был ленив ,

и тот почти поголовно поднялся .

(Салтыков) Even our district, dreadfully inactive though it was --even ours rose almost to a man ...

up 1

Мы уж на что перебиваемся , а и нам шесть рублей в пять месяцев, что у нас прожила, задолжала .

(Достоевский)

We live dreadfully poorly , but in the five months she lived with us she came to owe even us six rubles .

3. +

Noun

+ prep. + Noun + adj . + Noun

. . . + и тот / та/то/те

227

A somewhat similar concessive sentence of the type 'Even in the case of the .... even that one ...' is made with noun phrases. Here the particle combination (на что, уж на что, на что уж) may either precede or follow the words it applies to. Уж на что баба-и та от него всю жизнь худого слова не слыхала ... (Горбунов) Even his wife - even she in all her life never heard an ill word from him ...

У мужиков на что, и то эта самая мода завелась. (Л. Толстой) Even among the peasants this same fashion has taken hold. (Lit.: Even among the peasants, even there this same fashion has taken hold . ) НА.

(Prefix) : не + на- Verb (-ся) ( + на) Verbs used in this construction usually refer to some attitude or emotion. They are found most often in the Prf Pres-Fut form; less commonly, in the PrfPast. Most, though not all , of these verbs are reflexives in -ся.

Mope красиво. Не нагляжусь (на него). The sea is beautiful . I never can get tired of looking at it. Какой он чудак! Не надивлюсь на него. What a strange fellow he is! I can't stop wondering at him. Он так ее любит, не налюбится на нее. He loves her so, he is lost in admiration of her. То не везло ему, а теперь прямо не нарадуются. At that time he wasn't having any luck, but now they just dote on him. (Lit.: can't be glad enough about him / couldn't be more pleased with him. ) HA-

(Prefix): WITH ADVERBS 1. The prefix на- is sometimes used with adverbs as an intensifier. This наis related to the prefix наи-.

набольно наскоро

'exceedingly painfully' 'extremely fast'

2. Adverbs prefixed with на- are often used to make a Doubled -Word Construction :

больно-наобольно строго-настрого HABEPHO

'excruciatingly' 'most strictly'

(Used parenthetically)

'... , I should think , ...'

(Cf по- моему, used similarly.)

Ну что мне говорите когда я лучше вас знаю, наверно, где есть рыба а где нету. Now what stuff are you trying to tell me, when I should think I know better than you do where there are fish and where there aren't.

HABOBCE

(popular speech)

for ever' for good', ' = навсегда,' НАВРОДЕ

= вроде,

(adv.)

'sort of

'I guess'

'somewhat'

'more or less'

'I suppose'

'mainly'

-А я слышал, будто в снохи берешь ... Степана Астахова Аксиню. - Я? От живого мужа ... Да ты что ж, Платоныч, навроде смеешься ? А? (-Шолохов ) -But I've been hearing as how you're getting a daughter-in-law ... Stepan Astakhov's Aksinya. -I'm what? From her husband while he's alive? ... Why, what are you saying, Platonych? I suppose you're joking? Right?

228

НАВРОДЬ+ Gen. (prep. ) (popular speech) 'like' = вроде ... безразлично. Гнедой или вороней --все равно. Пристрелить. С жеребёнком мы навродь цыганев. (-Шолохов) ... it makes no difference . Bay or black, it's all the same. Shoot it . With the foal, we're going to do like the gypsies. Эту палку называет своей "тросточкой." Вернее, навродь дубины. He calls this stick his "cane". Actually, it's more like a club . НАДО - with Acc . OR Gen. When надо is used as a predicate and takes an object, the object may be in either the Accusative or the Genitive. The Genitive is more characteristic of the colloquial language, though both cases are accepted standard usage. The same is true of нужно. Теперь нам надо времени (OR время) . What we need now is time.

НАДО - asadv. (popular speech) = надо быть, должно быть. See НАДО БЫТЬ.

' probably'

' evidently'

' I guess'

' apparently'

'It must be that ...'

Вечеринка там надо в семь часов начинается, да? The party must be starting at seven o'clock, right? Там на дворе, надо будет ветер разбрасывать бельё. In the yard there the wind will undoubtedly throw the washing all over. НАДО

with Nom . subject , + Inf(substandard)

Often incorrectly substituted for должен/должна/должны when referring to people . Cf. НУЖЕН, used similarly in substandard speech. Я за ними надо ехать. I am to go and get them.

НАДО БЫ +

Inf

1. ' One/ I/We/etc. really must/certainly ought to ...' Прекрасный день! Надо бы устроить поездку какую. It's a beautiful day! We'll certainly have to get up some kind of an outing . Надо бы зайти к ним, да сейчас некогда. Зайдем после. We really must stop in to see them, but we don't have time right now. Later on we will. 2. (Referring to the future:) 'should', 'ought' Commonly standing first in its sentence. Надо бы костыли сделать, -сказал Ветрин, но Светлов не обратил внимания на его слова. (-Забелин) "We ought to make crutches, "said Vetrin, but Svetlov paid no attention to what he said. Надо бы сочинить какой-нибудь фокус . Покажем новому обитателю Кунцово все его многочисленные красоты. (-Тургенев) We ought to cook up some sort of scheme. We'll show the new resident of Kuntsovo all its many beauties.

229

Надо бы и с Любовью Гордеевной проститься ... Что ж , ведь в одном доме жили ... (-А. Н. Островский) I ought to say goodbye to Lyubov Gordeyevna too . After all, we've lived in the same house ... 3. (Referring to the past:) 'should have' Observe that in suggestions of what should have been done in the past, the надо бы is often not first in the sentence. жаль! Вам, хоть не всю сумму, а все-таки что-нибудь получить надо бы по этому векселю. (-А.Н. Островский) A pity! Even if you didn't get the whole amount, still you should have gotten something on that bill. -Незадача, братец, дьявольская незадача! Выход нехорош был, вернуться 6 надо: заяц дорогу перебежал, какая уж тут охота! Что ни приложусь, паф! ... либо пудель, либо осечка. (-А.Н. Островский) -Rotten luck, my dear fellow, devilish rotten luck ! I got off to a bad start, and I should have come home: a hare ran across the road. What a time I had! Every time I took aim, bing! ... either my shot went wide, or the gun misfired. НАДО БЫЛО + Inf 1.

Basically, надо было simply refers to necessity in the past :. Present: На небе черные тучи. Надо ждать дождя. There are heavy black clouds in the sky. We must expect rain. Past: На небе были черные тучи. Надо было ждать дождя. There were heavy black clouds in the sky. Rain was to be expected.

2.

BUT note that the past form надо было is also used to refer to things in the past that in fact did not take place, but are now regarded as desirable or advisable. Надо было is used in this way either with or without бы . (See also under БЫ: #I.E.2 .) Дома его не застали. Нам бы надо было позвонить ему по телефону. (OR simply: Надо было позвонить ему по телефону.) We didn't find him at home. We ought to have called him on the phone.

Надо было раньше об этом думать. You should have thought about that before.

НАДО БЫТЬ (-as parenthetical adverb) = должно быть

'probably' 'It looks as if ...'

(popular speech & regional) 'evidently' ' apparently'

'very likely' '... must be ...’

Его тут нету! Перелез , надо быть, через забор. He's gone! He must have climbed over the fence.

Она уже легла спать, и, надо быть, заснула. She had already gone to bed , and, presumably, fallen asleep. НАДО БЫТЬ

+ Dat

(regional)

'evidently there will be ...'

(See БЫТЬ # 5 : быть + Dat.)

Посмотри на небо! Надо быть буре . Take a look at that sky! There's sure to be a storm.

'presumably' '... must have ...'

230

НАДО ДУМАТЬ

'no doubt'

' I suppose'

'It looks as if

'It looks as though'

Пожалуй, будет и мне удача в моей работе. Надо думать, шоссейную дорогу из области к себе мы в этом году закончим. (-Паустовский) I think I'm going to succeed at what I'm doing. It looks as though we'll get the paved road from the regional capital to our village finished this year.

НАДО ЖЕ

(popular speech) (+ Dat)

ВЕДЬ НАДО ЖЕ НАДО ВЕДЬ

Used in exclamations of amazement at something not previously expected: Ведь надо же было ему поехать по старой дороге!, What ever possessed him to go by way ofthe old road! Надо же было им вернуться! Well , of all things! For some reason they've come back!

Надо же, какая нелепость! Honestly, what ridiculous drivel! Как она жалуется! Надо же так! How she does complain! It's really something!

НАДО :

КАК НАДО (БЫЛО) + Inf

Как надо было домой писать? What was the use of writing home?

НАДО :

КАК НЕ НАДО + Comparative adverb (popular speech)

= как нельзя

'couldn't be more ...'

'as .... as you could want'

'extremely'

For examples, see under KAK, p 183.

НАДО :

НЕ НАДО!

'Don't!'

НАДО :

(popular speech) (COMMON)

'Cut that out!'

'Stop it!'

'Knock it off!'

'fine'

'great'

'couldn't be better'

ЧТО НАДО

'excellent'

Каникулы хоть куда! Погода что надо с неделю кряду. A marvellous vacation! The weather has been great for about a week straight.

O = НАП = НАДОТЬ HAJOB = HÁ HÁO

(dialectal variants)

= надо

НАДОБНО

(Obsolete in literary usage, but still found in popular speech)

= надо, необходимо

231

НАДОТЬ = НАТЬ

(dialectal: Northern)

= надо, необходимо

НАДЫСЬ

(regional)

'recently'

НАЙСТИ

'a while ago'

(dialectal)

= найти. Similarly, пайсти = пойти.

НАЙТИ: Used in scornful and sarcastic assertions with the meaning that whatever is mentioned is far from being what it was supposed to be and is thoroughly undesirable. 'Afine ... that is!

What a swell ... !'

'Huh, some ... !'

' ... really picked a great ...'

1. Prf Past of найти + interrog. pron or adv + Inf Нашли чем хвастаться! Huh, a lot they have to brag about! Нашел когда красить лестницу! Boy, what a great time he picked to paint the stairs! Нашла где хранить деньги! A fine place to keep her money in that is! 2. (тоже + ) PrfPast of найти(сь) + noun (See also under TОЖЕ) Тоже философ нашелся! Huh , some philosopher! Тоже герой нашелся! So what makes him a hero?/Oh sure, that makes him a hero! Note : Derived from this construction is the set phrase Нашел (or нашли) дурака! which has become an expression of blunt refusal: 'Not on your life!, 'Nothing doing!' 'Me? Forget it!' . The literal sense is 'You think you succeeded in finding a fool . Well, you haven't!' Other verbs - e.g. вздумать 'take it into one's head to ...', выбрать 'choose , pick out', выдумать 'think up' , выискать(ся) 'find, hunt up' , задаться ' occur , turn up', отыскать(ся) 'find, hunt up', 'be found' - are used to make up similar ironic expressions, often introduced by тоже ог вот ог ну и, but the one most often used is найти(сь).

НАКОНЕЦ Often in expressions of impatience and vexation where ' at last' or 'finally' are not good translations . Frequently last in its sentence . Often after an Imperative , though not necessarily. Ольга (нетерпеливо): Андрей, иди же, наконец! (-Чехов) Olga (impatiently) : Andrei, will you please hurry up and come! Варя (сердито): Да уходите же, наконец! (-Чехов) Varya (angrily): Will you just go away, for heaven's sake!

232

-Да стойте, наконец! Все равно догоню, чудак! -крикнул ему Бабаев. (-Сергеев-Ценский) "Stop, dammit! I'll catch up with you anyway, you nut"! Babayev shouted at him. -Прикажите мне дать воды! Ну, я вас прошу, наконец. (-А.Н. Островский) -Tell him to give me some water! Please do it, will you? Все томились одним неотвязным ... вопросом: когда же, наконец, домой, (-Вересаев) Everyone was oppressed by one obsessive question: Just when, in Heaven's name,are we going home? [during long family quarrel:] -Это уж гадко, наконец! Это безнравственно! (-А.Н. Островский) That does it! That's revolting! It's immoral!

НАЛИ

(dialectal)

- даже.

НАМÉДЬ / HOMЁДЬ / НАМЁДНИХ / НАМЁСЬ = намедни

'the other day'

(dialectal)

'lately'

For other dialectal variants, see under ОНОМЕДНИ .

НАПРИМЕР 'indeed'

'certainly'

'really' 'honestly'

'I assure you' 'believe me'

'to be sure'

Originally so used under the influence of French par exemple, which can have this sense also. A nineteenth century expression, but still heard. Фамусов:

Сергей Сергеич, к нам сюда-с,

Скалозуб:

Прошу покорно, здесь теплее; Прозябли вы, согреем вас; Отдушничек отвернем поскорее. Зачем же лазить, например,

Famusov:

Skalozub:

Самим! Мне совестно, как честный офицер. (-Грибоедов) Sergei Sergeyich, come in here , sir , I humbly pray you; it's warmer here; You're chilled through , we'll get you warmed up; We'll open the vent right away. Why should you climb up there yourself, Upon my word! -I'm embarassed, as an upright officer.

-Этого я еще наверно не знаю, и признаюсь, ждал тебя, чтоб с тобой посоветоваться. Ну на каком, например, основании я буду ее у себя держать? -Э, чего тут, да хоть в виде служанки. (-Достоевский) -"That I don't know yet for certain, and the fact is, I've been waiting for you so as to get your advice. Now, on what footing, really, am I going to keep her with me?" -"Huh , what's the problem? Why, as a servant, for instance.

Видите ли: хоть мне и было всё равно, но ведь боль-то я, например, чувствовал. (-Достоевский) Do you see, although I didn't care about anything, nevertheless I could indeed feel pain.

|

233

-Это давно вам разъяснили. -Что разъяснили? Я ничего не знаю например. -They told you all about this a long time ago. -What do you mean, told me all about this? I don't know a thing about it, I assure you .

НАСТОЯЩИЙ:

Superl . самый настоящий

(popular speech)

The meaning of настоящий, ' a real....', 'a regular ...', 'an absolute ...' (-- , for that matter, its other meaning 'the present' --) would seem to make it logically impossible to form a Comparative or Superlative of this word. However, in the spoken language a Superlative самый настоящий is used to give an added expression of vehemence: Вот так дела! Нечего сказать! Ну, это безобразие самое настоящее, Товарищ Безмозгин. A fine mess, I must say! Well , this is a most absolutely outrageous business, Comrade Bezmozgin. Там у них когда составляют месячный доклад, каждый с ума сходит, и причём самым настоящим образом. At their place when they're compiling the monthly report everyone is going crazy, and boy, they really do.

НАТУРЛИВЫЙ

(popular speech)

good-natured

НАТЬ =

НАДОТЬ

(dialectal: Northern)

= надо, необходимо

НАШТО (-spelling sometimes used in representations of popular speech in printed works offiction) 'as ... as can be'. 'exceedingly' = на что/уж на что/на что уж For examples of usage, see under НА ЧТО , p 225 .

HE

(As reply) (regional) (Often lengthened in pronunciation: He- e!)

= Нет. -Куда это он завтра? В Ленинград? -Не! В Архангельск. -Where is it that he's going tomorrow? To Leningrad? -No, it's Archangel.

-Бумаги нашлись там, -Не- е! Черт их знает, куда делись. -Did those papers turn up there? -No! The devil only knows where they got to.

HE:

forming opposites as well as negating. In Russian as in English, it is often only a very short step from negating a word to asserting its opposite : for example , неприятный means not merely 'not pleasant', but in fact means 'disagreeable' , just as unpleasant does in English . Russian не рекомендуется, like

234

English is not recommended, in fact means 'is advised against', 'is to be discouraged' . He лбл , English 'I don't like, ' frequently means 'I dislike'. In spite of the close similarity in this respect between the two languages in a great many cases, a few Russian negative expressions come as a surprise to the speaker of English, such as нe велеть in the meaning of 'forbid' and He crать when it amounts to meaning 'cease':

Пленным не велят разговаривать. The prisoners are not allowed to talk.

Спить в библиотеке не велено. Sleeping in the library is forbidden. Няня! Не видишь, что ребенок выбежал на солнышко! Уведи его в холодок, напечет ему головку- будет болеть, тошно сделается, кушать не станет. (Гончаров) Nurse! Don't you see the child has run out in the sun! Take him away in the shade. If he gets his head overheated, he'll be sick, he'll get nauseated, he'll quit eating.

HE:

In Replies Containing Repetitions Used when brushing aside questions or objections and refusing to listen to any further talk. Frequently some contrasting expression follows, in which the speaker insists on what he wants.

'No ....

'Never mind that stuffabout ...,'

'Don't give me that " ..." stuff, ...'

-Карандашей надо. -А на что? -Не "на что", а отдавайте! -I need some pencils. -What for? -Don't give me that stuff about "what for?”, just hand over the pencils!

-Э, полно! Я ведь изнурён. -Да что ты! Не изнурён, а тяни, я тебе говорю. -Hey, let's stop! I'm really exhausted. -What do you mean? Never mind that stuff about being exhausted. Keep pulling, I tell you!

HE

1. In Doubled -Word Constructions: ..., не ... There is a sizable family of doubled-word constructions characterized by a нe between the words ofthe doublet-pair: " ... нe ..." a.

The doubled word can be any part of speech that carries a major portion of meaning in itself: ordinarily it is a noun, verb, adjective , or adverb, but not a pronoun , conjunction, preposition or particle.

b.

The doubled word is the SAME in grammatical form both times.

C.

The doubled word construction is often, though not necessarily, followed by a contrasting conjunction: most frequently a but also однако and others. Whenever there are two clauses, the "... He ..." construction is in the first clause.

d.

Basically, when a speaker uses the doubled-word construction " ... He ...", he is in some way questioning the applicability of the idea expressed by the doubled word.

There are three distinct uses of this construction: ( 1) The " ... нe ..." construction may express a cautious and dubious negation of the doubled word, lacking in certainty or conviction.

1

235

Either (a ) The speaker does not know whether the doubled word is the right word to use in describing the situation , and is reluctant to use it ,

or (b) The speaker knows that the doubled word does not really fit the situation , but cannot think of a word that is more exact . > • ' not exactly 'I wouldn't say · 'I don't know that it's .

' not really

' I wouldn't call it exactly

' not quite . . or no . ·

' may or may not be •

or not '

' not necessarily •

with short adj : Пьян не пьян , а как - то странно вёл себя . (COMMON ) with long adj :

I don't say he was drunk , but he was acting rather oddly . Краденые не краденые , однако откуда взялись или у кого купил , он объясниться не мог . I don't know that they were stolen , but he couldn't explain where they came from or whom he bought them of.

with noun :

- промолвил Панталей Еремейч . - Жена не жена , Вот , рекомендую , — а почитай что жена.

( Тургенев)

"Here , I'll introduce you , " said Pantalei Eremeich.

"She's not

exactly my wife , but she practically is . " Не знаю , что это . Ягоды не ягоды , а фрукты какие- то . I don't know what those are .

They're not exactly berries , but

but they're fruit of some kind. with

verb :

Парням поверили не поверили , а одно было точно : что- то там нечисто.

(RARE ) They didn't really believe what the fellows said , but one thing was certain : there was something fishy going on there. Уехали неделю тому назад . Доедут не доедут до конца месяца . They left a week ago .

There's no telling whether they'll get

there before the end of the month . " 1 не construction with verbs may convey that the action (2) The " is performed only slightly or partially or poorly , that there is something vague and indefinite about the way it is done , that the way it is done does not really come up to the full meaning of the word. Паршивые дрова.

Сыры .

It's lousy firewood .

Горят не горят .

It's damp . (OR :

It burns very poorly.

It will hardly burn at all . )

Вы- то чистите не чистите этого коридора .

You people are just sort of half cleaning that hallway .

236

А вот такой " юрист "

вспашет тебе не вспашет , поцарапает почву--

ну , и жди урожая с этого поля !

But a

"jurist"

scratch at it.

( Овечкин)

like him won't really plow up the

soil , he'll

Just wait for the crop that comes from that field!

На собрании забьется в дальний угол , насупится : и

спит не

спит ,

и

слушает не слушает . At

a

meeting he'll get way back in a

remote corner

and he'll

scowl , and he sort of half sleeps and half listens . construction may be used in the first clause of

не

(3) The "

a two-clause sentence with the meaning that whatever is referred to in the first clause is a matter of indifference and has no effect on what is referred to in the second clause . with verbs :

(COMMON )

Спал не спал , а вставай .

Whether you've slept or not , get up . Придут не придут они , поехали ! Whether they're coming or not , let's go!

Воля ваша, Иван Петрович, гневайтесь не гневайтесь,

а

больше не намерен. Suit yourself,

Ivan Petrovich , be angry if you like ,

but I I

don't intend to do any more of that .

Крутись не крутись , а всё равно эту работу закончишь . Squirm all you like , but you're going to finish this job. with nouns : Правила не правила , ему хоть бы что . Rules or no rules , he couldn't care less .

Гроза не гроза, пойду. Storm or no storm , I'm going .

HE : 2. IN

DOUBLED · WORD

CONSTRUCTIONS

used

in

REPLIES

CONTAINING

REPETITIONS . The "

не

"

construction , with its basic meaning of questioning the

applicability of a word , lends itself very easily to use in replies containing repetitions :

a.

не

a/нO ...

хоть не

9 a/нo ...

A word referring to something that the first speaker has

expressed some

doubt about is taken up by the second speaker and doubled , with He , and the second speaker's answer then follows , and expressing

the

second

an inserted

introduced by an a or a нo

speaker's desire to dispel the doubt ,

conciliatory partial concession and asserting a reduced claim.

making a

237

-Дело в шляпе .

Я всех здешних шишек знаю.

-Неужели всех? -Всех не всех , а порядочно знаю как здесь и что . -It's in the bag .

I know all the bigshots here .

-Really? All of them? -Whether it's all of them or not , I know pretty well what's what around here .

дел ведь сразу не переделаешь.

-Всех

-Ну всех , хоть не всех, а всё же много . -After all , you can't get everything done all at once .

-Well , maybe not all , but a lot . -Хоть римский огурец велик , нет спору в том Ведь с гору , кажется , ты так сказал о нём? . . . -Гора хоть не гора , но , право , будет с дом .

( Крылов )

-Even though the Roman cucumber is big, and there's no doubt of that , About the size of a hill , I think--Isn't that what you said about it? -Well, maybe

not a hill , but certainly it would be about the size of a

house . b. Inf

He + Pres / Past of SAME verb + a/да/но . . .

This pattern may be regarded as a special case of # 1 : applies only to verbs. that

make a

не .

This ".

concession ,

always

negative

a special case that

" construction is used in sentences in form ,

followed by

the positive

assertion of some reservation or stipulation: . . . .' ' As for . . . - ing , . . . do/does /did not ( . . . ) , but . ..do/does/did . . 'I certainly don't . . ., but I do indeed . . .'

'It's true •

· didn't . ·

-Там был?

but ... certainly did

·

Понимал , что они там делали ?

-Понимать не понимал , но описывать могу. -You

were there? Did you understand what those people were

doing there? -I must say I didn't understand it , but I can describe it.

не

C.

.)

(a,

(,a • • .) (RARE )

- To He

The doubled word is the SAME in grammatical form both times . The strengthening particle

To is in practice not often used in this con-

struction . The

contrasting clause introduced by a may be omitted , but

actually is

nearly always there .

" The

usage

is quite

similar in meaning to # 1 :

the

"

не

con-

struction is used in replies that concede that the preceding remark has something

238

11 to it , but deny that it is exactly the essential point .

( Cf also

не

§1 ( 1 ) , p 234. )

'Well , I don't know that it's .

but ..·

'Well now, I wouldn't say . . ., but ...' 'It's not so much (a matter of)

.. it's ...'

'Well, maybe not exactly ..... but anyway -А ты нешто хочешь бросить курение ? —Бросить не бросить , а чтобы сберегать деньги . -And do you really mean to say you want to give up smoking? -It's not whether to give it up or not , what I want is to save money . -Неправильно работали .

Указания получили ...

-Да уж указания , не указания , а это не дело , да и только ! -They did the job wrong. They were given instructions . . . -The instructions aren't the point.

This is no way to do things , and that's

all there is to it! d.

не или не ли не

ли не Another use , only a little different from the above , is the following: The

doubled word is always the SAME in grammatical form

both times .

The doubled word is usually repeated in the same grammatical form had in the other speaker's remark, but

as it

Infinitives , inflected verb-forms , and

adverbial forms used as predicates are sometimes changed into Imperatives of corresponding verbs . ( 1 ) WITHOUT CHANGE OF FORM : -Это болезнь , иначе нельзя объяснить , - сказал штабротмистр . -Уж там болезнь , не болезнь , а не попадайся он мне на глаза - - убью! кровожадно прокричал Денисов .

(Л. Толстой)

-"It's an illness , it can't be accounted for any other way , " said the staff cavalry- captain .

-I don't care if it's an illness or not , he'd better keep out of my sight or I'll kill him!" shouted Denisov ferociously .

-Ты чего пришел? -Зашел погутарить .

Помешал?

-Помешал не помешал , а садись , не выгонять же тебя . ( Шолохов) -Why did you come? -I stopped by to have a talk.

Have I inconvenienced you?

-Inconvenienced or not , sit down . I'm certainly not going to run you out.

239

(2) WITH CHANGE TO IMPERATIVE :

-Чай , стыдно, -Стыдись не стыдись , а коли назвался груздём , так полезай в кузов . -l imagine it was embarassing? -Embarassed or not , one can't back out at a time like that .

-А темноты боюсь . . . -Да бойся не бойся , все равно надо пойти туда . -But I'm afraid of the dark. . . -Afraid or not , all the same we've got to go there .

e.

не

11

Similary, the "

не

construction is used in replies that convey

a somewhat scornful attitude toward what has just been said , dismissing it as unimportant , not a serious matter, not worth discussing . —Совещание будет затягиваться . Вы хорошо знаете его , он любит спорить . —Что спорить , не спорить ? Надо так .

Другого выхода нет .

-The meeting is going to drag out .

You know perfectly well how he is :

he likes to argue . -What does it matter whether anyone argues or not? It has to be done this way.

-Подожди !

We have no choice .

Несколько гвоздей уронил .

-Уронил не уронил . —Wait a minute !

У нас много их есть . I dropped a couple of nails .

-Who cares if you did or not ?

HE :

We've got plenty of them .

Nom . + HE B + Acc of SAME noun ( --INANIMATES ONLY ) Used to designate something which is felt to have lost all its inherent meaning .

just isn't— ' The

-just doesn't seem like a real . just doesn't seem the same any more . '

Среди незнакомцев чай не в чай.

It's hard to be at ease among strangers. ( Lit.:

Among strangers tea just doesn't seem like tea .)

Умерла сестра , и жизнь ей стала не в жизнь .

Her sister died , and life just didn't seem the same to her any more . Без него и праздник не в праздник. Without him it doesn't seem like a real holiday.

240

НЕ :

( и)

-DOUBLED WORD CONSTRUCTION .

и не . Conveys

that

something is

the

case

and yet at the same time is

not ; that

something is superficially so but in its true and essential meaning is not . Он верил и не верил этому слуху. He believed this rumor, and at the same time he didn't either. OR:

He half believed this rumor .

Она была похожа и не похожа на него. She resembled him and yet she didn't .

НЕ ТАК, ЧТОБЫ ( often followed by some word meaning ' verу ’ :

очень , больно , шибко ,

крепко, etc) (Cf не то что /чтобы , below . )

' not so very ·

'I wouldn't actually say . •

' not really too . •

'not such an awful lot'

' not all that . . . -Что , встать можешь ?

Или слишком больно?

-Нет , не так чтобы очень болит. -What do you think, can you get up?

Or is it too sore?

-No, it doesn't really hurt an awful lot .

Смелее !

Экзамены не так чтобы жутко тяжелы.

Don't let it get you down ! The exams aren't really all that dreadfully hard .

НЕ ТО ЧТО

(DIFFERENT : Hет (того) чтобы .

See below . )

НЕ ТО ЧТОБЫ The combination не то что ( ог чтобы) always stands directly before the word or phrase it applies to. It can be applied to a very wide variety of forms :

Adjective

( long or short form ) , Verb (ANY form) , Noun (Nom) , Noun (Genitive of description) , some pronouns ,

prepositional phrase, adverbial phrase , etc.

NOTE ESPECIALLY

that in this construction что and чтобы are interchangeable , the -бы оf чтобы simply adding a further note of indefiniteness , with the result that не то чтобы

may be

followed by a

Past or

verb

in ANY form:

Ipf or Prf personal forms as well as

Infinitive, OR by an adjective or a noun .

There are several meanings : 1. Indicating that the immediately following word is close , but not quite the word for what is being described .

right

Usually a contrasting phrase follows , introduced

by a or нo and giving the word that the speaker feels is more suitable . In this meaning, the construction is often used IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS.

241

Compare нe так чтобы , above , which is somewhat similar.

' not exactly

. (, but . . .)' • ( , but . . . )'

' not really

' not what you'd call

·. (, but . . . )'

'It wasn't that it was ... ( , but . . . ) ' 'I wouldn't say it's .. · (, but • • .)'

Он был не то что груб , а , правда, неприветлив. He was not exactly rude , but he certainly was ungracious . Вид у него был не то чтоб наглый , а настойчивый . His manner was not what one would call brazen, but it was aggressive .

Не то чтоб обиделся , а уж очень удивился . It wasn't that he was offended , but he was

indeed very

much surprised.

-Чай , ненавистным находишь?

-Не то чтобы ненавижу , а мне не нравится . -I imagine you find it detestable ? -I wouldn't say I hate it , but I do dislike it . -Что ж , богато жили?

-Не то что богачи , а жили справно . -And did they live on a grand scale?

-I wouldn't call them rich people , but they lived comfortably. 2. Regularly followed by a contrasting phrase introduced by a or Ho .

' not merely .

' not only ..., but . . .'

but in fact . . .'

let alone ...'

., not to speak of . . .'

Очень любезны они. Тяжелый ящик не то что в дом , а в квартиру внесли . They're very obliging .

They carried that heavy box not only into the

building, but into the apartment . Я бы мог съесть не то что одну булочку , а их все . As for me , I could eat up all the buns , let alone one of them.

3. ' not like' Так- то люди работали , а не то что как теперь . That's the way people did their work , and not the way it is nowadays . Какие высокие деревья !

What tall trees !

НЕБОЙСЬ

Совсем не то что у нас дома .

Not at all like the ones we have at home.

(pop. sp . )

- небось.

НЕБОСЬ 1. Of probabilities & in conjectures .

(COMMON)

' very likely ' , ' probably ' ; ' I imagine ' , ' I suppose ' , ' must ' , ' must be ' , ' must have '

242

Они, небось, будут спрашивать его об этом. Very likely, they will ask him about that. OR: They are very likely to ask him about that. Они, небось, вернутся в пятницу. Iimagine they'll be back Friday. Небось, взяли с собой. They must have taken it with them.

2. In expressions of disbelief. (LESS COMMON) = разве: 'Surely you don't mean to say ...' 'Are you going to try to tell me ...?" 'I suppose you're going to claim that ...' А1 А история, небось, совсем неважна? And are you going to try to tell me that history is totally unimportant?

3. In pointing out something thought of as obvious and well-known. (LESS COMMON) ' Naturally, ... '

'ofcourse'

'after all'

'to be sure'

Надо найти новую работу. Питаться воздухом, небось, нельзя. I've got to find a newjob. One can'tjust live on air, after all. Пригласили, и он, небось, не отказался. They invited him, and naturally he did not refuse. 4. In Replies Containing Repetitions (LESS COMMON ) You're darned right it's ...'

"You better believe ...'

Who wouldn't ...?" '

-Испугались, да? -Небось, испугаешься там.

-You were scared , right? -You're darned right you'll be scared there. HEKÁK See НИКАК,

'probably',

' it seems',

'apparently'

'immediately,'

'rightaway'

НЕКУДА : ДАЛЬШЕ НЕКУДА See under ДАЛЬШЕ .

НЕМЕДЛЯ (colloquial) = немедленно,

'at once,'

Директор сказал, чтобы ты немедля в Кубовку ехал. (-Полторацкий) The director said that you were to drive immediately to Kubovka. -6.53. Да. Спасибо. Кто? Вы, Яков Львович? Пожалуйте к нам. Нет, сейчас, немедля. (-Горький) -6-53 . Yes . Thank you . Who? Is that you, Yakov Lvovich? Come and see us. No, right now, right away.

Командиром отряда был назначен Гудович. Он немедля приступил к делу. (-В. Попов) Gudovich was appointed commander of the detachment . He went to work at once.

НЕРОВЕН ЧАС 'like as not'

(pop. sр. ) 'before you know it'

243

Refers to something undesirable that the speaker is afraid might happen. .... Слышу -гомонят где-то на проулке. Семка, думаю, выйду, гляну, неровен час, кто услышит. (Шолохов) I heard people talking somewhere out in the alley. I thought, "I guess I'd better go out and take a look. Before you know it someone will hear. "

НЕСТИТЬ

(dialectal)

= нести

НЕСТЬ

= нет,

'there isn't any ...,'

'there is no ...'

-Obsolete. Sometimes used for humorous effect in the present-day language. НЕСЬ See under НИСЬ.

HET Sometimes used to show that the sentence it introduces represents a return to a previous line ofthought , or to call attention to the sentence it introduces as a particular idea distinct from other ideas about the same situation. 'But what I want to know is …..'

'No , (what I mean is ...)'

-Следующее совещание будет в среду. -Нет, с кем мы будем совещаться? -The next conference will be on Wednesday. -But what I want to know is with whom we'll be having the conference.

НЕТ ДА НЕТ! НЕТ И НЕТ! НЕТ КАК НЕТ! 'Absolutely no!', 'I said No and I mean it!'

HET (ТОГО) ЧТОБЫ

+ Inf(COMMON) + Past (LESS COMMON) + any element used as a predicate (LESS COMMON)

Expresses exasperation, from the idea that what the speaker desires or needs and feels he could naturally expect is exactly what is not being done, and that it is typical of the person spoken ofto fail to do it. 'He/They/etc. just won't/wouldn't ... ' 'Ifthere's one thing he won't do, it's ...' With him there's no ...ing' '

'But no, of course he/they/etc won't ...' The last thing he'd do is ... ' ' Youjust can't get him to ... '

Нет чтобы подождать! Theyjust wouldn't wait a minute, darn them!

Нет чтобы подумали! The last thing they'd do is use their heads! Нет того чтобы осторожно! You just can't get him to do it carefully! Нет того чтоб извиниться, грубый такой! The last thing he'd do is apologize, a roughneck like him!

244

In the present-day language, this construction is practically always used to express condemnation for a fault. An unusual example of the same construction being used to express praise for a good quality is found in Война и мир , I , 1 , xiv:. -Экое золото у меня этот Митенька - прибавил граф улыбаясь ... Нет того , чтобы нельзя. Я же этого терпеть не могу. Все можно. What a gem that Mitenka of mine is, the Count added with a smile ... With him there's no such thing as "impossible". I simply can't abide being told that. Everything's possible. НЕТ, НЕТ (ДА) И + PrfPres (USUALLY) + IpfPast (LESS COMMONLY)

+ PrfImp. (LESS COMMONLY) + IpfPres (VERY RARELY) 'everyonce in a while' 'every now and then'

'everyso often'

'from time to time'

'now and again'

Он нет, нет да и упомянет об этом. Every so often he would mention that. (.i.e . , in the past) OR: Every so often he'll mention that. (-i.e. , now) Он нет, нет и упоминал об этом. Everyso often he would mention that. Ты нет, нет да и подумай об этом. Think about it once in a while. Я нет, нет да и думаю обэтом. Every once in a while I think about it.

HETO (regional) 1.

'or'

2. ?? Apparently 'I think ...', 'I guess ...' Терпел он, терпел, да и говорит: -Пойду, нето, я к дедку Ефиму жить. А мачехе что? (-Бажов) He put up with it and put up with it, and then he said, "I guess I'll go to grandad Efim's to live . " And what did his step- mother care?

НЕУЖ (regional) = неужели.

НЕУЖЕЛИ: неужели vs. разве 1.

Both неужели and разве can be placed at the beginning of a question to indicate that the speaker believes that what is expressed in the question is NOT the case . Разве они еще не отправились? Неужели они еще не отправились? They really haven't started out yet? (The speaker does not believe they have . )

When they are used in this way to introduce expressions of doubt and disbelief, most dictionaries treat неужели and разве as synonyms. There is, however, often a slight difference : Разве carries more conviction ;, the speaker is almost sure that whatever he is asking about is not the case . Неужели conveys more doubt and uncertainty; often there is an implication that the speaker is less sure, but he would prefer that what he asked were not the case , e.g.:

245

Неужели они уехали? Don't tell me they've left? (The speaker is not sure whether they have left, but hopes they have not.) 2. Разве has a wider range of uses than неужели. For other uses, see under • РАЗВЕ .

НЕУЖТО (pop. sp .) = неужели.

НЕХАЙ (dialectal : Southern) = пусть/пускай 'let him ...', 'let them ...' Нехай побудут. ( = Literary Standard: Пусть останутся.) Let'em stick around.

НЕЧА + Inf ( regional) = нечего/незачем + Inf: 'It's no use to ...' ' There's no need to ...'

There's no point in ...-ing' НЕЧЕГО

--In Replies Containing Repetitions НЕЧЕГО ТАМ

ДА НЕЧЕГО The particle or particle-phrase always precedes the repetition. The repetition is regularly a direct quotation, without any conversions of grammatical forms. Expresses blunt and rude objection strongly indicating displeasure, disagreement and readiness to argue.

'... nothing!

There's no ... about it!'

'Don't give me that stuff about ...!'

-Согласитесь, голубчик,что ... -Нечего голубчик! Я совсем не согласен! -You must agree, my dear fellow, that ... -"My dear fellow" nothing! I don't agree at all! •Правда я это сказал, но всё-таки ... -Нечего там "но все-таки"! Вы обещали. -It's true I said that, but nevertheless ... -There's no "but nevertheless" about it! You promised. НЕЧЕГО СКАЗАТЬ See under CКАЗАТЬ.

CЕ НИЧЕГО СЕБЕ , # 3 , p 321 . НЕЧТО 1.

'something'

2.

Pronounced the same , but spelled нешто and used as a particle in popular speech : See under НЕШТО .

НЕЧТО (pop. sp .) (NOT COMMON) 'certainly'

'by all means'

'just as you said'

246

НЕЧТО (popular speech) (Also spelled нешт6 ) 1.

'certainly',

'of course',

'not otherwise'

2.

(as reply)

That's all right', '

'It doesn't make any difference',

'So what?

-Вид необыкновенный! Красота! Душа радуется. -Нешто! -Восторг! А ты "нешто "! (-А.Н. Островский) -A remarkable view! Lovely! One's soul rejoices. -So what? -Rapture! And you say "So what?"! -Да может быть вода-то хорошая? -спросил я. -Нешто: лучше морской,-ответил один. (-Гончаров) -"And the water is good, maybe?" I asked. -"It's not too bad. It's better than seawater," one of them answered. Ну, еще нешто, кабы один, а то у меня жена да четверо ребятишек. (.А.Н . Островский) .... Well , it would be all right if I was single, but I've got a wife and four kids.

НЕШТО (pop. sp. ) 1. (as particle , in question) = разве/неужели: 'Do you really mean to say ...?'

'Do you seriously think ...?'

'Don't tell me ...!

Нешто я целый день с этими буду возиться? Do you think I'm going to fuss with these all day?

Да нешто не посмеет? Дожидайся! You think he won't dare? Don't bet onit! 2.

(as cnj.) = если только/разве только/разве что 'unless'

'except'

Не догоним их, нешто нас не подождут. We won'tbe able to catch up with them, unless they wait for us. Куда я иду? Да куда пойти нешто домой? Where am I going? Why, where would I be going, if not home?

3. (as particle) = наверно/кажется/пожалуй : I guess' -Где он? -Нешто вышел в сени, а то все тут ходил. (Л. Толстой) -Where is he? -I guess he went out in the hall , because he's been walking around in here all the time. НЕШТО НЕЖТО

(dialectal: various)

НЕЖЬ

(dialectal: Southern)

The spelling нешто is used in fiction, drama, and reportage when нечто, 'something', is not what is meant. Historically, however, нешто is the same thing аѕ нечто, and the oldest meaning is ' something' . The formation is on the same pattern as нéкто ' someone' , and некоторый, ' some' . Comparison of examples suggests that among the next- earliest meanings may have been 'perhaps ,' ' maybe ,' and that other present-day meanings derive from this one, e.g. with ' Do you really think ...?' coming from an ironic ' Maybe you think ...?' and 'unless'from ' unless maybe'.

}

247

Ешь! Или нешто дать тебе водочки выпить? (-Чехов) Eat! Or perhaps how about giving you some vodka to drink? А то нешто водочки пойти выпить? (-Вересаев) Or maybe how about going and drinking some vodka? Нешто поддёвку снять. Оно слободнее будет. (-Л.Н. Толстой) Maybe I should take off my coat. I'd be more at ease.

Левин

пригласил с собою старика напиться чаю. -Да что, уже пили нынче, -сказал старик ... -Нешто для компании. (-Л.Н. Толстой) Levin ... invited the old man to have some tea with him. "Well , actually we've already had some today," said the old man. ... "Perhaps for the sake of company. " Да, нынче не грибное лето-сказал солдат, -нешто постом пойдут. (-Л.Н. Толстой) "Yes, this isn't a good summer for mushrooms, " said the soldier. "Maybe they'll start growing at fasting-time." НИ В КАКУЮ 'not for anything in the world' --See under КАКОЙ , р p 194 . 'not under any circumstances'

НИЗАЧТО (pop. sp. ) 'never', 'not for anything in the world', 'not under any circumstances'.

Я низачто не пошел бы туда. I wouldn't go there for anything. (Note: Always written as one word. Ни за что, 'for nothing' , 'for free', 'gratis';, 'for (practically) nothing', 'at a negligible price', is written as three words.) НИ (НА) ЕСТЬ See under ECТЬ: Interrog pron or adv + НИ (НА) ЕСТЬ. НИ: ЧТО НИ НА ЕСТЬ See under ECТЬ: ЧТО НИ НА ЕСТЬ + Adj . НИ НА СКОЛЬКО See under НИСКОЛЬКО.

НИКАК

1. Intensifies a negative. a.

Никак не

'not at all,' b.

- нисколько не = ничуть не = нимало не = вовсе не = совершенно не = отнюдь не. 'not in the least,' 'not a bit' 'by no means ,'

(As answer:) Никак! Absolutely not! Никак нет! Absolutely not! / Absolutely no! (Lit.: 'Not nohow! Note the striking resemblance to American colloq . 'No way!")

c.

in Replies Containing Repetitions

248

-Интересно ли? -Никак не интересно! -Is it interesting? -It's not interesting in the least! -Придумал этот рассказ! -Никак не придумал! -You made that storyup!

-I didn't either make it up! -Молчи! -Никак не молчи! Я им скажу! -Keep your mouth shut -Keep my mouth shut nothing! I'm gonna tell'em! 2. (As particle)

(popular speech)

Indicates that the remark it accompanies is a conjecture or assumption, based on something that the speaker has just noticed, but not a certain fact. There is a strong tendency for никак to stand at the begining of a question and inside of a statement, although this is not a hard and fast rule.

'it seems', 'It looks as if,

'apparently', 'I think',

'evidently', 'I guess '

(In questions:) 'Is that ...? -Что это братец нейдет, вон, никак, гроза заходит. (-А.Н. Островский) Why doesn't my brother get here? It looks as if there's a thunderstorm coming on. -Эй, вы бабы, -полно вам бесперечь к люлькам бегать! ... Авдотья, ты никак с самого обеда торчишь у люльки, ни одного снопа не связала ... (-Григорович) Hey, you women, stop that everlastingly running to the cradles! ... Avdotya, I think You've been hanging around a cradle ever since dinner. You haven't tied a single sheaf ... Под утро дед Фишка застонал, приохивая. Степанида Ионовна поднялась на кровати, спросила: Ты, никак, Фишка, стонешь? (-Марков) Toward morning grandpa Fishka started groaning, moaning slightly. Stepanida Ionovna sat up in bed and asked " Is that you groaning, Fishka?" Никак гарью пахнет? Так и есть! Уж эти мне новые оси ... (-Тургенев) Isn't that a smell ofsomething burning? Just as I thought! Darn these new axles ... Что это? Никак, народ от вечерни тронулся? (-А.Н. Островский) What's going on? Are those the people coming from vespers? Никак, кто-то идет? Не заперла я дверь-то. (-А.Н. Островский) Isn't that somebody coming? I didn't lock the door.

НИКАКИХ

(pop. sp. )

= никак, 'not possibly'. Никаких is more emphatic than никак. НИКАКИХ Хорошо им .. едут себе, и никаких. (Фадеев) They're lucky--they ride in any way that suits them , and no one objects. (и никаких = и возражений никаких нет)

НИКАКИХ

(pop . sp. ) In Replies Containing Repetitions.

Always stands first in the repetition , without any pause between it and the next word.

249

Expresses forceful objection , complete disagreement. . "Ну, Константин Николаич, мне ехать пора .. -Никаких "ехать", ночевать оставайся ... " (Рыбаков) -Well, Konstantin Nikolaich, it's time for me to be going ... -" Be going" nothing! Stay here overnight ... НИКАКОЙ:

НИ В КАКУЮ

'not for anything in the world' --See under КАКОЙ р 194. 'not under any circumstances' НИКАКОЙ/-АЯ/-ОЕ/- ИЕ HЕ

In Replies Containing Repetitions

May stand either before or after the repeated word or phrase. Since никакой agrees with the repeated word, the repeated word can be only a noun, pronoun, or adjective, not a verb or an adverb. The phrase formed by никакой and the repeated word is always in the Nom sg or Nom pl. Expresses categorical disagreement, complete rejection ofan idea: '... am not/is not/are not either a ...'

-Ну и лентяи же они! -Никакие (они) не лентяи! OR: Не лентяи (они) никакие! -What loafers they are! -They aren't either loafers! -Все твои лжи! -Какие же мои? Никакие не мои. -You and your everlasting lies! -What do you mean, mine? They aren't mine at all.

НИКТО: with preposition before the ни instead of after it. See under НИЧТО, with prep. before the ни р 250 . НИСКОЛЬКО: НИ НА СКОЛЬКО + Gen. 'none,' 'none whatever', 'not the least bit' (-of a quantity) Similar to the use of Ha + numeral (Acc.). See that. Я все советую ей а проку-то ни на сколько. I keep trying to give her advice, but there isn't the least use in it.

-НИТЬ (colloquial & rapid speech) = -нибудь

НИЧЕГО : as Adverb = нимало, нисколько, ничуть: 'not at all', 'not in the least' Ему ничего их не жалко. He isn't the least bit sorry for them. (In Replies Containing Repetitions:)

-Вот смешная история! -Нет, ничего не смешная! -That's a funny story! -No, it's not funny at all .

250

НИЧЕГО:

А как ничего. But it isn't anything serious. НИЧЕГО: НИЧЕГО НЕ СКАЖЕШЬ See under CКАЗАТЬ.

НИЧЕГО СЕБЕ --In Replies Containing Repetitions (Cf НЕЧЕГО СКАЗАТЬ, under СКАЗАТЬ, -- # 3, p 321.) In addition to its independent meanings of'not bad at all', 'passable', 'во-во', ничего себе has the following special use in replies containing repetitions: Ничего себе may stand first in the reply, either with or without an intervening pause after it, or else at the end of the reply, always with a pause before it:. -Он очень серьезный человек. -Ничего себе серьезный! OR: • Ничего себе, серьезный! OR: -Серьезный, ничего себе! The ничего себе is used here in the same way as нечего сказать to express derisive and ironic disagreement :.

That's a hot one! ...!"

'...! You've got to be kidding!

'You're kidding it's ...!"

-Он очень серьезный человек. -Ничего себе серьезный! -He's a very serious man. -That's a hot one! Serious! - Я не знал об этом. -Ничего себе не знал! -I didn't know about that. -Didn't know! You've got to be kidding!

НИЧЕГОХОНЬки

(pop. sp.)

= НИЧЕГОХОНЬКО = НИЧЕГОШЕНЬКИ НИЧЕГОШЕНЬКО = НИЧЕМ-НИЧЕГОХОНЬКО

'nothing at all'

НИЧЕЙНЫЙ

' nothing whatever'

(pop. sp.)

= ничей, 'no one's'

НИЧТО: with preposition before the ни instead of after it. Exceptions to the rule that prepositions are inserted into negative pronouns (ни для кого 'for nobody', ни о чем 'not about anything', etc.) are occasionally met when the negatives никто and ничто are used figuratively to mean 'a nobody', 'a person of trifling importance' and 'a mere nothing','a trivial thing . Some of these have become set expressions . гнев из ничего (INSTEAD OF ни из чего) anger over practically nothing/anger for a trivial reason.

251

Он считает их за никого. He regards them as nobodies./ He considers them people of trifling importance.

HO

(as interjection) 1.

Но, но , но , ...! = Во , во , во , ...! = Вот, вот, вот , ...! -А куда делись ребята? -Она зашла за ними. -Но, но, но, теперь ясно! -But where have the kids gone? -She stopped by and picked them up. -Oh , yeah , right, now I see!

2.

Used when urging or prohibiting, with a suggestion of threatening. Но! Но! Чего перестали? Толкайте! Come on, Come on! What did you stop for? Push!

Но- Но! Это мне не нравится. Now, watch it! I don't like that. 3.

Used in questions when reacting with surprise and doubt to what has just been said. Н-н-о-о-о? Wha-a-at?

НОВОСТИ ВОТ НОВОСТИ

--In Replies Containing Repetitions

Used in sarcastic expressions ofdispleasure at what has just been said. ' Oh , that's great! ... !

'Oh, thanks a lot! ...!'

Well, that's really nice to hear! ...! '

- После, после. Теперь некогда. -Э! Вот новости! После! -Later, later. There's no time now. -Oh, great! Later! HOMEP:

СРОЧНО В НОМЕР

'right on schedule'

HOHE

(regional )

- ныне , now

НОНЕЧА ( regional) = ныне now HOPM:

BCË B HOPME

BCË HA HOPME 'Everything is as usual' ;

'Everything is the way it should be', 'Everything is all right' .

-Как дела у вас? -Всё ещё на норме. -How are things with you? -Everything is still the same as always.

252

НОРМАЛЬ = нормально .

Similar to Хорош !

fоr Хорошо !,

' Fine ! '

НОРМАЛЬНО ' all right ' , ' okay ' ; ' as usual ' .

( ' normal ' /' normally ' is SOMETIMES a good translation ,

but often is not the best. ) Всё в порядке , вернулись нормально .

Everything's okay , they got back all right .

HV

( as cnj . )

( pop . sp./dialectal)

' but ' In dialectal and popular speech , Hy is sometimes used as practically a synonym оf но , ' but ' . Она очень хотела найти дешёвый экземпляр .

Ну никак не могла.

She wanted very much to find a cheap copy of the book.

But she found it

impossible. Он много разглагольствовал , ну всё - таки не прошёл . He did a lot of speechifying , but all the same he wasn't elected .

НУ + Acc

А НУ " ДА НУ " 1. With an Acc . 2nd person pronoun : ' Oh , cut it out ! ' ' Knock it off ! ' ' Stop that ! ' ' Oh , let me alone ! ’ А ну вас всех!

Перестаньте дурачиться!

Oh cut it out , all of you !

Cut out the clowning!

2. With Acc. of others : ' the heck with . . . ' , ' Oh , forget about ... ' Пойдём !

Все готовы?

Вовка не здесь ?

Ну его !

Пойдём !

Let's go! Is everybody ready? Vovka isn't here?

The heck with him!

Let's go!

4

253

HY --IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS . Stands at the beginning of the repetition , without any intervening pause between it and the repeated word or phrase. 1. IN ANSWER TO A QUESTION , expresses annoyance caused by the the question is a foolish one , is out of place ,

is

unnecessary ,

feeling that

has

an

obvious

answer, or shows that the person who asked it is ill- informed about the situation . The repeated word or phrase is either ( a ) the interrogative pronoun or

inter-

rogative adverb taken from the question , or ( b ) the whole predicate of the question . 'What do you mean , . ... ? '

'. . . indeed!'

'... ? !' 'Why

-Стой !

.?'

А Митька?

Это он украл .

-Как украл? -Ну , как украл? -Wait!

Спёр коробку и смылся .

What about Mitka?

( Макаренко )

He's the one that stole it.

-What's this about how he stole something? -What do you mean , what's this about how he stole something?

He swiped

the box and beat it.

-Поедем в ремонтную мастерскую .

-Это где ? -Ну где .

Разве не знаешь ?

-We're going to the repair shop . -Where is that? -Where is it indeed !

Do you mean to tell me you don't know?

2. Used in a forced , unwilling , or irritable and ungracious affirmation of the other speaker's peated .

idea . It is usually the predicate of the preceding speech that is re-

The preceding speech is often a question of fact ( i.e. , a

question that

can be answered with "Yes " or " No " ) , but does not have to be .

'Well , yes , . . .'

'Well , yes , I suppose ,

• •

'Well, yes , actually , ..

' As a matter of fact ,

•

-У вас есть насос?

—Ну есть , а что? -Do you people have a pump? -Well , yes , I suppose we do , but what about it ? -Есть у тебя машина?

-Ну есть , а какое ваше дело?

-Do you have a car? -As a matter of fact , I do , but what business is it of yours?

254

-IN EXCLAMATIONS

НУ НУ

И

НУ

и ... жЕ ( " ..." represents intervening words .)

НУ ДА И НУ ДА И ... ЖЕ

НУ УЖ НУ УЖ И НУ УЖ И ... ЖЕ НУ

• ЖЕ The Hу or Hу-phrase is always first in its clause , and is spoken with no pause between it and the next word.

Expresses opinion of, reaction to. 'What a ... !'

'Boy, what a . . . !'

'How . . .!'

' Mmm , some . . . !'

'My, how ...! 1. When the words to which the particle applies are neutral in meaning, then the particle construction expresses only surprise or wonder at what is named . Ну люди !

What (amazing) people ! Ну и память же у тебя ! My , what a memory you have ! Ну и была ж партия !

(OR : Hу и партия ж была! )

Boy, that was some game !

Ну , пел ! My, how he sang! 2. When the words to which the particle applies carry some qualitative terizing meaning,

or charac-

or when they are adjectives or verbs referring to something

that can occur in a greater or less degree of intensity , then the particle construction

expresses surprise

or

wonder together with

a

reaction: approval or disapproval . Ну уж чудак !

( OR : Ну уж и . . . OR Hy и ..

etc.)

What a strange person! Ну уж и напугал ты меня ! My, how you scared me! Ну и костил же он их! Boy, what a tongue lashing he gave them! Ну и денёк же сегодня выдался ! What a perfectly peachy day this has turned out to be!

Ну уж и рады же они ! Boy are they ever glad!

positive

or

negative

255

HY А НУ НУ- КА

(Variant : Hy- KO)

А НУ- КА НУ

ДА

(Note that except for Hy alone , there is no combination

НУ- КА ДА НУ

ΚΑΚ

А НУ

KAK

of Hy

with other particles here that coincides with any combination of Hy in the preceding entry . )

The particle or particle - combination always stands first in its sentence . The sentence is usually a question or an exclamation . Usually used with verbs , with or without an expressed subject ; less commonly = with a noun unaccompanied by a verb (e.g. , А ну как дожlь ? А ну как будет дождь ? ) . When there is a verb , it is regularly Perfective . Expresses misgiving , uncertainty , fear that something undesirable may be about to happen.

'Suppose ... !'

'But what if . . . ? '

'May be

'I'm afraid ·

. . will . . .'

· will ..

Ну услышит кто- нибудь ? Suppose someone should hear us? А ну опоздаем? What if we're late? Ну- ка да не справлюсь с этим делом . I'm afraid I won't (be able to) manage to do that. А ну- ка да застанет их там?

Suppose she finds them there?

НУ ВОТ ЕЩЕ See under BOT , p 55 and 56 .

НУ ДА

(as reply)

1. 'Yes , I know that .'

2. 'But of course . '

'Why , naturally . '

3. 'Yes , that's right ' ' That's what I said . ' ' That's what I meant . ' 4. (after looking at something a second time :) in fact it is . ..' 'Well , yes , it is . . . '

' Ah , it is . . . after all . ' ' To be sure ,

256

A. . . . НУ ДА .... .

(as cnj . )

'It's true that ...) but . . .' ' Actually , .

but ..

'It's all very well that ..., but . . .' Ну да так запрещено , а иначе как? It's true it's forbidden to do it that way , but what other way is there ?

НУ ДА

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

HS 14 НУ ДА , КАК ЖЕ

See under 1A, p 90 .

НУ И

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS In this use , нy и is an inseparable compound particle . The нy и always precedes the repeated word or phrase , in accordance with the

rule that all particle -combinations that contain an и must stand first in their clause . Basically ,

replies

containing repetitions introduced by ну и

convey that the

speaker who is replying accepts what has just been said as true enough , but considers it not highly significant for the situation at hand , and certainly not the most important point to give one's attention to.

This basic meaning is applied in two diverging ways : 1. combative and defiant ( Often in reply to a reproof) : 'It's all very well to say ... (but · · .)' 'All right , so .... So what?' -Из- за тебя все ждут .

-Ну и ждут .

Скорее нельзя было .

-Everybody's waiting because of you. -All right , so they're waiting .

I couldn't make it any faster.

2. conciliating and emphasizing that there is no disagreement : 'Sure, you're right about . . .(but . . . )' 'All right then , (go ahead and ) . . .' -Надо заплатить мальчику за газеты.

-Ну и заплати ему. -We've got to pay the boy for the newspapers . -All right , pay him then .

257

НУ И

( + значит / вот )

( separable )

НУ .. · и ... Consequential . precedes ,

Indicates that what is said after the particle follows from what

either in a preceding clause in a complex sentence , or in

remark by another speaker, or in something implied.

a preceding

Frequently reinforced by значит

ог вот . 'Well , then , ..

'So . . .’

' All right , then , ... '

'And (so)...'

Так, затем вы пошли туда .

Ну, и что же ?

Okay, after that you went there .

And what did you do next?

Дежурила я в ту ночь . Ну и промокла до ниточки , а заря- то была холодная . I was on duty that night .

And so I got soaked to the skin , and at dawn

it was cold. Плохо поработали ?

Ну , плохо и получайте по трудодням . ( Овечкин )

You didn't do a good job? Very well, then , don't get good pay for the work-days you put in . ( --i.e . , don't expect to get good pay)

Ты посылал за мной , ну , вот я и пришел . You sent for me and so I came .

НУ И ( inseparable ) Emphatic.

Used

in emphatic assertions , with a shading of dissatisfaction or

some similar unfavorable reaction to what has just been said .

' Baloney ! '

' Nuts to that . ’

' Fudge !' -Можно бы в две недели дойти .

-Ну и врёшь ! -One could get there in two weeks .

-Baloney ! You're crazy ! -За это требует рубль . —Ну и полтинник довольно . -For doing that he wants a ruble .

-Nuts to that!

Half a ruble is enough.

НУ И ЧТО- Ж 'Well , what difference does it make? '

258

НУ И ЧТО Ж , ЧТО ...

( pronounced " НУ И ШТОШШТО ... " )

' So what if .· . . ?'

НУ KAK .

(as reply)

' Of course . '

НУ КАК ...?

' But of course. '

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

' What do you mean , . . . ? -Понимаете меня?

- Да отчасти . -Ну как отчасти?

Понимаете или нет?

-Do you understand me?

-Well , partly . -What do you mean , partly ?

Do you understand or not?

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

НУ КАК НУ КАК ЖЕ

Strengthened form of KAK (XE ) ; see under KAK XE.

НУ- КО

НУ- КО ДА Variant of ну- ка ( да ) .

See under НУ/А НУ /НУ- КА/А НУ- КА/НУ- КА ДА , р 255.

НУ ТАК,

А НУ ТАК , Used when agreeing to some policy or course of action .

' Well then , • 'Well okay, ' All right then,

НУ УЖ

--IN EXCLAMATIONS

See under НУ (НУ /НУ И /НУ ДА И /НУ УЖ И /etc . )

IN EXCLAMATIONS , p 254 .

259

НУ УЖ In this use , Hy уx always stands first in its clause . The two words that form this compound particle , нy and yx , are run together in pronunciation , with the stress on the нy:

" Hý - yx " .

The whole compound , нý yж ,

is in turn usually run together in pronunciation with the word that follows it. The run-together pronunciation is practically always found when the following word is either (a ) a

personal pronoun ,

or ( b ) a

verb that expresses doubt ,

mistrust , or

objection .

Expresses disapproval or dissatisfaction . Ну уж планировщики . Planners , bah !

Всезнайки они !

Know -it -alls , that's what they are !

-Он большая дока по этой части . —Ну , уж сомневаюсь . -He's a real whiz at this sort of thing. -Huh , I doubt it . В том направлении кино?

Ну уж врешь !

The movie theater is in that direction ? Oh come on, that can't be right! Ну уж , как хочешь . Oh very well .

As you wish.

НУ УЖ Strengthened form of YX.

НУ УЖ

See under

IA YX /HY YX /etc.

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

НУУЖ И Always precedes the repeated word or phrase. Expresses

an attitude

of contempt , mistrust , or doubt toward the

the discussion . ' Oh sure , (really) . . .'

'...?

Oh , come on now !'

"

'..., oh ye -e- a -ah '

.. humph ! '

-Дела идут блестяще . -Ну уж и блестяще !

-Things are going splendidly . -Oh sure , really splendidly! —Они починили машину сами . -Ну уж и сами ? -They fixed the car all by themselves .

-All by themselves?

Oh , come on now!

subject of

260

-Не знаю , что с ним .

Будто болезнь какая- то.

-Ну уж и болезнь ! -I don't know what's the matter with him .

It seems it's a sickness of

some sort .

-A sickness !

НУ ЧТО

Humph !

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

НУ ЧТО Ж See under ЧТО .

НУЖЕН /НУЖНА /НУЖНО /НУЖНЫ

+ Inf

( in substandard usage)

Often incorrectly substituted for должен when referring to people .

Cf. НАДО ,

used similarly in substandard speech . Они нужны быть здесь завтра. They are supposed to be here tomorrow. Он нужен к вам заехать .

Заедет к вам вскоре.

He is to stop in at your place .

He will stop there shortly.

Мы нужны закончить эту работу сегодня . We are supposed to finish this job today.

НУЖНО :

ТОГО И НУЖНО + Dat

Of what is a desired result : Рысь, загнанная собаками ,

обыкновенно заскакивает на первое

попавшееся

Дерево, а охотнику того и нужно. The lynx, chased to exhaustion by the dogs,

usually jumps up the first

tree it comes to, and that's what the hunter wants him to do.

261

О /ОБ / ОБО

( pop . sp. )

In standard usage , a general rule concerning the choice of these three forms is that 1. O is used before most words that begin with consonants ( --and before vowels in some set phrases ) ; 2. 06 is used before words that begin with vowels (--and before consonants in some set expressions);

3. 060 is used before some words that begin with more than one consonant , e.g., обо мне . But in popular speech these rules are far less strictly kept . kinds , e.g.: all of

One hears variations

1. о Испании , о армии , о его делах, о их делах, etc.

2. об нём , об тебе , об складе , etc. 3. обо многом , etc.

0/06 + Gen. instead of Loc .

(dialectal :

Southern & some parts of the

' about' , ' concerning'

Девки думают об ребят . The girls are thinking about the children . Об стариков не заботились . They did not trouble about the old fellows . Об уроков беспокоится .

She is uneasy about her homework .

0/05 + Loc. OR ( less commonly) Acc .

= прë , ‘ in times of' 'when there is ...'

(pop. sp . & dialectal :

various areas)

' at the time of' ' on the occasion of'

О свадьбе никто не работал . Nobody worked on the day of the wedding. О рождестве все наряжались . At Christmas-time everybody would get dressed up. Об страдну * пору приезжали .

( * страдну - страдную . )

They used to arrive during the busy season .

Об ту пору там никого не было . At that time there was no one there.

Central area)

262

ОБОИ (pop . sp.) = оба (m. & n . ) and = обе (f. ). (Uneducated) обои окна, both windows', обои комнаты, both rooms

обоими руками, 'with both hands' (instead of обеими)

ОБРАЗ :

И ПРИЧЕМ САМЫМ НАСТОЯЩИМ ОБРАЗОМ

See under НАСТОЯЩИЙ.

ОБРАЗ :

КАК ТЕМ УГОДНЫМ ОБРАЗОМ

Давай как тем угодным образом, ты сам в курсе дела этого. Go ahead any way you like; you yourselfknow what the story is on this.

ОБРАТНО (pop.sp./uneducated) = опять, снова, 'again' Ты обратно опоздал на работу. You're late for work again.

Хозяин обратно кричал на нас сегодня. The boss yelled at us again today.

ОБРАТЬ (dialectal) = обратно

ОБЩИЙ :

В ОБЩЕМ (COMMON)

Frequent in popular speech. Used more in the sense of ' anyway' , ' anyhow', 'in any case' than in the literal meaning of 'in general'.

ОДНА ЦЕНА Apparently 'It comes to the same thing'

-Не пьет он, -И, что ты, матушка! Ни маковой росинки. А должно, что запьет, я так полагаю, надо быть, в скорости. -Отчего так? -Не стерпит, невозможно. У нас все одно: что честно себя содержи, что пьянствуй ... все одна цена-то; от хозяина доброго слова не дождешься; так что за напасть, из чего себя сокращать-то .... (-А.Н. Островский) -Doesn't he drink? -Oh, how you talk, my dear! Not a drop. But it's probable that he will take to drink , I suppose most likely soon -Why is that? -He won't be able to stand it, it's impossible . Around here, it's all the same whether you stick to the straight and narrow or whether you're a heavy drinker ... it all comes to the same thing; you'll never get a pleasant word from the owner; so why should anybody care, why should a person stint himself? ...

263

IN EXCLAMATIONS

ОДНАКО ОДНАКО Ж ОДНАКО ЖЕ

Like но, but', однако is used to make a sentence more emphatic and show that the thought expressed is something that the speaker feels strongly. The underlying idea is that there are a number of things that could be said about the situation, but that the idea expressed here is the one that claims the speaker's attention, or, sometimes, that the idea is something that the speaker has thought before but now feels especially impelled to give expression to . Often, though not necessarily, the exclamation contains а как оr а какои . Note that но always stands at the beginning of its clause, but однако may be first, internal, or last.

'My, but ...!'

.... , though!'

'Honestly, ... !'

'Really, ...! ,'

Какой вы скупец, однако! Honestly, what a tightwad you are!

Какой ты, однако же, хлопотун! What an awful busybody you really are! Как, однако, ты устала, бедненькая! My, but how tired you are, you poor thing! Однако квартира у тебя! My, that's some apartment you've got though!

ОДНАЧЕ

(роp . sp . & dialectal)

= однако .

ОЙ ЛИ ?

(as reply) Expresses doubt of what has just been said.

'Oh, really?' "You think so, huh?"

'No kidding?' 'Are you really sure?'

'Do you really think so?' 'Oh, is that so?'

-Не бойся, тебе говорят. Дело в шляпе. -Ой ли? -Don't worry, I tell you . We've got the whole thing sewed up. -You're sure, huh?

OKPÓME + Gen. (popular speech and regional) ОКРОМЯ

= кроме :

OH

'besides' ,

'except',

'other than'

(as emphatic-demonstrative particle ) (pop. sp . ) Вот он я! HereI am!

ОН ЖЕ

'also known as'.

'alias'

Это был изменник родины, военный преступник Леонид Павловский, он же Пылаев, Шамров, Октябрев, 1912 года рождения,. . (-from a propaganda brochure) He was the traitor to his country and war criminal Leonid Pavlovsky , alias Pylaev , Shamrov, and Oktyabrev, born in 1912 , ...

264

(OH) CAM

(pop. sp. ) See under CAM .

'the boss'

Ты лучше брось! Он сам не любит, когда так делают. You better stop that. The boss doesn't like it when people do that.

OH / OHA / ОНО / ОНИ

(as reply)

' That's the one' /'They're the ones' / etc. -Они должны позаботиться об этом. -Да, они. -They are to see to that. -Yes, they're the ones. (Lit.: "Yes, it is they. ")

оно Occasionally substituted for он ог она as an expression of extreme contempt for the person being mentioned.

OHO

(in impersonal expressions ) (pop. sp. ) In popular speech, impersonal constructions often contain an oнo as grammatical subject where the same construction would have no stated subject in the standard literary language. The онo does not refer to any neuter word mentioned before, but instead simply refers vaguely to the whole situation in general: "it" , "things", "the whole business", "the matter". Standard literary: Вот так и вышло. Popular speech:

Оно вот так и вышло. That's the way things turned out.

Standard literary: Хорошо,что так произошло . Popular speech:

Хорошо оно,что так ппоизошло. It's a good thing that it happened that way.

Standard literary: Хватит. Popular speech:

Оно хватит. That will be enough.

Standard literary: Сегодня холодновато. Popular speech:

Оно сегодня холодновато. It's pretty cold today.

Ну, пока мы к заводам обязанные были, так оно некуда было деться, а теперь совсем другое . (Мамин- Сибиряк) Well, when we were under an obligation to the works, there was no place to go, but now it's an entirely different matter. То ли бы дело выпили, разговорились, --оно все само бы и наладилось. How much better it would be if they would have a lot of drinks and get started talking -the whole business would straighten itselfout. Оно конечно, он очень способен, никто не противоречит. Of course he's very capable, no one is denying that.

265

In the same way, оно appears in a number of set expressions: Вот оно что = So that's what it is! Вот оно как = That's the way (to do it). Вот оно в чем дело = That's what the point is.. OHO is used similarly to strengthen doubled-word constructions of the type ... -TO .... a / но / да ... Хорошо-то оно хорошо здесь, а всё, знаете, как-то уединённое место. It's as nice as can be here, but still , you know, it's a sort of lonely place. Жалко-то оно жалко, а что же поделаешь? It's most regrettable, but what can you do about it?

Оно и At times oнO и functions as a compound particle that lends emphasis to the sentence, where the Oно cannot be regarded as the grammatical subject ofits clause as described above under OHO. Ведь в те поры, хошь оно и строгий закон был, а золотом торговали, как все равно крупой. (Мамин- Сибиряк) Remember, in those times, although in fact there was a severe law, still they dealt in gold as ifit were the same as barley.

ОНОМЕДНИ (dialectal)

= намедни,

'the other day',

'Lately'.

There are many variant forms in different dialects: намедни намедних намедь

ономедни онамедни ономядни

ономедь онамель ономаль

ономни ономня ононя

266

номель

ОНОМОЛИЯ

онамесь

намесь

ОНОМЕЛНИСЬ

аномись

онамеднИСЬ

ономясь ономясь

ОПОСЛЯ ПОСЛЯ (regional )

= после , ‘ after' , ' afterwards '

OPABA

islang)

' crowd ' , ' group ' , ' set ' , ' clique ' .

наша орава = '' '' our crowd' , as in English .

ОСОБЛИВО

( pop . sp. )

= особенно , ' especially ' .

ОСТАЛОСЬ

+ Inf.

+ Num . or other expression of quantity. Оставаться /остаться

' remain ' ,

' be

aspects and tenses like any other verb.

left '

can ,

of course ,

in

all its

In idiomatic usage, however, the Prf Past

is often encountered when it plainly refers to present time . осталось

be used

The literal meaning of

here is that something has been left WITH THE RESULT THAT it still

remains now .

It turns out that осталось осcurs in this usage when it is accompanied

by an Infinitive or a

Numeral or other expression of quantity and refers

to what

remains to be done or attended to or gotten out of the way or used up or disposed of in some way or other.

Because of its use with an Infinitive or Numeral ,

the Prf

Past of остаться is usually in the neuter singular , but it can occur in other forms , as the first example here shows :

Осталась только

лестница.

несколько ступенек All that

is left

Я

слышу

голоса.

Осталось

одолеть

только

( Олеша) is

a

stairway.

I hear voices

already . The

remaining that I have to do is to make it up a few steps .

На поезд не опоздаем .

Нам осталось ещё десять минут .

We won't miss the train .

We still have ten more minutes .

Осталось только подписать эти письма. The only thing that remains to be done is signing these letters .

only thing

267

За ним осталось четыре рубля . He owes four rubles . ( Lit .: There are four rubles left on his account . )

OT + Nom .

( pop . sp. )

A colloquial pronunciation of BOT .

От чортова баба ! What a perfectly awful woman !

-OT

(dialectal : Northern ) = -то .

See under -TO .

O-TO Variant of TO- TO & 2b ( assertion , affirmation , reinforcement )

See under TО- ТО . О- то болван ! Heavens , what a blockhead !

ОТ- ТО

Variant of TO- TO § 2b (assertion , affirmation , reinforcement ) See under TO - ТО . От - то танцует !

You should see him dance !

ОТДАТЬ (pop . sp . ) ( VERY COMMON ) = дать , in the sense of ' hand over' , ' turn over to ' , ' hand ( to ) ' . Почтальон отдал мне два письма и пакет . The postman handed me two letters and a package . Завтра нам отдадут зарплату за неделю . Tomorrow they'll give us our pay for the week .

ОТКОЛЕ

(pop . sp . & regional )

отколь

откуль = откуда

268

ОТКУДА ЖЕ ВЫ УЖЕ + Inf Откуда же вы уже спереть ? Just where did you get the idea of swiping it?

OтKуДОBA

(pop . sp . & regional )

= откуда

ОТКУЛЬ

( regional)

= откуда

ОТСЮДА --in temporal sense

'from now on ' -- Cf Eng. pop . sp . ' from here on out'

OTCHДОBА

(pop . sp . & regional )

= отсюда

OТТуДОВА

( pop . sp. & regional )

= оттуда

ATь ОТТУДОВАТЬ OTTудOB

(pop . sp./uneducated )

'leave there ' , ' go away from there' Не знаю , когда будет оттудовать . I don't know when he will leave there .

OтчEго ( XE ) (HE )

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

May stand at the beginning or at the end of a reply containing Always set off from the repeated word or phrase by a slight pause .

a repetition . The repeated

word or phrase is always either the predicate or the most significant

element of

the preceding speech . Expresses

agreement

to

what is

spoken of, affirmation ,

removal

of doubt.

Often in the form of a counterquestion . Пoчeмy ( жe ) (нe ) is used in the same way .

269

When the He is omitted , orчero ( xe ) is used in the sense of "Why do you ask?" just like почему ( же ) and как же .

The не is present when there is a repetition of

the main verb or some other key word taken from the preceding remark: " Why not

?'

WITHOUT HE : -Можно с тобой пойти?

-Отчего же , конечно можно . -May I go along with you?

-Sure , why? Of course you may . WITH HE : -Да нельзя ли обождать до следующего квартала? -Обождать- то , отчего не обождать .

-Couldn't we wait until next quarter? -Sure , why not wait .

ОЧЕРЕДЬ :

НЕ В ОЧЕРЕДИ

(pop . sp . )

8 вне /без /помимо очереди

'out of (regular) order ' , ' without waiting one's turn' Получили квартиру не в очереди . They got an apartment without waiting their turn .

ОХЛАМÓН / ОХЛОмон

(pop . sp./regional )

' slowpoke ' , ' sluggard ' ; ' sloven ' ; ' down-and-outer' , ' hobo'

OXOTA + Dat + Inf Note the two meanings of this construction , which are opposite to and can be distinguished only by context : 1. = xочется, ‘ feel ( s ) like . . .-ing . -ing ... ' , ' would like to . .

Охота мне выпить чаю .

I'd like to have some tea. Очень мне была охота смеяться .

2. ■

I felt a great desire to laugh . ( IRONIC ) ( Сf полнó ( + Dat ) + Inf. ) BOT OXOTа какая охота

( + Dat ) + Inf

что за охота 'What do/does .. • want to ... for? '

'What's the point in . . .-ing?' 'What possesses ... to ...?'

each other

270

Охота тебе торчать там . What do you want to stick around there for? Охота мне читать такую дрянь .

What's the point in my reading trash like that? Охота ему препираться с ними часами . What possesses him to wrangle with them by the hour? Была охота

(AS REPLY )

IRONIC , like §2 on preceding page .

'What would anybody want to do that for?' ' Oh sure , that would be a real blast . ' ' The heck I will . ’ —Вам бы заниматься гимнастикой .

-Была охота. -You ought to do exercises . -Oh sure , I'd just love to . ’

ОЧЕННО

( pop . sp . & regional )

= очень

271

ПАЙСТИ (dialectal : Central) = пойти. Similarly, насти = найти.

ПАЦАН (slang) 'kid'

'young fellow '

'boy'

(-i.e. , any boy not yet an adult) ПАЦАНЧИК

'little boy'

'little kid'

ПАЧЕ

(--said by dictionaries to be obsolete , but actually still used)

= больше (See also ПУЩЕ.)

ПАЧЕ ЖЕ 'most of all'

'especially'

Я очень уважаю их всех, а паче же Александра Петровича. I have great respect for all of them, but especially Alexander Petrovich. ПАЧЕ ТОГО

= более того 'moreover'

ПЕРЕДАДИТЬ

= передать

(pop . sp.; substandard) (Cf. ДАДИТ = даст .) 'turn over to' 'pass along to'

'will turn over to'

передадит = передаст

'forward to'

'will pass along'

Свяжитесь, пожалуйста, с ним. Нам передадить не нужно. Это дело срочное. Please get in touch with him. It isn't necessary to turn it over to us. This matter is urgent. ПЕРЕЖИВАТЬ --WITHOUT AN ACC . OBJECT (recent)

'be upset'

' worry',

' fret'

' stew'

' ' sweat it' '

Брось переживать! Вовремя будут здесь. Stop sweating it! They'll be here on time.

ПЕТРУШКА

(pop. sp.)

'odd situation'

'ridiculous situation'

'ridiculous performance'

'go-around'

(originally: Punch-and-Judy show.)

ПЕЧКИ-ЛАВОЧКИ: И ПРОЧИЕ ПЕЧКИ- ЛАВОЧКИ (slang) 'and so forth and so on'

'and all thatjazz'

Письма писала, и он ей отвечал: " Здравствуй, уважаемая Анна Петровна! Пишет вам вами известный Валерий Кирпиченко ... ·· и прочие печки-лавочки. (Аксёнов) She wrote letters to him and he would reply to her "Hello there, dear Anna Petrovna! This is your friend Valerii Kirpichenko writing to you ...” - and all that jazz .

272

ПЛАКАТЬ: ПЛАКАЛ , -ЛА , -ЛО ... ПЛАКАЛИ ... ПЛАЧЕТ ...

ПЛАЧУТ .

"There goes ..."

... has gone down the tubes'

' ... can kiss ... goodbye'

' ... can forget about ...'

The well known expression is Плакали ( чьи-либо) денежки, There goes (someone's) money', ' (Someone) can kiss the money goodbye . ' However, both Past and Present forms of плакать, in both singular and plural, can be used. In the Russian expression, the thing that is lost is always the grammatical subject of the verb плакать and usually follows the verb. Денег нам все-таки не отдадут ... плакали наши денежки. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) They aren't going to let us have any money anyway ... we can kiss our money goodbye. Как крепко связаны эти задачи, Знает по опыту любой финансист: Если народные денежки плачут -Значит на руку кто-то нечист! (-В . И. Лебедев-Кумач) How closely connected these problems are Every financial specialist knows from experience: Ifthe people's money has gone down the pipe It means somebody has sticky fingers! Валя: На лодке кататься поедем сегодня? Виктор:

Не могу. Батя в восемь вечера экипаж собирает ... обсуждать будем, как работать по-новому. Валя: Плакал, значит, выходной вечерок ... (-Арбузов) Valya: Are we going boating today? Viktor: I can't. The boss is getting the crew together at 8 p.m. We're going to have a discussion on how to do the work under a new system. Valya: There goes our evening off, then.

ПЛОХОЙ : НЕ БУДЬ ПЛОХ (phrase used as adverb) 'without getting rattled in the least'

'with complete assurance'

'without batting an eye'

Назначили цену, а он не будь плох и говорит: Возьму. They quoted a price, and without batting an eye he says " I'll buy it . ”

ПЛОШЕ (pop . sp.) = хуже , 'worse'

ПО + Dat of a Noun naming an action -- instead of Loc. (pop. sp. ) 'upon ...ing',

' after ...ing'

Where the literary standard prescribes no with the Locative of the name of an action after which or as soon as which something else will be done, popular speech sometimes uses the Dative: по его приходу, по получению, as soon as he arrives , ' upon receipt of ...' instead of по его приходе, по получении. Обещали отправить машины по железной дороге по их приходу в Ленинград. They have promised to ship the machinery by rail upon its arrival in Leningrad . По получению этих данных телеграфьте итоги. Upon receipt of these figures send the totals by telegraph.

273

ПО + Loc ofNoun --instead of Dat. (dialectal : Southwestern)

Разъезжали по всех дворах. They drove around to all the farmsteads. Встречаются по праздниках. They get together on holidays. По твердых ценах покупали. They did their purchasing at fixed prices.

ПО + Loc of a personal or interrogative pronoun --instead of Dat. Note the following usage, where for any use of no + a noun in the Dative the corresponding pronoun-construction is no + a pronoun (personal or interrogative) in the Locative: Он вышел на широкий бульвар и гулял по нем. (NOT 'по нему”) He came out on a wide boulevard and strolled along it. Это им не по нраву. Тоже не по нас. They don't like it . It doesn't suit us either. А как эти сведения поступили сюда? По телеграфу или по телефону или по чём? But how did this information come here? By telegraph or by telephone or by what? (See also under ПОЧЕМ.).

ПО + Numeral (Acc. instead of Dat.) (pop . sp. ) According to the literary standard, по + numeral meaning "so-and-so many each" takes the Accusative of the numbers 1 1/2 (полтора / полторы) , 2 , 3 , 4 , 200 , 300 , 400 , the Dative of 1 and of 5 through 100, and a special form for 500 , 600 , 700, 800 , and 900 : пятисот, ..., девятисот (--i.e. , the Dative of the first part of the number) . But in popular speech all numbers except 1 are made Accusative.

ПО in compounded prepositions (dialectal : (1 ) + Dat or Ins -- Northeastern по- над (commonly) = над. по- за (occasionally) = за. по- под (occasionally) = под. ПО: ПО ВСЯКДЕНЬ

(2) + InsSouthwestern) --

(ПО + Асс!) (dialectal: Urals)

А он, слесарь, по всяк день молотком играет. Хоть с локтя, хоть с плеча без промаху бьёт. На то и слесарь. (Бажов) But he, the metalworker, handles the hammer every day. Swinging from the elbow or from the shoulder, he never misses. That's what it is to be a metalworker. ПО :

ПО СИХ ПОР See under ПОРА , p 283 .

под, подь

(pop. sp . )

= пойди 'go', 'come', (Cf. выйдь(те), выдь(те), выйди(те).)

Ты подь-ка туда посмотри. Youjust go there and take a look.

274

ПОД.

(pop. sp.) Frequently used in colloquial speech prefixed to verbs that have a different prefix in the written language. Conveys a general idea of the action's being directed to some definite place or person, e.g.: for подойти подъехать for подослать for for подвезти for поднести подсказать for

пойти, прийти поехать, приехать послать, прислать повезти, довезти понести, донести сказать, сообщить

'go to' 'drive to', 'travel to' 'send to' ' haul to' bring to' 'carry to', ' 'tell', 'inform', 'let know'

ПОДИ + Imperative (Ipf or Prf) (Especially often in generalized statements.) '(You)just try ...-ing ...’

'Just see what happens when you ...'

'So much for ...-ing ...'

'How is anybody supposed to ...?' Когда сын разглагольствовал о принципах, он всегда отвечал "Поди- ка поживи, не то заговоришь. ” When his son held forth about principles, he always answered "Just see what happens when you live a while, and you'll start talking differently." Черт! В таких вопросах не осведомлен, обсуждай поди! Blast it! How is a person supposed to discuss problems like that when he isn't familiar with them? Вот поди верь тут учёным! Я и ничему не учился, да поскорей их собственным умом добрался, в чём штука-то. So much for taking the word of learned people on this! I never studied anything, and I figured out what was going on faster than they did, using my own head. ПОДИ-КА Strengthened form of поди. Used in all the meanings of поди:

(1 ) 'Go!', 'Go on, now!, (2) 'probably', 'it must be', 'I imagine' , 'one would think' (3) Tll be darned if ... didn't ...' , 'And would you believe it, ...', '... , of all things!', 'And strangely enough, ...'

НА ПОДИ ДА И НА ПОДИ See under HА , p224.

НА-КА ПОДИ НА- КО ПОДИ See under HA-KA, p223.

ПОДИ -ЧАЙ Strengthened form of поди in the sense of 'most likely', 'it must be (that ... )', 'I shouldn't wonder', 'I imagine.' ПОДОГНАТЬ 'get caught up' (on a backlog),

'catch (something) up' (pop. sp.)

Отсюда обратите внимание на расписания учёты там, и всё это. Подгони немедленно, поняли? From now on, pay attention to the schedules, the records there, and all that. Get caught up immediately, understand?

275

ПОДСКАЗАТЬ (рор. sp.) = сказать, сообщить, 'tell', 'inform', 'let know' See under ПОД-, p 274. ПОДУМАЕШЬ -- In Replies Containing Repetitions May stand either at the beginning or at the end of the reply. Always set off by a pause. Expresses ironic disagreement. 'Well now isn't that just too terrible ! ...!'

'Now what do you think of that! ... !

Well now isn't that something! ... !'

....! Big deal!'

-Вы обидели их. -Поду- умаешь! Оби- идел! -You offended them. -Offe-ended them! Bi-ig deal !

ПодходЮТ

= подходят. See under ХОДЮТ.

ПОДЪЕДИ / ПОДЪЕДИТЕE (Substandard) = подъезжай / подъезжайте . See under EXХАТЬ: Imperative forms. ПОДЫГРЫВАТЬ / ПОДЫГРАТЬ (pop . sp. )

'collaborate with',

' work in support of ,

'help out'

Ну вот: когда хозяин спросит об этом, надо стоять на своём, будем подыгрывать друг другу. Now look, when the boss asks about this, we've got to stick to our guns; we'll back each other up.

ПОЖАЛУЙ

'I guess'

'perhaps'

... may very well ...'

'for all I know'

'very likely'

Compared to вероятно, наверно, ог должно быть, with which it is often equated in dictionaries, пожалуй reflects an attitude that is less definite, less decided , and less actively interested . Where вероятно, наверно, and должно быть indicate that the speaker has every reason to consider something to be probable , пожалуй often indicates no more than that the speaker has no particular reason to consider it improbable.

Ну, пожалуй, они правы. Well , perhaps they're right . / Well , they may be right . Было уже, пожалуй, за полдень когда уехали. It may well have been past noon when they left. ПОЖАЛУЙ СКАЖУТ, (ЧТО) ... 'one would have thought (that) ... ' (Literally, "Very likely people will say that ... ") Он вдруг вскочил на ноги. Пожалуй скажут,что ужалила пчела. He suddenly jumped to his feet. One would have thought a bee had stung him.

276

ПОЖАЛУЙСТА Besides the three meanings of пожалуйста in expressions of politeness, (1 ) requesting: 'please', (2) agreeing to do something: 'Certainly', 'By all means' , and (3) in reply to thanks : 'Not at all', 'Don't mention it', 'Glad to' , the following uses should be noted: (4) пожалуйста + Imperative

Expressing neutrality and indifference toward an intention to do something: 'Go ahead and ... ',

'Sure, ... ',

'By all means , ....'

Пожалуйста, проверьте итоги, если хотите. Sure, go ahead and check the addition, if you want to. (5) пожалуйста as an Interjection Referring to an unexpected and spontaneous event: 'what do you know',

' and oops!' ,

'and / when all of a sudden',

'of all things'.

-Да за этой рекой разве угонишься. Чуть оглянулся, а она - пожалуйста! завалила уже песком весь фарватер. (Паустовский) You really can hardly keep up with this river. You've · scarcely turned your head, and oops! It's already blocked up the whole channel with sand. ПОЖЕВАТЬ

ПРОМОКАШКУ

See ПРОМОКАШКА.

ПОЙТИ НА + Асс 'agree with',

'go along with',

"buy"

See under ИДТИ НА.

ПОЙТИ 1.

2.

become (different)', 'change', 'arise (in contrast to an earlier kind)'

a.

with Noun as subject

b. с.

with Adjective + Noun as subject' with Noun as subject & Adjective as predicate

d.

with Comparative Adjective

begin', 'start', 'take to ... -ing'

with IpfInf EXAMPLES 1a .

b.

Нынче заведение такое пошло, что всякая тебе лапотница в дворянство норовит. (-А . Н. Островский) Nowadays a custom has grown up that every peasant girl tries to get into the gentry. ... Нынче образованные да бойкие девицы пошли, не как в наше время. (-Мамин- Сибиряк) Nowadays a generation of educated and bold girls has come along that aren't the way they were in our day. -От старинки-то как есть ничего не осталось. Да и люди совсем другие пошли. Разе где старички еще держатся. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) There is absolutely nothing left ofthe old ways. And the people have become entirely different. Except maybe where the old people live.

с.

Люд-то нынче пошли злы-обманчивы, лукавы-подходчивы. (-А.Н. Островский) People nowadays have gotten mean and deceitful , sly and devious. ... -Какова пошла наша молодежь! (-Гайдар) What have our young people come to be like!

277

d.

-Вообразите, лифчики пошли еще длиннее, впереди мыском, и ... (Гоголь) Just imagine, under-bodices have gotten longer, and come to a point in front, and ... [Long list offashion details follows. ] -Валяй! ободрил его хозяин. -Да нет ли каких посмешнее, -Нет, -с сожалением сказал поэт, -смешных больше не сочиняю, стих у меня пошел больше драматический! (-Скиталец) -"Go on!" the host encouraged him . "Aren't there any that are a little funnier?" -"No," said the poet with regret . " I don't write funny ones any more. My mood has become mostly dramatic now!"

2.

Язык его стал мешаться, и он пошел перескакивать с одного предмета на другой. (-Л . Н. Толстой) His speech began to be slurred, and he started to jump from one subject to another. Офицер сам ключом открыл замок и пошел вынимать да раскладывать по столу и вино, и масло, и сыр, и консервы, и шоколад, и копченое, и соленое ...все что хочешь. The officer opened the lock with the key himself, and started taking out and spreading out on the table wine, butter, cheese, canned goods, chocolate, smoked meat, and pickles ... everything you could want. До прошлой осени был все еще Степой и Степой. А вот женился, и пошли его величать по отчеству. (-Холендро) Until last fall he was always called Stepa. But he got married, and people started dignifying him with his patronymic. Бывало, пойдет говорить ... век бы не спал, слушая его! (-Горький) He'd get started talking, and you could stay awake for ages listening to him! -Известное дело. Что ж, Самсон Силыч, все это в наших руках. -Знаю, что в наших руках; да сумеешь ли ты это дело сделать-то? Ведь вы народец тоже! Я уж вас знаю! На словах-то вы прытки, а там и пошел блудить. (-А. Н. Островский) -That's nothing new. After all , Samson Silych, we've got this whole thing sewed up. -I know we've got it sewed up, but are you going to be able to put this thing through? Oh, [you lawyers, ] you're fine ones, you are! Boy, do I ever know how you are! You guys put up a great line of talk, and before you know it, you've been had! (Lit.: and then you've started to get off the track.)

ПОЙТИ + Ipf Inf 'begin to',

'start in ...-ing'

'take to ...-ing'

(often with an ironic , disapproving tinge) Я хорошо знаю их обоих. Немедленно пойдут спорить. I knowthem both very well. They'll start arguing immediately. Вернулся в наш город, и все пошли сплетничать. He returned to our town, and everybody started in gossipping. ПОКА Basically, пока characterizes a state of affairs as temporary, and implies a contrast with the situation that follows. From this basic meaning a number of different senses are derived: 1. As adverb:

a.

'for a time', 'for a while' Я пока останусь здесь. I'll stay here a while.

b.

'for the time being', 'temporarily', 'until the time comes / came'

Жили там пока, ожидая, когда закончится постройка нового дома. They lived there temporarily while they waited for the construction of the new house to be finished.

278

с.

'meanwhile', 'in the meantime', 'while that is / was going on' In this meaning, the sentence containing пока •is often introduced by a contrasting A. Вы возьмите лопати, копайте немного. А мы с Борисом передохнем пока. You take the shovels and dig a while, and in the meantime Boris and I will get our breath .

d.

'at first', ' for a while', ' for some time' Пока все молчали, думали. А потом несколько человек стали говорить одновременно. At first all ofthem thought in silence . But then several people started to talk at once.

e.

'so far', 'up to now' Вот Быкову пока везёт, ничего не скажешь. А дальше что будет? (Саянов) Up to now Bykov's been lucky, there's no getting away from that. But what'll happen next?

f.

just now', 'at the moment', 'at the present time' Надеюсь,что завтра придет мне перевод на пятьдесят рублей, а пока денег у меня никаких нет. I hope that tomorrow a money order for 50 rubles will come for me, but right now I haven't got any money at all.

2.

As conjunction:. a.

'while' , 'while at the same time'

b.

Пока Вася готовил рыбу, Юрий разводил костёр. While Vasya was getting the fish ready, Yuri made a fire. 'until' (Most often with a не and a Prf verb, though not necessarily. Omission of не is more colloquial .) Всегда играем в теннис пока не станет темнеть. We always keep playing tennis until it gets dark. Подождите здесь пока я (не) вернусь. Wait here until I come back.

c.

'by the time that' И дожди здесь! Пока доберешься через двор, всё идет к мокру. And the rains they have here! By the time you get across the yard, everything you've got on is soaked through .

ПОКА ЕЩЕ 'so far' 'as yet'

'It will be some time before ...' 'It will be a while (before ... will ...),

'up to now' 'No telling how long till ...'

-Как? Вопрос уже решен, -Нет, пока еще. -Well , is the problem resolved yet? -No, it will be a while yet. Ну, сядем, пока еще будут готовы. Well, let's sit down . No telling when they'll be ready. ПОКА ЧТО 'in the meantime'

'for the time being'

Еще несколько времени продолжались толки о новом старшем офицере. Все решили пока что ждать поступков. (-Станюкович) Talk about the new senior officer went on for a while longer . Everybody decided for the time being to wait and see what he did.

279

Она была не в силах сдержать рыдания. Шамет понял ... пока что не надо ее ни о чём расспрашивать. (-Паустовский) She did not have the strength to hold back the sobs . Shamet realized that for the present it was not the time to question her about anything. ПОКАЗАТЬ

+ Dat + Inf

(In threats: Я тебе покажу ... 'I'll show you ... ' / 'I'll teach you to ... ,) Used like ДАТЬ. See ДАТЬ, p 105 . ПОКАМЕСТЬ ПОКАМЕСТЬ ПОКÉЛИЧА

ПОКЁЛЬ

ПОКОЛЕ

поколь

поколя

ПОКУЛЬ

ПОКУЛЯ

ПОКАМЕ

ПОКАМЕСТ

ПОКА́МЕСТА

ПокЕль поки

ПОКЕЛЕ

ПОК

ПОКИЛИЧА

ПОКУДА

ПОКУДОВА

ЛЕВА

ПОКЕДА

= пока. ПОЛЕТЕТЬ: idiomatic meanings 1. 'be removed from one's position ' , 'be fired', После осмотра директор полетел. After the inspection, the head ofthe place was fired. 2.

'give out', 'go bad', 'get out of order (Cf. вылететь.) Надо побежать туда, поговорить с ними. Телефон полетел. I'll have to run over there and talk with them. The telephone has gone on the blink.

полно 1. (As neu . short adj . predicate word) a.

полно ( + ты / вы / тебе / вам)

'That's enough',

'That'll do',

'Stop it'

Да полно ты (OR тебе) , перестань! Не о чём сокрушаться-то. Now, that's enough . Stop it! There's nothing to grieve over.

Полно вам, Василий Максимович! Вы не должны так шутить. (Ажаев) That'll do, Vasilii Maksimovich! You don't have to clown around like that. b.

полно / полноте ( + Dat) + Inf

'That's enough ...- ing ...' That's enough of that ...-ing'

'Cut out the ...-ing' 'Quit ...-ing'

Полноте огорчаться. Now, don't upset yourself any further. Полно хныкать-то! That's enough of that snivelling! 2. (As adv.) a.

Objecting and remonstrating

'Come now, ...'

'Really, now, ...'

'Now honestly , ...'

'Now really, ...'

.. 'Do you really mean to say .... 'Actually, ...'

-Простите что я вас беспокою. -Полно, садитесь! -I'm sorry to disturb you. -Nonsense! Sit down!

Да ты, полно, не сочинаешь ли? Now honestly, you're not making that up?

'Nonsense , ... '

280

-Они все смеются надо мной ... -Ну полно,что ты! -They're all laughing at me. -Nonsense! How you talk!

-Иван Сергеевич круглый дурак. · -Да это полно тот же самый Иван Сергеевич? -Ivan Sergeevich is a complete fool. -Really now, is that the same Ivan Sergeevich? b.

The same as # 2a, objecting and remonstrating, in Replies Containing Repetitions. • Другой год уж не пью. -Полно- ка, полно не пью! -I haven't taken a drink in over a year. -Oh , don't give me that "haven't taken a drink" stuff of yours! (Lit.: Oh cut it out, that's enough of "I haven't taken a drink"!)

ПО ЛНо О ( + Dat) + Inf полн (COXONA + Dat + Inf, # 2 .) "...!What would anybody do that for?" ' What was the point of ... 's ...-ing ...?

Why would ...?' ' 'What did ... have to ... for?'

Полно ему было вмешиваться в эту драку. What did he have to get into that brawl for? ПОЛОЖЕНО :

КАК ПОЛОЖЕНО

'the way it ought to be'

(COMMON) 'properly'

Я проверил все записки, снова составил протокол как положено. I checked all the notes and drew up the report over again, the way it should be done. А что там мямлишь так? Вот договори как положено или же перестань. What are you hemming and hawing like that for? Say what you have to say in a proper manner or else stop. ПОЛОЖИМ 1.

In suggestions and proposals. 'suppose we say'

'let's say'

Я имею честь предложить вам следующее: драться завтра рано, положим в шесть часов, за рощей, на пистолетах; барьер в десяти шагах ... (-Тургенев) I have the honor of proposing to you the following: to fight a duel early tomorrow morning, suppose we say at six o'clock, on the other side of the grove, with pistols, at ten paces ... 2. In rhetorical assumptions of an idea for the sake of argument, without admitting it to be a fact. 'Let's assume' 'Let's say'

'Supposing' 'Assuming (that)'

'Suppose'

Положим, и она тебя любит, -я этого не думаю, -но положим так! (-Горький) Suppose she does love you. I don't think so, but let's suppose it's true.... Если он, положим, расстрелял этих предателей, кто из вас станет плакать по негодяям? (-Фурманов) If he did shoot those traitors, supposing he did, which of you is going to cry over the rats?

281

-Положим, нехорошо, и, хотя никто не говорит, все или многие знают. (-Л. Н. Толстой) -Let's grant that it's not a good thing and that although no one says so , everybody, or anyway a lot of people, know about it. 3.

In admissions of a known fact into the discussion. 'It's true ... ' 'Let's face it'

a.

'of course'

'All right'

'Let's agree that' 'I'll admit ...'

'Admittedly ...' 'It's a fact that'

Introducing a whole sentence. Я с вами откровен буду. Слышали? Отказала жениху, ни у кого спросивши ничего. Оно, положим, я никогда этому браку не радовался. ... (-Л. Н. Толстой) ... I'll be frank with you . Have you heard? She has broken off her engagement without consulting anyone . I'll admit I was never enthusiastic about the marriage . ... Чего мне врать? Положим, наш брат, бродяга, сказки рассказынатӣ мастер. (-Горький) Why should I kid about it? It's a fact that guys like us, tramps, are masters at telling stories. Положим, хоть у нее муж и дурак, да свекровь-то больно люта. (.А.Н . Островский) Let's face it : of course her husband is a sap, but her mother- in-law is hell on wheels.

b.

Marking a concessive clause, with a following assertion-clause introduced by но Similar to хоть ... а / но / да ... Cf ХОТЬ # 1 B (a) , p 631 , and Examples #c , p 632 . Положим, он хороший человек, но что ж, против воли отца счастья бы не было, и Наташа без женихов не останется. (-Л.Н. Толстой) Of course he's a fine man, but after all they wouldn't have been happy opposing his father's will, and Natasha won't be left without suitors. Ведь мое сердце начало биться давно: положим, билось фальшиво, невпопад, но это самое научило меня различать его правильное биение от случайного. (-Гончаров) After all, my heart started beating a long time ago. Admittedly, it beat wrongly, and out of rhythm, but this is just what has taught me to distinguish the correct. beat from the incidental one. Мне больно еще то, что это разрывает нашу дружбу. Положим, не разрывает, но ослабляет. (-Л . Н. Толстой) The other thing that pains me is that this destroys our friendship. Or all right, it doesn't destroy it , but it does weaken it. Вы ее обманули, положим; но вы сами обманулись. (-Тургенев) You deceived her, it's true; but you deceived yourself, too.

4.

In exclamations expressing disagreement or disbelief.

'Oh, come on!'

Ну положим! Hey, just a minute now! Ну это еще положим! Oh , come on!

'Hey,just a minute!'

282

-Вы прежде согласились на это. -Э! Ну, положим! Никаких! -You agreed to this before. -Hey, come on ! I did not! ПО- МОЕМУ

- in exasperated insisting and reiterating

'I believe'

'I should think'

(Cf. наверно and кажется)

-А мне надо, говорю, видеть его сегодня. - Я уже сказал, по- моему, что он ушел в отпуск. -But I have to see him today, I tell you. -I already told you , I believe, that he has gone on vacation. ПОМНОГУ:

ДОВОЛЬНО ПОМНОГУ

See under Довольно , р 110 . ПОНАВЕЧНО

(popular speech / regional)

= Навечно

'for ever'

'for good'

ПОНЕСКОЛЬКУ 'a little at a time'

'a little'

-Берете только понемногу, потому что мне еще не доплатили. -Ну давай хоть понемножечку нам. -Я вам дам понескольку рублей. -You're only getting a little , because I still haven't been paid in full. -Well, give us a little bit, at least. -I'll give you a few rubles. ПОРА:

ПО СИХ ПОР

'this far'

'to this point'

'to here'

- Я больше с женщинами никогда не говорю. Десять слов, и довольно, готово, вот по сих пор. (Показывает на уши.) (-А.Н. Островский) -I never do any more talking than that with women. Ten words, and that's enough , that's it, she's in love with me right up to here. (Points to his ears.) Я ПОПРОШУ -- Prf used to express politeness and deference. (COMMON) 'I'd like to ask you, ... ' 'Let me ask you, ...' 'May I ask you, ..., (Lit .: I will ask you (i.e. , if that's all right with you).) The use of я попрошу in this sense is common in present-day colloquial speech . other verbs in this "Perfective of politeness " occur also, at least in the written language:

But

Я предпочту - I would prefer Я откланяюсь - I will take my leave (--a 19th century expression) Напомним, что ... We would remind you that ... ПОПРЫГАТЬ 1. ' jump up and down ,' ' get all excited,' 'be all worked up' (slang) Нам хоть бы что. Если докладов не поступило, то вот эти попрыгают, а не мы. We couldn't care less . Ifno reports have come in, they're the ones that are going to be all excited, not us.

283

2.

'persist,' 'be obstinate ,' 'get stubborn' ( popular speech) Иногда с ним очень трудно соглашаться, но - попрыгав соглашаешься (Горький) Sometimes it's very hard to agree with him, but - after holding out for a while - you do agree.

ПОПРЫГИВАТЬ

(popular speech)

'live'

'do'

'manage'

'get along'

(Прыгать is used in this same sense.)

Как попрыгаешь? How are you? Прыгаю помаленьку, не жалуюсь. I'm not doing badly; I'm not complaining.

ПОРАТО

(dialectal : Northwestern & North Central)

- очень

ПОРУБАТЬ

( slang)

'eat ,' ' have something to eat' (--Prfof рубать) ПОРЯДОК:

ПОРЯДКА + Numeral

'approximately'

'of the order of

'on the order of 'around'

'in the range of

скорость порядка 250 км в час a speed somewhere around 250 km per hour. цена порядка ста рублей a price in the neighborhood of 100 rubles.

ПОРЯДОК:

В ПОРЯДКЕ + Noun (Gen) B + Adj (Loc) + ПОРЯДКЕ Adj (Ins) + ПОРЯДКОМ

Used as a device for making adverbial expressions based on the meaning of the Noun or Adjective that accompanies порядок. with Gen. Noun:

в порядке контроля: as a check в порядке дружбы: 'for the sake of friendship,' 'by way of friendship' в порядке самокритики: based on self-criticism'

with Loc. Adj. :. в приказном порядке:

by official order,' 'in the form of an order'.

в обязательном порядке: ' without fail' ( = обязательно) в спешном порядке: 'quickly' ( = спешно) by administrative order' в административном порядке: 'administratively,' '

with Ins. Adj.: законным порядком: 'legally' сепаратным порядком: by separate action' организованным порядком: 'in an organized manner'

опытным порядком: ' experimentally,' by trail and error' ПОСТАВИТЬ

See under CTАВИТЬ, p 327 .

284

ПОСТАНАВЛИВАТЬ 1.

( = постановлять) / ПОСТАНОВИТЬ

resolve , decide (standard literary)

2. install, set up (regional & non- standard)

ПОСТАТЬ

(Ipf поставать ) (Ukrainianism)

Not listed in Russian dictionaries . A common word in Ukrainian , however, and used by some speakers of Russian. 1. Ukrainian meanings include: a. 'crop up,' 'appear,' ' arise,' 'form,' 'take share' b.

'arise,' 'ensue ,' 'result'

c.

'originate,' 'be born( in such-and-such a place) ,' 'be from,' 'hail from'

d.

'begin,' ' set in,' 'descend (upon the scene)' (--of a mood or an atmosphere)

e. 'come to mind (as),' 'be pictured (as),' 'seem like' f. 'cometo a stop'

h. i.

'come to a spot and occupy it,' 'go to' 'take up a position,' 'take one's stand' (on an issue) 'stand out' (from surroundings) , 'be noticeable,' 'tower (above) ,' 'loom (over),' 'dominate'

j.

'be tired'

g.

k.

'become,' 'change into'

2. Also:

Russian стоять, постоять in the sense of

'stand,' 'be located,' 'be positioned ,' 'occupy (a position in a sequence)'

ПОТAMEСT

(dialectal)

= До тех пор

'up to that time'

'until then'

ПОТИХОНЬКУ, ПОТИХОНЕЧКУ, ПОТИХОХОНЬКУ 1.

'quietly,' 'softly,' ' silently'

2.

' secretly,' ' stealthily,' ' on the sly,' 'on the quiet'

3.

'confidentially,' just between us'

4.

'slowly,' 'without hurrying'

5.

'slightly,' ' a little'

ΠΟΤΟΜ / Α ΠΟΤΟΜ 1.

'then,' ' and then,' ' and next'

2.

' afterwards,' 'later on'

3. ' and besides,' ' and furthermore,' ' and on top of that'

-Что такое?, -Да, это, бензина нет, потом жидкости тормозной не найдем сейчас. -What's the matter? -Well, it's this: there's no gas, and on top of that we can't find any brake fluid just now.

ПоТому

(popular speech )

- потому, что

285

Вам можно всё: вы капиталу не проживете, потому его нет. (-А.Н. Островский) You can do everything. You won't spend any capital , because there isn't any. Коновалова никто не обидет, потому ... он сам никого не обижает. (-Горький) No one is going to offend Konovalov , because he himself never offends anybody.

ПОТОМУ КАК

(popular speech)

= потому, что

ПОТРОХ

'because'

- так как

'since'

'seeing that'

-- As epithet

'skunk'

'scum'

' rat'

(Cf. потроха (m.pl. ) 'giblets,' 'innards ,' 'guts')

Кирпиченко через весь стол ударил его по скуле. Банин отлетел в угол, тут же вскочил и схватился за стул. -Ты, потрох! -с рычаньем наступал на него Кирпиченко ...(Аксенов) Kirpichenko hit him on the cheekbone from all the way across the table. Banin flew into a corner, immediately jumped up, and grabbed a chair. "You, you scum!" snarled Kirpichenko as he advanced upon him .... ПО-ФИЗИЧЕСКИ 'actually'

' physically' ПОХОЖЕ

1. (As reply) 'It looks that way'

'I guess so'

.Кажется, будет драка. -Похоже. -Apparently there's going to be a brawl. -It looks that way. 2. (As parenthetically inserted comment)

'apparently',

'as far as one can / could see',

'evidently'

Они, похоже, только что проснулись. Apparently they had just waked up. 3. (As predicate: похоже на то, что / похоже, что) 'It looks as if

Поздно. Похоже, что его не будет. It's late. It looks as if he won't be here. (older spelling : почом) (popular speech)

ПОЧЁМ

From по + чём . instead ofDat. , p 273.

See under ПО:

ПО + Loc. of a personal or interrogative pronoun

1. (interrog & relative) ' how much each?,' which'

2. (in combination) a.

with знать: ' why?,' 'on what basis? Почём знаю, Why should I know? / How would I know?

b.

with зря (popular speech)

'at what price?,'

' at the price

286

почём зря = как попало / как угодно, 'any old way' 3.

= 0чë

'about what?,' 'concerning what?" (dialectal )

4.

= куда = зачем = почто etc. 'why?,' 'what for?'

5.

= по какой линии 'viа what?,' ' through which official channel?,' what route?,' 'through what office?"

6.

(-Ог по чëм??) 'in whose line of work?"

7.

Note also the negative combinations , derived from пo + ничто and пo + нeчто , variously written as one , two, or three words:

'by

ни по чём, ни почём, нипочём не по чём, не почём, непочём Им нипочем танцевать до зари. They find it easy to dance until dawn. / They think nothing of dancing until dawn. (Lit.: It costs them nothing to ...) Какая бы ни была погода, ему все нипочем. No matter what the weather is like, he doesn't care. Это не почём. a. That is perfectly easy to do. (Lit.: There is nothing that it costs. ) b. That has no value.

ПочEму (XE) (HE) In Replies Containing Repetitions Used in affirmative and reassuring answers, in the sense of "Why do you ask?” in the same way as oтчeго (же) (не) and кaк же. May stand at the beginning or at the end of the reply. Always set off from the repeated word or phrase by a slight pause. The repeated word or phrase is always either the predicate or the most significant element ofthe preceding speech. When the He is absent, пoчexy (жe) is used in the sense of "Why do you ask?” and a positive assertion follows. The нe is present when there is a repetition of the main verb or some other key word taken from the preceding speech: "Why not ...?”

' Why ...? ' Why not ...?' '

' What's wrong with that?" ' What makes you think it's not?'

Why do you ask?" '

-А помог бы ты мне тогда? -Почему же? Помог бы. -But would you help me then? -Why do you ask? I'd help you .

-И бензина нет, что ли? -Есть , почему же. -And there isn't any gasoline, huh? -Yes,there is! What makes you think that? -Неужели ты не заинтересован в том, чтобы ваш колхоз собирал высокие урожаи? -Почему не заинтересован? Заинтересован ... (Овечкин) . -Do you mean to say you aren't interested in your kolkhoz's collecting big harvests? -What makes you think I'm not interested? I'm interested ...

287

ПОЧЕСТЬ

(regional)

ПОЧЕСТЬ что 'almost'

= почти

'nearly'

'practically'

Вот куртка почесть новая и осталась. Thejacket has stayed nearly new.

ПОЧИТАЙ

(popular speech)

(--also: почитай что) = почти, 'almost, 'nearly,' 'practically'

1.

Ведь ты нам почитай что родной. After all , to us you're practically a member of the family.

Да мы его и не видали почитай: все в Москве жил (Л. Толстой) But we didn't see him at all, almost - he lived all the time in Moscow. T'll bet' I think ,' ' I guess,' ' 2. 'probably,' ' Об этом он-то, почитай, тридцать книг прочитал. I'll bet he's read thirty books on that subject.

почти чТО = почти

'almost'

'nearly'

'practically'

Я узнал его почти что сразу же. I recognized him almost immediately.

почто

почто

(dialectal)

'why?'

'what for?'

Ты почто это принес, What did you bring that for?

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИ

(popular speech) 'as a matter offact' 'infact' (--as opposed to what might have been expected. )

'actually '

This newer sense may have been evolved partly through the idea of 'in practice' (на практике) and partly through confusion with фактически .

ПРЕДСТАВЛЯТЬ ПРЕДСТАВЛЯТЬ ИЗ СЕБЯ = представлять собой , be’

(popular speech)

Это ничего не представляет. That doesn't amount to anything. / That is of no importance.

ПРИ + Gen. - instead of Loc. (dialectal: Southern & some Central dialects) При хозяина нельзя так бездельничать. You can't loafaround like that in front of the boss.

288

ПРИ ТОМ 1. One ofthe uses ofпри is to indicate an attendant circumstance that accompanies the action of the verb:

при свечах при свежем ветре

-by candlelight -with a fresh breeze

при солнце

-when the sun is out, in sunlight

The noun introduced by при is often a verbal noun denoting an action:

при проверке счетов

-at the time ofhis departure -in the course ofthe audit

при обнаружении

-upon the discovery (of)

при его отъезде

This meaning is not nearly so readily apparent, however, in the expressions при том and при этом, where the demonstratives то and это refer to a whole preceding clause whose action accompanies the next action described and provides the background for it. Here, при том and при этом саn usually be interpreted as 'when ... did so', 'while ... was doing that', ' while so doing', 'in so doing', 'in the course of it', 'while this was going on', etc.

При этом вошел директор. While this was going on the director walked in. Он копал колодец и при том нашел золото. He was digging a well , and in so doing found the gold . Она каждый день разносила письма по отделениям и при том услышала все слухи. Every day she carried the letters around to the departments, and in the course of it heard all the gossip . An explanation of the following more difficult example is provided by what is apparently a still further extended use of this при том:

Всегдашние занятия Троекурова состояли в разъездах около пространных его владений, в продолжительных пирах, и в проказах, ежедневно при том изобретаемых и жертвою коих бывал обыкновенно какой-нибудь новый знакомец; ... (Пушкин) Troyekurov's regular activities consisted in riding around his extensive estates, in lengthy feasts, and in pranks, which were devised daily on the spot, and whose victim was usually some recent acquaintance; ... (*On the spot : i.e. , while the feasting and other activities were going on . On the spur ofthe moment. ) 2. It appears that in general when при has the meaning of 'in spite of, itis regularly accompanied by a form of весь. And when it is accompanied by a form of весь, it can be expected to have this meaning: при всём его образовании

-despite all his education

при всех их достоинствах

-in spite ofall their virtues

при всех трудностях положения

-regardless ofall the difficulties in the situation

при всём тои

-in spite ofall that

However, the expression при всём том саn have either of two meanings : 'moreover' a. 'besides ' 'furthermore'

b.

'in spite of all that'

'for all that'

'notwithstanding'

289

ПРИВЕТИК!

(slang)

8 Привет !,

ПРИЕДИТ

' Greetings ! '

(substandard)

• приедет , ' will arrive ' --Incorrect , but used by many people in both speaking and writing.

ПРИМЕРНО ТАК ТАК ПРИМЕРНО

+ number, time , or quantity

( pop . sp. )

' about ' , ' approximately ' , ' somewhere around ' , ' something like' Примерно

and

так саn both

have this meaning when used alone ,

but

in popular

speech they are often needlessly combined. Скажите ему , что я примерно так в двенадцать , пол первого позвоню . Tell him I'll phone around twelve or twelve -thirty . Сейчас нельзя , но примерно так после обеда я пойду к ним . I can't do it right now , but some time after dinner I'll come to see them .

ПРИНЯТЬ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ С ЧЕГО- НИБУДЬ

(pop . sp. )

' take a thing seriously' The

expression

is

придать

значение

чему- нибудь

in

the

standard

literary

language . Я еще получил злое письмо от него , но с этого не принял значения . I got a nasty letter from him a while ago,

ПРИЧЁМ :

but I didn't take

И ПРИЧЕМ САМЫМ НАСТОЯЩИМ ОБРАЗОМ

See under HAСТОЯЩИЙ

ПРИЧИНА :

ПО ЭТОЙ ПРИЧИНЕ

' for this very reason' —Вот он я пришел ! -Хорошо , добрый день по этой причине . -Here I am !

-Fine . Good morning, and your arrival makes it a good one .

it seriously .

290

(pop . sp . )

ПРОБИРОВАТЬ

8 пробовать , ' test ' , ' try out ' In the standard literary language , пробировать is used only of testing or assaying metals , alloys , and ores , usually of precious metals .

But in popular speech it can

be used like пробовать in reference to testing or trying out anything . -Здесь просушить нечем .

Подогреватель неисправный .

-Непонятно , пробировали здесь , он исправный был . -There's nothing here to dry anything out with . -I can't understand it .

ПРОВАЖИВАТЬ

The heater is out of order.

They tried it out here , and it was working.

(pop . sp. )

= проводить , in the sense of ‘ lead someone on ' , ‘ trick someone ' , ' kid someone ' , ‘ put someone

on '

Как это?

Билеты распроданы?. . . .А вы раньше достали?

Ах, значит ,

проваживаете меня. What ? The tickets are sold out? . . . .But you got some before? Ah, in other words you're putting me on .

ПРОМОКАШКА :

ПОЖЕВАТЬ ПРОМОКАШКУ

' wait ' , ' be patient ' , ' hang on ' , ' find something to do for a few minutes ' (Lit.: ' chew blotting paper for a while ’ . )

Подожди ,

я сейчас справлюсь в архивах, ты пожуй пока промокашку .

Wait a minute , I'll look it up in the files right away, and you just wait a bit .

ПРОПИСАТЬ + Dat

(In threats :

Я вам пропишу . . . ' I'li show you some .. . - ing ' , I'll teach you to .. .')

Used like дать .

See ДАТЬ , р 105 .

(IRONIC )

'What a job it is,

. .

ПРОШУ + Inf

+ Inf or Noun of action

. -ing'

' Just try .. . -ing' | Прошу разговаривать с глухой старухой! What a job it is conversing with a deaf old lady !

Там битком набито , прошу продраться . It's jam-packed in there .

Just try to force your way through .

291

ПРОЧИЙ :

ПРОЧЕЕ ТАКОЕ

И

И ВСЕ ТАКОЕ ПРОЧЕЕ = и прочее , ‘ and so forth ' , ' and everything that goes with that'

ПРЫГАТЬ 'live ' , ' do ' , ' manage ' , ' get along ' See under ПОПРЫГИВАТЬ .

ПРЯМО

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

ПРЯМО ТЕБЕ ПРЯМО УЖ

Used much like вот еще and туда же . May stand either first or last in the reply.

May or may not be set off by a pause

if it stands first ; always set off by a pause when it stands last . Expresses derisive contradiction , scornful disagreement . ' The heck ... !'

' Baloney

' Don't tell me . . . !

.!'

' Don't give me that stuff about . . . ! '

' ... horseradish !'

'Oh no (it's not . . . ) !' -Мой пиджак тебе не влезет . -Прямо не влезет !

( OR : Не влезет , прямо ! )

-My jacket won't fit you . -Baloney it won't fit !

(OR : Won't fit , baloney ! )

-Ваших побьют !

-Прямо уж побьют ! -They're going to beat your team ! -The heck they will !

-Что он , не починит , что ли? —Не чинил , прямо ! -What's he doing? Can't he fix them or something? -Don't try to tell me he hasn't been fixing them !

ПУСКАЙ

•

пусть .

See ПУСТЬ .

Пусть is sometimes a little stronger and more closely associated with commands , and пускай is somewhat milder and associated more with giving permission .

292

ПУСКАЙ БЫ ЕЩЕ = диви бы = добро бы = пусть бы §2.

See these .

'That would be all right if . . . ' 'It would be understandable if . • 'It would make sense if . . . ' 'There would be some excuse if . . . '

ПУСТЬ

+ 3 sg.pl vb, Ipf or Prf

1. пусть ( + он / она / оно /они ) ( + ero/ee/erо/ иx ) ( + ceбe ) ( + ceōe)

Omission of the pronouns is frequent .

The difference between the Nom. and the

Acc. of the 3rd person pronoun is that the Acc . is more colloquial and conveys more unconcern on the part of the speaker.

The pronoun -particle ceбe conveys that on the

part of the doer the action is to be done freely, independently, without ference , and without being influenced by any attendant circumstance .

any inter-

(For more on

ceбe with this meaning in other constructions , see under CEBE . ) a . commanding , strongly advising 'Let him ... ' , 'Tell him to . . . ' , ' Have him . . . ' Если хочет получить больше зарплаты , пусть больше работает ! If he wants to earn more pay , let him do more work!

Пусть он приведет лодку к пристани . Tell him to bring the boat to the dock.

Пусть они внесут всё в протокол . Have them enter everything in the record. (1 ) Пусть is often found following verbs of telling, commanding, advising, etc. Поди скажи им , пусть приведут лодку . Go and tell them to bring the boat .

Торопите их , пусть они закончат скорее . Hurry them up, have them finish up everything as soon as possible . Передай Чаху , —приказал Штерн , пусть проверит , как закреплен груз в трюмах.

Надвигается шторм .

(Паустовский)

"Tell Chakh to check on how the freight is made fast in the holds , " Stern ordered .

" There's a gale coming on . "

b. acquiescing , dismissing a matter, giving consent. ' Let ... then ' , ' All right , so let .

Хорошо , пусть будет по- твоему . All right, have it your way . ( Lit .: All right , let it be your way . )

293

всё равно .

Пусть их думают что им угодно об этом .

I don't care .

Let them think whatever they like about it .

Мне

Пусть их курят себе .

Мне не мешает .

Let them go ahead and smoke .

It doesn't bother me.

c . wishing, desiring ' Let him ... ' , ' May he .. . ' , ' I hope that . . . ' , ' I wish . . . ' Пусть сбудутся все твой надежды. May all your hopes come true. Пусть будут счастливы .

May they be happy./I hope they'll be happy. Пусть они благополучно доедут туда.

I hope they get there safely.

Пусть он придет . I wish he would get here . d. warning and threatening , 'Let · • 'Just let . . .' Пусть он только попробует сделать это ! Just let him try to do that !

2. пусть ( + я /мы ) + 1 sg/pl vb , Prf wishing, desiring; often asking someone not to interfere . " ' Let me /us ... Пусть останусь здесь .

Let me stay here. Пусть я расскажу, не прерывайте . Let me tell it , don't interrupt .

"1 3. Following a complete clause : " ххх ... пусть ! "

ххх -- пусть ! " " ххх . Пусть . "

Various kinds of concession and consent : unconcerned, resigned, or defiant . Любят спорить . . . пусть . They like to argue . Значит , так надо .

Let them .

Пусть.

So it has to be that way . All right then. Так стоят на своем .

Пусть .

So they're sticking to that .

Very well.

Хорошо , им не нравится-- пусть ! All right , they don't like it .-- That's perfectly okay !

4. пусть... ( но ... ) contrasting

(See also ПУСТЬ ДАЖЕ /ПУСТЬ ХОТЬ , $ 1 , p 295. )

' though ' , ' although ' , ' perhaps ... ( but . . . ) ' , ' indeed . . . (but . . . ) ' Положение , пусть трудное , не беспокоит его . The situation is certainly difficult , but it does not worry him.

294

Пусть не все , но многие присутствовали . Not all , to be sure , but a good many were present .

5. пусть as conjunction : a . concessive , ' Let . . . ' , ' Admitting that . . . ' , ' even if' , ' even though ' Пусть они сердятся на меня , но всё равно останусь здесь. Let them be angry at me , but I'm staying here all the same . Пусть уже поздно , но работу мы должны закончить сегодня. Even though it's late , we're supposed to finish the job today . Пусть дождь , я всё равно пойду .

Rain or no rain , I'm going anyway . Пусть он вытащил меня из огня, разве это дает право насмехаться? (Фадеев) Even though he pulled me out of a tight spot , does that give him the right to jeer? Hypothetical possibility .

b. + Prf.

( pop . sp . )

' Supposing that . . . ' , ' Assuming that .. . ' , 'What if . .. . '

Пусть я скажу ему, что тогда? I were to tell him , what then? Supposing I Пусть мы пойдем на то , как мы сделаем всё это? Suppose we go along with it , how are we going to do all this?

ПУСТЬ БЫ 1. wishing, desiring, requesting 'I wish' a. First in its clause

Пусть бы это уже кончилось . I wish this were already over with . b . Often after a verb of telling , advising, requesting, etc. ( Cf. ПУСТЬ § 1.а.( 1 ) . ) Скажите ей , пусть бы она ждала нас .

Tell her I wish she would wait for us. Написал бы ты им , пусть бы приезжали к нам . It would be nice if you would write them and ask them to come to see us. 2. conditional

and concessive

а. 8 добро бы = диви бы = если бы еще . ' It would have been all right if . . . ' Пусть бы отложил , но он просто отказался . It would have been all right if he had postponed it , but he simply refused to do it.

295

b.

= лучше бы = было бы лучше , если бы ' It would have been better if . . . ' , ' I would rather that.. · Уж пусть бы ( лучше ) она им ничего не , сказала , а то в заблуждение повела. It would have been better if she hadn't told them anything; was ,

as it

she misinformed them .

с . = если бы ' Supposethat ... ' , ' supposing .. . . . ' , ' if ...

Ну , пусть бы ты нашел тысячу рублей , что бы ты сделал? Well , supposing you found a thousand rubles , what would you do ?

ПУСТЬ ДАЖЕ ПУСТЬ ХОТЬ 1. Contrasting .

Like ПУСТЬ § 4 .

' though indeed ' , ' although certainly ' . ' perhaps ... . but . . . ' Это задание , пусть даже трудно выполнимое , нравится ему . Although this task is certainly hard to do , he likes it.

2. Hypothetical possibility ' even ' , ' and even ' , ' or even ' , ' even if ' Я ожидал , что он рассердится , пусть даже придет в ярость , но на это молчание я совершенно не рассчитывал. was expecting that he would get angry ,

or even fly into a rage ,

but I

never expected this silence . Ему хотелось сказать всем друзьям , пусть даже совершенно неизвестным ему

людям . He had a desire to tell all his friends , and even complete strangers .

ПУСТЬ И 1. Contrasting .

Like ПУСТЬ $ 4 and ПУСТЬ ДАЖЕ , $ 1 .

' though ' , ' although ' , ' even ' Изъян , пусть и малый , снижает стоимость изделия. A flaw , even though small , lowers the value of the product . Этот опыт , пусть и трудоемкий , очень важный .

This experiment , though laborious , is a very important one.

296

ПУСТЬ ТАК

1. пусть так но ... That's all very well but ...'

'Maybe so, but ...'

'Okay, but ...'

Пусть так, но я все же не убежден. Maybe so, but I'm still not convinced. Пусть так, но надо признать,что .. That's all very well, but it must be admitted that ...

2. Standing alone, as reply: the same as ПУСТЬ #3 . 'All right then, let it be that way'

'Very well!'

'So be it!"

-Вы пойдите, а я останусь дома. -Пусть так! -You go. I'mstaying home. -Very well then!

{

ПУСТЬ ХОТЬ

See ПУСТЬ ДАЖЕ.

ПУТЁМ

(popular speech)

properly,' 'well' ' Это надо путём обдумать. This needs to be well thought over. Под шум машин не мог путём разобрать,что он говорил. In the noise ofthe machinery I couldn't properly make out what he was saying.

Путём не знаю. I don't rightly know.

ПУЩАЙ

(regional)

= пускай.

ПУЩАТЬ

(popular speech)

= пускать В те поры ... по всем дорожкам цветные фонари горели; за рекой феверки пущали, (-А.Н. Островский) In those days ... they had colored lanterns lighted along all the roads; on the other side of the river they'd set offfireworks. -Вот и увидались ... Что же ты, старик, слезу пущаешь? (-Шолохов) Here we've met again. Why are you shedding a tear, old man? ПУЩЕ

(C. ПАЧЕ)

'more,' 'more so' Она боится микробов пуще огня. She's scared ofgerms worse than fire.

2

297

ПШЕНÓ

(slang) junk,' 'trash,' 'drivel' (Lit.: millet) .Ищу книгу. -Эту не бери! Лабуда! Пшено! -I'm looking for a book. -Don't take that one! It's horseradish! Trash!

298

299

PAI

-following a verb

.for joy' Вишь , не опомнится , рад .. сказала Дуняша .. ( Л. Толстой)

'. . . , he's so glad ' ,

"You see, he can't come to his senses , he's so happy , "

said Dunyasha .

(pop . sp . & regional ; no longer used in standard literary ) бы ы БЫ PAД,-a,РАД, -а, -ы glad would to ... (but ) . . .' be 'I'd love to ... (but ) . . .' 'I Said of things that would be desirable but are difficult

or impossible to do .

Уж я рада бы читала , да не могла не засыпать . I'd be glad to read it , but I couldn't keep from falling asleep . -Не пойди к ним ! —Я бы рад не пошел , ну они пошли сюда . -Don't go to see them. -I'd be glad not to go, but they came here . И рад бы в рай , да грехи не пускают . ( Popular saying) I would if I could , but I can't. (Lit .: I'd be glad to go to heaven , but my sins won't let me . )

РАД:

HE PA 11

НЕ РАД CAM HE PAJ

И CAM HE PAJ ' sorry'

(-Cf . " HE : forming opposites as well as negating . " )

(that something happened ; especially something that the speaker himself brought on or participated in. )

'regret --ing ' И сам не рад , что поднял этот вопрос . I'm sorry I ever brought this point up . НЕ РАД ЖИЗНИ -- ЖИЗНИ НЕ РАД Emphatic form of HE PAI. - ' extremely sorry' , ' sorry as hell ' . -- САМ НЕ РАД БУДЕШЬ . НЕ РАД БУДЕШЬ ЖИЗНИ . 'You'll be sorry you did . ' / ' You're going to wish you hadn't . '

В БЕССЧЕТНЫЙ РАЗ

РАЗ :

☐ в который ра3, ' by no means for the first time ' ,

PA3:

' for the umpteenth time '

BOT TAK PA3!

- BOT тебе раз !

' Well , what do you know ! ' , ' Well , what do you think of that !'

Expresses surprise upon perceiving something unexpected .

Preceding page blank

300 РАЗ :

ДРУГОЙ РАЗ ( pop . sp . )

• иной раз , ' sometimes ' (BUT NOTE ALSO : В ДРУГОЙ РАЗ , ' another time ' , ' some other time ' . )

РАЗ : В ДРУГИЕ РАЗЫ ( роp . sp. ) В ДРУГИХ РАЗАХ .

' (the) next time ' —А чего ты всю дорогу сычом сидел , слова со мной не сказал , а ? Говори же в другие разы! Why did you sit like an owl the whole time and didn't say a word to me? Talk, the next time !

РАЗ :

В КОТОРЫЙ РАЗ |

'by no means for the first time ' , 'for the umpteenth time '

PA3 TAKOE ДЕЛО = раз так = если так , ‘ if that's the case ' , ' if that's the way things are ' , ' in that case ’

-Нам больше нечего делать здесь. -Ну что ж , тронулись , раз такое дело . -There isn't anything further for, us to do here . -Well then what the heck, let's start out , if that's the way things stand .

РАЗ : ТЕПЕРЬ ЭТО РАЗ . ' This time just this once ( we'll let it go we'll do it this way/etc. ) . '

РАЗ :

TOT РАЗ ' the other day ' , ' last time '

(BUT NOTE ALSO :

B TOT PA3 , ' (the ) next time ' . )

Но жену повидай непременно . привел тебя.

Мне и то досталось за то , что я тот раз не

(Л. Толстой)

But come to visit my wife without fail . As it is , she gave me the devil for not bringing you last time .

РАЗ ЧТО = paз, ' if' , ' once ' , ' since ' , ' insofar as ' , ' seeing that'

РАЗОБРАТЬ :

НЕ РАЗБЕРИ - БЕРИ НЕ РАЗБЕРИ- ПОЙМЕШЬ

' It's hard to make any sense of it ' ' One can't make head or tail of it '

( pop . sp . )

301

PA3BE In addition to the more usual translations of разве , note the following: 1. ' may be ’

Разве вот Борис зайдет к нам сегодня . Maybe Boris will come to see us today. 2. (In rebukes :)

Разве так говорят? Is that any way to talk?

3. ' hardly ' -Да за этой рекой разве угонишься .

Чуть оглянулся , а она —пожалуйста !

—завалила

( Паустовский )

уже песком весь фарватер .

You really can hardly keep up with this river. head and oops !

You've scarcely turned your

it's blocked up the whole channel with sand .

4. ( In assertions :) ‘ really not all that (bad , etc ) ' Потонуть кораблю здесь трудно .

Разве вовсе плохое судно .

It's not easy for the ship to sink here .

PA3BE

( Станюкович)

It's really not as bad a boat as all that .

... A TO ... When разве introduces an " unless '

clause , the other clause may be introduced

by an optional a то . Разве погода испортится , а то непременно устроим пикник . Unless the weather turns bad, we will have a picnic without fail . ( Lit .: . . . otherwise we will go . . . )

РАЗВЕ ЕСЛИ KPOME PA3BE РАЗВЕ ЛИШЬ РАЗВЕ УЖ

УЖ

PA3BE РАЗВЕ ЧТО 1. + Inf. = разве , ' perhaps .... . had better . -И в комнате , наверно , на аршин грязи . полы?

Уж пожалеть разве тебя , помыть

(Рыбаков)

And I'll bet the dirt in the room is a yard deep. on 2.

Maybe I'd better take pity

you and wash the floors , huh ?

= разве только / только разве , ' except perhaps ' , ' unless ' , ' if anything ' , ' if at all Не поеду вообще , разве если пошлют машину . I won't go at all , unless they send a car.

Приду , разве что дождь помешает . I'll come , unless the rain prevents me .

302

Мы сегодня не вернемся, разве что поздно вечером . We won't be back today , unless maybe we do late in the evening. -Пойдем , Никита , по колхозу , и я тебе не сто , а двести гектаров

такои земли найду! -Hy , разве что пустыри ... (Овечкин) - Let's go around the kolkhoz , Nikita , and I'll find you not a hundred but two hundred hektars of ground like that !

-Well , if any , perhaps the vacant lands . .

PA3BE

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

HN PA3BE

РАЗВЕ ЕСЛИ РАЗВЕ УЖ РАЗВЕ ЧТО

НУ РАЗВЕ ЧТО Of these compound particles , the ones that begin with Hy always stand at the beginning of the reply.

The others may stand at either the beginning or the end of

the reply . In this construction , repeated words are repeated without change of case ; they are never changed to Nominative . Expresses vacillation , hesitancy , unconvinced and not especially eager agreement to what has just been said by the other speaker. Если уж and Ну если are used in the same way . See p 114 .

'well , all right if it's . . . ' 'Well , if you really think it's ..

'Well, if it really is /does .. •

-Выпей чашечку. -Разве чашечку . (OR : Ну разве что чашечку . OR :

Разве если чашечку .

OR:

Разве уж чашечку.

OR :

Чашечку разве. )

-Drink a small cup of it . -Well , all right if it's a small cup. -Пойдем к ним на пять минут . -На пять минут разве что . -Let's go to see them for five minutes .

-Well , for five minutes okay .

303

РАЗВОРАЧИВАТЬ .. additional meanings ( pop . sp . ) 8 развёртывать , ' get (a job , a project ) going / started ' ; (often with no

1.

stated direct object :) ' get set up to go ' , ' get things started ' ' speed (things ) up ' .

2.

РАЗВОРАЧИВАТЬСЯ -- additional meaning (pop . sp . ) ' rush ' , ' go hastily '

РАЗГОНИ ?

( slang)

' Really? ' , ' On the level ? '

РАЗЕ / РАЗЬЕ

( Expresses doubt . )

(colloquial pronunciation )

- разве.

РАЗИ

(dialectal )

• разве .

PA3ÓB

(pop . sp . & dialectal )

* раз (G. pl . ) So too границев fог границ , делов fог дел , местов for мест .

PALIOH :

В РАЙОНЕ

( pop . sp . )

ГДЕ - ТО В РАЙОНЕ ' around ' , ' approximately ' , ' about ' Это легко починить.

Понадобится в районе получаса.

This is easy to fix . It will take about half an hour.

Встретимся в районе двух часов . We'll meet around two o'clock .

РАССКАЖЕТ /РАССКАЖУТ These forms are used in expressions of doubt about someone's say anything reliable on some subject .

'A lot ... knows !' ' . . . will tell you a lot of baloney about ... '

competence to

304

Париж ?

Она- то три года жила там .

Paris ? She

lived

Они тебе расскажут !

there for three

years .

A lot they know

about

it !

Вот , расскажут " Надо взять больший предохранитель . " Sure , they'll give you the business about “ What you need to do is get a bigger fuse. "

РАССКАЗЫВАЙ ,’ РАССКАЗЫВАЙТЕ These forms are used in replies , either containing repetitions or not , that convey blunt expression of complete disbelief and mistrust .

' Oh sure ! '

' That's a hot one !'

' Do tell ! '

'Don't give me that !'

(Cf. СКАЖИ . )

-Я ведь совсем не знал , на что он это .

-Да, рассказывай !

Совсем не знал !

-I tell you , I had no idea what he wanted it for. -Yeah, that's a hot one !

Had no idea !

-Охота тебе по дождю ходить!

-Не ходил . -Рассказывай .

По туфлям видать .

-What do you want to walk around in the rain for? -1 didn't . -Don't give me that .

B TOM

РАСЧЁТЕ , ЧТО

из

РАСЧЁТА , ЧТО

C

РАСЧЁТОМ , ЧТОБЫ

I can tell by your shoes .

С ТАКИМ РАСЧЁТОМ , ЧТОБЫ C TEM

РАСЧЁТОМ , ЧТОБЫ

'planning to . . .'

' in such a way as to . . . '

' figuring on ...-ing'

' so as to . ..

' with a view to . . . -ing '

'in order to · •

'with the idea that . . .'

Записку на кухонном столе оставил , из расчета, что тут ее сразу найдут . He left the note on the kitchen table , with the idea that they would find it there right away . Отправил посылку с расчетом , чтобы доставилась к среде . He posted the package so as to have it arrive by Wednesday .

305

РЕДКО ГДЕ

'only here and there' 'only in a few places'

There are not many places where ...' ' It is not in many places that ...,

Стало очень тихо. Редко где собака лаяла. It got very quiet. Only here and there a dog barked.

Редко где бывают такие крепкие морозы. There aren't many places where there are such bitter frosts.

РЕДКО КОГДА 'onlyonce in a while' 'hardly ever'

It's very seldom that ... ' ' 'It's not at all often that ...'

Теперь я редко когда вспоминаю о тех временах. I hardly ever think about those times now.

РЕДКО КТО

(--Кто may be in any case.)

'only a few people' 'hardly anybody'

There are / were not many people who ...' 'It isn't / wasn't many people who ...'

Жара была страшная. Редко кто не прихварывал. The heat was dreadful. Hardly anybody was not unwell. Это на самом деле редко с кем случалось. Actually, there are not many people that this has ever happened to. Мимо них прохаживались делегаты ... редко-редко у кого на груди не блестят ордена, медали. (Бабаевский) The delegates walked along past them: ... there were very few who did not have decorations and medals glittering on their chests.

РОБИТЬ

(regional)

= = работать POBHO The more well known uses of ровно are the following: 1.

(as adv. of ровный:) 'equally,' 'evenly,' ' smoothly'.

2. (with expressions of quantity and measure:) 'exactly,' 'just'.

Приехали ровно в пятьчасов . They arrived at exactly five o'clock. Стоит ровно на два рубля больше. It costs exactly two rubles more. a.

(often with negative pronouns and adjectives with the meaning of " none":)

'exactly'

'absolutely'

'simply'

У них не было ровно никакого понятия о трудоёмкости этого. They had simply no conception of the laboriousness of it. Изо всего, что он говорил, я ровно ничего не понял. I could understand absolutely nothing of all he said.

Дело окончилось ровно ничем. The affair came to absolutely nothing.

306

В зале ровно никого не было. There was no one whatever in the auditorium . Characteristic ofpopular colloquial speech are these additional uses: 3. (in comparison:) (popular speech) a.

(with nouns:) 'like,' 'as'. Раздался такой крик,что кровь у меня похолодела в жилах ровно лед. There was a shriek that froze the blood in my veins like ice. Отчего ты рычал на меня ровно зверь? What did you snarl like an animal at me for?

b.

(with clauses:) 'as if Забыл о нем, ровно* его никогда не знал. * OR: ровно бы. I had forgotten about him as ifI had never known him.

4. (as parenthetical clause-modifier:) ' it seems,' 'it's as if,' ' I think,' ' I guess ,' 'evidently,' ' as far as I can see,' 'it looks like'. (popular speech & regional) Used in conjectures. Sometimes expresses uncertainty or doubt (--example 2 below). Я это ровно когда-то читал. It seems to me I've read that at some time or other. Ты чья же, девушка, будешь? Ровно не из нашего конца. (Бажов) Who might you belong to, girl? It seems to me you're not from around here. А ведь ты, кая- сякая, помолодела ровно. Что ж ты делала? But you, you so-and-so, it seems you're looking younger. What have you been doing?

КАК

РОВНО

БЫ

РОВНО

КАК

(C. БУДТО)

РОВНО =

POBHO # 4,

'it seems,' 'I guess,' 'evidently,' 'as far as I can see,' 'it looks like', etc. (popular speech & regional)

Ай- ай, ровно бы горчит маненько, а? Пригаринка, видно. (Леонов) Oh boy, I guess it tastes a little bitter, huh? There must have been a burned spot there. Ну, я на него смотрю, что он ровно как болел. Well, I saw by looking at him that apparently he was sick.

РОВНО

ДЕРЖИ

Take it easy' '

'Don't get excited'

'Don't let it throw you'

РОЗНЬ: Nomsg / pl + Datsg / plofSAME word + PОЗНЬ (Doubled-Word Construction) There are ...-s and ...-s .’

' Not all ...-s are the same.'

Работа работе рознь. Эта очень интересная. There are jobs and jobs. This one is very interesting. -А вы вот родных и знать-то не хотите? •Родня родне рознь . -And you don't want to know your own relatives? -Relatives aren't all alike .

307

Хотя судья судье рознь , а закон для всех один. (Семенов) There may be different judges, but it is the same law for everyone.

РУБАТЬ

(slang)

'eat'

РУБЛЕВ

'eat with gusto'

'chow down'

(dialectal & uneducated)

= рублей, G.pl of рубль.

РУБЛЕЙ ДЕНЕГ

(popular speech) (COMMON)

РУБЛЕЙ ДЕНЬГАМИ Literally, "rubles in money" . Often said, although the second word adds nothing to the meaning.

РУКА + Dat ( + Inf) 1.. be suitable, natural , regular for someone to do - by disposition, position, or profession. (Уездный лекарь.) Утонул ли кто в реке, с колокольни ли упал и расшибся - всё это ему рука.. (Салтыков) (The district doctor.) If someone has drowned in the river, if someone has fallen from the belltower and hurt himself- all this comes under his department. 2. be proper, be fitting for someone to do obligations.

· by customs , morals, or

-Hy, брат, теперь скоро и на поправку. Не рука матросу долго валяться. (Станюкович) Well , fella, you'll soon be on the road to recovery now . It isn't proper for a sailor to be lying around in bed a long time. РУКА:

НЕ К РУКАМ / НЕ К РУКЕ

'no good to'

'no use to'

А что тебе столько бумаги? Это тебе не к рукам. But what do you want all that paper for? You haven't any use for that.

РУПЬ

(popular speech)

= рубль РЯДОМ

( + c + Ins) (as adv of time)

'at the same time'

Тут же рядом вошёл он. Just at that moment he walked in. Снизилась температура. Рядом с этим ветер изменился. The temperature dropped. At the same time the wind shifted . РЯДОМ + Gen. (popular speech / nonstandard.)

= рядом + c + Ins, ' next to,' ' beside' Это он на занятиях сидел рядом меня. He's the one that sat next to me in classes .

308

Гараж был совсем рядом дома. The garage was right next to the house.

|

309

C + Gen. (popular speech) (VERY COMMON) Often used in popular speech in constructions where из is used in the written style:

1. referring to places. (Cf. HA + Acc .) 'From ... to ...' is expressed in popular speech by c ... на ... , instead of the standard literary из ... B ....

Вернулся с города. He's back from town. Поехали с Ленинграда на Москву. They travelled from Leningrad to Moscow.

Она не с нашего завода. She's not from our plant. 2. referring to a.

the material something is made out of. Я сварю варенье с этих ягод. I'll make jam out ofthese berries.

b.

the elements something consists of. обед с двух блюд. a dinner of two dishes

с.

the group ofwhich individuals are members трое с девушек three ofthe girls никто с рабочих none ofthe workmen.

C + pl lst / 2nd person pronoun

+ Ins personal pronoun

pl 1st / 2nd pers. possessive pronoun adj + Ins Noun In expressions of the type Мы с братом, ' my brother and I', мы с тобой, 'you and I', вы с Ваней, 'you and Vanya' , the second element is of course always Instrumental because it follows the preposition c, regardless ofthe case of the first element:

Nom + Ins: Мы с тобой составим доклад. You and I will compile the report. Acc + Ins:

Хозяин велел нас с тобой составить доклад . The boss told you and me to compile the report.

Note that the second element remains the same even when the first is a possessive:. Он только что услышал о нашем с тобой * докладе . He had just heard about our report.

( * NOT твоем)

C + Ins (in exclamations) Expresses annoyance, impatience, disapproval . 'You're always talking about ... '

'Oh , you and your ... !'

Все ты со своими проектами! Да что же завершено, You're always talking about your plans! And what has been accomplished? (Lit .: Always you with your plans!)

310

C + Ins (in greeting) (COMMON) -Доброе ытро. -С добрым утром. -Good morning. -Good morning. С новогодним приветом. New Year's greetings to you.

C + Ins 'have' Вот ты вечно с пятнами на жилете. You always and everlastingly have spots on your vest.

Запусти мотор. Ну, что? С зажиганием или нет там? Start the motor. Well , what's the matter? Have you got any ignition there or not?

САДИТЬСЯ 'sit down (and get busy)' (--as in English) Дело срочное. Вот, и пусть садится о том, что мне посылает, пусть вот садится и делает. The matter is urgent. So concerning what he is sending me, let him sit down, let him sit right down and do it.

CAM:

(OH) CAM

(popular speech)

'the boss' See under OH CAM .

Молчать! Сам идет! Be quiet! The boss is coming!

САМ ТЫ ... in Replies Containing Repetitions '... yourself

'... nonsense'

'... nothing'

Тетерев! -в восторге крикнул он в лицо подскочившему от грохота выстрелов Светлову. -Сам ты тетерев, -недовольным тоном спросонья ответил тот. -Глухарь, должно быть! (-Забелин) -"A black grouse!” he shouted delightedly at Svetlov, who had jumped up at the crash of the shots. -"Black grouse yourself,” answered the other , only half awake and in a peevish tone. "A wood grouse, probably. "

CAMOE + Inf (colloq.) Used to characterize an action as thoroughly opportune and advisable. Highly colloquial . The main thing is to ...' The thing to do now is to ... '

' What we need right now is to ...' 'Now is the time to ...'

Сейчас самое уйти. The thing to do now is to leave. Самое и быть готовы до того, как они придут. The main thing is to be ready before they get here.

311

-Что ты скоро так? Сиди! ... -Нельзя, брат, -Метелица развел руками, -самое разведать, пока темно ... (Фадеев) -" "What are you going so soon for? Stay put!" -"I can't, buddy." Metelitsa spread his hands. "Now is the time to get the scouting done, While it's dark ... "

САМЫЙ / -АЯ / -ОЕ / -ЫЕ

--In replies

Used in answers to questions requesting an identification.

-Федя, ты? - Я самый. ( = Именно я.) -Fedya, is that you? -That's right. -Эта твоя машина? -Эта самая. ( = Именно эта) -Is that your car? -Yes, that's it.

-Да кто это? -Самый мой зять. -And who is that? -Why, that's my brother-in-law.

САМЫЙ /

АЯ / -ОЕ / -ЫЕ + Noun

1. Emphasizing that what is said is exactly and literally true. a.

( + Noun only: 'the very ... ,' 'the ... itself'

Это самая суть вопроса. This is the very crux ofthe problem .

312

b. (prepositionсамый + Noun :) (pop. sp. & dialectal .

' right ' , ' just '

VERY COMMON . )

Доехали до самой реки. They rode right to the river/all the way to the river. С самого начала были заминки . Right from the start there have been snags . В эту самую минуту порыв ветра задул свет .

Just at that moment a gust of wind blew out the light. Живут около самой лавки . They live right next to the shop. 2. Characterizing a thing as suitable and appropriate . Он тоже методично работает .

Самая пара мне . Just the partner for me .

He too is a methodical worker. Это самая по нему работа. That's just the job for him.

Десять

тысяч будет , пожалуй , самая цена .

( Паустовский)

Ten thousand -- that'll be the right price , I guess . 3. (+ Noun derived from a verb and naming an action)

CAMOE + Inf, but less common . Used to characterize an action as opportune and advisable .

'The main thing is to . .

'The thing to do now is to ...

'What we need right now is to . . . '

'Now is the time to . . .'

Самая теперь езда.

( = Теперь самое ехать)

The thing to do now is to go.

CAMый + Superlative adj /adv (pop . sp . , substandard) (VERY COMMON) e.g. самый новейший ( lit .: " most newest " ) = самый новый/новейший самый сильнейший ( '' most strongest ' ') самый интереснейший ( '' most interestingest ' ) самый ближайший ( ' ' most nearest ' ) etc.

See ɓOлЕЕ + Comparative , used in the same way .

CAMый :

зTO CAMOE

(pop . sp. ) ( VERY COMMON )

Especially in popular speech , caмый is used with great frequency after pronouns as an intensifier. 'this

very thing ' ,

thing ' ,

As an outgrowth of this, the neuter Nom/Acc зто caмoе ( Literally , ' this particular thing ' ; 'It's this very thing ',

'This is the very

' This is it ' . ) has hardened into an invariable unit with several specialized

uses of its own :

313

1. Marking the introduction of a new topic . 'What about this :. . . ?'

'Tell me this : . . .?' 'What I want to know is , . . . ' Пятое ноября .

Спасибо .

Буду иметь в виду .

Теперь это самое , как

мне попасть в бухгалтерский отдел . On the fifth of November.

Thank you .

I'll keep it in mind .

Now tell me

this : How do I get to the accounting department? 2. After a Dat . pronoun .

Stating the point that is of particular interest to the person,

often in contrast to some other point .

"The thing I'm interested in is .. 'What's important to ... is . . .' Теперь мне не до того .

К делу ! Трактор , мне это самое .

I'm not interested in that now . Get to the point !

The tractor , that's

what

I'm interested in. Он конечно жаждет уехать , но мне это самое : я должен покончить с итогами. Of course he's dying to leave , but what's important to me is this :

I'm

supposed to get finished with doing the totals . 3. After

a

'This

conjunction :

Used as

an abbreviated

substitute

for a whole clause.

'This is the ticket'

is it.'

'This is the thing to do' В общем , я думаю что это самое .

Прислать его в июле , пусть он у вас

пока побудет там . Anyhow, I think that this is the thing to do : Send him here in July ; let him stay there at your office for the time being.

Ты сделай так, чтоб заседание на месяц отсрочилось;

я же постараюсь

с Андрей Николаевичем договориться чтобы это самое . You arrange things so that the meeting is postponed a month; I'll try to fix it with Andrei Nikolaevich so that this is done. 4. Often (but not necessarily ) preceded by ну, а, понимаете , and similar hemming-andhawing words in expressions of different kinds of hesitation : a. Hesitating while thinking of what one is going to say , either trying to recall something or considering possibilities .

'well'

' let us say '

'Well now, ...

'perhaps '

'let me see now, • •

' uh'

'hm '

Я постараюсь у вас скоро быть . . .вот немножко тут • · · ну, это самое • · • в четверг , может быть , приеду к вам .

I'll try to be at your place soon . . . here there's a certain amount

of •

well , let me see now . . . on Thursday, perhaps , I'll come

to your place .

314

Я

бы попытался здесь, если .

•

.ну ,

это самое ,

если

мне помогут

там , это самое , я поговорю с начальником там , это самое , можно через них там . I'd try

it here ,

hmm •

if .

.

.

well now ,

if they'll help me there ....

.. I'll talk with the boss there and · .

uh ... , maybe

it can be done through their office there. b. Hesitating out of a feeling of awkwardness and reluctance to name someone or something openly.

' this thing '

' that is to say'

' well , ah , ... '

'the thing of it is '

'I mean'

' you see '

Доклад был по адресу, а ..., понимаете

.

это самое . • · известному

учреждению . There was a report addressed to , uh . ah , .. the you-know-what office .

САМЫЙ :

. , you know · ·

well,

ВОТ ЭТО САМОЕ

' you -know-what ' Used to avoid referring to a thing directly .

САМЫЙ :

ЭТОТ САМЫЙ + personal name

' this guy.

СвоЁ : Он всё своё . He keeps harping on the same subject all the time.

СВОЙ

1. In sentences that have a 3rd-person subject , the possessive свой must be used to refer to anything belonging to the subject.

Compare:

Он надел свой плащ. He put on his raincoat .

( --i.e . , his own raincoat)

Он надел его плащ. He put on his raincoat . (i.e. , someone else's)

315

2. But in sentences that have a 1st -or 2nd- person subject , свой means the same as мой , твой , наш , ог ваш , and either свой or one of these four possessives may be used : Ищем своего брата.

=

Ищем нашего брата.

We're looking for our brother. 3.

In generalizing sentences that do not refer to any definite person , свой corresponds to English ' one's ' :

Своя ноша не тянет . A burden of one's own choosing does not weigh one down.

Здесь все свои . None of the people here are strangers to each other .

СВОРАЧИВАТЬ -- additional meanings ( pop . sp . )

1. ' get busy ' , ' get going on the job ' 2. ' speed things up ' , ' hurry the job up '

СВЯЗЬ : В связи с + Ins 1. ' as a result of' , ' owing to ' , ' because of' 2. ' in connection with ' , ' in view of'

СЕБЕ ( as adverbial particle ) Most commonly stands after the verb , but may also stand before it . Indicates action independent of surrounding circumstances , performed without regard to them , uninfluenced by them, unconcerned about them, or in spite of them . Cf. ЗНАЙ . See also ВЗЯТЬ .

'just '

' (just) goes ahead and . . .

' simply '

'(just) keeps (right ) on ————————-ing'

' away '

' as unconcerned as you please '

Там всё хлопотня , суета, а он храпит себе , горя мало ему . There everything is bustle and confusion , but he just snores away,

and nothing bothers him. Хорошо им -- едут себе , и никаких .

( Фадеев )

That's fine for them - they just ride , and nobody objects . Хамса с пролива уходит ! Шторм не шторм , а она идет себе и идет . (Холендро) The " Khamsa" is leaving the sound ! Gale or no gale, she just keeps on going.

316 На

его глазах

встать

обливают

грязью человека ,

и стукнуть кулаком по столу ,

бумажке .

сидит

а он ,

вместо того , чтобы

себе и рисует

что- то на

(В. Некрасов)

They do that mudslinging at a person right before his eyes , and instead of getting up and thumping on the table with his fist , he simply sits there and draws something on a piece of paper.

СЕБЕ ДА СЕБЕ

Strengthened form of CEBE , above .

( UNCOMMON)

Не ответит , а всё коптит себе да себе над делами . He won't ever answer, he just goes on plugging away at the files all the time .

СЕБЕ :

+ Vb (Ipf 3 sg or pl)

ПУСТЬ /ПУСКАЙ + СЕБЕ

+ Vb (Ipf 3 sg or pl)

+ СЕБЕ

+ СЕБЕ

+ Noun or Adj as predicate

In the construction of the type " пусть + 3 sg /pl vb " , the pronominal particle себе stands directly after пусть о

пускай , ог after the 3 sg/pl verb .

Ceбe indicates action performed without regard to surrounding circumstances . Thus , when пусть , ' let' , is used with a 3rd-person verb with the sense of agreeing to something and dismissing it (See ПУСТЬ $ 1b ) , the meaning of an added себе that the

subject may go ahead and do whatever he wants without

is

expecting any

outside interference from the speaker, because it is of little concern or interest to the speaker.

'just '

'(just) go right ahead and ...

' away'

'for all I care '

Пение не мешает .

Пусть поют себе на здоровье .

The singing doesn't bother us .

Let them sing away to their hearts'

content . -Барыня страсть не любит простого табаку . —А пусть себе не любит !

(Станюҡович)

-The lady dislikes cheap tobacco something awful . -Well , let her go right ahead and dislike it ! Его тянет в театр .

Пусть его себе !

He's dying to go to the theater.

Let him; for all I care !

-Новые начальники , они всегда хорошие . новый , пускай себе старый .

Пускай себе

(Макаренко)

-New bosses , they're always nice. .

me?

· Я при чём?

. What has that got to do with

Let him be new or old , for all I care .

317

СЕБЯ :

ИЗ СЕБЯ

1. Popular speech for coбoй in expressions referring one's appearance : хорош из себя - хорош собой , ' handsome ' , ' good- looking ' красавица из себя - красавица собой , ' a beauty ' .

2. Живет из себя. He makes his own way in the world . /He gets by without help .

CEM

(pop. sp . & regional ).

CËM CEM- KA

+ (a) Prf 1 sg/pl Vb

CÉM-KA

(b) elliptical clause with Prf 1 sg/pl Vb implied .

CEM-HY Always stands first in its clause . Expresses a casual decision .

Similar to дай ( -ка ) and давай (See under ДАВАЙ ,

$4, p 99. ) Decisions referred to by this construction are generally on personal preference rather than important, urgent,

" official "

matters .

matters of The impli-

cation is that the decision is not the product of long thought or of consultation with others ,

but rather is quite offhand . The construction often occurs together with

думаю , подумал , говорю себе , or other words of similar meaning when the speaker is telling someone what he decided earlier.

Use of a plural verb with this particle

is far less frequent than the use of the singular.

Cem with the Prf 1 pl is not very

different from давай (те) with the Prf 1 pl , meaning ' Let's .

'Suppose I /we . . .' 'How about

See ДАвАй

§2 a ( 1 ) .

1 guess I'll . . . '

- ing ...?'

'I think I'll . . .'

'Maybe I'd better . . .' 'It might be a good idea to . . . '

Сем- ка я сыграю с ним в шашки . I think I'll play a game of checkers with him . Сем- ну я хоть встану по двору погуляю или в сад пройдусь . I guess I'll get up and take a walk around the yard , maybe , or I'll go into the garden . •

Слышу ..

гомонят

где - то

гляну , неровен час , кто услышит .

на проулке .

Семка,

думаю,

выйду ,

(Шолохов )

I heard people talking somewhere out in the alley . I thought, "I guess I'd better go out and take a look . hear ." Сём и я с тобой.

I think I'll go with you. Сем пойдем к нему . Suppose we go to see him.

Before you know it,

someone will

318

СИГА́ТЬ/СИГАНУТЬ

1. jump , throw oneself, rush 2. walk, go

СИЖУТ

( pop . sp . )

(regional)

(pop . sp . , substandard )

= сидят , ' they sit ’

СИЛА !

(slang)

' Great ! '

СИЛА :

' Swell !'

B + Loc + СИЛА

'the essence of the matter lies in ...' 'it's a matter of . . . ' 'the whole point is ( in ) . . . ' 'the basic cause is . . .'

He в том сила, что кто- то ошибся , а в том , что задача не выполнена . The point is not that someone made a mistake , but that the job didn't get done . Не в учёности тут It's

not

a

сила.

matter

Эти опыты требуют

of

erudition .

These

прежде всего тщательности .

experiments

primarily

require

carefulness .

(OR :)

Эти

опыты

учёности

не

требуют .

Вся

These experiments don't require erudition . Да,

силом

он

выдающийся математик.

Но не в нём

Yes ,

he's

him .

What we need is an engineer.

an

outstanding mathematician .

сила тут

в тщательности .

The whole thing here is care . Нам надо инженера . сила . But we aren't

concerned with

(pop . sp./regional )

8 силой , ' by force' , ' by coercion '

СКАЗАТЬ ( + Dat) + Inf

(pop . sp . )

' tell someone to do something ' (--either giving permission or ordering) In the standard literary language , сказать ‘ tell ' is supposed to be followed by чтобы and a verb-form in -л . But in popular speech сказать is used with the Dative and an Infinitive exactly like велеть , приказать , позволить , and разрешить , and like ' tell ' in English .

319

Я скажу ему сделать это . I'll tell him to do that .

СКАЗАТЬ:

Ну скажет же такое ! What an odd thing to say!

СКАЗАТЬ :

СКАЖЕШЬ ! /СКАЖЕТЕ !

(AS REPLY)

Expresses strong disagreement , usually with scorn or derision . 'Nonsense !'

' Baloney!'

-Не выйди во двор без пальто !

Захвораешь !

-Скажешь ! -Don't go out in the yard without your overcoat !

You'll get sick !

-Nonsense !

СКАЗАТЬ:

СКАЖИ ! /СКАЖИТЕ !

(AS REPLY )

Expresses surprise ; sometimes disbelief and/or annoyance. 'You don't say!'

'Do tell ! '

'Oh, is that so?!'

' Oh , sure !'

(Cf. РАССКАЗЫВАЙ . )

' Oh , really? '

-Ай да молодец Алексей Петрович !

Обаятелен , умён , ...

-Скажите ! -Oh ,

what

a

fine

young fellow

Aleksei

Petrovich is !

Charming,

clever, ... -You don't say !

СКАЗАТЬ:

И ТО СКАЗАТЬ ДА И ТО СКАЗАТЬ

'and indeed ' , ' and it must be admitted that . . . ' 'and as a matter of fact, ...' На другой день рабочие жаловались на холод .

И то сказать , был сильный мороз.

The next day the workmen complained about the cold . a bitter frost .

And indeed , there was

320

СКАЗАТЬ:

МОЖНО СКАЗАТЬ

' so to speak'

' what you'd call a .. .'

' as it were' ' you might say ' Он хорошо знает музыку . He

knows

Настоящий знаток , можно сказать .

about

a lot

music.

A regular connoisseur, you

might say.

Машина , можно сказать , не в духе сегодня. The car is out of sorts today, so to speak.

СКАЗАТЬ:

НЕЧЕГО СКАЗАТЬ

1. In expressions of indignation , strong annoyance and disapproval :

' ... , I must say ! '

' ... , to say the least !'

' . . . indeed !'

( Lit :

Обсчитали нас!

There is nothing to be said about it . )

Хороши , нечего сказать !

They shortchanged us ! Ну уж гостиница!

Nice people indeed!

Собачья дыра !

Huh , some hotel !

Нечего сказать !

A lousy dump , I must say !

Вот так путаница, нечего сказать! That's a fine mixup, to say the least! 2. In assertions that something is exactly what is the case , that some word exactly fits

what it is used to describe . ,, can say."

Literally " There's nothing (more)

that one

- ничего не скажешь. · ·

and no getting away from it' there's no getting away from that'

, and that's a fact ' .. and that's just the word for it' 'I must say , . . . ' /' . . . , I must say ’ 'One must admit that . . .'

.... , and no mistake' 'certainly ' Ox, какая гроза!

Форменный ливень, нечего сказать .

Oh , what a storm!

A regular deluge , and that's a fact .

Он , нечего сказать , блестящий конструктор. He's a brilliant designer, there's no getting away from that. Он , нечего сказать, знает все ходы и выходы этого дела. He knows all the ins and outs of this business , and no mistake . Эти туфли , нечего сказать , модны , но не удобны. These shoes are certainly stylish, but they're not comfortable.

321

3. In Replies Containing Repetitions. (Cf НИЧЕГО СЕБЕ.) Нечего сказать may stand (1 ) first in the reply, spoken either with or without a pause after it, or else (2) at the end of the reply, always with a pause before it.

-Еще рано. -Нечего сказать рано. OR: -Нечего сказать, рано. OR: -Рано, нечего сказать. When used in this way, нечего сказать is synonymous with ничего себе, and is used in the same way in forming constructions. It expresses derisive and ironic but goodnatured disagreement: '...! You're kidding !” 'You call that ...?' ..... ! Don't make me laugh! (Literally: 'There's no reason to say ...")

-Еще рано. -Нечего сказать, рано - уже седьмой час! -It's still early. -Early! Don't make me laugh! It's already seven o'clock.

-Боже! Холодно! -Нечего сказать холодно! -Lord, it's cold ! -You call that cold? СКАЗАТЬ:

НИЧЕГО НЕ СКАЖЕШЬ

= НЕЧЕГО СКАЗАТЬ # 2. Это трудно-раструдно сделать, ничего не скажешь! That's an awful hard thing to do, and no mistake! СКАЗАТЬ:

ЭТО ЕЩЕ КАК СКАЗАТЬ

There are a lot ofifs and ands about that.' It's an iffy question' ' There are a lot of things about it that make it hard to be sure.' СКАЗАТЬ:

Я СКАЗАЛ

'Remember, I told you so'

'And don't forget it.'

А я тебе скажу что если ты так поведешь себя, ты будешь мошенник. Я сказал. (Л. Толстой) And I tell you that ifyou behave the way they do you will be a rascal. And don't forget it.

СКЛАСТЬ

(popular speech)

= сложить, the literary Prf of складывать, 'put together. '

CKOKO

(colloquial & rapid speech)

= сколько сколько

= сколько времени. Мы бы ещё сколько ловили Воронцова! Да и вряд ли бы так просто поймали. (Нилин) We would have spent a lot longer trying to catch Vorontsov! And it's not likely we would have caught him so easily.

322

СКОЛЬКО ВРЕМЯ

(popular speech, substandard .)

= сколько времени. Сейчас сколько время у вас, What time have you got right now?

скольк СКОЛЬКО о МНОГО

(popular speech)

= сколько = как много, 'how many,' 'how much,' 'What a lot of ...' сколько ИХ НИ БЫЛО 'the whole dratted lot ofthem'

'everylast one ofthem'

Веришь ли, что офицеры, сколько их ни было, сорок человек одних офицеров было в городе . ... Как начали мы, братец, пить ... (-Гоголь) Would you believe it, the officers, the whole blasted lot of them,* forty people and all officers, were all in the town. ... As soon as we started drinking, my friend, ... (*Lit ...'regardless of how many there were of them'.)

СКОРЕЕ / СКОРЕЙ 1. 'very quickly' ' very soon'

'real quick'

'right away'

'as soon as possible'

( = как можно скорее)

'right now'

The so-called Absolute Comparative is a Comparative used alone without any explicit statement of whom or what a comparison is being made with (-i.e. , without any 'than' expression: without any noun or pronoun in the Genitive or any word or phrase introduced by чем) . It can be with or without the prefix поAn Absolute comparative is understood as greatly intensified, and amounts to being equivalent to a Superlative or to the как можно ... construction: 'as ... as possible'. In practice, the word most often used in this way is скорее cкopee.. Because the Absolute Comparative conveys a strong sense of intensification, it is very natural to find it often used in conjunction with an Imperative.

Скажи скорее. Tell us right away. Нет, нет, ты должен идти, Герман ...Возвращайся скорее, я буду ждать тебя ... (-Арбузов) ... No , no , you ought to go , Herman ... Come back as soon as you can, and I'll be waiting for you.

Любимейшая мечта Вильгельмины Карловной выдать дочь скорее, чтоб скорее нянчить внучат. (-Григорович) Wilhelmina Karlovna's dearest wish is to get her daughter married as soon as possible so that she can play nursemaid to her grandchildren as soon as possible. Вали скорей до дому, до дому вали (-Фадеев) Get home as fast as you can, go on home. Ему захотелось, чтобы хозяин воротился скорее. (-Горкий) He began to wish that his boss would come back as soon as possible.

Ах, скорее бы уйти! (-Чехов) Oh , if only we could get away right now! Хватил скорее котел и давай бежать. (-Гоголь) He made haste to seize the kettle and started running.

323

Other uses of скореe: 2. In a correction to what has just been said: exact, ... ')

'or rather ...'

'or, to be more

Похаживал взад и вперед по столовой 0009 изредка отхлебывая из рюмки ..., И еще реже произнося какое-нибудь замечание или скорее восклицание вроде "а! эге! гм!" (-Тургенев) He paced up and down in the dining room ..., occasionally taking a sip from a wineglass ..., and even less often coming out with some remark, or rather an exclamation, such as 'hah !,' 'oho!,' or 'hm!' 3. In comparisons, saying that what is stated applies more in one case than in another, that what is stated is truer in one case than in another: 'more ,' 'rather'. Анель похожа была скорее на женщин из Гренады,чем на славянку. (-Павленко) Anel looked more like the women from Grenada than like a Slav. 4.

In statements of preference: 'rather,' ' more willingly,' 'preferably'. Князь выразил сенату намерение скорее отказаться от жизни,чем от престола. (-Чернышевский) The prince expressed to the senate his intention rather to give up his life than the throne .

СКОРЕЕ / СКОРЕЙ = скорее всего 'very probably,' 'most likely' - Смотри туда, кажется - пожар. … В то время горизонт слегка окрасился в кровавый отблеск -И то пожар, скорей. (А. Н. Толстой) -Look there. It looks as if there's a fire ....Just then the horizon was faintly tinged with a blood-red reflection. -It is a fire, most likely.

СКОРЕИЧА

(dialectal)

= скоро , 'soon' СКОРЕЯ

(dialectal)

= скорее, 'rather,' 'sooner' СКОРО:

КОЛЬ СКОРО

1.

'If

2.

'As soon as'

СЛАБАК

(slang )

'weakling' (either physically puny or morally spineless . )

СЛАБО

( + Dat) ( + Inf)

'can't'

'isn't strong enough to ...'

'doesn't have the guts to ...'

Тебе слабо поднять этот ящик. (I'll bet) You can't lift this box. Жалобу подать ему слабо. He hasn't got the guts to put in a complaint.

'(I'll bet) ... can't ...'

324

СЛЕДСТВЕННО (popular speech) - следовательно: 'therefore'

'consequently'

СЛИШКОМ

= с лишним:

'... with some left over'

.... and then some'

(NOT = слишком, 'too ,' 'excessively'.)

-'with more than 20 men'

С двадцатью с лишком человеками сорок верст с лишком

-'40 versts and then some'

два с лишком часа

-'over 2 hours'

СЛОБОДНЫЙ

(popular speech )

free' = свободный, ' Словно словно

(...) СЛОВНО БЫ

БУДТО

СЛОВНО БЫ КАК СЛОВНО И КАК

словно

КАК БУДТО = БУДТО , # 1. For synonyms and examples see under БУДТО, p 15 . Used in expressions of uncertainty, doubt , and conjecture.

'apparently'

СЛЫХАТЬ

'I guess'

'it seems'

'as far as I can see'

'it seemed'

'(it was) as if

(popular speech )

(Видать is used in the same way.) 1.

(as impersonal verb) = слышно, 'One can hear ... ,' ' ... is audible ,' 'can be heard'.

2.

(as impersonal verb) = слышно, 'One hears ,' 'People say ... ,' ' There is news (that / of) ...'

3.

(as parenthetical adverb) 'as one hears,' ' as people are saying,' 'it seems'

СЛЫШАТЬ:

НЕ ХОТЕТЬ СЛЫШАТЬ + Inf

'refuse to hear ofdoing something' Теперь он в юнгородок просится и слышать не хочет вернуться домой. (Панова) Now he's asking to get into youth housing and won't hear of going back home.

СЛЫШУТ

(popular speech)

= слышат , 'they hear' (Similarly: говорют, сижут, стоют, хочут.)

СЛЫШЬ 1. '... , understand?

'... , see .'

.... , get that?"

Ступай скорее на улицу, или нет, беги прежде в комнату, слышь! и принеси оттуда шпагу и новую шляпу. (-Гоголь) Go out on the street right away - or no, before that run to my room, understand. And from there bring my sword and new hat.

325

2.

'See here, ...'

Listen here, ... '

I say, ...

'Look here, ...’

Слышь, дядя! Какой ястреб во-тут на чинаре живет! Как вечер, так и вьется. (-Л.Н. Толстой) Hey, Uncle! There's some hawk living there in the plane-tree! When it's evening, he circles in the air. 3. In explanations = видишь ли, знаешь ли, ведь 'you know' 'you see' 'you understand'

'because'

Стоял, стоял да и пойди за водой к колодцу: слышь, пить захотелось. (Тургенев) He stood there and stood there and then went to the well for water. Because he'd gotten thirsty. 4. 'one hears'

'they say'

I hear' '

'people say'

-Палагеюшка, слышь, в Мазулине хорошо живет. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) They say Palageya's living very well at Mazulino. Барин, слышь, не поладил с Кириллом Петровичем, а тот и подал в суд. (-Пушкин) People say the master quarreled with Kirill Petrovich and was taken to court by him.

СМОТРИ / СМОТРИТЕ 1.

(Cf ГЛЯДИ .)

+ Imperative (Often with не + Imp, but not necessarily.) In exhortations, warnings, and threats:

'See that you ...'

'Make sure you ...'

(with He:) 'Watch out, or ...'

Смотри не урони. Make sure you don't drop it.

Смотрите, слушайте внимательно. See that you listen attentively. 2. In similar exhortations and warnings, but without the Imperative , (LESS COMMON )

Смотри. это приказ полковника. Now, get this right. This is an order from the Colonel . Смотри, нарвёшься, паренёк. (Аксёнов) Watch out or you're gonna git it, Buster. 3.

смотри / смотришь / смотрю / смотрим Used as a parenthetical interjection in referring to an unexpected and surprising event. Смотришь tends to be used when generalizing about something that happens over and over whenever the circumstances are right, but always comes as a surprise. Смотрю and смотрим tend to be used when referring to an event that occurred only once . Смотри can be used in either case. 'the next thing you know'

'it turns / turned out that ...'

Они всё говорят " Позаботимся об этом, не бойтесь", а смотришь, опять ушли. They always say "We'll see to it, don't worry", and the next thing you know they've left again .

Высмеивали ее, да, смотрим, награду получила. They used to make fun of her, and the next thing you know she won an award. 4.

смотри / смотришь Usually with a Perfective, referring to the future. 'very likely''I'll bet' 'before you know it' 'I imagine''first thing you know''just watch' Поезд скорый. Смотри, к пяти часам приедем. It's a fast train. I'll bet we arrive by five o'clock .

326

5. того и смотри / того и смотри, что = того и гляди = того и гляди, что

'any minute'

f 'irstthing you know'

'before you know it'

'before you can say "knife”

When in combination with того и, смотри, like гляди, regularly refers to an undesirable event that the speaker fears may happen at any moment. The accompanying verb is regularly Prf. Осторожно! Того и смотри, что уронишь. Careful! First thing you know, you'll drop it. СМОТРИШЬ

'and then again'

'you see'

'on the other hand'

'and then too'

Трудно в этом письме разобраться. Ведь почерк очень нечетко, да, смотришь, недостает листа. It's hard to make any sense of this letter. The handwriting is very unclear, and then too there's a sheet missing.

СОБИРАТЬСЯ:

НЕ СОБИРАТЬСЯ + IpfInf

Used in expressions of strong negative intention: 'have no intention of ...'

'not be going to ...'

'... will be darned if ... will ...' .

С БЫТЬ #2, p 37-38, and cf СТАТЬ: НЕ СТАТЬ + Ipf Inf. -#3 , p 328 .

Не собираюсь терять форму из-за того. I have no intentuon of letting that bother me. Мы не собираемся тут за тебя кашу расхлебывать. We'll be darned ifwe'll go around after you straightening out the messes you make.

СОБОЙ Used with nouns and adjectives in expressions referring to personal appearance. Cf H3 СЕБЯ , used in the same way but more colloquial.

Каков он собой? What does he look like? Он постарше тебя, а собой молодой. He's a little older than you, but he looks young.

СОГЛАСН

+ Gen. - instead of Dat. (popular speech) 'in accordance with'

'according to'

'acting upon'

протокол составили согласно устава. They have drawn up a record in accordance with the regulations.

Изменили проект согласно его советов. They made some alterations in the plan , following his advice. СПОЗАРАНОК

(regional)

СПОЗАРАНКОВ = спозаранку, 'very early in the morning' СРОЧНО В НОМЕР

'right on schedule '

327

СТАВАТЬ

(--as Ipf to стать) (popular speech & regional)

1. ( + Noun or Adj) = становиться , become' Последнее время очень худая стаёт. She's getting very thin lately. 2. (+ Gen ofthing) 'be enough,' ' suffice' Представить себе не могу, как ставало у них терпения на это. I can't imagine how they had enough patience to do that. 3. ( + Gen of person + на + Acc of thing) be capable of Красть, на это его никак не ставало. As for stealing, he was incapable of doing it. 4. (+ Acc or + в + Асс) = стоить, 'cost,' ' be sold at' Здесь пачка папирос стаёт гривенник. A pack ofcigarettes sells for ten kopecks here.

СТАВАТЬСЯ

(--as Ipf to статься) (popular speech)

'happen' Ставалось и не то.

'occur'

More important things have been known to happen. СТАВИТЬ / ПОСТАВИТЬ 'organize'

'arrange'

'set up'

'see to'

'attend to'

'take care of

Поставьте всё. Приедут во вторник. You see to everything. They'll arrive on Tuesday.

Хорошо, поставлю. Okay, I'll attend to it.

СТАЛО

(popular speech)

= стало быть

'consequently'

'therefore'

'and so'

'I take it'

Не появился. Так, стало, не пойдет с нами. He hasn't shown up. So I take it he's not coming with us.

СТАНОВИТЬ = ставить

(popular speech)

' put'

СТАТЬ 1.

стать + Ipf Inf

Стать is used very much like 'start' in colloquial English : Мне было бы легче, если бы он стал ругать меня. Но он молчал и молчал. (Каверин) I would have felt better ifhe had started scolding me. But he simply said nothing. 2. стать + Ipf Inf (dialectal) In some northern dialects crанет is the usual auxiliary verb used to form the Imperfective Future, instead of будет: Стану зиму жить в Ленинграде. I'm going to live in Leningrad through the winter.

328

Корову, буде, резать станут. I guess they'll slaughter the cow. Если придете,дак приглашать станем. Ifyou come here, we'll invite you to things. 3. не стать + Ipf Inf (СҒ БЫТЬ # 2, p 37-38, and cf CОБИРАТЬСЯ : НЕ СОБИРАТЬСЯ + Ipf Inf.) In negative sentences, стать with the Inf regularly expresses not merely lack of intention todo something, but rather a strong determination not to do it : 'not going to ... ,' 'have no intention of ... ,' 'will be darned if ... will'

A frequent pattern is to put the Infinitive first in the sentence and нe + a form of стать last: Ждать их не станем. We're not going to wait for them. Unlike the auxiliary verb буду / будет etc. , стану / станет etc. can also be used in the form ofthe Past.

Не стал слушать. He would not hear ofit. Пол мести твоя очередь. Я за других не стану работать. It's your turn to sweep the floor. I'll be darned if I'll do other people's work for them.

Слушай! Стоять на этом углу до пяти часов не стану. Listen! I'm not going to stand on this corner until five o'clock. Начальник участка уговаривал его пойти отдохнуть. ... Но Бычков не стал его слушать. (Нагибин) The boss ofthe section tried to persuade him to go and get some rest. ... But Bychkov would not listen to him. СТАТЬ: Dat + Ipf Inf + не + СТАТЬ (--regularly in the negative.) The стать in this construction is the feminine noun meaning 'need' or 'reason,' not the verb meaning 'start.'

Богатый человек Михей Зотыч,и не стать ему обижать старого солдата. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) Mikhei Zotych is a rich man, and there is no reason for him to insult an old soldier. СТОИТ ТОГО

НУ, СТОИТ ТОГО НЕ

СТОИТ того Expresses disagreement with what has been suggested, unwillingness to follow a suggestion, doubt ofthe need for doing something. ' It isn't worth while' It's not worth doing' ' NOTE that the three variants all mean the same thing, regardless of whether the He is present . The third, не стоит того is a word-for-word statement : 'It's not worth it. The first two, often used as replies, are ironic: 'Oh sure, it's worth doing, of course!' See OXOTA ( + Dat) + Inf and МУДРЕНОЕ ДЕЛО for other examples of ironic expressions. Я не забыл упомянуть это, но я думал,что не стоит того. I didn't forget to mention it, but I thought it wasn't worth doing.

329

-Вы бы лучше сделали с наброска чистовик. -Ну, стоит того! -You'd better make a clean copy from the draft. -Oh, it's not worth it!

столько МНОГО

(popular speech)

= столько = так много, 'so many,' 'such a lot of CTOIOT

(popular speech, substandard)

= стоят, 'they stand'

СТРАМИТЬ

(popular speech)

= срамить , 'put to shame' "Ты, говорит, нас страмишь, всю нашу фамилию: в чем ты ходишь?" (-А.Н.Островский) "You," she said, "bring shame on us, our whole family. What are those clothes you're going around in?" СТРЕКАЧА / СТРЕЧКА: ДАТЬ СТРЕКАЧА / СТРЕЧКА 'run away' 'get away'

СУМЛЕВАТЬСЯ

(slang)

(Dialectal: Eastern) (popular speech)

= сомневаться, 'doubt' - А что, тоже сумлеваетесь? - В истории науки сомнение бывало иногда более прогрессивных фактором, чем абсолютная вера. (-Леонов) -What do you mean? Do you have doubts too? -In the history of science doubt has sometimes been a more progressive factor than unconditional belief.

СУМЛЕНИЕ

(popular speech)

= сомнение, 'doubt' СУПРОТИ

СУПРОТИ

(popular speech) " (

СУПРОТИВ

(

СУПРОТИВ

(

СУПРОТИВКУ

(Dialectal: Southern & Western)

"

= против A. prep. w . Gen. 1.

opposite to, across from

2.

against, contrary to, in opposition to

3.

compared to, in comparison with

B. adverb

1.

opposite, across

2.

in comparison

3.

(Dialectal : Northwestern) as required, when required, accordingly, commensurately (Dialectal : Northwestern) just now; now; right away

4.

330

СУРЬЁЗНЫЙ

(popular speech)

= серьёзный , 'serious' СХВАЧЕНO?

(slang) 'Got it?'

'Understand?'

'Okay?'

СХЛЁСТЫВАТЬСЯ / СХЛЕСТНУТЬСЯ ( + c + Ins) (slang) ' fight with' (--either verbally or physically) (Literally, 'tangle with,' as in English) Prf схлестнуться: 'start a fight with' 'pick a fight with'

СХЛОПОТАТЬ

(Prf) (slang)

'get punched' (especially for making a nuisance ofoneself) (Literally: 'to succeed in getting it as a result ofgreat efforts”) Молчать, а не то схлопочешь по морде! Shut up, or you're going to get one in the snoot!

СЧИТАЙ

(popular speech) 'almost'

just about'

'practically'

В цехах тесно, холодно, станки старые, пасы рвутся, считай каждую минуту: всё старьё. (Макаренко) In the workshops it's crowded, it's cold, the machines are old, the drive-belts break just about every minute; it's all old junk . Мы с ними, считай соседи. Мы живем этажом выше. We're practically neighbors of theirs. We live one floor up.

СЫМАТЬ

(popular speech)

= снимать:

СЮДОЮ

'take off

'take out'

(dialectal: Odessa)

= сюда. (So too тудою for туда.)

'take away'

'remove'

331

-TA = -то. See -TO , p 379 ff.

TA (Ukrainian) = да At the beginning of a reply, indicating that the answer is obvious : ' of course,' 'naturally,' 'obviously'.

.Что это была за книга? -спрашиваю я рыбака. -Та Диккенс, -говорит он с досадой. (-Паустовский) -"What book was that?" I asked the fisherman. -"Why, Dickens, of course, " he said with annoyance.

ТАДЫ (regional) = тогда.

TAE , TAË = того, тово. See p P 399 f . TAK

(See also ТАК И, p 349-353 .) From the fundamental meanings of так, 'thus,' ' so,' like that,' 'the way it is,' a number of extended and colloquial uses are derived: 1. Introducing and calling attention to the statement that follows. COMMON . 'like this: ...'

this way: ...' '

'as follows : ...'

'hus: ...'

У нас здесь так : дизель не работает, и у нас запчастей нету. The situation here with us is this: the diesel engine isn't working, and we don't have any spare parts. Я сейчас получил от хозяина задание так*: разобрать весь вопрос там, после этого составить доклад об этом. I just got the following job to do from my boss: investigate the whole problem there, and after that draw up a report on it. (* Less colloquial and more literary would be задание такое , ог такое задание.) Иван Антоныч, Я понял так* ,что он должен был нас встретить там. (* OR: я так понял, что .. ) Ivan Antonych, the way I understood it (was that) he was supposed to meet us there. В общем так, никуда не уходи, понял? Сиди у телефона пока не позвоним. Anyway, the point is this: don't go away anywhere, understand? Sit by the phone until we call.

2.

In replies a.

это так.

That's so,' '

'That's right,'

'That's true'

-- as in English.

-Как, вы переедете в новый поселок, -Да, это и так. -What's this, you're moving to the new housing development? -Yes, that's right. b.

Так.

'Yes'

'That's right'

'Right'

332

-Что, Анатолий Кипиллович ваш отец, -Tax. -What, is Anatolii Kirillovich your father? -Yes .

c.

Tak, ...! In Replies Containing Repetitions Так ...! That's what I said, ...!' 'Justthat, ...!'

'You heard me! I said ...' 'Just what I said, ...!' 'Yes! ...!' 'Exactly that: ...!'

Used in answers to questions in the form of Kaк ? ' What do you mean, ...?' The answer is a derisive or impatient reassertion of something that the other speaker questioned because he either did not understand it or was surprised to hear it. (Taкoй is used similarly, in reply to a similar question containing кaкoй. See under TAKOй in impatient replies, p 370.) -Всю комнату надо убрать. Вовка, возьми швабру! -Как швабру? -Так, швабру! -The whole room needs cleaning up. Vovka, take the mop! -What do you mean, the mop? -You heard me, I said the mop!

-Грабитель ушел ни с чем. Она его избила. -Как избила? -Так избила.

d.

-The burglar went away empty-handed. She beat him up. -What do you mean, beat him up? Just what I said, she beat him up. Tax.

Так, так. 'Yes,'

'Right,'

'I see ,'

'M -hm'

Often used to indicate at intervals that one is following a long recital of events with interest or a long set ofdetailed instructions attentively. COMMON .

-Выедут в понедельник. -Tak .И приедут сюда на следующий день. -Tak

-И будут у вас в среду. -Так, так. -They'll start out on Monday. -I see. -And they'll get here the next day. -Yes. -And they'll be at your office on Wednesday. -Right, right.

333

3. As an interrogative at the end of a phrase, clause , or sentence. 6 see?' · • ... right?' understand?'

okay?'

This use may be viewed as the interrogative counterpart of the reply just described in §2d:

the speaker is asking his hearer whether he is paying attention

and understands . Вот где труба перебита, как раз у входа в котел . That's

where

the

pipe

is broken ,

Так?

right where it goes into

the boiler.

Understand? Хорошо ,

мы

вас заберем .

У второй

автобусной остановки,

так?

В пять

часов , так? Okay,

we'll pick you up.

At bus-stop Number 2,

okay?

At 5 o'clock,

right?

4. As adverb or predicate .

'right'

'the way it should be'

'properly '

'the way that was wanted'

In practice, the negative нe так ' wrong' is of more frequent occurrence, perhaps because its being a two-word combination makes it easier to identify than Tak ' right' , which in some contexts might be hard to distinguish from some of the many other uses of Tak given below.

' Right' is more often expressed bу правильно, верно, ог

some other synonym, but raк is used when it fits well in context.

Это

слово многие люди не так произносят . Many people pronounce this word wrong.

Всё пошло не так. Everything has gone wrong. -А что , не так перевели? -Всё так, прекрасно ! -What's the matter, did we translate it wrong? -It's entirely right, it's fine!

From the basic meaning of ' thus ' , ' the way it is ' comes the sense of ' as is ' , ' with nothing added' , ' without anything further' , ' the way it comes/came ' , ' with nothing extra', ' nothing special ' , from which several closely related colloquial uses derive :

5. 'Without charge ' , ' free' , ' for nothing' Лампу починил так, а часы за полтинник . He fixed the lamp for nothing, and the clock for half a ruble. ALSO : за так for nothing, free

334

6. 'Without

consequences ' ,

' scot- free' ,

'just like that'

Это им так не пройдет . They aren't going to get away with this just like that. 7. 'Nothing special ' , ' nothing much ' a. Often with a following expression, usually a noun or a verb but sometimes a whole

clause,

which explains or enlarges upon what is

meant.

With or

without a pause between the Taк and the following expression. 'nothing much--merely . . .'

'just'

' merely'

'nothing but a ..

'simply' Кроме

главной

улицы,

в

городе , собственно, ничего и не было --так,

слободки , ничем не отличавшиеся от деревень.

( Н. Чуковский)

Except for the main street, there was, in fact, nothing in the town-- it was nothing special , merely suburbs that were no different from country villages . Я думал , что это так золотая безделушка, не представляющая никакого документа.

( А. Н. Островский)

I thought it was nothing but a gold trinket, and not that it carried a document in it.

b. With какой- нибудь ог что- нибудь. Не слушал того , что он говорил-- так ерунду какую- нибудь. I didn't listen to what he was saying-just some nonsense or other. c. With Tak alone,

constituting the entire predicate of its clause:

' nothing

special' , ' nothing much'. Он уверял , что это так.

Настаивал на том , что никакой роли

в этом

не играе . He assured us that it was nothing much.

He insisted that

it had

nothing to do with this. Прежде он был секретарем Before, he

was

a

комсомола , а теперь он так.

Komsomol

secretary, but now he's not

much of

anything . d. In replies, when the speaker either cannot think of any definite answer, or

does not wish to explain:

'Oh , nothing'

'Oh, nothing special '

'Oh, nothing much ' Cf. §9d, below. -О чем ты это?

-Tak , -What were you talking about when you said that? -Oh , nothing.

335

-Что с вами? -Так.

-What's bothering you?/What's the matter with you? -Oh , nothing, /Oh , it's all right , -Ты куда идешь?

-Так. -Where are you going? -Oh , nowhere special.

-Ты что , Коля?

—Так. -What are you doing, Kolya?

-Oh , nothing. 8. 'Without any special effort ' , ' simply' , ' just' (In this sense и так is very similar and is more frequently used .

See

И ТАК,

p353. ) Порез так заживет , перевязки не надо. The cut will heal without having anything done to it ; there's no need for a bandage. -Ты сходи сам , посмотри . -Что мне ходить ! Я так знаю. -You go and take a look for yourself. -What do I need to go for? -Доброе утро .

I know without going.

Это Григорьев говорит .

-Ну , я так по голосу тебя сразу узнал . -Good morning.

Доброе утро !

This is Grigoriev speaking.

-Well , I recognized you right off by your voice immediately .

Good morning!

9. 'For no special reason ' , ' simply' , ' just' , ' just happened to . . .' a. Before or after the verb it applies to. -На какой улице доктор Строгов?

-На следующей улице . -Нет .

А что , вам надо пойти к врачу?

Я так спрашивал .

-What street is Doctor Strogov on? -The next street. -No .

But what's the matter, do you need to see a doctor?

I was just asking.

Он не знал , что я этим интересуюсь , он так упомянул об этом , совсем случайно . He didn't know I'm interested in that; he just happened to mention it, entirely by chance .

Новостей

нет , я зашла так.

There isn't any news , I just thought I'd drop in .

336

Он не принял участия в игре , но так подсел к друзьям . He didn't take any part in the game, but simply sat down by his friends.

b . Often in the combination просто так. -А зачем ты расчеты этим способом сделал? —0 , так я это просто так. -But why did you use this method to do the figuring? -Oh , I just happened to do it that way . Я помню, когда вы , бывало , приезжали к нам на каникулы или просто так,

(Чехов) I remember how, when you came to visit us for the holidays, or for no special reason , ....

c. After a complete clause and followed by a further expression that offers a possible answer to a question that was raised in the first clause .

Compare

$7a, which is somewhat similar but not the same.

'let's call it .. . •

'perhaps ...' well--. . . '

•

'more or less . · 'not for any special reason, maybe · •

' well , let's say (Баронесса:)

Не знаю отчего , но я его люблю ,

Быть может , так , от скуки , от досады, От ревности . ( The Baroness:)

(Лермонтов)

I don't know why , but I love him, Maybe, well , let's say it's from boredom or from irritation'

Or from jealousy. Сначала по самолетам палили из винтовок, так, из спортивного интереса. ( Вершигора) At first they fired their rifles at the airplanes, not for any special reason, but more or less from a sense of sport. Вопили

в

деревне охотно

•

настроению :

по

всякому поводу и

без

повода-- так, по

(Гладков)

People in the village were given to wailing on every occasion and when there was no occasion--not for any particular reason , but simply because of the mood they were in : . . . (Лоскутков :) .

. . . А я говорю, не угодно ли вам будет что- нибудь подарить . . . так • • · В знак родственного расположения.

( Н. А. Некрасов) ( Loskutkov :) . . . . But what I mean is , wouldn't you like to make me a present of something . . . let's call it . . . as a sign of family affection .

337 d . In replies, when the speaker either cannot think of any definite answer, or does not wish to explain: Cf $7d, above.

'Oh , nothing' 'Oh , no special reason'

-К чему вы это?

-Tаk. -What did you do that for?

-Oh, no special reason. 10. 'Approximately ' , ' about' , ' . . ., oh, about .

·

or so ' , ' somewhere around' ,

'perhaps ' , ' some' With an expression of quantity or time . COMMON . The Tak usually precedes , but may follow. (This construction is similar in pattern to $ 9c, ' no special reason , let's call it ... ' , where a sense of indefiniteness is introduced by the Tak , followed by a suggested answer to the question just raised. ) Я вам потом еще раз позвоню , так минут через 15 .. I'll call you back in , oh , about 15 minutes .

Было так часов около восьми утра. It was about eight o'clock in the morning. Она уже давно работает у нас .

Вот , ну так лет 36- 37 ей .

She's worked at our place quite a while .

She's, oh, around 36 or 37

years old. Приедут , ну , в час 11 туда ... в 11 , пол 12 - ого так. They'll arrive there around 11 o'clock .

.

.

at 11 or 11:30 or so.

From the basic meaning of ' thus ' , ' so ' comes the sense of ' thus ' , ' accordingly ' , from which another large family of related colloquial uses derives :

11..

. . : так, · • ...-- так, например, .. • Thus, ·

..

For example: . . .'

До невероятности рассеян был : так, он был вечно с охапкой бумаг да с портфелем пустым. He

was unbelievably

absent-minded.

For example ,

he

was always

carrying around an armful of papers and an empty briefcase.

В ящике

была

всякая

всячина ,

так,

например ,

огрызки

карандашей ,

скрепки, пугавицы , марки , винты, и гайки. There was all kinds of stuff in the drawer, such as pencil stubs , paperclips , buttons , stamps, screws, and nuts, for example.

338

12.

' and' Continuative: used to introduce the second clause of a two-clause sentence ,

indicating that the second clause is thought of as enlarging upon or illustrating what was said in the first clause. Еще тогда у нас гостила барышня , племянница барыни, так я с ней по целым Вечерам разговаривала.

( А. Н. Островский)

In those days there was a young lady staying with us, a niece

of the

mistress, and I used to talk whole evenings with her. У нас в деревне был солдат Африкан , так тот , бывало , как начнет псалтырь честь... ровно барабан бьет . . .Ловко читал ! (Горький) We had a soldier in our village named Afrikan , and that fellow,

when he

would start reading in the psalter- it was like a drum beating. . . He knew how to read!

-А проезжие вспоминают ли его? -Да

ныне

мало

мертвых.

Вот

проезжих; летом

разве

проезжала

заседатель завернет , барыня ,

смотрителе и ходила к нему на могилу.

так

та

да тому

спрашивала

о

не до старом

(Пушкин)

-And do the travellers remember him? -Well , there aren't too many travellers these days ; the court assessor will stop by once in a while maybe, but he's not interested in the dead .

But

in summer there was a lady coming through here, and she did ask about the old stationmaster, and she visited his grave. 13.

Tаk так вот

так

( ...) и

так вот ( ... ) и

ну так ' SO '

'and hence'

' and so'

' and that's how it is/ was that ... '

' and as a result' Consequential :

stands

at the

beginning of the

second of two

clauses and

indicates that what is referred to in the second clause is thought of as resulting from what was referred to in the first. Целую ночь пришлось им работать , так и усталы. They had to work all night, so they're tired.

Хозяин кричал на них, так вот они и брюзгливы. The boss has been yelling at them, and that's how it is that they're grouchy. Я никогда не слушаю их, так никогда меня не раздражают . I never listen to them, so they never annoy me.

339

Прибудут сюда через час, так я пришел вас предупредить . They'll be here in an hour, so I came to tell you in advance. Вот я вчера к портнихе за выкройкой для воротничка ходила , так видела платье . . .

( А. Н. Островский )

I went to the dressmaker's yesterday to get a pattern for a collar, and so I saw the dress . . . 14.

так

так и

ну так ну так и 'Then'

'All right then,

'In that case'

'Well then , ·

'So'

'If so , then · • Consequential/Conditional :

Often at the beginning of a reply.

Sometimes

after a question , which the speaker asks and then answers himself, or after a statement made by the speaker.

In all of these , the statement introduced by

Tak is in the nature of a result that follows or a conclusion that is drawn from what precedes it:

the idea is that since (or if) the preceding remark is true,

then/in that case the second remark applies .

-Все готово . -Ну так поедем . -Everything is ready.

-Then let's go./Let's go, then . -Темно .

Огней надо.

-Так сходи принеси. -It's dark there .

We need some lights .

-Then go and get some. Вам не угодно , чтоб я убил вас? Так уходите !

( А. Н. Островский)

You wouldn't like me to kill you? Then get out of here ! Хорошо , ты поехать с нами не хотела , так оставайся дома . All right, you didn't want to go with us, so stay home. Об этом уже знали !

Так зачем же спрашивали?

They already knew about it ! 15.

Then why did they ask?

' So...' , 'I see that . . .'

Inferential :

Stands

at the beginning of a reply , or,

frequently ,

beginning of a remark not directly preceded by any other speech

at the

at all .

Tak indicates that the words that follow it represent a conclusion

The

that the

speaker has drawn , and an estimate that he has arrived at of the situation as a whole .

The sentence introduced by тak is usually in the form of a question ,

or, sometimes , an exclamation .

The Tak is unaccented.

340 А ! Так ты боишься, а?

Aha ! So you're scared, eh? Так ты мне не веришь? So you don't believe me? Так ты совершенно отказываешься заплатить? So you absolutely refuse to pay? Так поженились!

I see you two got married! 16.

' So ' ,

' So . . . , then ' ; ' Well , . . . ' ; 'I see , . . . ' , ‘ Uh -huh , . . .'

Summing up :

Similar to $ 15,

Inferential .

sums up a discussion that has gone before .

The remark introduced by Tak

The тak is unaccented.

Так завтра отправимся на охоту. So tomorrow we'll go out hunting, then. Так, из этого ничего не вышло в конце концов . So in the end nothing came of it. -Что он сказал? -Так, они не готовы.

-What did he say? -Well, that they're not ready. Кто из вас болел малярией? руки .

Так!

Все болели .

Всех, кто болел малярией прошу поднять

Паустовский ) .

How many of you have had malaria? Will all those that have had malaria please raise their hands? ' Uh-huh , you've all had it.

17. так так вот 'So' , 'Let's see now,.

.' , ' Okay, now about . . . ' , 'Now ,

Resuming: Stands at the beginning of a remark that resumes a train of thought after an interruption or digression.

· Ясно.

Хорошо . --Так, как насчет ремонта?

• • I see. Fine. --Now, what about the repairs? Так о чем , бишь , я говорил ? Let's see now, what was I talking about?

• Так, второй вопрос: •

18. 'then' ( 'if .

· Okay , now, about the second point: · • then .. • • 'when that's when . . . · ' Often need not be

translated . )

Conditioned:

Stands

at the beginning of the second part of

a two-part

sentence referring to one event that depends on the happening of another.

The

two parts of the sentence may be full clauses , or may be reduced to phrases or even to single key words . The Tak is unaccented .

Compare TO as correlative conjunction , page 379.

341

CONSTRUCTIONS WITH INTRODUCTORY CONJUNCTIONS : Если помогать хочешь , так возьми кисть да начинай .

If you want to help, ( then) grab a paintbrush and start in. Когда дело идет о здоровье , так вкуса в лекарствах не разбирают . (А. Н. Островский) When

it's their health that's at stake , people aren't finicky

medicines taste.

( Russian :

about how

When it's their health . ... , that's when people

aren't finicky . . . ) Как только я вошел в комнату , так все закричали. As soon as I came into the room , everybody started yelling. (Russian : As soon as I came into the room, then everybody started yelling. ) CONSTRUCTIONS WITHOUT INTRODUCTORY CONJUNCTIONS: Эге !

Разве он кого боялся?

Да приди к нему сатана со всей своей свитой,

так он бы коли б не пустил в него ножа , то наверно бы крепко поругался. ( Горький) Ha! You think he was afraid of anybody? If the devil was to come to him with all his gang, (then) if he didn't stick a knife in him, he'd sure do some hearty cursing. Не мытьём , так катаньем , а я до него доберусь !

By hook or crook , I'll get him! Умирать , так с музыкой . If one must go down, then let it be gloriously. Подписано , так с плеч долой .

( Грибоедов)

Once a document is signed, (then) I stop worrying about it.

19 .

так

DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTION

так и

( RARE )

'If it's.'If it's 'If

then

is it.'

" then all right it's ————— . ' be_________ is what it's to be, then let it be .

The doubled word may be

any major part of speech, e. g.

noun , verb ,

adjective , or adverb, and in any form . The raк is unaccented, and the combination тaкis run together in pronunciation . Occasionally a whole phrase is doubled , instead of a single word. Expresses the speaker's acceptance of the idea of having something take place .

Conveys

that the

speaker feels

unconcerned about how it turns out. In

indifferent about the matter,

and is

some instances , the speaker has a

preference , but is resigned to the idea of seeing the opposite tum out to be the case .

342

This doubled-word construction is a special case of the " If. ·

then.. ·

construction without an introductory conjunction just described in §18.

Here,

the two -part sentence has the same word in both parts .. It is this having the same word in both parts that brings in the sense of indifference and unconcern . Ну, я целый рубль поставлю. Проиграю , так проиграю . Well ,

I'll bet a whole ruble .

If I lose it, then all right I lose it.

Что же , простудился, так и простудился . Well , what of it? If I've caught a cold I've caught a cold. Ждать так ждать.

Кажется , неизбежно .

If we have to wait we have to wait.

It's

unavoidable, apparently.

Она пусть делает то , что вытекает из ее душевного состояния , -- шашни с фельдшером , так шашни с фельдшером-- это ее дело . (Л. Н. Толстой) Let her do whatever results from her state of mind.

If it's amours

with the medical assistant, then amours with the medical assistant it is. It's her business. -Новых

газет сегодня не поступило .

У нас только вчерашняя .

-Ну, вчерашняя так вчерашняя . Я все равно возьму. -No new newspapers came today. -Well ,

if it's

yesterday's,

it's

All we have is a yesterday's paper. yesterday's. I'll

take

it anyway.

Наташа (указывая на дверь в кухню) : Туда иди , дедушка. · • Лука : Спасибо , девушка!

Туда , так туда . ( Горький)

Natasha (pointing to the door into the kitchen):

Go in there, grandpa.

Luka: Thank you , lass . If that's where I'm to go , that's where I'll go.

20 .

так.

_______ DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTION ( See also §22) .

так чтобы

(UNCOMMON)

'If the idea is to ..., then one should really do it.' 'If one is going to ..., then one should do it to the full.' 'If there's to be a . . ., then do it properly.' 'When there's a . . ., make it a good one.' 'When he ..., he really does it.' The doubled word may be any of a variety of forms : verb, noun , or adjective . word.

infinitive , inflected

A whole phrase may be doubled as well as a single

The Tak is unaccented, and the combination_Takis run together

in pronunciation . Expresses (a) the speaker's feeling that if a thing is to be done at all , it should be done in eamest, or ( b) his observation that whenever a thing happens it happens with intensity. Like $ 19, this is a special case of the " If.. ." then... " construction described in §18 :

as in $ 19 , the two-part sentence creates its special effect

by having the same word in both parts.

343 Уж торопиться так торопиться . If you're going to hurry , then really hurry . Ехать так ехать! If we're going, let's go!

Воровать так воровать . If you're going to steal , then steal big. Сказать , так сказать все . If you're going to tell it , tell it all . Вот я мою , так мою . When I wash anything, I wash it good and proper. Сержусь так сержусь. When I'm mad I'm really mad. Он мне по душе : веселый так веселый , серьезный так серьезный . He's a man after my own heart.

When he's having fun he has fun , and when

he's serious he's serious . Там дождь, так уж дождь . When it rains there it really rains. Вечеринка так чтобы вечеринка.

Давай не будем скупиться .

If we're going to have a party , let's make it a real one . 21.

Let's not skimp .

' Okay, then ... ' ' All right, let's say that's so .

But ... '

'That's all very well , but . . . ' 'That's fine . Now , . . . ' Used when accepting what someone has just said and going on to discuss it. Вы говорите, что заслуги Барклая были признаны , оценены, награждены. Так, но кем и когда? . . Конечно , не народом ,

и не в 1812 году. · (Пушкин)

You say that Barclay's merits were recognized and assessed warded.

All right , but by whom , and when?

and not in 1812 .

-Думает , что у него аппендицит . -Так, где у него болит?

-He thinks he's got appendicitis. -Okay, where does he have the pain?

A fourth group of uses centers around emphasis and contrast:

22. ' BOT

так

вот уж

Tak

вот это

так

вот это

так уж

BOT

так уж

DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTION . COMMON .

and re-

Certainly not by the people ,

344

'Now there is/ was a real 'Now there is /was a

for you '

'Now that's what I call a

'Now that's my idea of a

'This is/was some, Widely used in popular speech .

The BOT is heavily stressed .

The 9тo is an

invariable particle , not a pronoun , and does NOT change to agree in gender with the doubled word.

In practice , the doubled word is most often a noun, though not

necessarily . If it is a noun , it is most often in the Nominative case, but may be in any case the construction of the sentence requires. If it is a verb, it may be of any person or tense. Conveys the speaker's opinion that something is an outstanding example of its kind, that it fits the ideal of the type , and is everything

it

should

be.

Вот удочка так удочка! Now that's my idea of a real fishing rod !

Вот это игра так игра!

This is some game! Вот был механик так механик. Now there was a real mechanic for you . /Now he was what I call a real mechanic.

Вот на вечеринке я встретил девушку так девушку . At the party I met a perfectly wonderful girl . Вот это угостил так угостил. Now that was a real treat he stood us. Вот уж мошенничают так мошенничают .

Those people really cheat like anything. Вот я сердит так уж сердит . I'm as mad as mad can be . The four-volume Словарь русского языка of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Vol IV, p455, $ 12, quotes one example where the word signalized in this way by Tak is NOT doubled, although this is uncommon :

Вот Косолапый - так лошадь! - внезапно сказал он , кивая на коренника. -Цены нет

коню !

( Скиталец : В дороге)

"Now Tanglefoot - there's some horse! " said he the wheelhorse . 23. ' indeed' ' darned' 'very '

'real'

suddenly , nodding at

" There's just no price for that horse!"

' quite' ' pretty'

Emphatic after adjectives and adverbs denoting a quality.

345

Когда я сказал , что Федя человек честный и умница , он погладил бороду гордо

так заявил :

" Мы,

Сизовы ,

в своей семье плохих

и

людей не имеем ! " |не

(Горький) When I said that Fedya was an honest fellow and a clever man, he stroked his beard and proudly it was that he declared, " We , the Sizovs , don't have unworthy people in our family !'' Хорошо так рассказывает . He's a darned good story-teller.

В читальне удобно так. It's real comfortable in the reading-room . Вот здесь веревка наполовину протерта так, как раз у края ящика. Right here the rope is wom half way through, just about, right at the edge of the box.

-Ну, как работает кран теперь? -Да срывка так.

В трубе пузырки воздуха ведь .

-Well , how does the faucet work now?

24.

-Well , in jerks , pretty much . There are air bubbles in the pipe , you see. dialectal: Northern & Siberian 'indeed' ' for a fact' ' really'

' certainly '

Emphatic

' you see'

at the

stantiating, like " дак " , or " дък " .

end of a

ведь .

clause.

Widespread

in

Usually

reinforcing.

Sometimes sub-

several

northern dialects , pronounced

Брат- то у меня помер дък .

My brother has died , you see. Никого дома нет дак. There's nobody home , for a fact.

А без денег не дадут дък. But without any money they certainly won't let us have it. А на чем же он приедет так? На автобусе или на поезде, But just what is it that he's arriving on ?

25.

'indeed'

The bus or the train?

' really '

' certainly' Emphatic at the beginning of its clause or inside it. Чем не жених? По моему мнению , так всякую девушку может осчастливить (Писемский) What's wrong with him as a fiancé? In my opinion he could certainly make any girl happy.

346

-Мне заведующего , пожалуйста. -Теперь нельзя.

Он занят .

-Девушка ! Так мне заведующий нужен . -Get me the manager, please. -I can't now. He's busy. -Miss !

I really have to get the manager.

Смотрите- ка на удальца; Затеям у него так, право , нет конца .

( Крылов)

Just look at the bold fellow; Indeed, there really is no end to the frolics he has. 26. 'but ' , ' all the same' , ' however' , ' on the contrary '

Contrastive a. Introducing the second clause of a compound sentence, as in English : Надеялся на него, так не явился.

I was counting on him , but he didn't show up . убеждал убеждал, так он и слышать об этом не хотел . I tried and tried to persuade him , but he wouldn't hear of it. Он почесть каждый божий день брился , так, бывало , и пробивает борода.

( Бунин)

He shaved almost every single day, but his beard would keep growing out. Similar:

TAK HET , p357-8.

b. At the beginning of a reply, as in English :

-Мне надо ключ от шкафа. -Так мы уже вам дали ключ. -Так тот ключ не подходит . -I need a key to the cabinet.

-But we already gave you a key. -But that key doesn't fit. -Папа, мы пойдем в кино с Надей.

—Ну, идите . -Так деньги ! (Макаренко) -Daddy, Nadya and I are going to the movies. -Well, go ahead. -But the money! c. Inside its clause, either after the subject and before the predicate or after some complement ( e.g. , direct object, indirect object, adverb, prepositional phrase,

etc. )

and

before

the

predicate

( verb,

noun,

adjective,

English , 'however' can stand in such a position, but ' but' can not. in popular speech .

etc. )

In

COMMON

The contrast pointed out in this way by rак may be with a

347

statement that has actually just been made , or the remark containing the Tak may be made simply in reaction to a situation that has long been well known. The clause containing the так is often introduced by an a , a вот , оr an а вот . А я так всегда открыто говорю.

Myself, I always speak frankly ( i.e. , although some others do not. ) Ленив? Я не ленив а вот ты так ленив! Lazy? I'm not lazy , YOU are lazy!

-Не знаю , как его зовут . -А вот я так знаю. -I don't know what his name is . -But I do . (Чацкий :) - Я глупостей не чтец ,

А пуще образцовых. (Молчалин :)

- Нет , мне так довелось с приятностью прочесть. . . ( Грибоедов)

(Chatski :) - I'm not given to reading pieces of drivel,

And still less exemplary ones. (Molchalin :) - No, I , on the contrary, have had occasion to read this over

with enjoyment . Видно ,

у всякого свое горе , Антон Иваныч ; вот я так сына провожаю .

(Гончаров) Plainly everyone has his own sorrow ,

Anton Ivanych ; as for me, I'm

seeing my son off.

Да

ведь с

это

kak -отвечал

тоже

половой . — Иную ,

боже

упаси ,

как

истреплют , а другая так почесть новая и останется . · • (Писемский) " That's the way it always goes '' , replied the waiter.

" One issue will

get worn to rags something awful, and another one will stay practically like new, on the other hand. (Лоскутков :) . • ·

.Деньги великое дело , я за деньги готов на все

решиться .

Вот черта так совсем в свете нет :

раз призывал его-- хотел душу продать , ей- богу ,

за

пустяки

верь тут ученым !

(Loskutkov:) ..

• ·

отдал

бы . Не

и дешево бы взял ,

является !

Вот

поди--

( Н. А. Некрасов)

• .Money is a big thing.

mind to anything,

я несколько

for money .

there's

absolutely

no

devil

several

times--I wanted to

I'm willing to

make up my

But no matter what people say , in

sell

the my

world. soul .

I

And

summoned him I would have

taken a cheap price , by gum , I would have let him have it for a trifle.

He never shows up !

scholars say!

So much for believing what the

348

(This last is a good example of тaк contradicting an idea that has long been well the speaker

known rather than just now stated . It is several lines later that refers to the theological scholars who have said it .)

ТАК БЫ + Inf ,

'How I'd like to . . . = Взять бы да и . . . (See p 48. )

Expresses strong wish. Так бы поставить ему палки в колёса! How I'd like to put a crimp in his plans !

ТАК ВЕДЬ Introducing a clause .

Like TAK $ 26b, p346.

' but' , ' on the contrary' , ' all the same ' , ' nevertheless ' ( Окоемов : ) .... С какой стати я стану рассказывать . Я вам позволяю считать меня плутом , но никак не дураком ; я хочу сам воспользоваться Всеми

выгодами

эксплуатировать

пребывания этот

здесь

Оболдуевой ;

я

сам

хочу

предмет , так какой же расчет накликать

конкурентов? ( Сосипатра :) Откровенно . ( Окоемов :) Перед вами- то !

Что ж , мне святым , что ли , прикидываться?

ведь не поверите .

Так

( А. Н. Островский)

Why would I tell it? I let you call me a crook, but certainly

(Okoemov:).

. . not a fool; I want to make use of all the advantages of Oboldueva's being here myself; I myself want to exploit this business , so whatever sense would there be in my bringing on a bunch (Sosipatra:)

of competitors?

That's frank.

( Okoemov :)

In front of you , I am. Why should I pretend to be a saint or something? But you won't believe me.

ТАК ВЕДЬ? ВЕДЬ TAK?

'Isn't that right?' ' Don't you think so?' Used either independently as a sentence in itself or attached to another clause, forming a larger sentence.

Always interrogative.

Анна вчера поговорила с ними .

Так ведь , Анна,

Anna had a talk with them yesterday .

Isn't that right, Anna?

Мировой фильм , ведь так? That's a swell movie , don't you think so?

349

TAK BOT TAK BOT И See TAK $ 13, p 338.

ТАК ( ... ) BOT (... ) И

See TAK И § 4, p350 .

TAK: BOT TAK See under BOT , p 62.

ТАК И 1.

See TAK §13 ( Consequential) , p338 , and § 14 ( Consequential/Conditional ) , p339.

2.

так

И

так. . .

и

Strengthened form of rak in its basic sense of ' thus ' :

'just' ,

' just the

way ' ,

' exactly ' . Often used when affirming something that has already been stated .

Я так и скажу им . That's just what I'm going to tell them . /That's exactly what I'm going to tell them.

Я так и думал. I thought so./Just as I thought./That's exactly what I thought. Sometimes with an additional

shading of displeasure or impatience when the

speaker feels that what he has just said has been disregarded or has been doubted . А я так и делаю.

But I AM doing it that way. Sometimes with an additional

shading of displeasure upon observing

that an

undesirable result has materialised just as the speaker had anticipated. Так я и знала, что ты забудешь.

I just knew you'd forget . OR: It's just the way I always knew it would be : you forgot. 3. так и (Not separated . ) Characterizes a state of affairs as both ( a) predictable and ( b) final : (a) a natural and predictable result of a lengthy process , arrived at without any sudden changes , and

(b) a conclusion after which no change occurs . ' simply' 'just'

'ever'

'and wound up by . . . -ing'

' and eventually '

350

Больной

слабел , слабел , так и умер .

The patient got weaker and weaker and eventually died. • Он долго искал среди сорных трав , но так и не нашел. He looked for it among the weeds for a long time, but he never did find it.

Он долго доказывал, но так и не убедил их. He argued for a long time , but he never did convince them. Она так и не узнала, что случилось с ними.

She never did find out what happened to them . Он обещал обещал , но так и не привез. He promised and promised but he never did bring it. Он сначала очень интересовался этим вопросом , а потом так и забыл о нем . At first he was greatly interested in this problem, but later he simply forgot about it. А что?

Неужели они так и не вернулись?

But what happened? Do you mean to say they just never came back?

4. так так · • •

И

(COMMON)

И

(LESS COMMON)

и + Verb

(LESS COMMON)

так

BOT

так

BOT

• · И

(LESS COMMON)

так .. · BOT

• И

(LESS COMMON)

Always stands directly before the verb. Characterizes the action as an effect produced by some sort of force of unusual power, either physical or emotional .

In practice, the construction is used most often

with reference to (a ) phenomena of nature and the behavior of substances and (b) personal reactions and behavior.

From the basic idea of the action's being due to

some powerful cause, it is only a short step to several derivative shadings :

that the

action itself takes place with great intensity, that it comes in great quantities, that it is impossible to withstand, that the action is involuntary , that the action is performed with remarkable energy or speed or skill , and so on . is the idea that the verb used is the perfect word to

Another resulting sense

describe

what happened.

Note how closely the English translations ' just' and ' simply' correspond to the sense of the Russian , not only here but also in $ 2 and $ 3 , above.

'just'

'absolutely '

' simply '

'positively'

a. Of natural phenomena & behavior of substances. Ветер так и воет .

The wind is simply howling. Дождь так и Лил .

The rain absolutely poured.

351

Дым так и валил из трубы . Smoke was positively pouring from the chimney. Щепки так и летели из- под топора его. The chips just flew from his axe .

Земля так и тряслась от разрыва. The ground absolutely trembled with the explosion. Доски под ним так и гнутся , так и трещат .

(Тургенев)

The floor boards just bent and creaked under him. Так вот на ней всё и горит , особенно башмаки .

(Гончаров)

All her clothes just wear out in no time , especially shoes. b . Of personal reactions and behavior. ( 1) INVOLUNTARY У меня глаза так и слипаются .

I just can't keep my eyes open . К военным людям так и льнут . ( Грибоедов) (The girls) just stick like glue to military men . Улыбка так и застыла у него на лице ,

как они

вошли

в дверь .

The smile positively froze on his face when they came in the door. Он так и таращился на меня, когда я сказал это .

He simply stared at me when I said that . Она так и пыхала гневом . She was absolutely seething with rage. Я видел , они так и рвались спросить меня о происшествии

на

рынке.

I saw that they were just bursting to ask me about what happened at the market. (2) VOLUNTARY , WITH GREAT ENERGY, QUICKNESS OR SKILL (LESS COMMON) Бросил

вожжи :

держи ,

мол,

ваше сиятельство ;

сам так в сани и

" Hold them yourself,

your excellency , ''

повалился . (Л. Н. Толстой)

I threw down the reins .

I said, and I simply collapsed into the sleigh. -А мастер танцевать. . . .так и строчит , так и строчит ! (Л.Н.Толстой) My ,

he's a marvellous dancer .

· .--he makes his

feet positively

flash .

5. так

и

Prf Pres

+ Tаk

и

Prf Past Prf Subj (-UNCOMMON )

In exclamations expressing scomful and derisive disagreement. The speaker is stating his conclusion which he has drawn from the other speaker's words ,

but is

352

saying it with heavy irony, meaning that he thinks the opposite.

(For тak alone ,

used when drawing conclusions and summing up, see TAK $$ 15 and 16. ) The

verb is

always in the Perfective:

Present,

Past,

or Subjunctive .

The

Subjunctive is used far less commonly than the other two forms . NOTE that the Prf Past is often used idiomatically to refer, like the Prf Pres, to future occasions, The Prf Past can of course also refer to an occasion in the past,

and therefore it

must be determined from the context whether a Prf Past with rak . .

. и refers to

something that has happened yet or to an envisioned event in the future. If this can not be determined from the context, the question can be left open by

using some

translation such as ' Some chance there is of his doing that!' or ' Do you think he'd do that?' Unlike тaк и in §4, where тaк and и usually stand together directly before the verb, in this use the и stands directly before the verb, but the Tax is always the first word in its clause, and is often separated from the и by one

or more words:

the subject of the verb or the object, or both . The construction is often reinforced by additional derisive expressions like нy да как же ог дожидайся.

'So . . . !'

'Like hell... ! '

'Oh sure, of course. . . !'

'You think...? Hah !'

'The devil . . . !'

'Oh sure, I should . .

' 'Some chance of ...! Ключи от машины?

'You expect . . . ? !'

Так я их им и отдам!

The keys to the car? Like hell I'll hand them over to them! Ключи от машины? Так я их им и отдал ! The keys to the car? Like hell I'll hand them over to them !

OR:

Like hell I handed them over to them!

Так они и взяли на себя ответственность за это! So you think they'll take (OR they took OR they'd take) the responsibility for that? Hah ! Ну да, как же ! Так я и вымою ( OR вымыл) все эти окна один! Oh sure, naturally ! course !

I'm going to wash all these windows by

Так мы и заплатим (OR заплатили) за него?

myself, of

Никаких!

So we're supposed to pay his way? Nothing doing! Так я и извинился перед ним !

Дожидайся !

Oh sure, I should apologize to him! Так будут шуметь . All right,

Don't try holding your breath until I do!

Так их и побоялся.

so they'll make a fuss .

You expect him to be afraid of them?!

Так бы я ей и сказала это! You think I'd tell her that? Not a chance!

353

И

Ipf Fut

И

Prf Pres

так тебе и

Prf Past

6. так так • · ·

IN REPLIES CONTAINING

Very similar in use and meaning to $ 5 . displeasure at being told to do something.

REPETITIONS Expresses indignant disagreement and Other verb-forms (Imperative, Infinitive,

Subjunctive) are changed in the repetition into one of these three forms :

Ipf Fut,

Prf Pres, or Prf Past, with change of personal form of the verb to fit the point of view of the person replying.

The verb may also be changed to another verb related

in derivation and meaning. Since the reply is in response to being told to do something, it refers to the future.

'Oh sure, I should ...!' 'Oh , so I'm the one that's supposed to .. . ‫י‬ 'Oh great, I've got to . . .!'

"Thanks a lot, I'm elected to .. .! ' -Позвонил бы ты им . -Так я и позвоню (OR позвонил OR буду звонить) . -I wish you'd phone them. -Oh , so I'm the one that's supposed to phone them! -Надо поднатуживаться .

-Так тебе и натужусь ! -You've got to make a little effort. Oh sure, I should make an effort !

- Вынеси свёртки в машину. —Так я и буду нести все эти свёртки сам .

-Take the packages out to the car. -Oh sure, I should carry all these packages myself. -Вы бы лучше объяснил ей . -Так я и объяснил ей .

-You'd better explain to her. -Thanks a lot , I'm elected to explain to her. 7. так и IN DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTION ( RARE)

See TAK $ 19, p341-2.

TAK:

И TAK

И ТАК- ТО Characterizes a thing as happening independently of any other circumstances , and NOT brought about by them . same thing.

I TO $ 1 , p 155, and ( и ) ÁЕз того , р10 , both mean the

See also TAK §8 , p335.

354

Usually precedes the predicate, but may also follow it. When two clauses are contrasted, the ' but' is usually expressed by a, but Ho may be used also. Заниматься с этим мне некогда; я и так очень занят . I haven't any time to spend on that; I'm very busy without that . Я ему напомню , а (OR но ) он и так приедет .

I'll remind him, but he'll come without my doing that. Я готов помочь ему, а он и так сможет сделать это . I'm willing to help him, but he'll be able to do it in any case. Лизавета Андреевна прислала мне записку , чтобы я приехал . к вам нынче вечером , .. : Lizaveta

А я и так собирался

(Л. Н. Толстой)

Andreevna sent me a note asking me to come. But I was intending to

visit you this evening anyway . Не принеси больше гвоздей , у меня их достаточно и так. Don't bring any more nails, I've got enough as it is. И так трудно это , а он всё и мешает нам . This is hard to do in any case, but he keeps bothering us all the time.

ТАК И ЗНАЙ(ТЕ)

May stand either first or last in its sentence. and you can bet on it.'

'Get this straight : . . . '. ' . . . , and don't forget it . '

.

and that's a fact'

Так и знай , не уйдешь пока не закончишь эту работу. Get this straight: you're not leaving until you finish this job. Нам помогать не будут , так и знай. They aren't going to help us, and you can bet on that . А я не проваливалась , если хочешь знать, ·· шепчет Галка .-- Я и не поступала, так и знай.

( Аксенов)

"But I didn't ever flunk it, if you want to know, " never even showed up for it, and that's a fact. " Так и знай , этим дело не кончится. We haven't heard the last of this , and don't forget it. • • ТАК И СЯК, И ТАК И СЯК

И ТАК И ТАК 'one way and another' : 1.

так и так

'either way'

Galya

whispered. "I

355

-Как правильно? -Разницы нет .

" Поотношению По отношению к чему " или " в отношении чего " ?

И так и так можно .

-Which is right? "With regard to " or " in regard to" ? -There isn't any difference . 2.

You can say it either way.

так и сяк и так и сяк так и так и так и так так и этак и так и этак то так то сяк

a.

' first one way and then another' 'this way and that' Он вертел ящик и так и сяк , но не мог открыть. He tumed the box first one way and then another, but could not open it. Он и так и так пробовал , но никак не мог их обмануть . He

b.

tried first one way and then another,

but he

couldn't fool them.

' variously'

' various ' ,

'sometimes good and sometimes bad' -Так, как дела? -Ну, и так и сяк .

Пожаловаться не могу.

-So how are things? -Well , it's been good and bad off and on .

3.

I can't complain .

так и сяк И так и сяк

так- сяк a.

' not bad' ( --but not outstanding) 'fair'

' middling'

' tolerable'

'passable '

' so-so' Often preceded by еще in the sense of ' at least' . (See ЕЩЕ $ 5, p125. )

В языках я был еще так и сяк , а в математике-- тупица. In

languages

I

was

at

blockhead.

b.

' difficult '

( --but not impossible)

' with difficulty ' 'barely '

'just about '

least

not bad, but in mathematics I

was a

356

Мало

ли

нам

нужно .

Бензин

так- сяк,

а

тормозная

жидкость

совсем

нельзя. There are a lot of things we need .

Gasoline isn't easy to

get, and

brake fluid is absolutely impossible.

TAK :

И ТАК- ТО

See under TAК : И ТАК , р353 .

TAK:

TAK?

KAK KAK

это

KAK

ЭТО ТАК?

КАК ЖЕ ЭТО

?

?

КАК ЖЕ ЭТО ТАК?

'Why is that?', 'How come?' Used when the speaker is surprised and puzzled by what he has just

been told.

-У меня не было возможности поговорить с ним .

-Как так? -Его там не было вчера. -I didn't get a chance to talk with him. -How come?

-He wasn't there yesterday . -Уедем завтра в шесть часов утра! -Да как это так?

-We're leaving tomorrow at 6 a.m. -But why is that?

ТАК КАК ЖЕ ?

( Cf ТАК ЧТО ЖЕ , p362. )

the

Strengthened form of кaк. answer.

Used when the speaker is interested and anxious to hear

'Now tell me, how . . . ?'

' well now, how .. .?' Ну так как же, как? Now tell me , how did it turn out? Так как же дела там у вас?

Well now, how are things at your place?

ТАК:

КОГДА .... . . TAK . . .

See TAK §§ 18 & 20 .

357

TAK :

HE ТАК ЧТОБЫ ОЧЕНЬ

1. In replies to questions .

Expresses mild unenthusiasm .

'Not so very'

'Nothing extra' ,

'Not too much '

'Not a whole lot'

'Not terribly' -Ну, вас интересует? -Не так чтобы очень. -Well, does it interest you?

-Not a whole lot. -Ну, как вышли результаты? -Не так чтобы очень , не блестяще. -Well, how did the results turn out? -Nothing extra, not outstandingly . 2. In statements . See p 240.

See also HE TO , чтоыы , р240.

Не так чтобы очень сердит был , но изумился .

It wasn't that he was very angry, but he was flabbergasted .

TAK HET 1. In replies .

Emphatic and insistent.

'Oh , no ! '

'No , damn it! '

'No, I tell you ! '

'No, it isn't either!'

-Я вам говорил об этом уже .

-Нет . -Ну да нет . -Нет !

Давно.

Так нет!

-I was telling you about this before. -No , you didn't. -"No" nothing! It was a long time ago. -No!

No, I tell you!

-Это за тобой дело стало .

-Так нет !

Слушай , я ...

-You're the one that caused the delay.

-No , I wasn't either! 2. As conjunction .

Listen , I . . .

Expresses annoyance at something that turned out contrary to

expectation . (For Taк alone as ' but' see TAK §26 . ) 'but oh no , ... 'but no , · · 'but no, he had to ..

358

Надеялся ,

что будет ясная погода, так нет , утром пошел

зверский дождь.

I was hoping that there would be fair weather, but no, in the moming a beastly

rain started to fall .

Что бы им уладить дело потихонечку, так нет же, он

сказал

всему

городу

об этом . What they should have done was settle the affair quietly, but oh

no, he

had to tell the whole town about it.

TAK :

НУ ТАК НУ ТАК И 'Then' , 'In that case, then ...'

See TAK $ 14, p339.

ТАК ОНО И ЕСТЬ

'Just as I thought' Так оно и есть, бумага вся вышла. Just as I thought , the paper is all used up .

ТАК :

ПРОСТО ТАК

See TAK §9b, p336.

TAK :

PA3 TAK

= если так = раз такое дело .

See p300 .

'if that's the case' , ' if that's the way it is ' , ' seeing that's so' К тому

же ты член правления ,

а раз так,

то я рассчитываю

на твою

полную поддержку. ( Бабаевский) Furthermore, you're a member of the board, and seeing that's so, I'm counting on your full support.

ТАК СЕБЕ 1. not especially well or badly: ' not bad' , ' fair' , ' middling' , ' so-so' , ' all right' -Ну , как дела? -Ну , так себе , неплохо .

-Well , how are things going? -Well, fair, not bad. Сыграл недурно .

какую - то пьесу . Играл не бог знает как , но так себе ,

пожалуй, и

( Чернышевский)

He played some piece or other.

There was nothing wonderful about the way

he played, but it was all right , I guess , and not at all bad.

359

2. not distinguished in any way, without any pronounced characteristics: 'just a plain old

' ordinary ' ,

§7 . . ' , ‘ a .... like any other . . .' Cf TAK $7.

Он парень так себе , ничем не замечательный . He's just an ordinary guy , not remarkable in any way. Это была комната опрятная , небольшая , так себе , обычная гостиничная комната. It was a neat room of no great size , hotel room .

nothing particular about it ,

a typical

3. not for any special reason , not with any particular purpose: 'just happened to . . .',

' for no particular reason ' ,

' just for the

heck of it'.

Cf TAK $ 9. Она запела песню , не от веселости ,

не от скуки , а так себе, бессознательно .

She started singing, not from gaiety, not from boredom ,

but for no¹ particular

reason , unconsciously.

TAK-TAKИ

ТАК -ТАКИ И Essentially, Taк- таки is a strengthened form of так. 1. Expressing certainty about what is asserted.

(Сf TAKи §1 , p 363-5 . )

In colloquial English , the word that

corresponds most nearly to Taк- таки in usage and meaning is ' really ' .

( Cf TAK

$25, p345-6 . ) This basic meaning has several applications : a. Affirming that something is indeed actually the case. -В деревне мне уже теперь нечего делать. -Отчего же нечего? -Да так- таки нечего .

( Тургенев)

-There isn't anything for me to do in the country now. -How come there isn't anything? -There really isn't./Well , there absolutely isn't. Иван

Сергеевич

всё знает

об

этом деле ,

так- таки

всё

до малейшей

подробности. Ivan Sergeevich knows everything about this matter, absolutely everything down to the smallest detail . b. Affirming that the words used in the assertion are an exact and appropriate representation

of what is the case.

Теперь я так- таки и сплоховал .

This time I've really put my foot in it. c. In questions .

COMMON .

Taк- тaки is often used in questions that ask for confirmation that what was just said is literally true .

Questions of this kind are frequently introduced by

неужели ог неужто , or may be replies containing repetitions .

360

Неужели уж так- таки и его не знаете? Do you mean to say you actually don't known him at all? Вы думаете, я так- таки и вымою всю посуду сам? ( СҒ ТАК И , $ 6 , p353. ) by myself?

Do you think I'm really going to wash all the dishes -Завтра

будут готовы.

-Так- таки завтра? -They'll be ready tomorrow . -It'll really be tomorrow? -Нет , батя , без электричества нам жить нельзя. —Так- таки и нельзя? Сколько жили —и ничего .

А теперь нельзя?

(Бабаевский) -No , Pop, without electricity we can't live . -You really can't? You lived I don't know how long, and it

was all

right. But now you can't? d. Pointing out that what is asserted is indeed the case , even though it is not what might easily have been expected . Их было трое , но так- таки и не могли поднять . There were three of them, but even so they could not lift it.

Они так- таки прибыли вовремя. They did arrive on time after all./

They really did arrive on time. 2. Indicating the absence of any particular reason for doing something.

In the present-

day language так and просто так аrе more usually used to express this meaning (See TAK §9, p335-7). —Вы желали меня видеть , - начал он, - насчет размежевания? -Да,

насчет

размежевания ,

но я и так- таки желала вас

близкие соседи и чуть ли не сродни . -" You -" Yes,

wanted

to

see

me

about

TAK- TO 1. Strengthened form of так, ' thus' , ' so' А вот так- то (это) я сказал. But that's exactly what I said.

Так- то сейф отпирается . That's how the safe opens .

Ведь мы

( Тургенев) settling

the

I wanted to see you about settling the

wanted to see you anyway . almost related. "

видеть .

After all,

boundaries?"

he

boundaries ,

but

we're near neighbors

began . I

just

and we're

361

2. Reinforcing an assertion: ' certainly '

' sure '

'really' Так- то, были сердиты!

They sure were mad!/Boy, they were really mad! 3. Summing up a situation that has just been described: 'And that's how things stand' 'And that's the way it is' 'And that's it'

Уголь у нас совсем вышел, так- то . We've run completely out of coal , and that's the situation. Не знаю , что он говорил , там не был . I don't know what he said.

TAK :

HE TAK- TO

Так- то !

I wasn't there .

And that's all I have to say!

(Cf HE TAK YX , p362. )

1. ' not so very . . . ' , ' not all that . . .' , ' not especially . . . ' Но это не так- то важно.

But it isn't all that important .

2. ' not so · • " ' , 'not at all ...', 'by no means ...' Он не так- то глуп! He's not so dumb!/He's not stupid in the least!

ТАК- ТО (OHO) ТАК , НО/А/ДА ...• 'That's perfectly true , but ... ' , 'That's all very well , but . . .' Так- то так, но дело не в том. That's all very well , but that's not the point.

TAK :

ТОЛЬКО ТАК ТАК ТОЛЬКО 'not for any special reason'

'without any particular purpose' 'just happened to . . .' 'just for the heck of it'

(See TAK §9 , p335, & See TAK CEBE §3 , p358-9. )

Это я только так ( сделал) , на досуге.

В мои

обязанности

не

входит ,

на

деле .

I did that just for the heck of it, in my spare time . It isn't actually part of my job.

362

-Кто он?

-Это Добродушнов .

А почему?

-0 , я так только. -Who is he? -That's Dobrodushnov. Why? -Oh, I was just asking.

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

ТАК УЖ

Used in questions and exclamations that express strong doubt that what was said in the preceding remark is really the case.

Cf TAK- TAKи §lc, p359.- The

difference is

that while так- таки expresses doubt that what was just said is right, так уж еxрrеѕѕеѕ near certainty that it is not right. ‘Oh , I can't believe that !. ...!'

'Not really... !'

'Oh, hardly ... !'

'Oh, surely not . . . !'

'Do you really mean to say ... ?'

' 'Oh , come on now !...!

-Всю работу кончили за час. -Так уж и час? -They finished the whole job in an hour. -Oh come on now!

ТАК УЖ

An hour?

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

БУДТо и

See under будтО , p17 .

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

ТАК УЖ И

See under YX И

TAK:

HE TAK YX

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS, p465.

(Cf HE TAK-TO , p361 .).

'not all that ...'

' not so terribly . Фильм на самом деле не так уж мировой.

The movie isn't really all that great. Он не так уж занят , как утверждает. He's not as terribly busy as he claims to be.

ТАК ЧТО ЖЕ ? -TAK KAK XE?, p356 . Used when the speaker is interested and is anxious to hear the answer. Ну так что же , Вася? Well

now,

Как же дело сошло?

what's the

story,

Vasya?

Just how did the

affair come off?

363

TAK :

Hу ТАК ЧТО? НУ

1. (flippant) 'Well , so what? ' ( --as in English) 'Well, what of it?' 2. (concerned) ' Well then what ( am I going to do)? ' Мне

надо заведующего.

На обед, да?

Ну , так что , мне срочно надо с ним

перетолковать что- то . I need to talk to the manager.

Gone to lunch , huh?

Well now, what am I

going to do? There's something I urgently need to discuss with him. 3. (resigned)

' Well , then what ( can anyone do about it)?'

У них нету?

Ну так что, ни у кого нет .

Don't they have any? Well , it can't be helped, no one has any.

ТАК ЧТОБ

DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTION

- TAK $ 20 , p342-3. 'If there's to be a . . ., then do it properly. '

'When there's a ..

make it a good one. '

'Let's have a ... the way it should be . ' 'Let's have a . . .that is a ....'

Я люблю , чтоб у меня все было в порядке ·· библиотека так чтоб библиотека. I like to have everything in order -- a library that is a library.

TAK :

HE ТАК ЧТОБЫ

See under HE , p240 .

TAKИ -ТАКИ (There is no difference between таки and - таки .

The use of a hyphen before таки is

a convention of printing, intended to point out to the reader that the word before тaки is stressed, owing to the sense of the sentence , and that the таки is unstressed and follows it closely in pronunciation . ) MEANING: The fundamental meaning of rаки is to reinforce an assertion : what is stated here is indeed fact.

to

emphasize that

The таки shows that the speaker has reason to think

that he is describing an outcome that may well not be what his audience is expecting. As

a result, the applications of таки include statements about outcomes of situations

where there were adverse circumstances,

where there were obstacles to

be overcome,

where the result was a long time in coming, where considerable effort was required , where in some way the outcome was not a foregone conclusion .

364

'contrary to what might be expected'

' really did-'

'after all'

'although you may not have thought so'

'in the end'

'in fact'

' in spite of everything'

' finally'

'truly'

'nevertheless '

'really '

' certainly '

'actually'

'... and no mistake'

' managed to.

'indeed'

' . . . and that's a fact'

' succeeded in

_ing'

WORD-ORDER : Таки applies to its clause as a whole , and hence its position is not rigidly fixed. However:

1. Таки is most often placed next to the verb, either after it or before it . 2. There is a strong tendency to embed таки between principal words of its clause: Subject

( noun or pronoun )

+

Object

( noun or pronoun )

+

таки

+ Verb +

Verb

Verb

таки + таки

+

Subject (noun or pronoun)

Verb

+ таки

+

Object (noun or pronoun)

Inflected Verb

+ таки

+ complementary Infinitive

Subject Object

+

таки

+ таки

+

+

Verb

+ Subject +

Object

Verb

3. Nevertheless , таки can also stand either first or last in its clause , although this is less common . 4. The one other place where таки commonly occurs is after

adverbs , especially

adverbs that refer to intensity or extent, e.g. гораздо

изрядно

порядком

довольно

крепко

порядочно

достаточно

НИКАК

решительно

значительно

основательно

СИЛЬНО

EXAMPLES : Поначитался таки Ломоносова, Державина ... (А. Н. Островский) You may be surprised, but I've read quite a lot of Lomonosov and Derzhavin .

Он был совсем не сердит , и таки улыбался . He wasn't angry at all , and in fact he was smiling. Несмотря на свое горе , она смогла таки принять участие в

моих заботах.

In spite of her own trouble , she was able nevertheless to take an interest in my concerns. Господин Голядкин —старший за ним и , к неописанному своему удовольствию, таки нагнал его на последней ступеньке и схватил за воротник его шинели . (Достоевский) Mr. Golyadkin Senior went after him and, to his own indescribable satisfaction, succeeded in catching up with him on the last step and seized him by the collar of his overcoat.

365

-Вася!

Вася !

- закричал ,

рыдая ,

Аркадий таки протеснился к нему.

Аркадий

Иванович .

Вася остановился ,

и

(Достоевский)

" Vasya ! Vasya ! " shouted Arkady Ivanovich , sobbing.

Vasya stopped, and

Arkady eventually managed to force his way through to him.

А те трое- то , которые убежали , вышли таки к своим .

(Бажов)

But those three men who ran away really did finally get away to their own troops. Сучок карабкался , болтал ногами , прыгал и таки выбирался на более мелкое место .

( Тургенев)

Suchok would flounder and scramble and hop and finally manage to get to a shallower place. А

главное ,

остановился ,

все равно , я ничему не могу учиться теперь , покраснел

до

поту

и

проговорил

когда .

..—Петя

таки : - Когда отечество в

опасности . (Л. Толстой) “ But the main thing is , anyway , I can't be studying anything now, when... " Petya stopped, flushed until the perspiration came, and at last managed to 66 bring out ... when the country is in danger. ” Как он ни маялся , как ни убеждал , что к языкам туп . . . - ничего у него не получилось , пришлось таки сесть за учебник .

(В. Некрасов)

No matter how he struggled, no matter how he argued that he was dull at languages, nothing got him anywhere.

In the end he had to sit down to the

textbook.

Мне таки прямо везло . Truly, I've been lucky .

-Разве он пьет? - спросила Юлия . —Пьет , матушка , и порядочно таки этим занимается . (Писемский) "Do you mean to say he drinks?" asked Julia. "He does , ma'am, and he really does a good job of it. " ТАКИ IN QUESTIONS : Note

that in questions asked in response to an assertion made by the other

person , the point of view represented by таки shifts , and the таки indicates surprise on the part of the speaker, who is responding with a question , instead of surprise that the speaker is anticipating in his hearer.

The result is that in questions тaки is

very similar in meaning to неужели , and in fact can be used in combination with it . Как?

Таки явился на собрание?

What ? He actually did show up for the meeting? Неужели таки не можешь? You really mean to tell me you can't?

366

TAKOBO

+ Adj or Adv

(pop . sp. & regional )

- Tak + Adj or Adv, ' so ——————— ' , ' so greatly. У нас в конторе таково жарко , что дальше некуда. It's so hot in our office, it's just beyond anything. Жаль , что ты там не была .

Он изумился , смешно таково.

It's too bad you weren't there . He was flabbergasted .

TAKоBCкий

(Adj . & Pron . )

It was so darned funny.

(pop . sp. )

8 такой, таков 'like that'

'... is like that.'

'that kind'

'That's the way . . . is . '

It is characteristic of таковский to be used to sum up what has just been said before . Таковский often

conveys disapproval or condemnation,

expressions of approval . the speaker:

but can also be

used in

Taковский сarries a certain amount of feeling on the part of

it therefore is often found in exclamations , and would not appear in neutral

statements of fact. Таковский is mostly used to refer to people rather than things. Вечные придиры .

Я таковских людей никогда терпеть не мог .

Everlasting fault- finders .

I never could stand people like that.

Скоро начинать да дело делать-- мы таковские ! Get started fast and keep right after the job--that's the kind of people we are!

ТАКОГО :

ЧТО (ЖЕ ) (ТУТ) . . . ТАКОГО ?

See under ТАКОЙ :

TAKOE:

ЧТО (ЖЕ) (ТУТ) ТАКОГО /ТАКОЕ , p368 .

Interrog. Pronoun (all cases) Interrog. Adjective (all cases) + TAKOE ( or TAKOй*) INVARIABLE Interrog. Adverb *The TAKOE is sometimes shortened in regional pronunciation to TAKOй . 'exactly', 'just'

In popular speech, this тaкoe is an invariable particle ,

and is NOT declined to

match a preceding pronoun . It adds emphasis to the word it follows .

The most common

and familiar combination is чTо такое , but all other combinations are possible .

Что такое кибернетика? Exactly what is cybernetics?

Кому такое он позвонил? Whom did he call , exactly? С кем такое ты говорила, Just whom were you talking with?

367

Откуда такое ты это взял? Just where did you get that idea? У каких такое людей такие пропуска? Exactly which people have those permits? В каких такое случаях это было сделано? In exactly which cases was this done?

Still popular speech , but closer to the literary style , are constructions declined to match :

TAKOE + Verb:

Кто ты такой?

Кто они такие?

with такой

etc.

TAKOЕ ЗНАЮ ТАКОЕ ПОКАЖУ TAKOE СКАЖУ ТАКОЕ УСТРОЮ

etc.

Used in threatening and belligerent expressions. ' something' , ' a thing or two ' , ' a few things'

Вот я про них такое знаю. I know a few things about them. Я ему такое еще покажу .

I'll show him a thing or two yet . Мы бы могли такое сказать о том , что там на заседании происходило. We could really tell you something about what went

on there at that meeting.

Я ей такое скажу , если станет жаловаться.

I'll tell her a thing or two if she starts complaining. Я ему такое устрою, когда я вернусь. I'll fix up something just dandy for him when I come back.

ТАКОЕ ДЕЛО A formula used when introducing a new topic: 'Here's how things stand'

'Here's another thing:

'Here's how it is : . . . '

' Another point: . . . '

' This is the setup' Теперь значит такое дело ; там у вас этот Каменев просил меня вчера, чтоб 1 я узнал . . . All right, now, another thing: that fellow Kamenev at your place asked me yesterday to find out ...

TAKOE :

ЕСТЬ ТАКОЕ ДЕЛО .

' Okay ' , ' All right ' , ' That's what we'll do'

368

TAKOE :

ЧТО ЖЕ

TAKOE?

Что ж

TAKOE?

что

TAKOE?

ЧТО ЖЕ ТУТ ТАКОГО? ЧТО Ж

ТУТ ТАКОГО?

ЧТО ЖЕ

ТАКОГО ?

ЧТОЖ

ТАКОГО ?

что

ТАКОГО ?

1. Used when asking what is special or unusual or noteworthy about what is spoken of. 'What... that is/was unusual?' 'What. . . that's new and different?' 'What was there about what . . .?' Ну что же там ты услышала такого? Well , what did you hear over there that's new and different?

Что же я сказал такого? What was there about what I said? 2. Hence, used when asking why the other speaker is making such an issue

of

something. ' What's so special about this?' ' All right, so what's the point?' 'Well what about it?' ' So what?'

' So what if ...?'

Ну, скажи мне , ради бога, что в ней такого: белобрысая ...

Удивляюсь !

маленькая,

сухая, вертлявая,

( Мамин- Сибиряк)

All right, for heaven's sake tell me what's so special

about her!

She's

little, scrawny, fidgety, towheaded. . .I don't get it! Ну что ж такое , что я ошибся? All right, so what if I did make a mistake?

-Вы разговаривали об этом с ним вчера. -Ну и что ж тут такого? -You were talking with him yesterday about that.

-All right, so what's the point?

ТАКОЙ ( all cases) --postpositive after Adjectives (colloq.) postpositive after Nouns with qualitative meaning Intensifies and emphasizes the word it follows . The meaning is essentially the same as it is when тaкoй stands before the adjective or noun it modifies and means ' so ' , ' such a ' , as in English . adjective or noun is characteristic of the colloquial language.

Placing the такой after its

369 'so'

'so very '

'a most'

'such a'

'so extremely'

' the most'

' extremely '

У него был мрачный такой вид . He had such a sombre look.

Он болван такой. • He's such a dunderhead. Это он мне налгал с сияющей такой улыбкой. He told me this pack of lies with the most beaming smile.

Й ТАКО TAKOй-postpositive after Nouns Used to point out to the hearer that what is spoken of is in fact already familiar to him .

'one of those. . .' 'one of those... you know' 'one of those. . . You know what I mean .' 'one of those... You know the kind.' Посмотрите в эту книгу.

Это справочник такой.

Look it up in this book. It's one of those reference handbooks .

Последовала нескончаемая дискуссия такая. There followed one of those interminable debates. You know the kind.

TAKOй :

Indefinite Pronoun

+ ТАКОЙ /ТАКАЯ /ТАКОЕ Indefinite Adverb

(LESS COMMON)

1. A form of raкoй may be used with indefinites made from an interrogative + -TO to increase the sense of indefiniteness.

The neuter тaкoе is used with adverbs .

Он как- то такое выглядел виноватым. Somehow or other he had a guilty look.

Кто-то такой стоял там на углу. Someone or other was standing there on the corner.

-Теперь где они? -Где они?

Не знаю.

Куда-то такое ушли .

-Now where are they? -Where are they? I don't know. 2. With

an

They're gone off somewhere or other.

indefinite in -нибудь, a following такой can carry the idea

something special or noteworthy, as it does in questions of the

type

of being тo (xe)

(тут) такое/такого, р368 . Теперь писать нечего .

Как будет нового , я тебе буду звонить .

А если что-

нибудь такое-то, тогда напишу , все подробно разъясню . There isn't anything to write now. you. But if there's anything at all everything in detail .

When there's anything new, special,

then I'll write

I'll call

and explain

370

ТАКОЙ :

In impatient replies. See A $4, p2, and TAK $ 2c, p332.

Used in answers to questions containing a form of какой , much as так is used in answers to questions containing кaк.

The answer is a derisive or impatient reassertion

of something that the other speaker questioned because he either did not understand it or was surprised to hear it. ' 'Just what I said, .. .!

'Just that . ... !

'Exactly that: .. -Путаница получилась . -А какая? -Такая.

Телеграмму послали не по тому адресу.

-There's been a mixup. -What sort of one? —Just what I said.

ТАКОЙ

A mixup.

They sent the telegram to the wrong address.

+ Name

Used to refer to a person whom the speaker knows by name but not by personal acquaintance . Этот iѕ used in the same way.

a. man named

'someone named

' This man

'some fellow called В ремонтную мастерскую отнеси. Take it to the repair shop .

Есть такой Давыдов там .

Все умеет починить.

There's a man named Davydov there. He

can fix

anything. Скажите ,

у вас работает

такой Устинов ,

еще недавно в Огоньке была.

Егор Устинов?

Вот его фотография

(Полевой)

Tell me, is there someone named Ustinov, Egor Ustinov, working at your place? I remember there was a picture of him in Ogonyok recently.

ТАКОЙ :

as invariable particle (regional)

Regional pronunciation of Taкoe when used after interrogative pronouns and adverbs in the sense of ' exactly, ' 'just' .

ТАКОЙ : В ТАКОМ РАЗЕ

See TAKOЕ , p366 .

( pop. sp. )

- в таком случае, ' in that case'

ТАКОЙ- СЯКОЙ

' so- and- ao '

' you so-and-so' , etc.

A genteel substitute for more abusive words. Used both goodnaturedly and in real anger, as in English.

371

Стой ,

такой- сякой !

Куда ускользаешь?

Stop right there, you so- and- so !

Where are you sneaking off to?

Ах, такие- сякие , кто мою машинку спер? Oh , the rats!

Who swiped my typewriter?

ТАКОЙ-ТО 1. Strengthened form of такой in exclamatory statements about the high which

degree in

some quality is exhibited. 'How . . . !' , 'What a . . . !' , ' such a . . . ’

Уж такая-то эта комната приятная! My, what a pleasant room this is!

Он такой- то жмот , что дальше некуда. He's such a tightwad that it just beats everything.

2.

= именно этот , ' this particular. .. . ' , ' this and no other. . . ' , ' exactly this ... ' , ' a certain . . . ' Он настаивал на том , чтобы во всех докладах пользовались только такими-то формулами . He insisted that in all reports they should use certain particular wordings only.

3.

= вот какой , ' Here's what a . . . .' , 'This is the . . .' , ' Let me tell you what (a) . . ' .. Often used in introducing an explanation of a state of affairs or a description of

a situation . Такой- то вопрос возник в ходе обсуждения . Here's the problem that arose in the course of the discussion. Такие- то дела здесь у нас сегодня .

Из наших два в отпуску , да три больны.

Here's how things stand here at our place today .

Two of our people are on

vacation, and three are sick.

Такая- то картина получилась : · · This is the situation that's come up : .... 4. ' such-and-such ' , ' so- and- so' Used when describing a set of data without giving a specific example, because the specific case is not the point. Каждая карточка гласит :

фамилия такая- то,

имя-отчество такое-то, адрес

такой- то номер телефона такой-то , и так далее .

Each

card reads

" Surname :

such -and- such , Address : and so forth .

ТАЛДЫ

(dialectal )

= тогда

such - and- such ,

First name

such - and-such , Telephone number :

and patronymic : such -and- such ”

372

ТАЛДЫЛИЧЬ

( dialectal )

' even then'

TAM In addition to its ordinary locative meaning of ' there ' (as opposed to ' here' ) , Taм has a number of additional uses : 1. Temporal, sequential .

Introduces a reference to one event that follows another.

That the following event is contrasted, at least mildly, with the one that precedes it is shown by the fact that this тaм often occurs in the combination a тaм. other words , this тaм places an event in a series in some position

In

other than

first, like пoтoм , rather than simply locating it in time, like тогда .

'then'

'and after that'

' and then'

'and afterwards'

' and next'

'and later'

' and thereupon' Сперва план придумать надо , а там начнём . First we have to think up a plan , and then we'll begin . Там поверишь мне .

Вот установку тебе покажу .

See here , I'll show you the directive .

Решено было , что

сегодня

Then you'll believe me .

Слава переночует

в

городе ,

а завтра с утра

·

самостоятельно пешком .

вернется на аэродром-

на десятом номере трамвая , а там

( Н. К. Чуковский)

It was decided that on that day Slava would stay overnight in town , and would go back to the airfield on his own the next day--on the Number 10 streetcar, and then on foot. 2. Pointing out an instance . ' in that case' 'in that instance'

Counterpart to TуT, which is used in the 'under those circumstances'

same way .

'in that connection'

Тут он был прав , а там нет . In this matter he was right, but in that he was not. Ничего там не нужно делать .

Они обо всём позаботятся.

It isn't necessary to do anything in that connection . They'll see to everything. Гораздо легче изображать характеры большого размера : краски со всей руки на полотно .

там просто бросай

( Гоголь)

It is much easier to depict flamboyant figures. In that case, all you have to do is fling paints on the canvas with a lavish hand. 3. Indefinite. tried

At a pause during an enumeration , indicating that the speaker has not

to think the

possibilities . Note

situation that the

through там

enumeration or after a later one.

can

carefully,

and is only suggesting

some

come either after the first item in the

373

' or something'

'for instance'

'or whatever'

'and so forth '

' or anything like that'

'perhaps '

' and things like that' Возьмите что хотите-- книгу там, журнал, газету. Take what you want--a book or a magazine or the newspaper or whatever. Взглянешь

в окно :

метет

мой Гаврило

улицу или там канавки подчищает .

(Короленко ) If you look out the window, my Gavrilo is sweeping the street or cleaning up the gutters or something.

насосом .

Он с чем- то у мотора возился- с карбюратором там , да с топливным

He was tinkering with something on the engine--with the carburator and the fuel pump and so forth. 4. Indefinite

and

belittling.

From

conveying

that a thing is not definite

in the

speaker's mind because he has not thought about it ( §3 ) , it is only a short step to meaning that he has not thought about it because he has no interest in it, does not think highly of it, or in fact is scomful of it .

English ' some ' and ' some . . . or

other' are used in the same way to disparage and dismiss something as petty and insignificant. Taм in this meaning often stands ( 1 ) first in its clause , (2) (3) after a pronoun , or (4) after a pronominal

adjective or adverb,

after a verb, especially

какой , какой-то , ог какой- нибудь. • and such'

' some'

' some ... . or something'

(with verbs :) ' go ahead and . . .'

' some ... or whatever' В ту неделю приехала к нам какая-нибудь там инспекция , дня три всем мешали . That week some inspection team or something came to our place and bothered everybody for about three days. Этого курса я терпеть не могу.

I can't stand this course .

Ну , провалюсь там , пожалуй .

Well , I'll fail the darned thing, I suppose .

( OR :

Well , I'll just go ahead and fail it, I suppose . ) Там обижайтесь или нет , а я всегда правду - матку скажу .

(Л. Н.

Толстой )

You can go ahead and take offense or not, but I always call a spade a spade. Может быть ,

по научным там всяким законам мы (рабочие) людьми станем

через сотню лет .

(Вересаев)

Maybe according to all them there scientific laws and such people) will be somebody in about a hundred years.

we (working

374

5. Also related to the disparaging sense of ram pointed out in $4 is the use of taм after

a

сколько ,

number

of

interrogatives (е.g.

где,

как,

какое ,

какой ,

когда, куда,

чей , что) in confident disputations or rejections of an idea

that has

just been proposed, either by the speaker himself or by the other speaker. Confident contradictions of this kind often take the form of replies containing repetitions introduced by the Interrogative + тaм, though repetition of the disputed thought is not obligatory. The Interrogative + там,

with or without the repetition, is

frequently then

followed by some statement of the speaker's grounds for disagreeing. Often the tendency is to use где там and куда там to express a belief that something cannot be done , and to use какое там and что там to express a belief that something is not true or is not pertinent, but this distinction is not always made. .?'

' What do you mean ,

'What's ... about it?'

'... nonsense !'

'How can ...?'

' . . . nothing!'

'Impossible !'

'Nothing of the sort!'

-Тяжело. Тачки надо. -Какое там тяжело? -It's heavy .

Мы вдвоем сможем нести .

We need a wheelbarrow.

-What do you mean , heavy? The two of us can carry it. OR:

-Что там тачка!

Мы вдвоем сможем нести.

-Wheelbarrow nonsense!

-А что!

трудно служить?

—Какой

там трудно ? .

The two of us can carry it .

· Придется , может быть в

управе , и то только папироски покурить .

неделю

раз

побывать

в

(Н. Успенский )

*Popular speech pronunciation of какое .

-Well now ! Is it a hard job? -What's hard about it?

You have to be at the board maybe

about once a

week, and even then all you do is smoke cigarettes .

-Обшивать хозяйка должна. -Куда там !

Любе некогда.

( Афикогенов)

-The lady of the house is supposed to do the sewing. -Impossible !

Lyuba doesn't have any time to .

Не раз я принималась уговаривать ее пожить со мной хотя бы те немногие дни, которые мы с Саней проводили в Москве- - какое там , не хотела и слышать ! ( Каверин)

More than once I started in to try to persuade her to stay with me, if only for those few days that Sanya and I spent in Moscow .--Nothing of the sort, she wouldn't hear of it!

375

For other examples , see

где там , р77-79 . какое там , р189-194, $ 11 & 12. какой там , р189-194, $ 11.

куда там , р203-205 , §4 . что там 6. With Imperatives

and in expressions of urging,

much like

' there '

in English.

Carries some of the disparaging and contemptuous tone of §4. Эй ты !

Торопись там!

Hey you ! Hurry up there! Давай попытайся !

Чего там !

Go ahead and try! What are you hanging back for there?

Эй !

Что с тобой там?

Осторожно !

Hey ! What's the matter with you there? 7. Там

is used simply for emphasis in

Be careful !

constructions of the type . Interrogative +

бы + ни · • · (a) .. кто бы там ни - кто бы ни ' no matter who' что бы там ни - что бы ни ' no matter what' как бы там ни - как бы ни ' no matter how' где бы там ни - где бы ни 'no matter where' когда бы там ни = когда бы ни ' no matter when' куда бы там ни = куда бы ни ' no matter where ( to)' Что бы там ни говорят , я это по-моему сделаю.

No matter what they say , I'm going to do it my way . Как бы там ни постарались, а не смогли открыть. No matter how they tried, they could not manage to open it.

ТАМ ГДЕ 'The place where ' , ' where ' (lit: " there where ") So too тогда когда = ' the time when ' , ' when' .

TAMA

(regional)

■ там , ' there'

TAMO (pop . sp . & regional) = там, ' there ' .

Used in locative sense only , not as particle.

тамоди = там, ‘ there' .

Used in locative sense only , not as particle .

376

TAMOKA (dialectal : Northern)

- там

TAMOTKA (dialectal ) TAMOTKO - там, ' there' .

Used in locative sense only , not as particle.

ТАПЕЙ (dialectal) .

■ теперь , 'now' See under ТЕПЕРЬ : dialectal variants, p377 .

TE

(pop . sp. ) 8 ( 1) тебе (Dat. ) (2) тебя (Асс. )

-TE (dialectal)

--TO, the emphatic particle. Другого-те времени нельзя было выбрать? (Леонов) You just couldn't pick some other time , could you?

ТЕБЕ

( " ethical Dative' )

' There you have . .

(Need not always be translated. )

' There you are , …… ' There's a . . . for you ' В наше время жених- то приехал в дом , поглядел невесту издальки ,

а потом

тебе и свадьба. |А нынче, тянут- тянут , ходят- ходят, говорять говорят по- умномуто, а глядишь-- дело и рассохлось. (Мамин- Сибиряк) In our day the groom came to the house, distance, and then you had a wedding.

got a look at the

bride from a

But nowadays they delay and delay,

they go back and forth and back and forth, they talk and talk and look wise , and before you know it the whole business has dried up .

Нынче заведение такое пошло , что всякая тебе лапотница в дворянство норовит.

(А. Н. Островский)

Nowadays the custom has gotten started where you see every peasant woman trying to get into the nobility.

ТЕЛЁШИТЬ (dialectal) 'treat roughly ' , ' be tough with '

377

(dialectal)

ТЕНЧАС

сейчас , тотчас , ‘immediately ' , ' right away' (Cf Polish ten = тот . )

ТЕПЕРИЧА (dialectal) - теперь

ТЕПЕРЬ :

dialectal variants

" Теперь " was originally то перво , ' first thing' , 'first of all ' . Severely altered forms :

тапей топри.

Forms created by adding suffixes : теперетка

таперча

топерва теперево

теперитка

топерчи

топериткать

топерчу

теперьво

теперятко

таперчик

теперача теперека тапери

тепереча

теперика

топери

топереча

теперяка

теперече тепереко

топеричкася

теперенька

типерице

топеречу

теперицю

теперича

теперыца

тепериче топериче

теперенько

тепереньку

топерешенько

топерици

тепериньку

теперишка

теперечка

теперюшка

теперичка топеричкася

теперя

таперички

типеря

теперичко

топеря

топерячу

ТЕПЕРЬ ТЕПЕРЬ Вот

ТЕПЕРЬ ТАК ( C TAK $ 17 .) Used when resuming after a digression and passing on to a new topic.

Now w,, ...' ‘'No 'Now then, ...

'Now, another thing: . . . '

378

Ясно , поставлю.

Теперь насчет запчастей, я разговаривал сегодня с другим,

так? Он тоже ничего не обещает , но ... I understand. I'll see to it. Now, about the spare parts, I was talking to another fellow today, Хорошо.

see? He isn't promising anything either,

but.

• •

Теперь так, машина там у вас есть, да?

Okay.

Now, another thing:

You've got a truck there, right? ... . . .

ТЕПЕРЬ ЭТО РАЗ This time just this once(we'll let it go/we'll do it this way/etc. )

TEPE 'Hello !' , 'Hi !' ( -From Estonian tere . )

Used humorously as a greeting.

TИ

(dialectal : Western & Southwestern)

Чи

ЧИЖ

( from чи же) Interrogative particle.

Used most often in questions that can be

answered with

Yes or No, but can be used also in questions that contain an interrogative pronoun or adverb. Note that unlike лn, these particles can stand first in the question as well as inside it. Tи occurs in the West Russian area near the border of the Belorussian Republic . чn occurs in the West Russian area near the border of the чиx occurs in the area around Voronezh . Чи знаешь ты его?

Do you know him? Дрова чи вам надо?

Do you need firewood? Ти кто там? Who is there? Чих как вас зовут?

What's your name?

-TKA -ТКАСЬ -TKO -ТКОСЬ

Variants of -KA.

See · KA, p169.

Ukrainian Republic.

379

ΤΟ In the example that follows, To appears to mean 'then' in the sense of ' at that time' although dictionaries do not list that meaning. Another conceivable explanation is that here is a case of the construction To 0009 ΤΟ ... 'first .... and then ...', 'now .... now ...', with the second To replaced by а теперь. То всё приставала: Женись да женись. Я хоть бы поглядела на тебя, на женатого! А теперь поедóм ест, проходу не даст …… (-А.Н.Островский) Before, she was at me all the time with " Get married, get married, if only I could see you married!" But now she nags the life out of me, she never lets up, ... ΤΟ

--as correlative conjunction When a main clause is preceded by a subordinate clause, a ro may optionally be placed at the beginning of the main clause to emphasize how closely connected the two clauses are, how inevitably the second follows from the first, etc. (The тo need not always be translated . ) Probably the most familiar pairing ofthis kind is the combination если ..., тO ..., 'if ..., (then) ...', but many others are possible:

когда бы 0009 TO .. когда ..., то ... как ΤΟ ... так как ●009 ΤΟ ……

6000

раз ..., то что ..., то что касается ..., то .

'if..., ..., (then) ...' 'when ... (then) ...' 'as ...,(so) ...' 'since ..., (then) ... .. 'since/seeing that ..., (then) ...' 'whatever ..., (that) ...' ' as far as ... is concerned , (that) ...'

-TO -TA

(popular speech) A. The emphasis-particle -ro is characteristic of the colloquial style. B. Fundamentally, To adds emphasis to the word it follows. This emphasis is ordinarily rather mild, however, and is seldom as strong as that imparted by жe. C. It appears that -To has a strong tendency to be used to accentuate the SECOND MOST important word or phrase in its clause. This second most important word nearly always stands in a very close relationship to the most important word of all, modifying it in one way or another, limiting the scope of its application to the instance at hand, and combining with it to form a single unified idea which is the basic point of the sentence. For example, if the most important word in a clause is the verb, then a -ro may be attached to the subject or an object or an adverb , whichever is the second most important item: who the doer is, or what the thing acted upon is, or what the circumstances or intensity of the action are. But the most important word need not always be a verb; other patterns are possible and will be pointed out below.

(NOTE:

In the examples that follow, a double underline will be placed under the most important word, and a single underline will be placed under the second most important word and its emphasis- particle -To .)

380

Example of this principle: Ведь от любви родители и строги-то к вам бывают, от любви вас и бранят-то, всё думают добру научить. (А. Н. Островский) Don'tyou see, it's out of love that your parents are strict with you, it's out of love that they scold you; they're always thinking about teaching you what's good. (Here in fact the most important and emphatic word is not the verb in either ofthe first two clauses. The most important expression is от любви: the mother's whole purpose is to say why all these things are done, and for this reason she puts it at the beginning of the sentence. The second most important word іs строги: it answers the question " Out of love what?" Родители, who does these things, is third in importance, к вам, то whom, is fourth, and in this case the colorless verb бывают, which could have been supplied even if it were missing, is last of all . Taken together, от любви строги, "strict out of love" makes up the shortest possible formula for the basic thought of the whole sentence . In the second clause, от любви із геpeated because it is most important, and this time the second most important word is бранят. The fact that the second most important word was a predicate adjective the first time and a verb the second is evidently immaterial.)

Further examples:. Subject + -то. В наше время жених-то приехал в дом, поглядел невесту издальки, а потом тебе и свадьба. А нынче ... (Мамин - Сибиряк) In our day the suitor came to the house, took a look at the girl from a distance, and then you had the wedding. But nowadays ... Метель- то, видно, взаправду взялась, - визжит да повизгивает! (Салтыков - Щедрин) The snowstorm, it seems, has really gotten going, - it's shrieking and howling! Эге! видно, правда-то кусается! (Салтыков- Щедрин) Aha! Evidently the truth hurts!

Лошади-то молодые, пужливые, -дернули, а он вскричал - они пуще … . . ВОТ И беда. (Достоевский) The horses were young and skittish, they gave a jerk, he yelled - they got more so ... and the accident happened. Кожи-то мол у тебя краденые. (Салтыков-Щедрин) The hides are supposed to have been stolen from you.

381

Красавица,

краля - то

моя,

сказала

из - за

двери

вошедшая

няня.

(Л. Н. Толстой) " She's a beauty , my princess is , '' said the nurse, who had come in through the doorway .

Object (in various cases) + -то : Я

тогда деньги-то пропил , ведь это все от скуки . (Л. Н. Толстой) At that time I drank away my money, and it was all from boredom, you see .

Ведь я было чуть не женился на Ларисе , -- вот бы людей- то насмешил ! (А. Н. Островский) Look , I almost married Larisa .

Then I'd have really made people laugh

at

me! Что ж ты должок-то , забываешь , что ли ?

(Гаршин)

What are you doing about that little debt, forgetting it, maybe? Уж диви бы охотник, а то и ружья-то никогда в руки не брал . ( А. Н. Островский) " That would be okay if he were a hunter, but actually he's never had a gun in his hands . Да

что

вы это

все меня мальчишка да мальчишка .

перестать мальчишкой- то звать меня .

Полно вам ;

пора

и

(Лесков)

Dam it, why are you always calling me a boy ?

Cut it out; it's time people -

stopped calling me a boy.

Adverb or adverbial expression + -TO: Не очень- то нынче старших уважают .

( А. Н. Островский)

They don't respect their elders an awful lot these days . Да отвори , жив аль нет ? И всё-то он дрыхнет ! (Достоевский) Come on , open up ! Are you alive or not? He's always sleeping! Ах ты, господи !

Вот уж шестую неделю так- то с ним маемся !

( Салтыков-

Щедрин) Lord! him! A

нынче

Here it is the sixth week that we're having such a terrible time with

тянут - тянут ,

ходят- ходят ,

глядишь-- дело и рассохлось

говорят- говорят

по - умному- то ,

а

( Мамин- Сибиряк)

But nowadays they delay and delay , they go back and forth and back and forth ,

they talk and talk, trying to sound smart, and before you know it

the whole deal has gone sour.

382

-Разве выгоднее ездить в извоз , чем дома хлебопашеством заниматься? (Л.Н. Толстой)

-Когда не выгоднее , ... Дома- то лошадей кормить нечем.

-Do you mean to say it's more profitable to be a freight-hauler than to be a farmer at home? . At home there's nothing to

-I'll say it's more profitable , · horses on .

feed the

Молоду тебя замуж-то отдали , погулять- то тебе в девках не пришлось ; вот у тебя сердце-то и не уходилось еще .

( А. Н. Островский)

They married you off young, you didn't get to have a good time as a young girl; your heart hasn't calmed down yet.

Inflected

verb + -то :

Жаль, что она едет- то скоро, а то бы он показал ей себя .

( А. Н. Островский)

It's too bad she's going away right away; if she weren't , he would make himself better known to her. Достает

билеты,

смотрит :

Выиграла- то Елена. He

две

черты

стоят

на триста

восемнадцатом.

(Короленко)

gets the tickets and looks at them:

on

number 318

are two lines.

It is Elena who has won.

Prepositional phrase + -то : Эх , ты жизнь !

Как подумаешь , так мурашки у тебя по спине-то заползают .

(А. Н. Островский)

Oh, what a thing life is! (Lit.:

Гляжу

по

знаешь , -- ну

When you think about it, it gives you the creeps.

Then the ants start crawling along your back. )

кустам -то

и

вижу,

я ее и срезал .

важная растет

хворостина ,

с комельком ,

(Лесков)

I looked around at the bushes and saw a pretty good stick growing there, with

a good butt-end on it ,

you know.

Well,

I

went over and

cut it.

Поежился маленько-- вишь , холодно в избе-то было по осеннему времени .... (Бажов) He huddled up small--you see, it was cold in the hut in the autumn time . Ждали

вас,

ждали

к

обеду-то ...

ведь

двое суток не были !

(Достоевский)

We waited for you for dinner and waited for you ... you were gone for two whole days !

Adjective + -то : ( See also adjective examples in $ E.1 , p384 . )

Били его больно махонького- то . еще он жив- то !

Столько этот парень побой принял , -- как

( Горбунов) ( побой: popular speech for побоев. )

They beat him badly, the little fellow . it's amazing he's alive !

This fellow took such a beating

383

Name

+ -то :

А Сережа- то прост , ох, как прост , Данилушка . But

Seryozha

is

dumb,

you

Нет , Лазареву- то какое счастье !

wouldn't

( Мамин- Сибиряк)

believe how dumb,

Danilushka.

(Л. Н. Толстой)

I say, what a piece of luck for Lazarev ! Как же , так и бросят Москву- то ?

(Л. Н. Толстой)

What, are they going to simply abandon Moscow?

Pronoun + -то : Новые начальники , они всегда хорошие ... Я - то при чем? пускай себе старый .

Пускай себе новый ,

(Макаренко)

New bosses , they're always nice ... What has that got to do with me?

Let

him be new or old, for all I care . Ты-то

тоже не спал сегодня?

(Троепольский)

You didn't sleep today either? Из себя- то они какие?

( А. Рыбаков)

What do they look like? Так это- то по - вашему мошенники? -- прибавил он, усмехаясь. (Достоевский) "So you think these people are crooks? " he added, with a grin . Ну вот еще !

Ты сама- то , смотри не проговорись как- нибудь .

(А. Н. Островский) What nonsense!

See to it that you yourself don't let the cat out of the bag

some way. Уж кому- кому , а мне-то пора было этому научиться !

(Каверин)

It was time I of all people learned this! Все цветы мой погибнут за это время . Попросила Ксению Петровну за ними следить, да она и своих-то не поливает .

( В. П. Некрасов)

All my flowers will die during that time .

I asked Ksenia Petrovna to look

after them , but she doesn't even water her own . А у тебя- то теперь собственный дом ! — сказала она. " Oh , you've got a house of your own now! ”

she said .

D. The second most important word, marked by a -ro, after the most important word.

In practice,

(Панова)

can come

either before or

the second most important word

seems to come before rather than after in about three cases out

of four.

In

sentences where it comes before , the effect is often one of calling attention to what is represented by the second most important word, focussing the hearer's thoughts on it, indicating that this is what the rest of the sentence is going to be about, AND THEN going on to say something about it, with this statement about it being centered in the most important word. called a Topic-Comment construction.

This is what is sometimes

384 А отец - то что ж?

Так и не простил?

But her father, what did he do? Тарантас- то на двор бы втянуть .

(Достоевский)

You mean he just didn't forgive her at all ? (Лесков)

The carriage, it would be a good idea to pull it in the yard. Тетенька-то твоя , батюшка, Марья Николаевна, --померла . (Писемский) Your aunt, old chap, Marya Nikolaevna, has died. Нынче народ- то какой?

Только денег и ищут .

People nowadays, what are they like?

( А. Н. Островский)

All they're after is money.

Человек- то ты сумасшедший вовсе ! ( Тургенев)

What kind of a person are you? Absolutely crazy, that's what! Дежурила я в ту ночь . Ну и промокла до ниточки , а заря- то

была

холодная.

(Д. Остров) I was on duty that night.

Did I ever get soaked through to the skin , and

the dawn was cold. Вот воин еще ! Глупости- то оставь : учиться надо. A soldier indeed !

(Л. Н. Толстой)

Give up that foolishness : you've got to study.

E. A number of frequent patterns are observable: 1.

The ro regularly stands between an attributive adjective and its noun . This is also true of possessive pronouns . Поди, чай, старого- то места жалко?

( Салтыков- Щедрин)

I guess you must feel bad about the old place, huh? Так, сынок, но первый- то шаг самый трудный . ( А. Н. Островский) Yes, son , but that first step is the hardest one.

Из большой- то квартиры да придется в одной комнатке жить ; приятно это будет? (А. Н. Островский) You're getting out of a big apartment, and you're going to have to live in one room. .... ;

а время- то ,

Are you going to like that? за наши грехи все короче и короче

что умные- то люди говорят .

делается.

Вот

( А. Н. Островский)

.... ; and time keeps getting shorter and shorter, because of our sins . That's what the smart people say. Там ведь, в вашем- то Петербурге иль Москве , всё бедовый народ живет . (Мамин- Сибиряк) There, you see, in your Petersburg or Moscow, there are sharp people living all the time.

Ведь ,

по

чувство!

крайней мере ,

с моей- то стороны было

искренее ,

глубокое

( А. Н. Островский)

After all , at least on my part it was a sincere and profound feeling! А моя- то Дарья пласт- пластом лежит ... (Мамин- Сибиряк ) But my Darya is lying flat on her back...

..

385

2. A

To is frequently attached to the infinitive in a variety of constructions

(Inf.

with auxiliary verb, with negative pronoun in не- , with neu . sg. adjs

or other words ( e.g. жаль ) used as predicates , etc.) : Укажи мне тут настоящую пчелу.

Здешняя и ужалить-то не умеет , а у

нас... (Павленко) Show me a real bee .

The kind they have around here can't even sting,

but where we live ... Хапуга и созреть- то не даст яблокам , все оборвет , стащит на базар ... (И. Арамилев) The chiseler won't even let the apples get ripe, he'll pick them all and drag them off to market ... Унять- то его некому , вот он и воюет . ( А. Н. Островский) There isn't anybody to calm him down, so he goes ahead and quarrels . · Только плакать- то уж незачем . Настоящая девочка ! (Л. Н. Толстой ) Only there isn't any reason to cry.

That's just like a girl!

Некуда нам торопиться- то , милая, мы и живем ! не спеша. (А. Н. Островский) There isn't anyplace for us to hurry to, my dear; we live without ever being in a rush . Полно

вам

болтать- то !

У меня серьезное дело .

хитрость не

Н.

Островский)

I've got something serious in mind.

That's enough of your gabbing! Паясничать-то

( А.

велика.

А

попробуй

в

трагики!

( А.

Н.

Островский) It doesn't take any great cleverness to clown .

But just try to be a

tragedian! Рассказать- то мудрено , поворотов много ; разве я тебе дам девчонку , чтобы проводила. (Гоголь)

It's a complicated thing to tell you ; there are a lot of turns .

Maybe

I'd better give you the wench to guide you. Жаль

его разочаровывать- то !

Какой

хороший человек !

Мечтает себе

и счастлив . (А. Н. Островский)

It's too bad to disillusion him!

What a good fellow !

He just goes on

dreaming, and he's happy.

3. In the pattems вот

...- то and вот-то ...

Вот тут-то Алексей и совершил промах.

(Полевой)

Right at this point Aleksey made a mistake. -У вас беспризорные унесли , а я детдомовский . -Вот детдомовские-то и разбойники . ( Каверин) -It was homeless kids that stole it from you, but I belong to the children's home. -It's

exactly the

children's home kids that are

a bunch

of

robbers.

386

Вот

дурак- то ! -- продолжал "Now there's a fool ! "

думать

сам

с

собой Калинович. (Писемский)

Kalinovich went on thinking to himself.

А вы свиней выкармливаете?

Вот выгодно- то !

(Л. Н. Толстой)

You raise pigs? Now that's a profitable thing! Вот - то

приятно

было

с ним

служить !

старший офицер и добрый товарищ !

Вот - то

был

знающий

и

дельный

(Станюкович)

Serving with him was what I call nice ! Now there was an expert and sensible senior officer and a good shipmate ! Вот - то разинет он рот , когда отец преподнесет ему не линючее , окрашенное фуксином яйцо , а настоящее мраморное , ... (Л. Андреев) You should see him gape when his father presents him not with

an egg

that's liable to fade , painted with fuchsine, but with a real marble one ...

4. Often after the verb in questions containing an interrogative word. Э!

Почему не встаешь-то ты?

Hey! Why aren't you getting up? Чего ищешь-то? - спросил один из солдат добрым, веселым

голосом. (Л. Н.

Толстой ) What are you looking for?

asked one of the soldiers in

a good-natured,

jolly voice.

А

для чего ж я его с собой взял- то ?

Без дураков ведь

скучно .

(А. Н.

Островский) And why did I bring him with me? After all , Что она это делает- то ?

without fools

Что она только придумывает ?

( А. Н.

it's dull.

Островский)

What is she doing? What ever is she thinking up? Нет ,

ты скажи ,

куда

ты

прёшь- то ,

кислая

шерсть?

-- наступал

хозяин .

(Мамин - Сибиряк) ''I say, you tell me where are you going, you so- and- so , "

the owner pressed

him.

( Compare : Куда ты с деньгами -то? (Мамин - Сибиряк) Where are you going with the money? In this sentence the speaker is more concerned about the money than the going, as is shown by the fact that the verb of going is not even stated. )

5. In names between the first name and the patronymic :

Только

будто бы Иван- то Петрович пьяный- распьяный ,

стоит да на меня

пальцем грозит . ( Горбунов) It's just that Ivan Petrovich is apparently extremely drunk; he's standing there shaking his finger at me.

387

Ах,

сударыня !

Я

было

и забыла совсем ,

Иван- то

Петрович приказывал ...

( А. Н. Островский) Goodness , my lady, orders to ...

I'd clean gone

6. Last of all in its clause .

and forgotten .

Ivan

Petrovich gave

In such clauses , the -To sometimes tends to apply

to the clause as a whole and make the whole clause more emphatic. Заедем , что ли , к Ермилычу на мельницу? то.

Надо на него поглядеть дома-

(Мамин- Сибиряк) Suppose we stop in at the mill to see Ermilych?

You have to

get a

look at him at home . Вот

поди

верь

тут

ученым !

Я

и

ничему

не

собственным умом добрался , в чем штука- то .

учился,

да поскорей их

( Некрасов)

So much for taking the word of learned people on this !

I never studied

anything, and I figured out what was going on faster than

they did,

using my own head. Что ,

за Марфой ходила девка-то ?

(Л. Н. Толстой)

I say, has the girl gone for Martha? Никак кто- то идет ?

Не заперла я дверь- то .

( А. Н. Островский)

Is that somebody coming? I didn't lock the door. Есть-то , почитай что не ем ничего , а вода- -вон она в кружке-то. (Тургенев) I eat practically nothing,

but there's water over there in the jug.

F. In addition to the patterns just noted in SE , which can occur freely in sentences of various construction ,

ro frequently occurs inserted into several fixed con-

structions . In most of these cases, the -To is optional, and is simply an intensifier.

1. A -TO is sometimes used IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS of the type where the repetition is in the form of a question , or, an exclamation . sentence,

less

commonly,

The repeated word can be any main word from the preceding

but in practice it is most often a noun or

instead of single words can be repeated as well .

a pronoun .

Phrases

Repetitions of this kind

are the same as in English. a . In

reply to a question , a question containing a repetition is outwardly

a request to the other speaker to confirm that the word indeed the point of his question .

Often there is a

repeated is

slight implication

that the person replying was not expecting the question and perhaps does not see why it was asked or is not anxious to discuss it.

At the

same time, inwardly the person replying is delaying while he thinks about how he will answer.

388

-Ты,

умница, есть у тебя жена?

-Жена- то ?

Есть .

Как не быть жене .

-Ты ее бьешь ? -Жену- то ?

-How

Всяко случается .

( Тургенев)

you're

about you ,

-A wife? Yes , I do .

a

smart

fellow,

do

you

have

a wife?

Why wouldn't I have a wife?

-Do you beat her?

-My wife? Everything happens sometimes . Как прошли экзамены ?

-Боря !

-Экзамены-то? -Boris!

Сдал.

How did your exams go?

-The exams? I passed them. -Куда ты теперь? -Я-то?

А я домой.

-Where are you going now? -Me? Why, I'm going home.

-Сколько вам лет? Двадцать три.

- Мне лет- то?

-How old are you? Twenty-three.

-How old am I ?

b. In reply to a statement, a question containing a repetition introduces a calm and unexcited reaction to what has just been said, such

as mild

surprise , gentle disapproval , or good-natured disagreement.

-Решили пойти в кино. -В кино- то?

Это далеко .

-We've decided to go to the movies.

-To the movies? Скажешь им : Самогон- то ? хворобу

Товарищи,

вам

вреден

Вот посмотрите ,

Ого!

самогон! ··

они смеются:

выпьем по сто грамм

.. ВСЮ

как рукой снимет ! (Панова)

You tell them, they

That's a long way.

laugh

" Comrades, homemade booze is

and

say

"Homemade

booze? Oho !

bad for you ! '' And Just

watch,

we

drink a hundred grams apiece , and whatever ails you just disappears entirely !'' c. Less commonly, a repetition in the form of an exclamation expressing indignation

and strong disagreement may contain a

pronoun subject. -Он не пригоден для такого места. -Он-то не пригоден !

Он знаток по этой части .

-He's not qualified for a job like that . -He's not qualified !

He's an expert in that field.

To attached to a

389

2. A -то is frequently inserted in DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTIONS, all of which have the basic meaning that whatever is expressed by the doubled word is certainly true in the instance at hand.

a. Inf + -то + inflected form of SAME Vb ( any tense and aspect) The literal meaning of the Infinitive is ' As for _

by a contrasting clause.

(1 ) Accompanied

Постараться- то He

-ing' .

( COMMON)

постарался , но ему не удалось.

certainly tried, but he didn't succeed. ( Lit.: As for trying, he did try, but ... )

Искать- то искали, но не нашли . They certainly looked for it , but they didn't find it. OR : They looked for it all right, but they didn't find it. Учиться-то учатся , да мало. They do study, but not enough . Поднять- то подняли дизель , но в машину не влез .

They did manage to lift the diesel, but it wouldn't fit in the truck. (2) The

same as

# (1 ) ,

IN

REPLIES

CONTAINING

REPETITIONS.

( COMMON) —А дизель , можно ли было поднять да поставить на машину? -Поднять- то

подняли , но в машину не влез .

-How about the diesel , were they able to lift it and put it on the truck? -They managed to lift it all right , but it wouldn't fit in the truck. -Если поднажмем , завтра к обеду будем . -Быть-то будем , но застанем ли мы там кого- нибудь?

(В. П. Некрасов) -If we step on it a little , we'll be there for dinner tomorrow . -We'll

be there all

right ,

but will we find

anybody there?

-Ну, как думаешь? Купить ли? —Купить- то купишь , но имей в виду , для обмена не возвратишь. -Well ,

what do you think?

Shall I buy it?

-You certainly can buy it , but remember you won't be able to take it back to change it. (3) In questions .

( LESS COMMON )

Ты сваривать- то сваривал прежде? Have you ever actually done any welding before?

390

(4) In statements ( LESS COMMON)

Вы

и

обедать- то

обедали

не

как

следует .

(В.П.

Некрасов)

You really haven't been eating the way you should. (5) The same as in #(4) , IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS. -Ну , как дрова, Горят?

-Гореть- то они горят хорошо . -Well , how is the firewood?

Does it bum all right?

-It burns fine.

b. Inflected form of Verb + -то + SAME form of SAME Verb. (1 ) Accompanied by a contrasting clause (which may be in a separate sentence ).

Similar to

$ F.2. a ;, Inf + -то

+ inflected

form of

SAME Verb, but LESS COMMON . -Hy, - говорит, - жаль мне тебя , Александр Петрович , а делать нечего -надевай , брат , таки разоришься

кандалы .

А разоришься-то ты, все-

(Салтыков- Щедрин)

"Well," he said, "I'm sorry for you , Alexander Petrovich , but there isn't anything that can be done. on him , my friend. the same. "

(2) The

same

occurs

IN

Put the shackles

But you're certainly going to ruin , all

REPLIES

CONTAINING

REPETITIONS .

Ничего , поправится ... — Поправится- то ,

конечно ,

поправится,

да

теперь

ему

туго

приходится . ( Мамин- Сибиряк) -It -Of

doesn't matter, course he'll

he'll

get his affairs

get them

straightened out.

straightened out all

right ,

but

right now he's having a tough time.

—Что ж , прошло? -Прошло, то прошло , да все хворает ... (Л. Н. Толстой)

-What happened?

Did she get over it?

-She got over that, but she's always got something wrong with her.

-Извольте садиться. -Да ось сломалась . -Сломалась- то она сломалась ;

ну а до выселок доберемся ...

(Тургенев) -Please get back in the cart. -But the axle is broken. -It's true it's broken, but we can make it as far as the new settlement.

391

(3 ) In statements , without a contrasting clause. -Он , папенька, стоил этого. -Стоил- то стоил .

( А. Н. Островский)

-He deserved it, papa .

-He certainly did deserve it.

c. Short Adj + -то + SAME Short Adj Accompanied by a contrasting clause .

This is the predicate-adjective

counterpart of the verbal constructions given in $ F.2.a.

and F.2.b.

Cf. also $F.2.e. , below .

Мал- то мал , но сил .

He's small , but he's strong. ( Lit .: As for being small , he is small , but...) Права- то

ты

права,

но

разве

надо

было

устраивать

сцену?

You're right, of course , but did you have to make a scene? Жалко- то жалко .

А что же поделаешь?

It's certainly too bad . Женское злей - то

сердце мягко .

But what can one do? Мягко, то оно мягко ; зато уж ведь и

женщины ничего на

чувствительно .

свете

нет ,

если

ee

обидеть

( А. Н. Островский)

The female heart is soft.

It's exceedingly soft.

On the other

hand , there's nothing in the world more malicious than a woman if you offend her deeply.

d. Predicate Adj ( Long or Short) + -то + SAME form of SAME Adj --IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS -Он такой приятный молодой человек. —Приятный- то он приятный , но хитрый . -He's such a pleasant young fellow .

-It's true he's pleasant , but he's a sly one . -Вот золотой - то человек ! Я его в поминание запишу ... -3 олотой- то он, точно золотой , а я вам вот что скажу ... (А. Н. Островский) -Now there's an

excellent person !

I'll

keep a memory of

him ... -He

is

indeed

excellent,

but

I'll

tell

you

something...

392 e . Noun (Nom ) + -то + SAME Noun (Ins). Accompanied by a contrasting clause .

This is the noun counterpart of

the verbal constructions given in $$ F.2.a and F.2.b and the | construction in

adjectival

$ F.2.c.

Шутки- то шутками , но дело делать надо. Jokes are all very well , but we've got to get down to business . (Lit.: Jokes are jokes , but ...)

Выскочит

замуж

BOT

этакого

за

проходимца, - разорение- то

разорением , да кого еще в родню - то введет !

( А. Н. Островский )

That's the kind of rascal she's going to go and marry. one thing, but who the devil is she bringing into Я уж и сначала догадывалась ,

Ruin is

the family?

что...уроки- то уроками ,

а цель у

вас другая. ( Чернышевский) I had it figured out from the first that lessons are lessons, but you had some other object.

Пароходы- то

пароходами ,

без

а

щей

тоже

не • проживешь.

(Мамин- Сибиряк) Steamboats are fine, but without cabbage soup you won't survive either.

f. Noun + -то + SAME form of SAME Noun --IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS. -А у тебя-то теперь собственный дом ! - сказала она ... -Дом-то дом,- сказал Лукашин . —Возня с ним большая . ( Панова) " You've got a house of your own now! ”

she said .

“ It'sa house , all right, ” said Lukashin .

'' It's a lot of bother. ''

3. A - то is common IN EXCLAMATIONS of the following kinds: a . Nom.

noun .

The

noun

is

often

doubled.

Expresses

surprise (either

admiration or disgust) at what an outstanding one of its kind a thing is. Стрелок - то !

Стрелок - то !

Нас всех побил.

Wow, what a shot he is! He beat us all . Эх, рожа- то , рожа-то ! Holy smoke, what an awful face ! b. Gen. noun . The noun is usually doubled in exclamations of this kind. The · To is not required, and when it is used it may be attached either to the first noun in the doubled-noun pair or to both nouns in the pair. Expresses amazement at the great quantity in which a thing is encountered. Ишь , пыли- то , пыли- то ! Все покрыто пылью здесь. My ,

what a lot of dust!

Людей- то , людей !

Everything is covered with dust here.

Фойе битком набито.

What a lot of people !

The lobby is jammed.

393

c. Verb . Ходит- то , сукин сын !

Будто всей земле хозяин !

Lookit him walk around , the so - and- so !

( Шолохов)

As if he was the boss of

the whole world!

G. A natural outgrowth of the basic use of - To, emphasis of the word it follows , is the use of · To to point up a contrast: Вам- то вот смешно , а нам слёзы.

( Мамин- Сибиряк)

To you it's funny, but we feel like crying. Нет ,

таким- то всегда счастье , а хорошие барышни жди да пожди .

(А. Н.

Островский) No, girls like that have all the luck, and nice girls can just wait and wait. В своих- то местах, да дороги ты не знаешь !

( Горбунов)

Right in your own home district, and you don't know the road! И убьешь- то его, так проку от него нет .

( Салтыков- Щедрин)

And even if you do kill him , there isn't any good to be got out of him.

H. Another application of the emphatic and contrasting force of

To is to introduce

a new aspect of what is being discussed, or to return to one that was mentioned earlier. А постройка- то когда будет закончена? But what about the building? When will that be finished? А ты- то где был когда туго стало?

Yaas, and where were you when the going got rough?

-TO:

Use in forming indefinites · A. To interrog. pron. or adv. The particle - To when suffixed to interrogatives makes indefinites of the type . ' some illustration .

· This is probably the best known use of To and requires no special

KTO- TO

'someone '

ЧТО- ТО

' something'

где- то

'somewhere'

откуда- то

'from somewhere'

когда- то

'at some time '

какой- то

'some kind of ' ; ' some ... or other'

B. · To

dem . pron . or adv.

The particle -To when suffixed to demonstrativ es makes indefinites of the type ' such -and-such a ...' , ' a certain ...'.

394

TOT- TO ' Such-and- such a person' , ' so-and- so' TO-TO ' such-and-such a thing' , ' a certain thing' , ' this or that' Taм- To ' at such-and- such a place ' , ' at a certain place'

тогда- то ' at such-and- such a time ' , ' at a certain time' такой- тo ' such-and-such a . . . ' , 'a certain ·

Он

был

каждый

день

занят :

всегда

· надо

было

поехать

туда- то,

присутствовать тогда- то на такой- то совещании , поговорить с тем- то , устроить то- то. He was busy every day:

he was always having to go to such-and- such

a place, be at such -and- such a meeting at such - and- such a time, talk to so-and-so, and arrange this or that.

-TO:

Variant forms in dialects

In some northern dialects, what is basically the particle -ro is varied to match the final sound of the word it is attached to, not only in the different genders (e.g. Toпop- oт , рыба- та, дерево-то ) , but also in different cases of the same word ( e.g. рыба-та, рыбы- ти , рыбу- ту) .

A TO , A HE TO , A TO HE

See under A, p 4-5.

и то See under И, p 155-157 . cf also ( И ) БЕЗ ТОГО , p 10 , И TAK, p 353-354, and TAK , P335.

ТО И ЗНАЙ See under ЗНАЙ , Р 141 .

ТО ЛИ . •

ТО ЛИ ...

'either ... or . . .' , 'whether . . . or ... Note that the use of this ' either . . . or . . .' expression is confined to occasions when the speaker is naming possible explanations of some state of affairs and is emphasizing that he does not know what is the answer. То ли догадался , то ли кто- то сказал ему , но обо всем деле знал. Either he guessed or somebody told him, but he knew about the whole business .

1

395

Они в самом деле прибыли вовремя , то ли пешком , то ли автобусом . They certainly arrived on time , whether it was on foot or by bus.

ТО ЛИ ТО ЛИ ЕЩЕ И НЕ ТО

И НЕ ТО

ЕЩЕ

These particle phrases are used to refer to some phenomenon that is in the same vein as another one just mentioned but outdoes it, and is a more striking example of the same kind of thing. The next word after the particle phrase is usually a verb :

было , будет , or else a

a verb of perceiving, noticing, encountering, or the like . The literal meaning of the Russian phrases is certainly not

immediately obvious .

Perhaps it may be regarded as something like ' And is it that alone ? Besides that there is /was /will be ...' , ' And that isn't it entirely: besides that there is ... ' . A wide variety of English phrasings and constructions are needed to render these Russian expressions in different sentences :

' And not only that ; ...' 'And that's not all : ...'

' And what is more , ...' 'And what is really something' ' really something'

' really something else ' If you think that's something , ... '

That isn't anything compared to ... ' -Он совершенный неумёха .

-То ли еще было с ним .

Это он испортил киноустановку в клубе .

Слышали ли вы о том , как он наехал трактором на корову,

-He's a complete bungler.

He's the one that messed up the movie projector

at

the club . -That's not the only story about him .

Did you hear about how he ran into a cow

with a tractor? Вот

в газетах

будет !

писано , бунты везде идут

у нас ... Дай , мы приедем , то ли еще

(Вересаев)

It says in the newspapers that we've got riots going

on everywhere ....

wait , we'll come and then something will really happen !

- Господа, убедите главного врача, чтобы он нанял проводчика . — Днем плутали , - то ли еще будет ночью ! ( Вересаев )

Just

396

-Gentlemen ,

I wish you would convince the chief physician that

he should

hire a guide . -Got lost in the daytime ; --it's going to be really something at night ! - Считайте , Карабас Барабас , что ваш ключик уже найден . -Найдем , найдем , и не то находили .

( А. Н. Толстой)

-Consider your key already found , Karabas Barabas . -We'll find it , we'll find it , and that's not all we've been finding.

ТО ЛИ ДЕЛО :

Construction

'lots better' 'what a lot better'

'I'd far rather have . . ' . То ли дело саn be followed by any word in any form that makes sense in the context . In other words , the тo ли дело hаs по influence in determining this choice of word or form at all , and the choice depends only on the sense and construction of the whole remark . In practice , this following word often parallels the idea and construction of a preceding clause , with which the phrase introduced by Tо ли дело is сontrasted . NOUN (any case) : Я не очень люблю кофе ; то ли дело чай! I don't especially care for coffee .

How much better tea is !

Трудно попасть туда трамваем , то ли дело автобусом . It's hard to get there by streetcar, it's lots better by bus .

PRONOUN : Я плохо печатаю.

То ли дело она .

I don't type very well .

She does it lots better.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE :

То ли дело у них. It's lots better at their place . VERB : Note the interesting construction with an inserted бы in the following example : То ли бы дело выпили , разговорились , .. оно все само бы и наладилось. (Мамин- Сибиряк) How much better it would be if they would have a drink and get into a conversation. The whole thing would be settled .

То лИ нЕ

+ Noun

Characterizes whatever is named as an outstanding example of its kind , an instance of excellence . Used only in favorable comments . The time may be past , present , or future .

397

'What a ... !'

' What a grand ... !'

' Isn't that some (great) ... ?' Мы проведем все лето в деревне .

То ли не жизнь будет?

We're going to spend the whole summer in the country .

Won't that be

a

wonderful life? То ли не дошлый парень !

( Мамин- Сибиряк)

What a shrewd fellow he is! А

уж

то

ли не общественник был Иван Данилович !

выступал пространно и , надо сказать , довольно дельно .

На

всех собраниях

(Лаптев)

And what a man in public affairs Ivan Danilovich was ! At all the meetings he spoke at length and , it must be said , to the point .

TO :

НА ТО ( И ) +

Nom noun

See under HA, p224 .

HE TO

TO:

= A HE TO , A TO .

TO :

See p 4.

HE TO , что НЕ ТО, ЧТОБЫ

See under HE , p 240-241 .

TO :

НЕТ ТОГО , ЧТОБЫ See under HET , p 243 .

TO :

TO- ТО

See p426-434 .

TOBO

See under ТОГО , p399 .

товодни

(dialectal)

товодня товоднясь Derived from того дни = того дня , ' on that day '

ТОГДА .. Inferential Exactly like English ' then ' , Russian тогда can mean not only ' at that

time ' but

also ' in that case ' , ' if so ' , ' under those circumstances ' , and is used when the speaker is drawing a conclusion .

Cf TAK $ 14 , p 339.

398

Если знаешь что- нибудь об этом, тогда скажи нам! |

If you know anything about this , then tell us! Все готовы начинать?

Тогда хорошо .

Is everybody ready to begin? Зачем не пойти пораньше?

All right , then .

Тогда нам не надо будет бежать так.

Why not go earlier? Then we won't have to run so. Распродано? Sold out?

Ну , можете ли вы тогда порекомендовать мне что- нибудь другое? Well , can you recommend me something else , then?

ТОГДА КАК Тогда как, ‘ while ' , is used in references to circumstances that not only occur at the same time but occur at the same time even though they are contradictory to each other. English ' while ' can of course have this meaning , but does not always have it . 'while'

' whereas'

' while at the same time'

' even though '

' while on the other hand '

' although '

Братец родной!

- говорила она, нежно прижав его голову к груди своей , тогда

как слезы оросили вдруг лицо ее .

( Достоевский)

"My own dear brother!" she said , tenderly pressing his head to her bosom while at the same time tears suddenly ran down her face . -Here the contrast is not very pronounced, but the implication is there that not only did she embrace her brother and weep simultaneously, but that the two actions are not consistent with each other. In most sentences the contrast is plainer: Сестра всегда заступилась за него, тогда как она сама осуждала его

выходки. His sister always took his part, while at the same time she disapproved of his escapades herself. Отрицают , тогда как ясно , что это они это сделали . They deny it, although it's plain they're the ones that did it .

ТОГДА, КОГДА 'The time when ' , ' when ' ( lit: " then when " ) So too там , где = ' the place where ' , ' where '

тот , кто = ' the person who' , ' the one that '

то, что

= ' the thing that ' , ' that which '

столько , сколько

= ' the amount that ' , ' as much as '

1

399

тогды

(regional)

= тогда = тады So too куды = куда

ТОГО

туда.

(Also spelled тово) As particle .

1.

& туды

Expresses hesitation .

Basically, Toro is said when the speaker is hesitating while he tries to think of a word for what he has in mind. ' uh '

' you know what I mean'

' what do you call it'

' ... well , ... '

Его рекомендовали мне для некоторых занятий ; ну я того , знаете ли , попытал его , что , мол , ты за птица !

( А. Н. Островский)

He was recommended to me for several jobs ; well , I , ah , ... what do you call it ...

I tried him out , don't you know .

I thought to myself, " Let's see what sort

of bird you are ! "'

Я их упреждаю — останьте, мол !

Я им (ворам) кричу :

ах вы!

пошли прочь !

... А они , значит , на меня с топором ... А то сейчас - стрелю ! .... Ну , я уж того...

осердился ... за топор- то , знаешь !

( Горький)

I yelled at them (the thieves ) " Hey you ! came at me with an axe . now ! ”

I warned them:

....Well , I .... uh …..

Get away from there ! " " Stop! " I said.

But then they

" Or I'll shoot right

sort of .... well .... I was mad.

Because of the

axe , you know. Ведь

вы,

насколько мне известно ,

кажись ... ээ ..

тово

... подполковник?

(Крестовский)

Now you , ... , as I understand it are , I think ... uhh ... a what-do-you -call-it ... a lieutenant colonel?

А- а ... того ... что бишь я хотел спросить ?

(Горький)

Uhh ... let's see ... What was it I meant to ask you? Нельзя сказать , кто виноват .

Все это было из- за ... того

It's impossible to say who was at fault . a misunderstanding .

Мне совестно просить деньги назад .

... недоразумения.

The whole thing was due to ... uhh ...

Это так ... того ... неловко .

It's embarassing for me to ask for the money back .

It's so ... you know what I

mean ... awkward.

As predicate or a part of the predicate : 2.

By an easy transition , roro is also used when the speaker can indeed think of the word for what he has in mind , but hesitates because he does not like to come out and say it .

400

'you know '

'just what you think'

'you know what' a . The speaker's hesitation and reluctance may be because the

subject is

improper or indecent .

...- Ведь он ... тово !

Ведь он бабёнку- то ... тово!

( Салтыков-Щедрин)

...You see , he was , ... well , you know . You see , what he was doing with the wench was ... just what you think . b.

But even more commonly , Toro has come to be a discreet reference to being drunk .

При четвертом стакане они были совсем того. By the time they were

on their fourth glass they

were completely

you-know-what . Он пришел на собрание немножко того. He came to the meeting slightly you-know-how. 3. In a more general sense , roro can refer to anything's being out of the ordinary, not all right, not the way it is supposed to be , somehow in an unsatisfactory state .

' not all right'

' odd '

'not the way it should be'

' messed up '

' something wrong'

' not very good '

Другая машина у нас работает нетак.

' no good'

Топливный насос , кажется, того.

Our other truck isn't running right .

The fuel pump apparently has

something wrong with it. -Ты, наверное, простудилась ?

- спросил Петька.

-А что? — Голос того .

(Замойский)

-I guess you've got a cold , huh? Pete asked . -Why?

-Your voice is funny. 4.

HE TOгo means the same thing as Toro does in $ 3 , contradictory though this certainly seems at first glance .

Perhaps this is because of the extreme indef-

initeness of Toro, which can be used to stand for almost any word .

Perhaps too,

He Toго is sometimes thought of as forming a parallel to Hе так.

(See TAK

$4, p 333. ) С карбюратором там что- то не того. Something is wrong there with the carburetor. (Поэт ) прочитал стихи жене, -ей тоже понравились . - первое четверостишие как будто не того .

-Только , - сказала она,

( Горький)

The poet read the verses to his wife ; she liked them too . said, " the first quatrain isn't quite right somehow . "

" Only , " she

401

колхозе

В

" Новая

жизнь "

не того , заменять надо .

шестнадцатый по счету председатель оказался

(Троепольский)

At the "New Life" collective farm the sixteenth chairman in succession has turned out to be not up to it and will have to be replaced .

того

Гляди

ТОГО И ГЛЯДИ ТОГО И СМОТРИ, ЧТО

ТОГО И ЖДИ All the same in meaning. See under ГЛЯДИ, р 81 .

тодиль

(Dialectal )

1. = то ли дело , ' what a difference' , ' how much better' 2. = то и дело , ' continually ' , ' over and over again'

(Dialectal )

ТОДИЛЬНО ТОДЕЛЬНО

' right ' , ' true ' , ' correct'

(Regional)

TOË

TAE TAË

- того, тово.

ТОЖЕ A.

ADVERB ' too'

' likewise '

' also'

' as well'

1.

(IN NEGATIVE : тоже ... не ... = ' not ... either')

In its basic meaning of ' also ' , ' too ' , тоже behaves very much as ' too' does in English .

2.

Like English ' too ' , тоже саn apply either (a ) to one of the elements of the sentence or (b) to the sentence as a whole .

402 a. When Toxe applies to one element of the sentence , that element represents another instance where the remainder of the sentence also applies ( --in. addition to some other instance previously noticed . ) Он инженер.

Отец- то его тоже инженер .

He's an engineer.

His father too is an engineer.

Контора вся сгорела, сарай тоже. The office burned down completely , and the shed did too .

-Табаку у меня нету. -И у меня тоже вышел .

L

-I don't have any tobacco.

-I've run out of it too. Мы тоже не услышали об этом We didn't hear about that either. b. When тoxe applies to the sentence as a whole ,

it is being used to

bring up an additional idea and point out that this idea is true and is relevant as well as another idea that has already been stated .

Again ,

' too ' is used in this way in English . Когда

вы отмякнете

и время надо знать .

сколько- нибудь ?

Деньги

деньгами,

а тоже

(А. Н. Островский)

When are you going to let up on me some? Money is money, but you have to know the right time to bring it up, too. Да, тоже , видно , жизнь-то никому не легка. Well , as for that , you can see life isn't easy for anybody. В твои года долго ли полюбить , только не будь разборчива.

Ты

молода, так ищи молодого ; тебе хочется на своей воле жить , самой большой быть ,

--так найди бедного ,

он по твоей дудочке будет

плясать ; у тебя ума- то тоже не очень чтоб через край , так выбирай попроще , чтоб он над тобой не возносился.

( А. Н. Островский)

At your age you can easily fall in love , only don't be choosy . You're young, so look for a young man ; you want to do things your way and be the boss , so find a poor man , that way he'll dance to your piping; you're not especially brainy either, so pick a man who's a little simpler, so he won't feel superior to you . (1 ) In this sense of calling attention to another idea that is

also

true , with the implication that the speaker does not think that his hearer

has been taking that into consideration , тоже comes to be

somewhat

similar

in sense to ведь (See p 43 ) , and sentences

with this

meaning quite often contain both а тоже and a ведь: -Дай- ка подарок- то ! -Да ведь вы видели , серьги и брошка.

-Да я убрать хочу. Островский)

Ведь тоже не малых денег стоит . ( А.Н.

403

-Give me your present ! -But you've seen it , you know . It's earrings and a brooch . —Well ,

I want to put it away .

Remember,

it's worth

plenty of

money , too. Только уж ты, коли добра себе желаешь , сама не мудри, а на меня расположись.

Ты меня слушай, благо мне забота об тебе припала.

Не обо всякой ведь

я тоже хлопотать- то буду,

а

кого полюблю.

( А. Н. Островский) Only don't you try to be clever yourself, if you want to do yourself a favor, but rely on me . interest in you .

You listen to me , because I've taken an

You see , I'm not going to go to a lot of trouble

over everybody either, but just who I take a liking to . (2) In the same way , а тоже is sometimes accompanied by a

вот in

sentences where a new idea is being introduced , with the implication that the new idea is something in the same vein as the preceding thought . Вот

тоже

требует .

луга

у

вас.

Место

здесь ·· доброе,

только

ума

( Салтыков- Щедрин)

And then there's those meadows you've got .

It's a good place

here , all it takes is some brains . Всякий за своим ведь ; и мы вот тоже два столика под орех, да в спальню к барышне ... (А . Н. Островский) Everybody's here to collect what's owed him, you see ; and then there were two tables we did in walnut and brought to the lady's bedroom ... (3 ) Ведь , вот, and тоже саn all occur together : Ведь вот тоже табак-- знаю , что вредно , а отстать не могу. ведь , тоже, не знаешь , что спрашивается.

А

(Зощенко)

And then there's tobacco too--I know it's bad for me , but I can't stay away from it .

But then too , you don't know what's

involved here .

3. There is considerable freedom about the positioning of Toxe in the sentence , when it has the basic meaning of ' too ' , ' also ' .

As the examples given in $A2a

suggest , Toxe standing immediately after the word it especially applies to and followed by a verb or noun predicate is a common pattern.

This pattern is not

obligatory, however : the word that it especially applies to can be separated from the following Toxe by intervening phrases , and also тoxe can apply to words that come after it instead of before .

For example , it is perfectly possible to say

404

У нас табаку тоже нету. We don't have any tobacco either . --meaning

either " Others don't have any tobacco, and neither do we . " or " There are several things we don't have , and tobacco is another one .

Note that the English translation can have either meaning in exactly the same way. Similarly, in the sentence

Я тоже хотел поздравить его. I wanted to congratulate him too.

both the Russian and the English can mean either “ I too wanted to congratulate him (along with many others who wanted to ) , ” or "Another thing I wanted to do while I'm here was congratulate him " . OTHER EXAMPLES : Барон фон- дер- Беринг ( старший офицер) пришелся как- то " не ко двору " со своими новыми порядками и взглядами на дисциплину. нового старшего офицера тоже невзлюбили .

В кают- компании

( Станюкович)

Baron Von der Bering (the senior officer) somehow didn't go over very well with his new procedures and his views on discipline .

They took a dislike

to the new senior officer in the ward-room, too. -А вы его очень любите? —Да ; и вот

- спросила вдруг Наташа.

я тоже хотела вас спросить и ехала с тем :

что именно вы его любите?

скажите мне, за

(Достоевский)

-And you love him very much ? ' Natasha suddenly asked . -Yes , I do , and there's something else I ( Katya ) wanted to ask you , and I came with that intention :

Tell me exactly what it is you love about

him. —Не о платье же мы будем говорить , это не мой предмет ; по этой части я в преподаватели не гожусь.

-Ox, мне теперь не преподавание нужно , а деньги. —Ну, и по этой части я тоже швах.

(А. Н. Островский)

-Let's not talk about a dress , that's not my subject ; I'm not suited to be

a teacher in that department. -Darn it , what I need right now isn't teaching , it's money . -Well , I'm weak in that department , too.

B.

PARTICLE Used in expressions of ironic disapproval and contempt . 1.

тоже тоже мне тоже вам

+ Nom. Noun (+Vb of naming, finding, etc. )

405

тоже тоже мне

Nom. Noun +

тоже вам

Expresses an emphatically low opinion of whatever is named by the Noun, with the idea that it flagrantly fails to live up to the meaning of that noun . The тoxe commonly precedes the Noun , but can also follow it .

In practice , this construction

is most often used when speaking of people , rather than things . mocking and derisive .

The attitude is

Perhaps the idea behind this use of Toxe was originally

something like " And then besides there's this so-called !

' Some

'And he's supposed to be a -

' !

.! '

' Huh , what a swell

he makes !'

' A fine Тоже, агрономша !

Двух слов не свяжет .

Тоже женщина! Причесаться не умеет.

(Николаева) Huh, some agronomist ! She can't put so much as two words together and say anything. A fine woman ! Doesn't know how to fix her hair. Побирается

за

счет

музыки.

Тоже

He lives by begging, using music .

служитель

искусства!

(Паустовский)

Some servant of art!

Его вся деревня осмеет , если увидят , что он несет

кровать вместе с Марийкой: .

тоже мужчина-- не может сам перенести такую пустяковину.

(Панова)

The whole village will make fun of him if they see him carrying a bed with Marika helping.

"Some man, " they'll say.

" Can't carry a little thing like that

by himself. '' a . The мне ог вам simply strengthens the тоже. Тоже (мне) Механик!

Huh , a fine mechanic he is ! OR And he's supposed to be a mechanic ! b . Optionally ,

the Noun may be followed by a verb of

naming , designating,

finding, selecting, etc. Тоже председатель сыскался ! Hah, some chairman they got themselves ! Тоже -- передовик называется ! That's great!

(Троепольский)

And he's called a model worker !

Тоже, философ нашелся! My, my, haven't we discovered the profound philosopher, though ! c . Note that ведь can occur in this construction as well as in the construction pointed out in $A2Ь( 1 ) .

Perhaps ведь is meant here as an ironic reminder

of what the subject was originally supposed to be. Знаю,

что в наших

руках ;

Ведь вы народец тоже !

да

сумеешь ли ты

Я уж вас знаю !

это

дело

сделать- то?

На словах - то вы прытки , а там

406

и пошел блудить .

( А. Н. Островский)

I know we've got it sewed up, but are you going to be able to put this thing through? Oh, (you lawyers , ) you're fine ones , you are ! do I ever know how you are !

Boy,

You guys put up a great line of talk,

and before you know it, you've been had! d. In the same way, BOT too occurs with Toxe in expressions of disapproval and contempt .

See BOT... TOXE , p 65.

e. The use of Toxe in expressions of disapproval and contempt aroused by the perception of a discrepancy between what is actually the case

and what

ought to be is quite similar to that of eme (See EME, p 123 , $ II.3 . ) , and so it is not surprising that roxe and eme can also occur together in the same sentence , reinforcing each other.

Страшно ему ... Ну, нее?

а ежели б резали бабу?

Чье

дело вступиться за

А еще тоже старый человек, крещёный ... (Чехов)

A dreadful thing for him... Well now, would they really cut a woman's business

throat? Whose

is it to stand up for her? And

here he's

supposed to be an old man, a baptised Christian ... f. In some expressions of disapproval and disgust , roxe stands

by itself,

separated by a pause from the rest of the construction. Прихожий - тоже !

Говорил бы - проходимец ... все ближе к правде- то ...

(Горький) A passer by--my foot ! He ought to say a rascal..that would be a lot closer to the truth ... Лука (в кухне напевает) :

Середь но- очи ... пу- уть- дорогу не- е видать ,,,

Клещ (уходя в сени) : Ишь воет ... тоже...

Горький)

Luka (singing in the kitchen): ' Midst the ni-ight...you cannot see - ee the roa-oad... Kleshch (going off into the hallway) :

2.

Listen to him yowl ...Honestly!

тоже (и) + Vb

Vb + тоже (и ) Expresses a mocking and contemptuous reaction to whatever action is signified by the Verb.

The sense of the construction is that the speaker considers the action

to be in some way a failure :

poorly or wrongly or foolishly done .

stand either before or after the Verb. 'And he went and .

'Get the way he 'That's a great job of ___- ing they did !'

'And you had to get the brilliant idea of

-ing ! '

The Toxe may

407 .

-Вот мы ясли думаем организовать, поступай туда. -Нет уж, спасибо! Своих детей не имела, да чтоб теперь с чужими нянчиться? Тоже выдумали! (Шолохов) -...Well, we're thinking of setting up a day-care center. Why don't you go and work there? -Heck no! Thanks a whole lot! I've never had any kids of my own, and now I'm supposed to play nursemaid to other people's? What a peachy idea you thought up! Тоже воображает о себе, рыжий дьявол! Проходу на кухне не дает ... (Станюкович) Oh, he has a marvellously high opinion of himself, the red-haired devil! He won't let anybody in the kitchen have a moment's peace ... А подъезды не для спанья понаделаны. Расселся тут тоже ... (Соболев) The doorways aren't put there for sleeping. Sprawling here - that's just lovely!

-в небо выглянь:чье гудит-то ... Наши аль ихние? -Тоже спрашивает. Рази они по своим станут палить! (Леонов) -Take a look out at the sky: whose is making that buzzing - Are they our (planes) or theirs? -Now that's a really brilliant question! You don't think they (the Germans) are going to start shooting at their own planes, do you? Со всех сторон там к ней лезут, да подлипают, да глупости разные в уши шепчут ... Вот князь Дулебов повадился, тоже на старости лет ухаживать вздумал ... (А. Н. Островский) From all sides they come hanging around her, and make up to her, and whisper all kinds offoolishness in her ears ...Here Prince Dulebov has taken to coming. In his old age he's taken the splendid idea into his head of paying court to her ... Когда он был у нас в третий раз, помните, в пятницу, я ему стихи читала любовные; он тоже, кажется, ничего не понял. (А. Н. Островский) When he was calling on us for the third time, remember, on Friday, I read love-poetry to him. It seems he was just blithely unaware ofit all.

3. In Replies Containing Repetitions Not surprisingly, тоже and тоже мне also occur in replies containing repetitions, and in these the repeated word is not confined to nouns and verbs. The тoxe may stand either at the beginning or at the end of a repetition, either with or without a pause separating it from the repeated word. Repetition with roжe expresses derisive and scornful contradiction of what hasjust been said.

-Хушь бы ты ... посовестился … -Тоже - совеститься! Что мне тут еще совеститься ... (Лесков) -You ought to ... be ashamed of yourself ... -Be ashamed ofmyself- Oh sure! What the devil is there about it for me to be ashamed of? -Как пора честь знать? Да вы мне еще тысячи полторы должны. -Должны! Тоже должны! ... (А. Н. Островский) -What do you mean, time I was going? Why, you owe me another thousand and a half! -Owe it! Owe it, he says! ТОЖЕ МНЕ ИСКУССТВО! 'Baloney!'

(Slang)

408

(dialectal: various dialects)

TOXHO

1.

= даже

2.

'now'

3.

'then'

4.

'afterwards,' 'later on'

TOKMO

(popular speech)

= только

TOKO

'only'

(colloquial & rapid speech)

= только

ТОЛЬКИ

( regional)

'as soon as' Дверью рыпнул, серников нарочно не зажигаю, а слышу, что на кровати возня ... Тольки это приподнялся мой пан, я его кнутом, а кнут у меня был с свинчаткой на конце .... (Шолохов) I made a squeaking sound with the door, I purposely didn't light any matches, but I heard there was a stirring around on the bed ... As soon as my gentleman raised himself up a little, I gave it to him with the whip, and my whip had a lead weight on the end ...

!

409

только The general similarity in meaning and use between Russian только and English 'only' is evident .

Certainly it is nearly always helpful to try the primary meaning ' only'

in an initial literal reading of a sentence before deciding on a final translation . There are some differences and special uses of только to take note of, however. As comparison with сколько and столько suggests , только was originally a quantityexpression meaning " this much . " From this , the fundamental meaning has come to be "nothing other than, " with the following applications': 1. = ' not more than ' , ' no more than ' a. With quantity-expressions : только три, ' only three '

только немногие, ' only a few’ b . With words that express a ranking, either formal or implied : только младший сержант , ' only a junior sergeant ' только рассыльный , ' only an errand -boy ' , ' nothing but an errand -boy' 2. = ' not sooner than ' , ' not until ' , ' not before '

With adverbs and adverbial phrases referring to time : a. With dates : только в 1935 годy, ' not until 1935 ' , ' only in 1935'

b. With nouns naming times : только на закаre, ' not until sunset , ' ' only at sunset' только весной , ' not until the spring'

c. With adverbs : только тогда, ' not until then, ' ' only then'

только позже, ' not until later, ' ' only later' 3. = ' not later than,' ' no more than', ' just' , ' just now' With verbs a. As adverb modifying the main verb : Только уеxали .

'They've just left . '

Я только начинал.

' I've just started . '

b. As adverb modifying the verb of a subordinate clause and thus functioning as a conjunction , ' as soon as ' , ' the minute that' .

Только вошел , все стали засыпать меня вопросами . ( =Только вошел, как все стали засыпать меня вопросами . )

I had no more than walked in , when everyone started bombarding me with questions . Ключ вы еще прошлый раз в двери оставили . торчит в скважине.

Только вы уехали ,

гляжу--

(Рахманов)

You left the key in the door again last time . As soon as you had left I looked , and it was sticking in the keyhole .

410 Только я лег спать, позвонили мне. The minute I got to bed , they phoned me .

4.

' solely ', ' exclusively ' , ' nothing else but ' With any major sentence element :

noun or pronoun subject, noun or pronoun

object, verb , adverb , adjective , prepositional phrase , subordinate clause introduced by conjunction , etc. The placement of только in a sentence cannot be related to its meaning and application by a set of simple rules . a . It is true that when used in the sense of ' solely ' , ' exclusively ' , normal

position for только is immediately before the word it

as with English ' only ' .

' just ' , the applies to ,

Note that in speech the word that только applies to

is stressed.

Только он думал об этом вопросе сегодня. He was the only one who was thinking about

this problem today.

(Lit .: " Only he. . . ” ) Он только думал об этом вопросе сегодня. All he did about this problem today was think

about it.

(Lit .:

He

only thought ... ) Он думал только об этом вопросе сегодня. The only thing he thought about today was this problem.

( Lit .: He

thought only about this problem. .. )

Он думал об этом вопросе только сегодня. He did not think about this problem until today.

(Lit .: He thought

about this problem only today.)

(Or perhaps more commonly

Только сегодня думал он об этом вопросе. ) b. However, только can also stand immediately after the word it applies to . Note that here too in speech the word that только applies to is stressed. Недавно только этого кругосветного путешествия. из вернулся ( Козлов) It's

only recently that I returned from this around -the -world trip .

Да я шучу только . Of course , I'm only joking .

-Вы вчера поздно воротились? -Нет , прокатился только .

(Писемский)

-Was it late when you got back yesterday? -No, I only went for a ride .

-А где он?

-Я не знаю.

Я Только здесь.

-Where is he? -I don't know. I'm here alone./I'm the only one here .

1

411

c . The только is sometimes embedded in a phrase where the first word is the more significant one , and would naturally take the stress : Взял только в руки эту штучку , а она и развалилась .

( Гончаров )

All I did was pick this thing up in my hands , and it simply fell apart . Отвечайте мне коротко и искренно на один только вопрос. Give me a short and candid answer to just one question . d . Note that when English ' only' follows the word it applies to, the expression is made more emphatic (e.g.

" Exit Only ” ,

" For Emergency

Use Only " ) ,

but that in Russian, expressions with the только following tend to be less emphatic , often carrying an idea that the statement is one that the hearer is expected

to have no trouble understanding or agreeing with (Да

я шучу

только , Недавно толью вернулся) . 5. = 'but ' .

Только

can also apply to the whole clause or sentence , and

in this

case becomes a conjunction with the sense of ' But ' (just like colloquial English ' Only ' ) :

' It's just that ... ' .

Again , the только саn stand first or last .

Пошел бы на собрание, только не услышал о нем . I would have gone to the meeting , only I didn't hear about it . Шестнадцать .

Морячок хороший .

Тихоня только .

( Соболев)

He's sixteen. He's a good sailor. It's just that he's a slow mover . 6. Apparently derived from the fundamental meaning of ' nothing other than ' , ' nothing else but ' is the occasional use of только to emphasize a word . except with interrogatives (See below . ) .

LESS COMMON ,

In this use , только always follows

the

word it emphasizes . ' really'

'I kid you not'

' indeed'

' ...all right' " I'm telling you '

Ох, и потеха толью была.

Я думал , что мы никогда не найдем.

Oh , it was fun , I'm telling you .

ТОЛЬКО

(И) + Gen. of Noun

I thought we'd never find it .

( + ЧТО)

Pronoun

' the only ... is ...' ' all the ... is ...' У нас только заботы теперь , что окуривать , обмывать , обрызгивать . (Л. Н. Толстой) All we worry about around here lately is fumigating, washing, and sprinkling. Весь вечер в " башне " только и разговору было , что о бюро .

( В.

Некрасов)

All evening in " the tower " the only thing people talked about was the office .

412

Даже обидно:

семилетка -- в колхозе , а по сельскому хозяйству не учат .

и знаний дают , как * фасоль прорастает .

Только

( Троепольский)

(*Here the чro is omitted , evidently because the ,conjunction кak

takes its

place .) It's

really a shame :

the seven-year school is in a kolkhoz , and

teach them anything about agriculture .

they don't

All the knowledge they give them is

how a bean sprouts . Не грех ли тебе , Борис Павлович, --писала она между прочим : -- забывать меня старуху?

У тебя ведь только и родни, что я .

(Гончаров)

"Isn't it wicked of you , Boris Pavlovich, " she wrote at the same time , "to forget me when I'm an old lady ? After all , all the family you have is me . (Тимофей Петрович) всюду слыл за дурака, которому только и занятия было ; что быть на побегушках.

(Решетников)

(Timofei Petrovich) had a universal reputation as a fool whose only occupation was to run errands for people .

У него только их и было. Those were the only ones he had.

ТОЛЬКО + Used

Imperative

in threats and warnings : ' just ' .

The только can stand directly

before the

Imperative or directly after it. Только тронь пироги, тебе достанется!

Just touch the pies and you're going to get it!

1 ТОЛЬКО + Interrogative or Relative Pronoun

Interrogative or Relative Adverb Interrogative or Relative Adjective Places

strong emphasis on the interrogative or relative , with the idea that

speaker cannot imagine what the answer or outcome will be .

The только

the

most often

follows immediately after the word it emphasizes , but may be separated from it by intervening words .

Sentences containing this combination are often introduced by an и .

cf. ТОЛЬКО #6 .

Cf. это , which is used similarly .

' ... the deuce? '

' ... , for heaven's sake?'

" ... ever?'

' ... , of all things?'

' ... in the world?'

' ... in creation?'

' ... on earth ?’

‘ ... ever ( ... ) possibly?'

INTERROGATIVE :

Зачем только это приносят? What ever are they bringing that for?

413

Откуда только они вызнали? Where on earth did they find out? Уж какие чудаки на этой вечеринке были! И где только она выкапывает их? Wow, what weirdos there were at that party! And where in creation does she dig them up? И что я только сделаю? And what on earth am I going to do? INTERROGATIVE WITH NEGATIVE:

Где я только не искал? Where-all haven't I looked? Чего он только не знает, What on earth doesn't he know? Кто только его не любит? Whom can you imagine that doesn't like him? RELATIVE:. Везде, где только можно, наводил справки. I made inquiries everywhere, wherever I possibly could. Он бежал как только мог. He ran as hard as ever he possibly could. Если мужчина заплачет, так его бабой назовут, а эта кличка для мужчины хуже всего, что только может изобресть ум человеческий. (А. Н. Островский) If a man cries, they'll call him an old woman, and that name for a man is the worst of all that the human mind can ever think up. ТОЛЬКО :

А ТОЛЬКО (ЧТО) ДА ТОЛЬКО (ЧТО) но толькО (ЧТО)

' but,' 'only' (C. ТОЛЬКО # 5.) Compound conjunction, made up of synonymous conjunctions combined. Не знаю какая эта книга, не то литовская не то латышская, а только не русская. I don't know what kind of a book this is, whether it's Lithuanian or Latvian, only it's not Russian.

ТОЛЬКО :

но только но только что

'at any rate'

'anyway'

'in any case'

'anyhow'

До сих пор в палатке не знали, что Сенька самострельщик. То ли часовые об этом никому не говорили, то ли открытое, ясноглазное, с редкими оспинками лицо его не внушало подозрения, то ли просто каждый занят был самим собой и своими ранами, - в палатке были в большинстве тяжело раненные, - но только никто ничего не знал. (-В.П. Некрасов) Up to now, the people in the ward did not know that Senka was a patient with a self-inflicted wound . Whether it was that the sentries had not talked about it to anybody, or that his open, clear-eyed face with a few pockmarks on it did not excite any suspicion, or that everyone simply was occupied with himself and his own wounds, -the people in the ward were mostly severely wounded ones-, at any rate no one knew anything about it.

414

-Что же прикажете делать? Но только что и много они врут. Послушать их ... все невинные ... (Л.Н. Толстой) What would you have us do about it? In any case, they say a lot of things that aren't true. If you listen to them, they're all innocent ...

ТОЛЬКО БЫ Past

ЕСЛИ БЫ ТОЛЬКО

+ ЛИШЬ БЫ ТОЛЬКО

{

Inf

ХОТЬ БЫ ТОЛЬКО 'ifonly,' 'as long as' Used in various contexts when speaking ofwishes and desires.

Лишь бы только она поправилась! Ifonly she gets well! Вы бы только посмотрели, что он за письмо написал! You should just see what a letter he wrote me! Мне все равно, куда мы идем, только бы вы шли с нами I don't care where we go, as long as you come with us. Я не прочь ждать здесь, только бы сесть. I don't mind waiting here ifonly / as long as I can sit down.

Эка бездельник! Только 6 уткнуть нос в книгу! What an idler! All you want to do is bury your nose in a book! ТОЛЬКО

BOT

только что вот ВОТ ТОЛЬКО ВОТ ТОЛЬко что

Augmented forms of ТОЛЬКО # 4, 'solely,' 'nothing other than,' 'all that ...'

Только вот уплатить по счету, и все в порядке. All we have to do is pay the bill, and everything is all set. Отец мой, правда, мужик был, а я вот в белой жилетке, желтых башмаках. Со свиным рылом в калашный ряд ... Только что вот богатый, денег много, а ежели подумать и разобраться, то мужик-мужиком ... (Перелистывает книгу) Читал вот книгу и ничего не понял. Читал и заснул. (Чехов) ... It's true, my father was a peasant, and here I am in a white vest and yellow shoes. I've shoved my way into higher circles ... The only thing is, I'm rich , I've got lots of money, but come to think and sort things out, and I'm a regular peasant ... (Leafs over a book. ) I've been reading this book and didn't get a thing out of it. I was reading it and fell asleep. Да ведь, братец, я, ей-богу, даже очень скуп: спросите хоть жену, вчера вот только, черт ее знает, как-то промахнулся. (Писемский) Really, brother, I swear I'm actually very tight-fisted - ask my wife for instance; but as for yesterday alone, the devil knows just how it was that I slipped up.

415 вот только 1.

= только вот .

See above .

2. ' just now ' , ' right now ' Ну вот я вижу самолет , на разбеге, да?

Взлетает вот только , да?

There , I see the plane , it's on the takeoff run , right ?

It's taking off right

now, right?

только вот что ' only on condition that ' Ну,

ладно ,

пойти с нами

удить рыбу можешь .

Только

вот

что молчать

будешь , понял? Well ,

okay, you can come fishing with us .

Only on condition

you keep

quiet , understand?

ВСЕГО ТОЛЬКО ТОЛЬКО ВСЕГО И Augmented forms of ТОЛЬКО # 1 , ' not more than ' , ' no more than ' У меня при себе всего только два рубля. I've only got two rubles with me .

Были здесь всего только десять минут . They were here no more than ten minutes . m Только всего и сказал: " Я вернусь завтра. All he said was “ I'll be back tomorrow . ' '

ДА И ТОЛЬКО

1. ' ... and that's all '

' just '

“ ... , and that's all there is to it ' " and that's that'

' simply 'an absolute

(cf. Только и всего , р421 . ) a . Often after a noun that constitutes the predicate of a Ах, какой он выдающийся актер! What a brilliant actor he is ! Ругались так , что и на поди .

one -word sentence .

Гений , да и только ! A genius , and that's all there is to it !

Ужас , да и только !

They were ripping up at each other something awful . It dreadful . b. After a whole sentence .

Обманщики !

Usually stands last .

Вот не отдам, да и только!

The crooks ! I won't pay it , and that's that !

was simply

416

Это не пройдет , да и только ! That simply won't work. Это не правда, да и только.

That just isn't true . 2. 'and that's all'

s on and on '

-ing'

' just keeps on

Indicates that an action is done persistently and to the exclusion of everything else .

Болтает , да и только . He just keeps on yakking .

ЕДВА ТОЛЬКО КАК ТОЛЬКО ЛИШЬ ТОЛЬКО ЧУТЬ ТОЛЬКО Augmented forms of ТОЛЬКО #3b,

as soon as ... ' , ' no more than ...

when ... ' ,

' no sooner ... than ... ' , ' right after ... ' , ' the minute (that) ... ' , ' scarcely ... ’ Рано утром, едва только Павел и Андрей ушли , в окно тревожно постучала Корсунова. Early

( Горький), in the

morning,

Pavel

and Andrei had

no more than left when

Korsunova knocked agitatedly at the window. Как только получилась его телеграмма, они отправились в Ленинград. As soon as his telegram came , they set off for Leningrad . Лишь только он сказал это, осознал он свою ошибку. The minute he said that, he realized his mistake . Лишь только она начала ходить , ее уже заставили возиться с маленькими братьями и сестрами .

(Решетников)

She had no sooner started to walk than they had her taking care of her little brothers and sisters . Чуть только мы пришли домой , пошел дождь. We had no sooner gotten home than it started to rain. Чуть только приблизились проволоки , сверкнула большая искра.

The moment the wires came near each other, there was a

big spark.

417

ТОЛЬКО ЕЩЕ

ЕЩЕ ТОЛЬКО

' still only '

' no more than'

' still just'

'all that still (remained, etc.) '

A frequent combination, but actually only the literal sum of the meanings of the two words . Они еще только собираются выехать. They're still just getting ready to start out. Только еще всходил солнце когда приступили к работе. The sun was still only coming up when they started work. Только еще неделю тому назад с ними говорили . We were talking with them no more than a week ago.

только и

+ Gen of Noun

( + ЧТО)

Pronoun

See under ТОЛЬКО (И) + Gen. , p411 .

только и Used

+ Imperative

in relaxed and

expectedness .

informal

narration . Conveys

sense

of unpreparedness , un-

NOT COMMON .

' up and ... '

' then all of a sudden ... '

' went and ...’ Только и обратись к нам какой- то незнакомец.

Then all of a sudden a stranger spoke to us . Всё было готово , только и откажи у меня машина. Everything was ready , and the car went and conked out on me .

Только

И

Только ... И + Vb только

И

(...) ЧТО ...

COMMON .

'only'

' the only thing (that) ... is ...'

'all the ... that ... '

' nothing but ...'

' the only ... that ... ' Augmented forms of ТОЛЬКО #4 , ‘ solely ' , ' exclusively ' , ' not other than ' . In regard to the optional что , see under ТОЛЬКО ЧТО .

Note that

418

1. The next word after the и is always the verb, regardless of whether there are any intervening

words between the только and the и

or not..

· 2. A considerable variety of sentence the только and the

elements can occupy the position between

и, e.g. a Nominative subject , an Accusative

adverb, a prepositional phrase , etc.

object, an

There is more often only one such sentence

element in this position, but less commonly there can be a string of them before the и and the verb .

In this arrangement, the тoлько applies to the word directly

after it . 3. If the construction of the sentence requires a conjunction or an interrogative (е.g. чтобы, как, когда, где, кто, что , etc. ) , it will occupy the position of the optional чтo, and that чro will not be present. 4. If the optional чro is present, or if there is a conjunction or an interrogative in the position that would be occupied by the чro, then a frequent pattern is to have the только and the и stand together, without any intervening words between them, and the sentence elements that sometimes come between the только and the и (§2) come after the чтo , conjunction , or interrogative . 5. Только (... ) и regularly precedes the verb ($ 1 ) , but applies to the subject , object , or modifier, NOT the verb. I.e. , there is never any question of whether the action expressed by the verb takes place , but rather there is a question of who does it, or of whom or what it is done to , or of how it is done .

EXAMPLES :

WITH ТОЛЬКО И : Он только и интересуется математикой. The only thing he is interested in is mathematics .

Хлеб и капусту только и едят . Bread and cabbage are all they eat . На работе только и слышишь о футбольном матче. At work the only thing you hear about is the soccer game . Приезд Степана Астахова взволновал весь хутор: в каждом курене, на каждом гумне об этом только и говорили .

(Шолохов)

The arrival of Stepan Astakhov had the whole village

excited :

in every

hut and at every barn this was all people talked about. Ведь только и храбриться ему одному , пока его никто не видит . (Л. Н. Толстой ) You see, he can only show off when he's alone , as long as no one sees him.

1

419

WITH Только и ... ЧТО ... : На работе только и слышишь что о футбольном матче. At work the only thing you hear about is the soccer game . Он в отставке , только и живет что на пенсию He's retired ; all he lives on is his pension . Ее младшая сестра только и получает что поношенные платья.

Her younger sister never gets anything but hand-me -down dresses . А земли самая малость , только и есть что господский лес . (Тургенев) There's just a tiny bit of land , and all there is is timberland of the master's . Только и слышались , что рассыпчатые голоса

жаворонков

над

отдаленными

полями , да в самой роще две- три птички , .не торопясь , выводили свои коротенькие коленца.

(Тургенев)

All that were heard were the fragile voices of skylarks over the distant fields ,

and in the grove itself two or three birds unhurriedly

sang forth

their brief calls .

WITH ТОЛЬКО И + CONJUNCTION OR INTERROGATIVE : Я только и хочу, чтоб вы этот проклятый ключ нашли. The only thing I want you to do is find that blasted key . Они только и подметают пол , когда будет приезжать инспекция. The

only time they sweep the floor is when the inspectors are coming.

Он только и думал , как отделаться от посетителя. The only thing he was thinking of was how to get rid of his visitor.

WITH ТОЛЬКО ... и ... Теперь только трубку и курю . Nowadays all I smoke is a pipe. Только чертополох и растет там . Nothing grows there but thistles . Отцы друг ко другу не ездили , она Алексея еще не видала , между тем как все молодые соседки только об нем и говорили .

(Пушкин)

Their fathers did not visit each other, and she still had never seen Aleksey while all her young neighbors were talking of nothing but him.

420

WITH ТОЛЬКО ... и ... WITH SEVERAL SENTENCE -ELEMENTS BEFORE THE И : (LESS COMMON ) Только из - за Петляева у меня катер и ходит без отказа , все знают ! ( Соболев ) It's only due to my friend Petlyaev that my boat keeps running; everybody knows that!

WITH ТОЛЬКО ... И ... WITH BOTH A WORD BETWEEN ТОЛЬКО AND И AND A FOLLOWING CONJUNCTION :

(LESS COMMON )

Моя любовь уже не казалась батюшке пустою блажью, а матушка только того и желала, чтоб ее

Петруша женился на милой капитанской дочке . (Пушкин) father now, and my mother's now , and My love did not seem like a mere caprice to my

only desire was that her Petrusha should marry the captain's sweet daughter .

только

и +

Ipf Pres

делать Vbs : сделать, знать Noun : дело

+ ЧТО + Vb matching

Ipf Past

делать in Aspect ,

Prf Pres

Tense , and Person.

Prf Past

Any vb-form may be used with |дело /дела.

Дела

'All ... does is ... '

' ... does nothing but ... '

' All ... did was ... '

' ... did nothing but ... '

'The only thing ... does is ... ' 'The only thing ... did was ... '

Он только и знает ,

что жалуется.

All he does is complain . Он только и знал , что краснел да заикался.

All he did was blush and stammer. Жить ей у брата было не очень- то весело , только и знали , что по целым дням спорили и ругались.

( Чехов)

Living at her brother's was not especially jolly for her:

all they did for

whole days was quarrel and snarl at each other.

Они только и делали , что сидели играли в карты. They did nothing but sit and play cards . Он только и сделал , что волком посмотрел на меня .

The only thing he did was give me a savage look. Теперь критики только и дело , что расхваливают его нарасхват .

( Писемский)

Now the critics are doing nothing but vie with each other in showering praise on him.

421

и

только только и ВСЕГО ТОЛЬКО- ТО ' and that's all'

'and that's the end of it'

' and that's all there is to it'

'and that's that'

' and that's all I have to say about it' Скажи им, что им придется закончить эту работу, только и всего . Tell them they're going to have to get that job finished and that's all there is to it .

-Вот вам гривенник. -Только - то?

-Here's a dime for you . -Is that all ?

ТОЛЬКО

.... KAK ...

( ЧТО)

Только- только

.... KAK ...

' no more than

' no sooner

when ... '

... , than ... '

= ТОЛЬКО # ЗЬ , p409 . See also under ТОЛЬКО- Только # 2 , p424. These formulas are essentially equivalent to как только , ' as soon as ' . Только приедешь куда- нибудь, только скинешь с себя все и расположишься теплой печки , как уж * говорят , что лошади готовы.

у.

( Гончаров)

You no more than arrive somewhere , you no more than chuck all your things off and get settled by a warm stove when they tell you the horses are ready . * Уж( е ) is fairly common in ТОЛЬКО ... KAK ... constructions . See under УЖЕ , p468-469. Только что выдавалась свободная минута , как я начинал искать Петю. (Каверин) I would no sooner get a free minute than I would start looking for Petey. Мы только что отправились , как пошел снег . We had no sooner set out than it started snowing . Только- только успели мы притаиться за кустами , как внизу показалось сразу пятеро всадников.

(Гайдар)

We had no more than had time to hide behind the bushes when a group of five horsemen immediately appeared below.

422

КАК ТОЛЬКО ЕДВА ТОЛЬКО ЛИШЬ ТОЛЬКО ЧУТЬ ТОЛЬКО See under ЕДВА ТОЛЬКО, p 416 . ЛИШЬ ТОЛЬКО

1.

= ЕДВА ТОЛЬКО, p 416. 'as soon as'

2.

'no more than ...'

'no sooner ... than ...'

'the minute (that) ...'

= ТОЛЬКО # 4, p 410. 'solely'

'exclusively'

Лишь только is simply an intensive, made by combining the two synonymous words лишь and только.

ТОЛЬКО :

но только но только что

See p 413. ТОЛЬКО РАЗВЕ (ЧТО) РАЗВЕ ТОЛЬКО

(ЧТО)

BOT РАЗВЕ ТОЛЬКО Разве только is a frequent combination, but in meaning it is only the sum of passe and только. The meaning of the только is #4, 'solely', 'exclusively', 'nothing other than'. The meaning of the разве ,'except', 'unless', is here concessive, sometimes reluctantly concessive. The idea is that if something was ever the case at all , then it was only so-and-so. And the speaker is not convinced that that was indeed the case. The чтo is merely colloquial, and adds only to the style and tone, not the meaning.

'only .... ifat all'

'only´..., maybe'

'only .... ifever'

'unless perhaps ... , only'

'only ... , if anything'

Успеешь! 000 вот разве только ты взволнован теперь, рассеян, так работа тяжелее пойдет. (Достоевский) You'll manage! ... Maybe you're just a little upset right now and distracted , and so the work'll go harder. Летом по этим лесам ни проходу, ни проезду, разве только по речке. (Серафимович) In summer these woods were impassable, walking or riding, except perhaps along the stream only. Схожи они разве только глазами -синими, широкими и близко поставленными друг к другу. (В.В. Иванов) They resembled each other only in the eyes, if at all, which were dark blue, wide, and placed close together.

423

Я еще никогда не слышал ,

чтобы он сказал лишнее

когда подашь бумаги , спросит :

слово .

Только разве,

" Каково на дворе ? " ( Гоголь )

I have never heard him say an unnecessary word .

Perhaps only when you

give him some papers he asks , " How is it out of doors? " Ничего нет внушительного в моей жалкой фигуре ; только разве , когда бываю я болен tic'om , у меня появляется какое-то особенное выражение. ( Чехов) There is nothing impressive in my wretched appearance , unless perhaps only when I am ill with tic , I acquire a certain particular expression. А надворный советник тот же полковник, только разве что мундир без эполет . (Гоголь) A court councillor is the same as a colonel , except maybe only the uniform doesn't have epaulets . Не всякий и сумеет войти в избу к

Онисиму;

упросит ее

к нему

стать

к лесу задом , а

(Of a house overhanging a ravine :)

разве только что посетитель передом . ( Гончаров)

Not everybody can get

into Onisim's

hut , maybe only if the visitor prevails upon it " to stand with its back to the woods and facing him . "

ТОЛЬКО ТАК 1. = именно так, точно так, ‘ ехactly like this , ' ' no way but this ’ Только так, упаковать книги в деревянные ящики , да занумеровать все ящики . Do it exactly this way :

pack the books in wooden boxes and number the

boxes . 2. = так = так только , ' not-for any particular reason ' , 'just off hand , '

'just happened to' p 335-337 . See TAK $ 9 , P

See TАК ТОЛЬКО , p 361-362 .

— Скажите , вы написали что- нибудь для женского голоса? - Я почти ничего не пишу, - возразил Паншин, · я ведь это только так, между делом.

(Тургенев)

-Tell me , have you written anything for a female voice? -I scarcely write anything, -said

Panshin , -You see ,

I wrote this

hand , in the midst of other things I was doing.

-Аркаша? -Что? —Нет , я так только , я ничего

(Достоевский)

-Arkasha? -What?

-No , I just happened to say that , I didn't have anything to say ...

just off

424

ТОЛЬКО · только 1. ' just barely'

a .+ Inflected Verb: Мы только- только предотвратили страшное столкновение. We just barely avoided having a dreadful collision.

b . + Inf: Сама по себе речка эта-- не особенная, так себе, только - только двум лодкам разъехаться.

( Гайдар)

In itself this stream was nothing out of the ordinary ; it was not at all impressive: two boats could just barely get past each other

on it.

2. ' just now ' , ' just a moment ago ' Поздравляю вас .

Очень рад .

Congratulations .

Женя только - только сказал мне.

I'm very glad .

Gene just this minute told me .

Врач сейчас здесь, он только- только приехал. The doctor is here now ; he just now got here.

только что The combination только что is characteristic of colloquial speech .

However, every

one of the four meanings of только что given below can also be expressed by только alone (See ТОЛЬко $ 3 , 3 , 4 , 5) .

Thus it appears that the что does not modify the

force of the только in any substantial way. 1. (Adv) ' only' , ' just , ' ' just barely ' , ' just now ' , ' just a moment ago' , ' just this minute ' cf только $3a . The next word after the только is ordinarily a verb , though

not necessarily .

WITH AN INFLECTED VERB: У меня нет никакого представления, о чем идет речь.

Я сам ведь только

что пришел. I haven't got the least idea what they're talking about .

I just got here

myself.

WITH A PARTICIPLE :

(LITERARY)

Наташа сидела не двигаясь, не сводила глаз с купола тогда только что построенного собора.

(Бунин)

Natasha sat without moving and did not take her eyes from the dome of the cathedral , which at that time had just been built . 2. (Cnj ) ' only', ' as soon as ' , ' no sooner ... than ... , ' ' the minute (that) ... ' Cf только $зь Только что он открыл дверь , свеча погасла. As soon as he opened the door, the candle went out.

425

3. ' only ' , ' nothing other than ' , ' solely ' , ' exclusively ' , cf только Но наш певец не пел , а только что пищал.

( Крылов)

But our singer didn't sing, but only squeaked. (Разумихин) поднес к его рту ложку супу, несколько раз предварительно подув на нее, чтоб он не обжегся.

Но суп был только что теплый. (Достоевский)

(Razumihin) raised a spoonful of soup to his mouth after blowing on it several times by way of preparation so that he would not burn himself.

But

the soup was only warm.

4. ' only' , ' but' cf только $5 . Есть у меня водительские права, только что у меня при себе нету. I do have a driver's license , only I don't have it with me . Только ( что) is sometimes found used redundantly together with а, да, which themselves mean ' but ": Но только что и много они врут . But they do tell a lot of lies .

только

чТО

ог но,

Послушать их-- все невинны. (Л. Н. Толстой ) To hear them talk, they're all innocent .

НЕ

'all but '

(lit .: "' only not ' )

' practically,' ' just about '

' only just short of'

Актер , игравший роль глупого сына управителя, только что не куверкался, стараясь смешить публику, однако никто не смеялся . ( Писемский) The actor that played the role of the steward's stupid son all but turned somersaults trying to get a laugh out of the audience , but no one laughed . Его братья , однодворцы, только что не молились на него , шапки перед ним ломали, гордились им . His

brothers ,

who

( Тургенев) were

smallholders ,

practically

idolized

him ,

obsequiously to him, and took pride in him. И верно : на пасеке And it's true :

НЕ ТОЛЬКО

у меня --только что не рай ... ( Фадеев)

it's just about a paradise on that bee-farm of mine ...

ЧТО

' not to mention'

' let alone '

' to say nothing of'

( lit .:

" and not only " , " and not just '')

Иван Васильич будет в ярости, не только что его жена. Ivan Vasilich will be furious , to say nothing of his wife .

bowed

426 Угостили

всех соседей, не только что детей.

They treated all the neighbors , not to mention the children.

ЧУТЬ ТОЛЬКО лишь только

КАК ТОЛЬКО

ЕДВА ТОЛЬКО See under ТОЛЬКО :

ЕДВА ТОЛЬКО , p416 .

ТОПРИ

. теперь See ТЕПЕРЬ :

ТОТ

ДА

dialectal variants , p 377 .

ТОТ

= тот или другой, ' one person or another'

TO - TO The literal meaning to то- то is " That is it " , " That's the thing " .

То- то focuses

attention on something that precedes it : a preceding remark that the speaker has heard (or has made himself) , a preceding scene that the speaker has witnessed , or something else in the preceding experience of the speaker. To-To has developed several applications': 1. Standing alone , or separated by a pause from following words . In reply to the preceding remark. TO- TO TO- TO BOT

BOT TO- TO BOT TO- то же

ну то- то ну то- то же a. Expressing satisfaction with the preceding remark, which itself is often the answer to a question.

' That's it '

' That's right '

' Good '

' That's the stuff'

- Вы составил доклад, -Составил.

-То- то. -You've drawn up a report? -Yes .

-Good .

427

- Я приготовила все мои уроки .

-То- то: -I've done all my homework. -That's nice . -Титка !

Корове дал соломы- то ? То- то , а то все вы только и норовите

работу бросить. -Titka !

( Гладков)

Did you give the cow some straw ? ...That's good , because the

one thing you're always anxious to do is leave your work. Крутицкий : .... Дядя не видал твоей работы? Глумов:

Как можно ! Как же бы я осмелился!

Крутицкий : Ну , то- то же .

Он только говорит , что умен, а ведь он болван

совершенный. ( А.Н. Островский)

K:

Your uncle hasn't seen your work?

G:

What an idea !

As if I would dare !

K: That's good .

He just claims to

be

smart,

but

actually he's

a

complete /fathead . b. Often the thought behind the reply To- To is that the other person has finally arrived at the idea that the speaker (the one who replies " To- To " ) has had in mind all along.

In saying “ То - то ” , the speaker is therefore agreeing with

what has just been said and at the same time is often expressing at least a slight impatience with the other person for taking so long to come around to that idea . (1 ) In reply to a statement . 'Well , you see now?'

'What did I tell you ? '

' Well , there you are then '

' That's what I've been saying'

-Поезд еще не прибыл . -То- то .

Не надо было торопиться так.

-The train hasn't come yet . -What did I tell you?

There was no need to rush like that .

-Дождь стал сильнее. -То- то .

Дай поезжай с нами.

-The rain has gotten worse . -Well , there you are then .

Why don't you ride with us?

— Не купим . Очень дорого это .

-То- то. -Let's not buy it .

It's awfully expensive .

-Well , that's what I've been saying. Липочка : Я совсем, маменька , не воображала , что Лазарь Елизарыч

такой учтивый кавалер !

А теперь вдруг вижу, что он '

гораздо почтительнее 'других.

428

Аграфена:

Вот то- то же , дурочка !

Уж отец тебе худа не пожелает .

( А.Н.Островский)

Lipochka: Mama , I never imagined at all that Lazar Elizarych was such a polished gentlemen . But now all of a sudden I see that he's far more respectable than the others . Agrafena :

There , you see now , you foolish girl !

Your father isn't going to

want anything bad for you , for heaven's sake . ..... Барышня в это время тишину любят и чтоб никто их беспокоил,

Павлин:

особливо об деньгах.

Вы то подумайте :

когда они приедут из

собора, сядут в размышлении и подымут глазки кверху, где душа их в это время бывает? Подрядчик: Староста : Павлин:

Высоко , Павлин Савельич, высоко. Уж так- то высоко , что ах1

Ну, вот то- то же ! ...... Деньги деньгами, а тоже и время надо знать... (А.Н.Островский)

Pavlin (the butler) : ... Madame likes quiet at this time , and doesn't have

anybody bother her,

especially about money .

like to

You people just

think this over: when she comes from the church and sits down absorbed in meditation and raises her eyes to heaven, where do you think her soul is then? On high , Pavlin Savel'ich , on high .

Contractor :

Village elder: Pavlin :

So high up that you just can't imagine it !

Well, there you are now ! .....Money is money , but you have to know

the right time to bring it up too. -Ребята мои ... воры ... ; при первой неудаче они свою шею выкупят моею головою. -То- то ! —сказал я Пугачеву. —Не лучше ли тебе отстать от них самому? (Пушкин) -My boys ...are thieves ... ; the first time we have a setback, they'll turn me in to save their own necks . -Exactly, I said to Pugachev . -Wouldn't you be better off to break with them yourself? (2 ) . In reply to an apology or concession .

COMMON

' You'd better'

IN REPLY TO A NEGATIVE : 'You'd better not'

' I should hope so'

IN REPLY TO A NEGATIVE': ' I should hope not '

'See that you do '

IN REPLY TO A NEGATIVE : ' See that you don't '

—Я больше не буду так поступать.

-То- то. -I'm never going to do that again .

should hope not.

429

- Я брошу пьянство. -Ну то- то же .

-I'm going to quit getting drunk. -You'd certainly better. -Я отсюда очень осторожно буду водить машину. -Hy то- то. -From now on I'm going to be very careful driving the truck.

-See that you do . 2. As part of a sentence , without any pause between TO- TO and the words that follow it .

Note how the TO- TO is usually followed directly by whatever is em-

phasized , without any connecting words , although a чтo is sometimes join the то- то with what follows it .

See $ 2a .

used to

The то- то is regularly first in its

clause . a. Identifying the key point TO- TO BOT TO- TO

BOT TO- TO

И

BOT TO- TO

же

ну то- то ну то- то

же что

TO- TO

TO- TO

И есть

то- то вот и есть TO- TO

и есть, что

то- то вот и есть, что BOT TO- TO

и есть, что

BOT TO- TO BOT TO- TO

, что И есть

TO- TO

И оно

TO- TO

и оно, что

BOT TO- TO

и оно, что

BOT TO- TO

И ОНО

TO- TO

и оно- то

' That's it'

' The point is , ... '

' That's the thing'

' The point is that ... '

' That's exactly it'

' That's the point : ... '

' That's just it '

' That's the trouble': ... ,

The particle phrases containing и есть and и оно аrе especially characteristic of popular speech .

430

To- To is used in seizing upon one idea out of several and asserting that this one is the essential point in what has just been said .

The

effect

bring the situation under discussion into sharper focus .

is that of trying to

Often this

clarifying re-

statement is followed by additional amplifying words .

Naturally, in practice clarifying restatements with TO- TO often take the form of REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS .

However, the speaker can also be clarifying

a preceding remark of his own. -Она это с таким волнением рассказывала ... -То- то с волнением , — отвечал я. -Волнения- то ей теперь вредны. (Достоевский ) . -She told about it with such agitation ... -That's just it :

with agitation , -l replied . Agitations aren't good for her

right now . -Ты, Вася, возьми к себе племянницу- то ... -А на твоей квартире разве нельзя?

-То- то что негде.

(Решетников)

-Vasya , why don't you take the niece in with you ? . -But do you mean to say you can't have her in your apartment? -That's just the point , that there isn't any room. -Эх вы, ученые люди , - сказал третий , мужественный гопос, перебивая обоих .

1

-То- то вы, артиллеристы, и учены очень оттого, что все с собой свезти можно , и водочки и закусочки .

(Л.Н.Толстой)

-Oh , you smart people put me all out of patience , -said a third , manly voice, interrupting both of them . -The thing that's so awfully smart about you is that you can bring everything along with you , vodka and snacks and all that . -Да ведь ты слышал , она при тебе даже сказала, что она будет сидеть нынче у

окна, на пруд смотреть. -Да это она так сказала. -Вот то- то я и не знаю, нечаянно или нет

.... Why, you heard that .

она это сказала. (Л.Н.Толстой)

She did indeed say , with you

there , that

she'd be sitting at the window now and looking at the pond .

-Oh, she just said that offhand . -That's just the trouble :

I don't know whether she just said it at random or

not. -А зачем же вы стоите? ... Разве вам места нет? -То- то и есть , что нет .. Я уж искал , да все стулья заняты . (Достоевский) -But why are you standing?

There really aren't any seats ?

-That's just it , that there aren't . occupied.

I've been looking, and all the chairs

are

431

-Да что -- земля , что ли , такая тайная есть , откуда хорошие люди приезжают ?

-Земли такой нет. ( Горький) -What's the idea -- there's such a secret land the good people come from ,

-То- то и оно .

is that it? -There isn't any such land .

-That's exactly the point. -А эти люди , кто они такие ?

Да откуда они ?

Мы ничего о них не знаем .

—Вот то- то и оно , что не знаем. -But these people , just who are they? And where did they come from? We don't know anything about them . -That's just the point : that we don't know .

b. Intensifying Noun

(1 ) TO- TO TO- TO

-TO

+

Adjective

O- TO

Verb

ОТ- ТО

'What a

'That's really . !‫י‬

'How extremely

'Is that ever In exclamations .

" '

'Now that's what I call

(though)!'

! '

'Now there's a real ———_____ !'

Indicates that whatever follows it is an instance where some

quality is exhibited in great measure , to an unusually high degree , " in the fullest sense of the word" . It is common in this use of TO- TO to have the TO- TO simply followed by a noun ,

adjective , or verb that constitutes a predicate , without any

However, the subject is also sometimes specifically expressed .

WITH PREDICATE NOUNS :

То- то удовольствие! What a pleasure ! Опять обманули нас .

То- то мошенники !

They've swindled us again . Посмотри только ! Just look!

What crooks they are !

То- то солдат !

Now there's a real soldier!

WITH PREDICATE ADJECTIVES : То- то там в лесу темно было ! Was it ever dark there in the woods !

То- то хорошо - то ! That's really great !

expressed subject .

432

Разве

этом

в

глупо- то!

образование- то состоит ,

что

дурацкие

песни петь ?

То- то

(А.Н.Островский)

Are you going to try to tell me that education means. singing idiotic songs? Now that's what I call really stupid ! То- то ему, небось , жалко !

(Шолохов)

I'll bet he's feeling awfully bad .

WITH VERBS : Если бы Тыбурций тебя здесь увидел , то- то бы рассердился! (Короленко) If Tyburcius saw you here , he'd really get angry ! Тото родные волновались , как она не позвонила. Her family were worried something awful when she didn't call . То- то , поди , Костя соскучился по тебе , ждет не дождется. (Мамин- Сибиряк) I'm sure Konstantin has missed you just terribly .

He simply

can't wait .

То - то бы тебя, Зикин , на коня посадить ; ловок бы ты был , —шутил ефрейтор... (Л.Н.Толстой) “ It would be really something to stick you on a horse ,

Zikin .

You'd be

swell at it ," a corporal jeered. (2 ) то- то

+ Gen of quantity .

То- то смеху было. There was a big laugh .

То- то было радости. There was great rejoicing. То- то было удивления этому. There was great surprise at this . c . Pointing out the cause . то- то то то

BOT

TO- TO

и

то- то ... и

' That's why .. ' ' So that's why ... ' To- To is used when picking out something as the cause of an observed situation . When TO- TO has this meaning, the usual pattern is to have the ro- To followed by a full clause , with both subject and predicate expressed . (When TO- TO is used as an intensifier ($ 2b) , the то- то is more often followed by a predicate alone , subject is only sometimes

and the

explicitly expressed . )

Again, there is по что ог other word connecting то- то with the words that follow .

433

Пассажир носил с собой большую сумму денег ; то-то он казался стесненным. The passenger was carrying a large sum of money ; that's why he seemed

uneasy . -Он был на прошлой неделе в отпуску. -То- то я не дозвонился к нему. -He was on leave last week. -So that's why I couldn't get him on the phone . - Отрезало нас .

Водой.

We've been cut off.

То- то я смотрю , что в лугах пусто . By flood-water.

(Паустовский)

That's why I've been noticing that

there's no one around in the meadows . Оно и видно , что вам делать нечего; то- то вы по всей Москве и ходите. (А.Н.Островский) It's plain that you don't have anything to do ; that's why you go around all over Moscow. -У меня нога немного побаливает . -То- то я слышу, что йодоформом пахнет .

(Гайдар)

-My leg has been hurting a little ... -So that's why I smell iodoform . d . IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS TO- TO BOT TO- TO TO- TO BOT то- то же BOT то- то же

indeed !'

nothing!'

nonsense !'

baloney!'

' Oh sure,. ' Oh great !

' !

is it?'

!

'That's a great answer.

__indeed !'

Used in contemptuous rejections of what the other person has

just said .

The

repetition with TO- TO expresses the speaker's displeasure and impatience with what he considers a foolish remark - foolish because it is inappropriate or because it shows failure to understand the situation or because it is a transparent attempt to evade or deceive . It may be that in origin TO- TO in contemptuous repetitions is TO- TO §la , an expression it,

of satisfaction ,

used

sarcastically

to

express dissatisfaction : "That's

!", "Oh sure !! " This is one use of TO-TO where the TO-TO can stand last as well as first , although

even here TO- To in last position is less common . When To- To does stand last , it is separated by a pause from the words that precede it . When it stands first, it may or may not be followed by a pause .

434

To an inappropriate response : Мне надоело слушать это .

- Хватит.

-То- то хватит .

Разве так говорят?

-That's enough .

I'm sick of listening to that.

-" That's enough '' indeed !

-Забыл.

Is that any way to talk?

Я совсем забыл ...

-Виноват .

То- то.

-Sorry .

I completely forgot to ...

-You forgot .

That's just great .

To a false estimate of the situation : 1 -Не волнуйтесь.

Склеим ...

—Вот то- то же склеим !

Это никак не пройдет.

-Don't worry. We'll glue it ...

| -Oh sure !

We'll glue it !

That won't possibly work.

- Он очень сердился на это. -Ну ничего. -То- то ничего.

Он имеет большую заручку у них там .

-He was awfully mad about that. -Well, what the heck?

What the heck ." That's brilliant.

He has a lot of influence with those

people there . To an attempt to evade or deceive': -Виноват . Я совсем забыл ...

-То- то же забыл . -Sorry.

Не хотел .

I completely forgot to ...

-Oh yes , you forgot !

You didn't want to .

-Лиза : Нет , сударь, я ... лишь невзначай ...

- Фамусов : Liza :

Вот то- то невзначай.

За вами примечай . (Грибоедов)

No , sir, I ... just accidentally ...

Famusov: Accidentally indeed ! You people have to be watched .

TO- TO ТО- ТО И ТО- ТО

' so-and-so'

(neu. )

See TOT- TO , below .

TOT- TO

Cf ТАКОЙ- ТО #4 , p 371 .

' so-and-so' , ' this ... that '

Used when giving a shortened account of what someone else said .

The TOT- TO is |

1

435

substituted for details that are immaterial to the main idea that the speaker wishes to convey. Целый день мной помыкали .

Убери те- то , достань то- то от того- то , позвони

тому- то, а потом сделай то- то и то- то .

А я вот до точки дошел .

They kept ordering me around all day . so-and-so ,

It was put away these , get that from

get so-and -so on the phone , and then do so-and-so

and so -and- so.

I've had it .

Точно Some uses of точно are immediately clear, and need no particular illustration here : 1. (as ordinary adverb applying to a single element in the sentence :) ' exactly ' , ' precisely ' точно так

'exactly so'

точно определить

' determine with precision'

точно в два часа

'at exactly two o'clock'

точно по плану

' exactly according to the plan'

2. (in replies :) 'Yes ', ' exactly' , ' exactly so ' , 'that's right'

Others are : 3. (as conjunction in comparisons :) ' just like ' , ' like ' , ' as ' , ' as if' , ' as though ' , ' as if ... were ...'

Some common patterns are :

а . точно + Noun : Недалеко от стен фабрики .. стояла толпа народа и гудела, точно рой шмелей. ( Горький) Not far from the walls of the factory..stood a crowd of people and buzzed like a swarm of bumblebees . За месяц до его смерти я с ужасом

стал примечать, что умственные

способности его тухнут , слабеют , точно догорающие свечи. (Герцен) A month before his death , I was horrified at beginning to notice that his mental faculties were waning, weakening like candles burning down . b . точно + Prepositional phrase : Княгиня протянула ему кисть правой руки --- очень красивую , беловатожелтую , точно из пергамента

(Боборыкин)

The princess extended to him her right hand

-00 very beautiful , whitish

yellow, as if it were made of parchment . Откуда- то тянуло затхлой сыростью , точно из погреба . ( Мамин- Сибиряк) From somewhere there was a draft of musty dampness , like that from a cellar.

436

Ноздри ее

раздувались , вздрагивая , точно у лошади . ( Горький)

Her nostrils dilated , quivering like a horse's .

с . точно + Verb : Кусты шевелятся и шелестят , точно тихо разговаривают . (Гаршин) The bushes stir and whisper as if they were softly conversing . Всякие слухи о нем замерли , точно он исчез с лица земли . (Тургенев) All talk of him died away as if he had disappeared from the face of the earth. Минуты две было тихо , точно обоз уснул .

( Чехов)

There was silence for two minutes or so , as if the wagon train had gone to sleep . В грязные улицы прикрытые густыми тенями старых облезлых домов , осторожно , точно боясь испачкаться, заглядывало мартовское солнце .

|

( Горький) The March sun peered cautiously into the muddy streets covered with the thick shadows

of shabby old houses , as if afraid of

Пошел подпрыгивая, точно вдруг охромев .

getting dirty.

( Горький)

He started to walk with a bobbing gait , as if he had

suddenly gone

lame .

точно с цепи сорвался ' wildly' , ' madly' 4. (as adverb applying to the whole sentence :) a . as the focal word in sentences concerned with whether something is really true .

Точно что (often written точно- что) is a more colloquial variant .

' indeed '

'it is /was true that'

' definitely'

'really'

' it is /was a fact that'

'for a fact'

' as a matter of fact'

'certainly '

' truly'

точно alone : Мне послышалось что- то похожее на рыдание ; слепой мальчик точно плакал , и долго , долго .

(Лермонтов)

It seemed to me I heard something like sobbing; the blind boy was indeed crying, and for a long, long time . Если же тревога была не пустая , если точно человек или зверь приблизится к стае быстро поднимаются старики , и стремглав бросаются за ними молодые .

( С. Аксаков)

But if the alarm was not a false one , if a man or an animal really is about to approach the flock , the old ones get up quickly , and the young ones rush headlong after them .

Ее

платок,

точно ее , .. BOT

437 и прореха на самой

серединке .

( Григорович)

It's her kerchief, it's definitely hers , ..here's the rip right in the middle . и точно: А лошадь его славилась в целой Кабарде , -- и точно , лучше этой лошади ничего выдумать невозможно .

(Лермонтов)

And his horse was famous in all of Kabardia , --and indeed ,

nothing better

than this horse could be imagined .

-Не успеете, .. сейчас второй звонок. вагонов, как раздался звонок.

И точно , я не успел дойти до конца

(Л.Н.Толстой )

" You won't have time , .. that's the second bell now ." And indeed I had not had time to walk to the end of the cars when the bell rang.

точно ли : Арина Петровна встает с своего места и высматривает в дверь , точно ли Улитушка ушла. ( Салтыков- Щедрин) Arina Petrovna got up from her seat and looked out through the

door to

see whether Ulita had really left . Наступили сомнения.

Да верно ли так силен он?

Точно ли умен , талантлив,

смел? ( Горбатов) Some doubts arose .

Was he truly that strong?

Was he really clever, gifted ,

and bold? точно что: -А ведь он будет потолковее вас, как вы думаете? -Да- с , они ( =он ) точно что посолиднее- с .

(Достоевский)

-Actually , he's probably somewhat smarter than you are , don't you think? -Yes sir; he is in fact rather more sound , sir. Ну , я точно- что услышал , что он полетел , но дальше ничего не слышал. Well , it's true I heard he was fired , but I haven't heard any more than that . А в командировках я точно- что не бывал ни разу, ... (Короленко) But truly , I haven't been making any trips , not even one ... b. as an unemphasized parenthetical aside added to an assertion.

Обед, точно , был отличный . The dinner was , indeed , an excellent one . Я показала Владимиру Николаевичу вашу кантату; я была уверена, что он ее оценит , -- и она , точно, очень ему понравилась .

( Тургенев)

I showed your cantata to Vladimir Nikolaevich ; I was sure he would think highly of it , -- and , indeed , he was very pleased with it .

Аксюша :

Не всё я на салазках каталась , я с шести лет уж помогала матери

день и ночь работать ; а по праздникам , точно , каталась с салазках.

мальчишками на

( А.Н.Островский)

Aksyusha : I haven't been sledding the whole time ; from the age of six I've helped my mother work day and night ; but on holidays , used to go sledding with the kids .

certainly, I

438

(Запус)

направился в город.

Здесь , твердо уверенный, что имя его в

Ишиме хорошо известно , он явился в военкомат , и ему, точно, обрадовались. (Всеволод Иванов) He (Zapus ) set out for town .

Here , he was convinced that his

name was

well known in Ishim ; he put in an appearance at the military commissariat, and , indeed , they were glad to see him. 5. (as particle .

Expressing doubt or uncertainty .

= БУДТО $ 1 )

' it seems to me ' , ' I think ' , ' perhaps '

Я с ним точно когда- то встретился. I've run across him at some time or other, it seems to me .

Но ты точно расстроен чем- то?

(Помяловский)

But are you perhaps upset by something? Ты же сюда посмотри. Оно точно совсем не повреждено.

You take a look. 6. (as particle .

I can't see that it's damaged at all .

Expressing complete disbelief.

-БУДТО $ 2 = РАЗВЕ)

This is a case of using what in form is an expression of doubt , uncertainty , or supposition (as in ТОЧНО $ 5, above ) , but in meaning is an ironic assertion of complete disbelief.

' As though '

' Do you suppose '

'Do you mean to try to tell me ’ И зачем нужны эти деньги?

Точно на один волос могут прибавить ей счастья,

спокойствия души эти деньги?

(Л.Н.Толстой)

And what does she need this money for? Do you really mean to try to tell me that this money can add to her happiness or peace of soul by a hair's weight? 7. (as adverb inserted in a DOUBLED WORD CONSTRUCTION used to form a REPLY CONTAINING A REPETITION :) See - TO/-TA $F2d, p.391 .

-Вот золотой человек! Я его в поминание запишу ... -Золотой- то он , точно золотой ,

а я вам вот что скажу..... ( А.Н.Островский)

-Now there's an excellent person ! I'll keep a memory of him ... -He is indeed excellent , but I'll tell you something ...

ТОЧНО БУДТО -ТОЧНО $3а , 3b , & 3c , p435-436 . 'just like ' , ' like ' , ' as ' ; ' as if' , ' as though' , ' as if ... were ' Стих тянется так лениво и вяло , точно будто в какой- нибудь заказной оде прошлого столетия .

(Добролюбов)

The verse drags as sluggishly and limply as in some made -to-order ode of the last century :

439

Он взвешивал свои слова , точно будто стоили по рублю за штуку. He weighed his words as if they cost a ruble apiece .

ТОЧНО БЫ

-ТОЧНО $ 3c , p435-436 . ' as if' , ' just as if' , ' as though ' , ' as if ... were ... ' Сердит был сегодня ужасно мой , Николай- то .

Я было то да се , а он

чуть было не закричал на меня, а потом словно жалко ему стало , говорит: Денег мало .

Точно бы он из- за денег

кричал . (Достоевский)

My Nikolai was dreadfully angry today .

I started to say this and that ,

and he was right on the point of starting to shout at me . And then he apparently began to feel sorry , and said he was short of money . though it was money he'd been making a fuss about .

И ТОЧНО 1.

точно $ 4 , p437 .

' indeed ' , ' really ' , ' definitely '

2. The same as # 1 above ( ' indeed ' , ' really ' , ' definitely ' ) , but IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS :

' It certainly is ...' ' You're darned right it's ... '

'I'll say it's ...'

- Холодно сегодня. -И точно холодно . (OR : Холодно и точно. )

-It's cold today . -I'll say it's cold .

ТОЧНО КАК 1.

= ТОЧНО $ 3a & 3b , p435 : ' like ' , ' as ' Он уставился на меня точно как сыч . He stared at me just like an owl .

2.

= ТОЧНО $ 5 , p438 : as particle expressing doubt or uncertainty =БУДТО $ 1 . ' it seems to me ' , ' I think ' , ' perhaps ' Миловидов ( Подойдя к двери , которая в избу) :

Точно как здесь? Да

здесь и есть. ( А.Н.Островский) Milovidov (going up to the door that leads to the room) : There's somebody here , perhaps ? Yes , there is .

Just as

440

ТОЧНО

КАК БУДТО

1. -ТОЧНО

$ 3c , p436 : ' as if ' , ' just as if ' , ' as though ' , 'just as though '

В другой раз он нападал на какую- нибудь небольшую книжонку и читал ее удивительно долго и внимательно , точно как будто или не понимал ее , или старался выучить наизусть.

(Лесков)

On another occasion , he came upon some wretched little book and read it amazingly long and attentively, just as if he either did not understand it or was trying to memorize it. 2. - ТОЧНО $ 5, p438 : 8 БУДТО $ 1 . Слушай !

Точно как будто крик услышал?

Listen!

оно

as particle expressing doubt or uncertainty .

I think I heard a shout , didn't I?

ТОЧНО

оно

и

тоЧ НО

(pop. sp.)

=это точно , ‘ it's true ' , ' that's for sure ' , ' that's certain ' , ' certainly ' , ' It's true (that) .. ' NOTE :

Similar in sound is одно точно , ' One thing is certain’ .

Грызлись , оно точно , а на самом деле были верные друзья. They bickered , it's true , but in reality they were firm friends . Я не верил ему, оно точно, но все- таки не знал , что правда. I didn't believe him , that's for sure , but still I didn't know what was the truth . Пока он грустил , оно и точно, в его сознательных чувствах к Вере Павловне

не

было ничего, кроме дружеской признательности за ее участие . ( Чернышевский) While he was mourning, certainly , there was nothing in his

conscious feelings

toward Vera Pavlovna other than friendly gratitude for her sympathy.

ТОЧНО ЧТО ТОЧНО- ЧТО 1. See ТОЧНО $4 , p437 : ' indeed ' , ' really ' , ' definitely ' 2. = ТОЧНО $ 7 , p438 : ' indeed ' , IN DOUBLED-WORD CONSTRUCTIONS IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS .

ЭТО ТОЧНО ?

Is that right?

441

TPABA: figurative meanings 1. ' tasteless ' , 'flat' Суп был очень жидок сегодня.

И

The soup was very thin today.

на

вкус трава- травой (OR : как трава) .

And it had no taste at all (Literally: ' And

in taste it was absolutely ( like ) grass '. 2.

' of no importance ' , ' insignificant ' Последнее время несколько наступать стал на хвост . Однако ж мне волноваться нечего. Люди такие трава. · He's started to get pushy with me lately. be

upset .

But there's no reason for me to

People like that don't count for anything .

( Lit .:

' People like

that are grass . ')

ТРОХЬ

( pop. sp. )

8 трогай, the Imperative 2 sg of трогать ' touch '

•

Не трожь! Don't touch it!

ТРОХИ

(regional)

ТРОШКИ

(Cf Czech trochu , trošku) ( Polish trochę , troszkę )

Adv. 'a little ' , ' a bit '

Вот я пойду с вами !

Погодите трохи.

I'll go with you ! Wait a little ! Перед обедом оно лестно искупаться- то ... а потом, значит, поспать трошки. ( Куприн) Before dinner it's nice to have a bath ... and then , you know , to sleep a bit . Подпруги я ему отпустил , нехай постоит оседланный , а трошки

охолонет --

тогда расседлаю , - говорил хозяин, заботливо накидывая на коня нахолодавшую попонку.

(Шолохов)

" I've loosened his saddle -girths , let him stand a while with the saddle on , and

when he cools off a little I'll take the saddle off" , said the host ,

carefully throwing a cool horse -cloth over the horse.

ТУДА Note that in Russian , verbs of arriving ( прибыть , приехать , прийти , etc ) take туда, not там, and к кому, not y кого.

442

ТУДА

ЖЕ

1. ' to the same place ' 2. Used in derisive and contemptuous reactions to a remark or an action that the speaker regards as completely unjustified by the realities of the situation and grossly inappropriate. The туда же nearly always precedes the word or phrase it applies to.

In practice , the next word after the туда xe is often a verb, though there is nothing obligatory about this . In contrasting two-clause formations where the first clause is a statement

of the

actual situation and the second clause consists of туда же and the words expressing what it was that was considered inappropriate , the clause with the туда xе is usually introduced by the conjunction a ' and ' , ' but' , or occasionally by some other conjunction of similar meaning such as тaк in the sixth example .

'and here '

' and he has the gall to ...'

' and now'

' and he has the nerve to ...'

' and yet'

'and then he turns around and ...'

'but oh no, ... ...'

' oh sure !'

': With two clauses joined by a contrastive conjunction Больной человек, а туда же кутите.

(Писемский)

You're a sick man, and there you go carousing. Каждый за своим куском хлеба хочет на чужой шее доехать , а туда же говорят: люби меня, уважай меня !

(Горький)

Everybody wants to get his piece of bread riding on somebody else's neck, and then they turn around and say ' Love me ! Respect me!' У самой дочка с драгуном убежала, а она туда же злоязычничает ! (Салтыков . Щедрин ) She herself had a daughter that ran off with a dragoon and she has the nerve to badmouth others ! Но какого чорта прапорщики эти лезут.

Такое же пушечное мясо,

как и мы.

A

( Макаренко)

туда же воевать им хочется.

But why the hell do these ensigns keep coming here? They're the same kind of cannon fodder as we are .

But oh no, they're in a mood to fight.

-Да что говорить , - продолжал мужик.. , - хлебца- то небось и всякому хочется ..... иной вот и не так чтобы больно нуждается, а глядишь , туда же канючит , словно ( Григорович) " There's no denying it, " continued the peasant.., " I suppose everybody would

и взаправду с голоду.

like to have it,

his

. and before

bit

you

of bread ... but

know

he were really starving .

it he

still

some goes

fellow doesn't especially need

right ahead and complains

as

if

443

Ведь уж чего !

Погибаешь , ветошке подобишься , так ведь нет же , туда же с

амбицией , дескать честь моя страждет . Really , what is this !

( Достоевский)

You're going to pieces , you're like a worn-out garment , but

oh no , you have to keep right on stewing about your pride , saying " My honor has been injured , ' ....

Used independently in exclamations : Всё выдумки ... тоже !

Бубнов:

Туда же ! Хо- хо- хо ! Bubnov :

Хо- хо !

( Горький)

It's all lies ... horseradish !

ness . That's a hot one ! Ах ты , молокосос !

Праведная земля !

Haw haw !

Him and his land of righteous-

Haw haw haw !

Давно ли был ты свинопасом- то ?

You young snotnose !

Туда же , учить . ( Писемский)

Is it very long since you were a

swine herd? Oh sure !

He's going to teach me how to do my job. Ишь ты , расходилась дворянская кровь !

Ах ты, господи !

Туда же , чиновница!

( А.Н.Островский) Dear me , the daughter of the nobility flew off the handle !

Oh ,

Lord !

Oh my

yes, a bigshot's wife she is , to be sure!

Квашня: ..... ..... Да будь он хоть принц американский ,

—не подумаю замуж

за него идти. Клещ :

Врёшь !

Квашня:

Чего- о ?

Врёшь !

Клещ :

Квашня :

Обвенчаешься с Абрамкой

Козел ты рыжий !

Туда же — врёшь !

такое дерзкое слово ! Kvashnya':

.....

.....

Да как ты смеешь говорить мне

(Горький)

..... And even if he was an American prince , I

wouldn't even

think of marrying him.

Kleshch : Baloney ! Kvashnya : Kleshch : Kvashnya :

Wha -at? Baloney !

You and Abram are going to get married .

You red-haired goat !

You've

got your nerve :

baloney is it?

where do you get off talking fresh like that to me?

ТУДОЮ

(Odessa dialect)

= туда

So too сюдою = сюда .

And

444

(pop. sp. )

туды

- туда

ТУТ In addition to its basic meaning of ' here ' , ' in this place ' , Tyr has a number of extended and derivative senses . 1. As adverb :

' here ' , ' at this time ' , ' at this point ' , ' then '

Тут меня вдруг осенило , зачем он мне это сказал . At this point it suddenly dawned on me what was his object in telling me this . Тут князь Ипполит фыркнул и

захохотал гораздо прежде своих слушателей.

(Л.Н.Толстой) Here

Prince Hippolite chuckled and burst into laughter far ahead

of his

listeners . Забыл я обуться дома, выбежал босиком , а тут дождик пошел накрапывать. I forgot to put my shoes on at home and went running out barefoot, but then a light rain started to come drizzling down . 2. As adverb : ' in this case ' , ' in this instance ' , ' in this matter'

COMMON .

Что мне сказать? Тут , я думаю, голос доктора важнее моего . (Гончаров) What is there for me to say? In this case I think what the doctor says carries more weight than what I say. -Лучше вашей Мари никого нет на свете , - сказала она. —Мари нейдет тут в сравнение, - отвечал Хазаров.

(Писемский)

- " There's no one in the world better than your Marie , '' she said . -'' Marie doesn't come into comparison here , ” replied Khazarov . 3. As adverb:

' besides ' , ' in addition '

-Usually in the combinations А ТУТ , А ТУТ ЕЩЕ.

See below , p446 . 4. As intensive particle after interrogative pronouns and adverbs': ' just ... ? ' , ' ...

on

earth ?' , ' ... in the world ?' Cf ГДЕ , p77-78 КАКОЙ , $ 11 , p 189-194 , & $ 12 , pl94 . КУДА , $ 4 , p203 . Где тут нам убедить их ?

Just what chance have we got of persuading them? -Был партизан- честь ему за это , кулаком стал, врагом сделался - раздавить ! Какие тут могут быть разговоры ?

(Шолохов) guerilla -He was a give him credit for that ; he became a kulak, and he made himself our enemy - crush him! What is there to talk about? ( Lit.: What discussions can there be?)

445

-Я знаю . ·

это для вас жертва ... .

- Э! полноте ! - отвечал неторопливо Соломин . — Какая тут жертва! ( Тургенев) ,, -"I know ... this is a sacrifice for you ... "Oh, stop it !" Solomin replied unhurriedly. Куда тут мыться?

"What sacrifice?"

Из крана ничего не выходит.

How are we supposed to wash? Nothing comes out of the faucet . Обеда готовить некому.

Что тут станешь делать?

There's no one to get the dinner. 5. As

particle

What on earth are you going to do?

in expressions of impatience , apparently vaguely referring

to the

surrounding situation. Вот поди верь тут ученым !

Я и ничему не учился, да поскорей и собственным

умом добрался в чем штука- то .

(Некрасов)

So much for taking the word of learned people on this ! I never studied anything, and I figured out what was going on faster than they

did, by

using my own head. Мы не собираемся тут за тебя кашу расхлебывать.

(Аксенов)

We'll be darned if we'll go around after you cleaning up the

messes you

make . Толковать тут мне с вами .

(Бабель)

What am I supposed to do , hold a discussion on it with you? 6. As particle standing at the beginning of a remark and calling attention to it.

This

may be either a remark adding to and supporting what has already been said, or a remark introducing a new topic . a similar way .

Some speakers of English use the word ' here ' in

В цеху сегодня всё в беспорядке .

Тут у нас три человека больны, да еще два

в отпуску . At the workshop everything is in a muddle today . sick and two more on leave .

We've got three people

(OR : Here we've got three ...)

Все уже знают , Аннушка. Тут по радио без тебя передавали . (Леонов) Everybody already knows , Annie . weren't here .

(OR :

They broadcast it on the radio while you

Here they broadcast ... )

-Можно к тебе? - Можно , будем чай вместе пить , - с холодком отвечает Катя.

-Нет ... я так посижу , не радеваясь ! - говорит Настя. -Тут тебе письмецо Семен прислал ... чуть не забыла!

Вторую неделю лежит .

Он и тебе и мне по письму прислал ... - намекающе смеется Катя, и Настя это замечает .

(Леонов)

-" Can I come in to see you? '' -"Yes .

We'll have some tea together," Katya answered stiffly.

-" No ...I'll just sit a minute , without taking my things off , ” said Nastya .

446

-Here Semyon's sent you a letter ... week it's been lying here.

I almost forgot !

This is the second

He sent a letter to each of

us , " laughed

Katya in a meaning manner, and Nastya noticed it .

А ТУТ ЕЩЕ

А ТУТ

' at the same time '

'and besides '

' and in addition'

' and on top of that'

Было и так темно , а тут еще на низину лег туман (Казакевич) It was dark even as it was , but besides that a fog descended on the hollow. Меня как раз вызывают в райком : не ладится у меня с ремонтом. —А тут она опять со своим квадратно- гнездовым [ севом] !

(- Николаева)

Just then they called me over to the Regional Committee office : things aren't

going well

with the

repairs

at my place .-And on top of that she

starts in again talking about her check-row planting!

ТУТ

ХЕ

1. ' right here ' , ' right there ' Солдаты, выбегая из покинутых, полуразрушенных халуп, строились тут же на улице .

(Шолохов)

Running out of the abandoned, half ruined peasant houses , fell into formation right there on the street . 2. 'right away', ' immediately' Выглянула рыжая голова и тут же скрылась.

(Сергеев- Ценский)

A red-haired head peered out and immediately disappeared .

ТУТА

(regional)

- тут.

ТЫ ЩА

(regional)

- тысяча, ' thousand'

ТЮКАТЬ /ТЮКНУТЬ

1. (pop. sp .) ' chop' , ' hack' 2. (slang) ' kill ' , ' finish off'

the soldiers

447

тя

8 тебя

(pop . sp . )

ТЯГОМОТИНА

(pop. sp . ) 8 скука, ' boredom ' , ' tedium '

448

449

y:

Y vs. B

(Ukrainianism)

In Ukrainian , y and в are treated as phonetic variants of each other, with all the meanings of Russian y and B. As a general rule in Ukrainian, в is used after vowels or between vowels , and y is used after consonants or between consonants , although y also appears in some cases after a vowel when the word after the y begins with a consonant. As a result , some Ukrainians confuse y and в when speaking Russian': for в воду 'into the water' у воду

у два часа

for в два часа

' at two o'clock'

у наряда

for в наряде

'on duty ' , ' on detail ' (mil.)

в нас

for у нас

'among us ' , 'with us ' ' at our place ' , ' we have '

Узнала в брата

for узнала у брата

'I found out from my brother'

y + personal pronoun as particle phrase

The combination most often encountered is y mеня, but other pronouns are possible. Being in the role of a particle , the prep. stand first in its sentence .

pron . phrase is always unstressed , and cannot

1. In expressions of affection or praise , often with the air of giving recognition to what has long been the case .

Спасибо за помощь .

Ты у меня молодчина.

Thanks for your help . You're a grand fellow.

Он у меня проказник, и любит дразнить. He's a mischievous fellow , and likes to tease . ( -but I like him.)

Она у нас умница. She's our smart little girl . 2. In threats .

Often with an accompanying Imperative , of which the commonest one

із смотри. Ты у меня погоди только , я до тебя доберусь ! You just wait, I'll fix you! Смотри у меня, чтоб вся работа была закончена когда я вернусь . You'd just better see to it that all the work is done when I get back. 3. Nom. pron. + y + Gen. pron . +

Prf.

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

This construction is used in threatening statements that something will not be tolerated. The verb may be in any form in the preceding remark, but'is ' always put into the Prf in the reply. The person referred to in the y + Gen phrase is the one who will not tolerate the practice .

Cf y

personal pronoun in threats :

-Они вечно опаздывают на работу. -Они у него опоздают !

(OR : Опоздают они унего ! )

Preceding page blank

above , §2 .

450

-They're late for work all the time . -They'd better not try that with him ! -Стаскивает он. -Стащит он у меня ! -He filches things . -Just let him try filching things around me !

УДУМАТЬ

(pop . sp . )

- придумать , ' devise ' , ' think up ' , ' cook up ' , ' come up with'

УХ Basically, yx has two uses , which to some degree overlap : A. As an abbreviated form of the adverb yxe , ' already ' .

See under YXE.

B. As an emphatic particle , used when the speaker is trying to assert his point of view, which he wants his hearer to appreciate . 1. In general, when used as an emphatic particle yx most often either stands at the beginning of a whole clause and applies to all of it or stands inside its clause , usually before the chief word of the predicate , and applies either to that word or else to the predicate as a whole .

Less commonly , the yx.can also apply to the word before it instead

of after it, and can even stand last of all in its clause . The yx is sometimes accompanied by other particles that strengthen it. уж

да уж

уж и да уж и EXAMPLES : a . First in its clause : УЖ кому ж и знать наши дела, как не мне?

(А.Н.Островский)

And just who should know our local affairs here if it isn't me? Да уж не пущу без позволения мадамы. (Л.Н.Толстой) I'm certainly not going to let you in without Madame's permission . Только пятьсот?

Уж это даже несколько и обидно . (А.Н.Островский)

Only five hundred ?

Really , this is actually something of an insult .

Отомстить- то ей я отомщу, уж найду случай, не

умру без того ; ...

(А.Н.Островский) I'll get even with her all right ; you can be sure I'll find an opportunity;. I won't die without doing it ; . . . Чертоплановы чего захотят -- уж добьются !

(Тургенев)

When the Chertopkhanovs decide they want something , by George they get it! Уж я

его!

Bo -o-oy , will I fix him !

1

451

b . Inside its clause :

Я уж не говорю о капитане.

(Писемский)

I'll tell you , I'm not talking about the Captain . Только плакать- то уж незачем .

Настоящая девочка . (Л.Н.Толстой)

Only there's absolutely no reason to cry . Куда мне торопиться- то ?

That's just like a girl !

Мне уж надоело под чужой опекой жить , хочется

попробовать пожить на своей воле .

( А.Н.Островский)

Why should I be in a hurry (to remarry)? I got plenty tired of living with someone

else

bossing

me

around .

Пять суток просижу, а уж дождусь !

I'd

like to try living to suit myself.

( Г.Успенский)

I may sit here for five days , but by gum I'll wait it out ! c . Last in its clause :

Не в мочь уж. I simply can't stand it . Слишком уж ! That's just too much !

d. Applying to the preceding word: Приходит ко мне однажды с заказным письмом и сквозь всю публику лезет , чтоб я, видите ли , принял сперва его письмо , а потом уж прочие . ( Чехов) He came to my office once with a registered letter and pushed

his way

through the whole crowd and wanted me to take his letter first ,

see , and

the others afterwards . -Ладно , ладно , не буду.

Он опять рассмеялся. —Нельзя уж и подразнить.

(В.П.Некрасов) "Okay,

okay, I won't. "

He burst into laughter again.

" I really mustn't

tease you . " -По милости нашей барышни у госпожи Купавиной всем имением управляете , — ведь это легко сказать !

Да оно и видно :

и домик обстроили ,

и лошадок

завели , да и деньги, говорят ... -Заговорили уж, позавидовали !

(А.Н.Островский)

-Through the favor of our mistress you're in charge of

Mrs Kupavina's

whole estate , —of course it's easy to say that ! And it's how it is :

perfectly plain

you've built a nice little house , and you've gotten some horses ,

and people say you've got cash ... -That's gossip they've started , that's what .

They're jealous !

2. As the examples above show , yx is very frequent and has a great deal of freedom with regard to the positions it can occupy in the sentence . It is also true , however, that there are a number of particular places where yx typically appears':

a . With adverbs and pronouns expressing degree ( очень , слишком, много , мало , чересчур, весьма, чрезвычайно , etc )

452

Вы уж очень безжалостны ко мне .

(А.Н.Островский)

Really you're being awfully heartless toward me . Нарисуй художник такое лицо и не поверят :

очень уж оно

красиво . ( Ажаев)

An artist could draw a face like that , and people wouldn't believe it : certainly very beautiful. Тот отшатнулся, и не то чтоб обиделся, а уж очень удивился.

it's

( Достоевский)

The other recoiled , not that he was offended , but he was

certainly very

much surprised . И чтоб иметь только понятие о зодчестве, надобно ехать в Петербург- это невозможно !

...Страна чересчур уж малообильная изящными искусствами.

1 Слишком уж !

(Писемский)

To get just an idea of architecture , one has to go to Petersburg .

It's un-

believable ! This country is really excessively weak in the fine arts . Far too much so! Ая сама себе не враг , Евлампия Николаевна, и потому постараюсь во что бы

то

ни

стало

выйти

за Лыняева; для этого я готова употребить

все

дозволенные и даже недозволенные средства. Мне кажется, я уж очень открои венна с вами .

Извините меня !

(А.Н.Островский)

But I'm no enemy to myself, Eulampia |Nikolaevna , and for that reason I'm going to try to marry Lynyaev no matter what ; to do that I'm prepared to use all means allowed and even some that aren't allowed . very frank indeed with you .

I think I'm being

Excuse me .

Дубова взвод пойдет с обозом ... Уж больно прыткий.

( Фадеев)

Dubov's platoon will go with the baggage train ... They sure are awfully lively . b. With words that are not accompanied by any adverb of degree , but which themselves express qualities or actions that can occur in varying degrees of intensity: уж а уж ужи

да уж и

ужи ... же ... же уж уж

...- то

А Подколесина нет как нет .

Экий мерзавец !

Ужяж вымещу на нем. (Гоголь)

Podkolesin is absolutely nowhere to be seen. That scoundrel ! but I'll get him for this . А уж повеселились. We really had a good time .

By gum,

11

453

Уж и дурак. He's an awful fool . Все смеялись .

Уж и смущался же .

Everybody laughed .

Boy , was I ever embarassed .

Уж шумно- то здесь ! It's certainly noisy here !

с . With как, какой, так, and такой.

И как уж я ее

тут- то ругала!

(Лесков)

And how indeed I scolded her then and there ! Уж какая досада! What an extremely annoying thing to have happen ! -Незадача, братец , дьявольская незадача! б надо :

заяц дорогу

Rotten luck,

перебежал , какая

my friend , devilish

Выход нехорош был , вернуться

уж тут охота !

rotten luck !

really ought to have gone back home .

(А.Н.Островский)

I got off to a bad

start , I

The hare ran across the road .

Gad,

what awful hunting ! Зато уж каких женихов тебе припасла !

(Гоголь)

But ah, what marvellous suitors I've got for you ! Еще и не начиналось , а ты уж так уверенно говоришь ( А.Н.Островский) The business hasn't even got started yet, and you talk all that confidently? Михаил Борисыч Лыняев тоже богаты и

уж в

примете есть барышня,

княжеского рода ;

головке

как дрожание ,

что

у них

словно

летах,

- для

них

теперь на

немолодая, это точно- с ,

и

в

а уж так образованы, так образованы,

сказать нельзя- с . Mikhail Borisych Lynyaev is also rich , and he's not so young, and for him she's got her eye on a lady whose family belong to the nobility ; it's true she's not young, sir, and her head seems to have a tremble , but she's s0 exceedingly educated , so educated that there just aren't any words for it, sir.

Они уж так ленивы, They're

кнутом не поторопишь.

so lazy , ewen a whip wouldn't be enough

to get

Работа здесь уж такая нудная, что прямо наказание. The work here is so tedious it's a real pain in the neck.

d . In exclamations , either admiring or scornful : ‫י‬ ' What a 'Some

' Boy , did he ever уж

уж и

! '

!'

' That's quite a

‫י‬

them moving.

454

ужи ... же • же

•

уж

то

уж

то

а уж

Уж и конь !

(Л.Н. Толстой)

Wow , some horse ! Уж и медведище же был !

(Горбунов)

What a huge bear that was!

Уж и

придумал !

That was some idea he thought up!

Уж ты и

скажешь !

What a thing to say !/What nonsense ! /Boy , you'll say anything! Уж и вы! Aren't

Не нашли другого места упасть ! you the fine one though !

(Гоголь)

Couldn't find another place to fall

down, could you?

e . After да ог нет at the beginning of a reply :

Да уж , всё готово! Oh yes indeed, everything is ready! -А что с тобой сегодня?

У тебя утомлённый вид.

-Да уж, всю ночь печатал . -What's the matter with you today? You look done up . -I'll say ! I was typing all night . -Хорошие участки разобрали , а тебе вон за сельсоветом сулят нарезать. -Да уж, место ! —задумчиво протянул дед .

(С. Антонов)

"They've bought up some nice plots of land, and they're promising to allot some to you out behind the village council hall ." “ Yes indeed , a place !” —Нет уж , мой хороший!

The old man drawled thoughtfully. Я тебя не брошу, — Раненому другу отвечал моряк.

( Жаров) " Certainly not , buddy , I won't desert you '' , the sailor replied to his wounded friend. —Нет уж , этого ни под каким видом нельзя:

не приказано- с .

(А.Н. Островский) Oh

no , you can't do that on any account .

There are orders against it , sir.

— Я имею поручение от соседки моей, Евлампий Николаевны.

Дело- то не

важное. -Как не важное?

Нет , уж это она напрасно так думает . (А.Н. Островский)

-I have a message from my neighbor, Eulampia Nikolaevna .

The matter

isn't important . -What do you mean , not important? No indeed , she's mistaken in thinking that .

455

- Нет уж , товарищ лейтенант , как хотите , а к Петляеву я на поклон не пойду.

( Соболев) No sir, Comrade Lieutenant , I'm not going hat in hand to Petlyaev no matter what.

COMMON

f. With Imperatives :

- Кто- то подъехал к вам.

Уж вы меня отпустите.

(А.Н.Островский)

Someone has driven up to call on you . You really must excuse me ! Но коль скоро вы сами отворачиваетесь от нас и презираете благодетелей, то уж не гневайтесь на нас.

( А.Н.Островский)

But when you yourself turn away from us and despise your benefactors , then don't be angry with us ( for what happens ) . -Да уж не учи,

я не глупей тебя на

эти

дела .

( А.Н.Островский)

Now don't tell me how to go about it , I'm no dumber at these things than you are .

—Так уж ты меня извини , я пойду распоряжусь . Надо завтрак приготовить и кофей , жениха- то принять ; ведь племянник будет .

(А.Н.Островский)

So you excuse me now , I'm going to go and make arrangements .

I have to

get breakfast and coffee ready , and receive her fiancé ; after all , he's going to be my nephew. Молчи уж !

Мне только твое желание надо было знать , ... (А.Н.Островский)

Be quiet now ! All I needed was to know what you want , ... -Поедемте, господа !

До свиданья , Меропа Давыдовна!

Алексеевной нужно все магазины объездить . себе.

Нам еще с Глафирой

Вы уж позвольте мне взЯТЬ К

( А.Н.Островский)

Let's

go,

ladies

and

gentlemen !

Goodbye ,

Meropa

Davydovna .

Glafira .

Alekseevna and I have to visit all the stores . And do let me take her to my house .

-Я виновата .. · уж вы меня простите , мой голубчик . (Л.Н.Толстой) I'm sorry . . . excuse me , won't you , my dear fellow . —Ты уж потрудись , пособи мне .

(Л.Н.Толстой)

Please be kind and help me .

g. With да ог нет and an Imperative: — Что мне угодно?

Он спрашивает , что мне угодно !

A!

Ха- ха- ха!

Мне

угодно сказать тебе , что ты мошенник.

—Нет , вы уж это оставьте ! лишнее .

Ни к чему не ведет .

По нынешнему времени это

(А.Н.Островский)

-What would I like ?

He asks what I'd like ! Ah !

tell you you're a crook .

Ha-ha -ha !

I would like to

456

-No !

You cut that out , now !

That doesn't get us anywhere .

Nowadays .

that's out of place . —Ну, что ж мне делать прикажете ! други милые, вот что я вам скажу.

Допустить вас я не смею .

Домой идите,

После понаведайтесь, да не все вдруг !

— Нет , уж меня- то вы до барышни допустите, Павлин Савельич. (А.Н.Островский) -Now what am I supposed to do? I don't dare let you in. friends , that's what I advise you .

Go home, my good

Call again later, but not all at once !

-No, you let me see the mistress , Pavlin Savel'ich ... -Нет уж , извольте здесь подождать , так приказано . No indeed , be so good as to wait here .

( А.Н.Островский)

That was the order.

h . With знать (COMMON ) , and other verbs that refer to mental grasp ( -often negative , and usually 1st person) :

уж не знаю, уж не помню, уж не понимаю , etc.

уж

да ух уж и

|

да уж и -Но к чему это? - Уж я знаю к чему .

( Тургенев)

-But what's the idea? -Well, I certainly know what the idea is . -Ты -- Добрый. -Может быть.

- Уж я вижу !

Ты -- робкий тоже.

- Почему робкий?

- Уж я знаю!

( Горький)

-You're a nice guy . -Maybe.

-Oh , I can see that !

You're a fraidy-cat too.

cat? -Why a fraidy-

-Oh, I know ! -Так вы совершенно отказываетесь ухаживать за мной? - Совершенно .

А вам хотелось помучить меня, позабавиться? Не запирайтесь!

Уж я вижу по глазам вашим .

( А.Н.Островский)

-So you absolutely refuse to pay court to me? -Absolutely. didn't you?

You wanted to give me a rough time and have Don't deny it !

some fun,

I can see it very well from your eyes .

457

-Пробовали наливочку? право, не знаю.

Не знаю , хороша ли ; хотелось вам угодить , а уж,

( А.Н.Островский)

Have you tried the brandy? I don't know whether it's good; I

wanted to

please you , but actually I really don't know . -Я уж не знаю , кому на вас жаловаться, Нил Федосеич!

(А.Н.Островский)

I really don't know whom to make a complaint to against you, Nil Fedoseich ! Она и в школе была болтушкой ... Учителя уж и не знали , с кем ее сажать. (В. Лукашевич) She was a chatterbox in school , too . The teachers simply didn't know whom to have her sit with . На все наши уговоры бабка упрямо отвечала:

-Да уж и не знаю, как быть.

(Паустовский) To all our persuasions the old lady stubbornly answered " I

really don't

know what to do. Написала вздор какой- то , уж и не помню что; такая глупость непростительная! (А.Н.Островский) I wrote him some nonsense or other ; I really don't remember what .

It was

such inexcusable foolishness ! - Еще есть письмо , по которому вы получили тысячу рублей. —Уж не помню , батюшка, не помню ; память плоха стала.

( А.Н.Островский)

-There is also a letter by which you got a thousand rubles . -I really don't remember, my dear fellow, I don't remember.

My memory has

gotten bad.

i . With doubled verbs (Ipf Past or Pres ) Expresses long duration of action and hence , in some cases , concentration of effort also.

Used in recounting events that have made a strong impression on the

narrator.

( 1 ) Duration only : Что за манера!

Уж сидели , сидели ! ~ сказала графиня, проводя гостей .

(Л.Н.Толстой) "What manners !

My gracious , they stayed and stayed !" said the countess ,

after seeing her guests out. -И по ночам, знаете ли , ходила вдова княгиня на могилку и плакала.

Уж она

голосит- голосит , уж она стонет- стонет , и такую на нас тоску нагоняла, что не спим да и все.

(Чехов)

And at night, don't you know , the widowed princess would come grave

and weep.

She'd wail and wail ,

she'd groan and groan ,

got us feeling so bad we just didn't sleep at all .

to the

and she

458

(2 ) Duration and effort : Уж тёрли , тёрли , да руки наконец отчистили от краски. My! We scrubbed and scrubbed and finally got the paint off of our hands . Уж он ходил, ходил, братцы мои—нет !

не может найти дороги ... (Тургенев)

He kept walking and walking, boys , but no , he just couldn't find the road . Сел за стол .

Уж он писал , писал , бормотал всё что- то , вскочил потом

нахмуренный такой.

(Л.Н.Толстой)

He sat down at the table .

He wrote and wrote , .muttering something all the

time, and then jumped up with an awful frown.

|

j . Frequently with doubled-word constructions of the type .

так

• Cf p342-

344 , $20 & 22. Пыль так уж пыль .

Везде лежала.

The dust was really something. Уж сквозняк так свкозняк. The draft is simply awful .

It was all over.

Закрой окно , тебе говорят ! Shut the window, for Pete's sake !

Вот это лгуны так уж лгуны!

Boy, are they ever a bunch of liars ! Уж обед так обед.

Больше есть не могу.

That was a marvellous dinner. Вот устал, так уж устал.

I can't eat any more .

1

(А.Н.Островский )

I'm as tired as tired can be . Кричи во весь народ, валяй в колокола, чорт возьми ! так торжество.

Уж когда торжество,

( Гоголь)

Shout it to all the people , get going on the bells , dang it !

By gosh , when

1

you have a celebration, make it a real one! І k. In exclamations of the pattern Уж этот (мне) + Nom Noun expressing disapproval , dislike, dread, etc. Уж эти мне петербургские весны, ветры, да дождички с снежком, - уж это смерть моя, Варенька !

(Достоевский)

Heavens , these awful Petersburg springs , the winds and the with snow , - this will really be the death of me , Varenka ! уж эти работники !

rains mixed

Был бы здоров ни в жисть бы не стал держать. (Л.Н.Толстой)

Hired hands , bah !

If I was well I'd never even think of having them around .

И как- то даже тошно делается, когда с неделю приходится проболтаться в городе .

Уж этот мне ваш город.

(Мамин- Сибиряк)

And it really gets sort of revolting when you have to stick around in town about a week.

Do I ever hate your town !

459

Ах, уж эти мне гости !

обопьют , объедят , да тебя же и обругают ! ( Салтыков-

Щедрин) Boy , that's guests for you !

They eat and drink you out of house and home ,

and call you names besides ! Ох, уж эта охота мне!

Устал , братец .

А что делать- то?

охоты не могу. ( А.Н.Островский) Oh , what wretched hunting that was ! what's to be done ? Frightful !

Страсть!

Жить без

I'm played out , my dear fellow .

But

I can't live without hunting .

1. In questions of the pattern Уж не ... ли ... ? or He ... ЛИ . • · уж ? (1 ) Questions

of this kind are usually apprehensive references to something

that the speaker hopes is not the case. 'Don't tell me ...?' 'I hope ... not ...?'

' You don't suppose

' It's not ... is it?'

do you ?'

'I trust ... not ... ?' Уж на меня не сердишься ли ты ?

(Пушкин )

I hope you're not angry with me ? Уж не пожар ли?

( Гончаров)

There isn't a fire , is there ? Уж не несчастье ли какое у нас дома? (Тургенев) You don't suppose something has gone wrong at home , do you ? Он хотел нынче к вам заехать ... Не за этим ли делом уж? (А.Н.Островский) He wanted to stop in now at your place .

You don't think it's about this

business , do you? Уж не опять ли с ней припадок?

подумал Королёв.

( Чехов)

' I trust she hasn't had another attack ' , thought Korolev . (2) However, this construction is sometimes used in social conversation when the speaker is not seriously concerned about the situation : -Барышня хотят их установить и в хороший круг ввести :

в гости с ними

хотели сегодня ехать и даже все новое им платье приказали сшить. — Уж не женить ли хотят? - Похоже на

это- с .

(А.Н.Островский)

-The mistress wants to get him settled and introduce him to a good circle of people .

She wants to take him calling with her today, and

she has even ordered that new clothes be made for him. -Do you mean to say she wants to have him get married? -That's what it looks like , sir . - Сколько мне кажется, совсем не видала вас. —Однако ж припомните .

Вы меня, верно , где- нибудь видели .

460

Уж разве не у Бирюшкиных ли? ( Гоголь)

-Право , не знаю .

-As far as I can think, I've never seen you before at all . -But you'll remember . -I really don't know .

You must have seen me somewhere . You don't think it was at the Biryushkins ' , do you ?

m. With бы- constructions —Ах, уж оставили бы вы меня в покое . Oh !

(А.Н.Островский)

I do wish you would let me alone .

-Молчи ! нибудь :

Уж не болело б у меня сердце ,

кабы за молодчество за какое-

ну, растрать ты деньги казенные , проиграй в карты, все б я

пожалела ; а то выгнали свои же мундир их мараешь . Be quiet !

тебя

товарищи , за мелкие гадости , за то , что

( А.Н.Островский)

I wouldn't have been really grieved if it had been for some boyish

prank or other. If you had spent some official funds or lost it playing cards , I would have been sorry for you , but you were thrown out by your fellow officers for doing little , despicable things , for disgracing their uniform !

n . With лучше -Тебе все волки мерещатся, —пуганная ворона куста боится . ж?

А меня ты куда

Да нет, уж лучше в волки запиши ; я хоть и женщина, а овцой с тобой

одном стаде быть не хочу . ( А.Н.Островский ) To you a ll people seem like wolves . A frightene crow is afraid of a bush . d And what group would you put me in ? down in the list of the wolves .

I guess you'd really better put me

I may be a woman , but I don't want to be

a sheep in the same flock with you .

Уж лучше нельзя выбрать никого .

Уж тот , неча сказать , барин так барин .

(Гоголь) You simply can't choose anyone better.

Truly, this man is a gentleman if

there ever was one , and no mistake .

• .А вас как? -Карп Савельич. - Не может быть.

-Верно. -Да ведь карп -- рыба.

-То карпия, * - Да что карпия, что карп -- все равно .

Савельичем звали .

( А.Н.Островский)

• And what's your name?

-Karp Savel'ich . -That's impossible .

Уж лучше бы вас Сазаном* *

461

-It's the truth . -But a carp is a fish, you know.

-That's карпия* -Well , whether it's карп ог карпия doesn't make any difference .

It would

really be better if they called you Sazan** Savel'ich ! * Карпия : ** Сазан :

Dialectal for карп ,

сагр .

Another fish of the carp family.

o. With если, коли, раз -Я в безопасности и очень этому рад .

Но уж если бы мне пришлось полюбить

кого- нибудь , то я полюбил бы вас . ( А.Н.Островский) I am safe , and I'm very glad of it . with you . Уж если делать -- так всё иль ничего .

But if I ever did fall in love , it would be

( А.К.Толстой)

it is really going to be done , then it should be everything or nothing. Если уж лечить , то не болезни, а причины их.

( Чехов)

If one is going to treat them at all, then you shouldn't treat the diseases , but rather the causes of them . Что вы говорите ! должна; •

Я мужа своего , если уж не любить, так хоть уважать

( А.Н.Островский)

What a thing to say !

If indeed I don't love my husband , then I should at

least have respect for him; .... .. Если уж вы забыли все мои одолжения и милости к вам, так должны были помнить, что за обиду я никогда в долгу не остаюсь.

(А.Н.Островский)

If indeed you have forgotten all my favors and kindnesses to you, then you should have remembered that I never leave an insult unrepaid . Я вам говорила , что если уж я полюблю ...

( А.Н.Островский)

I told you that if I ever do fall in love ... Ну , уж раз вы сами решили , я протестовать не хочу. Вы-- хозяева. (Лаптев ) Well , once you have made the decision , I have no desire to protest it . You are in charge .

-Что сказывать- то , коли сердитесь . - Нет , говори !

Ты знаешь , я упряма , уж коли приказываю, так говори!

( А.Н.Островский )

-Why should I tell you , if you're angry?

-No, go ahead !

You know I'm stubborn :

if I order you to , then tell me !

462

p. After вот . Выдадут Аполлону Викторычу исполнительный лист , вот уж тогда дело будет крепко , таким документом пугнуть можно- с !

(А.Н.Островский)

Once Apollonius Viktorych gets the court order, that's when we'll really have the affair sewed up.

With a document like that , we'll be able to put

a scare into her! -Да мне бояться нечего:

я здесь со всеми в ладу.

Хоть ребячеств Лыняева

1 и всей их компании я и не одобряю , а все- таки не ссорюсь и с ними. -Именно, ребячества , вот уж верное- то слово ты сказал. ( А.Н.Островский) -I don't have anything to be afraid of. I'm on good terms with everybody here . Even though I don't approve of the infantilisms of Lynyaev and all that crowd, I'm not going to quarrel with them. -Exactly .

Infantilisms .

You've

certainly

used

the

right

word

for it .

| q. Before разве. — Чудо , как ты мила !

Уж разве он каменный, а то как бы, кажется ...

( А.Н.Островский) You look stunning ! Unless he's really made of stone , I don't see how he could fail to ... -Hy, для амура ты уж немного тяжел стал.

-Да уж и стрелы, я думаю, порастратили. —Нет , он еще приберег для случая. -Уж разве

немного, и то не очень острые.

(А.Н.Островский)

-Well , you've gotten a little heavy to play cupid . -And I imagine you've already used up all your arrows .

-No, he's saved a few yet, just in case . -I don't think it's really very many, and not very sharp ones at that.

r. After ведь. -Ведь уж тогда вы, благодетельница, все управление в свои руки возьмете? -Разумеется, возьму. ( А.Н.Островский) -But doesn't that mean that you, my benefactress , will get control of her whole estate? -Of course I will. Да ведь уж дела поправить нельзя. (Тургенев) But you see there is absolutely no way to set the affair right.

Но не прикажете ли водки?

Ведь уж обед

на столе .

But don't you want to order some vodka ? indeed .

(Тургенев)

After all , dinner is on the table ,

463

s . After только. Только уж чтоб ни- ни , чтоб и духу этого не было .

( А.Н.Островский)

Only whatever you do I don't want you to say anything "

about it.

There

mustn't be a breath of this . Ну, ступай !

Я прикажу, - только уж в последний раз , слышишь?

(А.Н.Островский) Well , get along with you .

I'll order it , but remember, this is the last time ,

do you hear? Я умею с ними обращаться , вот посмотри ! пословицу :

Только уж помни русскую

давши слово , держись , а не давши , крепись !

I know how to handle them; watch me do it.

( А.Н.Островский)

But just you remember the

Russian saying " When you've given your word , stick to it , but when you haven't , stand firm!'' 3. Since yx

is used frequently for emphasis , when the speaker is urging his

view, seeking recognition and appreciation of it on the part naturally that in some cases the sentence with yx

point of

of his hearer, it follows

has a plaintive or protesting or

reproachful or exasperated tone , indicating that the speaker feels that he has been put in a position that is somehow unreasonable or unfair .

Sentences of this kind may

range all the way from strong remonstrances to feeble objections , but it is often the уж,

embedded in any sort of statement , that shows this .

A number of sentences of

various types already presented in $$ Bl and B2 have this air of protest . Уж видно , нечего с вами делать .

( А.Н.Островский)

Well, I see it's impossible to do anything with you. Уж очень вы много власти берете надо мной , Меропа Давыдовна. (А.Н.Островский) Really,

you're assuming a lot of authority over me ,

Ты все молчишь , Мишель , так уж я за тебя говорю .

Meropa Davydovna .

( А.Н.Островский)

You never speak up, Michel, and that's why I'm speaking for you. Только пятьсот ?

Уж это даже несколько и обидно . ( А.Н.Островский) $ Bla .

Only five hundred? Really this is actually something of an insult.

Я уж не говорю о капитане . (Писемский)

$ B1b .

I tell you , I'm not talking about the Captain. Куда мне торопиться- то ?

Мне уж надоело под чужой опекой жить , ....

(А.Н.Островский) $B1b . Why should I be in a hurry (to remarry)?

I got plenty tired of living with

someone else bossing me around . ... Заговорили уж, позавидовали !

( А.Н.Островский) $ B1d .

That's gossip they've started , that's what !

They're jealous !

Вы уж очень безжалостны ко мне . (А.Н.Островский) $ B2a . Really , you're being awfully heartless toward me .

464

Нет

уж, товарищ лейтенант , как хотите , а к Петляеву я на поклон не пойду.

(Соболев)

§ В2e .

No sir, Comrade Lieutenant , I'm not going hat in hand to Petlyaev no matter what. Что за манера!

Уж сидели, сидели ! · сказала графиня , проводя гостей.

(Л.Н.Толстой) $ B2i(1 ) ‘ What manners !

My gracious , they stayed and stayed ! '' said the countess ,

after seeing her guests out.

АУК · Strengthened form of YX .

See under YX, § B2b , p452 .

1

А УЖ

... - ТО

Strengthened form of YX.

УХ ВОТ

See under YX,

§ B2d , p453-4 .

КАК

See under KAK, p186.

ДА УЖ Strengthened form of YX . See under YX, $$ B1 , p450

ДА УЖ

& B2h , p456 .

И

Strengthened form of YX. See under YX, $$ B1 , p450, B2b, p452 , & B2h, p456 .

УХ ...

XE

Strengthened form of YX. See under YX, $$ B2b , p452 , & B2d , p453-4.

УХ И Strengthened form of УЖ . & B2h, p456.

See under УЖ, $$B1 , p450 , B2b , p452 , B2d , p453-4 ,

465

УЖ И

IN REPLIES CONTAINING REPETITIONS

ТАК УЖ И Cf НУ УЖ, НУ УЖ И , p259

ЧТОЙ- ТО УЖ И

CЕ БУДТО $2 , p16-17 .

Always stands at the beginning of the repetition . Used in quizzical rejections of an idea that has just been expressed and which the speaker regards as ill-founded ,

ill-considered ,

unjustified , or unrealistic .

The accom-

panying tone may be one of either amusement or irritation. ' Oh really? ... ?'

... , you say? '

' Oh sure , ... !'

huh?'

'Indeed? ... !'

hey?'

' You don't say so ! ...?'

' Oh yah , ... !'

• 'What a great idea ! ... !' -Всё неправильно поняли .

- Уж и

неправильно .

-You've got it all wrong. -Have I indeed?

-Дела идут блестяще. -Уж и блестяще.

-Things are going splendidly . -Oh really ? Splendidly ? -В сельсовет

будем жаловаться.

-Чтой- то уж и в сельсовет ! -We'll complain to the village Soviet . -What a great idea ! To the village Soviet! - И огурчики свои, такие сейчас на базаре рубль штука. —Так уж и рубль ?

-- поддразнил ее Тимошин, подмигнув Максимову.

(Рыбаков) -" And the cucumbers , ones like that go for a ruble apiece at the market . '' -" You

don't

say so ! A ruble? "

Timoshin teased her, with a

wink at

Maksimov .

УЖ И

...

ЖЕ

Strengthened form of YX. See under YX , SS B2b, p452 , & B2d , p453-4 .

УЖ

НА

ЧТО

1. Strengthened form of НА ЧТО , expressing highest or fullest degree . §1 , p225-226 .

See

НА ЧТО

466

2.

Strengthened form of HA

TO ... A/И/HO

expressing concession and limitation .

See HA чTO $ 2 & 3 , p226-227.

УЖ НЕ ... ЛИ? НЕ ... ЛИ УЖ? Used in apprehensive or dubious questions . See under YX

НУ

УЖ:

B21 , p459.

УЖ

See under Hy; p259. СЕ УЖ

И,

ТАК

УЖ

И , p465 .

НЕ ТАК УЖ

УХ:

' not all that ...' 'not so very ...' Это не так уж тяжело.

It's really not all that difficult. See under TAK, p 362, for other examples .

УХ ...- ТО

Strengthened form of YX. See under YX, $$ B2b, p452 , & B2d, p453-4 .

YX

зTOT (MHE)

+ Nom Noun

ЭТА

это эти I See under YX, SB2k, p458.

УХЕ yx When used as an adverb referring to time , yxe usually corresponds very English ' already ' .

well to

But the use of yxe is broader than purely temporal , and there are

cases where the translation ' already ' works very awkwardly or does not work at all . The following observations may therefore be presented:

467

1. Temporal yxe, ' already ' , points out one event or state of affairs and places it before the beginning of another, just as in English :

Поезд уже трогался, когда она вскочила в него . The train was already starting up when she jumped aboard it .

Было уже поздно , когда они вернулись . It was already late when they got back. Солнце уже взошло до того, как мы отправились. The sun had already come up before we got started out . When the clause containing yxe stands alone , without any stated circumstance for it to be related to , then the clause with the yxe simply relates to the situation as a whole that is referred to by the speaker's statement, exactly as in English :

Поезд уже трогается . The train is already starting up.

Уже

поздно . It is already late .

Солнце уже взошло.

The sun had already come up.

2. Уже is often used in references to the more or less distant past, combination with давно :

frequently in

На миг на меня повеяло очарованием чего- то родного , очень знакомого, будто я уже видел эту самую панораму когда- то в детстве.

( Чехов)

For a moment I got a breath of the enchantment of something dear, something very familiar, as if I had long ago seen this very same panorama some time in childhood . Ей казалось , что страх к этому человеку она носит в своей душе уже давно. (Чехов) It seemed to her that she had carried a fear in her soul of this man for a very long time. Петр Леонтьич запивал сильнее прежнего, денег не было и фисгармонию давно уже продали за долг .

( Чехов)

Pyotr Leontich took to drinking more than before , there was no money , and the harmonium had long ago been sold to pay debts . ., и мне показалось , что и эти два милых лица мне давно уже знакомы.

(Чехов) and it seemed to me that these two charming faces had long been familiar

to me . Было жарко , ветер давно уже стих, и казалось , что этот день никогда не кончится.

( Чехов)

468

It was hot , the wind had long ago gone down, and it seemed that this day would never end . Ну и гроза!

Давно уже такой не бывало.

(Решетников)

What a thunderstorm ! We haven't had one like that in a long time.

3. Slightly more idiomatic is a fairly frequent use of yxe in statements that something is “ already ”

plainly felt or clearly understood -- i.e. , without looking any further,

without waiting for any additional indications , etc.

The yxe is regularly followed

directly by naming the indication that is regarded as being sufficient in itself.

' already'

'. ... .. alone '

' immediately '

' if only ...

Уже с одного взгдяда понял учитель , что не приготовили урока. The teacher (already) knew at a glance that they had not prepared the lesson . Уже по его лицу увидели, что ему и удалось. We

saw

immediately from the expression on his face that he

had been

successful . фамилия чиновника была Башмачкин. когда- то произошла от башмака.

Уже по самому имени видно, что она

(Гоголь)

The official's family name was Bashmachkin .

It is immediately apparent

from the name itself that at some time or other it was derived from the word " shoe'' (башмак) . Все живое уже по самой природе своей ужасается погибели, небытия и любит жизнь. ( Чернышевский)

1 Every living thing by its very nature alone is terrified of destruction and non -existence , and loves life .

|

В его деловитости я плохо верил уже потому, что письма, которые я поручал ему отправлять на почту,

он

по

целым неделям таскал у

себя в кармане

(Чехов) I had no great opinion of his efficiency , if only because he took the letters I gave him to mail and dragged them around with him for whole weeks in his pocket .

Ну и день !

На автобус опоздали , не говоря уже о том , что и лил дождь.

What a day ! We missed the bus , not to mention that it poured rain.

4. An уже frequently occurs in the second clause of constructions of the только ... как ... type . See under ТОЛЬКО , p421 . Perhaps the sense of the уже тау be explained as " before anything else occurred . "

Только Лизавета Ивановна успела снять капот и шляпу как уже графиня послала за нею и велела опять подавать карету.

( Пушкин)

469

Lizaveta Ivanovna had just had time to take off her coat and hat when the countess sent for her and gave orders for the carriage to be brought. Только приедешь куда- нибудь , только скинешь, с себя все и расположишься у теплой печки как уж говорят , что лошади готовы. (Гончаров) You no more than arrive somewhere , you no more than chuck all your things off and get settled by a warm stove when they tell you the horses are ready . Лишь только она начала ходить , ее братьями и сестрами.

уже заставили возиться с маленькими

( Решетников)

She had just begun to walk and they had her taking care of her little brothers and sisters . Он только проснется у себя дома, как у постели его уже стоит Захарка • (Гончаров) He would no more than wake up in his room at home , when Zakhar would be standing at his bed.

5. Sometimes yxe clearly does not refer to time at all , and is used like yx in emphatic assertions of the speaker's point of view .

Cf УЖ $ B , p450 .

В этом уже нет никакой необходимости .

(Лаптев)

I tell you , there is no need whatever to do that. Ермолай , как человек не слишком образованный и уже вовсе не " субтильный " начал было его тыкать.

(Тургенев)

Ermolai , who was not overly refined and certainly was far from being subtle , tried calling him " thou '' .

Этого я уже никак не ожидал . (War Department : Dictionary of Spoken Russian) I certainly wasn't expecting that . Ну чего они там хотят , что ли? Well ,

Я не знаю уже.

what is it they do want there do you suppose ?

Где уже ему, старому идти на войну !

I sure don't know .

Его первый солдат застрелит ! ( Гоголь)

How in the world can an old man like him possibly go to war!

The first

soldier he meets will shoot him dead . (Помещик) смотрел редко , да метко .. , и , уж прошу не прогневаться, если замечал что дурное, особенно обман, то уже не спускал никому. (Аксаков) (The landowner) inspected not often, but closely ... and I must tell you that if he noticed something bad , especially fraud , then he certainly spared no one .

470

6. Уже is often used to imply change and contrast .

In a way,

this уже also refers

to time in the sense that the status or situation described is contrasted with the way things were before .

But that this yxe is different from the yxe of $ 1 is

shown by the fact that in every one of the examples given below , the translation ' already ' does not fit well , and the translation ' now ' does .

Note that the previous

situation need not be explicitly stated , if it is clear from context . И впечатление существа убогого и некрасивого вдруг исчезло , и

Королёв

уже не замечал ни маленьких глаз , ни грубо развитой нижней части лица; ОН

видел

мягкое страдальческое выражение , которое было так разумно

трогательно, и

вся она казалась

ему стройной,

женственной,

и

простой,

и

хотелось уже успокоить ее не лекарствами, не советом, а простым, ласковым словом.

( Чехов)

And

the

impression

vanished ,

and

of

Korolev

a no

wretched longer

and unattractive creature

noticed

suddenly

either the small eyes

clumsily developed lower part of the face ; he saw a soft ,

or the

suffering ex-

pression that was so intelligent and touching, and her whole being seemed to him graceful , womanly , simple , and he now felt a desire to soothe her, not А

with

medicines ,

not with advice ,

Аня всё каталась на тройках,

одноактных

пьесах, ужинала, и всё

обедали уже одни.

but with a simple ,

kindly word.

ездила с Артыновым на охоту, реже

и

реже

бывала

у

играла в

своих.

Они

( Чехов)

But Anya was constantly going for drives with troikas , riding out hunting with Artynov , taking part in one -act plays , and going to suppers , and visited her family more and more infrequently . Ну, что же ты?

Богат ?

Женат?

They now ate dinner alone .

Я уже женат , как видишь. . • (Чехов)

Well , what have you been doing? Are you rich? Are you married? I'm married now , as you see ...

Я уже начинаю забывать про дом с мезонином , и лишь изредка, когда (Чехов) I'm

beginning to forget about the

house

with the attic now, and only

occasionally , when ...

.... как

а он становился всё равнодушнее и протягивал к ней король.

оживился,

.....

Но

мало- по- малу и

руки милостиво ,

громадного офицера прорвало ; он

заволновался и , уже поддавшись очарованию, вошёл

двигался легко , молодо , а она только

поводила

точно она уже была королева, а он р .

, и ... (Чехов)

плечами и

в

азарт и

глядела лукаво ,

but he became more and more indifferent , and extended his hands to her in a condescending manner, like a king. ..... But little by little even the

471

huge officer got carried away; he became more animated , got excited , and succumbing now to the enchantment , let himself go and moved about lightly and

youthfully ,

but she

only wriggled her shoulders

and

looked archly

about , as if she were now a queen and he a slave , and ... Поставив самолет на нужный курс, .... он продолжал уже спокойнее свои расчеты. (Полевой) After putting his plane on the proper course , ... he continued his calculations

more calmly now. Союз дабы носит уже некоторый оттенок архаизации и

книжности. ( Виноградов)

The conjunction дабы now carries a shading of archaizing and bookishness . Мы смотрели друг на друга: я уже на пароходе , он внизу на пристани.

(Гарин)

We looked at each other ; I was now on the steamer, and he was down below on the dock. 7. Уже referring to change and contrast ($ 6) frequently occurs in the negative :

уже

не, ' no longer' , ' not after this '

+Ipf Pres Как быть с вещами , которых мы не помним? не существует для нас.

Ведь то , что мы не помним уже

(Инбер)

How are we to deal with things we don't remember?

You see , what we don't

remember no longer has any existence as far as we are concerned . Но ведь слово обязательно уже не значит любезно , - пробовал я возразить , но Анатолий Федорович стоял на своем.

( К.Чуковский)

" But after all , the word обязательно no longer means ' obligingly' '' I tried to object, but Anatol Fedorovich stuck to his position. -Обязательно вперёд буду писать , мама, не сердись , ради Бога. -Ну ладно , ну ладно, ладно , уже не сержусь. -From now on I'll write without fail , mama . Don't be angry , for heaven's sake . -All right , all right , I'm not angry any more .

+Ipf Past : Денег нужно было очень много , но она уже не боялась Модеста Алексеича и тратила его деньги как свои; и ...

( Чехов)

It took an awful lot of money , but she was not afraid of Modest Alekseich and ... any more , and spent his money as her own; and

Он оглянулся .

Одинокий огонь спокойно мигал в темноте , и возле него уже

не было видно людей .

( Чехов)

He looked back. The lonely fire twinkled quietly in the darkness , and beside it there were no longer any people to be seen .

472

От его голоса, непонятных слов, от жара, и духоты у нее разболелась голова, запутались мысли , и она уже ничего не говорила, не думала и ждала только , когда он кончит скрипеть.

(Чехов)

His voice, his incomprehensible words , the heat and closeness

made her

head start aching and her thoughts become confused , and she

no longer

said anything or thought anything, and was only waiting for him to stop his pen-scratching.

+ Ipf Fut : ... в другой раз уже не буду писать больших пьес .

( Чехов: letter)

... another time I will not write any large -scale plays any more .

+ Prf Pres (= Fut): Никакой враг уже не сможет сломить наш Советский Союз . (Молотов) After this no enemy will be able to overcome our Soviet Union.

+ Prep Phrase : Подошёл Артынов, богач, с выпуклыми глазами, страдающий одышкой , но уже не в том странном костюме, в каком видела его Аня летом, а во фраке, все.

как

(Чехов)

Artynov came walking up, the rich man, with protruding

eyes , suffering

from shortness of breath, no longer in the strange costume in which Anna had seen him in summer, but instead in a dress -coat like everybody else .

Note that уже не саn be combined with больше не, which is very similar in meaning and use: Больше я уже не видел Волчаниновых.

( Чехов)

I have not seen the Volchaninovs any more since then. Хорошо, я вам дам , - сказал Модест

Алексеич , подумав: -- но предупреждаю,

что больше уже не буду помогать вам, пока вы не бросите пить . “ All right , I'll give it to you , ”

( Чехов)

said Modest Alekseich , after thinking a

moment, " but I warn you, I'm not going to help you any more after this until you stop drinking . ''

8. An yxe is sometimes found in sentences that refer to something regarded as sure to happen, an inevitable sequel to what has just occurred before .

Он надеялся, что Ломакин погонит его от экрана, сам исправит ошибку. Лучше так, чем запороть боевую работу.

Но тогда он уже точно поседеет

в

473

дублерах. (В. Бирюков : Дублер. Советский воин No. 1 , 1972) He was hoping that Lomakin would chase him away from the screen and straighten out the mistake himself. It would be better to have that happen than to louse up the operation. But then he would undoubtedly really grow gray and still be an understudy. Не уходили, потому что, очевидно, у каждого в голове была одна мысль: "Я уйду, а самолет прилетит, заберет тех, кто окажется поблизости, и сразу же улетит. А мне тогда уже не вырваться из этого громыхающего, промозглого ада .... (Лаптев) They didn't leave besause the one thought that was plainly in the mind of every one of them was "I'll leave, and a plane will come and pick up the people that are right near by and take off immediately. And then I sure as shooting won't have any chance of ever getting out of this noisy, rotten-smelling hell ... Они обожали друг друга. Когда одна уходила в сад, то другая уже стояла на e террасе и, глядя на деревья окликала: а Женя!" или "мамочка, где ты?" (Чехов) They adored each other. Whenever one of them went off to the garden, the other would invariably be standing on the terrace, looking at the trees and calling "Oh, Zhenya!” or "Mommy, where are you?" Раскланявшись с кем-нибудь, он тотчас уже шептал Ане: -" Статский советник ……. . " принят у его сиятельства или (Чехов) After exchanging bows with someone, he would unfailingly whisper immediately to Anna, "A State Councillor ... received by his Highness ..." or ...

УЖЕ ВОТ УЖЕ yxe in expressions of duration sometimes emphasizes not simply length of time but especially the subject's or speaker's acute awareness ofthe length oftime. Ему казалось, что ... солнце давно уже печет ему в спину. (-Чехов) It seemed to him that ..., and the sun had been baking him on the back for an extremely long time.

Отряд Левинсона стоял на отдыхе уже пятую неделю ... (-Фадеев) Levinson's detachment had been at rest for over four weeks now ... Все время вот уже три недели шли дожди. (-Гарин) It had rained all the time for three whole weeks. ужб

(popular speech)

УЖОТКА Ужотко 1. (adv.) 'later on,' 'by and by' Нехорошо здесь разговаривать-то, народу очень много; а вы лучше приходите ужо к нам. (А.Н. Островский) It's not a good idea to be talking here, there are a lot of people around; you'd better come and see us later on.

Клавдий Петрович письма не досчитал, положил на окошко, говорит: ужо прочту. (А.Н.Толстой) Klavdiy Petrovich did not read the letter through to the end; he put it on the windowsill and said "I'll read it over by and by." 2. In threats: ' some time,' 'one of these days,' 'Just you wait' Ужо тебе достанется. Just you wait . You're gonna get it.

474

Ужо я их за это. One ofthese days I'll get them for this.

УКУПИТЬ

(popular speech) 'buy'

= купить УМЕРЕТЬ:

СЕЙЧАС УМЕРЕТЬ

A colloquial assurance ofthe truth ofwhat is stated. ' May I die right now on the spot if ... wasn't ...' 'I swear'

'Strike me dead if ... didn,t ...' T'm not kidding you'

Это, сейчас умереть, мировой фильм. I'm not kidding you, it's a great picture. Я, сейчас умереть, ничего об этом не знал. I swear to you, I didn't know anything about that. А он, сейчас умереть, краснеет до ушей. And strike me dead ifhe didn't blush from ear to ear.

УМЕТЬ / СУМЕТЬ Literally, 'be able to' in the sense of 'know how to', but sometimes used in popular speech instead of мочь / смочь.

Спроси его, сумеет ли он прийти на вечеринку завтра. Ask him whether he will be able to come to the party tomorrow. Солнце не сумело растопить лед там. The sun could not melt the ice there.

-УЧИ / -ЮЧИ

(verb-ending)

Dialectal and non-standard Gerund form.

475

ФИ 1. Expresses scorn, annoyance , disagreement, etc. -Мне хоть бы что, нравится ли им или нет. -Фи, вот так сказал! -I couldn't care less whether they like it or not. -Huh, what a thing to say! Он очень хорошо играет на рояле, а танцовать - фи. He plays the piano very well, but when it comes to dancing - blah! 2. The same in Replies Containing Repetitions. repeated word or phrase, but may also follow it. · ... И калоши носи. Не забудь.

-Фи, мама, калоши! Весной! · And wear your galoshes. Don't forget. -Oh, honestly, mama, galoshes! In spring!

ФИЛОНИТЬ ( slang) loaf, goof off, dodge work. ФОРМУЛЯР:

ВСЕ ФОРМУЛЯРЫ СКАЗАТЬ

= так сказать

'so to speak'

Он, все формуляры сказать, не совсем в восторге был. So to speak , he wasn't exactly enthusiastic.

Usually precedes the

476

477

ХАЙ (Ukrainian & regional Russian) = пусть, пускай

Хай они спят. Let them sleep . Не нравится, хай они ворчат. If they don't like it, let'em gripe.

Свое дело сделал, хай другие теперь повоюют. (-В . Некрасов) He's done hisjob, let others do some fighting now.

XÁKATь (nonstandard) 'cough' ХВАТЬ

С. ХЛОП . 1. Used as uninflected perfective, ordinarily past, of хватать, (a) 'grab, seize'; ( b) 'catch, arrest'; (c) hit' . Here, хвать is itself the predicate verb, and can have an expressed subject or object.

(a) Она хвать письмо и всунула в сумку. She grabbed the letter and slipped it into her handbag. (b) Милиционеры бросились в подвал да хвать грабителей. The policemen rushed into the cellar and nailed the robbers. (c) Он вскочил на ноги да хвать его по лицу кулаком. Hejumped to his feet and hit him in the face with his fist.. 2. Used as an interjection or particle indicating the sudden discovery of the absence or disappearance of someone or something. Note that here хвать асcompanies and modifies thepredicate, which is expressed by other words. Открыл ящик, -хвать, денег нет. I opened the drawer, and awk, the money was gone. Посмотрел в коридор, -хвать, мальчика нету. I looked into the hall and found the boy wasn't there. 3. Used as an interjection or particle indicating the unexpected emergence of any fact. Here too, хвать modifies the actual predicate. Я давно думал, что это так, а хвать, оказывается, что я был неправи I had thought it was that way for a long time, but here now it turns out I was wronge

Сначала прекрасный день был, а хвать, и пошел дождь. Atfirst it was a fine day, and what do you know, it started to rain. ХВАТЬ И = хвать #3 . Cf. ГЛЯДЬ (И), p81 .

ХВАТЬ- ПОХВАТЬ (popular speech)

1.

= хвать # 2.

2.

= хвать # 3 .

ХИЛЯТЬ (slang) 'walk, go'

Preceding page blank

478

хлоп

Verysimilar to ХВАТЬ. 1. Used as uninflected perfective, ordinarily past, of хлопать, referring to sudden, briefmotions or happenings, often violent or noisy, such as (a) sudden closing or slamming (b) a shot, (c) an unexpected blow, (d) violent throwing, (e) a whole drink without stopping, or (f) a sudden fall. Note that xлoп is itself the predicate verb here, and can have an expressed subject or object or both. (a) Анна Петровна: Я полюбила его с первого взгляда. (Смеется.) Взглянула, а меня мышеловка хлоп! (-Чехов) Anna Petrovna: I fell in love with him at first sight. (Laughs.) I took a look, and the mousetrap snapped shut on me! Они постарались войти, но она хлоп дверью. (Note Ins. object) They tried to come in, but she slammed the door.

Она хлоп, хлоп глазенками, да и заплакала. (-Лесков) (Note Ins. object) She blinked and blinked, and then started to cry. (b) Первый волк приблизился, я его хлоп. The first wolf came nearer, and I picked him off. (c) Он вскрикнул от ярости и хлоп Владю по голове. He gave a shout ofrage and hit Vladya over the head. (d) Вытащил пачку денег из кармана, хлоп ее на стол. He dragged a roll ofmoney out ofhis pocket and flung it on the table.

(е) Он хлоп стакан. He downed the whole glass. (f) Она споткнулась о ковёр --и хлоп на пол. She tripped over the rug, and down she went on the floor. 2. Used as an interjection or particle that accompanies the actual predicate and indicates that the action took place with a loud noise. Только вскочил на коня, вдруг хлоп! --ударил сбоку выстрел. (-Гайдар) I hadjustjumped onto the horse when suddenly bang! a shot sounded off at the side. "Билеты все распроданы," сказал он, и хлоп! -- закрылось окошко. "The tickets are all sold out," he said, and the window closed with a slam. 3. Used as an interjection or particle that accompanies the actual predicate and indicates the suddenness and unexpectedness with which something happened. Следовали за ним, и хлоп! -- исчез. We were following him, and all of a sudden he disappeared. Работали, работали над этим, хлоп и изменили правила. We'd been working and working on this, and out ofthe blue they changed the regulations.

ХОВАТЬ (dialectal : Southwestern)

= прятать , hide, conceal'

С ХОДА С ХОДУ

1. while still moving, without stopping 2. immediately, at once

479

ХОДЮТ (nonstandard) = ходят, 'they go' ХОРОШ (popular speech) = Хорошо (as predicate) That's good', 'That's fine'. Сдвинь картину налево немножко ... Хорошо ... Теперь повыше ... повыше ... Хорош, хорош. Повесь как раз там. Move the picture a little to the left ... That's good ... Now a little higher ... a little higher ... that's fine, that's fine . Hang it right there. ХОРОШИЙ 1.

хорош, -а, -о , -и хороший, -ая, -ое , -ие хорошенький, -ая, -ое , -ие

'A fine ...!' 'Huh, some ...!

(usually + nominative noun)

'A fine ... he/she/that is!' What a ...!'

Used in exclamations expressing ironic, derisive, or scornful disapproval. The short forms of the adjective are more frequent in these expressions . Typically, the adjective is the first word in the exclamation and is followed by a noun. The case is always nominative. Хорош пёс! Huh, some dog!

Хороша (or Хорошая) причина! Afine reason that is! Хорошие у вас понятия о финансах! Some ideas of finance you've got! (Мелузов:) Саша, да ведь я от тебя еще ни одной ласки не видал. Хороши жених с невестой! (-А.Н. Островский) (Meluzov: Ally, do you realize I've never gotten a single caress from you. A fine engaged couple we are! -Разве можно давать детям деньги? И разве можно позволять им играть в азартные игры? Хороша педагогия, нечего сказать! (-Чехов) You really think it's all right to give money to children? And do you mean to tell me it's all right to let them play gambling games? Marvelous pedagogy, I must say! Хороши же там у вас девушки: до свадьбы любят! (-Гончаров) Fine girls you've got there (in Petersburg) : engaging in love before getting married! -Э, погодите-ка, да они, кажется, пьянствуют, шалопаи... Хороши, нечего сказать! (-Арбузов) Here, wait a minute, apparently they're doing a lot of drinking, the goodfornothings ... Fine ones they are, I must say! Ты-то хорош, -нахмурился Васька. -Сам убежал, а меня оставил. (-Гайдар) "A fine one you are, " scowled Vaska. "You ran away yourself, and you left me. " NOTE: A short form of хороший beginning an exclamation and accompanied by a Nom. Noun is not invariably sarcastic and contemptuous, as the following example shows: Заключение присказки Михайло Трофимова заставило всех улыбнуться. -Хороша побасёнка! - сказал губернский предводитель. -Хорошая! -повторил подрядчик и в скором времени, неуклюже раскланявшись, уехал. (-Писемский) The conclusion of Mikhailo Trofimov's tale made everybody smile. "That's a good story!" said the Marshall .

480 "It is a good one!" repeated the contractor, and soon afterwards he awkwardly bowed himself out and drove off. 2. хорош, -а, -о, -и хороший, -ая, -ое , -ие хорошенький, -ая, -ое , -ие хорошо 'Afine ... he/she/that is! '... indeed!

(in Replies Containing Repetitions) (nominative only) } (adverb)

'Huh, some ...!"' "You call that ....

Similar to # 1 . Used in derisive responses and scornful contradictions in the form ofexclamations. Always stands first in the repetition (unless preceded by some optional introductory particle such as Hy). Always Nom. case: Words that occur in some other case in the preceding remark are changed to Nom. case in the repetition. Adjectives in the preceding remark may either remain adjectives in the repetition or be changed to nominative nouns derived from the same root. Verbs and adverbs may either remain the same in the repetition and take the adverb xopomo before them, or else may be changed to nominative nouns of the same root or nouns of similar meaning and take one of the Nom. forms of хорош, хороший, ог хорошенький. Use of a plural Nom. in the repetition where the word repeated was singular in the preceding remark emphasizes the sense ofscorn and disdain. Noun:

-Они недавно получили квартиру. -Хороша (or Хорошая) квартира! -They recently got an apartment. -Huh, a swell apartment that is! Adjective: -Он такой щедрый человек. -Хорош щедрый! Только на советы щедрый. -He's such a generous fellow. -Generous indeed! All he's generous with is advice. OR: -Хороша (or Хорошая) щедрость! Только на советы щедрый. -Fine generosity indeed! All he's generous with is advice.

Adverb: -Я только попросила ее -- вежливо попросила ее -- позволить мне пройти. -Хорошо вежливо! Рычала на нее. -All I did was ask her--and I asked her politely--to let me through. -You call that politely! You snarled at her. OR: Хороша(я) вежливость! Рычала на нее. -Some politeness that was! You snarled at her.

Verb: -Ну, угостили вас? -Хорошо угостили! -Well, did they entertain you? -Oh , it was just peachy, the way they entertained us! OR: -Хорошо(е) угощение! -Bah, fine entertainment that was! (Семен:) ... Вот я его отстранил рукой ...так маленечко. (Григорий:) Хорошо отстранил, чуть ребра не сломал, (-Л.Н. Толстой) (S : ) ... I pushed him out of the way with my hand , see? ... It wasjust slightly, the way I did it . (G) : Oh , he did a grand job of pushing me out of the way; he almost gave me a broken rib .

481

ХОРОШ ГУСЬ! Used only ofpeople, not things or situations. Similar in idea to XOPOIII above.

'Afine one you are !'

' Afine one he/she is!'

ХОРОШО ЖЕ In threats. = Так, смотри же = Так погоди же.

Verywell (then)!' 'All right, if that's the way you're going to be'

'All right for you' 'All right, just you wait and see'

Она не могла не получить записки...и однако ... я ждал всю ночь...знака не было! Хорошо же, она раскается. (-Блок) She couldn't have failed to get the note...and still ...I waited all night...not a sign! All right for her, then! She'll be sorry. - Я те говорю -- погляди как следует! -Да я глядел... -Хорошо же, упрямая шельма! -- пригрозил ему хозяин. (-Горький) -Look the way you should , I tell you! -But I was looking ... -Very well, then, you stubborn scoundrel , the boss said to him threateningly. хоти Imperative ofхотеть in form, but used in the sense of "Try!" , "Heave!" , " Go at it!" , "Hit it!". Еще, еще. Хоти еще сильней. (-А.К. Толстой) Again, again. Try even harder.

ХОТИТ (popular speech) = хочет'wants' (Other nonstandard forms are хочем, хочете, хочут in the plural.) КАК ХОТИТЕ КАК ХОЧЕШЬ КАК ХОШЬ ЧТО ХОТИТЕ ЧТО ХОЧЕШЬ

что хоть 'Nevertheless' That's how it is'

'Say what you like , (but) ...' 'No matter what you say/think'

There's no getting awayfrom it' '

Used when asserting that something is an unalterable fact, regardless ofwhat the person being spoken to may think. -Не можем, господа, как хотите! Одолела нужда. (-Горький) We can't, gentlemen, no matter what you say! We've been overcome by need. -Ну, Гриша, как хошь, жить без тебя моченьки нету,--твердо выговорила она. (-Шолохов) "Well, Grisha, that's just the way it is: I can't stand living without you, " she said firmly. -Нет уж, товарищ лейтенант, как хотите, а к Петляеву я на поклон не пойду. (-Соболев) No sir, Comrade Lieutenant, say what you like , but I'm not going hat in hand to Petlyayev.

482

хоть, хотя The basic idea of the various uses of xоть (& xorя) is willingness to recognize a fact or consider a possibility. And indeed, xoть is sometimes rendered as "if you wish", "if you like", as its origin in the verb xотеть suggests. Naturally, talk about possibilities and alternatives is often occasioned by a feeling that the present situation as it stands is not entirely satisfactory, or in some cases is not satisfactory at all, and perhaps it is in this way that xoть is sometimes associated with a sense of dissatisfaction and with wishes and suggestions that things might be different. XOTь has all the uses ofxoтя, plus some further ones that xoтя does not share in. Xоть and xoтя are sometimes accompanied by a following бы. As can be seen from the examples in the discussions that follow, the бы generally points out that what is suggested in the phrase introduced by xoть (or xoтя) is an idea or a possibility and not a definite fact. In many cases, 6ы is used in xотьexpressions in connection with something which was desired or intended by the subject, but which never became fact or at least had not done so at the time spoken of. It should be kept in mind that many of the interpretations given below do not contradict or exclude each other, and in some situations it is possible for a sentence to be formulated in which compatible ideas converge, usually with one idea predominant but with another one also present. The interpretations ofthe uses ofxorь given below may be summarized as follows: 1. Recognizing a fact. Conceding the truth of one fact while asserting the truth ofanother. (p. 483) 'although ..., nevertheless ...', 'admittedly ..., but ...', 'granted that ..., but ...' 2. Recognizing a modest fact or considering a modest possibility. Stating what would constitute minimum satisfaction of one's desire . In wishes and preferences. In dissatisfied suggestions and reproofs. (p. 487) 'at least', 'at any rate', 'if only', 'I wish', 'just', 'might at least have', 'ought to' 3. Considering possibilities. Naming indifferent alternatives. (p. 492) 'regardless ofwhether ... or ...', 'I don't care ifit's ... or ...'

4. Considering possibilities. Indifference to identity (of person, ofplace, oftime, etc) 'any ...' (p. 493) 5. Considering possibilities. Pointing out a real possibility or a believable example. (p. 495) a. for example', ' for instance' b. for instance', 'how about ...?" c. ' for instance' , 'maybe', 'Supposing it's ...?"

6. Considering possibilities. Expressing acquiescence and willingness to put an idea into practice, emphasizing how easily it can be done . (p. 497) 'ifyou like' , 'I'd be willing to ...', 'I'd be glad to ...'

7. Considering even a restricted possibility. Suggesting a very limited concession. (p. 498) 'only', j 'ust', 'even', 'at least', ' so much as' 8. Considering an unlikely possibility. explanation, or a fantastic extreme. (p . 500)

Suggesting an extravagant outcome, an improbable

'even', 'indeed', 'ifit came to that', 'I wouldn't (even) care ifit was ...' 9. Considering an imaginary possibility. unrealized or inherently unrealizable. (p . 501)

'even if In set phrases: a. inability b. impossibility

(p. 506)

Envisioning a resultless condition, either as yet

483 c. necessity d. unconcern 10. Considering an imaginary result. Envisioning the result of some state of affairs occurring in an extreme degree. (p . 509) 'so ...that you could ...',

In set phrases:

'It's enough to make you ...',

'to the point where you might as well ...'

(p. 510)

a. intolerability, helplessness , vexation, despair b. enormous quantity c. extreme degree 1. Recognizing a fact. Conceding the truth of one fact while asserting the truth of another.

хоть/хотя хоть/хотя хоть/хотя хоть/хотя хоть/хотя хоть/хотя хоть/хотя

хоть/хотя

0009 ...

и И и и и

0009

но/да/а/однако/зато/всё же/тем не менее ... н /да/а/однако/зато/всё же/тем не менее ... н /да/а/однако/зато/всё же/тем не менее ... но/да/а/однако/зато/всё же/тем не менее ... хоть/хотя ... хотъ/хотя и ...

бы

'true,...,but ...' 'although ...' 'even though ...' 'indeed(,) ..., but ...' 'although ..., nevertheless ...'

"...ofcourse, but ...' 'I know..., but ...' 'granted that ..., but ...' 'admittedly ..., but ...' 'in spite ofthe fact that ...'

A. XOTь and Xoтя have both ofthe meanings of English 'although': (a) - that one thing is entirely true in spite of another thing that might have been thought to prevent it or counteract it.

"He got away, although they tried to catch him ." "He did excellent work, although he had had no instruction." (b) - that one thing is in itself true, but is detracted from by another thing that is also true. "He got away, although they caught him later." "He did excellent work, although he worked very slowly". B. In constructing a sentence, xоть and xотя are often used to introduce an ' although' clause in exactly the same way as 'although' does in English. BUT they can also be used differently from English 'although', in that (a) When the part of the sentence with the готь oг готя comes first, it is characteristic of Russian to have the opposing part introduced by some word meaning 'but' or 'however' : а/но/да/однакo, etc. , although this contrasting word is not required. (b) The XOTь/xoтя does not have to stand first in its clause, but can also stand inside it. Thus while there is nothing wrong with 'although' as a translation, syntactically xоть and xоTя sometimes act less like conjunctions and more like adverbs or particles , used like English 'admittedly', 'granted', 'indeed', 'true' , 'perhaps' , and similar words. Examples: a. With the principal statement true in spite ofthe fact that is conceded : In this meaning either the principal statement or the concession may come first. Да мне бояться нечего: я здесь со всеми в ладу. Хоть ребячеств Лыняева и всей компании я и не одобряю, а всё-таки не ссорюсь и с ними. (-А . Н. Островский) I certainly don't have anything to be afraid of: I get along with everybody here. Granted, I don't approve of the infantilisms of Lynyaev and all that crowd, but nevertheless I don't quarrel, even with them.

484

Мне нужно хорошего писца на некоторое время. -Не могу. Хоть и хорошо пишу, а в писцы к вам не пойду. (-А . Н. Островский) -I need someone with good handwriting for a short while. -I can't do that . It's true enough that I write a good hand, but I'm not going to take a job with you as a scribe. Только вы наплюйте на эту Карякину. Хоть и грозится что-то там раскрыть, всё равно ей никто не поверит. О -ля-ля, ревизоры не бывают дураки. (-Леонов) Just don't pay any attention to this Karyakina woman . Even though she threatens to reveal something there, all the same nobody's going to believe her. You bet your boots, those inspectors aren't fools . b. With the principal statement true , but detracted from by the fact that is conceded : In this meaning, the detracting clause or phrase often follows the principal statement. Там и палисадники, и даже садики, хоть и чахло, да зеленеют. (-Серафимович) There indeed front yards, and even gardens, albeit in stunted growth, nevertheless show some green. Буран еще продолжался, хотя с меньшею силою. (-Пушкин) The blizzard still went on, although with less force. Она любит и уважает Василия Ивановича, хотя не с прежнею безусловною покорностью. (-Соллогуб) She loves and respects Vasily Ivanovich, although not with the former absolute submissiveness. с.

WITH но/а/да/etc. at the beginning of the opposing clause or phrase: Только вы смотрите, себе хлопот не наделайте, да и ее-то в беду не введите! Положим, хоть у нее муж и дурак, да свекровь-то больно люта. (-А . Н. Островский) Only you watch out you don't get yourself in a heap of trouble, and don't go getting her in a jam either! Let's face it : of course her husband is a sap, but her mother-in-law is hell on wheels. Хоть и тяжеленько, да нечего делать, сам обещал. (-А . Н. Островский) Admittedly, it's not going to be easy, but it can't be helped; I promised . Мы хоть на передовой всё время толклись, а у вас, в тридцать девятом, кроме бомбёжки, ни черта. (-В . П. Некрасов) Indeed, on the front line we got in the fighting all the time, but, where you were, in the 39th , except for the bombing there wasn't a darn thing. И потому надо лежать, и хотя я и не люблю прописывать, но всё-таки это приниматъ и лежать. (-Л. Н. Толстой) And so she must stay in bed, and although I really do not like to prescribe anything, nevertheless she should take this and stay in bed.

d. WITHOUT но/да/a/etc. at the beginning of the opposing clause or phrase: А как-то раз долго искали нож,чтоб нарезать хлеб, и хотя все знали, что у Сеньки есть замечательный охотничий нож с костяной ручкой в пупырышках, никто у него не попросил, а взяли у часового. (-В . П. Некрасов) But there was one day when they spent a long time looking for a knife to cut up bread with, and even though they all knew that Senka had a splendid hunter's knife with a bone handle with knobs on it, nobody asked him for it, and instead they got one from the sentry. И хотя наш бомбардировщик был неплохо вооружён, лётчики предпочли увести свой корабль в облака -- "от греха подальше ", как объяснил нам всё тот же всеведущий полковник Дмитриев. (-Лаптев) And although the bomber was not poorly armed, the fliers preferred to take their ship off into the clouds, "out of harm's way" , as that same all-knowing Colonel Dmitriev explained it all to us .

485

Хотя он и знал вперёд, что из этого ничего не выйдет, разговор этот несколько успокоил Евгения. (-Л . Н. Толстой) In spite of his knowing beforehand that nothing was going to come of this, the conversation had something of a calming effect on Evgeny. e.

With the concession introduced by хоть/хотя following the principal statement: (-- and therefore without но/дa/a/etc. in the principal clause, because here the principal clause comes first.) Потом они шепчутся, хотя могут говорить громко. (-Ю . П. Казаков) Then they whisper to each other, although they can speak aloud. отдавал свою порцию водки, говоря, что не может в такую жару пить, и Николай с } трудом, морщась, глотал ее, хотя ему тоже не хотелось - просто чтоб не обижать Сеньку. (-В. П. Некрасов) .... he gave his ration of vodka to him, saying that he couldn't drink in such hot weather, and Nikolai, with difficulty and squinching up his face, swallowed it, although he didn't feel like it either -- simply so as not to hurt Senka's feelings.

Я так счастлива ... Никакая болезнь меня не возьмет, -шептала Таня на ухо Ольге, хоть в комнате никого, кроме них, и не было. (-Ажаев) "I'm so happy ... No disease is going to get me ," whispered Tanya in Olga's ear, even though there was no one in the room except themselves. f.

With the хоть/хотя standing inside its clause: Жалование было хоть и больше прежнего, но жизнь была дороже. (-Л . Н. Толстой) True, the salary was bigger than what it was before, but living was more expensive. Вышед на улицу, он почувствовал себя, точно в раю, так, что даже ощутил желание хотъ и крюку дать, а пройтись по Невскому. (-Достоевский) By the time he had gone out into the street, he felt as if he were in heaven, with the result that he indeed felt a desire to take a walk along Nevsky Prospekt, even though it would be making a detour. (The idea of the Russian wording is: "... he felt a desire to make what was admittedly a detour, but anyway to take a walk along Nevsky Prospekt .) Левонтий хоть и жаловался, что туг на одно ухо, однако расслышал звук колёс по подмерзлой мостовой. (-Боборыкин) Although Levonty complained that he was hard of hearing in one ear, nevertheless he succeeded in hearing the sound ofthe wheels on the frostcovered pavement. Собрание было хоть и малочисленно, но бурно. (-Шолохов) The meeting was indeed scantily attended, but it was stormy. Отец хотя и в Москве, дети его не видят. (-Н . Емельянова) Although their father is in Moscow, his children don't see him.

g. With opposing PHRASES, rather than clauses: Sentences of this kind very often have the xхотъ/хотя standing inside the phrase, though not necessarily. В середине этих забот случилось обстоятельство, хотя и не важное, но в то время помучавшее Евгения. (-Л. Н. Толстой) In the midst of these affairs a circumstance came about which indeed was not important, but at the same time was very trying to Evgeny. Это вот один способ заставить жениться; он хотя старый, но верный; а то есть еще и другие. (-А . Н. Островский) This is one way to force a man to get married; it's admittedly an old one, but a reliable one; and if not, there are other ways besides .

486

Не ждете ли вы, что женщины за вами будут сами ухаживать? Хоть это и бывает, да очень редко. (-А. Н. Островский) You don't expect that women are going to make advances to you themselves, do you? It's true this does happen sometimes, but very rarely. [Варенька] была похожа на прекрасной, хотя еще и полный лепестоков, но уже отцветивший, без запаха цветок. (-Л. Н. Толстой) [Varenka] was like a beautiful flower, which indeed still has all its petals, but now has faded and lost its fragrance. h . With бы, indicating an idea or a possibility rather than a definite fact or a particular instance: Как было бы хорошо, если бы все прекрасные истории имели счастливый конец! И разве не заслуживает герой, хотя бы только гончий пёс, долгой радостной жизни? (-Ю . П. Казаков) How nice it would be if all beautiful stories had a happy ending! And surely, doesn't the hero, even though he may be only a hunting dog, deserve a long, joyous life? От прошлого у него сохранилось воспоминание о беззаботных, добродушных женщинах, весёлых от любви, благодарных ему за счастье, хотя бы очень короткое; и о таких, .. (-Чехов) From the past he retained a memory of lighthearted, good-natured women, made happy by love, who were thankful to him for some happiness, even though it might be very brief; and of those who ...

i.

With не Хоть (и) не ..., а/но/да/etc. ...

'although not ... , still ... ' ' perhaps not ... , but ...

'even though ... , nevertheless ... ’ 'not actually ..., but anyway ...

Well, not necessarily ... , but ... '

Well, it doesn't have to be ... , but ... '

Used when conceding that the first idea to come up is not to be taken literally, or does not exactly fit the case at hand, or cannot be strictly applied, or need not be rigidly insisted upon, but maintaining that something fairly similar is indeed appropriate.

Often in Replies Containing Repetitions. Often used with opposing phrases, rather than clauses, because the topic under discussion has already been introduced, and restatement in full clauses is unnecessary. However, the first sentence in la might be taken as an example where full clauses are contrasted in this way. Случилось ли, чтоб вы, смеясь? или в печали? Ошибкою? добро о ком-нибудь сказали? Хотъ не теперь, а в детстве, может быть. (-Грибоедов) Has it ever happened that you said anything nice about somebody? Even in merriment or in depression or by mistake? Not necessarily recently, but during your childhood, perhaps. -Так с меня непременно взыщут сто тысяч? -Хотъ не сто тысяч, а что-нибудь взыщут непременно (-А . Н. Островский) -So they'll undoubtedly collect a hundred thousand from me? -It may not be a hundred thousand, but they'll collect something from you all right. Я больше с женщинами никогда не говорю. Десять слов, и довольно, готово, вот по сих пор. (Показывает на уши.) -Ну хоть и не десяти, только бы ... (-А . Н. Островский) -I never do any more talking than that with women. Ten words, and that's enough, that's it , she's in love with me right up to here . (Points to his ears.) -Well, it doesn't have to be ten, just so long as ... Ради бога, хоть не бога, но ради самих себя опомнитесь. (-Л . Н. Толстой) For God's sake , -- or not for God's sake either, but for your own sake, come to your senses.

487

-Огурец велик, нет спору в том, Ведь с гору,-кажется ты так сказал о нём? -Гора хоть не гора, но, право, будет с дом. (-Крылов) -The cucumber is big, no argument about that, Let me see now, about the size of a mountain, I think that's what you said about it? -Well, maybe not exactly a mountain, but it would certainly be the size of a house. 2. Recognizing a modest fact or considering a modest possibility. Stating what would constitute minimum satisfaction of one's desire . In wishes and preferences . In dissatisfied suggestions and reproofs.

хоть a. in miscellaneous sentences. b. c. d. e. f. g.

+ indef. pron. or adv. postpositive + Imp. + бы in Subj. or + 6ы + Inf + бы in Subj. or + бы + Inf. + бы in Subj .

(-хотя also) (-XOTя also) (-хотя also)

'at least,'' at any rate,' 'anyway' 'at least,' ' even ifonly' 'at least' just' 'at least,''

(-XOTя also)

'ifonly,' 'I wish' 'might at least have ...' 'ought,''you should'

Of the seven uses of xoть listed here, it is only in # a, b, c, and e that xoтя appears at all commonly. No examples of xoтя in uses # d, f, and g were found during the present study. Áы occurs in uses # e, f, and g -- wherever it forms the subjunctive , of course --, but also in #a (miscellaneous sentences) when the purpose or desire referred to is not realized at the time of the remark. This is the only meaning of xoть in which the xоть can stand after the word it applies to as well as before (# c.). But in addition, it is only in some sentences that the xoть emphasizes the particular word it precedes or follows ; in others, the xоть applies to the entire idea of its clause as a whole. Examples: a. In miscellaneous sentences of various construction. (1 ) Applying chiefly to a single word or phrase. Вы хоть слушаете, я и то благодарен. (-Л . Н. Толстой) You at least listen to me, and even that I appreciate. Ну, слава богу, хоть живую видели-то. (-А . Н. Островский) Well, thank God, at least she's been seen alive. Идем в каюты. Там пиво, хоть выпить можно. (-Гарин) Let's goin the cabins . There's beer there; we can at least have a drink. Я мужа своего если же не любить, так хоть уважать должна. (-А . Н. Островский) IfI don't love my husband, then I ought at least to respect him. With бы , referring to unrealized possibilities and desires.

Тщетно пытался Вилли хотя бы немного, хотя бы чуточку нарушить однообразие работы, внести в нее что-то новое. (-Билль-Белоцерковский) In vain Willie strove to break up the monotony ofthe work at least a little, at any rate a tiny bit, and to bring something new into it. Так по крайней мере чем-нибудь застлать, хоть бы ковриком. (-Гоголь) But at least take something to put over you, even ifit's only a laprobe. (2) Applying to its clause as a whole. Observe how the xoть is often placed inside its clause, standing either between two principal sentence-components, or in second position after a word that is emphasized. Он хоть на других не похож. (-Арбузов) At least he's not like the others .

488 -Да как же одной идти теперь ночью? -подтвердила княгиня. - Я пошлю хоть Парашу. (-Л . Н. Толстой) "That's right, how can you go alone at this time of night?" the princess agreed . "At least I'll send Parasha." -Знаете ли, по крайней мере, что у нас в Москве тяжба? Это-то вы хоть знаете ли? (-Писемский) Do you know, at least, that we have a lawsuit in Moscow? Do you at least know that? -Пронзительный мужик! -Хороша тоже и Кабаниха. -Ну, да та хоть, по крайности , все под видом благочестия, а этот как с цепи сорвался! (-А. Н. Островский) -He's a rough customer! -Kabanikha's another real sweetie, too . -Well, at least she does it all under the appearance of piety, anyway,* but this guy is like he'd broke loose from being chained up. Note how the idea of 'at least' expressed by xоть is repeated by the expression no крайности. This kind of redundant reinforcement is typical of colloquial speech. The same sort of thing occurs in the preceding example also, using both по крайней Mepe and хоть. Выходила она за него только из-за денег, а между тем денег у нее теперь было меньше, чем до замужества. Прежде хоть отец давал двугривенные, а теперь ни гроша. (-Чехов) She had married him solely for the sake of money, but in actual fact she now had less money than she did before her marriage. Before, her father had at least given her twentykopeck pieces, but now she wasn't getting a single half-kopeck. -Хоть может видели, здесь полицмейстер был? (-Грибоедов) At least, perhaps, did you see whether the chiefof police was here?

b. хоть

+ indefinite pronoun { + indefinite adverb

Что вы мне все носите бумаги подписывать; а деньги-то когда же? Хоть чтонибудь дайте! (-А. Н. Островский) What are you always bringing me papers to sign for? And when does the money come? Give me at least something! Он угрюмо смотрел на Веру Дмитриевну и думал: любила ли она хоть когданибудь или нет? (-Вересаев) He looked morosely at Vera Dmitrievna and thought, "Was she ever in love at least at some time or other, or not?"

Если бы были деньги, хоть немного ... бросила бы я все, ушла бы подальше. (-Чехов) If there were any money, at least a little ... I'd drop everything, and I'd go far away from here. И знаешь, это очень хорошо, Шура, что мне хоть немного довелось пожить непридуманной жизнью. (-Арбузов) And you know what? It's a very good thing, Shura, that I happened to live an uncontrived life, at least a little bit. [Художнику) хотелось хотя сколько-нибудь более придать сходства с оригиналом. (-Гоголь) [The artist] felt that he wanted to give it at least a certain amount of greater resemblance to the original. Побывав в бельэтаже у генеральши, молоденькая Люба нашла отраду в том, чтобы хотя несколько часов в день не удаляться оттуда. (-Лесков) Having spent some time on the second floor with the general's wife, young Luba found comfort in not leaving there , ifonly for several hours a day.

489 C.

хоть postpositive Вы меня - любите ... немножко! Много и не прошу - немножко хоть! (-Горький) You love me - a little bit! I'm not asking for a lot -- a little bit at least! Прославился на всю округу тем, Что на любую из насущных тем Мог прочитать доклад -- на пять минут хотя бы. (-Михалков) He had become famous throughout the neighborhood

For being able to read through a report on any Ofthe essential themes -- lasting five minutes at the very least. d.

хоть + imperative - with various shadings of dissatisfaction. (1 ) In hospitable offers, urging someone not to hurry away. Ну, хоть чаю напейся, мой батюшка. Господи боже мой! Приехал невесть откуда, и чашки чаю ему не дадут. (-Тургенев) Well, at least have some tea, my friend. Good heavens! He's come from who knows where, and they won't even give him a cup of tea. Хоть чайку попейте. А то что же -- из дождя да под дождь. (-Паустовский) At least have some tea. Otherwise what'll you be doing? Coming in from the rain and going back out in the rain. A! -- Эх, сизый голубь, посиди хоть ты со мной. (-Леонов) [Upon learning that someone else has already left for town: ] Oh, I see! -- Come on, pigeon, you at least sit with me a while. Раздумали? Ну что ж. Это ваше право .. В конце концов, дорога действительно нелегкая, и вы очень устали ... Ну что ж. В таком случае хоть пообедаем вместе. (-Арбузов) You've really changed your mind? Well , what the heck? You've got a right to ... After all , the road is really bad, and you're very tired ... Well, then. In that case why don't we have dinner together, anyway? (2) In expressions of impatience and annoyance. -Эй князь, гнев только портит кровь, -- играйте не сердясь. -На этот раз оставьте хоть советы. (-Лермонтов) -I say, prince, anger doesn't do anything but upset you . You should play without losing your temper. -For this once, at least cut out the advice. Игру расстроили и шашки все раскидали! (Шарит под столом.) ... Спичку-то хоть зажгите! (-Леонов) You've disarranged the board and scattered all the checkers! (Gropes under the table .) ... Light a match, at least! Руки-то хоть пустите. Ведь не убегу же я ... (-Новиков- Прибой) At least let go of my arms. After all , I'm not going to run away. Ну просто глядеть на вас не могу, Валенька ... дайте я вам хоть губы вытру. (-Леонов) Really, I simply can't stand looking at you, Valenka . Let me at least wipe off your lips. [Valenka, a young girl , has been experimenting with makeup. ] (3) In expressions of dissatisfaction with present developments in the situation , and of worry or fearfulness about their possible outcome. Вы хоть учитесь-то на " отлично", чтобы мне не было стыдно за вас в Борске. (-Арбузов) Well , anyhow, you study for a grade of Excellent, so I won't be ashamed of you when I'm in Borsk.

490

-Все знаем! Слышали ваш разговор. .Чистая беда с вами, ребята! Не сболтните хоть! (-Бажов) -We know the whole thing! We heard you talking. -All you kids do is make trouble ! Just don't let the cat out ofthe bag. Ты полощи рот-то хоть солью, Илья. Нехорошо ... (-Леонов) You should at least rinse your mouth with salt, Ilya. It's not good to ... Отец мой кричит: " Матушка, Марья Васильевна, заступитесь, пощадите хоть вы!" А она только знай приподнимается да поглядывает. (-Тургенев) My father kept calling out "Marya Vasilyevna, gracious mistress, intercede for me. You at least have mercy on me!" But all she did was raise herself up a little and keep on watching.

.Куда как интересно жить-то с тобой, горе-то мыкать! -Ты меня убиваешь, Полина! Уж коли не любишь, так хоть пожалей меня. Ты знаешь, как я тебя люблю. (-А.Н. Островский) -How very fascinating it would be to live with you and lead a life of misery! -You're killing me, Polina! If you don't love me , then at least have pity on me. You know how I love you .

е.

хоть + бы in subjunctive хоть + бы + infinitive

} -In wishes and preferences . }

From frequent use in statements of what changes the speaker would like to see take place ' at the very least', xоть readily comes to be associated with 6ы in wishes and preferences in much the same way as 'ifonly' has come to be a formula for use in wishes in English, and with much the same meaning. The бы is regularly directly after the хоть.

(1 ) With бы in the subjunctive:

Он огорчен, он грустен - вот что ужасно. Все молчит, хоть бы побранил нас с тобою. (-Тургенев) He's distressed, he's sad, that's what's so awful. He never talks at all . I'd rather he'd rail at us. Бабушка ... Что же это? Ведь он умирает, а она не верит. Хоть бы заплакала. Так нельзя, бабушка. (-Арбузов) Grannie ... What's going on? He's dying, and she doesn't believe it. It would be better if she'd start crying. She can't keep on like this, Grannie. Хоть бы из куста крайние срезал, одну оставил, а то подряд, злодей, всё счистил. (-Л. Н. Толстой) Ifonly he had cut down the ones on the outside of the clump [of young trees] and left even one standing, but no, the villain, he had wiped out the whole lot, one after the other. Она не являлась. Хотя бы на минуту показала прекрасные черты свои. (-Гоголь) She did not appear. Ifonly she had shown her lovely features at least for a minute. Как скучно здесь? Хоть бы кто-нибудь пел, хотя бы немножко музыки. (-Горький) Whyis it dull here? If somebody would just sing, ifwe just had a little music. Ах, какая скука! Хоть бы дети чьи-нибудь! (-А . Н. Островский) Oh, how dull it is! If only there were some children around here, it wouldn't make any difference whose! (2) with бы and an infinitive : Вздыхают крестяне: хотя бы хлевушком успеть до зимы разжиться. (-Гарин) The peasants sigh: If we can just manage to get a shed before winter. Хоть бы отдохнуть где-нибудь в порядочном трактире. (-Соллогуб) IfI could just get some rest somewhere in a decent inn.

491

(3) With no verb: [Ванюшка) безнадёжно, с тоской, вздохнув, прошептал; -О господи, хоть бы корку какую. (-Горький) [Vanyushka] whispered hopelessly, longingly, with a sigh, "Oh Lord, if only I could have at least some crust or other. "

f.

хоть бы XOTь + 6ы in subjunctive хоть + бы + infinitive

} -In reproachful wishes and dissatisfied

The бы is regularly directly after the хоть. Вы хоть бы меня попотчевали чем-нибудь. (-А . Н. Островский) You might at least have treated me to something. Что ж это за срам такой! Хоть бы прохладительное какое-нибудь подали! говорит протоколист. (-Салтыков) "Really, what a shame! They might at least have given us something to cool off with!" said the clerk of the registry. За наши труды нам плятят мало; хоть бы уважение-то нам за наш честный труд оказывали. (-А . Н. Островский) They don't pay us much for what we do; they could at least show us some respect for our honest work. Я еще от вас гривенника не видал. Хоть бы когда* в глаза плюнули * (-А. Н. Островский) I still haven't seen a ten-kopeck piece from you. You might at least pay a little attention to me** once in a while. * *Неге, когда = когда-нибудь. ** Lit.: I wish you'd at least spit in my eyes. With бы and an infinitive : -Хоть бы попугать этих монашенок. Итальянки, говорят, есть молоденькие. Право, пять лет жизни отдал бы! -Им ведь и скучно -- смеясь сказал офицер. (-Л . Н. Толстой) -We could at least give the nuns a scare. Some of them are young Italian girls, people say. By George, I'd give five years of my life for it! -After all , they have a dull time of it too , said an officer, with a laugh. .

хоть + бы in subjunctive -In reproofs and suggestions of better courses of action. Typically, sentences of this type begin with a personal pronoun, referring to the person addressed, and the бы stands in second position as usual , with the result that here the бы comes before the хоть instead of after it, whereas in #e & f the standard formula is хоть бы. However, the other order - Хушь ( = хоть) + бы + ты -- occurs in one example here. This is the most attenuated application of the idea of 'at least' , 'at any rate' , 'anyway' in statements of what is preferable. (1 ) In reproofs: Вы бы стыдились хоть при посторонних-то! (-А . Н. Островский) You ought to be ashamed to talk like that in front of strangers ! Она шла молча, не жалуясь и не глядя по сторонам, и это ее молчание, да и самое ее присутствие благотворно влияли на остальных. Она-то этого, конечно, не знала, но Лубенцов - тот знал и иногда упрекал отстающих: -- Вы бы хоть у этой Девушки поучились ……. (-Казакевич) She walked along in silence , without complaining and without looking to either side, and this silence of hers , and indeed her presence itself, had a wholesome effect on the others. She herself was not aware of this , of course , but Lubentsov did know it, and sometimes reproached the stragglers: "You ought to learn something from this girl ..."

492

Хушь * бы ты не против самой ее, так против других за нее посовестился ... (-Лесков) *хушь = хошь = хоть. You ought to be ashamed of yourself, and if you aren't ashamed in front of her, then you ought to be ashamed in front ofother people for the way you treat her. (2) In suggestions: Ты бы хоть с Ольгой и Ниной поговорил. Они же меня заклюют, * что я тебя отпустил. (-Арбузов) You ought to have a talk with Olga and Nina. They'll never let me hear the last of it* for letting you leave. (* Lit.: They'll peck me to death.) Ты бы хоть позвонила ему. (-Леонов) You ought to call him up. Вот спасибо, что догадалась , Лена. Да ты бы хоть копоть-то вытерла! (-Леонов) Thank you for thinking of it, Elena [ i.e. , bringing tea) . But you ought to wipe off the soot [from the teakettle]. 3. Considering possibilities. Naming indifferent alternatives. хоть ...g хоть хоть ...g хоть хоть бы … .., хоть бы

...g хоть .. .

No example was found showing xorя being used in this sense.

'whether ... or ...' 'regardless of whether ... or ...' ' I don't care if it's ... or ...'

'whether it's ... or whether it's ...' 'It doesn't matter whether it's ... or ...' 'perhaps ... , perhaps ... , or perhaps ...'

Xoть is used in enumerations where the speaker is indicating his willingness to entertain any of the ideas that he is listing, and also emphasizing that in his view they do not really differ in any significant way. Бы is often used in combination with хоть here, pointing out that the possibilities suggested are only ideas and not accomplished facts. [Местность] непривлекательная, хоть зимой, хоть летом. (-Решетников) [The locality] is unattractive, regardless of whether it's in winter or summer. На изучение иностранного языка требуется много времени, хоть бы английского, хоть бы греческого, хоть бы китайского. Learning a foreign language takes a lot of time, regardless of whether it's English or Greek or Chinese. Хотъ нравится, хоть нет, а всё равно надо. Whether you like doing it or not, all the same it has to be done. Думала она о том, что ни за что не пойдет замуж за каторжного, на Сахалине, а какнибудь иначе устроится, - с каким из начальников, с писарем, хоть с надзирателем, хоть с помощником. (-Л. Н. Толстой) She was thinking that she would not under any circumstances marry a convict on Sakhalin, but rather that she would find some other arrangement -- with some one of the chiefs , or with a clerk, perhaps with an overseer, or perhaps with an assistant. The possibilities may be exaggerated ones , not seriously meant : По мне жена как хочешь одевайся: хоть кутафьей, хоть богдыханом. (-Пушкин) As far as I'm concerned, let a wife dress any way you like. I don't care if it's as a frump or as a Chinese emperor.

493

An interesting application of repeated xoть indicating a choice of possibilities , and accompanied by бы indicating that these possibilities did not in fact materialize, can be seen in the following example. Note how the negative ('not') in the English translation does not appear at all in the Russian sentence. Выпили по бутылке, и хоть бы краска в лице ... А вот пьет шампанское, так на диво:. прибавилась, хоть бы голос поднялся. (-А . Н. Островский) ...I'll tell you one thing: he can drink champagne like nobody's business. ... We drank up a bottle apiece, and he didn't even get any extra color in his face or his voice didn't go up. The literal meaning ofthe construction is: " ..., and [one might have expected that] perhaps his face should have gotten redder or his voice should have gone up [but they didn't]." 4. Considering possibilities. Indifference to identity (of person, of place , of time, etc.) a.

xoть + interrogative pronouns, adverbs, and adjectives . Xorя is not used in these combinations. хоть кто хоть что хоть где хоть куда* хоть откуда хоть когда хоть как хоть какой

anyone anything anywhere anywhere, to any place from anywhere at any time anyhow, in any way, by any way any, I don't care which/what

*But remember also the idiom xоть куда meaning 'fine' , 'excellent.' See p 512 . Дикой:.... (Обращаясь к народу) Да вы, проклятые , хоть кого в грех введете! (.А . Н. Островский) Dikoy: ... (Turning to the crowd) And you people, dodgast you , you're enough to drive anybody into sin!

А виноват во всем Топор; Бранить его, хоть как, Мужик найдет причину. (-Крылов) But everything is the fault of The axe. One way or another. The peasant will find a reason to rail against it. Разумный холод лет умудрит хоть кого. (-Гоголь) Thejudicious chill ofage will make anyone wiser. b.

xoть + indefinite pronouns, adverbs , and adjectives Xотя can also occur in combinations ofthis type. e.g. хоть кто-нибудь 'anyone at all' 'at any rate somebody' 'anybody as long as somebody does' 'just so it's somebody' хоть какой-нибудь 'any one of them at all' 'any ... at all' , 'a ..., no matter which one' 'I don't care which' хоть где-нибудь 'anywhere at all' etc.

'it doesn't matter where'

Combinations of this kind are often associated with expressions of desire , where the speaker is saying that what he chiefly wants is to have his wish fulfilled at all, without regard to the details of who , how, where, when, etc. , as long as it is someone , somehow , etc.

494

Since хоть + interrog. and interrog. + нибудь both mean "any ... at all " , it would seem that хоть + interrog. + нибудь may be the result of running two similar expressions together to be even more emphatic. However, even though it is the view taken by both the Ushakov and the Barkhudarov dictionaries, it is hard to be sure that хоть and an indefinite in -нибудь really should be regarded as a set combination after all. It is true that a good many instances can be found where they both occur in the same sentence, but it regularly turns out that such sentences can also be construed as cases of xoть in one of its independent meanings (-'at least', 'in any case', as in # 2; for example' , as in # 5 ; 'It would be nice if ...', 'I wish that ...', as in # 2e; 'even', as in # 8) . Thus it can be argued that the хоть оссurs so often along with an indefinite in -нибудь simply because the thoughts expressed in such sentences are not at all unusual ones. (There is also the consideration that xorя does not occur with interrogatives (# 4a), but does occur with indefinites (# 4b) : if the first interpretation were right, it would be natural to expect to find хотя occurring with both. ) Certainly it is a fact that the xoть does not always stand next to the indefinite in -нибудь, and in general the more intervening words there are between them, the more convincing becomes the interpretation ofthese words as a frequent co-occurrence rather than a genuine combination. In the end, this second interpretation is perhaps the better one.

Examples: 'at least': Нет, если говорить серьезно, я мечтаю вот о чем: стать микробиологом и поступить в Экспериментальный институт. Должен же хоть кто-нибудь из нашего выпуска туда попасть! Так вот - пусть это буду я! (-Арбузов) No, if we're going to talk about it seriously, here's what my dream is : to become a microbiologist and go into the Experimental Institute . There ought to be at least somebody or other from our graduating class who gets there . And my idea is: let it be me!

Может быть, Аполлон и лжет, а все ж хоть что-нибудь есть и правды. (-А. Н. Островский) It may be that Apollonius is lying, but that all the same there is at least some bit of truth in what he says . В общем, хоть сколько-нибудь пришли, у нас совершенно нечем работать. Anyway, send us at least some; at our place we don't have anything to work with.

'for example': Нет, батюшка, за картины спасибо. Добро бы были картины с благородным содержанием, чтобы можно было на стену повесить, хоть какой-нибудь генерал со звездой или князя Кутузова портрет, а то вон мужика нарисовал. (-Гоголь) No, my friend, thank you for the pictures. It would be nice to have some pictures with a noble subject, so as to hang them on the wall, for instance some general with a star, or a portrait of Prince Kutuzov, but what you've drawn there is a picture of a peasant. -Он не женат еще? -На ком? -Хоть на какой-нибудь княгине. (-Грибоедов) -Isn't he married yet? -To whom? -Well, to some princess or other, for instance.

I wish that': ' Тоска, скука, бесцельные и мучительные рассуждения. Хоть бы пришел кто -нибудь. (-Гаршин) Depression, boredom, aimless and painful discussions . I wish anybody at all would come. Хоть бы отдохнуть где-нибудь в порядочном трактире, .. меня так растрясло, что все кости так ломит. (-Соллогуб) If only I could rest somewhere at a decent inn; I've been so shaken to pieces that all my bones ache dreadfully .

495

'even': Что бы я ни чувствовала, что бы я ни думала о вас -- разве это может иметь хоть какое-нибудь значение? (-Арбузов) No matter what I may have felt, no matter what I may have thought about you can it really have any significance at all? ( Lit.: "can it really have even any significance?") 5. Considering possibilities . Pointing out a real possibility or a believable example . Used to point out one possibility selected from among several , and (a) suggesting it as a typical example of its group, and hence (b) suggesting it for consideration and choosing by the person spoken to, and by extension (c) suggesting in answer to a question someone or something that the speaker believes that the other person has not thought of, often presenting this possibility with a somewhat defiant or provocative or mocking air. хоть вот хоть ВОН хоть хоть бы вот хоть бы вон хоть бы

(a) for example'

for instance' '

(b) for instance'

'how about ...?

(c) 'maybe'

' for instance'

'It might be ...'

' What ifit's ...?

'Supposing it's ...?

Хотя is used in the same way. In this meaning, the accompanying бы appears often, evidently to disclaim that the speaker is at all insisting that the example which he suggests must necessarily be the one actually chosen.

Sentences of this kind sometimes contain some expression such as например ог к примеру, inserted in addition to the (вот/вон) хоть/хотя (бы) and meaning the same thing. This is another example ofthe colloquial habit of reinforcement by piling on synonyms. (a) Сядемте! ... Ну, представьте себе, что вы меня любите немножко, хоть так же, как ту брюнетку! ( А. Н. Островский) Let's sit down. ... Now, imagine to yourself that you're a little bit in love with me , the way you were with that brunette, for instance. Кто гладок, так похудает; а худому смерть. Вот хоть бы я. Мочи моей нет. (-Л. Н. Толстой) Anybody that's plump gets skinny; but a skinny person is sure to die . Look at me, for example . All my strength is gone. Тоже, подумаешь, как другой раз просят детей! Ан глядь, бог не дает, все мертвенных рожают. Вон хоть бы попадья. (-Л . Н. Толстой) And just think how in other cases people pray for children! And what do you know, God doesn't give them any -- they're all born dead. Like the priest's wife there, for instance. Нет, матушка, оттого у вас тишина в городе, что многие люди, вот хоть бы вас взять, добродетелями, как цветами, украшаются; оттого всё и делается прохладно и благочинно. Ведь эта беготня-то, матушка, что значит? Ведь это суета! Вот хоть бы в Москве; бегает народ взад и вперёд неизвестно зачем. (-А . Н. Островский) No, missus, the reason you've got quiet in this town is that a lot of people , take yourself for example, are ornamented with virtues like with flowers, that's why everything here is done calm and decent. Y'see, missus, this rushing around -- What does it mean? Y'see, it's all vanity! Like in Moscow, -- the people are running all over, nobody knows what for.

496

Кара-Бугаз во впечатлении современника, хотя бы в моем, представляет собой нечто значительно более простое и менее таинственное, чем в глазах лейтенанта Жеребцова. (-Паустовский) Kara-Bugaz in the view of a contemporary, such as in mine, is something considerably simpler and less mysterious than in the eyes of Lieutenant Zherebtsov. Я говорю, Крестьян Иванович, про известного человека ... про общего нам знакомого, Крестьян Иванович, например, хоть про Владимира Семеновича. (-Достоевский) I'm talking about a particular man, Krestyan Ivanovich ... about a general acquaintance of ours, Krestyan Ivanovich, for example like Vladimir Semeonovich. Если возить фотографию, так это уж надо одну какую-нибудь, чтобы сердце билось при взгляде, .. например хотя бы вашу. (-Симонов) If anybody's going to carry a picture around, it oughtta be one that makes their heart beat when they look at it, -- like a picture ofyou, for instance. (b) -Давайте ... Кто затянет "По малину"? -А хоть бы я. (-Мей) -Come on ... Who'll start the singing of "Going raspberrying"? -Well, how about me? А ты теперь, мой батюшка, на ком угодно зубки точи, хоть на мне; я уйду, мешать не буду. (-Тургенев) And as for you, my dear sir, now you may backbite whomever you please, perhaps me if you like. I'm leaving, so I won't be disturbing you while you do it. Помилуйте, Федор Иваныч, она совсем уничтожена, спросите хоть Сергея Петровича; убитая женщина, tout a fait, что вы это? (-Тургенев) For heaven's sake, Fyodor Ivanych, she is completely broken. Ask Sergei Petrovich , if you want to. She is a stricken woman, absolutely. How can you be like this? Что это я, в самом деле, раззевалась? -- подумала Катерина Львовна: -Сем-ну я хоть встану по двору погуляю или в сад пройдусь. (-Лесков) "Now really, why have I started yawning?" thought Katerina Lvovna. "I guess I'll get up and take a walk around the yard, maybe, or I'll go into the garden. " -Да где же вы найдете такуюневесту, -Вот так сказали: да хоть бы вы, если только угодно! (-Достоевский) -But where are you going to find a bride like that? -Really, how you talk! In fact, what about you for instance, if you wanted to! Назвать-то всячески можно, пожалуй, хоть машиной назови; ... (-А . Н. Островский) You can call it [ = a locomotive] anything, I suppose. Call it a machine if you like. Да отелилась в поле корова. Ну ладно, я сейчас велю запречь лошадь. Вели Николаю Лысуху запречь, хоть в дроги. (-Л . Н. Толстой) A cow has calved in the field. All right, I'll give orders to hitch up a horse right away. Tell Nikolai Lysukh to hitch him up. I think maybe using the cart would be best. Apparently a minor subtype of suggesting a candidate for consideration is the pattern imperative + хоть + pronoun, noun, or name. Sentences of this kind may also have some of the tones ofdissatisfaction, desire for a change, and statement of minimum goal that were pointed out in connection with # 2, 'at least'. -Тише, ребята, не все сразу, сказал Николай Антоныч. -Ну, Игорь говори хоть ты. (-Каверин) "Not so noisy, kids . Don't all talk at once, " said Nikolai Antonych . " All right , Igor , how about you saying something. " -Выпей, Яша, хоть ты. (-Чехов) Yasha, how about you having a glass? OR: Yasha, at least you have a glass. (-i.e. , even if no one else will.)

497

(c) - Я выхожу замуж. -За кого? -Ну, хоть за Горецкого. (-А.Н. Островский) -I'm going to get married. -To whom? -Well, maybe Goretzky. -Вы это про что же, • Хоть бы про вас. -В каких смыслах? -Сами можете понять. (-А.Н. Островский) -What were you talking about when you said that? -It might be about you. -In connection with what? -You can figure it out for yourself. -(помолчав, вдруг засмеялась) Я замуж, Витька, решила идти. -Не смеши ... за кого? -(с вызовом) А хоть бы и за тебя? (-Арбузов) -(after a silence, suddenly starting to laugh) I've decided to get married, Vitka. -Don't make me laugh ... Who to? -(saucily) And suppose it's you?

-По какому праву вы требуете от меня объяснения, -Хоть по такому, что вы человек умный и больше меня понимаете. (-А . Н. Островский) -By what right do you demand an explanation from me? -Well , maybe it's because you're a clever guy and understand things better than I do. 6. Considering possibilities. Expressing acquiescence and willingness to put an idea into practice, emphasizing how easily it can be done. Veryclose in sense to # 5, for instance', 'how about', is the use of хоть in expressions of agreement, with the xoть introducing the idea ofwhat the speaker is willing to do or to accept. No example ofxoтя in this use was found.

'ifyou like'

'All right, ...'

'I'd be glad to'

'I'd be willing to'

-Ну, так когда же, -Да хоть завтра. (-Л . Н. Толстой) -Well then, when? -Why, tomorrow ifyou like. ... Вот приезжай и посмотришь ... Да хоть завтра, Новый год встречать. Запиши: Пушкинская, десять. (-Леонов) ... Why don't you come and see ... Well, how about tomorrow, to celebrate the New Year? Write it down: Pushkin Street, number ten ... А коли вам угодно, так хоть сейчас -- ни капли, абсолюман. (-А. Н. Островский) But if it suits you , then [ I'll stop drinking] right now if you like -not a drop, absolutely. -Поможешь мне? Ты меня видишь девушкой, - посмотри женщиной что из меня выйдет! -Bce, что от меня зависит, я с радостью ……. Я хоть погляжу на замужнюю женщину, которая имеет свою волю. (-А. Н. Островский) -Will you help me? You see me now as a girl. Just wait and see what I'll be like as a married woman! -I'll be glad to do everything I can ... I'd be glad to see a married woman that had a will ofher own. Мне бы уж это место на всю жизнь-с. Я хоть подписку дам, потому выше я не могу-с. Мне не по способностям. (-А . Н. Островский) I'd like to have this job for my whole life , sir. Ifyou wanted, I'd be willing to sign my name to that, because I cannot go any higher, sir . It is beyond my capabilities.

498

Ну вот, мои барышни и готовы. Хоть сейчас женихи наезжайте, как на выставку выставлены, первый сорт. Такой форс покажем в нос бросится. Генералу какому не стыдно показать! (-А. Н. Островский) Now then, my young ladies are all ready. All right, let the suitors come driving up now, they're up on display, and they're Grade A. We'll show 'em such class, it'll hit.'em right in the face. I'm not ashamed to show them offto some general! In Replies Containing Repetitions: Acquiescences that incorporate characteristic words from the preceding speech are somewhat different in tone: there is less goodwill expressed and instead there is a shading of lack of interest or fretfulness or slight dissatisfaction. The xoть may stand either before or after the repeated word or phrase, and when at the beginning of the reply is often preceded by a нy. -Не прикажете ли, я всё это изложу лучше на бумаге? -Хорошо, хоть на бумаге. (-Гоголь) -Wouldn't you like to order me to, and I can put all this down on paper better. -All right, put it down on paper if you want to. -Да у меня уж сердце прошло. Теперь это будет в шутку, а я хочу серьезно. -Ну, хоть в шутку. (-А. Н. Островский) -Well, I'm not in the mood any more [to be angry) . If I do it now, it will be as a joke, but I want to do it seriously. -Well, all right, do it as a joke. 7. Considering even a restricted possibility. Suggesting a very limited concession. 'even' 'at least' 'so much as' 'even ifonly' just' 'only' Used with expressions of quantity, amount, or extent, and indicating severe limitation. Often associated with an expression ofdesire, especially desire for at least some relaxation ofa constraint. Хотя is used in the same way, though perhaps less frequently. Бы is sometimes used in sentences with this meaning, especially when what is being suggested has not so far taken place, or in expressions ofdesire.

a. With definite quantities Если я с ним хоть раз увижусь, я убегу из дому, я уж не пойду домой ни за что на свете. (-А . Н. Островский) IfI can ever meet with him just once, I'll run away from home and I won't ever come back, not for anything in the world. Хочет генерал достать хоть одно яблоко, да все так высоко висят, что надобно лезть. (-Салтыков) The general wants to get just one apple, but they are all hanging so high up as to make it necessary to climb the tree.

Но если кто из вас скажет про нее хоть одно дурное слово .... Пусть бережется. Этого я ему навеки не прощу ... (-Арбузов) But if any one of you says so much as one nasty word about her ... he'd better watch out. I'll never let him off. Свет-от вконец затмился, али видать еще хоть с росиночку? (-Леонов) The light is completely gone . Can you expect to see anything that's only the size of a dewdrop? Как же ты осмеливаешься играть драматических любовников, если ты боишься пожертвовать собой хоть раз в жизни, для меня, за всё, за всё. (-А . Н. Островский) Just how can you have the nerve to play the roles of dramatic lovers, if you are afraid to make a sacrifice just once in your life for me and for everything, everything.

b. With indefinite quantities: Ах, Аполлон, Аполлон! ... Вот что ты мне скажи: совладать-то с собой ты можешь али нет, -- ну, хоть ненадолго? (-А . Н. Островский) Oh , Apollonius, Apollonius ! ... What I want you to tell me is, can you control yourself or not , -anyway just for a little while?

499

Ведь если б ты был хоть немного поприличнее , я бы тебе и службу достала, и невесту с хорошим приданым. (-А . Н. Островский) Look here, if you'd behave yourself at least a little more decently, I'd get you a job as an official and a bride with a good dowry. -Неловок я, Глафира Алексеевна, что вам за радость, чтоб я, в мои лета, шута разыгривал! -Ну, хоть немного, слегка. (-А . Н. Островский) -I'm too awkward, Glafira Alekseyevna . What pleasure can there be for you in seeing me play the part of a buffoon at my age? -Well, try it just some, try it a little bit. А что человеку для счастья нужно? Чтобы дело его было хоть чуточку лучше, чем он сам. (-Арбузов) And what does a person need to make him happy? That what he is doing should count for just a little more than he does himself. Послушай, миленький, потешь меня хоть мало. (-Грибоедов) Listen, old pal, do just a little thing to oblige me.

Век не встречал, подписку дам, Что б было ей хоть несколько подобно! (-Грибоедов) In an age I haven't met, I guarantee you, Anything even somewhat like her!

c. With бы: Стоит мне хотя бы издали увидеть поэтическое создание, как у меня от злости в икрах начинаются судороги. (-Чехов) All it takes is for me to see one of these poetic creatures, even from a distance , and I start getting spasms in the legs, I'm so irritated. Ну, будь другом - прими еще хотя бы одного человека: ведь как-никак -академик, сказал комендант и добавил еще что-то вполголоса. (-Лаптев) "Come on, be a pal . Take just one more person. Remember, he's an Academician, after all , " said the commandant, and added something more in an undertone. Но я не решался зажечь хотя бы одну ... (-Паустовский) But I couldn't bring myself to light even one ... d. With an infinitive in wishes: Хоть взглянуть-то мне на нее! (-А. Н. Островский) Let me just have a look at her! Ах ты, господи! Хоть бы одним глазком взглянуть на нее! (-А . Н. Островский) Lord! If only I could have just one look at her! Хоть бы раз опять обнять ее, а потом будь, что будет. (-Л . Н. Толстой) To hold her just once more , and after that I don't care what happens. e. With severely restricted possibilities in general: Однако возможность наличия этой полосы в таких соединениях должна учитываться хотя бы из-за опасности спутать ее с поглощениями карбонила. (-А . Л. Пумпянский : Пособие по переводу научной и техинческой литературы на английский язык.) "The possibility of the occurrence of this band in such materials is , however, worth bearing in mind, ifonly because of the danger ofconfusion with carbonyl absorptions. " Так уж решился как совсем выздоровею, так сходить богу помолиться да идти к брату, пусть возьмет хоть в дворники. (-А. Н. Островский) So I decided that as soon as I got all well again I'd go and say a prayer and then go to my brother and ask him to give me a job even if only as a yard-keeper. Ты мели хоть шопотом -- нянька услышит. (-Леонов) If you talk that kind of stuff [impiety] , even in a whisper, Nursey'll hear you.

500

8. Considering an unlikely possibility . Suggesting an extravagant outcome, an improbable explanation, or a fantastic extreme.

'even'

'I wouldn't (even) care if it was ...'

'ifyou insist'

'indeed'

I don't (even) mind if ... '

'ifit came to that'

Хотя is used in the same way. Бы оссurѕ frequently with хоть and хотя in this meaning also, when the occurrence that is being suggested has not actually materialized . A strengthening и sometimes accompanies the хотъ ог хотя. Я достал бы ее [ = елку] вам хоть с Гималайских склонов. (-Леонов) I'd get it [ =a New Year's tree] for you even if it was from the slopes of the Himalayas. Не клевещи, матушка, на женщин! Всякие бывают; есть и такие, что не только своим хозяйством, а хоть губернией править сумеют, хоть в Хиву* воевать посылай. (-А . Н. Островский) Don't knock women, my dear! They come in all kinds. There are some that not only can manage their own affairs, but could even govern a whole province. You could even send them to Khiva* to command an army. *Khanate in Uzbekistan, conquered by the Russians in 1873.

With infinitive; Мне только проститься с ним, а там ... а там хотъ умирать. (-А. Н. Островский) All I want is to say goodbye to him, and then ... and then I'll be ready even to die.

With a quantity: -Утром вы мне будете нужны; постарайтесь меня увидать прежде, чем я буду у Меропы Давыдовны: выходите ко мне навстречу, на дорогу. -Хотъ за пять верст, если прикажете. (-А . Н. Островский) -I'll be needing you in the morning. Try to meet me before I pay a call to Meropa Davydovna. Come out to meet me on the road. -I'd be willing to meet you five versts from there, if you say so. Я какой вам угодно долг признаю, хоть во сто тысяч. (-А. Н. Островский) I would be willing to acknowledge any debt to you, even ifit's a hundred thousand.

With an indefinite quantity: -Хорошо, товарищ Стрынктыч: сажайте еще хоть дюжину. Но только и за штурвал садитесь сами. Договорились? (-Лаптев) All right, Comrade Strynktych. Go ahead and put another dozen people on my plane if you insist. It's just that then you sit in there and take over the stick yourself. Agreed?

With бы: О , я добр , я свеж, я иду, иду, и хотя бы на тысячу лет. (-Достоевский) Oh , I'm cheerful , I feel fine, I'll keep going and going for a thousand years if it comes to that. Впрочем, губернаторский дом был так освещен, хоть бы и для бала. (-Гоголь) But the governor's house was lit up just as if it were for a ball. (Lit.: even the way it would be for a ball.)

501 9. Considering an imaginary possibility. Envisioning a resultless condition, either as yet unrealized or inherently unrealizable . A.

Хоть

દુ ર ક ર

(Да) (*...)

B.

(H) (*...)

Prf

(*...)

хоть

HO так

(*...) (He)

Prf no Vb rhet.q.

Хоть

хоть

Prf

PrfSubj бы

(Да)

так

(и) (не)

(*...) (He)

IpfSubj no cnj

PrfSubj PrfInf no Vb rhet.q.

Prf

C. & D.

IpfImp хоть (Да) (*...) XOTь (A)

PrfImp

( ...)

no Vb

но всё

Subj (Prfor Ipf) IpfPres

всë-таки (* ...) (He) так

IpfFut no Vb rhet.q. etc.

no cnj

*Intervening words may be a nominative subject, an accusative object, an adverb, a dative, an instrumental, a prepositional phrase, or more than one ofthese. Xorя is rarely used in this construction. 'even if' XOTь is often used in conditional sentences where the speaker is insisting on his own point of view. The way of insisting is to say that even if some imaginary condition were ever fulfilled, even then the assertion in the main clause would still be true. The imaginary condition may range all the way from events that are perfectly possible but have so far not happened through imagined events that the speaker regards as conceivable but preposterous and on through the positively bizarre to the obviously impossible. There appears to be a definite tendency to make a distinction in the choice of verb-form for the condition. As a rule, A. The perfective is used in specific conditions that refer to definite possibilities in the future. They are conditions that have not been fulfilled so far,but are perfectly possible. B. The subjunctive is used in specific conditions that refer to definite possibilities which either were possible in the past but failed to be fulfilled or which might have been fulfilled at the present time but have not been. These unrealized possibilities are often regarded by the speaker as very unlikely ones. C. The imperative is used in general conditions that refer to indefinite cases occurring at any time and in any instance. Since conditions of this kind are sweeping generalizations and do not refer to definite possibilities in particular instances, it is perhaps not surprising to find that they are often highly fanciful pictures of bizarre or impossible happenings, though not always. D. The verb is sometimes omitted from the condition entirely, usually in general conditions where one would expect the Imperative. In addition, a number of secondary features appear with striking persistence in this strongly patterned sentence-type: 1. Дa or A: The sentence frequently begins with a Дa or an A, showing that the remark proceeds directly from the sentence before it in a continuous line of thought. An initial And is used in exactly the same way in English.

2. XOTь:The xoть can stand in several positions; a.

At the beginning of the sentence, the clause containing the xoть (i.e. , the condition) being first.

b.

Second in the sentence, after a Дa or an A.

502

c.

Inside its clause after the subject or an object or an adverb etc., but before the verb. This is commonly the position taken by XOть when the sentence begins with a Дa or an A and the verb ofthe condition is an Imperative.

d. Inside its clause, after the verb and its subject but before another word or phrase that acts as an adjunct to the verb. Less commonly, in the second of the two clauses when the condition follows the assertion instead ofpreceding it. 3.

И и is extremely frequent after хоть он хоть бы and before the verb when the verb of the condition is a perfective or subjunctive. But the и normally does not occur between xоть and an imperative.

4. 8, HO, Bсë, тaк: The assertion is often introduced by a contrasting conjunction: a, но, Bсë, Bсëтакн, так, etc. Tax is especially common here. (Cf. TAK, p340-341 , # 8.) This use of contrasting conjunctions exactly parallels that ofthe concessive sentences in # 1, p 483. 5. He: In practice, there are naturally many situations where someone says that even if some imagined condition should ever be fulfilled , even then something else will not take place. Consequently, a нe with a perfective (or, less often, an imperfective future) is an extremely frequent combination in the assertion. 6. Rhetorical question: A negative assertion is sometimes recast in the form of a rhetorical question, with the idea that an answer of No must be inescapable: "You don't suppose for one minute that ... will ..., do you?" (-Ofcourse not. ) 7. Если: Note that если is not used in conditional sentences of this type.

Examples: A. With a perfective in the condition: Да хоть и поговорю-то, так всё не беда! (-А. Н. Островский) And even ifI do talk to him, (then) there's still nothing wrong with it! А после хоть и увижусь с ней, так только " здравствуйте!" да " прощайте!" (-А . Н. Островский) And afterwards, (even) if I do run into her, then it's going to be just "Hello" and "Goodbye." With a rhetorical question in the assertion: Стар, стар для тебя. Хоть и выдешь* за него, а что проку-то! (-А . Н. Островский) He's awfully old for you. Even supposing you do marry him, what good is that? *Author's representation ofinelegant pronunciation ofвыйдешь . With the XOть inside its clause: А две тысячи хоть и у Купавиной своруешь, так не бойся, ее не разоришь. (-А. Н. Островский) But (even) ifyou steal it [ = 2000 rubles ] from Kupavina, don't worry, you won't ruin her. Адресуйте письма по старому в Москву. Я хоть и поеду еще кое-куда в окрестности, но не надолго. (-Гоголь: letter) Address letters to Moscow, the way you did before. If I do go to a few other places in the vicinity, it won't be for long. (OR: ..., I may go ..., but it won't be for long.) B. With the subjunctive (imperfective or perfective) in the condition : Ни разу продом-то и не вспомнил. Да хоть бы и вспомнил-то, так мне бы и в ум не пришло, что тут делается. (-А . Н. Островский) I didn't think of home once. And even if I had, (then) I would never have imagined what was going on here.

503

Разве человек сам на такую гадость решится? Да хоть бы и решился, так одному, без дьяволя, не суметь. (-А . Н. Островский) Would a human being really bring himself to do such a rotten thing all on his own? And even if he did bring himself to do it, (then) he wouldn't be able to do it by himself, without the devil's help. Я не знаю зелия такого. Хоть бы знала, тебе б не сказала. (-Пушкин) I don't know of any such potion. If I did know, I wouldn't tell you . -Что хозяин делает? -Спит покуда. Да хошь бы и не спал, не съест он тебя. (-А.Н. Островский) -What's the bossdoing? -He's sleeping at the moment. And even if he weren't sleeping, he won't eat you up. With a rhetorical question in the assertion: Успокойся, ради бога, успокойся, Вася. Ты докончишь, ей богу, докончишь! А хотъ бы и не докончил, так что ж за беда? (-Достоевский) Take it easy, for heaven's sake, take it easy, Vasya. You'll finish it, I swear you'll finish it! And even if you didn't finish it, then what would be the harm?

In replies: -За мной еще семнадцать идут! -пригрозил. -А хоть бы и все сто семнадцать! (-Слонимский) -I've got seventeen more men following me! he threatened. -I don't care if it's a whole hundred and seventeen! (Lit.: Even if it's a whole hundred and seventeen ... [it won't make any difference].)

-Наверное , они с женами прощались -Хоть бы и так! Какое ваше дело? -I suppose they [the people left behind by the train] were saying goodbye to their wives ... -So what ifthey were! What business of yours is that? (Lit.: Even ifthat's the way it is, ...) In Replies Containing Repetitions:

A

Хоть хотъ

хоть Хоть A хоть Да хоть Ну хоть Да хотя Да

бы бы бы бы

И и и и и и и

бы

'Supposing it (really) is ...' 'Even ifit is ...'

'I don't care ifit's ...' 'Even if...'

'So what ifit is ...'

-Аль сватаешь кого? -А хоть бы и сватаю* ; разве дурное дело? (-А . Н. Островский) -Are you suggesting someone as a marriage prospect? -Suppose I am. Is that such an awful thing to do? *Note the use of the indicative instead of subjunctive here, in spite of the preceding бы. The thought is perhaps something like " Suppose [ it's true that ] I am doing that." -Катерина Ивановна ведь вас чуть не била, у отца-то? ... -Била! Да что вы это. Господи, била! А хоть бы и била, так что ж! Вы ничего, ничего не знаете .... (-Достоевский) -I say , I shouldn't wonder if Katerina Ivanovna used to beat you when you were living at your father's, didn't she? -Beat me! What an idea! Good heavens, beat me! And even if she did beat me, what difference does it make? You know nothing about it , nothing ...

504

-Да я об тебе и говорить не хотела; а так, к слову пришлось. -Да хоть и к слову, за что ж ты меня обижаешь? (-А . Н. Островский) -I never really meant to talk about you at all, I just happened to. It came up incidentally. -Even if it was incidentally, what's the point in being nasty to me?

-Ну вот я попрошу вас мне правду сказать, вы скажете? -Какую правду-с? -А вот какую мы спросим. -Извольте-с, все, что угодно-с. -А если секрет? -Да хотя бы рассекрет. У меня своих секретов нет, а если какой чужой, так что мне за надобность беречь его. (-А. Н. Островский) -Well , suppose I ask you to tell me the truth -- will you do it? -The truth about what, ma'am? -About what we ask you. -All right, anything you like, ma'am. -And ifit's a secret? -I don't care if it's a supersecret. I don't have any secrets of my own, and if somebody else does, why do I have to watch out for him? -Ой, бабоньки, что-то вас многовато стало. -Это вы и в мой адрес, -А хоть и в твой! Если я тебя люблю, это еще не причина перед тобой на цыпочках ходить! (-Арбузов) -Gosh , girls, there's gotten to be quite a crowd of you here. -Do you mean that to refer to me? -And what ifit does! Being in love with you isn't a reason for me to have to go tiptoeing around watching everything I say, is it? Потом мы слышим, что и бабушка здесь умерла и оставила завещание, чтобы дядя нам выплатил часть, какую следует, когда мы придем в совершеннолетие, только с условием. -С каким же, сударь, - Если мы будем к нему почтительны. Опять же, хоть бы вы и были к нему почтительны, нешто кто ему запретит сказатьто, что вы непочтительны? (-А. Н. Островский) .... Then we hear that our grandmother here has also died and left a will saying that our uncle is to pay us the share that's due to us when we come of age, but with a proviso. -And what was that, sir? -Provided that we are respectful to him. -... And besides, even if you have been respectful to him, do you think anybody can stop him from saying you're disrespectful? C. With the imperative (imperfective or perfective) in the condition: Afuture verb (especially perfective) is the most frequent form in the assertion. With хоть first in its sentence: -Хоть ты ее золотом осыпь, всё ей самой-то цена - грош. (-А.Н. Островский) Even ifyou shower her with gold, what she herself is worth is still a half-kopeck. Да нешто убережешься! Попал на базар, вот и конец! Всех мужиков переругает. Хоть в убыток проси, без брани всё-таки не отойдет. А потом пошел на весь день. (.А. Н. Островский) But you needn't think you're going to get away with a whole hide! Once he's shown up in the market, that's the end! He'll give all the peasants red and blue hell. Even if you offer to sell at T. And then he's nicely started for the a loss, he still doesn't leave without blasting your hea whole day.

505 Хоть весь свет суди меня, а я вот что думаю: мало будет убить меня, если я отдам тебя за него. (-А. Н. Островский) Even if the whole world passes judgment on me, this is what I think: killing me wouldn't be enough, ifI gave you in marriage to him. With a rhetorical question in the assertion: Хотъ умирай с тоски, пожалеют, что ль, тебя! Как же, дожидайся. (-А . Н. Островский) Even if you die of lovesickness, do you think people will be sorry for you or anything? Don't make me laugh, not a chance. With the condition following the assertion :

Не хочу здесь жить, так не стану, хоть ты меня режь! (-А . Н. Островский) IfI don't want to live here, then I won't do it , not if you cut my throat for it. With the XOTь inside its clause, before the Imperative:

Да вы уж хоть повесьте меня, а не воротишь! (-А. Н. Островский) Well, even if you hang me, you won't be able to undo what's done. (OR: Well, go ahead and hang me if you want to, but you can't change things.) А меня хоть ты золотом осыпь, так я не поеду. (-А.Н. Островский) But even if you showered me with gold, I still won't ride in that thing [the railroad train]. Да отсюда хоть три года скачи, ни до какого государства не доедешь. (-Гоголь) And even ifyou gallop from here for three years, you won't reach any frontier. Другой хоть прытче будь, надутый всяким чванством, Пускай себе разумником слыви, А в семью не включат, на нас не подиви, Ведь только здесь еще и дорожат дворянством. (-Грибоедов) Another may be quicker, puffed up with every kind ofconceit, Let him go ahead and have a great reputation as a bright fellow, But they won't let him marry into the family. Don't be surprised at us; You see, this is the only place where nobility is still valued. With the хоть inside its clause, after the imperative: Perhaps a sort of hybrid type are conditional sentences in which the xоть comes after the imperative, standing between the imperative verb and another word or phrase that acts as an adjunct (object, adverb, etc) to the verb. Strictly speaking, the хоть can be construed as applying only to this adjunct that comes after it, as in # 8. But the imperative and its adjunct are closely associated in sense and combine to express a single idea, so that the xoть can also be interpreted as really applying to both ofthem in combination. С первого же раза, кажется, кабы ты поманил меня, я бы и пошла за тобой; иди ты хотъ на край света, я бы всё шла за тобой и не оглянулась бы. (-А. Н. Островский) I think that from the very first time we met, if you had beckoned to me I would have followed you; even if you had gone to the ends of the earth, I would still have gone after you and not looked back. (Lit.: If you had gone even to the ends of the earth ...) Да будь он хоть принц американский, -- не подумаю замуж за него идти. (-Горький) And even if he were an American prince , I wouldn't think of marrying him. (Lit.: And if he were even an American prince, ...) Мать честная! -воскликнул художник. -Какая уйма красок! Такое освещение никак не напишешь, будь ты хоть сам Левитан * . (-Паустовский) " My goodness!" exclaimed the artist . "What a mass of colors! You couldn't paint lighting like that even if you were Levitan* himself. " * Исаак Ильич Левитан, с.1860-1900 , master landscape artist. With no verb in the condition :

Да вот вы хоть тут со всей своей командой не пойду. (-Гоголь) And even if you [ come ] here with your whole gang, I won't go.

506

Что команде разъяснять? -- спокойно сказал он. -Сегодня все поняли. Хоть на смерть, а по своим бить не будут. (-Слонимский) "What is there to explain to the crew?" he said calmly. "Today they've all got it straight. Even ifit means their lives, they won't fire on their own men. "

In set phrases: A number of set phrases consisting of xоть and an imperative are used in conditional sentences like those in # 9C. In addition, there are some set phrases that may have been originally condition-clauses, or at least can be explained in terms of condition-clauses: if so, the assertion has been omitted because stating it is unnecessary. Note that these sentences do not usually have any conjunction (а, но, да, всё-таки,etc.) introducing the assertion . The хотьphrase can also follow an assertion in most cases. Many set phrases of this kind center around a few common ideas relating to frequent situations: inability, impossibility, necessity, and unconcern. a.

inability (-in the case of an individual) хоть зарежь(те)

(Lit.: Cut my throat ifyou want, (but) ...)

хоть убей(те) (на месте)

(Lit.: Kill me (on the spot) if you want (but) ...)

for the life ofme'

'to save my life'

Нет, господа, хоть зарежьте, сказал он и встряхнул головой - не понимаю, почему вы против любви! (-Чехов) "No , gentlemen, " said he and shook his head, " to save my life I don't understand why you are against love . " Уж как это случилось, хоть убей не могу объяснить. (-Гоголь) Really, for the life of me I can't explain how this happened. Определенно помню, - недоумевал он- был я недоволен. А чем, отчего - хоть убей, не вспомню. (-Б. Горбатов) "I remember distinctly," he said perplexedly, "I was dissatisfied. But with what, or why, for the life of me I can't remember.

Хоть убейте, не могу определить, что это за штука ... А чертовски вкусная закуска. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) To save my life I can't make out what this is ... But it's a devilish tasty snack. b. impossibility (-in the case of anyone in general) хоть в трубу труби

(Lit .: even ifyou blow on a trumpet)

хоть в трубы труби

(Lit.: even ifyou blow on trumpets)

хоть из пушки пали

(Lit.: evenifyou fire a cannon)

хоть из пушек пали

(Lit.: evenifyou fire cannons)

хотъ кол на голове теши (кому)

(Lit.: even if you use his head to cut a stake on)

хоть лопни

(Lit .: even ifyou split open)

хоть разбейся

(Lit.: even if you knock yourself to pieces)

хоть разорвись

(Lit .: even if you burst)

хоть тресни

(Lit .: even ifyou crack into pieces)

'no matter what you do'

'no matter how you try'

(similar in use and meaning but without verb: хоть ты что. See p 513)

-Спит? -Сном праведника, как всегда. Хоть в трубы труби, не проснется. (.А.Н . Островский) -Is he asleep? -Sleeping the sleep of the just , as always . You could blow trumpets and he won't wake up .

507

Раз она заснула, потом хоть из пушек пали, ее не разбудишь. Once she goes to sleep, then you could fire cannons and you can't wake her up. Надумает работать получается у него, не захочет хоть кол на голове теши.

(-Уксусов) If he decides to work, you get it from him, and if he doesn't feel like it, you could use his head for a chopping block (and you won't get any work out of him]. Клёва нет никакого, хоть лопни! (-Федин) The fish aren't biting at all , no matter what you do ! Ему казалось, что есть в стихах свой производственный секрет, вроде зажигания в тракторе, без которого, хоть разбейся, ничего не достигнешь. It seemed to him that verses have in them their own secret of how to write them , something like the ignition in a tractor, without which you can knock yourself out over it, but you won't accomplish anything . На двадцать пять рублей хоть разорвись, а все равно ничего не выйдет. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) At 25 rubles you can bust trying, but all the same nothing will come of it. Мне дальше титулярного не пойти, хоть тресни ... Я не образованный. (-Чехов) I'm not going to get any farther than Titular Councillor, no matter what I do ... I'm not an educated man. c.

necessity These sentences sometimes do have a conjunction (а, но , да , etc. ) introducing the assertion, at least more often than most sentences with set-phrase conditions .

хоть кровь из носу* [теки? -- Perhaps originally] хоть кровь из носа хоть лопни хоть тресни хоть умри хоть умирай *The XOTь in this phrase is sometimes omitted . 'no matter what you have to do' 'come what may'

'at anycost' ' ifitkills you'

Немедленно же едешь на вокзал, руководишь погрузкой, и хоть кровь из носу пробиваешься к Воронежу. (-Саянов) You go at once to the station, you supervise the loading, and you get through to Voronezh no matter what. Мое дело -- хоть кровь из носа, а обеспечь работу мотора. (-Славич) It's my job to see that the motor runs, no matter what I have to do to get it to. А у нее миллион забот: людей накормить по норме, обуть, одеть их, создать им хороший быт. Хоть лопни, но пищу и одежду подай! (-Ажаев) But she had a million things to think about: to get the people fed properly, to get them clothed and shod, and to provide them with good living conditions. Come what may, (but) get them the food and clothing! Если все носят такое платье, так я, хоть умри, а надевай. (-А . Н. Островский) Ifeverybody is wearing a dress like that, then if it kills me I'm going to have one to put on. Ребята торжественно заверили свою учительницу, что у них теперь твердое расписание и, " хоть умри" никаких пропусков больше не будет. (-Осеева) The children solemnly assured the teacher that now they would have a firm schedule , and "if they had to die" there would be no more skipping school.

508

d. unconcern Dat. + хоть трава не расти

(Lit.: even the gr:

can fail to grow)

Possibly also conditional in origin: Dat. + хоть бы хны (издай?] Dat. + хоть бы что [случись?]

(Lit.: even ifyou give a sob) (Lit. let anything happen)

' I /You/ He/She/They couldn't care less'

'I/You/He/She/They don't give a darn'

А ему, аспиду, хоть трава не расти! Хоть умри я, ему все равно! (-Чехов) But he couldn't care less, the viper! If I were to die, it wouldn't make any difference to him! Вы представьте себе, что мы украдем по полтиннику с каждой сажени дров, да еще столько же сдерем с подрядчиков, которые живут нашей перевозкой: им выгодно и нам выгодно, а Кайгородов рукой на все махнул, хоть трава не расти. (-Мамин-Сибиряк). You can imagine that we'll steal half a ruble apiece from each sazhen of firewood, and on top of that we get the same amount again out of the contractors that make their living with what we haul: it's to their advantage and to ours. But Kaigorodov gave up on the whole thing, hejust doesn't give a darn. У всех глаза беспокойные, волнуются, переживают, а мне хоть бы хны -абсолютно равнодушен. (-Розов) Everybody's eyes are restless, they're worked up, they're upset, and I don't give a hoot -I'm absolutely indifferent. Это же Сибирь. Тут к свату на именины за сто верст ездят и хоть бы что. (-Арамилев) But this is Siberia. Here people drive a hundred versts to be at the name-day party of one of their children's fathers-in-law and think nothing of it. Характер -- любой из нас, мужиков, позавидовать может ... Почитай, полжизни на тюрмы и ссылку истратила · и хоть бы что ... Не согнешь. (-Кремлев) As for character -- any of us peasants can feel envious ... I suppose she's spent half a lifetime on prisons and exile - and it doesn't bother her at all ... You just can't break her spirit. 10.

Considering an imaginary result. Envisioning the result of some state of affairs occurring in an extreme degree.

хоть + infinitive хоть + imperative '(so) ... (that) you could ...' '(so) ... (that) you might as well ... ' 'It's enough to make you ...' '(so) ... (that) all you can do is ... ' '(so) ... (that) you'd have to ... ' '(to the point where) you could ...' No example ofxoтя inthis use was found during this study. Бы is not found in expressions of this type , even though they often refer to fantastic results that are most unlikely in reality. Presumably this is because бы with the imperative does not occur, and хоть бы with the infinitive would often be hard to distinguish from an expression of wish ( 2e) . In Russian the idea of " so ... that ... " , "to the point where ... " is sometimes explicitly expressed by the words так . что .... такой ... что ..., до того ... что ... or the like , but it is much more common to omit them wherever this meaning is clear from the purport ofthe sentence as a whole. In both the infinitive and the imperative in this construction, there is a noticeable tendency to use the imperfective more often than the perfective, even in some instances where the perfective might have been expected.

509

With infinitive : Тебе нужно свадьбу сделать, хоть в петлю лезть, да только б весь город удивить, а женихов-то нет. Вот несчастье-то твое! (-А. Н. Островский) You have to put on a wedding, you want to in the worst way, just so the whole town will stare, but you haven't got any bridegrooms. That's what your trouble is! Подотри, нянька, пол ... Ишь наследили. Ну, нянька, просторно как стало, хоть танцы устраивать! (-Леонов) Wipe up the floor, Nursey ... My, but they've tracked it up! Well , Nursey, the way it is now* there's so much room you could hold dances in here . (*i.e . , after carrying the piano out.) А, черт его знает, куда тут идти! ... Впору хоть на четвереньках ползти. (-Куприн) Ahh, the devil only knows which way to go in here*. About all you can do is maybe crawl on your hands and knees. (*i.e . , in a densely overgrown swamp.) With explicitly stated demonstrative (так or такой) to indicate high degree , & conjunction (что) to introduce result-clause: Я только раз поговорил с ней, и все наши выходки, молодечество, ухарство, напускное презрение к людям показались мне так мелки и жалки, и сам я себе показался так ничтожен, что хоть сквозь землю провалиться. (-А . Н. Островский) I talked with her only once, and all our tricks and boldness and bravado and show of contempt for the public seemed so petty and pitiful, and myselfI saw as so insignificant that I could sink through the ground. Такую драку подняли, хоть водой разливать. (-Писемский) They started such a brawl [that] you'd have to throw water on them to get them apart.

With imperative: Да и где тут пасти, в этом степу**? Это у нас на Волге, на лугах-то на заливных, трава сахарная, хоть варенье с нее вари. (-С. Антонов) (** = В ЭТОЙ степи) And where is a good place for pasturing around here in this steppe? It's here where we live on the Volga, on the water-meadows. The grass is so sugary you could boil jam out of it. Толку мало от моего труда - хмуро отозвался кузнец. - Вишь, гимнастёрка -и та вся сопрела. Хоть нагишом работай. (-Лаптев) "There's not much good that comes from my work," the smith responded gloomily. "Look, my blouse - that's all rotted too. It's enough to make you work with all your clothes off. " Сено и хлеб гнили, клади и стоги обращались в чистый навоз, хоть разводи на них капусту. (-Гоголь) The hay and grain rotted, the ricks and stacks turned into sheer manure, so that you might as well plant cabbages on them. Все к черту пошло! ... Всю эту дрань, -и он злобно ткнул ногой портфель с чертежами: -всю эту дрань хоть в печку выбрасывай теперь! Вот тебе и академия! (-Куприн) Everything has gone completely to hell ! ... All this junk - and he gave the briefcase with the drawings in it a vicious poke with his foot: - All this junk , you might as well throw it in the stove now! So much for the academy! With the result clause preceding and the main clause following, in the role of an explanation of it: На торги хотъ не являйся: сбивают цены пуще чорт знает чего. (-А. Н. Островский) A man might as well not show up for trading: they beat down the prices worse than the devil knows what. With explicitly stated demonstrative phrase (до того) to indicate high degree , & conjunction (что) to introduce result-clause : До того притворился мертвым, что хоть сейчас тащи на кладбище . (-Помяловский) He played dead so well that you'd drag him off to the graveyard right away.

510

With no verb: - Я сегодня стрелял по бутылкам на пятьдесят шагов и попал из семнадцати тринадцать раз. -Поздравляю. Хоть в цирк! (-Горький) -I was shooting at bottles today at a distance of 50 paces , and got a hit 13 times out of 17 . -Congratulations. You could join the circus!

In set phrases: A large number ofxoть + imperative (& infinitive) combinations, some of them conjuring up quite vivid pictures, have become fixed as idioms. Like those in # 9, they refer mostly to a few commonly encountered situations: 1.

Intolerability, helplessness, vexation , despair:

Хоть (живой/заживо) в гроб ложись Хоть (живой/заживо) в гроб ложиться (Lit.: you could lie down (alive) in a coffin (and wait to be buried))

Хоть в петлю лезь Хоть в петлю полезай (Lit.: You could climb into a noose, i.e. , you could hang yourself) Хоть волком вой (One could howl like a wolf, i.e. , one could absolutely scream) Хоть головой об стену бейся (You could beat your head against the wall)

Хоть зарежь (You might as well cut my throat)

Хоть караул кричи (It's enough to make you yell for the guards)

Хоть ложись да умирай* (You could lie down and die) *The XOTь in this phrase is sometimes omitted.

Хоть плачь (You could cry) Хоть пулю в лоб [ пусти] (You could put a bullet in your head) Хоть святых (вон) выноси ог Хоть святых (вон) уноси ог Хоть святых (вон) неси (It's enough to make you carry the icons away from there (so that the saints will not be scandalized)) Так мне было тошно, что хоть в гроб ложись! (-А. Караваева) I felt so rotten that I could have just given up the ghost. Такого городничего никогда еще, государь, не было. Такие обиды чинит, что описать нельзя. Постоем заморил, хоть в петлю полезай. (-Гоголь) There's never been such a mayor before, sir. He does such abominable things that I just can't describe them. He's worn us out with furnishing quarters for troops until it's enough to make a man hang himself. Последнее время мне постоянно не везет, хоть волком вой. Lately I've been having such constant bad luck I could just scream. От боли-то, господин доктор, порошки оставьте. Без них хоть об стену головой бейся, - упрашивал больной. (-А. Степанов) "Leave some powders with me for the pain, Doctor. Without them I could simply pound my head against the wall," begged the patient.

511

Ты должен мне дать три тысячи взаймы. Нужны, брат, хоть зарежь! (-Гоголь) You've got to lend me three thousand. I've got to have them, man, or else you might as well cut my throat. А если узнает об этом когда-нибудь сержант, так нам хоть ложись да умирай. But ifthe sergeant ever finds out about this,we might as well lie down and die. Я и так перевернусь, и так лягу, а сна нету -- хоть плачь! (-Бабаевский) I turn over this way, and lie that way, but I don't get any sleep - it's enough to make you cry! Получил от Маши Смирновой длинное письмо, просит написать ей что-нибудь. Сегодня будет у меня писатель Кожевников. Получил рукопись для прочтения. Одним словом, хоть пулю в лоб. (-Чехов: Letter) I got a long letter from Masha Smirnova: she asks me to write her something. Today the writer Kozhevnikov is going to call on me. I got a manuscript to read through. In a word, it's enough to make you shoot yourself. Поднялся такой шум и крик, что хоть святых вон неси. (-Серафимович) There was such a racket and yelling raised that it was enough to make you remove the icons.

2. Enormous quantity хоть завались (Lit.: You could get buried under it) хоть отбавляй (You could pour some off the top)

хоть пруд пруди* ( + Ins) (You could dam up a pond with it) (*The xoть in this phrase is sometimes omitted . ) "There's loads ofit'

'There's scads ofit' There's heaps ofit' ' There's more of it than you can find a place to put it in.' '

Hy, a патронов в артиллерийском складе, что около станции, хоть завались! (.Н . А. Островский) Well, as for cartridges in the artillery depot that's by the station, there are loads of them! Самолюбия у Мамочкина было хоть отбавляй. (-Казакевич) Self-esteem was something that Mamochkin had tons of. Сейчас нашему брату раздолье -- девок хоть пруд пруди. На парней спрос. (-В . Попов) At the moment guys like us have an easy time -- there are heaps of girls around . It's fellas that are in demand.

3. Extreme degree хоть брось (Lit.: You might as well throw it away) хоть выжми (You could wring it out) хоть глаз(а) (вы) коли (You could poke your eyes out (and it wouldn't look any darker))

хоть топор вешай* (You could hang up an axe in it (-dense atmosphere, fumes, etc.)) (*The хоть in this phrase is sometimes omitted. Можно топор вешать is also used and means the same thing.) хоть шаром покати (You could roll right along in there like a ball) -Ах, чорт возьми! Ну, что там? -Ось сломалась. Барин для порядка ее потрогал. -Да; хоть брось. (-Тургенев) -Oh , blast it! Well, what's the matter now? -The axle is broken . The master touched it for the sake of form . -Yes , it's done for.

512

Прихожу и вижу - Любушку соседку! Промочила ножки и хоть выжми шубку ….. (-Некрасов) I come and whom do I see but my neighbor Lyubushka! She had gotten her feet soaked, and her fur coat was wringing wet. Ночью опять лил дождь, темь была, хоть глаза выколи. (-Бунин) At night it poured rain again, and it was so dark you couldn't see your hand in front of your face. With the same phrase inserted into the sentence as modifier: Стояла сырая, темная -- хоть глаз выколи -- октябрская ночь. (-Симонов) It was a damp, pitch dark October night. А накурено в комнате · хоть топор вешай. And they had gotten it so smoked up in the room you could hang an axe in the air. Особняк, который Воробейцев считал своим жильем, был пуст, хоть шаром покати. (-Казакевич) The private residence that Vorobeytsev regarded as his own quarters was empty as a drum. Ты не поверишь, - говорил он брату - какое для меня наслажденье эта хохлацкая лень. Ни одной мысли в голове, хоть шаром покати. (-Л . Н. Толстой) "You won't believe," he said to his brother, "what a pleasure this Ukrainian- like laziness is to me. Not a thought in my head -- it's as empty as a drum in there ХОТЬ БЫ See хоть # 1h , 2a(1 ), 2e, 2f, 2g, 3 , 5 , 7c, 8, 9B, 9 "In Replies Containing Repetitions", 9 "In Set Phrases" #4. хоть БЫ ОДНИМ ГЛАЗКОМ

хотя }

взглянуть поглядеть посмотреть , etc.

= хоть одним глазком (взглянуть, etc), 'ake just a quick look', 'look for just a minute'

BUT:

ХОТЬ БЫ В ОДНОМ

ГЛАЗЕ.

= ни в одном глазу/глазе, 'not the least bit' (drunk, tired, afraid, sleepy, etc.)

ХОТЬ БЫ И ТАК (as reply) 'What difference does that make?"

'So what?

What ifit was?" "

That wouldn't make any difference (even if it were so)' (Lit.: "Even ifit were that way [it wouldn't make any difference]. "

Cf хоть # 9В , pp 501-504. ХОТЬ БЫ ТОЛЬКО = если бы только = лишь бы только 'Ifonly' (in wishes) . Strengthened form of хоть бы. See ХОТЬ # 2e , p 490.

ХОТЬ КУДА 1. 'anywhere,' 'to any place' (See ХОТЬ # 4a , p 493.) 2. (Idiom:) ' fine,' ' excellent,' 'outstanding,' 'couldn't be better'.

Perhaps the original idea of this idiom was something like '[fit] to go anywhere', 'for any purpose'.

513

This хоть куда may serve as either (a) a predicate or (b) a descriptive adjective or (c) an adverb. When it is an adjective or an adverb, it follows the noun or verb it modifies. (a) As predicate: Словом, Теркин, тот, который На войне лихой солдат, На гулянке гость не лишний, На работе -- хоть куда. (-А . Твардовский) In short, that was Terkin, the one who In war was a spirited soldier, At a party was a popular guest , And at work was outstanding. (b) As descriptive adjective:

Каждое утро он проводил за работой, обедал отлично (Варвара Павловна была хозяйка хоть куда). (-Тургенев) He spent every morning studying; he had excellent dinners (Varvara Pavlovna was an admirable housekeeper). (c) As adverb: Лицо самозванца изобразило довольное самолюбие. -Да!- сказал он с веселым видом. - Я воюю хоть куда. (-Пушкин) The impostor's face was a picture of complacent self-esteem. "Yes!" he said with a cheerful look. "I fight superbly" . ... ХОТЬ НЕ ... Doubled-word construction in Replies Containing Repetitions

See under HE # 2 , p 236-7 . хоть ты что Cf хоть # 9C, Set Phrases b , pp 501 , 506 . .... (and) there is/was nothing that can/could be done about it' ... , (and) ... can't/couldn't do anything to stop it' 'no matter what you do' 'whatever you do' 'no matter what (anyone) did' The idea and the circumstances in which this construction is used are very similar to those in # 9C , Set Phrases, #b, pp 501 , 506 . The chief difference in the expression хоть ты что is the absence of a verb. But хоть ты что is apparently an abbreviated conditional clause, and the idea is something like Ты хоть что ( = что угодно) делай, а всё напрасно будет, ог Что ни делай, из этого ничего не выйдет, i.е. "No matter what you do, it won't have any effect" (-or, in narration of events in the past:) "No matter what The/ -they/etc. did, it had no effect. " Начинаю я рвать васильки, а они у меня промеж пальцев тают да тают, хоть ты что. И не могуя себе венок свить. (-Тургенев) [Recounting a dream: ] I started in picking the cornflowers, but they kept melting away in my fingers no matter what I did . So I couldn't make any wreath for myself. " Погрешили, говорю, мы с тобой и будет ... Повинимся, говорю, перед Васей, он человек смирный, робкий - не убьет ... " Не слушает баба, уперлась на своем и хоть ты что! "Тебя люблю" .. и больше ничего. (-Чехов) "You and I have done wrong. " I said, " and there's going to be ... Let's confess ," I said , " to Vasya . He's a mild, diffident sort of person -he won't kill us ... " The woman wouldn't listen, she stuck to it in spite of anything I could say, [ she kept saying] "I love you" -- and that was all .

514

ХОТЯ НЕТ

'Or rather No.'

'Or come to think ofit, No. '

Said when changing one's mind, correcting what one has just said before, upon realizing that it was not right after all. А пожалуй, ты и прав, Андрюшка. Любовь не должна знать, как она родилась. И я не знаю. Хотя нет, знаю. Ты будешь большой ученый, Андрюшка. Можешь мне верить. Я никогда не лгу. Но зачем ты такой строгий с людьми? Хотя нет, будь, будь строгий ... Не изменяйся даже для меня. (-Леонов) Well, I guess you're right, Andryushka [ = her fiancé). Love doesn't have to know how it started. And I don't know. Or come to think of it, that's not right, I do know. You're going to be a great scientist, Andryushka . You can believe me . I never lie . But why are you so stern with people? Or no, be that way, be stern ... Don't change even for me. ХОЧЕМ

= хотим (popular speech)

ХОЧЕТЕ

= хотите

ХОЧУТ

= хотят

(-Another nonstandard form is xотит, = хочет, in the third person singular.)

XOMÁ (regional) = хотя -Да ведь у нее страсть, пойми ты, страсть! Сама же ты говоришь. -Хоша бы и страсть, да хорошего-то в этом нет, похвалить-то нечего. (-А. Н. Островский) [Arguing about a girl's making the theater her career:] -But look here, she's got Passion! Understand that: Passion! You yourself say she does. -She may have Passion, but there's nothing good about that, there's no reason to praise it.

хошь 1. = хоть (popular speech and regional) -Что хозяин делает? -Спит покуда. Да хошь бы и не спал, не съест он тебя. (-А. Н. Островский) -What's the boss doing? -He's sleeping at the moment. And even if he weren't sleeping, he won't eat you up . (Cf XOТЬ 9В, pp 501-504.)

2. = хочешь -А сколько ты за них хошь ? -Последняя цена - девять гривен. Ни гроша не уступлю. (-Горький) -Well, how much do you want for them? -The final price is 90 kopecks . I'm not going to come down half a kopeck. ХОШЬ КАК ХОШЬ

= как хошь. See р 481 . 'suit yourself,(but) ...'

'all the same'

'no matter what anyone says'

А чиновник, хошь как хошь, все он тебе чиновник ... -Чиновник! А что мне чиновник! Я здесь главный. (-Салтыков) -But an official , no matter what you say, is still an official ... -An official! What do I care about an official ! I'm the chief here!

515

ХРЕН:

НИ ХРЕНÁ (slang)

'It doesn't matter at all'

'It doesn't make any difference' (lit.: not a single horseradish)

'Don't worry about it'

ХРУСТ

(slang)

ruble

ХРЯТЬ

(slang)

go, go away

ХУЖЕЕ

( popular speech)

ХУЖЕЙ

= хуже, 'worse' ХУТАТЬ /ЗАХУТАТЬ

(dialectal: SW)

close (a door, a window, a lid, etc)

ХУШЬ

(popular speech , regional)

= хошь = хотъ Хушь бы ты не против самой ее, так против других за нее посовестился ... (-Лесков) You ought to be ashamed of yourself, and if you aren't ashamed in front of her, then you ought to be ashamed in front of other people for the way you treat her. (Cf ХОТЬ # 2g, p 491)

516

517

ЦАРАПАНЬЕ (colloq. :) 'argument', 'quarrel', 'altercation', 'shouting-match'

ЦАРАПНУТЬ ЦАРАПАТЬ/ 1. 'scratch', 'mark'

2. 'write', 'scribble' 3. (popular speech) 'steal', 'pinch', 'snitch' 4. (popular speech) 'drink' (spirits)

ЦЕЛЬНИКОМ (popular speech , regional) = целиком

1. 'all in one piece' 2. 'entirely'

ЦЕНА:

ОДНА ЦЕНА

See under ОДНА, р . 262 А. ЦЕНИТЬ ( regional) 'scold', berate' (Lit.: discuss the value of)

ЦОПАТЬ/ ЦОПНУТЬ 1. 'seize', 'grab' 2. 'drink' (spirits)

3. 'hit', 'strike' 4. f 'all', 'drop'

Preceding page blank

518

519

ЧА:

ДЛЯ ЧА? ДЛЯ ЧЕ?

= для чего: why? with what purpose? See ЧЕ. ЧАВО = чего. The spelling чаво is a literary device for representing unrefined pronunciation. See ЧЕГО .

ЧАЙ Я ЧАЙ Abbreviated from я чаю 'I think ,' 'I suppose', the less common sense of чаять, which is more often used to mean 'hope' or ' expect'. May stand first in its clause, inside it as a parenthetical insertion, or at the end. There is no connection between the position of чaй in its clause and the various shades of meaning enumerated below. A. In conjectures and assumptions

'I imagine', 'I suppose' ' I presume'

' I think' ' I guess' 'I'll bet'

'I daresay' 'probably' '... must ...'

1. In amiable suggestions of ideas that the speaker regards as reasonable assumptions , but not confirmed certainties: -Да-с, имею теперь три домика, хоть далеко, да мне это не мешает; . -Да конечно. Садик, чай, имеете при домах-то? (-А.Н. Островский) -Yes, ma'am, I now have three little houses; it's true they're a long way out of town, but that doesn't bother me; ... -Yes, of course. You have a nice garden by the houses, I imagine ?

-А! Умница. Все хлопаешь! Перезябла, я чай? -И то озябла страсть! (-Л . Н. Толстой) -Ah! You're a good girl . You're always busy! I guess you must be chilled through, huh? -You're darned right! I'm frozen something awful ! Картошку с луком есть будем. Чай, ты беда как есть хочешь? (-Гайдар) We're going to have potatoes and onions . I'll bet you want like anything to eat some, right? А теперь, я думаю, нам пора идти. Анна Васильевна нас, чай, дожидается. (-Тургенев) But now I think it's time for us to go. I imagine Anna Vasilievna is waiting for us. 2. In plain statements of conjecture and probability: -Далеко отсюда становой живет? -Да верст, чай, с восемь будет. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) -Does the constable live far from here? -It would be about eight versts, I guess. Он поправил портупею и пошел вон из канцелярии, глухо проговорив: Чай, встретимся еще ... Наверное уж. (-Горький) He straightened his shoulder-belt and went out of the office , muttering "We'll probably meet again, most likely."

3. In expressions of irritation and hostility: Вы, молодежь, молокососы, чай смеяться над стариком. (-А. Н. Островский) You young guys, you greenhorns, are going to start laughing at an old man , I suppose! -На картах гадает! к ворожеям ходит! -По-твоему, чай, карты вздор! ... Карты никогда не лгут. Вот уж всегда-то правду говорят! ... (-А . Н. Островский) -She tells her fortune with cards! She goes to fortune-tellers! -I suppose you think the cards are all nonsense! ... The cards never lie! They always tell the truth ! ...

Preceding page blank

520

B. In reminders and objections. Observe how the чaй is often accompanied by words that are practically synonymous with it, such as ведь, всё-таки, and тоже . (Cf. ТОЖЕ # А2b(1 ), p 402.)

'indeed' 'I should think'

'after all' 'certainly' 'you know perfectly well' . ....,isn't that right? 'nevertheless'

'(as) you know' 'even so' 'I think you know'

'I think' 'remember' 'all the same' 'I should say' 'Look here, ...'

'don't forget' 'still' 'I believe I can say' 'you see'

Чай, я волжанка, сама в детстве ныряла. (-Арбузов) Don't forget, I'm from around the Volga; I used to do some diving myself when I was a child. -А теперь ... ступай за Раисой Сергеевной, Илья. Приведи, приведи ее. -Чего звать-то, она, чай, и сама придет. (-Леонов) -But now ... go after Raisa Sergeevna, Il'ya . Bring her, bring her, do. -Why call? She's coming here herself, isn't she? Ты разве голую меня от родителей брал? Чай, тоже всего напасено было. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) Do you mean to claim you got me from my parents without anything to take with me? I think you're forgetting that there was a supply ofeverything prepared. Мы тоже, чай, не лыком шиты -- хитренько улыбнулся себе в бороду Макаров. (-Степанов) "You see, we weren't born yesterday either," said Makarov with a sly little smile to himselfinto his beard. -Ну, что терзаетесь? Уж говорите лучше прямо. Все легче будет. Чай, всё-таки не чужой я вам человек. (-Куприн) -Now why are you tormenting yourself? You'd better tell me straight out . It will all be better. After all, I'm not a stranger to you. -Правда, правда. Никакой поэзии нет, никаких благородных чувств. ….. (Декламирует.) Помните, -Ну, как же не помнить! Ведь, чай, этому лет пятьдесят ·· не больше, так как же мне не

помнить! (-А. Н. Островский) -That's right, that's right. There's no sense ofpoetry nowadays, no nobility offeelings.... (Recites verses.) Do you remember that? -How could I fail to remember that? After all, it was about fifty years ago, you know, not more: во why wouldn't I remember? ЧАТЬ

(regional)

(originally чаять)

= чай -А ведь вам, чать, скучно? -Ой, и не говорите! (-Решетников) -Look here, I suppose it's dull for you? -Boy! You bet it is! -Глазеешь на церковь, дура, а лба-то не перекрестишь? Чать, видишь, все добрые люди крестятся! (-Чернышевский) -You gawk at a church , you clod, and you don't make the sign of the cross on your forehead? I should think you could see that all decent people cross themselves . -Вдруг, откуда не возьмись, белый волк. Большущий - пребольшущий! С быка, чать, ростом. All of a sudden, out of nowhere there was a white wolf. Huge as huge can be . About the size of a bull , I think.

ЧЕ: ДЛЯ ЧА ДЛЯ ЧЕ = для чего: why? with what purpose?

521

Я вижу, целый набор инструментов принес, а для че? I see he brought a whole collection oftools, but whatfor? Перестань ворчать! Для че кричать и сердиться? Quit griping! Why get steamed up? Для че по пустякам кричать! (-Печерский) What's the point of making a fuss over trifles? Всю перегороду опосля хозяйка обежала: все колья на подбор нескобленые, -один только он оскобленный. Для ча? ... для какой надобности. (-Писемский) The mistress ran around the whole fence later on: all the stakes were unplaned without exception,-it was the only one that was planed . Why? ... for some purpose.

ЧЕГО 1.

(in popular speech ) = что : what? (nominative or accusative). Cf ЧТО #IA1 , p 536. COMMON . Плохо, ну* чего же делать? It's bad, but what is there to do about it? (* Fог ну = но, see НУ, p252.)

Ну, чего они на это сказали? Well, what did they say to that?

-Восьмой час ... Время вышло, гражданин. -Чего будем делать, женщины? Нужна пол-литра. -Говорят, магазин закрыт. (-Арбузов) -It's eight o'clock ... It's past business hours, Mister. -What are we going to do, ladies? I need a half-liter. -I tell you, the store is closed. Я думаю, чего бы мне еще сказать, и как раз в эту минуту отворяется дверь и входит наш директор. (-Ласкин) I'm thinking what else I might say, andjust at this very minute the door opens and our director comes in. -А про чего с тобой говорить? (-Николаева) -But what am I supposed to talk to you about? Кроме ежедневных двух слов о том, чего приготовить к обеду, не сказала лет в шесть почти ни слова. (-Достоевский) Except for two words a day about what to fix for dinner, she (the cook) hardly said a word in about six years . 2.

(popular speech)

= что: why? СЕ ЧТО # IA10 , p 541 .

Like 'why' in English, чего (ог что) can have either of two senses: (a) 'with what object?' 'for what purpose?' or (b) ' from what cause?", ' as a result ofwhat?" Сама замуж ступай, чего меня гонишь? (-Арбузов) Go get married yourself, why are you pushing me to?

Ну, чего смотришь так на меня? (-Леонов) Well, what are you looking at me like that for? Чего стоите, садитесь, - сказала Наташа. (-А. Н. Толстой) "What are you standing for, sit down, " said Natasha. Сережа, ты чего же чай не пьешь? (-Серафимович) Seryozha, why aren't you drinking your tea? Уронив голову ему на грудь, мать тихо плакала. И он не понимал, чего она плачет. (-Пантелеев) His mother had dropped her head on his chest and was weeping softly. And he did not understand why she wept.

522

Чего (ог что) is used with an infinitive exactly as in English:

Чего вольноваться? Why be upset? Чего брезгать? Why be squeamish? The infinitive is most often in the imperfective, referring to the nature ofthe action in general rather than to performing it on a specific occasion, because the speaker is usually asking what would be the use of ever doing so at all . 3.

(popular speech)

= что = что- нибудь: something, anything . Cf ЧТО # 3 , p 551 .

Я боялась, как бы с тобой не случилось чего. Верно, ты очень промок под дождем. (-Арбузов) I was afraid something might have happened to you. I suppose you've gotten soaked in the rain. Если я чего написал, если чего сказал, - тому виной глаза-небеса, любимой моей глаза. (-Маяковский) IfI have written anything, ifI have said anything, the cause ofit is a heavenly pair of eyes, the eyes of my beloved. Бабушка не однажды говорила ей тихо: -Варя, ты бы поела чего, маленько, а? (-Горький) More than once Grandmother would say quietly to her, "Varya, you should eat something, a little bit, hm? 4. (popular speech) = что + Nom.: How is ...? How are things with ...? What's the situation with ...? СЕ ЧТО # 1A6, p 539. Perhaps originally " Что делает ...?"

Not Common compared to чTо in this use. Ну, что нового? Чего старики? Well, what's new? How are the old folks doing?

Ага, письмо! Чего наши друзья в деревне? Aha, a letter! How are things with our friends in the country? Ну, чего погода на дворе? Поедем ли? Well, how is the weather outside? Are we going?

А чего машина? Исправить сумел? And how's the car? Did you manage to fix it? 5.

(popular speech)

= что: how much? what price? C ЧТО # IA2, p 537.

-Эй, сыне, не коня ли покупаешь? -He! - усмехнулся Кирилл. -Своего продаю. -А чего просишь? -привязался старик. (-С. П. Бородин) -"Hey, son, aren't you buying a horse?" -"Nah!" grinned Kirill . "I'm selling mine. " -But what are you asking? the old man persisted. 6. (popular speech ) (of university graduates) . See ЧЕГО with КОНЧИТЬ, Р 526 . 7. In Rhetorical Exclamations Following one statement of a strongly felt idea and preceding a restatement of the same idea. Indicates that the speaker is pausing after his first statement while he tries to think of a more effective way of expressing the same idea. What!' ' What will express it?" 'Indeed, ... ' ' 'Really, ...' 'It's more than that, it's ...'

'How can I put it?"

В Москве ведь нет невестам перевода; Чего? плодятся год от года; (-Грибоедов) After all, in Moscow there are loads of marriageable girls; Good grief, they keep producing them year after year;

'My goodness, ...’

523

Зачем же быть, скажу вам напрямик, Так невоздержну на язык? В презреньи к людям так нескрыту, Что и смирнейшему пощады нет! .. Чего? Случись кому назвать его, Град колкостей и шуток ваших грянет. Шутить! и век шутить! Как вас на это станет? (-Грибоедов) I'll tell you point-blank: Why be So intemperate in what one says? So open in one's contempt for people That there is no mercy for even the most unpretentious person ... My goodness, Ifsomeone happens to mention him, A hail ofyour sneers and witticisms breaks loose. Ridicule! Everlasting ridicule! How can you be like that? 8.

(popular speech)

= что In Questions Used As Replies. Cf ЧТО # 1A3 р 537.

a. What? (i.e. , What do you want? What do you have in mind?)

Захар потянул его за полу. -Чего тебе, грозно спросил Обломов, вдруг открыв глаза. (-Гончаров) Zakhar tugged at him by the skirt (of his dressing gown) . "What do you want?" Oblomov asked menacingly, after suddenly opening his eyes. Прочитайте-ка, Виктор Павлыч, мою комедию,-повторил хозяин. Чего-с, -отозвался комик. (-Писемский) -"Just read my comedy over , Viktor Pavlych", repeated his host . -"What, sir?" responded the comedian.

b.

What? (i.e. , What did you say?) СЕ ЧТО # IA4, p 537 . -Какая же польза от ученья, когда в человеке нет страху ... никакого трепету перед Начальством? -Чего? .Трепету-с. (-Островский) -What use is there from learning, when a man doesn't have any fear in him ... no trembling before the authorities? -What?

-Trembling, sir. c. What? (i.e. , What do you mean? Where did you get that idea?)

-Вы, Порфирий Петров Нестрашный, -арестованы. -Чего-о? Кем это? (-Горький) -Porfiry Petrov Nestrashnyj , you are under arrest. -Wha-at? By whom?

-Врёшь! -Чего-о? (-Горький) -Baloney! -Wha-at's that? 9.

Occasionally used as the opposite of ничего. The ничего is always there in the preceding text. -Да, тебе ничего, а мне чего,-продолжал Володя.. , -разбил, да еще смеется, этакой несносный мальчишка! (-Л . Н. Толстой) "Sure , to you it's nothing, but to me it's something," Volodya continued. "He broke it, and he has the nerve to laugh, that intolerable little brat. " -Ей-богу, мы ничего! Вернее, очень даже чего! Особенно Надька. (-Арбузов) " By gosh , we aren't anything. On the contrary, we really are very much something! Especially Nadka."

524

10. (popular speech) In Replies Containing Repetitions. Cf чTO # IA5, p 538. a.

чего чего ж a Чего Да чего чего там там Да чего чего ж там

What do you mean, ...?' ' ' Why ...?' Why should it be ...?' ' Why do you say ...?' '

чего уж там чего тут Used in expressions of opposition and objection, with various shadings of displeasure, annoyance, antagonism, mistrust, disagreement, mockery, etc. The repetition is in the form of a question, asking what makes the other speaker think what he has just said, sometimes an emphatic question that becomes an exclamation. -Тарантас-то на двор бы втянуть. -Чего на двор? Мы хотим ехать. (-Лесков) -It would be a good idea to pull the tarantas* into the yard. -Why into the yard? We want to go driving. * tarantas: a four-wheeled Russian travelling carriage, usually covered.

-Хоть один был рапорт за квартал? -Чего хотъ один рапорт? ... Мало было рапортов? (-Макаренко) -There was at least one report during the quarter? -Whydo you say at least one report? ... Weren't there enough reports? -Кто первый разгласил, -Ах, друг мой, все! -Hy, все, так верить поневоле; а мне сомнительно. -О чем? О Чацком, что ли? Чего сомнительно? Я первый, я открыл! (-Грибоедов) -Who started that story first? -Oh, everybody, my friend! -Well , if it's everybody, then one has to believe it willy-nilly; but to me it's dubious. -What are you talking about? About Chatsky, eh? What do you mean, dubious? I was the first, I discovered it! b. In repetitions of this kind, inflected verb-forms are often replaced with an infinitive. If the original inflected verb is in the perfective it is often, though not necessarily, changed to imperfective as well as infinitive in the repetition . The use of the imperfective infinitive would emphasize that it is the general idea of ever performing the action at all that the speaker is questioning. Retention of the perfective aspect would confine the repetition to a questioning of the correctness of taking that action in the instance at hand. Retention of the inflected verb-form of the original statement would indicate a sharp reaction to the other speaker's words and a direct attack on the original statement itself. If the subject is stated in the repetition and the verb has been changed into the infinitive , then the subject is in the dative case. •Послать его вам? -Чего посылать-то. Дай срок. Успеем! (-Л. Н. Толстой) -Shall I send him to you? -What's the idea ofdoing any sending? Just give us a chance . We'll get it done!

-Что встанет, доложусь. Извольте же идти; разбудите, боюсь. -Чего будить? Сама часы заводишь, На весь квартал симфонию гремишь. (-Грибоедов) -As soon as she gets up I'll let you know. Be so good as to go ; I'm afraid you'll wake her up. -What's this stuff about waking people up? You yourself are winding up the clock. You're blasting a symphony all over the neighborhood.

525

-Врё-ёшь! -Чего мне вратъ: на свои глаза свидетелей не надо. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) You must be talking nonsense. -Why should I be talking nonsense? When you see a thing with your own eyes, you don't need witnesses .

чего

c. a

чего

Да

чего чего

' What do you mean , ...?”

там

Why ...?' ' Why do you think ...?" '

чего ж там

чего уж чего тут чего ж тут Repetitions containing these particle combinations , not all of which are the same as in the first list (# 10a), may convey a more scornful or combative rejection of the idea that has just been suggested, or else of refusal to take the idea seriously. -Так ведь вас же обкрадывают. -Ну, чего ж там меня? Ничего тут моего нет. (-Макаренко) -So you see , it's you they're robbing. -Well , why do you think it's me? There's nothing of mine here. -Пробовать будешь? - спросил Потапов. -Чего тут пробовать! (-Рыбаков) - "Are you going to try it?" asked Potapov. -Why the heck should I try it! d. Чего can be used in repetitions where the second speaker is urging the first one to go on with what he was saying or prompting him to finish something that he started to say and broke off, to remove all doubt about what he meant. '... Yes?' '... And?"

'... And then what?' .... Well, what about ...?"

-Ну что же, как же ты ... -Евгений хотел спросить, как она изменяет ему. -Чего как же-спросила она. Она, очевидно, была умна и догадлива. ( Л. Н. Толстой) -" Look here, why is it that you ...?" Evgeny wanted to ask her why she was unfaithful to her husband. - "Why is it that I do what?" Evidently she was clever and quick to understand.

ЧЕГО :

ВЕДЬ УЖ ЧЕГО!

' Well, really now!' 'Just look what the situation is!'

'Really, what is this!"

'But just consider how things really are!' ... Ведь уж чего! Погибаешь, ветошке подобишься, так ведь нет же, туда же с амбицией, дескать честь моя страждает. (-Достоевский) ... But just look what the situation is! You * are going to pieces , you are like a tattered old garment, but oh no, you have to keep going on about your pride, always saying "My honor has been injured. " (* The speaker is talking to himself.)

ДЛЯ ЧЕГО 'why' See что& derivative expressions = why, # 10 f, p 543 .

526

ДО ЧЕГО

in exclamations 'how much!'

'very' how very ...! 'how exceedingly!' 'exceedingly' (lit.: to what point, to what an extent, to what a degree) Но до чего красива Алина! (-Горький) But how very pretty Alina is! До чего меня всегда раздражает это! How (much) that always annoys me!

ДО ЧЕГО + Accusative.

'As far as ... goes' 'As for ...'

See ДО ЧЕГО, p109 .

ЧЕГО ДОБРОГО ' I'm afraid that ...' Who knows, ...' ' for all I know'

' I canjust imagine' 'I wouldn't be surprised if ...' 'like as not'

'... could easily ...’ There's a good chance that ... '

Used in expressions of apprehension and misgiving, envisioning the possibility of some undesirable occurrence. Sometimes accompanied by eme, which can have the same meaning. See EIIE # II2, p122. Also sometimes accompanied by пожалуй, which indicates a conjecture of any sort, without the sense of foreboding. -Бог знает, что вы выдумываете, Афанасий Иванович!-сказала Хивря стыдливо потупив глаза свои. -Чего доброго, вы, пожалуй, затеете еще целоваться! (-Гоголь) -"Goodness, what you're thinking of, Afanasy Ivanovich!" said Khivrya, with modestly downcast eyes. "For all I know, it's possible you'll start trying to kiss me , like as not. (In this case, the fear of an undesirable event is not profound.)

Так вы, Раиса Павловна, лучше о нем забудьте совсем и не говорите, а то, чего доброго, накличете, пожалуй. (-А. Н. Островский) Well, Raisa Pavlovna, you'd better forget all about him, and don't talk about him either, because you could easily let yourself in for it, I imagine. Надобно будет с Полиной построже поговорить. А то, чего доброго, ее вовсе с толку собьют. (.А. Н. Островский) I'm going to have to have a pretty stern talk with Polina. Otherwise, I'm afraid they'll get her head full ofwrong ideas. ИЗ ЧЕГО

'why'

See что & derivative expressions = why, # 10f, p 543 .

ИЗ-ЗА ЧЕГО 'why' See что & derivative expressions = why, # 10 f, p 543. ЧЕГО with КОНЧИТЬ

(-of university graduates)

To graduate with a major in what field Probably abbreviated from кончить курс чего. Similarly, кончить кем = to graduate into some profession. У нас в конторе работает некий Плешаков. Это довольно-таки молодой человек с высшим образованием. Я не знаю, чего он там кончил, но дело не в этом. (-Ласкин) There's a fellow working in our office named Pleshakov . He's a fairly young man with a higher education. I don't know what field he graduated in, but that is not the point.

527 HE ...

ЧЕГО

See чего - чего (только) + не, р 529 .

РАДИ

ЧЕГО ЧЕГО РАДИ 'why' See что & derivative expressions = why, # 10 f, p 543.

С ЧЕГО 'why' See что & derivative expressions = why, # 10 f, p 543. С ЧЕГО

from what source’. - откуда, ' -Ты с чего говоришь? -С синьки. -Where are you getting what you're saying? -From the blueprint. + Accusative + Infinitive

С ЧЕГО + ВЫДУМАТЬ { + чтобы + Subjunctive ' Where did you get that idea?' ' Where did you get the idea that...should ...?"

'Where did you get the idea of...ing?" What makes you think ...? ' '

-Ну, а мы и этого не можем, стало быть, и толковать нечего. Займись-ка лучше работой какой-нибудь, и я примусь за дело. (Берет перо.) -Работой займись! С чего это ты выдумал? Уж будет надо мной командовать-то ... помыкатьто всячески да насмехаться-то! (-А. Н. Островский) -Well, we can't do it, so there's no point in talking. You'd do better to take up a piece of work of some kind, and I'll get started on my work. (Picks up a pen. ) -Take up a piece of work! Where did you get that stuff? You canjust stop that bossing me around ... giving me orders on everything and making fun of me. .... Я знаю, братец, что вы нуждаетесь; может быть, вам деньги нужны; не обидьтесь, сколько могу! Я даже и за одолжение не сочту. Что за счеты между родными! -С чего вы выдумали предлагать мне деньги! (-А . Н. Островский) -... I know you're badly off, old chap; maybe you need money; don't take offense, -as much as I can manage! I won't even consider it a loan. What's the use of keeping accounts when it's in the family! -Where did you get the idea ofoffering me money!

-Мама, оставьте его. -Нет не оставлю. С чего ты выдумала, чтобы я его оставила? (-А. Н. Островский) -Mama, let him alone. -No, I won't let him alone. What makes you think I should let him alone? ЧЕГО СТОИТ/СТО ЯТ/СТОИЛ/СТОИЛИ ( + ОДИН/ОДНА/ОДНО/ОДНИ = 'alone') 1. 'is (certainly) worth something' 2.

'is really something extraordinary'

1.

И вот зима, возьмите зиму! Пятнадцать рублей! Одна рамка чего стоит. (-Гоголь) And here's a winter scene , take the winter scene! Fifteen rubles! The frame alone is worth something.

(i.e. , is so unusual that it's worth paying to see)

Один механизм письма чего стоит: он успокоит, расхолодит, расшевелит во мне прежние авторские привычки ….. (-Достоевский) Just the mechanical process of writing has some value , it will calm me, cool me down, and rouse in me my former writerly habits ... 2.

Да разве с ним сговоришь! Гордость-то его одна чего стоит. (-А . Н. Островский) But you needn't think you can tell him anything . His arrogance is really something to see.

528 TAM TAM

ЧЕГО что ЧЕГО УЖ

ТАМ

ЧЕГО

ТУТ

'Go on!' ' What are you waiting for?'

' What's the matter?' 'Don't be shy!'

'Go ahead!' 'Don't hang back!'

Бери, чего там! Take it! Don't be shy! Давай пали! Чего там! Go on, shoot! What are you waiting for? Ну, что там? Мы одни ... никто нас не слышит. (-Горький) What are you worrying about? We're alone, nobody can hear us. . Ну, что там еще надо? Может быть, рояль надо купить, арфу, -Арфу не надо, а табуретку на кухню надо. -Табуретку! - завизжал Семён Семёнович. Зачем табуретку? Чего уж там! Купим для кухни сразу кожаную мебель! (-Ильф и Петров) -"... Well, what else do we need? Do we have to buy a grand piano, maybe, or a harp?" -"I don't say we need a harp, but a stool for the kitchen we do need. " -"A stool!" screeched Semyon Semyonovich. "Why get a stool? What's holding us back? Let's buy a set ofleather furniture for the kitchen right away!" -Этого я еще наверно не знаю, и признаюсь, ждал тебя, чтоб с тобой посоветоваться. Ну на каком, например* , основании я буду ее у себя держать? -Э, чего тут, да хоть в виде служанки. (-Достоевский) -That I don't know yet for certain, and the fact is I've been waiting for you so as to get your advice. Now, on what footing, indeed*, am I going to keep her with me? -Huh, what's the problem? Why, as a servant for instance. *A 19th century use of например as a literal rendition of French par exemple in the sense of 'indeed,' 'I assure you' , 'believe me'. ЧЕГО ТАМ + Inf

What is the use of ... ing' Чего там жаловаться. What's the use of complaining.

ЧЕГО - ТО (popular speech) = что-то: ' for some reason,' 'somehow.' See ЧТО-ТО # 4, p 576 . Я понимаю, но вот я чего-то не могу найти. I know what you want, but for some reason I can't find it. Не понравилась мне чего-то эта картина. Somehow, that painting didn't appeal to me. Там чего-то городничий приехал, осведомляется и спрашивает вас. (-Гоголь) The mayor has come here, for some reason or other. He's making inquiries and asking to talk with you. И ЧЕГО УЖ -at the end of an enumeration 'and I don't know what-all else' 'and what more could anybody want?'

'and whatever else you can think of

Рабочие нами очень довольны. На фабрике у нас каждую зиму спектакли, сами рабочие играют, ну чтения с волшебным фонарём, великолепная чайная и, кажется, чего уж. (-Чехов) The workers are very well disposed toward us. Every winter at the factory we have theatricals, the workers themselves act in them, there are readings with magic lantern slides, there's a magnificent tea room, and I guess whatever else you can think of.

529

ЧЕГО- ЧЕГО, А ... See under ЧТО-ЧТО, А ..., p 578. ЧЕГО-ЧЕГО (ТОЛЬКО) + НЕ Intensified formof чего ... не ... Чего у них не было на складе там! What didn't they have in stock there! OR: Чего-чего у них не было на складе там! I don't know what-all they didn't have in stock there! Ax, ma tante, уж в Москве-то не найти! Чего-чего в ней нет. (-А . Н. Островский) Oh, auntie, not to be able to find one (a suitor) in Moscow? There isn't anything that's not in Moscow. (Other cases of что can be used with не also = чему-чему, чем-чем, о чём-чём, etc. , although these do not occur as often.)

ЧЕГОЙ-ТО ЧИВОЙ-ТО Popular speech pronunciation of чего-то, which is itself colloquial for что-то, ' for some reason or other', 'somehow'. See ЧТО-ТО # 4, p 576 .

ЧЕЙ (popular speech) = чей-нибудь, 'someone's', 'anybody's'

Коль нет в чьём голосе ослиного приятства, Не принимагъ тех на Парнас. (-Крылов) Ifsomebody's voice doesn't have any quality in it that appeals to us donkeys, Then don't let them come up on Mount Parnassus.

-Всё пешком шла, одна -Кто знал, .. надо бы лошадь чью навстречу послать. (-Замойский) -She went on foot the whole time, and alone ... -Whoever knew it, they should have sent someone's horse to meet her. Мне всегда казалось, что Игорь на особый, ни на чей не похожий лад споет песню своей жизни. (-Нагибин) It always seemed to me that Igor was going to sing the song ofhis life to a special tune that wasn't like anyone's . В списке я не увидел чьего мне известного имени. I didn't see the name of anybody I knew on the list.

ЧЕЛОВЕК (G. pl . ) + number + (Adj + ) G.pl . Noun number + ЧЕЛОВЕК (G. pl. ) + (Adj + ) G.pl. Noun

X ...

about X ...

about X ofthe ...

Человек is used here with reference to a number of people the way штук is used when referring to a number of things. The number may either precede or follow человек. When the number follows, it has its usual meaning of 'about' or 'around' that many. Несколько, 'several', is regarded as an indefinite number and is used before человек in the same way. In this well established but redundant construction, человек and the number call attention to the speaker's immediate and overall impression of the scene, which is primarily the vision of a crowd, and the following genitive plural noun gives additional information explaining who the group of people are. Веришь ли, что офицеры, сколько их ни было, сорок человек одних офицеров было в городе ... Как начали мы, братец, пить ... (-Гоголь) Would you believe it , the officers, the whole bunch ofthem, forty people, all ofthem officers were in the town ... As soon as we started drinking, my dear chap, ...

530

На заводском дворе стояло человек восемьсот рабочих. (-Н . А. Островский) In the factory yard about eight hundred workmen were standing. Кругом телеги стояло человек шесть молодых великанов, очень похожих друг на друга и на Федю. (-Тургенев) Standing around the cart were about half a dozen young giants, who had a strong resemblance to each other and to Fedya. Вокруг стола осыпанного рваными и ломаными картами, сидело несколько человек игроков. (-Писемский) Around a table strewn with torn and battered cards sat several players. Я не успел еще отлежаться и придти в себя, когда увидал, что в овраг, к нашей бане, спускается человек десять " богачей". (-Горький) I had not yet had time to rest and pull myself together when I saw that about a dozen ofthe leading villagers were coming down into the gully and towards our bathhouse.

+ Subj чEM ( +Áы ) ( + Dat) + Inf, ( + A...)

+ Imp + Inf

(Cf ГДЕ БЫ + Inf, p 77.)

+ PrfPres + PrfPast This чex with an infinitive, meaning 'rather than', 'instead of ... ing' is perhaps analogous to the чe that comes after a comparative of an adjective or adverb and before a noun or pronoun and has the meaning of 'than' . But the чex with an infinitive is regularly first in its clause, and this чex clause precedes the main clause, to which the чex clause is subordinate. Second clause: The verb of the second clause, the main one, can occur in a variety of forms: infinitive, imperative, subjunctive, perfective present ( = future), perfective past, etc. Aspect: The infinitive in the first clause, the чe clause, can be in either aspect, and so can the verb of the second clause. The two verbs are independent ofeach other in aspect, each one being determined only by the sense ofits clause as a whole. Subjunctive, Imperative, Infinitive: Often the чex + infinitive clause simply names a course of action as a possibility, and the second clause urges a different policy which the speaker considers to be better. The second clause is then in the subjunctive, imperative, or infinitive. The idea of preference is often reinforced by the explicit addition of лучше. Cf ЛУЧШЕ, p 208 . Prf Past, Prf Pres (& Ipf Pres?) : On other occasions, the чeм clause names a possibility and the second clause tells what was actually done or is actually intended. The second clause is then in the perfective past or perfective future. (Presumably the imperfective present could also be used to state what is being done at present, or the imperfective future or past to refer to the future or past, although no such examples were found during this study.) ыы : When the verb of the second clause is in the past, showing that the action named has already been taken, a бы is regularly inserted into the first clause between the чe and the infinitive. The 6ы indicates that the action named in the чex clause was at one time a possibility but never really took place. Dative: When it is desired to specify who might do something, the infinitive of the чe clause can be preceded by a dative pronoun or noun. This is especially likely when the actors in the first and second clauses are not the same and are part of the contrast. A: Colloquially, the second clause can be introduced by the conjunction a, although it is not required. This is somewhat similar to the use of an a after a гoть ' although' clause . Cf XOTь # 1Ba, p_483.

Examples : Inf: Чем конспектировать лекцию, лучше записывать магнетофоном. Rather than take notes on a lecture, it's better to make a tape recording of it.

531

Imp: Чем конспектировать лекцию, записывай магнетофоном. Instead oftaking notes on a lecture, make a tape recording ofit. Subj : Чем конспектировать лекцию, ты бы записали магнетофоном. Instead oftaking notes on a lecture, you ought to make a tape recording ofit. лучше + Subj : Чем конспектировать лекцию, ты бы лучше записали магнетофоном. Instead oftaking notes on the lecture, you would do better to make a tape recording of it. Dat & Prf: Чем тебе конспектировать лекцию, я запишу магнетофоном. Instead ofyour taking notes on the lecture , I'll make a tape recording of it. чем бы & Past: Чем бы законспектировать лекцию , я записал магнетофоном. Instead oftaking notes on the lecture, I made a tape recording of it. чем бы + Dat & a + Past: Чем бы ему законспектировать лекцию, а он записал магнетофоном. Instead ofhis taking notes on the lecture, he made a tape recording ofit. Чем говорить разное, прибавили бы жалованья. (-Горький) Instead of talking all kinds of stuff, they ought to increase the salary. Батюшка пришлет денежки, чем бы их попридержать .. и куды! ... пошел кутить. (-Гоголь) His papa keeps sending him money, but instead of hanging on to it -- not a chance! ... he goes on a binge. Никакого разумения нет, проворчал он. -- Чем бы остричь девчонку, чтобы в дороге вошь не завелась, вы ей волосья * отпустили. (-Инбер) "No sense at all , " he grumbled " Instead of cutting the kid's hair short, so she wouldn't get lice on the way, you let her hair grow out. " *Popular speech and regional for волосы. ЧЕМ + Noun -- In Questions (Cf ЧЕМ НЕ + Noun , below.)

'In what way is ... a ...?" ' Why is ... a ...?'

'How is ... a ...?' ' What makes you think ... is a ...?

-Hy, все трое и оказались граверы хорошие . -Что ж за беда? -Да ремесло-то плохое. -Чем же плохо ремесло -- гравирование? -Не портреты же они в землянках-то гравируют. -Лики? -Как же не лики! Целковые. (-А . Н. Островский) -Well, all three of them turned out to be fine engravers. -What was the trouble with that? -It was that their trade was a bad one. -How was their trade bad, engraving? -It isn't portraits that they engrave in their cellars. -Icons? -Icons my foot! Bank notes!

ЧЕМ (...) НЕ + Nominative Noun In Questions A forceful expression of conviction, in assertions that a person or thing clearly fits into a category. The category is named by the nominative noun. A subject may also stand between the чем and the нe, instead of before the чeм. This construction usually takes the form of a short sentence standing by itself rather than worked in as a part of a long and complex one. 'In what way is ... not a ...?' 'Certainly ... is a ...'

'Why doesn't ... count as a ...?' 'Of course ... is a … ..’

'What's wrong with ... as a ...?

А сынок чем не мужик? Не хуже людей. (-Л . Н. Толстой) And what's the matter with my son for the job of farm hand? He's just as good as the next fellow.

532

.... я не об семействе говорю, Анна Ивановна, а об жизни. -Да ты это так только, Полинька, говоришь, чтоб свалить с себя, а по-моему и семейная жизнь ... чем же не жизнь? (-Салтыков-Щедрин) I'm not talking about family, Anna Ivanovna, but about life.. -Well, you're only saying that, Paulie, to get away from the subject, but what I say is what isn't real life about family life? Moe убеждение такое, что надо их непременно пропить поскорее. А вы говорите, что у меня нет убеждений. Чем это не убеждение? (-А . Н. Островский) It's my conviction that I have to be sure to drink up the money real quick. And you claim I haven't got any convictions. What's wrong with that for a conviction?

Бесприданница твоя Аграфена, а то чем не невеста. (-Станюкович) Your Agrafena is a girl with no dowry; otherwise, certainly she's a fine girl to marry. Кончит рабфак, ему уже шестнадцать будет. Чем не студент? (-Макаренко) He's going to graduate from workers' school, and he'll be sixteen then, What does he lack to be a student? ЧЕМ ТАК Abbreviated, "pronominal" version of ЧЕМ ( + БЫ) ( + Dative) + Infinitive, above

'rather than (do) that'

'instead ofdoing that'

-А что ж? Чем так, христа ради жить, давно бы пошел к ней. (-Чехов) But what's the idea? Instead ofdoing that, living on charity, you should have gone to her a long time ago.

ЧЁМ:

А В ЧЁМ ЖЕ? But what's the point? ( = A в чём дело)

ЧЕРЕЗ ', ' as a result of (popular speech) because of ' , ' on account of 1. ' -An additional meaning. Considered uneducated, but common in popular speech. -В один прекрасный день, - проворчал Кострицын, -я ляжу* под паровоз через эти насмешки. (-Панова) * = лягу. "Some lovely day," muttered Kostritsyn, "I'll wind up under the locomotive as a result ofthese digs." -Мне, Емельян, сапоги тесны. Нет через них ходу, - жаловался Кошевой. (-Шолохов) "These boots are too tight for me, Emelyan. I can't walk in them," Koshevoi complained. (Lit.: "Because of them it's impossible to walk.") -Ну, Нагульнов, натворил делов*? А я вот через тебя должен в такую росторопь ехать. (-Шолохов) * = дел. "Well, Nagul'nov, got things all gummed up? And it's on account of you that I have to travel at this time ofyear when the roads are so bad. " Тетушка спрашивала Ивана Яковлевича, -через что ее дочь не родит: оба, говорит, молоды и красивы, а детей нет. (-Лесков) My aunt kept asking Ivan Yakovlevich why her daughter wasn't having babies. "They're both young and good- looking," she would say, "but there aren't any children. " -Бригадир и злится через то, что помидоры начинают цвести, а водокачка испортилась. (-Бабаевский) The brigade leader is in a bad temper because the tomatoes are starting to bloom and the pumping station is out of order.

533

2.

' by means of

Another less common use of через.

Крестяне, убившие Петра Николаича ..., были приговорены к смертной казни через повешение. (-Л. Н. Толстой) The peasants who killed Pyotr Nikolayich ... were condemned to execution by hanging. "На стене" пишется через ять в обоих случаях. (-Горький) "On the wall (На стене) " is spelled with the letter yat' in both places. ЧЕРТ Used to forma construction like English "The devil it is", "The devil I will " , etc.

-Там Меднолобов есть сегодня у вас? -Нет. Где же он, черт он тут будет. А кто его спрашивает? -Is Mednolobov there today at your office? -No. Wherever he is, he's mighty unlikely to be here. Who's asking for him?

ЧЕРТ:

КОЙ ЧЕРТ (In Replies Containing Repetitions) КАКОЙ ЧЕРТ

The черт-phrase may stand either directly before or directly after the word that is repeated, or else may follow the repeated word as a separate sentence. Cf КАКОЙ # 11 , p189.

- Я на самом деле одолжение вам делаю. -Одолжение? -Кой черт одолжение! -I'm actually doing you a favor. -A favor? Like hell it's a favor! -Ведь ты знаешь, что теперь должен весь долг твой заплатить мне. Они перевели. -Какой черт долг! Получишь ты долг! (-Гоголь) -Now, you know that now you're supposed to pay your whole debt to me. They transferred it. -Debt hell! You think you're going to get paid a debt?

-Ты это шутишь? - спросил он. -Кой черт шучу? Какие тут шутки! (-Чехов) "Are you joking when you say that?" he asked . "What the hell is joking about it? What jokes do you mean? ЧЕРТ ЛИ

See under ЛИ, p207. ЧЕ-ТО (-in colloquial and rapid speech) = чего-то ЧИ (-dialectal. Southern and Southwestern) Interrogative particle . Cf Polish czy.

See under ТИ, р378 . ЧИВОЙ-ТО = чегой-то . Colloquial pronunciation.

ЧИН- ЧИНАРЕМ

(-slang)

'shipshape' -Вот как,-удовлетворенно сказал Кирпиченко и подмигнул морячку. -Чин-чинарем. (-Аксенов) "That's the way," said Kirpichenko with an air of satisfaction and with a wink at the sailor. "All shipshape. "

534

ЧИСТО In addition to its literal meaning derived from чистый 'clean' чисто has the following meanings in • popular speech: 1. 'entirely', 'without exception,' 'absolutely' У меня чисто ничего не осталось. I have absolutely nothing left. 2. 'only', 'solely', 'nothing but', 'purely', 'merely' Чисто с целью показаться в каком-нибудь обществе Калинович переоделся на скорую руку и пошел в трактир Печкина. (-Писемский) Solely with the object of making an appearance in any society at all, Kalinovich hurriedly changed clothes and went to Pechkin's tavern. Офицеры штаба работали много, но работа эта казалась Аничке чисто канцелярской. (-Казакевич) The officers at the headquarters did a great deal ofwork, but as far as Anichka could see, the work was purely bureaucratic. 3. 'exactly like', just as if -Дедушка, здравствуй ... Ох, как у тебя тут тепло ... ну, чисто в бане ... (-А. Н. Толстой) Hello, Gramp ... Gosh , you've got it warm in here ... it's just like in the bathhouse. -Нынешним летом бабы работают, чисто трактора.* (-Авдеев) This summer the women have been working like tractors. * popular speech for тракторы.

ч0-TO

(-in colloquial and rapid speech)

= что-то что Synopsis: The uses ofчто are so numerous that an outline ofthe discussion that follows is given here first: Kinds ofsentences: IN QUESTIONS

A. IN INFORMATION QUESTIONS 1.

What?

(p 536)

2.

how much? what price?

(p 537)

3.

As reply: What? (i.e., What do you want?)

(p 537)

4.

As reply: What? (i.e., What did you say?)

(p537)

Что что

5.

A

Ну что что такое

In Replies Containing Repetitions

(p 538)

Well , what about ...? What's this about ...?

4

I.

6.

что + Nom. noun: How is ... doing? How are things with ...?

(p 539)

7.

(А, да, Ведь) ( + Dat) + что ( + Dat) (ж, же, там, тут) Inf/inflected Vb/clause : + Nom noun/ What does ... amount to?

(p 539)

8.

ЧТО

( + для + Gen) { (+ Dat)

В + }+ {" До +

What does ... mean to ...?

Nom . Loc. Gen.

(p 541)

535

9.

что + Gen ( + в + Loc) : что выгоды / нужды / пользы / прибыли / проку / толку / хорошего / etc. What use is there in ...?

(p 541 )

10. что (же): Why?

(p 541 )

11. (A) что?: Why (do you ask)? As reply.

(p 544)

B. IN ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS 1.

straightforward factual questions

(p 546)

2.

requests for the hearer's opinion or feeling

(p 546)

3.

mild proposals

(p 547)

4.

diffident requests for confirmation

(p 547)

5.

exclamatory questions expressing surprise

(p 547)

6.

straightforward factual inquiries with suggested probable answers

6a. sly questions with suggested cynical or humorous answers 7.

rhetorical questions with suggested improbable, ridiculous, or fantastic answers.

7a. rhetorical questions with dative and infinitive. 8.

fossilized questions, introducing (or following) a statement ofacquiescence

(p 547) (p 548) (p 548)

(p 549) (p 549)

II. IN OTHER SENTENCES

1.

who, which, that

(p 550)

2.

which -referring to a whole clause or idea

(p 551 )

3.

something, anything

(p 551 )

4.

Есть/было/будет + any case of что ( + Inf) ( + Dat subject) There is something to ...

(p 552)

5.

a little, somewhat, rather, a trifle

(p 552)

6. 7.

что + number: about, approximately что что ……. TO ... + Nom. Noun что ни ... TO ... }

(p 552) (p 553)

each, every, not a ... but what ... 8.

чTO + Nom noun: as for

(p 553)

9.

что + noun (usually Nom): like

(p 553)

10. что + Gen noun: What a lot of …..!

(p 554)

11. Omission ofthe conjunction чTо

(p 554)

12. что after a temporal word: that, since

(p 555)

13.

To

direct quotation

(p 555)

14. чTO + Inf: ... told them to ...

(p 556)

15. when, as soon as

(p 556)

16. if

(p 556)

17. because

(p 557)

18. что after modal words: действительно что, именно что, правда что

(p 557)

19. почти что

(p 557)

20. только что

(p 557)

21. чTO ... TO ...: each, every

(p 557)

22. что ... TO ... : What's ... is ..., There's no denying that ... is ....

(p 558)

23. что ... чTO ...: one ..., another ...

(p 558)

24. что ... чTо ...: whether it's ... or ...... ..., . or ... is all the same

(p 558)

536

Kinds of sentences : чro occurs not only in questions but in many other uses as well. In questions, it appears as either an interrogative pronoun or an emotional particle . In other sentences, it can appear in the roles of conjunction, pronoun, adverb, or particle. чro preceding or following: Upon occasion, чтo can follow the word that represents the focal point ofthe sentence , instead ofpreceding it. When the чTо follows, the sentence is made more emphatic. (See # A.7, A.8 , B.8)

I.

IN QUESTIONS Kinds of questions: As in other languages, there are two kinds of questions: questions of circumstance and questions offact. Questions of circumstance, also called information questions or completion questions, contain words that call for pieces of information about circumstances: who, what, where, when, why, how, which, how many, how much. Questions of fact contain a statement of what the speaker is suggesting may be a fact, and call for "yes" or "no" as the answer. They are also called alternative questions, or simply yes-or-no questions. In Russian, these are the questions that contain (or at least could contain) a ëи. In information questions, чão functions as an interrogative pronoun; in alternative questions, it is an emotional particle. Rhetorical questions: Both kinds ofquestions are sometimes used purely for effect, where the speaker is implying that the answer is obvious, and hence they are really exclamations that are only in the form of questions . Additional particles: In both kinds of questions, чтo is often accompanied by additional particles: a preceding а, да, ну, ог ведь, or a following xe, x, там, or тут, or some combination of these. They are very frequent in questions, especially alternative questions, but not in the other sentences in which что appears . Position of чтo in questions. Position of adjunct pronouns: In both kinds of questions, the standard position for чTo is first in the sentence (not counting a preceding а, да, ну, ведь, так, etc.), and it is usually followed by a pronoun, if there is one in the sentence at all. However, another position that что often occupies is that of second word, and when this happens the word in the first position is very frequently the pronoun-- usually nominative, accusative, or dative. чro can also stand last: this is usually in exclamatory questions of the "What does ... matter to me?" variety (#A.7, A.8), but also in acquiescing expressions (# B.8). Hero for To: In popular speech, что (Nom. or Acc. ) is sometimes replaced by чero in questions where it means 'what?' or 'why?' or 'what's the situation with ...?' or 'what price?,' and in other sentences where it has the meaning of ' something'.

A. IN INFORMATION QUESTIONS 1. что -Also чerо in popular speech. See чEго # 1 , p 521 . What?' (as in English) ' Что это? What is this? Чему он так радуется? What is he so pleased at? Что они сказали, What did they say?

Чем она починила, What did she fix it with?

537

Чего used for что (Асс.): -А вот дедушка его - чудесный! -Ну еще чего скажешь! -воскликнул Кожемякин, рассердясь и ревнуя. (-Горький) "And there's his grandfather -- he's marvellous!" "Oh great! And what else are you going to tell me!" Kozhemyakin exclaimed, getting angry and feeling jealous. 2. что. - Also чего in popular speech . See ЧЕГО # 5 , p

522 .

In inquiries about prices or amounts. As in English. ' how much?", 'what price?"

Что стоит такой трактор? What does a tractor like that cost? How much is a tractor like that worth? Что отдала за сумку? What did you pay for the handbag?

3.

что. - Also чего in popular speech . See ЧЕГО # 8а . р 523 . In reply to a call . As in English. ' What?' (i.e. What do you want?) -Акуля! -Что?

-Самовар. (-Найдёнов) -Akulya! -What? -The samovar.

The same, with a pronoun accompanying the что: -Дуняша! -Что ты? (-Мей) -Dunyasha! -What do you want?

4.

Что. - Also чего in popular speech. А что

In reply to a statement or a question. Used when the speaker either did not entirely hear or did not entirely understand what has just been said. As in English. ' What?'(i.e. What did you say?) ' What's that?' What did you say?" '

'What do you mean?' 'What do you have in mind?'

К чему ты готовишься? - Я , дядюшка, готовлюсь в артисты. -Что-о? -Художником быть хочу, -подтвердил Райский. (-Гончаров) -"What are you preparing for?" -"I'm preparing to be an artist, uncle." - "Wha-at?" -"I want to be an artist," Raisky said again.

538

5.

А

Что что

Ну что Что такое

(In Replies Containing Repetitions) Cf KAK # 10, p172.

КАК ТО ЕСТЬ etc. , p179. КАКОЕ ТАМ ...?, p189-194

The чro or particle combination containing чTO is always at the beginning of the reply. The repetition is usually only a key word or two out ofthe preceding remark. The basic meaning of these questions made up ofчrо and a repetition is simply a neutral request for further information and clarification, similar to ЧТО # 4. In some situations, this request for clarification can have a shading of displeasure, annoyance, truculence, or threatening, which is usually shown by the use of the additional particles forming combinations with что: а что, ну что, ог что такое. ' What about ...?' ' Well, what about ...?' What's this about ...?"

'What are you saying about ...?" What do you mean, ...?' '

.... Она, конечно опечалилась, но ... -Что "но"? Договаривай! (-А. Н. Островский) -... Naturally, she was grieved, but ... -Well, "but" what? Finish what you were saying! -Бабушка! - грозно сказала Катя. -Что ---бабушка? -Опять? -Не буду. (-Каверин) - "Grandmother!" Katya said menacingly. -"What about 'grandmother"?" -"[Are you going to start on that subject] again?" -"All right, I won't. " -Это что такое? - спросил Дмитрий Борисыч. -А что " что такое"? -спросил Алексеев. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) -"What's this?" asked Dmitri Borisych. - "What do you mean, What's this?" asked Alekseyev.

With Repeated Verb Phrase: -Я сам видел, как она из-под дивана лезла. -Что такое из-под дивана лезла, .Честное слово могу дать. (-Л . Н. Толстой) -I myselfsaw her come crawling out from under the sofa. -What's this about crawling out from under the sofa? -I can swear to it.

-Ну и я тоже не могу. -Что не могу? (-Л . Н. Толстой) -I can't do it either. -Can't do what? -Я разговаривал только-что с Иваном Николаевичем. Он говорил .. -Иван Николаевич ничего не стоит. -Ну что ж то! Разве ничего не стоит?! Он заведующий отделом! -I was talkingjust now with Ivan Nikolaevich . He was saying ... -Ivan Nikolaevich is no good at all. -What's this! He's no good?! He's a department head!

539

6.

что + Nom. Noun

Cf ЧЕГО # 4, p 522 .

'How is ...?' 'How do things stand with ...?'

'How is ... doing?" 'How is it coming with ...?'

-Ну, что соседки? Что Татьяна? Что Ольга резвая моя? (-Пушкин) -Well, how are the neighbors? How is Tatyana? How is my frolicsome Olga? -Что ж лошади? -спросила она вошедшего человека. -Давно готовы-с, -отвечал лакей. (-Достоевский) -"What about the horses?" she asked the man that came in. -"They have been ready a long time, ma'am, " replied the servant.

-Ну, что море, что небо? Какие краски там? (-Гончаров) -Well, what does the sea look like . and how is the sky? What colors do you see there?

7.

что

что + Dat Dat + что что ж

что же что

там

что

тут там

Что же AAA

что

Nom . Noun

Что ж Inf.

что

тут

inflected Vb (in repetitions)

Ведь что Да

что

Да

ЧТО Ж

Да

Что же

Да ведь что ж что Да Да

что

Hy

что

Hy

ЧТО Ж

Hy

что

+ whole clause

там тут

там

In exclamatory rhetorical questions, in which the speaker seeks to dismiss something as unimportant, immaterial, and not worthy of serious consideration. The additional particles before and after что appear in stronger and more vehement objections. In the same way, it is in the more emotional and forcefully expressed exclamations (-here and in #A.8 & B.8) that the что can follow the word it applies to. ' What does ... amount to?' 'What does ... matter? Who cares about ...?"

(Literally: What is ...?") What difference does ... make?" '

-По правде, по божьему так-то, -говорил он. -Что деньги? За деньги малого не купишь, -говорил другой. (-Л . Н. Толстой) -"That way is what's right and what's God's way. " said one of them. -"What's money? You can't buy a fellow for money," said the other. Что враги? Пусть клевещут язвительней, Я пощады у них не прошу. (-Н . А. Некрасов) What do I care about my enemies? Let them slander me as bitingly as they can . I'm not asking them for any mercy.

540

-Да ведь холода стоят ... -Да ведь холода что! Холода ничего .... (-Горбунов) -But really, it's cold weather ... -But really, what does cold weather matter! Cold weather isn't anything. -Ну что там - агроном! Что он понимает по коровьим делам! (-Троепольский) -Who gives a darn about him - an agronomist! What does he know about cows? -Что? Говорят, ребята бал затеяли? -Да. А ты будешь? -Да ведь что ж этот бал! Только, чай, слава, что бал. (-Гоголь) -What? They say the fellas have gotten up a ball? -Yes. Are you going to be there? -Now reallyjust what does this ball amount to? I bet it's only talk that there is a ball .

Applying to a whole clause: Я предчествую, - начала она, -что мне здесь придется задохнуться. Что, что я богата, дочь генерала, что у меня одних бриллиантов на сто тысяч -- что из всего этого! (-Писемский) "I have a presentiment, " she began, "that I'm going to die of suffocation here. What difference does it make that I'm rich, and a general's daughter, and I've got a hundred thousand in diamonds alone , -- what does all this come to!" 7a.The same kind of exclamation in rhetorical question form is frequent in replies containing repetitions. The word that is repeated fromthe preceding remark is most often a noun, and a noun that was originally in one of the oblique cases (genitive, dative, accusative , instrumental , locative) is often changed to nominative in the repetition, but this change is not required. The noun may also be changed from singular to plural, with the usual meaning of adding a further shading of scorn and disparagement. Verbs can also be either quoted unchanged or altered in form to fit the sense ofthe reply. With change to plural: -Как же ты с знатной барыней кончил, -Что, братец, знатные барыни! Это утомило меня ... (-Гончаров) -How did you break off with the aristocratic lady? -Who cares about aristocratic ladies, my friend! I got tired of that stuff.

With Adjective: -Я человек бедный: мне не на что покупать .. -Что ж бедный! Честь охотника для человека дороже всего. (-Писемский) -I'm a poor man. I haven't got any money to buy anything with. -What does being poor matter! A man values prestige as a hunter above everything else. With Dat. Pronoun: .... А чиновник, хошь как хошь, все он тебе чиновник ... -Чиновник! А что мне чиновник! Я здесь главный! (-Салтыков-Щедрин) -... But an official, no matter what you say, is still an official ... -An official! What do I care about an official! I'm the boss here! With repeated verb , with inflection changed: -А я тебе скажу, что если ты так поведешь себя, ты будешь мошенник. Я сказал. -Да что же сказали. Вы никогда войдете в мое положение ... (-Л . Н. Толстой) -And I tell you that if you act like that you'll always be a crook. Don't forget I told you. -All right, so you told me . So what? You never can see my point of view.

541

8. что + для + Gen. + Dat. что + Dat. что что что + Dat. что Dat. + что + Dat. + за дело что

+ Nom . + Nom. + + + +

в до в до

+ до

+ + + +

Loc. Gen Loc. Gen.

+ Gen.

In exclamatory rhetorical questions. Cf. # 7. What does ... care about ...?" '

What does ... mean to ...?' '

Посудите сами, Иван Петрович, ни в театр, ни тацевать никуда не пускает, только платья дарит, а что мне в платье-то? (-Достоевский) Judge for yourself, Ivan Petrovich, he doesn't let me go to the theater or go dancing, or anywhere, all he does is give me dresses, and what do I care about a dress? Черт с ним! Что мне за дело до него! - сказал Райский. (-Гончаров) "To hell with him! What do I care about him!" said Raisky. "выгоды нужды пользы

9. что + Gen. ( + в + Loc.): что

прибыли проку толку хорошего Letc.

advantage need use

gain benefit sense good

What advantage / need / use / gain / benefit / sense / good / etc is there (in ...)? ' Что нужды мне в твоем уме? (-Пушкин) What need do I have for your cleverness? Желанья! ... что пользы напрасно и вечно желать? (-Лермонтов) Desires! ... Of what use is it to be vainly and eternally desiring? Что ж прибыли, что ты высоко так заполз? (-Крылов) What gain is there in it for you that you have climbed up so high? Что в этом проку? What use is there in that? Теперь ты мудр: не прекословь -- Что толку в споре? (-Блок) Now you're smart : don't contradict. What sense is there in arguing? 10.что

-Also чего in popular speech . See ЧЕГО # 2, p 521 .

что же

'Why?' Like 'why' in English, что (ог чего) can have either of two senses: (1) 'with what object?', 'for what purpose?' from what cause?', 'as a result of what?' (2) ' a. With inflected verb: Что ты так кричишь! Ты их напугаешь. (-Л . Н. Толстой) What are you yelling like that for? You'll scare them. И Софья! ... Здравствуй, Софья, что ты Так рано поднялась! а? для какой заботы? (-Грибоедов) And Sophia! ... Good morning, Sophia, why have you Gotten up so early! Hm? To do what?

542

Что вы меня смотрите! Я знаю, что вы думаете обо мне. Вы думаете, что я такой же, как вот эти франты, что ушли; так ошибаетесь. (-А. Н. Островский) Why are you looking at me! I know what you think of me. You think I'm just like those dandies whojust left; well, you're wrong. Ты-то что ж молчишь, сударыня? (-А . Н. Островский) Why don't you say anything, ma'am? -Ой тётеньки .. Что же вы закрыли магазин-то? -По-твоему, нам вечно в нём сидеть? (-Арбузов) -Gosh, ladies.. Why did you close up the store? -Do you think we're supposed to sit in there forever?

b. With это: Да что это я бегаю, как угорелый? (-Тургенев) Now, what am I running like a crazy man for? Что ты это лежишь по сю пору как колода? (-Гончаров) Why are you lying there like a log so late?

c.

With так: = как так

Why is that?' '

'How come?'

'How's that?"

-Скучаете по Москве, •Нет. -Что так? (-Арбузов) -Do you miss Moscow? -No. -Why is that? -Ну сестричка, я к тебе уж больше не приду зимой, -сказала Марья Андреевна ……. -Что так? -Да больно далеко, больно снегу много и холодно. (-Решетников) -"Well, sis, I'm not coming to see you in wintertime any more, " said Marya Andreyevna ... -How come? -Because it's awfully far, there's an awful lot of snow, and it's cold.

Антон неприветливо взглянул на нее: · Я с тобой и разговаривать не хочу! -Что так -- уже с вызовом спросила Любка. (-Марков) Anton gave her an ungracious look : - "I don't even want to talk to you!" - "Why is that ?" Lyubka asked him in a manner that was already asking for a fight. d. With infinitive : Used exactly as in English. Usually imperfective infinitive. What's the use of ...? Why ...?" ' Что на них глядеть -- обыкновенно говорил он: - ведь я не для них работаю (-Гоголь) "Why should I pay any attention to them?" he was in the habit of saying . "After all, they're not who I'm working for. " Закрой-ка, Яша, дверь, да будем ложиться, - говорит старик. - Что даром свечку жечь? (-Салтыков-Щедрин) "Yasha, how about shutting the door, and let's hit the sack," said the old man . "Why burn the candle for nothing?"

With infinitive In Replies Containing Repetitions:

Ты сходи сам

... -Что мне ходить! Я так знаю. (-Л . Н. Толстой) .... Go and see for yourself. -What do I want to go for? I know without that.

543

-Да ты бы хоть к родным написал, -перебил я его. -Что к родным писать? Помочь -- они мне не помогут. (-Тургенев) ."You ought to write to your relatives, at least, "I interrupted him. "Why write to my relatives? I'm not going to get any help from them. " -Так я тебе приказываю! - крикнул Брыкович, бледнея. -Что ж тут приказывать, коли не велено ... (-Чехов) - "That's what I'm ordering you to do!" shouted Brykovich, turning pale . - "What's the use of giving orders, if it's forbidden ... " e. With verb omitted: Что ты так скоро? Я думал, поживешь здесь. (-Горький) [ = Что ты так скоро уезжаешь?] Why so soon? I thought you were going to live here a while. [i.e. Why are you leaving so soon?] Александр задумался и потом улыбнулся. .Что ты? спросил Петр Иваныч. [ = Что ты улыбаешься?] Alexander became thoughtful, and then smiled . -"What's that about?" Peter Ivanych asked. [-i.e. What are you smiling about?]

f.

Other forms of чTO meaning 'why': There are a great many expressions having the meaning of 'why' and derived from что. Some are confined to the meaning of ( 1 ) 'why?', 'with what object?', 'for what purpose?" , some to the meaning of (2) 'why?', ' from what cause?', ' as a result of what?' , and some can have both meanings.

(1) 'why?' 'with what object?"

for what purpose?' ' что

(2) 'why?' from what cause?' ' 'as a result of what?" что

чего

Чего

для чего

для чего

зачем за что Из чего из-за чего

к чему на что нашто отчего почём

почём

почто

почему почто

пошто

пошто

ради чего

ради чего

чего ради

чего ради С чего

через что

544 11.

Что?

А что? In reply to a question. Used when the speaker thinks that the question just asked was pointless and unnecessary, was none of the inquirer's business, or referred to a situation where everything is obvious and ordinary. 'But why?' 'Why?'

'But why do you ask?'

-Вы ничего не потеряли здесь? -Нет, кажется, ничего. А что? -Да у вас такой вид, точно вы что-нибудь ищете. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) -You didn't lose anything here, did you? -No, I don't think I did. Why? -Well, you have a sort oflook as ifyou were searching for something. -Вы живете на улице Горького, -Уже десять лет живу там. А что? -Do you live on Gorky Street? -I've lived there for ten years. But why do you want to know?

B. IN ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS The basic function of что: In alternative questions, the literal meaning of 'what?' for чтo is largely effaced, and the чTо simply acts as a particle. That this is so is shown by the fact that the что can be removed without disturbing the construction of the rest of the question. The basic purpose of the что is to get the hearer's attention, signal to him that what is about to follow is going to be a question, and urge him to answer it. The same thing can be done in English with expressions such as 'I say, ...?", "Tell me, ...?', ' What do you say, ...?', 'Look here, ...?', 'Say, ...?”, or, still more colloquially, 'Hey, ...?",· although the use ofthe чTо in Russian is considerably more frequent. Originally, the meaning of the чTо may perhaps have been ' What (is your answer)?', 'What (do you say)?'.

ли: А ли can occur in the same question, in accordance with the general characteristic ofthe colloquial language that particles and modals ofsimilar meaning do not crowd each other out, but instead often occur together and reinforce each other.

Kinds ofalternative questions: Alternative questions differ in meaning and intent, and hence to some extent in form. They may be characterized as: -1

straightforward factual inquiries, e.g. "Are they coming tomorrow?", " Did he phone you?", "Has the rain stopped?"

-2

requests for the hearer's opinion or feeling, e.g. "Do you think it'll rain?" , "Were you scared?", "Are you coming down with something?", "Is that enough?", " Did you like those?"

-3

mild proposals, e.g. "Well, shall we go?" , "Shall I close the window?" , "How about some lunch?"

-4

diffident requests for confirmation, e.g. "Gosh, didn't he promise to?", "Oh my, isn't that scheduled for today?" , "But isn't that the writer we met in Tallinn?"

-5

exclamatory questions expressing surprise, e.g. "What's this?! Did someone take the whole pie?" , "What are you telling me? Did he really say that?" , "What?! Is it possible that you haven't heard?" , "What! Are they still here?" , "What's that?! It isn't fixed yet?!"

-6

straightforward factual inquiries with suggested probable answers, e.g. "What are you doing here , waiting for your sister?" , "What did he do, blow up and shout his head off?" , "What's the matter, were the tickets sold out?"

545

-7

rhetorical questions with suggested improbable, ridiculous, or fantastic answers, e.g. "Well what am I supposed to do now, blow my brains out with a bow and arrow?", "What do they think I am, a pack mule?", "So what did they do, make him a general?"

-8

fossilized questions, introducing a statement of acquiescence, e.g. "What the heck? Let's go now. ", "What of it? We'll fix it later." , "Who cares? So we'll get wet."

The position ofчто in alternative questions & the position of adjunct pronouns: Since the purpose of the что is to indicate that a question is coming, the чro must necessarily be placed at or near the beginning of the question. In alternative questions, the general tendency of чTо to stand either first or second in a question (not counting additional particles) becomes the rule. When чro is first, the word after it is very often a personal pronoun, and when чтo is second, this pronoun is first. (A demonstrative pronoun or a noun is also possible here, but they occur far less often. ) The personal pronoun is most frequently nominative, but can also occur in other cases. This pattern of a что either preceded or followed by a pronoun is sometimes found in alternative questions ofType 1 , straightforward factual inquiries (perhaps in a quarter of the instances), and in Type 2, and is the dominant formula in Types 6 and 7 (in about 8 instances out of9). Pauseless что- plus-pronoun combinations: Contrary to what one might expect, in popular speech что and a following pronoun are sometimes run together in pronunciation instead of being separated by a pause. Not only can this be heard in conversation, but also it is very noticeable in dialogues in printed fiction and drama that similar sentences are very inconsistently punctuated, reflecting the author's intentions of getting different effects. Thus an expression like "What do you think I am, an idiot or something?" can be seen printed Что, я дурак, что ли? ог Что я, дурак, что ли? ог Что я дурак, что ли? (Что and a preceding pronoun are nearly always run together, and only rarely separated by a pause : Ты что, дурачишься? -Or possibly ты, что, дуречишься? -What are you doing, clowning?) The customary explanation of this phenomenon is to say that running together the particle чTо with a following pronoun is simply an odd feature of intonation in popular speech. On the other hand, it is quite striking to note how closely Russian expressions of this kind correspond to English patterns like "What are you, a ... or something?", "What's that supposed to be, a ...?", "What do you think I am, a ...?" and "What are you doing, ...ing ...?", "What did he do with them, ... them?", "And what am I supposed to do now, ...?", etc. In all the examples that were found, "чтo я, ...?", "чтo ты , ...?", etc. can always be construed as "What am I, a ...?", "What are you doing, ...?", etc. just as well as "What! Am I a ...?", "What, are you ...ing?", etc. In other words, the что in чão-plus-pronoun combinations can always be read as a regular interrogative pronoun instead of as a particle in Types 6 and 7. If so, Types 6 and 7 are not originally alternative questions, but instead are a combination of two questions, first asking an information question, "What is ...?" and then asking an alternative question, "Is it ...?" что ли: Что ли is very frequent in questions introduced by что. The что ли can stand either at the end ofthe question or in the middle of it. Although it can occur in questions ofType 3, it is most characteristically found in Types 6 and 7, especially 7. From this it appears that the чTо ли is used to follow up the effect of the что, urging the hearer a second time to reply and either concur or supply a different answer. The attitude behind this urging a reply ranges from friendly and agreeable in Type 3 (mild proposals) through faint impatience in Type 6 (straightforward inquiries proposing a probable answer) , to open annoyance and opposition in Type 7 (rhetorical questions proposing an irrational answer) . And indeed , что ли is so frequently used in Type 7 questions as to have become practically a trademark of hostile and sarcastic rhetorical questions.

546

The basic meaning of что ли is that the answer being suggested is thought of as a possibility but not a certainty. This is shown by the fact that questions of Types 3, 6, and 7 sometimes contain other expressions that are similar in meaning to что ли:

Да ты что ж, Платоныч, навроде смеешься? А ? (-Шолохов) Why, what are you saying, Platonych, I suppose you're joking? Right? Что вы,-говорю, - бабочка, вроде бы хромаете? (-Зощенко). "What's this you're doing," I said, "sweetie , are you limping, sort of?" Ты, что же, в партию, быть может, ловчишься? (-А. Н. Толстой) What are you doing, trying to worm your way into the Party, maybe? что же/что ж:

Что же (ог что ж) occurs in all the types except Type 4. But note that the жe(or ж) ів required and always occurs in Type 8 questions. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS: 1.

straightforward factual inquiries: Расскажите, каков он собою? Что, стар или молод? (-Гоголь) Tell us, what does he look like? Come on, is he old or young?

Что, за Марфой ходила девка-то? (-Л . Н. Толстой) Well, has the girl gone to get Marfa? Что, она весела? (-Л. Н. Толстой) Tell me, is she in a good mood? Что ж, Степан твой собрался? (-Шолохов) Well, is your boy Stepan ready to go? -Ну что, татап, вы совершенно здоровы? - повторил он, обращаясь к матери. -Все хорошо, прекрасно. (-Л.Н. Толстой) -"Well, mama, are you in complete good health?" he repeated, turning to his mother. -Everything is fine, first-rate. -Что, скоро ли? - обратился Вронский к служащему. -Поезд вышел - отвечал служитель. (-Л . Н. Толстой) "I say, will it be here soon?" said Vronsky, addressing the attendant. "The train is on the way here now," the attendant replied. -Что, он давно ли приехал? - сказала княгиня про Левина, когда они вернулись домой. -Нынче, матап . (-Л. Н. Толстой) -"Do you know whether he has been in town very long?" the princess asked about Levin when they had gotten home. -"He arrived today, mama." -А что, ведь в здешнем трактире, чай, есть карты? (-Гоголь) Look here, surely there are cards available in this inn, I suppose? 2.

requests for the hearer's opinion or feeling: -Ну что, будет дождь? (-Гарин) -What do you think, will it rain? -Что ж? - спросил Пугачев - Страшно тебе? (-Пушкин) -"What do you say?" asked Pugachev. "Are you scared?" -А что, как я буду вице- губернатором, ты меня будешь бояться? (-А . Н. Островский) But tell me, when I'm a Vice Governor, will you be afraid of me? -Что ж, примете в общество, коли у вас поселюсь? (-Л . Н. Толстой) -Well now, will you let me join your commune if I settle near you?

547 3.

mild proposals: Nearly always with verb in 1st pl .; occasionally with Inf. -Ну что ж, едем? - спросил он. -Едем, едем,-отвечал счастливый Левин. (-Л. Н. Толстой)

-"Well, what do you say, shall we go?" -"Let's go, let's go," answered the happy Levin. -Что ж, поужинаем, что ль? (-Л . Н. Толстой) -Well , shall we have some supper now, eh? -Ну что ж, в воскресенье сделаем ужин для дивы. -Непременно. (-Л . Н. Толстой) -Well , how about it? Shall we give a supper for the opera singer on Sunday? -Absolutely.

-Так что ж, матушка, по рукам, что ли? - говорил Чичиков. (-Гоголь) -"Well, ma'am, shall we shake hands on it? Okay?" said Chichikov. -А что, поставить, что ль, самовар? (-Достоевский) What would you like, shall I start the samovar, perhaps? 4. diffident requests for confirmation: (Pattern : Что, не ... ли ...?)

Что, не явиться ли нам на собрание-то, Gosh, aren't we supposed to show up for that meeting? Что, не гудок ли это? Say, isn't that the train whistle?

-А что, дядя, - спросил я, -не подвезешь ли меня до Борок? (-Зощенко) "Gee whiz , uncle , "I asked," aren't you going to take me to Borki?" А что, не убираться ли мне!* Как бы хозяин не увидал. -Нет! Где! Он спит, по обнаковению. (-А . Н. Островский) -But say, hadn't I better get out of here though! I hope the master doesn't see me. -No! What chance is there! He's asleep, as usual. *In form the same kind of question, but used as an exclamation. 5. exclamatory questions expressing surprise: (-Sometimes feigned and ironic. )

-Что, ты играешь еще на флейте? (-Соллогуб) -What! Are you still playing on the flute? -А что ж, мне говорили, что совещание будет там у вас. -What's this? They told me that the conference would be there at your office. -Ну что, уж ты не мечешь? ... а, Казарин? (-Лермонтов) -I say, aren't you dealing the cards? ... eh , Kazarin? 6. straightforward factual inquiries with suggested probable answers: -Он что, выпивает? (-Панова) -What is it he does, drink? -Что ж ты, нагрубил ему? (-Станюкович) -What did you do, were you rude to him?

-Да что ты шутишь, что ли? (-Салтыков-Щедрин) -What are you talking about , are you joking or what? -А я слышал, будто в снохи берешь ... Степана Астахова Аксиню. - Я ? От живого мужа ... Да ты что ж, Платоныч , навроде смеешься? А? (-Шолохов ) -But I've been hearing as how you're getting a daughter-in-law -- Stepan Astakhov's girl Aksinya . -I'm what? From her husband while he's alive? -- Why, what are you saying, Platonych , I suppose you're joking? Right?

548

-Что вы, -говорю,-бабочка, вроде бы хромаете? -Да нет, - говорит, -это я так, кокетничаю. (-Зощенко) - "What's this you're doing, " I said, " sweetie, are you limping, sort of? - "Oh no, " she said, " I just do that to be cute." -Маня! - кричал он сестре. -Ты что же, не слышишь? Васька пошел на кухню. Там же рыба! (-Паустовский) - "Manya!" he shouted to his sister, "What are you doing, don't you hear? Vaska has come in the kitchen. And there's fish. " 6a.sly questions, with suggested cynical or humorous answers:

-Ты что же, в партию, быть может, ловчишься? (-А . Н. Толстой) -What are you doing, trying to worm your way into the Party, maybe? -Что ж ты должок-то, забываешь, что ль? (-Гаршин) What are you doing about that little debt, forgetting it, perhaps? -Ты что, бабушка, под шумок колхозные огурцы ешь? (-Фадеев) -What are you doing, grandma, eating collective-farm cucumbers under cover of the confusion? 7. rhetorical questions with suggested improbable , ridiculous, or fantastic answers: -Да что же я, дурак, что ли? (-Гоголь) -What do you think I am, an idiot or something? -В честь чего это мне особая пища? Что я, больной? (-Соболев) -What's the occasion, that I get something special to eat? What am I, an invalid? -Товарищ Корчагин,-попросил я, -все берут винтовки, и я возьму ... Что я -хуже других, что ли? (-Гайдар) -"Comrade Korchagin, " I asked," everybody is taking rifles, and I'm going to take one ... What am I, not as good as the others or something? -Что ж, нету, что ли, в Шанхае хорошего чаю? Здесь есть всякий чай, какой только родится в китае. (-Гончаров) -What, are you going to claim there isn't any good tea in Shanghai? There's all kinds of tea here, whatever kind grows in China. -Что я вам сказки, что ли, буду рассказывать? Сказочницу Маланью берите с собой, коли сказки любите. (-Достоевский) -What do you think I'm going to do, tell you stories? Take Malanya the story-teller with you, ifyou like stories. -Капитан, -говорил старик, -невжли * не можете сделать снисхождение престарелому человеку! Скиньте меня на берег. Отсюда до моего села версты не будет. А от Теремцов мне переться целую ночь. Явите милость! -Ты что, смеешься ? -спросил капитан. • Своего носа не видать, а я буду притыкаться к берегу, бить из-за тебя пароход! -Нету мне смысла смеяться ... (-Паустовский) - "Captain," said the old man, "is it possible that you can't make an allowance for an aged man! Put me ashore. From here it will be less than a verst to my village. But from Teremtsy I'll have to walk all night. Be merciful!" -What are you doing, kidding?" the captain asked. "A man can't see his own nose, and you think I'm going to feel my way in to shore and smash up the steamboat on your account?" -There's no point in me kidding." * невжли: dialectal for неужели. Cf Ukrainian невже = неужели. .... Говорю, что разбойник, и конец! Что ж ты, судиться, что ли, со мной будешь? (-А.Н. Островский) .... I say you're a crook , and that's all there is to it! What are you going to do, sue me for saying it or something?

549

-... Что же, по ихнему, из воспитанных барышень им хочется прачек переделать? (-А . Н. Островский) -What, ifthey had their way, do they want to make washerwomen out of educated young ladies? -Работящий паренек и собой с лица красивенький ... .нашептывала по ночам его жена ... "С лица красивенький" ... -косноязычил он. Что, ты с его морды урожай будешь сымать, что ли? (-Шолохов)

..

-He's a hard-working fellow, and handsome, "his wife would whisper to him at night. ... "Handsome!" he mimicked her. "I'd like to know if you're going to reap the harvest off of his face, maybe?" Что ж тебя запирали, что ль? Ну, кто ж ему мешал в дом ездить? (-Л . Н. Толстой) What did they do, lock you in or something? Just who kept him from coming to visit at the house?

7a. rhetorical questions with dative and infinitive: Что же мне делать с вашим Авдеем Никитичем? Расцеловать его что ли? (-МаминСибиряк) What am I supposed to do with this Avdei Nikitich of yours? Shower him with kisses or something? Что же мне целоваться с мошенниками и подлецами, что ли? (-Чехов) What am I supposed to do with these crooks and scoundrels, kiss them, maybe? Что же мне на колени перед вами становиться, что ли? (-Чехов) What do you expect me to do, go down on my knees in front of you maybe? -Что ж, ине в ремесленники, что ли, идти? (-А . Н. Островский) What am I supposed to do, go and become an artisan or something? 8.

fossilized questions, introducing (or occasionally following) a statement of acquiescence: Неге, что ж(е) is a fixed combination. A preceding ну is the usual intensifier used with it. This is one of the few types where the что же can stand last as well as first . The accompanying words are an expression of acquiescence or resignation to the situation, and often also contain an expression ofwhat course ofaction the speaker has decided upon. Note that this accompanying part frequently contains an imperative.

With Present: Что ж? Это небольшое горе, Особенно, когда вино Без пошлины привезено. (-Пушкин) What does it matter? This is a small trouble Especially when wine Comes in duty-free.

Subjunctive : -Но все-таки вам бы очень хотелось узнать, как мы встретимся сегодня с Аглаей Ивановной ... -Ну что ж и хотелось ! -вспыхнула тотчас же Лизавета Прокофьевна. (-Достоевский) -"But all the same, you'd like very much to find out how it was that I met Aglaya Ivanovna today ...""

- "All right then, I would! " Lizaveta Prokofievna immediately burst out, blushing.

550

Imperfective Future: Лейкин сердит на вас. На меня тоже ... Что ж, будем с покорностью сносить гнев наших начальников. (-Чехов) Leikin is mad at you. At me, too ... What of it? We'll endure the wrath of our superiors with humility. Prfective Future: Дождь не страшно,-говорили на собрании,-ну, что ж, помокнем немного. (-Макаренко) "The rain isn't so bad," they said at the meeting. "So what? So we'll get wet a little. " Infinitive:

Ну что ж, обедать так обедать, -сказал член военного совета Матвеев. (-Симонов) "All right, if we're going to eat let's eat . " said the member of the military council, Matveyev.

Imperative: [Мать] говорила все более настойчиво ... -Что ж, поезжайте! -неохотно согласился доктор. (-Горький) [Mother] kept talking more and more insistently ... "Oh all right, go!" the doctor said unwillingly. Мосев! Я домой схожу, -сказал Лукашка. -Иди, что же! (-Л. Н. Толстой) "Mosev! I'm going home," said Lukey. "Sure, go on !" Я съезжу, знаете. Это не отразится, нет? -Не отразится, -сказал Данилов. -Поезжайте, что ж. (-Панова) -"I'm going on a trip, you know. That won't hurt anything, will it? - "No, it won't, " said Danilov. "Go ahead, it's all right." -Аль покурим опять? -спросил Авдеев. -Ну что ж, налаживай. (-Л. Н. Толстой) -"Suppose we have another smoke?" Avdeyev inquired. -"Sure, fix it up. " II. IN OTHER SENTENCES 1. As relative pronoun . = который. Like который , что can refer to either people or things . Any case ofчro may be used. ' who'

'which'

that' '

И те люди, что так бесцеремонно разрушили старые, заботливые украшения природы, вновь признают это место красивым. (-Тендряков) And those people that so unceremoniously destroyed the old, thoughtful ornaments of nature are again acknowledging this place to be a beautiful one.

.... Выта девица, что ушла от Сипягиных? (-Тургенев) Are you the girl who left the Sipyagins' house? -Что вы на меня смотрите! Я знаю, что вы думаете обо мне. Вы думаете, что я такой же, как вот эти франты, что ушли; так ошибаетесь. ……. (-А . Н. Островский) Why are you looking at me! I know what you think of me. You think I'm just like those dandies whojust left; well , you're wrong. Эти большие села, что приходится проезжать до Алгая, сыграли огромную роль в истории гражданской войны уральских степей. (-Фурманов) These big villages that you find yourself travelling through to get to Algai played an enormous role in the history of the civil war in the Ural steppes .

551

-Это деревушка, что вам от Глафиры Петровны досталась? -Та самая. (-Тургенев) -That's the little village that you inherited from Glafira Petrovna, isn't it? -That's the one. -Вот я, сударь, к вам, -начала она вдруг, -вы бы отдали в наём каморку. -Какую каморку? -Да вот что подле кухни. (-Достоевский) -"I've come to see you, sir, " she began at once, " because I was thinking you might rent out the little room." -"What little room?" -"Why,the one that's next to the kitchen." -Третий конюх, что с крывым глазом, лучше их обоих. (-Куприн) The third groom, the one with the blind eye, is better than both ofthem. 2. As relative pronoun referring to a whole clause or idea . Any case ofчто may be used . 'which' Ямщику вздумалось ехать рекою, что должно было сократить нам путь тремя верстами. (-Пушкин) The driver got the idea of driving along the river, which was supposed to shorten the way for us by three versts. Ходил слух, будто злополучный кадет имел несчастие напугать своим появлением в окне одно случайно проезжавшее мимо замка высокое лицо, за что и был наказан. (-Лесков) It was rumored that an unlucky cadet had the misfortune, by appearing at the window, to scare a certain high-ranking person who happened to be going past the castle, for which the cadet was duly punished. Работа " в горе", на глубине восьми-десяти сажен, по всей справедливости может назваться каторжной, чем она и была в крепостное время. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) Working "in the Misery" at a depth of eight or ten sazhens (60 or 70 feet) can in all fairness be called a job for convicts, which in fact it was in the times of serfdom. Если батюшка был не в духе,-что с ним в последние годы его жизни случалось довольно часто, - то тогда он просто был страшен. (-Лесков) IfFather was in a bad humor, which was the case with him fairly often in the last few years of his life, then at those times he was simply awful. Он стал тираном и мучителем жены своей и, чего бы никто не мог предвидеть, прибегнул к самым бесчеловечным поступкам, даже побоям. (-Гоголь) He became a tyrant and tormentor to his wife and, which no one could have foreseen, he fell into most inhuman behavior, even beating her. Отец долго не приезжал из города, что беспокоило всю семью. (-В . В. Виноградов) Father did not get here from town for a long time , which worried the whole family. 3. As indefinite pronoun. = что-нибудь, что-либо, что-то, нечто. Any case of что may be used. In popular speech, чero is often substituted for чro in both nominative and accusative. 'something'

'anything'

Но Акакий Акакиевич если и глядел на что, то видел на всём свои чистые, ровным почерком выписанные строки. (-Гоголь) But even if Akaki Akakievich did look at something, what he saw on everything was the lines ofhis own neat and even handwriting. Когда он советовал ей что-нибудь или просил о чём, она выслушивала его так покорно .., как будто была его раба. (-Достоевский) Whenever he advised her to do something or inquired about anything, she listened to him as meekly as if she were his slave.

552

-Про твоего постояльца я что знаю! -Нечего знать, -отвечала Марьяна. (-Л . Н. Толстой) - "I know something about your lodger!" -"There's nothing to know," answered Maryana. Я очень плохо, очень грубо жил..и, если было что хорошее, чистое в моей жизни, это были вы ... женщины. (-Горький) I've lived a very hard, very rough life ... , and, if there was anything good and pure in my life , it was you ... women. Глафира выбрала из сундучка сарафан понаряднее, буски, да еще что, прихватила ширинку и возвернулась в сенцы. (-Бажов) Glafira selected from the little chest a rather elegant sarafan, beads, and something more, took a kerchief, and went back to the entrance-hall.

Если что, позвони мне. If anything comes up, call me. (Если что = если что случится) With ЧЕГО : Если я чего написал, если чего сказал, тому виной глаза-небеса, любимой моей глаза. (-Маяковский) IfI have written anything, if I have said anything, the cause of it is heavenly eyes, the eyes of my beloved. Бабушка не однажды говорила ей тихо: -Варя, ты бы поела чего, маленько, а? (-Горький) The grandmother more than once said to her softly, "Varya, you ought to eat something, a little bit, hm?" 4.

ЕСТЬ / БЫЛО БУДЕТ + any case of что ( + infinitive) ( + dative subject)

There is something to ... '

There was plenty to ... ,'

etc.

See БЫТЬ# 4, p 38-39 (One further caution: this construction is sometimes used ironically in exclamations, with opposite meaning: Есть из чего сердиться! Дело яйца выеденного не стоит, а я стану из-за него сердиться. (-Гоголь) As ifthere were anything to be angry about! The business isn't worth an old eggshell, and I'm supposed to get angry over that!)

5.

As adverb. = что-то, несколько 'a little'

'somewhat'

'rather'

Как? Не разберу. Что ближе к телефону держись. How's that? I can't make it out. Keep a little closer to the phone.

Пиджак что узок в плечах, кажется. The coat is a trifle tight across the shoulders , I think. Дай отнесу к окну. Печать тут что мелковата. Let me take it over to the window. The print here is rather small . 6. As adverb. With numerals. 'about'

'approximately'

Это не так далеко - что отсюда сто километров It's not so far away - something like a hundred kilometers from here.

'a trifle'

553

7.

ЧТО что что ни

... ТО -TO- } + nominative noun ... TO ...

As indefinite pronoun: 'each'

'every'

'not a ... but what ...'

Что день, к врагу они прибегают, Скудеет рать. (-А. К. Толстой) They're running to the enemy every day, The army is thinning out. А наше старички? -- Как их возьмет задор засудят об делах, что слово: -- приговор. (-Грибоедов) And what about our elders?-- When they get into the spirit ofthe thing, They'll start in tojudge matters , and every word they say is like ajustice's verdict. Снег так и брызжет из-под копыт у коней, а сани, что секунда, то на один, то на другой бок валятся. (-Лесков) The snow simply sprayed from under the horses' hooves, and every second the sleigh rocked first to one side and then to the other. Хорошему молодцу давали вы списывать! Что слово то ошибка. (-Карамзин) That was a fine young fellow that you let do the copying! At every word there is a mistake. Тут что ни шаг, то богатство фантазии, что ни слово, то вымысел. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) Here, at every step there is richness ofimagination, at every word there is invention. Заволновалось, зашумело Алешино, Что ни день, то собрание. (-Гайдар) Aleshino started to get agitated and make a fuss. There wasn't a day that there wasn't a meeting. Ветер продолжал свежеть, и что ни минута, то прижимал парус к поверхности моря все ближе, все ниже. (-Никандров) The wind continued to freshen, and every minute it pressed the sail lower and closer to the surface of the sea.

8. As adverb. With nominative noun. 'as for' = что до, что касается + Gen. Жив-здоров вернулся Павел, а что нога с протезом - что поделаешь. Одет-обут, как все люди, ничего даже не заметно. (-Панова) Pavel had come back alive and well, and as for his artificial leg, it couldn't be helped. He was dressed in clothes and shoes just like everybody else, and indeed there was nothing that one could notice . 9. As conjunction. With noun. The noun is usually Nom., but other cases of the noun are possible. The noun is sometimes accompanied by твой, used in the sense of 'the ... , which you know well'. 'like' = как (Considered old-fashioned and nonstandard.) Борис еще поморщится немного Что пьяница пред чаркою вина. (-Пушкин) Boris will keep on frowning a little while Like a drunkard in front of a glass ofwine. Праздник, надо веселиться. Один ты брюзжишь, что худая муха в осень. (-А.Н. Толстой) It's a holiday, the thing to do is be jolly. You're the only one that's stewing like a starved fly in autumn.

554

Мой век

что день без солнышка, Мой век -- что ночь без месяца. (-Н . А. Некрасов) My age is like a day without the sun, My ageis like a night without the moon. Не так ли и ты, Русь, что бойкая необгонимая тройка несешься? (-Гоголь) Is it not in the same way that you too, Russia, are rushing along like a bold troika, impossible to outdistance? И делаем мы, сударь, таким манером прогулку, что твои купцы первой гильдии. (-Писемский) And the way we get up an outing, sir, is just like the merchants ofthe first guild do. Плачет она (русалка), братцы мои, глаза волосами утирает, а волоса у нее зеленые, ЧТО ТВОЯ Конопля. (-Тургенев) She (the water-sprite) kept crying, fellows, and wiping her eyes with her hair, and her hair was green, just like hemp . 10. As pronoun. With genitive noun. Usually in exclamations. The что can also follow the word it applies to, as well as precede it. " What a lot of ...!'

Эх, что паутин, что пыли! My, what a lot of cobwebs, and what a lot of dust! Что денег на эти книги изводит! (-Горбунов) What a lot of money he spends on those books! Спереди находился палисадник - а сзади сад; а в саду - что клетушек, пунек, амбарчиков, погребков, ледничков. (-Тургенев) In front there was a fence, and in the back a garden, and in the garden a whole lot of outbuildings, sheds, store houses, cellars, and icehouses. Что набилось народу в наших местах, что деревень, что тесноты. (-Эртель) What a lot of people have crowded into our district, what a lot of villages, what jamming together! With чTo following the word it applies to: Баб-то, баб-то в ауле что высыпало! -сказал он резким голосом. (-Л.Н. Толстой) "Look what a lot ofwomen there are over there in that village!" he said in a harsh voice. Побито народа что, господи! -продолжал он, изменив голос. - Уж возили-возили с той стороны ... (-Гаршин) "Lord, what a lot of people got killed!" he continued, in an altered voice. "My, they were " carting them and carting them from over that way ... 11. As conjunction. Omission of что. As in English, the conjunction что, 'that', can be omitted after verbs of saying, thinking, feeling, perceiving, etc. , which is characteristic of the colloquial language . (It should be remembered that omission too can figure as a feature of grammar and style. ) In Russian, sentences of this kind are written with a comma, a dash, or a colon after the verb of saying, thinking, etc. Ты видишь, я без ног ... (-Крылов) You see I'velost the use of my legs. Слышит -- отпирают сарай. (-Л. Н. Толстой) He heard . They were opening the shed. OR: He heard them opening the shed. Люди знали: где-то, очень далеко от них идет война. (-Ажаев) The people knew the war was going on somewhere a long way from them.

555

Алексей решил: довольно тянуть. Всё. (-Полевой) Alexei decided there had been enough delaying. That settled it. Я тебе определенно скажу: у тебя есть талант. (-Фадеев) I'll tell you in so many words, you've got talent.

12. As conjunction, following a temporal word. 'that'

'since'

As in English. This use ofчTO is considered old-fashioned and poor style in Russian, however. Я не писал к тебе, потому что был болен, а теперь, что выздоровел, первое письмо к тебе. (-Грибоедов) I haven't written to you because I've been sick, but now that I'm well again, the first letter is to you. Еще не было году, что семейство Голицыных поселилось в казацком. (-Вигель) It was not yet a year since the Golitsyn family had taken up residence in the Cossack territory.

Вот год скоро, что это надо мной сделалось. (-Л.Н. Толстой) It will soon be a year since that happened to me. Вот уже больше недели, что я в Москве, и только одно письмо. (-О . Л. Книппер) It's already more than a week that I've been in Moscow, and I've only gotten one letter. 13. As conjunction, introducing a direct quotation. In everyday speech, a quotation of an earlier remark is sometimes introduced by чтo to show that what follows is a quotation, but what follows the что is kept in the original words, without changing any ofthe forms. This construction lends an air of informality to the speaker's manner and conveys a sense of immediacy by giving the quotation directly in its original formulation. It does not appear in the written style, but is not uncommon in popular and regional usage. Он говорил, что ждать не буду, уеду. He said, "I'm not going to wait, I'm leaving." OR: He said he was not going to wait, and he was leaving. Получил открытку от ней что я приехала в Ленинград, всё в порядке. I got a postcard from her saying "I have arrived in Leningrad, and everything is all right. " OR: I got a postcard from her saving she had arrived in Leningrad and everything was all right. Трактирщик сказал что не дам вам есть, пока не заплатите за прежнее. (-Гоголь) The innkeeper said, "I won't give you anything to eat until you pay for what you had before. " OR: The innkeeper said he wouldn't give us anything to eat until we paid for what we had before. Конечно, почтмейстер и председатель и даже сам полицеймейстер, как водится, подшучивали над нашим героем, что уж не влюблен ли он и что мы знаем, дескать, что у Павла Ивановича сердечушко прихрамывает, знаем, кем и подстрелено. (-Гоголь) Of course the postmaster, the president, and even the chief of police himself, as is customary, teased our hero, saying wasn't he in love, and we know, they claimed, that Pavel Ivanovich's heart had been hit, and we know by whom indeed it had been shot. This construction is often found with the Imperative: Он мне сказал что напиши им, сообщи им об этом. He said to me, "Write to them, let them know about it. " OR: He told me to write to them and let them know about it. Он говорит что мне давай смету. He said, "Give me an estimate. " OR: He says to give him an estimate. Передай Горемыкину что позвони мне. Tell Goremykin to phone me.

556

14. As conjunction: ЧТО + infinitive чro is sometimes used to introduce a clause that has no explicitly stated subject, and has its verb in the infinitive form. (-In all the examples that were encountered, the infinitive was imperfective .) These infinitive clauses introduced by что are used when referring back to a statement or idea that has been expressed before, for example for the purpose of clarifying and correcting. Миша, ты неправильно понял мои указания. Я сказал что начинать работу на него в понедельник, а они только выехали сюда в понедельник. Misha, you misunderstood my instructions . I said to start the work on it on Monday, but they just started out on their way here on Monday. А я сказал что принять такие меры только в крайнем случае, а он ... But I said to take that kind of action only as a last resort, and he ... Разве в этом образование-то состоит, что дурацкие песни петъ? То-то глупо-то! (-А.Н. Островский) Are you going to try to tell me that's what an education means -- singing idiotic songs? Now that's what I call really stupid.

15. As conjunction. 'when',

'as soon as'

(Not usual in contemporary usage)

Что встанет, доложусь. Извольте же идти; разбудите, боюсь. (-Грибоедов) As soon as she gets up, I'll tell her. But now please go; I'm afraid you'll wake her up. Глядит таким смиренником, голова вся седая, а что рот раскроет, то солжет или насплетничает. (-Тургенев) He looks like such a meek fellow, with his hair all gray, but as soon as he opens his mouth, he'll start lying or talking scandal . Было время (слава богу, оно уже прошло и вероятно уже не возвратится), что наши писатели были преданы на произвол ценсуры самой бессмысленной. (-Пушкин) There was a time (thank God it is already past and probably will not return any more) when our writers were subjected to the most senseless arbitrariness in censorship. В это последнее время, что я стал обращать внимание на самого себя, я стал сам себе невыносимо гадок. (-Л . Н. Толстой) In this recent period, when I began to observe myself, I became intolerably repulsive to myself.

16. As conjunction. ᎥᎵ 'since'

(Popular speech . Considered old -fashioned in literary Russian.) 'seeing that' 'consideringthat'

-... Погуляем, что ль? -спрашивал покорный Назар. -Уж когда же гулять-то, что не ныне. -отвечал Лука (-Л . Н. Толстой) "... We'll have a spree, all right?" asked the submissive Nazar. "And when should we have it if we don't have it now," answered Luke.

-Вы помните? Вздрогнём, что скрипет столик, дверь ... -Ребячество! (-Грибоедов) -Do you remember? We'd shudder if the table squeaked, or the door ... -Childishness! А, знать, он ей понравился, что позвала его. (-Тургенев) Well, she must have liked him, if she called to him. (OR : ... , seeing that she called to him .)

557

Однако ты не дура, что хватилась не за городские крендели, а за вымененные на яйца. (-Н . В. Успенский) But you're not an idiot if you went after the pretzels that were traded for eggs and not the town kind. (OR: ... seeing that/since you went after ...)

17. As conjunction. =

потому что, 'because'. (-dialectal)

Заранее готовимся, что скоро наступит зима. We're making preparations beforehand, because winter is coming soon. Надо спешить, что я должен подать заявление к десятому. I've got to hurry, because I'm supposed to hand in the application by the tenth.

Смеялись над ними, что так смутились. They laughed at them because they were so confused. Не пойду, что темно, ничего не видать. I'm not going because it's dark; you can't see anything.

18. As particle , after modal words. As the following examples show, the added чTo in such cases has practically no effect upon the meaning ofthe sentence. Там охота действительно что серьезная, а здесь только дробь-порох зря тратишь. (-Горький) There (in Siberia), hunting is really serious business, but here you're just wasting powder and shot. -Как не социал? Социал, безусловно! -подхватила Нюра ... вот именно что социал, самое правильное ваше слово! (-Мстиславский) "What's wrong with 'social'? 'Social' without a doubt!" said Nyura, taking it up ... "Social' is exactly it; the word you used is as right as can be!" -Машины, правда что, не ходят, а на лошади можно проехать, -подсказала она. (-Арамилев) - "The motor vehicles aren't running, it's true, but it's possible to get through on a horse," she suggested.

19. As particle . ПОЧТИ ЧТО . There is no difference between почти что and почти. У бабушки пожелтели щеки, она почти что ничего не ест. (-Арамилев) The old woman's cheeks have turned yellow, she eats practically nothing. Кирсанов бывал у Лопуховых очень часто, почти что через день. (-Чернышевский) Kirsanov was at the Lopukhov's very often, nearly every other day.

20. As particle . ТОЛЬКО ЧТО. See ТОЛЬКО ЧТО , p 424-425

21. ЧТО ... ТО ... 'each'

'every'

See чTO # II.7, p 553, for examples.

'not a ... but what ...'

558

22.ЧТО .... TO ...

Doubled -Word Construction

Used in expressions of conviction, asserting that something is unquestionably the case and cannot be ignored . ' What's ... is ..."

' There's no getting away from it, ...'

... is ...'

There's no denying that ...'

Что правда, то правда. What's true is true.

Что так , то так. What's so is s0. -Очень бедно в Румынии хлеборобы живут. -Что бедно, то бедно, знаю, сам видал ... (-Шолохов) .... The peasants live wretchedly in Rumania. -It really is wretchedly. I know, I've seen them myself. -Посмотрите на этот узел. -Вот это узел! Что узел то узел! -Take a look at this knot. -That's really some knot! That really is a knot! что 23.ЧТО ... ... что ... А ЧТО И ... Other cases ofчTо are used as required. 'one thing... , another...'

'some things... , others...'

' this ... , that ...'

Что понравилось ему, а что его не интересовало. Some he liked, and some did not interest him. Что я внимательно прочёл, что бегло просмотрел, а чего и не читал вообще. Some I read carefully, some I skimmed through, and some I did not read at all.

Вид ужасный! Всё перед ним завалено; Что сброшено, что снесено. (-Пушкин) A terrible sight! Everything before him is in ruins; Some wrecked, and some swept away.

24.ЧТО .... что ... Used when naming possibilities which the speaker regards as not essentially different from each other. Similar to хотъ ..., хоть ... (cf ХОТЬ # 3, p 492) . Various parts of speech may be used in naming the possibilities, but they are usually both the same ( or at least comparable) in grammatical form: both nouns (or at least noun and pronoun), both prepositional phrases, both phrases containing the same verb-form, etc.

'whether ... or ...' 'It doesn't matter whether it's ... or ...'

'... or ... is all the same' 'regardless of whether it's ... or ...'

Whether it's ... or ... doesn't make any difference' Куда теперь? Домой илти? Нет, мне что домой, что в могилу. (-А . Н. Островский) Where shall I go now Home? No, to me whether I go home or to the grave is the same thing. Ты про меня, маменька, напрасно это говоришь. Что при людях, что без людей, я всё одна, ничего я из себя не доказываю. (-А . Н. Островский) What you're saying about me isn't right, mama. I always act the same , regardless of whether there are people around or not. I'm not putting on any act.

559

Теперь ему со всех сторон Удача: Что даст обед, что сходит на поклон, -Иль чин иль место схватит он. (-Крылов) Now success comes to him from all sides

Whether he gives a dinner or pays an official call He picks up either rank or position. -Не пьет он, -И, что ты, матушка! Ни маковой росинки. А должно, что запьет, я так полагаю, надо быть, в скорости. -Отчего так, ·· -Не стерпит, невозможно. У нас всё одно: что честно себя содержи, что пьянствуй всё одна цена-то; от хозяина доброго слова не дождешься; так что за напасть, из чего себя сокращать-то.... (-А. Н. Островский) -Doesn't he drink? -Oh , how you talk , my dear! Not a drop. But he probably will take to drink , I suppose, most likely soon. -Why is that? -He won't be able to stand it, it's impossible . Around here it's all the same: whether you stick to the straight and narrow or whether you're a heavy drinker -- it all comes to the same thing; you'll never get a pleasant word from the owner; so why should anybody care, why should a person stint himself. ... Совершенно равнодушных, то есть таких, которым было бы все равно жить что на воле, что в каторге, у нас, разумеется, не было. (-Достоевский) Of course, we had no people there who were completely indifferent, that is to say people to whom it would make no difference whether they lived at liberty or in penal servitude. -Как же в дорогу без денег-то? Без табаку и без денег. Чудак! -Лучше не ограбят-с. Да разве не всё равно без денег-то, что на месте сидеть, что по дороге идти? (-А . Н. Островский) -What were you thinking of to start out on the road without any money? With no tobacco and no money. What a strange fellow you are! -It's better not to get robbed, sir. And when you don't have any money, isn't it really all the same whether you stay where you are or take a trip? Мне всё равно, что за него, что в воду. (-Грибоедов) It'd be all the same to me whether I married him or drowned myself.

А ЧТО See under чTO, # IA4,5,7,11 , # IB1,2,3,4,5 pp 537-540, 544, 546, 547. ЧТО БУДТО (redundant) Будто when used as a conjunction to introduce a reported statement means 'that' (with the further meaning that the speaker is uncertain or doubtful of the truth of the statement, and hence будто = 'that, allegedly, ...', 'that, supposedly, ...', 'that, as was claimed, ... ") . So it is unnecessary to use the conjunction что, 'that', in the same sentence. Nevertheless, the two words are sometimes used together in the colloquial style, using что аѕ a conjunction and treating будто as an adverb or particle, which it can also be.

На богача кричат со всех сторон Соседи; а едва ль соседи и не правы, Что будто у него в шкатулке миллион-а бедным никогда не даст копейки он. (-Крылов, VIII , 14) The rich man was criticised on all sides

By the neighbors; and the neighbors were not likely wrong In saying that, supposedly , in a chest he had a million, But that he would never give a kopeck to the poor.

560

infinitive noun ЧТО + БЫ ( + dative) + adverb predicate phrase The sentence can be in the form ofa statement, a question , or an exclamation. Что and бы агe separate words in this construction, and are NOT the same thing аѕ чтобы. (Чтобы is used most often with a nominative subject + verb in the past form, and when чтобы is used with the infinitive, the infinitive is not accompanied by a dative subject.) The что бы construction is used when pointing out an action that would have been possible in the past, and would have led to better results, in the opinion of the speaker. In some cases, the action may still be possible at present.

' It would have been better to ...'

'Why didn't ...?"

'It would have been a good idea to ...' '... should have ...'

'... could just as well have ...

'What was wrong with ...-ing?"

Что бы подумать! Should have used your head! Нашли когда чинить крышу! Что бы летом-то. What a time they picked for fixing the roof! In summer would have been better. Что бы тебе поосторожней, Why couldn't you have been a little more careful? Ему что бы прямо к врачу, а он откладывал. He should have gone straight to the doctor, but he kept putting it off. Ну что бы ставни им отнять? (-Грибоедов) But why haven't they opened the shutters? Ну, право, что бы вам в Москве у нас служить? (-Грибоедов) Now really, why don't you take up service in Moscow here with us? Что бы вам нынче у себя вечер устроить с хорошим ужином и пригласить ее. (.А. Н. Островский) Why don't you arrange a party at your house now, with a good supper, and invite her? (-i.e. , It would have been a good thing ifyou had done it before this.) Что бы дождю идти в будни! Так нет, - с утра холодной сыростью завалило все небо. (-А. Н. Толстой) It could just as well have rained on the weekdays! But no, from morning on the whole sky was filled with cold dampness .

ЧТО (БЫ) НИ See ЧТО НИ, p 575 . вот что 1.

Compounddemonstrative , applying to a whole idea. Вот что, literally " Here's what", "This is what", is used when summing up a situation and calling attention to the essential point.

The essential point is usually stated in a whole clause, complete with specified subject, predicate, and adjuncts. The phrase вот что can either precede or follow this clause, depending on the sense of the remark . The вот что can also be inserted parenthetically, especially in colloquial speech . The

561

BOT чTо can either stand apart, on its own, or can be the subject or object of the verb in an emphasizing clause that applies to the focal clause in which the essential point is stated. preceding:

following:

Here's what ...' 'Here's how it is: ...' Here's the idea: ...' '

1... , that's what.' '... , that's the way it is.' '... , that's the explanation.'

'Here's the story on that: ...' The point is, ...' • 'Look here,.... 'You know what? ...'

parenthetical: · .... I mean to say, ...' .... , the thing of it is, ...' you see, ...' '... , well, it's like this, ...'

'I'll tell you what, ...' ' Now I'll tell you something: ...' Now get this: ...' ' Вот что used independently, preceding: Вот что, Максим Николаевич: нам надо довести все счеты до последнего дня, потому что будет ревизия. Here's the story, Maxim Nikolaevich: we have to bring all the accounts up to date, because there's going to be an audit. Вот что -- Пелагею вы зря бьете. (-Горький) Look here, you're all wrong beating Pelagea. Да, Володя, вот что! Ты все-таки поговори об этом деле с Будиновским. (-Вересаев) That's right, Volodya, this is what to do! You have a talk about this business with Budinovsky all the same. Вот что used independently, following:

А! Там, вишь, провод открепился, вот что. Ah! You see, a wire's come unhooked there, that's what the trouble is. .... А теперь у вас воспаление, вот что; того и гляди, антонов огонь сделается. (-Тургенев) .... But at present you have an inflammation, that's what; before you know it, it'll be gangrene . Вот что used parenthetically: Я, а, вот что, Дынебаев просил там узнать насчет запасов у нас ... I, uh, the thing of it is, Dynebaev was asking over there for information about what we've got in stock ... Надо мне, вот что, заведующего там, нет под рукой. I mean to say, I need to talk to the manager there, and he's not at hand. Вот что аѕ subject of verb : Инициатива, смелость, инстинкт, чутьё, находчивость - вот что решает исход ночного боя. (-В . П. Некрасов) Initiative, boldness, instinct, flair, resourcefulness -- that's what decides the outcome of a night battle. Вот что as object of verb: Мы сделаем вот что. Я пришлю по городской почте письмо к Марье Алексеевне ... (-Чернышевский) Here's what we'll do. I'll send a letter by city mail to Marya Alekseyevna ...

Не могу же я вас прогнать ... И вот что я вам предлагаю. Вы можете сегодня же, если угодно, отправиться в Лаврики ... (-Тургенев) I can't just turn you out ... and here's what my proposal is that I'm making to you . You can go away to Lavriki, this same day, if you wish ...

562 Ты мне лучше вот что скажи: правда, что к Маякину сын воротился? (-Горький) Instead, tell me this: is it true that Mayakin's son is back? Но вот что я твердо знаю: "реалисты" Балзак и Толстой нас обманули. (-Федин) But I'll tell you something I'm convinced of: the so-called realists Balzac and Tolstoy fooled us. 2. Independent phrase, used as reply: ' You don't mean it!" Well, I'll be darned!' '

'Really?" " You don't say!' ' Is that a fact?"

'No kidding?!' 'Is that right?"

ВОТ ОНО ЧТО! 1. Exclamation ofsurprise, expressing sudden comprehension of a situation previously regarded as puzzling. Hence, often said in reply to an explanation supplied by someone else.

'Oh, so that's how it is!'

'Oh, I see!'

'Ah, so that's it!"

2. Strengthened form of ВОТ ЧТО, # 1 , Used in explanations . Less Common. That's what!'

' What do you think ofthat?!"

Делового народу, ученого тогда меньше было, наш брат, горемыка-подьячий, был в ходу, деньги так и огребали. Много ли я тогда получал, знаешь ли? Тысяч шесть ассигнациями. Ого-го-го! Вот оно что! (-А . Н. Островский) In those days there were fewer business people that were educated, and fellows like us, miserable clerks, were in vogue [as entertainers], and we really raked in the money. Did I get much in those days, do you know? About six thousand in paper banknotes. Ho-ho-ho! What do you think of that? только ВОТ ЧТО

See under ТОЛЬКО, p415 .

что ЧТО

ВЫ!

ЧТО ТЫ! что ВЫ ЧТО!

ТЫ ЧТО!

(Less Common)

что

ты

это!

ДА ЧТО Вы что

ТЫ ЖЕ

ЭТО! ЭТО ?

что

ты

+V

The basic type, что вы/что ты, is an abbreviated sentence where the verb has been omitted (-in accordance with the principle in Russian that any word -subject, verb, or object- may be omitted when it is clear what is meant, e.g. Вытащили, расстреляли.: They dragged him out and shot him;' Я и туда. Туда и пошел.: 'So I went there.'; О чём ты?/О чём говорила? What were you talking about?"; Откуда вы это?/Откуда взяли?: Where did you get that idea?, etc.) . This abbreviated sentence что вы/что ты has become a set phrase used in quick reaction to what the other persor nas just said or done. Actually, it is used to express either oftwo reactions: it is used (A) in exclamations, expressing primarily surprise, and (B) in questions, expressing inquiry about the other person's reason for this action. Especially in exclamations, it frequently occurs in full also, with the verb expressed: Что ты говоришь, Что ты выдумываешь, придумываешь, мелешь, затеваешь, etc.

A. In exclamations: a. The primary emotion expressed is surprise, but there are often other feelings associated with it. The speaker is surprised because what he has just heard or seen was unexpected , and often it was unexpected because it was not what he would have said or done himself. Consequently the feelings that are associated with his surprise are most often disagreement, disapproval, or even shock, and rejection of an idea as either (1 ) not true or (2) not an acceptable course of action. The что вы is sometimes accompanied by other exclamations of similar meaning, such as полно!,

563 полноте!, бог с тобой!, etc. The что вы typically comes at the beginning of a speech, but can come in the middle, or even at the end. b.

Another common application of exclamatory что вы appears in situations where what is expressed is simply great surprise upon receiving completely unexpected information, though without disagreement or disapproval , and the exclamation has come to be a cliché of social conversation, pretending a degree of amazement and interest beyond what the information really warrants.

a.

in expressions of surprise, with disagreement and disapproval :

What are you saying?" ' ' What are you talking about?' 'How can you say a thing like that?' 'How could you think such a thing?" 'Nonsense!' ' What an idea!" What a thing to say!" '

' What kind of talk is that!' 'How you talk!' 'What are you thinking of?" 'What are you doing?" 'How can you be like this?' What's got into you?' '

b. in expressions of surprise at new information and social clichés of affected amazement:

'You don't say!"' 'Oh, I can't believe it!' 'No! Really?'

'Not really!' 'You can't be serious!'

'You don't mean it!' 'You're kidding!"

B. In questions: The feeling expressed is basically realization that there is something in the other person's mind that the speaker was not aware of. The speaker immediately asks about it with aroused awareness, sometimes with concern that something may be wrong, sometimes with suspicion that he is being gently mocked or scoffed at, etc. But there is ordinarily little or none of the emotional force common in exclamations ofdisagreement and objection.

Why are you doing that?' '

" What's the idea?'

What's the matter with you?" '

EXAMPLES : A. In exclamations: a.

in expressions of surprise , with disagreement and disapproval: With verb: .... Каждой вещи своя цена есть...Ха, ха, ха ... я слишком дорога для вас. -Что вы говорите! Мог ли я ожидать от вас таких бесстыдных слов? (-А.Н. Островский) -Everything has its price ... Ha, ha, ha ... I am too costly for you. -What are you saying! Could I have ever expected such shameless words from you?

Without verb: .Вон это что? глядите! -Туча ….. -Что вы! Канарские острова! (-Гончаров) -What's that over there? Look! -A cloud ... -Nonsense! It's the Canary Islands ! -А когда, бишь, она уехала от нас? -спросил Илья Иванович. -- Кажется, после Ильина дня?

-Что вы, Илья Иваныч! Всегда перепутаешь ! Она и семика не дождалась, поправила жена. (-Гончаров) -"But when was it, now, that she left us? " Ilya Ivanovich asked . "After St. Elijah's Day, I think." -What are you saying, Ilya Ivanych? You always get things all mixed up! She didn't stay as late as Whitsuntide," his wife corrected him .

564

-Я умрю скоро. -Полно! Что ты! (-А. Н. Островский) -I'm going to die soon. -Stop that! What a thing to say! -Что мне делать! Сил моих не хватает. Куда мне деваться, я от тоски что-нибудь сделаю над собой! -Что ты! Бог с тобой! Вот погоди, завтра ... (-А . Н. Островский) -What is there for me to do? I don't have the strength to endure it. Where can I go? I'll do something to myselffrom despair! -What kind of talk is that! For Heaven's sake! Look , just wait a little, and tomorrow ... Там вон солнце, Нева ... Пойдем к Неве, покатаемся в лодке ... . -Что вы? Бог с тобой! Этакой холод, а я только в ваточной шинели ... (-Гончаров) .... Look at that sunshine , and the Neva ... Let's go to the Neva, we can go out in a boat ... -What an idea! Good Lord! In cold weather like this, and I'm only wearing a quilted coat! -Не выпьем ли холодненького, Мокий Парменыч? -Что вы, утром-то! Я еще не завтракал ... (-А . Н. Островский) -How about us having a nice little cool drink, Mokiy Parmenych? -What are you talking about? In the morning! I haven't had breakfast yet ... -Катерина Ивановна ведь вас чуть не била, у отца-то? ... -Била! Да что вы это. Господи, била! А хоть бы и била, так что ж! Вы ничего, ничего не знаете ... (-Достоевский) -I say, I shouldn't wonder if Katerina Ivanovna used to beat you when you were living at your father's, didn't she? -Beat me! What an idea! Good heavens, beat me! And even if she did beat me, what difference does it make? You know nothing about it, nothing ... The same, In Replies Containing Repetitions:

-Эта коротка, никак, лестница. -Что ты коротка! This ladder is too short, I think . Nonsense! Too short indeed! - Я тебе их через неделю возвращу, да беленькую* за благодарность прибавлю ... пользуйся! -Что вы! Беленькую! Словно уж много! (-Салтыков-Щедрин) -I'll return them to you in a week, and by way of thanks I'll add on a white one* ... use it! -What! A white one! As ifthat were a lot! *Old-time paper 25-ruble note. This expression что вы/что ты with the basic meaning of What are you saying?, What are you doing?' may perhaps be regarded as a narrowed and specialized derivative of чTO # IB6 and IB7, pp 547-549, of actual and rhetorical questions with suggested answers, here confined to вы and ты only. -А это куда девать? Хоть бы продать, что ли? - сказал он, толкнув ногой чемодан. -Что ты, с ума сошел? Я на днях поеду за границу, -с сердцем перебил Обломов. (-Гончаров) -"And where shall I put this? Why don't we sell it, maybe?" he [Zakhar] asked, kicking the trunk. - "What are you talking about, have you gone out of your mind?" Oblomov interrupted with irritation. " I'm going abroad in a few days!" -... Да ты что ж, Платоныч, навроде смеешься? А? (-Шолохов) Cf.: .... Cf.: -Why, what are you saying, Platonych , I suppose you're joking? Right? (ЧТО # IB6) -Что вы, говорю,-бабочка, вроде бы хромаете? (-Зощенко) - "What's this you're doing, " I said "sweetie, are you limping, sort of?" ( # IB6)

565

-Маня! -кричал он сестре. -Ты что же, не слышишь? ... (-Паустовский) -" Manya!" he shouted to his sister, "what are you doing, don't you hear?" ( # IB6) -Ты что же, в партию, быть может, ловчишься? (;А. Н. Толстой) "What are you doing, trying to worm your way into the party, maybe?" (# IB6) -Ты что, смеешься? -спросил капитан. (-Паустовский) -"What are you doing, kidding? " the captain asked. (# IB7) -... Что ж ты, судиться, что ли, со мной будешь? (-А. Н. Островский) -... What are you going to do, sue me for saying it or something? (# IB7) b. in expressions of surprise at new information and in social clichés of affected amazement: -Вот только свадьбы боюсь! -сказал Иван Матвеевич. -Не бойся, тебе говорят. Вот помяни мое слово. -Ой ли? -весело возразил Иван Матвеевич. - А ведь он пялит глаза на мою сестру ... шепотом прибавил он. -Что ты? -с изумлением сказал Тарантьев. (-Гончаров) - "It'sjust the marriage that I'm worried about!" said Ivan Matveyevich. -"Don't worry, I tell you . Mark my words. " -"Is that so?" Ivan Matveyevich retorted with amusement. " After all, he's been eying my sister ... " he added in a whisper. - "No! Really?" Tarantyev said with amazement. -Слышали новость, Мокий Парменыч? Лариса Дмитриевна замуж выходит. -Как замуж? Что вы! За кого? (-А.Н. Островский) -Have you heard the news, Mokiy Parmenych? Larisa Dmitrievna is getting married. -What's this about getting married? You can't be serious! To whom? -Деньги нужны: осенью женюсь,-прибавил Судьбинский. · -Что ты! В самом деле? На ком? с участием сказал Обломов. (-Гончаров) -"I need some money -- I'm getting married this fall , " Sudbinsky added. -"You don't say! Really? To whom?" Oblomov said with interest.

B. In questions: (Иван выбегает из кофейной с веничком и бросается обметать Паратова.) Паратов (Ивану): Да что ты! Я с воды ....на Волге-то не пыльно. Иван: Все-таки, сударь, нельзя же ... порядок требует. Целый год-то вас не видали, да чтобы ... с приездом, сударь ... (-А. Н. Островский) (Ivan comes running out of the coffeehouse with a little broom and rushes to give Paratov a dusting off.) Paratov (to Ivan) : Here now, what are you doing? I'm coming from the water ... it isn't dusty on the Volga. Ivan: All the same, sir, it isn't right to ... decorum requires it. It's a whole year that we haven't seen you, and in order to ... Welcome, sir ...

Обломов побледнел. -Что ты? - спросила она. (-Гончаров) Oblomov turned pale . "What's wrong?" she asked. Александр задумался и потом улыбнулся. -Что ты? - спросил Петр Иваныч. -Так: мне пришла в голову одна несообразность ... (-Гончаров ) Alexander became pensive and then smiled . "What are you smiling about?" Pyotr Ivanych asked. " Oh , nothing. It occurred to me how incongruous something is. "

566

.... Любовь - чувство прекрасное: нет ничего святее союза двух сердец, или дружба, Например ... Я внутренно убежден, что чувство должно быть постоянно, вечно ... Александр засмеялся. -Что ты? - спросил Петр Иваныч. -Дико, дико говорите, дядюшка. Не прикажете ли сигару? Закурим: вы будете продолжать говорить, а я послушаю. (-Гончаров) -"... Love is a beautiful sentiment. There is nothing more sacred than the uniting oftwo hearts. Or there's friendship, for instance ... I am inwardly convinced that this feeling ought to be unvarying " and eternal ...' Alexander began to laugh. -"What are you laughing about?" Pyotr Ivanych asked. -"You're talking a lot of tripe, uncle. Won't you ring for a cigar? We'll light up, and you can go on talking, and I'll listen." Вы что же это? Никак не слышу, когда вы все кричите так. What are you doing that for? I can't possibly hear when you all yell like that.

что

ГОВОРИТЬ

ЧТО И

ГОВОРИТЬ You can't get away from (it) (that)'

There's no denying (it) (that)' May stand either first or last in its sentence.

что ДО + genitive 'as for' = что касается. ЧТО ЕСТЬ =

КАК ЕСТЬ # 1. See КАК ЕСТЬ, р. 116 and ЧТО НИ (НА) ЕСТЬ, р. 119.

Expresses completeness; conveys that something is the case throughout and that it is true unmistakably and beyond all doubt.

'completely'

'perfectly'

'entirely'

'absolutely'

'throughout'

Вот извольте видеть, перчатки полтора целковых дал ... белые, белые, что есть белые. (-Сухово- Кобылин) ... Pray look at these gloves . I paid a ruble and a halffor them ... They're so white -- as white as can be.

ЕСТЬ что { БЫЛО } + genitive Expresses the utmost ofsomething, the ultimate extreme. for all they were worth' 'like the devil'

'ike all hei" l 'to her utmost'

'to the limit ofhis strength' like fury' '

[Марья Александровна] села в карету и велела гнать что есть мочи. (-Достоевский) [Marya Aleksandrov] got into the carriage and ordered him to drive like fury. [Анютка] что есть духу побежала где кустиком, где балочкой, назад к дому. (-Чехов) She [Anyutka] ran as hard as she could through bushes and gullies back to the house. Серёжа бросился на шоссе и закричал что было сил: Да здравствуют товарищи! (-Н . А. Островский) Seryozha rushed out onto the highway and started yelling for all he was worth, " Long live the comrades!"

ЧТО ЖЕ See under ЧТО # IA7,10, IB1,2,3,5,6,7,7а,8 , pp 539-541 , 546-550 .

567

ЧТО ЗА: (Particle + ) ЧТО ( + particle) ( + personal pronoun) ЗA ( + Nom Noun/Nom Adj/Vb) Что за, 'what kind of (a) ... ?' is used (1 ) in questions, (2) in exclamations, (3) in replies containing repetitions, in much the same ways as какой. For all three ofthese uses, there is a single fixed word-order pattern: The sentence begins with the что, or with the что preceded by an introductory particle (A,Hy,Ax) . The что may be directly followed by the aa; if there are intervening words between the чTо and the зa, the intervening words appear to be quite strongly stereotyped: they are usually (a ) a particle directly after the что (это, же, такое), or (b) a pronoun or a combination of a preposition and a pronoun (я, у тебя, на нём, etc.), or (c) both a particle and a pronoun. The зa is always directly followed by the principal word, which is either a noun in the nominative or the word repeated from the preceding speech. The archetypal word-pattern, if all these elements occur at once , is therefore: 1 2 5 6 3 4 А ЧТО это на тебе ЗА шляпа? But what kind ofa hat is that you've got on?

1. a это

что что что что

это это

(pronoun) (pronoun) (pronoun) (pronoun)

за за за за

+ nominative

In straight questions, asking for more information about something when the speaker recognizes only what it is. 'what kind of ...?' Что это за лодка там? What kind of a boat is that there? А это что за цветы? And what kind offlowers are these? А что за человек этот Пугачев? - спросила комендантша. (-Пушкин) "And what kind of person is this Pugachev? " the commandant's wife asked. Максим Максимыч -сказал я, подошедши к нему, -а что это за бумаги вам оставил Печорин? (-Лермонтов) "Maksim Maksimych, " I said, walking up to him, " what sort of papers are they that Pechorin left with you?" Дмитри я иль нет -что им за дело? (-Пушкин) Whether I'm Dmitri or not -- what sort ofbusiness is it oftheirs? Что это на вас за поповские подрясники? (-Гоголь) What kind of priest's cassocks are these you've got on? Скажи мне кумушка, что у тебя за страсть кур красть? (-Гончаров) Tell me, my good woman, what kind of a passion for stealing hens have you got?

2.

ну

что что что что

это же

(...) 38 ... (...) 38 ... ( ...) за ...

+ nominative noun

(...) за

In exclamations , expressing approval or disapproval , admiration or antipathy, pleasure or displeasure . = какой . (The last example is an exclamation in the form of a question.)

568 Вот солнце! Что за день! Look at the sunshine! What a day!

Что же за лодка там! What a [miserable] boat that is there! Ах, что это был за ребенок! Это был воск! (-А. Н. Островский) Ah, what a child that was! That one was wax! (i.e., just like a wax doll) Вот Губкин: ну что его за жизнь! Утро в департаменте мечется, как угорелый... (-Гончаров) Look at Gubkin: what kind of a life has he got! Every morning in the office he's rushing around like a lunatic. Этак нельзя играть, -сказал он, - я ужасно собак не люблю. Что же за игра, когда целую псарню приведут! (-Л . Н. Толстой) "This is no way to play cards," he said. "I dislike dogs enormously. What kind of a game is it when people bring in a whole kennel!" Федя! -угрожающе повернулся к нему Алеша. -Дай ты человеку говорить, что у тебя за характер! (-Соболев) "Fedya!" Alyosha said in a threatening tone as he turned toward him. " Let a man speak. What a manner you have!" Не хочу я ни судить ни прощать вас; что я за судья? (-Островский) I don't want to either condemn or excuse you ; what sort of a judge am I? 3.

ЧТО (...) ЗА ... ( + nominative noun/nominative adjective/verb) In exclamatory replies containing repetitions, conveying emphatic contradiction and rejection of the idea just expressed. Cf KAКОЕ # 11 , p 189-194. Repetitions with что за can (a) keep the repeated word in the nominative if it was nominative in the preceding remark, (b) change verbs or adjectives to a nominative noun, usually one made from the same root, or (c) less commonly, keep the verb or adjective as a verb or adjective, changing it in form only, for the sake ofthe sense ofthe reply. Note that in these emphatic contradictions, the sentence regularly begins with Что, without any A, Hy, or Ax preceding it.

(a) with unaltered nominative noun or adjective: ....Такая молоденькая, и шьет рубашки? А? -Что за молоденькая, сударь: уж ей за пятьдесят. (-Гончаров) -Such a little girl, and she sews shirts? Eh? -What's so little about her, sir? She's over fifteen.

-Ах, красавица моя! -Что• за красавица! Что за фамилиарность! (-А . Н. Островский) •t. beauty! -W…….. s this about a beauty! What a piece of familiarity!

-Бабки длинны. -Что за длинны - помилосердуйте! (-Тургенев) -[That horse is] long in the pasterns. -What do you mean, long? For pity's sake! (b) With change of a verb or adjective to a related noun in the nominative:

.Вы шутите. -Что за шутки! (-А . Н. Островский) -You'rejoking. -What! Do you think the things I've been telling you are jokes!

-Угадайте. -Что я за отгадчица! (-Тургенев) -Guess.

:

569 -What kind of a guesser am I supposed to be? -Ты не все говори, что слышишь; стыдно. -Что ж за стыд, коли правда! (-А. Н. Островский) -Don't go around repeating everything you hear. It's disgraceful. -What's such a disgrace about it, if it's true? -Чем потчевать прикажете? -Что за потчевание! Я ведь от тебя к празднику в гости еду. (-А. Н. Островский) -What would you like me to serve you? -What need is there to serve anything? You see, I'm on my way from your house to another one I've been invited to for the holiday. (c)With verb retained, changed in person only for the sake ofthe sense ofthe reply:

.... Мол, барин у меня добрый и хорошенький такой ... -Вот, хорошенький! Зачем же врешь? -Что за вру! Вы ведь хорошенькие ... (-Гончаров) · ... He said my master was so good-natured and nice ... -Listen to that! Nice, she says! What do you talk nonsense like that for? -Who says I'm talking nonsense! You really are nice... ЧТО И КАК

= КАК И ЧТО, p184 'what the situation is'

'the details'

the scoop' '

'what's what'

'what's going on'

Серёжа у нас настоящий инженер-механик и быстро раскумекает, что и как. (-Степанов) Our man Seryozha is a real engineer and mechanic, and he'll soon figure out what's what.

что из тоГО , ЧТО ...? ' What difference does it make that ...?'

' What does it matter that ...?

Ну что из того, что на пять минут опоздал, Well, what difference does it make that I was five minutes late?

что

ИЛИ/АЛЬ

ШТО Ж

.. ИЛИ/АЛЬ

A

Что ж

.. ИЛИ/АЛЬ

ДА

ЧТО ТЫ ... ИЛИ/АЛЬ A well established pattern, but still only a combination of чTo used to introduce yes-or-no questions and или in the sense of 'perhaps... ?', 'could it be that ...?', also used to introduce the same kind of questions. See ЧТО # IB & IB6& 7, pp 544-549 and ИЛИ # 3 , pp 160-161 .

КАК ЧТО 'something'

= что-нибудь, что-либо. (colloq.) Это теперь молодые как что -- на курорт. (-Бабаевский) Indeed, the young people are up to something now -- going to the health resort. что ли

Что ли is used to indicate that the speaker is expressing an idea which he regards as very possibly right, but not certainly right, because he realizes that there are other possibilities . The speaker's idea can be expressed in questions, statements, or exclamations, with questions as the commonest form . The questions are always alternative questions (questions asking for a yes or no answer), in which the speaker suggests his idea, asks whether the hearer thinks it is right, and by means of the что ли briefly indicates that he knows that other opinions are also possible. (Thus what is really happening is that by

570 giving a suggested answer and asking whether this answer is correct, the speaker is taking an information question asking who, what, where, when, why, how, how much , or how many and at least on the surface is changing it into an alternative question, asking for a yes or no.) The что ли most often stands at the end of its sentence, but can also be placed in the middle or even (though least commonly) at the beginning. In practice, there are several recurring situations in which suggestions accompanied by что ли аге used: 1. In questions asking whether something surmised is the case:

Есть хочешь, что ли? (-Л . Н. Толстой) Do you want something to eat, maybe? Чай-то от хозяйки, что ль? (-Достоевский) The tea isfrom the landlady, right? Жених, что ли, не нравится? -вдруг спросил Петр. (-А. Н. Толстой) "Does the suitor displease you , perhaps?" Peter asked suddenly. 2. In questions naming a thing as a possible cause of some occurence. Asking what. Cf чTO # IB2, requests for hearer's opinion or feeling, p 546. Дружным залпом отвечали Мы французам. Это что? -Удивясь они сказали: -Эхо, что ли?" -Нет, не то. (-Пушкин) We responded with a prompt salvo To the Frenchmen - "What is that?" -They said in amazement: "Is it an echo, do you think?" -No, it wasn't. Что-то случилось! Пожар, что ли? (-Чехов) Something's happened! Is it a fire, perhaps? 3. In questions stating as a possible reason for an observed situation. Asking why. Отчего ж ты пешком? Лошадей, что ли, у вас нет? (-А. Н. Островский) Why did you go on foot? Don't you have any horses or what? ... Сколько ты всего притащил! Ты что ли богатый? (-Горький) What a lot of things you've brought! Are you a rich man or something? Полноте, мой милый: Что это? Как это можно? Любите, что ли, вы ее очень? Это, что ли? Come come, my dear fellow. What's the trouble here? How can this be? Is it that you love her a great deal?Is that what it is? Тут хозяйка горы перед Катей и показалась. -Ты зачем, -спрашивает, -в мой лес забралась? Чего тебе? Камень, что ли, хороший ищешь? Любой бери да уходи поскорее! (-Бажов) Just then the Mistress ofthe Mountain appeared before Katya. "Why," she asked, "have you come intruding into my forest? What is it you want? Looking for good stone, are you? Take any of it, and go away quickly!" 4. In questions giving a possible reason for unexpected behavior, usually asking whether there is something wrong with the person whose behavior is regarded as peculiar. These questions may be either seriously meant or extravagantly rhetorical. Asking why, what's wrong. Cf ЧТО # IB 6& 7, pp 547-548, straightforward factual inquires with suggested probable answers, and rhetorical questions with suggested improbable, ridiculous, or fantastic answers. Лизавета Ивановна на сей раз отвечала наобум и невпопад и рассердила графиню. -Что с тобою сделалось, мать моя! Столбняк* ли на тебя нашел, что ли? Ты меня или не слышишь, или не понимаешь? ... Слава Богу, я не картавлю и из ума еще не выжила! (-Пушкин) For once Lizaveta Ivanovna answered without thinking and inattentively, and annoyed the countess.

571

"What's come over you , my dear! Have you gone into a trance* , or what? Don't you hear me, or don't you understand what I say? Thank heaven, I don't slur my words, and I haven't gotten senile yet!" (* столбняк - literally: tetanus, lockjaw.) Теперь она все болтает, удивляясь, что я не отвечаю, занятый письмом: -папа, что ли ты Глухой? (- Короленко, letter) Now she chatters all the time, surprised that I don't answer, being busy writing: "Papa, are you deaf or something?" -Господи! С ума, что ли, я схожу? -подумал он в испуге. (-Достоевский) "Good Lord! Am I going out of my mind or what?" he thought in fright. Он приподнялся с усилием. Голова его болела;он встал было на ноги, повернулся в своем каморке и упал опять на диван. -Опять спать! -вскричала Настасья, - да ты болен, что ль? (-Достоевский) He got up with an effort. His head ached; he got to his feet, walked back and forth in his garret room and fell down again onto the sofa. "Sleeping again!" cried Nastasya. " Are you sick or something? " Станет ли тебя жена бояться после этого, -Да зачем же ей бояться? С меня и того довольно, что она любит. - Как зачем бояться! Как зачем бояться! Да ты рехнулся, что ли? (-А . Н. Островский) ......After this, is your wife ever going to be afraid of you? -But why on earth should she be afraid? As far as I'm concerned, it's enough that she loves me. -What do you mean, why be afraid? What do you MEAN, why be afraid? Have you gone crazy or what? -Говорю, нет по нашим местам такой птицы. Не найдешь пера! Глухой ты, что ли? (-Бажов) I tell you, there ain't no such bird in our part of the country! Not a feather of it! Are you deaf or what?

5. In questions giving a suggested identification where there are several possibilities and asking whether what the speaker thinks to be the case is right. Asking which. .... Ах, Кудряш, как она молится, кабы ты посмотрел! Какая у ней на лице улыбка ангельская, а от лица-то как будто светится. -Так это молодая Кабанова, что ль? -Она, Кудряш. (-А . Н. Островский) ....Ah, Kudryash, if only you saw her when she prays! What an angelic smile there is on her face, and a light seems to radiate from her face. -Then it's the young Mrs. Kabanov, right? -That's right, Kudryash . -Куда с рыбой, -Нонешняя добыча. Купцам несу. -Моховым, что ли? -Им. (-Шолохов) -Where are you going with the fish? -That's today's catch. I'm taking it to the dealers. -The Mokhovs, huh? -That's right. -Разве Быкина, что ли? Или Еремея Ивановича Секина, а? -несмело спросил кто-то. -Так, -сказал городской товарищ, -Быкина ... Запишем. (-Зощенко) -" Perhaps Bykin , maybe? Or Eremei Ivanovich Sekin, huh ?" someone asked hesitantly. - "All right," said the town Comrade , " Bykin . ... Let's put him down ( as a nominee) . " ... И, указав пальцем на Метелицу, спросил: -Этот, что ли? (-Фадеев) ..... And pointing his finger at Metelitsa, he asked , "It was him, wasn't it?"

572

6. In statements suggesting an idenunication where there are several possibilities but the speaker's recollection is uncertain or the speaker is unfamiliar with what the possibilities are. Often where numbers are involved. · . Принес бы какого-нибудь варенья. Кружовенного, что ли ... (-Чехов) -...Iwish you'd bring some jam. Gooseberry or something ... -Кто такой? -Не знаю. Инженер какой, что ли. ... Из Москвы. (-Лукашевич) -Who's that? -I don't know. He's some kind of an engineer, I guess.... He's from Moscow. -Вот чудак! -удивился Ершов. -Как мне было бежать? Батька у нас вовсе хворый был. Он раз на Иорданы в прорубь оступился, так и не мог оправиться. Чахотку, что ли, нажил, каждой весной помирать собирался. (-Соболев) "You're a silly one!" Ershov said with surprise. "How was I supposed to run away? We had my father at home, awful sick. He fell through a hole in the ice once, at a Blessing of the Waters ceremony, and he just couldn't get well again. It was consumption he got , I suppose. Every spring he almost died." Наш фабричный доктор давал ей кали-бромати -сказала гувернантка: -но ей от этого, я замечаю, только хуже. По-моему, уж если давать от сердца, то капли ... забыла, как они называются ……. Ландышевые, что ли. (-Чехов) "Our factory doctor gave her potassium bromate," said the governess . "But I see it only makes her worse. What I think is, he should give her something for the heart, those drops ... I forget what they're called ... lily-of-the-valley drops or something. Родители мои переселились в Сибирь, когда мне было годов десять, что ли. (-Горький) My parents moved to Siberia when I was about ten years old or so.

-Почём они? -По шестьдесят копеек, что ли. -How much are they? -Sixty kopecks apiece, I think. 7. In statements giving what the speaker believes to be the case, but is not absolutely certain. (In the second example, a statement is made in the form of a question:) сибирская зима хочет все-таки дать себя знать. Но я уже несколько привык, что ли, к морозам, только гуляю каждый день довольно помногу. (-Ленин: letter) ... all the same, the Siberian winter aims to make itself felt. But by now I've gotten somewhat used to the freezing weather, I think; it's just that I go walking quite a lot every day. -Матушка-то твоя из иностранок, что ли, была? Так, что ли, вы рассказали, Иван Петрович? -продолжались робкие расспросы старушки. (-Достоевский) "Your mother was from a foreign family, I believe? That's what you told me, wasn't it, Ivan Petrovich?" the old lady's timid questionings went on. 8. In expressions proposing or urging a course of action, when the speaker is not sure that his hearer will agree to it. These are often in the form of a question; but not always. Cf ЧТО # IB3, mild proposals, p 547 . a. With a verb in 1 pl . Proposing or urgingjoint action by the speaker and hearer.

Выпьем, что ли, Ваня, Схолода да с горя. (-Огарёв) Let's have a drink, Vanya, what do you say, Because ofthe cold and the misery. Заедем, что ли, к Ермилычу на мельницу? (-Мамин- Сибиряк) Let's stop in at the mill to visit Ermilych, shall we? Заедем, что ль , прогреемся, Микит * ? (-Л . Н. Толстой) How about us stopping in and getting warm , Nikita? (*Variant on the name Nikita, used in popular speech) .

573

Едем, что ли, на море завтра? Ей богу! Чего тут! Не любят здесь нашего брата, эдаких. (-Горький) Why don't we head for the sea tomorrow, huh? I mean it! What are we waiting for? They don't like guys like us here. b. With infinitive (imperfective or perfective , usually imperfective)

(1)Urgingjoint action by speaker and hearer (2) Proposing action by speaker -Заехать, что ли? Погреться нужно бы ... Не стоит. Приедем скоро. (-Зощенко) - Let's stop in, okay? We really have to get warmed up ... - It's not worth it. We'll get there soon.

-А что, поставить, что ль, самовар? -спросила Мавра. (-Достоевский) -"Well, shall I start the samovar or not?" asked Mavra. Что ли мне чайку попить .... I think maybe I should have a glass of tea. c. With imperative. Urging action by the hearer. Скучно, скучно! ... Ямщик удалой Разгони чем-нибудь мою скуку! Песню, что ли, приятель, запой Про рекрутский набор и разлуку. (-Некрасов) This is dull, this is dull - bold coachman Do something to dispel my boredom! Start singing a song or something, my friend About a recruiting levy, and parting. Помоги, что ль! -крикнул ему ямщик, подымая с поля тюк. (-Чехов) "Help me, why don't you!" the coachman shouted to him, picking up the package from the floor. d. With Давай. Proposing action by the speaker.

Давай я, что ли, почищу, а ты пока угощайся чаем! (-Станюкович) Suppose I do some cleaning up, okay? And you have some tea in the meantime! e. With subjunctive. Urging action by the hearer. Ты бы как-нибудь подействовала, сходила бы туда, что ли. (-Д. К. Остров) You might do something to help in some way or other. You might make the trip there, or something. 9. In impatient and sarcastic rhetorical questions accompanied by a suggested improbable, ridiculous, or fantastic answer. Here , the что ли is used ironically. С что # IB7, rhetorical questions with suggested improbable , ridiculous, or fantastic answers, p 547. Cf discussion of что ли in introduction to ЧТО # IB, pp 544-546 . Что ли is veryfrequent in questions of this type , with or without an introductory что at the beginning.

With introductory что: ... Говорю, что разбойник, и конец! Что ж ты, судиться, что ли, со мной будешь? (-А.Н. Островский) ... I say you're a crook , and that's all there is to it! What are you going to do, sue me for saying it or something? Что ж тебя запирали, что ль? Ну, кто ж ему мешал в дом ездить? (-Л. Н. Толстой) What did they do, lock you in or something? Just who kept him from coming to visit at the house?

574

Что ж, мне в ремесленники, что ли, идти? (-А . Н. Островский) What am I supposed to do, go and become a tradesman or what? Without introductory что: Хоть умирай с тоски, пожалеют, что ль , тебя! Как же, дожидайся. (-А. Н. Островский) Even if you die of melancholy, do you think people are going to be sorry for you? Hah! Not a chance! Как ты смешно говоришь! Маленькая я, что ли! (-А . Н. Островский) It makes me laugh to listen to you! What do you think I am, a kid? -Нашел место!

-Ему везде место. Боится, что ль, он кого! (-А . Н. Островский) -Afine place he picked for it! [i.e., to scold his nephew in public] -To him, anywhere is a place for it. Do you suppose he cares what anybody thinks? -Сам же говорил, что она живет с Рваным. .Бить ее, что ли? (-Шолохов) -You said yourself, she's living with Torn. * -What do you expect me to do, beat her or something? (*Actually, with Timofei Damaskov, Frol the Torn's son.) ЧТОЛИЧА (dialectal) =что ли.

НА ЧТО

( colloquial) ' what for?'

'why?',

Да на что вам мое отчество? Зовите меня просто Марианной. (-Тургенев) But what do you want my patronymic for? Just call me Marianna.

НА ЧТО НА ЧТО УЖ

УЖ

НА ЧТО See under HA, p225-227 .

ЧТО НАДО 'excellent',

fine', '

'great'

(popular speech) See p 231 .

Глянув сквозь синее стекло на оранжево-желтое пламя, Лузин крякнул: -Хорошо печь на доволку идет. Сталь будет что надо! (Караваева) Glancing through the blue glass at the orangish yellow flame, Luzin grunted, "The furnace is coming along nicely toward finishing up . It's going to be great steel!" НЕ ТО, ЧТО

НЕ ТО, ЧТОБЫ See under HE, p 240-241. НЕТ (ТОГО), ЧТОБЫ See under HET, p 243-244. ЧТО НЕ ВИДНО (dialectal. Don Cossack .)

'soon',

'any minute',

'just about to'

ЧТО-НЕ-ЧТО (dialectal . Siberian .) (Different: ЧТО- НИ- ЧТО , p 576.)

'a little',

'slightly'

Винт что-не-что расшатался. The screw has worked loose a little.

575

ни

что

ЧТО БЫ НИ

'no matter what' Что он ни говорил, ему не верили. No matter what he said, they did not believe him.

Что ни говори, ... No matter what you say, ... С чего бы ни начинал он разговор , он обыкновенно кончал тем, что говорил о самом себе . (-Тургенев) No matter what he started a conversation on, he usually ended up talking about himself. У него ничего не клеилось, что бы он ни предпринимал. (Федин) Things never turned out well for him, no matter what he undertook.

что ни... то... See чTO #II 7, p 553. ЧТО НИ (НА) ЕСТЬ

1.

(COMMON)

+ Adj: что ни на есть

что ни на есть самый + что ни на есть

'most'

+Adj + самый + Adj + Adj

'most ... ofall'

'most ... imaginable'

For examples, see ЕСТЬ:ЧТО НИ (НА) ЕСТЬ + Adj (usually Superl .) , p119-120. 2.

+ Noun : Occasionally, что ни на есть is followed by a noun: ... Пищи никакой не принимают, что ни на есть чашка чаю, так и той в день не выкушают...(Писемский) They don't take food of any kind; and even if it's a cup of tea, if anything, then even that they don't drink one ofin a day. Seemingly influenced by the frequent combination of самый + что ни на есть with an adjective (-See p119-120) is the following: [In an account of an American Congressional investigation: ] Вскоре однако, стало ясно, что это верхушка самого что ни на есть глетчера* . (-Литературная газета. Вечерняя Москва. 16 Jun 76 , p14.) Soon, however, it became clear that this was the top of a real heck of an iceberg. (* Presumably айсберг 'iceberg' is meant, rather than глетчер, 'glacier'.)

3. Followed by neither an adjective nor a noun , or else standing last in its sentence : In this case, что ни (на) есть = что + ни на есть, used like other interrogatives + ни на есть, е.g. кто ни на есть, какой ни на есть, как ни на есть, где ни на есть, 'someone or other'/no matter who' , 'some kind or other'/no matter what kind', ' somehow or other'/no matter how','somewhere or other'/no matter where' , etc. For examples of this, see EСТЬ: Interrogative pronoun or adverb + НИ (НА) ЕСТЬ, p118-119. This is the only one of its three uses where что ни на есть can have the что аppear in other cases. Уж куда как они все не любят, как им в чем ни есть перечить станешь. (Салтыков-Щедрин) How they all dislike it when you start contradicting them in anything at all. Все хотел чем ни на есть себя оказать. Выслужиться значит. (Бажов) · He was always wanting to put himselfon display, regardless of in what capacity. Currying favor, that is.

576

Надоть * так думать, ты меня приворожила чем ни на есть! (А. Н. Островский) The only thing I can imagine is, you put a spell on me with something or other! (*Надотъ = надо . р231.)

ЧТО- НИБУДЬ In colloquial speech, sometimes also used in references to approximate times. Об этом была статья в газете что-нибудь в конце января. There was an article about that in the paper, around the end ofJanuary.

ЧТО-НИБУДЬ ЕГО 'something or other'

ЧТО-НИ-ЧТО

(Different: ЧТО-НÉ- ЧТО, p 574)

'something or other'

'whatever'

'it doesn't matter what'

НУ ЧТО See under чTO # IA5 & 7, # IB 1,2,3,5,8, pp 538-539, 546-547, 549-550. · почти что = почти. For examples , see ЧТО # II 19 , p 557 . ЧТО ТАК 'How come?'

'Why is that?' For examples, see ЧТО # IA 10c,p 542 . ЧТО ТАКОЕ 'something'

-Летом всякий занятие найдет: кто в поле гуляет, кто на охоту, говорит, идет, рыбу ловить или что такое. (Анненков) In summer everybody finds something to do: one goes walking in the fields, another, he says, goes hunting or goes fishing or something. И ЧТО ТАКОЕ ПРОЧЕЕ 1... , and whatever else'

.... , and everything that goes with that'

ЧТО ТАМ = чего там: 'Go on!", " What are you waiting for? See ЧЕГО ТАМ, p 528.

НУ ЧТО ТАМ!

(as reply to thanks)

'It's nothing '

Think nothing of it' '

'Not at all'

'Don't mention it'

-Благодарю вас. -Ну что там! Мы во всяком случае туда поедем. -Thank you . -Not at all! We're going there anyway.

577

ЧТО ТВОЙ ... just like a regular ...'

For examples, see чTO # II 9 , 'like' p 553. ЧТО-ТО ЧТО-ТО ТАКОЕ

(For что-то такое , see separate entry, p 579.)

1. ' something' (Чего-то is sometimes used colloquially for accusative . CF ЧЕГО # 1 , p 521.) Обыватели стали понимать, что начинается что-то, похожее на революцию. (А. Н. Толстой) The clods began to realize that something was beginning that was a lot like a revolution. Видно было, что он хочет сказать что-то очень важное, но не решается. (Чехов) It was evident that he wanted to say something very important, but was having trouble bringing himselfto do it. Молится Надя: вдумчиво, крепко. Съёжилась, смотрит на образ и страстно, горячо шепчет чего-то. (Гарин) Nadya prayed, thoughtfully and deeply. Huddled together, she was looking at the icon and ardently, fervently whispering something. Я не верю в виновность Галкина. Тут что-то не так. (Л. Борисов) I don't believe in Galkin's guilt. There's something wrong here. У него лицо покраснело и тряслось, как в ознобе, и глаза были страшно переполнены чем-то: страхом, возбуждением, злобой. (Сергеев-Ценский) His face turned red and trembled as if he had a chill , and his eyes were brimming dreadfully with something: fear, excitement, or malice. 2. 'to some degree', 'somewhat', 'partly', 'slightly', 'a little', 'rather'

От качки лодки ее что-то тошнило. The rocking of the boat made her feel somewhat queasy. Разрешите лучше глотку промочить, что-то от разговоре пересохла. (Степанов) You'd better let me wet my throat; it's gotten rather dried up from talking. Ее находят что-то странной, Провинциальной и жеманной И что-то бледной и худой, А впрочем, очень недурной. (Пушкин) They find her a trifle odd, Provincial and prim And somewhat pale and thin But nevertheless not at all bad looking. Князь:

Они потом попляшут,

А мы на них с Малютою посмотрим . Малюта: Смотри, а мне так что-то надоело. (Мей) Prince: Afterwards they're going to do some dancing, and Malyuta and I will watch. Malyuta: You watch, I just feel a little tired of it.

3.

ЧТО-ТО что-то такое 'about'

-with numbers and quantities

'approximately'

'something like'

Об этом в редакцию поступило что-то писем триста. The editor's office got about three hundred letters on that subject. Опера эффектная. На сцене есть временами что-то людей пятьдесят. It's a spectacular opera. At times there are about fifty people on the stage.

578

Победителю удалось продержаться что-то такое секунд сорок. (Ильф и Петров) The winner managed to hold out for something like about forty seconds.

Он проиграл что-то много, но сколько именно, он не знал. (Л. Н. Толстой) He had lost quite a lot, but did not know exactly how much .

4. что-то чего-то 'somehow'

for some reason'

The что-то can stand first in its sentence, inside it, or last. Холодно у нас чего-то. Топили, а холодно. (Горький) It's cold in our place for some reason . They've had the stove going, but it's cold. Физиономия этого человека мне что-то подозрительна. (Гоголь) Somehow, that man's face looks suspicious to me. Позвольте, а где же мог стоять дом? Я что-то не совсем улавливаю композицию усадьбы. (Павленко) Pardon me, but where exactly could the house have been located? I somehow don't entirely get the layout ofthe property.

-Что ж ты не раздеваешься? ... -Не хочется еще спать что-то. (Л. Н. Толстой) -Why don't you undress? -I don't feel like sleeping yet, for some reason. 5.

= Для чего-то, зачем-то : 'for some purpose', 'with some object' Что такое мы говорили?.. Ах,да! -припомнила она. Вы что-то меня спрашивали. (Гончаров) "What were we talking about?.. Oh, yes!" she remembered. "You asked to talk to me for some " reason.

6.

= что же?, что именно?: just what?', 'what exactly? Что-то она станет говорить об этом! What will she ever say about this! Пьет маркёр чай и думает: " что-то у нас теперь в деревне делается?" (Лейкин) The marker drinks his tea and thinks, "I wonder what is going on in our village now?" Ах, чем-то кончится роман! (Пушкин) Oh , what ever will the story end with!

7. + nominative noun or pronoun = ЧТО # IA6, p 539: 'How is

?', 'How are things with

?'

Зачем же я, однако же, до сих пор не навещу в сумашедшем доме моего бедного философа и богослова? Что-то он, как там ориентировался? (Лесков) But why is it that up to now I haven't visited my poor philosopher and theologian in the lunatic asylum? How is he, how has he been getting accustomed to it there?

8. 'it seems', 'it looks as if , I think' This is perhaps an attenuated use of что-то # 4, 'for some reason', 'somehow'. Официант что-то очень долго не идет. The waiter seems to be taking a very long time in coming. Я не понимаю, что-то вы по-моему очухаетесь очень долго сегодня. Вы ночью работаете? I don't get it, somehow you seem to me to take a long time getting with it today. Are you working nights?

579

Посмотрим-ка еще в одно письмецо. Что-то длинновато. Гм! и числа не выставлено. (Гоголь) Let's take a look at one more letter. It seems to be rather long. Hm! And the date wasn't put on it . Даром своих земель помещики до сих пор что-то не давали; как будто у нас в России Никто этого не замечал. (Ленин) Up to now the landowners, it seems, haven't been letting their estates go for nothing -- as if no one here in Russia had noticed that. ЧТО-ТО ТАКОЕ 1.

'something' , ' a certain something' Cf ЧТО-ТО # 1 , p 577. indefinableness of the "something".

The такое emphasizes the

Во всей его наружности было что-то такое, что невольно обращало на себя внимание. (Григорович) His whole appearance had something in it that involuntarily drew attention to itself. В нем много, очень много симпатичного .. простота, скромность, но в то же время и чтото такое, что дает чувствовать, что верит он только себе. (Гарин) There is a very great deal that is likeable in him: simplicity, modesty .... but at the same time there is also something that makes one feel that he trusts only in himself. В наших годах что-то есть такое, Вечное, Великое, Живое, что никак не может умереть! (Жаров) In our age there is something Eternal, Great, Living, that cannot possibly die! 2.

' about', ' approximately', 'something like' Cf ЧТО-ТО #3 , p 577 . Победителю удалось продержаться что-то такое секунд сорок. ( Ильф и Петров) The winner managed to hold out for something like about forty seconds.

что ты! See ЧТО ВЫ!, р 562. ЧТО :

Хоть ты что

'no matter what you do'

'no matter what (anyone) did'

For examples, see under Хоть ты что, р 513 . ЧТО-ЧТО, А ... ЧЕГО- ЧЕГО, А

(Different: чего-чего не ..., p 529.)

'Of all things, this one ... ' Whatever else, certainly ...' ' ' With a lot ofthings it may be different , but this certainly ...' 'Other things may not, but this certainly ...' 'I don't know about any others, but this...' 'If anything does, this ... ' There are a lot of things that wouldn't ... , but this one does' 'Ifthere's one thing that ... , it's this one' 'More than anything else , ...' " This above all ...'

Regularly stands at the beginning of its sentence, sometimes preceded bу да ог уж. Other interrogatives are used in the same way: кто-кто, а ... ' Of all people, he ...', Где-где, a... 'Of all places , this ...' , etc. For examples of кто-кто, а... , see p 231 . Уж чего-чего, а этого от Петьки не ожидал. (-Замойский) Of all things, he had not expected this of Petey.

580 На мне был удивительный туалет... Что-что, а уж одеться я не дура. (Чехов) I was wearing a marvellous ensemble . If there's one thing I'm not bad at, it's knowing how to dress. Раздавались похвальные суждения о "Жар-птице" и на выставке, вроде того: "Да, уж чегочего, а воздуху у Тропининой хватает!" или: "А ведь понимает баба толк в пятнах!" (Лаптев) Laudatory judgments of "The firebird" * passed around at the exhibition, too , in the vein of "By George, whatever else, Tropinina's gotten the feeling of airiness into it!" or "You have to admit that woman really knows what she's doing when she's chucking paint!" ("In the story, "The firebird" is a painting of an airliner.) Она это, наверное, и сама знает. Что-что ,а такие вещи очень живо расходятся: на них большой спрос. (Сергеев-Ценский) I imagine she knows this herself. It may not be so with some stuff, but things like these get sold out real quick -- there's a big demand for them. Потом, подавая Никите Зотову счетик, степенно вздыхал, пошмыгивая, помаргивая: "Уж что-что, а уж тут на грош обману нет ". (А.Н. Толстой) Later on, when he was presenting the account to Nikita Zotov, he would sniff and blink a few times and say with a solemn sigh , "I don't know about any others, but in this account there's not a half kopeck put down here that isn't honest. "

что это это 1. что что же это ' Why ...?'

' Why is it that ...?'

A more emphatic form of что = why (ЧТО # 1A10a & b, pp 541-542), often with a slight added shading of (a) anxiety and urgency or (b) dissatisfaction or disapproval

a . anxiety and urgency: Что же это Ляхов не идет? -спросила Александра Михайловна. (Вересаев) "Why is it that Lyakhov doesn't come?" asked Alexandra Mikhailovna. Начались разговоры: -Что это народ собрался - убили кого? People started to talk: "Why is it that a crowd has gathered? Has someone been killed?" -Доктор, что это вы сегодня такой бледный? На вас лица нет. (Чехов) Doctor why is it that you're so pale today? You look terrible .

b. dissatisfaction or disapproval: Что это комната так плохо освещена сегодня? Why is the room so poorly lighted today? Поди сюда, мать моя, что это посидеть не можешь? (Тургенев) Come here, my dear. Why is it that you can't sit still? Эпаминонд Максимыч, что это вы в меланхолии? Разве жениху можно так? (Чехов) Epaminond Maximych, why are you melancholy? Is that any way for a bridegroom to behave? 2.

что это In Replies Containing Repetitions чтой-то (Чтой-то is a popular speech pronunciation of что это. This spelling is used in literature to indicate it.)

What's this about ...?" " 'What do you mean, ...?'

'What are you talking about? ...!' 'What an idea! ...!'

' What's this ... stuff?' '... indeed!'

-Oro! -Что это " ого"? Прошу вас взять назад это " ого". Я не могу допустить никаких " ого". ( Горбунов) -Oho! -What's this "oho " stuff? Please take back that "oho. " I cannot allow any "oho's . "

581

-Может быть, этим смотрителем подержат года два, да вдруг и хватят в директоры: значит, и будет чем семью кормить. -Чтой-то кормить! -сказала Пелагея Евграфовна с насмешкою. -Хоть бы и без этого, прокормиться было бы чем... (Писемский) "Perhaps they'll keep him in that inspector's job for a'couple of years, and all of a sudden they'll make him a director , and then he'll have the money to support a family. " "What are you talking about! Support a family! " said Pelageya Evgrafovna derisively. "Even without it, he'd have enough for that... " -Опоздаешь! -Что это еще опоздаю! -You'll be late! -What makes you think I'll be late?! ЧТОБОЧКА

= нечто, что-то: 'something' ЧТОБЫ ЧТОБЫ As the -бы element indicates, чтобы is the conjunction used in connection with events that are possible but have not yet occurred, or, in the past, had not yet occurred at the time of speaking and either happened later or never happened at all . This is why clauses introduced by чтобы are used to state what is desired, required, ordered, urged, asked for, aimed at, striven toward, seen as a coming result, doubted as a coming result, desired to avoid, feared, etc. The use of the infinitive with чтобы, instead of the past form in -л- , conveys no difference in meaning. The only difference is that the performer of the action of the infinitive is regularly the same as the subject of the verb in the principal clause . This ordinarily includes impersonal sentences, which also use the infinitive. (-But see # C2, p 588.) ixamples :

bo In dependent clauses

1. Degree a. Excess Сильвио был слишком умен и опытен, чтобы этого не заметить и не угадывать тому причины. (-Пушкин) Silvio was too clever and experienced not to notice this and guess the reason for it. Было уже слишком поздно, чтобы в метель добираться до больницы. (-Федин) It had been too late to be going to the hospital in the midst of a storm.

b. Sufficiency Этой короткой нерешительности было достаточно, чтобы волк выполз из круга за линию стрелков. (-Федин) This brief hesitation was enough for the wolf to sneak outside the circle (of beaters) and get past the line ofshooters.

За лежанкой только и было места, чтобы поставить два стула и стол, на котором готовился чай, кофе, закуска. (-Гончаров) Beyond the stove-bench there was just enough room to put two chairs and a table, upon which tea, coffee , and snacks were made up. c. Insufficiency Карась не был настолько благоразумен, чтобы обратить дело в шутку. (-Помяловский) Karas did not have enough sense to turn the affair into a joke.

582

2. Desire

Я хочу, чтоб к штыку приравняли перо. (-Маяковский) I want people to equate the pen with the bayonet. Он очень хотел бы, чтобы его дама сейчас же встала и ушла, но она не поднималась. (-Лесков) He badly wanted the lady to get up and go away immediately, but she did not get up. Не хочет она, чтоб знали о ее приезде, не хочет чтоб ей надоедали визитами. (А. Н. Островский) She doesn't want people to know of her arrival, she doesn't want them to plague her with visits. 3.

Expectation Так как многое понимал я тогда яснее, чем обыкновенно, то и тут понял, что он ждет, чтобы я протянул ему руку. (-Короленко) Because there was a great deal that I then understood more clearly than was usual, I realized immediately that he was expecting me to hold out my hand to him.

4. Fear The use of чтобы is optional in statements about fears that did not materialize: что can be used also. However, when чтобы is used, an "extra" не is required in the чтобы clause. When что is used, this He is optional . This added He does not mean that the subordinate clause is negative: the speaker is not saying that someone feared that something would not happen. It is only that чтобы ... не ... and что ... не ... are the equivalent of English 'lest'. Моряки боялись, чтобы буря не потопила судна. OR: Моряки боялись, что буря не потопит судна. потопит судно. OR : Моряки боялись, что буря The sailors were afraid that the storm would sink the ship. In statements that something was not feared, что (without не) is always used: Моряки не боялись, что буря потопит судно. The sailors were not afraid that the storm would sink the ship. Придя к Оленину, он, видимо , боялся, чтобы его не приняли за обыкновенного казака и желал дать ему сразу почувствовать свое значение. (-Л.Н. Толстой) Once he had arrived at Olenin's place , he was evidently afraid he would be taken to be a common cossack, and wanted to make Olenin aware of his importance from the outset. ..., издали услышала она голос Кирила Петровича, и спешила войти в комнаты, опасаясь, чтоб ее отсутствие не было замечено. (-Пушкин) ...; from afar she heard the voice of Kiril Petrovich, and she hastened to get to the living-quarters part ofthe house, fearing that her absence would be noticed . Я боюсь, что Анна Петровна меня здесь застанет. (-А.Н. Островский) I'm afraid Anna Petrovna will find me here. Мы беспокоились, что высланные для приемки наших самолетов партизаны не дождутся* и уйдут с аэродрома. (-И.А. Козлов) We were worried that the partisans who had been sent out to meet our planes would fail to wait long enough and would leave the airfield. (* не дождутся: 'would not wait', 'would fail to wait'. This He is not an "extra" нe, as the context proves .) 5. Instance (i.e. in negative sentences: absence of instance) a. Absence of failure to occur These are sentences of the type " Not a day (or hour, week , month, year, etc.) passed that ... did not ... ". С тех пор не прошло ни одного дня, чтоб я не думал о мщении. (-Пушкин) Since that time, not a single day has passed that I have not thought about revenge .

583

Верите ли, году не проходит, чтобы он мне денег не прислал ... (-Л.Н. Толстой) Will you believe it, not a year goes by that he doesn't send me some money .... .. b. Lack of positive evidence

Я еще никогда не слышал, чтобы он сказал лишнее слово. (-Гоголь) I have never yet heard him say an unnecessary word. Никогда не видел, чтобы наш бухгальтер допустил ошибку. I have never seen our bookkeeper make a mistake. Никогда не бывало, чтобы пропустил обед. It had never happened that he missed a dinner. Нельзя сказать, чтобы результаты были заметно лучше. It cannot be said that the results were noticeably better.

6. Insuring Ты же , Епиходов, смотри, чтобы все было в порядке. (-Чехов) And you , Epikhodov, see to it that everything is in order .

7. Opportunity Я рад был случаю, чтоб кровь привесть в волненье. Тревогою опять наполнить ум и грудь. (-Лермонтов) I was glad ofthe opportunity to get my blood stirring, To fill my mind and heart with excitement. 8. Orders Директор сказал, чтобы ты немедля в Кубовку ехал. (-Полторацкий) The director said that you were to drive immediately to Kubovka. 9. Prevention Стража была из своих, каждого знала в лицо и зорко следила за тем, чтобы кто-нибудь чужой не проник на шишкобой. (-Марков) The guards were from among their own people, they knew everyone by sight and watched closely to see that no one who was a stranger made his way to the place where they collect the pine cones.

10. Principle Первое мое правило, Иван Васильевич, чтоб у мужика все было в исправности. (-Соллогуб) My first rule, Ivan Vasilievich, is that the peasant should have everything in good shape.

11. Purpose a . With the purpose clause following the main clause . COMMON . Листопад велел запустить мотопилу, чтобы мать посмотрела, как она работает. (-Панова) Listopad gave the order to start up the motor-driven saw, so that his mother could see how it worked . Стеклянная дверь на балкон была закрыта, чтобы из сада не несло жаром. (-А.Н. Толстой) The glass door onto the balcony was closed so that the heat would not be brought in from the garden. b. With the чтобы clause shown explicitly to be a clause of purpose by the use of additional words: для того, затем, с тем, с той целью, в имя того, etc. These can be separated from the чтобы by intervening words. These additional words are regularly used when the purpose is emphasized by some adverb, e.g. именно, как раз, только, просто, даже, etc.

584

Через пять минут Калугин уже сидел верхом на казачьей лошадке ... и рысцой ехал на бастион с тем, чтобы по приказанию генерала передать туда некоторые приказания и дождаться известий об окончательном результате дела. (-Л.Н. Толстой) Five minutes later Kalugin was mounted on his cossack horse ... and rode at a trot to the bastion so as to deliver some commands, as the general had ordered him to, and to await news ofthe final outcome ofthe matter. Водитель как раз для того, чтобы люди схлынули, застопорил машину напротив калитки. (-Фадеев) It was precisely with the object of giving the crowd time to get out of the way that the driver had stopped his truck opposite the gate. Мне уже для того должно навсегда разорвать все связи с прошедшим, чтобы не прослыть презренным лгуном в глазах той девушки .... (-Тургенев) After all, in order to do this I shall have to break all ties with the past forever so as not to figure as a contemptible liar in the eyes ofthat girl .... c.

With the чтобы purpose clause at the beginning of the sentence when it is desired to emphasize the purpose, in explanation ofthe main clause. Чтобы совхоз укреплялся и рос, нужно было прежде всего создать добрый запас хороших кормов и новые помещения для скота. (-Панова) In order for the state farm to become firmly established and grow, it was first of all necessary to set up an ample reserve supply of good-quality feed materials and new housing for the livestock. Чтобы позабавить малышей, старик купил на рынке старый, растрёпанный томик русских сказок. (-Попов) In order to amuse the children, the old man bought an old, tattered volume of Russian tales at the market.

d. With the чтобы purpose clause or phrase inserted into the middle of the main clause, where it explains and enlarges upon the first part of the main clause before the predicate is given. Все старания Дибича сесть на пароход, чтобы ехать в Хвалынск, были напрасны. (-Федин) All of Dibich's efforts to get on a steamer so as to ride to Khvalynsk were fruitless. Нахмурившись, чтобы придать лицу значительное выражение, Корытов сел в свое кресло. (-Павленко) Frowning so as to give his countenance a portentous expression, Korytov sat down in his armchair.

12. Reason or cause (i.e. , suggested but rejected reason or cause) Used when the speaker or writer points out something that might be thought to be the reason for what he is discussing, but denies that this is the actual reason for it. Thus the causal clause is regularly preceded by a не. Он не может нейти, не потому, чтобы боялся нарушить какой-нибудь долг, а потому, что он умер бы, если бы ему нельзя было двинуться с места. (-Добролюбов) He cannot keep from going, not because he is afraid of failing in some duty, but because he would die if he were unable to move from the spot. Бывая в Мугайском заводе, я всегда останавливаюсь в .. домике Фатеевны не потому, чтобы сама Фатеевна или ее дом мне особенно нравились, а просто по старой привычке. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) When visiting the Mugai works, I always stop at Fateyevna's little house, not because Fateyevna herself or her house have had so much appeal for me, but simply from old habit.

585

In the following unusual example, the reason for the action is not negated, and a combination reason- and purpose-clause has been created, saying that the reason for the author's action was the purpose he intended to accomplish. Итак, вот каким образом произошло все это. Мы привели потому это, чтобы читатель мог сам видеть, что это случилось совершенно по необходимости и другого имени дать было никак невозможно. (-Гоголь) And so that is how all this came about. The reason why we have brought this in is in order that the reader should be able to see that this happened entirely by necessity and that it was absolutely impossible to give him a different name. 13. Requirement Надо, чтоб никакие преимущества знатности и протекции не имели влияния на определение судьбы человека. (-Добролюбов) It is essential that no advantages of high birth and patronage should have any influence on the determining ofa man's fate. Нужно, чтобы байдара поднимала большой груз, была легка и устойчива в шторм. (-Сёмушкин) It is indispensable that a baidar* should have a large carrying-capacity and should be light and stable in a storm. *-A large open boat with its frame covered with hide, found around Kamchatka and the Aleutians. An umiak .

14. Result (-i.e. , desired result). Regularly contains а так ог такой. Я шла издали по другой стороне улицы, тақ, чтоб дедушка меня не видал. (-Достоевский) I walked along the other side of the street and quite a distance away, so that my grandfather didn't see me. Лиза и Анатолий Михайлович устроились в боковом ряду так, чтобы наблюдать за Витей и не быть на виду у Вера Никандровны. (-Федин) Liza and Anatoliy Mikhailovich had gotten seats in a side row, so that they could watch Vitya and be out ofsight ofVera Nikandrovna. Хочу вот вырастить тыкву такую, чтобы на три пуда потянула. (-Коптяева) I want to raise a pumpkin that will weigh three poods. * *Over 100 lbs. Сделайте города такими, чтобы ими можно было гордиться, чтобы в них можно было работать, думать и отдыхать. (-Паустовский) Make cities so that one can be proud ofthem, so that one can work and think and rest in them. 15. Substitution Действия эти состоят в том, что вместо того, чтобы становиться толпой против толпы, люди расходятся врозь, нападают поодиночке и тотчас же бегут когда на них нападают большими силами, а потом опять нападают, когда представляется случай. (-Л.Н. Толстой) The essence of operations ofthis kind is that instead offorming a large mass to go against another large mass , the people break up into small groups: they attack piecemeal and immediately make offwhen assailed by large forces, and then attack again when an opportunity presents itself. ... Я рассказываю вам о самой себе, вместо того, чтобы говорить вам о Коле. (-Тургенев) ... But here I am telling you about myself, instead of talking to you about Kolya.

586

16. Wish

... И грустно было Ему в ту ночь, и он желал Чтоб ветер был не так уныло И чтобы дождь в окно стучал Не так сердито. (-Пушкин) ..... He felt a sadness That night, and he wished That the wind would not be so dismal And that the rain would not pound So furiously at the window. Желает она в конце зимы, чтоб весна скорее наступила, чтоб река прошла к такому-то дню, чтоб лето было теплое и урожайное, чтоб хлеб был в цене, а сахар дёшев. (-Гончаров) At the end of winter she wanted spring to come sooner, and the ice on the river to go out by such and such a day, and the summer to be a warm one, with a good crop, and the grain to be selling at a high price, and sugar to be cheap. Он мог только мечтать о том, чтобы ехать в пассажирском вагоне, удобно вытянув ноги на полке ... (-Федин) He could only dream of travelling in a passenger car, with his legs comfortably stretched out on the berth. B. In independent clauses 1. In indignant rejections of an idea The sentence begins with Чтоб, presumably as an abbreviation for some two-clause construction, such as 'Разве вы думаете, чтоб ...? . Что ты это, сударь, прервал меня Савельич. -Чтоб я тебя пустил одного! Да этого и во сне не проси. (-Пушкин) "What are you saying, sir?" Savelich interrupted me. "Do you suppose I would let you go alone! Don't even dream of asking me todo that!" -Чтоб этак я теперь в трактир побежал! Да за кого ты меня принимаешь! (-Достоевский) The idea that I would go running into a tavern like that now! Really, what do you take me for?

2.

In expressions of wish or desire The чтобы is ordinarily first in the sentence, which is presumably abbreviated from 'Хочу, чтобы ...', 'Прошу, чтобы …..', etc. Cf # A16 , above. Чтобы я больше не слышал таких разговоров! I don't want to hear any more talk like that! Хорошо, я дам тебе опиуму, только нарисуй мне красавицу. Чтоб хорошая была красавица! Чтобы бровы были черные и очи большие, как маслины ... (-Гоголь) Very well, I will give you some opium, but you make me a painting of a beautiful girl. I want her to be a real beauty. I want her to have black eyebrows and eyes as large as olives, ...

.Ты, вижу, птица мудрая, Уважь --- одёжу старую

На нас заворожи! -Чтоб армяки мужицкие Носились, не сносилися! (-Некрасов) "I see you are a wise bird, Do as I ask --- cast a spell ' On the clothes we have on!" "Let the peasant coats Be worn and never wear out!"

587

3. In orders The чтобы is ordinarily first in the sentence, which is presumably abbreviated from ' Я хочу, чтоб ...', ' Я велю, чтоб ...', ' Вам приказано, чтоб ...', etc. a. In direct orders from speaker to hearer .... Твое дело - что прикажут! Ты понимай, с кем говоришь! Велят тебе ехать и сейчас чтоб готово, живой рукой! У меня такое расположение, чтоб ехать; как же ты Можешь! Пошел на твое место! .Что, конечно оно можно ехать, отчего не ехать! А только, борони бог греха, середь лесу ночью сядем, кто виноват останется? -Как так сядем! Ты и думать не моги! У меня чтоб живо! (-А.Н. Островский) " ... Your business is to do what you're ordered! Don't forget who you're talking to! Your orders are to drive, and to have things ready right now, and make it snappy! I feel like going; of course you can do it! Get to your place!" "Well, of course it's possible to go . Why not? Only, if we have a breakdown in the middle of the woods at night, God forbid, who's going to get blamed for it?" "What's this stuff about breaking down! Don't even think it! I tell you , look lively!" -Чтоб сегодня же оба госпиталя были сданы, слышите? -властно и настойчиво сказал военный генерал. (-Вересаев) "The two hospitals are to be handed over this very day, do you hear?" The army general said imperiously and insistently. -Ну, ступай, Сидор. Чтоб лошади были накормлены. (-Григорович) "Get along, now, Sidor. Get the horses fed. " И чтоб завтра же не было здесь этой старой воровки, старой хрычовки ... (-Чехов) "And I want that old thief, that old bag, out of here tomorrow ...

b. In orders to be relayed Evidently standing for ' Скажите им, чтобы ...', ' Передайте им, чтобы .g etc. VERY COMMON in military stories. Завтра в шесть часов утра. Чтоб были на местах. Tomorrow at 6 a.m. Tell them to be at their places. Чтобы он сейчас позвонил Балдину. Tell him to call Baldin right away.

4. In curses and imprecations A, тебя/вас/его чтоб АК тебе/вам/ему 0, - } The чтоб is regularly first in the sentence (not counting particles) . Presumably these expressions are abbreviated from something like ' Q, жалею, чтоб черт тебя взял/задавил/ подрал/побрал/ etc.' А, чтоб тебя! Чего ты раскричался? (-Мей) Blast you! What did you start yelling for?

-Захар! крикнул Обломов . -O , чтоб вас там! .... раздалось в передней, вместе с прыжком ног с лежанки. (-Гончаров) " Zakhar!" Oblomov shouted. "O, dodgast you!" was heard in the anteroom, accompanied by the sound of feet jumping down from the stove-bench. Он был чем-то сильно разозлён, потому что, выпивши залпом ковш воды, оттолкнул сердито винтовку в угол и сказал с нескрываемой досадой: Ах, чтоб ему! (-Гайдар) He had been greatly irritated by something, because, after drinking a dipper of water all at one draught, he angrily shoved the rifle away into the corner and said with unconcealed annoyance, "Ahhh, dammit!"

588

5.

Не так, чтобы : See page 240 .

6.

Не то , чтобы : See pages 240-241 .

C. In less conventional constructions 1.

чтобы with an inflected verb. (popular speech) In the literary language, the rule is that the verb following а чтобы must be a past form in -л- ог else an infinitive . In popular speech, however, inflected verbs after a чтобы are not rare. Perfective present verbs are perhaps used most often in this way, but imperfective future and imperfective present also occur. This seems like a natural outgrowth of the fact that statements about present purpose are statements that look to the future, and indeed all of the examples that were observed were in fact references to future aims, not statements ofwhat someone's purpose was in the past. На дорогу выйди, чтоб мы тебя там заберем. Walk out to the road, so that we can pick you up there. Сейчас я соберусь с мыслями, чтобы правильно писать буду. Right now I'm collecting my thoughts, so that I'll write without making any mistakes. Чтоб затем они этим делом занимаются. Tell them to work on that job next.

Скажи ему чтобы работу там не прекращают ни в коем случае. Tell him that they are not to stop the work there under any circumstances. Напиши, чтобы нам еще раз не звонишь. Write it down, so you won't be calling us up again.

2.

чтобы + infinitive with no explicit subject When чтобы осcurs with an infinitive toward the end of a sentence, we ordinarily expect that the performer of the action of the infinitive is to be the same one as the subject that was named or implied at the beginning. Occasionally, however, the чтобы and infinitive form an impersonal construction, whose performer is left unnamed, but is clearly someone else. Будьте на месте, чтобы вас не искать там. Be in your place, so that people won't have to look for you there. Ты подписывал, чтобы после пяти часов не ходили, чтобы стрелять? (-Симонов) Were you the one who signed the order saying that people were not to be out of door's after 5 o'clock , and to fire at them if they were?

3.

чтобы аѕ particle In narrations of events in the past, чтобы can be used as a particle rather than a conjunction, and conveys that what was to be expected or desired did not take place. a. Dative + чтобы + infinitive. Similar to что бы , р 560. .. А она мне говорит: " Я смерть твоя". Мне чтобы испугаться, а я напротив радарадехонька, ... (-Тургенев) (recounting a dream) ..... And she said to me, " I am your death . " I should have been frightened , but instead I was terribly glad, ... b. чтобы + adverb ... Оне* чтоб наутёк** Да уж никто распутаться не мог. (-Крылов) They tried to get away, But not one ofthem could get disentangled. * Оне : old fem. pl . , = они.

* Наутек: usually accompanied by a verb : Пуститься наутёк ог броситься наутёк.

589

4.

чтобы with no verb. Occasionally, чтобы occurs in elliptical constructions where the verb is omitted because the meaning ofthe whole is clear. Cf. # B4, p 587. Мы на правлении определили цены, чтобы без запроса и по справедливости. Мы не спекуланты, у нас колхозная торговля. (-Николаева) We atthe board have set the prices, so that things would be done fairly and without overcharging. We aren't profiteers, with us it's collective farm trade.

……. Оне чтоб наутёк Да уж никто распутаться не мог. (-Крылов) (Cf # C3b, p 588.) They tried to get away, But not one ofthem could get disentangled . -Как так сядем! Ты и думать не моги! У меня чтоб живо! (-А.Н. Островский) (Cf # В3а, р 587.) -What's this stuff about breaking down! Don't even think it! I tell you , look lively! ЧТОЙ-ТО

ЧЕГОЙ -ТО Colloquial forms of что-то and чего-то 1. 'something' СЕ ЧТО-ТО , # 1 , p 575 . -А что, сказывали, с вашей деревни ... Акулину сватать хотели. Что, не слыхать? -Это Мироновы? Болтали бабы чтой-то ... (-Л.Н. Толстой) -Look here, people from your village were saying that ... somebody wanted to arrange a marriage to Akulina. What about that, you heard that, didn't you? -Is that the Mironovs? The women did say something like that, ... 2. 'for some reason', 'somehow'. С ЧТО-ТО # 4, p 576 . -Ну тебя! Перепугала совсем. Маменька там ищет тебя, а ты вот где. Чтой-то в потемках бродишь! Ишь ты, скромница, несмеяна царевна. (-А.Н. Островский) Shame on you! What a fright you gave me! There your mother is, looking all over for you, and look where you are! Roaming around in the dark, for some fool reason! A fine one you are, my demure young lady, my little Miss Solemnity. После долгого молчания Иван Федотыч сказал: - Чтой-то Николушка не наведывается. (-Эртель) After a long silence Ivan Fedotych said, "For some reason Nikolushka is not paying calls." Тётка Варвара, видно, своим бабьим сердцем учуяла беду Фёдора. - Чегой-то невесел молодец? - но расспрашивать не стала. (-Тендряков) Aunt Varvara evidently sensed in her woman's heart that Fyodor was troubled : "Is the boy unhappy for some reason?" But she had no intention of asking. Говорила, сударь ... только она все чтой-то мнётся... (-Салтыков-Щедрин) She said it, sir ... only she keeps hesitating all the time , somehow. 3.

'it seems', 'it looks as if' , ' apparently', I think' СЕ ЧТО-ТО # 8 , p 577 . Expresses doubtfulness, sometimes with disapproval or suspicion. This is perhaps a somewhat weakened sense of чтой-то # 2, for some reason', 'somehow'. Чтой-то какой вы странный ... Верно еще очень больны. Напрасно вышли. (-Достоевский) You seem awfully strange ... You're probably still not at all well . You shouldn't have come out. -Чтой-то уж вам, видно, хлеба для родного сына стало жалко! - говорит она с сердцем. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) "It seems you've apparently got so you begrudge food for your own son! " she said angrily.

590

ЧТОЙ-ТО УЖ И 1.

-In Replies Containing Repetitions.

Expresses doubt , protest, disagreement, sometimes feeling pained. -А лучше будет, ежели я в кабак дебошировать убегу? -Чтой-то уж и в кабак ... спаси бог! (-Салтыков-Щедрин) -And will it be better ifI rush offto a tavern to go on a binge? -Oh, not to a tavern ... Lord save us!

2. In quizzical rejections of an idea as ill-founded, ill-considered, unjustified, or unrealistic. See under УЖ И, p 465. ЧТÔКОЛЬЕ

'whatever it might be'

'no matter what it might be'

'no matter what happened'

чточто чтотто ШТОКОСЬ ШТОХОТИ

'Huh?'

What did you say?' '

What do you want?" "

'Hmm?'

Cf чTO # LA 3 & 4, p 537-538.

ЧУ 1. 'Listen!', 'Do you hear that?' Но чу! Колокол! Густые и протяжные звуки разнеслись по рейду и смолкли. (-Гончаров) But listen! A bell! Deep and drawn-out sounds carried over the harbor and then stopped.

-Чу? Что это? А? -Ничего не слышно, мама! -Ничего? Мне послышалось! (-Горький) -Did you hear that? What is it? Huh? -There isn't any noise, mama! -There isn't any? I could hear it! 2. They say that ...', People say ...', T hear that ...'

(popular speech)

У нас икра дешева, а в Петербурге - апельсины, лимоны. А в тёплых землях, чү, и совсем они нипочем. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) With us caviar is cheap, and in Petersburg they have oranges and lemons. But in warm countries, they say, those are absolutely dirt cheap. А мой Петька скоро, чу, придет! - сообщала она, встречаясь с соседками. (-НОВИКОВ-Прибой) "My Petka is coming soon , I hear!" she told the neighbors when she met them. 3.

'you see, don't you?', 'you know, don't you?', 'you understand , don't you?', 'don't you know' (popular speech) -Этакий, подумаешь, московский франт, -сказал он сам себе по уходе Хозарова ... -Дай ему, чу, денег - пустячную сумму, три тысячи рублей, а самому, я думаю, перекусить нечего. (-Писемский) "This, just imagine, is a Moscow dandy," he said to himself after Khozarov's departure . "Give him some money, don't you know , a trifling sum, three thousand rubles, and for himself, I think , he doesn't have anything to eat."

ЧУДОК (HE)

(popular speech )

= Чуть (не), чуть-чуть (не ), едва (не)

591

ЧУР Interjection. Originally said in order to ward off evil. Later used in games when agreeing on a condition ofplay. Also used more broadly when making any stipulation. -Только смотри, помнить уговор: чур, никому ни полсловечка. (-Куприн) " Only see that you remember the agreement : for sure, not a peep to anybody." -Баскетбол! -воскликнул Шишкин. -Вот это здорово! Чур, я буду капитаном команды. (-Носов) "Basketball!" exclaimed Shishkin. "Great! I've got dibs on being captain ofthe team . " ЧУТНО

(-Ukrainianism. Also regional in Russian.)

= слышно, ( 1 ) 'one can hear', 'is to be heard'; (2) people say', 'it is rumored' (1 ) Як* притулить ухо до земли, то совсем добре чутно. (-Куприн) If* you put your ear to the ground , you can hear it perfectly well . *Also a Ukrainianism. See under як, р 622 .

(2) Што чутно про это? What are people saving about that? ЧУТЬ The particle чуть is descended from Old Russian чути 'perhaps', 'even', and ultimately from the Old Russian infinitive чути 'eel', 'sense', 'perceive'. The basic sense of чуть is the idea of a very small, barely perceptible amount, and hence a barely perceptible amount of difference . From this a number of related applications derive, of which some are fairly clearly marked by the use of additional particles in combination with чуть: чуть было не, чуть что не, чуть ли не, etc. The various particle expressions based on чуть are not easy to keep track of, because there is a good deal of duplication both ways: some of the particle expressions have several meanings, and some of the meanings are represented by several ofthe particle expressions. They are therefore summarized here: 1 slightly 2 with difficulty 3 a little bit 4 almost ( + past)

5 practically 6 probably 7 as soon as 8 at every trifle

Чуть было было

чуть было не чуть не 3

555 15 15

2 2

33

1 1

22

11

7

5

5 5 5

6

5

6 6

чуть что

77

чуть чуть - чуть не чуть не чуть - чуть не чуть что не чуть · чуть что не чуть ли чуть ли чуть лишь чуть только

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

7 8

Thus it will be seen that meanings # 4 and 5'almost' and 'practically' are represented by the largest assortments of particle combinations (7 and 7) , and that the simpler variants (чуть, чуть-чуть, чуть не, and чуть-чуть не) have the largest range of meanings (6 for чуть) .

592

1. чуть чуть-чуть 'ust' j

' barely',

'scarcely',

'slightly',

Александр отвечал на его вопрос чуть слышным вздохом. (-Гончаров) Alexander responded to his question with a scarcely audible sigh. Чуть брезжило. Сумрак ночи еще боролся с рассветом. (-Арсеньев) Dawn was just barely breaking. The dusk of night was still contending with the light ofday. Один ее прямой, чуть-чуть вздернутый носик мог свести с ума любого смертного. (-Тургенев). Her straight and very slightly tip-tilted little nose alone was enough to charm any mortal man out of his mind.

2. чуть чуть-чуть 'with difficulty',

'with much exertion',

'with an effort',

'hardly'

-Господи, да он и сам чуть на ногах стоит! Да ты болен, что ли? (-Достоевский) -Good heavens! Why, he is having trouble staying on his feet himself! Are you sick or something? [Селифан] прикрикнул на свою тройку, которая чуть-чуть переступала ногами. (-Гоголь) [Selifan) shouted at his three-horse team, which were hardly managing to keep their legs moving. Поверишь ли! -кричит, чуть-чуть тебя мне видно. (-Крылов) " "Can you believe it?" he cries , "I can hardly see you ."

3. чуть + genitive чуть-чуть + genitive чуть- чуть (used as adverb) (OR without noun complement)

'very little'

'a little bit',

-Дрыхнет! Ему и горя чуть! ... Может, и ворот не запер, говорила об Иване старуха. (-Сергеев-Ценский) "He's sleeping! Mighty little he cares about anything! ... Maybe he hasn't locked the gate either," the old woman said, speaking about Ivan. [Анна] уже встала, налила чуть-чуть, с величайшей экономией, керосину, зажгла огонь в маленькой лампочке. (-Г. И. Успенский) [Anna] got up, and with the greatest economy poured out a little bit of kerosene and lit a flame in a little lamp.

.Петя, ты выпил? -Чуть-чуть, мама! Совсем немножко. (-Горький) -Petey, did you take a drink? -A little bit, mama! A very little .

4. было

чуть было не чуть не чуть было чуть

чуть - чуть чуть чуть - чуть 'almost'

perfective past of verb

+

noun phrase implying action , with no verb adverb

не не

'very nearly'

'all but'

Indicates an event in the past that came close to taking place but in fact did not . In practice, чуть and чуть-чуть without the не агe rare, and neither чуть было nor было чуть не is frequent. It is чуть было не, чуть не, and чуть-чуть не that are commonly used.

593 With perfective past verb: Ах, да! Чуть было не забыл ... Пожалуйте восемьдесят два рубля! (-Чехов) ...... Oh , yes! I almost forgot ... Let me have 82 rubles, if you please. Прости? А ты знаешь, что чуть довел было меня до самоубийства. (-Писемский) Forgive you? And you are aware that you almost drove me to suicide! -Как прочел -я, брат, чуть порядочным человеком не сделался! Чуть было; да только пораздумал и предпочел лучше остаться непорядочным человеком. (-Достоевский) When I read it, my friend, I came within an ace of becoming a reputable person. Within an ace. But I thought it over and decided I'd rather remain a disreputable person. -Что за дикость! Я чуть было сама не ударила его. (-Крымов) What a boorish thing to do! I nearly slapped him myself. А я чуть-чуть не опоздала. (-Макаренко) And I very nearly was late. Вбежал денщик и оживленно сообщил, что сейчас мы чуть-чуть не столкнулись с встречным поездом. (-Вересаев) The orderly came running in, and animatedly told us that we had very nearly collided with an oncoming train.

Было чуть не: This word-order is not usual . The effect is perhaps that of placing more individual emphasis on the meanings of the component parts, было and чуть не, and thus conveying a somewhat stronger effect than the more unified combination чуть было не does. Было чуть не is used several times by Ostrovsky. А я было чуть не полюбила его, плаксу. (-А. Н. Островский) And I almost fell in love with him, the sniveller. Ведь я было чуть не женился на Ларисе, -вот бы людей-то насмешил! (.А . Н. Островский) You know, I almost married Larisa. That certainly would have made people laugh at me! With noun phrase implying action and with no verb:

Ужасная метель! Мы чуть было не с дороги! Terrible snowstorm! We almost went off the road! И как уж рассердилась! Она меня чуть было не зонтиком по башке. And boy, was she mad! She came close to hitting me over the head with her umbrella.

5.

чуть ли чуть что чуть - чуть что чуть чуть чуть чуть - чуть

не не не

+

чуть

не не

perfective past verb imperfective past verb imperfective present verb perfective present verb noun adverb adjective - participle

'almost', 'practically', 'nearly', 'all but', 'as much as' This set of combinations is very similar in meaning to the set in # 4, but not identical . # 4 is confined to events that almost happened, and these near-events are always in the past. # 5 can refer to near-events in the past, but can also refer to things that are near to being the case in the present or future. Being the case is a continuing state, not an event, and this is why combinations in # 5 are not confined to the perfective past of verbs, as they are in # 4. A further result is that since this set is not confined to genuine events that failed to happen, it often includes figurative statements that one thing is "practically" equivalent to another or that something "almost" is or was the case, where such statements are not meant literally and are made only for emphatic effect. Чуть что не and чуть-чуть что не are more characteristic of popular colloquial speech .

594

With perfective past (figurative):

Я чуть не помер со смеху. I nearly died laughing. Пятнадцать лет, братец, не был, а ведь я чуть не родился здесь. Детские лета, невинные игры, голубятни, знаешь ли, все это в памяти. (-А . Н. Островский) I haven't been here for fifteen years, brother, but you know, I was practically born here. The childhood summers, the innocent games, the dove cotes, don't you know, - I remember all that. А уж как она его любила: чуть не умерла с горя. (-А. Н. Островский) And she loved him so much, she just about died of grief. With imperfective present (figurative): Как же можно с ней говорить иначе, коли она чуть не бросается на шею каждому мужчине? (-А. Н. Островский) How can anybody talk to her any other way, if she practically throws herself on every man's neck? -Ведь он чуть ли не молится на вас, полюбуйтесь. (-Тургенев) See, he's all but worshipping you. Just look .

With imperfective past: Павел Владимирович лежал весь багровый и чуть не задыхался. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) Pavel Vladimirovich was lying there purple inthe face and nearly choking.

With noun: Он уж теперь, чай, думает о себе, что он чуть-чуть не Шекспир. (-Гоголь) I suppose his opinion ofhimself now is that he's very little short of being Shakespeare. Тут промеж бар чуть не драчишка случилась. Один другого винят, ни в чем сговориться не могут... (-Бажов) Then there occurred between the gentlemen what was almost a fight. They traded accusations, and could not come to agreement on anything. Выходит замуж чуть не за мальчика ... (-А. Н. Островский) She's marrying someone who's little more than a boy ... Полдень. Солнце чуть-чуть не с самого зенита бросает раскаленные лучи свои. (-Печерский) It's noon. The sun is casting its scorching hot rays almost from the exact zenith.

With adverb: Быстрыми шагами вернулся я к ограде, перескочил через нее на дорогу и чуть не бегом пустился домой. (-Тургенев) With rapid steps I went back to the fence, jumped over it onto the road, and started out on my way home almost at a run. Крича и размахивая смольем и оружием, волоча за собой упирающихся лошадей, отряд чуть не разом хлынул на плотину. (-Фадеев) Shouting and waving their torches and weapons, dragging the resisting horses after them, the troop poured onto the causeway practically all at once. Ведь чтоб бросить жениха чуть не накануне свадьбы, надо иметь основание. (-А. Н. Островский) After all, to discard a fiancé practically on the eve of the wedding, you have to have some grounds. With past passive participle: Эти деньги чуть не краденые. (-А. Н. Островский) This money is practically stolen.

595

6. чуть ли не чуть ли не чуть 'I almost believe'

'may very well have been'

'I don't know but what'

'I'll bet'

'It wouldn't surprise me if

'I rather imagine'

' I wouldn't doubt that'

'I would suppose '

'I shouldn't wonder if

'I am inclined to think'

'I'm not sure ... not ...'

'It looks as though'

'I wonder if ... not ...'

'ifI am not mistaken'

'most likely'

Used to indicate that the speaker regards something as exceedingly probable, a near certainty, though not an absolute certainty. The speaker expresses this by saying that his idea is "almost" a fact.

Чуть ли не is used far more often than the other variants. Чуть ли они не переехали. I don't know but what they've moved. Другой у него брат чуть ли не инженер. His other brother is an engineer, ifI am not mistaken. Жила она прежде в скитах и была в котором-то из них чуть ли не настоятельницей обители. (-Салтыков-Щедрин) Formerly she had lived in convents, and in one of them I'm not sure she wasn't the Mother Superior ofthe cloister. Физиономия этого человека мне что-то подозрительна: чуть ли он не за тем же сюда пришел, за чем и я. (-Гоголь) For some reason this man's face seems suspicious to me. I'll bet he came here for the same reason as I did. Старушка тоже смотрела необыкновенно торжественно; чуть ли она не надела к чтению нового* чепчика". (-Достоевский) The old lady looked uncommonly formal; it wouldn't surprise me if she had put on a new cap for the reading. (*Note that the verb here has a Genitive object, evidently required by the нe of чуть ли не.) [Индийцы] чем-то мажутся, чуть ли не кокосовым маслом, иначе никакая кожа не устоит против этого солнца. (-Гончаров) [The Indians] smear themselves with something, most likely cocoanut oil; otherwise no skin can withstand this sun.

Чуть не is not equated with чуть ли не in the sense of probably', 'I'll bet' by any Russian authority that was consulted in this study. However, in the following passage from Преступление и наказание 'probably' seems to fit in with the context better than 'practically', and three well-known translators, Garnett, Magarshack, and Coulson, interpret it in this way. -Катарина Ивановна ведь вас чуть не била,у отца-то? ... -Била! Да что вы это! Господи, била! А хоть бы и била, так что ж! Вы ничего, ничего не знаете .. (-Достоевский) -I say, I shouldn't wonder if Katerina Ivanovna used to beat you when you were living at your father's, didn't she? ... -Beat me! What an idea! Good heavens , beat me! And even if she did beat me, what difference does it make? You know nothing about it , nothing ... (The other interpretation would be: Katerina Ivanovna used to practically beat you when you were living at your father's, didn't she?)

596

7. чуть чуть лишь Чуть только 'as soon as' 'no sooner than'

'hadjust' ' the moment that'

'had no more than' 'had barely '

This is the only use in which чуть serves as a conjunction instead of an adverb. Ты чуть вошел, я вмиг узнала. (-Пушкин) The moment you came in, I knew at once. А завтра, чуть подымется солнце, мы снова в поход. (-Фурманов) And tomorrow, when the sun had barely come up, we would be on the move again. Моя мать, чуть случится ей заболеть, сейчас же пьет можжевёловую настойку. (-Сергеев-Ценский) My mother immediately drinks a tincture ofjuniper the moment that she happens to get sick. Возможно ль? Чуть лишь из пеленок Кокетка, ветреный ребенок! (-Пушкин) Is this possible? No more than out ofdiapers And she is a coquette, a flirt! -Я всегда начинал любить твою маму, чуть только мы с ней разлучались, и всегда вдруг холодел к ней, когда опять с ней сходились. (-Достоевский) I always began to feel loving toward your mama as soon as she and I were parting, and always suddenly cooled toward her when we were getting together again. На другой день, чуть только стало смеркаться в поле, дед надел свитку, подпоясался, взял под мышку заступ и лопату ... и пошел прямо к попову огороду. (-Гоголь) On the following day, as soon as it got dark in the field, Grandpa put on his coat, put on a belt, took a spade and a shovel under his arm, and went straight to the priest's garden.

8. чуть что 'at the slightest provocation' ' the least little thing, and ...'

'on any pretext' 'at everytrifle'

Петербуржец, среди дня или к вечеру, становится менее сообщителен, и чуть что, готов и обругать или насмеяться. (-Достоевский) A Petersburger, in the daytime or towards evening, gets less communicative, and is ready to curse or to have a good laugh at the slightest provocation. Чуть что, все собаки там и начнут лаять и брехать. The least little thing, and all the dogs in the place would start to bark and yap.

597

ША

(popular speech)

'stop!'

'knock it off!'

'hold it!"

'quiet!'

-Ша! - прокричал судья, и гам умолк. "Knock it off!" roared the umpire, and the hubbub stopped. Дирижёр с флейтой в руках встал, шлёпнул ладонью по столу и крикнул: -Ша! (-Куприн) The conductor with a flute in his hands got up, smacked the table with the flat of his hand, and shouted "Hold it!" With Acc.:

Работу -- ша! Stop the work!

ШАМАТЬ

(popular speech . Very unrefined.)

'eat'

ШАСТАТЬ

(popular speech)

'go here and there', 'move about', 'keep on the move' (continually and restlessly) Additional shadings to this word may vary in context: the moving about may be ( 1) rapid or not, and (2) purposeful or not. ( 1a) rapidly: 'scurry about', 'dash about' -Отведи его, Ваня, в казарму. -Поешь, выспись, завтра в пять на работу. Шастай! (-Гиляровский) Take him to the barracks, Vanya. You'll get something to eat. Have a good sleep, tomorrow you go to work at five. Get moving! ( 1b) unhurriedly: 'go back and forth', ' ply to and fro', 'run about', 'rove', 'cruise' Эскадра японская с девятого марта у Артура не показывается, зато миноносцы каждый день на внешней рейде шастают. (-Степанов) Since March ninth, the Japanese squadron has not shown itself at Port Arthur; but their torpedo boats go back and forth in the outer roadstead every day. (2a) purposefully: 'rove', ' prowl', 'roam', ' poke around' (seeking, snooping) Вкрадчиво шастали лисы в поисках ночных заячных игрищ. (-Ляшко) Smoothly the foxes prowled around looking for hares gathered to play at night. Пашка целыми днями шастал по селу и лесу, все разузнавал и рассказывал Аграфене. (-Паустовский) . Pashka spent whole days poking around the village and the woods ; he kept finding out everything and telling it to Agrafena. (2b) aimlessly: ' wander', ' fiddle', 'loaf Все ходит, все шастает по горницам, руки в карманы заложивши. (-Левитов) All the time he keeps walking around, wandering through the rooms, with his hands in his pockets.

ШАТ

(popular speech) = черт, 'devil' (--Originally: 'dizziness', 'staggers')

Шат с ней! The devil with her! Шат его знает. The devil only knows.

598

ШИБКО (popular speech) 1. 'quickly', 'rapidly', 'fast' Я свою роль читал с такую быстротою, что все приходили в удивление, а учитель приговаривал, улыбаясь: "Ты, Щепкин, уж слишком шибко говоришь. " (-Щепкин) I read my part with such rapidity that everyone was amazed, but the teacher kept saying, with a smile, "Shchepkin, you really talk far too fast." 2. 'smartly', 'briskly', ' busily', ' animatedly' Судя по внешнему виду магазина, дела Колесничука шли не слишком шибко. (-Катаев) Judging by the outward appearance ofthe store, Kolesnichuk's affairs were not going too briskly.

3.

loudly' -Как здоровье, Марьевна? -прокричал Коля. -Шибче говори,-сказала Марьевна. -Шибче! Я с летошнего года уже и грома не слышу. (-Паустовский) - "How've you been, Maryevna?" shouted Kolya. -"Talk louder, " said Maryevna. " Louder! Since last year I can't even hear thunder any more. "

4. 'strongly', 'hard', 'vigorously' , ' strenuously', 'forcefully', 'intensely' .Кто меня бил? -Артельщики. Тюлин задумчиво посмотрел мне в глаза и сказал: -Да, слышь, и били-то не очень шибко. (-Короленко) "Who beat me up?" "The artel men, " Tyulin looked me thoughtfully in the eyes and said, "And listen here, they didn't beat you up very badly." -Ты ... шибко меня любишь? -Шибче даже нельзя. (-Леонов) -You ... love me a lot? -It couldn't possibly be more. Колька обрезал ножом палец, шибко кровь хлестала, смотреть страшно. (-В.А. Смирнов) Kolka cut his finger with the knife; the blood gushed strongly: it was awful to look at. 5. ' very' , 'highly', ' exceedingly', 'extremely' Зима здесь шибко лютая, а запасов теплой одежды нет. (-Вересаев) Winter here is extremely severe, and there are no stocks ofwarm clothing. Шибко изменился, Андрей Петрович. Не признаешь! (-Леонов) You've really changed a lot, Andrei Petrovich. A person wouldn't recognize you!

шиш 1.

(popular speech) 'nothing', 'none'. Ни шиша : 'not a thing', 'devil a bit'

2. (regional) = шишига : 'devil', 'demon' Уйди, уйди, шиш на тебя ... (-Леонов) Go'way, go'way. A devil on you.

ШКУРА

(slang) Termof abuse: a low, mean person, often domineering or rapacious. ' louse', 'rat' (lit.: 'skin')

ШМОТКИ

(slang)

'belongings', 'things', 'stuff" (lit.: rags)

ШТОЙ-ТО Spelling used in printed fiction to indicate inelegant pronunciation. = чтой-то, colloquial pronunciation of что-то, ( 1 ) 'something', (2) 'somehow', 'for some reason' , (3) 'it seems'. -С утра, говорят, человек пять приезжало, а сегодня штой-то не слыхать ... (-Фадеев) They say about five guys came in the morning, but for some reason we haven't been able to find out anything about them all day.

599

(-colloquial and rapid speech)

ЩАС

= сейчас

ЩЕТИТЬ

forms: OR

(regional) щетить: щечу, щетит, щетят щечить: щечу, щечит, щечат

1.

'rob' (someone)

2.

'swipe', 'snitch', 'hook' (something)

600

601

Э, Э. ǝ as an independent word and as the first syllable of a number of other interjections and particles (эва, эк, экось, эх, эвон, эвот, эстолько, этак, это, этот, etc). is basically a demonstrative, with the function of calling attention to the idea that the speaker wants to express. It is used much like 'Hey', 'I say, ...', 'Really, ...', ' Honestly , ...' in English. Within this general frame, the use of these words can be considerably narrowed down: they are largely confined to expressions of the speaker's reaction to something he has just seen or heard, and the reactions themselves fall into a few definite categories: (1) surprise and strong impression, perception ofa high degree of some quality. (2) disagreement and objection; displeasure and indignation; disapproval, contempt, and derision; disgust and despair (3) doubt, bewilderment; embarassment, hesitation (4) calling to, addressing EXAMPLES: 1.

surprise and strong impression (Often used before как ог какой.): -Покажи-ка себя, покажи, промолвила она, отодвигаясь от его лица. -Э! да какой же ты славный. Постарел, а не подурел нисколько, право. (-Тургенев) "Let's have a look at you, "she said, taking a step back from him. "My! How fine you look. You've gotten older, but you haven't gotten any less good looking, certainly.

2. disagreement and objection: -Э, позвольте же, Петр Иванович, я расскажу. -Э, нет, позвольте уж я. (-Гоголь) -Here now, Peter Ivanovich , let me tell it. -I say there, no, let me. -Ну, чего рассказывать! -говорит смущенный Лука Саввич. -Это все вон Алексей Наумыч выдумал: ничего и не было совсем. -Э! -хором подхватили все. -Да как же ничего не было. (-Гончаров) "Well, why make a story of it!" said the embarassed Luka Savvich. "That Aleksei Naumych made up the whole thing: nothing really happened at all." -"Hah!" they all chimed in in chorus. "What do you mean, nothing happened?" (Also in replies containing repetitions. See ЭВОСЯ.) displeasure and indignation: -Э-э, как ты нас подводишь, -вступился Егор Исаев. -А ты нас пожалей, а не то, чтоб на смех подымать. (-Гарин) "Really now, how badly you treat us," Egor Isaev spoke up in their defense. "And you ought to feel sorryfor us, not hold us up to ridicule. "

contempt and derision: -Э, какое старьё! -скажет, пожалуй, иной читатель, прочитавший заглавие моей статьи. (-Стасов) "Huh, what old stuff!" I suppose some other reader will say after reading the title of my article. disgust and despair:

-В ногу идите Э! ... мужичьё! -крикнул офицер, за плечи останавливая неровно шедших и трясущих носилки мужиков. (-Л. Н. Толстой) " Keep in step. ... Ohh, that's peasants for you! " shouted an officer, grabbing the peasants by the shoulders to restrain them as they stumped along, jolting the stretcher.

Preceding page blank

602

3. doubt , bewilderment, embarassment, hesitation: (Here the speaker is calling for attention to what he is going to say, while still searching for words with which to say it.) Он прервал директора неожиданным вопросом: -Э ... па ... послушайте ... Кто эта девочка? (-Куприн) He interrupted the director with an unexpected question: "Uh ... ah ... I say there ... Who is this little girl?" Дядя поднял голову и, словно только что проснулся, повел кругом глазами. -Э ... 2 ... Что это? -спросил он, покрякивая. (-Вересаев) Uncle raised his head and moved his eyes around as if he had just awakened. "Uh ... uh ... What's this?" he asked, with a harumph.

4. calling to, addressing: -Смотрите, кто-то перескочил через плетень: по-нашему! Э-з постой, не спрячешься. Кто тут? Стой! (-Гончаров) Look! Somebodyjumped over the fence. On our side! Hey there, stop! You can't hide . Who's there? Stop!

5. In Replies Containing Repetitions: See ЭВОСЯ # 2, p 604. ЭВА

эво 1.

= вон. The эва ог эво stands at the beginning ofits clause. a. 'Look there!' , 'Hey look!'

Эво, гляди туда! Hey, look! Look there! b. 'over there'

Эва тебе и Дон. And over there is the Don. 2.

+ interrogative word. Often in exclamations, but not always. The эва ог эво may stand at the beginning ofits clause, but is more often inside it. In expressions ofextent or degree or identification.

Эво как плавает! See how he can swim! Книг-то эва сколько! What a lot ofbooks! Цены здесь эво какие, что дальше некуда. The way prices are here, itjust beats everything. Адрес, что я дал шофёру - правильный, а нас эво куда отвёз. The address I gave the driver was right, but that's where he took us.

3. In exclamations expressing great surprise or strong feeling. The ǝва or ǝво stands at the beginning ofits clause.

a. With a noun: Эва хитрость! Ночью со всеми вещами съехали. What a sharp trick! They moved out during the night with all their things. b. With a whole clause: Эва мы, братцы, в гору пошли! (-Лесков) See that, fellas! We've come up in the world!

603

4. As an interjection, independent of the clauses that precede and follow. Here the эва ог эво alone is an exclamation, itself expressing surprise, displeasure, doubt, mistrust, etc. The эва ог ǝBO is usually followed by an additional comment that indicates the situation that evoked this reaction. However, it is also possible to have first an indication of the topic, then the exclamation, and then a further comment that enlarges and explains, as shown in the first example.

'What!'

'Good Lord!'

'Great heavens!'

What's this!' "

'My gosh!'

'Holy smoke!'

-Тысячу рублей, эва! Что они, стало, с ума спятили. Невеста совсем подошлая, а свадьбу в тысячу играй! (-Некрасов) A thousand rubles - Good Lord! What's the matter with them? They must have gone off their heads. The bride is completely impoverished, and they have to put on a thousand-ruble wedding! -Эва! сказал Василий Иванович смотрителю. Что это у вас? Храмовой праздник? (-Соллогуб) "Great Scott!" said Vasiliy Ivanovich to the keeper. "What have you got going on here? Is this a patron Saint's day?" -Шел на Митриевскую мельницу и заблудился. -Эва! Нешто тут дорога на Митриевскую мельницу? (-Чехов) -I was walking to the Mitriev mill and got lost. -Good gosh ! You don't think this here is the road to the Mitriev mill, do you? 5. As an independent interjection used as a reply, either standing alone or followed by a statement substantiating and explaining the replier's attitude, which is surprise at the other speaker's remark and a lively desire to assert a differing view, contradicting or at least diverging from what the other speaker has just said, often with the feeling that what the other speaker has just said is in some way not reasonable or not sensible. 'Oh no (it isn't)!'

'Nonsense!'

'Oh for heaven's sake!'

'Oh yes (it is), "Your're wrong!'

'Bosh!'

'Oh come on!'

-В Перми мне пришла охота выучиться читать по-французски, два месяца учился, потом бросил. -Учитесь теперь. -Эва! рассмеялся Решетников. (-Панаева) -"In Perm I got to thinking I'd like to learn to read French . I studied it for two months, and then I dropped it. " -"Study it now. " - "Oh , gosh no! " Reshetnikov burst into laughter. " Только смотрите: ничего не пить сегодня. Слышите? Вам вредно пить. -Эва! У меня уж прошло. Два года, как запоя не было. (-Чехов) -Only see to it that you don't drink at all today. Do you hear? Drinking is bad for you . -Oh come on! I'm all through with that. I haven't done any hard drinking in two years. -Фу, черт, как хорошо! А старик? Неужели правда? -Что правда? -Судья? -Эва! Да он уже пять лет судья. (-Каверин) - "Gosh , this is great! And how about the old man? It's not really true, is it?" -"Isn't what true?" -"That he's ajudge?" - "Oh, for heaven's sake! He's been a judge for the last five years. " 6. In Replies Containing Repetitions. See ЭВОСЯ # 2 , p604.

604

звон ЭВОНА звоно Strengthened forms ofвOH in popular speech. 1. Pointing out a distant object.

А эвон на горке парк. And there on the hill is a park. 2. With demonstratives. -Мне, барынка, пятьдесят два года - эвона столь! (-Горький) I'm fifty-two years old, ma'am -- that many!

3. With interrogatives. .... А домишко-то эвоно где! Что сапогов одних истреплешь, ходимши к воскресенским воротам с Бутырок-то. (-А. Н. Островский) - ... And look where my little shack of a house is! Why, you'll wear out your boots alone, walking to Voskresensky Gate from Butyrki. эвось

эвося Apparently an augmented from of зво 1. Expresses amazement, bewilderment, recognition of something inexplicable . 'Look!', 'Good gosh!', 'Holy smoke!' (Cf ǝBA/ƏBO, # 4, p 602.)

Эвося! Глянь-ка, сарай там горит! Good grief! Look, the shed is on fire! В детские годы был хилым, а теперь эвося - здоровый, как быҡ! In childhood he was sickly, but nowjust look --he's as healthy as a bull! Твой глаз серый, аки* пепел, а мои - эвось, угольки! (-Леонов) Your eyes are gray as ashes, but mine -- gosh, they're like little pieces ofcoal ! *аки: regional. = как. 2. In Replies Containing Repetitions. (Cf ЭВА/ЭВО # 5 , p 602, ЭК/ЭКА/ЭКО # 5 , p 606.) Expresses surprise, disagreement, annoyance, disapproval, scorn, derision, etc. э, эва, and эка can be used in the same way.

-О чем я бредил? -Эвося! О чем бредил? Известно о чем бредят ... (-Достоевский) -What did I talk about when I was delirious? -Oh for heaven's sake! What did he talk about when he was delirious! Everybody knows what people talk like when they're delirious ...

3BOT

(popular speech )

= BOT -Где же мертвец, -Вон, тятя, з-вот! (-Пушкин) "But where is the dead man?" " Over there, father, right there!" -Вдруг бог-от и даст им богачество. Эвот сколько! Эво! -- говорит Пила, указывая рукой на большой дом. (-Решетников) "All of sudden God goes and gives them wealth . And what a lot! Goodness!" said Pila, pointing to a big house.

605

Эвтот, зато энтот, энто Эстот, эстО Эттот, этто ЭФТОТ, ЭФТО Эхтот, эхто Regional and popular speech variants of этот and это. Declined the same as этот throughout. Эвтот and эфтот come from эва тот, and энтот comes from эна тот. See эва and эна.

ЭгÉ 1. In expressions of agreement with what has just been said (popular speech) 'Uh-huh' That's right' ' 'Yup'

-Ты что? -спросил его брат. -Меня отодрали, -отвечал хвастливо Карась. -Уже? -Эге. (-Помяловский) "What have you been doing?" his brother asked him. "They gave me a thrashing," Karas' answered boastfully. "Already?" "Yup. " 2. (Sometimes expanded to ǝre-re.) In expressions of surprise, upon perceiving what is the case. 'Aha!'

'I see now!'

'Oho!'

Эге! -прервал Кирила Петрович, -да ты, знать, не из храброго десятка; чего ты боишься? (-Пушкин) "Aha!" Kirila Petrovich interrupted him. "I see you aren't the fearless type. What are you afraid of?" Было тихо. Потом заворчал гром, еще издалека, но уже тревожно. "Эге, -подумал Андрей Андреевич, -вот отчего сердце бьется, -гроза. " (-А. Н. Толстой) It was quiet. Then the thunder began to growl, still from a distance away, but already alarmingly. "Oh, I see, " thought Andrei Andreevich, "that's why one's heart pounds, - it's a thunderstorm. "

эк ЭКА эко

+

interrogative adverb or pronoun noun whole clause accusative/genitive of actor + impersonal verb. (Less common)

ǝk and its variants are another set ofthe demonstratives mentioned under 3, 3- which call attention to the speaker's expression of his reaction and feelings: surprise and strong impression, perception of a high degree of some quality, often with displeasure and disapproval. The feelings expressed are always essentially the same, but there are variations in grammatical construction:

1.

Эк + interrogative adverb or pronoun. The з always stands first. The interrogative comes either directly after it, or after a few intervening words, or can stand last for greater emphasis. О, тонкая штука! Эк куда метнул! Какого туману напустил! (-Гоголь) Oh, what a subtile trick ! See what he's aimed at! What a smokescreen he's put up! Эк шпага как исцарапалась! (-Гоголь) Just look at how that sword has gotten all scratched up! Эка винищем от тебя разит как. (-Л . Н. Толстой) Lord, how you do reek of liquor!

Эк цену какую завернули! (-Гоголь) Good Lord, what a price you've offered! (i.e. , what a wretched price) Эк вы когда хватились насчёт науки. (-Горбунов) Well, look how late you finally remembered about the studying you were going to do.

606

2. Эк + noun Нет? Эк мерзавец, ведь мне ничего об этом. (-Гоголь) Not really? Why, that scoundrel! He never said a thing about it to me. 3. Эк + whole clause Эк ты храпишь. За два комнаты слышно. (-Гончаров) Boy! You really do snore. I can hear you two rooms away.

Эк тынапугал меня, -рассердился Родион Потапыч. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) "Gosh , how you scared me," said Rodion Potapych angrily. Он все ел. "Эк жрет: и не взглянет!" -думала она. (-Гончаров) He ate all the time. "Just see him shovel it in! And he never looks up!" she thought. Эк вам чужое-то счастье поперек горла становится. (-А.Н. Островский) By George, anybody else's good luck really sticks in your craw. Цыц, проклятые! Эк на вас погибели нет. (-Тургенев) Stop that barking, you blasted mutts! What an everlasting nuisance you are!

Эк его разобрало! (-Гоголь) Boy, something's really gotten into him! Привалов заметил, с какой энергией работала нижняя челюсть Половодова и невольно ПОДУМАЛ: -Эк его взяло. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) Privalov noticed how energetically Polovadov's lower jaw worked, and involuntarily thought, "He's really gone wild over it . " (i.e. , the dinner) 4. Эк + genitive/accusative of 3rd person pronoun + impersonal verb. (Less common) The word order is fixed: always interjection-pronoun-verb. In spite of the construction, the meaning is the same as in the other types above: the pronoun refers to the doer of the action represented by the verb. The last two examples in # 3 are not the same thing: in them the pronoun ero is the object ofthe verb, not the doer. Эк его заливается! Знать, покойница свихнула с ума в тот час, как тебя рожала. (-Гоголь) Just listen to the line of guff he dishes out! Your dear departed mother must have gone out of her mind when she gave birth to you. Эк его благует, словно леший... (-Писемский) He really acts up like a wood-goblin. 5. In Replies Containing Repetitions. See ЭВОСЯ # 2, p 604.

ЭК ВЕДЬ Strengthened form of эк, эка. Эк ведь комиссия! Ну, уж комиссия же с вами! (-Достоевский) Good Lord, what a lot of trouble! My, what a lot of trouble I'm having with you!

ЭКОСЯ Expresses surprise, perplexity, puzzlement , doubt, or disagreement. ' Wait a minute!'

What's this!" "

-Те грабители, а ревизионная коммиссия что глядела? Небось, ведь ты подписывал отчёты? -Экось, легко ли дело! -усмехнулся Авдеев. -Подписывал! Носили ко мне в лавку отчёты, ну и подписывал. Нешто я понимаю? (-Чехов) "Those people are robbers, but why was the auditing commission looking? You did sign the accounts, I suppose?" "Well , now , just a minute there, it's no small matter ," Avdeyev grinned. "Sure I signed them! They brought the accounts to me in the shop , so I signed them . You don't think I understand it , do you?"

607

.... Неудобство большое. Науменко глянул на меня недоумевая: -Экося! Почему неудобство? -Ну как же! Взял разгон, поставил несколько опок - и плита уже остыла. (-В. П. Беляев) • "... It's very unhandy. " Naumenko looked at me in bewilderment: "What's this! Why is it unhandy?" "Well , of course it is! By the time you've gotten started and done a few castings, your slab has already gone cold."

ЭН

( popular speech)

= звон = вон, вот. See ЭВОН. -А ты бы ее постращал ... -Поди постращай ... Эн она какая лошадь. (-Шишков) -You might give her a scare ... -Justtry it and see what happens ... See what this horse is like.

ЭНА

( regional) = эн = эвон = вон,вот.

1.

Эна с войной-то что устроили! (-Подъячев) See what they set up during the course ofthe war!

2. = эва # 4 & 5 , p 603 . a . interjection expressing surprise, displeasure , doubt, mistrust, etc. Ергушов посмотрел по тому направлению, куда указывал Лука, и, рассмотрев тело, вдруг переменил тон. -Эна! Я тебе говорю, другие будут, верно тебе говорю ... Это передовой плыл. (-Л. Н. Толстой) Ergushov looked in the direction where Luke was pointing, and, having spotted the body, suddenly changed his tone. " Oh , gosh! I'm telling you, there'll be more, I'm telling you sure ... That one was their scout swimming across. " b. interjection expressing disagreement with what has just been said.

-Возьми со собой зонтик. -Эна! Дождя не будет. -Take an umbrella with you. -Nonsense! It's not going to rain.

ЭНТОТ, ЭНТО

эстот, эсТО Regional and popular speech variants ofǝror and ǝro . Declined the same as зTOT throughout.

эстоль Эстолько Augmented forms of столь and столько. 1. 'See how much' 2.

' as much as that', 'that much'

608

ÓTAK

1.

2. 3. 4.

An augmented form of так. Sometimes pronounced эдак and even written аѕ эдак. = Tak: 'thus', 'in this way', 'so' , 'like that' Tax: 'approximately', ' about', ' somewhere around', '... or so' Cf TAK # 10, p337. Tak: for example', 'for instance'. Cf TAK # 11 , p337. Contrasted with Tak, usually with rak first and зrak second, though not always: ...,так

ЭТАП:

этак ...

... that way, ... this way' 'irst this way and then that' f

вот так, ... (a) вот этак:

'that way, ... this way' 'that way, ... (but instead) this way'

так, а не этак

'this way, not that way' 'like this, not like that'

(и) так и этак :

'this way and that' first one way and then the other' '

так или этак:

'one way or another' 'somehow' 'it doesn't matter how'

НА ДАННОМ ЭТАПЕ (popular speech)

'now'

'at the present time'

Literally, ' at the stage under discussion .' Originally a favorite phrase in official reports. Later taken over in popular speech as an "in" phrase. ЭТО :

С ЭТИМ See ǝTO, p 615.

это ǝro has a considerable number of uses, starting with ǝro clearly being used as a demonstrative pronoun and slowly shading off into specialized uses where it is still at least vaguely demonstrative but functions less and less like a pronoun and more and more like an adverbial particle. (A particle (a) can be removed without disturbing the construction of its sentence, (b) is invariable in form and cannot be declined, (c) does not agree with or refer to any other word in the sentence, and (d) applies to the sentence or clause as a whole.) 1.

TO: "this is" and "these are" in Russian . Remember that the singular form ǝro is used to introduce a predicate noun construction even when the predicate noun is plural: Это хорошие девушки, лучшие наши огородницы. (-Паустовский) They're good girls, the best vegetable gardners we have. (--ти xорошие девушки wоuld mean "these good girls" instead of "these are good girls. ")

2. "This " versus "that" in Russian and English In spoken Russian ǝro is used far more often than ro, and often occurs where spoken English tends to do the opposite and use 'that' more often than 'this' . Thus, because of these differing preferences in the spoken forms of the two languages, the result is that even though the primary dictionary meaning of ǝro is 'this', in many cases 'that' or 'it' is a better translation in English. Я не знал этого. I didn't know that.

Как вам это нравится? How do you like that?/How do you like it?

609

3. In conjectured identifications . As in English, aro is used in questions where the speaker is asking his interlocutor to confirm the speaker's guess at who or what was just referred to. -Нет, не в Лавриках; а есть у меня верстах в двадцать пяти отсюда деревушка; так я туда еду. -Это деревушка, что вам от Глафиры Петровны досталась? (-Тургенев) -No , not at Lavriki; I've got a little village about 25 versts away; I'm going there. -Is that the village that you inherited from Glafira Petrovna? -Зобунова -- лекариха знаменитая. Докторам - далеко до нее! А потом ты бы с блаженным Прокопием поговорил. -Это -- которого мальчики Пропотеем зовут? Жулик он, говорят. (-Горький) -Zobunova is a famous healer. The doctors are nowhere near as good. And then you ought to have a talk with the blessed Prokopy, too. -Is that the fellow the kids call Propotey? I hear he's a crook. -Замуж выхожу за Медведенка. -Это за учителя? (-Чехов) -I'm going to marry Medvedenko. -Is that the schoolmaster?/That's the schoolmaster, right?/ You mean the schoolmaster, don't you? 4. Resumptive Possible in English but more typical of Russian is an anaphoric pronoun construction where the demonstrative pronoun is used as a grammatical link by means of which, after an initial idea has been expressed, the train of thought is resumed and a further statement is introduced. Но что страннее всего и что не могло не поразить многих - это было странная судьба всех тех, которые получали от него деньги. Все они оканчивали жизнь несчастным образом. (-Гоголь) But what was strangest of all, and what could not fail to strike many people, was the strange fate ofall those who borrowed money from him. All ofthem ended their lives in an unfortunate way. (Russian: "But what was strangest of all, and what could not fail to strike many people, this was the strange fate ... ") Быть молодым и не уметь -- это сносно; но состариться и не быть в силах - это тяжело. (-Тургенев) To be young and not know how to do things is endurable, but to get old and not have the strength to is sad. (Russian: "To be young and ... , that is ... , but to get old and ... , that is ...") По понятию бурсацкого фанатика, католик, особенно же лютеранин, -- это такие подлецы, для которых от сотворения мира топят в аду печи и куют железные крючья. (-Помяловский) According tothe notions of a seminary fanatic, a Catholic, or especially a Lutheran, were the sort ofvillains for whom furnaces have been heated in hell and iron hooks have been forged since the creation ofthe world. " (Russian: '... , these were the sort of villains ... ") Труд, это когда человек создаёт что-нибудь затратой своей силы. (-Горький) Labor is [what takes place ] when a man creates something by the expenditure of his strength. (Russian: "Labor, this is ... ") Что у нас ладу нет в семье, это я сам чувствую. (-Найдёнов) That we do not have harmony in the family I myself am aware. (Russian: That we this I am myselfaware of. ") А потом ему представилось, что ... Только он будет относиться к нему еще лучше и не станет кричать и ругаться, как это сейчас делает Светлов потому что он понимает, что с каждым может случиться несчастье. (-Забелин) And then he thought about how ... Except that he would treat Svetlov better and would not go yelling and cursing the way Svetlov was doing now, because he would understand that anyone can have an accident.

(Russian: " ... yelling and cursing the way Svetlov was doing it now ...")

610

5. Anticipatory Something like a reverse ofthe resumptive use of ǝro (# 4), with the clauses in the opposite order, is another two-clause 3To-construction where the aro is used to refer to a whole situation or idea whose full statement in the following clause the sro anticipates. И что в этом смешно, что человек ходит в старой шинели, старой шляпе?

(-А. Н. Островский) And what's funny about a man's wearing and old overcoat and an old hat? (Russian: "And what's funny about it that a man ...?" А это не странность, что у нас имение-то все молотка продадут? (-Писемский) -But isn't it a strange thing that our property is being sold at auction? Я не в курсе дела этого, почему ушли. I don't know what the story is on why they left. (Russian: "I don't know what the story is about it why they left. ")

6. Identifying the cause There is a fixed construction consisting of an ǝro followed by a group of words forming a clause that is complete in itself. The clause always contains a verb, and nearly always an explicitly stated subject. The word order in the clause is free and is determined only by considerations of meaning and style: subjects, objects, and other adjuncts can come either before or after the verb. Expressions of this type are statements giving the causes of circumstances that have been observed. The pattern is unvarying: statement of observed phenomenon, followed by ǝro, followed by the grammatically complete explanatory clause. The aro retains its demonstrative force, pointing back to the observed phenomenon just stated. Слышались мужские голоса: это здешние работники на реке поили лошадей. (-Чехов) Men's voices were heard; it was the local workmen watering the horses at the river. Пока она вспоминала эти подробности, послышалась вдруг музыка, ворвавшаяся в окно вместе с шумом голосов. Это поезд остановился на полустанке. (-Чехов) While she was remembering these details, suddenly music made itself heard, which burst in through the window, together with a noise of voices. This was because the train had stopped at a small station.

В окнах мезонина ... блеснул яркий свет, потом покойный зелёный -- это лампу накрыли ! абажуром. (-Чехов) In the windows of the mezzanine ... shone a bright light, and then a soft green one -- the reason was that someone had covered the lamp with a shade. Едва громадный офицер успел поблагодарить ее, как публика вдруг расступилась и мужчины вытянулись как-то странно, опустив руки ... Это шёл к ней его сиятельство, во фраке с двумя звёздами. (-Чехов) The huge officer had barely had time to thank her [for the dance], when suddenly the crowd parted and the men stood stiffly and in an odd manner, holding their hands at their sides ... It was because his Excellency was walking toward her, in a dress coat with two stars on it. На улице было пусто. Когда они дошли до перекрёстка, в рупоре уличного громкоговорителя так громко щёлкнуло, что женщина вздрогнула. Но тут же она догадалась, что это начинается утренняя радиопередача. (-Катаев) The street was deserted. When they came to the street-crossing, there was such a loud pop from the horn ofthe outdoor loudspeaker that the woman jumped. But she immediately realized that it was the morning radiobroadcast starting up. За оградой был слышен мерный плеск воды, будто падавший на стекло. Это шумел ручей, кое-где уже покрытый коркой льда. (-Паустовский) Beyond the fence was heard the rhythmical splash of water, as if it were falling onto glass. This was the sound made by the stream, already covered with a crust of ice in places. Вы видите: первый луч упал на каменную ограду, нагрел ее, и от нее подымается пар. Это, должно быть, высыхает мох, наполненный растаявшим снегом. (-Паустовский) Look, the first ray has fallen on the stone wall and warmed it, and from it vapor is rising. It must be that the moss is drying out that was filled with melted snow.

611

7. Identifying the doer. The construction is similar to the one just described above in # 6: an ǝтo followed by a whole clause. Here, however, the subject must always be expressed . The subject is typically a person in these clauses, rather than a thing. Expressions of this type are statements identifying the doer of an action that has been observed, or, frequently, an action whose results have been observed. The construction begins with the это, directly followed by the subject. This combination can usually be translated 'It was he who ...', ' They were the ones that ...', etc.

Это он решил задачу. He's the one that solved the problem. Это ты оставил радио включенным? Was it you who left the radio on? Вдруг жалующимся голосом она сказала: - Я не могу так скоро идти! Как будто это я ее заставляю. (-Вересаев) Suddenly she said in a plaintive voice: "I can't walk that fast! " --As if I were the one who was making her do it. И в самом деле, не вернётся Ветрин - и все будут показывать пальцем на Светлова: это он, дескать, из-за Сони его погубил. (-Забелин) And it was true: just let Vetrin fail to make it back, and everyone would be pointing their fingers at Svetlov and saying he was the guy who brought about his death, because ofSonya. Less commonly, the doer may be grammatically an object instead ofthe subject: -Самойлов, это вас я застал с папироской в аудитории? -ехидно спросил Лев Никанорыч. (-Гранин) "Samoilov, were you the one I caught with a cigarette in the lecture hall?" Lev Nikanorych asked spitefully. Note that this interpretation cannot be made automatically from this sentence-pattern. The first example in # 8 and all four in # 9 have this same grammatical pattern, but have other meanings. See also ЭТО ... ТАК, p 616 .

8. Identifying and explaining a thing. Again the construction has the same arrangement as in # 6 and 7: an ǝro followed by a clause complete in itself. Это вы нашли редкий цветок. -сказал он мне. -Называется " приточная трава". (-Паустовский) "That's a rare flower that you've found, " he said to me "It's called the bellflower. " Это со степи уж ухватку переняли косой косить, -там ведь и хлеб так косят. (-Гарин) That's a trick in cutting with a scythe that they picked up from the steppe country. That's the way they cut the grain there, you see.

See also ЭТО ... ТАК, p 616 . 9. In conjectured explanations. The construction is like those of # 6, 7, and 8. The зro stands at the beginning and is directly followed by the subject of the clause. Expressions of this kind differ in sense from those in # 6 in that those in # 6 state causes with certainty. These in this group, # 9, offer possible explanations in situations where the speaker often has just admitted his uncertainty. The conjectured explanation is sometimes only facetious or derisive . Это ты -- чертям молишься? (-Горький) What're you doing, praying to devils? Здравствуй, тётка! Это ты чертей отгоняла? (-Горький) Hello there, lady! What was that you were doing, driving out devils?

612

Это ты шутишь, дорогой человек, это ты потому, что не веришь мне. (-Горький) All this that you're saving is just joking, my dear man. You're saying these things because you don't believe me. А это этот приятель ваш, что в Лондоне живет ... перестал присылать вам херес? Что-то нынешний год не видать у вас. (-Гончаров) But what about that friend of yours that lives in London -- has he stopped sending you sherry? It seems to me it wasn't around at your house this year.

10. After interrogatives. ǝro occurs frequently after interrogative pronouns and adverbs in questions. The verb always comes after the interrogative and the ǝro, and is usually the last word in the question. There is usually an explicitly stated subject, and this subject is ordinarily a pronoun (--although subjectless impersonal constructions and noun subjects are of course possible). If the particle me appears, it comes immediately after the interrogative. The only element in the formula that shows any variation in placement is the subject: it can stand (a) between the ǝro and the verb, (b) between the interrogative and the 3To, or (c) before the interrogative:

a.

interrogative

это subject verb

b.

interrogative subiect

ǝTo

verb

это

verb

c.

subiect interrogative

ǝro in questions conveys that the questioner is at a loss to make any guess at the explanation of what he has observed, but definitely wants to have his question answered . The ǝro seems to retain some of its demonstrative force and to be used to point to the situation in its entirety, somewhat like the small addition of meaning made in English by changing "What's going on here?" to "What's all this going on here?", or changing "Why does he do that?" to "Why is it that he does that?" The "this" or "it" expressed by зro is the situation that the questioner has observed and not been able to understand. By an easy extension, the incomprehension expressed by this emphatic ǝro is sometimes used rhetorically when the questioner actually does understand but is impatient or annoyed. Thus the combination что ǝто, for example, might in some cases be compared with English expressions such as ' What is it that ...?'

' What on earth ...?'

' What ever ...?"

Now, what ...?" '

' What can it be that ...?"

Now, just what ...?" '

' What the deuce ...?' a.

interrogative

это -- subject -- verb

Что это она все смеется? - думал я. (-Тургенев) "Whythe deuce is she always laughing?" I thought. О чём это он все думает? (-Гончаров) What ever is he always thinking about? Где это вы были? -начал он дружелюбным тоном. (-Писемский) "Where on earth have you been?" he began in an amicable tone. b.

interrogative -- subject -- это -- verb Зачем я это приглашал его? (-Достоевский) What did I ever invite him for? Что ты это лежишь по сю пору, как колода? (-Гончаров) Now, why are you lying there like a log this late? С кем вы это стояли? - спросила она его, когда г-н Ситников подвел вас ко мне? (-Тургенев) "Who was it that you were standing there with when Mr. Sitnikov brought you over to me?" she asked him.

613

c.

subject ·· interrogative

это -- verb

Ты о чём это плачешь, Сима? (-Мамин-Сибиряк) What is it that you're crying about, Sima? Ты что же это ничего не трескаешь? (-Горький) Now, how come you're not piling in the grub?

Вы куда это спозаранок собрались, братушка? (-Шолохов) Where can it be that you're on your way to at this early hour, brother?

d. Without subject "Куда это собрались?" -подумал Ростов. (-Л.Н. Толстой) "Where can they be headed for?" Rostov thought. Отчего это не учиться танцевать! (-А.Н. Островский) Why is it they don't learn dancing!

e. Without verb Катя сердито крикнула: Вы куда это? Воротитесь! (-Гладков) Katya shouted angrily, "Now just where are you going? Come back!" Извольте, что же это вы? (-А.Н. Островский) I beg your pardon ! What's this you're doing!

Вы о чём это? What is it you're talking about?

f. With noun subject И откуда это столько народу набралось? (-Чехов) And where-all did so many people come together from? Что это мой Иван Кузьмич сегодня так заучился! -сказал комендантша. (-Пушкин) "Why is it that my Ivan Kuzmich has kept on drilling the men so late today! " said the commandant's wife.

11. Calling attention to the general situation. A highly idiomatic use of ǝro occurs in statements. Here the ǝro is least like a pronoun and most like a particle: it has no grammatical connection with any particular word in its sentence, it can be removed from its sentence without disrupting the construction, and it has the effect ofan adverb that applies to the sentence as a whole . This use is characteristic of colloquial Russian. This ǝro is encountered most often in statements narrating events in the past. Less commonly, it also appears in present-tense sentences stating generalizations drawn from experience accumulated in the past. In the examples that were found, the verbs were typically in the imperfective present or perfective past, and occasionally in the perfective present. The imperfective past occurred only infrequently, although there appears to be no immediately evident common-sense reason why it should not be used more often. The зro often comes after a verb, but this is by no means obligatory. The impression given by the ǝrтo seems to be that of using its originally demonstrative force to call attention to the situation as a whole, with the object of soliciting the hearer's (a) attention to the discourse, (b) comprehension of the situation, and (c) sympathy with the speaker's point of view. (The same sort ofthing is a common mannerism in present-day colloquial English in expressions such as "I was getting on the bus, okay? And this guy, he said ..." or "I was getting on the bus -- right? -- and this guy, he said ...". The older equivalent was " I was getting on the bus, see, and this guy, he said ...".) This sense of bidding for understanding is further shown in the Russian examples by the frequent insertion of parenthetical words addressed to the hearer: братец, братцы, батюшка, сударь ты мой, знаешь , etc. Among past narrations a noticeable subtype occurs, where the speaker tells how he was engaged in some ordinary, unobjectionable, and innocuous process when a sudden and unexpected event intervened. The characteristic pattern is a two-clause sentence where the first clause states the

614

innocuous process, using the imperfective present or perfective past with a following ǝro, and the second clause tells the unexpected event, sometimes in the perfective past or perfective present, or often in the Root Aorist -- i.e. the past verb form consisting of a verbal root with no inflectional ending (--the so-called verbal interjection, in Russian terminology).

'you see'

'don't you know'

'get it'

'you know'

'see'

y' know what I mean' '

'you understand'

' right?'

'gotthe picture?'

'as you can imagine'

'okay?'

just imagine'

a. Past narration: Еду этто " к вашим воротам, а сам думаю: неужто не пустит меня ночевать? (-Короленко) I drove up to your gate, you see, and myself I thought, "Surely he'll let me stay for the night." Выхожу это я, сударь ты мой, за ворота поворачиваю на Разъезжую и думаю: возьму извозчика. (-Лесков) I went out, you understand, sir, and once beyond the gate I turned into the Esplanade and thought "I'll take a cab." Призвал он этто , братцы, Чёртову Зуду к себе и говорит: " Вы, говорит, Карла Фернандыч, напрасно новые порядки заводите. " (-Станюкович) He called Devil's Pest to him, y'know what I mean, boys, and says, "You, " he says, "Karla Fernandych, are making a mistake in bringing in new practices. " Сломали они это, знаешь, замок, забрались и давай чертить. (-Чехов) As you can imagine, they broke the lock, don't you know, and climbed in and started in on a binge. Вокруг меня это торговки всякие с пирогами, с грушей горячей. (-Н . Успенский) Around me, just imagine, were all sorts of marketwomen with pies and hot pear preserves. В первый раз, как был я еще неопытен, они меня лихо надули. Пришел я к ним этта с обыском ... (-Салтыков-Щедрин) The first time, when I was still inexperienced, they duped me wickedly. I came to them with an investigation, see, and ... В клубе этта* у нас разговор был. (-Горбунов) We were having a discussion in the club, don't you know. *Colloquial variants of это. al. Narration ofinnocuous process followed by sudden event: Иду это по улице, как шарахнется мимо рысак ... Чуть-чуть не задавил. (-Мамин- Сибиряк) I was walking along the street, understand, when a trotter rushed past ... It almost ran over me. Сидим это, братец ты мой, мы в кабаке - и вдруг трах! следователь. (-Мамин-Сибиряк) We were sitting there - get the picture? -- in the tavern, mate, - and all of a sudden bing! here's an investigator. Спешу это, спешу, чтоб до пришпекта ** скорее, а из-за угла извозчик

(-Лесков)

So I'm hurrying, see, I'm hurrying so as to get to the avvnoo as quick as I can, and a cab comes around the corner ... **Popular speech for проспект, 'avenue'. А в овраге спугнули мы сову, -рассказывал мальчик. -Вот потеха-то была! Полетела это она, да с разлету о дерево --трах! Даже запищала, жалобно таково. (-Горький) "And we scared an owl in the ravine, " the boy recounted. "That was really fun! It started to fly, you know, and went so fast it ran smack into a tree. It sure did give out a squeak. Sounded like that hurt , it did. "

615

Подведут лошадей к задним воротам, красавица это выйдет, а такой вот Петя, который втрескался, в охапку ее и удирать. (-Макаренко) They bring the horses to the back gate, the beauty comes out, you see, but that Petya, who had fallen in love, grabs her in his arms and starts to make off. b. Generalized observation: И смешной же это человек, братцы, бродяга: ну, ничего не помнит, хоть ты кол ему на голове теши, всё забыл, ничего не знает. (-Достоевский) You see, a tramp's a really funny sort of guy, fellas. For instance, he doesn't remember anything: no matter how you beat on him, he's forgotten everything, he doesn't know a thing. Ну, и франт он был тоже хоть куда. Это в праздник оденется, шляпу наденет, пальто. ..хоть куды помещик. (-Решетников) Boy, was he ever a sharp dresser, too. On a holiday, you know, he'd get dressed up, he'd put on a hat, and an overcoat -- a perfect landowner! Сейчас она мне это пирогов напекёт***, за водочкой сбегает. (-Куприн) Right away, you see , she'll bake me a bunch of pies, and she'll run out to fetch a bit of vodka. *** Dialectal for напечёт . Northeastern and eastern central. Это повалился в театр, то есть, каждый день, сударь ты мой. You see, he's taken to going to the theater, and that means every day, I'm telling you. Хорошо это ездить везде и много видеть! -говорила она Николаю по вечерам. (-Горький) "It's nice, travelling around like this and seeing a lot!" she would say to Nikolai in the evenings.

ЭТО И ЕСТЬ .... This is what ... means' 'That is what ... is like' Это и есть революция. That's what revolution means.

That is the way ... is'

Это и есть колхозная жизнь. This is what collective farm life is like.

УЖ

это

КАК ЕСТЬ

ЭТО ТАК

КАК ЕСТЬ

ЭТО

КАК ЕСТЬ

BOT

КАК ЕСТЬ

See ECTb # За, p 118. ЭТО НЕТ

No, it isn't' ' 'No, that's not right' -Да, записал. Всё, да? -Это нет, есть еще абзац. Давайте дальше. -Okay, I've got it down. That's all , huh? -No, it isn't. There's another paragraph . Keep on going. ЭТО : С ЭТИМ

1. 2.

'with that', 'at this point', 'at that point' (-as in English) = с этими словами, ' after saying that'

Вce согласны? Хорошо. Ну, с этим я закрываю собрание. Is everyone agreed? Fine . Well, with that I'm closing the meeting.

И с этим ушел. And with that he left./And at this point he left./And after saying that he left.

616 ЭТО САМОЕ

See under самый: это самое , pp 312-314, and also under этот самый, р 620.

ЭТО : ВОТ ЭТО САМОЕ

(Also under САМЫЙ, р 314.)

'you-know-what' Used to avoid referring to a thing directly.

ЭТО СЕЙЧАС 'It wasjust now that ...' 'It'sjust now that ...' Не понял, а это сейчас получили такую команду! I didn't understand it, but it was just now that they received an order to do that. Это сейчас приехал, а уже много недостатков нашел. It's just now that I got here, and I've already found a lot of things that aren't the way they should be . ЭТО ... ТАК That was how ...' That was the way that ...' Он издавал странные звуки, этот лежащий. Сначала шел длинный скрип, потом сразу лопался пузырь. Это он так дышал. (-Вера Инбер) Strange noises came from him, this [wounded] man who was lying there. First there would be a long creaky sound, and then all of a sudden a bubble would break. That was the way he breathed. A less common construction with это. On the basis of the grammatical pattern alone, это он так дышал could just as well be construed to mean ' He was the one that was breathing that way' (See ЭТО # 7, p 611 ) . It is only the context of this story that shows that this sentence is an application of TO # 8, p611 .

ЭТО ТО , ЧТО …

It's that ...' '

The thing of it is that ...'

The reason is that ...'

На следующей неделе вас принять к сожалению нельзя. Это то , что он уезжает в Париж. Next week he can't see you, unfortunately. It's that he's leaving for Paris. этот In addition to pointing out someone or something and to referring to someone or something, as in English, three other uses of Tor may be noted: 1.

As an equivalent of the 3rd person pronouns (он, она, они) referring back to whatever individual was most recently mentioned. Он перевел взгляд на блондинку в черном платье. Эта была моложе, попроще и искреннее, имела прелестные виски и очень красиво пила из рюмки. (-Чехов) He transferred his glance to a blonde in a black dress. She was younger, less pretentious and more straightforward, had lovely side-curls, and drank from a wine-glass very prettily. Чаще других покупали книги студенты, иногда приходили старики, эти долго рылись в книгах и жестоко спорили о цене. (-Горький) It was students who bought the books more often than other people; sometimes old men came there, and these rummaged through the books and argued fiercely about the price. Снова и снова говорили рабочие делегаты с фабричными инспекторами, эти уверяли, что сделают всё и не делали ничего. (-Фурманов) Again and again the workman delegates talked with the story inspectors , and the latter kept assuring them that they would do everything and not doing anything. Будто вымерло все кругом. Только чайки проносятся над рекою, --их уже мало, скоро и эти улетят на юг. (-Арамилев) Apparently everything has become desolate all around. Only the gulls fly past over the river, -there are no longer many ofthem either, and soon they too will fly away to the south.

617

2. Used to express disapproval and contempt . 'that lousy ...'; 'that crummy . Она с неудовольствием посматривала, как "Ванюша и Левушка" испортились в этой Франции. (-Герцен) She saw with displeasure how "Vanyusha and Levushka" were going to the dogs in that awful France. И писать не о чём в письмах, жизнь истощилась, ничто не интересно в этой Ялте. (-Чехов: letter) And there's nothing to write about in letters: life has gone flat; there's nothing interesting in this Yalta place.

900 Ну, да и женился он по любви, а из этих из любовных свадеб ничего путного никогда не выходит, -прибавила старушка, ... (-Тургенев) "... But of course he married for love, and those dratted love- matches never turn out well ," the old lady added, ... Если б это от меня зависело, я бы в этих в ваших журналах только и позволил печатать, что таксы на мясо или на хлеб, да объявления о продаже шуб да сапогов. (-Тургенев) Ifit was up to me, all I'd let them print in that precious press ofyours would be official price rates on meat and grain, and advertisements offur coats and boots for sale.

.... И у меня голова болит. Должно быть, от эфтаго от пенья да от музыки. (-Тургенев) .....And I've got a headache. It must be that it's from all that everlasting singing and music. 3.

этот + a person's name a. Said when the speaker momentarily cannot think of the name: . '... this man ... uh ... N' ... what's-his- name again? ... oh yeah, N' Я вчера разговаривал с мастером там у ... этого ... Рыбакова. Yesterday I was talking with the foreman there at ... uh ... what's-his-name's ... Rybakov's. Соедините меня пожалуйста с Ивановым или с этим Кузнецовым. Please connect me with Ivanov or ... uh ... what d've call 'im ... Kuznetsov. b. Said of a person the speaker has heard of or met briefly, but does not know at all well:

'this guy N'

' that fellow N'

Крючкова на совещании завтра не будет. Там будет этот Плотников. Kryuchkov won't be at the conference tomorrow. That guy Plotnikov will be there. Теперь значит такое дело: там у вас этот Горняков просил сегодня меня, чтоб доставка была ускорена. Now, here's what's up: That fellow Gornyakov there at your place was asking me today to have the delivery speeded up.

УЖ ЭТОТ (MHE) + nominative noun See under УЖ # B2k, p 458. Этот: по ЭТОЙ = по этой части, 'on this subject', 'about that' Есть у меня справочник по этой, но у меня нет опыта никакого. I do have a manual on that subject, but I don't have any experience with it myself.

ЭТОТ САМЫЙ In general, этот самый is simply an augmented form of этот, common in colloquial usage, sometimes meant to be more emphatic , but now often faded to the point of being merely colloquial for этот.

618

1.

Pointing out an individual: Перед вечером 17 декабря на станции Синельниково казаки вытащили адъютанта из вагона. -Этот самый предавал казаков ? -весело спросил вооруженный маузером и японскої винтовкой щербатый матрос-черноморец. (-Шолохов) Before evening on the 17th of December at the Sinelkovo station the cossacks dragged the adjutant out ofthe railroad car. "This here is the one that betrayed the cossacks?" a pockmarked Black Sea Fleet sailor armed with a Mauser and a Japanese rifle inquired brightly.

2. Emphasizing identity with something previously known: Ты не узнал меня, Густав Адамыч, сказал молодой посетитель тронутым голосом. Ты не помнишь мальчика, которого учил ты шведскому артиклу, с которым ты стрелял из детской пушки, чуть не наделал пожара в этой самой комнатке. ( Пушкин) "You didn't recognize me, Gustav Adamych," said the young visitor in an emotional voice. "You don't remember the little boy you used to teach the Swedish manual of arms, and with whom you used to fire atoy cannon and nearly started a fire in this very room. 3. As pronoun referring to somethingjust mentioned, = это. Я, ваше превосходительство, когда мы с крестом ходим, всегда у вельможных особ расписуюсь ... Люблю это самое. (-Чехов) When we wear our crosses, Your Excellency, I always sign the visitors' sheets at the houses of great personages ... I like doing that. 4. Indicating an emotion underlying the statement made: А зададут австрияки трёпку этим самым сербам, -сказал Дмитрий Степанович. (-А.Н. Толстой) "The Austrians will give those Serbs a licking," said Dmitri Stepanovich. 5. Said of a person the speaker knows only slightly. Cf ǝTOT # 3b, p 617.

Позвонил сюда этот самый ваш заведующий. "That fellow, that manager ofyours, phoned here.

ЭТТО , ЭТТА 1.

= это (regional & popular speech)

2. (regional)

in the last few days' 'a while ago'

'recently' 'a few days ago'

the other day' '

Трепко нам жаль мальчугана: такой клоп, а отбил Этто у волка барана! (-Некрасов) We feel very sorry about the little boy: Akid like that, and Afew days ago he took a sheep away from a wolf!

Этто домой ходил. Иду назад, а сам думаю: Recently I was going home. I went back , and I thought to myself, [Барин] все чегой-то пишет да пишет, да гостей водит к себе с большей дороги ... Этта двух слепых приволок к себе, двух побирушек-пьяниц. (-Шишков) [The master] writes and writes something all the time, and he brings home guests off of the highway ... The other day he dragged in two blind people , two beggar drunks.

Этта в сенокос, нашли женщину убитую, и брюхо-то вострым колом всё разворочено. (-Писемский) A while ago at haymaking time they found a woman murdered, and her belly was all dug up with a sharp stake.

619

-Ежель таперича вам мастера хорошего надобно, чтоб в настоящем виде мог представить, ваше превосходительство ... -Плотник это-с, что этта говорили, - разрешил, наконец, Семён. (-Писемский) "Ifyou need a good master craftsman now, so he could make it look the way it really should be, Your Excellency ... " "That's the carpenter, sir, that they were talking about, " Semyon finally decided. ЭФТОТ, ЭФТО

ЭХТОТ, ЭХТО Regional and popular speech variants of ǝror and ǝro. Declined the same as зTоr throughout.

эх 'oh'

regretful or sorrowful: anxious, troubled: displeased, annoyed: reproachful: delighted, full ofadmiration:

'Oh dear' 'Oh my' 'Really', 'Honestly', 'Look' 'Really', 'Really, now,' 'Now really' 'Ooh', ' Wow', 'Gosh', 'My'

Эх, ты

ЭХ, ВЫ Used in expressions of (a) reproach, or (b) disapproval and derision. Often unsatisfactorily rendered as "Oh , you!" in printed translations of literature, which is colorless, weak, unidiomatic English, and uninformative . Эх, ты! ... -с досадой и укоризной воскликнула старуха. (-Куприн) "Drat you anyway!" the old woman burst out in irritation and reproach. Эх вы, разведчики! ... Знаете только то, что у вас под носом, но тут и без вас картина ясная. (-Галин) "You guys! Some scouts you are! All you know is what's right under your noses, but the situation is plain without you. [Лаврецкому) так и чудилось, что прадед Андрей презрительно глядит с полотна на хилого своего потомка. " Эх ты! Мелко плаваешь!" -казалось, говорили его набок скрученные губы. (-Тургенев) It really seemed [to Lavretsky] that his great-grandfather Andrey was looking down contemptuously from the canvas at his feeble descendant. "Bah! A fine one you are! You're a washout!" it seemed his sneering lips were saying.

) XBÁ (popular speech) ›XMÁ

= эх, 'oh' Exclamation indicating practically any sudden thought or strong feeling. Nearly always first in its sentence, though not necessarily. .Что, батюшка, слепы-то, что ли? -сказал ключник*. -Эхва! А вить ** хозяин-то я! (-Гоголь) "What's this, my dear sir, are you blind?" said the [supposed * ] steward . "Why, for heaven's sake! I'M the master! " *In the story, Chichikov has mistaken the landowner for a steward. **вить = ведь Эхва, у меня из памяти-то вышла могилка дяди Андрея! -воскликнул он. (-Григорович) "Oh dear, the dear grave of Uncle Andrey went right out of my mind!" he exclaimed.

620

Эхва! -сказал он весело, -вишь как они ... справляют Аграфену Купальницу-то! (-А.К. Толстой) "By George!" he said merrily, "See how they're fixing up Agrafena Kupalnitsa!" Эхма! Терентий Хрисанфович, умный ты человек, а вот губит тебя водочка! (-Горький) This is terrible, Terenty Khrisanfovich! You're an intelligent man, and here drink is ruining you! Выпью рюмочку винца! Эхма, жизнь малиновая, где наша не пропадала. (-Чехов) I'm going to drink a glass of wine! I say, it's a wonderful life , so here goes! Эва! Глянь-ка! Над озером-то ... аль чапля стоит? ... Эх-ма! Сук это --не чапля. Вот маху-то дал! А всё месяц обманывает. (-Тургенев) Oh, look there, will you! Over the lake there, isn't that a heron standing? Oh , darn! That's a treebranch, not a heron. I was really all off that time. The moon's always fooling you .

621

TE ТЕБЕ

я

ЕМУ

(In Replies Containing Repetitions) BAM Им

+ repeated verb in perfective 1st person singular

ЕЙ ЕГО Used in vehement rejections, prohibitions, and threats. The word taken from the preceding remark and repeated is always a verb, in this construction. The verb may have occurred in any form in the preceding remark: changing it to perfective 1st person singular is an integral part ofthe repetition-construction.

-Шутили только. •Я им пошучу. -They werejust kidding around. -I'll teach them to kid around. -Нам бы уехать отсюда, -говорю. Он мне кулак показал: -Я те уеду. (-Горький) -"We ought to get away from here," I said. He shook his fist at me: -"I'll give you 'get away'. " -Обдумать надо, -сказал Павлик, как купец, решивший поторговаться. Рагозин пригрозил в полушутку: -Я тебе обдумаю! (-Федин) - "Have to think it over, " said Pavlik, like a merchant who has decided to bargain. Ragozin threatened himin a halfjoking manner: -" I'll show you think it over'. "

-Ой, помираю! -стонут бурлаки. -Я те помру! Пошел, робь*! (-Решетников) -"Ohhh, I'm dying!" moan the barge haulers. -"I'll 'die' you! Go on, get to work!" * робить (regional) = работать. -Вот возьму да и поеду по сырой почве ... - Я тебе поеду по сырой! (-Троепольский) -Well, I'll just go ahead and drive on the damp ground ... -I'll teach you to drive on the damp ground! With Accusative pronoun after Я, instead of Dative . LESS COMMON. -Ночью эдак раз десять принимался орать, ваше благородие, -сказал он. - Я его поору, мерзавца! (-Эртель) -"At night he started yelling like that about ten times, your honor," he said. -"I'll yell him, the scoundrel!" Another construction, similar in idea and meaning but with far more variables in its components, has already been mentioned under ДАТЬ, p 105. Here: (1 ) The nominative pronoun at the beginning can be Мы, Он, Она, оr Они as well as Я. (2) The dative pronoun is followed by any of several verbs as part of the formula : дать, задать, показать, прописать. ( 3) The word repeated from the preceding remark need not be a verb: nouns, adverbs, etc. are used in the same way. (4) The words repeated fromthe preceding remark do not change in form in the repetition. (5) The warning, threat, or prohibition expressed by the construction need not be a reply containing a repetition at all. те дать я Мы infinitive тебе вам задать Они Он noun ИМ Показать ему Она adverb { прописать , } ей

622

и тут же обратился с криком к солдатам: - Я вам дам по дворам бегать! -крикнул он. (-Л.Н. Толстой) and turning at once to the soldiers, he [an officer] shouted "I'll teach you to go running through the yards!" -Сидят смирно, промежду себя разговаривают. -Вот я им дам "разговаривают "! (-Салтыков-Щедрин) -They're sitting quietly and having a conversation. -By George, I'll give them " having a conversation"! -Hy, уж вы, скептик! -Даст он вам скептик! (-Писемский) -Oh come now, surely you're playing the sceptic! -He'll show you about being a sceptic! -Тетенька, я полегоньку, -сказал мальчик. Я те дам полегоньку. Пострелёнок! (-Л.Н. Толстой) -Auntie, I was just touching it [the clavichord] lightly," said the boy. -I'll let you have somethingjust lightly. You little imp!

ЯК (Ukranian and regional Russian)

1.

how, as

2.

when, if

3.

since, seeing that, because Cf Ukranian як , Polish jak .

ЯКО

(old-fashioned) = КАК 1.

( + noun, in comparisons)

2.

( + noun, in explanatory phrases)

'like a ...'

. ... as a .. in his capacity as a ...' • .... , being a ..... ... view "...,in ofhis being a ..." · .... seeing that he was a ...'

3. ( + complete clause)

'because'

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1989-623-364110227

3 0000 116 521 745

6/18/2008

TEI 136049 3 202 00

IN IF GROUP

C