Roman Bronze Figurines from the Civitates of the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes 9780860540458, 9781407322933

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Roman Bronze Figurines from the Civitates of the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes

Lynn F. Pitts

BAR British Series 60 1 979

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road,

Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B .A .R. 60, 1979, ''Roman Bronze Figurines from the civitates of the Catuvellauni and T rinoyantes" © Lynn F. Pitts, 1979

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540458 paperback ISBN 9781407322933 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540458 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age I .

I n troduct ion The S ta te o f Ear l ier S tud ies

1

The A im o f Research . Range o f Ma ter ia l I

3

Bronzeware

3

F igur ines: ma ter ia ls

5

F igur ines:

6

l oca t ions

U ses o f F igur ines I . S ty le a nd Work mansh ip I

I V .

1 4

Pre-conquest I nd igeneous Bronzeware

1 5

Pre-conquest Impor ts a nd t he ir i n f luence

1 6

S ty list ic Deve lop men t i n t he Ro man Per iod

1 8

Ev idence f or Bronze Work ing i n R o man Br ita in

2 0

S outh-Cen tra l Br i t ish Bronzes:

ad eta i led d iscuss ion

Venus

2 7

Hercu les

2 8

Mars a nd Mercury

3 0

Horse men a nd H eads :

C e lt ic Be l iefs

O ther C lass ica l D e it ies

3 1 3 2

Or ien ta l De it ies

3 3

Co m ic Actor

3 3

Hu man F igures f ro m L ondon

3 5

F lute-G ir l :

3 6

S i lchester

An i ma ls a nd B irds V . Da t ing V I .

2 6

3 6 3 9

S u m mary a nd Conc lusion

4 2

Append ix A :

Ca ta logue o f Bronzes

Append ix B :

P ieces n ot L oca ted

1 14

Append ix C :

P ieces o f D ubious Authen t ic ity

1 17

4 9

B ib l iography

1 20

Map S how ing a rea o f s tudy a nd ma jor f indspo ts

1 27

L ist o f P la tes w ith Ca ta logue Nu mbers

1 28

P la tes 1 to 3 2

1 31

AC KNO WLEDGE1 V IENTS

Is hou ld l i ke t o t hank a l l who h ave b een o f a ss istance , e spec ial l y Professor S . S . Frere, Professor B . C un l if fe a nd Dr . M . Hen ig f or t he ir c onstruct ive c r it icis m a nd h e lpfu l c o mmen ts o n t he t ex t . Thanks a re d ue t o t he f o low ing museu ms f or i n forma t ion a nd f or p erm isl s ion t o s tudy t he ir c ol t ions a nd r eproduce p la tes o f c er ta in f igur ines: l ec T he Br it ish Museu m ; Banbury Museu m ; Bed ford Museu m ; Moy s e ' s H al l Museu m , Bury S t . Ed munds ; Un ivers ity Museu m o f Archaeo logy a nd E thnol ogy , Ca mbr idge ; Co lchester a nd E ssex Museu m , Co lchester ; G u i ld ford Museu m ;

Her tford Museu m ;

K et t er ing ; G al l ery ;

The Museu m , I psw ich ; West f ie ld Museu m ,

The J ewry Wa l l Museu m, L e icester ;

Museu m o f L ondon :

L etchwor th Museu m a nd Ar t

Museu m a nd Ar t G al l ery , L u ton ;

C en tra l

Museu m a nd Ar t G al , N or tha mp ton ; A sh mo lean Museu m , Ox ford ; C i ty l ery Museu m a nd Ar t G al , Peterborough ; Museu m a nd Ar t G al , R ead ing.; l ery l ery V eru la m iu m Museu m , S t . A lbans ; a nd t he C he l msford Excava t ion C omm it t ee .

L IST OF ABBREVIATIONS

An t . J .

An t iquar ies J ourna l

Arch . C an t .

Archaeo log ia Can t iana

Arch . J . B .M .

Archaeo log ica l J ourna l Br i t ish Museu m

G u ide An t . R .B .

G u ide t o An t iqu i t ies o f Ro man Br ita in

J . Arch . S c ience J .B .A .A.

J ourna l o f Archaeo log ica l S c ience J ourna l o f t he Br i t ish Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion

J . C hester Arch . S oc

J ourna l o f Chester a nd North Wa les Arch i tectura l,

J .R .S .

Archaeo log ica l a nd H istor ic S oc iety J ourna l o f Ro man S tud ies

M .A .A .R . O xon . Proc . C a mb . An t . S oc .

Me mo irs o f Amer ican Acade my a t Ro me O xon iens ia Proceed ings o f t he C ambr idge An t iquar ian S oc iety

P .S . A .S .

Proceed ings o f t he S oc ie ty o f t he An t iquar ies o f S co t land

R .C .H .M . L ondon R .I .B .

R oya l C omm iss ion f or H istor ica l Monu men ts, L ondon . The Ro man I nscr ip t ions o f Br i ta in b y R . G . C o i ling-

Trans . E ssex Arch . S oc .

wood a nd R . P . Wr igh t , Ox ford, 1 965 . Transact ions o f t he E ssex Archaeo log ica l S oc iety

V .C .H .

V ictor ia C oun ty H istory

CHAPTER I I NTRQDUCTION

T he S ta te o f Ear l ier S tud ies. Ca ta logues o fb ronzes f ro m t he R o man p er iod e x ist o n t he c on t inen t b u t n o s uch work h as y e tb een p ub l ished o n t he Br it ish ma ter ia l, n or h as a ny s tudy b een made i n d ep th i n to t he s ty le a nd manufacture o f t he R o mano-Br it ish b ronze f i gur ines .

Var ious works d o, o f c ourse , men tion t hese f igur ines b ut o n ly

b r ief ly i n s pec if ic c on tex ts . J oce lyn T oynbee d iscusses s e lect b ronzes i n h er "Ar t i n Br ita in u nder t he Ro mans" ,b ut s he h erse lf s ays t ha t s ince t he a i m was a c o mprehens ive s tudy o f Br it ish a r t a nd i t s d eve lop men t , n o t a l a va ilab le ma ter ia l c ou ld b e l c ons idered . F ew p ieces r ece ive more t han a pass ing men t ion a nd many a re r e lega ted t o af ootnote . T here i s a lso a tendency t o d escr ibe a l b ut t he l c rudest p ieces a s i mpor ts .

Her "A r t i n Roman Br ita in" i nc ludes o n ly t he

b ronzes s e lected f or t he 1 960 e xh ib i t ion . M iranda G reen ' s "Re l ig ions o f Ro man Br ita in" c on ta ins a gazet f t er o o b jects o f r e l ig ious s ign if icance f ro m t he c iv i l ian a reas wh ich i nc ludes a l arge n u mber o fb ronze f i gur ines.

H owever , i n most c ases, o n ly t he t ype i s g iven

w ith n o f ur ther d e ta i ls ; a nu mber o f p hotographs a re i nc luded b ut many a re u nsu itab le f or t he p resen ta t ion o f s ty l ist ic d e ta i ls. T he f igur ines a re c ons idered mere ly f or t he ir r e l ig ious s ign i f icance . J oan A lcock ' s "C lass ica l c u lts i n R o man Br i ta in ( M .A. t hes is: L ondon 1 977 : n ot p ub lished ) , s tud ies t he b ronzes i n s l igh t ly more d ep th b ut a ga in t he emphasis i s o n r e l ig ion . The c ata logue p rov ides l i t le d eta i l ; t he ma jor i ty o f f igur ines a re mere ly a ss igned t t o at ype ; s ty le i s n ot c ons idered . Amongst t he monographs F oster ' s "Bro n ze Boar F igur ines" i nc ludes a n e xcel t c a ta logue a nd p ho tographs, b u t o n ly a smal ect ion o f R o manol en l s Br it ish b ronzes i s c overed .

T he ma in emphas is i s o n t he c on t inued i mpor tance

o f t he b oar f ro m t he I ron Age t hrough t o Ang lo-Saxon t imes. T he A im o f Research . The a im o f t h is s tudy was a c lose e xa m ina t ion o f a l l t he a va i lab le b ronze f i gur ines f ro m t he c hosen a rea o f " South C en tra l Br ita in " . The a rea i s b ounded b y t he R iver T ha mes t o t he s outh , a nd i n a dd i t ion t o L ondon , i nc ludes modern Buck ingha msh ire , Cambr idgesh ire, E ssex a nd Her t fordsh ire , t he s outher ly p ar ts o f N or tha mp tonsh ire a nd S uf fo lk a nd e astern O xfordsh ire ; i tr epresen ts a pprox i ma te ly t he t err i tory h e ld b y t he C a tuvel l aun i a t t he h e igh t o f t he ir p ower b efore t he i nvasion o f C laud ius.

The f i ne c ol l ect ions f ro m S i lchester

a nd Woodea ton h ave a lso b een i nc luded , s ince i t was f e lt t ha t a l though t hey a re , s tr ict ly s peak ing , o uts ide t he Ca tuvel l aun ian t err itory , s uch a l arge n u mber o f i mpor tan t b ronzes f rom t he b order a reas c ou ld n ot b e i gnored . 1

A map o f

t he a rea i nd ica t ing t he ma in f i nd s po ts i s i nc luded . T he s e lec t ion t hus c hosen i nc luded b ronzes f ro m a wide v ar ie ty o f s i tes, l t l t he p rov inc ia l c ap i ta l , a co lon ia , l arge a nd smal owns, v i las a nd r ura l s i tes , f t hus o fer ing t he p oss ib i l i ty o f c on trasts b etween t he m . T he s tudy i nc luded r esearch i n to t he v ar ious t ypes o f f i gures k nown , t he ir u ses, s ty le , workmans h ip a nd p lace o f manufacture , a nd a lso i n to a ny e v idence t he f i gur ines p rov ided o n t he d egree o f R oman iza t ion a nd c on t inu ing C e l t ic i n f luence i n t he d if feren t tle men ly a s et ts . F inal ca ta logue , w i th d e ta i led d escr ip t ion a nd c o m men t , h as l b een c omp i led o f a l t he k nown b ronze f igur ines f ro m t he a rea ( Append ix A ) . l O n ly p ar t o f R o man Br ita in h as b een i nc luded i n t he s tudy b u t a l r e levan t p er iod ica ls a nd r e la ted p ub l ica t ions h ave b een s canned f or r eferences t o f i gl l u r ines, a nd a l t he a rchaeo log ica l museu ms i nt he a rea c on tacted . A l t he l ec r e levan t c ol t ions were v isi ted a nd t he b ronzes e xa m ined . S ome f i gur ines, u n for tuna te ly , c ou ld n o tb e l oca ted a nd a few a re i np r iva te h ands ; t hese , t herefore , a l though i nc luded i n t he c a ta logue , h ave n o t b een s tud ied b y t he a u thor .

2

CHAPTER I RANGE OF MATERIAL

Bronzeware O b jects made f ro m b ronze were i n c o m mon u se t hroughou t t he R o man w or ld :

i tr e ma ined t he n orma l ma ter ia l f or c er ta in a r tefacts d esp ite t he

d eve loped i ron-work ing t echno logy .

I ron was more of ten emp loyed f or

u t i l ity g oods wh i lst b ronze was u sed f or more d ecora t ive imp le men ts a nd t f i t ings ;

i t was e as ier t o work t han i ron f or s uch p urposes .

G o ld a nd s i lver

t w ere u sed f or t ab leware a nd d ecora t ive f i t ings b ut o n ly b y t he v ery wea lthy ; b ronze was t he p oor man ' s subst itute .

Pew ter , i n u se f ro m t he i st c en tury

A .D . b eca me w idespread i n 4 th c entury Br ita in , b e ing p roduced a t B ath a nd o ther West Coun tr y c en tres .

However , i to n ly r ep laced b ronze i n t he manu-

f acture o f h ouseho ld p la tes, d ishes a nd s i mi lar o b jects ; b ecause o f i t s s of tn ess i t was e asy t o c ast b u t c ou ld n o t b e c o ld-worked a nd was, t herefore , u nsu itab le f or d ecora t ive d e ta i ls. The a ppearance o fb ronze a t t he t ime o f manufacture a nd i n it ia l u se must b e t aken i n to a ccoun t .

ly O b jects i fn o t b ad ly c orroded a nd d a maged a re n ormal

l c a dul o lour , v ary ing f ro m l ight g reen t hrough o l ive t o b lack , when f ound , u n less d iscovered i n a naerob ic c ond t ions, f or e xa mp le i n t he Wa lbrook .

Th is

t p a t ina c an b e a tract ive a nd i s u sefu l f or v er ify ing t he a uthe t ic ity o f s tray f i nds a nd s uggest ing a p rovenance f or u n-recorded o b jects.

The b ronze , h ow-

ly b e ver , was o r ig inal r igh t a nd s h in ing , o f ten g o ldl ike i n c o lour ;

af act

ly f t en when i wh ich i s u sual orgot t s d ecora t ive q ua l i ty i s d isparaged .

O ccas-

l y a museu m o i onal b ject wh ich h as b een c leaned g ives u s a n i dea o f i t s o r ig ina l a ppearance, a lthough , u n for tuna te ly , t oo s evere c lean ing c an a lso d a mage t he f er s ur face , e ven i fi ti s n o t a lready s uf ing f ro m c orrosion . The d if feren t c lasses o fb ronze a r tefacts wh ich o ne may e xpec t t o h ave b een i n u se i n Br i ta in c an b e d educed f ro m t hose k nown f ro m t hroughout t he R o man Emp ire .

l, i l S im i lar o b jects w il n a l p robab i l ity , h ave b een u sed h ere

l b a s e lsewhere a nd w il e f ound i n s im i lar p laces w ith s im i lar a ssoc ia t ions. F igured b ronzeware i s f ound o n a wide r ange o f g oods a nd b e fore d iscuss ing f i gur ines, t he p ar t icu lar s ub ject o f t h is s tudy , a br ief c onsidera t ion o f s uch o b jects may b e h e lpfu l . One o f t he ma in u ses o f b ronze was f or d o mest ic u tensi ls, f or e xa mp le le l a mps, d ishes, j ugs a nd s k il ts ; s pou ts a nd s uppor ts.

f igured o rna men t i s emp loyed o n h and les,

There i s a n e xa mp le o f ah u man f i gure emp loyed a s a

l a mp h and le , s a id t o b e f ro m L ondon , ( Toynbee 1 964 ;

3 35-6) wh ich r epresen ts

a n o ld S a tyr , w ith a n i ma l e ars, s haggy h a ir , l ong , p o in ted , s ty l ized b eard , "Ce lt ic" moustache a nd l arge e yes ;

t he f igure i s b en t d oub le f ro m t he wa ist

a nd t he a rms e x tended o ver t he l ost ' d iscus ' . Th is o b ject i s r ough ly c ast a nd

3

may p erhaps b e al oca l p roduct b ut i t s s im ilar i ty t o E truscan work must b e b orne i n mind a nd i t may p oss ib ly n o t b e a n a u then t ic f ind f ro m Ro man B r ita in . T he

d iscus '

o f t he l a mp was s o me t i mes f ash ioned a s ah u man mask ; t he

o pen mou th f orm ing t he h o le , f or e xa mp le

aS i lenus f ro m Winchester .

ly i E spec ial n terest ing i s a b ronze l a mp ( Proceed ings

S oc ie ty Ant iquar ies o f

L ondon 1 899-1901:354) , where t he who le i s f ash ioned a s aS i lenus s ea ted o n aw inesk in ; l a mp .

t he n eck o f t h is wh ich h e h o lds i n h is l ap f ormed t he l i p o f t he

le ly h S k il t h and les n or mal ad a n a n i ma l o r h u man h ead a s t he ir t erm i-

n a l, f or e xa mp le, a r am ' s head a t Veru la m iu m ( Toynbee 1 964 :318 ) .

Bronze

j ugs, t oo, were o rna men ted w i th f igures, e i ther mask e scutcheons a t t he ly f h and le b ase a nd/or r im , o r o ccas ional i gured o rna men t o n t he who le l eng th o f t he h and le ( Toynbee 1 964 :322) .

The h igh ly s ty l ized h orse f ro m S i lchester

( no . 1 75) i s b est i n terpre ted a s ah and le ;

l a v ar ious smal n i ma l f igures f ro m

t he s a me s i te a nd e lsewhere o rna men ted k eys. l' s h e xa mp le o f a b ul ead s pou t ( no . 2 49) . o n f i gured s uppor ts, f or e xa mp le

Veru la m iu m p rov ides a fi ne

Bow ls a nd c ande labra of ten r ested

t he swan f ound i n L o mbard S tree t , L ondon

( Hen ig 1 970 :182 ) , a nd t he p an ther ' s head wh ich f or med p ar t o f t he b ase o f a b ronze c and lest ick f ro m Branston L inco lnsh ire ( Moore 1 975 :210) . F igur ines wh ich , a lthough n ow d etached , a ppear t o h ave b e longed t o t he a bove c lass a re n ot i nc luded i n t he s tudy , n or a re mirror h and les n or h a irp ins w ith f igured h eads .

ly T iny f i gur ines o r b usts u sed i n j ewe lry a re n ormal

e xc luded b ut Ih ave i nc luded s o me , f or e xa mp le , t he b ust o f S erap is o n a r ing f ro m S tone Buck ingha msh ire ( no . 2 25) , where t he ir t ype i s o f e spec ia l i n terest . t Another ma jor u se o f b ronze was i n f urn i ture a nd i t s v ar ious f i t ings . t Very l i t le e v idence f or t h is e x ists i n Br ita in i t se lf , a nd i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t er p c er ta in t ypes f eatured l ess h ere t han i n I t a ly where e xa mp le a re b et res erved .

Amongst e xa mp les o f f ine b ronze i n lays a nd f u lcra a re t he c ouch

f ro m Boscorea le a nd t he Am i ternu m c ouch i n t he C onserva tor i Museu m ; t t he l egs o f t he l a ter a re c ased i n b ronze a nd t he h igh ly o rnamen ta l f u lcra d ep ic t mu les ' h eads, c f . J uvena l S a t ires X I .9 7 ,a nd Maenad b usts wh i lst p laques d ep ict v in tage s cenes .

A s y et me ta l f u lcra h ave n ot b een p os it ive ly

i den t if ied i n Br ita in b u t t o mbstones s how c ouches w ith d o lph in e nd r ests . K i mmer idge s ha le ( f . t ab le l egs f ro m Dorchester ) a nd wood a re p robab le ma ter ia ls, b ut b ronze t oo may h ave b een u sed .

Ab ronze h orse ' sh ead f ro m

l h Wroxe ter o n ac y l indr ica l moun t may wel ave b een a f urn iture o rna men t , l er t a lthough i ti s much smal han t he I t a l ian f u lcra . ( Bushe-fox 1 914 :p l . XX ) . S im i lar ly , t he b ronze l i ons f ro m Cape l S t . Mary ( no . 1 71) p oss ib ly o rnament ed a p iece o f f urn iture .

Ab ust o f M inerva f ro m H igh Wyco mbe ( no . 2 16)

t p robab ly s erved a s t he t er m ina l o n al i ter s ha f t o r b ed f ra me. I ron f o ld ing s too ls w ith b ronze t r i m mings a re k nown i n Br ita in , f or e xa mp le , f ro m a Ro man b arrow a t H o lborough n ear Ma idstone ( Jessup 1 954 : 2 2) , a nd Bar t low E ssex o f e ar ly 2 nd c en tury A .D . ( Gage 1 836:300) .

S too l a nd

t r ipod l egs o f ten t er m ina ted i n b ronze f ee t , e i ther a n i ma l o r h u man , f or e xa mp le , Avennes, Be lg iu m ( L iege 1 909:12 ) , a nd t he s too l f ro m N i j megen w ith l ed f b ronze s andal ee t ( L ivers idge 1 955 :34 ;

C ur le 1 911:286-7 ) .

The b ronze

f oot f ro m t he p re-conquest L exden T u mu lus n ear C o lchester ( no . 2 54) may t hus b e long n o t t o as tatue b u t t o as too l ; t he l oss o f t he r est o f t he o b jec t

4

w ou ld t hus b e more u nderstandab le .

Caerwen t p rov ides a fi ne e xa mp le o f a

b ronze c law f oo t o n ah exagona l b ase , t he n a i ls a nd h a ir b e tween t he t oes b e ing c lear ly d ep icted , ( L ivers idge 1 955 :35) . Smal l b usts o r f i gures were a lso p osi t ioned a t t he t op o f f urn iture l egs ; ab ronze t r ipod f ro m T igava , A lger ia h as Tr i tons a nd N ere ids i n t h is p os it ion . T he wel l -known Cen taur a nd R ider f ro m S idmouth b each ( Tay lor M . V . 1 944 : 2 ) , a l though , i n f act , p robab ly n ot Ro mano-Br i t ish , o bv iously c a me f ro m t he 2 t op o f a tr ipod ;

i th as a hookl ike b racke t f or s uppor t ing a tray o rb ow l .

As im i lar a tach men t i n t he f orm o f a bust o f Bacchus, o r p oss ibly a B acchan te, t h as r ecen t ly b een d iscovered i n L ondon ( Hen ig 1 976 :248 p l . 4 3 ) .

The f ace i s

w el l model l ed w ith s i lverin la id e yes, b ut t he b ack i s r ough ly f i n ished ;

a n

i ron p in i n t he b ase s ecured i tt o t he t r ipod a nd t he r e ma ins o f a tenon f or s uppor t ing a c ra ter i s v is ib le a t t he b ack ,

( 21 . Maenad

b ust f ro m B irrens -

R ober tson 1 975:120) . L ivers idge h as s uggested t ha t t he b ronze h orse a nd r ider moun ted o n ah ol l ow d o me f ro m P e terborough ( no . 1 41) , may h ave f i t ted o n t he t op o f ac ha ir o r s too l l eg ;

a pa in t ing i n t he House o f t he Ve ti i, P o mpei i

s hows a bird-f igure i n t h is p os it ion . I ti s , h owever , p oss ib le t ha t t he h orse a nd r ider s erved a s av esse l l i d ; many o rna te e xa mp les o f s uch e x ist . A te i f e ma le s tatuet n I psw ich Museu m ( no . 1 06) i s moun ted o n ac ircu lar s tand a nd t h is t oo may h ave b een a f urn iture moun t . C ande labra a re r are i n Br ita in , a l though e xa mp les a bound i n I t a lian Museu ms; f ragmen ts o f o n ly t wo a re k nown f ro m L ondon . T he smal l r ectang u lar b ronze s tand f ro m L exden w ith b al l f ee t a nd d ecora t ive s crol l -work s hows t races o f i ron r ive ts a nd may p erhaps h ave b een u sed a s al a mp b ase ; I ti s c erta in ly t oo smal l f or a f oo tstoo l .

A s tatue b ase i s a nother p ossibi li ty

( Laver 1 926:248 ) . The f i ne f igure o f C up id f ro m C irencester p ossib ly s erved a s al a mpstand ( no . 5 6) ; i ti s Ro man b u t i mpor ted , p ossib ly e ven i n t he 1 7 th c en tury . ly F inal , men t ion must b e made o f s tee lyard we igh ts, a lso made f ro m b ronze . These we ights u sual ly t ake t he f orm o f h eads o rb usts o f v ar ious k inds, f or e xa mp le , I s is, L ondon ( no . 2 24) a nd S a tyr , Weston , Her ts ( no . 2 13) , b u t s ea ted f igur ,m a re a lso k nown negro b oy a t L e icester ( Toynbee 1 964 :p l . 3 2e) .

No t a l l b ronze b usts a re n ecessar i ly s tee lyard we igh ts ;

t hey may b e

i n tended t o s tand a lone , b e moun ted o n s cep tres, o r b e b roken o f f s ta tues . I den t if icat ion a s a we igh t i sn o t a lways c er ta in ; t he l oop f or s uspens ion , c lear ly v isib le i n b ronze w ire o n t he Bacchus h ead f ro m S i lchester ( no . 2 09 p l . 2 9e) , i fo f ten m iss ing . A S a tyr ' f ro m K et t er ing ( no . 2 14) i s s upposed b y s o me t o b e a we igh t s ince a n i ron l u mp o n t he b ack o f t he h ead i s a ssu med t o b e t he r e ma ins o f al oop a nd y e t t he h ead i s t i lted b ackwards f ro m t he n eck a nd t hus g azes u pwards . T h is, c o mbined w ith t he r ough ly b roken e dges o f t he n eck , s uggests t ha t t he h ead was p ar t o f as tatuet te . i s , i n f act , af i ne e xa mp le o f as tee lyard we igh t .

T he Bacchus h ead

I ts hows c lear ly t he h ol l ow

b ronze c ase w ith i t s b lack ish s andy c ore wh ich g ives t he we igh t ( 1-165 k g ) . I ta lso s hows t he h igh s tandard o f o rna men t n orma l o n t hese we igh ts. F igur ines:

ma ter ia ls

The manufacture o f f i gur ines was n o t c onf ined t o b ronze ;

a l though t h is

me ta l was e x tens ive ly u sed , a s a wa lk t hrough Nap les Museu m o r a glance a t

5

t he v ar ious c on t inen ta l c a ta logues s hows o n ly t oo c lear ly . G o ld a nd s i lver ly s f igur ines a re k nown f ro m t he Ro man wor ld a nd , a l though n atural carce i n Br i ta in , t here i s a n e xa mp le d redged f ro m t he T ha mes i n L ondon , a si lver Harpocra tes w ith g o ld c ha ins wrapped a round t he b ody ( no . 1 27) ; i ti s a lmost c er ta in ly a n i mpor t a s i t s f i ne work mansh ip a nd a ssoc ia t ion w ith t he e astern mystery c u l ts s uggest . t ery f t ery i Much more c o mmon a re p ot igur ines s ince p ot s , i n g enera l, more d urab le ( not d is in tegra t ing w ith c orrosion o rb e ing me lted d own f or i t s me ta l c on ten t ) ; l arge n u mbers o f t hese f igur ines a re k nown t hroughou t t he R o man wor ld ; t hey were a lso c heaper t o p roduce t han b ronze .

Many w ere

f d epos i ted a s v o t ive o fer ings i n t he t e mp les, b o th f i gures o f g ods a nd a n i ma ls a nd o thers d irec t ly a ssoc ia ted w ith t he p rayer , f or e xamp le, c h ildren a nd p regnan t wo men .

ta a T here i s a lso a l arge s er ies o f t erracot ctors, b o th

t rag ic a nd c om ic ( e .g . Ber l in Museu m) ; t hese may h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w ith t hea tre c u lts o r were p erhaps mere ly f or t he ir owners amuse men t .

S ome o f

t he more g rotesque f igures h ave b een i n terpre ted a s c h i ldren ' st oys, f or e xa mp le , t he g roup o f d iners a nd a n i ma ls d iscovered i n ac h i ld ' s g rave a t C o lchester ( p l . 2 b) . H owever , t hese s hou ld b e c o mpared w ith t he g roup o f i wh l d s laves i nb ronze f ro m P o mpei ich were a pparen t ly u sed t o h o ld smal ishes a t t ab le .

The R o mans h ad a taste f or t he g ro tesque a s t he ir f arces s uggest ,

a nd s uch c ar ica tures may h ave d eve loped f ro m c haracters i n I t a lian p opu lar f) c o medy ( B ieber 1 961:129f . Most c o m mon i n Br i ta in a re t he wh i te p ipec lay f i gur ines, amongst wh ich ly Venus ', Mo ther G oddesses a nd c ocks, a ssocia ted w ith Mercury , a re e spec ial f requen t .

l These a re G au lish i mpor ts f ro m t he A l ier d istr ict o f l st-2nd c en-

t ury A .D . a nd a re f ound i n most p ar ts o f c iv i lian Br ita in . De mand must h ave b een v ery h igh . ( Jenk ins 1 958 :60 ; 1 962 :142 ; P h .D . t hesis a t K en t n o t y et p ub l ished) . f igur ines . F igur ines:

T he i n terest o f t he p resen t s tudy , h owever , l i es w i th b ronze

L oca t ions

Bronze f i gur ines h ave b een d iscovered i n t own h ouses, p ub lic b u i ld ings, v il l as, t e mp les a nd g raves . T he p lace o f t he ir d iscovery w il l h ave s ome b ear ing o n who m t hey b e longed t o a nd t hus t he q uest ion o f i mpor ta t ion ;

whether , f or

i nstance , t he owner was l i ke ly t o b e a n imm igran t o r Ro man ized Br i ton r ather f l t han a na t ive l ess a fected b y t he Ro man way o f l i fe . Unfor tuna te ly , a l t oo l o f ten t he e xact l oca t ion i s n ot r ecorded , a m isfor tune s hared b y o ther smal f i nds ;

f or e xa mp le , s o me a re mere ly l i sted a s c om ing f ro m S i lchester ;

i n

o ther c ases t he p rovenance i s e ven more v ague . S tray f inds i n f ie lds of ten g ive n o i nd ica t ion o f t he t ype o f s i te t o wh ich t hey b e long a nd t he i ncreasing u se o f me ta l d e tectors makes e xact r eg istrat ion more p rob le ma t ic . O ne wou ld e xpect t o f i nd a very l arge n u mber o f b ronze f igur ines i n S outhC en tra l Br i ta in , i n f act , more t han a re e x tan t o r r ecorded ( so me f igures h ave b een l ost s ince d iscovery) . The a rea i n q uest ion was o ne o f r e la t ive wea l th a nd s ecur ity w ith s evera l l arge c en tres o f p opu la t ion a nd s hared i n t he c iv i liz a t ion o f t he R o man Emp ire f ro m a n e ar ly d a te .

I t was s u i tab ly p laced f or

t rad ing w i th t he c on t inen t , b oth G au l a nd t he Med iterranean , a nd i nc ludes t wo importan t p or ts, L ondon a nd C o lchester . 6

l S am ian ware a nd t he A lier p ipec lay

o b jects i nd ica te t hat t rade was, i n f act , f requen t .

Ye t b ronze f igur ines a re

s carce when c o mpared w i th t hose l i sted f ro m t he S e ine- Mar it i me ( Rol l and 1 959) o r Bava i ( Fa ider F ey t mans 1 957 ) d istr icts. I tc an , o f c ourse , n ever b e c la i med t ha t we p ossess a l l t he b ronzes f ro m ag iven a rea s ince many must s t il l awa it d iscovery a nd , t hus, s ta t ist ics b ased o n f i nds must a lways b e o pen t o c hange . There h as, f or i nstance, b een i n r ecen t y ears a grea t i ncrease i n t he n u mber o f s cu lptures f ound i n L ondon , l ect i nc lud ing t he c ol ion d iscovered u nder S ou thwark Ca thedra l ( August 1 977 ) . Bronze , t oo, i s a per ishab le ma ter ia l s ub ject t o c orrosion a nd s ubsequent d ecay .

I n a dd it ion , many b ronzes w il l h ave b een me lted d own i n a n t iqu ity

a nd t he meta l r e-used f or more u t il i tar ian p urposes .

T he p rov inc ia ls p re-

s u mab ly u sed t he me ta l f or weapons a nd t oo ls a s f reash s upp l ies b eca me i nc reas ing ly d if f icu lt t o o bta in . The i nco m ing b arbar ians h ad l i t t le u se f or t he f igur ines b ut many f or t he ir me ta l c onten t ; Procop ius s ays t ha t t he Vanda ls e n ter ing Car thage i n A .D . 4 55 " spared n o th ing , n o t e ven t he b ronzes" . One migh t c o mpare t he Ro mans me lt ing t he b ronzes o f E truscan Vo lsini i, t he me lt ing o f g o ld c o in i n to b ul lion a f ter i t was e xpor ted t o f ree G ermany a nd t he b urn ing o f marb le s tatues t o p roduce l ime , a p ract ice s t il l c urren t i n t he M idd le Ages . I conoc las m n o d oubt t ook p lace b ut p robab ly n o t o n t he s ca le l o nce s uggested ( Merr if ie ld 1 977 :375 f ) . T hese f ac tD rs a l i nd ica te t ha t many more b ronzes o nce e x is ted i n t he a rea t han a re k no tmt oday , b u t t hey wou ld h ave h ad a s im i lar e f fect e lsewhere i n t he emp ire . T he o ccupa t ion d a te o f as i te c an a lso a f fect t he n u mbers o f f i nds . Ge ms, f or i nstance , were more c o m mon i n Augustan t imes t han l a ter a nd t hus t here a re more i n tag l ios f ro m C astra Vetera t han f ro m I st c en tury Br it ish s i tes. T he f act t ha t G au l was i ncorpora ted i n t he emp ire a t a n e ar l ier d a te t han Br i ta in migh t p oss ib ly a ccoun t f or t he d if feren t n un ,) ers o f f i gur ines. The d iscrepancy c ou ld , h owever , e qual ly r esu l t f ro m t h p resence o f c ol l ectors i n c er ta in a reas ( e .g . Bava t ) i n t he 1 8 th a nd 1 9th c c r t ur ies. U ses o f F igur ines S o me th ing o f t he p urpose o f t he b ronzes c an b e g leaned f ro m t he a ppearance o f t he o b jects t he mse lves a nd f ro m t he ir f i nd c on tex ts. C o mpar ison w i th t he c on t inen t i nd ica tes u ses wh ich were i n a l p robab i l ity p aral led i n Br ita in . l le L arge b ronze f igures o f men a nd g ods must b e men t ioned a lthough t he ir v ery s ize s epara tes t he m f ro m t he f i gur ines. T h is s ize a lso r educed t he ir c hances o f s urv iva l, s ince t hey were more r ead i ly me lted d own .

A lthough

s o me l i fe-s ize b ronze s tatues a re e x tan t , f or e xa mp le t he e questr ian s tatue o f Marcus Aure l ius i n R ome , o n ly f rag men ts a t test t he ir p resence i n Br ita in . S ue ton ius, h owever , ( T i tus I V) s tates t ha t t he p opu lar i ty o f T i tus i n G ermany a nd Br i ta in was p roved b y t he l arge n u mbers o f s tatues t o h im . T he h ead o f C laud ius f ound i n t he R iver A ide ( no . 2 40 p l . 3 0) was h acked f ro m i t s b ody a nd was p robab ly t aken f ro m Co lchester i n A .D . 6 0 . I ti s p rob ab ly t oo smal l t o h ave s erved a s t he ma in c u l t s tatue i n t he t e mp le o f C laud ius b ut was q u ite p oss ib ly a ssoc ia ted w ith t he i mper ia l c u lt . Ah ead o f Hadr ian ( no . 2 41 p l . 3 0) , wh ich a lso a ppears t o h ave b een h acked f ro m a s tatue, was d redged f ro m t he T hames n ear L ondon Br idge did i tp erhaps o r ig ina te i n t he 7

t he a ssu med Had r ian ic f oru m? T he b ack o f t he h ead was g iven o n ly s u m mary t rea tmen t i mp ly ing t ha t t he s tatue s tood a ga inst awal l a nd was n o t i n tended t o b e s een f ro m b eh ind .

T he r est o f t he s ta tue was p erhaps me lted d own o r

p oss ib ly g iven t he h ead o f a new emperor ; af requen t R oman p ract ice . On t he b as is o f s uch a smal l e xa mp le i ti s u nreasonab le t o a ssu me t ha t t he ma jo r i ty o f l arge b ronze s tatues r epresented emperors .

L arge b ronze a rms

a nd h ands ( nos . 2 68-272) h ave a lso b een f ound i n L ondon .

These f ew f ragmen ts,

h owever , o n ly r epresen t a smal l p ercen tage o f t he s ta tues t ha t must o nce h ave s tood i n t he s tree ts a nd p ub l ic b u i ld ings o f L ondon , j ust a s i n o ther c i t ies o f t he emp ire . Fragmen ts o fb ronze d rapery a lso i nd ica te t he p resence o f l arge s ta tues i n Wroxe ter a nd R ichborough . The q ua l ity o f t he workmansh ip s ugg ests t ha t t hese l arge b ronzes, e spec ial ly t hose o f a n e ar ly d a te s uch a s t he C laud ius, were e i ther i mpor ted o r p ossib ly made o n t he s po t b y i mm igran t c raf ts men ; t he l a t ter wou ld r e move t ranspor t p rob le ms . Before t urn ing t o t he u ses o f t he f i gur ines t he mse lves, t here r e ma ins f or d iscussion a group o fb ronze b usts w i th s pec ia l r e l igous a ssoc ia t ions ; t hese f or m a dif t c a tegory t o t he r e l ig ious a nd my tho log ica l mo t i fs u sed f eren t o o rna men t t ab leware .

O ne o f t he most i n terest ing b ronze o b jects i s t he

p a ir o f t ongs o r r a ther t he r i tua l c la mp f ro m t he T hames, L ondon ( no . 2 03 ) . Two b ronze s hanks, wh ich were o r ig inal oined , t erm ina te i n l i on 's masks ly j a nd h ave b ul heads a nd b usts o f e igh t d e it ies a long t he ir l eng th ; l' s

a t t he t op

a re a pa ir o f h orse ' s heads a nd b usts o f A t t is a nd C ybe le . T he l at ter h ave r esu lted i n t he o b ject b e ing a ssociated w ith r i tua l c astra t ion . An a l ternat ive u se a s ac urb a pp l ied t o t he b ul l' s nose d ur ing t he t aurobo l iu m h as a lso b een s uggested b u t n o c on f irma tory e v idence p rov ided .

( Harr is 1 965 :112 ) .

C on-

t inen ta l p aral le ls, b u t w i thou t t he e labora te o rnamen ta t ion , d o e x ist f ro m t he v i l las a t S p iesen a nd Fr iesen , f ro m S t . G erma in e n L aye a nd f ro m Augst ( Kol ling 1 973 :353) , a nd t hese may b e c onnected w ith t he c astra t ion o f a n i ma ls a s ar e l ief f ro m A ix i nd ica tes . The L ondon p iece i s , t hus, p robab ly a r i tua l c astra t ion c la mp b ut n ot n ecessar i ly f or h u man u se ; Do m it ian , i n f act , made l t he c astra t ion o f p r iests i lega l . S o me b ronze h eads a nd b usts a re made f or f asten ing o nto t he e nds o f p o les a nd s cep tres. T he n ature o f t he h eads a nd t he a ssoc ia ted f inds o f ten s uggest r e l ig ious u sage b u t s o me may h ave b een c onnec ted w ith c iv i l o f f ice , b e ing c arr ied b y mag istra tes o n o f f ic ia l o ccas ions a s s ymbo ls o f t he ir a uthor i ty . T hese b usts n ormal ly h ave h ol l ow , o f ten c y l indr ica l, n ecks o f as ize s u itab le t o f i t a w ooden s haf t ; o ccas ional ly r ive t h o les a re v is ib le i n t he b ronze . Both h u man a nd d iv ine h eads were u sed ; i s o f ten imposs ib le ;

i n f ac t , d ist inct ion b e tween t he t wo

f or i nstance, i ti s n o t c lear whether t ha t f ro m Wil lingham

F en ( no . 2 44) r epresen ts An ton inus P ius o r aC e l t ic g od .

S im i lar d oubt

s urrounds t he "Hadr ia n " f ro m Wor ling ton ( no . 2 45) a nd t he L ucius Verus f rom Duston ( no . 2 43 ) . The i mper ia l i den t if ica t ion i sf ar f ro m c er ta in ; i tr e l ies o n a n a pprox i ma te d a te d er ived f ro m t he h a irsty le a nd t ype o f b eard a nd a s l igh t r ese mb lance t o a given emperor ' s por tra i ts ;

i n t he c ase o f An ton inus

P ius t he t r iang le o f h a ir o n t he f orehead a nd f or L ucius V erus t he r ese mblance o f t he s ty l ized c ur ls t o h is n orma l h a irsty le . A l l t hese p ieces h ave a na t ive a ppearance i n t he t echn ique o f h a ir a nd b eard , t he l arge s lan t ing e yes a nd s ty l ized d rapery . I ti s e qual ly p ossib le t ha t al oca l sm i th migh t e i ther p rod uce a n i mage o f t he i mper ia l g od , t he emperor , i n t he i nd igeneous s ty le

8

o rb e i n f luenced b y p or tra i ts o n c urren t c o ins when d ep ict ing n a t ive g ods . I n e i ther c ase, t he 2 nd c en tury f ash ion f or l onger h a ir a nd b eards l en t i t se lf t o t he s ty l ized p at ing p aral led i n C e lt ic a r t . tern le The h ead f ro m Wil en was d iscovered w i th a c ol ion o f r e l ilingha m F l ect g ious o b jects ;

smal e l t ic h eads, t wo f i gures o f h orsemen a nd t he v ot ive l er C

c lub o f Tanar is ( no . 2 38 ) , t he C e lt ic g od a ssi m i la ted t o J up i ter . The c ol ion l ect a ppears t o b e a ssoc ia ted w ith n a t ive b e l iefs wh ich migh t s uggest i den t if ica t ion w i th a C e lt ic d e i ty .

T here was a lso a s cep tre h ead i n t he f orm o f a n ow l ( no .

1 88 ) o n ah ol y l indr ica l b ase a nd t wo a n i ma l h ead t erm ina ls, ab ul nd l ow c l a ar am , wh ich may a lso h ave o rna men ta l s taf uch s cep tres f or med p ar t fs. S o f t he p r iest ly g ear t oge ther w ith d iade ms, s uch a s t ha t f ro m a r e l ig ious h oard a t Hockwo ld , Nor fo lk , a nd o ther s y mbo l ic e qu ip men t s uch a s t he c eremon ia l a xehead i n t he f orm o f ab ul i th a c lub a long i t s b ack f ro m Can terbury , l w ( Ashmo lean Museu m, J essup 1 970 :348) . Busts a lso s erved a s k n ife-hand les .

T h is s ee ms t he o n ly e xp lana t ion f or

t wo s im i lar b usts i n t he A sh mo lean ( nos . 2 17 a nd 2 18 p l . 2 3 ) . Both a re f ro m Woodea ton a nd d ep ict M inerva i n as i mp le , s ty l ized manner . Each h as a s p l it a t t he b ase o f t he t h in b ody s ect ion f or a tach ing t he b lade . t t he i ron t ang a re s t il is ib le i n o ne o f t hese s lo ts. l v

The r e ma ins o f

A M inerva b ust f ro m

S i lchester ( no . 2 19 p l . 2 8 ) h as a n e qual rude a ppearance a nd a s im i lar s lot , ly c a nd a s im i lar p iece e x ists i n t he Museum o f L ondon ( no . 2 15) . t ha t t hese k n ives s erved a r e l ig ious f unct ion .

I ti s p oss ib le

T here r e ma ins f or d iscuss ion t he p urpose o f t hose b ronze f i gures i n tended t o s tand a lone a s s tatuet . t es

T o ac er ta in e x ten t t he s ize o f t he f igures w il l

a fec t t he ir u sage o r , a t l east , r estr ic t t he ir p os it ion ing . They r ange i n s ize f f rom t iny f igures, s o me n o t 2 cen t i me tres h igh , t o t he C o lchester Mercury o f 5 2 cm , a nd t he c u irassed s ta tuet ro m Bark ing Hal uf lk o f 5 5 cm . te f l, S fo T he ma jor ity , h owever , r ange f ro m s even t o f if teen c en t i me tres ; t hey were t hus e as i ly p or tab le b u t a lso s o l id a nd c lear ly v is ib le . T he v ery smal igures l f a re b est i n terpre ted a s amu le ts, f or i nstance n o . 1 33 f ro m Woodea ton . I ti s i n terest ing t o c onsider t o wha t e x ten t t he ir u se i s r ef lected i n wha t t hey d ep ict ; t ha t i s h ow many f igures o f d ivine a nd my tho log ica l c harac ters were i n f act u sed i n p ure ly r e l ig ious c ircumstances a nd h ow many were s o le ly o rna ments wh ich h appened t o t ake s uch f or ms .

With s uch u se o f d iv ine a nd

my tho log ica l mot ifs o ne c an c o mpare n o t o n ly t he f igured b ronzeware u sed i n t he h o me b ut a lso g e ms, s i lver p la te , p ot t ery , mosa ics a nd wal l p a in t ings. H ow aware were t he owners o f t he r e l ig ious c onnota t ions a nd h ow f ar were t hey mere ly c oncerned w ith t he a r t ist ic c on ten t? The p r in ts o f r e l ig ious s ub jects t ha t many p eop le h ang o n t heir wal ls t oday , f or t he ir a r t ist ic mer it , r a ther t han t he ir s ub jec t mat t er , o f fer a n i n terest ing c o mpar ison . Many , b ut b y n o means a l l , o f t he a n thropo morph ic f igures d ep ict d iv in it i es, o r s o t he ir i conography s uggests. P ure ly h u man f i gures d o e x ist a nd t hey p ose a more i n terest ing q uest ion a s t o u sage . There a re a lso l arge n u mb ers o f f i gur ines r epresen t ing a n i ma ls a nd b irds ; many o f t hese c an b e a ssol y when C c ia ted w i th s pec if ic d e it ies , e spec ial e lt ic r e l ig ious b e l iefs a re t aken l i n to a ccoun t ; b u t must a l s uch o b jec ts b e i n terpre ted i n t erms o f r e l ig ion? M iranda G reen h as made ad e ta i led s tudy o f s uch f igur ines s tressing t he ir r e l ig ious s ign if icance , b ut i n s p i te o f t he ir r e l ig ious o ver tones, o r r a ther 9

u nder tones, i ti s n ot a lways c lear h ow much i mpor tance s hou ld b e a t tached t o t he r e l ig ious e le men tu n less t he f i nd s po t , f or i nstance a te mp le s i te o r r e l ig ious h oard , g ives a m ore p os it ive i nd ica t ion . An o bv ious u se f or t he f i gur ines i s i n t e mp les a nd s hr ines, i nc lud ing d o mest ic l arar ia . Here l arger f igures s uch a s t he G osbecks Mercury ( n o . 3 0) a nd t he B irdoswo ld Hercu les ( no . 7 8 ) may wel l h ave b een t he ma in c u l t o b ject , o r p ossib ly o ne s ubsid iary t o al arger s tone o rb ronze s ta tue . O ther f i gur i xr s w il l h ave b een d ed ica ted b y worsh ippers e i ther a s a n o f fer ing f or a p rayer ' s f u lf il l men t o r i n f u lf il l men t o f a vow . Var ious v o t ive p laques p rov ide e v idence f or t h is p ract ice ; f or e xa mp le , o n a plaque f rom S tony S tra tford Vassin ius i t p ro m ises 6 denari o J up i ter a nd Vu lcan f or h is r estored h ea lth a nd a si lver p laque w ith a r e l ie f o f Mars f ro m Barkway b ears t he i nscr ip t ion "C laud ius t ling l ed h Pr i mus, f reed man o f A t ius, t o Mars T eu ta tes w il ly f u lf il is v ow" , ( R .I .B . 2 19) .

T h is p rac t ice c on t inued i n to Chr ist ian t imes ;

at r iangu lar

la h p laque f ro m Wa ter New ton w i th Ch i-Ro monogram i s i nscr ibed "An ic il as l ed h f u lf il er v ow" ,1 a nd o ther o b jects b ear t he d ed ica tor ' sn a me . H owever , t here i s s e ldo m d e f in i te e v idence t ha t a figure was d ed ica ted t o as pec if ic g od b ut we d o h ave a fi ne i nscr ip t ion o n t he b ase o f t he F oss Dyke Mars ( n o . 1 7 P l . 7 ) ;

"T o Mars a nd t he d iv in ity o f t he emperor , Brucc ius a nd C ara t ius

o f t he f am i ly o f C o lasun i d ona ted 1 00 s ester t i l o f t he ir own money ; C e la tus t he b ronzes m ith made t he s tatuet te a nd c on tr ibu ted a pound o f b ronze w or th R .I . B. 2 74) . Th is o f fers u s v a luab le i n forma t ion o n many 3 denar i l" .2 ( a spects o f R o man Br ita in ; t he c u lt o f t he emperor , t he v a lue o fb ronze i n r e la t ion t o c o inage a nd , most i mpor tan t f or t h is s tudy , o n t he manufacture o f s uch f i gur ines ; where a nd b y who m t hey were made ( see C hap ter 3 ) . Vo t ive o fer ings may t ake t he f orm o f e i ther t he g od o f t he s hr ine o r t he f a n i ma ls a ssoc ia ted w ith t he d iv in ity , e .g . d ogs a t L ydney a nd b irds a t Woode a ton ; ( f or a d iscuss ion o f a n i ma ls i n r e lig ion G reen 1 977 :297) . O fer ings f a lso t ook t he f orm o f i nan i ma te o b jects. Smal l a l tars a re o f o bv ious r e levance ( 7 cm R o man a l tar f ro m C o lchester )b u t o thers s uch a s mode l t oo ls a nd weapons h ave l ess o bv ious r e l ig ious s ign i f icance . The ir p resence i n s hr ines a nd g raves s uggests t ha t t hey were more t han t oys. T he min ia ture t ab les w ith e name l o rna men t f ro m Wa ter New ton a nd Br igstock a re b est i n terpre ted a s r i tua l c and le-ho lders ( Butcher 1 977 :41) . Axes, o f ten marked w ith a swast ika , a n a nc ien t s o lar s ymbo l a ssoc ia ted w i th T aran is, a re most c o m mon b ut s pears, o f ten r i tual ly b roken o rb en t , a re a lso f requen t , f or e xa mp le , f ro m H a mb leden V il la a nd Woodea ton . T oo ls a re e ven more p uzz l ing ; t hey i nc lude h ammers, s hove ls a nd t he p lough a nd y oke f ro m a S ussex b arrow ( B .M .) , ( Mann ing 1 966 : 5 0f . Peop le a ppear t o h ave d ed ica ted e i ther t he t oo ls o f t he ir t rade o r o bf. ) j ects a ppropr ia te t o a given d e ity s uch a s t he a gr icu ltura l g od S abazius ; t he t wo i deas were p resu mab ly i n tere la ted .

I n t he a nc ien t wor ld i t was c ommon

t o p lace i n t he g rave a m an ' s w eapons o r t he t oo ls o f h is t rade a nd mode ls were o bv ious ly a s u i tab le way o f e cono m is ing a nd y e t s a t isfy ing t he c usto m . Many g raves a round C o logne c on ta in mode ls o f a gr icu ltura l t oo ls ( Haberey 1 949 :94f f. ) . Smal l f igures o f d e it ies were a lso p laced i n g raves, p resu mab ly t o g ive p rotect ion t o t he d ead . The f i nds o f p ipec lay Venus ' i l lustra te t h is wel l, b u tb ronze f igures o f fer f ur ther e v idence ; t here i s a Mars f ro m t he c e me tery a t S t . Mary ' s H osp ita l, C o lchester ( n o . 1 2, p l . 9 ) a nd s o me smal l b ronze h eads f ro m t he c e me tery a t G ir ton ( no . 2 28 ) . 1 0

ls o Ap ar t icu lar t ype o f r i tua l d epos it i s t ha t c o m mon ly f ound i n wel r r ivers . 1 967 :20 ) .

T he v enera t ion o f wa ter h ad a l ong h istory i n C e l t ic b e l ief ( Ross P os idon ius r efers t o t reasure f l ung i n to a l ake n ear T ou louse a nd

ls a l t ery r ivers a nd wel l o ver G au l r evea l d epos its o f p ot , c o ins e tc.

L I3 rn

f C er ig Bach , Ang lesey , o fers a f i ne e xa mp le o f c on t inuous r i tua l d epos its u p t o A .D . 6 1.

l s were a H owever , s pr ings a nd wel lso

r e vered i n t he c lass ica l

w or ld a nd d eposi ts c on t inued i n to t he R o man p er iod . F inds f ro m t he R iver V er e x tend i n to t he 4 th c en tury A .D . b ut t hese may b e i n terpre ted a s c asua l l o sses ( Frere 1 957 :14) . Wel re f requen t f oc i f or worsh ip ; a t L ydney a ls a p ot unne l r an i n to t he g round i ns ide t he t e mp le i n wh ich ab ronze d og t ery f a nd 2 1 c o ins were d iscovered . As im i lar a r t if ic ia l p i t e x ists a t t he L a T ene s i te o f Ho lzhausen , G ermany a nd s haf ts c on ta in ing v ar ied c ol ions o f o b ject l ect a re s cat ver Eng land a nd s o me , a t l east , a re l i ke ly t o h ave b een s acred t ered o ( Ross 1 968) . O ne o f t he b est k nown v ot ive wel s t ha t o f C oven t ina a t ls i C arrawburgh , wh ich c on ta ined 1 4,000 c o ins, p ins, b ronze v ot ive h eads, a b ronze d og a nd h orse , b rooches, g lass, p ot nd a h u man s kul t ery a l. The r e l ig ious c o mp lex a t S pr inghead ( 1 stla te 4 th c en tury A .D . )g rew u p a round e igh t wel nd was i n a l p robab i l ity a hea l ing s hr ine . Here we f ind ls a l t he i n terest ing p heno menon o f v o t ive l imbs, i nc lud ing a b ronze t hu mb a nd a rms ( nos. 2 65-7) . S uppl ica t ion t o t he g od f or h ea l ing was p robab ly a cco mpan ied b y av o t ive r epresen t ing t he a fected l imb o r o rgan . Terracot yes a re f ta e f ound a t Paestu m a nd s im i lar o b jects c o me f ro m t he v ic in i ty o f t he Aescu lape ion i n R o me , a nd t hese s ee m t o b e a na lagous t o v ot ive l imbs f ound i n Br ita in a nd G au l, ( Fore t d ' Ha lat nd S ource o f t he S e ine) . L i mbs h ave b een f ound a t te a L ydney a nd Or mesby ( Nor fo lk ) a ssoc ia ted w ith b ronze d ogs. Merr if ie ld ( 1977 : 3 75) h as r a ised t he i n terest ing q uest ion a s t o whe ther t hese b ronze l imbs were p urpose- made o r whe ther l imbs f ro m b roken s ta tuet e-used i n t h is tes were r w ay .

Has t h is a ny c onnect ion w i th t he l arge n u mbers o fb roken-of imbs f l

f ound i n r ivers a nd e lsewhere?

S uch r e-use wou ld b e v ery p ract ica l, ( d id

d ea lers i n b ronze s crap e x ist?) , b ut n ot a l b ronze l imbs s how ing s igns o f l a nc ien t b reaks must b e i n terpre ted a s v ot ive o fer ings f or h ea l ing . f O b jects f or d ed ica t ion c ou ld p resu mab ly b e p urchases f ro m n ear t he t e mp le s i te ;

af a ir ly c onstan t t rade i n mass-produced a r tefacts wou ld e x ist

a t most ma jor c u lt c en tres .

T he s et t a t S pr inghead i nc luded many tle men

smal hops a s wel s t e mp les. l s l a

Woodeaton , ar ust ic c en tre c o mparab le w ith

many i n Gau l, h as p roduced a l arge n u mber o f smal ronze o b jects a nd t he ir l b s im i lar ity h as l ed t o t he b e l ief i n workshops o r , a t l east , s tal n t he s i te ; ls o t he l arge n u mber o f c o in f i nds s uggest t rade t ook p lace . ( Tay lor 1 917 :98) . Aw orkshop p roducing i nscr ibed r ings ( Couxssi as b een p ostu lated a t Hen ley i) h Wood t e mp le .

( R .P . Wr igh t 1 970 :257) .

O ne s hou ld p erhaps i mag ine most

ma jor s hr ines a nd r e l ig ious c en tres i n Br i ta in b e ing s urrounded w ith s tal ls s e l ing smal ronze f i gur ines, p ot , p ipec lay f igures a nd o ther t okens b oth l l b t ery f or d ed ica t ion a nd a s " souven irs" a s a t De lph i, Ephesus a nd Ca tho l ic c en tres t oday . Amu le ts wou ld b e p urchased t o g ive t he wearer p rotect ion ; many t ook t he f or m o f p hal y mbo ls, of ten w inged a s a t T ot .hoe ( no . 2 59) a nd lic s t en V eru la m iu m ( no . 2 58) .

T he ir p ro tect ive p urpose c an b e c o mpared t o mot ifs

u sed o n s igne t r ings ( Hen ig 1 974 :31f ; t he modern S t . Chr istopher emb le m f. ) i sa na lagous .

O ther l arger f igures, u nsu i tab le f or c arry ing o n t he p erson ,

w il ave b een p laced i n t he h o me o r s hop t o p ro tect t he b u i ld ing a nd i t s o ccup ier . l h 1 1

Were t he f igur ines f ound i n h ouses o f p ure ly r e l ig ious i n ten t o r d id t hey a lso s erve a n o rna men ta l p urpose?

I n d eny ing t he l at ter b ecause o f l ack o f

l t a r t ist ic mer it o ne s hou ld r ecal he o b jects w i th wh ich " fron t r oo ms" w ere a dorned i n t he l ast c en tury .

T here i s b oth l i terary a nd a rchaeo log ica l e v idence

f or t he p resence o f s hr ines i n t he h o me , i .e . L arar ia .

Pe tron ius ( Sa tyr icon

2 9) d escr ibes t he L arar iu m o f Tr i ma lch io a s a n "a rmar iu m" c on ta in ing s i lver uch L ares, a m arb le Venus a nd a go ld "p yx is" h o ld ing h is f irst b eard .3 S ac arbon ized "a rmar iu m" i s k nown a t Hercu laneu m a nd v ar ious n iches d ecor a ted w ith p a in t ings a nd s tucco s erved t he s a me p urpose a t Po mpei i ( Boyce 1 937 ) . The p a in t ings, a s i n C asa d el l a Pare t i R ossi , o f ten r epresen ted t he h ouseho ld g ods .

A lthough t he P ena tes were n ormal ly t aken w ith o ne ( V irg i l

Aene id I ) , d ue t o t he h asty a bandon men t many s hr ines were f ound t oge ther w ith t he ir c on ten ts, f or i nstances i n t he Casa Amor in i Dora t i b ronze f i gur ines o f J up i ter , J uno , M inerva , Mercury a nd t wo d anc ing L ares . The c ustom c an b e s een t oday i n t he s hr ines o f "O ur L ady" i n C a tho lic a nd Greek h ouseho lds. Unfor tuna te ly , n o c o mp le te L arar ia h as b een d iscovered i n Br ita in t o p rove t he ir e x istence h ere . Ye t t he e x istence o f f i gur ines r epresen t ing t he G en ius Pa ter fa m i l ias a nd L ares a s a t S i lchester s uggests t he a dop t ion o ft h is c u lt b y a t l east t he Ro man ized e le ments o f s oc ie ty .

S uch f i gures h ave a lso

b een f ound i n d epos its w i th Ce l t ic a ssoc ia t ions, a s f ro m F e lm ingha m H al l a nd S outhbroo m ( now i n Dev izes museu m) s uggest ing a widespread a ccep tance . T hey were p erhaps c onnected , i n s p ite o f t he ir p ure ly c lassica l r epresen tat ion , w ith t he n or thern h ousegods .

P oss ib le L arar ia h ave b een n o ted a t S i lchester ,

ac iv i tas c ap ita l, i n t wo o f t he more l uxur ious t own h ouses ( Boon 1 974 :160f f. ) t hese a re i n t he f orm o f smal a ised p la tforms w i th r e ma ins o f a rch itectura l l r embel t , e .g . c o lu ms. lish men

S im i lar p la t forms e x ist a t Caerwen t a nd Veru-

l am iu m , t he l a ter s how ing s igns o f as pace w ith in f or s tor ing s acred o b jects t a s i n mi l itary s acel . The G en ius f i gure ( no . 9 2 ) f ound i n t he f oru m a t la S i lchester i s h ol t t he b ack a nd h as t wo h o les f or a tach men t ; i t w ou ld l owed a t t hus b e s u itab le f or f asten ing a ga inst t he r ear w al f a niche . l o Smal i gures wou ld a lso b e s u itab le f or u se w i th smal or tab le a l tars, l f l p a s u sed b y a rm ies o n c a mpa ign . M i li tary p ersonne l owned many smal ronzes ; l b t hey h ave b een d iscovered a t v ar ious f or ts, s uch a s B irdoswo ld ( no . 7 8 ) , where t hey were u sed i n b oth t he p r inc ip ia s hr ine a nd t he smal l t e mp les i n t he v ic in i ty ; p erhaps, t oo , i nd iv idua ls c arr ied images o f t he ir p a tron d e ity i n t he ir b aggage . Ear ly , o bv ious ly c on t inen ta l, p ieces may wel ave c rossed t he l h c hanne l i n t h is manner . The n on-re l ig ious b ronzes a re more p rob le ma t ic .

They a re f ewer i n

n u mber t han r epresen ta t ions o f d e it ies a nd worsh ippers.

Imper ia l f i gures

a nd b usts c an b e e xp la ined a s a ssoc iated w ith t he i mper ia l c u lt , t he a rmy a nd p ub l ic b u i ld ings, o r mere ly a s o sten ta t ious p roofs o f l oya lty .

The emperors

a re k nown t o h ave g iven g i f ts o f t he ir i mages t o s ub jects a nd b arbar ians b eyond t he f ron t iers ; s uch a f i ne p iece a s t he b ust o f C a l igu la f ro m n ear C o lchester ( no . 2 39) s hou ld p erhaps b e s een a s a pre-conquest d ip lo ma t ic g i f t . ly h I ti s g eneral e ld t ha t t he o ther f i gures c anno t b e a ccepted a s p ure o rna men t ; t hey must h ave a purpose wh ich i s a l most a lways s upposed t ob e r e l ig ious, e spec ial ly i n t he c ase o f a n i ma ls a nd b irds.

A lthough L ivers idge

s uggests t ha t a m ouse f ound i n ac h i ld ' s g rave a t York was a t oy , mice c an b e

1 2

c h thon ic a s o n r e me mbrance g e ms ( Panofka 1 852 :89, Hen ig 1 974 :130-1) . B oars c an b e s een a s h un ter ' s of fer ings o r a s t he emb le m o f L eg ion XX .

But

wha t was t he p urpose o ft he f i ne a rcher f ro m L ondon ( no . 1 48 ) , f igures o f g lad ia tors a nd b arbar ians, t he c om ic a c tor f ro m C o lchester ( no . 1 57 )?

Must

t hey a l l b e "re l ig ious" ? T hey a re f ew i n n umber b ut s o me o f t he r e l ig ious t ypes a re s uf fic ien t ly b eau t ifu l t o i nd ica te a par t ly o rna men ta l p urpose . T hroughou t Ro man a r t t here i s a dua l is m o f d ecora t ion a nd r e l ig ion ;

i ti s

n a tura l t ha t t h is s hou ld b e e qua lly t rue o fb ronze f igur ines.

NOTES

1 . "An tc il la v otu m q uo (d ) p ro m isi t c o mp lev i t" . 2 . "Deo Mar ( t i) e t n u(m in i)b(us) A u(gust i ) C o lasun i Brucc ius e t C ara . t ius d e s ua d onarun t a d S ester ( t ios) n (u m mos) c (en tu m) . C e latus a erar ius f ec it e t a era men t i l i b(ra m ) d onav it f acta m ( denar ius) I I" 3 . "Praeterea g rande a rmar iu m i n a ngu lo v id i , i n c u ius a ed icu la e ran t I ares a rgen te i p osi t i Vener isque s ignu m marmoreu m e t p yx is a urea n on p us il la i n q ua b arba m i psius c ond i ta m e sse d iceban t" .

1 3

CHAPTER I I S TYLE AND WORKMANSHIP

l S ome s cho lars a ssu me t ha t a l b ronze f igures o f a r t ist ic mer i t w ere i mp or ted , t ha t o n ly t he c rudest c ou ld p ossib ly h ave b een made i n Br i ta in a nd t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f e ven t he p oorer f i gur ines w ere i mpor ted f ro m G au l .

I

ly i b e l ieve t ha t more o f t hese b ronzes w ere p roduced l ocal n Br i ta in t han i s ly s g eneral upposed . T ha t i sn o t t o s ay t ha t s ome b ronzes were n o t , i n f ac t , l i mpor ts ; i n s o me c ases i tw ou ld b e f o ly t o p ropose o therw ise . When d ec is ions o n o r ig in a re b ased o n a r t ist ic q ua l i ty , i t must b e r e me mb ered t ha t Br ita in was f ar f ro m u nc iv i l ized. A h igh c u l tura l l eve l d eve loped , ly f l e spec ial ro m t he l a te 2 nd c en tury A .D . o nwards a s t he t ownhouses, v i las, mosa ics a nd f rescoes i nd ica te . Works o f a r t w ou ld b e a s much i n d emand h ere a s i n N or thern G au l o r t he R h ine land , a nd e cono m ic l i fe a s d eve loped . T he c ons idera t ion o f "Rom a no-Br i t ish" b ronzes i s c o mp l ica ted f ur ther b y t he p resence o f "modern" i mpor ts . I n t he 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th c en tur ies many d ea lers a nd o wners wou ld g ive a Br i t ish p rovenance t o o b jects b rough tb ack f rom t rave ls a broad i n o rder t o g ive a high mone tary o r i n terest v a lue . The ter i mat s f ur ther c o mp l ica ted b y t he f ac t t ha t many g enu ine Ro mano-Br it ish b ronzes d o n ot h ave e xac t p rovenances r ecorded ; v ery f ew i ndeed c o me f ro m a ctua l e xcava t ion , t he ma jor ity b e ing s tray f i nds t urned u p b y p lough ing e tc . ly d f t er b I ti su sual i f icu lt t o d ec ide t he t ruth o ft he mat u t many f i gures a re l Museu m c l ect n ow t reated w i th d oub t , f or e xamp le , many i nt he G u i ldhal ol ion , n ow h oused i n t he Museu m o f L ondon, a re c ons idered s pur ious. S o me t imes t he p a t ina t ion p rov ides a clue a s w i th t wo u nprovenanced f i gures i n R ead ing Museum wh ich a re u n l ike ly t o c o me f ro m S i lchester s ince t hey a re l i gh t g reen a s o pposed t o d ark o l ive . T he A shmo lean Museum h as t he u pper p ar t o f a b ronze H or ns, i n mi l i tar y d ress w ith d oub le c rown a nd g lobe , d iscovered a t l n Wh i tequarry H il ear K ingham , O xon i n 1 963 . I t was a l most c er ta in ly i mport ed b u t i ti su ncer ta in whe ther t h is o ccurred d ur ing t he R o man o ccupa t ion o r i n t he 1 7 th c en tury . S o me o b jec ts c an b e s uspec ted o fb e ing r e la t ive ly modern i mpor ts b ecause o f t he r ar i ty o f t he ir t ype i n B r i ta in , s uch a s t he O s ir is ( no . l 1 29) f ro m Swansco mbe , K en t wh ich i s p ure Egyp t ian i n f orm , t a l h ead-dress, ting r l ong s ty l ized b eard , l ong t i gh tf it obe a nd g o ld i n lay e yes ; t he owner c la i med i t was t urned u pb y t he p lough b u t t h is i sd ub ious ; f ew r epresen ta t ions o f O s ir is a re k nown i n Br ita in a nd many o f t he " Egyp t ian" f i gures a re o f d oub t— f u l a u then t ic ity . I tc anno t , h owever , b e p roved a r ecen t i mpor t . I tm igh t b e a rgued t ha t l arge n umbers o f f i gures o f p oor a r t ist ic q ua l ity t makes i mpor ta t ion u n l ike ly b u t a r t ist ic t aste o f ten b ears l i t le r e la t ion t o d e mand a nd t rade .

l T he l arge n u mbers o f p ipec lay f igur ines f ro m t he A lier

t d istr ic t f ound a t most R omano-Br it ish s i tes p rove t ha t c heap o b jec ts o f l i t le ly w a r t ist ic mer it c ou ld b e i mpor ted , e spec ial hen o f r e l ig ious s ign if icance . T here was c erta in ly a de mand f or b ronze f i gur ines . 1 4

I n c ons ider ing t he ir

manufacture i ti s r e levan t t o c onsider t he e v idence f or p re-conquest b ronzew ork ing i n Br ita in ( t ha t i s whe ther t he s k il ecessary t o p roduce t he l ed men n f i gur ines were a lready p resen t ) , a nd a lso f or s igns o f c lass ica l i n f luence a t t h is s tage . ( M . S pr a t l ing d e l ivered a n i n terest ing p aper o n t h is s ub ject a t t he c on ference o n Ro mano-Br it ish a r t h e ld i n h onour o f J oce lyn T oynbee 1 976, b u t t h is, u nfor tuna te ly , i su npub l ished ) . Pre-conquest I nd igenous Bronzeware The r e la t ionsh ip o f C e lt ic t o R o mano-Br it ish a rt a nd a ny s igns o f i n f luence a nd c on t inu i ty a re impor tan t , b u t i s must b e r e membered t ha t C e lt ic a r t was e qual ly a t h o me i n G au l .

T he n a t ives o f Br ita in were p er fect ly c apab le o f

w ork ing w i th b ronze ; C e l ts h ad a good k now ledge o f me tal nd a re e sl urgy a p ec ial oted f or t he ir f i ne g o ld work , s uch a s t he magn if icen t t orcs, a nd ly n b ronze was emp loyed f or v esse ls, t r inke ts, d ecora t ive f i t t ings a nd s o o n . I ti s i mpor tan t t o r e member t ha t s k il ronzes m iths, w i th a l ong t rad i t ion l ed b a nd wel l ished s ty le o f t he ir own , e x isted a nd were t hus a b le t o r espond l -estab t o n ew i deas i n troduced b y t he Ro mans . I th as b een s uggested ( Hawkes 1 951:172f ha t t he b ronzeworkers o f p ref. )t c onquest Br ita in were n o l onger t he t ravel ts o f t he Bronze Age ling merchan b u t l oca l men work ing t o f u lf i l l oca l d e mand , who c ou ld c on t inue t o d o s uch a f ter A .D . 4 3 j ust a s s uccessful s b efore . The i dea o f ad ra ma t ic c u ltura l ly a b reak i n A .D . 4 3 h as l ong b een a bandoned ; o rd inary l i fe s uch a s f arm ing c on t inued much a s b efore . T he e fect o f f ore ign a r t ist ic i n f luence was n a tf u ral low , e xcep t i n t he ma jor Ro man ized c o lon iae a nd c iv itas c ap ita ls a nd , ly s i n f act , n ever e x tended t o t he who le c oun try .

T he 5 th a nd 6 th c en tury A .D .

s aw t he r e-e mergence , p erhaps d ue t o I r ish i nf luence , o f C e lt ic-sty le me ta lwork a s i n t he e labora te , i n la id e scu tcheons o n h ang ing b ow ls. Ih ave b ased my s tudy o f C e lt ic a r t o f p re-Ro man Br ita in o n F ox ( 1958 ) , a l though Iam aware t ha t many o f h is d a tes a re n ow s uspect ; a re n o f ir m d a tes b efore t he c onquest .

i n f act t here

Unfor tuna te ly , n o more r ecen t c o m-

l t p rehens ive s urvey e x ists . J ope ' ss tudy o f I ron Age me ta lwork i s s t il o l a ppear a nd M . S pra t l ing h as n o t y e t p ub l ished a l h is i n terest ing i deas o n t he s ub ject . t C e lt ic a r t i sb est r epresen ted b y i t s me ta lwork s ince l i t le s cu lpture o r w oodwork s urv ived . T he C e l ts t hough t i n t erms o f a decora ted s ur face r ather ly i t han a three-d i mensiona l u n i ty ; t h is i s why , e spec ial n G au l where t he p eop le c a me i n to e ar ly c on tact w i th t he c lass ica l wor ld , s tatues o f ten a ppear c rude , wh i le t he meta lwork d isp lays e x traord inary s oph ist ica t ion . T h is h as o n ly r ecen t ly b een r ea l ized ; o nce s cho lars ( Leeds) c r it icized C e l t ic a r t f or i t s l ack o f n atura l is m b ut Ce lt ic a r t h ad e n t ire ly d if feren t v a lues t o c lass ica l a rt . ly t C e lts h ad a g rea t i n terest i n l i ne , e spec ial he c urv i l inear , p roduc ing t erns a w onder fu l a bstract p at s o n t he B ird l ip a nd Desborough mirrors. These t erns a ly a p at re n ormal sy m me tr ic . The b oss o f t he Wandswor th S h ie ld i s a p erfect e xa mp le ;

l s, r i ti s d ecora ted w ith t wo i n terweav ing s crol epresen t ing

ab ird ' s wings a nd t a i ls, wh ich e nd i n b irds h eads ;

i ti s a sym me tr ica l b ut

ls f t he s crol orm a m irrori mage a nd t hus c rea te h armony . The T orrs ' p ony c ap a nd R . W itha m S h ie ld a re c o mparab le . 1 5

ls w F ox c o mpares t hese s crol ith

t he f l ora l d ecora t ion o n t he Ara Pac ts b ut a lthough t here s e mb lance

i s s uper f ic ia l r e-

t he t wo s ty les a re d ist inct .

O ne o f t he most n ot iceab le c haracter ist ics i s t he t rea t men t o f h umans a nd a n i ma ls .

They a re r educed t o b are e ssen t ia ls, w ith a c loser r e la t ion t o

a bstrac t a r t t han t o f igura t ive a r t .

T he h u man f ace i s d ep icted w ith b u lg ing

l s e yes b e tween r idged o ut l ines, a wedge n ose , smal l it mouth a nd swep t b ack h a ir ; t he e yebrows a nd moustache h ave c ur ling e nds.

l A l t hese f eatures c an

ly t b e s een o n s o me o f t he f igur ines, e i ther s ing ly o r o ccasional oge ther ( nos. 6 4, 2 16, 2 36) . I n t he e x tre me t he h u man f ace c ou ld b e r educed i t )a m ere p at f sw ir l ing s pr ia ls, c o i ls a nd c rescen t s hapes, t he p e lta . t ern o

Ce l t ic r e-

l i g ion d id n ot d epend o n a n thropo morph ic i mages, t he d iv ine was r ather a p resence , i t was o n ly t hrough c lass ica l i n f luence t ha t s ta tues b egan t o a ppear ly s An i ma ls were e qual ty lized i n a ppearance ; t erns t rea ted a s a bstract p at .

t he ir h eads were, a t t i mes,

l ( Oxen s uch a s t hat f ro m Ha m H il Toynbee 1 964 :

p l . I a ) a re g iven k nobbed h orns, a l mond e yes a nd s ty l ized muzz le w i th s pr ia l t ed h n ostr i ls a nd a n o b long p unch-dot a ir f ron t let .

The h orse f ro m S tanw ick ,

Yorks i s s im i lar ly s ty l ized ( Toynbee 1 964:p 1 .1b) .

The Hounslow b oar i s a

f i ne e xa mp le o f C e lt ic a bstract t rea t men t wh ich c on trasts s trong ly w ith t he n atura list ic r epresenta t ions u nder c lass ica l i n f luence t yp if ied b y t ha t f ro m I b) L exden t u mu lus ( no . 1 66) , a nd t ha t i n Dub lin Museu m ( Foster 1 977 :p l . X II . T h is t reatmen t o f a n i ma ls i s o ne o f t he f i e lds where c ont inui ty c an b e t raced i n to t he R o man p er iod . Ena me l was w ide ly u sed i n Ce lt ic a r t f ro m t he 3 rd c entury B . C. ,a lthough i n troduced t o Br ita in a t al a ter d a te . f ma t ic e fect o f t he wh ir ling s p ira ls. p er iod .

T he u se o f e na me l a ug men ted t he d raling c Ena mel on t inued i n to t he R o man

B utcher ( 1977 :41) men t ions o b jects f ro m Br igstock ( 4 th c entury A .D .)

ly f a nd Nor ' n our ( lst-3rd c en tury A .D . ) , a nd o ccas ional igur ines s uch a s t he l d o lph ins f ro m Veru la m iu m ( no . 2 02 ) a nd a c ockere l i n L ondon ( no . 1 80) s t il ling r evea l t races o f e na mel . Pre-Conquest Impor ts a nd t he ir i nf luence t eranean g The i mpor ta t ion o f Ro man a nd o ther Med it oods i n to L a te I ron Age Br i ta in i s p roven b y t he ir d iscovery i n g raves t oge ther w ith n a t ive o b jects, ( Harb ison a nd L a ing 1 974) ;

t hey were o bv ious ly h igh ly v a lued .

The g raves

a t We lwyn wh ich p roduced i ron f ire-dogs w ith o x-head t ermina ls ( p l . I a ) a nd t hree h u man masks i n c e lt ic s ty le, a lso c on ta ined t wo f ine s i lver c ups w ith l oche, p ure c lass ica l o rna men t , b ands o f l eaf a nd t ongue a nd p ear l-edged g u il wh ich a re a l most c er ta in ly f ro m a n I t a lian workshop . f. )p T he L exden t u mu lus n ear C o lchester ( Laver 1 926:241f rov ides g ood e v idence f or p re-conquest i mpor ts ; t he Ro man i nvasion .

t ery t i ti s d a ted b y t he p ot o j ust b e fore

F inds i nc luded a r e markab le p or tra i t o f Augustus c ut

f ro m a denar ius o f 1 7 B .C . a nd s o ldered o n to a s i lver d isc w ith a mou lded lion f ra me t o f orm a medal . 2 a ) .

l b I n a dd it ion , t here were f i ve smal ronzes ( p l .

l s T he smal anda l-shod l ef t f oot ( no . 2 54) , a nd a Cup id s ea ted h o ld ing a

p e tb ird ( no . 5 0) a re p ure ly c lass ica l a nd a l most c er ta in ly i mpor ts ;

t hey d o,

h owever , r evea l a n a pprec ia t ion o f s uch o b jec ts b y , a t l east , t he u pper ly i c lasses, e spec ial n t he C a mu lodunu m a rea w i th i t s e asy t rade a ccess t o t he c on t inen t .

fin-head ( t T he g r if no . 2 48 ) , o nce a tached t o t he r ounded wa ll 1 6

o f ab ow l, i s p oss ib ly a G au l ish p roduct .

The b oar ( no . 1 66) i s n a tura l ist ical ly

p or trayed i n s p ite o f i t s l egs b e ing t oo t h in ; i th as a l ong s nout w i th o pen mouth a nd c areful ly e ngraved b r ist les, a s harp c on trast t o t he c rests o f t he Houns low b oar .

I ti s v ery s im i lar t o Gau l ish e xa mp les s uch a s o ne f ro m Cahors .

The

f igure o f t he b ul l ( no . 1 70 ) i s e spec ial ly i n terest ing i n t ha t i td isp lays a f us ion o f C e lt ic a nd c lass ica l e le men ts ; t he b ody i s n a tura l ist ical ly p or trayed a nd t he " v It t a" a cross i t s b ack i s Ro man y e t t he k nobbed h orns s how i t was p roduced f or a ' Ce lt ic ' marke t .

A t t h is e ar ly d ate a G al lic o r ig in i s p robab le

b ut manufacture a t t he C a tuvel l aun ian c ap ita l must n ot b e r u led o u t .

I mm i-

g ran t workers a re a s trong p oss ib i l ity . An i mpor t , wh ich i s most p robab ly p re-conquest , i s t he b ust o f a young man i n t un ic a nd t oga , p laced o n a globe o n ab el l -shaped s uppor t ( no . 2 39) , d iscovered h a lf a mi le n or th o f C o lchester .

T he s ty le o f t he h a ir a nd b ust ,

wh ich s uggest aJ u l io-C laud ian d a te, a nd t he p or tra it , r em in iscen t o f Ga lan c o ins, p oin t t o a n i den t if ica t ion w i th Ca l igu la ; t he g lobe s uggests a n emperor . T he s tand i s o rna men ted w ith s i lver i n lay p a l met tes s im i lar t o t he s tand o f t he Mercury ( B .M . )f ro m P ierre-en-Lou ise t n ear L yons wh ich s uggest a possib le Gau lish o r ig in . I ft he G a lan i den t if ica t ion i s c orrect , t he d a te o f impor t must p recede t he " da mnat t o memor iae", e spec ial l y when t he p rovenance i s s o c lose t o t he c o lon ia . Was i tp erhaps a dip lo ma t ic g if t t o a p ro-Ro man n ob le f ro m Camu lodunu m? T he J up i ter w ith f u l men ( no . 3 , p 1 .5) a nd t he S i lenus mask , f ro m a s itu la h and le, b o th d iscovered n ear C o lchester i n t he 1 9th c en tury Win t C ol l ect ion ) , a re b oth c lass ica l i n s ty le a nd p robab ly J u l io-C laud ian b ut n ot n ecessar i ly p re-conquest i mpor ts ; t he ir p rovenances a re u nda ted . Bo th Arre t ine a nd e ar ly G au l ish p ot t ery a re k nown i n p re-Ro man c on tex ts i n Br ita in a nd t he a r t ist ic i mpor tance o f s uch must n o t b e f orgot t en . Mot i fs c ou ld e asi ly i n f luence n a t ive c raf ts men , a s c ou ld c o in t ypes, e spec ial ly s ince r epresen ta t ive a r t was a l most u nknown i n t he p ure ly n a t ive t rad it ion .

C e lt ic

c ra f ts men a pprec ia ted t he n ew f ore ign f orms a nd q u ick ly a dop ted t he m t o t he ir s ty le . S tatues b egan t o a ppear u nder c lass ica l i n f luence wh i lst i ncreas ing c on tact a cce lera ted t he p rocess . The c o ins o f t he Br i t ish k ings a re a good e xa mp le o f t he d eve lop men t o f f ore ign mode ls .

C oinage w as i n troduced i n t he I st C en tury B .C. u sing G au l ish

s ta ters b ased o n t hose o f P h i l ip I ; o n t he o bverse t he h a ir a nd wreath o f Apol lo h ad a lready b eco me a s chema t ic p at t ern a nd t he b iga o f t he r everse , a distor ted h orse w ith a c irc le a bove o rb e low i t , t he d r iver was a c on fusion o f d ots a nd c rescen ts.

The Br it ish

v ers ions b ear e ven l ess r ese mb lance t o t he o r ig ina l ;

t he o bverse h as b eco me a m ere j u mb le o f h a ir a nd l aure l wh ich r ese mb les a t ern c ruc ifor m p at ; t he h orses o f t he r everse a re l ess e qu ine t han e ver . The c raf ts men were t ry ing t o i m i ta te t he f orm s w i thout u nderstand ing t he m a nd t hus terns t urned t he m i n to p at . However , i n t he l a ter I st c en tury B .C . c lass ica l l aunf p i nf luence i ncreased . T he C atuvel roduced n o t o n ly a m ore n atura l ist ic h orse b ut d eve loped i nscr ibed p ieces ( Tasc iovanus) a s d id t he A treba tes ( T inc omm ius) .

Aw ide r ange o f c lass ica l t ypes i n h igh r e l ief were i n u se , R o man

d e it ies, my tho log ica l f igures a nd a n i ma ls. The r oya l p or tra its r evea l t he r o man iz ing t aste o f t he S ou th E ast ; t hey a re c lean-shaven w i th s hor t h a ir a nd r ef ined p rof i les, e i ther l aurea te o r d iade med .

T he Dobunn i a nd I cen i r e ta ined

t he c ruder t ypes w ith f orma lized h a ir s ty les, l en to id e yes a nd t he u se o f d ots a nd l i nes .

Cunobe l inus ' c o inage i s p robab ly t he f inest ; among o ther t ypes h e 1 7

emp loyed t he c orn-ears, p oss ib ly a c lass ica l r a t iona l iza t ion o f t he c ruc iform t ern p at , b ut a lso s ymbo l ic o f t rade, a s was V er ica ' s vineleaf . I ti s p robab le ters t ha t t hese l a te Br it ish k ings emp loyed i mm igran t d ie c ut ; f or t he c hange i n s ty le .

t h is wou ld a ccoun t

le Many o f t he t ypes a re n o t e xact ly p aral led o n Ro man

t ers were u c oins a nd i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he c ut sing mo t ifs f ro m g e ms a nd e lsewhere ( Hen ig 1 972 ) . Traces o f p re-conquest i n f luence c an b e s een i n s o me b ronze a r tefacts ( Fox 1 958 b u t d a tes d oubt fu l) . A lthough s o me a n i ma l r epresen ta t ions s uch a s t he r a ms ' h eads f ro m Harpenden ( p 1 .1 b ) r e ta ined a Ce lt ic c haracter , o thers r evea l a m ore n atura l ist ic t endency , f or e xa mp le , t he c ow f ro m Fe l mersham , Beds . C lass ica l a r t a cted a s as t i mu lus t o t he n a t ive b ronzes m iths; i td estroyed n e ither t he i ngenu i ty n or o r ig ina l ity ; c op ies were n ever s lav ish .

Through

c onstan t c on tact f or a t l east a c en tury t he u pper c lasses i n t he S ou th East h ad b eco me a ccusto med t o Ro man g oods a nd i t was t hey who c reated t he d e mand f or n a t ive " cop ies" . The p rec ise d a te o f many meta l a r tefacts i s impossib le t o d e term ine ; t he o ver lap o f s ty les v ar ied f ro m a rea t o a rea d epend ing o n l oca l t aste a nd o b jects may a s e as i ly b e long a f ter A .D .43 a s b efore .

No t o n ly were

g oods i mpor ted a nd i m i ta ted b ut , i ts ee ms, i mm igran t a r t ists were a lso emp loyed ; a n impor tan t f ac tor f or t he Br i t ish manufacture o f f igur ines .

Thus, i tc an b e

s een t ha t n a t ive c raf ts men e x isted w ith t he a b i li ty t o p roduce b ronze f igures a nd t o a dop t , t o s o me d egree, a c lass ica l s ty le . S ty l ist ic Deve lop men t i n t he Ro man Per iod . C er ta in " C e l t ic" f eatures c on t inue t o a ppear e ven when t he c lass ica l i d io m I s emp loyed a nd t hese may b e i nd ica t ive o f a na t ive a t work .

Unfor tuna te ly

ly t t hese f ea tures a lso a ppear i n Nor th G au l a nd t he Rh ine land , b ut e qual h is l d oes n o t mean t ha t a l o b jects d isp lay ing t h is f us ion o r ig ina ted t here.

The

t ern r C e lt ic l ove o f p at evea ls i t se lf i n s ty l ized d rapery f o lds, e labora te ly t erned p at , sw ir l ing c ur ls a nd t he s tra igh t i nc ised c ap o f h a ir ( Hercu les f igures a nd We lwyn h eads) .

L a ter , o n t he ir r eturn t o f ash ion i n t he 2 nd c entury A .D . ,

t ern b eards a nd moustaches s how a s im i lar i n terest i n p at .

Eyes c an b e l en to id

t o r e x tra l arge, n oses wedge-shaped a nd mouths l i t le more t han a s lit ; l t t hese f eatures r ecal he a bstract f aces o f t he C e lt ic t rad it ion .

l a l

tr At ibutes,

s uch a s t ore o r h a m mer-headed s nake , a lso i nd ica te a na t ive t rad it ion b ut a re more r e levan t t o i deo logy t han s ty le .

t ern I n a n i ma ls p at irg o f b r ist les a nd

manes, a bstract , u nrea l ist ic t rea t men t o f l imbs a nd , i n t he c ase o f b u lls, l k nobbed h orns a l r evea l C e lt ic a rt .

C are must b e t aken i n d escr ibing t hese

f eatures a s C e lt ic a nd n o t t he r esu lt o f p oor w ork mansh ip ;

i ti s I n l ack o f

l t a r t ist ic s k il ha t many p r im i t ive o b jects r ese mb le e ach o ther , f or e xa mp le E truscan a nd Ro mano-Br i t ish f igures o f Hercu les.

However , a lthough t he

a bove t ra its c an b e s een i n G au l, i ts ee ms l ike ly t ha t many o f t he f igures were p roduced i n Br i ta in .

The c raf ts men were a va i lab le ;

i ti s improbab le t ha t t hey

l a l c eased work ing i n A .D .43 . S cho lars h ave emphasized t he d if ference b e tween p re-Ro man a nd Ro manoBr i t ish a r t b ut t hey h ave f a i led t o l ook f or s im i lar i t ies a nd s igns o f c on t inu i ty , e xcep t i n a reas d isp lay ing a c o mp le te l ack o f R o man i n f luence .

Th is c rea tes

t he f a lse i mpress ion o f a n a brupt b reak i n A .D .43 b ut much o f Ro mano-Br i t ish

1 8

l i fe was a s yn thes is o f o ld a nd n ew .

T he p ostu la t ion b y F ox t ha t n a t ive a r t

e nded w ith t he c onquest b ecause o f mass p roduct ion i n G au l a nd l ack o f wea lth i n Br ita in i s u nreasonab le .

I n f act , t he c raf ts men c on t inued t o work , a dap t-

i ng t he mse lves i n v ary ing d egrees t o t he n ew d e mands made o n t he m . O ne v iew s ees Ro mano-Br it ish a r t mere ly a s c rude , u nsuccessful c op ies o f c lass ica l s ty les w ith o r ig ina li ty a nd v i ta l ity s urv iv ing o n ly i n I re land .

Ye t , e spe-

c ial v iden t i n s tone s cu lp ture, t he C e lt ic s p ir i t d id s urv ive a nd a dap t i t se lf ly e t o n ew f or ms a nd i deas. Ce lt ic r e l ig ion d id n ot i nvo lve t he p or traya l o f g ods i n a n thropo morph ic f orm b ut c on tact w ith t he R o mans a nd a ss im i la t ion w ith c lass ica l g ods r esu lted i n t he a bstract b e ings r ece iv ing c lass ica l s hape . I n s o me c ases t h is p roduced a "dead p rov incia l c lass ic is m" ,l i ke t he C ernunnos r e l ief a t Re i ms i n c on trast w ith t he G undestrup c au ldron , a nd i n o thers g rotesque o b jects d ue t o t he a r t ist ' s i nep t itude .

Dul tereo types d id o ccur b u t n o t i nvar iab ly . l s

D if t c raf ts men f eren

a dop ted t he n ew i d io m w i th v ary ing d egrees o f s uccess ( Duran t 1 970 :130f s f) a i s s hown b y t he f o low ing c a tegor ies o f R o mano-Br i t ish a r t :l

( 1)

P ure ly c lass ica l ; e i ther i mpor ted o r , p erhaps, made b y i mm igran ts s uch a s t he s cu lptures f ro m t he Wa lbrook M i thraeu m, t he b ronze h ead o f M inerva f ro m Ba th a nd t he G osbecks Mercury ( no. 3 0 ) . Ap ure ly c lass ica l o b jec t i s u n l ike ly t o b e t he work o f a na t ive i n t he i st c ent ury A .D . b u t b y t he 3 rd o r 4 th c entury may wel ave b een p roduced l h b y a Br iton ' ,p ossib ly a descenden t o f f ore ign s et ; Br i ta in was tlers b y t hen , e spec ial n t he S outh , ah igh ly R o man ized p rov ince . ly i

( 2 )

O b jects s how ing a fus ion o f c lass ica l a nd C e lt ic i deas ;

p robab ly t he

work o f a fi ne n a t ive a r t ist who c ou ld c opy a c lassica l f orm s k i lful ly y et a sser t h is i nd iv idua l i ty .

Af i ne e xamp le i s t he Medusahead f ro m

Bath ; t he s che me o f t he t e mp le p ed i men t i s e n t ire ly c lass ica l w ith 2V ictor ies h o ld ing a s h ie ld a nd Tr itons i n t he c orners.

T he Medusa

i s ac lass ica l i dea , e ven s uch d ep ict ions w ith b eard a nd moustache a re n o t u nknown i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th wa ter d e it ies . The d i ference l i es f i n t he t echn ique ; t he d ep ict ion i s t wo d i mensiona l r esemb ling a n e ng raved l i near d es ign .

T he c urv ing l i nes, d ecora t ive p at ing a nd t ern

f i l ing o f a l a va i lab le s pace w i th o rna men t r ecal lt ic me ta lwork . l l l Ce S cu lpture i n t he r ound d isp lays e qual trong C e lt ic c haracterst ics ly s a s t he g oddess f ro m T owcester , t he ' geo metr ic ' h ead o f An tenoc it icus f ro m Benwel he r iver g od f ro m Chesters w ith i t s C e lt ic d rapery . l, t Bronzes i n t h is c lass i nc lude t he C hester ford r iver g od ( no . 8 1 p l . 1 4) a nd t he S i lchester f l ute g ir l ( no . 1 58 p l .2 6) . ( 3)

More c rude ly f ash ioned o b jects wh ich a dhere l ess c lose ly t o t he c lass ica l, p robab ly p roduced b y l ess s k il r t ists o r p erhaps, a s l ed a J ohn Ph il uggests ( 1 977 ;41f , r epresen t ing a s i mp l ifica t ion a nd lips s f) a dap ta t ion o f t he c lass ica l t ypes t o c a ter f or a wider marke t ; a n e nt ire ly n ew s yste m o r p ropor t ions was c rea ted a nd model i nes ling l b eca me mere s ur face d ecorat ion , f or e xamp le t he G en ius, T ul lie House , b asedon a Graeco-Ro man t ype b u t w ith a smal ody , t iny l b f ee t b ut l arge h ead a nd l e f t h and , t he d rapery r educed t o as er ies o f p aral l l i nes . le

T h is c lass i s wel lustra ted b y t he L ar f ro m E ly l i l

( no . 8 8 p 1 .17 ) a nd t he s ea ted Venus f ro m C o lchester ( no . 19 0.21) . 1 9

( 4 )

P ure ly C e lt ic work wh ich s urv ived a s a bstract p at t ern ing o n me ta l o b jects s uch a s t he Aes ica b rooch ; i nc ised f l ow ing l i nes, t rumpets, c rescen ts, wh ir l ing t r isce le, a nd e name l c on t inued t o b e u sed , e sp ec ial ly i n t he N or th . Exa mp les f ro m s tone s cu lp ture h ave , i n t he ma in , b een u sed t o i l lustrate

t he a bove c a tegor ies, s ince t hey r evea l t he c haracter ist ics v ery wel l. t he b ronze f igur ines w il l b e s een t o f i t i n to a s im i lar s yste m .

However

C astor p ot tery r evea ls t he s urv iva l o f t he C e lt ic s p ir it e ven i n c opy ing a c lass ica l f orm , t he i mpor ted G al lic wares; t he b arbot ine t echn ique f ostered i nd iv idua l is m .

The a n i ma ls l ook e spec ial ly C e lt ic w ith t he ir l ong e longa ted

b od ies a nd c lass ica l l eaves h ave b eco me C e lt ic s p ira ls.

T he h un ts men a nd

g lad ia tors a re l ess s uccessfu l, b e ing s tereotyped a nd u nnatura l ist ic .

C e lt ic

a r t f orms s urv ived a s d ecora t ive embel lish men ts, r e-e merg ing s trong ly i n t he p ost-Ro man p er iod a nd , g iven n ew v igour f ro m I re land , i nsp ir ing t he Ang loS axons a s i n t he L ind isfarne g ospe ls.

I n t he R o man p er iodhowever , c lassica l

s ty le , f o l lowed w ith v ary ing d egrees o f s k il l, was d o minan t among a l l c lasses o f s oc ie ty ; a s a lways t he p oor wan ted c op ies o f wha t t he r ich u sed . T he Ce lt ic t rad it ion was d or man t r ev iv ing i n t he 4 th c en tury w i th r enewed i n terest i n h i l l f or ts, s anctuar ies a nd o ld g ods t hrough i nsecur ity . The s earch f or c on t inu i ty f ro m t he C e lts t hrough R o man-Br ita in t o t he Ang lo-Saxons must n o t b e t aken t oo f ar . F oster d iscusses b ronze b oar f igl u r ines u n t i l A .D . 7 00 , y e t t he f act t ha t a l a ges p roduced t he m means n o more l t han t ha t a l h ad au se f or t he m , a nd t ha t

n ot n ecessar i ly t he s a me .

Con-

t i nu i ty i s t o b e f ound r a ther i n s ty le a nd , on t he who le , t he r ese mb lance o f R o mano-Br it ish t o C e lt ic b oars i s m in i ma l ; t h is d oes no t p rove t ha t b oth were n ot p roduced i n Br i ta in .

C e lt ic f eatures a re n ot e ssen t ia l t o aR omano-

Br it ish o b ject b u t C e lt ic a r t d oes p rov ide t he b ackground t o l a ter d eve lop men ts f a nd o fers t he p oss ib i l ity o f f i ne n a t ive work . Ev idence f or Bronze Work ing i n R o man Br i ta in . I ti s i mpor tan t t o c onsider wha t e v idence e x ists f or b ronzework ing i n t he R o man p er iod a nd a lso , i fa ny , f or t he p roduc t ion o f b ronze f igur ines, s ince l make i a ny p os it ive e v idence w il t more p robab le t ha t many were i n f ac t made h ere a nd n ot i mpor ted f ro m t he c on t inen t .

A lthough t races o f b ronze w ork ing

s urv ive a t a nu mber o f s i tes, t he e xact n ature o f t he o b jects p roduced i s o f ten ly s u nknown a nd e xcava t ion r epor ts u sual uggest p ins a nd b rooches b ut s e ldo m f igur ines, a l though t here i s m p osit ive r eason f or t he ir e xc lusion . I n most r ura l a reas t he c on t inued p resence o f l oca l i t ineran t b ronzes m iths ly i i s p robab le b ut i n t he t owns, e spec ial n t he S outh , we h ave e v idence o f p ermanen t workshops, o f ten a d jo in ing s hops . A t Wroxeter ( T . Wr igh t 1 872 :159) l f o ne o f t he f oru m s hops was e qu ipped w ith a smal urnace a nd a nv i l ; b ronze d rop le ts were d iscovered t oge ther w i th c o mp le ted h a irp ins a nd f i bu lae . ling p resence o f p u lver ized g ran ite a nd g lass i s s uggest ive o f e na mel .

The S hops

i n I nsu la X IV , Veru la m iu m ( Frere 1 972:73 )p rov ide e v idence f or b ronze c astl ery i ng , i nc lud ing t he me lt ing o f s crap , e ngrav ing a nd manufacture o f j ewel ( cruc ib les w ith t races o f g o ld ) i n t he 2 nd c en tury A .D .

l ers a J ewel re k nown

a lso i n L ondon a nd C irencester a nd a n i nscr ip t ion wh ich r efers t o a n "a uref ic in ia

2 0

t aberna" f ro m n ear Ma lton , Yorks ( R .I .B . 7 2) a t tests workshops i n t he Nor th . S i lchester h ad v ar ious t ypes o f me ta lwork ing ; as i lver r ef inery w ith c upe ll a t ion f urnace ( Gow land 1 894 :113f ) a nd a n u n f in ished r ing a nd s tr ip o f s i lver f ro m t he f oru m s hops ; p ew ter work ing , ( Ba th s tone d iscs f or t he l a the ) a nd i ron work ing . Smal l c ruc ib les, d rop lets o f meta l, c ast ing waste a nd s lag s uggest b ronzework ing , a nd i n 1 961 I nsu la V I I , o pposi te t he f oru m , p rov ided a "t ray" w ith c areful ly k ep t f i l ings ( Boon 1 974) . r ing was a lso d iscovered .

Ac lay mou ld f or a fi nger

A lthough many f i gur ines h ave b een f ound i n t he

t own , n one were a ctual ly a ssocia ted w ith b ronzework ing b ut s o me, a t l east , w il l h ave b een p roduced l ocal ly . T he e ag le ( no . 1 98 , p 1.27 ) f ro m t he b as i l ica p rov ides p roof o f l oca l c raf ts men e f fect ing r epa irs, e ven i fo f p oor q ua l ity ; i t s b ack was mod if ied t o f i t as econd p a ir o f w ings.

The i mpression l e f t b y

t he ir f ea ther ing s hows t he r oughness o f t he work . The o r ig ina l was a fine, n a tura l ist ic p iece w ith e xcel l en t b ody model ling ; t he l egs a lone a re c ruder ; t hey were made s epara te ly a nd i nser ted .

I tp robab ly f ormed p ar t o f as tatue

o f J up iter o r t he emperor ; t he f ee t a re c urved t o f i t o n to a globe .

The w ings

were r ep laced b y al oca l c raf ts man whereas t he o r ig ina l was t he work o f a s k il r t ist , p erhaps c o mmissioned f ro m e lsewhere b y t he d ecur ions. l ed a S lag a nd c ruc ib les p rov ide e v idence o f b ronzework ing a t e very k ind o f s i te ; t owns, r ura l s i tes, s uch a s K eynsham v i l la , S o merse t ( cruc ib le a nd p endan t mou ld ) , a nd mi l i tary s i tes l i ke Te mp leborough a nd H eronb r idge ( Har t ley 1 954 ;lf f) . A t t he l a t ter t here was a n o pen-fron ted b u i ld ing ( a bout A .D . 9 0 ) a nd a s i mp le h ear th o uts ide w ith b roken mou lds. T h in s tr ips o f b ronze w ith p ierced c rescen t d ecora t ion f or a t tach ing t o woodwork , were among t he o b jects p roduced . A workshop p roduc ing f i bu lae was o nce p ostu la ted a t Nor 'nour , S c il s les, b ut t h is i s d oubt fu l s ince n o t race o f manufacture ly I h as b een f ound , ( Bu tcher 1 977 :41f ) . There i s a fa ir amoun t o f e v idence f or smal ca le r ura l p roduct ion wh ich l s s uggests l oca l sm iths ; t hese men were c apab le o f i n tr ica te work o n b rooches a nd were s ure ly s uf fic ien t ly s k il l ed t o p roduce a t l east s o me o f t he fig uri nes. Product ion a lso a ppears t o h ave t aken p lace a t r ura l s hr ines . L ydney h ad a sme lt ing h ear th , s lag a nd a l ead d ie f or b rooch mou lds o f a type f ound l ocal ly . T he h o mogene ity o f t he l arge n u mbers o f f i bu lae f ro m Woodea ton s uggest a l oca l p roduct ion c en tre ( Tay lor 1 917 :98f ) . Bronze o b jects o f e very d escr ip t ion a bound i n t he a rea pins, r ings, f i gur ines a nd s o o n and i ti s r easonab le t o s uppose t hat manufacture t ook p lace n earby t o c a ter f or t he d e mand f or v ot ive o f fer ings . The e x istence o f w idespread b ronzework ing i ncreased t he l i ke l ihood o f f i gur ine p roduc t ion .

I n t he a bsence o f c lear e v idence much must r e ma in

s uppos it ion b ased o n t ype a nd s ty le ; t he t wo f igures o f L ares f ro m Brandon ( no . 8 9) a nd L akenhea th ( n o . 9 0) a re v ery s im i lar , b o th h o ld ing d oub le c orn ucop lae , a nd , a l though a sl igh t d if ference i n s ize a rgues a ga inst p roduct ion f ro m t he s a me mou ld , Ib e l ieve t hey were p roduced i n t he s a me workshop , p oss ib ly l oca ted i n t he S outhern t err itory o f t he I cen i . The d iscovery o f a f au lt i ly c ast l eg a t Veru lam iu m ( no . 2 56) am idst b ronze s crap, p oss ib ly i nt ended f or r es me lt ing , s uggests p roduct ion o f f igur ines i n t he t own .

2 1

There i s o ne i mpor tan t p iece o f p os it ive e v idence f rom t he Ro man s i te a t G est ing thorpe , E ssex ( 13 mi les n or th west C o lchester ) ( Frere 1 970 :266) . Fragmen ts o fb ronze a nd c ruc ib les were d iscovered o n t he f l oor o f ab u i ld ing b ut , more i mpor tan t , f rag men ts o f ac lay mou ld were f ound i n ad i tch t o t he e ast .

Three p ieces f i t t oge ther t o f or m a m a le s to mach a nd t h ighs, t wo o thers

s how a n i vy-wrea th a nd l ong l ocks o f h a ir a nd t i ny f ragmen ts f ormed p ar ts o f l imbs. T he p ropor t ions s uggest a h e igh t o f a bout 3 5 t o 4 0 cm , much l arger t han many o f t he f i gur ines s een i n museu ms ; t he d esign i s c lassica l . I den t if i ca t ion a s Bacchus o r p ossib ly a S a tyr i s s uggested b y t he i vy b ut t he f ragmen ts a re t oo f ew f or c er ta in ty ; v ery f ew f u l lf igure r epresen ta t ions o f Bacchus a re k nown ( no . 4 7 p l . 5 ,J it ta 1 969 n o . 6 ) , a nd f ro m Carzie ld a ux i l iary f or t ( Transact ions o f Du mfr ies & G al l oway Natura l H istory & An t iq uar ian S oc ie ty 1 969 p l . X I ) . T he d a te i s u ncer ta in ; t he l ower f i l ling o f t he d itch p roduced a w orn c o in o f An ton inus P ius b u t t he u pper f i l ling 6 of T e tr ici , 3o f C onstan t ine , 2o f C onstans a nd 1 of Va lens.

T oynbee wou ld p lace t he

mou ld i n t he e ar ly 3 rd c en tury o r p oss ib ly 2 nd c en tury o n s ty list ic g rounds, t he n a tura l ist ic t rea t men t o f t he wrea th , y e t t he mou ld i s r eal ly t oo f ragment ary f or s uch a rgu men ts.

I fs uch a f igure c ou ld b e p roduced i n Br i ta in , why

n o t t he smal l er , r ougher p ieces s o o f ten a t tr ibu ted t o G al lic workshops . Bronze c ast ing o f p hal ear L inco ln i s p roved b y t he d iscovery o f a mou ld i n t he li n s tokeho le o f a ki ln a t He igh ing ton . T he f ragmen tary s ta te o f t he G est ing thorpe mou ld i l lustra tes t he d if f icu lty o f r ecogn it ion o f s uch e v idence ; i ti s p oss ib le t ha t d ur ing o lder e xcava t ions s hat t ered mou lds were n ot n ot iced . I n a dd it ion , t he mou ld i l lustra tes t he u se o f t he " c ireperdue" t echn ique o f c ast ing ; t here a re n o e dges o r k ey marks t o i nd ica te a piece- mou ld . ( Brown 1 976, A i tch ison 1 960 , M it ten a nd Doer inger 1 967 ) . " C ire-perdue" was t he ma in me thod u sed ; ac lay mou ld was b u i lt u p a round a wax mode l o f t he d es ired o b ject ; f i ne c lay was u sed i ns ide a nd c oarser o uts ide t o w i thstand t he h ea t .

T he wax was t hen r un o f f a nd mo lten b ronze p oured i n to t he mou ld ;

t he s prue c up a nd a t l east o ne c o mp le te r unner a re v isib le o n t he G est ing thorpe mou ld .

T o e cono m ize o n me ta l i n l arger f i gures t he wax me ta l was b u i l t u p

o n ac ore ; t he Bacchus s tee lyard f ro m S i lchester ( no . 2 09 p l. 2 9) h as ab lack s andy c ore a nd t he b roken H or ns i n t he A sh mo lean r evea ls a g rey c ore w ith a th in c oa t ing o fb ronze .

f When t he wax was r un o f t he c ore was h e ld i n p lace

I nside t he mou ld b y c hap lets o r p ins wh ich were e nve loped i n t he mo l ten me ta l f a nd t r i m med o f d ur ing f i n ish ing ; G est ingh thorpe .

ac hap le t h o le i s v isib le o n t he t h igh a t

L arger f i gures s uch a s a Pr iestess f ro m N em i, I t a ly , o ver

o ne me tre i n h e igh t , were c ast i n p ieces a nd t hen j o ined b ecause o f t he d if f ic u l ty o f k eep ing t he b ronze mo lten f or l onger p er iods. T he " c ire-perdue" t echn ique i nvo lved a new mou ld f or e ach o b ject , s ince i t must b e b roken t o r e move t he f i gure . The p iece- mou ld was, h owever , i dea l f or mass p roduct ion a s w ith l a mps; t he s a me mou ld c ou ld b e u sed many t imes s ince i t was made i n s ect ions f or e asy r e mova l o f t he a r tefact .

F igures w i th

l owed r af l a t o r h ol ear l i ke t he C ape l S t . Mary l i ons ( no . 1 71) a nd t he S i lc hester G en ius ( no . 9 2 p l . 1 8) c ou ld o bv ious ly b e made i n as ing le o pen mou ld . l ( Dr . K en t-H il 1 958 :311) s uggests mass p roduct ion f ro m p ar t ia l mou lds .

The

t l imbs were c ast s epara te ly a nd t hen f i ted t oge ther i n d if feren t c o mbina t ions t o p roduce a l arge v ar ie ty o f t ypes, a s s hown b y t he t wo wrest lers f ro m Ca iro . ta f Th is t echn ique was w ide ly emp loyed o n t erracot i gures .

2 2

F in ish ing ' was n ecessary a f ter c ast ing t o r e move f l aws a nd a dd d e ta i ls. B lowho les a re v is ib le o n t he h ead o f Hadr ian ( no . 2 41 p l. 3 0 ) a nd were r ep a ired b y i nser ted meta l r ectang les o n t he G osbecks Mercury ( no . 3 0 p l . 1 2) . Smal l h o les i n t he G est ing thorpe mou ld were c aused b y s traw a nd g rass . T rac ing a nd e ngrav ing were emp loyed o n h a ir , b eard , d rapery e tc . a nd e ye-pup i ls were o f ten d r il . More e xpensive f i gures r evea l g i ld ing a nd l ed n iel n lay ( nos . 1 47 , 7 8 ) . F inal he s ur face was p o l ished w i th a bras ives. lo i ly t T he q ua l i ty o f t he e nd p roduct a nd d egree o f f i n ish wou ld d epend o n t he s k il l o f t he a r t isan . Bronze i s b as ical n a loy o f c opper ( 2..9 0% ) a nd l ead o r t in ly a l p ropor t ions v ary ing f ro m p iece t o p iece .

t he

T in h ardens a nd t hus w ith more t han

1 3 .2% t in t he a l loy b eco mes b r it tle a nd u nsu i tab le f or c o ld-work ing ;

c opper

a nd t in a lone d o n ot f l ow w el l a nd a re u nsu i tab le f or c ast ing ; t he a dd i t ion o f l ead l owers t he me lt ing p o in t b ut more t han 3 0% c auses t he a l loy t o s epara te . T he Ro mans were aware o ft he d if feren t p ropor t ions n ecessary f or v ar ious o b jects .

P l iny ( Na tura l H istor ies XXXTV 9 4-6) d iscusses t he c orrect b lends;

f or a s ta tue, o ne t h ird s crap b ronze f or a dded b r il nd 1 2 -1 l bs o f s i lver liance a l ead ( t in a nd l ead ) t o e very 1 00 l bs o f c opper .

T ests o n s urv iv ing b ronze

o b jects s how h ow t he q uan t it ies v ar ied i n p ract ice . P . Cradock ( 1 974) d eterm ined , b y s c ien t if ic t ests, t he d if feren t p ercent ages u sed i n t he a l loy ; u p t o 3 0% l ead i n s tatues a nd s tatuet t es, a nd 2 1-22 ,% t i n i n mirrors .

T he c onstan t p ropor t ions i nd ica te q ua l i ty c on tro l i n t he Ro man

w orkshops. Most Br it ish b ronzes ,such a s f i bu lae , were i n f act b rass, a n a loy i nc lud ing z inc a s u sed i n a ur icha lcu m c o ins l i ke d upond ii ; I re land , b y l c on trast , u sed h igh t in b ronze . I ti s v ery d if f icu lt t o g ive a n o r ig in t o a n o b ject o n i t s me ta l c on ten t a lone , t he o r ig in o f a par t icu lar o re i s d if f icu lt t o d e term ine . Br ita in h ad l i t t le c opper a nd t here i s l i t le e v idence o f mines b e ing s unk t hus much w il ave b een i mt l h p or ted p erhaps a lready a s a n a loy . Many sm iths w il ave u sed b ron ze r a ther l l h t han h ave p roduced i tf ro m r aw ma ter ia ls ; meta l h oards i nc lude c akes ' o f b ronze , s craps a nd c opper , s e ldo m t in .

T he r e-use o f s crap meta l c on fuses

t he i ssue f ur ther , t hus i fa n a loy c an b e p roved t o o r ig ina te i n G au l t h is d oes l n o t mean t he o b ject i n o ur h ands was made o n t he c on t inen t . I n o rder t o p roduce p os it ive r esu lts l arge n u mbers o f o b jec ts must b e a na lysed . Cradock h as s o f ar o n ly d ea lt i n d eta i l w i th t he Archa ic a nd H el ist ic Greek b ronzes i n t he Br it ish Museu m b u t h e may , i n t ime , t hrow l en more l i gh t o n t hose f ro m R o man Br i ta in .

He h as, h owever , emphas ized t he

d i f icu lty o f d raw ing p rec ise c onc lusions. f

S im i lar work h as b een c arr ied

o u t i n G au l b y P ichon , B oucher a nd C ondam in ( 1 966, 1 967 , 1 968 a nd 1 973 ) . T he ir work emphas izes t he p rob le ms s uch a s v ar iab i l i ty o f t he a loys. L ead l v ar ies f ro m 1 -33% , more i n l arger o b jects ; t in a nd z inc t end t o b a lance e ach o ther ; t he p resence o f n icke l a nd o ther i mpur i t ies c an h e lp t o l oca te t he o r ig in o f t he c opper o re . T he amoun t o f z inc v ar ied b etween d if feren t r eg ions o f Gau l ;

l and b i n Hol efore 2 nd c entury A .D . z inc was a ma jor e le men t ;

i n

E astern a nd C en tra l G au l, A utun , t he Rh ine land a nd Bes a n çon a l arge p roport i on o f t he b ronzes c on ta ined z inc b u t a t V ienne z inc a ppeared i n o n ly 5 of 3 4 o b jects t ested .

i a P o mpei nd Hercu laneu m p roduced a s im i lar p ropor t ion t o

V ienne wh ich may i mp ly a n e ar ly d a te . 2 3

Z inc i s , i n g enera l, n ot u sed i n I t a ly

a nd A fr ica a nd t h is s uggests l oca l iza t ion o f i t s u se i n c en tra l Gau l a nd t he Rh ine land .

I t s u se i n Br i t ish f i gur ines p reven ts d e f in i te s epara t ion f ro m

t hose o f G au l a nd t hus i td oes n ot p rove o r d isprove a G al lic o r ig in .

Research

h as n o t y e t p rogressed f ar e nough t o s et tle t he q uest ion o f t he o r ig in o f I nd iv idua l o b jects . I nd iv idua l a na lyses o f e ach f i gure wou ld n eed t o b e c arr ied o u t a nd c o mpared a s o n t he Mercury f ro m L eadenhal tree t ( no . 2 3 ) wh ich l S c on ta ined 8 0 .7% c opper , 1 0 . 7 2% t in , 7 .68% l ead a nd 1 .72% impur i t ies ( Journa l o f t he C he m ica l S oc ie ty XL I ) ;

t here i s a n i n terest ing a bsence o f

z inc There r e ma ins t he e v idence f or i nd iv idua l c raf ts men i nc lud ing imm igran t workers .

S o me w il ave c o me f or s pec ia l c omm issions b ut o thers s et l h tled

i n t he p rov ince ; t here i s e p igraph ic e v idence f or v ar ious n a t iona li t ies c om ing t o Br ita in a nd t he ir d escenden ts wou ld l ook u pon t he p rov ince a s t he ir h ome . Imm igran t workers a re g eneral ccep ted a s a ct ive i n o ther s pheres s uch ly a a s mosa ics ( Ra iney 1 973 ) , t he e ar l iest o f wh ich a re b e l ieved t o b e t he w ork o f f ore igners who t ra ined t he n a t ives a nd e stab l ished workshops i n t he g row ing t owns; o n ly e spec ial i ne emb le ma ta a re a ssu med t o b e impor ted . ly f S igned works i n Br i ta in a re r are a nd s o c annot b e u sed f or g enera l iza t ion . T he most wel nown i s, w ithou t d oubt , t he F oss Dyke Mars ( no . 1 7 p l . 7 ) . l k T he i nscr ip t ion n a mes t he g ods, t he d ed ica tors, Brucc ius a nd Cara t ius b oth s urna med C o lasunus a nd a l most c er ta in ly me mbers o f a na t ive f am i ly , a nd t he a erar ius a nd j o in t-ded icator C e latus . Was t h is man a visit ing G au l w i th as pec ia l c o mm ission? He was u n like ly t o h ave t ravel or t h is p iece a lone . l ed f Or was t he f i gure c o mm iss ioned f ro m a broad? C e latus i s aL a t in n a me b u t t h is n eed n ot i mp ly a fore igner s ince n a t ives a dop ted R o man ized n a mes. C e latus b e d er ived f ro m " cae la tor" ,t he b ronzes m i th?

C ou ld

I n a ny c ase , b y t he

2 nd o r 3 rd c entury , t he p robab le p roduc t ion d a te , i mm igran ts wou ld h ave b een s et or s evera l g enera t ions. T he Mars h as a s hape ly t w isted t orso, tled f e normous c rested h e l me t a nd f l ow ing h a ir ; t he b aroque a ppearance r eca ls l e ar ly H el ist ic a r t , s uch a s t he h ead o f a young warr ior f ro m Begra m l en ( Kurz 1 954 :129) , a nd t h is s uggests a poss ib le G al r ig in . However , t he lic o s l igh t ly t op-heavy p ropor t ions, u n idea l ized f ace a nd l arge amoun t o f c o ldwork ing p oin t r a ther t o a na t ive work ing i n a Sou th Gau lish s ty le o r p oss ib ly f ro m a c opy-book . C opybooks a re p ostu la ted t o e xp la in many f orms o f p rov inc ia l a r t a nd i ti s n ot iceab le h ow many Br it ish f i gures a s wel l a s c on t inen ta l a re b ased o n G reek s tatues s uch a s t he Doryphorus.

T he F oss Dyke Mars may

e ven b e al oca l c opy o f a n e ar l ier impor t f ro m t he Med iterranean . The i n scr ipt i on a lso g ives u s a n i dea o f t he p r ice o f b ronze a nd wages . Ce la tus c on tr ib u ted o ne p ound o fb ronze wor th 3d enar ii a nd t he C o lasun i 1 00 s esterces t o c over t he e x tra 1 2 o z o fb ronze a nd t he work . Af ew o ther b ronzes m i ths a re k nown b y n ame . f ro m t he I s le o f E ly h as " Bodvogenus f ( ec it )"

Af i gured b ronze s k il le t

o n i t s h and le .

The n a me a ppears

o n p re-conquest c o ins, B odvoc o n Dobunn ic s ta ters, t hus t he man was p robab ly Br i t ish , a l though s uch a na me c ou ld b e G au lish . T he s ty le a ppears l oca l w ith a pane l o f i vy a nd v ine s cro lls i n n iel lo , ah ead o f C up id am idst waves a nd s ty l ized d o lph ins w ith i n ter tw ined t a i ls r em in iscen t o f C e l t ic a r t . A s k il le t h and le f ro m C o lchester ( B .M .) o rna men ted w ith a can thus l eaves a nd s ty l ized f l ora l s crol l t erm ina t ing i nb irds ' h eads i s a lso p robab ly o f l oca l o r ig in .

2 4

I ti s i nscr ibed P o mp (a )n i (us) , a n e xa mp le o f a R o man ized n a t ive n a me? I t was c o m mon p ract ice f or a c ra f ts man t o mark h is p roducts, a s p ot t ers ' s ta mps s how , a nd v ar ious b ronze workshops a re k nown a s a t L yons, Dracc ius ' p ans a nd I anuar ius ' h and les, a nd i n Hol ius " c o landers ' . I ti s l and Adrax u nfor tuna te t ha t s o f ew f i gur ines a re s igned . The ma jor ity o f t he t owns a nd v i lages wou ld h ave h ad a r es iden t b ronzel sm i th , a n a r t isan r a ther t han a n a r t ist , who wou ld mend b roken o b jec ts ( many f igur ines h ave b een r epa ired i n a nc ien t t imes) , a nd p roduce h ouseho ld g oods, b rooches a nd t he l i ke a s c o mm iss ioned .

T here i s p os it ive e v idence

o f ac opper-s m ith a t work i n C o lchester , C in tus mus, who d ed ica ted t wo b ronze p laques t o S i lvanus C al lir ius i n T e mp le V I . D id h e a lso p roduce t he b ronze s tag ( no . 1 69)? Where d e mand was g rea t more s pec ia l ized c raf ts men wou ld p roduce f igur ines a nd e labora te o rna men ts a nd mass p roduct ion wou ld o ccur . O n ly t he f inest p ieces n eed b e c ons idered i mpor ts a nd t h is o n ly i n t he e ar ly y ears . Af ter t he i n i t ia l p ost-conquest p hase Br i ta in was a s d eve loped a s G au l a nd f ore ign a r t ists wou ld s et tle i n s uch a c os mopo l i tan c en tre a s L ondon .

2 5

CHAPTER I V SOUTH-CENTRAL BR IT ISH BRONZES : A DETAILED D ISCUSS ION

T he c a ta logue g ives d e ta i ls o f a l l t he f i gur ines f ro m t he a rea ;

h ere I

p ropose , r e la t ive t o c er ta in o f t he f i gures, t o e xa m ine c er ta in a spects o f t he ir t ype a nd s ty le a nd t he i n forma t ion t hey p rov ide a bout t he p eop le a nd l i fe i n t he a rea . S ta t ist ics must b e u sed w ith c au t ion s ince i n s p i te o f t he impressive t o ta l, t he n u mbers o f s urv iv ing b ronzes must b e smal l i n r e lat ion t o t hose wh ich o nce e x isted .

An ew d iscovery c ou ld d rama t ical ly a l ter t he s i tua t ion .

Bronze f igur ines d o n ot n ecessar i ly g ive a n a ccura te impression o f r e l ig ious b e l iefs ; t here a re n o k nown b ronze G eni i C ucul la t i i n Br ita in i n c on trast w ith G au l ( Menze l 1 966 n o . 8 6) , b ut t hey a ppear o n a l tars i n t he C otswo lds; t here a re o n ly 2b ronze f i gures o f F or tuna b ut 2 7 g em r epresenta t ions. H owever , a l though t he a cc iden t o f s urv iva l must b e b orne i n mind , i ti s r eas onab le t o a ssu me t ha t l arge n u mbers o f c er ta in t ypes mean t ha t t hey w ere a lways p len t ifu l whereas a bsence o f a type s uggests t ha t i t was r are o r ig ina l ly . As tudy o f p rovenances may r evea l d if ferences b e tween t own a nd c oun try, o r e ven c i ty a nd smal own , b oth i n s ty le a nd t ype . S ince we a re c onsider ing l t i n t h is a rea b as ical ne t r ibe , s tr ik ing d i ferences i n r e l ig ious p ract ice o r ly o f i n t aste a re u n l ike ly t o o ccur .

T he d istr ibut ion o f p ieces s ih il n s ty le a nd l ar i

t ype w il e lp t o l oca te p oss ib le workshops b ut c er ta in c lassica l p oses, o f ten l h b ased o n G reek p ro to types, w il ccur e verywhere a nd d o n ot n ecessar i ly l o o r ig ina te f ro m a s ing le workshop . T he ma jor i ty o f t he f i gures a re i n s o me s ense r e l ig ious a nd many a re o f ac lass ica l t ype , a l though o f ten w i th C e lt ic s ty l ist ic d e ta i ls. Ce lt ic g ods a re v ery f ew i n n u mber ; t hey a re , b y c on trast , much more f requen t i n Gau l . T h is i s i n a ccord w i th r e l ig ious e v idence f ro m Br ita in i n g enera l ( Green 1 976) ; t h is s uggests a n e ar ly p rocess o f R o man iza t ion , wh ich b egan e ven b efore c onquest , b ased o n t he "i n terpre ta t io R o mana" d eve loped i n G au l. I n a dd it i on t o t he s pec if ical ly C e lt ic g ods t here a re t hose

c lassica l ' o nes p opu lar

among C e lt ic p eop les wh ich a re g eneral ly a ssumed t o h ave b een a ssi m i la ted t o t he n a t ive d e it ies a s i nscr ip t ions a t test ; t hese i nc lude Hercu les b rand ish ing ac lub c o m mon b oth i n S outh East Eng land a nd N or th Gau l, Venus/Mother G oddess ( a s i n p ipec lay f i gures) , Mercury a nd Mars. T ypes o n b o th s ides o f t he Eng lish C hanne l a re v ery s im i lar b ut t h is i s o n ly t o b e e xpected s ince t hey a re u sual ly b ased o n ac lass ica l p roto type .

C lassica l f igures c an b e

d iv ided i n to t hose wh ich a re p ure ly c lassica l i n a ppearance l i ke t he L ondon Archer ( n o . 1 48 p l . 2 4) a nd t hose s how ing v ary ing d egrees o f C e lt ic o r p rov inc ia l i n f luence .

2 6

Among t he d ef in i te r epresen ta t ions o f C e lt ic g ods i s t he wo lf e a t ing a m an whose l eg p rotrudes f ro m i t s mou th ( no . 1 44 p l . 2 3 ) .

The f i gure i sb e l ieved

t o c o me f ro m n ear Ox ford a nd , a l though t he e xact p rovenance i s u nknown , Woodea ton i s a possib i l i ty .

I ti s v ery s im i lar t o t he "Tarasque d e N oyes"

a t Av ignon wh ich h as a h a lf-ea ten l imb i n i t s mou th ( Esper and ieu 1 907 n o . 1 21) , a nd t he f igure f ro m F ouquerre i n Angou le me Museu m ( Esperand ieu 1 908 n o . 1 377 ) .

I den t if ica t ion w ith a Ce lt ic g od i s p robab le .

V enus Woodea ton p rov ides a no ther C e lt ic d e ity , a Mo ther-goddess f i gure ( no . 1 32 p l . 2 3 ) e xecuted i n a crude , d ec ide ly n a t ive s ty le ; t he h ead i s t oo l arge a nd t he f eatures c oarse . S he i s n aked t o t he wa ist w ith h er a rms o utstretched . T he a ssoc ia t ion o f t h is d e ity w i th Venus i s emphas ized b y t he Venus f i gur ine f ro m Woodea ton ( no . 1 21 p l . 2 0 ) . T h is, t oo, i s p robab ly a l oca l p roduct f or , a l though t he model ling i s t hree-d i mens iona l, t he p ose h as n o Graeco-Ro man p ro to type ; s he i s s ea ted o n a pedesta l w i th h er a rms a cross h er e longa ted b ody a s i ft o h o ld s o me th ing . The f ace i s f l a t w i th a w edge n ose, d eep c ircul ar e yes a nd c rooked s l i t mou th ;

h er h a ir i s i n t he t yp ica l c orona l a nd b un

t ern w ith d ecora t ive i ncised p at .

T he o ther o b jects d iscovered a t t he t e mp le

s i te a lso a ppear t o b e l oca l ; t hey i nc lude k n ife-hand les, a Ce lt ic f ace mask a nd b ird f i gur ines .

T he s i te was p erhaps o f r e l ig ious s ign if icance b efore t he

R omans a nd may r epresen t c on t inu i ty o f worsh ip ; t he o lder f e ma le d e ity i s a ssoc ia ted w ith Venus, M inerva a nd Mars, s hown o n ab ronze p laque . ( Goodch i ld a nd K irk 1 954 :29) . A c rude Venus/Mother-Goddess f i gure h as b een f ound a t C o lchester ( no. 19 p l . 2 1) wh ich i s most p robab ly o f l oca l workmansh ip . S he i s s ea ted ( t here i s ac orroded l u mp o n h er p oster ior f or a t tach men t ) a nd h o lds a l arge r ound o b ject , p oss ib ly a m irror , i n h er l ap w i th h er r igh t h and . T here i s n o r ea l a te mp t a t b ody model ; s he h as h igh , f l a t b reasts . T he e longa ted t ling h ead h as b u lg ing c heeks, p ro m inen t c ircu lar e yes, a l ong s tra igh t n ose a nd s l i t mouth , a nd i s c overed w ith k nobl ike c ur ls.

T he work i s e xcep t ional ly

c rude a nd i s p erhaps a fa i led a te mp t b y an a t ive c raf ts men t o c opy a c lass ica l t mode l e ar ly i n t he p rov ince ' s history, a l though t he 4 th c entury R udston mosa ic d ep icts a n e qual r im i t ive Venus. Wi th t h is f i gure s hou ld b e c o mpared t he ly p p r im it ive f e ma le f i gur ines f ro m C u lverho le ( no . 1 34) a nd Hen ley Wood ( no . 1 35) . O ther r epresen ta t ions o f Venus f ro m C o lchester a re more c lass ica l i n a ppearance b ut s t il rude a nd o f l oca l o r ig in , a l though t he t own ' sr o le a s a l c p or t w ith e asy a ccess t o t he c on t inen t s hou ld b e r e me mbered .

T he e xa mp le

i n t he Br it ish Museu m ( no . 16 p l . 2 1) i s t he c losest t o t he Graeco-Ro man V enus Anadyo mene, w ith an atura l f ace a nd p oss ib ly a m irror ( now m iss ing ) , b u t t he b ody i s s t il l f l a t . T h is f i gure i s t he o ne most l i ke ly t o b e o f G al lic o r ig in .

The Venus Anadyo mene ( n o . 1 18 ) i n C o lchester , a l though o f Graeco-

R o man t ype w ith h ands r a ised t o b ra id h er h a ir , p resen ts a fl a t s idev iew w i th t he b reasts s carce ly v is ib le ; t he f ac ia l f ea tures a re l ost . T he Venus who h o lds a r ound o b ject , p oss ib ly a n a pp le , a ga inst h er l e f t h ip ( no . 17 p l . 4 ) t er a ling a l -formed f i s o f b et ppearance w i th i mproved b ody- model nd wel ace ; h er h a ir c ur ls a round h er f ace a nd i s f astened i n ab un w i th l ong r ing lets

2 7

f a l ing t o h er s hou lders i n t yp ica l f ash ion . l

T he l ast t wo f igur ines a re p robab ly

l oca l p roducts b ut b y ab et raf ts man t han t he s ea ted f i gure . t er c T he o ther V enus-f igur ines f ro m t he a rea a lso c o me f ro m t owns w i th a h igh d egree o f Ro man iza t ion ; r e l ig ious e v idence .

as i tua t ion wh ich c orresponds t o t he g enera l

V enus was, i ts ee ms p opu lar among t he Ro man ized

t own-dwel a tuvel i , a n o lder g oddess g iven a more a cceptab le f or m , ling C l aun b u t was c o mpara t ive ly r are o n r ura l s i tes a nd i n o ther a reas o f Br i ta in . T here a re s urpr is ing ly f ew r epresen ta t ions o f V enus f ro m L ondon ;

a n

Anadyo mene o f r easonab le work mansh ip i n t he Br it ish Museu m ( no . 1 11 p l . 2 1) a nd a P ud ica f ro m S ou thwark ( no . 1 24) . B o th S i lchester ( nos. 1 22-3 p l . 2 1) a nd Veru la m iu m , h owever , p rov ide e xa mp les . V eru la m iu m h as t wo c on trast ing e xa mp les . T he f a mous f igure d iscovered i n 1 959 o n t he f l oor o f a3 rd c en tury c el i led i n i n t he 4 th c entury ( n o . 1 12 l ar f l P l . 2 0 ) . S he i s n aked w ith a c loak k not round h er t h ighs f l oa t ing i n t he t ed a b reeze ; h er h a ir h as t he t yp ica l s trand o n e ach s hou lder . S he h as a c rown o f f ru it a nd a po megrana te o r a pp le i n h er l e f t h and , as y mbo l o f f er t i l i ty a nd d ea th i n R o man a nd C e lt ic b e l ief ( Ar thur 1 977 :367 ) . The work i s e spec ia ly f i ne w ith p last ic model , g ood f ea tures, a nd s i lvered e yes; t he w ho le l ling h as a H el ist ic a ppearance a nd i s s ure ly a n e xpens ive i mpor t f ro m a South l en G au l ish workshop . I n s harp c on trast i s t he f i gure f ro m t he b a th h ouse i n Branch R oad ( no . 13 ) .

The s ty le a nd t ype , s he s tands a d just ing h er s anda l,

a re s t il lass ica l b ut t he e xecut ion i s r ough ; t he b ody i s t h in w ith p oor s hape , l c e spec ial he a rms, a nd t he f ace i s a lso p oor ly model . The work may b e ly t l ed l oca l a nd i s o f n o g rea t b eauty . F inal here i s a V enus f i gur ine f ro m E ly o f P ud ica t ype ( no . 1 15 p l . 2 0) ; ly t i ti sp robab ly f ro m a l oca l workshop s ince l arge n u mbers h ave b een f ound I n t he a rea . T he i n terest l i es n ot i n t he a verage w orkmansh ip b ut i n t he u nusua l " f lower-po t" ‚ headdress wh ich s ur moun ts t he p la i ts b ound a round h er h ead ; t he h a irsty le d if fers f ro m t ha t o f a l o ther f i gur ines b ased o n Graeco-Ro man l p rototypes . V enus f i gur ines a re r e la t ive ly f ew i n n u mber b ut t hey i lustra te wel he l l t d if feren t c a tegor ies o f work t o b e f ound i n R o man-Br ita in ; t he impor t , t he g ood c lass ica l c opy b y a na t ive , p oorer work , a nd " fa i lures" ,i ft h is i s t he c orrec t word f or s uch o b jects a s t he s ea ted f i gure f ro m C o lchester , wh ich , a l though c o mp le te ly u nc lass ica l, h as i t s own c harm e ven i n i t s g rotesqueness. I ti s u n l ike ly t ha t t h is f i gure was i n tended a s ac ar ica ture l i ke t he p ipec lay f i gures f ro m C o lchester ( see p . 6 ) ; i ti s r a ther o f r e l ig ious s ign if icance . O b jects o f t h is k ind a re o f ten t rea ted a s g oodluck c harms a nd i t s smal l s ize ( 5 cm ) may i nd ica te a n amu le t ic u se . Hercu les O ther f i guretypes, s uch a s Hercu les, a re f ar more c o m mon .

Many o f

t hese f i gur ines l ook r e markab ly s im i lar a nd where l arge n u mbers h ave b een d iscovered i n a distr ic t al oca l workshop may b e p ostu la ted . However , t he f act t ha t H ercu les ' f ro m a l l o ver t he a rea h ave t he s a me c haracter ist ics i s t he r esu lt o f as ing le p rototype r a ther t han a s ing le workshop .

S i mp lic i ty

c an a lso p roduce s im i lar ity a nd t h is i s p robab ly o ne o f t he f actors i nvo lved i n t he r ese mb lance t o E truscan f i gures ; t he t ype i s p robab ly d er ived o r ig inal ly 2 8

f ro m t hese .

l Near ly a l t he f igures a re n ude w ith t he c lub h e ld i n t he r igh t

t ly p h and a nd a n a tenua ted l i onsk in , u sual ure ly s ymbo l ic, o ver t he l e f t a rm . lic s S o me o f t he f igur ines a re i t hyphal uch a s t hose f ro m Bra mp ton ( Green 1 976 :205) a nd C o lchester ( n o . 6 6 p l . 1 6) . The t ype s ee ms t o b e o f f a ir ly u n i form p opu lar i ty i n b oth t own a nd c oun try I n t he e astern p ar t o f t he a rea b u t i s n o t s o n o t iceab le among t he D obunn . 1 a nd A tre b a tes .

Hercu les a lso was p opu lar o n t he c on t inen t a nd h ad p erhaps

b een a ss im i la ted w ith a na t ive g od u nder R o man i n f luence . T he s ty le o f t he ma jor i ty i s c onsisten t w ith a Br i t ish o r ig in ;

f ew n ecess i-

t a te a f ore ign e xp lana t ion , a s p erhaps t he g i lded B irdoswa ld Hercu les ( no . 7 8) d oes. T h is f i gure c o mes f ro m b eyond t he d efined a rea b ut i s i n terest ing i nb e ing o ne o f t he f ew v ery f i ne f i gures k nown i n Br i ta in ; s ince t he r est c ome f ro m t he s ou th e ast , i t s m i l itary c on tex t c on trasts w i th t he o ther u rban p rovenances .

T he u se o f al i onsk in a s ah ood w ith t he p aws t i ed o n t he c hest

le i s p aral led b y a p rov incia l f i gur ine a t C a mbr idge , p urchased f ro m Br isto l t on ( Museu m , a nd a H ercu les f ro m S ut no . 7 2 ) ; o n t he l at ter t he l ower p ar t l o f t he s k in f a ls f ro m t he l e f t a rm i n t he u sua l manner . Apar t f ro m a possib le b aby Hercu les f ro m F e l ixstowe ( no . 7 9) t he i den t if i ca t ion o f wh ich i s v ery d oubt fu l, t he o n ly u nusua l t ype i s t ha t f ro m Bress ingh am ( no . 7 6 p l . 1 5) . Hercu les h ere c arr ies a winged C up id o n h is s hou lders a nd a d og u nder h is l e f t a rm . o f H ercu les .

T h is i s o ne o f t he f ew b earded r epresen ta t ions

T he e xecu t ion i s r ough , t he f ac ia l f eatures u nsy mme tr ica l a nd

c rude , b o th t he b ody a nd t he d og a re u n f in ished .

A lthough H ercu les s ubdued

l en b y a C up id i s aH el ist ic s ub ject wh ich a ppears i n o ther a r t f orms s uch a s g ems ( R ich ter 1 968 :138) , t he f igure i s u n ique among b ronzes ; t here a re n o le c on t inenta l p aral ls;

i ti sb est t o a ssu me i t al oca l work .

Af i gure o f

H ercu les wrest l ing w ith a l i on i n t he B ib l iotheque Na tiona le , P ar is, i s s a id t o b e f ro m C o lchester ( Babe lon & B lanche t 1 895 :243) a nd t he Archer f ro m L ondon ( no . 1 48) p erhaps r epresen ts Hercu les s hoot ing t he S tympha l ian b irds . The Hercu les f i gur ines i n g enera l a ppear p rov inc ia l, o f ten h av ing p oor ling a model nd f ac ia l f eatures a nd a " Ce lt ic" c ap o f h a ir .

The p osi t ion o f t he

ly i tc an b e r a ised v er t ical , s hown

c lub, wh ich i s o f ten m iss ing , v ar ies;

b eh ind t he h ead , r est ing a ga inst t he l e f t a rm o r o n t he g round . C hange o f t a rm p os it ion was e asy i n mass p roduct ion s ince l i t le o f t he b as ic mode l n eeded a l tera t ion . 1 5-16.

The c haracter ist ic a ppearance i s c lear ly s hown b y p la tes

There i s a un i form ity o f d istr ibut ion i n t he e ast b u t c er ta in g roup ings a re o f e spec ia l i n terest , b e ing s uggest ive o f l oca l workshops. T hree f i gures t on n o f H ercu les, s im i lar i n s ty le , c o me f ro m S ut ear E ly ( nos. 7 1, 7 2 , 7 3 ) ; t wo a re b earded l i ke t he Bress ingha m a nd C ow l inge ( n o . 7 5) f igures a nd n ot t he b eard less y ouths f ro m C o lchester .

They p erhaps i nd ica te a var ian t o f

t he c u lt i n t h is p art o f East Ang l ia .

A Venus Pud ica ( no . 15) a nd a L ar

( no . 8 8 ) a lso c o me f ro m n ear E ly .

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t a w orkshop o pera ted

i n t he a rea p roduc ing f igur ines f ro m c lass ica l mode ls b u t w ith i nexper t b ody a nd f ac ia l r epresen ta t ion . A nother workshop may h ave b een s i tua ted a t C o lchester , p oss ib ly s pec ia l iz ing i n Hercu les f i gures s ince t he l argest n u ml b ers a re f ound t here . N o t a l t hese f igur ines a re i den t ica l; t h is was n o t p oss ib le w ith t he c ire lperdue t echn ique . T hree p ieces ( nos. 6 6, 6 7 , 7 0 ) a re 2 9

e spec ial l ike , a l though o ne h o lds t he c lub v er t ica l, a nd o ne b eh ind t he h ead ; ly a t he t h ird c lub i s m issing .

A l t hree h ave t he ir we igh t o n t he r igh t l eg w i th l

t he l e f tben t v ery s l igh t ly o u twards;

a l h ave o n ly s l igh t , f l at ody- model l tish b ling

w ith f a ir ly p ro m inen t p hal nd i nc ised c irc les f or n ipp les . li a

Two h ave f l a t ,

d eep ly i nc ised c aps o f h a ir wh i le t he t h ird h as, i n a dd i t ion , a peak a t t he f ron t; t hey h ave s im i lar c rude f aces . O ne h as l ost i t s l i onsk in , a nother h as i ts lan t ing b ackwards f ro m t he a rm g iv ing amore i n terest ing p rof i le v iew . A l h ave a smooth p o l ished s ur face b ut o ne o f t he b ronzes h as a mid-green l p a t ina a nd n o t t he u sua l d ark o l ive o f C o lchester ;

t h is may , h owever , b e t he

r esu lt o f t he p ar t icu lar s o i l c ond it ions i n wh ich i t was f ound o r e ven i nd ica te t he r e-use o f s crap b ronze . T he o ther Hercu les f i gures f ro m C o lchester a re e qual rov inc ia l . C o lchester was o bv ious ly wel i tua ted f or impor taly p l s t i on f ro m G au l a nd i n i t s e ar ly h istory t h is was p resu mab ly t he c ase , f or e xa mp le , w i th S am ian ware , b ut a c o lon ia o f i t s s ize wou ld h ave d eve loped i t s o wn i ndustr ies a s t he p ot i lns a nd C in tus mus d ed ica t ion i nd ica te . tery k T he f i gures o f Hercu les f ro m Veru lamiu m ( nos . 6 2 , 6 3 , 6 4) a re , i fa ny th ing o f e ven more p rov inc ia l a ppearance ; t he s im i lar f igur ine f ro m Wymond ley v i la n ear H i tch in ( no . 6 5) was a lso p erhaps p roduced a t a V eru la m iu m workl s hop . Mars a nd Mercury Mars a nd Mercury were b oth c lose ly i den t if ied w ith v ar ious w ide ly wors h ipped a nd p ure ly l oca l p re-Ro man d e it ies a s w e k now f ro m i nscr ip t ions b oth i n Br i ta in a nd o n t he c on t inen t ; t he ir p opu lar i ty was w idespread . T he t ypes a re b as ical lass ica l w ith o ccas ional e lt ic a tr ibutes s uch a s t orcs ly c ly C t o r r a m-headed s nakes; t he s tandard o f e xecut ion v ar ies f ro m t he f ine , p robab ly I mpor ted , f igures o f Mercury f ro m Veru lam iu m ( no . 3 9 p l . 1 2) , s hown w i th s i lver t ore ( aR ichborough f igur ine h as a go ld t ore) , r am , t or to ise a nd c ock , a nd f ro m G osbecks f arm ( no . 3 0 p l . 1 2 ) t o t he v ery c rude f i gures f ro m t he S ou thbroo m a nd Bruton t e mp le s i tes ( Toynbee 1 964 :p l. XV I ) ; b o th t he l a ter t l i e o utside t he a rea b ut a re r e levan t s ince i ti s g eneral n ly t h is l eve l o f ly o work wh ich i s a ccep ted a s Br i t ish . The ma jor i ty o f t he f i gur ines h ave a n a verage s tandard o f e xecut ion a nd a re p robab ly n a t ive work . T he d istr ibut ion o f t hese t ypes r a ises s o me i n terest ing p o in ts, a l though t he t enuous n ature o f a ny h ypo thes is b ased o n t he e v idence a va i lab le c annot b e o ver emphas ized . Veru lam iu m h as, a s y e t , n o f igures o f Mars a nd o n ly o ne o f Mercury, b u t t hen v ery f ew f igures a re k nown f or s uch a p rosperous t own . L ondon , b y c on trast , h as p roduced s evera l f i gur ines o f Mercury , p a tron o f c o m merce, b u t o n ly , s o f ar , o ne o f Mars . The Mercury ( no . 2 2 p l . 1 0) f ro m t he Thames a t L ondon Br idge i s t he most c lass ica l i n s ty le .

A l l t he b ronzes d redged f ro m t he r iver a t t h is p o in t

l ed a re f i ne p ieces, e i ther i mpor ts t o t he c ap ita l o r a n i nd ica t ion o f as k il w orkshop o pera t ing t here . L arge n u mbers o f p ure ly c lassica l d e it ies, l i ke lo l r J up i ter , A pol , M inerva a nd C eres, a re wel epresen ted i n L ondon ; t hey ly e o ccur o n ly s proad ical lsewhere i n t he h igh ly R o man ized t owns a nd r icher l v i las .

l Those f ound i n t he T ha mes may h ave c o me f ro m a te mp le o r g u i ld-hal

a nd h ave b een t hrown i n t he r iver w ith t he c om ing o f C hr ist ian i ty ;

many a ppear

t o h ave b een b roken f i rst a l though i conoc las m b y t he C hr ist ians i s n ot t he o n ly a nswer . ( Merr if ie ld 1 977 :388 f ) . 3 0

The o ther r epresen ta t ions o f Mercury f ro m L ondon a re p oorer i n s ty le a nd o f more n a t ive a ppearance .

Many a re u n for tuna te ly d amaged a nd c orroded ;

ly p i nf act , f igur ines o f Mercury s ee m e spec ial rone t o d amage a nd t he l oss o f t a tr ibutes s uch a s t he c aduceus, p erhaps t he r esu lt o f t he u sua l s tance . Merly r c ury i s u sual epresen ted a s as tand ing n ude , ac loak o ver h is l e f t a rm w ith c adu ceus a nd p urse o r p a tera a nd w inged p e tasos a nd a nk les ( no . 4 2 p 1 .10 , 3 2 p l . 1, 2 5, 4 0) . Var ia t ions o bv ious ly o ccur , f or e xa mp le , t he r ec l in ing f i gure l C l ect l ls ( n o . 2 1 p 1 .13) f ro m t he G u i ldhal ol ion ; t he f u ly d raped f i gure r ecal t he R iver g ods ( nos . 8 1, 8 2 ) . Mercury i n f l igh t i s r epresen ted a t L ondon ( no. 2 9 p 1 .11) a nd F le mp ton ( n o . 4 3 ) ; t here a re l arge w ings o n h ee ls a nd p e tasos; t he r a ised r igh t a rm o nce h e ld a c aduceus a nd t he l owered l e f t a purse .

The

t wo f igur ines a re o f a pprox i ma te ly t he s a me s ize a nd l ook r emarkab ly s im i lar ; a n o r ig in i n t he s a me workshop i s p oss ib le e i ther i n L ondon o r t he C ow l inge a rea , where o ther f i gur ines o f Mercury h ave b een f ound . l f A smal igure f ro m C o lchester ( no . 3 7) h as b een d escr ibed a s a n a th le te b u t more p robab ly r epresen ts Mercury . I ti s n o t i den t ica l w ith t he p rev ious f i gur ines ; i tt urns t o t he l e f t n ot r igh t a nd t here a re n o o bv ious t races o f w ings ; t he r a ised l e f t h and h o lds wha t i s p oss ibly a torch . C o lchester , l i ke L ondon , s ee ms t o h ave h ad a p ro m inen t c u lt o f Mercury . The t e mp le a t G osl h b ecks F arm may wel ave b een d ed ica ted t o t h is d e ity , r eference t he f i ne te ( s ta tuet no . 3 0) .

Apar t f ro m t he a fore men t ioned , i ts eems l i ke ly t ha t t he

ly o ther C o lchester Mercur ies c ou ld h ave b een p roduced l ocal .

T hese f igur ines

s hare v ar ious f eatures w ith t hose o f H ercu les f ro m t he t own ; t he t h in p rof i le , ling w p oor b ody- model ith h igh , i nc ised p ec tora l a nd f l a t , p oor ly-represen ted f aces .

S o me o ft he s im i lar ity i s p erhaps t he r esu lt o f t he p r im i t ive a ppearance

l b b u t t he l arge n u mbers o f smal ronzes o f v ar ious t ypes u near thed i n C o lchester s uggest a f l our ish ing l oca l i ndustry . ly y C lass ica l r epresenta t ions o f Mercury a re u sual oung a nd b eard less b ut i n G au l h e was s o met i mes p ortrayed a s a n o lder b earded " peas a n t" t ype , a s t he s tone s cu lp ture f ro m L ezous ( Esperand ieu 1 908 n o . 1 609) .

The f igure f ro m

la ( B oxmoor v il no . 3 8 p 1 .13 ) a lso h as ab eard . ( I t i s p resu mab ly f or t h is r eason t ha t M . Green i den t if ied i ta s Hercu les) . A lthough n o w ings a re v is ib le , h e h o lds a purse o ver h is l e f t s hou lder a nd i den t i f ica t ion w i th Mercury i s p robab le . t t T here i s l i t le r ea l a te mp t t o d ep ict t he f ac ia l f eatures a nd t he b ody i s o ut o f p ropor t ion t o t he l egs .

T he p iece i s i n n o way a rt ist ic a nd impor ta t ion s ee ms

u n l ike ly . The b eard i s p erhaps t o b e a ccounted f or b y a ss im i la t ion w ith a l oca l g od . Veru la m iu m h as o n ly o ne Mercury a nd , i n f act , c o mpared t o C o lchester , l aun L ondon o r East Ang lia , t he Ca tuvel ian c iv itas p rov ides b ut f ew e xa mp les, l t hese p oss ib ly f ro m v i las. f i cance .

lic s T he Pavenha rn f igure ( no . 4 1) h as p hal ign i-

Tha t f ro m Wy mond ley ( no . 4 0) wears a r ibboned g ar land o n i t s h ead

ly i l i ( unusual t s c aduceus i s s t il n p osi t ion ) .

The f i gur ine f rom Manea F en ( no .

4 2 ) h as a s im ilar l aure l wrea th . H orse men a nd H eads:

C e lt ic Be l iefs

I n g enera l, f ewer r epresen ta t ions o f Mars a re k nown b u t t here a re many l aun i n t he C atuvel ian a rea . F igures o f c lass ica l t ype a re k nown b u t more i nt erest ing a re t he "h orse men" . S im i lar f igures a ppear among t he p ipec lay l f i gur ines f ro m A l ier . 3 1

T he r iders a t Br igstock ( no . 1 36-138 ) were a ssoc ia ted w ith a C e l t ic h ead o n a pyra m ida l b ase ( no . 2 34) ; t h is h ad a w edge n ose , s lan t ing a l mond e yes, t i ny s l it mou th , d eep g rooves f or h a ir a nd d o ts o n t he b ase .

lingham Fen Wil

l y- made f p roduced t wo l ocal i gures o f R o man c ava lry men ( nos. 1 39-40 p l .2 2) t oge ther w i th ab ad ly d a maged Mars ( no . 1 4 p l .8 ) .

The r e mainder o f t he f inds

were o f C e lt ic c haracter , t he Tanar is c lub ( no . 2 38 ) , as cep tre b ust ( n o . 2 44) , t hree h eads o ne o f wh ich h as t hree h orns ( nos. 2 29-31) , b irds a nd a n i ma ls ( nos . 1 88 , 1 89, 2 50 , 2 51) .

I ts ee ms t ha t t here was a s hr ine d ed ica ted t o

l C e lt ic d iv in i t ies, t he h orse man b e ing i den t if ied w ith Mars, a nd t ha t t hese smal b ronzes were made l ocal ly . R epresen ta t ions o f t he h ead a lone a re n o t ap ure ly C e lt ic p heno menon ; b usts were c o mmon i n t he c lass ica l wor ld . T o t he C e lts, h owever , t he h ead was s ymbo l ic o f d iv in i ty ( Ross 1 967 : 6 1) a nd t here i s e v idence f or h ead c u lts e x ist ing i n G au l a s a t En tre mon t a nd R oqueper tuse .

I ti s no t iceab le t ha t t he

f ew p re-Ro man h u man i mages i n Br i ta in d ep ic t t he h ead a lone a s o n t he l Ay lesford b ucke t . S cu lp tured h eads c on t ined i n to R o man t imes a s a t B enwel a nd T owcester . T hey were a lso u sed a s d ecora t ive mo t ifs o n meta lwork l i ke t he h ead w ith k nobbedhorns o n aR ichborough h and le a nd s im i lar ly a t T hea lby , L incs . ( Ross 1 967 :94) , t he p r iest ly h eadband f ro m Hockwo ld a dorned w ith Ce lt i c h eads ( s ty lized h a ir , a nd b eard , l en to id e yes a nd s l it mouth ) a nd ab rooch f ro m C hedwor th o rna men ted w ith s even h eads.

T here a re a lso t hose h eads

f ro m s cep tres i n C e lt ic s ty le wh ich p erhaps r epresen ted emperors ( see l b p age 8 ) ; t hese a re d iscovered w i th smal ronze a n i ma ls a nd b irds a nd w ere a pparen t ly a ssoc ia ted w ith C e lt ic b e l iefs . ls a T hree-horned b ul re k nown , f or e xa mp le , L e icester ( J .R .S . 1 936 :235) t a nd Ma iden C ast le ( no . 1 46) ; t he l a ter h as t wo b usts a nd a h u man-headed b ird g row ing f ro m i t s b ack a nd t a i l .

I s i t , p erhaps, a m isunderstood T arvos Tr i-

l ar o g aranos a s o n t he P il f t he Nautae, Par is ( Esperand ieu 1 911 n o . 3 1, 3 2)? I n terest i n C e lt ic d e it ies p ers isted a nd r ura l s hr ines f l our ished ; c u lts were a ss im i la ted w ith C e lt ic .

c lass ica l

T hose c lass ica l d e it ies who c ou ld n ot b e

e as i ly i den t if ied w i th Ce lt ic b e l iefs a re , o n t he w ho le, o n ly r epresen ted a t R o man ized s i tes .

lo l Apol , C eres a nd M inerva a l a ppear i n L ondon a nd

M inerva , i n p rov inc ia l s ty le , a t C o lchester , S i lchester a nd i n K en t ; o f h er , t l aun t oo, t here i s l i t le s ign among t he C atuvel i . The c rude f igur ines o f M inerva a t Bruton , S o merset may b e d ue t o i n f luence f ro m Ba th . O ther C lass ica l De it ies O ther c lass ica l d e it ies a re more s parse ly r epresen ted , f or e xa mp le , t F or tuna a nd D iana . F our e xa mp les o f t he l a ter a re k nown i n Br ita in a t C irencester , Wroxe ter , Bass ingbourne ( no . 1 09 p 1 .19) a nd o ne f ro m a n u nt ered f k nown p rovenance ; t he ir s cat i nd s po ts a nd d if feren t a ppearance a rgue a ga inst a ny c onnec t ion .

The f igures f ro m C irencester ( n o . 1 10) a nd B assing-

b ourne , a l though c lu msy a nd p rov inc ia l i n s ty le , a re v ery d if feren t b e ing b ased f o n d i feren t c lass ica l p ro totypes. T he f ormer , w ear ing a s hor t t un ic, i s s hown r unn ing i n t he a ct o f p luck ing a n a rrow f ro m h er q u iver .

I n c on trast t ha t f ro m

Bass ingbourne s tands mo t ion less i n al ong p ep los ; t here i s ah o le i n t he r igh t h and f or a l ost b ow . T he c rude ly s cu lptured f ace i s marred b y ad eep s l it ly a d iagonal cross t he f orehead ; t h is i s p robab ly a n o r ig ina l f law a nd i s i nd ica-

3 2

t i ve o f t he l ow s tandard o f workmansh ip .

Bo th f i gur ines h ave a top-kno t ( as d o

t he b usts i nt he A sh mo lean n os. 2 20 , 2 21 p l . 2 9 ), b u t t he h a ir o n t he Bass ingb ourne D iana i s i nd ica ted b y h eav ilyinc ised l ines. The t wo R iver Gods f ro m t he a rea , Co lchester ( no. 8 2 ) a nd Grea t Chesterf ord ( no. 8 1 p l . 1 4 ) p resen t as tr ik ing c on trast.

The l a t ter i s a n a t tract ive

o b ject w ith g ood b ody model ling , e ven t he f eet ; wa ter f l ows f ro m a n o verse t ly b u rn ; t he who le i s c areful a lanced o n ac ircu lar p edesta l wh ich i s i n c on tac t w ith o n ly t he t h ighs a nd b u t tocks. The g od , h owever , h as s tar ing e yes , f l ow ing h a ir a nd b eard , s im i lar t o t he Ba th Medusa h ead , a nd p at t erned d rapery f o lds; i t may t hus wel l b e a Br it ish p roduc t.

The f i gur ine f ro m Co lchester i s more

c er ta in ly n a t ive ; i n s p i te o f i t s worn c ond it ion i t s o r ig ina l p rov inc ia l f ea tures a re v is ible , t he p at t ern o f i nc ised l i nes a l l o ver t he b ody t o r epresen t d rapery , t he p oor f ac ia l f ea tures a nd c ap o f i nc ised h a ir , a s o n Hercu les f i gur ines. There i s a fa ir ly p len t iful r epresen ta t ion o f p urely c lass ica l t ypes i n s p i te i o f t he Celt ic a spects s tressed a bove. L ares , Gen i Pa ter fa m il iares a nd p r iests s uggest a c er ta in amoun t o f Ro man iza t ion o fb el iefs a s d o l arar ia. These f igu res a re n o t c on f ined t o t he l arge t owns a nd , a l though t hey n a tural ly o ccur i n L ondon , S ilchester , Co lchester a nd Veru la m ium , t here a re e xa mp les w i th r ura l p rovenances ( nos. 8 8 &8 9 ).

P r iests a re t o b e e xpec ted a t t e mp le s i tes l ike

i l Bru ton a nd Gen i a t r ich v i las l ike C hedworth; l; Brandon a nd F e lm ingham Hal

L ares o ccur a t E ly , L akenhea th ,

t he l ast a ssoc ia ted w ith aMinerva , He l iosepar is ,

r avens a nd a Ce lt ic h ead ( Gu ide Ar t. R .B. 1 964 :60 ) s how ing t he u sua l t o lerance l l o fb el iefs. These f i nds may a l r epresen t Ro man ized v i la s i tes b u t l oca l p rod uc t ion i s p robable; t he L akenhea th a nd Brandon f i gures a re v ery s im ilar ( see p age 2 1) a nd a w orkshop h as a lready b een p ostda ted n ear E ly ( see p age 2 9 ). L oca l d e mand f or s uch t ypes , a nd t h is o bv iously e x isted , wou ld r esu l t i n t he ir l oca l manu facture. O r ien ta l De it ies l r These a re, o nt he who le, n o t w el epresen ted e xcep t i n L ondon a nd among l t he Can t iaci , as i tua t ion b orne o u tb y a l r el ig ious e v idence. Popu lar ity i n L ondon i s o n ly t ob e e xpec ted i n v iew o f i t s c os mopo l itan c haracter ; t here was p robably a n I saeu m a t S ou thwark ( Harr is 1 965:79 ) a nd a n i nscr ip t ion d ed icated t o I s is.

F igur ines o f I s is, Harpocra tes , Cybe le a nd A tys a re k nown f ro m L ondon .

Af ew o ther b ronze r epresen ta t ions o f Eastern d e i t ies a re k nown s uch a s l ( t he h ead o f A tys f ro m M i ldenhal no. 2 27 p l . 2 9 ), ah ead o f J up iter Do l ichenus i n a con ica l c ap f ro m C irencester a nd a fi gure w ith a s im ilar c ap a t Co lchester ( no . 1 31).

The i den t if ica t ion o f s o me o f t he S ou thbroo m f i gures a s Egyp t ian g ods

l ike Anub is i s i mprobable.

Examp les o f O sir is a re s uspected o f b e ing i n troduced

i n r ecen t t imes , t hose f ro m Swansco mbe , K en t ( no. 1 29 ), Ma iden Cast le a nd l I lm inster , S o merse t ( Harr is 1 965 :89 ); o n ly t ha t f ro m S tancombe v i la , G los. i s c er ta in ly Ro man . I ts ee ms t ha t f i gures o f o r ien ta l d e i t ies w ere f or t he most p ar t i mpor ted ; d e mand i n c iv il ian Br ita in was, i n a ny c ase , l ow b u t t he f act l t ha t i te x isted a t a l s tresses t he c os mopo l i tan n a ture o f t he emp ire. C om ic Actor ( no . 1 57 p l . 2 4 ) One o ft he most i n terest ing h uman f i gur ines i s t he r ecen t ly d iscovered ' com ic a ctor ' f ro m Co lchester. l i lustra ted i n C ru m my 1 975.

ly p Th is h as n o t y et b een f ul ubl ished a l though

3 3

The f i gur ine was d iscovered b y workmen o n Greydown House s i te i nt he H igh S treet ( 1974 ); t he p rovenance d oes n o t s uggest t ha t i tf urn ished a grave. t The f i gure s tands o n a fla t b ase wh ich i s p ierced f or a tach men t. I t s i den t if icat ion w ith a c om ic a ctor i s s uggested b y t he f ace mask w ith l arge g r inn ing mou th l ed n a nd c ircu lar e yes; h e wears at un ic w i th h igh , r ol eck a nd a h ood b u t s tands l us; w ith l egs a par t a nd s l ight ly b en t a nd l if ts u p h is t un ic t o r evea l al arge p hal l ea ther o nes w ere u sed i n c om ic p lays ( B ieber 1 961: f i g. 4 82, 4 92 ).

The r ound

o b jec ts , p oss ibly a pp les o r s o me o ther f or m o ff ru it , i n t he f o lds o ft he t un ic s uggest t ha t t he a ctor was p or tray ing Pr iapus , t he f ert il ity g od. l -execu The p iece i s wel ted ; t he p lea ts o f t he s k irt a re s hown e ven o n t he i ns ide o ft he r a ised t un ic. I ti s a l most c erta in ly a n impor t f ro m Gau l i fn o t t he Med iterranean . N o o ther b ronze f i gure o f a n a ctor i s k nown f rom Br i ta in . Ab ronze Pr iapus was d iscovered a t Carz ie ld ( Transac t ions o ft he Dumfr ies l oway N a nd Gal a tura l H istory a nd An t iquar ian S oc iety 1 969 :p l. X I ), t oge ther w ith aBacchus a nd Cup id i n t he a r mourer 's f urnace o f t he a ux i l iary f or t , a nd lic t h is was s im ilar ly i t hyphal , w ith f ru it h e ld i n ag a thered c loak . Pr iapus l p f i gures were c o m mon i nt he c lass ica l wor ld , f or e xa mp le wal a in t ings , House i, a t as f i a l and o f Ve ti nd t erracot ro m Po mpei nd b ronze f i gures f ro m Rouen ( Rol l and 1 1 959 :n o. 6 1 ) a nd Av ignon ( Rol 965 :no. 1 30 ). D ep ict ion s o f a ctors a re c o m mon i nI t a ly a nd o nt he c on t inen t , f or e xamp le t he D ioscur ides mosa ics i n ta f N ap les, t erracot i gur ines i n Bonn Museum a nd b ronzes f ro m I ta ly , N icosia a nd Gau l ( Boucher 1 973:no. 1 84 ); p or tan t e le men t i n c o medy .

lic s many a re i t hyphal ince t h is was a n im-

B r i ta in , h owever , h as f ew r epresen ta t ions o f

a ctors. There i s a c om ic mask , o ne e ye l arger t han t he o ther , a t t he b ase o f aj ug h and le f ro m S ilchester ( Toynbee 1 964 :322 ). L e icester h as p roduced f rescoes d ep ic t ing a ctor 's masks ( Wacher 1 974:56 ). The r e ma in ing r epresent a t ions a re o ng e ms; a B recon i n tagl io s hows a M use i n a co m ic mask s tudyl, Dorse i ng at rag ic mask , o ne f ro m Waddon H il t , at rag ic f e ma le p ro tagon ist i n a m ask w ith e xaggera ted mou th , h igh ' onkos ' a nd l ong h a ir a nd a corne l ian lia ( 1st c en tury A .D.) f ro m R ichborough s hows a s cene f rom a co m ic p al ta , ( Hen ig 1 974 :no. 5 22 ). t The a ctor , b y i t s r ar ity , s heds a li t le more l i ght o n t he p lace o f t he ' t hea tre ' i n Ro man Br ita in .

Thea tre r e ma ins h ave b een r ecogn ized a t Veru-

t ly a l am ium a nd Can terbury a nd o ne i s a tested , e p igraph ical t Pe tuar ia ( RIB l h l h 7 07 ). More may wel ave e x isted a nd p lays, o r a t l east m i mes w il ave l o-Ro man t b een p erfor med a t Gal hea tres s uch a s Gosbecks; e ar th b anks t tery t l eave l i t le t race. Pot rag ic masks h ave b een d iscovered a t Ba ldock a nd t er Cat ick , t he l at ter made a t Water N ewton ( Wacher 1 974 :p l . 5 , 6 ) ; whether ly u t hese were a ctual sed i nt he t hea tre i s u ncer ta in .

An i mported i vory r el ief

i n t he f or m o f a trag ic mask e x ists a t Caer leon ( Toynbee 1 964 :359 p l. =

I). XI

There h as , a s y e t , b een n o p os i t ive i den t if ica t ion o f a theatre i n Co lchester a l though s evera l s i tes h ave b een p u t f orward . I t wou ld b e s urpr is ing i fa ly i t hea tre d id n o t e x ist i nt he c o lon ia e spec ial n v iew o f Tac i tus ts men t ion o f lion o ne , ( Anna ls X IV . 32 ) d ur ing h is a ccoun t o f Boud icca 's r ebel . 1 Imported o r n o t t he s ta tuet ld b e more a pprec ia ted b y t hose who h ad s een p lays, t e wou a s wou ld t he L ondon g lad ia tors ( nos. 1 50-1) b y t hose who h ad s een t he g ames. I n s p i te o fb e ing a n a ctor , t he f i gure wou ld r e ta in t he f er t il ity s ymbo l is m o f Pr iapus a nd t hus p ossibly b e longed i n aHouseho ld s hr ine. The i dea o f

3 4

s how ing a gen ius a s p or trayed b y a n a ctor o ccurs e lsewhere i n Ro man a r t .

A

g em f ro m t he Backwor th h oard s hows a mourn ing g en ius , a fi gure l ean ing o n at orch u psidedown b u t wear ing at rag ic mask ( Hen ig 1 974 n o. 5 23 ). a lso aCup id i n a B acch ic mask o n ag em f rom Wroxe ter.

There i s

These p ieces c onvey

t wo s epara te b u t u n ited i deas.

( 1)

" Consonu isse u lu la t ibus t heatrum v isa mque s pec ie m i n a estur io Ta mesae s ubversae c o lon iae".

Hu man F igures f ro m L ondon The ma jor ity o f n on-rel ig ious f i gur ines h ave , s o f ar , b een u near thed i n L ondon a l though s o me h ave o ccurred e lsewhere s uch a s t he p lough man f ound a t P iercebr idge , Durha m. Those f ro m L ondon i nclude t wo h eav ily-armed " Samn ites" s hown o nt he p o in t o f mov ing i n to a c t ion ( nos. 1 50-1 p l . 3 ). Bo th a re e xecu ted i n a fa ir ly c rude s ty le a nd p robably o r ig ina ted i n Br ita in ; t hey a re c o mparable w ith s cenes o n Castor ware. Know ledge o f t he c orrec t e qu ipmen t , h el mets, g reaves a nd s o o n , i s a pparen t , b u t i ti s d if f icu l t t o d ec ide whether t h is r esu l ts f rom t he f i rst-hand k now ledge o f as pec ta tor o r f ro m a r t ist ic p or traya l o n impor ted o b jects. F igur ines i nt he p opu lar Ro man g enre o f t he ' barbar ians" a lso e x ist i n L ondon . The f inest i s p erhaps t he h orseless r ider ( no . 1 52 p l. 2 5 ) s ea ted w ith l egs w ide a par t.

H is f ore ign n a t iona l i ty i s c learly i nd icated b y h is t ha tch-l ike

h a ir w ith h eavy i nd iv idua l l ocks o ver t he f orehead , s haggy b eard , d roop ing moustache a nd f la t n ose ; h e wears a c loak , s hor t t un ic a nd b oo ts a nd h o lds a c ircu lar b ossed s h ie ld h or izon tal ly b efore h i m. p or tray a N or thern a ux i l iary .

Perhaps h e was i n tended t o

The f i gure i s wel l - model l ed w ith g ood , d eep-

s e t e yes. The f ea tures s how " Cel t ic" t ra its b u t t he workmansh ip i s g ood . i s f ro m t he Char les Roachs m i th Col l ect ion a nd a l most c er ta in ly f ro m t he

I t

Tha mes. There i s as tr ik ing p aral le l i n J erusa le m. D id t he t wo o r ig ina te i n t he s a me workshop? O b jects were t raded a cross t he who le emp ire a nd were c arr ied b y t roops a nd o ther migran t me mbers o f t he p opu la t ion .

As teelyard

w e ight f ro m L e icester i nt he f or m o f ab ust o f an egro b oy p rov ides a n e qual ly f ine d ep ic t ion o f r ac ia l c haracter ist ics a nd p robab ly r epresen ts a n impor t. More p robably a n a t ive work i s t he k nee l ing b arbar ian f ro m t he Wa lbrook ( no. 1 53 p l. 2 5 ). Th is f i gure i s of ten t er med ' Nord ic ' b ecause o f t he c urly b eard , moustache a nd c lose-f it ting b east-sk in c ap ; wha t a ppears t o b e a n a n i ma l 's e ar p ro jec ts a t t he b ack o f t he h ead. The work man was r easonab ly s k il l ed a nd p roduced a r ea l ist ic f ace. The e nds o f t he b roken-of f l egs b ear t races o f l ead wh ich may i nd ica te a n a nc ien t r epa ir o r e ven t he j unct ion w i th t he r est o f a n o r ig ina l g roup. K nee l ing b arbar ians a nd v ic tor ious Ro mans w ere c o m mon mo t ifs , f or e xa mp le o nt o mbstones. The l ast o f t he b arbar ian f i gures ( no. 1 54 ) r epresen ts a cap t ive who i s r educed t o b are e ssen t ials; i ti s c er ta in ly n a t ive.

Crouch ing w i th a r ope a round n eck , wr ists a nd a nk les, i t

p ossesses a c rudely d ep ic ted f ace a nd s tra igh t i nc ised l ocks o f h a ir a t t he f ron t o n ly . The f i gure i s p ierced b y t wo h o les r unn ing v er t ical ly f ro m h ead t o s ea t a nd h or izon tal hrough t he wa ist , t hese were p resu mably f or a tachly t t men tb u t h ow a nd t o wha t i s u ncer ta in . The Archer f ro m Queen S treet , Cheapside ( no. 1 48 p l . 2 4 ) i s p oss ibly t he f i nest b ronze y e t d iscovered i n Br ita in . I fi ti s n o t a n impor t , w h ich i s a l most 3 5

l a c er ta in ly i s , B r i ta in c on ta ined a r t ists o f s k il s y et u n i mag ined. I t s e xcell l ence i s i lu stra ted b y t he f ac t t ha t i tr ece ives amen t ion i n L a mb 's Greek a nd t Roman b ronzes; o ne o ft he f ew n onI ta l ian b ron zes t o mer i t s uch a ten t ion . l- model led b I t s q ua l i ty s hows i nt he t ense , wel ody , w i th t au t muscles a nd l owered h ead , d ep icted i nt he a c t o f s hoo t ing. r endered .

T he f ace a nd h a ir a re p er fec t ly

Th is f i gure may r epresen t Hercu les , t he most f a mous b owman .

The a th lete ( no . 1 49 p l . 2 6 ) d redged f rom t he Tha mes i s o f as im i lar s tandard o f w orkmansh ip t o t he g ods ( see p age 3 0 ) a nd may w i th t he m h ave o r ig ina ted i n aL ondon workshop .

l An ude ma le a d justs a fi le t o r p oss ib ly

h ead c lo th ( t here a re t races o ff o lds o n t he t op o fh is h ead ) w ith t he l ef th and w h i le l ook ing d own o ver h is r igh t s hou lder. T h is f i gure i s a n a dap ta t ion o f t es a t he D iadumenos o f Po ly ld .e itos; i n f ac t , many s ta tuet re b ased o nG reek p ro to types. I nh is r igh t h and i s a fi gure-o f-e igh t s haped o b jec t ; Toynbee s ugg ested t ha t t h is was aj ump ing w e ight , a nd , t here fore , t he y ou th a n a th lete b u t Dr. G . Morgan ( 1977 :237 ) a rgues s trongly f or i t s i den t if ica t ion a s a fo ld ing m irror , o f w h ich e xamp les e x ist i nt he Ro man w orld , a nd t hus t he f i gure may t b e N arc issus. Th is l a ter s uggest ion s ee ms t he more p robab le b u t e xac t i dent i f ica t ion o f t he f i gures r epresen ted i s o f ten p roble ma t ic e xcep t w here s pec if ic t a tr ibu tes p rov ide p os i t ive e v idence. F lu te-G ir l : S i lchester ( no . 1 58 p l . 2 6 ) The f l u te-g ir l w as d iscovered o nt he f l oor o f a corr idor i nI nsu la XXI I i n ly a d o mes t ic s urround ings , a l though s he i s u sual ssoc ia ted w i th r e l ig ious c erel y Romano-Br mony . The f i gur ine i s t yp ical it ish , a s p rev iously d e monstra ted , d isp lay ing ac har m ing b lend o f C el t ic a nd c lass ica l . The h ead i s d isproport i ona te ly l arge w i th e x tra b road s hou lders a nd u pper a rms. S he wears aG reeks ty le p ep los b u t t h is h as s ty l ized v er t ica l f o lds s hown b y r egu lar , u nbroken l l i nes , o nh er h ead i s at a l s tephane w i th l arge , s p iky l eaves. Across h er b ody s he h o lds a sing le p ipe w ith t hree s tops a nd Toynbee d escr ibes h er a s " wa tch ing f or t he s igna l t o p lay" . The f ace i s n a tura l ist ic b u t c rude. The f i gur ine i s l ow d moun ted o n ah ol ome-shaped b ase a nd may , t herefore , h ave f or med a t d ecora t ive f urn i ture a tach men t. An i ma ls a nd B irds There i s a m u l t i tude o f a n i ma l a nd b ird f i gur ines f rom t he a rea , many o f l s v ery smal ize . They s erved a var ie ty o f p urposes; f urn iture , b ox a nd v esse l fer moun t s, v o t ive o ings a nd amu le ts.

The s ty le a nd s tandard o f w orkmansh ip

v ar ies g rea t ly b e tween i nd iv idua l p ieces. l-known ' F rom t he b as i l ica a t S i lchester c omes t he w el Ce lt ic ' h orse ( no. 1 75 p l . 2 6 ), d escr ibed b y J oyce a s a" rock ing-horse" ; i t was p robably ah and le. I ti sh igh ly s ty l ized , a l most a bstrac t , w i th e longa ted n eck a nd l egs , l ong t h in b ody a nd h ooked t a il ; i ti s , i n f ac t , f ormed f rom t wo t r iske le d ev ices.

Engraved

l ops d s cal ecora te i tf rom e ars t o t a il ; i th as c ircu lar e yes a nd a s aw-cu t , o pen mou th. There i s n o c lass ica l e le men t ; i ti s c omparab le t o h orses s hown o n e ar l ier Br i t ish c o ins a nd t he 'Wh i te Horse o f Uf ing ton" ( da te u ncer ta in ). I n c on trast , t here i s an a tura l ist ic h orse f rom S i lchester ( no. 1 74 ) o n ar ec tangul -work l ar b ase d ecora ted w i th r ough s crol .

T h is f i gure i s a l most c er ta in ly

n a t ive work b u t i tr evea ls a classic iz ing i n f luence.

3 6

T he t wo g oa ts f ro m S i lchester ( nos. 1 76, 1 77 p l .2 7) p rov ide g ood e xa mp les o f d i f feren t t ypes o f work .

The smal l er i s v ery r ough ly s haped w i th a s haggy

c oa t , c ast n ot e ngraved , a nd d roop ing b eard .

T he o ther i s a m uch b et t er

r epresen ta t ion w i th a na tura l ist ic s tance a nd b u i ld a nd wel ooves; l - model l ed h t he h orns a nd b eard a re n ice ly i nc ised b ut t here i s as ty l ized r ib o f " dark" h a ir a long t he l eng th o f t he b ackbone , f ormed b y t wo r a ised l u mps w i th h or iz on ta l i nc ised l i nes . T he f i ne c lass ica l e ag le f ro m t he S i lchester b as i l ica ( no . 1 98 p l .2 7 ) p rov ides a s trong c on trast t o t he b ronze b irds u sual ound i n t h is c oun try s uch ly f a s a t Woodea ton a nd Wil lingha m F en ( nos. 1 91-6, 1 88-9) ; t he l a t ter a re o n ly r ough l i kenesses b ut t he ir s ize makes g rea ter f i de l ity more d if f icu lt a nd t he ir p urpose makes i tu nnecessary .

T he ow l f ro m W il lingha m F en i s v ery s i mp le ,

al oca l p roduct , w ith t wo h ol or e yes, a pinched b eak a nd s l igh t i nc is ing l ows f o n t he w ings b ut t h is i s s uf t f or i t s i den t if ica t ion . ficien Aw ide r ange o f a n i ma ls a nd b irds h ave b een f ound i n L ondon . f i ne c lass ica l r ender ings, o thers a re c ruder a nd r ougher .

S o me a re

Ag oa t ( no . 1 59)

d redged f ro m t he T ha mes i s i n s i lver o n a n i ron c ore a nd was p erhaps p ar t o f a fi ne Mercury g roup ( co mpare t he c o mpos it ion o f t he g roup a t Veru la m iu m n o . 2 9 p l . 1 2 a nd He in i mann 1 977 n o . 1 55) . where s uch a s ac ockere l a t C irencester .

S i lver g i lt a n i ma ls a ppear e lseT he c ock f ro m L ondon ( no . 1 80) i s

i n terest ing i n i t s u se o f y el nd g reen e na me l o n t he f eathers. l ow a

Ena me l i s

n o t o f ten u sed o n R o man f i gur ines b u t was emp loyed o n o ther t ypes o f smal l b ronzes ( brooches) ; i tr em inds u s s trong ly o f C e lt ic a r t . Traces o f b lue e na me l a re t o b e s een o n t he i mpress ion ist ic d o lph ins f ro m Veru la m iu m ; d o lph ins were p opu lar i n p re-Ro man a r t ( Fox 1 958 ) p resu mab ly b ecause t hey s u i ted i t s c urv ing p at t erns .

Fro m t he s a me t e mp le s i te a t V eru la m iu m c a me

t he n atura l ist ic, c o i led s nake ( no . 2 01) w ith i t s d e l ica te ly e ngraved s ca les a nd r ea l ist ic h ead . Bul ls a nd b oars a re among t he more p opu lar a n i ma ls.

Bul ls ' h eads i n

p ar t icu lar a re o f ten emp loyed a s e scutcheons a nd o ther v esse l a t tachmen ts. S ome a re h igh ly n atura l ist ic l i ke t he s pou t f ro m V eru la m iu m ( no . 2 49) , where t he s l igh t f o lds o ft he d ew lap a re a ccura te ly d ep icted a nd s i lver i n lay a pp l ied , b ut o thers t ake a m ore a bs tract f orm a s t he t erm ina l f ro m Wil lingha m F en ( n o . 2 50 ) .

Ah ead f ro m L e icester i s e ven more "Ce l t ic" w ith l ong c urv ing

h orns, p ossib ly k nobbed , f l a t n ose w ith s l it c ut f or t he moun t a nd r ound h o les l s l, a f or e yes . The J ewry Wal i te a t L e icester p roduced a three-horned b ul t ype d er ived f ro m C e l t ic i deo logy . t L ions a nd p an thers a re q u ite c o m mon , o f ten a s f urn iture a tach men ts, a nd ly p a re u sual ure ly c lass ica l. A tb o th C o lchester a nd S i lchester t here a re p an thers r est ing t he ir f orepaws o n s h ie lds d ep ict ing h u man h eads ( nos. 1 68 , le 1 79) ; t hese a re p aral led a t Neuss a nd V indon issa a nd may b e impor ts. a re l ess c o m mon b ut t here i s a n e xa mp le f ro m t he

S tags

S i lvanus ' t e mp le a t

l C o lchester ( no . 1 69) wh ich i s ag ood i lustra t ion o f t he t yp ica l R o mano-Br i t ish b ronze a n i ma l .

I ti s , i n many ways, i mpress ion ist ic w ith t h in , s p ind ly l egs

l ows f t ern a nd d eep h ol or e yes, y e t i ti s t hree-d i mensiona l a nd n o t a mere p at i n c on trast t o t he S i lchester h orse ( no . 1 75) . As tag ' s head f ro m Bra mp ton , t ern N or fo lk h as a c on trast ing r ea l is m b ut i tr eta ins t he C e l t ic l ove o f p at ing i n t he i nc ised l i nes o n t he c hest a nd b e tween t he a n t lers. ( J .R .S . 1 969 p 1 .14) . 3 7

To sum up, the style of the bronzes found in South Central Britain varies greatly; at the one extreme the beautiful classical pieces which are probably imports from the Mediterranean or South Gaul and at the other, especially in the north of the province, purely Celtic objects. The majority of the figurines fall between these two extremes, influenced by both artistic streams and exe­ cuted with varying degrees of skill. I believe that many of these were produced in this country. It is reasonable to assume that if Northern Gaul could develop such an industry so would Britain. Pottery offers a good comparison; at first Gaulish imports had a monopoly but gradually they were ousted by the home­ produced wares. There is even the possibility that very fine objects may have been produced in workshops in London, for example, established by immigrant workers who trained native craftsmen.

38

CHAPTER V DATING

Da t ing i s a n i mpor tan t a spect o f a ny a rchaeo log ica l s tudy b u t t he d a t ing o fb ronze f igur ines i s b ese t w ith p rob le ms ; i n f act , e xcep t i n a few c ases, e ven a n a pprox i ma te d a te c anno t b e a ccura te ly a scr ibed t o a par t icu lar b ronze . T here i s , i n g enera l, a l ack o f i n forma t ion o n t he c ircumstances o f d isc overy ; e xact p rovenance i s o f ten u nrecorded a nd s tra t if ica t ion s e ldo m a va i la b le .

T h is u ncer ta in ty r esu lts f ro m t he manner i n wh ich many o f t he f igur ines

were d iscovered ; many o f t hose i n t he c oun tryside h ave b een t urned u p b y t he p lough , a nd t h is i s t he c ause o f many modern b reakages a s w ith t he G osbecks Mercury ( no . 3 0) whose b roken r igh t l eg was f ound n earby .

The u se o f me ta l

ly c d e tec tors h as g rea t ly a dded t o t h is p rob le m s ince a ny c on tex t i s u sual o mAs ph inx ( no . 1 65) was u near thed a t p le te ly i gnored i fn o t d estroyed .1 C o lchester b y u se o f a me ta l d e tector o n as chedu led s i te ; t he p iece i s n ow i n p r iva te h ands ; ( h ow many o b jects a re u nknown a s ar esu lt o f t h is p ract ice?) Ne ither method o f d iscovery t ends t o d a te t he b ur ia l o f t he o b ject . There i s a s im i lar l ack o f d a t ing e v idence f or t he n u merous b ronzes f ound b y workmen o n b u i ld ing s i tes, l i ke t he a ctor f ro m C o lchester , a nd f or t hose d redged f ro m r ivers . O n ly when ab ronze h as b een f ound b y a n e xcava tor i n as ecure ly d a ted c on tex t i s t here a ny c er ta in ty a s t o d ate o fb ur ia l . Many b ronze o b jects d isc overed d ur ing e ar ly e xcava t ions were n o t s tra t igraph ical ly r ecorded . I ti s a lso i mpor tan t t o r e me mber t he p oss ib le d ivergence b etween t he d a te o f manuf acture a nd t he d a te o fb ur ia l ; t h is t ype o f o b ject s hows l i t le s ign o f wear o r t a ge b efore b ur ia l a nd t hus i t s p er iod o fu se i s d i f icu lt t o d eterm ine . f

S o me

may h ave s tood i n s hr ines o rb een r e ta ined a s h e ir loo ms f or a l ong p er iod ; ( ear ly b rooches a re f ound i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves t oge ther w ith o b jects o f a much l a ter p er iod ). R itua l o b jects o f ten r e ma in i n u se f or g enera t ions i fn o t c en tur ies, f or e xa mp le C hurch p la te . Thus e ven i f af irm b ur ia l d a te i s a ta inab le i tp rov ides o n ly a term ina l d a te f or manufacture . t Where b ronzes a re f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th d a tab le p ot , s uch a s t he t ery Bacchus s tee lyard we igh t f ro m S i lchester ( no . 2 09) , wh ich was d iscovered i n a

w ith 4 th c en tury p ot , a def in i te d a te f or t he b ronze c anno t b e t ery

s a fe ly e stab l ished d ue t o t he l ongev ity o f t h is t ype o f a r tefac t .

Pot t ery e v idence

c an a lso b e c on fus ing a s i nt he c ase o f t he Wat ie ld b oar ( no . 1 73 ) f ound w i th tisf b o th H al nd R o man s herds. l stat t a Amongst t he b ronzes f ro m d a tab le a rchaeo log ica l c on tex ts i s t he Veru la m iu m Venus ( no . 1 12 ) . T h is f i gure was d iscovered i n ab ox i n ac el n a n e ar ly l ar i 4 th c entury c on tex t .

T oynbee h as s uggested a 2 nd c en tury A .D . d a te f or t he

f igur ine o n s ty l ist ic g rounds a nd i ti s p oss ib le t ha t s uch a fine p iece wou ld b e

3 9

p reserved f or a l ong p er iod b u t t he e xcava t ion e v idence mere ly p roves t ha t t he Venus was made b efore t he 4 th c en tury . O ther b ronze o b jects were d isc overed i n v ar ious s tra t igraph ical a ted l eve ls o f I nsu la X IV ( Frere 1 972 : ly d 1 32f , b u t a ga in o n ly a da te o f l oss i s p rov ided . f)

A Venus a nd a Hercu les ( nos.

13 & 6 3) a re r ecorded f ro m t he Branch R oad b a th h ouse wh ich i s o f p robab le 1 An ton ine d a te , a nd t he d a te o f d epos it ion o f t he f i gures p resu mab ly p ostdates t he s tructure . Af irm p rovenance s uch a s a te mp le o r ab as i lica a re n o t n ecessar i ly h e lp fu l s ince t hese s tructures c ou ld r e main i nu se f or c en tur ies .

The Br igstock

t e mp les a re d a ted b y p ot nd c o in f i nds f ro m t he mid 3 rd c entury t i l A .D . t ery a l 3 80 ; e ar ly c o ins s uggest t he p oss ib i l ity o f p rev ious o ccupa t ion , ( Green f ie ld 1 963 :238) . T he b ronze h orse men , o ne o f wh ich was f ound d ur ing a ctua l e xc ava t ion a nd t he o thers i n t he v ic in ity, a re p oss ib ly , t herefore , o f t he l a te 3 rd t o 4 th c entur ies .

The h oard o f r e l ig ious o b jects f ro m F e lm ingham Hal l,

Nor fo lk i s s im i lar ly d a ted b y t he i nc lus ion o f ac o in o f Va ler ian ( A .D . 2 55-9) wh ich s uggests a d epos it s oon a f ter t h is d a te . G u ide An t R .B. 1 964 :60) . F igu res a t Bruton were a ssoc ia ted w i th c o ins o f t he l a te 3 rd t o 4 th c en tur ies a nd t he d ogs f ro m L ydney w ith 4 th c entury c o ins . T here was a p robab le r ena iss ance o f "Ce lt ic" r e l ig ion d ur ing t he 4 th c entury a nd s uch s i tes f l our ished b ut t hey were p robab ly s acred p rev ious ly , a nd d epos i ts may h ave t aken p lace e ar l ier .

T he p oss ib le T arvos Tr igaranus f ro m Ma iden C ast le may p reda te

t he 4 th c en tury t e mp le .

The b ronze o b jects f rom t he L exden Tu mu lus n ear

C o lchester a re s ecure ly d a ted a s ap re-conquest d epos it b y t he p ot , tery Augustan c o in -p endan t a nd s o o n . V ery f ew b ronzes t hen c o me f ro m d a tab le c on tex ts ; s evera l o f t hese b e long t o t he l a ter 3 rd a nd 4 th c en tur ies . These b ronzes d iverge g rea t ly i n s ty le a nd s tandard o f work a nd a re f ar t oo few t o p rov ide a s ty l ist ic s yste m f or d a t ing o thers . T he Veru la m iu m , Bru ton a nd Br igstock f igur ines p rov ide n o u sefu l s ty l ist ic c o mpar ison . T he f i nds f ro m L ydney d e monstra te t he c oex istence o f t wo w ide ly d ivergen t s ty les i n t he n atura l ist ic a nd a bstrac t d ogs . ( Whee ler 1 932 : p l . 2 5 &2 6) . The mix ture o f C e lt ic a nd c lass ica l d e it ies i s c onstan t a nd t hus s ta t ist ica l a na lyses o ft he ir n u mbers w il l n ot p rov ide a c hrono log ica l s yste m . S ty l ist ic d a t ing me thods a re v ery d if f icu lt t o a pp ly t o b ronze f igur ines s ince d if feren t s tandards o f workmansh ip d o n o t r esu lt f ro m d if feren t d a tes o f manuf acture b ut f ro m v ar ia t ion i n t he s k il l o f t he p roducers a nd t he marke t a t wh ich e ach was a i med ; modern c h ina p rov ides a good a na logy . Many o f t he b ronzes h ave s o me r e l ig ious s ign if icance a nd r e l ig ious o b jects a re n otor ious ly c ons erva t ive i n s ty le . Each d e ity h ad t yp ica l s tances a nd a t tr ibutes d er ived f ro m Greek p rototypes, f or e xa mp le M inerva ' s appare l ( p 1 .19) .

The Greek p ep los

worn b y t he f l ute g ir l ( no . 1 58 ) i s u n like ly t o p rov ide a ny a ss istance i n d a t ing s ince i tr epresen ts a pure ly c ere mon ia l g armen t a nd b ears n o r e la t ion t o t he f ash ion o f t he d ay . F igur ines a re t o al arge e x ten t s tereo typed a nd p resen t much g rea ter c hrono log ica l d if f icu lt ies t han b rooches; t he d eve lop men t o f t he l a t ter c an b e c har ted e ven i fa bso lu te d a tes c anno t b e a scr ibed t o t he v ar ious p hases . T ype p aral le ls f ro m d a ted c on tex ts a re o f l i t t le u se f or f igur ines, a l though w ide ly u sed f or o ther a r tefacts . T he s tandard o f w ork mansh ip c anno t n ecessar i ly b e u sed t o e stab l ish a 4 0

c hrono logy o ft he b ronzes .

t er a Ab et ppearance d oes n ot a lways i nd icate a

2 nd o r 3 rd c en tury d a te r a ther t han a i st n or , i n f act , d os i tp o in t t o d egene ra te a r t ist ic f orms o f t he l a te 3 rd t o 4 th c en tur ies.

S uch a view t akes n o

a ccoun t o f i mpor ts o r imm igran t b ronzes m iths i n t he e ar ly y ears o f c onquest n or t he p robab le c on t inua t ion o f s uch i mpor ts i n t he 4 th c en tury ; i ta lso i gnores l ed c t he f act t ha t l ess s k il raf ts men were n o d oub t a t work t hroughout t he R o man p er iod . ly i A lcock s uggests a method o f d a t ing b y h a irsty le , e spec ial n r espect o f t he f e ma le f i gures . H owever , t he g oddesses wear t he ir h a ir i n t rad it iona l, l s tereo typed s ty les, a s d o Venus f igures . T here i s n o t among t hese smal l b ronzes t he e qu iva len t o ft he s tone b usts o f i mper ia l l ad ies wh ich i lustrate s o wel l t he c hanges o f h a ir f ash ions a nd t hus p rov ide a method o f d a t ing u nc er ta in p ieces .

Beards may s uggest a H adr ian ic o r l a ter d a te , t he p er iod o f

t he ir f ash ionab i l ity , b ut s o me g ods were t rad it ional ly p or trayed w i th ab eard , o thers w ithout , C e lt ic i nf luence a lso f avoured b eards a nd moustaches t hrougho ut . l d Smal e ta i ls o f d ress a nd a rmour may p rov ide s o me c hrono log ica l e v ide nce . F or e xa mp le, t he E ar ith Mars ( no . 1 6) i s p oss ib ly Hadr ian ic s ince t he l ops a s hor t-rounded s cal cross t he f ron t o f t he c u irass a t a rmp it l eve l may r epresen t t he t wo r ows o fu ndecora ted me ta l l appets wh ich c ame i n to f ash ion d ur ing Hadr ian ' sr e ign .

S uch e v idence , i s h owever , r are ly a va i lab le .

T he s cep tre-ter m ina ls wh ich h ave b een i den t if ied a s h eads o f v ar ious emperors ( see p age 8 ) may p ossibly b e d ated t o t ha t emperor 's r e ign o r l h s hort ly t hereaf ter ; e ven av ague l i keness may wel ave r esu lted f ro m c o in l t p or tra its a nd t he o b ject w il hus h ave b een p roduced d ur ing t he c ircu la t ion p er iod o ft ha t emperor ' s currency .

T he b ust o f L uc ius Verus b ears t he

c losest r ese mb lance t o p or tra its o f t he emperor .

O ther imper ia l p or tra its

a re a lso d a tab le s uch a s t he h eads o f C laud ius a nd Hadr ian wh ich p resu mab ly te o b e long t o t he ir r e igns . T he b ust o f C a ligu la a nd s tatuet f Nero p resu mab ly b e long t o t he ir r espect ive r e igns, s ince i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t s uch r epresen ta t ions w ou ld b e p roduced a f ter t he ir d ea ths a nd c onsequen t "d a mna t io memor iae" . As ty l ist ic c hrono logy f or t he f i gur ines i s a t p resen t n on-ex isten t .

S o me

i nd iv idua l p ieces h ave b een a scr ibed d a tes o n s ty list ic g rounds ( Toynbee) , y e t l s uch s uggest ions a re h igh ly t enuous. A f u l s ty list ic a na lys is i n r e la t ion t o c hrono logy wou ld o bv ious ly b e o f i m mense v a lue , b ut f or t h is t o b e s uccessl f u ly a ch ieved , more p rec ise d a tes a re n eeded f ro m r eported e xcava t ion f i nds fic i n o rder t o p rov ide a s uf ien t n u mber o f f i xed p o in ts o n wh ich t o b u i ld . C hanges i n s ty le must b e p roved t o b e d ue t o c hrono log ica l d eve lopp ien t a nd n o t t he r esu lt o f c on te mporary d if ferences b etween a reas o r c raf ts men .

C lose

d a t ing i s , t herefore , i mposs ible f or t he ma jor ity o f t he f i gur ines a t t h is mo men t o f t ime .

NOTE 1 .

. 1e r ts S ee t he Bronze Age me ta lworkers ' h oard r ecen t ly d iscovered i n E as t 1

4 1

CHAPTER V I SU MMARY ANT ) CONCLUS ION

The a im o f t h is s tudy , a s s ta ted a t t he o u tse t , was t o e xa mine t he s urv iv ing b ronze f i gur ines f ro m S outh C en tra l Br i ta in .

A l k nown f igures a re l

l i sted i n t he a ppended c a ta logue a nd t h is w il nab le c o mpara t ive s tud ies t o b e l e made o f Br i t ish a nd c on t inen ta l ma ter ia l wh ich i s wel ub l ished . l p T he v ar ious u ses, me thod o f manufacture a nd c hrono logy o f t he b ronzes h ave b een f u l ly d iscussed a s h as t he ir s ty le i n r e la t ion t o b oth Ce lt ic a nd c lass ica l a n teceden ts .

T he s yn thes is

o f C e lt ic a nd Ro man s ty le h as b een

s tressed a nd c ons idera t ion g iven t o where a nd b y who m t he f igur ines were made .

Th is i s a n impor tan t a spect s ince f ro m i ti n ferences c an b e made

a bou t a r t a nd l i fe I n R o man Br i ta in .

I th as b een s uggested t ha t many o f t he

f i gur ines o f v ary ing s tandards o f work were i n f act manufactured i n t he p rov ince . The i n forma t ion c onveyed b y t he b ronzes o n t he w ider a spects o f l i fe i n R o man Br ita in r e ma ins t o b e c ons idered . Br i ta in was b y n o means

I ti s n ow g eneral ccep ted t ha t ly a

" the p oor r e lat ion" o f t he emp ire .

I n t he 3 rd a nd

4 th c entur ies A .D . many i mm igran ts were d rawn t o t he i s land b y i t s r e la t ive s ecur i ty b u t f ro m t he t ime o f c onquest , a nd e ven e ar l ier , merchan ts a nd c ra f ts men f ro m a l o ver t he emp ire s et n Br ita in ; t hey a re e p igraph ical l tled i ly a tested . t

A t f irst t hey p resu mab ly f o lowed t he a rmy w ith i t s l arge marke t l

f or a l k inds o f g oods a nd l i ved i n l

v ic i ' a round t he f or ts b ut t hey of ten r e-

ma ined when t he s o ld ers moved o n , h av ing e stab lished a l oca l c iv i lian marke t f or t he ir wares . L uxury g oods o f e very k ind were i mpor ted f ro m t he c on t inen t ( even f rom t he e astern Med iterrane m ) a t a l p er iods; t h is a lso a pp l ies t o f urn iture a nd l b ronze f igur ines .

The v i las a nd h ouses o f t he wea l thy were s u itab ly e qu ipped l

w ith mosa ics, p a in t ings a nd t he l i ke , a t l east o n a par w ith t he ir G al lic c oun terpar ts . T he l arge n u mbers o fb ronzes o f l ower a rt ist ic q ua l ity a re o f g rea t i n tere st .

Whe ther o rn ot t hese were i ndeed p roduced l ocal ly , i ti s c lear t ha t t here

was a s trong d e mand f or s uch o b jects .

Th is i s r e levan t t o t he g rea t e x ten t

t o wh ich t he a reas was R o manz ied s ince t here a re f ew i n t he S outh East w h ich , e ven i fr e ta in ing s o me C e l t ic c haracter ist ics, d o n o t r evea l c lassica l i n f luence . T he s peed w i th wh ich t he p rocess o f Ro man iza t ion was a cco mp l ished c anno t b e e stab l ished u n t i l we h ave b et t er c hrono log ica l e v idence f or t he b ronzes . T he e x istence o f o n ly a few g ood q ua l ity p ieces wou ld h ave j ust i f ied t he a ssu mp t ion t hat t hey were i n troduced b y t he t op s tratu m o f s oc ie ty , e i ther i mm igran ts o r a n a sp ir ing , R o manzised n a t ive a r istocracy .

H owever , t he

p resence o f l arge n u mbers o f i n fer ior c op ies o f c lassica l mode ls a rgues f or 4 2

l a m uch w ider d istr ibu t ion among t he p opu la t ion , i nc lud ing a l l eve ls o f s oc ie ty .

Tha t t he l ower c lasses d e mand c op ies o f t he p ossess ions o f t he

r ich i s a n i dea c o m mon t o most s oc ie t ies ;

t he Ro mans, t hemse lves , p a id

h igh p r ices f or r eproduc t ions o f Greek s ta tues i ft hey c ou ld n o t o bta in o r ig ina ls ;

s im i lar ly r eproduct ions o f f a mous works o f a r t a re h igh ly p opu lar

t oday . A t e ach s tage o f r eproduct ion t he o b ject b eco mes l ess l i ke t he o r ig ina l l d a s t he work man ' s sk il ecreases ; e ach i n t urn u ses wha t i s a lready a c opy . T he c op ies o f c o ins p roduced e n masse i n t he 3 rd c en tury A .D . a re a na lagous. ly t F inal he o r ig ina l d es ign b eco mes u nrecogn izab le . The v ar ious s tages o f r eproduct ions c orrespond t o t he d if fere ing c a tegor ies o fb ronze f igur ines w i th t he a dded c o mp l ica t ion o f t he u nder ly ing C e l t ic i n f luence . N ot o n ly t he p oor wou ld p ossess c rude ly made b ronze f i gur ines a l though f t he c onverse i s t rue , t ha t o n ly t he r ich o r c orpora te b od ies c ou ld a ford t he l uxury imports .

S o me o f t he l ess f i ne b ronzes wou ld h ave s erved a s amu lets,

s ouven irs f ro m v is ited s hr ines s uch a s Woodea ton . The f inest t e mp le d ed ic a t ions a re o bv ious ly f ro m t he wea lthy o r f ro m who le c o mmun i t ies b u t sma l. f l er o b jects may h ave b een o fered b y r ich o r p oor a l ike ; t he s ize o f t he g if t r e la t ing t o t he r equest .

C are i s n eeded when a ssoc ia t ing a s tandard o f work

t o ap ar t icu lar c lass o f s oc ie ty . C o mpar ison o f t he f igures f ound i n d if feren t c o mmun i t ies, t own a nd c oun try , p rov ides i n terest ing i n for ma t ion b ut t hrough l ack o f e xact p rovena nces i ti s n o t a lways c lear whether t hose f ro m t owns b e longed i n h ouses o r t e mp les ; many r ura l f i nds a re u near thed w ithout a n a rch itectura l c on tex t . l -executed b Expens ive , wel ronzes a re l oca ted i n b oth t own a nd c oun try ; l ers a l t h is i s t he n atura l r esu lt o f r ich t own-dwel nd wea lthy v i la-owners. L ondon p rov ides t he g rea test n u mber o ff i ne p ieces b ut t h is may r esu l t f ro m t he f act t hat more b ronzes h ave s o f ar b een d iscovered t here t han a t a ny o ther s ing le s i te . I t s i mpor tan t p os it ion a s p rov inc ia l c ap ita l a nd c o m merc ia l t en c en tre must n o t , h owever , b e f orgot .

H igh q ua l ity f i gures h ave b een f ound

a t C o lchester , C irencester , S i lchester a nd Veru la m iu m b ut t hose f ro m S i lc hester a re p oss ib ly l ess r ich .

Grea t C hester ford w ith I t s f i ne R iver G od

t l er a nd S ph inx f urn iture- moun t a tests t he c o mparab le q ua li ty a va i lab le i n smal t owns .

l t Smal owns wou ld , o n t he who le, h ave f ewer r ich p eop le a nd t hus

f ewer e xpens ive a r tefac ts .

l as a V il re p resu mab ly r epresen ted b y t he c u irassed

l emperor f ro m Bark ing Ha l ( no . 1 47 ) a nd t he Ear i th Mars. T here a re n o marked a bsences i n t he d istr ibut ion o f g ood b ronzes ; t ered o a re s cat ver t he who le a rea .

t hey

Th is t o b e e xpected i n s uch a n a rea wh ich

was n o t o n ly t he i n i t ia l a rea o f c onquest a nd c iv i l ian d eve lop men t , b ut a lso u nder R o man i n f luence b efore A .D . 4 3 . T he p os it ion i n t he Nor th a nd West f i s d i feren t ;

h ere t here a re more C e lt ic p ieces, t he o b jects o f p ure ly c lassica l

s ty le b e ing c on f ined t o m i l i tary b ases a nd t he l arger t owns.

S im i lar ly t he

d is tr ibut ion o f v i l las a s o pposed t o f ar ms, a nd t hus a r tefacts f ro m t hem, b eco mes l ess d ense away f ro m t he S outh East . T he r e l ig ious a spec t o f t he b ronze f igur ines o n ly s erves t o s treng then t he h ypothes is o f t ota l R o man iza t ion i n t he d ef ined a rea .

A lthough C e l t ic g ods

d o a ppear , most , i fn ot p ure ly c lass ica l, t ake t he c lass ic ized f orm a lready 4 3

e stab l ished i n G au l .

Re la t ive ly l arge n u mbers o f e n t ire ly Ro man t ypes s uch

i a a s G eni nd L ares e x ist i n t he a rea a nd t he ir w idespread d istr ibu t ion s uggests t ha t t hey were a dop ted b y many o f t he p opu la t ion . I th as b een s uggested t ha t a l l me mbers o f s oc ie ty s hared i n t h is R oman iz a t ion . Bronze f igur ines were p erhaps n o t owned b y t he p oorest c lasses b ut f c heaper p ipec lay f igur ines r epresen t ing c lass ica l d e i t ies were u sed a s o feri ngs t o t he g ods a nd t he d ead , a t l east i n t he t owns.

Bronze f igur ines h ave

tlemen f n o t y e tb een f ound a t n a t ive r ura l s et ts ; t hese , i n f act , o fer v ery f ew ma ter ia l f i nds o f a ny d escr ip t ion . I ti s r easonab le , h owever , t o s uppose t ha t s o me o f t he d ed ica tory o b jects d iscovered a t r ura l s hr ines were p resen ted b y t hese v ery c o m mun it ies . The b ronze f igur ines o f fer e v idence f or t he a l l-pervad ing R o man i n f luence a nd t he f u l l i n tegra t ion o f t he p rov ince w ith in t he emp ire ; t h is v iew i s s uppor ted b y o ther ma ter ia l f i nds . T he d egree o f R o man iza t ion o bv ious ly v ar ied f ro m t own t o t own a nd p erson t o p erson a s d id t he c orrespond ing wea l th .

Th is

i s r ef lected i n t he b ronzes ; t he l ess r ich a nd t hose l ess s trong ly i nf luenced b y R o man c u lture made l ess d e mand o n t he workman f or a c lose r eproduct ion , b ut most , i ts ee ms were i n terested i n h av ing o b jects o f R o man a ppearance . T here c ou ld h ave b een a m inor ity who c lung t o t he ir C e l t ic b e l iefs a nd t astes b ut t hese h ave l e f t l i t t le t race i n S outh C en tra l Br i ta in a l though i n t he o ther a reas o f Br i ta in t he a sa i mp t ion o f Ro man t hough t a nd c u lture was much l ess c o mp le te . The a bove s urvey h as d iscussed i n d eta i l t he d istr ibut ion, s ty le , c on ten t a nd p oss ib le u se o fb ronze f igur ines f or t he a rea .

C onc lusions b ased o n i t

must a lways b e s ub ject t o t he s t ipu la t ion t hat p roper a ccoun t i s t aken o f t he r e la t ive ly f ew f i gur ines s o f ar d iscovered . N ever the less, b ecause o f t he w ide v ar ia t ion i n q ua l ity , t ype a nd s ize , i tc an b e a ssu med t hat t hey w ou ld h ave b een w idespread t hrough t h is a rea o f Br i ta in a nd f ro m t h is i ti s r easona b le t o s uppose , s ince t he n ecessary s k il l i n me ta lwork ing was a lready a t h and b efore t he c onquest , t ha t p roduct ion , o n a t l east a m odera te ly l arge s ca le , was c arr ied o u t i n c er ta in ly t he ma in c en tres o f p opu la t ion . T he b ronzes r ef lect t he merg ing o f c u ltura l a nd a r t ist ic i deas wh ich t ook p lace f o l low ing t he c onquest i nb oth r e l ig ious a nd s ecu lar c on tex ts a t a l l l eve ls o f s oc ie ty .

Wh i lst c er ta in c onc lusions c an t hus b e made f rom t he f a ir ly l imi ted

s cope o f t h is s urvey , a much w ider r ev iew c over ing t he who le o f Ro man Br ita in wou ld b e n ecessary t o e nab le more p os it ive a nswers t o b e r eached , e spec ial ly i n t he p oss ible d istr ibu t ion o f t ype a nd s ty le a nd a lso t he d egree t o wh ich a ss im i la t ion o f i deas f ro m t he c on t inen t i n f luenced l oca l p roduc t ion .

4 4

PREFACE TO CATALOGUE OF BRONZES

A l l b ronze f igures o f p robab le R o man d a te f ro m s ou th c en tra l Br i ta in k nown t o t he a u thor a re i nc luded i n Append ix A . T he c a ta logue i s a rranged b y t ype , f o l low ing , i n g enera l o u t l ine , t he c on t inen ta l c a ta logues .

Each

f i gure i s d escr ibed b r ief ly a nd d e ta i ls a s t o d i mens ions, c ond it ion , p rovena nce , p resen t l oca t ion , p aral le ls a nd p rev ious p ub lica t ion g iven . I n a dd it ion t o a shor t d iscuss ion o f t he s ty le a nd q ua l ity o f t he work , as uggest ion a s t o c ategory i .e . i mpor t o r R o mano-Br it ish p roduc t i s p ut f orward i n e ach c ase . Where p oss ib le museu m c ata logue n u mbers a re g iven -w ith r espect t o t he Museu m o f L ondon t he c ol l ec t ion f ro m t he o ld G ui ldhal l Museum i s d ist i ngu ished b y t he l e t ter ' G '. h oused i n Read ing Museu m .

T he D uke o f Wel ling ton c ol l ect ion i s a t p resen t

The c ata logue i nc ludes a few p ieces f ro m o uts ide t he a rea these a re g iven a place s ince t hey a re d iscussed i n t he t ex t a nd p rov ide impor tan t c ompar isons t o f i gures f ro m t he a rea . Two f ur ther a ppend ices ( B a nd C ) p rov ide c a ta logues o f p ieces wh ich t he a u thor f a i led t o l oca te a nd p ieces whose a uthen t ic i ty i s d oubt fu l . I n o rder t o s i mp l ify u se o f t he c a ta logue i nd ices o f b o th t ypes a nd p rov enances a re p rov ided r e lated t o c a ta logue ( A) n u mbers. Ordnance S urvey g r id r eferences a re g iven t hroughou t i n b rackets a f ter p lace o f d iscovery .

4 5

I NDEX TO F IGURE TYPES

A ctor 1 57

L ar 8 3-91

lo 5 Apol -9,204-5,282

L ions 1 71,280

Ar ms, e tc . 2 52-257 ,265-72 , Mars 1 0-19

2 81 A tys 1 30-1, 2 27

Mercury 2 0-47 ,206-8

Bacchus 2 09-10

Mo ther G oddess 1 32-5

M inerva 9 9-106,215-19,294 Boar 1 60-2 ,166-7 ,173 ,284 O s ir is 1 29

l 1 Bul 70 ,249-50

Ow l 1 88 Ce lt ic De it ies 1 43 ,146,228-38 C eres 1 07-8

Pan ther 1 68 ,179,279

C ock 1 80 ,200,293 Crow 2 92

lic o Phal b jects 2 58-62

C up id 4 8-56 ,211,283

P igeon 1 85

P eacock 1 81-2

Cybe le 2 26 l o/Pr Rad iate Apol iest 9 4-97 D iana 1 09-10 ,220-1

Ra m 2 51

Dog 1 72-178

Raven 1 89

Do lph ins 2 02

R itua l F orceps 2 03 R iver G od 8 1-2

Eag le 1 86-7 ,190-9 Epona 1 45

S a tyr 8 0 ,213-4,286 S erap is 2 25

F or tuna 1 25-6

S i lenus 2 12 S nake 2 01

G en ius Pa ter Fa m i l ias 9 2-3

S ph inx 1 64-5

G lad ia tors 1 56-61

S tag 1 69

G oa t 1 59,176-7 ,284 fin 2 Gr if 48

V enus 1 11-24,222 V ictory 2 23

Harpocra tes 1 27-8 Hercu les 5 7-79,275,295

Wo lf G od 1 44

Horse 1 63 ,174-5 Horse a nd R ider 1 36-42 H u mans 1 48-9,152-6,158 ,246-7 , 2 73-4,287-9 I mper ia l f igures 1 47 ,239-45 I s is 2 24 J uno 9 5 J up i ter 1 -4 4 6

I NDEX TO PROVENANCE

Adderbury , Oxon 2 20

Hen leywood 1 35

, Her ts 1 3 Bark-way

H itch in , ( Wy mand ley V il ) 4 0 ,65 la

H igh Wyco mbe 2 16 B a i ss ingborn , C a mbs 1 09 I ck ingha m 44 ,74

Boxmoor , Her ts 3 8 Brandon , S uf lk 8 9 fo Bress ingha m 7 6

K et ing 2 14 t er

Br igstock , Nor than ts 1 36-8 ,234 B ury S t . Ed munds 1 5

L akenhea th , S uf lk 9 0 fo

B irdoswo ld 7 8

L ondon 1 ,2 ,5-7 ,10-11,21-9,48 ,57-

C an terbury 1 42

6 0 ,80,83 ,93-6,98 ,99-100,102-3 , 1 07 ,111,127-30 ,148-154,159-162,

C ape l S t . Mary , Hun ts 1 71

1 80-5,203 ,215,223-4,226,241,

Castor 2 32-3 ,294,295

2 46,252 ,268-71,274-190

Che l msford 2 92

( Southwark 1 9-20 ,97 ,101,124,155-6,

C irencester 5 6,110 C ock f ie ld , S uf lk fo

2 72) 21 2

C oddenha m, S uf lk 1 47 fo

Manea F en , C a mb . 4 2

C orby , Nor than ts 1 90

M i ldenhal 27 l 2

C ot 42 t enha m Fen 2 C ot , S uf lk 5 3 t on fo

Ox ford 8 ,144,191

C ow l inge 4 3 ,75,207 C u lverhde Cave 1 34

Pavenha m , Beds . 4 1

C o lchester 3 ,12 ,30-7 ,49-52,

Pe terborough 1 41-43

6-70 ,82 ,87 ,104,116-20, 6 1 25,131,157 ,165-70 ,239,

Ranksborough , Rut land 4

2 40,248 ,254 ,292 S andy 2 06 Denver , Nor fo lk 1 8

S i lkstead , Her ts 2 47

D unston , Nor than ts 2 43

S i lchester 4 7 ,77 ,84,92 ,122-3 ,126, 1 58 ,176-9,198-200 ,205,208-16,

Ear i th , Hun ts 1 6

2 19,222 ,236-7 ,261-4

Epp ing 6 1

S pr inghead 2 65-7

E ly 7 1-3 ,88 ,115

S tone Bucks 2 25

F e lixstowe 7 9,189

Tal ton , L incs 4 6 ling

F e lm ingha m 9 1 F oss Dyke 1 7

Veru la m iu m 9 ,39,62-4,112-4,163 ,1S6, 2 01-2 ,204 ,212 ,249,255-8

G ay ton , Nor than ts 5 5 G od manchester 1 05

Wa ter New ton 1 08

G rea t C hester ford 8 1,86,164

Wat ie ld , S uf lk 1 73 tisf fo

4 7

Weston , H er ts 2 13

Woodea ton , Oxon 1 21,132-3 ,192-6, 2 17-8 ,235,273

Wi ltsh ire 1 45-6 lingha m F Wil en , C a mb 1 4,139-40 ,

Wor ling ton , Ca mb 2 45

1 88-9,229-31,238 ,244 ,250-1

4 8

APPEND IX A :

CATALOGUE OF BRONZES

CLASS ICAL DEIT IES

J UP ITER 1 .

S tand ing n ude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg , l e f t f oo t r a ised .

a tr ibute miss ing ( scep tre?) . t H e igh t :

1 7 .5 cm .

Hol ; l ow

c orros ion .

T ha mes - L ondon Br idge 1 837 B . M . ( 56 .7-1.16) . a s J up iter . P ub :

Very wel ody ; l model l ed b

T oynbee 1 964 p . 6 5 ;

L ef t a rm l owered ,

Head , r igh t a rm a nd s hou lder l ost .

Probab le i den t i f ica t ion

c lassic ised ;

Green 1 976 ;

p oss ib ly i mpor ted .

G u ide An t . R .B . 1 964 p . 5 4 ;

i lustra ted i n A rchaeo log ia 1 839 , XXVI I p . 4 6. l I 2 .

S tand ing ma le ;

r igh t a rm r a ised w ith a tr ibute ( spear?) missing ; t

a rm , l owered , h o lds d rapery a cross l ower b ody a nd l egs ; h ead , w ith wedge n ose , t urned t o r igh t . p rof i le a nd b roken l ower e dge . H e igh t :

7 c m .

l ef t

l arge b earded

L ower p ar t f igure h as a v ery t h in

No o bv ious means o f s uppor t .

C leaned a nd b ad ly p it ted , d if f icu lt t o i den t ify t ype .

L ondon . Museum o f L ondon ( L . 2 7002 ). Probably l oca l p roduct . N o t p ub lished . 3 .

( P la te 5 ) S tand ing ma le ;

we igh t o n r igh t l eg , l e f t h ee l r a ised ;

h e ld f orward h o ld ing f u l men ; m iss ing s pear .

r igh t a rm

l ef t a rm r a ised , w i th i t s f ingers c urved t o h o ld

A c loak d raped f ro m r igh t s hou lder a cross h is b ack t o l ef t

a rm f al n n ice ly mou lded f o lds. ls i

G ood f ace a nd c ur ly h a ir a nd b eard .

On

p edesta l . H e igh t :

1.25 cm o n 3 c m h igh b ase . 1

O live p a t ina ;

c orros ion .

S t . Mary ' sL odge - C o lchester ( TL (52)9925) C o lchester a nd E ssex Mus. ( V in t . C o1 493) . 1. PC 1

C lass ic ized ;

s hown ; p oss ib ly impor ted .

n ice model , musc les b eing c learly ling

Type i s J up i ter C onserva tor , s ee c o ins o f

C o m modus c f . R ol 965 n o . 3 , Boucher 1 973 n o . 7 3 , F le ischer 1 967 l and 1 n o . 3 , Menze l 1 966 n o . 2 , J it ta 1 969 n o . 3 0 . P ub : 4 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 16 ; New ton , Archaeo log ia 1 846 p . 4 46 ( i lustra t ion ) . l

S tand ing ma le .

s tored .

F ound i n b ad c ond i t ion ;

We igh t o n r igh t l eg ;

a r ms l ost ;

wear ing s anda ls ;

c hest a nd l egs r e-

t h ick f l ow ing h a ir a nd b eard ,

p ar ted l i ps, f urrowed b row . H e igh t :

3 1.5 cm .

R anksborough Hal t land ( SE : 4 3/8609) B . M . 9 1.12 13 .2 . l Ru

4 9

C lassica l b u t

i t s f l or id a ppearance s uggests a p oss ib le Gau lish o r ig in . P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 6 4 ;

G u ide An t . R .B . 1 964 p . 5 4 ( i lustra t ion ) . l

APOLLO 5 .

( P la te 6 ) S tand ing n ude ma le ;

b ad ly d a maged ;

b e low mid t h igh a nd l e f t l egbe low k nee a l l ost ; l f ine f ace w ith b ored e yes ;

h a ir , t ied o n c rown , h as e labora te c ur ls w ith

r ing le ts f a l ing t o s hou lders ; l He igh t :

1.25 cm . 1

l e f t f orear m , r igh t l eg

h ead l ooks d own t o r igh t ;

p lectru m i n r igh t h and .

Hol . l ow

L ondon Br idge 1 837 B . M . 5 6 .7 1.14

F ine c lass ica l s ta tue , p ossib le G au lish

work c f . n o . 8 , Boucher 1 973 n o . 2 0 , J it ta 1 969 n o . 3 , Menze l 1 960 n o . 3 . Pub :

Toynbee 1 964 p . 6 8 ;

G u ide An t . R .B . 1 964 p . 5 4 ;

t S ea ted ma le w ith h o le f or a tach men t t o l ost s ea t ;

6 .

Green 1 976 ;

b ad ly d a maged ; a r ms,

h ead , l ower l e f t l eg l ost . He igh t :

1 0 cm .

l ect T ha mes - L ondon n ow B . M . ( Char les R oach Sm i th C ol ion ) . ling e ly t model spec ial he musc les a nd t oes o f t he r igh t l eg . t ype u ncer ta in .

G ood

I den ti f ica t ion o f

C lass ica l p ose ( 2 1 . B ieber 1 961 f ig . 1 10) .

No t p ub lished . 7 .

( P la te 6 ) Nude ma le ;

we igh t o n r igh t l eg ; b ody c urves o ut t o r igh t .

R igh t h and a nd l e f t a rm l ost . Head t urned t o l ef t ;

R igh t s hou lder l ower t han l e f t ;

worn t races c ur ls a nd f ron t p eak ;

f n eck o f-cen tre .

p oor u nsy m me tr ica l

l ows f f ace w ith f l a t wedge n ose s l it mouth a nd d eep h ol or e yes. He ight :

1 3 .75 cm . S o l id , d ark p a t ina.

Tha mes L ondon Museu m o f L ondon ( G .2061) C lassica l p ose b ut f a ir ly c rude p rov inc ia l work e .g .breasts i nd icated t oo h igh . P ub : 8 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 23 .

S tand ing n ude ma le ; we igh t o n r igh t l eg .

l y waved h Careful a ir f astened i n c h ignon . He igh t :

B . M .) .

9 .

9 .1 cm . Banbury Museu m ( l oan f ro m

T yp ica l c lass ica l p ose b ut p rov inc ia l w ork .

Hen ig & Munby , O xon 1 973 p . 3 66 p l . 3 0 ;

S i mp le f i gure w ith n o r ea l model ; ling

r igh t a rm , o nce h e ld l yre . He ight : 4 .5 cm .

B lack p a t ina .

Green 1 976 p . 2 07 . 5 0

c f . n o . 5

Green 1 976 p . 1 77 .

smoo th u n featured h ead ;

O n smal ase . l b

Veru la m iu m ( TL 5 2/ 1307 ) . P ub :

P lectru m i n r igh t h and .

fe m Ef ina te b ody .

12) ). Near O x ford 1 883 ( Woodea ton ( SP 42 /5 3

P ub :

c f . Menze l 1 966 n o . 1.

o u tstretched

MARS 1 0 .

( P la te 9 ) S tand ing ma le ;

we igh t o n r igh t l eg .

c lenched t o h o ld m iss ing s pear ;

L ef t a rm r a ised w ith h and

r igh t h and h o lds a p a tera ; h e wears a s hor t

k i lt , p la in c u irass w ith s hor t s leeves, g reaves w ith i n ter laced t hongs a nd a C or in th ian h e l me t w i th l arge p lu me . H e igh t :

9 . 7 5 cm .

I ncised c ur ls, b eard a nd moustache .

Worn p i ted c ond i t ion . t

L ondon Museu m o f L ondon ( G . 2 064) . C lassica l p ose a nd t ype ; n ice work , p robab ly p rov inc ia l c f . Boucher 1 973 n o . 9 4 ( no p a tera) ; P ub : 1.

J it 967 N o . 1 6 ( no p a tera) . ta 1

G reen 1 976 p . 2 24 . S tand ing ma le ; wears mi l itary k i lt a nd c u irass.

smal lu me . l p

p oor f ace ; f l a t n ose , l arge r ound e yes.

C or in th ian h e l me t w ith F la t p rof i le v iew .

L ef t a rm a nd r igh t h and l ost . H e igh t :

8 .75 cm .

L ondon?

Museu m o f L ondon ( G . 2 065) .

w ork mansh ip ; o fb a lance . f 1 2 .

L igh t p at ina . C lass ic t ype b ut v ery p oor s ty le a nd

r igh t l eg t h inner t han l ef t ;

L oca l work .

p lu me a t b ack h ead t hrows f igure

N o t p ub l ished .

( P la te 9 ) S tand ing n ude ma le ; we igh t o n r igh t l eg ;

m iss ing s pear ; H e igh t :

7 .5 cm .

f ine t al e l me t ; l -crested h

r igh t a rm r a ised f or

c ur ls a nd r easonab le b eard less f ace .

S o lid d ark b ut p a tchy p a t ina ; worn c ond it ion .

S t . Mary ' s Hosp i ta l, o u tside Ba lkerne G a te, C o lchester ( TL 5 2/9925) c hester a nd E ssex Museu m .

C lass ica l ;

n ice ly i nc ised c rest a nd c ur ls . n o . 3 4, 1 973 n o . 1 6 ; P ub: 1 3 .

f a ir ly g ood work ;

c f . Menze l 1 966 n o . 2 2 ;

J it ta 1 967 n o.1 , 1966

R ol 965 n o . 2 2 . l and 1

T oynbee 1 964 p . 6 6 ;

Green 1 970 p . 2 16 .

( P la te 7 ) S tand ing n ude ma le ; r igh t l eg l ost a bove k nee .

m iss ing s h ie ld , i nd ica ted b y wr ist a tach men t . t s pear .

L ef t a rm h e ld

R igh t a rm r a ised f or m issing

Ba ldr ic a cross r igh t s hou lder a nd u nder l e f t a r mp i t .

r igh t ; n atura l ist ic b eard less f ace , c ur ls. w ith i nc ised p lu mes. H e igh t : 2 0 cm .

C o l-

p robab ly l oca l ;

Head t urned t o

C or in th ian h e l me t h as l arge c rest

H ol ast ; d ark p a t ina ; l ow c

g ood c ond it ion .

B ark-way Her ts . ( TL 5 2/3835) . F ound w ith p laques d ed ica ted t o Mars & V u lcan . B . M . 1 7 .3-18 .

C lass ica l t ype a nd p ose ;

p robab ly p rov inc ia l work . P ub : 1 4 .

c f . Fa ider-Fey t mans 1 957 n o . 1 &n o . 3 18 .

G u ide An t . RB 1 964 p . 5 6 ; ( P la te 8 ) N ude ma le .

ling b n ice work w ith g ood model ut

T oynbee 1 964 p . 6 6 .

B o th a rms l ost ;

C or in th ian h e l me t w i th mask o n v isor ;

f igure b roken b elow wa ist .

p lu me b roken .

b ored p up i ls.

5 1

C ur ls ;

F ine

g ood f ace w ith

He igh t :

t S o l id d ark p a t ina , p i ted s ur face .

3 .75 cm .

lingha m F Wil en ( TL 5 2/4070) . l ogy . Pub :

C a mbr idge Museu m o f Archaeo logy & E thno-

t ling f a ir ly g ood work w i th a te mp t a t b ody model .

C lassica l ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 10 ( as p oss ib le M inerva y e t t orso i s b are wh ich s uggests u n l ike ly) .

1 5 .

S tand ing ma le .

L ower r igh t l eg m issing .

h e l me t w ith l arge c rest . l owered ( sh ie ld?) . He igh t :

t A tr ibutes l ost ;

M i li tary k i lt a nd b reastp la te ,

r igh t a rm r a ised ( spear?) ;

l e f t

Bearded .

1.8 cm .

Abbeyga te , Bury S t . Ed munds ( TL 5 2/8564) C lass ica l t ype b u t work p robab ly l oca l ; 1 977 n o . 1 5 ;

I psw ich Museu m R .

r ough f i n ish .

1 936-244-19 .

c f . K auf mann-He ine mann

Boucher 1 973 n o . 9 4 .

Green 1 976 p l . Ia .

P ub :

1 6 . ( P la te 8 ) S tand ing ma le ;

r ight h and r a ised ; l ef t a rm l owered.

k i lt a nd s hor t s leeved t un ic .

C u irass w i th medusa h ead o n c hest a bove a fl ora l

l ops a s trange r ow o f s cal cross c hest .

mo t if ;

Mil itary

Two r ows o f meta l l appe ts b e low

l ops s c u irass i n f orm o f s hor t r ounded s cal ugges t ap ost-Hadr ian ic mi l i tary f ash ion c f . An t . J . 1 944 p .8 h e l me t b u t n o p lu me ;

( ye t n ot e xact d escr ip t ion o f s k ir t) .

t h ick c ur ly h a ir a nd b eard .

g reaves s how f u l men , a n emb le m o f war . He igh t :

2 1.25 cm .

G ood c ond it ion ;

c f . R e inach ( 1897 p . 1 89 n o . 7 ) .

s i lver i n lay .

Ear ith H un ts . ( TL 5 2/3875) B . M . 7 1.6-1 . p rov inc ia l, f ussy o rna men ta t ion . Pub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 6 7 ;

C or in th ian

Boo ts l eave t oes e xposed ;

C lass ica l, r easonab le work p robab ly

c f . Menze l 1 966 n o . 2 5 .

G u ide An t RB 1 964

P .

5 4 , wrong ful escr ibed a s ly d

J up iter p robab ly d ue f u l men b ut o n ly J up i ter Do l ichenus a nd J up i ters o n C o lu mns a re c u irassed . 1 7 .

( P la te 7 ) S tand ing n ude ma le ;

F ine t orso .

We igh t o n r !gh t l eg .

l eans b ackwards ; t op h eavy p ropor t ions. At ibu tes miss ing ; tr

C or in th ian h e l me t w ith e nor mous c rest ;

c ur ls ;

r ight a rm r a ised .

b eard less, n atura l ist ic f ace .

Base b ears i nscr ip t ion ( see t ex t f or d iscussion ) . He igh t :

2 5 cm . i nc lud ing b ase .

Hol ast . l ow c

G ood c ond i t ion .

F ossdyke , L inco ln ( TF 5 3/3133) B . M . O .A . 2 48 .

C lassica l t ype b ut a l most

b aroque i n s ty le ; u nusua l s tance i s n ot q u i te a s uccess.

Probab ly p rov inc ia l

work . P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p .66 a nd 1 962 n o . 1 6 ;

G u ide An t . RB 1 964 p . 5 4

Green 1 976, R .I .B . 2 74 p l . V I. 1 8 .

S tand ing ma le .

At ibu tes l ost ; tr He igh t :

1 0 cm .

Wears k i lt a nd d rapery f ro m l e f t s hou lder a cross b reast .

r igh t a rm r a ised ( spear ) . Worn c ond it ion .

5 2

Ex tra l arge b eard a nd h ead.

D enver ( TF 5 3/6101) B .M . wrong . P ub : 1 9 .

C lass ica l t ype b ut v ery c rude work , p ropor t ions

L oca l work .

Green 1 976 p l. l b ;

H aver f ie ld 1 901.

I n C u irass a nd p lea ted s k ir t .

H e igh t :

VCH Nor fo lk p . 3 16 .

S ty l ized f ea tures.

7 .4 cm .

79) . S outhwark ( TQ 51 /30

G u i ldford Museu m .

Very c rude l oca l work .

P ub : A lcock —for thco m ing i n S urrey Archaeo log ica l C ol ions. l ect MERCURY 2 0 .

( P la te 1 1) S tand ing n ude ma le ;

a nd r igh t h and l ost .

we igh t o n r igh t l eg .

R igh t f oot , l ef t l eg

Ex tra l arge l ef t h and o nce h e ld p a tera .

Head o n t h ick

n eck ; k nobb ly c ur ls w ith w ings s prout ing f ro m h a ir ( r igh t w ing l ost) ; f ace w ith f l a t wedge n ose , d eep e yes ; r ea l ist ic model ; ling

mouth a nd c h in d a maged .

c rude

L it tle

f la t b ody , t h in a r ms a nd l egs, h igh b reast , r igh t

s hou lder l ower t han l ef t . H e igh t :

7cm .

Worn c ond it ion ; p oss ib le t race o f t inn ing o r p lat ing .

79) S ou thwark ( TQ 51 /30 p oor work mansh ip .

L oca l work .

L e ibundgut 1 976 n o . 6 ; P ub : 2 1.

Museu m o f L ondon ( G . 2 067 ). c f . J i ta 1 969 n o . 4 1; t

C lass ica l t ype b ut Menze l 1 966 n o . 3 6;

F le ischer 1 967 n o . 6 7 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 . ( P la te 1 3) Ma le r ec l in ing t o l ef t ;

f u ly d raped ; l

w inged p e tasos;

r ight

h and h o lds a p a tera a nd l e f t ac aduceus . H e igh t :

3 .75 cm . L eng th : 4 .5 cm .

Very worn c ond it ion ;

L ondon — Museu m o f L ondon ( G .2066) . 1 967 n o . 2 95a ; P ub : 2 . 2

R e inach 1 931 n o . 7 2 ;

s evere ly c leaned .

Probab ly l oca l work .

c f . F le ischer

K auf mann-He in i mann 1 977 n o . 3 6 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 . ( P la te 1 0) S tand ing ma le .

W inged p etasos . H e igh t : T ha mes

Man t le ( ch la mys) f a ls f ro m l e f t s hou lder . l

L ef t h and h e ld l ost c aduceus.

1 1.25 cm . L ondon Br idge 1 837 B . M . ( 56 . 7 1 .15) . C lass ica l t ype a nd s ty le ;

n atura l f ace w i th f i ne e yes, b ored p up i ls ; l and 1 c f . Rol 965 N o . 3 2 ;

ling g ood model .

L e ibundgut 1 976 n o . 1 90 ;

P ossib ly i mpor ted .

K auf mann-He in i mann 1 977

n o . 2 4 &2 6 . P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 , p . 7 1;

Green 1 976 ;

sm ith 1 839 ( Archaeo log ia 2 8) 2 3 .

P .

G u ide An t RB 1 964 p . 5 4 ;

R oach-

4 5 .

S tand ing ma le , l ean ing s l igh t ly b ackwards ;

r igh t h and h o lds p urse ; l e f t

h and r a ised w ith f ingers o pen f or miss ing c aduceus ; man t le ( ch la mys) .

5 3

t race o f p e tasos &

He igh t :

7 .5 cm .

Very b ad c ond it ion d ue t o c orros ion .

l S L ondon East I nd ia House , L eadenhal tree t , n ow B . M . p rov inc ia l s ty le ; Not p ub lished . 2 4 .

f l a t f ace p rof i le .

S tand ing n ude ma le .

h o lds p oss ib le p urse .

C lassica l t ype b ut

Probab ly l oca l work .

L ower r igh t l eg l ost .

Ar ms l owered ;

r igh t h and

Ha ir d ep icted w ith h igh f ron t p eak a nd t op k not.

N o

w ings . He igh t :

6 .2 5 cm .

L ondon Museu m o f L ondon G . 2 075 . b ut p oor f ac ia l f ea tures;

da s s tea l t ype .

p robab ly l oca l.

G ood model ling o f b ody

c f . B oucher 1 973 n o . 1 09 ;

Menze l

1 960 n o . 1 1. P ub : 2 5 . l ost .

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 . ( P la te 3 ) S tand ing n ude ma le ; l e f t f oot , l ower r igh t l eg a nd l ower l e f t a rm R igh t a rm l owered h o ld ing p urse ;

h a ir ( poss ib le w ing) ; He igh t :

1 2 cm .

h ead t urned t o r igh t ;

i nc ised c ap o f

e yes a re d eep h ol nce i n la id; t iny mouth . l ows, o

Bad ly worn a nd p it ted ;

c leaned .

C orner F ore & M i lton S tree ts L ondon . Museu m o f L ondon ( A 2 0158) .

C lassica l

t ype b u t p robab ly l oca l work ; m istaken p ropor t ions e .g . t iny l ower l e f t l eg . c f . Boucher 1 973 n o . 1 02 ; P ub : 2 6 . l ost .

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 ;

Menze l 1 960 n o . 1, 1 964 n o . 5 . L ondon i n Ro man T i mes 1 930 p . 4 6 .

( P la te 3 ) S tand ing n ude ma le ; b oth l ower l egs, r igh t a rm a nd l ower l e f t l a t L ef t a rm h eld p urse a ga inst b ody wh ich i s s t il tached.

a cross c hest f ro m r igh t s hou lder i s a ba ldr ic . No w ings . He ight :

9 .5 cm .

Dark p a t ina ;

Bu lge a cross

Ha ir h as e nc irc l ing c ur ls.

b ad ly worn c ond i t ion .

L ondon ( poss ib ly R oya l Exchange) .

Museu m o f L ondon ( A .17712 ) .

t ype ; c rude work w ith f la t f acia l f eatures a nd l arge e yes.

C lass ica l

L oca l work .

l ed G l o-Ro man b ( l abel al u t b ough t 1 917 a s f ro m L ondon ; u n l ike ly f orgery ( as o nce s uggested ) .) P ub : 2 7 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 .

L ondon i n Ro man T i mes 1 930 p . 4 6 .

( P la te 1 0) S tand ing ma le ;

l ower r igh t l eg , l ef t f oo t a nd r igh t h and l ost .

L ef t a rm h e ld d own w ith h and o pen f or l ost c aduceus; l ost . No v is ib le f ac ia l f eatures . He ight :

6 cm .

Dark p a t ina .

p e tasos w ith l ef t w ing

Very worn c ond it ion .

L a mbe th —London . Museu m o f L ondon ( C965) .

C lassica l t ype ;

l oca l w ork .

Not p ub l ished . 2 8 .

S tand ing ma le ;

l ower r igh t l eg a nd b oth a r ms l ost .

A c urved d rapery

f rag men t f ro m s a me f ind s pot i s n ow g lued o n f ro m l ef t s hou lder t o k nee .

5 4

H e igh t :

1 0 cm .

B ad c ond i t ion , c orroded a nd v arn ished .

L ombard S tree t , L ondon .

Museu m o f L ondon ( A .111)

C lass ica l t ype b u t r ough b ody model nd l ong t h in h ead ; l oca l work . ling a N o t p ub l ished . 2 9 .

( P la te 4 ) N ude ma le d ep icted i n f l igh t ;

l arge r igh t w ing .

Head t o r igh t .

R igh t a rm r a ised h o ld ing s tu mp o f ac adu-

c eus ; l ef t a rm l owered h o ld ing p urse . He igh t :

5 .7 5 cm .

l arge a nk le w ings a nd p e tasos w ith

R igh t f oo t l ost .

C leaned ; worn .

L iverpoo l S tree t , L ondon . Museu m o f L ondon ( A110) . C lass ica l t ype . L oca l work ; v ery t h in b ody . c f . F le mp ton ( BM ) ( 43) a nd Hooe ( Torquay Museu m) I n G reen 1 976, p l . I V . N ot p ub lished . 3 0 .

( P la te 1 2) N ude ma le ; b o th a rms l ost .

j ust l and ing ;

Ang le o f f eet i nd ica tes h e was

t hey h ave t r iangu lar o pen ings f or a tachmen t . t

Head ,

i nc l ined

t o l e f t , s uggests p ar t o f a group . Wings s pr ing d irect f ro m wavy h a i r( c f . C or in iu m Museu m f igur ine) ; f i ne f ace w ith d eep e ngraved h or izon ta l l i ne o n f orehead ; b ored p up i ls o nce e na mel . l ed r ec tangu lar p la tes . H e igh t : 5 2 .5 cm . n ow r eat . t ached

Cast ing f au lts r epa ired b y i nser ted

H ol ; g ood c ond it ion b u t r igh t l eg b roken o fb y p lough , l owcast f

G osbecks F arm ( N .E. o f T e mp le) C o lchester ( TL 5 2/9622) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m . C lass ica l t ype a nd s ty le ; v ery s k il ; c harm ing p iece , p rol ed work b ab ly i mpor ted ( f ro m S ou thern Gau l?) c f . Tha lw i l Mercy —Zur ich Muzeu m — S chuc lhard t—An t ike . P last ik 1 962, p ls . 2 2-7 . Newcast le ( Arch . Ae l . 1 928 p . 7 2-3) .

F or h a ir s ty le B enwel ead i n l h

F or h ead w ings Fre mersdor f D enk ma ler

d er R omischen K o ln Ip l . 14 ; Menze l 1 966 n o . 2 8 ( A ltbach ta l-Tr ier ) ; J it ta 1 969 n o . 5 2 ; L e ibundgut 1 976 n o . 1 3 . F or t he d iscovery o f af igur ine o f Merc ury o f s im i lar h e igh t i n a temp le wh ich p robab ly s erved a s t he c u lt i mage s ee E . Babe lon ( Par is 1 916) L e Tresor d 'a rgen ter ie d e Ber thouv il le p res B ernay c onserve a u d epar te men t d es meda il l es e t a n t iques d e l a B ib l iotheque Na t iona le ' . Pub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 2 , 1 962 n o . 2 1; T rans E ssex Arch . S oc . 1 951 & 1 955 .

H ul l 1 958 p . 2 64 ; JRS 1 948 p . 9 1;

3 1. S tand ing ma le ; l ower l e f t l eg , r igh t f oo t , l ower r igh t a rm l ost . L ef t l eg r a ised ; r igh t h ee l w inged ; man t le w ith i nc ised d rapery f a l ls f ro m l e f t a rm ; p oss ib le w inged p etasos . H e igh t : 8 .75 cm , b ad c ond it ion . M t . B ures, C o lchester ( TL 5 2/9925) BM . C lassica l t ype , b ut p robab ly l oca l work ; f l a t s i mp le f eatures, l i t le b ody model , v ery h igh b reast . c f . Bout ling c her 1 971 n o . 1 8 ;

L ebe l 1 961 n o . 3 6 ;

P ub : T oynbee 1 964

P .

7 2 ;

K au fmann He ine mann 1 977 n o . 2 4 &2 8 .

G reen 1 976

P .

5 5

2 17 .

3 2 .

( P la te 1 1) S tand ing n ude ma le ; l e f t f oot , l ower l ef t a rm a nd t op o f h ead

miss ing .

Man t le f a ls f ro m l ef t s hou lder; l

r igh t h and h e ld missing c aduceus;

t races o f a nk le w ings a nd i nc ised c ur ls. He ight :

7 .5 cm .

C orroded .

N or th o f L exden Road , C o lchester ( TL 5 2/9925) BM . work ;

l oca l .

C lassica l t ype b ut c rude

Unrea l ist ic b ody w i th v ery h igh b reast ;

p oor f ac ia l f eatures

( eyes n ot l eve l, s l it mou th) . P ub :

Green 1 976 p l . V b .

3 3. S tand ing ma le .

o f c aduceus;

Man t le f a l ls f ro m l ef t s hou lder ;

l e f t h and h o lds s tu mp

r igh t h and l owered h o ld ing p urse ; w ings s pr ing d irect ly f ro m

h a ir H e igh t :

1 7 .5 cm .

G ood c ond it ion .

C o lchester ( TL 5 2/9925) ( i n p r iva te h ands ; s oon t o b e s o ld ) . C lassica l t ype b u t d oub tfu l a uthen t ic ity . P ub : Cru m my 1 975 p . 3 2 . 3 4 .

Nude ma le ;

r igh t a rm missing .

c aduceus a ga inst a rm ; He igh t :

6 .25 cm .

Man t le o ver l ef t a rm ;

l ef t h and h o lds

f ee t t oge ther .

L igh t g reen , p a tchy p a t ina ; b ad ly c orroded a nd v ery worn ,

f ea tures l os t . T urre ts, L exden R oad , C o lchester ( TL52/9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m . C lass ica l t ype b ut f l a t b ody ;

p robab ly l oca l work . c f Boucher 1 973 n o . 1 29 ;

Menze l 1 966 n o . 3 2 ; J it ta 1 969 n o . 4 8 ; P ub :

1 973 n o . 2 2 .

Green 1 976 p l . I Va .

3 5 . S tand ing n ude ma le w i th we igh t o n r igh t l eg ; l ower l e f t a rm l ost . R igh t a rm o utstre tched h o ld ing r ound o b ject , ap urse? W ings o n h ead ; b ack o f h ead h as d eep h or izonta l a nd v er t ica l ( 2 ) g rooves . He igh t :

7 c m .

Pa tchy med iu m p a t ina ; b ad ly c orroded a nd worn .

Cast le Park , C o lch ster ( TL 5 2/9925) . C o lchester & E ssex Museu m ( 561 1 936) C lass ica l t ype b ut p oor s ty le ; f l a t b ody i s l ong i n p ropor t ion t o l egs; t h ick n eck ; p oor f ac ia l f eatures e .g . s l it mouth ;

P ub : 3 6 .

h a ir i s a cap o f s tra igh t i nc ised l i nes .

c f . J it ta 1 969 n o . 4 1 &4 2 ;

L oca l work . n o . 1 06 .

Menze l 1 960 n o . 1 0 ;

Boucher 1 973

Green 1 976 p l . I Vb . S tand ing n ude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg ; l e f t f oot l ost .

o nce h e ld l ost c aduceus ; H e igh t :

8 ,75 cm .

Dark p a t ina ;

C o lchester ( TL 5 2/ 9925) l oca l work ; s hou lders;

L arge l e f t h and

r igh t h and h e ld l ost p urse ; w ings f ro m h a ir . b ad ly c orroded ; worn f ace .

C o lchester & E ssex Museu m .

C lass ica l t ype b u t

f l a t p rof i le a nd p oor p ropor t ions; h ead s pr ings d irect ly f ro m i nc ised c ap o f h a ir .

No t p ub lished . 5 6

3 7 .

Young ma le , n ude , d ep icted i n f l igh t , w ith l egs c urved t o r igh t ;

a nd r igh t a rm l ost ; H e igh t : 7 .5 cm .

l e f t f oot

l e f t a rm r a ised h o ld ing p oss ib le t orch .

Dark smoo th p a t ina .

C o lchester ( TL 5 2/9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m ( 72-1948 ) ( descr ibed a s a th le te b ut more p robab ly Mercury c f . 2 9) . h a ir ; p robab ly l oca l work .

N ice f eatures, b ut i nc ised c ap

N ot p ub l ished . 3 8 .

( P la te 1 3) . S tand ing n ude ma le, l egs a par t ;

r igh t a rm miss ing . d er .

l ower r igh t l eg a nd l ower

L ef t a rm r a ised a nd b en t b ack t o h o ld p urse o ver s hou l-

P o in ted b eard .

H e igh t :

6 .5 cm .

B oxmoor , Her ts .

Reasonab le c ond i t ion . ( v il la ) ( TL52/0305) A shmo lean Museu m 1 927 .

6 642 .

C rude l oca l work ; p ropor t ions wrong ; v ery l arge h ead a nd b ody t oo l ong f or l egs ; l i t t le a t te mp t a t f ea tures o r model ling ; f l a t f ace , s l it mouth , e yes a nd e ars s hown a s h ol n ly s l igh t ly i nc ised h a ir , v er t ica l i nc ised l i ne i nd il ows, o c a tes b reast b one .

c f . b earded Mercury i n G au l ish s cu lpture , e .g . f ro m

L ezoux i n E sperand ieu H , 1 908 n o . 1 069, a lso J i ta 1 967 n o . 4 0 . t P ub : G reen 1 976 p . 2 05 ( wrong ly i den t if ied a s H ercu les) ; Archaeo log ia 3 4, p . 3 94 & East H er ts Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty 1 977 . 3 9 . ( P la te 1 2) S tand ing n ude ma le, l ean ing s l igh t ly b ackwards; c loak f a ls l f ro m l e f t s hou lder ; p urse i n r igh t h and ; h ead t urned t o r igh t ; l e f t h and c ur led f or m iss ing c aduceus ; s i lver t orc a round n eck . O n s tand w i th smal ronze l b r am , c ock a nd t or to ise ( n orma l a ssoc ia ted a n i ma ls) . H e igh t :

8 .2 cm a nd s tand 4 .6 cm .

Very g ood c ond i t ion .

K ing H arry L ane , S t . A lbans ( TL 5 2/ 1037 ) i n d i tch n ear l a te b ur ia ls. V eru la m iu m Museu m . C lassica l p ose a nd t ype ; v ery g ood model nd f ace . ling a I mpor ted . c f . B oucher 1 973 n o . 1 36 ; F a ider-Fey tmans 1 957 n o . 2 9 &3 19; R e inach 1 931 n o . 5 0 . F or p edesta l a nd a n i ma ls: K aufmann-He inemann 1 977 1 55 P ub : G reen 1 976 ; Br it t an ia 1 972 p . 3 30 . 4 0 .

S tand ing n ude ma le ; b o th l ower l egs a nd r igh t a rm l ost .

c aduceus a nd c loak ; He igh t :

. 1.25 cm

L ef t a rm h e ld

g ar land w ith l ong r ibbons o n h ead , c f . 4 2 . Bad ly w orn c ond i t ion .

N ear H i tch in ( poss ib ly Wymond ley v il TL 5 2/2029) e tchwor th Museu m . la ( ). L C lassica l t ype , b u t l oca l w ork ; f l a t b ody , wedge n ose, s l it mou th . c f . J it ta 1 973 n o . 2 2 . P ub : Green 1 976 . 4 1.

S tand ing n ude ma le ; h ands b y s ides ; p oss ib le p urse ;

p hal lic .

l ong h a ir .

I t hy-

T orc a round n eck .

P avenha m ( Beds) ( SP42/9955) .

Bedford Museu m .

5 7

Probab ly l oca l work .

lic Hercu c f . p hal les a nd Mercury f i gur ines. P ub : 4 2 .

Green 1 976 p . 1 80 . ( P la te 1 0) S tand ing n ude ma le , we igh t r igh t l eg .

p urse b a lanced o n r igh t p a lm ; o ver l e f t s hou lder a nd a rm .

1 7 .5 cm .

man t le

l L aure l wrea th w ith r ibbons f a l ing t o s hou lders

c f . 4 0 ; w ings s pr ing f ro m wrea th ; He igh t :

Very l arge h ands;

l e f t h and h as h o le f or l ost c aduceus ;

l arge mou lded l ocks a nd i nc ised c rown .

p it ted b ut r easonab le c ond it ion .

Dark p a t ina ;

Manea F en ( TL 5 2/4789) Ca mbr idge Museu m o f Archaeo logy & E thno logy ( 35978 ) .

ling b g ood b ody model u t p ro m inen t n ose , d eep s l it

C lass ica l t ype ;

mouth , l arge c ircu lar e yes, s uggest i t was p robab ly a l oca l work . c f . J it ta 1 967 n o . 6 8 ; F le ischer 1 967 n o . 6 2 . P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 2 ;

Green 1 976 p l . I Vc ;

Proc . C a mb. An t . S oc . 1 937

p . 5 2 . 4 3 .

. ( P la te 1 1) Nude ma le d ep icted i n f l igh t ;

R igh t a rm r a ised , h e ld l ost c aduceus;

l arge w ings o n p etasos a nd h ee ls .

e f t h and h o lds p urse .

R igh t l eg s tra igh t

l e f t b en t o u twards . Head t urned t o r igh t . He igh t :

3 .25 cm .

69) ( Suf lk ) BM . fo F le mp ton n ear C ow l inge ( TL 52 /81 a te mp t a t model . t ling P ub :

L oca l work .

G reen 1 976 p l . I Vd ;

Crude f eatures b u t

c f . 2 9 .

T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 2 ;

VCH S uf lk 1 911 p . 3 03 fo

( when a t B ury S t . Ed munds Museu m) . 4 . 4

( P la te 1 3) S tand ing n ude ma le ;

L ef t a rm a ga inst t h igh .

l ower l egs a nd l ower r igh t a rm l ost .

Head t urned t o l ef t a nd d own ;

w inged p e tasos .

Face

f ra med b y s tra igh tinc ised h a ir . He igh t :

7 .5 cm

I ck l ingha m , S uf lk ( TL 5 2/7772) . fo

A sh mo lean Museu m ( 1927 .571)

C lass ica l t ype b ut l oca l work , l i t le model f b ody o r n atura l is m i n f eat ling o t ures ; P ub : 4 6 .

f l a t n ose , i nc ised c irc les f or e yes . T oynbee 1 964, p . 7 1;

S tand ing n ude ma le ;

Green 1 976, p L Va .

b oth f ee t a nd r igh t h and l ost .

l e f t s hou lder ; w inged p etasos ; H e igh t :

1 3 . 1 c m .

Man t le f a ls f ro m l

c ur ls .

F a ir c ond it ion .

T al ton . ( TF 5 3/0908 ) ling

L inco ln Museu m .

C lass ica l t ype ; g ood s ty le b ut

l oca l work s uggested b y l ong n arrow b eard . Pub :

Green 1 976 p l . I Vg ;

Arch . J . 1 946 p . 1 6 ( Hawkes) .

5 8

BACCHUS/ MERCURY 4 7 .

( P la te 5 ) S tand ing n ude ma le, y oung a nd p lu mp , w i th we igh t o n r igh t l eg .

R igh t h and l ost .

L ef t h and h o lds b unch o f g rapes o r p urse .

s hou lder a nd l e f t a rm .

H ead t o r igh t ;

C loak o ver r igh t

c ur ly h a ir w i th f our l ong l ocks a t b ack ;

p oss ib ly i vy l ea f c rown ( c f . 4 0 &4 2 )b ut n o w ings. H e igh t :

7 c m .

C orroded a nd c leaned, p it ted s ur face .

S i lchester , p it I nsu la I V n ear f oru m .

( SU 41 /64 62 ) .

Duke o f Wel lington C ol l.

( RO 3 650) C lass ica l f i gure ; i den t if ica t ion u ncer ta in b ut Bacchus b usts k nown a t S t ichester . Probab ly l oca l work . c f . L e ibundgu t 1 976 n o . 1 3 ; J it ta 1 969 n o . 6 . P ub :

Green 1 976 p . 1 95 ; Archaeo log ia 1 893 p . 5 61 ( a s Hercu les) .

CUP ID 4 8 .

P la te 1 4) N ude b oy w i th we igh t o n r igh t l eg .

W ings s pr ing f ro m b ack , b ut a re b roken away . wh i le e lbow r ests o n sma l l t ree .

Head i nc l ined d own t o r igh t . L ef t h and h o lds c ornucop ia

Smal l d og b y l e f t f oot a nd b ird ( dove?) b y

r igh t . H e igh t : 4 .5 cm . L ondon BM . P ub : 4 9 .

Worn c ond it ion .

C lass ica l t ype b ut p robab ly l oca l work .

c f Menze l 1 966 n o . 5 2 .

Green 1 976, p . 2 24 . Winged n ude b oy ;

l e f t h and o n h ip ;

l ower r igh t l eg a nd r igh t h and miss ing .

Body t w isted ;

r igh t a rm o utstretched .

H e igh t : 4 .5 cm C o lchester? ( TL52/9925) B .M . C lass ica l t ype b u t l oca l w ork ; s i mp le f ac ia l f ea tures a nd i nc ised p at or h a ir . c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 9 2 . t ern f N o t p ub l ished . 5 0 . ( P la te 2 ) B oy s ea ted w ith l egs c rossed . R igh t a rm o utstrectched ; h and l ost . L ef t h and h o lds b ird i n l ap , ( dove?) . Head t urned t o r igh t c lose t o b ird .

W ings p ar t ial ost . ly l

H e igh t :

6 .25 cm .

C ur ly h a ir .

L igh t p a t ina ;

c orroded ; f eatures l ost .

L exden T u mu lus - C o lchester ( TL52/9925) ( 1 5-10 B .C. )C o lchester & E ssex Museu m . p er iod . P ub : 5 1 .

C lassica l t ype a nd work a l most c er ta in ly i mpor ted i n p re-conquest c f . F a ider-Fey tmans 1 957 , n o . 15 & 17 ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 16 ; T oynbee 1 964 p . 3 9 ; S ea ted b oy , w inged .

R igh t a rm r a ised ;

R ol 965 n o . 2 15 l and 1

Archaeo log ia 1 926-7 , p p . 2 41-54 .

l ef t h and r ests o n l eg h o ld ing

a possib le wand . H e igh t :

3 .75 cm .

C orroded .

C o lchester ( d iscovered w i th meta l d e tector ) ( TL52/9925) i n p r iva te h ands

5 9

c f . Menze l 1 966 n o . 4 7 . Pub : 5 2 .

Cru m my 1 975, S tand ing b oy .

o utwards .

3 2 .

P .

C loak h angs f ro m r igh t s hou lder t o l ef t a rm , f l ut ing t er

R igh t a rm r a ised h o ld ing a b unch o f g rapes;

f ru its a ga inst b ody .

l e f t h o lds v ar ious

Cur ly h a ir .

He igh t 8 .75 cm . C o lchester ( TL52/9925) Was i n p ossession Mr . Wire . st y le ; P ub : 5 3 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 16 ; J .B . A. A . 1 849 p . 6 0 I i lustra ted ) . l Nude b oy , s tand ing o f r igh t l eg .

a nd l egs m iss ing . He igh t :

7 c m .

R igh t a rm o utstretched .

Ends o f a rms

Wings o n b ack .

Poor c ond it ion .

C ot uf lk ( T M62/0667 ) p loughed u p . t on -S fo C lass ica l p ose b ut l oca l work ; Pub : T oynbee 1 966 p . 7 6 ; p . 6 7 . 5 4 .

C lassica l p ose a nd

p oss ib ly G en ius o r y oung Bacchus c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 9 6 .

I psw ich Museu m ( 1935-158 .21)

i nc ised p at n h a ir a nd p oor f ac ia l f eatures. t ern o

Green 1 976

P .

2 16 ;

Proc. Ca m . An t . S oc . 1 937

49) recen t ly a cqu ired b y I p sw ich Museu m 1 977-48 Woodbr idge ( T M6 2 /2 7

( poss ib ly Mercury ) . No t p ub lished . 5 . 5

Danc ing w inged b oy ;

f orward ;

l e f t f oot miss ing .

R igh t a rm r a ised a nd l ef t c urved

p oss ib ly t he t wo o nce h e ld a wrea th .

L ong c ur ly h a ir a nd n ot iceable

h eaddress . He igh t :

8 .75 cm .

G ood c ond it ion , p oss ib ly g i lded .

G ay ton ( SP42/7054) R o man v i la ( w ith c o ins d at ing f ro m Marcus A ure l ius & l C onstan t ine) .

N or tha mp ton Museu m .

c f . R ol 965 n o . 1 12 ; l and 1

C lass ica l t ype , g ood work mansh ip .

Fa ider-Feyt mans 1 959 n o . 6 2 ;

B oucher 1 973 n o . 8 ;

K aufmann-He ine mann 1 977 n o . 3 8 . P ub : 5 6 .

Green 1 976 ;

Archaeo log ia 1 844 p . 1 25 .

N ude c hubby b oy .

S lo ts f or w ings o n s hou lders, h ee ls o f g round . f

a rm r a ised w ith f ingers o pen t o h o ld o b ject . c rown a nd l ong r ing le ts .

R igh t

E labora te h a ir s ty le, c rest o n

F ine e yes w ith d e l ica te c has ing , s i lver i r ises a nd

i n la id p up i ls ( l ost ) . He igh t : 4 0 cms .

Hol ast . l ow c

Very g ood c ond i t ion dark p at ina .

C en tre C irencester? ( SP42/0201) A sh mo lean Museu m . s ty le ; v ery g ood work mansh ip .

C lass ica l t ype a nd

Imported f ro m Med iterranean ( possib ly i n

1 8 th c entury ) ; p robab ly a l a mpstand .

c f . Rol 965 n o . 1 15 ; l and 1

Boucher

1 973 n o . 5 . P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 6, 1 962 n o . 1 3 ; 1 917-18 p . 2 02-3 . 6 0

Green 1 976 p . 1 73 ;

Archaeo log ia

HERCULES 5 7 .

( P late 3 ) N ude ma le, s tand ing w ith we igh t o n r igh t l eg .

h o le t hrough c lenched h and f or l ost c lub ; h and) ;

l e f t a rm h e ld o u t t o s ide ( ho le t hrough

l i onsk in w i th c lear h ead, mane a nd p aws o ver l ef t a rm .

H e igh t :

1 2 .5 cm .

Dark p a t ina ;

l C G rocer ' s H al our t -L ondon .

g ood c ond it ion . Museu m o f L ondon ( A9632 ) .

t ern h a ir i nd ica ted b y c ap-shaped , i nc ised p at . v is ib le .

E truscan a nd

ling o G ood model f b ody a nd l imbs, b u t p robab ly l oca l work ;

c lass ica l t ype .

F ace worn b ut f l a t wedge n ose

c f . R ich ter 1 915 n o . 1 53 , 1 58 & 1 59 ( Etruscan ) ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 ;

P ub :

R igh t a rm r a ised,

L ebe l 1 961 n o . 8 3 .

L ondon i n R o man T i mes 1 930 p . 4 6 ;

T oynbee 1 964

p . 7 4 . 5 8 .

( P la te 4 ) Nude ma le , w e igh t o n r igh t l eg a nd l e f t l eg f orward ;

t h as a tenuated l i onsk in p ro ject ing b ackwards f ro m i t ;

l ef t a rm

r igh t a rm r a ised w ith

l' s h l e f t h and h o lds a s hor t p o in ted o b ject ( bul orn?) ( s t . 6 1) ;

s tu mp o f c lub ; lic i t hy-phal . H e igh t :

1 0 .5 cm .

Dark p a t ina , g ood c ond it ion .

R oya l Exchange , L ondon . w ork ;

Museu m o f L ondon ( A17713) C lassica l t ype loca l

t h in p rof i le , h igh i nc ised p ectora l, t h ick n eck , c rude f ace w ith s harp

le p inched n ose, t iny s l it mou th a nd l ong e yes s hown a s p aral l i nc ised l i nes, c ap o f h a ir wi th d eep g rooves . 1 965 n o . 8 6 ; P ub : 5 9 .

t c f . J i ta 1 969 n o . 2 4, 1 973 n o . 1 2 ;

L iebundgut 1 976 n o . 1 82 ;

l and R ol

L ebe l 1 961 n o . 8 0-85 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 . Nude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg .

H e igh t : L ondon?

t enua At ted l i onsk in o ver l e f t a rm ;

ly r igh t a rm r a ised w i th c lub h e ld v er t ical ;

h and c lenched ;

8 .75 cm .

p lus 2 .5 cm c lub .

l ef t

lic i t hy-phal .

L igh t p at ina

Museu m o f L ondon ( G22143) , ( f ro m K ingston Museu m 4 26) E truscan/

c lass ica l t ype ;

l oca l work ;

ling a p oor b ody model nd f ac ia l f eatures;

I nd ica ted b y d eep g rooves, t h ick n eck . c f . n o . 2 28 ; n o . 5 0 ; L e ibundgu t 1 976 n o . 1 81; J it ta 1 973 n o . 1 1;

h a ir

Fa ider-Fey t mans 1 957 Kauf mann-He ine mann

1 977 n o . 4 6 . P ub : 6 0 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 . N ude ma le, we igh t o n r igh t l eg a nd l e f t l eg r a ised ;

s k in ( c lear t a i l) ; H e igh t : L ondon?

r igh t a rm r a ised f or l ost c lub ;

l e f t a rm w ith l i on-

lic h ead t o l ef t ; i t hy -phal .

1 1.25 cm . Museu m o f L ondon ( G2062)

C lass ica l t ype, Haynes s uggests 2 nd

o r I st c en tury B .C . f ro m N or th I t a ly y e t p oss ib ly l oca l Br i t ish work s ince i t s t h in b ody , 2 inc ised c irc les h igh o n c hest , c ap h a ir , l arge e yes a nd d ownt urned mouth a re c o mparab le w ith Br i t ish p ieces. &9 5 . N o t p ub l ished .

6 1

l and 1 c f . Rol 965 n o . 9 3

6 1.

N ude ma le ;

s tand ing w ith l egs a par t ;

r igh t a rm r a ised , h e ld l ost c lub ;

l l e f t a rm o utstre tched , n o l i onsk in , b ut h o lds b u l ' s horn He igh t :

Epp ing ( TL52/4602) B .M .

C lassica l t ype ;

N or th I t a ly i n l a ter c en tur ies) .

6 2 .

5 8 )

1 6 .2 cm . ling a f a ir model nd f ea tures b u t

p oss ib ly l oca l work , f l a t wedge n ose , c ap h a ir .

P ub :

(

( or p oss ib ly i mpor ted f rom

l and 1 c f . R ol 965 n o . 8 4 .

G reen 1 976 p . 2 09 . N ude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg a nd l e f t l eg r a ised , f oo t l ost ;

t l e f t a rm h as a tenua ted l i onsk in o ver i ta nd h and c lenched ;

lic i t hy-phal ;

r igh t a rm r a ised ;

c lub, n ow l ost , p ro jected b ackwards . He igh t :

7cm .

Dark g reen-brown p a t ina .

Veru la m iu m ( TL52/ 1307 ) Veru la m iu m Museu m .

C lass ica l t ype b u t l oca l w ork ;

c rude , u nrea l ist ic f l a t b ody , s l it mouth , l arge s lan t ing e yes, c ap i nc ised h a ir . P ub : 6 3 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 06 . Nude ma le , we ight o n r igh t l eg a nd l e f t l eg r a ised ; f eet l ost .

f c r a ised , f i st c lenched r ound b roken-of lub ( pro jected b ackwards) ; o u t s ideways w ith c lenched f i st , g ood f i ngers;

t a tenua ted l i onsk in ;

R igh t a rm l e f t a rm h a ir r ep-

r esen ted b y c rescen t-shaped , e ngraved c ur ls . He igh t :

8 .9 cm .

Green p a t ina w ith l i gh t p a tches .

Ba th House , Branch R oad , S t . A lbans ( TL52/ 1307 ) An ton ine .

Veru la m ium

Museu m . C lass ica l t ype b u t l oca l work ; t h in p rof i le , l ong t h in h ead , s imp le f ac ia l f eatures, r ound f ace . P ub :

. G reen 1 976 p . 2 06.

6 4 . N ude ma le , we igh t o f r igh t l eg . t a tenua ted l i onsk in a nd c lub .

R igh t h and r est o n h ip ; l e f t a rm h as

H e igh t 9 .6 cm . Veru la m iu m ( TL52/ 1307 ) C lassica l t ype b ut c rude l oca l work ;

t l i t le b ody

model ling , s i mp le f ace w ith s l it mouth , wedge n ose a nd i nc ised c ap o f h a ir . P ub :

G reen 1 976, p . 2 07 .

6 5 . Nude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg a nd l e f t l eg f orward . h o ld ing c lub; l e f t o u tste tched w ith l i onsk in . He igh t :

1 0 cm .

R igh t a rm r a ised

G ood c ond i t ion .

N ear H itch in ( Wy mond ley v i l la?) ( TL52/2029) L e tchwor th Museu m . C lass ica l t ype b ut l oca l w ork ; t h in c rude b ody , smal l f ace w i th p inched n ose a nd d eep g rooves r epresen t ing c ap o f h a ir . P ub :

G reen 1 976 p . 2 07 .

6 2

6 . 6

( P la te 1 6)

c lenched f i st ;

Nude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg .

L ef t a rm h e ld o ut t o s ide w ith

l i onsk in b roken away b e low a rm ;

r igh t a rm r a ised , h o ld ing

c lub b eh ind n eck ;

h a ir i n p eak a t f ront headdress?

He igh t :

Smoo th , d ark p a t ina .

7 .5 cm .

C o lchester ( TL52/9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m 2 96 .1947 .

C lass ica l

t ype b u t p rov inc ia l s ty le ; l oca l work ; f l a t b ody b u t i t hy-phal nd c lear lic a h ip b ones; l ong n eck , r ound h ead , s l it mouth , p inched n ose , d eep ly i nc ised h a ir . P ub ' :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 3 ; Green 1 976 p . 2 16 ;

Proc . C amb . An t . S oc . 1 937

p . 5 3 ( t hen a t C a mbr idge) . 6 7 .

( P la te 4 ) N ude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg .

L ower r igh t a rm l ost .

L ef t

a rm h e ld o ut w ith l i onsk in ; h ead t o l e f t . He igh t :

1 0 cm .

Smooth d ark o l ive p a t ina .

C o lchester ( TL52/ 9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m ( 295 .1947 ) C lass ica l t ype b ut l oca l work ; r ound h ead w ith i nc ised c ap o f h a ir , c rude f ace w i th f l a t n ose , s l it mouth ; n ipp les & n ave l r epresen tedby i nc ised c irc les b ut s o me b ody model n k nees a nd c a lves; ling o

i ncised p ub ic h a ir .

Pub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 3 ; Green 1 976 p . 2 16 ; p . 5 3 ( t hen a t C a mbr idge) .

Proc . C amb . An t . S oc . 1 937

6 8 . ( P la te 1 6) Nude ma le , l e f t l eg f orward . R igh t f oot l ost . R igh t a rm r a ised , h o le i n c lenched f i st f or c lub ; l e f t a rm , l i onsk in o ver i t , h e ld f orward f rom e lbow ; l arge c lenched h and . ( deep g rooves t o s how f i ngers) ; h ead t urned t o l ef t . He igh t :

2 3 .75 cm .

Smooth d ark p a t ina .

C o lchester ( TL52/ 9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m ( 900-1936) t ype ; l oca l work ; o f h ead .

Pub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 3 ; 6 9 .

( P la te 1 6) N ude ma le , f eet a par t .

1 0 .25 cm .

f l a t c rown

G reen 1 976 p . 2 16 . R igh t a rm r a ised ;

L ef t a rm c urved u pwards w ith c lenched f i st ; Bu lg ing c ur ls a round f ace . He igh t :

C lass ica l

c rude f ace s urrounded b y s tra igh t i nc ised c ur ls ;

h o le f or c lub .

l i onsk in h as i nc ised p at ing . t ern

L igh t ish midgreen , p a tchy p a t ina ; p i ted a nd worn . t

Co lchester? ( TL52/9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m ( 901-1936) C lass ica l t ype b ut p rov inc ia l s ty le ; p oor f eatures, h igh i ncised b reast , s o me b ody model ling ; p robab ly l oca l w ork . Pub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 3 ; 7 0 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 16 .

N ude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg ;

c lenched f i st ; h e ld v er t ica l;

l arge f ee t .

L ef t a rm o u tstetched w i th

l i onsk in s lan ts b ackwards f ro m i t ; r igh t a rm r a ised w ith c lub c lub marked b y d eep g rooves ; i t hy-phal lic .

6 3

He igh t :

8 .75 cm ;

( 10 .25 cm w ith c lub)

Smooth m id-green p a t ina

C o lchester? ( TL52/9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m ( 901A 1 936) C lass ica l t ype b ut l oca l work ; t h in f l a t "ma tchst ick" b ody , n ipp les r epresen ted b y t wo c irc les o dd ly p os it ioned w ide a par t ;

r ound h ead ;

e yes r epresen ted

b y i nc ised c irc les ; s l it mouth ; h a ir s hown a s af l a t p ro ject ing c ap w i th d eep g rooves . c f. L ebe l 1 961 n o . 8 2 . P ub : 7 1.

T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 3 ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 16 .

( P la te 1 5) Nude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg ( groove o n o uter c a lf i s a nc ien t

d a mage ) .

R igh t a rm l owered , p a lm h e ld f l a t ;

l e f t a rm h e ld f orward h o ld ing

c lub a ga inst s hou lder ; l i onsk in w ith c lear mask , mane , t a i l a nd p aws, t h ick b eard a nd moustache ; d iade m t i ed a t b ack w ith r ibbons f a l ling t o s hou lders . He igh t :

6 .25 cm .

L igh t g reen p a t ina ;

f i ar c ond it ion .

Near E ly ( TL52/5380) Ca mbr idge Museu m Archaeo logy & E thno logy ( 22 .691) C lassica l t ype b ut p robab ly l oca l work ;

r igh t f oo t l arger t han l e f t ; c lumsy

y e tb ored p up i ls, d ef in ite e ars a nd a t te mp t a tb ody model ling . 1 967 n o . 1 59 ;

c f . F le ischer

K aufmann-He ine mann 1 977 n o . 4 8 .

P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 3 ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 11;

P roc . C a mb . An t . S oc . 1 937

p . 5 2 . 7 2 .

( P la te 1 5)

Nude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg , l e f t l eg f orward .

r a ised b ut l ost b e low e lbow ; t p in , p ar t o f l ost a tr ibute ; f ro m Br isto l ;

R igh t a rm

l e f t a rm f orward , f i ngers c ur led a round meta l

l i onsk in o n h ead , ( p l . C a mbr idge Museu m 2 1-103

R ich ter 1 915 n o . 1 61) mask o n c rown o f h ead , e ars a nd mane

s tand ing u p , p aws t i ed o n c hest , r est o f s k in d own b ack a nd o ver l e f t a rm , t ern f ur s hown b y i nc ised p at . He igh t :

1 1 cm .

P a tchy g reen p at ina ;

g ood c ond it ion .

t on N S ut ear E ly . ( TL52/4479) C a mbr idge Museum Archaeo logy & E thno logy ling o ( 22 .693 .CA) C lass ica l t ype ; f a ir model f l egs, t oes, b ut r ough w ork ; g rooves r epresen t b ack a nd b reast b ones ; s l i t mou th , c rooked ,and e yes n ot l eve l o r s y m me tr ica l ; 1 957 n o . 4 7 ;

l oca l work .

c f . Menze l 1 966 n o . 5 8 ;

Fa ider-Fey t mans

L e ibundgu t 1 976 n o . 1 83 & 1 85 ; B oucher 1 971 n o . 2 4 ;

K aufmann-He ine mann 1 977 n o . 4 7 . P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 4 ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 11; P roc . C a mb. An t . S oc . 1 937

p . 5 2 . 7 3 . Nude ma le , we igh t o n l ef t l eg ( break b e low k nee) ; o n f l at r ectangu lar b ase . R igh t a rm l owered , l ost b e low e lbow ; l e f t a rm l owered . L eans o n c lub b y l e f t f oo t . H e igh t :

6 .25 cm .

L ionsk in .

Beard a nd wrea th .

Dark g reen p a t ina .

V ery w orn .

t on Near E S ut ly ( TL52/4479) Ca mbr idge Museu m Archaeo logy & E thno logy ( 1891 R .18 ) C lass ica l t ype , f a ir s ty le ; p robab ly l oca l . c f . J it ta 1 967 , n o . 9 ( wrea th ) ; P ub :

l and 1 R ol 965 n o . 1 00 ( c lub p osi t ion )

T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 3 ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 11; Proc . C a mb . An t . S oc . 1 937

p . 5 3 . 6 4

7 4 .

N ude ma le , we igh t o n r igh t l eg ;

f ee t m iss ing .

R igh t a rm h e ld o ut ,

c lasped f i ngers ( c lub?) ; l ef t a rm f orward , h and l ost ; h ead t o r igh t w ith t c ur ly h a ir , No a tr ibu tes . He igh t 9 .5 cm .

G i lded ; Worn f ace .

fo Near I ck l ingha m ( Suf lk ) ( TL52/7772) C ambr idge Museu m Archaeo logy & E thno logy ( 1897 .81) C lass ica l p ose .

Probab ly l oca l work ;

tish b f l at ody,

y et g i lded ; i den t if icat ion u ncer ta in . Pub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 4 ; Green 1 7 6 p . 2 11;

Proc . Camb . An t . S oc . 1 937

p . 5 2 7 5 . Nude ma le , we ight o n r igh t l eg ; r igh t a rm r ests o n h ip ; l e f t a rm h as l arge h and h o ld ing c lub a ga inst s h pu lder ; l i onsk in . Head t o r igh t , b earded . H e igh t :

8 .75 cm .

t ed s P it ur face .

fo C ow l inge ( Suf lk ) ( TL52/7154) . p ose .

R ough work ;

Bury S t . Edmunds Museu m .

C lass ica l

p oor f ace ; p robab ly l oca l. c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 1 59 ;

F a ider-Fey t mans 1 957 n o . 4 8 . P ub : 7 6 .

T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 4 ; Green 1 976 p . 2 13 ; ( P la te 1 5)

Nude ma le , o n f l a tb ase ;

fo V .C .H . S uf lk 1 911, p . 3 03 .

r igh t l eg i n f ron t o f l e f t .

Bearded ;

w inged c up id o n s hou lders a nd d og u nder l e f t a rm . He igh t :

1 0 .2 cm .

Bress ingha m ( T M62/0780)

B .M .

Crude work ,

r ough f i n ish , p oor f ac ia l

f eatures; l oca l p roduct . P ub : 7 7 .

G reen 1 976 p . 2 18 . Nude ma le , l egs a par t .

L ef t a rm w i th l i onsk in ;

r igh t a rm r a ised h o ld ing

c lub . Heigh t : 6 .25 cm . Unprovenanced ( possib ly S i lchester ) .

R ead ing Museu m .

C lass ica l t ype ;

c rude

p rov inc ial s ty le ; f l a t u nmodel l ed b ody , p oor f ac ia l f eatures, c ap o f i nc ised h a ir .

L oca l work .

P ub :

G reen 1 976 p . 1 95 ( descr ibed a s l ost ) .

7 8 . c l. 7 2 . Young ma le i n s hor ts leevelesstun ic w i th b road b e lt ; l i onsk in a s h ood , f orepaws t i ed b e low c h in a nd r est d raped o ver l e f t a rm . L ef t h and c lenched ;

r igh t a rm r a ised h o ld ing e nd o f l ost c lub .

He igh t : 5 0 cm .

Rows o f c ur ls.

G i lded .

B irdoswa ld ( Hadr ian 's Wal l) ( NY35/6166) B .M . 9 5 .4-8 .1. C lassica l t ype a nd s ty le ; wel l -propor t ioned a nd model l ed ; n atura l ist ic f ace ; g ood f i n ish . Possib ly i mpor ted , f or m i l itary s hr ine . P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 7 4 ; G u ide An t . R .B . 1 964 p . 5 4 ; Archaeo log ia 1 896 p . 1 99-202 .

6 5

BABY HERCULES 7 9 .

Smal l c h i ld , n ude .

F ee t c rossed ;

h ead i nc l ined t o r igh t ;

h ands missing .

4 .75 cm l ong x 2 .75 cm h igh . F e l ixstowe?

( T M 62/30 34) I psw ich Museu m ( 9 66 .105) . ( by e xchange w ith

B ury S t . Ed munds Museu m) . Uncer ta in ty a s t o p rovenance a nd i den t if icat i on a s Hercu les; o ther d iv ine c h i ld? I s i tf rom R o man Br ita in? P ub :

Green 1 976, p . 2 18 .

S ATYR 8 0 .

f ( P la te 1 7 ) Young n aked ma le ; b roken o f a bove k nees.

e ars ; w inesk in o ver l e f t s hou lder ;

No t a i l b ut p o in ted

h o lds l ong , n arrow , s l igh t ly c urved o b jec t

( p ipes?) a ga inst r igh t a rm ; h a ir h as a c orona l o f c ur ls a nd f ron ta l p eak . Traces o f h or izon ta l p ro ject ion a t f ron t a nd s ide o f l egs s uggests f i gure was p oss ib ly a k n ife h and le . H e igh t :

6 .25 cm .

Worn , g o ld c o lour b ut b lack p a tches.

L awrence L ane , L ondon .

Museu m o f L ondon ( 3 1.27/2) .

C lassica l t ype wh ich

i s r are i n Br ita in b ut c f . S tee lyard f ro m Weston ( no . 2 13) . Good workmanly h s h ip e spec ial ands; p oss ib ly i mpor ted . c f . B oucher 1 973 , n o . 4 0 ; Babe lon &B lanche t 1 895 n o . 4 32 . N o t p ub lished . R IVER GOD 8 1.

( P la te 1 4) Ha lf -draped ma le f igure ; r ec l ines t o l e f t o n r ound p edesta l

t ocks; wh ich s uppor ts o n ly t h ighs a nd b ut

h ead ,turned t o r igh t , r ests o n l ef t

h and ; l e f t e lbow r ests o n o ver turned u rn f ro m w h ich wa ter f l ows ; r igh t h and l ow a l ost , a rm o u tstre tched . H ol t b ack w i th l u mp o f l ead i nser ted a t wa ist f or b a lance .

L ong f l ow ing b eard a nd h a ir .

1 2 .5 cm f ro m h ead t o f ee t o n 3 .25 cm s tand .

B ad ly worn ;

t c lean p i ted s ur face .

Grea t C hester ford ( TL 5 2/5043 ) . Cambr idge Museu m o f Archaeo logy & E thnol ogy ( 48 .957 ) . C lass ica l p ose ( B ieber 1 961 f i g . 4 05 & 4 07 a nd Wa lbrook R iver ling e G od ) ; n ice workmansh ip , g ood model .g . f ee t , y e t w ide s tar ing e yes, b eard a nd h a ir s uggest C e lt ic i nsp ira t ion ; l oca l work . c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 1 45A ( s tone work—Chesters Museu m , R iver T yne? T oynbee 1 962 n o . 3 0) . P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 5 8 ; V . CH . E ssex 1 963 , p . 8 4 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 11; Arch . J . 1 860, p . 1 24-5 ;

8 2 . Ma le r ec l in ing t o l e f t ; l eans o n l e f t e lbow ; f u l ly d raped , i nd ica ted b y p at t ern i nc ised l i nes . H e igh t :

T h in p rof i le ; b ad ly worn .

3 .75 cm x L eng th 2 .75 cm .

C o lchester . ( TL 5 2/9925) . B .M . C lass ica l t ype b u t v ery c rude s ty le ; C e lt ic d rapery , c ap o f i nc ised h a ir , p oor r ud i mentary f ac ia l f eatures; g ood work , h owever . P ub :

c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 1 45A .

G reen 1 976 p . 2 16 ( wrong ly d escr ibed a s i n C o lchester Museu m) 6 6

LAR 8 3 .

Y outh d ressed i n s hor t t un ic w i th o ver bid , s ash a nd s hor t s leeves .

L ower l egs l ost ;

r igh t a rm r a ised a nd l e f t h e ld f orward ;

h ands a nd a t tr ibu tes

l ost ; l ong h a ir w i th l u mpy , i nc ised l ocks; t he sw ir l ing d rapery s uggests h e i s d anc ing . He igh t : 9 cm .

Very worn c ond it ion , e spec ial ly f ace .

Swan L ane , L ondon . B .M . C lass ica l t ype b u t p at t ern o f f o lds a nd r e ma ins o f f ace s uggest l oca l workmansh ip . c f . Menze l 1 960 n o . 1 6, 1 964 n o . 1 6 . Pub: T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 5 ; Green 1 976 p . 2 23 ;

RCH M L ondon I I ( 1928 )

P l. 6 6 . 8 4 . F am i l iar is ? Youth i nt un ic wh ich i sb ound a t wa ist a nd b usk ins; r igh t h and h o lds p a tera ( sp ira l a nd d ot d es ign ) ; l e f t h o lds b ut t o f ac ornucop ia ; l ow f e yes h ol or i n lay . He igh t :

1.25 cm .

62 ) S ilchester . ( SU 41 /64

Destroyed i n f ire a t Wasing House .

v ery g ood s ty le a nd work , p oss ib ly i st Cen tury A .D . c f . Menze l 1 964 n o . 1 7 ;

C lass ica l t ype ;

P oss ib le impor t .

K aufmann He in i mann 1 977 n o . 5 2 .

Pub: T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 6 ;

Green 1 976 p . 1 95 ( i n L arar ia) Archaeo log ia LV

p . 2 39 ; Boon 1 974 p . 1 61. 8 5 .

V eru la m ium

— i n p r iva te h ands .

Green 1 976 p . 2 07 . 8 6 .

N ude y ou th ; we igh t o n r igh t l eg ;

r igh t a rm r a ised h o ld ing b ase o f c ornu-

c op ia o r t orch ; l e f t a rm h o lds b aske t a ga inst b ody ; a rm ; l ong c ur ls a nd t op-knot . He igh t :

1 0 cm .

L igh t g reen p a t ina ;

c loak f l ies o u t f ro m l ef t

b ad ly worn a nd p it ted .

l ect Braybrook Col ion Grea t Chester ford ( TL 5 2/5043) . C ambr idge Museu m Archaeo logy a nd E thno logy . Or ig in u ncer ta in , p oss ib ly a l a ter f ore ign i mpor t . c f . h a lf-draped G en ius f ro m R ichborough i n T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 6 &J .R .S . 1 930 , a lso G en ius P opu l i Ro man i o n Coins . Not p ub l ished . 8 7 .

( P la te 1 7 ) C o mp i ta l is .

Danc ing y outh ;

r igh t l eg f orward , k nees b en t ,

h ee ls r a ised ; r igh t a rm r a ised h o ld ing t orch ( break a t h and) ; l e f t a rm f orward w ith p atera ; s hor t t un ic a nd o ver fo ld ; s k ir t f l ies b ackwards ; r ibbons a t f ee t a nd a nk les ; He igh t :

c ur ls & f ron ta l p eak .

7 .5 cm , !c leaned .

Co lchester ( TL 5 2/9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m .

C lass ica l t ype b u t

l oca l w ork ; h ead t oo l arge f or b ody , s o l id t h ick n eck , f l a t n ose a nd s l it mouth , t ern o I nc ised p at n h a ir . c f . Boucher 1 973 n o . 8 6 . Pub :

G reen 1 976 p . 2 17 . 6 7

8 . 8

( P la te 1 7 ) C hubby y ou th i n s hor t t un ic w ith o ver bid ;

a nd l e f t f oot l ost . d r ink ing h orn ; He igh t :

R igh t a rm d own h o ld ing j ug?

r igh t l eg b e low k nee

l e f t r a ised h o ld ing t orch o r

l ong h a ir w ith f ron ta l p eak .

5 .5 cm ., o l ive p a t ina .

Near E ly . ( TL 5 2/5380) C a mbr idge Museu m Archaeo logy & E thno logy ( 22 .695) . C lass ica l t ype b u t p rov inc ia l s ty le ; f l a t b ack , r ough f ingers, n o n eck , r ound f ace w ith f l a t n ose , l ong s l it mouth , r ound g ive c om ic e xpress ion ; P ub : 8 9 .

p oor l oca l work .

s tar ing e yes a nd p uf heeks wh ich fy c c f . Menze l 1 966 n o . 5 4 .

T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 6 . ( P la te 1 8 )

o f f o lds ;

You th i n s hor t t un ic w ith o ver fo ld a nd s ash ; i n tr ica te p at t ern

b oo ted . L ower l e f t l eg l ost . R igh t a rm o u tstre tched , h and l ost ; l e f t

a rm h o lds d oub le c ornucop ia o f wh ich f ru it i s c lear ly d ep icted ; h a ir . H e igh t :

n ice c ur ly

1 0 .6 cm .

Brandon , S uf lk . ( TL 5 2/7886) B .M . fo

C lass ica l t ype ; n ice workmansh ip ;

wel ace ; y e t i nc ised p at n h a ir a nd d rapery s uggest l oca l l model l ed f t erns o work c f . n o . 9 0 . c f . Boucher 1 973 n o . 8 5 . P ub : 9 0 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 13 . Danc ing y outh i n s hor t t un ic w i th o ver bo ld a nd s ash ; mou ld ings a round

a nk les a re p oss ib ly b oots . R igh t a rm f orward , h and emp ty ; l e f t h and h o lds d oub le c ornucop ia ( l arger t han n o . 8 9) ; h a ir worn i n b un a t n ape o f n eck ; h or izon ta l f rown l i ne o n f orehead . He igh t :

1 0 cm .

L akenhea th , S uf fo lk . ( TL .5 2/7182) B .M . f ace , b ut p robab ly l oca l ( c f . 8 9) . P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 5 ; 9 1.

Youth i n s hort t un ic ;

d r ink ing h orn ; He igh t :

l model l ed C lassica l t ype ; wel

Green 1 976 p .213 . l ong s ash , b oots, wrea th ; r igh t h and r a ised h o ld ing

l e f t h and h o lds p a tera ;

c ur ls.

7 .5 cm .

l ( F e lm ingha m Hal TG 6 3/2529) p ar t o f r e l ig ious h oard i n p ot . 6 -10 .4 . Pub :

B .M . 1 925 .

C lass ica l t ype, n ice f ace a nd g ood s ty le ; p robab ly l oca l w ork .

T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 5 ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 05 ;

G u ide An t R . B. 1 964 p . 6 0 .

GEN IUS-PATERFA M IL IAS 9 2 .

( P la te 1 8 ) V e i led t oga te man ;

r igh t a rm o u tstretched h o ld ing p a tera ;

l e f t h and h o lds c y l indr ica l o b ject , mappa? F ee t l ost . Bea r d less, t herefore l ow e t p re-Hadr ian ic . B ack h ol xcep t f or h ead ; t wo h o les f or a tachmen t , ( a ) r igh t e lbow a nd ( b )b etween l e f t s ide a nd l e f t e lbow . F law a bove r igh t e lbow . He igh t : 1 0 .5 cm . C leaned ( b lack s ubstance g ave o f f r es inous o dour u nder h ea t s uggest ing c ire-perdue ) . 6 8

Silchester. (SU 41 /6462) inside inner ambulatory of forum. Stratfield Saye. Classical type and good workmanship but hands large and crude; possibly local. cf. Fleischer 1967 no. 147; Boucher 1973 no. 210; Jitta 1967 no. 8, 1969 no. 20, 1973 no. 7. Pub: 93.

Toynbee 1964; Green 1976 p. 195; Boon 1974 p. 162. Man in toga; lost below waist; both hands lost.

Height: 3. 75 cm. London. Leicester Museum. Classical type but poor facial features; eyes not level, flat wedge nose, slit mouth; crude local work. (cf. similar object at Leicester without provenance). Not published. RADIATE APOLLO/PRIEST 94. Fully draped male; very thin profile (attached to wall?); no feet; right and lower left arms lost; headdress consists of four large lmobs representing leafy garland or radiate crown? Height: 7. 5 cm. Bermondsey. London. Museum of London (A11815). Etruscan type (Richter, 1915 no. 170); Celtic drapery, deep eyes, wedge nose; crude work. cf. Rolland 1965 no. 121-124; Menzel 1960 no. 24. Not published. 95. Male, fully draped in toga fastened on left shoulder; thin profile. Left arm forward holding round box; right arm holds patera; spiky headdress. Height: 7. 5 cm. London? Museum of London (G. 22145) (from Kingston Museum 427). work; poor facial features.

Crude

Not published. _96. (Plate 18) Fully draped male, patera in right hand; left hand under drapery; spiky crown with five points; simple facial features (worn); thin. profile; feet lost. Height: 5. 25 cm.

Green patina.

London Wall. Museum of London (G. 2060) . Etruscan, 1st .or 2nd century B. C.

Haynes of B. M. suggests

Not published. 97.

Fully draped male; feet lost; right arm lost; lmobby garland.

Height: 7. 4 cm. Southwark (TQ 51/3079) Guildford Museum.

69

Crude work.

ma trona) JUNO ( 9 8 . S tand ing , f u ly-draped f e ma le ; d eep d rapery f o lds. l l e f t f orward h o ld ing r ound o b ject . Head f ra med b y v e i l .

R igh t a rm l ost ; F la t b ack ; t h in

p rof i le ; o nce s tood a ga inst wal f l arar ia? l o H e igh t : L ondon .

7 .7 cm . Dark p a t ina . Museu m o f L ondon ( G .2063 ) .

C lass ica l t ype b ut p rov inc ia l s ty le ;

l ong n eck , c rude f ace , i n terest i n p at rapery ; l oca l work . c f . York t ern d ( Ho me 1 924 p . 1 30) ; Menze l 1 966 n o . 7 6 ; J it ta 1 967 n o . 1 2 ; L e ibundgut 1 976 n o . 2 8 . P ub :

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 .

M INE RVA 9 . ( P la te 3a nd 4 ) S ea ted f e ma le ; s ea t l ost b u t l ower l egs a nd l ap h ol 9 l owed f or a tach men t . Greek p ep los w i th V ' n eck , g a thered a t s hou lders; o vert f o ld ; n ice d rapery a cross l egs . p ar t ly l ost .

r ested o n s h ie ld . He igh t :

He l me t w ith n eckguard a nd mask ; p lu me

R igh t a rm r a ised t o h e l met o nce h e ld s pear ;

l e f t h and o nce

Head t o r igh t ; f ea tures b ad ly w orn .

1 0 cm .

I s lewor th ( M idd lesex ) Nor thwest L ondon . Museum o f L ondon ( A25382) . C lass ica l t ype, c f . Br it ia o n c o ins; n ice workmansh ip , e special ands tan ly h a nd d rapery ; p robab ly l oca l work . Pub : T oynbee 1 964 , p . 8 0 ; p . 2 24 . 1 00 .

( P la te 1 9)

c f . F le ischer 1 967 , n o . 2 5 .

L ondon i n Ro man T i mes 19 30 p . 4 6; Green 19 76

S tand ing f e ma le ; o n p edesta l d ecorated w ith wrea ths.

F ul l

l eng th p ep los w ith o ver fo ld t o k nees ; p r im i t ive g orgon mask o n c hest ; f o lds r epresen ted b y d eepinc ised l i nes; c rested h e l me t . R igh t a rm o utstre tched , h o lds p a tera i n e x tra l arge h and wh ich h as 6 deep ly i nc ised f i ngers ; g ap a t wr ist j o in t i s a n o ld b reak ; He igh t :

l ower l e f t a rm l ost .

7 .5 cm o n a2 .5 cm p edesta l .

L ondon? B .M . C lass ica l t ype b ut l oca l work ; s ty le o f d rapery , s i mp le i nc ised f ac ia l f ea tures . c f . Boucher 1 973 n o . 1 54 ; Rol 965 n o . 6 7 &7 0 ; l and 1 J it ta 1 967 n o . 4 0 ;

K aufmann-He ine mann 1 977 n o . 6 0 .

P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 1;

1 01.

S tand ing f e ma le ; i n p ep los w ith o verfo ld ; a eg is;

e x tends d own b ack .

1 1.25 cm .

c or in th ian h e l met , p lume

R igh t a rm f orward h o ld ing p a tera ;

s pear ( l ost ) , h uge f i ngers . He igh t :

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 .

l e f t a rm r a ised , h e ld

Th in p rof i le v iew .

Dark p a t ina .

79) Museu m o f L ondon ( G .2068 ). C lass ica l t ype b ut S ou thwark . (TQ 51 /30 l oca l work ; p oor p rov incia l s ty le o f f ace a nd b ody . ( Haynes s uggests l a te E truscan d ue c o mpar isons b ut p ossib ly R o mano-Br i t ish ) . P ub : T oynbee 1 964, p .82 ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 24 ; H ome 1 94 8p . 2 4( f ig . 3 ) . 7 0

1 02 .

Head less f e ma le i n f u l l l eng th p ep los ; h o le i n n eck f or a t tach ing h ead .

Ex tra d rapery f ro m l e f t s hou lder t o r igh t h ip . R igh t a rm l ost , r a ised f or s pear ; He igh t :

l e f t a rm d own , t hu mb a nd f ingers a par t f or l ost s h ie ld . 3 .75 cm .

Smooth d ark p at ina .

L ondon? ( Lay ton c ol l ec t ion ) Museu m o f L ondon ( 0 .1991) . C lass ica l t ype b u t l oca l work ; i n terest i n p at t ern o f d rapery f o lds. c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 2 8 ; Boucher 1 973 n o . 1 55-159 ;

Menze l 1 966 n o . 6 0 &6 1.

No t p ub lished . 1 03 .

Fe ma le i n Greek p ep los w i th o ver fo ld ;

l ower l egs a nd a rms l ost ; h ead

f eature less d ue t o wear b u t o u t o f p ropor t ion ; v ery b road b ody . He igh t : 9 .5 cm .

Dark p a t ina ; v ery b ad c ond it ion .

F enchurch S tree t , L ondon . ( S ir H . Wa lch ter ) .

Museu m o f L ondon ( A .10041) .

I den t if ica t ion u ncer ta in ; l oca l work ; v ery c rude s ty le, h eavy , g rooved C e lt ic d rapery . Not p ub l ished . 1 04 .

( P la te 4 )

h e l me t .

S tand ing f e ma le i n p ep los w ith g ird le a nd o ver fo ld t o t he k nees;

R igh t a rm r a ised , v er t ica l h o le t hrough f i st f or l ost s pear ;

l e f t h and

r ests o n h ip . He igh t :

1 0 .25 cm .

Co lchester .

Dark p a t ina .

( TL 5 2/9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m 5 062-1925 .

C lass ica l

t ern o t ype b ut l oca l work ; p rov inc ia l s ty le ; i n terest i n p at f d rapery , p oor f ac ia l f eatures, i .e . s l it mouth , l arge r ound e yes. c f . Menze l 1 966 n o . 5 9 ; K aufmann-He ine mann 1 977 n o . 6 5 . P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 2 ; Green 1 976 p . 2 16 . 1 05 . S tand ing f e ma le i n G reek p ep los w ith o ver fo ld ; a eg is o n b reast . b e low h ips; l ower a r ms l ost . R igh t a rm r a ised f or s pear . He l me t . He igh t :

5 cm .

L ost

Bad ly worn c ond i t ion .

G od manchester.. ( TL 5 2/2470) . Hun t ingdon Museu m .

C lass ica l t ype ; p ro-

b ab ly l oca l work . P ub :

Green 1 976 p . 2 09 .

1 06 .

S tand ing f e ma le , h ead less; o n d e tachab le c ircu lar s tand ;

f urn iture moun t . h e ld l ost o b ject ;

Be lted p ep los, s k ir t f a l l ing i n r egu lar f o lds.

p oss ib ly a R igh t h and

l e f t h and h o lds b ase o f s pear .

He igh t : 4 .5 cm . F ie ld I —Lower Hacheston . ( TM 6 2/3059) I psw ich Museu m 9 66-1. I den t if icat i on u ncer ta in . K .S . P a in ter ( B .M .) s uggested p robab ly R o man moun t b ut le n o k nown p aral l . Not p ub lished .

7 1

CERES 1 07 .

( P la te 3 and 4 )

c lass ica l d rapery .

Mourn ing , s ea ted f e ma le ( b ase l ost ) .

Head o n r igh t h and , r igh t e lbow o n k nee ;

h o ld ing c orn e ars o r b ase o f c ornucop ia .

C orone t ;

I n t un ic a nd man t le , l e f t h and i n l ap ,

l ong h a ir t o s hou lders i n

2 layers o f r ing lets. Eyes o nce i n la id . He igh t :

7cm .

Tha mes, L ondon . n a tura l ist ic f ace ;

Museu m o f L ondon ( A.25383 ) . p oss ib ly l oca l work .

P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 2 23 .

P .

8 5 ;

C lass ica l t ype a nd s ty le ;

c f . B ieber 1 906 f i g . 2 04 .

L ondon i n R o man T imes 1 930

P .

4 6 ; Green 1 976

CERES/For tuna 1 08 .

S tand ing f e ma le ; f u l l l eng th t un ic .

h and .

Base o f t orch o r c ornucop ia i n e ach

D iade m ( par t ly b roken) .

He igh t :

6 .25 cm .

Worn c ond it ion .

Wa ter New ton . ( TL 5 2/ 1298) P e terborough Museu m ( L .101) . C lass ica l t ype b ut l oca l work ; p rov inc ia l f ace a nd d rapery . c f . R ol l and 1 965 n o . 1 44 . P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 5 ; VCH H un ts 1 926 p . 2 35 . D IANA 1 09 .

( P la te 1 9) S tand ing f e ma le ; o nce o n d o me-shaped b ase, i nd ica ted b y

a ng le o f f ee t a nd r od p ro ject ing f ro m r obe a t r ear .

L ong , g irded t un ic w i th

o ver fo ld . Back f l a t , u nworked . T o b e s een f rom f ron t o n ly . L ef t a rm r a ised , h and l ost ; r igh t h and o n h ip , w i th c ircu lar h o le f or b ow? Ha ir i n b un a t n ape a nd 2 -pronged t opknot a t f ron t . a n o r ig ina l f l aw . He igh t :

1 0 cm . F a ir c ond it ion ;

D eep s l i t f ro m n ose a cross f orehead i s

l i gh t o l ive p a t ina .

44) C a mbr idge Museu m o f Archaeo logy & E thno logy Bass ingborn . ( TL 52 /33 R .C . 2 3 .239 . C lass ica l p ose ( B ieber 1 961 f ig . 4 0 )b u t c lu msy , r ough mode ll i ng ; t h ick a rms, l arge h and , f l a t f ace , r ound e yes ( but b ored p up i ls), i nc ised p at t ern o n h a ir ; P ub :

l ack o f f i n ish .

T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 5 ;

c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 3 7 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 84 ;

P roc . C a mb . An t .Soc . 1 937

p . 5 2 . 1 10 .

F e ma le i n s hor t t un ic a nd b oo ts;

f ro m q u iver . He igh t :

r unn ing t o l e f t ;

5 .5 cm .

C irencester . ( SP 4 2/0201) C or in iu m Museu m B .595 . 1 961 f i g . 2 05) , b ut p rov inc ia l e xecu t ion . 1 973 n o . 3 1 &3 3 . P ub :

s he p lucks a n a rrow

Ha ir i n t opkno t .

T oynbee 1 964 , p . 8 5 ;

c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 3 8 ; Boucher

Green 1 976 p . 1 73 .

7 2

C lassica l t ype ( B ieber

VENUS 1 11.

( P la te 2 1) Anadyo mene ; n ude f e ma le ;

s tand ing w ith we igh t o n r igh t l eg ;

b ra id ing h a ir ; l e f t h and r a ised t o i t ; r igh t a rm r a ised , h and l os t , h e ld mirror? Ha ir i n smal l b un a t n ape w ith a l ock f orward o n e ach s hou lder a nd p i led c ur ls f ron t .

Th in p rof i le b ut s o me a t te mp t a t model ling a nd n a tura l f ace .

He igh t :

6 .25 cm .

L ondon .

B .M . ( l abel l ed M inerva) .

C lassica l t ype ; g ood s ty le ( B ieber 1 961

f ig . 3 7 , 3 90 & 3 91) , b ut p robab ly l oca l work .

c f . Rol l and 1 965 n o . 7 8 ;

F le ischer 1 967 n o . 7 3 ; J it ta 1 973 n o . 3 0 . Pub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 2 ;

G reen 1 976 p . 2 24 ;

R .C.H .M . L ondon 1 928p . 6 6

( as M inerva) . 12 . ( P la te 2 0) N ude f e ma le ; c loak , k not round t h ighs, f l ies o ut ; h ands 1 t ed a o utstre tched ; p o megrana te/app le & l eaves i n l e f t h and ; h a ir , s trand o n e ach s hou lder , b un a t n ape ; He igh t :

2 0 cm .

Veru la m iu m

c rown o f f l owers .

Very g ood c ond it ion ( r igh t t hu mb i s r estored ) . Eyes s i lvered .

( TL 5 2/ 1307) I nsu la X IV, b ox i n c el , f i led i n i n e ar ly 4 th l ar l

C en tury A .D . ( Veru la m iu m Museu m) . Hel l en ist ic t ype ; f i ne e xecut ion s hown i n model ling a nd f ace . P oss ib ly S . Gau l ish ( not Ceres a s s he i s a lways f u l ly d raped) .

c f . B ieber 1 961 (s cu lpture o f Hel l en ist ic Age) , f ig . 6 09/ 10 , ( Law-

r ence 1 929, c lass ica l s cu lp ture) ;

Menze l 1 966 n o . 8 0 ( Tr ier ) ;

K auf mann-

He ine mann 1 977 n o . 6 9 ( f ro m August ) . Pub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 4 , 1 962 n o . 2 8 ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 07 ; JRS 1 960 p .207 ;

Frere 1 972 p . 1 40 . 1 13 . N ude f e ma le ; s tands o n r igh t l eg wh ich i s l ost b e low k nee ; l e f t f oot r a ised wh i le s he a d justs s anda l w ith r igh t h and ; l e f t a rm h e ld o ut f or b a lance , h and l ost . He igh t :

Ha ir i nb un a t n ape w ith p eak a t f ron t a nd c orona ' o f c ur ls.

5 .5 cm .

c orroded .

Branch Road , S t . A lbans . ( TL 5 2/ 1307 ) An ton ine Ba th House . Veru la m iu m Museu m . C lass ica l t ype ( B ieber 1 961 f i .g 3 95, 6 06 a nd 6 07 ) b ut r ough work ; t h in b ody , p oor s hape a nd f ac ia l f eatures ; l oca l p roduct . c f . L ebe l 1 961 n o . 6 0 Pub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 3 ; 1 14 .

Green 1 976 p . 2 07 .

Upper h a lf o f f e ma le . Ha ir worn i n f ron ta l p eak , d oub le b un a t n ape a nd

al ock o ver e ach s hou lder ; He igh t : 4 .5 cm .

t races o f V-neck l ine a nd d rapery .

Bad ly c orroded , c leaned .

Veru lam iu m ( TL 5 2/ 1307 ) . Veru la m iu m Museu m . s l it mouth ; p robab ly l oca l . Not p ub l ished .

7 3

P oor f ace ; e yes n ot l eve l,

1 15 .

( P la te 2 0) P ud ica ;

t ocks b ut . t i on .

n ude f e ma le , we igh t o n l e f t l eg ; c lear b reasts a nd

R igh t a rm h e ld f orward w ith o pen p a lm ; l ef t h and i n p ud ica p osi-

Ha ir i n l arge b un a tb ack a nd t urban o f p la its s hown b y c r isscross i n-

c is ions . He igh t :

F lower-pot h eaddress. 1 0 .5 cm .

Dark ish p a t ina ; g ood c ond it ion .

E ly. ( TL 5 2/5380) C a mbr idge Museu m Archaeo logy & E thno logy 2 2 .692 . C lass ica l t ype ( B ieber 1 961 f ig . 3 0) b u t u nusua l h a ir ;

t ling; l i t le b ody model

r easonab le f ace a l though e yes n o t l eve l a nd t i ny s l i t mou th ; F ey tmans 1 957 n o . 6 8 ;

F a ider-

F le ischer 1 967 n o . 7 9, 8 2 , 8 4 .

P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 3 ; p . 6 1. 1 16 .

l oca l work .

l and 1 R ol 965 n o . 7 5 ; B oucher 1 973 n o . 1 76 ;

c f . Menze l 1 966 n o . 7 8 ;

Green 1 976, 2 11; Proc . C amb . Ant .Soc . 1 937 ,

( P la te 2 1) Anadyo mene ; n ude f e ma le , we igh t o n l e f t l eg o f wh ich f oot

i s l ost .

R igh t a rm r a ised t o h a ir ;

l e f t h and h e ld u p i n f ron t w ith c y l indr ica l

h o le f or l ost m irror ( n ice f ingers) . He ight :

1 6 .25 cm .

G ood c ond it ion .

Co lchester . ( TL 5 2/9925) B .M . tish b f l at ody ;

L ock h a ir o n e ach s hou lder ; b un a tb ack .

C lass ica l t ype a nd s ty le ; n atura l f ace,

l oca l work .

Pub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 3 ;

1 17 .

( P la te 4 ) .

Green 1 976 p . 2 16 ; G u ide An t R .B . 1 964, p . 5 4.

N ude f e ma le ; we igh t o n r igh t l eg o f wh ich f oot l ost .

a rm f orward w ith o pen p a lm ; l ef t h and h o lds a pp le a ga ins t h ip . l ocks o n s hou lders a nd b un a t b ack . D iade m . He igh t :

1 0 .5 cm .

Dark p a t ina ;

R igh t

Ha ir i n 2

c rack a t l ef t e lbow .

C o lchester . ( TL 5 2/9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m 1 167 .1936 . C lassica l t ling t ype b u t l i t le b ody model ; f l a t b reasts, b ut g ood t oes a nd f ingers ; n ice n atura l f ace ;

l oca l work .

f. F leischer c f . Menze l 1 964 n o . 3 4, a nd f or a pp le c

1 967 n o . 8 5 a nd 8 6, a nd Boucher 1 971 n o . 1. P ub :

G reen 1 976 p . 2 16 ;

T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 3 ; H ul 961 p . 3 5. l 1

18 . 1

Anadyo mene—nude f e ma le ;

l egs t ogether o n f l a t c ircu lar b ase ; h ands

r a ised t o b ra id h a ir . He igh t : 4 .5 cm . C o lchester .

C orroded ; b reak a t k nees .

( TL 5 2/9925) C o lchester & E ssex Museu m .

c rude l oca l work ;

C lassica l t ype b ut

f l a t p rofi le , f eatures l ost .

P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 3 ; 6 1.

Green 1 976 p . 2 16 ;

P roc . Camb . An t .Soc . 1 937 p .

19 . ( P la te 2 1) S ea ted n ude f e ma le ; c orroded l u mp o n b u ttocks f or a tach1 t men t . Arms c urved f orward ; l ower l e f t l ost ; r igh t h and h o lds l arge r ound o b ject , m irror? i n l ap . F eet l ost . K nobb ly c ur ls o n l ong h ead . L arge b u lg ing c heeks a nd e yes ; s l it mouth ; l ong n ose ; b u lg ing s to mach .

7 4

H e igh t :

5 .5 cm .

L igh t g reen p a t ina .

C o lchester . ( TL 5 2/9925) . C o lchester & E ssex Museu m 9 92-1937 . l oca l work ; n o b ody model ling , f l a t c hest , n o n eck , p oor f ace ;

Crude

Mother-

g oddess f igure . P ub :

G reen 1 976 p . 2 16 .

1 20 .

Anadyo mene

f ro m C o lchester .

Exe ter Museu m .

P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 3 . 1 21 .

( P la te 2 0) N ude f e ma le s ea ted o n p edesta l .

h e ld o pen .

E longa ted b ody .

Arms

Ha ir i n c o i led b un a nd c orona l o f c ur ls, c o mp lete ly c overed i n-

c ised p at t ern . H e igh t :

1.25 cm . 1

Woodea ton , Oxon ( SP 42 /5 3 12 ) ( t e mp le s i te) . N o c lass ica l p ro to type .

A shmo lean ( 1896-1908 .R .102) .

T hree-d i mensiona l model ling y et f la t f ace , r ound

e yes a nd c rooked s l it mou th .

L oca l p roduct .

P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 3 ;

1 22 .

( P la te 2 1) Anadyo mene , n ude f e ma le;

c f . B oucher 1 973 n o . 1 79 .

Green 1 976 p . 1 77 ;

O xon X IV ( 1951) p . 3 1.

we igh t o n r igh t l eg ; f ee t l ost .

R igh t h and r a ised , h o le b e tween t hu mb a nd f i ngers f or mirror ; t ended , h e ld g armen t o f wh ich b roken e dge r e ma ins . a tb ack . H e igh t :

l e f t a rm e x-

Ha ir i n waves w i th b un

S tephane o r p i led h a ir a t f ron t . 7 .25 cm .

F ee t b roken r ecen t ly ;

f ace b ad ly d a maged .

S i lchester . ( SU 41 /64 ling l ec 62) . D uke o f Wel ton C ol t ion ( R .03648 ) . C lass ica l r easonab le b ody s hape ; l oca l work .

t ype ; P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 8 3 ;

Green 1 976 p . 1 95 ;

I 2 Archaeo log ia LVI 50 .

1 23 . S tand ing f e ma le ; r igh t l eg i n f ron t o f l e f t . Garmen t k not t ed a round l ower b ody o n r igh t h ip a nd a cross l e f t s hou lder ; c lear b reasts. Arms r a ised t o h ead .

Ha ir i nb un o n c rown w i th s trands t o s hou lders.

H e igh t : 7 .25 cm . 62) R ead ing Museu m . U nprovenanced ,S i lchester?(SU 41 /64 a nd s ty le , g ood work mansh ip v is ib le i n f ace a nd f eet . 1 957 n o . 3 24 . P ub :

G reen 1 976 p . 1 95 .

1 24 .

P ud ica

c f . F a ider-Fey tmans

H e igh t : 9 cm . S ou thwark . ( TQ 51 /30 79) . G u i ld ford Museu m . l ec ( A lcock : f or thco m ing i n S urrey a rchaeo log ica l c ol t ions) .

7 5

C lassica l t ype

FORTUNA/ABUNDANTIA 125. Fully draped female; stands on rectangular base. Left arm holds cornucopia; right arm held out. Remains of rudder on base. Height: 4 cm. Corroded. Cups Hotel, Colchester. (1974)(TL 52/9925) . In private hands. Classical type but local work; poor face. cf. Menzel 1966 no. 64 & 1964 no. 28; Boucher 1973 no. 44-46; Fleischer 1967 no. 108-114. Pub: Crummy 1974 p. 3. FORTUNA? 126. Standing female; lo.ng tunic with overfold to knees. Right hand on hip; left held out with round object, globe? Hair has central parting and frontal peak; clear facial features. Height: 7. 5 cm. Unprovenanced. Sllchester? (SU 41/6462) Reading Museum. Classical type and style; good work; possibly from foreign provenance as collector's piece. cf. Boucher 1973 nos. 42 & 43. Not published. ORIENTAL DEITIES HARPOCRATES 127. Nude plump boy with wings from shoulders; heavy garland of fruit and leaves. Right hand raised to chin in characteristic gesture. On shallow pedestal with dog and tortoise and bird, Gold chain with ring knotted around body. Height: 7 cm, solid silver. Thames -London Bridge. B. M. Very fine piece of work; imported from Rome or possible Alexandria. Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 95; Guide Ant R. B. 1964 p. 54; Green 1976 p. 222. 128. (Plate 31) Nude youth; lower legs lost. Left arm held out with a cornu-. copia partly twisted round arm; right hand to chin in warning gesture. Elabo­ rate hair style, frontal peak, curls to shoulders; tall Egyptian headdress; earring on right ear. Height: 8. 75 cm. London. · B. M. Classical type and nice body modelling, but clumsy hands and flat face with slit mouth, wedge nose; possibly made in London. cf. Boucher 1973 no. 54, 1971 no. 28. Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 95; Green 1976 p. 222.

76

O SIRIS 1 29 .

t S tand ing ma le i n l ong t igh t f i t ing r obe ;

b eard ;

l t a l h eaddress ;

l ong s ty l ized

g o ld i n lay e yes.

H e igh t :

1 8 .75 cm

74) . Swansco mbe, K en t . ( TQ 51/6 0

B . M .

p or ted , p ossib ly i n modern t imes.

c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 1 40 .

P ub :

Toynbee 1 964 p . 9 6 ;

P ure Egyp t ian f or m ;

G u ide An t . R .B . 1 922 p . 8 9 ;

c lear ly im-

Green 1 976 p . 2 28 .

ATYS 1 30 .

Ma le d ressed i n s hor t t un ic, t rousers ( braccae) wh ich a re o pen a t

f ron t f ro m wa ist t hen b ut nee t o a nk le ; s hoes a nd Phryg ian c ap ; t oned k

a rms

u pra ised , h o ld ing f ru it . T ha mes, L ondon . i mpor ted . P ub :

B .M . ( but n ot l ocated ) .

Dep ict ion o f f er t i l ity g od ; p ossib ly

c f . Menze l 1 966 n o . 5 8a .

T oynbee 1 964 p . 9 2 ;

Green 1 976 p . 2 22 ;

Sm ith ( 1859) I lustra t ions o f l

R o man L ondon . p . 6 9-70 . ATYS/Jup iter D o l ichenus? 1 31 .

Naked ma le ; we igh t o n r igh t l eg , l e f t l eg f orward ;

c hest ;

g rooves i nd ica te r ibs?

f ee t l ost .

Head , t o r igh t , h as worn f ace .

Hands o n

H igh c on ica l

c ap , Phryg ian . H e igh t :

6 .25 cm .

P it , c leaned . t ed

N or th H il lchester ( TL 5 2/9925) . l, Co

C o lchester & E ssex Museu m . I den t i-

f i ca t ion o f g od u ncer ta in b u t s uggested b y c ap? l ower t han r igh t ;

L oca l work ; l ef t s hou lder

s tra igh t i nc ised l i nes r epresen t h a ir .

N ot p ub l ished .

CELT IC DEIT IES MOTHER GODDESS 1 32 .

( P la te 2 3 ) F e ma le , n aked t o wa ist ;

s k ir t h as p lea ted f ron t a nd d ecora-

t i ve c en tra l p ane l ; l ower l egs a nd f ee t p ro ject f ro m s k ir t . t hu mb h e ld f la t a ga inst p a lm ;

R igh t a rm r a ised,

l ef t a rm o utstretched w i th c lenched f i st .

Head

l arge i n p ropor t ion t o b ody ; c rown l ost b ut c ur ly h a ir w ith i nc ised waves a nd l arge c h ignon ; c oarse f ea tures . H e igh t :

6 .25 cm .

Woodea ton , Oxon . ( SP 4 2/5312) t e mp le s i te . ( Ash mo lean p lastercast ) .

L oca l work ;

I n p ossess ion C .H . Hughes,

n on-c lassica l t ype ;

p rov inc ia l s ty le ;

l i t le b ody model , b reast r epresen ted b y i nc ised l i nes. t ling P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 1 03 ;

Green 1 976 p . 1 77 ;

Oxon X IV ( 1951) , p .31.

FE MALE GODDESS A MULET 1 33 .

( P la te 2 3) T iny n ude f e ma le o n s quare b ase ;

o f n eck ; h ands f o lded o n b reast . 7 7

r ing f or s uspension a t b ack

Height: 2.4 cm. Woodeaton (SP 42/5312) temple site. In private hands. Local work. Pub: Oxon XIV (1951) fig. 8 no. 7. MOTHER GODDESS 134. Nude female; legs apart; thin profile; head out of proportion; round face with simple incised features and incised hair. Arms folded on chest, holding 2 children; left hand has 6 fingers indicated. Height: 6.5 cm. Culverhole Cave, Gower Peninsula (SS 21/4092). Ashmolean (loan 17). Primitive native figure. Pub: Green 1976 p. 181; J.R.S. XXV (1935) pl. XLIII. 135. Primitive female figure; nude; arms folded across chest; torque around neck. Round head with 2 round holes for eyes. Height: 37.5 cm. Henleywood-Temple, Somerset (ST 31/4465) in road metalling with coins and pottery of late 3rd - 4th century A.D. Native work. Pub: J.R.S. 1969 pl. XXXVD. HORSE & RIDER 136. Horse has head in horizontal position (unusual); no reins; standing mane; long falling tail with engraved lines; right foreleg raised in need of a support for balance. Hole in back to attach rider who wears a military cloak and hel­ met with neckguard; right hand raised; left lost. Horse Height: 7 cm x length 7.5 cm.; rider, height 8 cm. Light green patina; worn condition. Brigstock-temple site, Northants. (SP 42/9685). Westfield Museum Kettering. Local product; rough work; little body modelling but fairly realistic horse. cf. Menzel 1964 p. 119; Fleischer 1967 no. 189; Reinach 1931 no. 184 (both much better workmanship). Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 119; Ant. J. 1963 p. 264; Green 1976 p. 181. 137. Horse and Rider found separately but belong together; pin from horse' s belly attached it to base. Rider' s arms lost; cloak and helmet with neckguard. Horse 6.25 cm x 6. 25 cm. ; rider, height 7. 25 cm. Brigstock. (SP 42/9685) Private possession, on loan to Northants Museum. Rough local work. Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 119; Ant. J. 1957 p. 71; Green 1976, p. 181.

78

HORSE 138. Raised left foreleg rests on dome-shaped object; 2 metal strips under feet for attachment. Fringed cloth on back. No trace of rider. Long falling tail; nose down; one ear forward; halter but no reins. Height: 5. 75 cm x length 7. 75 cm. Brigstock. (SP 42/9685). Northamptonshire Museum. Well modelled but local work. cf. Rolland 1965 no. 245 & 246; Jitta 1967 no. 50; Menzel 1966 no. 325 (no sign ever had riders). Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 119; Ant.J. 1963 p. 264-5; Green 1976 p.181 (also Rider - no horse - Brigstock - private possession, unpublished). HORSE AND RIDER 139. (Plate 22). Horse, right foreleg raised; lower legs and tail lost. Head has bridle and good ears, incised eyes. Squat rider wears tunic, cloak fastened at left shoulder and Corinthian helmet; right arm raised, hand has horizontal hole for lost spear; left arm forward with round shield; head out of proportion; prominent nose, slit mouth, lmobbly hair. Height: 6. 25 cm. Dark olive patina, pitted surfaces. Wlllingham Fen (TL 52/4070). Cambridge Museum Archaeology & Ethnology Z15188. Local work. Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 119; Green 1976 p. 210; Proc. Camb. Ant. Soc. 1937 p. 37; J. R. S. 1923 p. 94. 140. (Plate 22) Horse has long thin body, thin legs, which are broken off, long neck and head, standing mane and stub of tail. Tall, thin horseman with long legs reaching below horse's belly; wears kilt with straight pleats, cuirass and Corinthian helmet; curly hair and beard; arms lost. Height: 6. 25 cm. Badly pitted. Willingham Fen (TL 52/4070). Cambridge Museum Archaeology & Ethnology. Local work but realistic face and proportions. Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 119; Green 1976 p.210. 141. Stands on hollow circular disc. Horse has ears laid back; ornament on head; tall flying out. Bearded rider, seated on cloth, has legs drawn back; cloak falls from shoulders; plumed helmet; left arm holding oval shfeld; right arm stretched out held lost (spear?) Figure and saddle cloth cast in one and both fit loosely over horse. Height: 8 cm. Westwood Bridge near Peterborough. (TL 52/1999). Peterborough Museum (L238A). Local work. Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 119; Ant. J. 1963 p. 264; Green 1976 p. 208.

79

142. Horse and rider cast as one on flat iron bar. Short legs of horse out of proportion; horse's tall hangs down. Excess bronze not removed after casting; pin from belly for attachment. Rider has no cloak but straps across chest and back; caval ry helmet; left hand holds circular shield with boss; right hand has hole for lost spear. Height: 5 cm x length 5 cm. Canterbury? (TR 61/1457) Canterbury Museum. Unclasslcal style; crude execution; lack of finish. Local work. Pub: Ant. J. 1958 p. 245; Green 1976 p. 231. SEATED DEITY 143. Male. Short tunic with incised pattern, representing drapery folds, on chest; conical cap; arms stretched up and forwards; very large head with wedge nose and slit mouth. Found with Roman coins. Height: 6.5 cm. Alwalton. (TL 53/1395). Peterborough Museum (L96). Crude workmanship, Celtic features, identif�cation uncertain. Pub: Green 1976, p. 207. WOLF GOD 144. ( Plate 23) Wolf hound squatting on haunches; mane extends down spine to tall which ls curled around body; human leg projects from mouth. It is devouring a man. Height: 6. 5 cm. Near Oxford. (SP 42/5305) B.M. Nice naturalistic animal yet Celtic ideology. cf. Revue Celtlque 1904 p. 208-24 - monster from Noves (Boucher 1973 no. 269 shows a wolf on haunches). Pub: Green 1976 p. 177; Oxon 1973 p. 386; Ant. J. 1963 p. 119. EPONA 145. Female, in long tunic and mantle, (hair worn in bun with two tresses on shoulders), seated between two ponies; one male and one female; these have large heads with throat straps and pendants; thick manes and long tails; heads turned towards her lap which contains corn ears; patera in right _hand; yoke (unusual attribute) in left. Socke t and rivet holes for attachment. Height: 7 cm. Dark green patina. Wiltshire? B.M. From outside area but exact prove nance unknown. (1868 Paris Sale "from England'�, almost uniqu e. Gallic. Eponas represented. as side-saddle riders (Babelon & Blanchet 1899 no. 689-691). Provincial style shown in facial features and modelling; for proportions of man to animals see Piercebridge group in B.M. (Guide Ant. R.B. 1964 p. 54). cf. Magnen 1953 no. 45 (Muri, Switzerlan d ) pl. 10 & pl. 61 (from Aptant­ Bulgaria). 80

P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 1 03 ; An t . J . 1 963 p . 19-21; p . 3 7 .

B .M . Q uar ter ly 1 971-2

CELT IC QUARTET 1 46 .

3 horned b ul l; a bove c en tre o fb ack i s a heav i ly-draped h a lff igure o f

g oddess; o n t a i l, wh ich i s a rched o ver b ack , i s p lu mp h uman-headed b ird ; h ead less h u man b ust b eh ind h orns. He igh t :

9 .5 cm .

T inned b ronze .

Ma iden Cast le ( SY 3 0/6788 ) 4 th c en tury A .D . t e mp le . D orchester Museu m . Un ique p iece ; C e lt ic i deo logy b ut c lassica l s ty le ; g ood workmansh ip . ( 3 -horned b ul l s:

L e icester-Jewry Wal l ( J .R .S . 1 936) ; J it ta 1 967 n o . 4 6 ;

B oucher 1 973 n o . 3 08 ;

F le ischer 1 967 n o . 2 56 ; Re inach 1 931 n o . 2 88 ) .

P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 1 03 , 1 962 n o . 4 0 ; J .R .S . 1 934 p 1 .41;

Whee ler 1 943

p . 7 5-6 .

HU MAN F IGURES EMPEROR -NERO? 1 47 . S tands w ith we igh t o n r igh t l eg ; l ef t f oo t r a ised ( once r ested o n g lobe o r s ymbo l o f f al oe?) ; r igh t a rm r a ised f or l ost s pear ; l e f t a rm l ost . l en f I mper ia l mi l itary d ress; k i lt a nd c u irass d ecora ted w i th s i lver a nd n iel . lo Head t o r igh t ; f u l f ace ; w indtossed h a ir , p ar ted l i ps a nd u pturned e yes — l i n manner o f A lexander . He igh t :

5 cm . 5

H ol ast . l ow c

G ood c ond i t ion .

N ear B ay lha m M il l, C oddenha m , S uf fo lk ( TM 6 2/ 1355) t e mp le f a irground?. B .M . 1 3 .2-13 .

( B .M . c a ta logue s ta tes Bark ing Hal l, c ol l ect ion Ear l o f

A shburnha m b ut s ee G en t le man ' s Magazine 1 825 p . 2 91-3 ) , a nd I psw ich Museu m , e ngrav ing R .1934-57 . Orna te s ty le w i th Hel l en ist ic t endenc ies s uggests s outh G au l ish o r ig in ; a l most c er ta in ly i mpor ted t o Br i ta in d ur ing e ar ly R o man r u le . P ub :

Near p oss ib le s i te o f e ar ly R o man f or t .

T oynbee 1 964 p . 4 9 ;

G u ide An t . R .B . 1 964 p . 5 4 .

ARCHER 1 48 . ( P la te 2 4) N ude ma le , i n a ct o f s hoot ing t o l e f t ; we igh t o n l e f t l eg ; r igh t h ee l r a ised ; l e f t h and h e ld o ut ; r igh t h and d raw ing b ack s tr ing ( bow l ost ) ;

h ead d own t o l e f t ; t aut musc les.

E labora te c ur ly h a ir , s hor t b eard

a nd d roop ing moustache . He igh t :

2 7 .5 cm .

G ood c ond it ion ;

Q ueen S tree t , C heaps ide , L ondon .

s i lvered e yes . B .M .

p iece ; s ee f ace , e spec ial ly e yes, a nd b ody ;

8 2 .5 . -18 .1.

Excep t ional ly f i ne

a l most c er ta in ly i mpor ted ,

p oss ib ly I t a l ian ; h a ir a nd b eard s uggest 2 nd c en tury A .D .

c f . Hercu les

s hoo t ing b ow ( Macedon ia 5 50 B .C . )i n Ca mstock a nd Vermeu le 1 971 n o . 2 1: i s t h is a r epresen ta t ion o f H ercu les?

8 1

P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 18 ;

G u ide An t . R .B . 1 964 p . 5 4 ; J .R .S . 1 911 p . 1 65 ;

LA MB 1 929 p . 2 29 . ATHLETE? 1 49 .

( P la te 2 6) S l im n ude ma le ;

l ooks d own o ver r igh t s hou lder ; a d justs

l f i le t o r t urban w ith l e f t h and; l owered r igh t h and h o lds f igure o f e igh ts haped o b ject ( so met i mes i den t if ied a s a ju mp ing-we igh t b ut more p robab ly f o ld ing m irror s uggest ing N arc issus) . He igh t :

1 2 cm .

L ondon Br idge . B .M . Beau t ifu l c lass ica l p iece b ased o n D iadu menos o f P o lyk le itos ( B ieber 1 961 f ig . 9&1 0) . F ine work , p robab ly impor ted . o f . F a ider-Fey t mans 1 951 n o . 5 8 ;

L e ibundgu t 1 976 n o . 1 3 ;

Babe lon & B lanchet

1 895 n o . 3 07 . P ub :

T oynbee 1 964 p . 1 18 ;

G u ide An t . R .B . 1 964 p . 5 4 .

GLAD IATOR 1 50 .

( P la te 3a nd 4 ) .

l ower p ar t o f i tl ost ;

H eavy-ar med " Sa mn i te"; t urned t o l e f t ; l e f t l eg r a ised , mov ing i n to a ct ion ;

l ef t a rm o u tstretched s uppor t ing

ly o c urved s h ie ld h or izon tal n wh ich i s a w orn emb le m ; a nd b ack ;

c lenched h and f or l ost sword ;

r igh t a rm h e ld d own

wears c u irass, g reaves, g lad ia tor ' s

t erned d h e l me t w ith v isor d own a nd t un ic w ith p at rapery . He igh t :

6 .25 cm .

l. L ondon Wal

Dark p a t ina , worn c ond i t ion .

Museu m o f L ondon ( A .23462 ) . Crude p rov incia l s ty le, p robab ly

made i n L ondon . c f . Menze l 1 964 n o . 4 1; F le ischer 1 967 n o . 1 96 & 1 97 ; L e ibundgu t 1 976 n o . 3 6 ; Babe lon & B lanche t 1 895 n o . 9 43-947 ; Re inach 1 931 n o . 1 87 . P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 18 ; L ondon i n R o man T i mes 1 930 p . 4 6-7 . 1 51.

H eavy-armed " Sa mn i te";

s tands w ith l egs a par t ;

l ower r igh t l eg l ost ;

b o th a rms a t s ides, r igh t h o lds sword ; o rna te g lad ia tor ' s he l met w ith v isor d own ;

c u irass a nd t un ic .

He igh t :

7 .5 cm .

L ondon? B .M . L ondon .

Dark p a t ina . ( 88 .7-19 .97 ) .

Crude p rov inc ia l s ty le, p robab ly made i n

c f . R e inach 1 931 n o . 1 88 ;

P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 1 18 ;

K aufmann H e ine mann 1 977 n o . 8 5 .

G u ide Ant . R .B . 1 964 p . 5 4 .

R IDER t 1 52 . ( P la te 3 1) Ma le s i t ing w i th l egs w ide a par t t o s pan l ost h orse ; wears s hor t t un ic, c loak a nd b oots ; r igh t a rm s tre tched f orward , l ower p ar t l ost ; ly b l e f t a rm s uppor ts l arge r ound s h ie ld wh ich i s h e ld h or izon tal efore f i gure w ith l arge c en tral b oss . i ng moustache ; f l a t n ose ; He ight :

f, h S t if eavy l ocks o f h a ir , s haggy b eard a nd d roops l i t mou th ; d eep-se t e yes.

6 .25 cm .

8 2

L ondon . ( Char les Roachs m i th c ol l ect ion ) . g enre i .e . d ep ict ion o fb arbar ian .

B .M .

P opu lar Greek a nd R o man

N ice v igorous s ty le ;

o f c e l t ic t ype e .g . h a ir ; p oss ib ly L ondon made . ( J .R .S . 1 923) & f igure i n J erusa le m .

g ood r epresen ta t ion

c f . Nap les Museu m H orse man

P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 1 19 ; J .R .S . 1 923 p .93-4 . KNEEL ING BARBAR IAN 1 53 . ( P la te 2 5) S o l id-bu i l t ma le , n ude ; k nee ls o n r igh t k nee ; a rms f orward a nd l owered w ith c lenched f i sts ; g ood f ace w ith i nc ised moustache a nd c ur ly b eard ; a n i ma l s k in c ap f ro m wh ich ab east ' s ear p ro jects a t b ack . Traces f l o f l ead o nb roken-of egs s uggests a nc ien t r epa ir o r j unct ion w i th r est o f l arger g roup , ( knee l ing b arbar ian a nd v ictor ious R o man?) . He igh t :

5 c m , c leaned .

Near Bank o f Eng land , Wa lbrook , L ondon . P opu lar g enre t ype ;

Museu m o f L ondon ( A.28564) .

f a ir ly r ough work b u t f a ir d ep ic t ion o f Nor thern b arbar ian ;

p robab ly L ondon made .

c f . F le ischer 1 967 n o . 2 01;

l and 1 Rol 965 n o . 1 88 ;

Boucher 1 971 n o . 3 6 ( Dac ian k nee l ing ) . P ub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 1 20 ;

L ondon i n R oman T i mes 1 930 p . 4 7 .

CAPT IVE ting w 1 54 . N ude ma le ; s quat i th r ope r ound n eck , wr ists a nd a nk les j o in ing l t hem a l t ogether ; f l a t f ace w ith p oor i nc ised f eatures ; s tra igh t i nc ised c ap o f h a ir . He igh t :

Ho le t hrough b ody f ro m t op o f h ead t o s ea t . 3 .75 cm .

l ect L ondon ( Char les R oachs m i th C ol ion ) . B . M . 5 6 .7-1.20 .

P opu lar g enre .

C lear ly C el t ic s ty le , l oca l manufacture , c f . B . M . 7 4 .3 2 8 .42 f ro m Brough , C umbr ia ( s im i lar f igure b u t c ruder work ) ; Pub : T oynbee 1 964 p . 1 20 ;

F le ischer 1 967 n o . 2 02 & 2 03 .

G u ide An t R .B . 1 964 p . 5 4 .

WORSH IPPER 1 55 .

l Man i n a c t o f p rayer ; f u ly d raped ; wrea th o n h ead .

He igh t : 6 .6 cm . 79) . S ou thwark . ( TQ 51 /30 c rude work .

G u i ld ford Museu m .

Possib ly l oca l p roduc t ,

A lcock f or thco m ing i n S urrey Archaeo log ica l C ol l ect ions. 1 56 .

a s a bove, b u t a rms o u t o f p ropor t ion t o b ody .

He igh t :

6 .3 cm .

S ou thwark . ( TQ 51 /30 79) .

G u i ld ford Museu m .

P oss ib ly l oca l p roduc t a s

c rude work . A lcock f or thco m ing i n S urrey Archaeo log ica l C ol t ion . l ec

8 3

COMIC ACTOR 157. (Plate 24) Plump male; stands with legs apart, lmees slightly bent. In tunic with roll-neck and hood; sldrt raised with both arms to reveal large phallus; pleats of skirt have incised lines on both sides; apples held in folds. Face mask with large up-turned mouth, flat nose and large round eyes; good incised hair. Height: 10 cm, on flat rectangular base with hole for attachment - Corroded, cleaned. Greydown House Site, High Street, Colchester (TL52/9925) Colchester & Essex Museum (52.1976). cf. Boucher 1973 no. 164 - Priapus, no. 183 comic actor (in similar mask); Rolland 1965 no. 182; Thouvenot 1929 no. 41; Comstock & Vermeule 19.71 Nos. 139-141. Pub: Crummy 1975 p. 32. FLUTE GIRL 158. (Plate 26) Stands on hollow dome-shaped base. Dressed in Greek peplos, sleeveless, long robe with roll at neck and overfold to lmees; stylized vertical folds; bare feet. Hair has central parting and bun at back; stephane (garland) of large spiky leaves. She holds a single pipe, with 3 projecting stops, diagonally across body with both hands; she stares ahead. Height: 11.5 cm, Green patina. Good condition. Silchester (SU41/6462) Insula XXIII, corridoor floor. Duke of Wellington Collection(R 03647). Provincial style; disproportionately large head; very broad shoulders and upper arms; simple facial features and typical Celtic drapery; yet carefully finished after casting; local product. Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 121, 1962 no. 52; Archaeologia (LVII) p. 249; Boon 1974 p. 167. ANIMALS GOAT 159. Naturalistic; large curved horns; large eyes; incised beard; head down; deeply grooved representation of coat; small tail. 6.25 cm high x 5 cm long silver-plated iron. London - Thames. B.M. Local work, fairly crude. cf. Jitta 1967 no. 44; Fleischer 1967 no. 264. Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 126; Green 1976 p. 224; R.C.H.M. London (iii) 1928 pl. 67. BOAR 160. Crude animal with pronounced crest; right foreleg and left ear lost. 2.6 cm high x 4.1 cm long, very badly corroded. East London. work.

(Roachsmith Collection) B. M. 56. 7-1.21. Celtic style, local 84

cf Rolland 1965 no. 252; Menzel 1966 no. 102; Fleischer 1967 no. 258. Pub: Foster 1977 p. 30; Vulliamy C. E. 1930 (The Archaeology of Middle­ sex and London) p. 134; Green 1976 p. 225. 161. Only head, back and forelegs represented (back and legs form rightangle); large hole through nose; flat snout; round eyes; large ears; crest has has regularly incised lines. 3. 4 cm high x 3. 7 cm long; fair condition. Eastcheap? London (Hilton Collection) Museum of London (A. 2403), found with a tiny bronze mask; probably Roman date; Celtic appearance; local product. Pub: Foster 1977 p. 32; Megaw 1969 in Trans. London and Middlesex Archaeological Society XXII p. 45-7; Green 1976 p. 225; Toms H. S. 1907 in Proc. Society Antiquaries London XXI pp. 48 9-99. 162. Only head, back and forelegs represented; hole through nose; very stylized representation. 3. 5 cm long. London.

Nicholson Museum, Sydney, Australia R.489. Local work.

Pub: Foster 1977 p. 33; Megaw 1969 p. 45-57. HORSE 163.

Cantering; combination stylized and naturalistic.

Verulamium (1957) (TL52/1307) Verulamium Museum. facture.

Probably local manu­

Pub: Toynbee 1964 p. 125. SPHINX