Requiem for a German past: a boyhood among the Nazis 9780299164102, 9780299164133, 9780299121846

Citation preview

Requiem for a German Past

BLANK PAGE

Requiem

fora

German Past A Boyhood among the Nazis

Jurgen Herbst

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN PRESS

The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street Madison, Wisconsin 53711

www.wisc.edu/wisconsinpress / 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England Copyright © 1999 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved

2453

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Herbst, Jurgen. Requiem for a German past: a boyhood among the nazis / Jurgen Herbst.

250 pp. cm.

ISBN 0-299-16410-1 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 0-299-12184-4 (pbk.: alk. paper)

1. Herbst, Jurgen—Childhood and youth. 2. Youth—Germany— Biography. 3. World War, 1939-1945— Personal narratives, German. 4. Germany — Social conditions— 1933-1945. 5. National socialism. I. Title.

DD247.H365A3 1999

940.54'8243—dc21 99-18490 The German poem, by Christian Morgenstern, and the English translation, by Max Knight, which appear on page 119, are taken from Christian Morgenstern'’s Galgenlieder (Gallows Songs). Translated by Max Knight (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963). Copyright © 1963 by Max Knight. The German poem and the English translation are used by permission of Insel Verlag, Frankfurt, Germany, and the University of California Press, respectively.

To the memory of Felix Pollak

poet extraordinaire dearest of friends

BLANK PAGE

requiem: a solemn chant (as a dirge) for the repose of the dead Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973

BLANK PAGE

Contents

Illustrations xi Preface xili

1. In My Father’s House 3 2. Discovering Social Class 27

4. Kristallnacht 67 5. Boy Soldier 81 6. Assignment East 101 7. The St. Mary’s Tower 118 8. War at Home 128 9. Etzel’s Tale 141 10. Death Enters 153 3. Wolfenbtittel’s Grofve Schule 48

11. The Choice 162 12. Baptism by Fire 173

13. In Battle 185 14. Farewell to Arms 194 15. Home 205 16. The Search 215 17. Requiem 222

Appendix: Commencement Address, June 15, 1996 231

1X

BLANK PAGE

Illustrations The author and his mother, Christmas 1929 6

The author’s father at his desk at home 8 The author’s parents at home, 1937 14 The “protector” of the little girl, 1935 16

Beginning school 28 The author’s Jungzug standing at attention 87 Etzel and his boys 92 Camp Birkental 106 The author with his father in Radlin, Poland 113 The author wearing Uncle Gerhard’s steel helmet 18 Etzel’s Fahnlein marching on the Lange Herzogstrafse 94

Grandmother Alma and Grandfather Felix 120

Etzel 142 The Blucher flag 151 The author’s parents shortly after their wedding, 1925 122

Family portrait, 1935 126 The author and Etzel in an oil painting by Otto Bucher 130 Sketch of the author’s father 158

The author’s mother in Switzerland, 1948 224 The author in front of the Grofe Schule, Commencement 1996 230

XI

BLANK PAGE

Preface EARS AGO in Gino’s restaurant on Madison’s State Street, Felix

VY Pollak, that incomparable Vienna-born master of poetry and

prose in two languages,’ made me promise to write this book. Felix had read a German-language manuscript that I had composed in 1953. In it I had sought in novelistic form to come to terms with my past as a boy in the Germany of the 1930s and ’40s and thereby to free myself from the trauma and pain of those years. Felix insisted that one

day I return to that manuscript. Now, after an interval of two score and some years, I have done so. I have kept my promise. Requiem for a German Past gathers my recollections, the recollections of a boy who grew to manhood during what can be called only

the darkest, most hideous, time of his country. It is the story of my life among ordinary, decent people, among brave and fearful men and women, and among villains, cowards, and criminals. It is the story of

my life in a home full of loving care within a world that more and more began to order its affairs by a rigid, perverted concept of national

honor. It is a story of a friendship that drew its inspiration from the love of boys and their dedication to a military code of personal honor and loyalty, a friendship that was ready to endure scorn and deprivation and to risk personal well-being and life in the face of a brutal evil that demanded unquestioning allegiance. It is a soldier’s story of testing his courage and facing terror and death in battle. It is also a story of a father’s life of scholarship and of sacrifice to his country, and of a mother’s life of love that was destined to fade away in sadness, suffering, and death. It is a requiem for ideals that once promised personal fulfillment in devotion to people and country. And it is a requiem for loved ones and friends whose lives were extinguished in the disaster that ensued. 1. For Pollak’s bilingual poetry, see his Benefits of Doubt (1988) and Vom Nutzen des Zweifels (1989); for his prose, Lebenszeichen: Aphorismen und Marginalien (1992).

xili

Preface

As they appear here, these recollections incorporate excerpts from contemporary letters, diary entries, and passages from and adaptations of the original German manuscript. In these pages I neither attempt to analyze and explain, nor do I answer directly the questions that I know many readers will have. I never meant to prepare an apologia pro vita mea. Instead, I have tried to set forth, as best as I could, descriptions of the events, circumstances, ideas, and feelings that once shaped and were part of my life and, whenever I thought it was necessary or appropriate, to add reflections of a later day. I wrote this book primarily

for my children who grew up in a different world and who have a right to know where their father came from. I wanted to help them, if they desired to do so, to reconstruct and understand for themselves the world I lived in. If I have succeeded in this, they and the readers of this book will enter into a boy’s life that was propelled throughout by idealism and commitment to a tradition consisting of love of scholarship and poetry, loyalty to a Prussian conception of military leadership, and adherence to a Lutheran Protestant Christianity. They will experience for themselves how that tradition, inexorably and step by painful step, came into conflict with the demands of a brutal and evil ideology. This was a conflict we boys experienced in our own existence. For me it began on the day following Kristallnacht when I was ten years old, and it never disappeared, not even when the world I had lived in had collapsed in ruin and death around me. Though we boys were not often able to articulate it clearly, it was a conflict that we well knew and dreaded, and one that we intermittently, though unsuccessfully, tried to deny or escape. It was a conflict that assaulted us with questions and doubts until, in the final days of my life in Germany, it left me with nothing but despair and loathing. I do not want to overdramatize my story. As we boys lived our lives, day by day and week by week, they moved along in all the ordinariness of daily existence as ordinary lives unfold everywhere. Dramatic and traumatic events did not occur every day. When they did, they broke into and interrupted the ordinariness of everyday life, but then they were absorbed in the rhythm of our daily doings and became themselves ordinary parts of it. My story, therefore, is for much of the time a story of boys as they can be found everywhere, at any time; a story of boys who wanted to live life to the fullest and who, more often than not, succeeded in that desire. Despite all the terror and pain, ours was a rich life, a life of friendship and love, a life in which adults played only a minor role, and where our own adulthood began when we received our first comXiv

Preface

missions as youth leaders at age twelve or thirteen. It was then that we left childhood behind and became boy soldiers.

Our elders, parents and teachers, were worried and feared they would lose their children and pupils. Fathers were called to arms, left home, suffered and died or came home crippled; mothers spent hours each day searching for food and clothing or were assigned to war industries and canning factories; they grew sickly and worried, worried, wotried. So we, the boy soldiers, carried on by and for ourselves. We took responsibility for “our” boys, and we did not take that responsibility lightly. We understood it to be our duty, a duty that was part of the ordinariness of life and in which we found purpose and fulfillment, a duty out of which grew our loves and friendships. Did we leaders of boys leave our parents and teachers, or did our parents and teachers leave us? We could not have said. We would not have known. We never asked such questions. All we knew was that we had a task to perform. In a world governed by war and danger we had our boys to lead. In the midst of all the pain, the worry, and the fear around us, we were creating and upholding a world of boys, of honor, of pride, of loyalty, and, yes, of love. This boys’ world was what carried us through. It was, as we assumed, the “new time” that, as the Nazi song had it, would “march with us into the future.” Of course, there was no march into a new, shining future. The Nazi world the song had celebrated came crashing down on us, and we had simultaneously known and not known that it would happen. Those of us who still lived found out that it had been the teachings and the influence of parents and teachers, not the loudly proclaimed Nazi slogans of a better future, that had allowed us to survive and had kept us out of the hands of the masters of evil. Our parents and teachers had been present all along, though we did not always see or hear them. They had implanted their seeds in our souls while we were still children; had taught us of love, decency, and commitment, honor and loyalty, less so by words than by deeds. Our fathers and teachers, veterans all of the First World War, had talked and read to us of the soldierly life. They and our mothers had made sure we attended religious classes in church and school. As a result, no words impressed themselves more deeply on my memory than the Prussian “mehr sein als scheinen” (“substance over appearance”) and the Biblical “be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.”* In my case, the traditions of the German army and of Lutheran 2. Revelation 2: 10.

XV

Preface

Christianity remained my guide to nearly the end. The faithful soldier who cannot sacrifice to a criminal imposter the loyalty he had sworn to his people and God provided the model for the boy soldier who fought to the last day of the war. The intrepid Protestant whose conscience demands Luther’s “here I stand, I can do no other” was the redoubt I ‘had prepared for myself should I be confronted with the final choice. When the end finally came I could stay with neither the loyal soldier nor the conscience-bound Luther. Even these models of probity seemed to me fatally affected by the general collapse of all things German. I had arrived at my personal “zero hour”: the loss of my loved ones and the collapse of the ideals I had lived by. If there were to be a new beginning for me, I would have to learn

again how to draw strength from that which had been precious and noble in my past. If I were to take with me into another world my commitment to “mehr sein als scheinen” and my promise to remain “faithful unto death” then I should have to cherish and cling to the loves, friend-

ships, and memories of a lost youth beyond the ruins and graves of my German past. It was my mother who gently led me to that recognition. Her last gift and testament came to me through the pages of a thin, small book in which she had marked for me the words of a requiem: Mourning your dead, dear boy, is no good service for them. . .. Don’t turn us into ghosts. ... Allow us entrance that we may dwell and stay among you in dark and in joyful hours .. °

It was the requiem for all I had loved and the requiem for everything that had been noble and precious to me. It carried me into a new life in another world.

3. Walter Flex, Der Wanderer zwischen beiden Welten: Ein Kriegserlebnis (Munchen: C. H. Beck, n.d.), 94-95. For the full text of the requiem, see chapter 17.

Xvi

Requiem for a German Past

BLANK PAGE

J

In My Father’s House

HEN I THINK BACK to my childhood I see myself as an only

W child, accustomed from the beginning to play by myself in

my room with my toy soldiers. My mother usually was busy

in the kitchen or was reading a book in her sitting room. My father was away at work in the famous Duke August Library in Wolfenbiittel,

my home town. On weekends he stayed home studying and writing in what we called the Herrenzimmer, the gentleman’s study, which, in our apartment on the Harztorwall, served as our living room as well. I was used to my mother and my father working or reading by themselves alone. I thought everybody did that. So I never felt lonely or forsaken when I played by myself in my room. That was the natural way to spend one’s time. When my father was home on weekends he sat in our living room at his desk with books piled all around him. Sheets of white paper were everywhere, between pages and underneath the books. A shiny Continental portable typewriter stood in the middle. Every now and then, after much shuffling of papers and moving of books, he rattled on that machine for three to five minutes, slid its carriage back everytime it pinged a signal, and pulled sheets of paper out at the top whenever he had filled them with rows of letters. The typewriter intrigued me. Though I was forbidden to touch it, I did take it out of its carrying case sometimes when my father was in the library and my mother had gone shopping. I rolled a sheet of paper into it from the top, and pecked at some keys to type my name or some other short word. I kept an ear out for the creaking of the garden gate to close up the typewriter the minute I heard my mother come home. But I was proud of myself that I had been a writer, even if for only a few minutes.

3

In My Father's House

My mother, though, warned me that my father’s work as a scholar was important. I was not to disturb him and ask him to play with me or tell stories about the war. If I wanted to talk to my father, she said, I had to wait until he was ready. So I often sat on the floor, underneath the big living room table, surrounded by some of my toy soldiers and railroad cars, which I had brought from my room in the hope that I might entice my father to play with me. Most of the time he paid no attention to me. Sometimes, however, he would turn around in his chair and look down at me, and I, hoping to snare him, would ask him a question. He usually shook his head, said, “No, no, not now,” but then, a few minutes later, he would almost always look again, and I was ready.

I pretended there had been an accident on my railroad, a car had tipped over and spilled all the soldiers on the carpet. My father would get up from his desk, walk over, bend and sit down next to me on the rug. Then we fought battles, bombarded my toy soldiers with the pencil stubs my father used to carry in his vest pocket. We had trains collide and used a crane to set the cars back on the rails. That was great fun. I became very excited, so my father said that now the railroad workers had to take their lunch break and the soldiers had to pull back to rest, and we had to pause as well and wait for a while. When my mother then entered the room and saw us sitting on the floor, she smiled and shook her finger at my father. That was the signal for me to load my soldiers on the railroad cars and drive them across the hall into my playroom. I felt very happy.

Sometimes, instead of playing with my toy soldiers, my father would sit on the carpet with me and tell me of his life as a soldier during the Great War. He had joined up as a volunteer on the war’s first day when he was nineteen years old, and had come back home on its last day as a lieutenant. He had been wounded and had a big hole in his upper back which I could see when I watched him shave in the morning. The hole was big enough for me to place my hand in it, though I never did that. And every now and then he would leave us for a weekend to serve with the reserves. When he sat on the carpet with me and spoke of the war he told of being hungry and thirsty and dirty and lonely, and of the enemy shooting at him. I asked him whether he had not been afraid. He said no, a soldier was not afraid. A soldier had his comrades who stood by him and comforted him. He had his sweetheart to think of at night and songs to sing to her: Not I alone, did sing my song, Annemarie, 4

In My Father's House T’was all of us who sang your song, We of the company!

And my father would hum the refrain. It sounded very sad. It made me think of my mother, because her name was Annemarie too. It never occurred to me then that my father could not have known her during the war. But I imagined her in another song my father sang: In the rose garden I shall wait for you. When the clover is green, or the snow lies white?

To me as a six- or seven-year-old, this was my father, the soldier, the brave man who suffered and fought for his country and who loved his sweetheart whom he missed. I took in his words of comradeship, of loyalty, of bravery, and of love for people and country. It seemed to me if I, later in life, only could be like him, both a scholar and a soldier, I could not ask for more. I was very proud of him, the scholar and the soldier, the Gelehrte and the Soldat or, perhaps more exactly, the scholar—-soldier. To me as a boy there was no contradiction between

the two. I thought my father perfectly illustrated the combination. I was determined to follow in his footsteps. And so, early in my life, I began to think of a career among books and arms, scholars and warriors, among men who were quiet and studious, but also strong and brave. I thought of my future self as a man who took, combined, and preserved the best of his home, his family, and his country; a man who was, for his students and his soldiers, an inspiring model to follow. Today, three scores and some years later, I still think of my father as the scholar and the soldier, though I wonder whether he had chosen the life of the scholar-soldier or whether he was the scholar whose lot

it was to serve as a soldier in two wars, and lose his life in the second. I look at his portrait that hangs on the wall above my desk. It is drawn with colored pencils and shows the left side of my father’s face 1. As remember them, these were the German words: Nicht ich allein, habs so gemacht, Annemarie; Nein, alle haben Dein gedacht, die ganze Kompanie.

2. Im Rosengarten

will ich Dein erwarten Im griinen Klee, im weifsen Schnee.

5

ESE RSA s SRrat eS eee a ate rr eS See eres Fs | i i....BGB|§s eee ree pees . pete_SetaeHASeee Se ES eS Se eet cereee ree ne : Revie: eee eae oe akoeEO eSAS ieresence eeesitbein Bcecereia ener ee iat ee OS Sunahara a ee SRS ee, ceca Rag Sicacate Raiaay eantema yeas he a Gata: Bh SRE ey EER ar AS ee a Ree eee rea tasting ay ae ae RR IIE GS SeES ea SE ea Sanne SEES eae ee a

Tad Sa BESANT aSS a Pitioas aeROSAE RRSSEUR Saks ee Raceosenacetente Pacer aaaciara eer eee ance Seee ARES SAS borers ee ee Reece Re Statik aAas SEES Shik Cam ataAE ae Bios one ia a tater pig eeShee Se See eee eS nerREE EESSSeS SESS ee ee AE IRE Pe: Soar eeeAeotea ae eee reBegorcas SSSR eee ee Riccar BCReepates Cate ae SUA Aaa AScena Ra RL A SER a eae eptaerna n neeeabecerragene NeGREE RE ESFUSS Stent Heit ete cree Gate amneeaietc ateeetSN SUneat og See eeFae a —SSE eee ; Peeteme aeeae RRR ae es aadSheeesSe se ioe cece eee ae SECieaoat i oeram eeeterrae Eee ee un rants gaicn oe rotias eae ereameniepen Eee RSE

GUN ea ame ee ae tee eet (Gilead a aa ie tars Se ee EASTER NSS eaten acer eee eee Sali saat ect ee cena Ba eeR URES pe ee ee a

ave SSE eae ena pas ae ee pA eaeb ean naar SEY ROBE SRA eats ceremonies SEE Cs a Stags aaa Bers a eciR Roe Se eng te at cae sia aaa ates a en avers eaten nee ae OE NOOR UNE Se RON ae REA: ESE ee aes See see es Ee ee SS RE as Oe SESE ORE Se Sk ian ere aoe eee nrae ee eee papers Besse San ee UE erent

Seeres Se eS BYHES BARRE SRO ES Pe SE Sue A Geera bistee areata soiree ts sae en eo eae Foe SGPE ee on ae RSE Setar a eee Bese Bere ee er GeEISS SEO aateaeta ee ae SUA oe See ieee creer a eee oe Bp ONO RESARL A SEN BCR a ee Shea eee SSE SseaeeSee

Re deceit atone Bets rate cores pitta ra Goat ae yy tate enna ya ae ee reach cereeceeet nea ae eet Ree ermnaes crease ene ae nae Ratronir rake tee ae reece SRSA Se rae ae meets pefiarcnstmutaiveweir ss wun cRM tat eave: SG Sata at cite cc ar oe a aoe cena

Ree Sprncenge ere reat TOAD acre Cree RY SUR aac te aa SRA a Pantene aaiteateye ee ew ene erent atat ohrenner SRN rkiaienne oe aauee Se yaa ent pearance setae eaePeta sioesoraneumnerea SERRE CE Shenees aerate ey ieee eee Aiteat Seer cane aaa tetiyt neteameis cokSEmttaer eerste eratteaREA a a SAE SSRSerre GasStt-saorecon Us ernieens EaPea eRcrea ran etek ae eeateaegerSaari er Gaara chica ats hn. pena sah Sok Paar nota sean a aati Niet isk arse aanSSA eaniaipae eaten

_ a ee ee eee Pau stata car ancs aa Gees Sacer Seer eres ee a ees tae eee Sone ries Sopa annacaa ates settee eae Sue iicccanome ae aati. eons UU AA SSee Reaper aeoea ACHES ee LZ Biante cena tenSeSe Pianee re ReSSN ARO Sa ance Ce SEAeS OaEES atnnommommemenwratamct Be cgeanas eenmes nsen SUS e Raeee a NecoER ete aS ee ee sia eeacaba aetna er So tecaan nee area PRESS Be eee aa ee SE cea earner es Cama ee eee See uee een ee eeeeeoN neers REO eee Pee ESSE Seee Se SS ee a aired eae Seaaaieeen ateeunspent Marae ae Bae on Pcaareate en Teaere eS eees ae ee patent oneeeee ese atea Bes a vite Se ee aie earssant Bae anc erect a ie a eee aceeee Se SESS ea NG eee eee Beige erste ee eeEES er eeR eeeb eeaeons = ee —hEEeheOM Pea Sa a Re Se SOSA ae erties EE Eee eae Suthers eet enteeet perio ei area SN Re ata yet a EEE RAE SE ROR Ta ae Sat ogg oiameaeess = ries cei Pe re er en Pee en ears

es es Rea ees a ee Se Be ee Bees eet Se rees SOURS aee rae ER eee ee ee ee EEE VES ae ees Scene aeeiesee Se ge oe RC ee ee Se SL eS ES NA) BSSS SS NE eeSOSS SS eeeAAS Se ere Bseee eee eSa=e ee_ ee Se Sone SOUS SERRE CESS SENS eee ee _ : _. ee Ee ee OOS GEIE ERDAUOE OS EEE UE ee ee 2 — rr ee ee BEE EES eeeneree st eeBe eee ee ee goth. ieiieeeeemua eS ea eeeeee eae oS reaps neetees se tit ee ESSE SE SES lLcmeOZ ee PaaeES eo ee Sei eatet ok ete Merce SESE RRO RS PRAY Sakae AOE each ae Sor eect ae Rinne sae Sagentans teas Siena Eater arcs reese Aen aaee Paneer content EE ee iin tent Reemen celtic tey Se ees percierecerenets SSE Aas eee

SESS ca gern etme iene aseg ERNE ORSON EO SS aE ces eR SESE ai epee ca a Hea easeae Ree ae ce PN Net an ERRORS eeeZe ae eee ee Rock aes Ma eR Re ae aS BU SRN Ceca eaten ea eeSoinree ee Pie tee otaSTS ES ee eeeeee aese capes sea ee RR es RE archaea ee ___ __eg EAS SBS BGR GEN BeNOR eas ae eae oe esSAS EE SE REESE SeeOS ee Roncac cesarean cece BEmenses a eemnciecrtin taEE ae cern zt emer See AS aS ees ee eee ee en esEe ieee eer ene Se Sa2 oe ee eee ae eae ee ee, EASE SSeS——E___E_—-———————— Daa eS CERES EE Se sees a cece een a Raat Re SAI ocean ae aera tarp aati e note SERS SSE eee ee ae : one ee peace Rrnereppa carer or eerie pean arr rere TEARS ESSA eee eatin aes uhtrae SSR ie eesraetec resem an cree parietal ne a NG RAE ARS aot oa setae See ree i aera SS Seema Seer teers eats Fe as CR

2Silent eeSeSURES SERes AO SS eee oe Sree Beenie Riba piesa ee ieee SSESi Re aaata aeanBean iene mrste eee iseaoc ear eo-a oe Pos eeet ateeiaSR aterm ate eaeeer SSS BRIS SEE SSS SERS a ee pier eiees epee aU aeSSS tie: EB SSS SES asear Ee SSCS Ieee oS pee eepee aero Boon aa eeae eee Riau tale ana penne eee is SE escee Etat BEETS ERR ENON TS aeSuSE gr AG eaten takes gta orton ei A BRAT ER REO IEtree AScn ee cate LaneANTE nea NN A coe ie aiee eeecain eraeee ree ESRC ee EBe se ee Zoee -_ EEA ae aa eaanemia errno ea ReMi aa yeni Meet Seinaaest USe Secreta ereNae escent pete anwar invoice Raaeat aeasareas ter NPS SERS ee ESS UE aEee ea peZe ee =

Sia ie e ee Soren earSee aeRO Siaere: ee atti aageerenes eeeeget eae meen ee EEE eee oeBOOS SE ERE geee ee —eee eeicecream eee ee ee Roe OSS eeeFEeoaEere EIRiERSS a ee eer RA eeeee eee ZLeeee Bee ERE SS See eC SEES es Rear ASE BR ae Yi Percocet armen A RR Cota Beles PG GREE VERS ae ce ee “Ear eareremaes Soe ee ee a — _

Ee Nae ca ere RCeae SRAM este RE aeoPRR a SS AR eae cara a Aoi tieneBere cereae a teer ae tenenentats aaa 2 ee Bere ees ee BE Raie eee Se Hae aaeenteeuinince teat eet ie oat te ate eat ease ara eat Sethe SES AeSE eerie foeeee eeeeee BS ee ee ee ee a2 |

ieuinSC Gap SRE A AU Sapte renee AECRGRG CORS ae ay eect eeae SSNt SSS See eae an Asa peerarenes ecte eee LR SR ace eter ee eh tet Sere peRerecena eaetate areaper RRsat aE ernee haaeect onaesca RES petas GeSee ce ANA Ea ceaera ak ee Ct Be SEEES RRR a ie SR a eS ay ameee atone eerie pore ats cetera ae aeeee rane ataeaegaa pars meas it Poteet ee Ee ee See ae era eee eeRectan a RES SOR ERE BESS BARES es Geri cece eee reer Sere ee SE Sear een eee ree res arr Se Se SES SeEE BRORE Cas OD SEOES GAee ROE AS EGS BE ERTS eae nnered emptor ee ea Ce Iareocti rag eer eg geSee aes etrepret eee Bee ESOS Sarecson eran arora Sorina eee gain epee ive peaceBee Reine ac eer Sree Eason ccm noe eee ase ee ee SEES Se A OE Se EES SSE GE Se Seeeeeen S Re So e Se ee ee ee Goer oer nore Bierce eee ee aan URES SCENE SNE A EE SE pairs cetememgeeere TSE Ta ae ER te Ceo an Cie iti eee Sian co eR eo en ait eae ee ae uae? RE RASS RE Gervacistaceu serene cet ieetg SER anc ce CN see ee SEALS Re te ae eee SPE sca oe RE Es os aa ee ee eeaa ee a

..}] 4G... eee ge Se - _

ae Brae eerien ——— eee is. Se ee See aeeee ree acea eee BERGSee Re ote Stee icineer ane RCC PEERS ESSE Bseee SSE Sicha eeaener ETS SNe ee ce Peeegieeee eeeee wieEto ES a GS a Bene EeaaeEe eeBee Se APeee eT st een eee a eeane Ree cee Se ie see ereGSU crc eat Read Salen Loneragan nena NS SA SOE ES rae bettas, MEREeee CUE EGRESS GS EERE Rea ea AA teria muitaese a aaa aero ee BESUS SEE eee 2= g= ee ee SOUR ES GC eaHistRSS HE SUE Ree Re Sin Sortie eros EEE 8eee te a EEE! Bea apes ec ea ee ee Berens ena Ee SUE en aon ocean Ee See SSSR US ese ee ceeee ee Sear ee rae Ee eee ie ES OE ORE on ee ee es ee ee ee Sets ee Be aareen ene eee ee ee gS See eater teateere teen eat et HOA RNa aie ESSE OE Se eee tomer ans ee Bee a, eee ee Ie cee Sonata ee ee eee Savbcrra Bits SOR araeceee Serer reata reece pte Baa sew aa cea teSoren pee eeFe ee aeae _aeea LSS eee eS SSCS BSS SES GS aes reece SES BS Scee Re Es erSo pecs ge re RE AOS RAR eater dantcer en a ES ae Se ace coi Ce Cece a eR A Secareers aero pi Ais a ae eer eaee re PERCE tant Span ita ae ae ee cesSH askin eagee eeSe eeSEES ae cea eeeSe Se eee ae elOe ee aSTs Raa NR PS SESE ar eee ee eee eee Bete cto aean TSUBA ait roam on aeateat Been aetna iene tip tet WARE Se ORR AO. UES Sig etna ccna Ere Oe Gaon tS sitet arene stg eater taa te eect pe har ae ener on tre ae mee meee isa cece ean hearer peter

RAST SS pigeons avnaaeattia tbecera este patie SRS: rRBa eaeSCR ahh ait a eee SecSie eeetaSEENON ES USS aescea ee ee A che ae eaeeeria earedaera eaestnents Sarcoma eRe SE OsSat SES Stigt ions Cie ae cores Sreeeeeee oe 2ee_ Ze 2

~~ ee 2.ie POE eSce ee Sree aera eg pS SEESe eS eee:SEE Se HSS Eaa Sah— Be eee9 ee ee

pee eeathe USE BS rare gram eee eee SEESSSSSCS Parmer eeeres ee isthe——,,rrr—“—™—O™ONREERRERRET-F ccc eerste Sika or vans aan SUR RN eaeELSES Seeae SEY DE careers Restos ee anita eeSasha SAGASaaSseer Uae ES Seeee LedD A cee eeeSE Stata aaah i Oe

AUER Si aeraPEI Pee EE iora PaRC UES Ms Branton cretat SS EON SSAS SSeS SeeEe ee reciere ea Net et St SE ee BSUS istBeare MRR eueee ee iaalacee a SO ea iai aeso peacnans Sees OSU ae a atari Sere CEE, agnaBESTS PERSSON ES Gun pepe tttTES SRek EeEee ee pa nsare ie ae ee ea asz eater RES seuhepeepen reece Status ia Ae USS cae Sena aaaatcaPeart Etats BESS eaehe Bee NN Ss eeeais eeRoa

Garatcooaries eee Sea ina attaETF tt ene eee eS tier aera coerSeana Sea etee Sua aeES i alt aaa permneeen ssee Zo aeeeeeee ee ee HERBS a ee————— eae esPeaTana BIO US ONS eis ee Recents Bota care Sm a SRG SAS ee SA SARs ee eeTZ Soresreteeetittors cera ee epee A eenieetenti See WEAR BES v! Se eee Saran: eee ee 3

Rens Ree SS eee ee eee Seca eer er DAU Soe DG SS pce ESE asSRS SSE US aC ee Se Poe Soa oeeA Ses CoE reeee a Bogepg ae. eRe Space tarnre erene HUSH EASA AERSESE SS UR eT EaeYs e SRa SS Ree Rare eee as Ss eea aeee SGN A BETES RSS aaespoon RY Sera cre ee yee Ree Aosi ee RRR ieee BeSeeaD eeeaeee oe -rane =. nS SES aSERENE Peis Site eeetneamigr sng ee ereears Reece ce Senne eR See estate eee Senter

Reece eae SSUES RRR ER SRS ana iy Ree ce Seirene TR a ee PAaroma ECE eeST SL RRR BoBoi Reaace nope ec arae neooe USERE Se are Sec teatmey teeg pera tee t DES SE ee Petcare HEARS TASS i ia aeeatae ee area 2 eee OES Se OEE apee aa eee oiearos Esane eee eee ere OR Sener aERR paeeOME SRE ERE eS aRese ere Nacsa See Botte a nCee eee AO eee eae Bape: ce PRES Ces Ciel eae ea Sie eeacattees Bee tsrater eee SE aTeaAca ae (EtERE SS “Cnet epee Sears ae ere SESE EEROR RECS Besta sa eee opto niREE EEEBe RRA ieee BETES ESpig SSeeHES SES Le SaBp a -CE eeecane Se eee Senet sree ee eee Seaeeee erent oo reco EUS aREeee JHA GE earner ereatemonpere care eS Bs SeES SSrere SR MR Steepera eeee eaters BESBS SEA OS ae ce oe ei ee aera eat ee ee erSans ee aEES 2 Ee "eee AS es oe eee ee Se ee EOS SSS OSS SLES a Ee SS) Ac eee Gabi Sameera oe SOE SE area Sart — ee ee pene i cre eas ees a ees a eee poten ae Peers tee ere ceca SURE Rapa ec ate en Sea ates Seer eee |

ee 8 ZZ ee ewe ee cee eeEES ee eae eeeeeeeereeesa SORE aes eae oo ,,rr—s—“(‘ ee ieee EE Peas SC ere ee eae einen anne oe eee eee Bee enero SUING RSI A aee ee enaeee os ee eeSe Se a eee ee eeee = ee cerence jeeaeRGR Bee ER CE ee ee eee eee: ee nn ee ee Bee USS iBAIA area erOREO eee SitarGait ateau rane AEE AEE HEARERS eeOh ee ae Seance eterna err Ur aarene ee See SR EES are aeeSSR eS ik eeea orcranes Pee nieas eeeSeen pantoinert ereeegSSeite SE SUSI _ Sapaeaaerec ec SEES Ror oeoedee MENA tereEN nk BE SNEESS SS Ean ERTare th eae narnia RS Gates Jibue ei taniat ere eh cae ee 2aac ee ee

Bee ONae FEES SaSe A Rare eae PRE Ek Niers ee arate ee EE peta wz Sete “Seccareces reget peers SECIS Ue) Bans EU re FES eae Ee Sgt eS, 3 Bi ae Bees Bee Ree ee eee SECA SSS esee SSeee eeaeeeae eee ene seeaera daear cam atak at eeee Seer eer eee eee ea 2 Be =a ESO Eeee Raree eeeSSL orca aan eer SMR etnaERE ete See ES are aera piceSate tape ene menace PISS Ue eee ee JSSPree ER RSSee es 2tae ffi cotniecaatantetncctentin See eee eee ae See Caan SO aes eee eeesasEOI PEP ES Te URE SERRA Se era arc ea hemorc ehEeaeeeins cr ee at cee ieent Wate eeccra RARE CA crhea re CEES aaa OaaC TE ateem genta eeot eeeee Ze : ata Spaced SEE aa AN he aestar UReee SEGA aaah cn ala ara Senco eraen ec Sere eter nS pas aac eR eretagerne memeee rt sar titi Sa SE : feecennrts Bieta oateee ona acicat areas saaao — aeeeee 0ee=oteSS eee EUS ES eee Rammnmemererere EO Sy po Ronee a— SS SeSARA CRO a2Boerner coh arepeo Stenten teeta aes Rage SOAS ierSSSR gyetinntiataenrie tstpetlscter eeence eR rae aN Ce ee RR eee se ieee RENE Wea ita aRUM gem aiaeee ana MAE web Sifie Pepe SEE SESE ata eeioe ey oeaeaee ee ae Ae MAS Be eee ae fee eee taeURE ake aeSeBeige meets gsEAS bev arwae, REEL eee Aa rece Bee a as EU ae en nen eee an eee gO a a Ee SE ee Se ae eee ee oS . oe ee ee SE i ee eee Se eae Bets eS Oe a eee Reece Bees a es ae SES EL ea: tir gsi CER aOE an ASA RISES NG0eee a Stat ee eee WRUern a oe ae Serre retrace i is tree meer uaasiete tie itRiera eect eheater ates EEO SNee eesCR Se PE eygay Sg Se eeoN eeSerSR eae EeDEER eS aE Satie meSeiaRS ree mereeaaieem BEcrs oewetee ean aSeiiiestectocNaera a Ee eae Sanat Petre meena iN Ree eR aSER SCE Ro aoeneeSRT Po Seer eaeaero caries

. a a So ee Se eee ee pageants SEA apg eae eee Sacer BEE EASE EE SERRE SE

ee SAC ieee EE RS SA SESE SEES SESS ee a Se oe ea Ea Sa ae ort a neg nee eee eae Boeannn avai wi. yt Boose ae ocean acer mance ae

SRR a eA SM gaa SiGe eran See aa Oe Pee sts Se pee SSR cee Coe or Se ee em Mea tact ak SPC STR SS ERRORS AS Sana cara Hee eae EAE ee aie Sg ARR Bein a ere te Bie eateries rere ro epee ca ee apes eee grea Bp untae ssi ptr pe etre tite re oe ee

SEGee PER AEE TS ATE aGe eer aeainn eure eRe ceaCrear eent rR Pancncecatr raeae atm Renata ees orange eaSpee aria EES eee ee Se ae AeRTE Vs PULA Noe etait iis ASM EAR Mie Maaete wither sachets actrees Saati etc tec eee OR as ete oa ecm SAS RRttBcc Eee eee Raina iatpicto nt OR er rien Ren were PE RSS VR jeGEeee Sa a MCE reeeeiaRCo Cree ne grecbe a tes eR ean eo amen ier are paths ear Peer cer ahaa cass ah epee acree taker BE a Sa oes eee ie:en raat

REE ES RS ERS FERS SEE ES EE aS ee ee ES Bers eiamiedee ee Se asetati rates SRO Le es 7

treaties tagSe Tate Ba a RSS ace BeSe a aeSSO Ree Bears aeRO a Coe Sorry Ae SreeGSS ere reeRee: Ceres:SUS pasta ea eratCae Rinneaapare tek arcsec Rekontcteae ata Soca eerae th ae Serpe aaah tee nc SEROUS. 8 Ss eee rea ee eee RAS GS SS a ee SERS eeara aana8 tat as Fe getee escorebethe Aeratedst Pend ee ireeeiy ar aeeseeaeeapere eceeee ARE SSenES a ere

BEEN une ceeetae a dae ea Gerrans wanna Haka Gee SREEepitiest EE SE EEE a esa eae ea Me ett ascae pissin eet gehen ss ans Beater or ERE re Suite eg icecetacean ee enue arte SE Sates URES A NGoak ayaan ee ROE Seeears ia ate Secret Tr Remar reeeoe ease oa Sra Baers re sgBates oer epaestanti ah Gece ates SS atiermeetg SEC Renata SS ee ESeen ee ee ace ees EEN AES Sa es ESR BOSS SSO ee eee ee seco pee tae A aie SaarBae eee ts a SR Bee So Panetta ESE TS ASE US STO AEARE AEURS eRe ee Parise ence aerate CLR aS BRA ERgtSES Aee eesaeieee a RcPaterna nee a te PeOES eee BE tah eketat SSL eesOES eectSASS ee: a eg eae Ponca

BREE SE Se Be Tae RR Ree Rt LAG ARR OR ARS Bera Cea aC eee Paes sc re ee ee gee ie oer Pattee ape SS aa eae a oa ESE OS eee

SAY ERE ee SR rae ES BRE te teeCt Nba eee ape ee “thaES 1 apa See ey eer atthth Seasae Hiei Uo chen SESeee Re Ros cae Recta Ea See NEatin ROARS aoeee TES SSeae eereese ec iintiylie aia Sean meearse cat ares sa eee eeean eeeseemdi TAN[SUAS PERRIS RESTA aeosRAS RRS EN a eat ae Jie ee Saat es iar rene asin Catt tac eee Bea Se eaten See eecca Sa ths eee acer Beta tama ae 0page ae a ee Seeee ee Sees . en 2aSEate SRS aeCSRS ee eas For paket RRA ataSyee steamer Sealant PerBac Sea ahteats eSacer aa set at eee rere Bt ee ae ered Be Seaont eS oh EONS SERRA RRSAlentRS SeeroeeeSuita are ree ert CES Pipe ean Ener ee Cia et seen SS ere ete Sree SetSeeeerr ee a

ER SIRO EER ey Paatieeds CGN Saeeee SAS aeoh easaera pa ees Begone eas tS eS ES a Peete nearer Cate eta Rare raat eee Rt esae SARSRSNA Se proueeen i ast estate SasaeR et aerate eeceeaate ne Sees Shee aAQ ee Sees acces Se es ee

PA ES Senate OR SERS AS So Gg meee Ea SsSaSRA “eeeeee Sehea ee Beecham ees ees ee SSSeee Sepaper ceo fee gEeee a eae S ee Eee oes RES RA See eaata: th RiSy ARNE a Serer ce Sunhee rene AEEatte UaeSCOR aeSORES eeeenn Soo te Eaape Sth itt ee eeepc eens oeees. ee SSROR ee ON ROCHE SOS i ee BREESE SeaeaeoR RE SBSeeereetrea eee EZ BE aaaCSUR hie eae GR

ee ee ERE a SiS EE See ea i gh hea AS er a BER eee 2s RTS Ese 2 ES oe SRE ACES ee

RRS SEAR SRE se a ARG 5 URSA SEE a os neonReeee pe tee scteceeeeet e PaO EAEstSe tees eee ieeBEE PeepSieiarercree Rennes se ES:ee PS Sen Peter Satna eeegettoeSS eaeee ShansRee SERIE Caence ASS reparation cetPro ay Tept a reread csREVS ES SES at ett SAGA Sea See Se SSE SU peerMe Racer eeeate ARO Re RA SER Shri ae aayPret ALISastren Paar a oa certo res Sear eae Ronan ce Voth meertantpei oe Serra seorrarrecearrarrateertny RS ela eat Se Giese cg eSan ua UR ea a iat reas eanBe atresia SuvaSn BieSe TS SU ates eae RN poner Sonera Ss SES ee at eens rocen Scere TETRA TA ad Brora careceie: serena etihat pane a ee :ata aeERNE -_ ererceSaber cour creer CORRE a Se aSey Paes eee poneenane rte mnie SESE ee SESE gales Se eeatt amsaeeEee sesseR isegata Setseatt ie siren ainMatas Biers ae Sees ae ae ene:z 2 Coeur

recat SE ee Acne aT See ey tie peut es aerated ercre creetap a Tecra eee1ECO SA SARE RagsWitaies cane vanicht tat SoA Sees Se Gaerne Sa eee ges per SS tt tanscanetonneag ats earn Sea aoe RRR RR RAR ORE DRS eG RaatPebea cettan a! ae ect EEESERRA a eR menses Batt papa tution asoEpps SRRSRI An ER a arSS aieSE i eae eet eaeeeores tent tee naenue ee Syisrebert Seiten ke: S utahSeon es wheESS A ES Sebie eS SESE a eSRe SeeSa eteie a eat OES SESSBRA ES 28 Sea SHRED eee ee Beant eaegeee ia ee crea ea Biecoc eet einen ar ER ce Ce ROR Ceoe.GAA SERN OOSSeeA NO EoSAC SEES CeSe agegerts Orieoyaree Beta era eae itaSaree ere Bathstore oats teeter Death Se ne eeeTen eaeCeca SEE eeTEER eee SERS

SS See RS ae A ee Reb ae Cae Bae SEER eee ea ee ee ca a BNR ie ec Re a Ena ee setae es oe ee aes

Oe So ee ERE SUS Ue ae Bee a) es a oe eee eee i Se ic ees eee ERS SEO ESE EER

. Se ee wee a uote neater, east ok a peer eit SES Sa Se tees ae CRE SERRE arte e at! RGSS RSE ae Ps ee eRe FF Sea ees pes a Ne ae doce ee ae pee ee reece te see csasar ti ee BERS See

SESE ORE GaSe oeeS eRea RE: TESS aerate eer ret Suites etterarte Micon SER Suara Re toeSeen receetUES a SOE SS Be SE rc A eer eeeatta a eaetuercontinetsst are aceasta ceectrceee ean Suu see as campo ERR SEE RGAE SORE SRR eater a alee caaeattcieae he atcnt te it asin Peet Ce ese se mt Pretec seers epee ESS CeceAse areas SS egements .

— ee FB eS gen ater eee eng ee

AYERS ESA RUGS eg nih nercitie oer eerie Sen an SN SRS a aRRen SES er cs cer meres ea cea ee eh broeasatsetn ceceeee econ sich eeeete REUSE OR era Hic Setareanrea mea eo ayaa ORS aes eo eres ear ore eectSoe ERSYani a eta ee a RS SORTA EAEe te Maurin eareae et pars renceret cereSoest eae Bess peat Bettie tttets tiaacareer Betta: SiwBectiisnet iemeaarnnemeecne Geiverereprereeeeeaeege nk Mogae Sa AUR UhhtSteem SeRa ee RAR Et TE

Sigvhin Sat SER RR ea Sat Ae eae he Seterarhores Ss SEBS OSES ee eee nS Ses Ere ao cee et ee ort oee eet ee peepee Bes rapen ea epee at Ee ree eee eee ESE Sas ASR a

Param cosSata aiOR Renee et Pat othvatuewien aRaati aa tnt aie et ee SR occeaecatoree Esarrreece cee Boecaer orca eeeoRGate ean co rere Aeeeee eee A TA RRO RA atts Uae ath Se Road ae Baa actlyGS Rtaeeee ereyore Sa Ea anita aca aTter aEe apeeeceaneene ce cera Prati cae cect ee nett Se aeRO Se ieNR oe ieee ER eeaeDR SEES ee ihaeSaeeee etoeeemeetien iteanemer eee eee ear is ene ieeeeerie ES GERACE peUREA oeES SOM, SERS A eae a CESSES TE eaOsh: RS ies AES ou Seat “eres erence neeDe eetae Ea Neca SE Sa pies dete aasatah teeeS eee ere ec Firetngaree cee Ere ees ah eretctat eae ats SERGE E CRT ECG Gece PARC ES tt cet ain tint SATIS AesGR BaSeAiea een eee ene Bare ataanne Batre Pee ties seca arc Brecon ceaeeemeer BS See Ba eee eeatc. ERG OS ua PAR RGA UNG tay eee BASegoe pee geeea agi ea acerca oe ae Ser eesCRESS eee 8EIST SEAT

Oe ERS SE OS RS ae RA ge eee Raia armen ee SSE an ea ee Se ame gS aeons a nee erate SEE OS Ge See =

ity ae Berets hehe ee” Aaah Se Tat pina eae abreast Sakcece eaeers eeSPCR Pa VR SARS rereaeseet tear eee aS ee Saass Soa Weer ee eeeRieti iecrap eoarerre Seas Sorcerer ate Meeme AUS ale atthe pracrcacer ne ag! EISeee ESOpinta Specter Seta tiie SNSoi Sateraise RS gee = Spee areeths paramere Seiten aneatt ANS 2 ey eres ROSS Benoa See ane eee aa era

SU eeSUS er eeSe ee Se a EES aaaaaS aime eee te Seetececcrenite ee eeeoa oeSESSA ee ocr SS uneSB mnraes a SEE ae“ei ee SS Se ih et cee are ae SSearr—“‘“‘C‘“ — ee eS

FF Hithe —rti“OCrCrCT—U.DCUCTUTU.UCUTUrCCrsrS