REAL : real English authentic learning. Grammar book 2 [2, Second edition.] 9782765045120, 2765045127

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GRAMMAR BOOK

REAL ENGLISH AUTHENTIC LEARNING

KAY POWELL

2

SECOND EDITION

GRAMMAR BOOK

REAL ENGLISH AUTHENTIC LEARNING

KAY POWELL

2

SECOND EDITION

Development and authoring of online workshops and supplementary web material Kay Powell Nicholas Walker

REAL, Real English Authentic Learning REAL Grammar Book 2, Second Edition

Acknowledgements

Kay Powell

Reflecting the words of the great poet Rumi (1207– 1273) “Let the beauty we love be what we do,” I thank the superb team of specialists, too numerous to mention, at Chenelière Education who worked tirelessly to make my modest manuscript a thing of beauty.

© 2014 TC Media Books Inc. © 2009 Chenelière Education Inc.

Grammar is indeed beautiful!

Managing Editor: Melissa Repas Editors: Susan Roy, Esmé Vlahos Project Manager: Valérie Côté Researchers: Rachel Irwin, Tara Smith Copy Editor: Jeanine Floyd Proofreader: Stephanie Watt Cover and Book Designer: Micheline Roy

To all those students who have inspired me during my forty years as a teacher, to all those teachers who have inspired me as a student, to my husband Zafarullah, my children and grandchildren, my enduring gratitude. I have done what I loved. – Kay Powell Thank you to the many teachers who gave invaluable feedback and suggestions, including the team of reviewers: Carol Broderick Caroline Joll, Cégep de Sainte-Foy Laura McGee, Collège de Maisonneuve

Web Material Editor: Esmé Vlahos Web Material Project Manager: Solange Lemaitre-Provost

Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec and Library and Archives Canada cataloguing in publication Powell, Kay, 1947REAL: Real English Authentic Learning. Grammar Book 2 Second Edition Includes index. For college students.

And to those who participated in the developmental research for this second edition: Jany Couture, Cégep Marie-Victorin Charles Lapointe, Cégep de Sainte-Foy Marie-Josée Martineau, Cégep Édouard-Montpetit Jacinthe Paillé Landry, Collège André-Grasset Lucie Riopel, Cégep de Sainte-Foy Trademarks are mentioned or illustrated in this work. Please note that the publisher has not received any income or advantages in return for having presented these brands.

ISBN 978-2-7650-4512-0 1. English language – Textbooks for second language learners. 2. English language – Grammar. 3. English language – Grammar – Problems, exercises, etc. i. Title.

PE1128.P682 2014

428.2’4

C2014-940534-0

The brands are reproduced upon request by the authors to support the academic or scientific content of the work. All characters and scenarios presented in this work are fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons, existing or dead, is purely coincidental.

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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means known or not yet known without prior permission from TC Media Books Inc. Those pages bearing the note “Reproduction permitted © TC Media Books Inc.” may be reproduced solely by the teacher whose students personally use the workbook that is an integral part of the series which includes this workbook, and exclusively for those students referred to in this paragraph. Any use not expressly authorized shall constitute an infringement, which could result in legal action against the individual or institution reproducing any part of this book without permission. ISBN 978-2-7650-4512-0 Legal deposit: 2nd trimester 2014 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec National Library of Canada Printed in Canada 1

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Table of Contents UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive

Practise.................................................. 20 Communicate........................................ 24

Function and Form ...............................

1

Simple Present and Present Progressive • Simple Present: Simple Present of the Verb Be • There with the Verb Be • Useful Expressions with the Verb Be • Simple Present of Other Verbs • Spelling of the Third-Person Singular • Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s and -es • Information Questions with the Auxiliary Do • Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do • Present Progressive: Afrmative and Negative • Spelling • Questions • Verbs Rarely Used in the Present Progressive

Review ................................................... 25

UNIT 3 Pronouns Function and Form ............................... 27 Subject and Object Pronouns • Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns • Reexive Pronouns • Indenite Pronouns • Reciprocal Pronouns • Demonstrative Pronouns • Relative and Interrogative Pronouns

Practise.................................................. 31 7

Communicate........................................ 34

Communicate........................................ 12

Review ................................................... 35

Practise..................................................

Review ................................................... 13

UNIT 2 Nouns and Determiners Function and Form ............................... 15 Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Nouns • Categories of Uncountable Nouns • Spelling of Regular Plural Countable Nouns • Irregular Plural Nouns • Possessive Form • Determiners: Articles • Possessive and Demonstrative Determiners • Quantifying Determiners

UNIT 4 Simple Past and Past Progressive Function and Form ............................... 37 Simple Past and Past Progressive • Simple Past: Simple Past of Regular Verbs • Spelling of Regular Verbs • Pronunciation of -ed • Simple Past of Irregular Verbs • Information Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs • Simple Past of the Verb Be • Past Progressive: Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions

Practise.................................................. 41

98

Communicate........................................ 48 Review ................................................... 49

UNIT 5 Future Function and Form ............................... 51 Will and Be Going To • Future with Will : Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions • Future with Be Going To : Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions • Other Future Forms: Present Tenses • Time Clauses

Practise.................................................. 55 Communicate........................................ 58 Review ................................................... 59

UNIT 6 Adjectives and Adverbs Function and Form ............................... 61 Adjectives: Form and Position • Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality • Comparative and Superlative Forms • Adverbs: Type, Function, and Position • Adjectives to Adverbs • Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

1 Practise.................................................. 65 Communicate........................................ 68 Review ................................................... 69

UNIT 7 Present Perfect Function and Form ............................... 71 Present Perfect • Afrmative and Negative Statements • Irregular Past Participles • Questions • Keywords Since and For • Keywords Never, Still, and Yet • Placement of Keywords • Present Perfect or Simple Past

Practise.................................................. 75 Communicate........................................ 80 Review ................................................... 81

UNIT 8 Modals Function and Form ............................... 83 Common Modals • Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions • Common Modals in the Past

UNIT 10 Editing Files Parts of Speech

Sentences.............................................. 107 Types of Sentences • Sentence Structure: Fragments • Sentence Structure: Run-on Sentences • Subject-Verb Agreement • Punctuation • Capitalization

Edit It! .................................................... 112 Words .................................................... 113 False Cognates • Homophones • Active and Passive Voice • Active and Passive Voice of Verbs • Participles • Gerunds and Innitives • Common Spelling Problems

Edit It! .................................................... 121 Final Edit It! ........................................... 122

Final Verb Review ........................................... 123 Simple Present, Simple Past, and Future Forms......................................... 123

Practise.................................................. 86

Simple Present and Present Progressive ........................................... 124

Communicate........................................ 92

Simple Past and Present Perfect ........ 125

Review ................................................... 93

Modals ................................................... 126 Questions .............................................. 126

UNIT 9 Conditionals

Verb Review .......................................... 127

Function and Form ............................... 95 Conditional Sentences • Type 1: Possible Conditionals in the Present and Future • Type 2: Improbable Conditionals in the Present • Type 3: Impossible Conditionals in the Past

Appendices .........................................................

128

1 Question Words................................. 128 2 Question Formation .......................... 129

Practise.................................................. 98

3 Prepositions ....................................... 130

Communicate........................................ 102

4 Verb Tense Overview ........................ 131

Review ................................................... 103

5 Past Perfect ........................................ 132 6 Common Phrasal Verbs .................... 133

61

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

7 Irregular Verbs ........................... 134–135

Credits ................................................................

136

Index ....................................................................

137

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Features In this much-anticipated second edition of REAL Grammar Book 2, you’ll nd the many features that made the rst edition so successful, along with valuable improvements and additions. The four-step progressive approach has been updated to suit the needs of today’s intermediate students of English as a second language.

Overall Structure Nine theme-based units build grammatical and language skills, and an Editing Files unit provides additional grammar elements to improve your writing and editing skills. The Final Verb Review section is a comprehensive review of verb tenses seen at this level. Useful appendices, which act as both a reference and study tool, conclude the book.

Unit Overview 1. FUNCTION AND FORM appears on coloured pages for easy reference. The unit title and an example illustrate the unit’s grammar focus. A timeline demonstrates the verb tenses. Clear grammar charts with explanations and examples are followed by short exercises for a quick check of your comprehension.

Notes in the margin highlight common errors and provide usage tips to help you use grammar accurately.

2. PRACTISE offers contextualized and mixed exercises on grammatical concepts learned in Function and Form. Thematically-linked to REAL Skills Book 2, they aim to reinforce vocabulary and language structures but can also work as stand-alone activities. An online component offers 80 interactive workshops, including pronunciation and dictation activities, unit tests, Editing Files and Final Verb Review exercises. Varied exercises give opportunities for independent work and collaborative learning. An example for each exercise provides a model.

Crossreferences send you to charts in Function and Form and the Appendices.

3. COMMUNICATE has collaborative Speaking and Writing activities which encourage peer editing.

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FEATURES

v

4. REVIEW proposes two pages of exercises to evaluate your understanding and mastery of the grammar featured in the unit. Edit It! allows you to practise your editing skills as you nd and correct common errors.

Editing Files, a new unit with sentence and word skills development, includes charts, examples, and exercises to improve your writing and editing skills.

Final Verb Review Five pages of comprehensive exercises review the verb tenses covered in Function and Form.

Appendices Seven Appendices feature charts with useful reference material, including a verb tense overview, past perfect charts, and lists of phrasal verbs and irregular verbs.

Clear and integrated web links indicate when to consult the interactive online activities on Chenelière’s new platform. You’ll nd: • An interactive eBook for teachers and students • Additional questions on material in the book as well as new material, to be used for homework, in the lab, or for evaluation • Interactive activities that give students automatic feedback • Answer keys for the teacher

vi

FEATURES

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UNIT

Simple Present and Present Progressive Technology is now part of our everyday life. Are you using technology more often?

Today Now

Yesterday

1 Tomorrow

FUNCTION AND FORM

1.1 Simple Present and Present Progressive Simple Present

Present Progressive

Use for permanent situations in the present

Use for temporary situations and actions in progress

Habitual actions

At or around the moment of speaking Right now I am playing a game.

He usually works every Saturday. Customs

Plans for the future

People often go home for the New Year.

This summer she is biking in Ireland.

Facts

Changing situations

Ecotourism is a growing industry.

More people are getting credit cards.

Keywords always, every day, frequently, generally, never, normally, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, usually . . .

1

at the moment, currently, next week, now, nowadays, presently, right now, these days, this month . . .

Adverbs usually go before the verb in the simple present. I often sleep late. Exception: Adverbs go after the verb be. He is always tired. In the present progressive, adverbs can go after the verb be. She is currently reading a travel guide to Italy.

Underline each verb and write SP (simple present) or PP (present progressive) above it. Highlight the keywords. Identify the reason the verb tense is used. 1. Technology is part of our life every day. 2. This weekend I’m working at the Apple Store. 3. Paul rarely writes on paper. 4. Nowadays more people are using technology.

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UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

1

Refer to appendix 1, page 128, for information on question words.

Simple Present 1.2 Simple Present of the Verb Be Use the verb be in the simple present for facts and present states. The verb be has three forms: am, is, are.

Afrmative Subject

Negative

Verb be

Subject

Yes / No Questions

Verb be + not

Verb be

Information Questions

Subject

Question Verb be word

Subject

I

am (I’m)

I

am not (’m not)

Am

I?

What

am

I?

He / She / It

is (He’s / She’s / It’s)

He / She / It

is not (isn’t)

Is

he / she / it?

Who

is

he / she / it?

We / You / They

are (We’re / You’re / They’re)

We / You / They

are not (aren’t)

Are

we / you / they?

Where

are

we / you / they?

1.3 There with the Verb Be Use there with the verb be to indicate that something exists or happens.

There Is Do not confuse there with their or they’re (they are).

2

Yes / No Questions

There Are

One person or thing (singular)

More than one person or thing (plural)

Verb be + there + rest of question

There is a famous person in the room.

There are too many people here.

Is there a place to stand?

There is a protest march outside.

There are many reasons for the protest.

Are there many people?

Complete the text with the correct forms of the verb be. 1

In this mall there

many boutiques and lots of electronic and 2

technology stores. The store I like the most There surprised there

3

called Hot Spot. Look! 4

the computer I want to buy. I (negative) 5

always lots of people in this store.

an item you want to buy here? Where

7

6

there

the gadgets you want to look at?

1.4 Useful Expressions with the Verb Be I’m hungry / thirsty.

2

UNIT 1

How old are you? I’m 20 years old. How big / heavy is it?

They’re lucky.

He’s sleepy / afraid. It’s hot / warm / cold.

Who’s right?

You’re wrong.

Simple Present and Present Progressive

What’s the time?

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1.5 Simple Present of Other Verbs

Refer to chart 1.1 to review the use of the simple present.

Add -s or -es to verbs in the third-person singular (he, she, it). The verb have is an exception. The verb have in the third-person singular is has.

Afrmative Subject

Negative

Base form of verb (+ -s or -es )

Subject

Yes / No Questions

Do / does + not

I

work.

I

do not (don’t)

He / She / It

works.

He / She / It

does not (doesn’t)

We / You / They

work.

We / You / They

do not (don’t)

Base form of verb

work.

Do / Does

Subject

Do

I

Does

he / she / it

Do

we / you / they

Base form of verb

work?

1.6 Spelling of the Third-Person Singular Verb Ending

Rule

Example

Most endings

Add -s.

eat

-o, -ch, -s, -sh, -ss, -x, -zz

Add -es.

do does catch catches focus focuses wash washes miss misses mix mixes buzz buzzes

Consonant + -y

Change -y to i and add -es.

try

eats play

tries y

plays

ies

1.7 Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s and -es Final Sound

3

Pronunciation

Example

/f/, /k/, /p/, /t/

/s/

cuffs, kicks, stops, cuts

/b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /o/, /r/, /v/, /w/, /y/

/z/

robs, rids, hugs, calls, hums, warns, goes, cheers, loves, shows, annoys

/ch/, /sh/, /j/, /s/, /x/, /z/

/iz/

catches, pushes, judges, kisses, mixes, zzes

The pronunciation of the -s on a third-person-singular verb depends on the nal sound, not the spelling.

Write the correct form of the verb in the simple present. 1. William (download)

music and videos from the Internet.

2. They (have, negative) 3. I (take)

new smartphones. my laptop on vacation. on technological gadgets? (yes / no question:

4. she, overspend)

5. Do they play a lot of video games? Yes,

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To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use do / don’t or does / doesn’t without the main verb. Do you have a cellphone? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.

. (short answer)

UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

3

Refer to appendix 2, page 129, for more information on question words.

1.8 Information Questions with the Auxiliary Do Question Word

4

Subject

Do / Does

Base Form of Verb

When

do

I

arrive?

Where

do

you

live?

What

does

he

sing?

How many

does

she

need?

How much

does

it

cost?

How

do

we

play?

Who

do

you

think?

Why

do

they

text?

Complete each question to match the information in bold. 1.

golf? They play every Sunday.

2.

texting? I spend about an hour every day.

3.

her music? She buys her music on the Internet.

4.

on weekends? I study economics on weekends. at night? He studies at night because he works

5. during the day.

from the store? I want two.

6.

to do on Saturday night? We like to watch a

7. movie on Saturday night.

1.9 Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do Question Word When the subject of the sentence is not known, do not use do or does. Who plays tennis? (We don’t know who plays tennis.) Terry plays tennis.

5

Verb in the Third-Person Singular (-s, -es)

Rest of Question

What

interests

you?

Who

goes

to class every day?

Complete each question to match the information in bold. 1.

this song? Jonas likes this song.

2.

to the movies often? Maya does.

3.

at 9 p.m.? The movie starts at 9 p.m.

4.

you? Success pleases me. her driver’s licence? Tammy doesn’t have her

5. driver’s licence.

4

UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

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Present Progressive

Refer to chart 1.1 to review the use of the present progressive.

1.10 Afrmative and Negative Afrmative Subject

Verb be

Negative Base form of verb + -ing

I

am (I’m)

He / She / It

is (He’s /She’s /It’s)

We / You / They

are (We’re / You’re / They’re)

working.

Subject

Verb be + not

I

am not (’m not)

He / She / It

is not (isn’t / ‘s not)

We / You / They

are not (aren’t / ‘re not)

Base form of verb + -ing

working.

1.11 Spelling Verb Ending

6

Rule

Example

-e

Change -e to -ing.

live

living

-i

Add -ing.

ski

skiing

-ie

Change -ie to y and add -ing.

tie

tying

Consonant + short vowel + consonant

Double the last consonant (except -w, -x, -y) and add -ing.

hit

hitting

Two-syllable verbs when the stress falls on the rst syllable

Add -ing.

open

opening

Two-syllable verbs when the stress falls on the second syllable

Double the last consonant and add -ing.

begin

beginning

Complete the text with the correct afrmative and negative present progressive forms of the verbs in parentheses. 1

Right now we (wait)

in a long line because every tourist in London wants to see 2

the crown jewels. It (rain, negative) 3

(talk)

, but there are dark clouds in the sky. People

impatient. My friend Jack (write)

5

7 8

their cellphones. A couple of children (run) . A guard (open)

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6

a postcard. I (try)

decide what to see next in London. Most people in the line (chat)

9

4

and fortunately they (become, negative)

10

to

or checking

around. Finally the line (move)

the door. Great! It’s our turn to get in.

UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

5

1.12 Questions Yes / No Questions Subject

Verb be

To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use the verb be without the main verb. Is he working? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.

7

Am

I

Is

he / she / it

Are

we / you / they

8

Base form of Question Verb verb + -ing word be

working?

Subject

Base form of verb + -ing

What

am

I

doing?

Where

is

he / she / it

going?

Who

are

we / you / they

meeting?

Write yes / no questions in the present progressive, using the words in parentheses. Then give a short answer. ? (she, text) Yes,

1.

Refer to appendix 1, page 128, for help with question words.

Information Questions

.

2.

tonight? (you, go) No,

.

3.

? (he, lie) Yes,

4.

the work soon? (they, begin) No,

. .

Write information questions in the present progressive, using the words in parentheses. 1. What

? (he, eat)

2. When

? (she, come)

3. Who

? (they, meet)

4. Why

? (we, wait)

1.13 Verbs Rarely Used in the Present Progressive Use the simple present with stative verbs (verbs that do not express action or movement).

Condition

6

Verb

Example

State of existence

be

He is sick today. (is being)

Mental states

believe, forget, know, mean, realize, recognize, remember, suppose, think, understand

I remember my hike in the Rockies. (am remembering)

Possession

belong, have, own, possess

She belongs to a ski club. (is belonging)

Sense and perception

appear, feel, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, taste

This Indian meal tastes spicy. (is tasting)

Feelings and preferences

appreciate, detest, dislike, hate, like, love, need, prefer, want

They want to take a cruise to Alaska. (are wanting)

Other

exist, cost, owe, weigh

Gold costs a lot. (is costing)

UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

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PRACTISE 9

Simple Present Afrmative

Charts 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6

Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs. Example: Here (be) and exciting life.

is

Complete additional

has

a fashion designer that (have)

a busy

exercises to practise the present tenses online.

Urban Chic 1

There (be)

many fashion designers in Montréal but my 2

favourite new designer (be) 3

Ralph Leroy. He (come)

from Haiti and settled in Montréal in 2005, seeking a

French-speaking environment after a few years living in New York. Leroy 4

(have)

the hottest looks in town! His cutting-edge 5

creations (combine) 6

He (offer) 7

many modern urban styles but he (cater) 8

to all tastes. He (use) 9

fabrics and (play)

top-of-the-line

with colours that (express)

10

a dynamic and festive avour. Leroy also (create)

11

an amazing range of accessories in his collections. 12

No wonder he (be)

10 Simple Present Negative

both originality and elegance.

so popular!

Charts 1.2, 1.5

Complete each sentence with the negative form of the verb. Example: Many students (buy)

do not (don’t) buy

electronic tablets instead of computers.

1. Smoking in public places (be) 2. Most non-smokers (like) 3. Some addictions (be) 4. Many people (talk) 5. My father (use)

permitted. the smell of cigarette smoke. pleasant for members of the public. discreetly on their cellphones. his cellphone.

6. People usually (like)

to know the details of a stranger’s private life.

7. Many people (have)

opinions about these modern technological gadgets.

8. Social networks (be)

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always safe places to chat.

UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

7

11 Simple Present Questions

Charts 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 1.9

Complete each question in the simple present to match the information in bold. Example:

When do

you plan to stop smoking? I plan to stop on my birthday.

1.

text in class? Yes, she does.

2.

play violent games? No, they don’t.

3.

some coffee? Nick wants some coffee.

4.

your tablet? No, this is not my tablet.

5.

have to leave? We have to leave at six o’clock.

12 Present Progressive Afrmative

Charts 1.10, 1.11

Complete the dialogue with the present progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. Underline four keywords that indicate the use of the verb tense. are you doing

Example: Don: Hi, Mike. What (you, do)

1

Mike: Right now I (organize)

my summer trip.

2

Don: Where (you, go) Mike: I (plan)

?

?

3

a trip to Costa Rica with my cousin this month. 4

Don: That’s an exotic destination you (visit)

.

Mike: Yes. We (try)

5

to nd eco-friendly tourist agencies.

This week I (check)

6

adventure vacation sites online. 7

Don: Great! Nowadays the Internet (take)

us around the world in a

few minutes. 8

Mike: That’s right. The globe (shrinking)

13 Present Progressive Negative

before our very eyes!

Charts 1.10, 1.11

Answer the questions in the negative. Use the contracted form of the verb be.

8

UNIT 1

Example: Is Dan learning to budget? No, Dan isn’t learning to budget

.

1. Is Fiona posting her photos online? No,

.

2. Are Eric and his classmate chatting? No,

.

3. Is surng the Net boring? No,

.

4. Is technology ruling our lives? No,

.

5. Are their cellphones ringing? No,

.

Simple Present and Present Progressive

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14 Present Progressive Afrmative, Negative, and Questions

Charts 1.10, 1.11, 1.12

Complete the text with the correct present progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. are rising

Example: These days sales of video games (rise)

all around the world.

Positive Feedback 1

1. Gamers (spend)

more and more time playing games

in a make-believe world. In fact, the latest research suggests that players (seek) 2

rewards that they do not get in real life. It is a fascinating 3

phenomenon. (we, why, rely) 4

(be, negative)

met in our lives? 5

2. College students (nd) 6

on games to satisfy needs that

that certain games (affect) 7

their lives. They (experience) 8

better self-esteem that (increase)

their grades in school. 9

Do you know that some games (help) efciently? Musical games (encourage) 11

instruments. Logical games (keep) 12

3. Scientists (discover)

people to learn more 10

people to play musical

people’s brains active.

that playing for about 21 hours a 13

week has the greatest positive impact. If you (play) more than that, you (benet, negative) 15

15 Mixed Negatives

14

for

. In fact, you (take)

the risk of harming your brain and your social life.

Charts 1.2, 1.5, 1.10

Complete the dialogue to express Shawn’s opposite point of view. Use the contracted form of the verbs. Example: Valerie: Sara is applying to Concordia. Shawn: Sara isn’t applying to Concordia

.

1. Valerie: Jen loves hot chai lattes. .

Shawn: 2. Valerie: Our apartment is messy and we need to clean it today.

.

Shawn: 3. Valerie: We drink too much coffee so we are reducing our consumption.

.

Shawn: 4. Valerie: Presently Jack is spending all his spare time customizing his car.

.

Shawn: 5. Valerie: Jack’s old car generally works well and its new bodywork looks great.

.

Shawn:

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UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

9

16 Mixed Questions

Charts 1.8, 1.9, 1.12

Write two questions about each picture—one yes / no and one information question— using the simple present and the present progressive. Then exchange your work with a classmate and revise your partner’s work. Example: Y / N: Does he go to bed too late on weekdays? INF: Why is he sleeping on his desk? 1. Y / N: INF: 2. Y / N: 1

2

INF: 3. Y / N: INF: 4. Y/ N:

3

4

INF:

17 Simple Present or Present Progressive with Keywords

Chart 1.1

Circle the correct form of the verb. Underline the six keywords. Example: The artist often uses colours that are reecting / reect his or her personality and state of mind.

Tools of the Trade Of all the colours in the rainbow, she normally is preferring / prefers green to blue, but it depends / is depending on her mood at the time. Every night during the warm summer months, she sneaks / is sneaking out of her apartment block with the tools of her secret trade in her hands. Through deserted streets, down dark alleys, across the train tracks, she pays / is paying attention to her journey until she is stopping / stops in front of a dirty brick wall. Usually she is shining / shines her ashlight to check for inquisitive eyes. Is / Are anybody there? She doesn’t know / is not knowing but right now I watch / am watching her from my window. At the moment she shakes / is shaking her magical tools energetically, and she adds / is adding layers of vibrant colours. Now the wall is glistening / glistens in the dark and at this very moment she admires / is admiring her latest work of art. Yes, you guessed right. She is / is being a grafti artist!

10

UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

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18 Keywords

Chart 1.1

If the keyword is in the correct place, put a check mark under Right. If not, put a check mark under Wrong. If the keyword is in the wrong place, draw an arrow to show where it should go. Statement

Right

Wrong

Example: Universities are giving nowadays easy exams. 1. He goes seldom to bed early. 2. She is surng endlessly the Internet for things to buy online. 3. They often are late for class. 4. He rarely texts while driving. 5. Are you organizing a reunion this year?

19 Simple Present and Present Progressive

Charts 1.2, 1.5, 1,6, 1.10, 1.11

Complete the dialogue with the correct simple present and present progressive forms of the verbs in parentheses. Use the keywords indicated. Example: Rachel: Ryan, (you, think)

are you thinking

about a particular place nowadays?

The Perfect Package 1

Ryan: Yes, I (study)

anthropology at this moment, so I’d like to see

indigenous people in their environment. 2

Rachel: (you, consider, presently) 3

Ryan: I (look, really)

volunteer work?

at educational projects right now, where I can earn

credits for my studies and help people at the same time. 4

Rachel: (you, have)

a preference for Asia, Australia, or the Arctic?

Ryan: I prefer hot climates and the jungle. 5

Rachel: Just one second . . . I (check, currently) (you, be)

6

out Papua New Guinea. 7

interested? I (print)

an

application form that describes the job and working conditions now. Ryan: Yes, Papua New Guinea (sound)

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8

UNIT 1

great!

Simple Present and Present Progressive

11

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Ask a classmate questions using the simple present and present progressive to nd out the following information. Then write his or her answer on the line. Example: Sports

I play volleyball. It’s my favourite sport.

1. Age 2. Height 3. Studies 4. Future career 5. Family 6. Favourite movie 7. Music 8. Technology 9. Favourite activities 10. Sports

WRITING Write a short description of your partner, using the answers above. Use the simple present and present progressive tenses and at least two keywords in your description. Example: Today Nicki is 19 years old. She has brown hair and she is not very tall. There are four people in her family. She is presently studying in the social sciences program. Nicki likes sports. She does judo every week and plays volleyball on weekends. She . . .

12

UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

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REVIEW A

Simple Present and Present Progressive, Afrmative / Negative

Complete the text with the correct simple present and present progressive forms of the verbs in parentheses.

Confessions of a Cellphone Addict 1

getting phone calls. Right now I (sit)

2

here frantically waiting for my cellphone to ring. I (care, negative)

3

I (like)

4

if it’s an aggressive telemarketer. I just (want) 5

My friends (say)

my phone to ring! 6

it (be, negative) 7

to spend so much time with my gadgets. They (get) 8

me. I (know, negative) 9

B

healthy

fed up with

why. I think my friends (exaggerate) 10

. Hey, my cellphone (ring)

! Bye for now.

Simple Present and Present Progressive

Circle the correct tense: simple present or present progressive. Underline the ve keywords.

Festivals Around the World Technology hooks us up to festivals wherever they take place in the world. People 1

2

have / are having different opinions about the most colourful one: Is / Is being it Holi in India, where on one day every year people good-naturedly chase each other in the streets and throw brightly coloured water and powders at their victims? My new 3

smartphone delivers / is delivering amazing photos in the blink of an eye. Stand by! 4

I send / am sending you some pictures of Holi right now. 5

My Brazilian friend Paolo has /is having no hesitation naming the week-long Carnival in Rio de Janeiro the noisiest and brightest of all festivals. Once a year non-stop dancing 6

lls/ is lling the streets of Rio. In a small town in Belgium, inhabitants throw oranges in the 7

streets during the Carnaval de Binche. In Spain, there is/are two well-known festivals: the famous bull run in Pamplona and the tomato-throwing festival, La Tomatina, in Bunyol.

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UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

13

8

9

Are you wonder / Are you wondering why I am / am being so enthusiastic about festivals at the moment? Next week I take / am taking

10

a plane to Mexico to

experience the Day of the Dead. I like to take a vacation in the sun, so Mexico ts the bill. I can also visit the breathtaking pyramids of the ancient Mayans.

Edit It!

Underline and correct the 10 errors in the simple present and present progressive. They can be spelling, form, or tense errors.

Hope for the Future The Mayan calendar suggested that the world would end on December 12, 2012. Fortunately it didn’t, but there is many people around the world who think that the nal days are near. Do you has an opinion on this subject? The oral tradition of the Hopi tribes of the U.S.A. tell of the time when the gods will return to Earth from the sky. Many legends speak of natural disasters that will happen just before the last days of our planet. Im optimistic, so I believe that human beings will nd a way to save Earth from destruction. Nostradamus, the famous French alchemist, refer to the alignment of the earth, the sun, and Venus around December 21, 2012. Maybe this means that the world is moveing into a new phase of enlightenment. As I am writting, I am denitely not pessimistic about humankind and its ability to behave in a responsible way. Are we become more caring about each other and our planet? Do we are more conscious of the fragility of our ecosystem? I hope we changing into people who don’t want to harm our beautiful Earth.

14

UNIT 1

Simple Present and Present Progressive

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UNIT

Nouns and Determiners There are many tulips. This tulip is red.

2

FUNCTION AND FORM

Nouns Nouns are used to name people, places, things, and abstract concepts.

2.1 Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns

Uncountable Nouns

For people or things that can be counted

For people or things that cannot be counted

Have both singular and plural forms (regular ending -s or -es) student

students library

libraries

Do not have a plural form, but can be used with a determiner to express quantity She has so much homework. (homeworks) She has to study a lot of information. (informations)

Can take the third-person singular or plural form of the verb My mother works at the hospital. The brothers work for a bank.

Take the third-person singular form of the verb Smog pollutes the atmosphere. Pollution damages people’s health.

Can be used with an indenite article in the singular I’m reading a captivating book.

Can never be used with an indenite article I have to do a research for my project.

Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, depending on the intended meaning. There are two blond hairs on your jacket. (two units) My hair is black! (a mass)

Can be used with a number in the plural Can never be used with a number We put our three suitcases in the car. We put our three luggage in the car.

1

Decide if each noun is countable or uncountable. Write C or U next to it. 1. family

4. child

7. bottle

10. freedom

2. furniture

5. information

8. watch

11. water

3. table

6. love

9. happiness

12. house

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UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

15

2.2 Categories of Uncountable Nouns Category The words bracelet, necklace, ring, and watch are countable nouns. When you refer to these items collectively, use the uncountable noun jewellery.

2

Example

Food and drink

bread, butter, cheese, sh, our, meat, rice coffee, milk, water

Natural phenomena

energy, re, smog, snow, sunshine, thunder, weather, wind

Languages and academic subjects

Dutch, Japanese, Russian education, politics, religion, statistics

Abstract concepts

beauty, duty, fun, happiness, knowledge, love, luck, violence

Collection of ne particles

dust, earth, powder, salt, sand

Collection of individual parts

furniture, information, jewellery, luggage, money, news

Write three sentences: one with a countable noun, one with an uncountable noun, and one with a noun that can be countable or uncountable depending on the meaning. Mark the nouns with C or U. 1. 2. 3.

2.3 Spelling of Regular Plural Countable Nouns Noun Ending Sometimes words have two acceptable plural forms. scarf scarfs

16

UNIT 2

Rule

Example

Most endings

Add -s.

boy

-f, -fe

Change the -f to v and add -es.

wolf wolves (except beliefs, chiefs)

Change the -fe to v and add -es.

knife

-o

Add -s or -es.

photo photos tomato tomatoes

Consonant + -y

Change -y to i and add -es.

party

-ch, -s, -sh, -ss, -x, -zz

Add -es.

dish

Most compound nouns

Add -s or -es to the last noun.

judo contest

scarves or

Nouns and Determiners

boys chair

chairs

knives

parties dishes bus

buses

judo contests

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2.4 Irregular Plural Nouns Words from Old English child foot

children feet

goose man

tooth

3

analyses

crisis

men

bacteria

crises

criterion

mice

medium

women

hypotheses media

phenomenon

Countable Nouns with No Change bison deer

phenomena

goldsh moose

salmon

salmon

trout

two

deer

moose

sheep

one person people

bison

goldsh

criteria

hypothesis

teeth

woman

analysis bacterium

geese

mouse

Words from Other Languages

sheep trout

Write each noun in the plural. 1. diagnosis

4. person

7. university

2. foot

5. kite

8. dwarf

3. volcano

6. man

9. sheep

2.5 Possessive Form Use the possessive form of nouns to show ownership or association. Place the possessor before the thing owned.

Noun

4

Rule

Example

Singular nouns

Add ’s (apostrophe + -s ).

the dog’s bone the class’s decision

French names that end with a silent -s

Add ’s (apostrophe + -s ).

Louis’s birthday François’s sister

Plural nouns that do not end with -s

Add ’s (apostrophe + -s ).

the children’s books the men’s chairs

Plural nouns that end with -s

Add an ’ (apostrophe).

my brothers’ apartment the girls’ school

Proper nouns that end with the sound /z/

Add an ’ (apostrophe).

Dickens’ A Christmas Carol the Jones’ house

Write the possessive form of each noun in parentheses. 1. We read the

report. (boss)

4.

2. The

decision seemed fair. (judges)

5. I borrowed

3. The

washroom was closed. (women)

6.

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email is amusing. (Patti) tablet. (Nicolas) ambitions are unrealistic. (James)

UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

17

Determiners Determiners are used to make a noun denite (the boy) or indenite (a boy), or to indicate quantity (many boys).

2.6 Articles Article

Indenite

Denite

When speaking of a nation, use a denite article.

Use

a / an

the

Use an in front of a noun beginning with a vowel sound or a silent h.

It is a good idea to eat an apple an hour before lunch.

Exception: Use a if the vowel makes a /y/ sound.

a university

Use the with singular and plural nouns to refer to specic people or things.

Here’s the pineapple I’m going to slice. (this particular pineapple)

For generalizations about people or things

Life is stressful. (The life is stressful.)

For names of people, titles, languages, and countries

Dr. Jones speaks Chinese and lives in Spain. (The Dr. Jones speaks the Chinese and lives in the Spain.)

Complete each sentence with the correct denite article (the) or indenite article (a or an). If no article is needed, write X. 1. Mia is renting 2. Do you have

loft condo. eraser?

3. Is there

union ofce?

4. He had

heart attack.

5. Are 6. Who speaks 7. Scott is 8. It was

UNIT 2

I’ll have a peach for dessert. (any peach)

Students can have a lot of fun. (The students can have a lot of fun.)

Our new colleague is Chinese. The Chinese are hard workers.

18

Use a before a singular countable noun to refer to a non-specic person or thing.

None

5

Example

Nouns and Determiners

cats good companions? Spanish? only student to get 90% on his test. honour to meet the invited guest.

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2.7 Possessive and Demonstrative Determiners Determiner

Function

my / your Possessive

his / her / its

Example

Indicates ownership or association

My friend Sarah left her phone at our house.

Indicates people or things that are near you

This suitcase is practical.

Indicates people or things that are far from you

That dog across the road is barking a lot.

Do not confuse its with it’s, your with you’re, or their with they’re.

our / your / their this (singular) these (plural) Demonstrative

that (singular) those (plural)

These books in the box are very old. Refer to unit 3, page 28, chart 3.2, for more information on possessive determiners.

Those chairs over there are trendy.

2.8 Quantifying Determiners Determiner

Use

Example With countable nouns

many

Use many in afrmative and negative statements and questions.

We have many brochures about vacations in Peru. We don’t have many brochures about Columbia. How many brochures do you have?

few, a few

Use few to mean not many.

Few students enjoy detention.

Use a few to mean a small number.

Only a few students went on the eld trip.

With uncountable nouns Use much in negative statements and questions.

I don’t have much information about Peru.

too much, so much

Use too much or so much in afrmative statements.

That’s too much information!

little, a little

Use little to mean almost none.

I have little our left.

Use a little to mean a small amount.

I need a little our to make pancakes.

much

How much information do you have?

I have so much information about our trip.

With countable and uncountable nouns a lot of

some

6

Use a lot of instead of much in afrmative statements.

Planning a trip takes a lot of time.

Use some to mean a certain number.

I need to read some guidebooks.

We want to make a lot of short trips this summer.

Underline the appropriate determiner in each sentence. 1. Alana is looking for her / his book.

3. There’s many / too much noise in this café.

2. Look at that / those people over there.

4. We don’t have many / much CDs.

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UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

19

PRACTISE 7 Complete additional

Countable and Uncountable Nouns: Plurals

Charts 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Put a check mark to identify each noun as countable (C) or uncountable (U). Complete each sentence with the plural form of the noun.

exercises online,

Noun

including a pronunciation activity on plurals, to

C

U

Plural Form

Example: bear

Are there

in the woods?

1. sandwich

There are

2. shampoo

Do we really need to take

3. compass

I am packing two

just in case.

4. wolf

There are lots of

in that area.

5. bread

Is there enough

6. baseball cap

We are taking only two

7. water

Where is the

8. bus

Are there

9. equipment

Why are you packing all the

bears

practise nouns and determiners.

10. match

8

in the lunchbox. ?

for two weeks? . ? that go near the campsite? ?

Where are the

Mixed Plurals

to light the re?

Charts 2.3, 2.4

Complete the text by writing the plural form of each noun in parentheses. teeth

Example: Bears have sharp claws and (tooth)

.

Canadian Wildlife Canada’s seas, valleys, and mountains are rich in wildlife. There are whales, seals, 1

sea lions, and strange-looking (walrus) 2

(goose)

. Noisy ocks of Canada 3

ll the sky. Cats like (cougar) 4

the mountains. The impressive curled (horn) 5

and lynx roam

of the Bighorn (sheep)

are symbols of rank and dominance. Their (hoof)

6

are hard on the outside and soft on the inside, so they are excellent climbers. 7

Grizzly bears feast on (salmon) 8

in the icy rivers. Canada’s (fox)

are beautiful, especially the white-haired Arctic fox and the red fox.

Some Canadian mammals live closer to people. Many (moose) 10

walk onto busy highways and (person) 11

at night because (deer) (Skunk)

20

UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

12

9

have to be careful driving

are attracted by the lights of cars.

, raccoons, and bears roam the outskirts of

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13

Canadian (city)

14

looking for (food) 15

monarch (buttery)

. Each year millions of

travel to Mexico to avoid the extreme cold of the

Canadian winter.

9

Mixed Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Chart 2.2

Complete each sentence with the uncountable noun in the word box that matches the set of countable nouns. Example: Snacks, fruits, and sandwiches are

food

.

1. Knives, saucepans, and measuring cups are kitchen

equipment

.

2. Sunshine, rain, and snow are

food furniture

.

jewellery

3. Dimes, dollars, and quarters are

.

luggage

4. Bracelets, earrings, and necklaces are 5. Beds, chairs, and sofas are

weather

.

6. Suitcases, bags, and backpacks are

10 Plural Nouns

money

.

.

Charts 2.3, 2.4

Write each sentence with the correct plural form of the underlined noun(s). Change the verbs and pronouns where necessary. Example: The celebrity is smiling at us. The celebrities are smiling at us. 1. His character analysis is very accurate. 2. Her child is hyperactive. 3. Which tooth is loose? 4. Did you nish your assignment? 5. The woman is waving to her friend. 6. Ouch! My foot hurts.

11 Possessive Form

Chart 2.5

Write the possessive form of nouns using the apostrophe +s (’s). Example: The car of Sami is bright red. Sami’s car is bright red. 1. Here are the photos of the vacation of Ms. Jones. 2. I’m excited about the visit of my sisters. 3. She’s planning the birthday party of her son. 4. Look at the villa of my boss in Spain. 5. Do you know the parents of my friends?

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UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

21

12 Indenite Articles

Chart 2.6

Complete the following paragraph with the correct indenite articles (a or an). Example: I’d love

a

sports car, but that’s unrealistic.

Car Dilemma I usually ride 3

1

2

bicycle but I’m thinking of buying

used car. At rst, I wanted to buy 4

minivan but I read that they are gas-guzzlers. Then, the car dealer suggested

hybrid car.

They are more fuel efcient and eco-friendly. I am meeting my dad in 5

hour to try

6

electric car. It seems to be

smart choice. It has

8

electric motor and

7 9

rechargeable

battery. Although electric cars have many ecological benets, they are more expensive. I’m also worried about the lack of public rechargeable service areas. Buying

13 Mixed Articles

10

car is so complicated!

Chart 2.6

Complete each sentence with the correct denite article (the) or indenite article (a or an). If no article is needed, write X. X

Example: I’m not taking 1. I am looking for 2. That’s

English this semester. information. Can you help me?

best idea I ever heard!

3. I like to live in 4. That’s

apartment but my boyfriend wants to rent

house.

great suggestion for his birthday party.

5. Where’s

screwdriver? It’s not in the toolbox.

6. She’s studying

chemistry.

7. She’s enrolling at

14 Possessive Determiners

college next to her house. Chart 2.7

Complete each sentence with the correct possessive determiner (my, your, his, her, its, our, their ). Example: He feeds only organic food to 1.

Tammy carpools with three of

2. The university has

own compost site.

4. We’re studying enviromental law, but

22

UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

cat.

friends.

3. Mr. Gamache encourages

5. Many schools now have

his

students to protect the environment. department doesn’t even recycle paper! own policies to promote sustainability.

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15 Demonstrative Determiners

Chart 2.7

Complete the following dialogue with the correct demonstrative determiners (this, these, that, and those). that

Example: Morgan: Where is all the dirty laundry? Jenny: It’s in

pile down the hall.

Morgan: Jen, where’s the laundry basket? 1

Jenny: It’s in

closet over there.

Morgan: Where did you put the laundry detergent? 2

Jenny: It’s in

plastic box right here under our noses.

Morgan: Where’s the garbage bag with the dirty laundry in it? 3

Jenny: Oh, Morgan! I don’t know. It must be in garbage bags under our feet! 4

Morgan: I’m sorry. I was looking in down the hall. 5

Jenny:

room down the hall is our bedroom! 6

Morgan: I still can’t believe

16 Quantifying Determiners

bags in the room

condo is ours!

Chart 2.8

Complete each sentence with many, much, or a lot of. If two forms are possible, write both. much

Example: How can you travel with so 1

Oh, Matt! You have too sneakers. How

3

luggage?

clothes. You have

2

shoes and 4

pairs of pants do you have? You have so 5

travel information, too! How

17 Quantifying Determiners

luggage can you take?

Chart 2.8

Underline the nouns and circle the correct determiner in each sentence. Then decide if each noun is countable or uncountable and write C or U above it. C Example: A little / A few children are playing outside. 1. A little / Some people stopped talking when she walked in. 2. The refugees have few / little food to eat. 3. Few / Little students graduated from the new course. 4. He cut my hair. There are still few / some hairs on my shirt. 5. They have a little / a few money.

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UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

23

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Does your mood change with the weather? First, think about the following questions. Then discuss them with a partner. Pay attention to your use of singular and plural nouns as you speak. 1.

Which is your favourite season?

2.

Why do you like it?

3.

What is your mood during your favourite season? Describe it.

4.

How does your mood change when the weather changes?

5.

Which season do you like the least? Explain your answer.

Example: My favourite season is fall. I like it because the weather is cooler and the trees are full of colours. In fall I feel relaxed and energetic. When winter starts, the cold weather makes me tired and lazy. Summer is my least favourite season because of the hot weather. I don’t like high temperatures and too much sun. They make me irritable.

WRITING Write a short description of the activities you do during your favourite season. Make sure you include singular and plural nouns and different determiners. Example: My favourite season is spring. In spring the snow melts and I go for a lot of walks. I hear the birds sing and I smell the fresh green leaves on the trees. I put my plants on the balcony. I also start training because I run a marathon in the summer. I run a few days after my classes and on weekends.

24

UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

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REVIEW A

Plurals / Spelling

Circle the correct plural form of each noun in the following text. Then decide if the noun is countable or uncountable and write C or U above it.

Marine Paradise 1

Turkey is one of the country / countries we will visit this summer. Many 2

persons / people have told us it’s an exciting place. Our scuba club is organizing a trip to the Mediterranean. The turquoise water is clear and 3

it is a paradise for lovers of marine lives / life . 4

One of our favourite activitys / activities is wreck diving. There are many 5

wrecks / wreckes at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. We are going to 6

rent diving equipments / equipment when we get there. 7

About 20 members / membres of our club are going on the trip. We are all young people, so we will stay in youth hostels and buy 8

9

food / foods at the local supermarket. We will have a lot of funs / fun and eat our sandwiches / sandwichs

10

on the beach. We will also try yachting

and sailing. Turkey, here we come!

B

Possessive Nouns

Write the correct possessive form of each noun. 1.

boutique (Molly)

6. their

bone (dog)

2. an

trunk (elephant)

3. my

husband (boss)

8. the

tails (horses)

4. his

toys (children)

9. the

equipment (reghters)

5. your

opinion (classmates)

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

7.

friend (Lucas)

10. those

clothes (women)

UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

25

C

Determiners

Complete each sentence with the correct determiner from the word box. You may use each determiner more than once. 1. Why do you like

car over there?

2. The invitation is such

honour.

3. Lara is learning to ride

horse.

a an many much that

condo is nicer than the one opposite.

4.

the

5. There is so

clutter in this room!

6. Where is 7. Look at

these

remote control?

this those

birds in the sky!

8. There are

ways to cook chicken. earrings are prettier than those.

9. 10. We need

Edit It!

vacation soon.

Underline and correct the 15 errors in the following text.

Tips for Healthy Living Nowadays more and more persons are nding it difcult to lead an healthy life. It’s hard to balance the work, family life, and leisure. Much people work long hours away from home. College and university librarys stay open late so that students can study. Schoolchilds stay in school until 6:00 p.m. I have two sisters, an elder and a younger one. My elder sisters’ three boys are in daycare for 35 hours a week. They don’t spend many time with their mother. My youngest nephews’ educator knows him better than my sister does. Stress can ruin our lifes. This days much modern families are struggling to live an balanced life. Men, woman, and children must learn to relax in these stressful modern environment.

26

UNIT 2

Nouns and Determiners

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UNIT

Pronouns Be proud of yourself for assisting people who need help.

3

FUNCTION AND FORM

3.1 Subject and Object Pronouns Use a pronoun to replace a noun and to avoid repetition.

Pronoun

Subject

Object

1

Function

Example

I you he / she / it we / you / they

Replaces a noun that is the subject of a sentence

me you him / her / it us / you / them

Replaces a noun that is the object of a sentence

Always write the rst-person subject pronoun with a capital letter.

Richard is my best friend. He Richard is really funny.

Do not use an object pronoun followed by a subject pronoun.

I like his jokes. (i like his jokes.)

Object pronouns are not capitalized.

I am a student. (Me, I am a student.)

him I call Richard when I need to laugh. He makes me smile.

Complete the text with the correct subject and object pronouns. Then underline other pronouns you nd in the text. 1

Travel broadens the mind. That’s why I love most are Italy and Japan. Why do I love

. The countries I love the

2

so much? Italy has ancient

monuments, amazing art museums, and great food. Italians love to go out at night.

3

eat late and then go out for a walk. Most Japanese people are

very formal and reserved. They have different customs, and they bow when they greet someone. My neighbour, Ken, is Japanese.

4

told

5

about Japanese customs before I went there. I’m glad he did!

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UNIT 3

Pronouns

27

3.2 Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns Form my

Do not confuse they’re / there / their, you’re / your, he’s / his, and it’s / its.

your

Possessive determiner

The word its cannot be used as a possessive pronoun.

his / her / its our / your / their mine

That is the cat’s toy. That is its toy. (That’s its.)

yours

Possessive pronoun

his / hers ours /yours / theirs

2 Refer to unit 2, chart 2.7, page 19, for more information on possessive determiners.

Function

Example

Replaces a noun to show ownership or association

This is Méline’s backpack. This is her backpack.

Is always followed by a noun

Today is David’s birthday. Today is his birthday.

Replaces a possessive determiner and noun combination

Is this your backpack? Is it yours?

Is not followed by a noun

It’s not my backpack. It’s not mine.

Complete the text with the correct possessive pronouns and possessive determiners. 1

My uncle Don is an engineer and

new hobby is robotics. I ask Uncle

2

Don, “Is this

3

?” “Of course it’s

. Meet Robby the 4

robot,” he replies. “Do these wires belong to

legs?” I ask, glaring

at the metallic gure. Just then, Uncle Don’s two brothers walk in, carrying 5

6

tool boxes. “This project is

7

We all laugh. They look at the expression on 8

put the robot together. I’m proud of 9

hobby is

and not

10

, too!” exclaims Uncle Ray. face as I watch them

uncles, but I’m happy the new

!

3.3 Reexive Pronouns Pronoun myself

Note the spelling change from -self (singular) to -selves (plural).

yourself himself / herself / itself ourselves / yourselves / themselves

3

Use

Example

When the subject of the verb is the same as the object

I am proud of myself! Take care of yourself, Jamie. Matthew is pleased with himself. They pamper themselves.

Complete each sentence with the correct reexive pronoun. 1. Jay is putting

through a rigorous training program right now.

2. Medical students Kim and Jon are exhausting 3. Emily is a model and is always admiring

studying all night. in the mirror.

4. On the weekend my friends and I get together and enjoy 5. I am spoiling

28

UNIT 3

Pronouns

.

with a spa treatment this weekend.

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3.4 Indenite Pronouns Use the pronoun endings -one and -body to refer to people and -thing to refer to things. Use indenite pronouns when you want to refer to people or things, but you do not know who they are or their identity is not important.

Pronoun

Function

everyone/everybody

Refers to a complete group of people or things

All the people are here. Everyone is here.

Refers to an unknown person or thing

A girl in the class is absent. Someone is absent.

everything someone / somebody

Example

something

All the things are in the bag. Everything is in the bag.

An unknown thing is making a noise outside. There is something making a noise outside. anyone /anybody anything

no one /nobody nothing

Refers to people or things in general in an afrmative statement

It doesn’t matter who comes to my house. Anybody can come to my house.

• Cannot be the subject of a negative statement

Anybody can’t come to my house.

• Can be the subject of a negative or afrmative question

Does anyone agree with me?

• Can be the object of a question or negative statement

Did you meet anybody there?

Always used with the afrmative and singular form of the verb, but it has a negative meaning

There are no students in the classroom. There is no one in the classroom.

I won’t say anything.

Nobody is in the classroom. Is there nothing I can do?

3.5 Reciprocal Pronouns Pronoun each other one another

Function

Example

Refers to two or more people or animals that share the same actions, states, or feelings

Nadia and Dan respect each other. (Nadia respects Dan and Dan respects Nadia.)

Nadia, Dan, and Matt trust one another. (They all trust each other.)

4

Underline the appropriate indenite and reciprocal pronouns. 1

Jordan and Justin are identical twins. They love each other / someone very 2

much and enjoy doing activities together. Everybody / Somebody who knows the twins smiles when they are working out at the gym. Even if they are twins, 3

they don’t do anything / nothing the same. But they are patient with 4

5

something / each other and everything / nothing annoys them.

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An indenite pronoun is singular and always takes a singular verb. Everybody is welcome to attend.

UNIT 3

Pronouns

29

3.6 Demonstrative Pronouns Use demonstrative pronouns to identify specic people or things that are near or far.

Pronoun This, that, these, and those are both pronouns and determiners. When used as determiners, they are followed by a noun. When used as pronouns, they stand alone.

Far

this

that

these

5 Refer to unit 2, chart 2.7, page 19, for more information about demonstrative determiners.

Near

those

Use

Example

Use this or that for the singular.

This is the schedule for next week.

The verb is always in its singular form.

That goes over there.

Use these or those for the plural.

These are the photos from our vacation to Ireland.

The verb is always in its plural form.

Those go in our album over there.

Complete each sentence with the correct demonstrative pronoun. 1. Look at the birds! Look at

over there. They are Canada geese.

2. Do you see the cottage in the valley down there? 3. Here, take

is the one I’ve rented.

. They are the designs for the new hospital.

3.7 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns Pronoun who identies a specic person or specic people Relative

which or that identies a specic thing

Function

Example

Joins a dependent clause and an independent clause to give more information Dependent clause:

The man who is here is her cousin. This is the map that led us to the car.

who is here

whose refers to possession by a person who refers to a person what refers to a thing Interrogative

which refers to one among a number of things

Independent clause: The man is her cousin.

Refers to the specic information the speaker wants when asking a question

whose refers to possession by a person

6

The athletes whose game was cancelled went home. Who lives there? Tom does. What is this? It’s the Stanley Cup. Which song are they singing? They’re singing a hymn. Whose cellphone is ringing? Melissa’s cellphone is ringing.

Underline the appropriate interrogative and relative pronouns. 1. Did you know that power drinks are loaded with caffeine what / which can be harmful? 2. Doctors are worried about addictions that / who are growing among young people which / who are doing intensive sports training.

30

UNIT 3

Pronouns

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PRACTISE 7

Subject and Object Pronouns

Chart 3.1

Write the correct subject or object pronoun above each underlined noun and noun phrase (with more than one noun). He it Example: David loves antique Canadian hockey equipment.

Complete additional exercises online to practise pronouns.

1. People collect all sorts of things, like bottle caps, baseball caps, and 1

comics—anything, in fact! My sister Victoria collects old vinyl records. Vicky loves playing them on her ancient record player. Her boyfriend, Jake, a musician, collects 2

3

guitars. Jake plays the saxophone, but his collection of guitars really inspires Jake . 4

The guitars are hanging on the walls of his bedroom. 5

2. My friend Ashley and I love making jewellery, and Ashley and I sell the necklaces in our boutique. Ashley sorts out the beads and polishes the beads

6

every day before she strings them together. Many of our friends and family want 7

8

Ashley and me to make jewellery for them. Ashley and I hope to sell our jewellery on the Internet next year.

8

Subject and Object Pronouns

Chart 3.1

Replace the underlined words in each sentence with a subject or object pronoun. Example: Susie sent the email to her brother. She sent it to him. 1. Alex sent a text message to Emma. 2. The supermarket delivered groceries to my grandmother. 3. Connor collected the registered letter from the post ofce. 4. Aaron and I always give money to local charities. 5. Naomi shipped her piano to her brother in New York.

9

Possessives

Chart 3.2

Replace the underlined words in each sentence with a possessive pronoun. Then underline the pronouns. Example: The taxi driver drives his car rather than the customers’ car. The taxi driver drives his rather than theirs. 1. Is this your textbook or my textbook? 2. The waitress got my mom’s order all wrong! 3. Ruby ironed her clothes and Hunter ironed his clothes. 4. Their cat is a Siamese and our cat is a tabby. 5. Amber’s car was in an accident and Ben’s car was stolen.

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UNIT 3

Pronouns

31

10 Reexive Pronouns

Chart 3.3

Complete each sentence with the correct pronoun from the word box. Then underline the subject of each verb. herself

Example: Carrie is admiring

in the mirror.

myself

.

himself

1. Duncan has great condence in 2. They are enjoying

herself

on their vacation.

itself

3. It’s difcult, but I’m determined to x my computer by 4. We’re forcing

.

ourselves themselves

to get in shape.

5. The cat is always cleaning

.

11 Mixed Pronouns and Possessive Determiners

Charts 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

Complete the texts with the appropriate pronouns and possessive determiners. he

Example: Guy Laeur scored many goals when

played for the Canadiens. 1

1. Antonio Gaudi was an amazing architect.

designed unusual looking

houses that had strange shapes. The stunning cathedral in Barcelona, the Sagrada 2

Família, is 4

I admire

3

masterpiece. The idea for its design was entirely 5

for

.

passion for bold architecture. 6

2. Did you know that the rst roller coasters were made of ice and wood?

were built in the seventeenth century and were about 24 metres high. Why do some 7

people love

? My friend Abby is crazy about roller coasters. She 8

even goes to amusement parks by 10

They scare

9

. I don’t like

. 11

because I am afraid of heights and

go so fast.

In my city there is an amusement park on an island with a roller coaster. Most big cities 12

have one. Do you have one in

?

12 Indenite and Reciprocal Pronouns

Charts 3.4, 3.5

something

Complete the text with the correct pronouns from the word box.

everyone

everyone Example: Nowadays has to be careful about giving out personal information over the Internet. Identity theft is a growing problem. Sadly, we must be more suspicious of

someone nobody 1

.

one another

That friendly telemarketer could be a crook. From time to time I have the feeling that 2

the Caribbean!

32

UNIT 3

Pronouns

is wrong, particularly if 4

3

tells me I have won a trip to

wants to be the victim of fraud, so we have to be careful.

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13 Demonstrative Pronouns

Chart 3.6

Underline the correct demonstrative pronoun in each sentence. Example: This / These is our rst experience renting an apartment. 1. This / These sounds like the silliest thing I ever heard. 2. I have what you were looking for. Is this / that your photo album? 3. Look over there. Those / These are the shells I collected from the beach in Barbados. 4. What do you think of these / those new sandals I’m wearing? They were half-price!

14 Relative Pronouns

Chart 3.7

Write a sentence using parts a and b and the correct relative pronoun (that, which, who, or whose). If two answers are possible, give both. Example: a. The safari trip was a great success.

b. we went on

The safari trip that / which we went on was a great success. 1. a.

The elegant man is a fashion guru.

b. is walking toward us

2. a. The new craze is extreme snowboarding.

b. we tried

3. a. The aquarium is really impressive.

b. he set up

4. a. The woman is not happy.

b. dress is dirty

15 Interrogative Pronouns

Chart 3.7

Complete the text with the correct interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, and whose). Example:

Which

jacket do you like the most?

Non-Stop Questions Nicole and I went downtown today to go window-shopping. It was very tiring because she kept asking questions. 1

brand name is better?

2

is your favourite designer?

most? She was quiet for a while, but then she started asking more questions! 5

3

designs do you like the 4

is the best way to pay?

credit card should I use: Visa or MasterCard?

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UNIT 3

Pronouns

33

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Look at the photos carefully. Then describe what you see to a classmate using as many of the pronouns as you can. As you listen to your partner, cross out the pronouns as she or he uses them.

Student A

he, it, no one, these, they, which

everything, theirs, themselves, they, who

each other, hers, it, she, whose

everything, he, him, his, it, that, whose

he, her, hers, them, these, what

Student B

everyone, herself, she, them, they, who

WRITING Think of a place where you have many memories. Write a short text about it. Use as many pronouns and possessive determiners as you can. Example: I remember my grandparents’ cottage. It was red and white and it had a big porch. It was my favourite place. My grandfather and I went shing on the lake. I loved going shing with him. He always took good care of me. I also enjoyed myself swimming in the lake. Everything was just perfect!

34

UNIT 3

Pronouns

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REVIEW A

Mixed Pronouns and Possessive Determiners

Complete the text with the correct pronouns and possessive determiners.

A Life of Luxury 1

Giulio books

into the hotel directly on the beach and walks into a luxurious room 2

on the top oor of the building. Is it true? Has 3

It was a week ago that

really won the contest? Yes, he has!

ticket won a trip for four. Now he is stretched out on the huge, 4

comfortable bed in a hotel in Acapulco. Luxury surrounds

. He remembers buying the 5

ticket at the convenience store. It is still hard to believe the trip is actually 6

7

is!” he thinks as he looks around his room.

9

in the mirror. “Giulio, do you think you can 10

be a millionaire without 11

13 14

?” laughs his girlfriend as 12

looks at

smile at

girlfriend and his

8

parents enter the room wearing big, colourful Mexican hats. admire

. “I guess

in the mirror. They all

. “Of course not,” jokes Giulio, as he hugs 15

all. “Let’s start

life of luxury

right now!”

B

Mixed Pronouns

Underline the correct pronouns (subject, object, possessive, reexive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, or indenite).

You Are What You Eat! 1

There are many people which / who refuse to eat meat. Some people refuse to eat 2

it for religious reasons. Some even wear a face covering so that them / they do not swallow an insect by mistake. Vegetarianism is a way of life in many cultures. 3

4

In mine / my , we can eat whatever us / we like. In fact, the majority of people in my culture are meat-lovers. Studies say that eating a lot of meat may cause health 5

problems. It is certainly not the only factor who / that causes health issues.

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UNIT 3

Pronouns

35

6

Today obesity is a serious health concern everywhere and it / its appears in people of every age. Even elementary school children are diagnosed with diabetes because 7

they / them eat unhealthy food and drink sugary beverages that make them obese. 8

Do you know that we are poisoning us / ourselves every day with high levels of sugar 9

and salt in packaged foods? These / This are health hazards! I have a fteen-year-old cousin, James, which / who Who’s / Whose let him / he

13

11

10

has a heart condition from overeating as a child.

fault is it? Well, his parents didn’t enjoy cooking and they / them

eat whatever he wanted. Everything / Everyone

14

12

thought it was all right

because he grew tall and strong. No one worried about his / he

15

weight gain. Now

Jamie eats a healthy diet and has become a vegetable junkie. He keeps his weight down and exercises every day.

Edit It!

Underline and correct the 10 pronoun and possessive determiner errors in the text.

After my son Hunter was accepted at the University of British Columbia, she decided to take a year off to travel and do community work. He heard that many students did this in England. It is called a gap year and his purpose is to give young people real-life working experience in a different environment. Some people work in poor countries where theirs living conditions are very simple, but Hunter started by working in a senior citizens’ home who was in a poor area in Vancouver. He learned to develop her listening skills. During his gap year him became more patient. Then he went to work in the slums of Rio. He was so proud of themself for accomplishing his goal. Hunter became a ne young man which decided to devote his energy to social justice. He believes that people must help each others. Now he is at university studying politics and he wants to work in Africa. Well done, my son! It was a good decision and it was your decision, not my!

36

UNIT 3

Pronouns

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UNIT

Simple Past and Past Progressive While I was researching my origins last week, I discovered that there were many interesting people in my family.

Last year 2013

Last month

Last week

Yesterday

4

Today

Tomorrow

FUNCTION AND FORM

4.1 Simple Past and Past Progressive Simple Past

Past Progressive

Use for a completed action in the past.

Use for an action in progress at a specic moment in the past.

Last Saturday we danced for three hours.

Late last night Amy was downloading music. Use for a completed chain of events in the past. First, jazz was popular in the forties. Then, rock and roll became the craze in the fties. Finally, the Beatles arrived on the music scene in the sixties.

Use for two or more simultaneous actions in progress in the past. Tom was sleeping while Amy was listening to music. Use for an action in progress in the past when it was interrupted by another action. I was dancing when you called me.

Keywords a week ago, last month, in 2010, on May 10, when I was a child, yesterday . . .

1

as, just as, at the time, at that time, when, while . . .

Write SP (simple past) or PP (past progressive) above each verb. Then give the reason the verb tense is used. 1. While I was working, my sister was studying at medical school.

2. My family vacationed in Portugal last summer.

3. His sister was talking to him on the phone when the line died.

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UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

37

Simple Past 4.2 Simple Past of Regular Verbs Afrmative Subject

Negative

Base form of verb + -ed

I / He / She / It

Subject I / He / She / It

worked. We / You / They

We / You / They

Did + not

did not (didn’t)

Yes / No Questions Base form of verb

Did

work.

Did

Subject

Base form of verb

I / he / she / it work? we / you / they

4.3 Spelling of Regular Verbs Verb Ending

Rule

Most endings

Add -ed.

play

played

-e or -ie

Add -d.

love

loved

Consonant + -y

Change the -y to i and add -ed.

worry

Double the nal consonant (except -w, -x, -y) and add -ed.

drum

drummed

refer

referred

Consonant + short vowel sound + consonant Two-syllable verbs when stress falls on the second syllable

2

Example

worried

To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use did or didn’t without the main verb. Did he travel by bus? Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.

Write the afrmative sentence in the negative, and the negative sentence in the afrmative. Then write a yes / no question for each sentence and answer it with a short answer. 1. My classmates danced all night long. Question:

Yes,

2. The graduation party didn’t end at 6:00 a.m. Question:

No,

4.4 Pronunciation of -ed Final Sound

38

Pronunciation

Example

/ch/, /f/, /k/, /p/, /s/, /sh/, /x/

/t/

watched, stuffed, kicked, stopped, kissed, washed, xed

/d/, /t/

/id/

concluded, invited

all other sounds

/d/

breathed, changed, zzed, hugged, moved, played, pulled, robbed, shared, turned, welcomed

UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

Use the nal sound of the base verb, not the spelling, to decide how to pronounce -ed. The -gh in laugh is pronounced / f /.

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4.5 Simple Past of Irregular Verbs Form afrmative and negative statements and yes / no questions with irregular verbs the same way as with regular verbs. Here are a few examples of irregular verbs.

3

bring

brought

eat

ate

know

knew

see

saw

drink

drank

have

had

spend

spent

say

said

Refer to appendix 7, pages 134–135, for a list of irregular verbs.

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the simple past. 1. Yesterday I (see)

the results of the survey.

2. They (think)

technology was useful.

3. He (think, negative)

he was hooked on social media.

4.6 Information Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs With Did Question word

Subject

Base form of verb

I

work?

What

slowed

down?

she

go?

Who

wore

boots?

Did

When

Without Did Question word

Past form of verb

Rest of question

did How

4

When the subject of the sentence is not known, do not use did.

Write a question in the simple past to match the information in bold. 1.

Matt invited me to the party.

2.

It took place in a club in Danville.

3.

The partygoers enjoyed the music.

What made that noise? (We don’t know what made the noise.) A cat made it.

4.7 Simple Past of the Verb Be Do not use did with the verb be in the negative and question forms.

Afrmative

Negative

Subject

Verb be

Subject

I / He / She / It

was.

We / You / They

were.

Yes / No Questions

Verb be + not

Verb be

I / He / She / It

was not (wasn’t).

Was

We / You / They

were not (weren’t).

Were

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Information Questions

Subject

Question word

Verb be

Subject

I / he / she / it?

Who

was

I / he / she / it?

we / you / they?

Where

were

they?

UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

39

Past Progressive

Refer to unit 1, chart 1.11, page 5, for the spelling rules for the -ing form.

4.8 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject

Negative

Verb be

I / He / She / It

Base form of verb + -ing

Subject

was

Verb be + not

I / He / She / It

was not (wasn’t)

We / You / They

were not (weren’t)

Base form of verb + -ing

waiting. We / You / They

5

waiting.

were

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the past progressive. 1. My phone rang while I (cut, carefully)

the vegetables.

2. Ryan (sleep, negative)

when you called.

3. When you phoned, we (prepare, negative)

supper.

4. The lights went out while we (cook)

.

4.9 Questions Yes / No Questions Verb be Was

Subject

Base form of verb + -ing

I / he / she / it

Information Questions Question word

Verb be

Subject

Base form of verb + -ing

When

was

I / he / she / it

leaving?

Where

were

we / you / they

staying?

working? Were

6

we / you / they

Write a question to match the information in bold. 1.

Yes, he was talking about moving.

2.

No, he and his wife were not looking for a condo.

3.

His wife was hoping to nd a house.

4.

They were staying in an apartment.

5.

They were moving because they were expecting a baby.

6.

Their family was helping them look for a house.

7.

They were hoping to move in July.

8.

They were looking for a house in the suburbs.

9.

Yes, they were visiting new houses. No, he wasn’t getting tired of the house hunt.

10.

40

UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

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PRACTISE 7

Afrmative of Regular Verbs

Charts 4.2, 4.3

Write the verbs in the simple past. Check your spelling. cried

Example: The twins (cry)

Complete additional exercises online to

a lot.

practise the simple past and past progressive.

Twins 1

1. Geneticists (study)

a group of identical twins for many years. 2

Even if adopted twins (live) 3

sports and (enjoy)

in different families, they played the same

5

to nd differences between identical twins. They (listen) 6

many accounts from twins and (conclude) 7

4

the same food. Scientists (try) to

that they (remain)

surprisingly similar even if they did not grow up together. 8

2. Two Canadian couples (adopt)

two young Chinese girls. They

thought that they looked like sisters, but the orphanage said that the girls were not 9

related. A strange thing (happen) 10

(discover)

over time that the girls had many similarities and must 11

be twins. The families (start) 12

girls (become)

8

Pronunciation of -ed

. The couples kept in touch and

to visit each other so that the

good friends.

Chart 4.4

Write the following regular verbs in the simple past. Then write t, d, or id to describe the pronunciation of the -ed. Practise saying the verbs. Example: apply applied d

1. drop

2. open

3. hunt

4. need

5. wish

9

Used To

Complete the sentence with used to and the verbs from the word box. Example: People

used to grow buy

1. People

their own food. grow

keep

save visit

animals like chickens, pigs, and geese in their gardens.

2. They

fabric to make clothes for their family.

3. They

special shops like the butcher’s and greengrocer’s.

4. They didn’t have bank accounts; people

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Use used to + the base form of the verb to talk about past habits. I used to practise piano every day when I was a child. (I don’t practise piano every day now.)

their money in a tin box. UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

41

10 Afrmative of Irregular Verbs

Charts 4.5, 4.7, appendix 7

Complete the text with the correct afrmative form of the simple past. took

Example: Brunelle (take)

photos of look-alikes.

Look-Alikes 1

Montréal photographer François Brunelle, who (begin) 18, (have)

2

3

a great idea. He (undertake) 4

his career in 1968 at the age of

a study of look-alikes. He (seek)

people who looked alike but (be)

for his project I’m Not a Look-Alike! His aim (be)

5

not related

6

to collect 200 7

photos from people around the world. There (be)

8

who were complete strangers and his project (bring) 9

together. Some people (nd)

they looked like somebody

11

else the friend (know)

12

. It (be)

also really 13

fascinating to discover that look-alikes often (have) 14

same personality traits. They (eat) 15

17

if François (meet)

18

the

the same food, (wear) 16

similar clothes, (keep)

sometimes even (give)

them

each other on social networks 10

or through friends who (think)

look-alikes

the same pets, and

their pets the same names. I wonder

someone who looked like him!

11 Negative of Regular and Irregular Verbs

Charts 4.2, 4.7

Write each underlined verb in the negative. Use the contracted form. Example: Heredity played a big role in her life.

didn’t play

1. My older sister and I had a great relationship when we were young. 2. We spent a lot of time playing in the backyard. 3. My brother talked a lot. 4. Our parents were very understanding. 5. Playing sports made me aggressive toward my siblings. 6. I fought with my younger siblings. 7. Birth order shaped our personalities. 8. There were many children in the neighbourhood.

42

UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

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12 Yes / No Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs

Charts 4.2, 4.7

Change each sentence to a yes / no question. Example: Karen loved growing up in a stable family. Did Karen love growing up in a stable family? 1. Milos hated his life in a dysfunctional family when he was young.

2. His parents immigrated to Canada.

3. He acknowledged that he had a bad relationship with them in his youth.

4. His home environment affected his personality.

5. Milos was the most introverted child in his family.

6. There were studies conrming that birth order denes a child’s personality.

13 Information Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs

Charts 4.6, 4.7

Write an information question to match the information in bold. Example: My mother showed me her family tree. Who showed you her family tree? 1. I asked my grandmother to explain our family tree.

2. My mother’s side of the family came from Germany.

3. My father’s great-grandparents escaped the potato famine in Ireland.

4. My family wanted to come to Canada to have a better life.

5. The cold weather was difcult for us.

6. It took me a few years to learn French.

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UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

43

14 Mixed Simple Past

Charts 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7

Read the text and underline all the verbs in the simple past. Then write the questions or answers below in the simple past, using information from the text. Example: The term southpaw originally came from the American sport of baseball.

Southpaws The term southpaw originally came from the American sport of baseball. It was the name coaches gave to a left-handed pitcher. Sandy Koufax was one of the best known. His fans called him “the left hand of God.” Many famous people in other elds were also left-handed. Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was a left-handed genius who drew, painted, sculpted, wrote music and poetry, dissected cadavers, and still found time to design underwater diving suits and invent futuristic machines. Albert Einstein (1879–1955) revolutionized the way scientists used to view the cosmos. Da Vinci led a amboyant life; Einstein was more solitary. A sixteenth-century biographer described da Vinci as a “sparkling conversationalist.” Einstein, on the other hand, was very shy. As a child he didn’t even communicate with his parents. Although they had such different personalities, the two men shared a passion: they loved to watch owing water. Did this fascination with the varying moods of water inuence their natural creative abilities? Was water a source of creative energy for them? Da Vinci became obsessed with ood waters; Einstein saw the fabric of the universe in the calm waters of a lake. These southpaws enriched our lives with their passion for the natural world.

Question

Answer

1. Where did the name southpaw come from? 2.

Coaches called a left-handed pitcher a southpaw.

3.

No, it wasn’t quiet like Einstein’s. Da Vinci’s life was amboyant.

4. What did the two men have in common? 5. Who became obsessed with ood waters?

44

UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

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15 Past Progressive Afrmative and Negative

Chart 4.8

Complete the text with the past progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. Example: I (concentrate, negative) was not (wasn’t) concentrating in class.

Nature or Nurture 1

I admit that I (pay, negative) 2

my teacher (try)

attention when

to explain the connection

between genetics and personality. Most of my classmates (write, furiously) 3

notes on their tablets. Imagine my horror

when the teacher announced that we had to write a six-page report about it! 4

While I (surf) 5

negative)

the Internet in class, I (behave,

like a smart student. Other students 6

(plan, already)

their reports while I (nish)

7

my post on Facebook. My friends (laugh)

8

at me because I had a look of panic on my face. 9

They (joke) 10

about it and because they (make)

so much noise, the teacher started to walk toward

me. As he (get) Slowly my face (turn)

11

close, I began to feel embarrassed. 12

an uncomfortable shade of

red. Needless to say, my report on nature or nurture didn’t get a good grade!

16 Questions in the Past Progressive

Chart 4.9

Write three yes / no and three information questions in the past progressive, using the text “Nature or Nurture.” Example: Were you paying attention? When weren’t you paying attention? Yes / No Questions

Refer to unit 1, chart 1.13, page 6, to review the list of verbs rarely used in the present progressive.

1. 2. 3. Information Questions 4. 5. 6.

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UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

45

17 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive

Chart 4.1

Complete each sentence with the correct past form of the verbs. Example: As I (walk)

was walking

1. I (swim)

while Nathan (lift)

2. When I (be) 3. As we (get off)

10. (have, you)

to rain.

around Europe. their spring-break vacation in Greece.

6. At 6:00 a.m. I (sleep)

9. (they, see)

to eat vegetables.

the bus, it (start)

5. A year ago some students (take)

8. (what, you, do)

to fall.

weights in the gym.

a child, I (like, negative)

4. In 2011 we (travel)

7. (you, be)

started

to the metro, the snow (start)

. I (prepare, negative)

my breakfast.

at the concert last Monday or (stay, you) at 7:30 p.m. while Patti (write)

home? her term paper?

Man of Steel last month? enough money for your tuition last year?

18 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive Questions

Charts 4.2, 4.6, 4.7, 4.9

Complete the conversation by writing questions to match the information in bold. Example: Interviewer: Where did you see our ad? Nick: I saw your ad on the company’s website. Interviewer: Good morning, Mr. Carter. Welcome to Dynamic Deals. Can I call you Nick? Nick: Sure, no problem. Thanks for seeing me. I hope I t the bill for the manager’s job. Interviewer: Nick, I’m curious. Nick: I chose to dress casually for this interview because it was appropriate to the company’s orientation. Interviewer: Nick: Yes, I thought that a T-shirt and jeans seemed dynamic. I was ironing my shirt when I thought about it. Interviewer: So, you were ironing your shirt? Nick: Yes, rst I was planning to wear a suit and tie for the interview. Then I changed my mind. Interviewer: Nick: I wanted to dress formally because I was applying for a job as a manager. Interviewer: Nick: The picture in the ad changed my mind; it showed casually-dressed condent young people. Interviewer: I guess the T-shirt does reect your condent personality. That’s the type of manager we are looking for. Welcome to Dynamic Deals, Nick!

46

UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

Do not confuse the past participle -ed ending with the simple past. Past participles are often used as adjectives. I handed her the cup. She is left-handed.

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19 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive Spelling

Charts 1.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7, appendix 7

Underline the correct spelling of each verb. Example: The twins possesed / possessed different personalities. 1

1. I recently read / red an article stating that identical twins, who share the same genetic code, are inuenced by more than their genes and their environment. The author was 2

3

puting / putting forward the idea that other factors were playing/ playying a role between nature and nurture. Researchers found that identical twins didn’t always have identical personalities, behaviour, or IQs. 4

2. Often, even when twins were shareing / sharing the same home and living under the 5

same conditions, researchers founded / found differences in character: one twin was shy and the other was outgoing, or one was aggressive and the other calm. In many 6

cases, the twins didn’t always enjoie / enjoy the same pastimes. In their report, the 7

researchers conclueded / concluded that many identical twins were not really identical. 3. Although identical twins have the same eye and hair colour, other traits vary. Researchers 8

saw cases where one twin was developing / developping faster than the other at puberty; 9

one was tall and the other short. The twins’ hormones were / where acting differently and the children weren’t / were’nt

10

maturing with identical physical traits. It is clear

that other factors affect twins’ development—something other than nature (genes) and nurture (environment). Researchers are still trying to discover what these factors are.

20 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive

Chart 4.1

Write three sentences with the simple past and the past progressive, using the information below. Use the keywords as, while, and when to describe what two people were doing at the same time. Example: While Todd was reading a book in the living room, Naomi was texting her boss. Dan

Todd

Naomi and Jack

Ashley and Karl

Eric

spin

type

study for

revise for

try on

on a cycle

a term paper

a math quiz

an English exam

jeans and shoes

at the gym

in his room

in the library

in the coffee shop

at the mall

1. 2. 3.

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UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

47

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Read the categories of things that may have entertained you and your classmates when you were younger. Write different types of questions in the simple past and past progressive to ask a classmate about each category. Then ask a classmate the questions. Category Example: Playing cards

Question Did you play cards when you were young?

1. Cartoons 2. TV shows 3. Comic movies 4. Favourite comedian 5. Funny things that happened to you 6. Activities you did 7. Embarrassing situations 8. Funny stories about your family

WRITING Write a short text that describes what entertained you and your family when you were younger. Use the appropriate past tense and keywords. Example: When I was young, my family went to the beach in the summer. We played ball in the water and we made sandcastles. One day I was making a sandcastle on the beach when a big wave washed it away. I began to cry and I shouted at the waves. My family thought it was very funny.

48

UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

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REVIEW A

Simple Past

Complete the text with the verbs in the simple past.

Laughter Is the Best Medicine 1

In the mid-1800s Mark Twain, the author of Huckleberry Finn, (is) 2

the funniest man in the world. Twain (writes) 3

books and (travel)

all over the United States making people laugh. With the arrival of 4

black-and-white silent movies, it (is)

the turn of Charlie Chaplin to bring

laughter to the crowds. In the 1950s, with television in most people’s homes, comedy 5

shows (become)

popular. More recently, Russell Peters from Toronto,

Samir Khullar (Sugar Sammy) from Montréal, and Shaun Majumder from 6

Newfoundland and Labrador all (bring)

the immigrant experience to 7

Canadian audiences. Their tales of life as the children of immigrants (open) channels of communication in multicultural Canada. The differences between their Indian background and their lives as Canadian children (lead) 9

situations. They (make)

many people laugh as they (share)

8

to hilarious 10

their funny personal stories with other Canadians.

B

Past Progressive

Look at last weekend’s schedule and use the past progressive to describe what was happening for each time slot. College Talent Contest

Answer

9:00 p.m.

Jake sings.

1.

9:15 p.m.

Claudia and Jose perform a Latino dance routine.

2.

9:30 p.m.

Shawn and Cheryl lead a Caribbean samba troupe.

3.

9:45 p.m.

Mario juggles and does magic tricks.

4.

Sammy Soulman raps.

5.

10:00 p.m.

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UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

49

C

Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive

Complete the text with the simple past or past progressive.

Irish Roots 1

The Saint Patrick’s Day parade takes place every March in Montréal. I knew that the parade (be) 2

very popular with Québec people, but I (realize, negative) 3

question)

why. (know, you, yes / no

that over 40% of Quebeckers have Irish roots? As I (get) 5

ready for the important day, I (decide)

4

to go on the Internet to do some research.

An old Irish proverb says that Laughter is brightest where food is best. Unfortunately, the Irish (be able to, 6

negative)

laugh with no food in their bellies. The Irish famine (start) 8

in the mid-1840s. Many peasants (leave) a better life. People (die)

9

7

for North America by boat with the hope of

on the difcult journey, leaving many children orphans. Québec

families adopted these orphans and some (tell)

10

them that they could keep their Irish

family names. As I read, I understood why March 17 is a special day for Quebeckers. If your family name is Kennedy, Mulcair, or Mulroney, your Irish eyes are smiling!

Edit It!

Underline the verb error in each sentence. Write the word or words correctly.

1. As I was getting off the bus, I was dropping my cellphone. 2. Just as she was leaving, she was hearing her dog bark. 3. While Amy was shoping, someone stole her purse. 4. He wasn’t paid attention while I was speaking. 5. They were recording the interview when he suddenly was collapsing. 6. Kyle met Cassie while he was worked in New York. 7. As we driving along the shore, we saw the boat. 8. I was riding my bike when I hit a bump and was falling off. 9. While I was studing, Vanessa phoned me about the assignment. 10. At 10:00 p.m. last night we were partying and have fun.

50

UNIT 4

Simple Past and Past Progressive

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UNIT

Future Next year I will travel the world. I am going to visit places I can currently only dream about.

Last year

Yesterday

Today

5

Tomorrow

Next year

FUNCTION AND FORM

5.1 Will and Be Going To Form

Use

Example

Will and Be going to

For a denite fact in the future

The sun will / is going to set later this evening.

For a prediction

It will probably rain. It is probably going to rain.

Will

For a spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking For a promise or an offer to do something in the future

I’m going that way so I will give you a ride.

For an action that is planned for the future

I am going to take the bus to visit my friends tomorrow.

Be going to

He will help you to pack for your trip.

Keywords soon, later, tomorrow, in two days, next week . . .

1

Underline the future form in the sentences and circle the keywords. Give the reason the verb form is used. 1. We are going to explore the jungle next year.

2. It’s time for my diving lesson. I will get my equipment ready right away.

3. It will snow tomorrow, so our snowshoe hike will be fun.

4. I will take you to the airport next week if you want.

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To introduce your assumptions or guesses about the future, use a main verb like believe, suppose, think, expect, hope, and know in the simple present. Put the verb in the rest of the sentence in the future. I think (that) I will / am going to work this summer.

UNIT 5

Future

51

Future with Will 5.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject

Do not use to with the base verb.

I / He / She / It

He will to meet me tomorrow.

We / You / They

2

Negative Base form of verb

Will

Subject

Will + not

I / He / She / It

will (’ll)

wait. We / You / They

Base form of verb

will not (won’t)

wait.

Write the correct afrmative or negative form of the future with will. 1. On this eco-adventure we (get)

closer to nature.

2. No, I (take, negative)

too many risks scuba diving.

3. I (climb)

to the top of Machu Picchu with you.

4. We (dig, negative)

ditches in an African village.

5. Later I (spend)

some time sunbathing on the beach.

5.3 Questions Yes / No Questions Subject

Will

Information Questions

Base form of verb

Question word

I Will

he / she / it

When wait?

What

we / you / they

3 To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use will or won’t without the main verb. Will she travel by plane? Yes, she will. / No, she won’t.

Future

Base form of verb

he

arrive?

they

do?

you

pay?

equipment for your trip? (you, buy)

1. No,

. swimming with sharks? (Maya, like)

2. Yes,

4.

UNIT 5

How

will

Subject

Complete each question with will and the words in parentheses. Then answer the yes / no questions with a short answer.

3. When (we, take)

52

Will

. our vacation? his travel costs? (how, he, reduce)

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Future with Be Going To 5.4 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject

Verb be

I

am (’m)

He / She / It

is (’s)

We / You / They

are (’re)

4

Negative

Going to

going to

Base form of verb

change.

Subject

Verb be + not

I

am not (’m not)

He / She / It

is not (’s not / isn’t)

We / You / They

are not (’re not / aren’t)

Going to

Base form of verb

going to

change.

Write the correct afrmative or negative form of the future with be going to. 1. Next year my school (offer)

a trip to Senegal.

2. No, they (paraglide)

in Nepal. It is too risky.

3. Adventure travel (change)

her life.

4. No, I (push)

I’m going to take my iPod. (I’m gonna take my iPod.)

myself to the limits.

5. I’m sure the volunteers (make)

Never use gonna in formal writing and speech. Always use going to.

a difference.

5.5 Questions Yes / No Questions Subject

Verb be

5

Am

I

Is

he / she / it

Are

we / you / they

Going to

going to

Information Questions Base form of verb

wait?

Question word

Verb be

Subject

When

am

I

What

is

he/she/it

Where

are

we/you/they

Going to

Base form of verb arrive?

going to

do? stay?

Complete each question with be going to and the words in parentheses. Then answer the yes / no questions with a short answer. it easy this summer? (take, you)

1. Yes,

. light this time? (travel, she)

2. No,

.

3. Where (stay, he) 4. Why (volunteer, they)

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next month?

To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use the verb be. Is she going to travel by plane ? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.

in Haiti?

UNIT 5

Future

53

Other Future Forms 5.6 Present Tenses Use the present tense to indicate events in the near future.

Verb Form Simple present

Present progressive

Use

Example

Use with a time marker for a denite future event or arrangement (arrivals, departures, opening hours, schedules)

The fundraiser starts at eight this evening.

For denite plans in the near future

She is leaving for South Africa tonight.

The plane leaves at 3:00 p.m. The store opens at 10 a.m.

I am starting my vacation tomorrow.

6 Refer to unit 1 to review the question form in the present tenses.

Complete each sentence with the appropriate present tense of the verb in parentheses to indicate the future. 1. We (go)

for a swim this afternoon.

2. The cruise ship (leave)

at 2:00 p.m.

to pack for your trip tonight? (you, start)

3. 4. What time (begin)

the movie

?

5.7 Time Clauses Use the simple present tense in time clauses in sentences that indicate the future.

With Will A clause is a group of words that adds information to a sentence and includes a verb.

With Be Going To

As soon as I arrive, I will unpack my suitcase.

Before she calls the hotel, she is going to check her plane ticket.

I will nd a job once I return from my trip.

Tara is going to go to the tourist ofce when she gets news from you.

Keywords as, as soon as, before, no sooner than, once, until, when . . .

7

Underline the keyword in each sentence. Write the verbs in the correct tense. 1. As soon as I (reach) to look for a hotel.

54

UNIT 5

Future

my destination, I (start)

2. When I (start)

to travel, I (give)

3. Once I (nish) must-see attractions.

my research, I (make)

4. I (check) the Net for travel deals.

my bank account before I (surf)

you a call! a list of

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PRACTISE 8

Afrmative / Negative with Will

Chart 5.2

Write the afrmative or negative form of the future with will. Complete additional

Example: The Curiosity Rover (take) will take black-and-white and colour photographs. 1. NASA (try)

a plane to

3. The airplane (have, negative)

human pilots.

4. The Curiosity Rover (remain) the Martian surface.

our robotic photographer on

5. It (stop, negative)

9

Questions with Will

practise the future forms.

to land a specially designed airplane on Mars.

2. NASA’s Mars Exploration Program (design) go to Mars.

exercises online to

taking photos because it has 17 cameras.

Chart 5.3

Write a yes / no question or an information question to match the information in bold. Example: Yes, Nina will get a good job. Will Nina get a good job

?

1. Yes, she will relocate if the job is great.

?

2. She will do research work.

?

3. Nina will live in an apartment.

?

4. Of course she will expect a high salary.

?

5. She’ll get a good job because she’s smart.

?

10 Afrmative / Negative with Be Going To

Chart 5.4

Write sentences for each prompt with be going to in the afrmative and negative forms. Example: When I travel, I am going to nd a place to live. I am not going to sleep in youth hostels. 1. When I nish CEGEP,

2. When I get a good job,

3. When I go on vacation,

4. When I pack my suitcase,

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UNIT 5

Future

55

11 Questions with Be Going To

Chart 5.5

Read about three cities. Write ve questions with be going to to ask a tourist agent about the destinations.

New York

Hong Kong

London

New York, the city that never sleeps, is probably the busiest city in North America. There are many must-see sites to visit by bus, bike, boat, or on foot in this beautiful city. Sail past the Statue of Liberty, cycle in the city and Central Park, or enjoy a private shopping tour of Manhattan. Also known as the Big Apple, New York is a hub of activity 24 hours a day. If you’re tired of walking, the best way to get around is by bus, subway, or one of the famous yellow taxis.

Spend your time in Hong Kong visiting the city’s attractions. View the spectacular harbour from the Avenue of Stars. Walk on the waterfront, go to one of the many themed amusement parks, or stroll through the Ladies’ Market for a special souvenir. Discover the people and places that made this city what it is today. Hike mountain trails, take a guided tour, or walk by yourself though the historical streets of this fabulous city.

Some people say that London is more romantic than Paris with its thousand-year-old Tower of London and vast beautiful parks. In the very heart of the city, lovers can row a boat on the Serpentine in Hyde Park, stroll among the pigeons in Trafalgar Square, take a boat ride on the River Thames, or visit a world-class museum. Admire the sparkling Crown Jewels in the Tower of London or discover the unusual modern buildings of this energetic city.

Example: New York: How am I going to leave the airport? Am I going to take a yellow taxi? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

12 Will and Be Going To

Chart 5.1

Change the future form from will to be going to, or from be going to to will. Will

Be Going To

Example: I will see her tomorrow morning.

I am (I’m) going to see her tomorrow morning.

1.

The shuttle bus is going to take us to the airport.

2. It will be hot and humid tomorrow. 3. They’ll take a cookery course in India. 4. The tourists will arrive at the hotel tonight. It is going to take a long time to repair the bridge.

5.

56

UNIT 5

Future

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13 Future Using the Present Tenses

Chart 5.6

Complete the paragraph with the correct simple present or present progressive form of the verbs. Example: Susie (leave)

is leaving

this evening for Korea.

Korean Cuisine Her plane (take off)

1

2

at 9:40 p.m. She (want)

to get a taxi at 6:00 p.m. There’s a shuttle service from downtown, but it (stop) 3

4

at several places on the way. I (meet)

5

the airport. It’s a long journey to Korea and her plane (land) 6

11:45 p.m. Korean time. She (spending) because she (learn) 8

at

four months in Korea

to cook Korean food. When she (get back) 9

, she (hope)

her hometown. I (look)

14 Mixed Verbs in the Future

7

her at

10

to open an Asian restaurant in

forward to tasting her delicious kim chi.

Charts 5.1, 5.6

Complete the conversation with the appropriate form to express the future: will, be going to, the simple present, or the present progressive. Use contractions where appropriate. Write the reason you chose the form. Example: Jon: What (do, you) are you going to do this weekend? Reason: Use be going to for an action that is planned for the future. Amélie: I (see)

a movie premiere. I visited the set in Los Angeles last summer.

Reason: Jon: Right. You mean that new movie everyone is talking about? I think it (be)

fascinating.

Reason: Amélie:

with me? (come, you)

Reason: Jon: I (check)

my agenda. It sounds interesting.

Reason: Jon: What time (start)

?

Reason: Amélie: It (start)

at 7:00 p.m.

Reason: Amélie: I (pick)

you up at 6:30 p.m.

Reason:

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UNIT 5

Future

57

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Read about the two package deals proposed by a travel agent. With a classmate, discuss which one you will choose. Give your reasons. Use the future forms as much as you can.

Destination 1: Easter Island

Destination 2: Seychelles

More than 3 000 kilometres from the coast of Chile in the Pacic Ocean, Easter Island has many natural wonders. On your rst day you will visit the small but interesting anthropological museum that introduces you to the geology and wildlife of the island. Here you will also learn about the culture that built the moai. Later, as you look up at these 1 500-year-old volcanic statues, you will be fascinated to learn about the mysteries of Rapa Nui island. The next day you will visit Poike volcano and share tasty local food with your fellow travellers.

These islands in the Indian Ocean are waiting to welcome you to the vacation of a lifetime. On your rst day you will sail out into the ocean for a day of shing and snorkelling. The next morning you will explore one of the world’s top scuba-diving sites with professional guides. During your third day you will have plenty of time to relax and soak up the sun on one of the many beaches. The natural beauty of the Seychelles will leave you with vivid memories of a tropical paradise.

WRITING You want to take a gap year. What will you do? Where will you go? Write about two possible activities: for example, community work and travel. Explain how you will nd information about what you want to do. Use future verb forms and appropriate keywords. Example: I will take a gap year before starting to work full time next year. First, I am going to visit Thailand. Then I will go to Cambodia and work in schools to help children learn English. This weekend I will see a travel agent to help me plan my trip.

58

UNIT 5

Future

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REVIEW A

Mixed Verbs

Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses to express the future. Then answer the questions below.

Wingsuit Woman 1

Soon my friend Alison (try, will)

her rst jump in

a wingsuit. Although she is an accomplished skydiver, she must have 200 jumps before she can jump in a wingsuit. She (be able to, will, negative contracted form) 2

jump until she can prove that she is ready. As soon as 3

Alison (nish, simple present) 4

(attempt, will)

training next month, she

her rst jump. She looks like a superhero

because the wingsuit has extra fabric under the arms and between the legs and 5

is brightly coloured and shiny. She (be, certainly, will)

a

Superwoman look-alike when she jumps! 6

When she (have, simple present) 7

she (plan, be going to)

more experience,

a trip to jump over the Nazca Lines

in Peru. Next month she (start, present progressive)

8

a

demanding tness course. Travel and wingsuit ying are expensive pastimes, so 9

she (have, negative, will)

a lot of money to pay for

accommodation. She and her friend Kim (be going to, leave) 10

the comfort zone of their Canadian student lifestyle and

live in a poor Peruvian village to help local people build a new school.

1. How many jumps will Alison need before jumping in a wingsuit?

2. When will she try her rst jump?

3. Where is she planning to jump when she has more experience?

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UNIT 5

Future

59

B

Questions with Will and Be Going To

Write a question to match the information in bold. Answer

Question

1. No, I am not going to take risks. 2. Yes, he will require access to email. 3. They are going to stay in a small village. 4. Sam is going to sleep in a tent in the wild. 5. No, I won’t rent a car. 6. They are leaving on June 30. 7. Yes, Vicky will travel alone. 8. I’m taking my mp3 player with me. 9. Yes, I will sleep on someone’s sofa. 10. I am going to hit the hay.

Edit It!

Find and correct the 10 verb, spelling, and word-order errors.

Smooth Sailing We are standing in the airport lobby ready to leave on our trip of a lifetime. According to the schedule, the plane leave at 10:00 p.m. It be a rewarding experience for all of us. More and more Canadians like us are volunteer around the world. We’re going push the boundaries and face many challenges. My friends and I are going to realized our travel dreams. I hope we going to be in good hands when we get to Ecuador. I hope our guide will really knowledgeable and help us to get to know the people. I hope we wont be homesick while we’re overseas. As I told my friends, we will crossed that bridge when we come to it! I am condent that everything will to be smooth sailing.

60

UNIT 5

Future

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6

UNIT

Adjectives and Adverbs Someone’s first impression of you is almost impossible to change.

FUNCTION AND FORM

Adjectives Adjectives are used to give extra information about nouns and pronouns.

6.1 Form and Position Adjective Form

Position

Rule

Example

• Always singular, even if the noun is plural • Has the same form for masculine and feminine pronouns

Jason creates beautifuls beautiful sculptures.

• Usually placed before nouns but follows verbs like appear, be, become, feel, get, look, and seem

He sculpts amazing statues.

He / She is patient.

His sculptures are impressive.

Type and Order When we use two or more types of adjectives, they follow a specic order.

Quantity a lot of many two

1

Size large small tall

Quality beautiful interesting ugly

Age

Shape

antique old young

diagonal at round

Colour blue dark red yellow

Origin Chinese Italian Québécois

Material brick marble wooden

Write the sentence correctly. 1. Stereotypes are harmfuls.

Adjectives formed using the present (-ing ) and past (-ed) participles have different meanings.

2. She has a face beautiful. 3. Tina loves her little two cats. 4. Women prefer good-looking tall men.

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UNIT 6

Adjectives and Adverbs

61

6.2 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality Form

Function

Example

Comparative

Compares two people, groups, or things

A tiger is stronger than a cheetah and weaker than an elephant. A tiger is more powerful than a lion and less agile than a cheetah.

Superlative

Compares more than two people, groups, or things

Tigers are the largest and the least friendly of all the cats. Tigers have the most beautiful fur.

Equality

Shows equal or similar status between two people, groups, or things

A Siberian tiger can be as large as a Bengal tiger.

6.3 Comparative and Superlative Forms Spelling Rule

Adjective

Comparative

Superlative

One-syllable adjectives

Add -er or -est.

tall

taller than

the tallest

One-syllable adjectives ending with -e

Add -r or -st.

large

larger than

the largest

One-syllable adjectives ending with a short vowel and a consonant

Double the nal consonant and add -er or -est.

big

bigger than

the biggest

Two-syllable adjectives ending with a consonant + -y

Change the -y to i funny and add -er or -est.

funnier than

the funniest

Other adjectives with two or more syllables

Add more / less or most / least before the adjective.

more exciting than

the most exciting

less exciting than

the least exciting

worse than farther / further than more fun than better than less than

the worst the farthest/furthest the most fun the best the least

Irregular adjectives

exciting

bad far fun good little

2

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the adjectives in parentheses in the same order. 1. She is the

and

of the three sisters and is as

as the other two. (tall, funny, pretty) 2. Sarah is Use than to compare, not then. Use then to mean next, before, or at that time.

62

UNIT 6

the

than Leah and organized. (t, neat, less)

3. Her lifestyle is

Adjectives and Adverbs

than Rachel, but she is

and her nutrition is

than

her sisters’. (healthy, good)

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Adverbs Adverbs add information about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

6.4 Type, Function, and Position Type Degree

Function Describes how much / little something happens

Position Usually comes before the main verb but after the verb be

Example almost, completely, extremely, really, too, very

Martha completely ignored me. The water is very cold. Usually comes before the adjective or adverb Teenagers sleep too late.

Frequency

Describes how often something happens

Usually comes before the main verb always, never, often, once, recently, rarely, He rarely arrives on time. sometimes, usually He will rarely lie.

Manner

Describes how something is done

Usually comes after the main verb He communicates effectively. She speaks English slowly.

Time

Describes when something happens

Usually comes at the beginning or end of the sentence Yesterday I slept late. I’ll get up early tomorrow.

3

badly, carefully, effectively, fast, neatly, quickly, quietly, seriously, slowly, well nally, later, now, soon, today, tomorrow, tonight, next / last week, next / last month, yesterday

Write each sentence using the adverb in parentheses. 1. Janis is sensitive. (extremely)

Adverbs ending in -ly can come before the main verb or after the object.

2. We are shooting a movie. (today)

John quickly ate his sandwich. John ate his sandwich quickly.

3. Those teenagers speak. (loudly)

4. I will judge a book by its cover. (never)

Never put an adverb between a verb and the direct object.

5. They want cute waitresses. (always)

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He answered always the questions. He always answered the questions.

UNIT 6

Adjectives and Adverbs

63

6.5 Adjectives to Adverbs Change most adjectives to adverbs by adding -ly. A few adverbs never end in -ly.

Spelling Rule

Adverb

Most adjectives

Add -ly.

nice beautiful

nicely beautifully

Adjectives ending with -y

Change the nal -y to i and add -ly.

happy noisy

happily noisily

Adjectives ending with -le

Change the nal -le to -ly.

gentle understandable

gently understandably

Adjectives ending with -ic

Add -ally.

domestic erratic

domestically erratically

early, far, fast, late, long, good

early, far, fast, late, long, well

Exceptions

4

Adjective

Complete each sentence with an adverb formed from the adjective in parentheses. 1. The amateur dancer moved 2. She smiled 3. Her performance was

across the stage. (majestic) as she danced. (happy) magical. (simple)

4. The audience applauded 5. She danced as

. (enthusiastic) as a professional dancer. (graceful)

6.6 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality Form of Adverb Comparative

Superlative

Equality

64

UNIT 6

Formation

Example

For one-syllable adverbs: Add -er + than. For adverbs with two or more syllables: Add more / less + adverb + than. (Exception: early earlier)

A turtle walks faster than a snail.

For one-syllable adverbs: Add the + adverb + -est.

The sloth is the slowest of all animals.

For adverbs with two or more syllables: Add the most / least + adverb.

A horse moves the most gracefully of all.

Use as + adverb + as.

Turtles may walk as calmly as porcupines.

Adjectives and Adverbs

A turtle walks more slowly than a duck.

Irregular Adverbs worse than farther/further than more/less than better than

the worst the farthest/furthest the most/least the best as badly as as far as as much as as well as

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PRACTISE 5

Adjective Form and Position

Chart 6.1

Write each sentence correctly. Complete additional

Example: Josephine loves whites mice. Josephine loves white mice.

exercises online to practise adjectives and

1. He tired gets fast.

adverbs.

2. I admire beautifuls paintings. 3. Megan likes cats black. 4. Ricky tired is today. 5. Noah sings fantastics songs.

6

Order of Adjectives

Chart 6.1

Write the sentence with the highlighted adjectives in the correct order. Add punctuation where necessary. Example: Mice are amusing / small pets. Mice are small amusing pets. 1. Chin Li seems to be an Asian / young / introverted student.

2. Mark has young / huge / two / brown / aggressive dogs.

3. Many large / international / well-known companies gave money.

4. There are many / adventurous risk-takers.

7

Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Adjectives

Charts 6.2, 6.3

Complete each sentence with the correct comparative, superlative, or equality form. Example: Reading a book is (exciting)

as exciting

as watching a movie.

1. Getting to know someone slowly is the (sure) good partner.

way to nd a

2. Making a snap judgment is (bad)

as judging a book by its cover.

3. Parrots are supposed to be the (intelligent)

birds.

4. Crows are clever, too, but they’re not (interesting) because they can’t talk. 5. Parrots are also (beautiful)

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as parrots

than crows.

UNIT 6

Adjectives and Adverbs

65

8

Mixed Adjectives

Chart 6.3

Underline the correct form of the adjectives. Look for clues in the sentences. Example: Was Pinocchio the big / bigger / biggest liar of all time?

Fairy Tales 1. Do we have to believe everything we hear in fairy tales? Did Pinocchio really 1

2

grow a long / longer / longest , thin / thinner / thinnest nose when he told a lie? Is it possible that a girl named Snow White lived with seven dwarves and was fooled by the 3

wicked / more wicked / most wicked stepmother in history? Was Little Red Riding Hood 4

5

smart / smarter / smartest and observant / more observant / most observant than a wolf dressed up as her grandmother? 6

2. In less technological / least technological times than ours, people listened to folk tales that warned them about the dangers of bad behaviour. Tales published in 1697 by Charles 7

Perrault in France served a much big / bigger / biggest purpose for society; they all ended with a moral lesson. Little Red Riding Hood was a very disobedient / more disobedient / most 8

disobedient child and so deserved to be eaten by a wolf. The moral of the story was that 9

it is good / better / best to listen to good advice than to be independent / more independent / most independent

9

10

than other people and make a fatal decision.

Types of Adverbs and Adverb Position

Chart 6.4

Underline the adverb in each sentence. Then write the sentences correctly. Example: We will tomorrow pass a law on gay adoption. Tomorrow we will pass a law on gay adoption. / We will pass a law on gay adoption tomorrow. 1. Lots of women in Western societies dress in pants usually to work.

2. In some cultures men wear skirts traditionally or robes.

3. Clothes play generally an important role in forming a rst impression.

4. In the business world, dark-coloured clothes are a sign of stability often and trust.

5. Gender discrimination in the workplace always is a problem.

66

UNIT 6

Adjectives and Adverbs

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10 Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Adverbs

Chart 6.6

Complete the text with the correct comparative, superlative, or equality form. as softly

Example: Speak (soft)

as possible to children.

Communicating Effectively It is a good idea to make eye contact with the people you are talking with, but don’t stare. People will 1

respond (comfortable)

than usual if you look at everyone briey, rather than look at 2

one person all the time. When someone has difculty understanding you, talk (slow) 3

and use your hands (effective)

than you normally do. When there are many 4

people around you, remember to speak (clear) 5

as possible. Listen (careful)

than you usually do when in a crowd. Don’t make rapid gestures, but use hand 6

signals (natural) as

as possible to convey a message. Following a few simple rules

will help us all communicate more effectively.

11 Adjective or Adverb

Charts 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6

Complete the paragraph with adjectives (adj.) and adverbs (adv.). incredibly

Example: Comic books are (incredible, adv.)

popular.

Every year lovers of comic books and science ction ock to the Comic-Con International convention in 1

California to celebrate these genres. Canada has its own (huge, adj.) 2

The (big, adj.)

3

and (ashy, adj.)

fan conventions.

Canadian convention, Fan

Expo Canada, takes place in Toronto every year for four days before Labour Day. It is the (well-known, adj.) 4

Canadian meeting place for lovers of science ction, a place where visitors (frequent, 5

adv.)

6

arrive dressed in (wild, adv.)

spectacular outts to honour their favourite characters. Of course, Québec has its own 7

(equal, adv.)

famous three-day Montreal Comiccon every

September. In 2012 guests included Montréal pop icon William Shatner, Captain Kirk of 8

the (immense, adv.)

celebrated Star Trek series. There is another 9

Canadian captain who is (unfortunate, adv.) 10

not as (famous, adj.)

as Captain Kirk. Comic hero Captain Canuck made his debut 11

appearance in 1975. Captain Canuck is as (strong, adj.) Superman and ies even (fast, adj.)

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12

as

than he does.

UNIT 6

Adjectives and Adverbs

67

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Look at the photos below. With a classmate, discuss the following ideas. Use as many adjectives and adverbs as possible. The verb prompts will help you get started. I think . . .

• your rst impression of these people

I agree / disagree . . .

• what the photos tell you about their characters

I believe . . .

• what stereotypes you can nd in the photos

2

1

It seems . . .

3

4

5

WRITING Read the following statements and choose one. Decide if it conveys a stereotype or not and justify your opinion. Write a short text, using at least ve adjectives and ve adverbs.  Women are better bosses than men.

 Men work harder than women.

 Life is easier as a man than as a woman.

 There are jobs that are more suitable for men than for women.

 As parents, men are as patient as women.

Example: Female nurses are better than male nurses. I think that men are capable of being nurses and can do the job as well as women. Traditionally, only women were nurses because of their caring status as wives and mothers. Modern society is changing rapidly. For example, men are often more involved with raising their children than they used to be. Male nurses are denitely as good as female nurses.

68

UNIT 6

Adjectives and Adverbs

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REVIEW A

Adjectives

Write the correct comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives in parentheses.

Smart Impressions How do you feel about owning a smartphone? Was your rst impression (favourable) 1

than it is today? Smartphone users’ rst reaction to the 2

(late)

version on the mobile market was very positive. The 3

instant access to the Internet makes it (easy)

than with

earlier versions to get rst-hand information for school, work, and other areas of life. 4

A smartphone is (thin) 5

and (light)

than previous mobile devices and has a cool variety of apps

for all your needs. The quality of photos from the full HD display camera is (good) 6

than from an older phone. Because users’ attitudes are

(positive)

7

to this phone than to any other type, they don’t 8

focus on the (negative)

aspects. Even though a 9

smartphone is expensive, users enjoy its (trendy) vote it (handy)

B

10

look and

than the original cellphones.

Adverbs

Write the comparative, superlative, or equality form of the adverb formed from each adjective in parentheses.

Attitude or Ability? In the past the (high)

1

qualied person for the job used 2

to be the one with the (impressive)

long list of academic

diplomas. Nowadays many employers are looking for the candidate who expresses himself or herself (positive)

3

than someone who may have

a better brain. A person who presents arguments (skilful)

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4

UNIT 6

Adjectives and Adverbs

69

5

than someone who speaks less (good)

will usually get the 6

job. Interestingly, ability is not always (high)

prized than

attitude. Signs of anger or depression are among the (common) 7

mentioned reasons a candidate did not get a job. Behaving 8

as (natural)

9

and as (positive)

as you can is the (good)

10

possible way to make that rst

impression!

C

Adjectives and Adverbs

Underline the correct adjective or adverb form. 1. Good grooming is usually / usually is the key to creating a good rst impression. 2. It is true that employers are looking for neats / neat candidates who look smart. 3. I suggest that you always look / look always as carefully groomed as possible. 4. Hair clean / Clean hair gives a healthy impression. 5. Clean and manicure your nails as meticulous / as meticulously as possible.

Edit It!

Underline and correct the 12 adjective and adverb errors.

Beauty Is Only Skin Deep My best friend has a prettyer face than mine, so everybody thinks her character must be gooder than mine. I know that she has a relaxeder time at school than the rest of us. She is the lazyest student in our group but everybody wants to help her with her assignments. Her attractive face gives her many socials advantages. She gets always invitations to parties. She sits back and lets others do the hard work for her so she has the easyest ride! I spend hours studying and she gets more high grades than me. I stay in my room to study while she parties endless. She has a part-time job. Her co-workers think she is the most high intelligent member of staff, so they listen to what she has to say. She gets biger tips, too. Pretty faces are rewarding denitely!

70

UNIT 6

Adjectives and Adverbs

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UNIT

Present Perfect We have been friends since kindergarten.

Past

7

Now

Future

FUNCTION AND FORM

7.1 Present Perfect Use

Example

For actions that started in the past and continue in the present

I have loved her since the rst time we met.

For actions that happened recently or at an unspecied time in the past

They have just nished making their nal wedding plans.

For actions that happened at least once in the past and could happen again in a time period that is not yet completed

He has phoned me twice this week.

We have chosen a catering rm for our wedding reception. (The time is not mentioned.)

Keywords already, ever, for, just, lately, never, often, recently, several times, since, so far, still, yet . . .

1

Underline each verb in the present perfect. Then write the reason it is used. 1. She has texted 20 times today and it’s only 3:00 p.m.!

2. He has admired her since he read her prole on Facebook.

3. She has just bought her wedding dress.

4. I have tweeted every day for the past month.

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UNIT 7

Present Perfect

71

7.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject

The past participle of regular verbs has the same form and spelling as the simple past: liked, transferred, tried, worked.

Refer to unit 4, chart 4.3, page 38 for the spelling rules for the -ed ending of regular verbs.

Verb have

I

have (’ve)

He / She / It

has (’s)

We / You / They

have (’ve)

Negative Past participle

arrived.

Subject

Verb have + not

I

have not (haven’t)

He / She / It

has not (hasn’t)

We / You / They

have not (haven’t)

Past participle

arrived.

7.3 Irregular Past Participles Past participles of irregular verbs vary.

Base Form

Refer to appendix 7, pages 134–135, for a list of irregular past participles.

2

Simple Past

Past Participle

be

was, were

been

do

did

done

give

gave

given

go

went

gone

have

had

had

see

saw

seen

take

took

taken

think

thought

thought

write

wrote

written

Complete each sentence with the afrmative or negative form of the present perfect. Underline the keyword. 1. I (be)

in love three times in my life so far.

2. Ariana (go)

on two blind dates this week already.

3. They (end, negative) 4. Scott (give in)

their relationship yet. just

his name for a speed-dating session. 5. Mia (see, negative)

a suitable guy on the dating

site since she started to look.

72

UNIT 7 Present Perfect

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7.4 Questions Yes / No Questions Verb have

3

Subject

Have

I

Has

he / she / it

Have

we / you / they

Information Questions

Past participle

arrived?

Question word

Verb have

Subject

Past participle

What

have

I

forgotten?

Where

has

he / she / it

been?

What

have

we / you / they

done?

You can answer a yes / no question with a short or long answer. Has she painted the room this week? Short answer: Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.

Complete each question. Answer each yes/no question with a short answer. she (send)

1. No, 2.

Long answer: Yes, she has painted the room this week. No, she hasn’t painted the room this week.

him her prole yet?

. you (speak)

to him today? Yes,

3. What

they never (tell)

4. Why

he already (end)

.

each other? the relationship?

7.5 Keywords Since and For Use the keywords since and for when an action begins in the past and continues to the present.

Since

4

For

Since is used with a specic point in time.

For is used with a period of time.

I’ve worked part-time since May.

I’ve worked on campus for three months.

We’ve been married since 2007.

We’ve been married for several years.

He’s been here since one o’clock.

He’s been here for four hours.

Complete each sentence with the keyword since or for. 1. We haven’t texted each other 2. I haven’t spoken to him

two o’clock. Wednesday.

3. He has been online

an hour.

4. She has dated him

six months.

7.6 Keywords Never, Still, and Yet Use the keywords never, still, and yet to express negative actions in the present perfect.

Keyword

Use

Example

Use with the afrmative form.

I have never fallen in love.

Never + afrmative replaces the negative form.

(I have not fallen in love ever.)

Still

Use to show that the action continues.

He still hasn’t found his soulmate but he hasn’t stopped looking.

Yet

Use to express “up to the time of speaking.”

We haven’t met yet. (We haven’t met at this point in time.)

Never

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UNIT 7

Present Perfect

73

7.7 Placement of Keywords Questions Ever means at any time and is usually used in yes / no questions. It can also take the negative form.

Afrmative Statements

Have you sent that card yet?

I’ve already sent it.

Negative Statements I have not sent it yet. I still have not sent it.

Have you ever fallen in love? Yes, I have. / No, I never have. / No, I haven’t ever fallen in love.

Have they left already?

They have left already.

Have they already left?

They have already left.

Has he ever written a love letter?

He has just written one for Valentine’s Day.

They still have not left.

He has never written a love letter.

7.8 Present Perfect or Simple Past Present Perfect

Simple Past

Use for actions that started in the past and continue in the present.

Use for actions that started in the past and are nished now.

I have lived in Asbestos for 20 years.

I lived in Asbestos for 20 years.

(It is not nished. I still live in Asbestos.)

(It is nished. I don’t live in Asbestos now. I live in Toronto.)

Use for actions that happened at least once in the past and could happen again in a time period that is not yet completed.

Use for actions that happened at least once in the past and will not happen again in a time period that is completed.

He has missed classes three times this month.

He missed classes three times this month.

(The month is not nished. It is September 24.)

(The month is nished. It is September 30.)

5

Identify the tense of each underlined verb (PP or SP) and explain why it is used. 1. Dan and Cindy met via Facebook. They started to go out but they split up after a month. Tense:

2. Dan and Cindy have not been together for six months. Tense:

3. Cindy has already seen other guys twice this month. Tense:

4. Dan lived in Alberta and Cindy lived in Manitoba in the 1990s. Tense:

74

UNIT 7 Present Perfect

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PRACTISE 6

Past Participles

Chart 7.3, appendix 7

Complete the chart with the past participle of the verbs. Complete additional

Base Form of Verb Example: call

Past Participle

Base Form of Verb

practise the present perfect tense.

11. go

called

1. ask

12. help

2. be

13. like

3. buy

14. sleep

4. come

15. speak

5. do

16. spend

6. drink

17. take

7. eat

18. tell

8. forget

19. transfer

9. get

20. try

10. give

7

exercises online to

Past Participle

21. write

Afrmative and Negative

Charts 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6

Complete the text with the present perfect of the verbs. Then underline the keyword(s). Example: I (know)

have known

my boyfriend for two years.

Déjà Vu 1

Maybe you (sense, already)

2

that you (see)

someone before, even though you are meeting that person for the rst time. So far I (experience) 3

the strange phenomenon of déjà vu only once in my life. I (treasure, 4

always)

the day that I met my boyfriend. I still (forget, 5

negative)

the details of that rst meeting. As he was

walking past my classroom, he looked at me through the door. We immediately had the same 6

amazing thought: “I (meet, already)

this person!” We

(love)

7

each other since that moment. I (encounter,

never)

8

such a kind and gentle person. We (be)

9

together for two wonderful years. I (think, not)

10

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about another guy yet.

UNIT 7

Present Perfect

75

8

Questions and Answers

Chart 7.3, 7.4

Complete each sentence with the present perfect. Then write a yes/no question about the information given. Example: Many couples (discover) have discovered the chemistry of love. Have many couples discovered the chemistry of love? 1. Love across cultures (become)

a reality in modern times.

2. Most relationships across cultures (bring)

3. Arranged marriages (make)

some couples unhappy.

4. Researchers (show)

that happily married couples experience less stress.

5. Researchers (see, also)

9

Answering Questions

couples a lot of happiness.

many benets of being single.

Chart 7.4

Use the photos to answer the questions in the present perfect.

Example

1

Question Example: Where has she been?

2

3

4

5

Answer She has been to the park to do yoga.

1. What has he bought so far? 2. Where has she been all afternoon? 3. Where has he been this morning? 4. Who has she just texted? 5. How have they paid for their order?

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UNIT 7 Present Perfect

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10 Writing Questions

Charts 7.3, 7.4

Write three questions to ask each person using the present perfect. Example: Have you ever worked in an unusual place? How many times have you been to Europe? 1.

Martin

2.

Eva

Age:

26

Age:

25

Height:

173 cm

Height:

175 cm

Profession:

personal trainer in a gym

Profession:

dental hygienist

Likes:

running marathons, rock climbing, cross-country skiing, jazz

Likes:

extreme winter sports, reading, dressmaking, Asian food

Dislikes:

cats, noisy environments, classical music, hot weather

Dislikes:

clutter, pets, loud music, jazz, hot weather

1.

2.

3.

11 Keywords Since and For

Chart 7. 5

Underline each verb in the present perfect and complete the sentence with the keywords since and for. Then write the words that give you the clue. Sentence Example: Attitudes have changed

since

Clue the beginning of the century.

1. Homosexuals have suffered discrimination

the beginning of the century

centuries.

2. Attitudes towards homosexual people have changed in Canada the year 2000. 3. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Canada

July 2005.

4. The Montréal Pride Parade has brought tourists to the city 5.

2007.

2005, some gay people have felt that the government has heard their voice.

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UNIT 7

Present Perfect

77

12 Keywords Since, For, Ever, Never, Still, Yet, and Just

Charts 7.5, 7.6, 7.7

Underline the correct keyword. Example: I have dated her since/for December. 1

We have known each other for / since we were in high school. That means that we have 2

3

been with each other since / for six years! We have yet / just found out that we have 4

won a cruise to Jamaica. We have never / ever felt so excited. We haven’t decided 5

still / yet whether to go on the cruise during the spring break. We haven’t nished 6

7

school still / yet . We ever / still have to nish our winter semester. We have never / ever

8

9

been so impatient to take a holiday. Neither of us has ever / never been on a cruise before. We have just / still

13 Position of Keywords

10

checked out Jamaica online and it looks amazing.

Charts 7.5, 7.6, 7.7

Karl and Matt have indicated the chores they have done (✓) and those they haven’t done (X). Write what each of them has done using the keyword in parentheses. Chore

Karl

Example: Wash the dishes (already)

✓

Matt

Karl has already washed the dishes.

1. Wash the windows (just)

✓

2. Mop the kitchen oor (yet)

X

3. Vacuum the apartment (recently)

X

4. Finish the ironing (still)

X

5. Feed the cat (yet)

X

14 Keywords with Questions

Sentence

Charts 7.4, 7.7

Write a yes/no question and an information question for each statement in exercise 13. Use the keywords. Yes/No Question

78

Information Question

Example: Has Karl already washed the dishes?

Who has already washed the dishes?

1.

What

2.

Who

3.

What

4.

Who

5.

What

UNIT 7 Present Perfect

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15 Present Perfect or Simple Past

Charts 7.1, 7.3, 7.8

Complete each set of sentences with the present perfect or the simple past. went

Example: On our rst date a year ago we

for a pizza and then

saw

a movie. (go, see)

Actions that started in the past and are nished now 1. After our rst date Sam and I

to see more of each other. (begin)

2. Finally we

that we were in love. (realize)

3. We

our engagement this morning! (announce)

Actions that started in the past and continue in the present 4. Shawna

Todd for three years. (know)

5. Todd and Shawna

good friends since then. (be)

6. They

a strong relationship. (develop)

Actions that happened recently or at an unspecied time in the past 7. Eva

an amazing cake for her engagement party. (order, just)

8. She

a ring with two small diamonds to place on the cake. (choose)

9. I

the cake and it is very pretty. (see)

Actions that happened at least once in the past and could happen again in a time period that is not yet completed 10. Naomi

me about the exam three times tonight. (call)

11. She

classes four times this month. (cut)

12. Naomi

two exams this semester. (fail)

16 Simple Past or Present Perfect

Charts 7.1, 7.8

Complete each sentence with the simple past or the present perfect using the words in parentheses. Example:

Riley has dreamed

of being a chef

for a long time

. (Riley, dream, for a long time)

a restaurant in Laval. (Riley, just, open)

1.

to work as a chef

2.

. (he, start,

ve years ago) in a big hotel in Las Vegas before he

3. to Québec. (he, work, return)

many exciting new dishes

4. he came back. (he, create, since) 5.

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the car with gas and are on our way to dinner! (we, already, ll)

UNIT 7

Present Perfect

79

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Ask a classmate questions in the present perfect using information from the chart below. Use appropriate keywords. Example: Student A: How long have you been single? Student B: I have been single for nearly a year. Student B: Have you ever been in an unhappy relationship? Student A: Yes, I have been in an unhappy relationship and I ended it. Student A

Student B

Be single

In an unhappy relationship

Be disappointed with a partner

Feel lonely

Eat exotic food

Travel to an exotic destination

Learn another language

Win a competition or prize

Take risks

Do an extreme or unusual sport

Cope with a serious crisis

Work at a job you hate

WRITING Choose a person from the following list or add someone that you would like to interview. Write ve yes/no and ve information questions in the present perfect to ask the person. Use appropriate keywords.  a politician or political candidate

 a star athlete

 a person holding a job you like

 other

 a person on a dating site Example: Why have you decided to run in this campaign?

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REVIEW A

Afrmative and Negative Statements, Questions, and Keywords

Complete the text with the correct afrmative, negative or question forms of the present perfect. Use the words in parentheses.

Famous Couples Many famous couples have been written about over the years. (read, ever, you) 1

the tragic story of Tristan and Isolde? Tristan fell in love

with his uncle’s wife, Isolde, after she gave him a love potion to drink. Another 2

tragedy that perhaps (read, never, you)

is the story of

Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere, the wife of King Arthur of Britain. Many books and 3

movies (immortalize)

their scandalous love story. 4

(hear, most people)

of the story of Romeo and 5

Juliet. If (see, negative, you)

Shakespeare’s play,

Romeo kills himself because he mistakenly thinks that his lover, Juliet, (die) 6

. When Juliet wakes up from a drugged sleep, she sees

that Romeo is dead and kills herself. Another person who fakes her own death is Queen Cleopatra, who wants to punish her lover, Mark Anthony. When Mark 7

Anthony hears that she (lose)

her life, he also

commits suicide. 8

If you (have, ever) 9

an x-ray, you (benet)

from the work of the most famous couple in science,

Pierre and Marie Curie. Until Pierre’s death, this brilliant pair worked together on the 10

discovery of polonium and radium. Marie Curie (win)

lasting fame as the rst woman to win a Nobel prize and the rst person to win two Nobel prizes.

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Present Perfect

81

B

Present Perfect or Simple Past

Cross out the incorrect verbs. Then answer the question below. 1

Last year I went / have gone on a trip to Niger in Africa. I discovered many interesting rituals and customs related to matchmaking. For example, have you ever 2

3

saw / seen men with painted faces? One day I watched / have watched as a group 4

of young men with painted faces danced / have danced in front of the young unmarried women. These young men were making themselves look attractive in 5

6

order to nd a wife. I thought / have thought that they have looked / looked scary, but 7

the young women haven’t shared / didn’t share my point of view. They were laughing 8

9

and watching the men as they have danced / danced . It was / has been a wonderful sight. All the young men have found / found

10

wives that day!

Which verb tense is used the most, and why?

Edit It!

Underline and correct the 10 errors in the present perfect verbs.

I think I have just meet the partner of my dreams online! We chatted and found out that we have a lot of things in common. He have worked overseas and he has datted women from various countries. I have also has close relationships that have give me an open attitude to people from different countries and cultures. I have develop a taste for hot Caribbean and Mexican food, which Cory shares. Both of us have travelled to unusual destinations and have even swimmed with dolphins. We have also both feeled the pain of rejection and betrayal. Cory haves decided that he wants to take our relationship slowly, step by step. I am cautious, too, but I am agreed to meet him in person next month.

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8

UNIT

Modals Can money make you happy?

FUNCTION AND FORM

8.1 Common Modals

Do not use two modals with the same main verb.

A modal gives extra information about the meaning of the verb that follows it. Modals come before the base form of the main verb and most do not change form.

She may can nd happiness.

Modal

Meaning

Example

ability

I can skate very well now.

possibility

We can ask for a loan today.

informal request

Can I have twenty dollars?

past ability

I could skate well when I was young.

possibility

We could ask for a loan if you want.

formal request

Could you lend me twenty dollars, please?

possibility

We may get a loan.

formal request

May I borrow twenty dollars, please?

might

possibility

I might get a loan if I nd a job.

must / have to

obligation

You must / have to renew your passport.

mustn’t

prohibition

You mustn’t smile for your passport picture.

should

advice / suggestion

You should meet with a nancial advisor.

would

wish (+ like / love)

I would love to speak English uently.

preference

I would prefer to study English in Ontario.

conditional (main clause)

If I had enough money, I would travel to the U.S.A.

offer

Would you like some information?

formal request

Would you send me information on your tours?

can

could

may

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UNIT 8

Modals

83

1

Underline the modal in each sentence and write its meaning. 1. She may nd happiness in her new relationship. 2. We have to focus on managing our nances. 3. Would you ask her to call the bank manager? 4. They can buy a condo now that they have a down payment. 5. You should save money for unexpected expenses.

8.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements The innitive (to + base form of verb) is not used with most modals.

Afrmative Subject

Have to acts like a modal in meaning, but the form follows the pattern of the verb have. Does she have to work? Yes, she has to work. / No, she doesn’t have to work.

We could easily save money for a vacation.

Base form of verb

Subject

Modal + not (contraction)

can

cannot (can’t)

could

could not (couldn’t)

may

may not

might

might not

must

I / He / She / It We / You / They should

2 Adverbs ending with -ly come after the modal.

Modal

Negative

I / He / She / It We / You / They

go.

Base form of verb

must not (mustn’t) go.

should not (shouldn’t)

would

would not (wouldn’t)

have to / has to

do not (don’t) have to / does not (doesn’t) have to

Write the negative form of the modal, using contractions where applicable. 1. We

have enough money for a vacation this year. (may)

2. He

be such a big spender! (have to)

3. Money

buy happiness. (can, really)

4. You

drive without a licence. (must)

8.3 Questions Yes / No Questions Modal

Can

84

UNIT 8 Modals

Subject

I / he / she / it we / you / they

Information Questions

Base form of verb

Question word

Modal

go?

What

could

Subject

I / he / she / it we / you / they

Base form of verb do?

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3

Complete each question using the words in parentheses. Answer the yes / no questions with a short answer. to unhappiness? (can, lead, money,

1. sometimes) Yes,

. to charity? (have to, give, we)

2. No,

. me a better interest rate? (would, offer, you)

3. No,

.

4. What

to save more? (could, do, I)

5. How much (must, save, I)

for a down payment on a condo?

8.4 Common Modals in the Past Use most modals with the verb have + past participle to form the past tense.

4

Present

Past

Past Negative

I could / might make more money. (possibility)

I could / might have made more money. (past possibility)

could not (couldn’t) have made

She should nd a well-paying job. (suggestion)

She should have found a well-paying job. (the event did not happen)

should not (shouldn’t) have found

They would like to buy a new house. (intention)

They would have liked to buy a new house. (unfullled intention)

would not (wouldn’t) have liked

He had to plan his budget. (obligation)

He had to plan his budget. (past obligation)

did not (didn’t) have to plan

She must leave the building. (obligation)

She must have left the building. (logical deduction)

must not (mustn’t) have left

To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use the modal without the main verb. Could you give me advice? Yes, I could. / No, I couldn’t.

For a list of past participles, refer to appendix 7, pages 134–135.

might not have made

Write the past form of the modal in each sentence. 1. You

my opinion. (could, ask)

2. We

so much money. (should, spend, negative)

3. It

better to save for the future. (would, be)

4. We

a hasty decision. (have to, make)

5. He

his bonus. (have to, spend, negative)

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In spoken English, could, should, and would + have often sound like could of / coulda, would of / woulda, and should of / shoulda. Be careful not to write these as they sound.

UNIT 8

Modals

85

PRACTISE 5 Complete additional

Ability: Can or Could

Charts 8.1, 8.4

Write if you could or could not do the activity 10 years ago. Add one more activity. Then write what you can or can’t do now.

exercises online to

Ten Years Ago

practise modals.

Could Example: Speak English

Now

Couldn’t

Can

I couldn’t speak English.

Can’t

Now I can speak English.

1. Drive a car 2. Get a credit card 3. Vote 4. Other:

6

Possibility

Charts 8.1, 8.3

Circle the correct modal to express possibility. Example: I may / would review your assignment. 1. He should / could help me with my homework. 2. She must / may ask you a few questions. 3. Do you think they might / have to be at the library? 4. Could / Should this wallet be Jack’s? 5. Would / Can we come to an agreement?

7

Obligation and Advice: Must, Have To, and Should

Chart 8.1

Match each sentence with its reply. Write the correct letter in the middle column of the chart. Example: They should take a vacation.

86

a

a. Yes, they really should.

1. He must get into nancial shape.

b. I suppose they always should.

2. She really has to see her advisor at the bank.

c. Yes, I really must.

3. You must be more responsible with your money.

d. Yes, he must.

4. Students should always follow a monthly budget.

e. I guess she has to.

UNIT 8 Modals

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8

Requests: Can, Could, May, and Would

Charts 8.1, 8.3

Using all the above modals, write a formal or informal question about each photo.

Example

1

2

3

4

5

Example: Can we run with you? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

9

Advice / Suggestion: Should

Charts 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

Underline the modals in Ben’s letter. Give him advice using Suzie’s notes. Example: Suzie’s Notes—start budget: You should start a monthly budget. In Love but Broke

Suzie’s Notes

Can anybody help me? I’m 19 and

• reduce working hours

studying full time. I have to keep my part-time job to pay for my studies

• start budget

and my rent. I can’t work more hours

• sell car

because I am in a demanding program

• drop courses

at school. I am broke. I have very little

• get nancial aid from school

money for food or for my car. Maybe my friend Mike could share the apartment with me, but he doesn’t have much

Your Advice Ben,

• nd another roommate

money either. I must get better grades or I will unk my semester. What should I do? Ben

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UNIT 8

Modals

87

10 Could and Should

Charts 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

Write the correct modal, could or should. Could

Example: Customer:

you please show me where the ATM is? 1

Bank employee: Sure. It’s over there in the corner. You 2

your transaction because somebody 3

Customer: Yes. I’ve heard that you 4

hide your PIN when you make

be watching you.

change your PIN every three months. You (negative)

use numbers like your birthday or the address of your house. 5

Bank employee: Yes, that’s right. The other day I (negative)

remember my latest

password because I change it so often! 6

Customer: It’s great to shop or bank online, but you

have serious problems if someone

has access to your personal information. 7

Bank employee: You

also be careful of all your paper documents. You

8

shred bank statements, bills, and credit card receipts. 9

Customer: Thanks for your help. I (negative) a line-up at the ATM now.

10

11 Mixed Modals

be a victim of identity theft now. Oh, there’s

you please cash this cheque?

Charts 8.2, 8.3

Write the sentences as negative statements and yes / no questions. Example: We have to practise more often. We don’t have to practise more often. Do we have to practise more often? 1. They could win the hip hop competition.

2. They have to pay their bills on time.

3. My dream might come true tonight.

4. She has to save a lot of money to go to university.

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UNIT 8 Modals

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12 Past Modals: Could and Should

Chart 8.4

Rebecca and Sandy’s roommates have told them that they must move out of the apartment. Read the complaints and write what Rebecca and Sandy could or should have done to create a better environment. Rebecca

Sandy

Example: She always left the lights on at night.

She didn’t pay the bills on time.

She could have turned off the lights.

She should have paid the bills on time.

1. Rebecca and her boyfriend watched too much TV.

5. She never vacuumed the apartment.

2. Rebecca didn’t do the dishes very often.

6. She spent hours in the bathroom.

3. She never cleaned the kitchen.

7. We didn’t spend enough time together.

4. She always left dirty dishes in the living room.

8. She didn’t respect our rules.

13 Past Modals: Would, Should, Could, and Must

Chart 8.4, appendix 7

Read the sentences in the rst column. Write them in the past in the second column. Present Example: Thinking positively would help.

Past Thinking positively would have helped.

1. Miyuki should be in a good mood. 2. Clark could be kinder. 3. He must work harder. (logical deduction) 4. I could give to that charity. 5. Briony would listen to her peers. 6. He could change his lifestyle. 7. Murray must look on the bright side. 8. I should laugh more often. 9. He could take life more seriously. 10. You have to do your report for Monday.

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UNIT 8

Modals

89

14 Meaning of Mixed Modals

Charts 8.1, 8.4

Circle the sentence that most closely matches the meaning of the statement. Example: I get up early to do yoga before I start my day. a. I should make time to do yoga. b. I can do yoga every day. c. I might do yoga every day if I have time. 1. My young brother is so funny! a. He might be a stand-up comedian. b. He must be a stand-up comedian. c. He should be a stand-up comedian. 2. They would like to nd a new apartment after the wedding. a. They may have already moved. b. They have to look for an apartment. c. They may have already found an apartment. 3. We are happy with our lifestyle. a. We wouldn’t change our lifestyle. b. We must change our lifestyle. c. We might change our lifestyle. 4. Brent failed his driving exam and he needs a licence for his new job. a. He might take the exam again to get his driver’s licence. b. He could take the exam again to get his driver’s licence. c. He must take the exam again to get his driver’s licence. 5. Kirstie is going to visit the exotic rain forests of Costa Rica. a. She could check out her vaccination needs. b. She doesn’t have to check if she needs shots. c. She must get the necessary shots. 6. Alana and I are enjoying the new exercise class. a. We should start the exercise class soon. b. We must have started the exercise class. c. We may start the exercise class soon. 7. Charles was sleeping when the phone rang. a. He couldn’t have heard the phone ring. b. He would have answered the phone. c. He must have heard the phone ring. 8. She should have told her teacher about her problem. a. She had to tell her teacher about her problem. b. She must have told her teacher about her problem. c. She must not have told her teacher about her problem.

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15 Mixed Modals: Afrmative, Negative, and Questions

Charts 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

Complete the text using the information in parentheses. Then answer the three questions below the text. Example: (should, see, you, past)

You should have seen

what I saw.

Reality Check This afternoon I went to the public swimming pool. (could, ignore, I, negative) 1

the fact that everyone who was not

swimming was busy with a cellphone. To my left (could, see, I) 2

a woman sitting next to a man.

A boy in the water kept waving to them—(must, be, he, past) 3

their son. He wanted to show them

how well he swam. (could, take, the man, negative) 4

his eyes off of his cell screen. (would, 5

believe, you, negative, past)

it!

The woman tried to talk to him. She pointed at their son, who was waving, but 6

(would, stop, he, negative)

looking at 7

his cellphone. (can, imagine, you)

?

8

(can, sit, you) 9

next to someone who (could, be)

in a deep conversation with someone far away. To my right

was a mother sitting with her son. They were both occupied with their cellphones. (could, be, they, past) 10

complete strangers.

What do you think? 1. What should the man have done?

2. What could the woman have said to the man?

3. What might the son have thought about his father?

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UNIT 8

Modals

91

COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING Form a group of three students. Each student chooses one of the problems below and reads it aloud to the group. Then the other students in the group use a variety of modals to offer solutions. Example: I would like to stop smoking, but I can’t. Even the gross pictures on cigarette packages can’t convince me to quit. I’m worried, but all my friends smoke and I have to be part of the group. What can I do? Cynthia You have to keep busy. Maybe you could nd other friends who don’t smoke. You should join a gym to improve your health. Can you speak to a doctor about an anti- smoking program? A doctor might help you. 1. What should I do? I’m in a really tough program at college and I can’t manage my time. I know that I should make time for my social life. If I spend time partying, however, I won’t have enough time to study. I must study every day to keep my grades up. Gina

2. Help! I’m not a good student. I just can’t get my life organized. I start one piece of work, but then I can’t nish it because I have to start something else. I’m late for every assignment. I couldn’t feel more stressed about school. How can I get my act together? Jason

3. Recently I started a relationship with a great guy. I can’t concentrate on my schoolwork. I shouldn’t spend so much time thinking about him. I mustn’t keep texting him. I’m obsessed. What can I do to calm down? I can’t chase him away by being so anxious. Chris

WRITING Imagine that you have just won $5 000. Financial experts have some important advice for prize winners, such as the Rule of Three: pay your debts, save, and spend wisely. Use ve different modals to explain how you would spend the prize money. Rule 1: Pay Debts Example: I would pay off my credit card debt.

Rule 2: Save I must put money into my savings account.

Rule 3: Spend I could buy a smart TV on sale.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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REVIEW A

Mixed Modals

Read the text and underline the 15 modals and the corresponding main verbs. Then answer the questions below the text.

Spending for Happiness Money can buy happiness. How can that be? Of course, if you had money, you could buy expensive things and have wonderful vacations. You wouldn’t have to wash another dish or have to struggle to pay another bill. Yet, according to research done by the University of British Columbia and the Harvard Business School, money can bring you happiness if you spend it on others. Giving money to charity can make people happy. Apparently, generosity to strangers may bring the same amount of pleasure as giving gifts to family and friends. Could you honestly say that it doesn’t feel good when you give to a homeless person? Would you refuse to make a donation to a good cause? It doesn’t matter how much we can give. The important thing is to give something. For example, you may prefer to feed hungry children in Canada rather than in a faraway country. Perhaps you would rather support research than buy owers to put on a grave. In some way, you might feel that you are helping to beat the disease. Even small amounts of money spent on others can have a positive impact on your happiness.

1. How can money buy happiness?

2. What may give you more pleasure: donating to strangers or to friends?

3. Why might you prefer to support research into a life-threatening disease?

4. What can affect your happiness positively?

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UNIT 8

Modals

93

B

Present and Past Modals

Circle the correct modals.

A Worthy Cause 1

Is money really the root of all evil? After all, it can’t / can be used to make a difference 2

in the world. If you suddenly had a lot of money, and could / must do something for 3

4

humanity, how can / would you react? May / Would you donate money to charity? 5

I should not / couldn’t imagine doing the work done by Doctors Without Borders. I think 6

we should / mustn’t use our money to support organizations like that. 7

Even if we aren’t rich, we should / would all do something to help other people. 8

I would / could have loved to have met Mother Teresa, for example, who devoted her 9

life to the poor and sick in India. I know that I shouldn’t / couldn’t have lived like her in a slum—I wouldn’t / shouldn’t

Edit It!

10

have survived in such a difcult environment.

Underline the error in each sentence. Write the correction on the line.

1. I should of stopped overspending. 2. Soon they must to borrow money. 3. Must I to ll out this form for a loan? 4. She should rents a smaller apartment. 5. He can learn really to save money. 6. We mayn’t go bankrupt. 7. She haves to learn to be thrifty. 8. Do I must sign here? 9. You could a hired an accountant to do your tax returns. 10. She shouldn’t spends a fortune on trips.

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UNIT

Conditionals If we had more friends on Facebook, we would be even happier.

9

FUNCTION AND FORM

9.1 Conditional Sentences Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause, which describes the condition, and the main clause, which describes the result or consequence.

Type of Situation

If-Clause

Main Clause

Type 1 Real situations at any time in the present

If you exercise,

Possible situations in the future

If she wins a prize,

she will be delighted.

(She might win a prize.)

(the result of winning a prize)

If someone gave me a million dollars,

I would buy a yacht.

If they had planned the advertising better,

they would have been more successful.

(In fact, they didn’t plan the advertising well.)

(the result of planning well)

you lose weight. (the result of exercising)

Type 2 Improbable or unreal situations in the present Type 3 Impossible situations in the past (the action in the if-clause never happened)

Keywords 1

if, wish, would

Write if the situation is possible, improbable, or impossible. 1. If Jack were less shy, he would ask Emma for a date. 2. If I had bought a car, I would have travelled more. 3. They will drive to Florida if they can’t y.

When the verb be is used in an if-clause, use the form were with all subjects in formal language. If I were you, I would change careers. In informal speaking, you may hear: If I was you, . . .

4. If we had realized she was ill, we could have helped her.

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Use the correct form of the verb for the if-clause and main clause. calls If he will call me tonight, I will be delighted.

9.2 Type 1: Possible Conditionals in the Present and Future Use these conditionals when the situation in the present is real or the future situation is possible.

If-Clause

Main Clause For a real situation

Simple present + If I do yoga,

simple present I feel less stress.

(I do it every day.)

For a possible situation in the future Simple present + If I do yoga, The if-clause can be used to begin or end a sentence. When it begins a sentence, use a comma at the end of it. If I work too hard, I will get sick. When it ends a sentence, do not use a comma. I will get sick if I work too hard.

future with will I will be more relaxed.

(I will register for a yoga class.)

2

Complete each sentence with a real situation in the present or a possible situation in the future. 1. If I

marketing, I

a great job. (possible: study, get)

2. If I

to bed early, I

a good night’s sleep. (real: go, get)

3. If Russell 4. Laura call, get)

his time, he

his work better. (real: take, do)

us if she

a message from Rob. (possible:

5. If you extensive research, you (possible: do, understand)

the market.

9.3 Type 2: Improbable Conditionals in the Present Use these conditionals when the situation in the present is improbable or unreal. Use would or could in the main clause to indicate a probable or possible consequence.

If-Clause

Main Clause For a probable consequence

Simple past + If she had more money,

would + base form of verb she would rent a bigger apartment.

(She doesn’t have more money.)

(It is probable that she will rent a bigger apartment.)

For a possible consequence

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Simple past + If she had more money,

could + base form of verb she could buy a house.

(She doesn’t have more money.)

(It is possible for her to buy a house.)

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3

Complete the conditional sentence. Use would or could in the main clause. 1. If you (stop)

smoking, you (probability: feel)

2. If tobacco companies (be) that smoking is harmful.

a lot better.

honest, they (probability: admit)

3. Cleo (possibility: get) more often.

into shape if she (go)

4. Smokers (possibility: reduce)

to the gym

their risk of heart disease if they (exercise)

every day.

9.4 Type 3: Impossible Conditionals in the Past Use these conditionals for impossible situations in the past where the action in the if-clause never happened.

If-Clause

Refer to appendix 5, page 132, for the past perfect tense.

Main Clause For a probable consequence

Past perfect + If I had nished my degree,

would have + past participle I would have started my own business.

(I didn’t nish my degree.)

(Starting my own business was a probability.)

For a possible consequence

4

Past perfect + If I had started my own business,

could have + past participle I could have made lots of money.

(I didn’t start my own business.)

(Making lots of money was a possibility.)

Complete each sentence to describe a situation that never happened in the past. 1. If Leonardo da Vinci (go, negative)

to Florence,

he (probability: develop, negative)

his talent

Form the negative by placing not between the modal and have. I would not have seen it if you had not told me.

to its full potential. 2. Matt (probability: be)

successful if he (work) more.

3. I (possibility: be)

healthier if I (smoke, negative) for so long.

4. If we (see)

it, we (probability: believe) it.

5. If you (study)

harder, you (possibility: be) an engineer.

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PRACTISE 5 Complete additional exercises online to

Conditionals

Chart 9.1

Write the reason for the type of conditional sentence. Example: If you like designer labels, you will like their new collection.

practise conditionals.

It describes a possible situation in the future. 1. If Simon dances, he feels relaxed.

2. If Janie had common sense, she would go on a diet.

3. If we had listened to our teacher, we would have gotten better grades.

4. If you stop smoking, you will feel the benets immediately.

6

Type 1: Real Conditionals in the Present

Chart 9.2

Complete the if-clause with the correct form of the verb. are Example: If your target users (be) you care about health issues. 1. If your company (want) social media.

health-conscious, you show that

to market to teens, you communicate via

2. If advertisers (need) to get teens involved, they show how the company supports issues teens care about. 3. If your female target (like)

pop culture, you appeal to her needs.

4. If your male target (have)

opinions, you ask him to ll out a survey.

7

Type 1: Possible Conditionals in the Future

Chart 9.2

Complete the main clause with the correct form of the verb. Example: If a young adult likes your company ethics, he or she (want) to buy your product. 1. If a teen wants to be heard, he or she (give) 2. You (create) needs and desires. 3. Teens (be) their issues.

you valuable feedback.

a relationship with teens if you pay attention to their happy to buy your product if they think you care about

4. If you want to keep teens interested, you (need) website regularly.

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Conditionals

will want

to update your

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8

Type 2: Improbable or Unreal Conditionals in the Present

Chart 9.3

Match a main clause and an if-clause. Write the complete sentences using would or could. Example: Fred would choose a condo if he had enough money. Main Clause

If-Clause she (develop) a more positive attitude.

Example: Fred (choose) a condo (probable) 1.

You (feel) job satisfaction (probable)

he (have) enough money.

2.

Tina (be) happier (possible)

I (be) rich.

3.

Mark (buy) a motorbike (probable)

she (think) the company cared.

4.

Sophia (give) feedback (probable)

5.

I (travel) around the world (possible)

she (exercise) often.

6.

Dalia (be) in good shape (possible)

you (have) the right job.

7.

We (see) each other tomorrow (improbable)

you (be, negative) sick.

8.

Mira (get) better grades (possible)

she (study) longer.

if

he (save) enough money.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9

Type 3: Impossible Conditionals in the Past with Would

Chart 9.4, appendices 5 and 7

Complete each sentence with the past perfect of the verb in the if-clause, and would have + past participle in the main clause. Example: If I (be)

had been

rich and famous, I (be)

would have been

1. If I (have)

the time and money, I (travel)

2. She (live)

on her own tropical island if she (win)

3. If he (tell)

the truth, he (save)

4. If we (nd) 5. They (be)

true happiness, we (write) happy if they (nd)

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happy. around the world. the lottery. his career. a bestselling book. their dream home.

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10 Type 3: Impossible Conditionals

in the Past with Could

Chart 9.4, appendices 5 and 7

Write complete sentences using the past perfect in the if-clause and could have + past participle in the main clause. Example: I, have enough money/go on a world cruise If I had had enough money, I could have gone on a world cruise. 1. I, get good grades in school/be a teacher

2. They, buy a house/choose a modern design

3. He, train as a pilot/become an astronaut

4. Bethany, have the winning ticket/win a sports car

5. She, practise more/start her own dance studio

11 Type 3: Mixed Impossible Conditionals

in the Past in the Negative

Chart 9.4, appendices 5 and 7

Complete the sentences in the negative form using contractions. Example: If Jane Austen (write)

hadn’t written

Pride and Prejudice,

Elizabeth (would, meet) wouldn’t have met Darcy. 1. If Romeo (meet)

Juliet, he (would, kill) himself.

2. If Newton (sit)

under an apple tree, he (could, discover) gravity.

3. If Einstein (observe)

moving water, he (would, think) of the theory of relativity.

4. If Columbus (sail) (would, celebrate) 5. If Dante (see)

to the Americas in 1492, Americans Columbus Day each year. Beatrice Portinari, he (could, nd) the inspiration to write the Divine Comedy.

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12 Mixed Present and Past Conditionals

Charts 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, appendices 5 and 7

Complete the texts with the verbs in parentheses. had phoned Example: If you (phone) we could have driven to the hospital. 1

1. If you (read)

us when you had the accident,

David Aaker’s book Brand Relevance:

Making Competitors Irrelevant, you would have understood the importance of the brand. If you had looked at the concept of a brand as a person, you (see) 2

that marketers create a personality for a product.

2. If you understand the concept of brand personality, you (realize) 3

that marketers try to establish a relationship between 4

the brand and the customer. If you (visit)

social media

sites, you will see how companies try to get customers interested in their products. 3. If I had realized how marketers manipulate the public, I (pay) 5

more attention to advertising that encouraged me to 6

buy products I didn’t really need. I (buy, negative)

unnecessary items if I had not been convinced that they were attractive and useful.

13 Meaning

Charts 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

Circle the letter of the sentence that is the nearest in meaning to each statement. Example: If I had known she was in debt, I would never have sold her my car. a. I thought she could afford to buy it.

b. It’s not a good idea to sell things to friends.

1. If she didn’t like it, she could have sent it back. a. She hasn’t sent it back.

b. She has sent it back.

2. If he were sociable, he would make new friends. a. He’s made new friends and is sociable.

b. He hasn’t made new friends and isn’t sociable.

3. If I’m careful with my posts, I will stay safe online. a. I will post personal details for all my friends to read.

b. I won’t post personal details for everyone to read.

4. If we study our options, we will make a wise decision. a. We haven’t made a decision yet.

b. We have already made a decision.

5. If they had really tried, they could have been happy together. a. They tried hard to be a happy couple.

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b. They decided to split up; they weren’t happy together.

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COMMUNICATE

SPEAKING With a classmate, decide who will be student A and who will be student B. Read the situation and ask your classmate what he or she will do in each situation. Use a conditional sentence. Switch roles. Example: An aggressive telemarketer wants to sell you something you don’t want. If an aggressive telemarketer wants to sell me something I don’t want, I will hang up. Student A

Student B

1. You spend a lot of money by shopping online and exceed your credit card limit by $200. You forget to make the minimum payment on time. You get a phone call from your bank.

1. You order a book at a bookstore. When it arrives, the clerk says you can look at it before you buy it. After an hour taking notes, you decide you don’t want to buy it.

2. You answer a telephone survey and the interviewer is very friendly. You give him your social insurance number. As soon as he has your number, he ends the call.

2. A telemarketer tells you that you have won a prize. She says that you must pay an administrative fee with your credit card before you can get the prize.

3. You receive some shoes that you bought online. The package is not strong and the shoes are damaged. When you phone, the store denies the shoes were badly packaged.

3. A telemarketer asks you to answer a survey that will take ve minutes. After ten minutes, you are getting frustrated, but the telemarketer keeps asking more questions.

WRITING Choose two of the following questions and answer them. Explain your answer. Use conditional sentences. 1.

If you had the chance to be someone else, who would you be, and why?

2.

If you had the possibility to change one thing in your life, what would it be?

3.

If you had the chance to take a pill that would let you achieve your dream in life, but would shorten your life by ve years, would you still take it?

Example: If you had the opportunity to live in another country, which one would it be, and why? If I had the opportunity to live in another country, I would choose Japan. I’m interested in Japanese culture. I would take language classes and lessons in Japanese art if I had time.

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REVIEW A

Mixed Conditionals

Complete the if-clause in each sentence. 1. If we (know)

that you were sick, we could have helped you.

2. We will come around to clean if you (feel)

that you need help.

3. We could have put the garbage out if you (ask) 4. If you (have) 5. If you (sit)

B

us.

an accident, we would come immediately. in the sun too long, your skin burns.

Mixed Conditionals

Underline the verbs in the if-clauses and the main clauses. Then complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.

Cristal Community If you stroll through the Vieux-Port Market in the city of Québec or the Jean-Talon 1

Market in Montréal, your feet (future, lead)

you to their

homemade vinaigrettes and jellies. Augustine nuns have been in Canada since 1639 and the Dolbeau community in Mistassini started its Cristal project in 2008. The nuns realized that if they wanted to help mentally challenged residents of their region, 2

they (would, have to)

come up with an interesting plan.

They initiated the Cristal project: Centre de rétablissement et d’intégration en santé 3

mentale. If patients (feel)

the need to take part in society,

they could work in a sheltered environment. If they (need)

4

somewhere to live, permanently or part time, they would nd a welcoming and supportive environment in the Cristal community. If you (want)

5

to nd out more about this organization, go

to the Cristal website and learn all about the community of nuns who are bringing hope and happiness to local residents with mental health problems.

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C

Mixed Conditionals

Match each if-clause with a main clause to make a conditional sentence. Write the correct letter in the middle column of the chart. Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb.

1. If she (had)

a lot of money,

2. If we (win)

a. we will celebrate in Las Vegas!

the lottery,

3. I (could, be)

b. it would make us feel happy.

happier

4. If I (research) better,

c. you are more optimistic! d. if I had chosen job satisfaction over money.

the product

5. If I (have)

$10 000 to spend on travel,

6. If you (order)

something online,

e. I would go to Italy for three months. f. I wouldn’t have bought it.

7. Research conrms that if you (be) very materialistic,

g. you could track it to see where it is.

8. If you (think)

h. she would have travelled to exotic places.

positively,

9. If I (go)

to New York,

10. Marketers say that if we (buy) product,

Edit It!

their

i.

you will be less happy than other people.

j.

I would visit the Museum of Modern Art.

Underline and correct the 10 errors in these conditional sentences.

1. If I would have listened to my peers, I would not have become addicted to cigarettes. 2. If I were happier, I could thought positively. 3. If I win lots of money, I have a comfortable life with no stress. 4. He would of won a prize if he had bought a lottery ticket. 5. Nancy could have got an A+ if she would made an effort. 6. If telemarketers wanted to make sales, they be less aggressive. 7. If I ski in the cold too long, I have got frostbite. 8. If I known he was depressed, I would have tried to cheer him up. 9. They would have been happier if they would have been less materialistic. 10. He will have had more friends if he had written a better prole.

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10

UNIT

Editing Files “Words create sentences; sentences create paragraphs; sometimes paragraphs quicken and begin to breathe.” Stephen King, On Writing

10.1 Parts of Speech Part of Speech

Function

Example

Noun (n.)

Names people and things

Pronoun (p.)

Replaces a noun

Determiner (d.)

Identies a noun

That vacation was the most relaxing experience we have ever had.

Verb (v.)

Describes and gives information about an action or event

The clouds are moving closer and it is going to rain soon.

Adjective (adj.)

Gives information about a noun or a pronoun

The sunset was spectacular. It was an amazing sight.

Adverb (adv.)

Gives extra meaning to an adjective or verb

The sky was extremely colourful as the sun sank slowly in the west.

Describes time, frequency, manner, or degree

Yesterday we watched the sun go down over the mountains and then strolled leisurely along the beach.

Describes place, time, or direction

We were sitting in the tour bus at eight o’clock.

Joins: verbs

The teenagers splashed or swam in the sea.

Preposition (prep.)

Conjunction (c.)

My parents have lots of albums and videos of our trip. he it In this photo, Max is sitting in a Turkish bath.

Are you going to the museum now?

adjectives

They were wet but happy.

adverbs

They shouted loudly and excitedly.

nouns

All the girls and boys were laughing.

clauses

They had fun and exercised at the same time.

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105

1

2

Identify the part of speech of each word. 1. the

5. spectacular

9. rarely

2. we

6. swims

10. on

3. writer

7. and

11. soon

4. incredible

8. alphabet

12. but

Complete the sentences with the words from the word box. Write the part of speech over each word, using the abbreviations in chart 10.1. 1

Lebanon is a 2 4

papyrus) because 7

alphabet on stone

3

old. The Greeks called 6

5

9

more than 10 000

city Byblos (meaning

was the centre of the papyrus trade

the region. The scribes of Byblos we must thank

beautiful carefully

country in the Middle East. The site

the present city of Byblos

and

8

carved the rst 10

for it now!

in is it of the them years

Edit It! 3

Change the highlighted nouns to pronouns to avoid repetition. Circle the verbs in the sentences and underline the adjectives. Steve: Do you know the story of Maxime Durand? Tom: No. What did Maxime Durand do? Steve: Maxime Durand followed his passion, so Maxime did a degree in history at the Université de Montréal. Many history graduates enter careers as teachers, but Maxime took a totally different route. He applied his degree to launch his unusual career. He used his love and knowledge of history to help Ubisoft with their extremely popular Assassin’s Creed series of video games. Have you heard of the Assassin’s Creed games? Tom: Of course I have. I saw the games at the video store. Steve: Well, those video games are historically correct because of Maxime’s extensive knowledge. Maxime checks that all the details are perfect. The most recent game in the Assassin’s Creed series is no exception. Are you going to try Assassin’s Creed now? Tom: I am. I will certainly think of Maxime Durand from now on.

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SENTENCES A sentence is a group of words that expresses a thought. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark. Travel can be an enriching experience.

Why do you like to travel? I like adventure!

10.2 Types of Sentences Type of Sentence

Description

Example

Simple

Is an independent clause that expresses a complete thought

Brianna worked in Africa.

Compound

Has two independent clauses joined by a conjunction or a semicolon

She loved her job but it was hard work.

Has two or more clauses: an independent clause and a dependent clause

I admire the organization Doctors Without Borders (independent clause) because the doctors work selessly in difcult conditions (dependent clause).

Complex

Brianna worked hard; she also worked long hours in difcult conditions.

Edit It! 4

Refer to chart 10.6, page 110, for information on punctuation.

Underline the ve errors in sentence structure. Then write the email correctly.

Hi, I was really busy at work this week. On Monday I met with Angelika Brunel, who is the co-author of REAL. She is an ESL teacher: she also writes books. She likes writing textbooks. Because she is interested in pedagogy. Angelika is a creative person. And she is an enthusiastic musician. But she only plays for fun. Angelika also loves animals: she sometimes fosters abandoned dogs. She’s taking care of three dogs right now.

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10.3 Sentence Structure: Fragments A fragment is an incomplete sentence. A complete sentence must have a subject and a verb.

Fragment

Problem

Solution

Correction

Is a nervous student.

There is no subject.

Add a subject.

Jon is a nervous student.

Jon unhappy with his results.

There is no verb.

Add a verb.

Jon is unhappy with his results.

If he fails another test.

A conditional clause is not a complete sentence.

Add a main clause. Use a comma after the conditional clause.

If he fails another test, he must quit the program.

Add an independent clause.

His grades are bad because he’s addicted to video gaming.

Because he’s addicted A dependent clause to video gaming. is not a complete sentence. When I saw him.

A time clause is not a complete sentence.

Add an independent clause.

When I saw him, he looked very stressed.

Who was talking to him.

A relative clause is not a complete sentence.

Add an independent clause. Put the subject before the relative clause.

The man who was talking to him was his counsellor.

10.4 Sentence Structure: Run-on Sentences A run-on sentence occurs when two sentences are not joined correctly.

Run-on Sentence

Solution

Correction

Addiction problems are serious issues, they ruin many lives.

Make two sentences.

Addiction problems are serious issues. They ruin many lives.

Use a semicolon.

Addiction problems are serious issues; they ruin many lives.

Use a conjunction.

Addiction problems are serious issues and they ruin many lives. Addiction problems are serious issues because they ruin many lives.

Edit It! 5

Write each sentence correctly using a different solution from charts 10.3 and 10.4. Write the solution. 1. I often send text messages in class, my teacher isn’t happy with me. Solution:

108

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2. We’re playing a video game we should be doing our assignments. Solution:

3. My tablet a bigger screen than my phone. Solution:

10.5 Subject-Verb Agreement In a sentence, the subject and the verb must always be in agreement.

Subject and Verb

Example

Verb be: Use the correct form of the verb with the subject.

I am a trainee chef. Zack is already a chef.

Verb have: Use the correct form of the verb with the subject.

I have a wok and Zack has a steamer.

Simple present: Use the -s or -es form for the third-person singular afrmative.

Zack cooks delicious meals.

Use do / does not (don’t / doesn’t) for the negative.

He doesn’t cook Asian food.

Present progressive and past progressive: Use the correct form of the verb be.

We are working in the same restaurant.

We have great kitchen gadgets.

He goes on the Internet to get new recipes.

We were training together in New York.

Edit It! 6

Cross out the subject-verb agreement errors and write the correction above the error. 1. Liam spend a lot of time downloading music. 2. He do his homework listening to music. 3. When I are doing my homework I need a quiet space. 4. Liam have a high tolerance for noise. 5. He don‘t notice that his music is really loud. 6. Liam reply to every email immediately. 7. He don’t concentrate on his homework. 8. I doesn’t understand how he manages to do it.

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10.6 Punctuation Use punctuation to organize and structure your ideas when writing.

Punctuation Period .

Use To nish a sentence

My grandparents emigrated from Poland in 1959.

To show abbreviations

They arrived in Montréal at 3:00 p.m. on Dec. 19, 1959.

Exclamation mark !

To express surprise

I couldn’t believe that they knew the exact time!

Question mark ?

To ask a question

Do you know the time you were born?

Comma ,

To join two independent clauses connected by a conjunction

I asked my mother, but she couldn’t remember the time I was born.

To separate consecutive adjectives, nouns, and verbs

Now I am researching family history, sorting photos, and reading old documents.

Colon :

To introduce a list of items

Things I must buy: a bus pass, a birthday present for Amy, and a sweater.

Semicolon ;

To separate two independent clauses

Dina failed the exam; Lucy passed.

Apostrophe ’

To indicate possession in nouns (before or after -s)

Frank’s old car is rusty. (singular noun)

To show contractions

Ivan’s pleased because he’ll travel a lot.

Parentheses ( )

To separate words or sentences that add extra information

I work at the store (weekdays only) from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

Quotation marks “ “

To repeat what someone said or wrote

Oscar Wilde said, “Anybody can make history; only a great man can write it.”

Add a comma before you write the opening quotation mark. Use a comma before the closing quotation mark if the quote starts the sentence.

110

Example

UNIT 10

Editing Files

The girls’ living room is trendy. (plural noun)

“Oscar Wilde was a genius,” replied the teacher.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

10.7 Capitalization Rule

Example

First word of a sentence

Tomorrow I will start my new job.

First-person subject pronoun

I am happy because I have nished my report.

First names, family names, titles

Emily Carr, Mr. Bean, Doctor Who

Titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, Pride and Prejudice, Vogue, The Gazette / The Globe paintings (except conjunctions, prepositions, articles) and Mail, Othello, the Mona Lisa Days, months, holidays

Saturday, July, Thanksgiving

Languages, nationalities, tribes, religions

Dutch, Japanese, Zulus, Buddhism

Continents, countries, cities, provinces, states, rivers, mountains, planets

Asia, Spain, Madrid, Ontario, Maine, the Mississippi, the Rockies, Mars

Organizations, institutions, monuments

the United Nations, Greenpeace, the Eiffel Tower

Addresses

52 Crabtree Cottage, Moxton, England

Acronyms

UNICEF, DNA

Edit It! 7

Edit the text for punctuation and capitalization errors. Add the correct punctuation and write the correct capitalization over the word.

my friend brad cant resist a cigarette advertisers use powerful ways to convince people to buy a product however cigarette advertising is prohibited in canada. in fact, marketing strategies are used to discourage canadian teenagers from smoking did you see the horrible graphic pictures of health issues on cigarette packets unfortunately, young people are more inuenced by their peers than advertisements and start a lifelong habit of using tobacco the habit is hard to break, according to health canada, because nicotine in tobacco is addictive its better never to start smoking.

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Edit It! 8

Identify the type of error(s) in each sentence and write the sentence correctly. Problem

Type of Error(s)

Correction

1. Rosanne went to bed early. Because she was tired. 2. Patti and Marsha are roommates, they share an apartment. 3. Phil and his sister is coming to the prom. 4. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow morning. 5. Nancy is very moody she’s difcult to live with. 6. She don’t like cleaning up the clutter. 7. He was born on Jan 15 1995. 8. Is a nice guy.

9. Who was shouting.

10. Sonny unhappy with his paycheque. 11. I do tai chi and my brother do karate. 12. I am going to the library said matt.

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WORDS “A word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning.” thefreedictionary.com/words

10.8 False Cognates True cognates are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and English and that have the same meaning in the two languages. False cognates (faux amis) are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and English but that have different meanings. Both true and false cognates are not always pronounced the same way in English and French.

False Cognates: Same Spelling False cognate sensible

experience

Meaning in French

Different Meaning

Meaning in English

easily touched by emotions or ideas

responsible, practical

a test (in a scientic context)

something that happens to you; knowledge or skill

She found a sensible solution to the problem.

The birth of their baby was a wonderful experience.

False Cognates: Similar Spelling French/English

Meaning in French

actuellement/ actually

presently, now

assister/assist

participate, attend

Meaning in English

leave

vacation

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I’m presently studying psychology.

I attended the seminar yesterday.

place to borrow books I bought the course book at the bookstore.

stop doing something She quit her job when she didn’t get a promotion.

vacances/ vacancy

English equivalent

help

He took out books from the library for his project. quitter/quit

We carried out a psychology experiment.

in fact Actually, I prefer this colour.

bookstore

Lara is a quiet, sensitive young woman.

Different Meaning

She assisted the vet when her dog was sick. librairie/library

English equivalent

We had to leave at 6:00 p.m.

a room or job that is available I applied for the job when there was a vacancy.

I’m not taking a vacation this year.

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Edit It! 9

Choose the correct word(s) from the word box to replace the underlined word(s). Use a dictionary to help you. 1. Adam has just nished his formation.

amazing an internship

2. I need chance to win the competition.

luck 3. My program includes a stage.

robe training

4. The discovery of this fossil is formidable. 5. A graduate wears a black dress.

10.9 Homophones Sometimes two English words are pronounced exactly the same way, but have different spellings and meanings. These words are called homophones. be

bee

cell

sell

hair

blew

blue

cent

sent

buy

by

ower

our

hare

I

eye

sole

soul

hoarse horse

pair

pear

son

sun

hole

sight

site

write

right

whole

Edit It! 10 Underline and correct the the eight homophone errors. Write the correction above each error. Use a dictionary to help you. Jude: What are you making? It looks delicious. Alex: This is a hole hair cooked in red wine and for dessert I made a pair compote. Jude: You’re lucky to live on a farm. You don’t have to by produce. Alex: Yes, it’s one of the advantages of keeping animals and growing your own food. Jude: I guess since you’re a farmer’s sun, you learned to grow food as a child. Alex: Of course. I learned to care for the be hives and collect the honey. We grow wheat and grind our ower in the old mill by the stream. It’s a great life. Jude: Eye was born in a city, but I love the country.

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10.10 Active and Passive Voice Use

Example

Use the active voice when the subject is the doer of the action.

Taylor wrote the report.

Use the passive voice when the subject is not the doer of the action or when the doer is not identied.

The report was written by Taylor.

(Taylor is the subject and is the doer of the action.)

(The report is the subject and does not do the action.)

The report was read aloud. (The doer is not identied.)

• For sentences where the subject is not known or not important

The pie has been eaten.

• For sentences where the focus is on the action and not the subject (often used in scientic and academic writing)

The rst antibiotic was discovered in 1928.

• To make a text more interesting by avoiding repetition of the subject

The students grew plants in sandy soil. The students watered them regularly.

(We don’t know who ate the pie.)

(It is the discovery of antibiotics that is important, not who discovered the rst antibiotic.)

The plants were grown in a sandy soil and the students watered them regularly.

10.11 Active and Passive Voice of Verbs The verb be is used as an auxiliary verb to transform active sentences into passive sentences. Note that the subject and the object change places.

Verb Form

Active Voice Subject

Verb

Passive Voice Object

Subject

Verb be + past participle

Object

Simple present

Many artists

use

acrylic paint.

Acrylic paint

is used

by many artists.

Present progressive

My brother

is reading

his messages.

The messages

are being read

by my brother.

Simple past

The teacher

suggested

ideas for the essay.

Ideas for the essay

were suggested

by the teacher.

Past progressive

Ellen

was writing

her report.

The report

was being written

by Ellen.

Present perfect

Steven

has eaten

all the fruit.

All the fruit

has been eaten

by Steven.

Future

The teens

will / are going to buy

the tickets.

The tickets

will / are going to be bought

by the teens.

Modals

The travel agent

may give

excellent advice.

Excellent advice

may be given

by the travel agent.

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Edit It! 11 Correct the underlined errors in the passive verbs. Write the correction above the error.

Shakespeare’s Inspiration 1. The Roman philosopher and playwright Seneca (4 BCE to 65 CE) left us these words of wisdom: Travel and change of place impart new vigour to the mind. Seneca travelled all his life. He was borned in Spain, and then he was send to Rome as a boy. He lived in Egypt and Corsica and died in Rome. Emperor Nero’s speeches wrote by Seneca. Shakespeare was inuence by his plays, which are full of tragedy and drama. 2. People all over the world has been moved by the tragic story of Romeo and Juliet. I am inspire by Shakespeare’s ability to involve the audience in the drama of a situation. Often the people in the audience have been telled of a twist in the plot, and they are draw into the secret. On the other hand, some of the protagonists don’t know of the twist and the conict is complicate by their lack of knowledge. Many audiences will inuenced by Shakespeare’s magic for centuries to come.

12 Complete the text with passive verbs in the tense in parentheses. On October 29, 2013, the Marmaray Tunnel, the world’s rst submerged railway connection 1

between Europe and Asia, (simple past: open)

in Istanbul, Turkey. The rst 2

ever underground train service in the world (simple past: build) 3

1863; the second one (simple past; construct) books, it (simple present: enter)

4

in London in

in Istanbul in 1874. In record

as the shortest metro line in the world—with 5

only one stop! The project for the Marmaray Tunnel (simple past: delay)

6

for four years because important archaeological relics (simple past: discover) on the excavation site. The remains of wooden ships (simple past: nd)

7

lying

in the mud at the bottom of the ancient port of the city of Constantinople, the old name for Istanbul. Maybe they (simple past: bury)

8

when Istanbul experienced one of its major

earthquakes thousands of years ago.

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10.12 Participles Use present and past participle adjectives to make your writing more interesting.

Verb

Present Participle

Past Participle

Base form of verb

Ends with -ing

Ends with -ed

amaze

amazing

amazed

bore

boring

bored

charm

charming

charmed

confuse

confusing

confused

depress

depressing

depressed

embarrass

embarrassing

embarrassed

excite

exciting

excited

interest

interesting

interested

please

pleasing

pleased

relax

relaxing

relaxed

satisfy

satisfying

satised

shock

shocking

shocked

tire

tiring

tired

Adjectives formed using the present and past participles have different meanings. Katy is boring. (Katy is not an interesting person.) Katy is bored. (Katy has nothing interesting to do.)

Edit It! 13

Read the conversation. Underline and correct the 10 errors in -ing and -ed adjectives.

Karen: I loved the physics lesson this morning. It was very interested. Eva: Really? I thought it was bored. I was more interesting in the charmed guy next to me. I felt annoying because he didn’t seem to notice me. He was more exciting by the lesson! How could he nd physics more excited than me? That was very annoyed. He was charming by physics and not by me! Karen: If you were boring by the physics lesson, maybe you and he aren’t compatible!

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10.13 Gerunds and Innitives Gerunds and innitives are verb forms that can function as nouns. A gerund is formed by using the present participle (base form of the verb + -ing).

Never write for in front of an innitive.

Always take the third-person singular of the verb

I went for to see my teacher.

Can be the subject or the object in a sentence

Smoking (subject) is addictive.

Can follow a verb or a preposition

Sara stopped smoking.

The innitive is formed using to + the base form of the verb. Innitive

Smoking causes many health problems. Smoking doesn’t help your health.

Gerund (-ing noun)

Smoking is a bad habit.

Teenagers start smoking (object) with their friends.

She was happy about stopping the habit. It isn’t a good idea to smoke.

Usually follows verbs

Sara wants to stop this bad habit.

Can follow adjectives and nouns

I was happy to hear that she’s stopped smoking.

Common Verbs Followed by a Gerund acknowledge

discuss

go

miss

recommend

admit

dislike

imagine

postpone

regret

appreciate

enjoy

include

practise

remember

avoid

escape

keep

prevent

report

consider

nish

mention

quit

suggest

Common Verbs Followed by an Innitive

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agree

demand

hope

offer

seem

appear

deserve

intend

plan

tend

arrange

expect

learn

pretend

threaten

consent

fail

manage

promise

try

decide

happen

need

refuse

wait

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Common Adjectives + Prepositions Followed by a Gerund accustomed to

aware of

disappointed about

interested in

sorry about

addicted to

bad at

famous for

opposed to

tired of

afraid of

capable of

fond of

pleased about

upset about

amazed at

clever at

good at

proud of

used to

angry about

concerned about

hesitant about

sick of

worried about

Edit It! 14 Underline the gerund or the innitive in each sentence. Write the correction on the line. 1. We enjoy to play golf. 2. I dislike to learn languages. 3. Do you agree accepting these conditions? 4. He refuses leaving. 5. Matt is concerned about to fail his test. 6. I’m used to work at night. 7. I’m proud winning a prize. 8. Troy is worried about to do his oral presentation. 9. She expects getting a promotion. 10. I avoid talking about to cheat.

15 Underline the 10 errors. Write the correction above the error. Francine used to giving me a ride to school, but now she’s doing an internship. This probably means that she’ll have to stopping to give me a ride. This could be a good thing because I need getting more exercise. I’ve thought of jog for a long time. To jog is great cardiovascular exercise. It increases the heart rate and improves blood circulation. I think I’ll plan on run to school next week. However, winter will be here soon, and the snow may prevent me from to do that every day. To buy a bus pass might be a good idea. To run seems a better idea in the spring!

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10.14 Common Spelling Problems hour

We’ll eat in about an hour.

our

We have our picnic basket.

it’s

It’s a short drive to the car rally.

its

Its point of departure is just outside the city.

their

Their car is the blue one.

there

My friends are over there.

they’re

They’re coming with us.

wear

I am happy I decided to wear a warm coat today.

were

The details on the website were unclear.

where

Where do we register for the rally?

which (wich)

Which car is yours?

with (whit)

Did you bring a packed lunch with you?

Edit It! 16 Underline the 12 misspelled words. Write the correction over the word. Julie: Were are you going? Dan: I’m in a hurry. I was due to start work an our ago. Julie: Do you want me to drive you? Its only a ve-minute drive their. Dan: That would be great. Parking is difcult wear I work. The restaurant is on a corner. The lack of parking spaces is it’s greatest problem. Otherwise, its very popular. Julie: I notice you’re dressed in your chef’s clothes. Do you were a tall chef’s hat to work? Dan: Of course. The customers see me whit my hat because I cook in front of them. There reactions are interesting. Julie: Witch dish is your favourite? What do you like cooking the most? Dan: I love to make sh dishes. Their so delicious. Julie: Well, here we are. Have a great day!

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Edit It! 17 Underline the errors in each sentence. Use the charts to help you. Write the appropriate code above each error. Then write the sentence correctly. Code

Type of Error

Chart Reference Number

Code

Type of Error

Chart Reference Number

FC

False cognate

Chart 10.8

P

Participles

Chart 10.12

H/S

Homophone and spelling

Charts 10.9 and 10.14

G

Gerund

Chart 10.13

A/P

Active and passive voice

Charts 10.10 and 10.11

I

Innitive

Chart 10.13

1. Its complicated for me. 2. The term paper was writing by Kerry.

3. To learn English is difcult for me. 4. I don’t know wich tense to use. 5. Hour teacher doesn’t have much patience.

6. The concert was very bored. 7. Their are so many words that I cannot say.

8. I need intensive formation in this language.

9. She is very exciting about the trip. 10. I would like spending a whole year in the USA.

11. I’m a sensitive student who makes logical decisions.

12. The errors may be correct by the teacher.

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Final Edit It! 18 Underline and correct the 15 errors in the text. Jane austen once said “There is nothing like staying at home for real comfort”. Many young people would agree with her. In many cultures, adult children only quit home when they marry. In Canada, though, it was usual for young people to leave home at 18 studying or work. Nowadays even 20-year-olds are to stay at home. They is studying longer and entering the workplace later. to work and studying at the same time is difcult. Rent is expensive, an apartment is almost a luxury. To drive your moms’ car is cheaper than paying for your own car. adult children enjoy the comfort of home, wear they have home-cooked meals and laundry facilities. Fortunately, the parents of millennials is usually very supportive, home is a place of security and warmth.

19 Read Louis’s letter and correct the underlined errors. Hi Mom and Dad, I hope you are both well. No doubt you’ll be surprised to get a letter from I! i thought it was better to write at you than to tell you my news by phone. Because it’s a serious decision. Their are many reasons why I have decided to drop my health science program. This isn’t a decision quick; I have taken a long time to think about it. While I was doing a philosophy course in college, I started to ask me questions about my futur. Medicine is interested. But I realize now that I haven’t got the qualitys required for be a good doctor. I need to be most patient and less irritabler. In the other hand, to cook is my passion and I will ofcially ask for a change of program next week. I will become the better possible chef I can. I am living still at the student residence whit my roommate, Steve. It’s easy access to the culinary school is a great advantage. You have supported always me and I hope that you will understand my decision. Louis

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FinalFinal Verb Revie Verb Review Final Verb Review

Final Verb Review Final Ve Final Verb Review

Final Verb Re Simple Present, Simple Past, and Future Forms A

Answer the questions. 1. How do you form the simple present of a verb?

2. Which two verbs do not follow these rules?

3. What are two keywords you can use with the simple present and the simple past? Simple present: Simple past: 4. How do you form the simple past of a regular verb? 5. How do you form the future? Explain the two forms and give an example of each.

B

Cross out the error in each sentence and write the correction above it. Then write the rule that explains the error. 1. Naomi drank a lot of milk every day.

2. Her baby cries all last night.

3. I be going to learn to ski. 4. He taking his nal exam to be a lawyer next year.

5. Last night I come home at eleven o’clock after a long day at school.

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123

Simple Present and Present Progressive A

Answer the questions. 1. How do you form the present progressive?

2. What are two keywords you can use with the present progressive?

3. When do you use the simple present and when do you use the present progressive? Simple Present:

Present Progressive:

4. Write a yes / no question to match each answer. a. Simple present: Yes, Karen drives her car to school every day.

b. Present progressive: Yes, David is working tonight.

B

Complete the text with the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs. 1

Nowadays scientists (worry) 2

world. Right now bees (die)

about bee populations around the 3

. They (be) 4

usually the victims of pesticides. Bees (have)

a few predators, 5

such as birds and dragonies. This month we (study) insects in biology class. Our teacher explained that presently some insects 6

(increase) 7

in number. Ants, for example, (infest, now)

public places and dry areas. In cold weather they 8

generally (go)

9

In class we (observe) we (study)

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FINAL VERB REVIEW

underground or crawl into the walls of houses.

10

a colony of ants for a month. Every day

their behaviour and write down our observations.

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Simple Past and Present Perfect A

Answer the questions. 1. When do you use the present perfect? Give two explanations.

2. Which tense do you use to describe a completed action in the past?

3. What are two keywords you can use with the present perfect?

4. How do you form the present perfect?

5. When do you use since and for with the present perfect? Since: For:

B

Choose the simple past or the present perfect. Use the keywords to help you. Underline your choice and explain it. 1. Jen has been sick / was sick since last week.

2. I called / have called her last night, but she was out.

3. A year ago I have graduated / graduated from my program.

4. Brad got / has got the news on Monday.

5. I have forgotten / forgot my car keys twice this month and it’s only the 21st!

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Modals Answer the questions. 1. Which modals express obligation? 2. Which modals express ability and past ability? 3. Which modal can you use to give advice? 4. Which modals express a possible option? Underline the answers. can

could

may

might

must

should

5. Which modal expresses an informal request? Underline the answer. can

could

may

6. Are the following statements true or false? a. Modals do not change form.

T

F

b. Modals come before the base form of the main verb.

T

F

c. You can use two modals with a single main verb.

T

F

d. We often use the negative contraction mayn’t for may not.

T

F

e. Use had to in place of must to express an obligation in the past.

T

F

f. To use a modal with a verb in the past, use the modal + have + past participle.

T

F

Questions Write a yes / no question with the verb form in parentheses and the words given. Add appropriate keywords. 1. (present progressive) you / learn / Italian

2. (simple past) they / save / money 3. (past progressive) he / watch / TV / doing his assignment

4. (present perfect) Bella / receive / her results

5. (future with will) Connor / drive / to the airport

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Verb Review A

Complete the text with the appropriate forms of the verbs. Use the keywords to help you. 1

Have you ever (be)

2

to Florida? When I was eight years old, I (go) 3

there with my family. We (start)

4

at Disney World. It (become)

a popular vacation destination since it rst opened its doors on October 1, 1971. Now it 5

(have)

over 50 million visitors every year. We (meet)

6

Mickey

and Minnie and many other characters there. 7

At Gatorland we (feed) (ride)

8

on an airboat and saw more alligators as well as manatees and dolphins. 9

We also (take)

a tour of NASA’s Kennedy Space Center near Cape Canaveral. 10

American astronauts (leave) 11

Alan Shepard (become) 12

Now that I (be) I (y)

alligators and at the Everglades National Park we

13

from that site to journey into space since

the rst American in space on May 5, 1961.

an adult, I want to return to Florida. This time

through the air on a zipline, and ride in a hot-air balloon to watch the sun

rise over Orlando. The other thing that I (be going to, denitely, do)

14

is to take a virtual tour of the moon at the Kennedy Space Center so that I (ability: see)

15

for myself what it is like to be an astronaut.

B

Complete each question with the correct form of the verb. Use the information in parentheses to help you. 1.

you

the falling stars last night? (simple past: see)

2.

he

a car yet? (present perfect: buy)

3.

we

until he arrives? (modal: suggestion, wait)

4. What

they

5. When

the parcel

6. How

I

7. Why

they

8. What

he

yesterday? (simple past: decide) ? (present progressive: come) this? (modal: ability, x)

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already? (present perfect: leave) for yesterday evening? (past progressive: look)

FINAL VERB REVIEW

127

Appendix 1 Question Words Information Needed

Question Word

Example

Answer

Thing or event

What

What is this paper?

It’s a travel brochure.

Place

Where

Where is he from?

He’s from India.

Time or date

When

When are you leaving?

I’m leaving at 6:00 p.m.

When is your appointment?

It’s on June 26 at 10:00 a.m.

Person / People

Who

Who is that girl over there?

She’s my cousin.

Reason

Why

Why are you studying?

I’m studying because I have a test tomorrow.

Feeling

How

How are you?

I’m in good shape.

Manner

How do you make spaghetti?

You place it in boiling water for 15 minutes.

Means

How can I help?

You can wash the dishes.

How many (countable nouns)

How many days are there to graduation?

Graduation is in 10 days.

How much (uncountable nouns)

How much time do you have?

I have 30 minutes.

Size

How big / tall / high

How tall are you?

I’m 167 cm.

Duration / Length

How long

How long is your vacation?

I have two weeks vacation.

Frequency

How often

How often do you practise?

I practise three times a week.

Quantity

Complete each sentence with an appropriate question word to match the information in bold. 1.

did I put my dictionary? It’s on the table.

2.

does this bag cost? It’s $60.

3.

is that guy? He’s my roommate.

4.

do you go to the gym? I go three times a week.

5.

is the bus coming? It’s coming in ve minutes.

6.

was Oliver late for his job? He missed his bus.

7.

hours do you work a week? I work 25 hours a week.

8.

do you like to do on weekends? I like to go shopping.

9.

does your sister feel? She feels ne now.

10.

128 APPENDIX 1

is your essay? It’s two full pages.

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Appendix 2 Question Formation Verb Be Verb Tense

Information Questions Question word

Simple present

Simple past

Future

Rest of question

Yes / No Questions Verb + subject

Rest of question

Where When Who

are you?

Am I

is his appointment?

Is he

are they?

Are they

late? at his meeting? his parents?

What How much

was that noise? were the computers?

Was it Were the computers

noisy? very expensive?

Why

will he be late?

Will Pierre be

late?

Other Verbs Verb Tense

Information Questions Question word

Simple present

Simple past

Present progressive

Past progressive

Future with will

Future with be going to

Present perfect

Modals

Rest of question

Yes / No Questions Verb + subject

Rest of question

Why How much

does Monica like him?

Does Monica like

do they pay a month?

Do they pay

What How many

did you see?

Did you see

T-shirts did they buy?

Did they buy

What Who How long

are you studying?

Am I taking

is Noah talking to?

Is Noah talking

are we going for?

Are we going

Where Why How often

were you staying?

Were you staying

was she laughing?

Was she laughing

were they working?

Were they working

What

will you do today?

Will you work

How late

will the concert nish?

Will it nish

today? before midnight?

Why

are you going to quit school?

Am I going to quit

school?

When

is he going to take a gap year?

Is he going to take

a gap year?

Why Who

has she taken that job?

Has she taken

have they contacted?

Have they contacted

that job for the experience? the school?

What When How soon

would you like? can he phone you? should you reserve a seat?

Would you like

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Can he phone Should you reserve

him? $350 a month? a whale? two T-shirts? the right course? to his teacher? all summer? with your father? at the joke? for ten hours?

a cup of coffee? you now? a seat today?

APPENDIX 2

129

Appendix 3 Prepositions Place and Position

Direction and Movement

Time, Date, and Duration

above / on top of / over the shelf

across the eld

after eight o’clock

at the house, at 62 Ash Street

along the canal

at night

behind the chair

around the corner

before Wednesday

beside / next to / near the door

by the shopping centre

by midnight

between the desk and the chair

down the street

during the holidays

for two kilometres

from north to south

in the morning

in Thailand

into the pool

for a month

inside the drawer

past the house

from June to August

in front of the class

through the window

on April 22

on the table, on Ash Street

to work

to 6:00 p.m.

under the table

towards the school

until next week

A. Write the correct preposition of time and place: in, on, or at. Brittany was born

1

June 10, 1995,

2

Kathryn was born

4

Windsor, Ontario,

5 7

Niagara Falls. They studied the same program 9

Brittany’s friend Mary Ann lives 11

skiing; they stay

15

8

a college 10

6

a trip to

Montréal.

the winter they enjoy cross-country

the Laurentians. Brittany, Kathryn, and Mary Ann go out 13

together on weekends. They like to spend their evenings they party

the province of Québec. Her friend

September 3, 1996. They met

Victoriaville. 12

a cottage

3

Laval

14

restaurants and

midnight

clubs.

B. Complete the sentences with prepositions of place, position, time, date, and duration. 1

Brittany’s friends Kathryn and Mary Ann are coming 2

leaving

3

the morning for a trip to Europe.

will visit six countries.

4

5

4:15 p.m. 6

very busy. She hasn’t sorted out her things

a month, so there’s a lot to do. 7

9

a turquoise towel and a turquoise sweater. makeup. There is a blue hat

10

her

8

the bed,

Brittany is a huge pile of 11

the headboard. 13

her elbow is a green pillow. There are so many things

oor, I don’t know if she will be able to clean up

130 APPENDIX 3

their vacation they

6:00 p.m. Brittany will be

Just look at the mess in her room! The hairdryer is

12

6:00 p.m. They are

14

the

her friends arrive.

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Appendix 4 Verb Tense Overview Tense

Afrmative

Negative Verb Be

Simple present

Simple past

Future

I am (’m) interested in math. He is (’s) good at art. We are (’re) in the same class.

I am not (’m not) interested in math.

I was pleased with my grades. She was disappointed with hers. They were in the library this afternoon.

I was not (wasn’t) pleased with my grades.

I will (’ll) be at the hospital. He will (’ll) be in a private room. You will (’ll) be with him.

I will not (won’t) be at the hospital.

He is not (’s not / isn’t) good at art. We are not (’re not/ aren’t) in the same class.

She was not (wasn’t) disappointed with hers. They were not (weren’t) in the library this afternoon.

He will not (won’t) be in a private room. You will not (won’t) be with him.

Other Verbs I study health sciences. She studies social sciences. We often study together.

I do not (don’t) study health sciences.

Simple past (regular and irregular)

I walked home yesterday. He came with me. They arrived together.

I did not (didn’t) walk home yesterday.

Present progressive

I am (’m) learning about sustainability. She is (’s) talking about global warming. You are (’re) joining Greenpeace.

I am not (’m not) learning about sustainability.

I was laughing at his joke. He was telling old jokes. We were smiling, too.

I was not (wasn’t) laughing at his joke.

I will (’ll) stay up late tonight. It will (’ll) arrive late. They will (’ll) go to bed at midnight.

I will not (won’t) stay up late tonight.

I am (’m) going to revise for my exam. He is (’s) going to help me. We are (’re) going to support each other.

I am not (’m not) going to revise for my exam.

I have (’ve) contacted them. She has (’s) emailed me. They have (’ve) agreed to meet with me.

I have not (haven’t) contacted them.

I would (’d) like to pay off my student debt. It can accumulate interest. You should pay off the debt this year.

I would not (wouldn’t) like to pay off my student debt.

Simple present

Past progressive

Future with will

Future with be going to

Present perfect

Modals

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She does not (doesn’t) study social sciences. We do not (don’t) often study together.

He did not (didn’t) come with me. They did not (didn’t) arrive together.

She is not (’s not/isn’t) talking about global warming. You are not (’re not/aren’t) joining Greenpeace.

He was not (wasn’t) telling old jokes. We were not (weren’t) smiling.

It will not (won’t) arrive late. They will not (won’t) go to bed at midnight.

He is not (’s not / isn’t) going to help me. We are not (’re not / aren’t) going to support each other.

She has not (hasn’t) emailed me. They have not (haven’t) agreed to meet with me.

It cannot (can’t) accumulate interest. You should not (shouldn’t) pay off the debt this year.

APPENDIX 4

131

Appendix 5 Past Perfect Use

Example

To refer to an event that happened in the past before another event happened

When Natalie arrived at the store, Emma had already left. (Emma left the store before Natalie arrived.)

To refer to an impossible situation in the past in a conditional sentence (the action in the if-clause never happened)

If I had tried harder, I would have won the competition.

To report what someone said

They told me that they hadn’t seen the movie.

Form Afrmative Subject

Verb have in the past

I He / She / It We / You / They

Negative Past participle

Subject I He / She / It We / You / They

learned. arrived. left.

had

Verb have in the past + not had not (hadn’t)

Past participle learned. arrived. left.

Questions Yes / No Questions Verb have in the past

Subject

Past participle

I Had

Information Questions Question word

Verb have in the past

What

he / she / it

learned?

we / you / they

When

had

Why

Subject

Past participle

I

learned?

she

arrived?

they

left?

Complete each sentence with the past perfect form of the verb in parentheses. You can answer a yes / no question with a short answer.

1. If Sam

2. When we arrived at school, the class

Had she painted the chair yesterday? Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.

better, we would have won the game. (play)

. (begin) 3. Hilary told us that she 4. If Marta

to send her application. (forget, negative) to me in Spanish, I would have answered her. (speak)

5. When I spoke to Grace, she said that she 6. When Charlie arrived home, Vanessa 7. Had they

APPENDIX 5

to quit her job. (decide) . (leave, negative)

the photos when you got there? (take)

8. I would have given her advice if she

132

already

me. (ask)

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Appendix 6 Common Phrasal Verbs A phrasal verb combines a verb with a preposition or adverb. A phrasal verb can have a different meaning from the original verb.

Base Phrasal Verb Form ask

back

break

call

come

cut

drop

ll

get

give

go

Meaning

ask for

request

ask out

invite on a date

back off

move away

back out

withdraw

back up

reverse / support

break in

enter a building by force

break up

end a relationship

call back

return a call

call off

cancel

call on

ask for / visit

call up

phone

come across

nd

Base Phrasal Verb Form grow

hand

keep

look

Meaning

grow out of

become too big or old for

grow up

become an adult

hand in

give to someone

hand out

distribute

hand over

surrender

keep on

continue

keep up

persevere

look after

take care of

look for

try to nd

look into

investigate

look over

review

make up

mend a broken relationship / invent

make over

change look

pass away

die

make

come from

originate

cut down

reduce

cut in

interrupt

cut off

remove

pass out

lose consciousness

drop in

visit informally

put down

insult

drop off

deliver

put off

delay

drop out

quit

put on

dress up / apply

ll in

complete / replace

put together

assemble

ll out

complete

run away

escape

ll up

make completely full

run into

meet by accident

get along

have a good relationship

run out of

have no more

get away

escape

stay away

not come

get back

return / retrieve

stay in

remain inside

get in

enter

stay out

remain out

get on / off

embark / disembark

get together

meet

stay over

sleep overnight

get up

stand

stay up

remain awake

give away

distribute

take away / out

remove

take back

retrieve

take off

leave

turn on / off

start / stop

turn to

get help

turn up / down

increase / decrease

give back

return

give up

stop trying

go ahead

start

go on

proceed

go out (with)

date

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pass

put

run

stay

take

turn

APPENDIX 6

133

Appendix 7 Irregular Verbs Base Form

134

Simple Past

Past Participle

Base Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

be

was / were

been

ght

fought

fought

beat

beat

beaten

nd

found

found

become

became

become

y

ew

own

begin

began

begun

forbid

forbade

forbidden

bite

bit

bitten

forget

forgot

forgotten

bleed

bled

bled

forgive

forgave

forgiven

blow

blew

blown

freeze

froze

frozen

break

broke

broken

get

got

got / gotten

bring

brought

brought

give

gave

given

build

built

built

go

went

gone

burst

burst

burst

grind

ground

ground

buy

bought

bought

grow

grew

grown

catch

caught

caught

hang

hung

hung

choose

chose

chosen

have

had

had

come

came

come

hear

heard

heard

cost

cost

cost

hide

hid

hidden

cut

cut

cut

hit

hit

hit

deal

dealt

dealt

hold

held

held

do

did

done

hurt

hurt

hurt

draw

drew

drawn

keep

kept

kept

drink

drank

drunk

know

knew

known

drive

drove

driven

lay

laid

laid

eat

ate

eaten

lead

led

led

fall

fell

fallen

leave

left

left

feed

fed

fed

lend

lent

lent

feel

felt

felt

let

let

let

APPENDIX 7

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Base Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

Base Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

lie

lay

lain

speak

spoke

spoken

light

lit

lit

speed

sped

sped

lose

lost

lost

spend

spent

spent

make

made

made

spit

spat

spat

mean

meant

meant

split

split

split

meet

met

met

spread

spread

spread

mistake

mistook

mistaken

spring

sprang

sprung

pay

paid

paid

stand

stood

stood

put

put

put

steal

stole

stolen

quit

quit

quit

stick

stuck

stuck

read

read

read

sting

stung

stung

ride

rode

ridden

strike

struck

struck

ring

rang

rung

swear

swore

sworn

rise

rose

risen

sweep

swept

swept

run

ran

run

swim

swam

swum

say

said

said

swing

swung

swung

see

saw

seen

take

took

taken

sell

sold

sold

teach

taught

taught

send

sent

sent

tear

tore

torn

set

set

set

tell

told

told

shake

shook

shaken

think

thought

thought

shine

shone

shone

throw

threw

thrown

shoot

shot

shot

understand

understood

understood

shrink

shrank

shrunk

upset

upset

upset

shut

shut

shut

wake

woke

woken

sing

sang

sung

wear

wore

worn

sit

sat

sat

win

won

won

sleep

slept

slept

wind

wound

wound

slide

slid

slid

write

wrote

written

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APPENDIX 7

135

Credits p. 1: George Rudy/Thinkstock; p. 7: © Ralph Leroy; p. 8: meunierd/Shutterstock; p. 9: dgmata/Shutterstock; p. 10 (1): Sabphoto/ Shutterstock, (2): Andresr/Shutterstock, (3): beginwithaspin/Shutterstock, (4): Mila Supinskaya/Shutterstock, (5): Kzenon/Shutterstock, (6): Warren Goldswain/Shutterstock; p. 13 (1): Syda Productions/Shutterstock, (2): Pecold/Shutterstock; p. 14: Charlie4mav/ iStockphoto; p. 15: Ysbrand Cosijn/Shutterstock; p. 20: yuqun/Shutterstock; p. 22: andrea lehmkuhl/Shutterstock; p. 23: StockLite/ Shutterstock; p. 24 (1): Kristina Afanasyeva/Dreamstime, (2): Isaac Koval/iStockphoto; p. 25: Stas Moroz/Shutterstock; p. 26: Conny Sjostrom/Shutterstock; p. 27: melis/Shutterstock; p. 31: Steve Bower/Shutterstock; p. 32: Veniamin Kraskov/Shutterstock; p. 34 (1): Pecold/Shutterstock, (2): Sergey Ryzhov/Shutterstock, (3): Gladskikh Tatiana/Shutterstock, (4): oliveromg/Shutterstock, (5): Elisabeth Hammerschmid/Shutterstock, (6): Wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 35: Kurhan/Shutterstock; p. 36: Luiz Rocha/Shutterstock; p. 37: LiliGraphie/Shutterstock; p. 41: sf2301420max/Shutterstock; p. 42: Photo: François Brunelle; p. 44 (1): Photograph by Oren Jack Turner, Princeton, N.J.; (2): Wikimedia Commons; p. 45: monkeybusinessimages/iStockphoto, p. 47: Felix Mizioznikov/Shutterstock; p. 49: Wikimedia Commons; p. 51: gpointstudio/Shutterstock; p. 55: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems; p. 56 (1): Songquan Deng/Shutterstock, (2): claudio zaccherini/Shutterstock, (3): Luna Vandoorne/Shutterstock; p. 57: Alexandre Gibo/iStockphoto; p. 58 (1): niall dunne/Shutterstock, (2): Hansueli Krapf/Wikimedia Commons; p. 59: Evgeniya Moroz/Shutterstock; p. 60: Ammit/iStockphoto; p. 61: Samuel Borges Photography/Shutterstock; p. 66: Pinocchio by Enrico Mazzanti (1852-1910), the rst illustrator of “Le avventure di Pinocchio. Storia di un burattino” colored by Daniel Donna; p. 67: rook76/Shutterstock; p. 68 (1): imagesolutions/Shutterstock, (2): Andrey Arkusha/Shutterstock, (3): imagedb/Shutterstock, (4): damato/Shutterstock, (5): gyn9037/Shutterstock; p. 69: StockLite/ Shutterstock; p. 70: racorn/Shutterstock; p. 71: William Perugini/Shutterstock; p. 75: tetmc/iStockphoto; p. 76 (1): Yellowj/Shutterstock, (2): Leah-Anne Thompson/Shutterstock, (3): Valua Vitaly/Shutterstock, (4): holbox/Shutterstock, (5): lightwavemedia/Shutterstock; (6): Rido/Shutterstock; p. 77 (1) et (2): ollyy/Shutterstock; p. 78: Kjersti Joergensen/Shutterstock; p. 81: Wikimedia Commons; p. 82: Dan Lundberg/Flickr; p. 83: Peter Bernik/Shutterstock; p. 87 (1): Dudarev Mikhail/Shutterstock, (2): Rido/Shutterstock, (3): michaeljung/ Shutterstock, (4): Deklofenak/Shutterstock, (5): Anna Furman/Shutterstock, (6): format35/Shutterstock; p. 88 (1): Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock, (2): baranq/Shutterstock; p. 90 (1): wollertz/Fotolia, (2): kikkerdirk/Fotolia; p. 91: Jörg Hackemann/Fotolia; p. 94: DFID - UK Department for International Development; p. 95: vinzstudio/Shutterstock; p. 98: R. Gino Santa Maria/Shutterstock; p. 100 (1): Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com, (2): Charlie Brewer, (3): Kosarev Alexander/ Shutterstock.com; p. 102: Reggeaman; p. 103: Courtesy of Le Cristal; p. 105: Minerva Studio/Shutterstock; p. 110: Jonathan Joseph Bondhus; p. 116: The Plays of William Shakespeare in Ten Volumes (1787) Steevens, George; Johnson, Sam; Reed, Isaac, eds. Frontispiece from 2nd ed.; p. 117: michaeljung/Shutterstock; p. 119: Maridav/Shutterstock; p. 130: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.

136

Credits

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Index A Active voice, 115–116 Adjectives, 61 to adverbs, 64 formed from present and past participles, 117 order, 65 as parts of speech, 105 placement in the sentence, 61 spelling, 62 Adverbs, 63 irregular, 64 as parts of speech, 105 placement in the sentence, 1, 53, 63, 74 type, 63 Anyone / anybody, 29 Anything, 29 Apostrophe, 110 Articles, 18

B Be, 2 expressions with, 2 simple past, 39 simple present, 2 Be going to, 53 vs gonna, 53 placement of adverbs, 53 questions, 53 time clauses with, 54 vs will, 51

C Can, 83 Capitalization, 111 Cognates, 113 Colon, 110 Comma, 110 Complex sentence, 107 Compound sentence, 107 Conditionals, 95 impossible _ in the past, 97 impossible _ in the past with could, 100 impossible _ in the past with would, 99 improbable _ in the present, 96–97, 99 keywords, 95

possible _ in the future, 96 possible _ in the present, 96 Conjunctions, 105 Contractions, 110 Could, 83 impossible conditionals in the past with, 100 Countable nouns, 15 spelling of plural, 16

D Denite articles, 18 Demonstrative determiners, 19 pronouns, 30 Determiners, 18 articles, 18 demonstrative, 19 as parts of speech, 105 possessive, 19 quantifying, 19

E Each other, 29 Everyone / everybody, 29 Exclamation mark, 110

F False cognates, 113 Few, 19 Fragment, 108 Future, 51 with be going to, 53 conditionals, 96 keywords, 51, 54 time clauses with, 54 using the present tenses, 54 with will, 52

G Gerund, 118 some adjectives and prepositions followed by the, 119 some verbs followed by the, 118

H Homophones, 114

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I Indenite articles, 18 Indenite pronouns, 29 Innitive, 118 Interrogative statements. see Questions words (appendix 1), 128 pronouns, 30 Irregular adjectives, 62 adverbs, 64 plural nouns, 17 verbs (appendix 7), 134–135 verbs (past participles), 72 verbs (simple past), 39

K Keywords conditional, 95 future, 51 past progressive, 37 present perfect, 71 present progressive, 1 simple past, 37 simple present, 1 time clauses, 54

L Little, 19

M Many, 19 May, 83 Might, 83 Modals, 83 in the past. see Past modals questions, 84–85 Much, 19 Must / have to, 83

N Near future, 54 Negative be going to, 53 be going to, practise, 55 conditionals, practise, 100 modals, 84–85

modals, practise, 91 past progressive, 40 past progressive, practise, 45 present perfect, 72 present perfect, practise, 75 present progressive, 5 present progressive, practise, 8–9 simple past, 38 simple past, practise, 42 simple present, 3 simple present, practise, 7, 9 will, 52 will, practise, 55 Never, still and yet, 73 keywords exercises, 78 No one / nobody, 29 Nothing, 29 Nouns, 15 compound, 16 countable. see Countable nouns countable vs uncountable, 15 as parts of speech, 105 plural form of. see Plural nouns possessive form of. see Possessive nouns uncountable. see Uncountable nouns

O Object pronouns, 27 One another, 29

P Parentheses , 110 Participles, 117 past. see Past participles present. see Present participles Parts of speech, 105–106 Passive voice, 115–116 Past, simple. see Simple past Past conditionals, 97 Past modals, 85 Past participles, 117 irregular verbs, 72

INDEX

137

Past perfect (appendix 5), 132 Past progressive, 37 questions, 40 vs Simple past, 37 Period, 110 Phrasal verbs (appendix 6), 133 Placement in the sentence adjectives, 61 adverbs, 63 adverbs (with be going to), 53 adverbs (with present perfect), 74 adverbs (with present progressive), 1 adverbs (with simple present), 1 Plural nouns compound, 16 irregular, 17 spelling, 16 Possessive determiners, 19, 28 nouns, 17 pronouns, 28 Prepositions (appendix 3), 130 as parts of speech, 105 Present, simple. see Simple present Present conditionals, 95–96 Present participles, 117 Present perfect, 71 keywords, 71, 73–74 never, still and yet, 73 placement of keywords, 74 vs simple past, 74, 79 since and for, 73 Present progressive, 1, 5 keywords exercices, 10–11 placement of adverbs, 1 questions, 6 vs simple present, 1 spelling, 5 Pronouns, 27 demonstrative, 30 indenite, 29 interrogative, 30 object, 27

138 INDEX

as parts of speech, 105 possessive, 28 reciprocal, 29 reexive, 28 relative, 30 subject, 27 Pronunciation -ed (simple past), 38, 41 -s and -es (third-person ending of simple present), 3 Punctuation, 110

Q Quantifying determiners, 19 Question mark, 110 Questions be going to, 53 be going to, practise, 56, 60 with do, 4, 39 formation (appendix 2), 129 modals, 84–85 modals, practise, 91 past perfect, 132 past progressive, 40 past progressive, practise, 45–46, 126 present perfect, 73 present perfect, practise, 76–78, 126 present progressive, 6 present progressive, practise, 9–10, 126 simple past, 38–39 simple past, practise, 43–44, 126 simple present, 3–4 simple present, practise, 8, 10 will, 52 will, practise, 55, 60, 126 without do, 4, 39 words (appendix 1), 128 Quotation marks, 110

R Reciprocal pronouns, 29 Reexive pronouns, 28

Relative pronouns, 30 Run-on sentence, 108

S Semicolon, 110 Sentence(s), 107 structure, 108 type of, 107 Should, 83 Simple past, 37 be, 39 irregular verbs, 39 keywords, 37 vs past progressive, 37 vs present perfect, 74, 79 questions, 38–39 regular verbs, 38 spelling, 38 Simple present, 1 be, 2 keywords, 1 vs present progressive, 1 pronunciation of thirdperson endings, 3 questions, 3–4 spelling (third-person singular), 3 use with stative verbs, 6 Simple sentence, 107 Since and for, 73 keywords exercises, 77–78 Since and for, 73 Some, 19 Someone / somebody, 29 Something, 29 Speech, parts of, 105–106 Spelling adjectives to adverbs, 64 common problems, 120 comparative form of adjectives, 62 plural countable nouns, 16 present progressive, 5 problems, 120 simple past (regular verbs), 38 simple present (thirdperson singular), 3 superlative form of adjectives, 62

Stative verbs, 6 Subject pronouns, 27 Subject-verb agreement, 109

T There /here + be, 2 Time clauses with be going to, 54 with will, 54

U Uncountable nouns, 15–16 Used to, 41

V Verbs nal review exercises, 123–127 followed by the gerund, 118 followed by the innitive, 118 irregular (appendix 7), 134–135 as parts of speech, 105 phrasal (appendix 6), 133 stative, 6 tenses (appendix 4), 131 Voice active. see Active voice passive. see Passive voice

W Will, 51–52 vs be going to, 51 time clauses with, 54 Words, 113 Would, 83 in conditional sentences, 95–97

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Life

Issues English

This much-anticipated second edition of Grammar Book 2 offers a fresh take on the four-step progressive approach and the features that made it so successful. Designed to sensitize intermediate students of English as a second language to grammatical structures, the new and improved elements keep the material comprehensive, current, and engaging. User-friendly and concise grammar charts in Function and Form contain clear explanations illustrated with detailed examples. Notes highlight common errors and provide usage tips to help prepare students for the targeted comprehension exercises that follow. A large variety of contextualized and mixed concept exercises in the Practice section check and reinforce students’ understanding of important grammar points. Communicate develops students’ speaking and writing skills, and encourages peer editing. The popular Review is expanded with mixed practice and error-correction exercises. Edit It! enables students to hone their editing skills as they find and correct common errors.

Success

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K

ay Powell holds a degree in Modern Languages (French, German, and Italian) from London University, UK, and a Masters in Applied Linguistics from Concordia University. She has taught ESL in Europe, Africa and North America. She also worked for the Ministère du Revenu du Québec. She taught at Collège Ahuntsic for 17 years. Kay works on course development for Cégep à distance and for the Centre collégial de développement de matériel didactique, and writes novels.

Editing Files have students focus on their writing and vocabulary choice, with charts and Edit It! exercises on sentences and words. A Final Verb Review of mixed tenses can easily be used for evaluation. Appendices include a verb tense overview, past perfect charts, and lists of phrasal verbs and irregular verbs. REAL Skills Book 2, Second Edition, complements the Grammar Book.

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