REAL : real English authentic learning. Grammar book. Teacher's edition [1, Second edition.] 9782765045168

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GRAMMAR BOOK

REAL ENGLISH AUTHENTIC LEARNING

KAY POWELL

1

SECOND EDITION

GRAMMAR BOOK

REAL ENGLISH AUTHENTIC LEARNING

KAY POWELL

1

SECOND EDITION

Development and authoring of online workshops and supplementary web material Kay Powell Nicholas Walker

TEACHER’S EDITION

REAL, Real English Authentic Learning REAL Grammar Book 1, Second Edition Teacher’s Edition

Acknowledgements The great poet Rumi (1207–1273) said, “Set your life on fire. Seek those who fan your flames.” To all the exceptionally creative and passionate specialists at Chenelière Education I extend my heartfelt thanks. You have lit up my black-on-white manuscript and transformed it into a colourful work of art.

Kay Powell © 2014 TC Media Books Inc. © 2009 Chenelière Education Inc. Managing Editor: Melissa Repas Editors: Susan Roy, Esmé Vlahos Project Manager: Valérie Côté Researchers: Rachel Irwin, Tara Smith Copy Editor: Jeanine Floyd Proofreader: Stephanie Watt Cover and Book Designer: Micheline Roy

To all those people who have “fanned my flames” as a writer—students, teachers, family members, friends— my enduring gratitude. A special thanks to the author of REAL Skills Book 1, Angelika Brunel, for her friendship and support. To my husband Zafarullah, thank you for constantly feeding the flame. “The lamps are different, but the Light is the same.” (Rumi) – Kay Powell

Web Material Editor: Esmé Vlahos Web Material Project Manager: Solange Lemaitre-Provost

Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec and Library and Archives Canada cataloguing in publication Powell, Kay, 1947REAL: Real English Authentic Learning. Grammar Book 1 Teacher’s Edition Second Edition Includes index. For college students. ISBN 978-2-7650-4518-2 ISBN 978-2-7650-4516-8 1. English language – Textbooks for second language learners. 2. English language – Grammar. 3. English language – Grammar – Problems, exercises, etc. i. Title. 1. English language – Study and teaching (Higher) – Foreign speakers. 2. English language – Grammar. 3. English language – Grammar – Problems, exercises, etc. i. Title. PE1128.P68 2014 PE1128.P68 2014 Suppl.

428.2’4 428.2’4

C2014-940538-3 C2014-940536-7

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means known or not yet known without prior permission from TC Media Books Inc. Those pages bearing the note “Reproduction permitted © TC Media Books Inc.” may be reproduced solely by the teacher whose students personally use the workbook that is an integral part of the series which includes this workbook, and exclusively for those students referred to in this paragraph. Any use not expressly authorized shall constitute an infringement, which could result in legal action against the individual or institution reproducing any part of this book without permission. ISBN 978-2-7650-4518-2 ISBN 978-2-7650-4516-8 Legal deposit: 2nd trimester 2014 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec National Library of Canada Printed in Canada 1

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We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund (CBF) for our publishing activities. Government of Québec – Tax credit program for book publishing – SODEC

Thank you to the many teachers who gave invaluable feedback and suggestions, including the team of reviewers: Carol Broderick Christopher Conk, Cégep de Granby Jean-Thomas Courchesne, Cégep de Sherbrooke Becky McKnight, Cégep Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Susan Meier, Cégep régional de Lanaudière Marie White, Cégep Garneau And to those who participated in the developmental research for this second edition: Ali Boumoussa, Collège Ahuntsic Veronica Frediani, Cégep Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Netta Gorman, Cégep de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue Izabela Kubinska, Collège de Valleyfield

Trademarks are mentioned or illustrated in this work. Please note that the publisher has not received any income or advantages in return for having presented these brands. The brands are reproduced upon request by the authors to support the academic or scientific content of the work. All characters and scenarios presented in this work are fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons, existing or dead, is purely coincidental.

Chenelière Education and the authors shall not be held responsible or liable for any claims, whether past, present, or future, relating to loss or damage of any nature — special, punitive, or exemplary — including but not limited to economic loss or physical or material damage resulting from negligence, or any violation or usurpation of any right, title, or intellectual property interest resulting or that may result from the content, text, photographs, or products or services mentioned in this work. The complementary material published on our website is intended for use by Canadian residents only, for educational purposes only. Online purchases are only available to Canadian residents.

Table of Contents UNIT 1 Simple Present

UNIT 3 Nouns

Function and Form ...............................

1

Simple Present • Verb Be: Simple Present of the Verb Be • Expressions with Be • There with Be • Yes / No Questions and Short Answers with Be • Information Questions with Be • All Other Verbs: Simple Present of Other Verbs • Spelling of the Third-Person Singular • Pronunciation of the Final Third-Person Endings -s and -es • Yes / No Questions and Short Answers with Other Verbs • Information Questions with Other Verbs • Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do

Practise..................................................

Countable and Uncountable Nouns • Spelling of Plural Countable Nouns • Possessive Form

Practise.................................................. 25 Communicate........................................ 27 Review ................................................... 28

UNIT 4 Determiners 6

Communicate........................................ 10 Review ...................................................

Function and Form ............................... 23

11

Function and Form ............................... 29 Articles • Quantifying Determiners • Demonstrative Determiners • Possessive Determiners

Practise.................................................. 31 Communicate........................................ 33

UNIT 2 Present Progressive Function and Form ............................... 13 Present Progressive • Afrmative and Negative Statements • Spelling • Questions in the Present Progressive • Verbs Rarely Used in the Present Progressive • Simple Present and Present Progressive

Practise.................................................. 16

Review ................................................... 34

UNIT 5 Pronouns Function and Form ............................... 35 Subject and Object Pronouns • Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns • Reexive Pronouns

Communicate........................................ 20

Practise.................................................. 37

Review ................................................... 21

Communicate........................................ 42 Review ................................................... 43

29

UNIT 6 Simple Past Function and Form ............................... 45 Simple Past • Simple Past of Regular Verbs • Spelling of Regular Verbs • Pronunciation of -ed • Simple Past of Irregular Verbs • Information Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs • Simple Past of the Verb Be

Practise.................................................. 48 Communicate........................................ 56 Review ................................................... 57

UNIT 7 Prepositions Function and Form ............................... 59 Prepositions: Meanings of Prepositions • At, To, From . . . To, and From • In and On • For and During • Of and Off

Practise.................................................. 62 Communicate........................................ 66 Review ................................................... 67

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

1 UNIT 8 Past Progressive

UNIT 11 Modals

Function and Form ............................... 69 Past Progressive • Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions • Simple Past and Past Progressive

Practise.................................................. 71 Communicate........................................ 76

Function and Form ............................... 99 Common Modals • Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions

Practise.................................................. 101 Communicate........................................ 106 Review ................................................... 107

Review ................................................... 77

UNIT 12 Editing Files

UNIT 9 Adjectives and Adverbs

Parts of Speech

Function and Form ............................... 79 Adjectives: Form and Position • Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality • Comparative and Superlative Forms • Adverbs: Type, Function and Position • Adjectives to Adverbs • Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality

Practise.................................................. 83 Communicate........................................ 86 Review ................................................... 87

Sentences.............................................. 111 Sentence Formation • Types of Sentences • Subject-Verb Agreement • Sentence Structure: Fragments • Sentence Structure: Run-on Sentences • Punctuation • Capitalization

Edit It! .................................................... 118 Words .................................................... 119 Cognates • Homophones • Gerunds and Innitives • Common Spelling Problems

Edit It! .................................................... 123

UNIT 10 Future

Final Edit It! ........................................... 124

Function and Form ............................... 89 Will and Be Going To • Future with Will: Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions • Future with Be Going To: Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions

Practise.................................................. 92 Communicate........................................ 96 Review ................................................... 97

Final Verb Review Simple Present, Simple Past, and Future Forms......................................... 125 Simple Present and Present Progressive ........................................... 126 Simple Past and Past Progressive ........................................... 127 Modals ................................................... 128

41

Questions .............................................. 128 Verb Review .......................................... 129

Appendices 1 Pronouns ............................................ 130 2 Question Words................................. 131 3 Question Formation .......................... 132 4 Verb Tense Overview ........................ 133 5 Irregular Verbs ................................... 134

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Credits ...................................................................

136

Index .......................................................................

137

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Features In this much-anticipated second edition of REAL Grammar Book 1, you’ll nd the many features that made the rst edition so successful, along with valuable improvements and additions. The four-step progressive approach has been updated to suit the needs of today’s high-beginner to low-intermediate students of English as a second language.

Overall Structure Eleven theme-based units build grammatical and language skills, and an Editing Files unit provides additional grammar elements to improve your writing and editing skills. The Final Verb Review section is a comprehensive review of verb tenses seen at this level. Useful appendices, which act as both a reference and study tool, conclude the book.

Unit Overview 1. FUNCTION AND FORM appears on coloured pages for easy reference. The unit title and an example sentence illustrate the unit’s grammar focus. A timeline demonstrates the verb tenses. Clear grammar charts with explanations and examples are followed by short exercises for a quick check of your comprehension.

2. PRACTISE offers contextualized and mixed exercises on grammatical concepts learned in Function and Form. Thematically linked to REAL Skills Book 1, they aim to reinforce vocabulary and language structures but can also work as stand-alone activities. An online component offers 80 interactive workshops, including pronunciation and dictation activities, unit tests, Editing Files and Final Verb Review exercises.

Notes in the margin highlight common errors and provide usage tips to help you use grammar accurately.

Crossreferences send you to charts in Function and Form and the Appendices.

Varied exercises give opportunities for independent work and collaborative learning. An example for each exercise provides a model. 3. COMMUNICATE has collaborative Speaking and Writing activities which encourage peer editing.

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FEATURES

v

4. REVIEW proposes one or two pages of exercises to evaluate your understanding and mastery of the grammar featured in the unit. Edit It! allows you to practise your editing skills as you nd and correct common errors.

Editing Files, a new unit with sentence and word skills development, includes charts, examples, and exercises to improve your writing and editing skills.

Final Verb Review Five pages of comprehensive exercises review the verb tenses covered in Function and Form.

Appendices Five Appendices feature charts with useful reference material, including a verb tense overview and a list of irregular verbs.

Clear and integrated web links indicate when to consult the interactive online activities on Chenelière’s new platform. You’ll nd: • An interactive eBook for teachers and students • Additional questions on material in the book as well as new material, to be used for homework, in the lab, or for evaluation • Interactive activities that give students automatic feedback • Answer keys for the teacher

vi

FEATURES

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UNIT

Simple Present Different travel options take travellers in new directions.

Yesterday

Today Now

1 Tomorrow

FUNCTION AND FORM

1.1 Simple Present Use Habits

Example She goes to New York every month. We usually buy our tickets online.

Customs

I always eat sh and chips my rst day in England. At Thanksgiving people often travel to see their families.

Facts

Adventure travel offers exciting vacations. Ice hotels melt in the spring.

Adverbs such as never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, and usually go after the verb be and before all other verbs in the simple present. He is always late. I always sleep late on the weekends.

Keywords Adverbs of time and frequency

1

always, every day, every month, generally, never, normally, often, rarely, seldom, usually . . .

Underline the keyword and circle the verb(s). Give the reason that the simple present is used. Use the chart above for help. 1. Every year millions of Muslims go on a pilgrimage to Mecca. 2. Muslims turn toward Mecca when they pray ve times a day. 3. Usually people walk around the Kaaba seven times. 4. It is always extremely hot in Saudi Arabia. 5. People often shop in luxurious air-conditioned shopping malls.

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UNIT 1

Simple Present

1

Verb Be 1.2 Simple Present of the Verb Be Use the verb be in the simple present for facts and present states.

Afrmative A contraction is the shortened form of a word. When you remove a vowel, replace it with an apostrophe: I am I’m.

Subject

Verb be

Negative

Contraction

Subject

Verb be + not

I

am

I’m

I

am not

He / She / It

is

He’s/ She’s/ It’s

He / She / It

is not

We / You / They

are

We’re / You’re / They’re

We / You / They

are not

Contraction I’m not He / She / It’s not He / She / It isn’t We / You / They’re not We / You / They aren’t

1.3 Expressions with the Verb Be Use expressions with the verb be to describe age, size, colour, physical states, price, time, nationality, and profession. Age

How old are you? I’m 20 years old.

Size and colour

How tall are you? I’m 1.67 m. What colour is your shirt? It’s yellow.

Physical state / condition

I’m hungry and I’m thirsty. We’re sleepy. We’re warm.

Price and time

How much is it? It’s $10. What time is it? It’s 2:00 p.m.

Nationality and profession

Guido is Italian. He’s a doctor.

1.4 There with the Verb Be Use there with the verb be to state a fact.

There Is

2

For one person or thing (singular)

For more than one person or thing (plural)

There is a concert outside.

There are concerts in the park every day.

Complete each sentence with the afrmative, or with the negative contracted form of the verb be. 1. The cruise ship 2. We 3. I

2

There Are

UNIT 1

360 metres long. very thirsty. (negative) Japanese.

Simple Present

4. She

hungry. (negative)

5. Tim and Julie 6. There

tour directors. a party tonight. (negative)

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1.5 Yes / No Questions and Short Answers with the Verb Be Verb Be

3

Subject

Rest of Question

Short Answers

Am

I

a good singer?

Yes, I am.

No, I’m not.

Is

he / she / it

in class today?

Yes, she is.

No, she’s not (isn’t).

Are

we / you / they

in the same class?

Yes, you are.

No, you’re not (aren’t).

Write each sentence as a yes / no question and give the short answer. 1. Chris Hadeld is on the space station. Yes,

.

Yes,

.

No,

.

2. Julie Payette and Roberta Bondar are Canadian astronauts.

3. I am not interested in space travel.

1.6 Information Questions with the Verb Be

4

Question Word

Verb Be

Rest of Question

Answer

What

is

this?

It’s a travel brochure.

Where

is

he from?

He’s from India.

When

are

you at home?

I’m at home around noon.

Who

is is

she? on the bus?

She’s my cousin.

Why

am

I here?

I’m here to choose a tour.

How

are

you?

I’m in good shape.

My cousin is on the bus.

Complete each question with a question word and the correct form of the verb be. The answer to the question is in bold. 1.

with you? My sister is with me.

2.

is your sister? My sister is 20 years old.

3.

we now? Now we are near Barbados.

4.

the show? The show is at seven o’clock.

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Go to appendix 2, page 131, for examples of all the question words.

We can also use how with an adjective or an adverb to ask questions. How much / many . . . ? How old . . . ? How far . . . ? How often . . . ? How long . . . ? How big / tall / high / small . . . ?

UNIT 1

Simple Present

3

All Other Verbs 1.7 Simple Present of Other Verbs The verb have is an exception. The third-person singular of have is has.

Afrmative Subject

Negative

Base form of verb (+ -s or -es)

Subject

Do / does + not (contraction)

I

work/go.

I

do not (don’t)

He / She / It

works / goes.

He / She / It

does not (doesn't)

We / You / They

work/go.

We / You / They

do not (don't)

Base form of verb

work / go.

1.8 Spelling of the Third-Person Singular Verb Ending

Rule

Example

Most endings

Add -s.

read

Consonant + -y

Change the -y to i and add -es.

cry

-o, -ch, -sh, -s, -ss, -x, -z

Add -es.

do does, watch watches, wish wishes, kiss kisses, mix mixes, buzz buzzes,

reads cries

1.9 Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s and -es Final Sound

Pronunciation

/ f /, / k /, / p /, / t /

/s/

laughs, tricks, sleeps, eats

/ b /, / d /, / g /, / l /, / m /, / n /, / r /, / v /, / w /, / y / or a vowel sound

/z/

sobs, hides, wags, tells, welcomes, returns, goes, cheers, loves, blows, plays

/ ch /, / sh /, / j /, / s /, / x /, / z /

/ iz /

watches, washes, changes, caresses, waxes, buzzes

5 The pronunciation of the nal-s of a thirdperson-singular verb depends on the nal sound, not the spelling.

Write the sentence in the afrmative or negative form using the verb. 1. The plane usually (y) 2. Steve (go) 3. Our ski instructor (take) 4. Jo (visit, negative)

4

Example

UNIT 1

Simple Present

directly from Montréal to France. to the Alps to snowboard every year. the morning ight every Monday. his brother every year.

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1.10 Yes / No Questions and Short Answers with Other Verbs Subject

Do / Does

6

Do

I

Does

he / she / it

Do

we / you / they

Base Form of Verb

Short Answers

work / go?

Yes, I do.

No, I don’t.

Yes, she does.

No, she doesn’t.

Yes, they do.

No, they don’t.

In yes / no questions, the main verb is always in its base form. Does she travel a lot? Does she travels a lot?

Write the missing yes / no question or short answer. Yes, Monica and Jenny like New York.

1. 2. Do they enjoy shopping in New York? (afrmative)

No, she doesn’t often visit the museum.

3.

1.11 Information Questions with Other Verbs Question Word

Do / Does

Subject

Base Form of Verb

Where

does

he

ski?

When

do

they

arrive?

How / How often / How far

does

she

travel?

Go to appendices 2 and 3, pages 131–132, for more information on question words.

1.12 Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do Do not use do or does when what or who refers to the subject of the sentence.

Question Word

7

Verb in ThirdPerson Singular

Rest of Question

Short Answer Subject + Do / Does

Who

likes

to travel?

I do!

What

stops

a migraine?

Sleep does.

Write a question about each statement to match the information in bold. 1. Nick and his sister travel in March. 2. His sister goes trekking in the rainforest. 3. They like it because it’s a tropical paradise.

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UNIT 1

Simple Present

5

PRACTISE 8 Complete additional exercises online to practise the simple present tense of the verb be and all other verbs.

Afrmative / Negative with the Verb Be

Chart 1.2

Complete each sentence with the form of the verb be indicated in parentheses. Use contractions for the negative. isn’t

Example: Travel in Asia (negative) 1. Standby (negative)

popular this year.

a cool way to travel.

2. Beaches in the Caribbean (afrmative) 3. Shark observation (afrmative)

very beautiful. a risky adventure.

4. Youth hostels in Europe (negative)

cheap and clean.

5. There

several festivals in the summer.

6. There

a lot of modern architecture in Barcelona.

9

Yes / No Questions with the Verb Be

Chart 1.5

Complete each question with the correct form of the verb be. Then give the short answer to each question. Example:

Is

1.

Maria a student from Poland? Yes,

2.

Paris a city in Italy? No,

3.

Mediterranean beaches clean? Yes,

4.

France and Poland the smallest countries in Europe? No,

it is

French food delicious? Yes,

. .

.

10 Information Questions with the Verb Be

. .

Chart 1.6

Write a question about each statement to match the information in bold. Example: A: Cambodia is in southeast Asia. Q: Where is Cambodia? 1. A: The best tourist attraction in Cambodia is the temple of Angkor Wat. Q: 2. A: Angkor Wat is extremely big. Q: 3. A: The hot dry season is from March to May. Q: 4. A: The capital of Cambodia is Phnom Penh. Q: 5. A: The ecotourism site of Ratanakiri is near the border of Vietnam. Q:

6

UNIT 1

Simple Present

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11 Afrmative Mixed Verb / Subject-Verb Agreement

Charts 1.2, 1.7

Refer to unit 12, Editing Files, for more information on subject-verb agreement.

Underline the subjects of the verbs in parentheses. Then write the verbs in the simple present. continues

Example: Florence (continue)

1

Florence (have)

Rome, the capital of Italy,

many museums. The Ufzi

5

(offer) 2

Gallery (have)

to attract tourists from everywhere.

9

Venice (be)

many

a city

of waterways built on small

things to see and do.

islands in a lagoon. Everyone

paintings by Botticelli and

A masterpiece of Roman

(wish)

Leonardo da Vinci. You can

engineering, the Colosseum

a ride in a gondola to the next

3

also (see)

6

(stand)

in

10

to take

attraction. The many shops

sculptures by Michelangelo,

the middle of a busy street.

including the huge statue of

A tour (take)

David. From the Boboli Gardens

visitors to see the tunnels and

the eyes of visitors shopping

across the River Arno, there

cages where gladiators and wild

for superb masks still made by

animals waited before ghts.

ne craftsmen. This city (remain)

(be)

4

an amazing

7

in the ancient alleyways of San

8

view of the Duomo, Florence’s

Rome (be)

stunning cathedral.

a magnicent city to visit.

12 Afrmative / Negative and Contractions

11

Marco (catch)

12

one of the world’s

most beautiful cities.

Charts 1.2, 1.7

Complete each sentence with the correct simple present form of the verb. Then write the negative contracted form on the line. like

Example: The rst place I (like) 1. We (want)

to visit in Toronto is the CN Tower.

don’t like

to see whales when we go to Vancouver.

2. In Nova Scotia, visitors (go) 3. My brother (drive)

to see the relics from the Titanic. a horse-drawn carriage in Old Québec.

4. Kayaking near icebergs in Labrador (be)

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the most exciting experience.

UNIT 1

Simple Present

7

13 Yes / No Questions and Short Answers

Chart 1.10

Read the proles of three friends who work at an ice hotel. Write a yes / no question about each person. Then answer each question using a short answer and a full sentence that says what the person does. Use the information in the chart to help you.

Charles: A Guide

Thomas: A Bartender

Sara: A Spa Therapist

likes snowboarding

wants to be a nurse

enjoys snowboarding

watches action movies

mixes cocktails

listens to music

goes ice shing

works at night

goes skiing

Example: Charles / go skating (negative) Q: Does Charles go skating? A: No, he doesn’t. He goes ice shing. 1. Thomas / work (negative) Q: A: 2. Sara / listen (afrmative) Q: A: 3. Charles and Sara / enjoy (afrmative) Q: A: 4. Charles / watch (negative) Q: A: 5. Thomas / want (afrmative) Q: A:

8

UNIT 1

Simple Present

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14 Information Questions

Charts 1.11, 1.12

Read the description of the Savage Safari tour. Write questions to match the information in bold. Then answer each question with a long answer.

Savage Safari The Savage Safari tour invites you on a camping adventure for seven days and nights in a national park in the heart of Africa. Travellers sleep in tents by a campre. When they wake up, they hear the sounds of wild animals. They travel in comfortable Jeeps to see elephants, lions, and giraffes. Savage Safari is the best way to live the African experience. Every night African drummers play traditional music and dancers perform energetic dances. It is a great vacation for photographers and artists, too. Do you want to join our tour? The excursion leaves from Montréal every Monday. Reserve your place soon.

Question Example: How long is this trip?

Answer The trip is for seven days and nights.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

15 Adverb Placement

Chart 1.1

Unscramble the words to write a correct sentence. Be sure to use the correct form of the verb. Example: always / online / I / for travel tips / check I always check online for travel tips. 1. Mark / a winter vacation / never / take

2. book / rarely / Kevin and I / our airplane tickets / online

3. he / that practise sustainable tourism / go to places / often

4. always / choose / an exotic destination / Suzie

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UNIT 1

Simple Present

9

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Interview two students about their likes, dislikes, and preferences. Write seven questions in the simple present to ask them. Example: Where do you like to go in the summer? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

WRITING Interview two students. Write their answers below. Example: I like to go to the beach. Student 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Student 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

10

UNIT 1

Simple Present

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REVIEW A

Third-Person Singular

Write the text in the third-person singular.

Christine’s Volunteer Experience 1

Christine (live)

3

6:15 a.m. (help)

2

in a small village in Peru. Every morning (get) 4

the teacher in the village school. (teach) 5

(have) 6

(do)

up at

English.

fun every day in this wonderful village. 7

so many different things. (help) 8

to build new houses. (drive)

9

in the nearby town. (assist) 10

a week. Every day (try)

an old Jeep to get supplies

the nurse who comes once

to do more to help the people.

Volunteer work is really an amazing experience!

B

Afrmative / Negative / Adverbs

Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs. Place the adverb in the correct place.

Space Travel Do you know that astronauts in the Space Station (sleep, usually)

1

in sleeping bags attached to the wall so that they (oat, negative)

2

3

away? The toilet (work, negative)

with water like it does on Earth; it

works with suction. Since a day in space lasts about 90 minutes, astronauts (age)

4

5

quickly. In space, an astronaut (lose)

his or her sense of up and down, so coming back to Earth is very difcult. When astronauts (come)

6

back, they (have, generally)

walking on the ground. Each astronaut (exercise, normally) 9

a day. Low gravity (have) (need)

10

7

problems

8

for 2 hours

negative effects on muscles, bones, and blood circulation. Humans

little sleep in space because they don’t work a lot. Do you want to travel in space?

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UNIT 1

Simple Present

11

C

Mixed Questions

Write a yes / no (Y / N) or an information (INF) question about each sentence. Sentence

Type

1. Paula loves backpacking.

Y/N

2. Sam is a guide.

Y/N

3. They always look happy.

Y/N

4. Ella enjoys camping.

INF / what

5. Vicky likes ecotourism.

INF / who

6. They usually travel by plane.

INF / how

7. He scuba dives in the Caribbean.

INF / where

8. Katy takes her vacation in June.

INF / when

Edit It!

Question

Underline and correct the 10 errors in the simple present.

1. Cindy has 16 years old and is an au pair in Switzerland. 2. She come from Canada. 3. She work four hours a day during the week. 4. She is lives in Geneva with a busy couple and their son and daughter, Antoinette and François. 5. Francois go to pre-school in the morning. 6. Does you know Geneva? 7. It are a beautiful city beside a lake. 8. How often do she housework? 9. She studys painting at a local school at night. 10. On the weekend she be free to walk around this pretty city.

12

UNIT 1

Simple Present

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2

UNIT

Present Progressive People of all ages are now doing a variety of physical activities to keep fit. What are you doing?

Yesterday

Tomorrow

At this moment

FUNCTION AND FORM

2.1 Present Progressive Use the present progressive for actions in progress.

Function Describes an action in progress at the moment of speaking

It is raining on his new car right now.

I’m currently training for a marathon.

Describes an action in progress in the present for a temporary period of time

He is taking evening classes this month.

They can also go at the beginning or end of the sentence.

Keywords at the moment, currently, now, presently, right now, this month . . .

1

Adverbs can go after the verb be.

Example

She is reading a book about acupuncture at the moment.

Underline the keywords in each sentence. Then write the function of the present progressive. 1. Right now I am surng the Internet for healthy recipes.

2. Bianca is leasing a car this semester.

3. I am watching a great exercise video at the moment.

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UNIT 2

Present Progressive

13

2.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject

2

Verb be

I

am (I’m)

He / She / It

is (He’s / She’s / It’s)

We / You / They

are (We’re / You’re / They’re)

Negative Base form of verb + -ing

working.

Subject

Verb be + not

Base form of verb + -ing

I

am not (I’m not)

He / She / It

is not (He’s not / He isn’t)

We / You / They

are not (We’re not / We aren’t)

working.

Complete each sentence with the correct present progressive form of the verb. 1. Fitness classes (grow) are trying to lead healthy lives.

in popularity right now because people

2. These days dieticians (advise) 3. Right now I (sit, negative) 4. People of all ages (get)

people to eat more vegetables. on the couch watching TV. regular exercise nowadays.

5. Naomi (swim, negative)

at the local pool this week.

2.3 Spelling Verb Ending

3 Verbs in the -ing form are called present participles. drink + -ing

14

UNIT 2

Rule

Example

-e

Change -e to -ing.

make

making

-i

Add -ing.

ski

skiing

-ie

Change the -ie to y and add -ing.

tie

tying

Vowel or consonant + -y

Add -ing.

cry

crying

Consonant + short vowel + consonant

Double the last consonant and add -ing (except for -w, -x, -y).

win

winning

Write the verbs in their -ing form. 1. live

4. lie

7. stay

2. move

5. try

8. sit

3. write

6. die

9. put

drinking

Present Progressive

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2.4 Questions in the Present Progressive Yes / No Questions Verb be

4

Subject

Am

I

Is

he / she / it

Are

we / you / they

Information Questions

Base form of verb + -ing

working?

Question word

Verb be

Subject

Base form of verb + -ing

What

am

I

doing?

Where

is

she

going?

Who

are

they

meeting?

To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use be without the main verb. Is he working this weekend? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.

Use the words to write a question in the present progressive. Go to appendix 1, page 130, for more information on question words.

1. he / play / hockey / right now. 2. what / Jamie / do / today 3. why / she / run / so fast

2.5 Verbs Rarely Used in the Present Progressive Some verbs, such as be, are never used in the present progressive. She is being hungry.

Mental States

Possession

Sense and Perception

Feelings and Preferences

believe, forget, know, mean, remember, think, understand

belong, have, own, possess

feel, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, taste

dislike, hate, like, love, need, prefer, want

We believe in justice. (are believing)

She has a speed bike. (is having)

Do you see the boat? (Are you seeing)

I like martial arts. (am liking)

2.6 Simple Present and Present Progressive Simple Present

Present Progressive

Use the simple present for facts or habits. I wear glasses every day.

5

Use the present progressive for temporary situations and actions in progress at that moment. Presently I am not wearing my glasses.

Write the verb in the appropriate form: simple present or present progressive. 1. Valerie

on the treadmill right now. (walk)

2. Members of the gym 3. The cardio class

open to people of all ages. (be)

4. At the moment we 5. I

many free activities every day. (have)

warm-up exercises. (do) currently

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a book about diet and tness. (read)

UNIT 2

Present Progressive

15

PRACTISE 6

Afrmative and Negative

Chart 2.2

Complete the sentences with the correct present progressive form of the verbs. Complete additional exercises online to

Example: My classmates and I (sit)

practise the present

1. Right now I (read)

are sitting

in the cafeteria at the moment.

the list of courses while my friends Justin

progressive.

and Nadia (decide)

which sport to do.

2. At the moment Justin (try, negative) take a scuba-diving class.

to convince Nadia to

3. The college has a large pool and Nadia (get) learning to swim underwater.

nervous about

4. Nadia and I do not have adventurous personalities so we (sign up, negative) for scuba diving. 5. Today we (complete) this semester.

7

Spelling

our registration for all our courses for

Chart 2.3

Cross out the misspelled word in the highlighted areas of the text. Example: It is hireing / hiring people to help construct an 18 km long obstacle course.

Test Your Strength! Are you ready for the challenge of your life? Tough Mudder is an exciting, dynamic new company that 1

is offerring / offering a life-changing experience for adventurous people who want to test their physical 2

strength and mental endurance. Events are now happening / happenning in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montréal, and in other cities around the world. In this 3

exciting, tough obstacle race, participants are running / runing in mud, sand, and water, and through re—even through obstacles that give electric shocks—to test 4

their courage. They are climbbing / climbing up ropes, hills, and even buildings. Tough Mudder has a charitable purpose, too. At the moment it is raising / raiseing

5

6

money to help wounded soldiers in war zones. Spectators are paieing / paying a reasonable price for tickets to watch runners who are participatting / participating

7

8

in this year’s race. Around the world, adventurous runners are putting / puting their names on the registration lists on the website. I put my name on the list for the next 9

event in Montréal. No, I am not lieing / lying ! It’s true. In fact, many of my friends are signing / signning

16

UNIT 2

Present Progressive

10

up today.

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8

Yes / No Questions

Chart 2.4

Look at each photo and answer the question with a short answer. Write the correct information for each negative response using a complete sentence. Example: Is Kevin travelling by car? No, he’s not. He’s travelling by train.

1

2

3

4

5

1. Are they watching whales in the Bay of Fundy right now? 2. Is Matt skiing at Whistler these days? 3. Is she shopping at the moment? 4. Is Sandra kayaking in Nova Scotia? 5. Are the fans watching the Calgary Stampede this afternoon?

9

Yes / No Questions

Chart 2.4

Form a question in the present progressive about each picture. Use the word box to help you.

Example

1

2

3

4

5

Bruno

David and Jessica

Valerie

Ashley and Jack

Audrey

Question Example: Are the women rollerblading?

Answer

rollerblade

Yes, they are.

scuba dive kayak

1.

Yes, he is.

jog skydive

2.

No, they aren’t. They are scuba diving.

3.

No, she isn’t. She is jogging.

4.

Yes, they are.

5.

Yes, she is.

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UNIT 2

Zumba dance

Present Progressive

17

10 Information Questions

Chart 2.4

Complete the dialogue with a question to match the information in bold. Example: Frederick: Which class are you taking? Michelle: I’m taking the cardio salsa class. 1. Michelle: Frederick: I’m signing up for the Zumba class this semester. 2. Michelle: Frederick: I’m doing it to get back in shape. 3. Frederick: Michelle: I’m going to the studio downtown for my dance classes. 4. Frederick: Michelle: I’m going with my brother. 5. Michelle: Frederick: I’m paying $100 for 10 classes.

11 Afrmative, Negative, and Questions

Charts 2.2, 2.4

Complete the paragraph with the correct present progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. is not feeling

Example: Michelle (feel, negative)

ready.

Paralympian Michelle Stilwell is a wheelchair sprinter from British Columbia who won gold and silver medals in the 2012 1

Paralympic Games. At the moment Michelle and her coach (talk) 2

she, do)

. Now (what,

3

? She (x) 4

it needs some adjustments. Now she (wave)

her wheelchair because

to the crowd as she gets ready 5

to start the race. All the wheelchair sprinters (wait) 6

(smile) 7 8

for the race to start. They

as their supporters start cheering. They’re off! The wheelchairs (move)

at an incredible speed. Now the sprinters (smile, negative) 9

. They (concentrate)

on the race. Michelle’s 10

son Kai (encourage) 11

(what, happen)

her as she passes.

now? Presently Michelle (win)

12

the race! Journalists (run)

13

onto the race track. They (take)

14

photos. (where, Michelle, go)

15

now? She’s on her way to the podium to

receive her medal.

18

UNIT 2

Present Progressive

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12 Simple Present or Present Progressive?

Chart 2.6

Refer to unit 1, page 1, for more information on the simple present.

Underline the keyword in each sentence. Then circle the correct form of the verb. Explain your choice. Write F for a fact, H for a habit, or AP for an action in progress. AP

Example: Look now! Britanny skis / is skiing downhill.

1. Right now my exercise program makes / is making my muscles hurt! 2. Connor goes / is going white water rafting every summer. 3. Sammy and his team swim / are swimming 20 laps every morning. 4. Normally exercise is / is being good for everyone. 5. Jody smiles / is smiling right now because she is winning the race. 6. This month Anne trains / is training for the obstacle race. 7. Jackson does / is doing tai chi every day before breakfast. 8. Oh no! The speed skaters skate / are skating too close to the wall now! 9. Without a doubt, speed skaters are / are being always risk-takers. 10. All year round I do / am doing tai chi and yoga.

13 Simple Present or Present Progressive?

Chart 2.6

Underline the keywords and write the correct form of the verbs. Then write SP (simple present) or PP (present progressive) above each verb.

Visiting José PP am visiting

Example: Today I (visit)

1

He usually (work)

my friend José.

3

his job but he (work, not) 5

He (go)

6

7

4

now because he (be)

too busy at school.

to school every day to study to become a gym teacher. He’s excited because

at the moment he (get) I (help)

2

part time as an instructor in a private club. He (like)

ready to move in with friends to cut costs. This morning

him pack. Right now we (put) 9

Salvation Army. José (have) gym instructor, he (need)

10

8

clothes into bags to take to the

a lot of clothes but many are worn out or too small. As a

many different sports clothes, but as a student, he wears

whatever he wants.

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UNIT 2

Present Progressive

19

COMMUNICATE

WRITING

SPEAKING

1.

Write eight different questions about what the people are doing in the illustration. Write yes / no and information questions. Use the word boxes for help.

2.

Then work with a classmate (Student A). Ask the rst four questions and write your partner’s answers. Do the same for the last four questions with another classmate (Student B). Verbs

Nouns

balance

baseball cap

cycle

bathing cap

get

bathing suit

kneel

running shoes

lie

shorts

lift

sunglasses

relax

sweatpants

ride

treadmill

rub

weights

stand stretch sweat tan watch wear Example: What are Jenny and Sarah doing? They are doing yoga. Question

Student A’s Answer

Question

Student B’s Answer

1. Bill 2. Tania 3. Kim and Tom 4. Mike

5. Jenny and Sarah 6. Jack 7. Kelly 8. Julie and Bill

20

UNIT 2

Present Progressive

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REVIEW A

Afrmative and Negative

Complete the text with the afrmative or negative form of the present progressive.

Our Friendly City I work as a tour guide. My city has many streets that are just for pedestrians. 1

Right now I (take) 2

We (walk)

along the path by the St. Lawrence River and a 3

large boat (dock) 4

not)

a group of tourists around the old port.

at the port. It’s not a tourist boat. It (unload,

people or cargo. It is decorated with bright lights! 5

Everybody (turn)

around to look at a noisy crowd of young 6

people who (meet) 7

8

to run a marathon. They (doing, not)

yoga, either. They (party) today and they are (get)

B

on the grass. They (congregate, not)

9 10

! They graduated from high school together to celebrate on the boat.

Questions

Write each sentence as the type of question indicated in parentheses. 1. My city is making green decisions. (Y / N)

2. The urban planner is presenting new ideas. (Who)

3. They are planning new bike paths. (What)

4. They are creating new parks in the city. (Where)

5. People are planting owers in the alleyways. (Y / N)

6. The council is voting on new rules today. (When)

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UNIT 2

Present Progressive

21

C

Simple Present or Present Progressive

Complete each sentence with the simple present or present progressive form of the verb. 1. At the moment we (watch)

a pair of ducks on the lake.

2. Every day in the spring we (come) 3. The snow (melt)

to walk in this park. now and we can see the grass.

4. It is still a bit cold but the weather (get)

warmer now.

5. At the moment one of the ducks (dip)

its head in the water.

6. All year round we (take) 7. A walk (be)

photos of the birds that visit the lake. an excellent way to keep t and we (like)

to watch birds. 8. Suddenly we (hear)

a familiar sound. The Canada geese (y)

overhead!

Edit It!

Underline and correct the errors. If the sentence is correct, write C.

1. Right now I eat my supper. 2. We practise meditation every day. 3. They are being in our exercise class. 4. He is believing in hot yoga for maximum health. 5. The health benets of exercise are well known. 6. Is he studying now? Yes, he is. 7. I am seeing about 50 students in the library. 8. Were very happy with our choice of activity. 9. Kate is preferring to walk home after work. 10. The group gives a concert once a month.

22

UNIT 2

Present Progressive

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UNIT

Nouns Eat cereal and fruits to start your day.

3

FUNCTION AND FORM Nouns are used to name people, places, things, and abstract concepts.

3.1 Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns

Uncountable Nouns

For people or things that can be counted

For people or things that cannot be counted

Have both singular and plural forms (regular ending -s or -es) car

cars

dish

dishes

Do not have a plural form She gave me some advice. (advices)

Can take the third-person singular or plural form of the verb My mother teaches at the high school.

Take the third-person singular form of the verb

My hair is a mess! (all my hair) There are dog hairs all over the sofa. (strands of hair)

Smoke damages people’s health.

Her two sisters teach at the university. Can take an indenite article

Some nouns are both countable and uncountable, depending on the intended meaning.

Cannot take an indenite article

I saw a romantic movie last night.

I need an information.

Can be used with a number

Cannot be used with a number

I need two chairs and one table.

I need two furniture.

Examples of uncountable nouns

1

bread

coffee

earth

our

milk

rain

salt

sugar

sun

water

beauty

fun

happiness

information

love

luck

peace

time

truth

violence

Write C if the noun is countable or U if it is uncountable. 1. advice

3. tree

5. child

7. trafc

2. love

4. chair

6. foot

8. freedom

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UNIT 3

Nouns

23

3.2 Spelling of Plural Countable Nouns Regular Plurals Noun Ending

Rule

Example

Most endings

Add -s.

computer

computers toy

-f, -fe

Change the -f to v and add -es.

leaf

leaves (exceptions: beliefs, chiefs)

Change the -fe to v and add -es.

life

lives

-o

Add -s or -es.

photo

Consonant + -y

Change -y to i and add -es.

party

parties

-ch, -s, -sh, -ss, -x, -zz

Add -es.

wish

wishes

Most compound nouns

Add -s or -es to last noun.

soccer game

photos potato

toys

potatoes

soccer games

Examples of Irregular Plurals analysis child

foot

children

criterion deer

analyses

feet

goldsh

criteria

goose man

deer

2 The pronunciation of the plurals with a nal -s and -es follows the same rule as the third-person singular of verbs: /s/ , /z/ , /iz/ . Go to unit 1, page 4, for more information.

medium goldsh

geese men

media

salmon

moose

moose

sheep

mouse

mice

tooth

person

people

woman

salmon sheep teeth women

Write the plural form of the noun on the line. 1. baby

6. wife

2. watch

7. video game

3. gentleman

8. thief

4. animal

9. person

5. boy

10. class

3.3 Possessive Form Use the possessive form of nouns to show ownership or association.

Noun Singular nouns

Rule Add ’s (apostrophe + -s).

Plural nouns that do not end with -s Plural nouns that end with -s

24

the dog’s bone, the boss’s decision the children’s books

Add an ’ (apostrophe).

Proper nouns that end with the sound / z /

3

Example

my brothers’ cars Mr. Jones’ car

Write the possessive form of the nouns in parentheses. 1.

motorcycle (the boys)

3.

computer (James)

2.

book (Mike)

4.

club (women)

UNIT 3

Nouns

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PRACTISE 4

Plural Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Charts 3.1, 3.2

Indicate if each noun is countable (C) or uncountable (U). (If you need help, read the sentence.) Then complete each sentence with the correct form of the noun.

Complete additional exercises online to

Noun

C or U

Example: love

Sentence People say that go around.

U

practise nouns.

love

makes the world

1. fun

We have

2. city

New York is one of the coolest

3. salt

I like

4. course

I am failing two

right now.

5. energy drink

He loves energy

.

6. hair

Look at these cat

7. money

I don’t have enough

8. sandwich

I love salami

5

at the water park. .

on my fries.

on my coat! . .

Mixed Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Chart 3.1

Cross out the noun that doesn’t belong with the others in each row. 1.

tea

milk

sugar

carrot

2.

rain

snowake

sun

snow

3.

education

computer

information

technology

4.

printer

report

homework

page

5.

love

beauty

fun

game

6

Plural Nouns

Chart 3.2

Write the correct plural form of each noun in parentheses. Use a dictionary if necessary. Example: The 1. I saw the

mice

ate the cheese. (mouse) on the team. (woman)

5. Barbados has many

2. There are many different

. (theory)

6. I’m going to brush my

3. The dog is guarding the

. (sheep)

7. Did you see my

4. The

liked the movie. (child)

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8. I love her birthday

. (beach) . (tooth) ? (video) . (party)

UNIT 3

Nouns

25

7

Possessive Form

Chart 3.3

Write the possessive form of the underlined noun in each sentence. Jack’s

Example: Jack / workbench is very heavy. 1. Astrid / house is next to mine.

workbench is very heavy. house is next to mine.

2. Where is Ivan / dog? Where is

dog?

3. The girl / apartment is really small. The

apartment is really small.

4. Nicole / drawings are on the table.

drawings are on the table.

5. Dan / new car is expensive.

new car is expensive.

6. The children/ parents worry about energy drinks. The 7. The sisters / schedule is very stressful. The

parents worry about energy drinks. schedule is very stressful.

8. The women / residence hall is very modern. The

8

Mixed Nouns

residence hall is very modern.

Charts 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

Write the correct form of the nouns in parentheses. paths

Example: New bike (path)

are accommodating citizens.

Bike-sharing is fun and environmentally friendly. From the largest bike-sharing system in China to a university 1

campus in Brazil, urban (planner)

are coming up with new ideas to ease trafc problems.

In Asia, the bicycle used to be the simplest way to travel to work, but with growing prosperity (person) 2

3

have (money)

4

to buy cars. (China)

bike-sharing system

connects users to public transport. In Kitakyushu, Japanese users have access to a battery that charges their 5

electric bikes. In India, the government is introducing bike-sharing in 10 (city)

.

In Europe, the largest bike-sharing system is in Paris and the government of Denmark plans to build new 6

super highways just for (bike)

! There is also a competition to design an ultra-modern bike

station in Copenhagen. Tourists in Amsterdam have to watch out for all the bikes on bridges crossing the famous canals. In London, interactive maps give users real-time (information) 7

about the number of bikes available at every station.

In South America, the University of São Paolo in Brazil found a creative way to solve 8

trafc problems on its large campus. The (university) create free bike-sharing for (student) 10

26

UNIT 3

Nouns

9

solution was to

and professors to get to their (class)

on time.

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SPEAKING

1.

Work in pairs. Choose one of the following topics. Take a minute to list as many nouns as you can think of related to that topic.

2.

Exchange your list with another pair. With your partner, decide if the nouns on the list are countable (C) or uncountable (U). Then write the correct plural form of the countable nouns.

COMMUNICATE

WRITING

Topics  Food and drink

 Sports

 Shopping

 Travel

 Leisure activities

 School

Noun

C or U

Example: Snack

C

Plural Snacks

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Edit It!

Underline and correct the error in each sentence.

1. Some students use their cellphones to get informations during an exam. 2. What advices do you give your classmates about cheating? 3. Persons say that honesty is the best policy. 4. We all have different perspectives and believes. 5. In some society lying is acceptable. 6. A students’ responsibility is to be fair and not cheat.

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UNIT 3

Nouns

27

REVIEW A

Plurals of Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Choose the correct forms of the countable and uncountable nouns highlighted in the text.

Airport Anxiety 1

2

Sometimes persons / people worry about air travel / travels , but today everyone 3

seems relaxed. Of course, some people are anxious about security / securities , 4

but that’s normal. Some travellers are waiting to check in their luggage / luggages . 5

Others are asking for informations / information about their ights. One man is 6

talking to the couple next to him. They are giving him advice / advices about his 7

trip to South America. I hope they warn him about the trafc / trafcs in the big 8

9

citys / cities . Some children / childrens are having fun in the play area. A few passengers are changing their money / monies

B

10

at the bank. Oh! It’s time to board.

Regular and Irregular Plurals

Write the correct plural form of each noun in parentheses. 1. Do you have good sleep 2. I have really sore 3. Why do you have two

? (habit) after yesterday’s marathon. (foot) for your computer? (screen)

4. Get ready to discuss the three 5. Do you need to buy some

C

in class. (study) for your lunch? (tomato)

Possessive Forms

Underline the errors in the possessive form. Then write each sentence correctly. 1. The team of the women is competing in the Paralympics.

2. Where are the credit cards of Ashley?

3. The decision of the girls was unanimous.

28

UNIT 3

Nouns

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UNIT

Determiners The couple is walking on the sidewalk.

4

FUNCTION AND FORM

4.1 Articles Articles are used to make a noun denite (the student) or indenite (a student).

Article

Indenite

Denite

a / an

the

None

Use

Example

Use a before a singular countable noun to refer to a non-specic person or thing.

He has a cool bike.

Use an in front of a noun beginning with a vowel sound or a silent h.

Do you want an apple or an orange?

Exception: Use a if the vowel makes a /y/ sound.

A university education is expensive.

Use the with singular and plural nouns to refer to specic people or things.

The bike I lost is red.

For generalizations about people or things

Studies can be stressful.

For names of people, titles, sports, languages, and countries

Dr. Stewart speaks Japanese and lives in Japan. He does martial arts.

I often eat a mango for dessert.

It takes an hour to drive to work.

Here’s the mango I’m going to eat.

Students often have a lot of homework.

Not: The Dr. Stewart speaks the Japanese and lives in the Japan. He does the martial arts.

1

Complete each sentence with a, an, or the. If no article is needed, write X. 1. This is 2. Do you want 3. It is such

hospital.

4. Where is

pepper in your soup? 5. Jack is eating honour to meet you.

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metro station? avocado.

6. His favourite game is

hockey.

Uncountable nouns cannot take an indenite article. The steak needs a salt.

UNIT 4

Determiners

29

4.2 Quantifying Determiners Determiner

Example

Use many before a countable noun in afrmative and negative statements and questions.

I have many friends.

Use much before an uncountable noun in negative statements and questions.

I don’t have much time for fun.

too much, so much

Use too much or so much in afrmative statements.

I have so much fun with my friends!

a lot of

Use a lot of before a countable or an uncountable noun.

Do you have a lot of friends?

many

Spelling error: a lot alot

Use

much

Use a lot of instead of much in afrmative statements.

I don’t have many friends. How many friends do you have?

How much time do you have?

I spend a lot of much time with my friends.

4.3 Demonstrative Determiners Determiner

Function

this (singular)

Refer to people or things that are near you

I like this photo here.

Refer to people or things that are far from you

What is in that box over there?

these (plural) Refer to unit 5, page 36, for more information on possessive determiners and possessive pronouns.

that (singular) those (plural)

my / your

Sue likes her phone. (The phone belongs to Sue.)

30

his / her / its our / your / their

2

Function Indicate ownership or association with people or things

Example Karine is my best friend. I often go to her house. Our houses are on the same street.

1. I prefer this website to that one.

Joel likes his tablet. (Joel is the owner of the tablet.)

3. He wants to copy that documents and those page.

Determiners

I like those trendy chairs in that store.

Check if each sentence is right (R) or wrong (W). Write the sentence correctly if there is an error.

2. I don’t have many money.

UNIT 4

Can I keep these ones?

4.4 Possessive Determiners Determiner

English nouns have no gender, unlike French nouns. Use the possessive determiner that refers to the gender of the person who owns the object.

Example

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PRACTISE 3

Articles

Chart 4.1

Underline the nouns. Complete each sentence with a, an, or X (no article needed). Example: Sometimes I fry 1. Here’s 2. We love 3. This is

Complete additional exercises

X

chicken.

Thai cookbook you are looking for. Thai food. popular vegetable.

4. I don’t put

salt in everything.

5. Today I am making 6. I am adding

eggplant recipe. tomato.

7. Most people like

spices.

8. Each time I peel

onion, I cry!

9. Here is

dish I enjoy the most.

10. You need to cook it for

4

online to practise determiners.

hour and

Quantifying Determiners

half.

Chart 4.2

Complete each sentence with many or much. Example: Grace has

many

hobbies.

1. Yannick doesn’t spend 2. He plays

time at home. sports.

3. He participates in

competitions.

4. He doesn’t have time to do

homework.

5. His sports activities take up

5

hours a week.

Demonstrative Determiners

Chart 4.3

Underline the correct determiner in each sentence. Example: I am going into this / these store to buy running shoes. 1

Jade: I’m not sure I like this / these red sneakers I’m holding right now. 2

Dylan: Do you want to try on those / this pair that I just picked up? 3

Jade: No, I don’t. I prefer that / those sneakers in the corner at the back. 4

Dylan: Do you mean these / this blue pair next to me? 5

Jade: No, I don’t. Please, pass me these / that purple pair behind them.

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UNIT 4

Determiners

31

6

Possessive Determiners

Chart 4.4

Complete the text with the correct possessive determiner: my, his, her, its, our, your, their. Example: I like Gaudi because

his

designs are unusual.

Antonio Gaudi was an amazing architect. Do you know any of

1

beautiful buildings? He started building 2

the famous Sagrada Família Cathedral in Barcelona in 1882 and planned 3

went to visit the cathedral this summer and Barcelona love

7

4

impression was that 2026 was too optimistic! The people of

famous architect. Do some research on

Mixed Determiners

completion for 2026. My sister

5

computer if you want to learn more.

Charts 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

Underline the correct determiner in each sentence. There may be more than one possible answer. Example: Around the world there are many / much / a lot of strange buildings. 1. The Sydney Opera House draws so much / many / a lot of admiration from visitors. 2. People come to Vienna to see the district heating plant with its / a / his unusual decorations. Heating plant, Vienna

3. Did your daughter enjoy his / her / its visit to the Royal Ontario Museum? 4. In Sopot, Poland, there is a / an / his famous crooked house. 5. Barcelona has many / the / a lot of architecture that is exciting to see. 6. A man in Bulgaria built his / a lot of / her house in the shape of a snail! 7. Do you prefer the Basket Building in Ohio to the / those / that building over there? 8. My aunt is showing me his / her / many photo of Habitat 67 in Montréal. 9. There is an / a / its atrium in the centre of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao. 10. My favourite architect is the / an / a famous American Frank Lloyd Wright.

8

Mixed Determiners

Habitat 67, Montréal

Charts 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

Complete each sentence with the correct determiners. Example: Jonathan introduced me to 1. Anthony has

his

friend Anthony.

sister, Anna, who is

2. Anna attended Harvard University.

teacher won

3. Dame Zaha Hadid is the rst woman architect to win 4. Hadid designed 5. Hadid lives in England and is

32

UNIT 4

Determiners

modern buildings around role model for

architect. Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2004. prize. world. young female architects.

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COMMUNICATE

Maya’s bedroom

Jean-Luc’s bedroom

SPEAKING Find a partner and decide which photo each of you will use to compare Maya’s bedroom with Jean-Luc’s. Ask questions using the correct possessive determiners and other determiners before each noun. Example: Student A: Is there a cushion on Maya’s couch? Student B: Yes, there is. I see a white cushion on her couch. Student A (Maya’s Bedroom)

Student B (Jean-Luc’s Bedroom)

1. desk

1. sneakers

2. chair

2. round rug

3. shelves

3. bookcase

4. cushions

4. bedside table

5. pictures

5. guitar

WRITING Are the bedrooms in the photos the same as your bedroom or different? What is your bedroom like? Write a description of your bedroom. Use the determiners in the word box. Underline the determiners in your description. a

a lot of

an

its

many

my

that

the

their

these

this

those

Example: This photo looks like my bedroom. Its layout is the same. There is a bed and a desk. There are many windows. I also have a bookcase and a guitar.

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UNIT 4

Determiners

33

REVIEW A

Possessive Determiners and Demonstrative Determiners

Circle the correct determiners. 1

2

Mario: I like this / these table in front of me but I don’t like that / those chairs in the corner. 3

4

This / these sofa that I’m sitting on is comfortable but that / those armchairs over there 5

aren’t. I don’t want to keep this / these old dresser next to me. 6

Zoe: OK, but me / my grandmother gave me that old dresser, so I want to keep it. 7

Mario: Is this you’re / your coffee table, too? Zoe: No, it was left by the previous tenants. They didn’t have room in they’re / their

8

new apartment. This lamp is my father’s. He gave it to me when he moved out of 9

his / he’s large house. Mario: Some of this furniture should denitely nd it’s / its

B

10

way to a new owner!

Articles and Quantifying Determiners

Write the correct determiner (a / an, the, many, much) in front of each noun. 1. Do you have

assignment to hand in this week? Yes, I do. I have to write

2. She has to read

books but she doesn’t have

3. He didn’t do

work, like

4. I hope to get

email from my teacher. He cancels

5. Beth is applying to

Edit It!

report.

time.

busy students. class when he is sick.

small university in Québec. I think she is making

right decision.

Underline and correct the 10 determiner errors.

Pablo doesn’t have many knowledge of English. He is currently taking a English course because he wants to be the interior designer. Pablo has alot of determination. He watches English TV and speaks the English with he’s friends. He reads much magazines to nd information about different styles. These information is useful for the nal course essay. Her essays are usually well organized and teachers say they’re topics are interesting.

34

UNIT 4

Determiners

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5

UNIT

Pronouns “I dream of an Africa which is in peace with itself.” We admire him for his courage.

FUNCTION AND FORM

5.1 Subject and Object Pronouns It, unlike the other pronouns, cannot be used to refer to humans. Note that the plural pronoun they does not refer only to humans.

Pronoun I you Subject

he / she / it we / you / they me

Object

you him / her / it us / you / them

1

Function

Example

Replaces a noun that is the subject of a sentence and comes before the main verb

Naomi swims with Jessica.

Always write the rst-person subject pronoun with a capital letter.

I don’t swim. i don’t swim.

Replaces a noun that is the object of a sentence and usually comes after a verb or preposition

Naomi swims with Jessica.

(subject) (verb)

She swims with Jessica.

(verb + preposition) (object)

Naomi swims with her.

Object pronouns are not capitalized.

Write the correct subject or object pronouns to replace the underlined nouns. 1. Natalia loves her yoga classes.

loves

2. Fred and I saw Sharon and Tania yesterday. yesterday. 3. Do you see Michael? Do you see

. saw

?

4. Anna and Jim invited Sara to supper.

invited

5. Mark is watching the movie Fast and Furious.

to supper. is watching

. 6. Does Leah like Tim and me? Does

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like

?

Do not use an object pronoun followed by a subject pronoun. I am a student. (Me , I am a student.)

UNIT 5

Pronouns

35

5.2 Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns The word its cannot be used as a possessive pronoun. It can only be used as a possessive determiner. This is the cat’s toy. This toy is its. This is its toy.

Form

Function

my

Do not confuse the possessive determiners his, its, your, and their with the contractions he’s (he is), it’s (it is), you’re (you are), and they’re (they are).

your Possessive determiner

his / her / its our / your / their

mine yours Possessive pronoun

Refer to unit 4, page 30, for more information on possessive determiners.

2

his / hers ours / yours / theirs

Example

Replaces a noun to show ownership or association

This is Sandy’s mountain bike. This is her mountain bike.

Is always followed by a noun

His graduation ceremony is on Monday.

Replaces a possessive determiner and noun combination

This is my cellphone. This cellphone is mine.

Replaces a possessive noun

This cellphone is Jade’s. / This is Jade’s cellphone.

Is not followed by a noun

This cellphone is hers.

Mathew’s graduation ceremony is on Monday.

Where is your cellphone? Where is yours?

Underline the possessive determiner or the possessive noun. Then complete the second sentence with the correct possessive pronoun. 1. This is my car. This car is

.

2. That is their apartment. That apartment is

.

3. They are my sister’s children. They are

.

4. That is my brother’s truck. That truck is

.

5. This is our painting. This painting is

.

5.3 Reexive Pronouns Pronoun

Note the spelling change from -self (singular) to -selves (plural).

myself yourself

himself (hisself) themselves (theirselves) ourselves (ourselfs)

himself / herself / itself ourselves / yourselves / themselves

3

Function Is usually the object of a verb or preposition when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same

2. When people feel good about 3. Make a note to remind

UNIT 5

Pronouns

I am proud of me myself! Take care of yourself! Tom is admiring him himself. They are proud of them themselves.

Complete each sentence with the correct reexive pronoun. 1. Nancy is proud of

36

Example

because she had a good evaluation. , they enjoy their work. about the meeting.

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PRACTISE 4

Subject Pronouns

Chart 5.1

Underline the subject of each sentence. Then write the sentence with a subject pronoun.

Complete additional exercises online to

Example: Batman and Robin are superheroes. They are superheroes.

practise pronouns.

1. Superheroes are eternally popular. 2. Superman always wins the battle over evil. 3. Catwoman is both a heroine and a villain! 4. Gotham City is Batman’s hometown. 5. My brother and I want to be superheroes.

5

Object Pronouns

Chart 5.1

Complete each sentence with the missing object pronoun. Use the information in parentheses. Example: She is driving

them

1. They are taking

to the vet. (the hamster)

2. The girl is watching

x his motorcycle. (her brother)

3. She is bringing

our food. (you and me)

4. He is teaching

karate. (the students)

5. The principal is giving

6

to soccer practice. (the boys)

the diploma. (the girl)

Subject and Object Pronouns

Chart 5.1

Complete the text with the appropriate subject or object pronouns. Underline the noun(s) each pronoun replaces. Example: Vegetarians and vegans avoid certain food types. 1. My sister, Jessie, is a vegan. My mother is a vegetarian.

They

do not eat meat.

does not eat meat or eggs or drink milk. doesn’t eat red meat, poultry, or seafood but

eats eggs. Shawn, my brother, isn’t a vegetarian. 2. My sister Jessie, my mother, and I don’t touch meat. when

eats ribs because

of Jessie when

likes meat. laugh at Shawn

eats like a lion. Shawn makes fun

eats alfalfa sprouts. Shawn says

looks like a

rabbit eating grass. 3. Everyone in my family is different. Sometimes I joke with

about their

food preferences. Jessie and I don’t eat meat, and our friends often tease at lunchtime.

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UNIT 5

Pronouns

37

7

Possessive Determiners

Chart 5.2

Underline the possessive pronoun. Then write each sentence with a possessive determiner and noun. Example: That yoga mat is yours. That is your yoga mat. 1. This spinning cycle is mine. 2. These weights are theirs. 3. That soccer ball is hers. 4. Those running shoes are his. 5. That treadmill is ours. 6. Is this schoolbag yours? 7. These socks are his. 8. Those photos are ours.

8

Possessive Pronouns

Chart 5.2

Underline the possessive determiner and the noun, or the possessive noun. Then write each sentence with a possessive pronoun. Example: This isn’t our desk. This desk isn’t ours. 1. Annie, is this your textbook? 2. No, it is Jake’s textbook. 3. Where is my book? 4. These books are Nadia’s. 5. Those books are the teachers’. 6. Is that your country house? 7.

This is their country house.

8. Our house is across the street.

9

Possessive Pronouns or Possessive Determiners

Chart 5.2

Underline the correct possessive pronoun or possessive determiner. Example: Is this jacket her / hers? 1

Chloe: I’m looking for my sneakers. Are these your / yours ? 2

Alex: No, they’re not mine / my . They belong to Lisa. 3

Chloe: No, they’re denitely not hers / her . They are blue. 4

Alex: What colour are yours / your ? 5

Chloe: My / Mine are pink and green.

38

UNIT 5

Pronouns

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Chloe: Emma and Sophie have a lot of stuff in this closet. 6

Alex: I guess most of this stuff is their / theirs . 7

Chloe: Here are my / mine sneakers under Jim’s sports bag. 8

Alex: He should look after his / he’s things. 9

Chloe: You’re right. You always look after your / yours things well. Alex: Roommates should keep their / theirs

10

closets tidy.

Chloe: Lisa is a good example. She really takes care of her / hers

11

things.

Alex: I guess all of us could make an effort to clean up ours / our

12

space!

10 Spelling of Reexive Pronouns

Chart 5.3

Each sentence has one or more reexive pronouns. Underline the incorrect reexive pronouns and then write them correctly. If the sentence is correct, write C. themselves Example: Leslie and Alex are pleased with theirselves. 1. I am proud of meself and he is happy with hisself. 2. We are satised with ourselfs, but they are not proud of themselfs. 3. Sonia is pleased with herself. 4. Kate! Jackson! Why are you sunning yourself on the roof? 5. The cat is licking itselves. 6. Justin, why are you congratulating youself? 7.

The players are proud of thereselves for a great game.

8. Sam and Tony, you should be ashamed of yourself!

11 Reexive Pronouns

Chart 5.3

Complete each sentence with the correct reexive pronoun. Example: Tony is forcing

himself

to get in shape.

1. Zoe has a new tattoo. She is pleased with

.

2. Jason doesn’t like distractions. He prefers to study by

.

3. The athletes won the competition. They are proud of

.

4. We congratulated 5. I am training

on the success of our project. to be more disciplined.

6. Hugo, if you think texting and driving is cool, you are fooling 7. Why are you guys always pushing 8. The dog is shaking

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

!

to the limit? . It just ran in the rain.

UNIT 5

Pronouns

39

12 Mixed Pronouns and Possessive Determiners

Charts 5.1, 5.2

Underline the correct pronoun or possessive determiner. Example: We like sleeping in ours / our / our’s motorhome. 1. We have fun putting up we / us / our tent. 2. Me / I / My love sleeping under the stars. 3. Do you like they’re / their / theirs motorcycle? Its / It’s / It the latest model. 4. Is that Ski-Doo you’re / yours / your or his / he’s / him? 5. We sail on the lake in us / we / our boat. 6. I put on mine / my / me swimsuit and dive in the water. 7. Them / They / Theirs have an active lifestyle and enjoy hunting on theirs / there’s / their land. 8. She often goes camping in the woods with hers / she / her friends. 9. In the winter we usually go to us / our / ours shack to ice-sh. 10. My brother loves he / his / its snowmobile and my sister enjoys her / hers / she speedboat.

13 Mixed Pronouns

Charts 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

Write the pronoun that replaces the underlined word(s). Example: Suzie and Samantha are in the same class.

are in the same class.

1. Fred and I like snowboarding.

like snowboarding.

2. Suzie watches horror movies.

watches horror movies.

3. Did you phone your sister?

Did you phone

4. I know her four good friends.

I know

5. I’m meeting Zach at school.

I’m meeting

6. Did you nish your homework?

Did you nish

7. This is her computer.

This is

.

8. That is my schoolbag.

That is

.

9. Is Amelie happy with Amelie?

Is

10. Are Tom and Tim pleased with Tom and Tim?

40

They

UNIT 5

Pronouns

Are

? . at school. ?

happy with pleased with

? ?

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14 Mixed Pronouns

Charts 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

Complete the text with the pronouns in the word box. You can use each pronoun more than once.

myself

Example: I’m a millennial

.

Millennial Identity A millennial is a person born after 1980 in history’s rst “connected” generation. 1

How do you rate

as a millennial? In a recent study in the U.S.A., 2

young people evaluated

level of millennial identity. The study

showed millennials to be condent, technologically connected, and open to 3

new ideas. Most millennials use smartphones. 4

in

5

homes. They amuse

do not use a landline

by downloading movies to

their computers rather than going to see a movie in a cinema. They play videogames alone, with friends, or with strangers in other countries. Millennials identify 6

as liberal in their views and are tolerant toward others. Family is 7

more important to

8

than fame and fortune.

I me my myself ourselves they them their themselves you your yourself

aim is to

have a successful marriage and to be good parents. 9

To rate

11

a tattoo or a piercing? Are 12

Are 13

10

, answer the following questions. Do

have

more interested in spirituality than religion?

political views liberal? When you are driving, where is

smartphone? If you have an impulsive desire to text and drive at the 14

same time, and sleep with the smartphone next to your bed, are a millennial! So am I! I multitask with hand-held gadgets.

15

am also proud of

16

when I succeed at school.

I am interested in

17

clothes and I like to look smart.

18

listen to music a lot and need to be connected all

the time. I have nomophobia, or the fear of losing mobile contact, when I think that

19

connection to technology could

be interrupted. We millennials are happy with

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

20

!

UNIT 5

Pronouns

41

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Work with a classmate and take turns interviewing each other. Write your classmate’s responses below. Then nd another pair of students and introduce your partner. Use as many pronouns as you can. Refer to Appendix 1 to help you. Example: This is Nadia. She is 18. She is studying nursing. Her favourite hobby is reading. 1.

Name and age:

2.

Program of study and future career:

3.

Home location (now and in the future):

4.

Family (now and in the future):

5.

Hobbies:

6.

Favourite movies:

7.

Favourite singer or band:

8.

Favourite public gure:

9.

Lifestyle choices (food, body decoration):

10.

Personal views (spirituality, politics):

WRITING Write a short text about someone you admire and respect. The person can be a family member, a teacher, a close friend, a famous person, or an athlete. Use as many pronouns and possessive determiners as you can and underline them. Remember to give your text a title. Refer to Appendix 1 to help you. Example: My Father I really admire my father. He works hard in his job as an engineer, but he always has time to listen to me when I have a problem. My father knows how to have fun, too. In the winter he skies and he organizes a great hockey game with our family. In the summer he bikes or runs every day. Last summer we went kayaking on the river near our house. I admire my father for being able to balance his work and his family life so well. However, sometimes I worry that he pushes himself too hard.

42

UNIT 5

Pronouns

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REVIEW A

Subject and Object Pronouns

Underline the correct pronoun. 1. Why are you laughing at she / her? She / Her isn’t funny! 2. Look at he / him! He / him is all dressed up for the Halloween party. 3. Are you coming with we / us? We / Us are leaving by car at nine o’clock. 4. They / them are meeting us at the reception hall. Are you going with they / them? 5. I / me don’t want to be late for the party. Don’t worry, you’re travelling with I / me.

B

Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns

Complete the text with the correct possessive determiners and possessive pronouns. Possessive Determiners

my

his / her / its

our / your / their

Possessive Pronouns

mine

his / hers

ours / yours / theirs

The Colours of Holland Holland is a country famous for

1

canals, windmills, and owers. Every

spring tourists arrive from around the world to see the colourful beds of tulips. 2

colours are rich and vibrant. Travellers brought tulips from Turkey and

Iran in the sixteenth century. In 1592 a man called Carolus Clusius wrote a book on 3

tulips.

book became an instant success and tulips became very popular. 4

The Dutch became rich as they rened colours. Each colour of tulip has

5

techniques to create tulips in new

meaning. Red tulips represent true love,

pink tulips are for affection, purple for royalty, and orange for energy and passion. The Dutch brought tulips to North America. One colony of

6

has become a world marvel. Originally

called New Amsterdam by the Dutch, the city was renamed New York by the British. A relative of

7

8

introduced me to these wonderful owers. I remember the stories

grandmother told me about

9

childhood in Holland. The most vivid memory of

10

was the

day she ran through a eld of tulips in her little wooden shoes. One day I hope to visit Holland’s tulip elds.

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UNIT 5

Pronouns

43

C

Mixed Pronouns

Complete Zoe’s email with the pronouns in the word box. Use each pronoun only once. he

him

I

it

me

mine

myself

she

we

you

Hi, Julie, 1

How are

? I hope your studies are going well. 3

Science is a tough career choice, but 4

I am proud of 5

and 7

2

are getting difcult!

is interesting.

because my grades are good. Brittany is also studying science 6

helps me when

don’t understand the homework. Right now

are studying for our nal exams.

How is Simon? Does 10

Write to

8

like his new job? Give

9

my love.

soon.

Zoe

Edit It!

Underline and correct the 15 pronoun errors in the text.

Me, I love the winter. She is my favourite season. Winter in Canada brings a lot of snow and i can do many activities. My sister and I love riding along trails on hers snowmobile. Its really exciting. Sometimes us put on ours snowshoes and take long walks through the woods. In addition, they love cross-country skiing; my sister is proud of her because she takes part in races. She won a few medals and their on a shelf in his bedroom. I also go snowboarding with mine brother. His a funny guy and our laugh a lot. We really enjoy ourselfs doing fun winter activities together.

44

UNIT 5

Pronouns

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UNIT

Simple Past Steve Jobs changed the way we interact with technology.

Last week / month / year . . .

Yesterday

Today Now

Tomorrow

6 Next week / month / year . . .

FUNCTION AND FORM

6.1 Simple Past Use For an action or event in the past that is completely nished

Example Yesterday I watched a documentary. Last year we bought a home movie theatre. In 1990 T. Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web.

Keywords

Form the simple past by using only one verb. I have bought bread yesterday.

a year ago, last month, last spring, in 1969, on February 17, when I was a child, yesterday . . .

1

Underline the keywords and circle each verb in the simple past. 1. On April 3, 1973, Dr. Martin Cooper made the rst cellphone call. 2. I watched a report on techno-addiction last week.

Refer to appendix 5, pages 134–135, for a list of irregular verbs.

3. Microsoft bought Skype from the founders in 2011. 4. Years ago children played games in the street, not on computers. 5. IBM developed the rst smartphone in 1992. 6. In the 1960s Doug Engelbart developed the rst computer mouse made of wood. 7. Last month I bought my rst wearable technology: Google Glass. 8. Fifty years ago nobody had nomophobia, the fear of losing mobile phone contact.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 6

Simple Past

45

6.2 Simple Past of Regular Verbs Afrmative Subject

Negative

Base form of verb + -ed

I / He / She / It

Subject I / He / She / It

walked. We / You / They

We / You / They

Yes / No Questions

Did + not

Base form of verb

Did

walk.

Did

Subject

Base form of verb

I / he / she / it

did not (didn’t)

walk? we / you / they

6.3 Spelling of Regular Verbs Verb Ending To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use did or didn’t without the main verb. Did Charles buy a smartphone? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.

Rule

Example

Most endings

Add -ed.

play

played

-e or -ie

Add -d.

love

loved

Consonant + -y

Change the -y to i and add -ed

cry

Consonant + short vowel sound + consonant Two-syllable verbs when stress* falls on the second syllable

cried

drum Double the nal consonant and add -ed (except -w, -x, -y).

refer

drummed referred

*Stress is the emphasis placed on the sound or syllable of a spoken word.

2

Complete each sentence with the afrmative or negative form of the verb. Then write sentences 1 and 2 as yes / no questions. 1. Jason (show)

me his new tablet yesterday.

2. Emma (try)

to drive her electric car a week ago.

3. They (post, negative)

their photos on Facebook last night.

6.4 Pronunciation of -ed Final Sound Pronunciation Use the nal sound of the base verb, not the spelling, to decide how to pronounce -ed. The -gh in laugh is pronounced /f/.

46

UNIT 6

Simple Past

Example

/ch/, /f/, /k/, /p/, /s/, /sh/, /x/

/t/

matched, laughed, kicked, stopped, missed, washed, mixed

/d/, /t/

/id/

decided, persuaded, wanted

all other sounds

/d/

changed, entered, zzed, freed, moved, pulled, returned, sobbed, smoothed, wagged, welcomed

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6.5 Simple Past of Irregular Verbs Form afrmative and negative statements and yes / no questions with irregular verbs the same way as with regular verbs. Here are a few examples of irregular verbs. come

came

drink

drank

go

went

think

thought

do

did

eat

ate

run

ran

write

wrote

Refer to appendix 5, pages 134–135, for a list of irregular verbs.

6.6 Information Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs With Did Question word

Did

What

Refer to appendix 2, page 131, for information on question words.

Without Did

Subject

Base form of verb

Question word

Past form of verb

Rest of question

he

do?

Who

invented

the television?

you

pay?

What

felt

strange?

When the subject of the sentence is not known, do not use did.

did How much

3

Write a question in the simple past to match the information in bold.

What fell on the oor?

1. Ben found information about 3D movies on the Internet last night.

(We don’t know what fell on the oor.)

The phone fell on the oor.

2. Google Glass appeared in 2013.

You can a answer a yes / no question with a short answer.

3. Sandra paid $65 for a new phone online last month.

Were you at the coffee shop yesterday?

6.7 Simple Past of the Verb Be

Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.

Do not use did with the verb be in the negative and question forms.

Afrmative Subject

Verb be

Negative Subject

Verb be + not

Yes / No Questions Verb be

I / He / She / It

was.

I / He / She / It

was not (wasn’t).

We / You / They

were.

We / You / They

were not Were (weren’t).

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Was

Subject

Information Questions Question word

Verb be

Subject

I / he / she / it?

Where

was

I / he / she / it?

we / you / they?

Who

were

we / you / they?

UNIT 6

Simple Past

47

PRACTISE 4 Complete additional exercises online to practise the simple past of regular and irregular verbs.

Regular Verbs in the Simple Past

Charts 6.2, 6.3

Write each regular verb in the simple past. Then circle the two verbs that have the nal /id/ sound. Example: worry

worried

1. change

4. end

7. start

2. fry

5. plan

8. stop

3. die

6. cry

9. open

5

Afrmative and Negative of Regular Verbs

Chart 6.2

Write the afrmative sentences in the negative and the negative sentences in the afrmative. Use contractions for negative verbs. Example: He texted her lots of smiley faces. He didn’t text her lots of smiley faces. 1. People replied to my tweet within minutes last night.

2. Nathalie didn’t lie about her age at her interview last month.

3. He regretted the unkind remark he posted on Facebook yesterday.

4. We didn’t apply new privacy rules to our website last June.

6

Afrmative and Negative of the Verb Be

Chart 6.7

The underlined information in each sentence is incorrect. Write the sentence in the negative using the contracted form. Then use the information in parentheses to write a correct statement. Example: Johnny Depp was born on June 19, 1968. (June 9, 1963) Johnny Depp wasn’t born on June 19, 1968. He was born on June 9, 1963. 1. As a teenager Depp was a drummer in a band. (guitarist)

2. Depp’s most successful movies were in the 1980s. (after the 1980s)

3. According to the 2012 Guinness Book of World Records, Johnny Depp was the lowest-paid actor. (highest-paid)

48

UNIT 6

Simple Past

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7

Pronunciation of -ed

Chart 6.4

Write each verb in the simple past. Then write /t/, /d/, or /id/ to indicate the pronunciation of the nal -ed. Practise pronouncing the past-tense verbs with a classmate. Example: share

shared

/d/

1. help

5. cough

2. parade

6. tie

3. wait

7. wish

4. hum

8. transfer

8

Simple Past of Irregular Verbs

Chart 6.5

Write the verbs in the simple past. Use appendix 5 for help. Example: cost

cost

1. begin

6. shut

2. break

7. forget

3. teach

8. hear

4. lose

9. keep

5. sell

10. throw

9

Negative of Irregular Verbs

Chart 6.5

Write each sentence in the negative form using contractions. Example: A French company made the rst spy mannequin for stores. A French company didn’t make the rst spy mannequin for stores. 1. After 2003 the supersonic plane Concorde ew regularly from New York to London.

2. Bill Gates gave the world the rst Apple computer.

3. Sarah sold her jewellery on the rst eBay auction in 1985.

4. I rode at 320 km/hour in a Japanese high-speed bullet train last year.

5. We felt dizzy on the 97-metre high Steel Dragon rollercoaster in Japan during our last vacation.

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UNIT 6

Simple Past

49

10 Irregular Verbs in the Simple Past

Chart 6.5, appendix 5

Write the simple past of the irregular verbs in the crossword puzzle. Use a dictionary for help. 1

2

3 g

5

6

9

r

e

7

4

w

8

10

11

Across → 3. grow

13. dig

5. buy

14. win

7. hit

15. leave

8. make

16. strike

10. tell

19. put

11. sit

20. spend

12. sleep

23. know

Down ↓ 1. see

9. go

12 13

14

15 16

17

19

18

20

21 22

23

11 Afrmative and Negative of Irregular Verbs

2. catch

11. shake

3. get

16. send

4. draw

17. run

6. think

18. creep

7. have

21. take

8. meet

22. eat

Chart 6.5

Use a verb from the crossword to complete each sentence in the simple past afrmative or negative. Example: On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina

left

many people in New Orleans homeless.

1. A massive earthquake

San Francisco on April 18, 1906.

2. Astronauts (negative)

to the moon before 1969.

3. The world’s population (negative)

rapidly in the nineteenth century.

4. On February 15, 2013, Russians

to see a meteorite explode over the city of Chelyabinsk.

5. In ancient times people

a lot about astronomy.

6. After the invention of electricity people (negative) 7. Scientists believe a huge meteorite 8. Many people 9. Einstein 10. People

50

UNIT 6

Simple Past

candles to read at night. the earth and killed the dinosaurs.

inuenza in the 1918 pandemic and between 40 and 50 million died. a lot about relativity before he published his theory in the 1900s. a lot of money on technology last year.

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12 Afrmative Mixed Verbs

Charts 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, appendix 5

Complete the texts with the simple past of the verbs. Use a dictionary for help. did

Example: Dr. Wilder Peneld (do)

important research into epilepsy. 1

1. The American neurosurgeon Dr. Wilder Peneld (come) 2

Montréal in 1928. In 1934 he (establish) 3

Institute. He (nd) 4

He (remove)

the top of the skull while the patient remained conscious. 5

a part of the brain, the patient (tell) 7

him what he or she (feel) 8

(draw)

the Montréal Neurological

a special way to operate on patients with epilepsy.

When Dr. Peneld (touch) 6

to work in

at that moment. Dr. Peneld

a map to show the connections between parts of the brain and

different parts of the body. These maps are still used by neurosurgeons today. 9

2. In the early 1960s Dr. Lucille Teasdale (become) 10

She (go)

one of Québec’s rst female surgeons.

35 years there. When Dr. Teasdale and her husband, Dr. Piero Corti, (see) 13

local hospital, they (decide)

to raise money and they (build)

modern hospital. Dr. Teasdale (develop) 16

(die)

11

to Uganda, a country in East Africa, in 1961 and (spend)

15

12

the primitive 14

a clean

AIDS after operating on soldiers and

in 1996.

13 Negative to Afrmative Mixed Verbs

Charts 6.2, 6.5, 6.7

Guess if the facts in the chart are true or false. Research online to see if your answers are correct. Write the false sentences in the negative in the Correction column. Then write the correct answer. Fact Example: Lindbergh made the rst successful airplane. T or F ?

Correction Lindbergh didn’t make the rst successful airplane. The Wright brothers did.

1. Wilbur was alone in the Wright Flyer plane on December 17, 1903. T or F? 2. Charles Lindbergh piloted his plane solo across the Pacic in 1927. T or F? 3. Boeing introduced the rst 247, a 10-passenger commercial airliner, in 1969. T or F? 4. The supersonic plane Concorde made its rst ight from London to New York in the 1970s. T or F?

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UNIT 6

Simple Past

51

14 Afrmative and Negative Mixed Verbs

Charts 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, appendix 5

Complete the text with the simple past of the highlighted verbs. Use the negative form where indicated. Example: In the past etiquette be

was

extremely important.

Netiquette 1

A few years ago people realize cyberspace be (negative) 3

2

that bad behaviour in

acceptable. Netiquette begin 4

on the Internet because people forget 5

that they were talking with real people and write 6

offensive messages. People realize (negative)

that they hurt

7

other people’s feelings. The other day I receive

8

an impolite email. IT be

9 10

CAPITAL LETTERS. When the sender type

in capital letters,

she was shouting at me. Maybe she know (negative) 12

ALL IN

11

that be

bad netiquette. The golden rule of netiquette is: Remember

that there is a human being reading the message. So watch what and how you type!

15 Yes / No Questions

Chart 6.2, 6.7

Read the short texts and underline the verbs in the simple past. Then write a yes / no question about each action in the text. Example: At 8:00 a.m. I listened to the news on my computer and played games. Did you listen to the news on your computer at 8:00 a.m.? Did you play games? 1. Yesterday morning I checked my emails and Skyped my family in Russia. In the afternoon I bought groceries.

2. I was in bed until 10:30 a.m. yesterday. I ate breakfast, then I went to the shopping mall. I bought some T-shirts and a pair of jeans. I ordered pizza for dinner.

3. I got up at 6:30 a.m. and went jogging. I was on my smartphone for an hour.

52

UNIT 6

Simple Past

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16 Simple Past and Questions

Charts 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6

Complete each sentence in the left-hand column in the simple past tense. Then write a question in the right-hand column using the word provided. Sentence

Question

Example: The Canadian Dr. John Hopps (develop) developed the heart pacemaker in 1950.

When did the Canadian Dr. John Hopps develop the

1. Joseph-Armand Bombardier (drive) the rst snowmobile in 1937.

Did

2. In 1959 Bombardier (give) the world the Ski-Doo to improve travel in harsh winters.

Why

3. In 1906 Reginald Fessenden (make) the rst two-way transatlantic radio transmission.

Who

4. Chris Haney (create) the board game Trivial Pursuit in Montréal in 1979.

Where

17 Yes / No Questions with Be

heart pacemaker?

Chart 6.7

Write a yes / no question about each statement. Then answer the question with a long answer. Sentence Example: Leonardo da Vinci was a genius.

Yes / No Question Was Leonardo da Vinci a genius?

Long Answer Yes, Leonardo da Vinci was a genius.

1. He was also a scientist and an inventor.

2. Designing and painting were his passions.

3. The Mona Lisa was his favourite painting.

4. His designs for machines were remarkable.

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UNIT 6

Simple Past

53

18 Information Questions Refer to appendix 2, page 131, for more information on question words.

Chart 6.6

Write a question in the simple past to match the information in bold. Example: The 30x30 Challenge encouraged Tristan to reconnect with nature. What did the 30x30 Challenge encourage Tristan to do? 1. In May 2013 biologist Dr. David Suzuki invited Canadians to take his 30x30 Challenge.

2. He wanted Canadians to spend 30 minutes outside every day for 30 days.

3. He thought it was important because we need to reconnect with nature.

4. Naomi decided to cycle every day for 30 days, rain or shine.

5. Pierre cycled on all the bike paths in Montréal.

6. They enjoyed the challenge because they had fun and discovered nature in the city.

19 Information Questions with the Verb Be

Chart 6.7

Write an information question to match each answer. Use the simple past of the verb be. Example: The fteenth century was the Age of Discovery. What was the fteenth century? / When was the Age of Discovery? 1. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer.

2. Da Gama was famous because he was the rst explorer to sail from Europe to India.

3. Christopher Columbus lived in Italy and sailed to the Americas in 1492.

4. The explorers were eager to nd a new route to trade silk and spice.

5. The rulers of South America were very rich.

54

UNIT 6

Simple Past

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20 Mixed Questions

Charts 6.2, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7

Read the text and underline the simple past of the verbs. Then answer the questions below.

Media Through the Ages Even in prehistoric times humans wanted to leave messages for each other. In Lascaux, in the southwest of France, our ancient ancestors left brightly coloured paintings of horses, deer, bison, and other animals that they hunted for food. In 1933 the Hungarian explorer Laszlo Almasy found a cave in the Egyptian desert that had a painting of humans oating in mid-air. He called it the Cave of Swimmers. If the artist really saw people swimming, it suggests that climate change started then. Around the world, ancient people drew, painted, and carved on rocks. They had a basic knowledge of chemistry to make colours like red, yellow, and brown. They found the minerals in rocks. On one site in South Africa, there were shells that looked like pots in which the artists mixed powders with water or urine to make paint. In China, ancient sculptors carved spectacular tigers in stone. To ancient artists, the tiger symbolized power and courage. In India, the predominant animal gure in rock art was the bull. In Brazil, cave artists painted local animals, and humans hunting, ghting, and dancing. Through these vivid images, our ancestors described their everyday activities. Nowadays people instantly upload their pictures to the Internet!

1. According to the text, why did prehistoric people paint and carve on rocks?

2. Were the cave paintings in Lascaux brightly coloured?

3. Who found the Cave of Swimmers?

4. Did ancient people have a basic knowledge of chemistry?

5. What represented power and courage in ancient China?

6. What was the predominant animal gure in India’s rock art?

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UNIT 6

Simple Past

55

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING 1.

Think about ve hi-tech gadgets that are important to you now. Write them in the chart below.

2.

Then interview two classmates. List their gadgets in the chart. Find out why they wanted their gadgets and how these gadgets changed their everyday lives.

Example: Gadget: GPS – What new gadget did you buy this year? – I bought a GPS for my car. – Why did you get a GPS? How did it help you? – I wanted it because I did not know the streets in this city. It was useful when I moved here.

My Gadgets

Student 1’s Gadgets

Student 2’s Gadgets

1.

1.

1.

2.

2.

2.

3.

3.

3.

4.

4.

4.

5.

5.

5.

WRITING Write a paragraph in the simple past to describe how early technological inventions made people’s lives different. Underline the verbs in the simple past and use keywords. Example: Cheaper computers and the invention of the Internet made it possible to do research for school assignments at home. Before the invention of the Internet students had to go to the school library to do research. I read about the history of computers last year and I learned that the rst computers were big and very expensive. Now computers are small and easier to afford.

56

UNIT 6

Simple Past

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REVIEW A

Afrmative in the Simple Past

Complete the text with the simple past of the regular or irregular verbs.

Perfume Paradise 1

Did you know that Ancient Egypt (be) 2

(become)

the place where perfume

popular? The word perfume comes from Latin: per means 3

through and fumus means smoke. In the past people (believe) 4

smoke (connect)

the world of the living with the world of the dead. 5

When incense (arrive) and pharaohs (have)

that

6

in Egypt 3000 years ago, only priests

access to it. Queen Hatshepsut (plant)

7

trees and owers to make perfumes for bathing. They (keep)

8

the skin soft under the burning Egyptian sun and they smelled 9

good. When another queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, (sail) Roman general Mark Anthony, she (tell)

10

perfume on the sails of her boat. As the boat (get) Mark Anthony smelled the perfume and so (begin)

to meet the

her soldiers to put 11

nearer,

12

one of

history’s great love stories.

B

Negative and Information Questions in the Simple Past

The underlined information in each sentence is false. Write the sentence in the negative form. Then write a question to match the underlined information. 1. Toru Iwatani created the Pac-Man video game in 1979.

Q: 2. Pokémon trading cards were a craze in 1991.

Q:

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UNIT 6

Simple Past

57

3. In the 1993 movie Jurassic Park, scientists cloned exotic animals.

Q: 4. Walt Disney wrote the lyrics and music for the 1994 Lion King movie.

Q: 5. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was Disney’s second feature lm.

Q:

Edit It!

Read the interview. Underline the 10 simple past errors in the text. Write the correction above the error.

Geocaching: A Popular Modern Treasure Hunt Game Players hide containers called geocaches in many locations. When they nd a geocache, they write a message for the person who hid the item. June: When did you started to become interested in geocaching? Barnie: I start to geocache when I had 14 years old. I didn’t had a smartphone or a GPS but I used my eyes and followed the clues. June: Why did you decided to take part in this outdoor treasure hunt? Barnie: I didn’t got any exercise. Geocaching is fun, free, and good exercise outdoors. June: Where did you hid your rst cache? Barnie: I putted my rst cache in a hole in the trunk of a big tree. June: How long did it took for someone to nd it? Barnie: Someone nded it after only two hours. When I got my rst message, I was so happy!

58

UNIT 6

Simple Past

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7

UNIT

Prepositions A wave can take you from the ocean to the shore or across the world.

FUNCTION AND FORM

Prepositions Prepositions indicate a connection or relationship between things, events, and ideas.

7.1 Meanings of Prepositions Place and Position

Direction and Movement

Time, Date, and Duration

at the restaurant, at 57 Main Street

across the sea

after 11:00 a.m.

behind the desk

along the beach

at night, at midnight, at 5:00 p.m.

between the desk and the chair

around the corner

before Saturday

for 10 kilometres

by car

by Monday

from Vietnam, from animals (origin)

from east to west

during the holidays

in Thailand, in Montréal

on foot

for a week

in front of the class

through the window

from January to August

next to / beside my classmate

to school, to Italy

in the afternoon, in 2014, in May

on the desk, on Main Street

towards the north

on June 10, on Tuesday

on top of / under the table

1

Match each sentence with the meaning of the preposition. Write the letter. 1. The cake is on the table.

a. place

2. They are driving to Ottawa.

b. date

3. The street party starts at 1:00 p.m.

c. position

4. Jack walks home on Mondays.

d. time

5. We’re sitting in the living room.

e. direction and movement

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Prepositions are usually placed before a noun or pronoun. I am going to the mall. Come with me!

UNIT 7 Prepositions

59

7.2 At, To, From . . . To, and From Preposition / Use

Place

Direction and Movement

Time

We’re at the cafeteria. (xed location)

At For a xed time or place

Meet me at three o’clock.

I live at 61 Forsyth Road. (address) To For movement, direction, or a time Use from without to to indicate origin.

From . . . to For movement between two places or a period of time

We’re walking to the cafeteria.

It’s now twenty to eight.

We go to France every summer.

(It’s now 7:40.)

We’re going from the cafeteria to the library.

My appointment is from 3:00 to 4:00 p.m.

This cup is from China. I’m from England. Milk comes from cows.

2

Complete each sentence with at, to, or from . . . to. 1. Our busy community centre is

Do not use the preposition for with an innitive.

21 Hudson Street.

2. On Tuesdays we drive physically challenged people 3. We organize daily activities

They came to visit us. (They came for to visit us.)

4. Our daycare opens

10:00 a.m.

the pool. 4:00 p.m.

7:30 a.m.

5. Our bus takes seniors

the shopping mall once a week.

7.3 In and On Preposition / Use

Place

Time

In

We’re in the cafeteria.

For a place or time with boundaries

Edinburgh is in Scotland.

I run for an hour in the morning. (time of day) *Exception: at night

I live in the city of Québec.

I’m training in April. (month) I started running in 2012. (year) I run in the winter, too. (season)

On

Edinburgh Castle is on a hill.

The marathon is on June 11. (date)

For a specic place or time

I live on Maguire Street.

It’s on Saturday. (day) I like to work out on the weekend.

3

Complete each sentence with in or on. 1. Maya lives 2. She jogs

London

the morning for half an hour.

3. Maya moved to London 4.

UNIT 7 Prepositions

2011.

Sunday she jogs in Hyde Park.

5. She’ll run a marathon

60

Lawrence Road.

July 4.

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7.4 For and During Preposition/Use

4

Time and Duration

For

I waited for three hours.

For a specic length of time

I did karate for two years.

During

We took a trip during the spring break.

For a period of time (to state when something happened)

We saw three castles during our trip.

Complete each sentence with for or during. 1. Craig studied French in Paris

the summer.

2. He learned French Canada.

three months and then went back to

3. Craig decided to study French at university in Québec years.

three

his stay in France he made many friends.

4.

5. Every weekend he travelled

two days outside Paris.

7.5 Of and Off Preposition/Use

Example

Of For composition

The pot is made of clay.

For quantity

There are hundreds of birds in the ock.

For possession

The owner of the house is on vacation.

Off For movement away from something or someone (usually used with a verb)

It fell off the table. He walked off without saying a word to us. She put off the meeting to next week.

5

Complete each sentence with of or off. 1. Lana rushed 2. This ring is made 3. The owner 4. She pushed him

the podium. silver. the car isn’t here. the chair.

5. We saw thousands 6. He jumped 7. He has loads

ants. the diving board. video games.

8. The bank robber ran

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without the money.

UNIT 7 Prepositions

61

PRACTISE 6 Complete additional exercises online to practise prepositions.

Prepositions of Place

Chart 7.1

Complete each sentence with a preposition of place from the word box. You can use each preposition more than once. behind

Example: The plants are

the chair.

1. The hat is hanging

beside

2. The lamp is coffee cup.

between

3. The bag is

behind

the back of the chair on the right. the book and the the oor.

in front of next to on on the left under

4. The sandals are the bag.

the chair and

5. The chair

has a cushion.

6. The chairs are

the table.

7. The coffee cup is

the lantern.

8. The table is

the two chairs.

9. The book is

the coffee cup.

10. The wooden oor is

7

the chairs and table.

At, To, and From . . . To

Chart 7.2

Complete each sentence with at, to, or from . . . to. Example: We send vegetables

to

local businesses.

1. We are growing organic vegetables 2. Once a week we take food

our community centre. the garden

3. Our van also brings fresh vegetables

a residence for the elderly. local daycares.

4. We encourage local residents to buy their vegetables 5. Our garden is open

May

our weekly market.

October.

6. In June, July, and August our market sells produce

11:00 a.m.

3:00 p.m. 7. We close

3:00 p.m. because there is a lot of work to do in the garden.

8. Right now I’m loading the van with potatoes to go 9. Next year there will be something new

our community garden.

10. We’ll plant fruit bushes and bring a colony of bees

62

UNIT 7 Prepositions

the hospital.

the garden.

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8

In and On

Chart 7.3

Complete the text with in and on. in

Example: There are about 10 girls

the boat.

The Race 1

3

always lots of people having picnics, strolling 5

there’s a group of girls girl sits

2

a beautiful summer weekend I like to sit by the lake.

7

June, July, and August there are 4

the beach, and playing

the sand. Right now 6

a canoe with their coach practising for the race

September. One

a small seat at the back, while the girls in the middle of the canoe are in a half-sit, half-kneel

position. At the front, the girls are

8

both knees. The coach blows a whistle, and the rowers start rowing with strong, steady strokes. The canoe shakes and the rst 9

girl falls

the water. She swims to the shore and

watches her teammates continue to paddle. Another girl carefully moves to take the front position. The girls then steer their canoe to the other side of the lake. Suddenly they all jump out of the canoe, turn it around, jump

10

, and

return to the other side of the shore. There is always something interesting to watch at the lake.

9

For and During

Chart 7.4

Check if each sentence is right (R) or wrong (W ). Write the sentence correctly if there is an error. Sentence Example: For the summer I swim every day.

R

W

Correction During the summer I swim every day.

1. Maggie slept during ten hours. 2. She skated for 45 minutes. 3. For the winter I ski a lot. 4. Ivan studied for four hours. 5. We travelled during four days.

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UNIT 7 Prepositions

63

10 Of and Off

Chart 7.5

Complete each sentence with of or off. off

Example: Naomie pushed her brother 1. The plate slid

the swing.

the kitchen counter.

2. Dina took

4. Is your house made

her jacket.

3. I saw hundreds

5. Jack jumped

butteries.

the diving board.

6. The lid

11 In, On, From, From . . . To, For, and During

red brick?

this box is very heavy.

Charts 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

Complete the text with in, on, from, from . . . to, for, and during. Example: In September 2013 Diana Nyad swam

from

Cuba

to

Florida.

Find a Way 1

August 31, 2013, the American author, journalist, and long-distance swimmer Diana Nyad began 2

her swim

3

Cuba

Florida, a distance of about 177 kilometres. 5

2013, the 64-year-old swimmer came ashore 7

Diana did not use a shark cage; she swam

10

September 2,

Florida, tired but triumphant. 8

the water

protection from sharks. A silicone bodysuit protected her nally found herself

4

9

6

her swim

about 53 hours without any

jellysh. After ve attempts, Nyad

the record books for the rst successful Cuba-to-Florida swim. As Diana

said, her motto that year was Find a way.

12 At, In, On, and To

Charts 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

Complete the text with at, in, on, and to. Example: Stephan travels

to

Europe every year.

The Life of Vi My friend Stephan told me the story of his grandmother, Violette Granger. Violette was born 2

January 10, 1937. When she was two, her father got a job

3

1

Paris

Spain. The family moved

4

Madrid. Violette already spoke French. Then she learned to speak Spanish. When she was 10, her family relocated 7

5

6

Canada.

Vancouver, Violette had to speak English. Later she studied Chinese

the University of British Columbia.

mother, Marguerite.

9

8

March 23, 1963, she had her rst child, Stephan’s

1985, Marguerite went to study Japanese

10

the University of Tokyo.

Then Marguerite married an Italian journalist. Now I understand why Stephan speaks ve languages!

64

UNIT 7 Prepositions

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13 At, For, From, and In

Charts 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

Complete each sentence with at, for, from, or in. Example: My uncle always takes a nap

at

2:00 p.m.

1. Do we really need eight hours of sleep 2. A short nap 3.

the afternoon is a great idea.

Latin American countries, people call it a siesta.

4. I took some advice 5.

night?

a doctor and started to nap every afternoon.

3:00 p.m. every day, I take a 20-minute nap.

6. You can nd nap chairs 7. A study 8. Napping

10-minute power naps in some airports.

Greece says that a nap keeps you healthy. 20 minutes helps you stay fresh for the rest of the day.

14 At, During, For, From . . . To, On, and To

Charts 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

Complete the text with at, during, for, from . . . to, on, and to. You can use a word more than once. Example: I found a beautiful inuksuk

on

the beach.

Community Communication 1

An inuksuk is a stone structure made by the Inuit living in Arctic Canada. Placed 2

mountain or

4

Arms and legs usually point travellers mountains.

5

3

a beach, an inuksuk is used

7

communication and survival.

a navigation channel or a passage through the 6

the end of summer

is covered with snow and ice.

a high

the rst signs of spring, the landscape

months when the sea is not frozen, an inuksuk can show a navigation channel for a small boat. It can also point the way 8

a migration path for sh, an important 9

source of protein for the Inuit.

the foot of

an inuksuk without arms, travellers know that they can nd a 10

cache of food, which is vital for survival the winter months when food is scarce. Inuksuks are also used to convey other messages. Smaller stones are often placed sends a message

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

11

a large inuksuk. Every detail 12

the traveller.

UNIT 7 Prepositions

65

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Ask a classmate how she or he gets from one place to another. Use as many of the prepositions from the word box as you can. Use other prepositions if possible. at

by

from

from . . . to

on

to

to the right of

to the left of

Example: Student A: How do you get from home to school? How long does it take? Student B: I walk from my house to the bus stop and I get on the bus to go to school. It takes 20 minutes. From

To

1. home

a. school

2. school entrance

b. English class

3. home

c. work

4. cafeteria

d. gym

5. home

e. shopping mall

6. school auditorium

f. bookstore

WRITING Describe your movements on a typical school day. Use as many prepositions as possible and underline them. Example: On Monday morning I get up at 6:30 and I get ready for school. First I walk to the metro station and I get on the train. At about 7:30 I arrive at my stop and take a bus to school. The whole journey from home to school takes about 30 minutes.

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UNIT 7 Prepositions

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REVIEW A

Prepositions of Place

Underline the correct prepositions. 1

1. The Happy Trails Riding Stable at / in / to Ontario is a magical place for people with special needs. The mission of the stable is to improve people’s lives by encouraging them to enjoy the company of animals. Autistic children spend time 2

3

near / at / behind horses and begin to feel secure. To / On / At the stable, children who normally speak very little, or not at all, develop a strong bond with an animal. As they 4

sit under / on / between a horse, they pat it and talk to it. Riding a horse becomes a pleasant and informal speech therapy session. Children become calm when they sit 5

6

in / on / at a horse and go for a ride on / in / between a peaceful environment. 7

2. Other animals help people with special needs. On / In front of / In supermarkets dogs 8

help their blind owners to nd their groceries. Between/In/Next to senior citizens’ residences, volunteers encourage the elderly to pet cats and dogs. Seniors sometimes feel lonely and sad; a few moments spent with an animal 9

beside /behind/in their arms brings warmth and companionship. Animals and humans live together on/for/in

10

this beautiful planet. Let’s enjoy each other’s

company.

B

Prepositions of Time

Complete each sentence with a preposition from the word box. Use each preposition once. 1. Meet me

two o’clock in front of the library.

2. The neighbourhood family party is

July 1.

after

3.

the spring break I went to Cuba.

at

4.

I go to sleep, I turn

before

the computer.

by 5. I’ll be away 6.

six weeks.

he left, I decided to watch a movie.

7. The next judo course starts 8. We’ll be in Spain

October. May

9. They will stay in Florida 10.

during

July. the month of August.

for from . . . to in off on

ten o’clock the trafc isn’t too bad.

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UNIT 7 Prepositions

67

C

At, During, For, From . . . To, On, and To

Complete the text with at, during, for, from . . . to, on, and to.

Community Spirit 1

2

our summer vacation we volunteered for a local charity. From August 1 3

we worked Montréal

5

August 15 4

a camp for children with physical disabilities. First we had to drive

6

Sherbrooke to pick up the minibus. After that we drove some of the children 7

the campsite on Mont Mégantic. It rained

two

days, so we spent time inside playing games. When the sunny weather returned, we did lots of outdoor activities 8

the campsite, including shing. 9

our ride home

10

August 15 we

talked about all the great things we did with the children. We learned a lot about ourselves, too.

11

two weeks we shared some wonderful moments.

Edit It!

Find and underline the 10 preposition errors. Correct each error.

African Adventure On 2011 I went on an African vacation. At my trip I visited many different places. I was at South Africa during two weeks and I climbed at the top of Table Mountain to Cape Town. I went on a shark cage and it was really scary being from the water with sharks. On safari the variety of animals was amazing. I saw hippos, lions, antelopes, and chimpanzees, all on their natural environment. I also went to an ostrich farm and watched Zulu dancers. I can honestly say that across my trip I wasn’t bored for a minute.

68

UNIT 7 Prepositions

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UNIT

Past Progressive I was sleeping last night when you called me.

Last month

Yesterday

Last night

8 Tomorrow

Today

FUNCTION AND FORM

8.1 Past Progressive Use the past progressive for actions in progress in the past.

1

Function

Example

Keywords

Describes an action that was in progress at a specic time in the past

I was surng the Net at 11:00 p.m. yesterday.

Describes two or more actions that were in progress at the same time in the past

Kylie was listening to music as she was texting.

Describes an action that was in progress in the past when another event interrupted it

When I was typing my report, the computer crashed.

as, when, while

Underline the past progressive verb(s) in each sentence. Then write the reason the verb form is used. 1. I was writing my assignment at 10:00 p.m. yesterday.

Adverbs come after the verb be.

2. I was watching TV while I was doing my assignment.

I was slowly walking along the street when a car ran into a truck.

3. I was helping my brother with his homework when my mother arrived.

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UNIT 8

Past Progressive

69

8.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject

Past form of be

I / He / She / It

was

We / You / They

were

Negative Base form of verb + -ing

Subject

Past form of be + not

I / He / She / It

was not (wasn’t)

We / You / They

were not (weren’t)

waiting.

2 Refer to unit 2, chart 2.3, page 14, for spelling rules for -ing endings.

Base form of verb + -ing

waiting.

Complete each sentence with the past progressive form of the verb. 1. Erica (wave) the phone.

to me as I (speak)

on

2. She (try) to tell me that she (leave) as I continued my conversation.

Refer to unit 2, chart 2.5, page 15, for verbs rarely used in the progressive form.

3. I didn’t see her because I (pay, negative)

attention.

8.3 Questions Yes / No Questions Past form of be

Subject

Was

I / he / she / it

Were

we / you / they

Base form of verb + -ing

Information Questions Question Past form word of be

Subject Base form of verb + -ing

Where

was

I / he / she / it

When

were

we / you / they

going?

sleeping? swimming?

8.4 Simple Past and Past Progressive

To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use be without the main verb. Was he driving after the party? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.

3

Simple Past

Past Progressive

Use the simple past for a completed action in the past.

Use the past progressive for an action that was in progress at a specic time in the past.

I went to a movie last night.

I was watching TV at midnight.

Complete each sentence with the appropriate form of the verb: the simple past or the past progressive. 1. Yesterday evening Alex (watch) 2. At 8:30 p.m. I (try) 3. While we (relax)

70

UNIT 8 Past Progressive

videos on YouTube. to study. Connor (arrive)

.

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PRACTISE 4

Afrmative

Chart 8.2

Underline the correct form of the past progressive. Complete additional

Example: Yesterday I was thinking / were thinking / thinking about our assignment when Patrick, my roommate, came home.

exercises online to practise the past

1. At eleven o’clock this morning Patrick typing / were typing / was typing his notes.

progressive.

2. While he was working, our cats was running / were running / running around the room. 3. The cats was beginning / were beginning / were begining to get on his nerves. 4. While he was stapling / was stapleing / was stappling the pages together, the cats started to ask for food. 5. As Patrick was putting his assignment in his backpack, I were trying / was triing / was trying not to laugh.

5

Afrmative

Chart 8.2

Complete the text with the past progressive form of the verbs. was learning

Example: I (learn)

about robots yesterday.

Robots Rule 1

Yesterday evening, on TV, I (watch) 2

(greet)

3

people in a Tokyo store. She (welcome) 4

and (chat)

a Japanese robot called Saya who customers

with them. Then I watched Saya in the role of a multilingual elementary 5

school teacher. She (take)

6

attendance and (give)

students work to do. 7

This robotic technology (begin)

to fascinate me, so I looked online for

more information about the Japanese robotic industry. I found a video in which some female androids 8

(sing)

while others (dance) 10

faces (change)

9

. At the same time, their

constantly to express six basic emotions: happiness, disgust,

anger, sadness, fear, and surprise. The robots were very lifelike. It was a bit freaky!

6

Negative

Chart 8.2

Complete each sentence with the negative past progressive form of the verb(s) using contractions. Example: Jake (work)

wasn’t working

1. He (play) for their upcoming concert. 2. Jake (think) 3. They (write) Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

last night when I saw him.

guitar in the band and the musicians (rehearse) about music. any new songs. UNIT 8

Past Progressive

71

7

Mixed Afrmative and Negative

Chart 8.2

Complete the text with the afrmative or negative past progressive form of the verbs. Use contractions for the negative form. was communicating

Example: While Temple Grandin (communicate) learned about their behaviour.

1

When Temple Grandin (grow up) 2

she (develop, negative)

with cattle, she

, her parents were worried because

the way a two-year-old usually does.

They nally received a diagnosis of autism. The specialist told them that Temple 3

(communicate, negative)

well with humans because she

didn’t understand their emotions. 4

Sometime later, while Temple (live)

in the countryside, she discovered

that she understood cattle better than humans. When she was with them, she knew what they 5

(think)

7

Temple found that she (spend)

9

in certain ways.

all her time studying cattle. It became 8

her passion. Her autism (prevent) (take, negative)

6

and why they (behave)

her from enjoying life at college. She

part in student activities, but she 10

(concentrate)

on her work to improve the lives of farm animals.

She became a doctor of animal science, a university professor, and a consultant to the beef industry. Temple’s designs for humane housing for cattle are now used internationally.

8

Questions

Chart 8.3

Write a question to match the information in bold. Example: Temple was talking to cattle. What was Temple doing? 1. Temple’s parents were worrying because she wasn’t developing normally.

2. No, she wasn’t communicating well with humans.

3. Yes, she was living in the countryside.

4. She was communicating well with cattle because she understood them.

5. She was designing humane housing for cattle.

72

UNIT 8 Past Progressive

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9

Answering Questions

Chart 8.3

Read the text and underline the past progressive verbs. Then answer the questions. Use short answers to answer the yes / no questions. Example: Was Jana studying pure science? Yes, she was. What was she studying? She was studying pure science.

Veterinary Vocation Jana was doing an internship at a zoo last year. Before that, she was studying pure science at CEGEP and she was also volunteering at an animal shelter. She was caring for injured and sick animals. Jana’s zoology teacher, Mel, asked her if she was reading about animals and their habitats. She wasn’t reading much, because she was concentrating on the behaviour of the animals in her care. Mel told Jana that it was essential to understand animals and their natural environment if she was planning a career with them. When I last spoke to Jana, she was starting her rst year in veterinary medicine at university. She was also working part time at the university’s animal hospital. 1. Where was Jana working last year? 2. Was Jana doing an internship at the zoo? 3. Was she studying health sciences before that? 4. Where was Jana volunteering? 5. What was she doing at the shelter?

10 Writing Questions

Chart 8.3

Write a yes / no question and an information question for each sentence. Use the past progressive and use pronouns for the information question. Yes / No Question Example: Lola was putting her thumbs up while she was smiling at me.

Was Lola putting her thumbs up

Information Question Why was she smiling at you?

while she was smiling at you?

1. Melanie was asking me to phone her when I looked in the classroom.

What

2. The woman was dialing 911 as the man was calling his wife.

Who

3. The students were reading their messages during the break.

When

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UNIT 8

Past Progressive

73

11 Past Progressive and Simple Past

Charts 8.1, 8.4

Underline the keyword in each sentence. Then complete the sentence with the simple past or past progressive form of the verb(s). Write the reason the verb tense is used. came Example: While the student (talk) was talking, the principal (come) Reason: It describes an action in progress in the past (talking) when another event interrupted it (came). 1. While she (speak)

, her classmates (laugh)

into the room.

all the time.

Reason: 2. As I (type)

, the computer (crash)

.

Reason:

3. I (exercise)

from 10:00 a.m. to noon. Then I (eat)

my lunch.

Reason:

4. While Megan (read)

, we (sleep)

.

Reason: 5. While Clare and Max (watch)

TV, Lily (leave)

the room.

Reason:

12 Past Progressive or Simple Past?

Charts 8.1, 8.4

Underline the correct verb. Example: While I researched / was researching, I felt sleepy. 1

2

A few years ago, when I took / was taking a psychology course, I had / was having to 3

write a research paper on cheating. At the same time, I attend / was attending evening 4

5

classes and I worked / was working at a restaurant every day. It was / was being a 6

difcult time for me. I only had / was having weekends to study. As I wrote / was writing 8

my report the night before class, I realized / was realizing that I only had / was having two pages of a ten-page report. I panicked. I went / was going students cheat. I started / was starting

11

10

to ll in details of my topic on the website when 12

14

17

13

using the website and began / was beginning

my own notes. Later that evening, as I wrote / was writing report, I realized / was realizing

9

to a website that helps

I noticed that my hands shook / were shaking . I knew that I did / was doing thing. I stopped / was stopping

7

16

the wrong 15

to use

the last few words of my

that cheating was so easy! I felt / was feeling

18

proud of

myself for writing my own paper.

74

UNIT 8 Past Progressive

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13 Past Progressive and Simple Past

Chart 8.4

Go to appendix 5, pages 134–135, for a list of irregular verbs.

Complete the text with the past progressive and simple past forms of the verbs. Example: Vikal (learn)

to play the sitar when he was a child.

learned

1

Vikal: I hear that you (rehearse)

with Raju when I called last night.

Erin: Yes, it was a great jam session. Fusion music is the way to go. 2

Vikal: It certainly is. We (come) 3

(listen)

to Canada when I was a child. We only

5

us of our home back in India. As I (grow up) 6

, I (develop) 7

a taste for the sitar. I really (want) 8

My parents (try) (nd)

9

4

to Indian music in our house. It (remind)

to learn to play.

to maintain our Indian culture, so they agreed. They

a teacher and here I am today, an Indo-Canadian musician. 10

Erin: I’m from Nova Scotia, so I (hear) 11

music while I (live)

a lot of Scottish and Irish 12

there. I (start)

to play in my

teens. Music is a great way to communicate across cultures. 13

Vikal: Right! When Raju and I (discuss) (say)

14

fusion music yesterday, he

that the mix of music from two different cultures was a

fantastic idea. He also (mention)

15

that fusion music was a wonderful

way to bring people together from all over the world.

14 Mixed Past Progressive and Simple Past Questions

Chart 8.1, 8.4

Write a question to match the information in bold. Example: He was observing their body language. What was he observing? 1. Dalia was crossing her ngers for good luck. 2. Ben made an offensive gesture. 3. Carl and Polly gave us the okay sign. 4. The child was crying because he lost his toy. 5. The robot sang a love song. 6. Tamara was giving the thumbs-up sign. 7. No, her language wasn’t very formal. 8. Yes, Kara was writing a letter. 9. Yes, her letter sounded friendly.

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UNIT 8

Past Progressive

75

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING

1

2

3

4

Choose one of the photos and write questions about the event. Use the past progressive. Ask a classmate your questions and write her or his answers. Example: Student A: Where were the students walking / going with their pans? Student B: They were going downtown to protest. Student A’s Questions

Student B’s Answers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

WRITING Think about something you experienced in the past, such as a protest or an event or an accident. Describe the scene at the time. What was happening around you? Example: I was driving in a snowstorm when I saw a terrible accident. People were screaming and waving to slow down cars. A man was shouting loudly. I guess he was in shock. A woman was crying on her cellphone. People were getting out of their cars to help. The scene was shocking.

76

UNIT 8 Past Progressive

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REVIEW A

Afrmative and Negative

Complete the text with afrmative and negative forms of the past progressive.

Media Attention 1. As I (walk)

1

around Gezi Park in Taksim Square in Istanbul last year, I

didn’t imagine scenes of violence in that peaceful place. On May 28, 2013, however, it became 2

the centre of an environmental protest. While workers (remove)

trees in the

park, members of the public rushed in to protest. They said that the government (protect, negative) 3

one of the few public parks left in Istanbul. 4

2. With a population of over 13 million, Istanbul (become) 5

The authorities said they (demolish)

very crowded.

Gezi Park to build a huge shopping

mall in Taksim Square. 6

3. As the protests (happen) 7

in Istanbul, the world (ignore, negative)

this environmental injustice. Thanks to modern

communications technology, people (watch)

8

the drama in real time.

Long live Gezi Park!

B

Questions

Write a question to match the information in bold. 1. The horses were running in the eld.

2. My dog was wagging his tail because he was happy to see me.

3. The wolf was howling when we went outside.

4. Yes, the elephants were touching each other with their trunks.

5. No, the birds weren’t singing as the sun rose.

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UNIT 8

Past Progressive

77

C

Past Progressive or Simple Past?

Underline the correct verb. 1. While we learned / were learning to scuba dive, we learned to communicate under water. 2. The instructor surprised us when we practised / were practising in the sea the other day. 3. We looked at each other because we didn’t know what he said / was saying. 4. He swam nearer and we understood / were understanding his message. 5. He warned / was warning us about a shark that was coming close. 6. While the shark swam / was swimming past us, we kept still. 7. We shook / were shaking with fear but fortunately the shark swam / was swimming away. 8. We went / were going home and studied / were studying our underwater signals.

Edit It!

Underline the past progressive verb error in each sentence. Write the correct verb on the line.

1. Sonia was crossing her ngers while she was lyin. 2. Rob were waving his hand to ask me to come over to his desk. 3. The angry children was making clenched sts. 4. I thought Dimitri was’nt telling the truth. 5. Dimitri was perspireing a lot when he took the lie detector test. 6. His hands were geting very wet, too. 7. The people didn’t looking at the researchers. 8. While I was study in Asia, I saw many cultural differences. 9. I was becomming more sensitive to other cultures. 10. I was happy that I was learned a lot about Eastern customs.

78

UNIT 8 Past Progressive

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UNIT

Adjectives and Adverbs Remember that actions speak louder than words.

9

FUNCTION AND FORM

Adjectives Adjectives are used to give extra information about nouns and pronouns.

9.1 Form and Position Adjective Form

Position

1

Rule

Example

Always singular. Never add -s to an adjective even if the noun is plural.

tall boys, tall girls Kate wears colourful clothes.

Has the same form for masculine and feminine nouns

a happy girl, a happy boy

Usually placed before nouns

Naomi gives brilliant ideas to the team.

Follows verbs like appear, be, become, feel, get, look, and seem

Polite manners are impressive.

Check if each sentence is right (R) or wrong (W ). Write the sentence correctly if there is an error. Sentence

R

W

Correction

1. Sandy looked sad. 2. Positives rsts impressions are essential. 3. She wears colourfuls clothes. 4. He angry appears. 5. Kind words are important.

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UNIT 9

Adjectives and Adverbs

79

9.2 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality Form Comparative

Superlative

Function

Example

Compares two people, groups, or things

A dolphin is smaller than a whale.

Compares more than two people, groups, or things

Dolphins are the most communicative of the sea mammals. They are the least shy.

Dolphins are more / less intelligent than whales.

They are also the friendliest. Shows equal or similar status between two people, groups, or things

Equality

Seals are as friendly as dolphins.

9.3 Comparative and Superlative Forms Spelling Rule

Adjective

Comparative

Superlative

One-syllable adjectives

Add -er or -est.

soft

softer than

the softest

One-syllable adjectives ending with -e

Add -r or -st.

brave

braver than

the bravest

One-syllable adjectives ending with a short vowel and a consonant

Double the nal consonant and add -er or -est.

slim

slimmer than

the slimmest

Two-syllable adjectives ending with a consonant + -y

Change the -y to i and add -er or -est.

happy

happier than

the happiest

Other adjectives with two or more syllables

Add more / less or most / least before the adjective.

wonderful

more / less wonderful than

the most / least wonderful

bad

worse than

the worst

far

farther / further than

the farthest / furthest

good

better than

the best

little

less than

the least

Irregular adjectives

2

Complete the chart with the correct comparative, superlative, and equality forms of each adjective.

Use than to make a comparison. Use then to indicate next, before, or at that time.

Adjective

Comparative

Superlative

Equality

1. fast 2. simple 3. pretty 4. beautiful 5. good

80

UNIT 9

Adjectives and Adverbs

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Adverbs Adverbs add information about verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

9.4 Type, Function and Position Type Degree

Function Describes how much / little something happens

Position

Example

Usually comes before the main verb

rather, really, very

George really loves music. Follows the verb be Noelle is very anxious.

Frequency

Describes how often something happens

Usually comes before the main verb Vanessa often plays hockey. Follows the verb be

always, frequently, never, often, sometimes, usually

He is usually friendly. Manner

Time

Describes how something is done

Describes when something happens

carefully, fast, slowly, quickly, well

Usually comes after the main verb He communicates well. Usually comes at the beginning or end of the sentence Today George will give a speech.

later, next week, now, today, tomorrow, yesterday

He will talk to the media tomorrow.

3

Write each sentence using the adverb in parentheses. 1. I am polite. (usually)

Adverbs ending in -ly can come before the main verb or after the object.

2. My colleague told the truth in court. (yesterday)

Kate slowly ate her supper. Kate ate her supper slowly.

3. He was convincing. (totally)

4. Are rst impressions right? (always)

Never put an adverb between the verb and the direct object.

5. She washed her face. (quickly)

He answered carefully the questions. He answered the questions carefully.

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UNIT 9

Adjectives and Adverbs

81

9.5 Adjectives to Adverbs Change most adjectives to adverbs by adding -ly. A few adverbs never end in -ly.

Spelling Rule Most adjectives

Adjective

Add -ly.

Adverb

quick

quickly

slow

slowly

Change the nal -y to i and add -ly.

lazy

lazily

noisy

noisily

Adjectives ending with -le

Change the nal -le to -ly.

humble

humbly

Adjectives ending with -ic

Add -ally.

dramatic

dramatically

early, far, fast, late, long, good

early, far, fast, late, long, well

Adjectives ending with -y

Exceptions

9.6 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality Form Comparative

Formation For one-syllable adverbs: Add -er + than.

Example She runs faster than the boys on her rugby team.

For adverbs with two or more syllables: He works less intelligently than the others. Add more / less + adverb + than. (Exception: early Superlative

worse than farther / further than more / less than better than

earlier)

For one-syllable adverbs: Add the + adverb + -est.

She has worked the hardest on our group project.

For adverbs with two or more syllables: He plays the most musically of all the pianists.

Add the most / least + adverb. Equality

Irregular Adverbs

Use as + adverb + as.

The soprano sings as wonderfully as the tenor.

the worst the farthest / furthest the most/ least the best as badly as as far as as much as as well as

4

Form an adverb from each adjective. Then write the comparative, superlative, and equality forms of each adverb. Adjective

Adverb

Comparative

Superlative

Equality

1. easy 2. comfortable 3. wise 4. tragic 5. good

82

UNIT 9

Adjectives and Adverbs

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PRACTISE 5

Position of Adjectives with Be, Look, and Feel

Chart 9.1

Complete each sentence with your choice of adjective from the word box. Use a dictionary to help you. Example: Noah looks

surprised

1. When I am

to see me.

practise adjectives and adverbs.

about my grades, I go to see my teacher.

2. Mia looks

because her vacation starts tomorrow.

3. Joanna shouts a lot when she is 4. I felt

angry disappointed

.

embarrassed

when I had to talk in front of the class.

5. When he is

6

Complete additional exercises online to

excited

with his marks, Mike shrugs his shoulders.

surprised worried

Form and Position of Adjectives

Chart 9.1

Check if each sentence is right (R ) or wrong (W ). Write the sentence correctly if there is an error. Sentence

R

Example: Chris likes movies scary.

W

Correction

✓

Chris likes scary movies.

1. Those students worried are. 2. We’re talking to our neighbours friendly. Adjectives formed using the present (-ing) and past (-ed) participles have different meanings.

3. Lara has goods intentions. 4. He is unhappy with his results.

The movie was depressing. The audience feels depressed.

5. Hand signals are very effectives.

7

Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives

Charts 9.2, 9.3

Complete each sentence with the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjective in parentheses. Remember to use than with a comparative and the with a superlative. Example: I am 1. Helen is

funnier than

all my teammates. (funny) member of the team. (young)

2. This practice is

the last one. (easy)

3. Megan’s communication skills are 4. Helen is 5. She’s also

mine. (bad)

communicator in our group. (good) member of the team. (happy)

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UNIT 9

Adjectives and Adverbs

83

8

Types and Position of Adverbs

Chart 9.4

Complete each sentence with an appropriate adverb from the word box. Then write an X in the correct column to indicate the type of adverb. completely Example: I

frequently often

never

help my blind neighbour to do his groceries.

1. When I don’t speak a language, I 2. I

How

X

use hand signals to communicate.

speak too fast when somebody doesn’t understand me.

3. Deaf people communicate 4. They understand

9

How Often

skillfully

often

by using sign language. what the other person is saying.

Changing Adjectives to Adverbs

Chart 9.5

Complete each sentence by changing the adjective in parentheses to an adverb. strangely

Example: Inspector Imax thought the woman was acting (strange) 1. The detective was listening (close)

.

to the woman’s story.

2. He thought that she was lying (brilliant)

.

3. Diana smiled (grateful)

as he gave her a cup of coffee.

4. She moved her long legs (lazy)

.

5. She spoke (polite)

to the detective.

6. Diana was (amazing)

calm.

7. Inspector Imax asked the nal question (quiet) 8. She answered (convincing)

. , “No, I didn’t do it!”

10 Spelling of Adverbs Ending with -ly

Chart 9.5

Underline the correct spelling of the comparative or superlative form of each adverb. Example: Sophie talks faster / more fast than her sister Isabelle. 1

2

Sophie laughs more loudly / loudlly than her younger sister. Isabelle speaks more softly / softily and tries 3

4

to convey her message more tactfuly / tactfully than Sophie. Sophie acts more dramaticly / dramatically 5

than both her sisters. She behaves the most impatiently / impatientily when she doesn’t get what she wants. 6

Ariane is the most well-balanced of the three sisters. She talks the most moderately / moderatly and the most 7

8

9

reasonabley / reasonably . She communicates goodly / well —she listens more attentively / attentivly than Sophie and Isabelle. She is the most happyly / happily

84

UNIT 9

Adjectives and Adverbs

10

married of the three sisters.

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11 Mixed Adjectives and Adverbs

Chart 9.5

Write an X to indicate if the word is an adjective or adverb. If you can add -ly to the adjective to make an adverb, write the adverb in the chart. Make the necessary spelling changes and use your dictionary to help you.

Example: charming

Adjective

Adverb

X

charmingly

Adjective Example: lost

1. frustrated

6. hopefully

2. forgotten

7. generous

3. cautiously

8. dirty

4. noisy

9. usually

5. often

Adverb

X

10. happy

12 Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Adjectives and Adverbs

Charts 9.2, 9.6

Read the text and complete the information about Bethany in the second column of the chart below. Then, in the third column, write a sentence to compare yourself with Bethany. Use the adjectives in the word box and their adverb form. Use as many comparative, superlative, and equality adjectives and adverbs as you can. Bethany Hamilton, a young American surfer, survived a shark attack in 2003 when she was just 13 years old. She was lying sideways on her surfboard with her left arm hanging in the water when a tiger shark unexpectedly attacked her. She lost her entire left arm. Only eight weeks later, the brave surfer picked up her board with her right arm and courageously went surng again. Her courage and amazing determination to become a professional surfer led her to her dream.

adventurous

ambitious

brave

determined

early

exciting

good

late

old

young

Example: Bethany acted more bravely than I ever did. 1. Year of birth 2. Career 3. Character

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Adjectives and Adverbs

85

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING With a classmate, form idioms using the nouns and adjectives in the chart. Use the equality form of the adjectives. Write the idioms in the third column. Noun

Adjective

Idiom

cave

big

Example: as at as a pancake

chocolate

cold

1.

elephant

dark

2.

hyena

at

3.

ice

sharp

4.

knife

slow

5.

pancake

tall

6.

skyscraper

tasty

7.

turtle

ugly

8.

WRITING Write a short text on a painting, photo, song, or other type of visual or audio media that you like. Describe how it makes you feel and why you chose it. Use as many different adjectives and adverbs as you can and underline them in your text. Example: I like the Mona Lisa because she has a secretive smile. She is very mysterious. When I saw the painting in Paris, I really loved her hands. What I remember the most vividly about the Mona Lisa is that her hands are absolutely lifelike.

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Adjectives and Adverbs

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REVIEW A

Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives

Write the correct comparative or superlative form of each adjective in parentheses. Remember to use than with the comparative and the with the superlative. 1. In 2013 the Montréal Botanical Garden hosted

Mosaïcultures.

(beautiful, superlative) 2. I thought that the Canadian entries were 3. In my opinion,

. (good, superlative)

sculpture was the massive bird. (impressive,

superlative) 4. There was

choice of animals possible. (large, superlative) exhibit was the one with sculptures representing North

5.

American legends, accompanied by drums and chanting. (noisy, superlative) exhibit seemed to be the huge face of Gaia, the Earth goddess.

6. (big, superlative)

7. Communicating with owers is

using words. (creative,

comparative) 8. The 2013 competition was

B

the one in 2003. (good, comparative)

Comparative and Equality Forms of Adverbs

Read the rst two columns of the chart. Then write a sentence comparing Person 2 with Person 1. Use the comparative or equality form of the adverb in the rst column. Person 1

Person 2

1. Jamie plays the guitar skillfully.

Mike plays better than Jamie.

2. Emily dances well.

Maria doesn’t dance as well as Emily.

3. Todd skis fast.

Kim skis very fast.

4. Rebecca works efciently.

Chris works better than Rebecca.

5. Fred paints carefully.

Joe paints carefully.

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Comparison

UNIT 9

Adjectives and Adverbs

87

C

Comparative Form of Adjectives and Adverbs

Write the adjectives and adverbs in the comparative form.

Furry Friends 1

To communicate with an animal (effectively)

than we usually do, we need

to observe its behaviour closely. We must focus on the body language of the animal to become 2

(sensitive)

to its communication. Some animals sense our feelings, too; perhaps 3

they are even (good)

at understanding us than we are at understanding them. 4

If someone is anxious, a dog will become (nervous)

than usual when that person 5

enters the room. A nervous dog will react (negatively) 6

condent dog will. Consequently, it will bark (loudly) 7

become (fast) 8

animal by becoming (calm)

to anxiety than a

and its actions will

than usual. In new situations, the dog may be (aggressive)

than in familiar ones and it may even bite somebody. We need to reassure the 9

and moving (slowly)

10

.

They say that a dog is man’s best friend, so let’s be kind to our furry friends.

Edit It!

Correct the 10 underlined errors. Write the correction above the error.

Animal Connections Animals communicate with each other constant. Whales make sounds that travel through the water and they are almost more communicative as dolphins. Birds have different types of song and the variety is greatest than we previously imagined. Land mammals also send each other warnings, which are most sophisticated than we realized. Modern technology helps us to hear sounds that we couldn’t hear before. Animals are as connected than we are, with our worldwide Internet. When it is most dangerous than usual to go outside their burrows, foxes call to warn other members of their group. Elephants are the sad when another elephant dies. They are the more caring of all the mammals except for humans. Tiny animals like insects communicate efcient with chemical messages. Animals are smartest and more communicative than we think.

88

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Adjectives and Adverbs

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UNIT

Future When I graduate, I am going to make a difference in the world.

Past Yesterday

10

Present Today

Future Tomorrow

FUNCTION AND FORM

10.1 Will and Be Going To Form

Example

and

For a denite fact in the future

The game will start / is going to start at 2:00 p.m. tomorrow.

Be going to

For a prediction

It’s getting cold. It’s going to/will snow soon.

Will

For a spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking

Come with us. We will show you the way.

For a promise or an offer to do something in the future

I will help you study tonight.

For an action that is planned for the future

He is going to study in Europe next month.

Will

Be going to

1

Use

Keywords later, next week / month / year, probably, soon, tomorrow, tonight

Underline the future form in each sentence. Highlight the keywords. Give the reason the verb form is used. 1. We are going to drive to Florida next summer.

2. Wait. I will help you move your desk in a minute.

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UNIT 10

Future

89

Future with Will 10.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject

Adverbs usually come after will.

I / He / She / It

I will probably face many challenges.

We / You / They

2

Negative Base form of verb

Will

Subject

Will + not

I / He / She / It

will (‘ll)

wait. We / You / They

will not (won’t)

Base form of verb wait.

Complete each sentence with the verb in parentheses and the contracted form of will. Use the negative form when indicated. Practise pronouncing the contractions by reading the sentences to a classmate. 1. Tomorrow I (meet)

my role model.

2. Next week we (start) championship.

to prepare for the

3. He (be, negative)

afraid to meet difcult challenges.

4. My teammates (waste, negative) succeed.

an opportunity to

5. Next year they (organize)

another competition.

10.3 Questions To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use will or won’t without the main verb.

Yes / No Questions

Will she reach her goals in life?

Will

Future

he / she / it we / you / they

3

UNIT 10

Base form of verb

Question word

Will

When

I

Yes, she will. No, she won’t.

90

Subject

Will

Information Questions

wait?

What Where

will

Subject

Base form of verb

he

arrive?

they

do?

you

stay?

Complete each question with will and the verb in parentheses. 1.

our charity? (they, support)

2.

for the event? (Matt, volunteer)

3.

your dreams? (you, fulll)

4.

for the event? (when, Megan, leave)

5.

to help? (where, we, go)

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Future with Be Going To 10.4 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject

Verb be

I

am (‘m)

He / She / It

is (’s)

We / You / They

are (‘re)

4

Going to

going to

Negative Base form of verb

travel.

Subject

Verb be + not

I

am not (’m not)

He / She / It

is not (’s not / isn’t)

We / You / They

are not (’re not / aren’t)

Going to

going to

Base form of verb

travel.

Complete each sentence with be going to and the verb in parentheses. When indicated, use the negative form. 1. Next year I (participate)

in fundraising.

2. They (use)

the money to redecorate.

3. No, we (collect, negative)

When speaking, some people say, I’m gonna leave. The correct form is I’m going to leave.

old toys.

10.5 Questions Yes / No Questions Verb be

5

Subject

Am

I

Is

he / she / it

Are

we / you / they

Going to

going to

Information Questions Base form of verb

wait?

Question word

Verb be

Subject

When

am

I

What

is

she

Where

are

you

Going to

Base form of verb start?

going to

do? stay?

Complete each question with be going to. Use the words in parentheses. 1.

people with special needs? (help, you)

2.

empathy for others? (he, have)

3.

in peace? (they, live)

4.

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more tolerant? (when, we, become)

Adverbs usually come after the verb be. I am certainly going to help people.

UNIT 10

Future

91

PRACTISE 6

Afrmative and Negative with Will

Chart 10.2

Complete the testimonies with will and the verbs and adverbs in parentheses. Complete additional

Example: Helping others (inspire, obviously) will obviously inspire me.

exercises online to practise future forms.

Dominique, professional snowboarder

Tristan, student, salesperson

Q: How will you improve your performance?

Q: What will make you a good salesperson?

Strong competition (inspire, always)

Success (encourage, denitely)

1

5

me to do my best. When I

compete against a top athlete, I (do)

2

everything to perform better. I (give up, negative) 3

me win.

6

boss (motivate)

me and I will be

proud to show my bonuses to my co-workers.

. Self-discipline and hard

training (help, undoubtedly)

me to work harder. Praise from my

7

I hope they (be, negative) 4

jealous. Success (take)

8

me to the top

of the ladder!

7

Questions with Will

Chart 10.3

Read Jessica’s biography. Then write ve questions to ask her.

Jessica Cox: The First Pilot Without Arms Although she was born without arms, the inspiring American Jessica Cox lives her life with a lot of determination. Her achievements so far include an undergraduate degree in psychology, a no-restrictions driving licence, and a pilot’s licence. She is a former hip hop dancer and has a double black belt in taekwondo. Jessica types 25 words a minute, drives a car, plays piano, and talks on her phone—all by using her feet. Jessica’s plane is specially designed and she uses her feet to control it. Jessica is an inspiration to us all.

Example: Will you try to y a helicopter? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

92

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Future

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8

Afrmative and Negative: Will or Be Going To

Charts 10.1, 10.2

Read each step of the dialogue to see what is happening. Write S if the sentence describes a spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking. Write P if it describes an action planned for the future. Then complete the sentence with will or be going to.

Example: Jude: Dan, you forgot to post my letter. S

’ll / will

Dan: Oops! Sorry. I

post it now.

1. Jude: Hey, Dan, you didn’t text me back. Dan: Sorry. I

read your message right now.

2. Jude: Did you plan your schedule for next semester? Dan: No, I

do it in the next few days.

3. Jude: Does Vicky want to meet up tonight? Dan: Wait a minute. I

text her.

4. Jude: Did you decide what to do about your job? Dan: Yes, I did. I

ask for a promotion.

5. Jude: Solid career goals are really important. Dan: You’re right. I

9

Will and Be Going To

set my goals carefully.

Charts 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5

Correct the error underlined in each sentence. Write the correction on the line. Example: Will she going to be there?

Is

1. Melanie willn’t graduate if she doesn’t study hard. 2. You will compete in the next Olympic games? 3. You look tired. Sit down. I pour you a coffee. 4. She will to work as a video-game designer. 5. Melissa will donates her old clothes. 6. Next week I am phone the volunteer agency. 7. I think it will to rains tomorrow. 8. She predicts that he be going to win an award. 9. Where you will work after you leave school? 10. When you are going to move to your apartment?

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UNIT 10

Future

93

10 Afrmative and Negative with Be Going To

Chart 10.4

Write sentences for each goal with be going to in the afrmative and negative forms. Use contractions for the negative form. Goal Example: Be more disciplined in my daily routine

Afrmative I am going to be more disciplined in my daily routine.

Negative I’m not going to be more disciplined in my daily routine.

1. Set goals for the future 2. Stay focused on my dreams 3. Have a positive attitude

4. Contribute to a good cause 5. Exercise every day

11 Questions with Be Going To

Chart 10.5

Write each question with be going to instead of will. Then write it as an information question using the words given. Change the main verb if necessary. Yes / No Question with Will Example: Will Marina start her own business?

94

Yes / No Question with Be Going To Is Marina going to start her own business?

Information Question with Be Going To What is Marina going to start?

1. Will Max design a new green ofce?

What

2. Will you retrain to get the job?

What

3. Will Kirstie get a promotion?

Who

4. Will they relocate the ofce downtown?

Where

5. Will the company hire recent graduates?

Why

UNIT 10

Future

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12 Information Questions with Will

Chart 10.3

Write a question to match the information in bold. Example: The conference will start at 10 a.m. When will the conference start?

Go to appendix 2, page 131, for help with question words.

1. John will speak rst. 2. He will talk about activism. 3. He will nish his presentation at 11 a.m. 4. I will go see him because he’s inspiring. 5. The talk will take place downtown.

13 Information Questions with Be Going To

Chart 10.5

Write a question to match the information in bold. Example: They’re happy because they are leaving soon.

Why are they happy?

1. They are going to travel around the world. 2. They are going to visit world heritage sites. 3. They are going to plan the trip next week. 4. Bob is going to choose their rst destination.

5. The trip is going to take a year.

14 Mixed Questions

Charts 10.3, 10.5

Write a question to match the information in bold. Example: Patrick: When are you going to apply for the new job? Serena: I’m going to apply this week. 1. Patrick: Serena: Yes, I will relocate for this job. 2. Patrick: Serena: I’m going to work in an ofce downtown. 3. Patrick: Serena: No, I’m not going to work in sales. I’m going to work in marketing. 4. Patrick: Serena: Yes, I will denitely get an interview. 5. Patrick: Serena: The Director of Human Resources will be contacting me.

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UNIT 10

Future

95

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Find a partner. Ask each other yes / no and information questions about the following topics. Use will or be going to. Example: Go to university Where will you go to university? Are you going to stay in Montréal? Student A

Student B

1. Get married

5. Work from home

1. Have children

5. Have your own business

2. Have a career

6. Live on a farm

2. Travel

6. Learn another language

3. Live in another province

7. Inspire other people

3. Retire at age 70

7. Live in another country

4. Find a partner

8. Do volunteer work

4. Save money

8. Keep in good health

WRITING Read “Workplace of the Future.” Then use ideas from the text to describe future workplace trends in the chart below. Use be going to.

Workplace of the Future People will soon enjoy environmentally friendly workplaces where everything is designed for their physical and mental well-being. The new green trend—using plants, bamboo oors, and natural lighting, for example—will ensure pleasant and healthy environments where workers will feel comfortable. This kind of environment will help them deal with the stress of their daily routine. As baby boomers retire, there will be a lack of experienced workers. Companies will have to train more young people. All employees will need new skills for the rapidly changing workplace. Innovation will dene the workplace of the future.

Example: The workplace

The workplace is going to make workers feel comfortable.

1. Environment 2. Stress 3. Training 4. Innovation

96

UNIT 10

Future

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REVIEW A

Afrmative and Negative of Will

Complete the text with the afrmative and negative forms of will. Use contractions where possible.

Farming for the Future Every Friday a delicious basket of local fruit and vegetables 1

(arrive)

at a pickup location

near my home. In 2011 Lufa Farms built the rst commercial greenhouse on a rooftop in downtown Montréal. For a weekly order, you pay a xed price, but you can remove things you (need, negative) 2

and add others that you (enjoy)

3

more. In this week’s basket, I 4

notice that there are red chili peppers. I (eat, negative) 5

them, so I (check out)

the website for another vegetable at the same price. Growing food close to

where people live is an inspiring idea.

B

Afrmative and Negative with Be Going To

Complete the dialogue with the correct afrmative and negative forms of be going to. 1

Amelie: I don’t know how I (be)

ready for the new 2

school year. My brother and I (move)

my things to

the residence hall next week. Kara: Packing (take)

3

a long time because

you have a lot of things! Amelie: You’re right. That’s why I (pack)

4

some used

clothes to take to a women’s shelter this weekend. Kara: That’s a great idea! I (keep, negative)

5

my old

clothes either. Let’s start the semester with a fresh approach.

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UNIT 10

Future

97

C

Mixed Questions

Complete each question with the words in parentheses.

Sources of Inspiration 1.

at me if I tell you that a movie can be a source of inspiration? (you, laugh, going to)

2.

that reading a blog can be a powerful motivator? (disagree, you, will)

3.

that online activism is ineffective? (who, say, will)

4.

your inspiration? (where, you, get, going to)

5.

on social networks? (look, you, going to)

6.

you to do great things? (inspire, a book, will)

7.

the motivation to change society? (where, you, nd, going to)

8.

in a song or a poem? (be, it, will)

9.

to ght for a cause? (what, you, inspire, will) your source of inspiration? (who, be, will)

10.

Edit It!

Underline the 10 errors related to future forms. Write the correction above the error.

Wheels in Motion Later today we going to attend a meeting about a nonprot organization that gives wheelchairs to people in need. Richard, the coordinator, will explain carefully the charity’s goals. We are going certainly work hard to raise money. It is gonna be a challenge but we wont waste time. This charity is new, so we are going need a lot of publicity. People don’t will give money if they’re not aware of the cause. We meet a professional to discuss publicity strategies tomorrow. We all believe that the campaign be successful. We arent going to give up until we meet our nancial target.

98

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Future

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UNIT

Modals Cities must plan for a major increase in population by 2030. Basic services and affordable housing should be available to everyone.

11

FUNCTION AND FORM

11.1 Common Modals A modal gives extra information about the meaning of the verb that follows it. Modals come before the base form of the main verb and most do not change form.

Modal

Meaning

Example

ability

He can speak Spanish uently.

possibility

We can work in a green ofce if we want.

informal request

Can I see the schedule?

past ability

I could rollerblade well when I was a child.

possibility

We could plant a rooftop garden.

formal request

Could I borrow your dictionary?

possibility

He may design a new housing complex.

formal request

May I have information about the condo?

might

possibility

They might build a new highway.

must/ have to

obligation

She must / has to live in harmony with nature.

mustn’t

prohibition

should

advice / suggestion

You should denitely look for a people-friendly city.

would

wish (+ like / love)

I would really like to live near the sea.

preference

I would prefer to live in a big city.

formal request or offer

Would you like to see the loft?

can

could

may

You mustn’t enter the emergency room.

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Adverbs ending with -ly come after the modal. We can easily walk to the city centre.

Do not use two modals with the same main verb in a sentence. She should live downtown. (She should can live downtown.)

UNIT 11

Modals

99

1

Underline the modal in each sentence. Then write its meaning on the line. 1. Could you take me to the cooperative housing? 2. You must stop building concrete jungles. 3. They should plan more green spaces.

The innitive is not used with most modals.

4. I would love to move to a rural environment.

They can speak Hindi. (They can to speak Hindi.)

11.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements Modals do not take a nal -s in the third-person singular.

Afrmative Subject

Modal

Negative Base form of verb

We / You / They

Modal + not (contraction)

can

cannot (can’t)

could

could not (couldn’t)

may

I / He / She / It

Subject

I / He / She / It

might

We / You / They

must

leave.

should

Base form of verb

may not might not must not (mustn’t)

leave.

should not (shouldn’t) would not (wouldn’t)

would I / We / You / They

have to

I / We / You / They

do not (don’t) have to

He / She / It

has to

He / She / It

does not (doesn’t) have to

11.3 Questions To ask a question with have to, use the appropriate form of do. Do you have to drive to Québec? When does she have to leave?

Yes / No Questions Modal

Can

Subject

Base form of verb

I / he / she / it

go?

we / you / they

2 To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use the modal without the main verb. Yes, I could. / No, I could not (couldn’t).

Question word What

Modal

should

Subject I / he / she / it we / you / they

Base form of verb do?

Complete the sentence with the words in parentheses. Use the negative or question form where indicated. 1. You 2. 3. Kelly 4. We

100 UNIT 11 Modals

Information Questions

more. (study, should) at the gym? (exercise, have to, she, question) . (skate, can, negative) to Spain next year. (go, may)

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PRACTISE 3

Afrmative and Negative

Chart 11.2

Write the afrmative sentences in the negative, and the negative sentences in the afrmative. Use contractions for the negative form.

Complete additional exercises online to practise modals.

Afrmative

Negative

Example: You should improve your living space.

You shouldn’t improve your living space.

1. You can buy local produce. 2. We must grow peppers on our balcony. I would not like to use compost.

3. 4. Our community should be bigger.

We could not make our city prettier.

5. 6. I would like a quiet neighbourhood.

Neal cannot be happy alone.

7. 8. They have to be at work at 9:00 a.m.

We may not plant owers in tubs next spring.

9.

Shania should not worry about noise.

10.

4

Yes / No Questions

Chart 11.3

Complete each yes / no question with the words in parentheses. Example:

Should we join

a food co-op? (join, should, we)

1.

local food all year round in Québec? (eat, can, you)

2.

me pick berries? (help, could, you)

3.

vegans? (become, should, we)

4.

to be a locavore? (like, would, you)

5.

your local food network? (join, may, we)

6.

tomorrow? (change, might, the menu)

7.

in advance? (pay, must, I)

8.

my food every week? (choose, could, I)

9.

organic farms in winter? (support, can, Quebeckers)

10.

eating meat? (stop, have to, we)

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Information Questions

5

Chart 11.3

Write an information question to match the information in bold. Example: Tyler should be a better neighbour. What should Tyler be? 1. People can cycle to work in our city. 2. Public transport could be better. 3. You may come to my house after supper. 4. My parents might buy a condo in Florida. 5. I would leave to nd a healthier place.

Choice of Modals

6

Chart 11.1

Complete each sentence with a modal that matches the meaning in parentheses. Use the negative form where indicated. You may use each modal more than once. could / can

Example: Sure! I

help you prepare for your exam. (possibility) can

have to

I will I

mustn’t

1. No way! I It

revise my notes rst. (obligation)

could

forget to look at them tonight. (obligation, negative) possibly hold a snake. (possibility, negative) bite me! (possibility)

I

may might must should

you please hold the snake for me? (request) 2. You’re right. I

have to

practise more often. (advice / suggestion)

would

win the competition if I don’t practise hard enough. (ability, negative) I show you my latest practice video? (request)

3. What’s cooking? I know I I 4. We just

you like to taste my latest dish? (offer) try to create something new. (advice / suggestion) even check out an Asian recipe. (possibility) decide on a colour for our living room. (ability, negative)

We

make up our minds soon. (obligation)

We

prefer a really strong colour like red or orange. (preference)

5. Are you kidding? I I’m terried of heights. I

cross that bridge. (possibility, negative) even climb a ladder! (ability, negative) I leave? (informal request)

I

102 UNIT 11 Modals

like to be back home right now! (wish)

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7

Ability and Possibility

Charts 11.1, 11.2

Complete the text with can or its past form, could. Use the afrmative or negative form where indicated. can

Example: Now tourists

Could is also the past form of can.

visit China freely. 1

If you visit Shanghai, you

see two worlds: the

old and the new. For many years China was closed to the outside world. 2

Tourists (negative)

visit the country freely. As it 3

became more open, visitors

see Chinese people 4

travelling everywhere by bicycle. They (negative)

see many cars in those days. Now, in modern Shanghai, people (negative) 5

escape the pollution caused by trafc congestion

on the busy roads. Years ago, when the people of Shanghai used bicycles 6

as their main mode of transport, they 7

clean air. They (negative)

breathe

see any smog.

Nowadays a thick blanket of smog covers the city and modern visitors 8

(negative)

see the tops of the skyscrapers. Even 9

worse, dust from construction sites

get into the

inhabitants’ lungs and cause serious disease. Sometimes the price of 10

progress

8

be very high.

Advice / Suggestion, Obligation, or Possibility

Chart 11.1

Complete each sentence with a modal that matches the meaning in parentheses. Use should, must / have to, or could. Example: You

should

always keep your desk tidy. (advice / suggestion)

1. You

clean up your mess in the garage. (obligation)

2. You

trim the hedge. (possibility)

3. You

help in the garden. (advice / suggestion)

4. You

take turns washing the dishes. (obligation)

5. You

clean up your ofce more often. (advice / suggestion)

6. You

help to pick up litter in the neighbourhood. (possibility)

7. You

recycle the empty bottles. (obligation)

8. You

cut the grass today. (possibility)

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9

Advice / Suggestion, Possibility, or Wish / Preference

Chart 11.2

Complete each sentence with the modal that matches the meaning in parentheses: should, could, or would. Use the verb in parentheses and the negative form where indicated. couldn’t live

Example: In the 1970s you (possibility: live, negative)

downtown.

In the 1960s and 1970s the city of Portland looked like many other American cities. The buildings 1

downtown were old and people (possibility: nd, negative)

good

affordable housing. Inner city stores were closing because they (possibility: compete, negative) 2

with the shopping malls in the suburbs. But you (advice: check out) 3

Portland now! Public transit is well organized and the

downtown core is vibrant, thanks to an excellent system of streetcars. In the 60s and 70s, 4

not many people (possibility: say)

that they went

to work or school by cable car. Now they can! The Portland Aerial Tram takes over 3 000 commuters every day on the three-minute ride up to the Oregon Health and Science 5

University. I (wish: love)

to see the campus on top of

the hill. I’m sure that many people (wish: like)

6

to go to

school by cable car. They (preference: prefer)

7

a short

eco-friendly ride rather than hours spent in a car in trafc jams. We (advice: suggest) 8

people-friendly streetcars to urban planners in our city.

10 Level of Formality: Questions with Can, Could, May, and Would

Charts 11.1, 11.3

Write the modal that best reects the level of formality indicated in the second column. Use can, could, may, and would. Type of Communication

Level of Formality

Example: Proposal letter

Formal

1. Friendly email

Informal

2. Letter to advertising sponsor

Formal

3. Letter about nancial support

Formal

4. Letter of presentation

Formal

Sentence Could / May

I meet with you to present

our project? you help us design a poster for our Neighbourhood Watch? we put your logo on the poster? you fund our project to

Can, could, may, and would are all used to make requests. However, can is informal and less polite. May I / we and Could are used to request permission. Would you and Could you are both used to make polite requests.

print a poster? I count on your support for my project?

5. Verbal request to team member

104 UNIT 11 Modals

Informal

you send me the sketch today?

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11 Ability, Possibility, or Request / Permission

Chart 11.1

Read the job description. Then complete the interview below with the modals can, could, may, might, or would in the afrmative or negative.

Administrative Assistant Full-Time Position We are a group of architects with dynamic cutting-edge ideas. Our head ofce is in Montréal and we have ofces in 12 other locations across the world. The administrative assistant must be available to travel abroad.

Qualications: Experience in business administration. You should have excellent writing and speaking skills in both English and French. Knowledge of Arabic or Mandarin would be an asset. You must be exible, outgoing, and motivated. You should be prepared to work unconventional hours. Send your C.V. to: P.O. Box 205, Station A, Montréal, Québec.

May

Example: Boss: Good morning, Ms. Parent.

I call you Olivia?

1

Applicant: Yes, you

. 2

Boss: Thank you. First of all, I

like you to explain why you are

interested in this job. 3

Applicant: Well, I 4

As a child I

speak English, French, and Mandarin uently.

also speak Arabic. When my father died, I no 5

longer spoke it, but I’m sure I 6

easily improve my speaking skills. I 7

read Arabic, but I

go to night school to take

a course. 8

Boss: Do you have other qualications that 9

Applicant: I year. I

10

Boss:

nish my degree in business administration next

like to take the program full time, but that isn’t possible 11

right now. I 12

be useful for this job?

afford to study full time.

you continue to study part time if you got this job?

Applicant: Yes, I study at the same time. I

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13

14

.I 15

be happy to work and

be very motivated if I got the job!

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COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Role-play the following scenario with a classmate. He or she has won a million dollars in the lottery and needs to decide what to do with the money. Give your classmate advice based on his or her interests and pastimes. Use appropriate modals in the afrmative, negative, and question forms. Example: Student A: What should I do with a million dollars? Student B: You don’t have to work or go to school anymore! You could stop studying and go on a luxury cruise in the Caribbean. Student A: I can’t leave school; education is important in life. I might start a business. I could be my own boss. Student B: Can’t you wait until you nish college? You should study architecture and design buildings! I would love to be able to draw like you. Student A: I think I would prefer to study art at university. I must develop my drawing talent rst.

WRITING Write a short text describing the community you would design if you won the lottery. Use as many modals as you can. Example: I am an environmentalist. If I won the lottery, I would design a community where people could live in harmony with nature. Residents could contribute to building the community and looking after it. They wouldn’t have to be rich to live there.

106 UNIT 11 Modals

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REVIEW A

May, Would, Could, and Can

Complete each sentence with a modal that matches the meaning in parentheses. I suggest we hire someone to look into the idea before we make the plan? (formal request)

1. 2. I

prefer to live in a walkable neighbourhood. (preference)

3. Planners 4. We

demolish neglected urban areas. (advice / suggestion) like people to stop painting grafti on buildings. (wish) you give me the address of the municipal inspector? (informal request)

5. 6. Cars 7. I

stop at the red light. (obligation) play outside safely when I was a child. (past ability)

8. Perhaps we

B

stop vandalism with our Neighbourhood Watch. (ability)

Information Questions with Modals

Read the text. Then write an information question to match the information in bold.

Winning Formula Holland can teach other countries about urban planning. It is a small country with narrow streets and canals, so it cannot permit too many cars in cities. The design of each Dutch city must follow the concept of neighbourhoods. In each neighbourhood, planners must include a “city centre” with a small shopping mall, bus stops, and schools. People can go to the bank, post ofce, and food stores without using a car. Each resident should be able to walk to the centre in less than 15 minutes. You could compare this concept with village life in the past. In 2013 a UNICEF study concluded that Dutch children are the happiest in the world! This must mean that the Dutch concept of landscape is the right formula for successful urban living.

Questions

Answers

1.

Holland can teach other countries about urban planning.

2.

Dutch planners must include a city centre in each neighbourhood.

3.

People can go to the bank, post ofce, and food stores without using a car.

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Modals

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C

Mixed Modals

Underline the modal that matches the meaning in parentheses. 1. Some urban planners may / must follow the Dutch housing model. (possibility) 2. You would / should circulate a petition to improve the area. (advice / suggestion) 3. Brook can / should use a computer program to design a new park. (ability) 4. Residents might / would be interested in anti-litter projects. (possibility) 5. We could / must ask city planners to create more green spaces. (obligation) 6. In the past people could / can leave their garbage on the street corner. (past ability) 7. I would / may prefer to get to work by public transit. (preference) 8. Would / Could you like to do a master’s degree in urban planning? (wish) 9. They might / should ask the citizens what they think. (advice / suggestion) 10. Can / May you help us to get permission for an organic farm? (informal request)

Edit It!

With a classmate, identify the error in each sentence. Review the unit to nd the rule which explains the error. Then write the correction and the rule on the lines.

1. Sometimes living in an apartment can to be a pleasant experience.

2. It cans becomes difcult when neighbours are too noisy.

3. The walls between two apartments be can quite thin.

4. Can you speak Italian? Yes, I speak.

5. I should put denitely an ad on the college website to nd roommates.

108 UNIT 11 Modals

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12

UNIT

Editing Files “A word after a word after a word is power.” Margaret Atwood, “Spelling”

12.1 Parts of Speech Part of Speech

Function

Example

Noun (n.)

Names people and things

My friends and I saw many ancient monuments and took lots of photos.

Pronoun (p.)

Replaces a noun

he it In this photo, Ross is standing in front of a Mayan temple.

Determiner (d.)

Identies a noun

That trip was the best vacation I ever had.

Verb (v.)

Describes and gives information about an action or event

We climbed those steps and had a great view.

Adjective (adj.)

Gives information about a noun or pronoun

The temple was spectacular. It was an amazing sight.

Adverb (adv.)

Gives extra meaning to an adjective or verb

The sky was very colourful as the sun sank slowly in the west.

Describes time, frequency, manner, or degree

After we watched the sun set, we reluctantly got into the tour bus.

Preposition (prep.)

Describes place, time, or direction

We met behind the temple on this beautiful morning.

Conjunction (c.)

Joins: nouns

The players and spectators enjoyed the ballgame.

I will tell you about Mayan culture.

Then we walked to the museum.

verbs

The players ran and kicked the ball.

adjectives

The winners were tired but happy.

adverbs

The team played faster and more aggressively last week.

clauses

You can sign up for hockey or you can take swimming lessons.

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1

Identify the part of speech of each word. Use a dictionary for help.

1. the

4. spectacular

7. rarely

10. but

2. we

5. swims

8. on

11. this

3. writer

6. and

9. soon

12. them

2

Complete the text with the words from the word box. Write the abbreviation for the part of speech above each word. a

concentration

in

often

to

but

extremely

it

spend

worried

1

Many parents are

3

hours texting every day. 5

useful tool, 7

can lead

2

because their children

4

cellphone is an

6

texting also creates problems.

poor

8

and poor conversational skills.

Young people are losing face-to-face social skills and bad manners are 9

10

the result of communicating

cyberspace.

Edit It! 3

Correct the underlined errors. Write the correction above the error. Is you interested in archaeology? I love to work on a archaeological site. Digging is hardly work but its rewarding very. Last week our group found some broke pottery bowls. You are anxiously to nd out when they was made. The archaeologist will study the pieces before he glues it together.

110

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SENTENCES A sentence is a group of words that express a thought. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark. History is a fascinating subject.

Why do you like history? It’s exciting!

12.2 Sentence Formation Structure

4

Abbreviation

Example

1. Subject Verb

SV

S V I run.

2. Subject Verb Object

SVO

SV O I run marathons.

3. Subject Verb Adverb

SVA

S V A I run fast.

4. Subject Verb Object Adverb

SVOA

SV O A I run marathons fast.

5. Subject Verb be Complement

SVC

S V C Usain Bolt is a great athlete.

A complement is usually a word or group of words that follows the verb be and completes the sentence.

Analyze the structure of each sentence. Write the appropriate abbreviations over the words. 1. I broke the mug.

4. Naomi teaches judo professionally.

2. The fans cheer loudly.

5. They are friendly.

3. Cyberbullies are cruel.

6. Sharon plays the piano beautifully.

Edit It! 5

Write each sentence correctly. Then write abbreviations to identify the sentence structure. 1. Bullies unkind are. 2. Greatly this modern problem affects teenagers.

3. Bullies a teenager’s condence destroy.

4. Online messages reputations can ruin. 5. Sensitive teenagers are.

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12.3 Types of Sentences Type of Sentence

Example

Simple

Is an independent clause that expresses a complete thought

Sara is studying accounting.

Compound

Has two independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon

Every evening she studies but on the weekend she relaxes.

Has two or more clauses: an independent clause and a dependent clause

Sara likes her accounting course (independent clause) because she likes working with numbers (dependent clause).

Complex

6

Description

She enjoys the work; the salary is good.

Match the two parts of the sentence and write the correct letter in the second column. Then identify each sentence as S (simple), CD (compound), or CX (complex) in the nal column.

1. He started playing

a. when he was six.

2. Ryan is a goalkeeper

b. she plays hockey.

3. Maxime is Ryan’s sister;

c. because she loves skating.

4. Maxime likes hockey

d. enjoy their sport.

5. Ryan and Maxime

e. but he would prefer to be a defenceman.

Edit It! 7

Circle each error and write the correction above it. Change or strike out incorrect punctuation. I’m sitting at the bank right now. Because I need a loan. I really want to redecorate my apartment. But I don’t have enough money. I should do it. When my nances are better. My friends are right, I’m not good with my money. And maybe I should start saving instead of spending.

112

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12.4 Subject-Verb Agreement In a sentence, the subject and the verb must always be in agreement.

Subject and Verb

8

Example

Verb be: Use the correct form of the verb with the subject.

I am a careful driver. Kevin is a new driver.

Verb have: Use the correct form of the verb with the subject.

I have my driver’s licence. Kevin has a temporary licence.

Simple present: Use the form for the thirdperson singular -s or -es afrmative. Use do not/does not (don’t/doesn’t) for the negative.

Kevin drives well.

Present progressive and past progressive: Use the correct form of the verb be.

I am planning a trip to Miami with Justine.

Justine tries to drive responsibly. She doesn’t ignore the speed limit.

We were taking the bus to New York when I saw Eric.

Underline the subject of the sentence. Then circle the correct verb. 1. Bailey are / is an excellent dancer. 2. She try / tries hard to improve her steps every day. 3. We is driving / are driving to Toronto in the morning. 4. An hour ago she were performing / was performing her solo routine. 5. Bailey expects / expect to do well in the competition.

Edit It! 9

Underline the 10 subject-verb agreement errors. Write the correct verb above the error. Dancing with the Stars are a popular TV show. Viewers votes for their favourite dance performance. They uses their mobile devices to send their votes. Reality shows have huge audiences; millions of viewers participates in the voting process. Another favourite, America’s Got Talent, feature singers, musicians, dancers, comedians, and magicians. The other day I were watching Canadian Idol. People in the audience was getting upset with the judges. They didn’t agree with their decision. Everybody were shouting. Viewers gets personally involved in the judging process. Everyone want to choose the winner!

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Editing Files

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12.5 Sentence Structure: Fragments A fragment is an incomplete sentence. A complete sentence must have a subject and a verb.

Fragment

Problem

Solution

Correction

Is a great athlete.

There is no subject.

Add a subject.

Blair is a great athlete.

She happy with her score.

There is no verb.

Add a verb.

She is happy with her score.

Because she trains regularly.

A dependent clause is not a complete sentence.

Add an independent clause.

She succeeds because she trains regularly.

When I saw her.

A time clause is not a complete sentence.

Add an independent clause.

When I saw her, she looked very focused.

Who was talking to her.

A relative clause is not a complete sentence.

Add an independent clause. Put the subject before the relative clause.

The man who was talking to her was her coach.

12.6 Sentence Structure: Run-on Sentences A run-on sentence occurs when two sentences are not joined correctly.

Run-on Sentence Ashley is an artist, she also makes pottery.

Solution

Correction

Make two sentences.

Ashley is an artist. She also makes pottery.

Use a semicolon.

Ashley is an artist; she also makes pottery.

Use a conjunction.

Ashley is an artist and she also makes pottery.

10 Correct each sentence using a solution from charts 12.5 and 12.6. 1. It’s good to have a role model, sometimes celebrities can inspire us.

Refer to chart 12.7, page 115, for information on punctuation.

2. Unfortunately some celebrities bad inuences.

3. They do stupid things, it annoys me.

4. They act stupidly, they think they look more interesting.

5. When I think of a role model. I think of Mother Teresa.

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Edit It! 11 Correct the errors in sentence structure and punctuation. Is difcult to choose gifts for family and friends. Because you want to get them something they will like. When I bought a gift for my sister last year. She didn’t look happy. The dress was much too big. She thought I was telling her she was overweight! Emma happy with me her boyfriend immediately told her. That she looked great. Then Emma smiled at me, I knew that she felt okay. When you are choosing gifts for people you love think carefully. Because you don’t want to hurt their feelings.

12 Underline the six fragment and run-on errors. Then write the text correctly. Complete the sentences where necessary. Suzie will to a kickboxing class tonight, it is a new challenge for her. Her friend Karen loves this sport. Because it keeps her in good shape. When I spoke to Suzie. She said the course was expensive. If she tries it. I think she will like it. Who will teach the class called her last night.

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Editing Files

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12.7 Punctuation Use punctuation to organize and structure your ideas when writing.

Punctuation Period .

Use

Example

To nish a sentence

My twin and I have different birthdays.

To show abbreviations

I was born at 11:59 p.m. on Dec. 30, 1997.

Exclamation mark !

To express surprise

My twin was born at ten minutes past midnight on January 1!

Question mark ?

To ask a question

Did you know I had a twin?

Comma ,

To join two independent clauses connected by a conjunction

I have one stepsister, but my friend has two half-brothers.

To separate consecutive adjectives, nouns, and verbs

In this photo you can see my stepfather, my birth father, my twin, and me.

Colon :

To introduce a list of items

Things to do: nish the report, buy snacks and juice, and take the car to the garage.

Semicolon ;

To separate two independent clauses

It’s sunny today; tomorrow it will snow.

Apostrophe ’

To indicate possession in nouns (before or after -s)

Adam’s new car is red. (singular noun)

To show contractions

Tim’s happy because he’ll be home soon.

Parentheses ( )

To separate words or sentences that add extra information

We are open from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. (weekdays only).

Quotation marks

To repeat what someone said or wrote. Add a comma before you write the opening quotation mark. Use a comma before the closing quotation mark if the quote starts the sentence.

Einstein said, “Imagination is more important than knowledge.”

“ “

The girls’ apartment is trendy. (plural noun)

“Imagination is more important than knowledge,” said Einstein.

Edit It! 13 Underline the punctuation error(s) in each sentence. Write the correction above the error. 1. Marios not pleased with his grades 2. It’s cold today: tomorrow it’ll be colder 3. Jessicas friends are worried about their exams. 4. Her friend replied You must be joking? 5. We offer home delivery weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. weekends from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.

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12.8 Capitalization Use a capital letter for the following.

Rule

Example

First word of a sentence

Most students don’t like philosophy.

First-person subject pronoun

I am happy that I am on the swim team.

First names, family names, titles

Louis Pasteur, Mr. Bean, Doctor Jekyll

Titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, paintings (except conjunctions, prepositions, articles)

Alice in Wonderland, Maclean’s, The Gazette / The Globe and Mail, Hamlet, The Scream

Days, months, holidays

Monday, June, Thanksgiving

Languages, nationalities, tribes, religions

Swedish, Portuguese, Tutsis, Buddhism

Place names, street names, cities, continents, countries, provinces, states, rivers, mountains, planets

Central Park, Main Street, New York, Europe, Mali, Alberta, Vermont, the Thames, the Rockies, Saturn

Organizations, institutions, monuments

the United Nations, Greenpeace, the Eiffel Tower

Addresses

52 Browning Street, Fleetham, Ontario

Acronyms and abbreviations

UNICEF, DNA

14 Capitalize the underlined words and explain the use of the capital letters. 1. The world health organization (WHO) is worried about the spread of aids in africa.

2. There is a meeting in cape town in january.

3. Actually, i am one of the guest speakers. On monday I will start to write my speech.

Edit It! 15 Underline each capitalization error. Write the correction above the error. 1. What is unicef?

4. They admire the work of greenpeace activists.

2. I’ve never heard of the ganges river.

5. I don’t speak german uently.

3. Do you know dr. jones?

6. I visited paris many years ago.

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Edit It! 16 Identify the type of error in each sentence. Then write the sentence correctly. Problem

Type of Error

Correction

1. We woke up late this morning. Because we got home after midnight. 2. Some teenagers like to party, they don’t get enough sleep. 3. Sleep deprivation is common. Among teenagers. 4. Is important to get a good night’s sleep.

5. A short nap during the day benecial.

17 Underline and correct the 10 punctuation and capitalization errors. Write the correction above the error. Dating sites obviously play an important part in connecting possible partners: however, they can also create problems. People post negative information about their dates and everybody can read it. when couples split up, they often write unkind comments about their ex-loves. i broke off a relationship recently and it was painful, My ex-love, sam, kept texting me and wrote something unpleasant on the dating site, it was horrible. In addition, Sam posted embarrassing photos on Facebook. Another problem is that people can use search engines to nd your personal information easily. Thats scary enjoy the positive features of the Internet but be careful. Finally, remember that your life isnt for public viewing.

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WORDS “Words are also actions, and actions are a kind of words.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

12.9 Cognates True cognates are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and English and that have the same meaning in the two languages. False cognates (faux amis) are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and English but that have different meanings. Both true and false cognates are not always pronounced the same way in English and French.

True Cognates

False Cognates French / English

Meaning in French

Meaning in English

absent

festival

original

actuellement / actually

presently, now

in fact

accident

fruit

pardon

avertissement / advertisement

warning

publicity

animal

general

parent

assister / assist

participate, attend

help

brave

guide

pollution

chance / chance

luck

opportunity

cause

horrible

problem

crayon / crayon

pencil

coloured stick used to draw

certain

identication

question

envie / envy

desire

jealousy

correction

important

respect

éventuellement / eventually

possibly

at a later time

date

juvenile

responsibility

gentil / gentle

nice

kind, mild

develop

motivation

routine

librairie / library

bookstore

place to borrow books

effort

muscle

solution

notes / notes

marks

information to remember

excellent

opinion

science

sensible / sensible

touched by emotions or ideas

responsible, logical

12.10 Homophones Sometimes two English words are pronounced exactly the same way, but have different spellings and meanings. These words are called homophones. be

bee

buy

by

cent

sent

hair

hare

I

eye

sight

site

son

sun

blew

blue

cell

sell

ower

our

hole

whole

pair

pear

sole

soul

write

right

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18 Complete each sentence with the missing homophone. Use the words in chart 12.10. 1. Will you 2. The wind 3. He’s going to 4. That old coin is a 5. Mix one cup of

that phone?

6. Did you read the

and the old tree fell.

7. We ate an apple and a

his old books.

.

8. The sunset was a beautiful

. and two eggs.

blog?

9. Do you know her 10. I think that was the

. ? decision.

Edit It! 19 Circle the ve false cognates and write the correction above the error. Underline the ve true cognates. Use a dictionary to help you. Holly wasn’t happy with her note for her English assignment. She was a sensible girl and tears came quickly to her eyes. Her classmate Tatiana, a gentle and loyal friend, was an excellent and highly motivated student. She believed in hard word, not chance. Tatiana suggested that they go to the library to buy Holly a dictionary.

20 Underline the homophone error in each sentence. Write the correction on the line. Use a dictionary to help you. 1. I know you have a brother. Do you have a sister to? 2. I eight Moroccan food for the rst time today. 3. Drew is the best mail singer in the band. 4. Who one the singing contest? 5. The dog has one blue and one brown I. 6. The back break isn’t working well on his bicycle. 7. Next summer I want a vacation by the see. 8. It’s important to bee organized in your work. 9. Can you here the sound of my heartbeat? 10. Naomi shouldn’t where yellow pants!

120 UNIT 12 Editing Files

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12.11 Gerunds and Innitives Gerunds and innitives are verb forms that can function as nouns.

Form

Formation

Example

A gerund is formed by using the base form of the verb + -ing.

Skating is a fun activity.

Gerund

Always takes the third-person singular of the verb

Skating keeps you t.

(-ing noun)

Can be the subject or the object in a sentence

Skating (subject) is great exercise. I go skating (object) with my friends.

Can follow verbs and prepositions

Emma stopped smoking. She was pleased about stopping the habit.

The innitive is formed using to + the base form of the verb. Innitive

We hope to go sailing this weekend.

Usually follows verbs

Danny wants to leave home.

Can follow adjectives and nouns

I was happy to hear that she’s going to come skating with us.

21 Identify each gerund as the subject (S) or object (O) of the sentence. Write I for an innitive. Sentence

Subject, Object, Innitive

1. Curling is a great pastime. 2. She loves to read. 3. Skiing is a lot of fun. 4. Do you enjoy singing? 5. He wants to join the gym.

Do not confuse a gerund with the present progressive. Skating is fun. (gerund) You are skating too fast! (present progressive)

Edit It! 22 Strike out the 10 gerund and innitive errors. Then write the correction above each error. Jack is unt so he decided to give up to smoke. He also needs to exercising more. He spends too much time to sit in front of a screen. Exercise for just 10 minutes every day can make a big difference. Jogging, cycle, and walking are simple ways to get t. To eat too much is also a problem for Jack. He nds it difcult to dieting. He is worried now because he says smoke keeps him slim. Walk for an hour a week and change his diet will help him. He’ll soon be in shape.

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12.12 Common Spelling Problems is

This is my passport.

he’s

He’s travelling with me.

his

Here is his ticket.

it’s

It’s a short drive to the airport.

its

Its departure lounge is comfortable.

our

We have our sandwiches.

hour

We’ll board the plane in an hour.

there

My car is over there.

they’re

They’re leaving for Europe.

their

Their luggage is in the car.

where

Where must we check in?

were

The details on the website were unclear.

wear

I always wear practical clothes to travel.

which (wich)

Which costume is yours?

witch

I have a witch costume for the party.

with (whit)

Did you bring a snack with you?

23 Underline the correct word. 1. This his / is my locker.

6. Will you please come whit / with me?

2. Alana is their / there babysitter.

7. Where / Wear are the keys?

3. Wich / Which sweater do you prefer?

8. Did you look over their / there?

4. They’re / Their my cousins.

9. Its / It’s really cold today.

5. The train leaves in an our / hour.

10. The book is about the witch / which and the goblin.

Edit It! 24 Underline the 10 spelling errors. Write the correction above the error. Today its freezing. I decided to were my new winter coat when I saw the weather forecast. Their is a snowstorm warning for this afternoon. Jack and I where not sure what to do. It takes an our by bus to get to school. Wich was better: car or bus? If you go by car, you have to take a shovel whit you to dig out the car! They’re really wasn’t another option. Public transport was best. Jack decided to leave hour car at home and his happy with the decision.

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Edit It! 25 Underline the incorrect word or spelling error in each sentence. Write the correction on the line. 1.

Hi, Jack. Did you enjoy the formation?

2.

I thought the stage sounded interesting.

3.

Did you meat any interesting people?

4.

I didn’t sea many new faces.

5.

I new most of the students.

6.

Their were too many speakers.

7.

Its a lot of work for the organizers.

8.

We’re lucky that hour teachers are good.

9.

There dedicated to their students.

10.

They shared a lot of information whit us.

26 Underline the 15 spelling errors. Write the correction above the error.

Which Country Would You Like to Visit? I wood really love to visit Japan. Yesterday I watched a program about Kyoto. Its an old city that’s not by the see but near beautiful Lake Biwa. When I visit Kyoto, I want to where a kimono and drink tee at a special Japanese ceremony. I’ll stay in a traditional guest house, a ryokan, and I’ll by a phrase book so that I can speak sum Japanese with my hosts. Japanese must be difcult to right but I think I can learn to say a few words. I also want to sea how a chef prepares fugu, the sh that kills! Recently I eight in a Japanese restaurant but I was too scared to order it. Another of my wishes is to watch Sumo wrestlers. Wrestling is won of my favourite sports. I love a hole range of martial arts and do kung fu. I also like the Japanese art of our arrangement. Sometimes there is just one branch or a single blew ower. One day I will try to grow a bonsai tree. It is such a beautiful site to see a miniature tree that can be a hundred years old.

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Final Edit It! 27 Find and correct the 18 errors in the text.

Katsushika Hokusai You probably know the japanese artist hokusai (1760–1849) because of his famous painting the great wave of kanagawa. Did you know that he was one of the rst artists to draw a manga. Modern cartoon books their existence owe to this great man. The modern Japanese loves comic books. People of all ages reads them and they cover many subjects from fantasy to violence. Perhaps you remember pokémon. Because you were born in the 1990s. Pikachu was the most popular character, he was so cute. did you like him, too! Children had to collect cards, then their were movies, and now they’re video games. Thanks to Hokusai, we have exciting modern entertainment!

28 Read Gina’s letter and correct the underlined errors. Hi, gina How are you? Im stressed out. my nances are in terrible shape, they’re so many bills to pay. I a budget. My car at the garage. Because something is leaking. I dont know how much it will cost to x it. Am always studying. I doesn’t get enough exercise. Life too chaotic is. Next week I start a stage wich is part of my formation. Can we meet on saturday. I wood love to see you. Laurie

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FinalFinal Verb Revie Verb Review Final Verb Review

Final Verb Review Final Ve Final Verb Review

Final Verb Re Simple Present, Simple Past, and Future Forms Answer the questions. 1. How do you form the simple present of a verb? Conjugate the verb talk as an example.

talk: 2. When do you use an -s ending or an -es ending? Give an example of each rule. -s: -es:

3. Which two verbs do not follow these rules?

4. What are two keywords you can use with the simple present?

5. What is a contraction? Give two examples.

6. How do you form the simple past of a regular verb? 7. What are two keywords you can use with the simple past?

8. Which two forms can you use for the future?

9. How do you form the future with be going to?

10. How do you form the future with will?

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125

Simple Present and Present Progressive A

Answer the questions. 1. How do you form the present progressive?

2. What are two keywords you can use with the present progressive?

3. When do you use the simple present and when do you use the present progressive? Simple Present:

Present Progressive:

4. What is the difference between the following sentences? a. Jake wears sunglasses when he drives.

b. Jake is wearing sunglasses right now.

B

Choose the correct form of the simple present or the present progressive. Underline your choice and explain it. 1. I learn / am learning Arabic.

2. Chloe often is biting / bites her nails when she is nervous.

3. Brides in India usually wear / are wearing red.

4. This week he practises / is practising for the race.

5. He is work / is working until eleven o’clock this morning.

126

FINAL VERB REVIEW

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Simple Past and Past Progressive A

Answer the questions. 1. When do you use the simple past and when do you use the past progressive? Simple Past:

Past Progressive:

2. What are two keywords you can use with the past progressive?

3. Which verb has two forms in the simple past? What are they?

4. How do you form the past progressive?

5. How do you form the negative form of the simple past and the past progressive? Give an example of each. Simple past:

Example: Past progressive: Example:

B

Underline the keywords. Then choose and circle the simple past or the past progressive. 1. While I read / was reading the instructions, the lights went / were going out. 2. The ink cartridges were arriving / arrived as I was leaving / left my apartment. 3. We saw / were seeing the accident when we were jogging / jogged near the highway. 4. As we were shovelling / shovelled our driveway, a snow plough covered / was covering us with snow. 5. A month ago I was ordering / ordered shoes online and I received / was receiving them yesterday.

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Modals A

Answer the questions. 1. Which modals express obligation? 2. Which modals express ability and past ability? 3. Which modal can you use to give advice? 4. Which modals express a possible option? Circle the answers.

can

could

may

might

must

should

5. Which modal expresses an informal request? Circle the answer.

B

can

could

may

Underline the modal. Then write its meaning: ability, advice / suggestion, obligation, possibility, or wish. 1. You should study more. 2. He must/has to stop bullying people. 3. Mira can speak German. 4. Shannon would like a good job. 5. I could teach you how to drive.

Questions Write a yes / no question with the keywords in parentheses and the other words given. 1. (every night) she / sleep / a lot

2. (right now) you / learn / Greek

3. (yesterday evening) they / go / to the concert

4. (last night from 9:00 to midnight) he / play / video games

5. (next month) Carmen / teach / you / Spanish

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FINAL VERB REVIEW

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Verb Review A

Underline the 10 errors. Write the correction above the error.

Welcome to the glorious world of YouTube. Young people can nds everything here. For example, listen to the rapper on Thug Notes as he explain the plot of Dante’s Inferno in pure rap language, with the sound of classical music in the background. Cartoon-like pictures shows the storyline. When I see this channel for the rst time, I laughed. It were funny, but I really learn a lot that day about classical literature. The diversity of YouTube is phenomenal. Even the Top Ten lists are being impressive. YouTube is a one-stop place for everything young people likes. Every day they can to visit sites for information about the latest video games. They can must check out sports results or laugh at jokes on comedy channels.

B

Write a question to match the information in bold. 1. The YouTube channel called Vsauce presents science in an entertaining way.

2. A young man who likes science told me about Vsauce.

3. I saw Vsauce for the rst time last week.

4. Yes, I am going to tell all my friends about it.

5. No, I wouldn’t recommend it to people who don’t like science.

C

Underline the modal that matches the meaning in parentheses. 1. Kyle should / can take a vacation. (advice / suggestion) 2. I must / could show you how to do it. (possibility) 3. Brent can / might play the guitar. (ability) 4. Patti may / would like to join our choir. (wish) 5. She might / must practise more often. (obligation)

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Appendix 1 Pronouns Pronoun Subject

Object

Reexive

Possessive pronoun

Possessive determiner

Example

I

I have a roommate named Rachel.

you

You haven’t met her.

he / she / it

She is my best friend.

we / you / they

We should get together.

me

Can you call me tonight?

you

I’ll call you back.

him / her / it

I’d like to meet her.

us / you / them

I hope you’ll reach us.

myself

I’m proud of myself.

yourself

You should be proud of yourself.

himself / herself / itself

I know she’s proud of herself.

ourselves / yourselves / themselves

We’re all proud of ourselves.

mine

Is this pen mine?

yours

Where is yours?

his / hers

Did he nd his?

ours / yours / theirs

Are these books ours?

my

Is that my purse?

your

It’s next to your bag.

his / her / its

Look under his backpack.

our / your / their

Move their boxes aside.

Complete the text with the correct pronouns. 1

Yesterday Justin was surng on the Net when disturbing. There was a post about 4

was a photo of 5

picture of

2

saw something 3

sister, Melanie.

sister at a party. Unfortunately, it wasn’t a attering

and the comment was cruel. It said, “Time to go on a diet.”

Cyberbullying is difcult to control.

6

drives some teenagers to 7

suicide. At Justin’s school, the principal, Ms. Cook, has a strategy. 8

invited a guest speaker, Mr. Alan Jones, to speak to the students. 9

spoke to to

11

130 APPENDIX 1

with great interest. The next time I go on 13

Facebook page, of

about bullying in school.

14

10

listened 12

will share an anti-bullying message. I feel proud

. But it’s not only my responsibility. It’s also

15

.

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Appendix 2 Questions Words Information Needed

Question Word

Example

Answer

Thing or event

What

What is it?

It is a smart TV.

Place

Where

Where am I?

I am in my classroom.

Time or date

When

When do they come home?

They are usually home at 6 p.m.

When is your birthday?

My birthday’s on February 10.

Person / People

Who

Who is he?

He is my brother.

Reason

Why

Why did she sleep late?

She was really tired.

Manner or means

How

How does your sister cope?

She is very strong.

How can I learn to cook?

You can go to cooking classes.

Age

How old

How old are you?

I am 19 years old.

Size

How big / tall / high

How high will the tower be?

It’ll be about 500 m high.

Quantity

How many (countable nouns)

How many students are there in your class?

There are about 30 students.

How much (uncountable nouns)

How much money have you saved?

I’ve saved $200 so far.

Frequency

How often

How often do you go to your Italian course?

I go once a week.

Duration / Length

How long

How long does the break last?

It lasts for 20 minutes.

How long is your hair?

It’s shoulder length.

Complete each sentence with the correct question word(s). 1.

is your sister ? (age)

2.

is he looking at me? (reason)

3.

is that student ? (person)

4.

siblings do you have ? (quantity)

5.

will it arrive ? (time)

6.

is my tablet ? (place)

7.

sugar do you take in your coffee? (quantity)

8.

do you want for your birthday? (thing)

9.

do you get from school to work? (means)

10.

do you check your messages? (frequency)

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APPENDIX 2

131

Appendix 3 Question Formation Yes / No Questions Verb Tense

Question

Short Answer

Verb be Simple present

Am I healthy? Is she satised? Are they late?

Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Yes, she is. No, she isn’t / ’s not. Yes, they are. No, they aren’t / ’re not.

Simple past

Was he brave? Were they at the club?

Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t. Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

Simple present

Do you speak Russian? Does she have an allergy?

Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.

Simple past

Did they give you advice?

Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.

Present progressive

Am I enjoying my vacation? Is he working this evening? Are they renting an apartment?

Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Yes, he is. No, he isn’t / ’s not. Yes, they are. No, they aren’t / ’re not.

Past progressive

Was she cycling near the canal? Were you waiting for me?

Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t. Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.

Future

Will we leave soon? Is she going to join the gym? Are they going to help us?

Yes, we will. No, we won’t. Yes, she is. No, she isn’t / ’s not. Yes, they are. No, they aren’t / ’re not.

Modals

Can she ride a bike?

Yes, she can. No, she can’t.

Information Questions Verb Tense

132

Question

Short Answer

Verb be Simple present

Where am I? What is it? Who are we?

I’m in my class. It’s a pedometer. We’re students.

Simple past

What was that sound? Where were they?

That was my cat. They were in the library.

Simple present

What does it want? What do you prefer?

It wants some food. I prefer coffee.

Simple past

What did he write?

He wrote a blog.

Present progressive

What am I studying? What is she organizing? Where are we going?

You’re studying English. She’s organizing a workshop. We’re going to the auditorium.

Past progressive

Why was he crying? Who were they calling?

He hurt himself. They were calling their sister.

Future

When will you start?

I’ll start on Monday.

Modals

What should they bring?

They should bring a snack.

APPENDIX 3

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Appendix 4 Verb Tense Overview Verbs Be and Have Verb and Tense

Afrmative

Negative

Simple present of be

I am (’m) He / She / It is (’s) We / You / They are (’re)

I am not (’m not) He / She / It is not (isn’t / ’s not) We / You / They are not (aren’t / ’re not)

Simple past of be

I was He / She / It was We / You / They were

I was not (wasn’t) He / She / It was not (wasn’t) We / You / They were not (weren’t)

Simple present of have

I have (’ve) He / She / It has We / You / They have (’ve)

I do not (don’t) have He / She / It does not (doesn’t) have We / You / They do not (don’t) have

Simple past of have

I / He / She / It / We / You / They had (’d)

I / He / She / It / We / You / They did not (didn’t) have

All Other Verbs Verb Tense

Afrmative

Negative

Simple present

I work. He / She / It works. We / You / They work.

I do not (don’t) work. He / She / It does not (doesn’t) work. We / You / They do not (don’t) work.

Simple past

I / He / She / It / We / You / They worked.

I / He / She / It / We / You / They did not (didn’t) work.

Future with will

I / He / She / It / We / You / They will (’ll) work.

I / He / She / It / We / You / They will not (won’t) work.

Future with be going to

I am (’m) going to work. He / She / It is (’s) going to work. We / You / They are (’re) going to work.

I am (’m) not going to work. He / She / It is not (isn’t / ’s not) going to work. We / You / They are not (aren’t / ’re not) going to work.

Present progressive

I am (’m) working. He / She / It is (’s) working. We / You / They are (’re) working.

I am (’m) not working. He / She / It is not (isn’t / ’s not) working. We / You / They are not (aren’t/ ’re not) working.

Past progressive

He / She / It was working. We / You / They were working.

I / He / She / It was not (wasn’t) working. We / You / They were not (weren’t) working.

Modals

I / He / She / It / We / You / They can / may / could / should / would work.

I / He / She / It / We / You / They cannot; may / could / should / would not (can’t; couldn’t / shouldn’t / wouldn’t) work.

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APPENDIX 4

133

Appendix 5 Irregular Verbs Base Form

134

Simple Past

Past Participle

Base Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

be

was / were

been

forbid

forbade

forbidden

beat

beat

beaten

forget

forgot

forgotten

become

became

become

forgive

forgave

forgiven

begin

began

begun

freeze

froze

frozen

bite

bit

bitten

get

got

got / gotten

bleed

bled

bled

give

gave

given

blow

blew

blown

go

went

gone

break

broke

broken

grind

ground

ground

bring

brought

brought

grow

grew

grown

build

built

built

hang

hung

hung

burst

burst

burst

have

had

had

buy

bought

bought

hear

heard

heard

catch

caught

caught

hide

hid

hidden

choose

chose

chosen

hit

hit

hit

come

came

come

hold

held

held

cost

cost

cost

hurt

hurt

hurt

cut

cut

cut

keep

kept

kept

deal

dealt

dealt

know

knew

known

do

did

done

lay

laid

laid

draw

drew

drawn

lead

led

led

drink

drank

drunk

leave

left

left

drive

drove

driven

lend

lent

lent

eat

ate

eaten

let

let

let

fall

fell

fallen

lie

lay

lain

feed

fed

fed

light

lit

lit

feel

felt

felt

lose

lost

lost

ght

fought

fought

make

made

made

nd

found

found

mean

meant

meant

y

ew

own

meet

met

met

APPENDIX 5

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Base Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

Base Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

mistake

mistook

mistaken

spit

spat

spat

pay

paid

paid

split

split

split

put

put

put

spread

spread

spread

quit

quit

quit

spring

sprang

sprung

read

read

read

stand

stood

stood

ride

rode

ridden

steal

stole

stolen

ring

rang

rung

stick

stuck

stuck

rise

rose

risen

sting

stung

stung

run

ran

run

strike

struck

struck

say

said

said

swear

swore

sworn

see

saw

seen

sweep

swept

swept

sell

sold

sold

swim

swam

swum

send

sent

sent

swing

swung

swung

set

set

set

take

took

taken

shake

shook

shaken

teach

taught

taught

shine

shone

shone

tear

tore

torn

shoot

shot

shot

tell

told

told

shrink

shrank

shrunk

think

thought

thought

shut

shut

shut

throw

threw

thrown

sing

sang

sung

understand

understood

understood

sit

sat

sat

upset

upset

upset

sleep

slept

slept

wake

woke

woken

slide

slid

slid

wear

wore

worn

speak

spoke

spoken

win

won

won

speed

sped

sped

wind

wound

wound

spend

spent

spent

write

wrote

written

Complete the text with the appropriate forms of the verbs. 1

Rachel (pack)

tomorrow morning. Two months ago she (book) 4

(nish)

8 10

at 6 a.m.

a vacation in Mexico. While she 5

to take a break before

to university. She (know)

7

that when university starts she

busy all the time. She (close)

9

her suitcase now because it (be)

she (go) (be)

3

her college diploma, she (decide) 6

2

her suitcase right now. Her plane (leave)

full.

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APPENDIX 5

135

Credits p. 1: Dudarev Mikhail/Shutterstock; p. 6: Luciano Mortula/Shutterstock; p. 7 (1): Samot/Shutterstock, (2): mary416/Shutterstock, (3): Lledo/Shutterstock; p. 8 (1): sheff/Shutterstock, (2): XiXinXing/Shutterstock, (3): wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 9: Theodore Mattas/Shutterstock; p. 11 (1): Pablo Hidalgo/Shutterstock, (2): International Space Station Imagery/NASA; p. 12: Stefano Ember/Shutterstock; p. 13: Christopher Futcher/iStockphoto; p. 16: Wolfgan Rattay/Reuters/Landov; p. 17 (1): Sam Chadwick/Shutterstock; (2): auremar/Shutterstock, (3): Andresr/Shutterstock, (4): Dirima/Shutterstock, (5): justasc/Shutterstock, (6): Terry Alexander/Shutterstock, (7): Kzenon/Shutterstock, (8): JonMilnes/Shutterstock, (9): klohka/iStockphoto, (10): Germanskydiver/Shutterstock, (11): Luke Wein/Shutterstock; p. 18: Fanny Schertzer; p. 19: Christopher Futcher/iStockphoto; p. 20: Paul Bordeleau; p. 21: Tony Tremblay/iStockphoto; p. 23: MaraZe/Shutterstock; p. 26: Leonard Zhukovsky/Shutterstock; p. 28: TonyV3112/Shutterstock; p. 29: MJTH/Shutterstock; p. 31 (1): sarsmis/Shutterstock, (2): hxdbzxy/Shutterstock; p. 32 (1): lucarista/Shutterstock, (2): Jeffrey M. Frank/Shutterstock; p. 33 (1): Room27/Shutterstock, (2): Room27/Shutterstock; p. 34: racorn/Shutterstock; p. 35: Ron Haviv/VII/Corbis; p. 37: Andy Lidstone/Shutterstock; p. 38: Blazej Lyjak/Shutterstock; p. 39: Lurii Osadchi/Shutterstock; p. 40: oliveromg/Shutterstock; p. 41: racorn/Shutterstock; p. 42: Fotoluminate LLC/Shutterstock; p. 43: Olgysha/Shutterstock; p. 45: Justin Lewis/Getty images; p. 48: cinemafestival/Shutterstock; p. 51: McGill University Archives, PR000632; p. 52: Sergey Nivens/Shutterstock; p. 54: Library of Congress, Illustration for Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões, edition of 1880; p. 55 (1): Laurin Rinder/Shutterstock, (2): wcpmedia/Shutterstock; p. 56 (1): Thaiview/Shutterstock, (2): Taelove7/Shutterstock, (3): Yulia Nikulyasha Nikitina/Shutterstock; p. 57: Hitdelight/Shutterstock; p. 58: salajean/Shutterstock; p. 59: Willyam Bradberry/Shutterstock; p. 62: Champiofoto/Shutterstock; p. 63: helenecanada/iStockphoto; p. 65: City Escapes Nature Photo/Shutterstock; p. 66: Andres Rodriguez/Thinkstock; p. 67: cynthia skaar/Fotolia; p. 68 (1): KairosPhotos/Images by Paul Jeffrey, (2): Natursports/Shutterstock; p. 69: wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 71: BradBeattie at en.wikipedia; p. 72: WireImage/Getty images; p. 73: Mila Supinskaya/Shutterstock; p. 74: wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 75: Wikimedia Commons; p. 76 (1): Francis Bourgouin, http://www.ickr/photos/84641606@N00/7298339322, (2): InSapphoWeTrust from Los Angeles, California, USA, (3): Alan Hilditch, (4): Quinn Dombrowski from Berkeley, USA; p. 79: Steve Debenport/iStockphoto; p. 83: PhotographyPerspectives/iStockphoto;p. 84: Dm_Cherry/Shutterstock; p. 85: Alain Lauga/Shutterstock; p. 86:Wikimedia Commons; p. 87: Martial Genest/Dreamstime; p. 88: Ricardo Canino/Shutterstock; p. 89: WavebreakMediaMicro/Fotolia; p. 92: Splash News/ Newscom; p. 93: Goodluz/Shutterstock; p. 96: c12/Shutterstock; p. 97: Lufa Farms; p. 98: Tyler Olson/Shutterstock; p. 99: 06photo/ iStockphoto; p. 101: kcline/iStockphoto; p. 102: markgoddard/iStockphoto; p. 103 (1): chungking/Shutterstock, (2): chungking/ Shutterstock; p. 104: Rigucci/Shutterstock; p. 105: sturti/iStockphoto; p. 106 (1): Minerva Studio/Shutterstock, (2): bikeriderlondon/ Shutterstock; p. 107: Ra/Wikipedia; p. 109: Minerva Studio/Shutterstock; p. 110 (1): michaeljung/Shutterstock, (2): thalkritt/ Shutterstock; p. 112: mike_webber/IStockphoto; p. 115: Kzenon/Shutterstock; p. 118: GAPS Fotograe/IStockphoto; p. 123: IS_ ImageSource/iStockphoto; p. 124: Library of Congress.

136

Credits

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Index A Adjectives, 79 as parts of speech, 109 formed from present and past participles, 83 irregular, 80 placement in the sentence, 79, 83 possessive. see possessive determiners spelling, 80 to adverbs, 82, 84 Adverbs, 81 adjectives to, 82, 84 as parts of speech, 109 formation, 82 placement in the sentence, 1, 13, 81, 90–91 spelling, 82, 84 types, 81 Apostrophe, 116 Articles, 29 At or to, 60

B Be, 2 contractions, 2, 47 expressions with, 2 past progressive use, 70 present progressive use, 14 questions with, 3 simple past, 47 simple present, 2 Be going to, 89, 91 placement of adverbs, 91

C Can, 99 Capitalization, 117 Cognates, 119 Colon, 116 Comma, 116 Comparative form of adjectives, 80, 83, 85, 87–88 of adverbs, 82, 85, 87–88 Complement, 111 Complex sentences, 112 Compound sentences, 112 Conjunctions, 109 Contractions, 116

denition, 2 of will, 90 simple past of the verb be, 47 simple past of the verb do, 46 simple present of the verb be, 2 simple present of the verb do, 4 Could, 99 Countable nouns, 23 spelling of plural, 24

D Denite articles, 29 Determiners, 29 articles, 29 as parts of speech, 109 demonstrative, 30 possessive, 30 quantifying, 30 During or for, 61

E Equality form of adjectives, 80, 85 of adverbs, 82, 85, 87 Exclamation mark, 116

F False cognates, 119 For or during, 61 Fragments, 114 From ... to, 60 Future, 83 keywords, 89 questions, 90 with be going to, 89, 91 with will, 89–90

G Gender, 30 Gerund, 121 and present progressive (confusion), 121

H Have to / must, 99 He’s / his (spelling problems), 122

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Homophones, 119–120

I In or on? 60 Indenite articles, 23, 29 Innitive, 121 Interrogative statements. see Questions words (appendix 2), 131 Irregular adjectives, 80 plural nouns, 24, 28 verbs (appendix 5), 134–135 It’s / its (spelling problems), 122

K Keywords future, 89 past progressive, 69 present progressive, 13 simple past, 45 simple present, 1

M May / might, 99 Modals, 99 common, 99 placement of adverbs ending with -ly, 99 questions, 100 Must / have to, 99

N Nouns, 23 as parts of speech, 109 compound, 24 countable vs uncountable, 23 plural form, 24 possessive, 24 pronunciation of nal -s and -es, 24

O Object, 111 Object pronouns, 35 Of and off, 61 On or in? 60

P Parentheses, 116 Participles past, 83 past (appendix 5), 134–135 present, 14, 83 Parts of speech, 109 Past participles (appendix 5), 134–135 as adjectives, 83 Past progressive, 69 keywords, 69 questions, 70 vs simple past, 70 Past, simple. see simple past Period, 116 Placement in the sentence of adjectives, 79, 83 of adverbs, 1, 81, 90–91, 99 of modals, 99 of prepositions, 59 Plural nouns, 24 spelling, 24 Possessive determiners, 30 vs possessive pronouns, 36 Possessive nouns, 24 Possessive pronouns, 36 Prepositions, 59 as parts of speech, 109 of direction and movement, 59 of place, 62, 67 of place and position, 59 of time, date and duration, 59, 67–68 placement, 59 Present participles, 14 as adjectives, 83 Present progressive, 13 adverb placement, 13 and gerund, 121 keywords, 13 questions, 15 spelling, 14 verbs rarely used in, 15 vs simple present, 15, 19, 22 Present, simple. see simple present Pronouns, 35 (appendix 1), 130 as parts of speech, 109

INDEX

137

possessive, 36 reexive, 36 subject or object, 35 Pronunciation contracted forms of will, 90 countable noun plurals, 24 nal -ed (simple past), 46 nal third-person -s and -es, 4 Punctuation, 116

Q Quantifying determiners, 30 Question mark, 116 Questions formation (appendix 3), 132 modals, 100 past progressive, 70 present progressive, 15 simple past, 47 simple present, 5 with be, 3 with do, 5, 47 with will / be going to, 90–91 without do, 5 words (appendix 2), 131 Quotation mark, 116

138 INDEX

R Reexive pronouns, 36 Run-on sentences, 114

S Semicolon, 116 Sentence(s), 111 problems, 114 structure, 111–113 types of, 112 Should, 99 Simple past, 45 be, 47 irregular forms, 47 keywords, 45 pronunciation of nal -ed, 46 questions, 47 spelling of regular verbs, 46 vs past progressive, 70 Simple present, 1 keywords, 1 placement of adverbs, 1 pronunciation, 4 questions, 3, 5 spelling, 4 third-person singular, 4, 11

vs present progressive, 15, 19, 22 Simple sentences, 112 Spelling adjectives, 80 adverbs, 82 common errors, 122 plural nouns, 24 present progressive, 14 problems, 122 simple past, 46 simple present, 4 third-person singular (simple present), 4 will / be going to, 93 Subject, 111 Subject pronouns, 35 Subject-verb agreement, 113 Superlative form of adjectives, 80, 83, 85, 87 of adverbs, 82, 85

T Than or then, 80 There / their (spelling problems), 122 There / here + be, 2 To and from … to, 60 To or at, 60

U Uncountable nouns, 35

V Verbs as parts of speech, 109 nal review, 125–129 future with will / be going to, 89–91 modals, 99–100 irregular (appendix 5), 134–135 past progressive, 69–70 present progressive, 13–15 simple past, 45–47 simple present, 1–5 tenses (appendix 4), 133

W Was / were. see be Will, 89 contracted forms, 90 Words, 119 Would, 99

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Life

Issues English

This much-anticipated second edition of Grammar Book 1 offers a fresh take on the four-step progressive approach and the features that made it so successful. Designed to sensitize high-beginner to low-intermediate students of English as a second language to grammatical structures, the new and improved elements keep the material comprehensive, current, and engaging. User-friendly and concise grammar charts in Function and Form contain clear explanations illustrated with detailed examples. Notes highlight common errors and provide usage tips to help prepare students for the targeted comprehension exercises that follow. A large variety of contextualized and mixed concept exercises in the Practice section check and reinforce students’ understanding of important grammar points. Communicate develops students’ speaking and writing skills, and encourages peer editing. The popular Review is expanded with mixed practice and error-correction exercises. Edit It! enables students to hone their editing skills as they find and correct common errors.

Success

Eighty interactive workshops and over 700 questions with automatic feedback offer additional grammar exercises, including pronunciation and dictation practice, unit tests, and Editing Files and Final Verb Review exercises. Students get automatic feedback and scoring while teachers are able to annotate the eBook, electronically follow students’ progress, and create their own online interactive activities. This powerful digital tool sets a new standard for ESL teaching and learning.

K

ay Powell holds a degree in Modern Languages (French, German, and Italian) from London University, UK, and a Masters in Applied Linguistics from Concordia University. She has taught ESL in Europe, Africa and North America. She also worked for the Ministère du Revenu du Québec. She taught at Collège Ahuntsic for 17 years. Kay works on course development for Cégep à distance and for the Centre collégial de développement de matériel didactique, and writes novels.

Editing Files have students focus on their writing and vocabulary choice, with charts and Edit It! exercises on sentences and words. A Final Verb Review of mixed tenses can easily be used for evaluation. Appendices include a verb tense overview and a list of irregular verbs.

REAL Skills Book 1, Second Edition, complements the Grammar Book.

ISBN 978-2-7650-4518-2

www.cheneliere.ca/real