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English Pages 148 Year 2014
GRAMMAR BOOK
REAL ENGLISH AUTHENTIC LEARNING
KAY POWELL
2
SECOND EDITION
GRAMMAR BOOK
REAL ENGLISH AUTHENTIC LEARNING
KAY POWELL
2
SECOND EDITION
Development and authoring of online workshops and supplementary web material Kay Powell Nicholas Walker
REAL, Real English Authentic Learning REAL Grammar Book 2, Second Edition
Acknowledgements
Kay Powell
Reflecting the words of the great poet Rumi (1207– 1273) “Let the beauty we love be what we do,” I thank the superb team of specialists, too numerous to mention, at Chenelière Education who worked tirelessly to make my modest manuscript a thing of beauty.
© 2014 TC Media Books Inc. © 2009 Chenelière Education Inc.
Grammar is indeed beautiful!
Managing Editor: Melissa Repas Editors: Susan Roy, Esmé Vlahos Project Manager: Valérie Côté Researchers: Rachel Irwin, Tara Smith Copy Editor: Jeanine Floyd Proofreader: Stephanie Watt Cover and Book Designer: Micheline Roy
To all those students who have inspired me during my forty years as a teacher, to all those teachers who have inspired me as a student, to my husband Zafarullah, my children and grandchildren, my enduring gratitude. I have done what I loved. – Kay Powell Thank you to the many teachers who gave invaluable feedback and suggestions, including the team of reviewers: Carol Broderick Caroline Joll, Cégep de Sainte-Foy Laura McGee, Collège de Maisonneuve
Web Material Editor: Esmé Vlahos Web Material Project Manager: Solange Lemaitre-Provost
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec and Library and Archives Canada cataloguing in publication Powell, Kay, 1947REAL: Real English Authentic Learning. Grammar Book 2 Second Edition Includes index. For college students.
And to those who participated in the developmental research for this second edition: Jany Couture, Cégep Marie-Victorin Charles Lapointe, Cégep de Sainte-Foy Marie-Josée Martineau, Cégep Édouard-Montpetit Jacinthe Paillé Landry, Collège André-Grasset Lucie Riopel, Cégep de Sainte-Foy Trademarks are mentioned or illustrated in this work. Please note that the publisher has not received any income or advantages in return for having presented these brands.
ISBN 978-2-7650-4512-0 1. English language – Textbooks for second language learners. 2. English language – Grammar. 3. English language – Grammar – Problems, exercises, etc. i. Title.
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428.2’4
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Table of Contents UNIT 1 Simple Present and Present Progressive
Practise.................................................. 20 Communicate........................................ 24
Function and Form ...............................
1
Simple Present and Present Progressive • Simple Present: Simple Present of the Verb Be • There with the Verb Be • Useful Expressions with the Verb Be • Simple Present of Other Verbs • Spelling of the Third-Person Singular • Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s and -es • Information Questions with the Auxiliary Do • Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do • Present Progressive: Afrmative and Negative • Spelling • Questions • Verbs Rarely Used in the Present Progressive
Review ................................................... 25
UNIT 3 Pronouns Function and Form ............................... 27 Subject and Object Pronouns • Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns • Reexive Pronouns • Indenite Pronouns • Reciprocal Pronouns • Demonstrative Pronouns • Relative and Interrogative Pronouns
Practise.................................................. 31 7
Communicate........................................ 34
Communicate........................................ 12
Review ................................................... 35
Practise..................................................
Review ................................................... 13
UNIT 2 Nouns and Determiners Function and Form ............................... 15 Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Nouns • Categories of Uncountable Nouns • Spelling of Regular Plural Countable Nouns • Irregular Plural Nouns • Possessive Form • Determiners: Articles • Possessive and Demonstrative Determiners • Quantifying Determiners
UNIT 4 Simple Past and Past Progressive Function and Form ............................... 37 Simple Past and Past Progressive • Simple Past: Simple Past of Regular Verbs • Spelling of Regular Verbs • Pronunciation of -ed • Simple Past of Irregular Verbs • Information Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs • Simple Past of the Verb Be • Past Progressive: Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions
Practise.................................................. 41
98
Communicate........................................ 48 Review ................................................... 49
UNIT 5 Future Function and Form ............................... 51 Will and Be Going To • Future with Will : Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions • Future with Be Going To : Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions • Other Future Forms: Present Tenses • Time Clauses
Practise.................................................. 55 Communicate........................................ 58 Review ................................................... 59
UNIT 6 Adjectives and Adverbs Function and Form ............................... 61 Adjectives: Form and Position • Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality • Comparative and Superlative Forms • Adverbs: Type, Function, and Position • Adjectives to Adverbs • Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
1 Practise.................................................. 65 Communicate........................................ 68 Review ................................................... 69
UNIT 7 Present Perfect Function and Form ............................... 71 Present Perfect • Afrmative and Negative Statements • Irregular Past Participles • Questions • Keywords Since and For • Keywords Never, Still, and Yet • Placement of Keywords • Present Perfect or Simple Past
Practise.................................................. 75 Communicate........................................ 80 Review ................................................... 81
UNIT 8 Modals Function and Form ............................... 83 Common Modals • Afrmative and Negative Statements • Questions • Common Modals in the Past
UNIT 10 Editing Files Parts of Speech
Sentences.............................................. 107 Types of Sentences • Sentence Structure: Fragments • Sentence Structure: Run-on Sentences • Subject-Verb Agreement • Punctuation • Capitalization
Edit It! .................................................... 112 Words .................................................... 113 False Cognates • Homophones • Active and Passive Voice • Active and Passive Voice of Verbs • Participles • Gerunds and Innitives • Common Spelling Problems
Edit It! .................................................... 121 Final Edit It! ........................................... 122
Final Verb Review ........................................... 123 Simple Present, Simple Past, and Future Forms......................................... 123
Practise.................................................. 86
Simple Present and Present Progressive ........................................... 124
Communicate........................................ 92
Simple Past and Present Perfect ........ 125
Review ................................................... 93
Modals ................................................... 126 Questions .............................................. 126
UNIT 9 Conditionals
Verb Review .......................................... 127
Function and Form ............................... 95 Conditional Sentences • Type 1: Possible Conditionals in the Present and Future • Type 2: Improbable Conditionals in the Present • Type 3: Impossible Conditionals in the Past
Appendices .........................................................
128
1 Question Words................................. 128 2 Question Formation .......................... 129
Practise.................................................. 98
3 Prepositions ....................................... 130
Communicate........................................ 102
4 Verb Tense Overview ........................ 131
Review ................................................... 103
5 Past Perfect ........................................ 132 6 Common Phrasal Verbs .................... 133
61
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7 Irregular Verbs ........................... 134–135
Credits ................................................................
136
Index ....................................................................
137
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Features In this much-anticipated second edition of REAL Grammar Book 2, you’ll nd the many features that made the rst edition so successful, along with valuable improvements and additions. The four-step progressive approach has been updated to suit the needs of today’s intermediate students of English as a second language.
Overall Structure Nine theme-based units build grammatical and language skills, and an Editing Files unit provides additional grammar elements to improve your writing and editing skills. The Final Verb Review section is a comprehensive review of verb tenses seen at this level. Useful appendices, which act as both a reference and study tool, conclude the book.
Unit Overview 1. FUNCTION AND FORM appears on coloured pages for easy reference. The unit title and an example illustrate the unit’s grammar focus. A timeline demonstrates the verb tenses. Clear grammar charts with explanations and examples are followed by short exercises for a quick check of your comprehension.
Notes in the margin highlight common errors and provide usage tips to help you use grammar accurately.
2. PRACTISE offers contextualized and mixed exercises on grammatical concepts learned in Function and Form. Thematically-linked to REAL Skills Book 2, they aim to reinforce vocabulary and language structures but can also work as stand-alone activities. An online component offers 80 interactive workshops, including pronunciation and dictation activities, unit tests, Editing Files and Final Verb Review exercises. Varied exercises give opportunities for independent work and collaborative learning. An example for each exercise provides a model.
Crossreferences send you to charts in Function and Form and the Appendices.
3. COMMUNICATE has collaborative Speaking and Writing activities which encourage peer editing.
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FEATURES
v
4. REVIEW proposes two pages of exercises to evaluate your understanding and mastery of the grammar featured in the unit. Edit It! allows you to practise your editing skills as you nd and correct common errors.
Editing Files, a new unit with sentence and word skills development, includes charts, examples, and exercises to improve your writing and editing skills.
Final Verb Review Five pages of comprehensive exercises review the verb tenses covered in Function and Form.
Appendices Seven Appendices feature charts with useful reference material, including a verb tense overview, past perfect charts, and lists of phrasal verbs and irregular verbs.
Clear and integrated web links indicate when to consult the interactive online activities on Chenelière’s new platform. You’ll nd: • An interactive eBook for teachers and students • Additional questions on material in the book as well as new material, to be used for homework, in the lab, or for evaluation • Interactive activities that give students automatic feedback • Answer keys for the teacher
vi
FEATURES
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UNIT
Simple Present and Present Progressive Technology is now part of our everyday life. Are you using technology more often?
Today Now
Yesterday
1 Tomorrow
FUNCTION AND FORM
1.1 Simple Present and Present Progressive Simple Present
Present Progressive
Use for permanent situations in the present
Use for temporary situations and actions in progress
Habitual actions
At or around the moment of speaking Right now I am playing a game.
He usually works every Saturday. Customs
Plans for the future
People often go home for the New Year.
This summer she is biking in Ireland.
Facts
Changing situations
Ecotourism is a growing industry.
More people are getting credit cards.
Keywords always, every day, frequently, generally, never, normally, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, usually . . .
1
at the moment, currently, next week, now, nowadays, presently, right now, these days, this month . . .
Adverbs usually go before the verb in the simple present. I often sleep late. Exception: Adverbs go after the verb be. He is always tired. In the present progressive, adverbs can go after the verb be. She is currently reading a travel guide to Italy.
Underline each verb and write SP (simple present) or PP (present progressive) above it. Highlight the keywords. Identify the reason the verb tense is used. 1. Technology is part of our life every day. 2. This weekend I’m working at the Apple Store. 3. Paul rarely writes on paper. 4. Nowadays more people are using technology.
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UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
1
Refer to appendix 1, page 128, for information on question words.
Simple Present 1.2 Simple Present of the Verb Be Use the verb be in the simple present for facts and present states. The verb be has three forms: am, is, are.
Afrmative Subject
Negative
Verb be
Subject
Yes / No Questions
Verb be + not
Verb be
Information Questions
Subject
Question Verb be word
Subject
I
am (I’m)
I
am not (’m not)
Am
I?
What
am
I?
He / She / It
is (He’s / She’s / It’s)
He / She / It
is not (isn’t)
Is
he / she / it?
Who
is
he / she / it?
We / You / They
are (We’re / You’re / They’re)
We / You / They
are not (aren’t)
Are
we / you / they?
Where
are
we / you / they?
1.3 There with the Verb Be Use there with the verb be to indicate that something exists or happens.
There Is Do not confuse there with their or they’re (they are).
2
Yes / No Questions
There Are
One person or thing (singular)
More than one person or thing (plural)
Verb be + there + rest of question
There is a famous person in the room.
There are too many people here.
Is there a place to stand?
There is a protest march outside.
There are many reasons for the protest.
Are there many people?
Complete the text with the correct forms of the verb be. 1
In this mall there
many boutiques and lots of electronic and 2
technology stores. The store I like the most There surprised there
3
called Hot Spot. Look! 4
the computer I want to buy. I (negative) 5
always lots of people in this store.
an item you want to buy here? Where
7
6
there
the gadgets you want to look at?
1.4 Useful Expressions with the Verb Be I’m hungry / thirsty.
2
UNIT 1
How old are you? I’m 20 years old. How big / heavy is it?
They’re lucky.
He’s sleepy / afraid. It’s hot / warm / cold.
Who’s right?
You’re wrong.
Simple Present and Present Progressive
What’s the time?
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1.5 Simple Present of Other Verbs
Refer to chart 1.1 to review the use of the simple present.
Add -s or -es to verbs in the third-person singular (he, she, it). The verb have is an exception. The verb have in the third-person singular is has.
Afrmative Subject
Negative
Base form of verb (+ -s or -es )
Subject
Yes / No Questions
Do / does + not
I
work.
I
do not (don’t)
He / She / It
works.
He / She / It
does not (doesn’t)
We / You / They
work.
We / You / They
do not (don’t)
Base form of verb
work.
Do / Does
Subject
Do
I
Does
he / she / it
Do
we / you / they
Base form of verb
work?
1.6 Spelling of the Third-Person Singular Verb Ending
Rule
Example
Most endings
Add -s.
eat
-o, -ch, -s, -sh, -ss, -x, -zz
Add -es.
do does catch catches focus focuses wash washes miss misses mix mixes buzz buzzes
Consonant + -y
Change -y to i and add -es.
try
eats play
tries y
plays
ies
1.7 Pronunciation of Third-Person Endings -s and -es Final Sound
3
Pronunciation
Example
/f/, /k/, /p/, /t/
/s/
cuffs, kicks, stops, cuts
/b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /o/, /r/, /v/, /w/, /y/
/z/
robs, rids, hugs, calls, hums, warns, goes, cheers, loves, shows, annoys
/ch/, /sh/, /j/, /s/, /x/, /z/
/iz/
catches, pushes, judges, kisses, mixes, zzes
The pronunciation of the -s on a third-person-singular verb depends on the nal sound, not the spelling.
Write the correct form of the verb in the simple present. 1. William (download)
music and videos from the Internet.
2. They (have, negative) 3. I (take)
new smartphones. my laptop on vacation. on technological gadgets? (yes / no question:
4. she, overspend)
5. Do they play a lot of video games? Yes,
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To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use do / don’t or does / doesn’t without the main verb. Do you have a cellphone? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
. (short answer)
UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
3
Refer to appendix 2, page 129, for more information on question words.
1.8 Information Questions with the Auxiliary Do Question Word
4
Subject
Do / Does
Base Form of Verb
When
do
I
arrive?
Where
do
you
live?
What
does
he
sing?
How many
does
she
need?
How much
does
it
cost?
How
do
we
play?
Who
do
you
think?
Why
do
they
text?
Complete each question to match the information in bold. 1.
golf? They play every Sunday.
2.
texting? I spend about an hour every day.
3.
her music? She buys her music on the Internet.
4.
on weekends? I study economics on weekends. at night? He studies at night because he works
5. during the day.
from the store? I want two.
6.
to do on Saturday night? We like to watch a
7. movie on Saturday night.
1.9 Information Questions Without the Auxiliary Do Question Word When the subject of the sentence is not known, do not use do or does. Who plays tennis? (We don’t know who plays tennis.) Terry plays tennis.
5
Verb in the Third-Person Singular (-s, -es)
Rest of Question
What
interests
you?
Who
goes
to class every day?
Complete each question to match the information in bold. 1.
this song? Jonas likes this song.
2.
to the movies often? Maya does.
3.
at 9 p.m.? The movie starts at 9 p.m.
4.
you? Success pleases me. her driver’s licence? Tammy doesn’t have her
5. driver’s licence.
4
UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
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Present Progressive
Refer to chart 1.1 to review the use of the present progressive.
1.10 Afrmative and Negative Afrmative Subject
Verb be
Negative Base form of verb + -ing
I
am (I’m)
He / She / It
is (He’s /She’s /It’s)
We / You / They
are (We’re / You’re / They’re)
working.
Subject
Verb be + not
I
am not (’m not)
He / She / It
is not (isn’t / ‘s not)
We / You / They
are not (aren’t / ‘re not)
Base form of verb + -ing
working.
1.11 Spelling Verb Ending
6
Rule
Example
-e
Change -e to -ing.
live
living
-i
Add -ing.
ski
skiing
-ie
Change -ie to y and add -ing.
tie
tying
Consonant + short vowel + consonant
Double the last consonant (except -w, -x, -y) and add -ing.
hit
hitting
Two-syllable verbs when the stress falls on the rst syllable
Add -ing.
open
opening
Two-syllable verbs when the stress falls on the second syllable
Double the last consonant and add -ing.
begin
beginning
Complete the text with the correct afrmative and negative present progressive forms of the verbs in parentheses. 1
Right now we (wait)
in a long line because every tourist in London wants to see 2
the crown jewels. It (rain, negative) 3
(talk)
, but there are dark clouds in the sky. People
impatient. My friend Jack (write)
5
7 8
their cellphones. A couple of children (run) . A guard (open)
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6
a postcard. I (try)
decide what to see next in London. Most people in the line (chat)
9
4
and fortunately they (become, negative)
10
to
or checking
around. Finally the line (move)
the door. Great! It’s our turn to get in.
UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
5
1.12 Questions Yes / No Questions Subject
Verb be
To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use the verb be without the main verb. Is he working? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
7
Am
I
Is
he / she / it
Are
we / you / they
8
Base form of Question Verb verb + -ing word be
working?
Subject
Base form of verb + -ing
What
am
I
doing?
Where
is
he / she / it
going?
Who
are
we / you / they
meeting?
Write yes / no questions in the present progressive, using the words in parentheses. Then give a short answer. ? (she, text) Yes,
1.
Refer to appendix 1, page 128, for help with question words.
Information Questions
.
2.
tonight? (you, go) No,
.
3.
? (he, lie) Yes,
4.
the work soon? (they, begin) No,
. .
Write information questions in the present progressive, using the words in parentheses. 1. What
? (he, eat)
2. When
? (she, come)
3. Who
? (they, meet)
4. Why
? (we, wait)
1.13 Verbs Rarely Used in the Present Progressive Use the simple present with stative verbs (verbs that do not express action or movement).
Condition
6
Verb
Example
State of existence
be
He is sick today. (is being)
Mental states
believe, forget, know, mean, realize, recognize, remember, suppose, think, understand
I remember my hike in the Rockies. (am remembering)
Possession
belong, have, own, possess
She belongs to a ski club. (is belonging)
Sense and perception
appear, feel, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, taste
This Indian meal tastes spicy. (is tasting)
Feelings and preferences
appreciate, detest, dislike, hate, like, love, need, prefer, want
They want to take a cruise to Alaska. (are wanting)
Other
exist, cost, owe, weigh
Gold costs a lot. (is costing)
UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
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PRACTISE 9
Simple Present Afrmative
Charts 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6
Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs. Example: Here (be) and exciting life.
is
Complete additional
has
a fashion designer that (have)
a busy
exercises to practise the present tenses online.
Urban Chic 1
There (be)
many fashion designers in Montréal but my 2
favourite new designer (be) 3
Ralph Leroy. He (come)
from Haiti and settled in Montréal in 2005, seeking a
French-speaking environment after a few years living in New York. Leroy 4
(have)
the hottest looks in town! His cutting-edge 5
creations (combine) 6
He (offer) 7
many modern urban styles but he (cater) 8
to all tastes. He (use) 9
fabrics and (play)
top-of-the-line
with colours that (express)
10
a dynamic and festive avour. Leroy also (create)
11
an amazing range of accessories in his collections. 12
No wonder he (be)
10 Simple Present Negative
both originality and elegance.
so popular!
Charts 1.2, 1.5
Complete each sentence with the negative form of the verb. Example: Many students (buy)
do not (don’t) buy
electronic tablets instead of computers.
1. Smoking in public places (be) 2. Most non-smokers (like) 3. Some addictions (be) 4. Many people (talk) 5. My father (use)
permitted. the smell of cigarette smoke. pleasant for members of the public. discreetly on their cellphones. his cellphone.
6. People usually (like)
to know the details of a stranger’s private life.
7. Many people (have)
opinions about these modern technological gadgets.
8. Social networks (be)
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always safe places to chat.
UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
7
11 Simple Present Questions
Charts 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 1.9
Complete each question in the simple present to match the information in bold. Example:
When do
you plan to stop smoking? I plan to stop on my birthday.
1.
text in class? Yes, she does.
2.
play violent games? No, they don’t.
3.
some coffee? Nick wants some coffee.
4.
your tablet? No, this is not my tablet.
5.
have to leave? We have to leave at six o’clock.
12 Present Progressive Afrmative
Charts 1.10, 1.11
Complete the dialogue with the present progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. Underline four keywords that indicate the use of the verb tense. are you doing
Example: Don: Hi, Mike. What (you, do)
1
Mike: Right now I (organize)
my summer trip.
2
Don: Where (you, go) Mike: I (plan)
?
?
3
a trip to Costa Rica with my cousin this month. 4
Don: That’s an exotic destination you (visit)
.
Mike: Yes. We (try)
5
to nd eco-friendly tourist agencies.
This week I (check)
6
adventure vacation sites online. 7
Don: Great! Nowadays the Internet (take)
us around the world in a
few minutes. 8
Mike: That’s right. The globe (shrinking)
13 Present Progressive Negative
before our very eyes!
Charts 1.10, 1.11
Answer the questions in the negative. Use the contracted form of the verb be.
8
UNIT 1
Example: Is Dan learning to budget? No, Dan isn’t learning to budget
.
1. Is Fiona posting her photos online? No,
.
2. Are Eric and his classmate chatting? No,
.
3. Is surng the Net boring? No,
.
4. Is technology ruling our lives? No,
.
5. Are their cellphones ringing? No,
.
Simple Present and Present Progressive
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14 Present Progressive Afrmative, Negative, and Questions
Charts 1.10, 1.11, 1.12
Complete the text with the correct present progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. are rising
Example: These days sales of video games (rise)
all around the world.
Positive Feedback 1
1. Gamers (spend)
more and more time playing games
in a make-believe world. In fact, the latest research suggests that players (seek) 2
rewards that they do not get in real life. It is a fascinating 3
phenomenon. (we, why, rely) 4
(be, negative)
met in our lives? 5
2. College students (nd) 6
on games to satisfy needs that
that certain games (affect) 7
their lives. They (experience) 8
better self-esteem that (increase)
their grades in school. 9
Do you know that some games (help) efciently? Musical games (encourage) 11
instruments. Logical games (keep) 12
3. Scientists (discover)
people to learn more 10
people to play musical
people’s brains active.
that playing for about 21 hours a 13
week has the greatest positive impact. If you (play) more than that, you (benet, negative) 15
15 Mixed Negatives
14
for
. In fact, you (take)
the risk of harming your brain and your social life.
Charts 1.2, 1.5, 1.10
Complete the dialogue to express Shawn’s opposite point of view. Use the contracted form of the verbs. Example: Valerie: Sara is applying to Concordia. Shawn: Sara isn’t applying to Concordia
.
1. Valerie: Jen loves hot chai lattes. .
Shawn: 2. Valerie: Our apartment is messy and we need to clean it today.
.
Shawn: 3. Valerie: We drink too much coffee so we are reducing our consumption.
.
Shawn: 4. Valerie: Presently Jack is spending all his spare time customizing his car.
.
Shawn: 5. Valerie: Jack’s old car generally works well and its new bodywork looks great.
.
Shawn:
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UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
9
16 Mixed Questions
Charts 1.8, 1.9, 1.12
Write two questions about each picture—one yes / no and one information question— using the simple present and the present progressive. Then exchange your work with a classmate and revise your partner’s work. Example: Y / N: Does he go to bed too late on weekdays? INF: Why is he sleeping on his desk? 1. Y / N: INF: 2. Y / N: 1
2
INF: 3. Y / N: INF: 4. Y/ N:
3
4
INF:
17 Simple Present or Present Progressive with Keywords
Chart 1.1
Circle the correct form of the verb. Underline the six keywords. Example: The artist often uses colours that are reecting / reect his or her personality and state of mind.
Tools of the Trade Of all the colours in the rainbow, she normally is preferring / prefers green to blue, but it depends / is depending on her mood at the time. Every night during the warm summer months, she sneaks / is sneaking out of her apartment block with the tools of her secret trade in her hands. Through deserted streets, down dark alleys, across the train tracks, she pays / is paying attention to her journey until she is stopping / stops in front of a dirty brick wall. Usually she is shining / shines her ashlight to check for inquisitive eyes. Is / Are anybody there? She doesn’t know / is not knowing but right now I watch / am watching her from my window. At the moment she shakes / is shaking her magical tools energetically, and she adds / is adding layers of vibrant colours. Now the wall is glistening / glistens in the dark and at this very moment she admires / is admiring her latest work of art. Yes, you guessed right. She is / is being a grafti artist!
10
UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
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18 Keywords
Chart 1.1
If the keyword is in the correct place, put a check mark under Right. If not, put a check mark under Wrong. If the keyword is in the wrong place, draw an arrow to show where it should go. Statement
Right
Wrong
Example: Universities are giving nowadays easy exams. 1. He goes seldom to bed early. 2. She is surng endlessly the Internet for things to buy online. 3. They often are late for class. 4. He rarely texts while driving. 5. Are you organizing a reunion this year?
19 Simple Present and Present Progressive
Charts 1.2, 1.5, 1,6, 1.10, 1.11
Complete the dialogue with the correct simple present and present progressive forms of the verbs in parentheses. Use the keywords indicated. Example: Rachel: Ryan, (you, think)
are you thinking
about a particular place nowadays?
The Perfect Package 1
Ryan: Yes, I (study)
anthropology at this moment, so I’d like to see
indigenous people in their environment. 2
Rachel: (you, consider, presently) 3
Ryan: I (look, really)
volunteer work?
at educational projects right now, where I can earn
credits for my studies and help people at the same time. 4
Rachel: (you, have)
a preference for Asia, Australia, or the Arctic?
Ryan: I prefer hot climates and the jungle. 5
Rachel: Just one second . . . I (check, currently) (you, be)
6
out Papua New Guinea. 7
interested? I (print)
an
application form that describes the job and working conditions now. Ryan: Yes, Papua New Guinea (sound)
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8
UNIT 1
great!
Simple Present and Present Progressive
11
COMMUNICATE
SPEAKING Ask a classmate questions using the simple present and present progressive to nd out the following information. Then write his or her answer on the line. Example: Sports
I play volleyball. It’s my favourite sport.
1. Age 2. Height 3. Studies 4. Future career 5. Family 6. Favourite movie 7. Music 8. Technology 9. Favourite activities 10. Sports
WRITING Write a short description of your partner, using the answers above. Use the simple present and present progressive tenses and at least two keywords in your description. Example: Today Nicki is 19 years old. She has brown hair and she is not very tall. There are four people in her family. She is presently studying in the social sciences program. Nicki likes sports. She does judo every week and plays volleyball on weekends. She . . .
12
UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
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REVIEW A
Simple Present and Present Progressive, Afrmative / Negative
Complete the text with the correct simple present and present progressive forms of the verbs in parentheses.
Confessions of a Cellphone Addict 1
getting phone calls. Right now I (sit)
2
here frantically waiting for my cellphone to ring. I (care, negative)
3
I (like)
4
if it’s an aggressive telemarketer. I just (want) 5
My friends (say)
my phone to ring! 6
it (be, negative) 7
to spend so much time with my gadgets. They (get) 8
me. I (know, negative) 9
B
healthy
fed up with
why. I think my friends (exaggerate) 10
. Hey, my cellphone (ring)
! Bye for now.
Simple Present and Present Progressive
Circle the correct tense: simple present or present progressive. Underline the ve keywords.
Festivals Around the World Technology hooks us up to festivals wherever they take place in the world. People 1
2
have / are having different opinions about the most colourful one: Is / Is being it Holi in India, where on one day every year people good-naturedly chase each other in the streets and throw brightly coloured water and powders at their victims? My new 3
smartphone delivers / is delivering amazing photos in the blink of an eye. Stand by! 4
I send / am sending you some pictures of Holi right now. 5
My Brazilian friend Paolo has /is having no hesitation naming the week-long Carnival in Rio de Janeiro the noisiest and brightest of all festivals. Once a year non-stop dancing 6
lls/ is lling the streets of Rio. In a small town in Belgium, inhabitants throw oranges in the 7
streets during the Carnaval de Binche. In Spain, there is/are two well-known festivals: the famous bull run in Pamplona and the tomato-throwing festival, La Tomatina, in Bunyol.
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UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
13
8
9
Are you wonder / Are you wondering why I am / am being so enthusiastic about festivals at the moment? Next week I take / am taking
10
a plane to Mexico to
experience the Day of the Dead. I like to take a vacation in the sun, so Mexico ts the bill. I can also visit the breathtaking pyramids of the ancient Mayans.
Edit It!
Underline and correct the 10 errors in the simple present and present progressive. They can be spelling, form, or tense errors.
Hope for the Future The Mayan calendar suggested that the world would end on December 12, 2012. Fortunately it didn’t, but there is many people around the world who think that the nal days are near. Do you has an opinion on this subject? The oral tradition of the Hopi tribes of the U.S.A. tell of the time when the gods will return to Earth from the sky. Many legends speak of natural disasters that will happen just before the last days of our planet. Im optimistic, so I believe that human beings will nd a way to save Earth from destruction. Nostradamus, the famous French alchemist, refer to the alignment of the earth, the sun, and Venus around December 21, 2012. Maybe this means that the world is moveing into a new phase of enlightenment. As I am writting, I am denitely not pessimistic about humankind and its ability to behave in a responsible way. Are we become more caring about each other and our planet? Do we are more conscious of the fragility of our ecosystem? I hope we changing into people who don’t want to harm our beautiful Earth.
14
UNIT 1
Simple Present and Present Progressive
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UNIT
Nouns and Determiners There are many tulips. This tulip is red.
2
FUNCTION AND FORM
Nouns Nouns are used to name people, places, things, and abstract concepts.
2.1 Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
For people or things that can be counted
For people or things that cannot be counted
Have both singular and plural forms (regular ending -s or -es) student
students library
libraries
Do not have a plural form, but can be used with a determiner to express quantity She has so much homework. (homeworks) She has to study a lot of information. (informations)
Can take the third-person singular or plural form of the verb My mother works at the hospital. The brothers work for a bank.
Take the third-person singular form of the verb Smog pollutes the atmosphere. Pollution damages people’s health.
Can be used with an indenite article in the singular I’m reading a captivating book.
Can never be used with an indenite article I have to do a research for my project.
Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, depending on the intended meaning. There are two blond hairs on your jacket. (two units) My hair is black! (a mass)
Can be used with a number in the plural Can never be used with a number We put our three suitcases in the car. We put our three luggage in the car.
1
Decide if each noun is countable or uncountable. Write C or U next to it. 1. family
4. child
7. bottle
10. freedom
2. furniture
5. information
8. watch
11. water
3. table
6. love
9. happiness
12. house
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UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
15
2.2 Categories of Uncountable Nouns Category The words bracelet, necklace, ring, and watch are countable nouns. When you refer to these items collectively, use the uncountable noun jewellery.
2
Example
Food and drink
bread, butter, cheese, sh, our, meat, rice coffee, milk, water
Natural phenomena
energy, re, smog, snow, sunshine, thunder, weather, wind
Languages and academic subjects
Dutch, Japanese, Russian education, politics, religion, statistics
Abstract concepts
beauty, duty, fun, happiness, knowledge, love, luck, violence
Collection of ne particles
dust, earth, powder, salt, sand
Collection of individual parts
furniture, information, jewellery, luggage, money, news
Write three sentences: one with a countable noun, one with an uncountable noun, and one with a noun that can be countable or uncountable depending on the meaning. Mark the nouns with C or U. 1. 2. 3.
2.3 Spelling of Regular Plural Countable Nouns Noun Ending Sometimes words have two acceptable plural forms. scarf scarfs
16
UNIT 2
Rule
Example
Most endings
Add -s.
boy
-f, -fe
Change the -f to v and add -es.
wolf wolves (except beliefs, chiefs)
Change the -fe to v and add -es.
knife
-o
Add -s or -es.
photo photos tomato tomatoes
Consonant + -y
Change -y to i and add -es.
party
-ch, -s, -sh, -ss, -x, -zz
Add -es.
dish
Most compound nouns
Add -s or -es to the last noun.
judo contest
scarves or
Nouns and Determiners
boys chair
chairs
knives
parties dishes bus
buses
judo contests
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2.4 Irregular Plural Nouns Words from Old English child foot
children feet
goose man
tooth
3
analyses
crisis
men
bacteria
crises
criterion
mice
medium
women
hypotheses media
phenomenon
Countable Nouns with No Change bison deer
phenomena
goldsh moose
salmon
salmon
trout
two
deer
moose
sheep
one person people
bison
goldsh
criteria
hypothesis
teeth
woman
analysis bacterium
geese
mouse
Words from Other Languages
sheep trout
Write each noun in the plural. 1. diagnosis
4. person
7. university
2. foot
5. kite
8. dwarf
3. volcano
6. man
9. sheep
2.5 Possessive Form Use the possessive form of nouns to show ownership or association. Place the possessor before the thing owned.
Noun
4
Rule
Example
Singular nouns
Add ’s (apostrophe + -s ).
the dog’s bone the class’s decision
French names that end with a silent -s
Add ’s (apostrophe + -s ).
Louis’s birthday François’s sister
Plural nouns that do not end with -s
Add ’s (apostrophe + -s ).
the children’s books the men’s chairs
Plural nouns that end with -s
Add an ’ (apostrophe).
my brothers’ apartment the girls’ school
Proper nouns that end with the sound /z/
Add an ’ (apostrophe).
Dickens’ A Christmas Carol the Jones’ house
Write the possessive form of each noun in parentheses. 1. We read the
report. (boss)
4.
2. The
decision seemed fair. (judges)
5. I borrowed
3. The
washroom was closed. (women)
6.
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email is amusing. (Patti) tablet. (Nicolas) ambitions are unrealistic. (James)
UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
17
Determiners Determiners are used to make a noun denite (the boy) or indenite (a boy), or to indicate quantity (many boys).
2.6 Articles Article
Indenite
Denite
When speaking of a nation, use a denite article.
Use
a / an
the
Use an in front of a noun beginning with a vowel sound or a silent h.
It is a good idea to eat an apple an hour before lunch.
Exception: Use a if the vowel makes a /y/ sound.
a university
Use the with singular and plural nouns to refer to specic people or things.
Here’s the pineapple I’m going to slice. (this particular pineapple)
For generalizations about people or things
Life is stressful. (The life is stressful.)
For names of people, titles, languages, and countries
Dr. Jones speaks Chinese and lives in Spain. (The Dr. Jones speaks the Chinese and lives in the Spain.)
Complete each sentence with the correct denite article (the) or indenite article (a or an). If no article is needed, write X. 1. Mia is renting 2. Do you have
loft condo. eraser?
3. Is there
union ofce?
4. He had
heart attack.
5. Are 6. Who speaks 7. Scott is 8. It was
UNIT 2
I’ll have a peach for dessert. (any peach)
Students can have a lot of fun. (The students can have a lot of fun.)
Our new colleague is Chinese. The Chinese are hard workers.
18
Use a before a singular countable noun to refer to a non-specic person or thing.
None
5
Example
Nouns and Determiners
cats good companions? Spanish? only student to get 90% on his test. honour to meet the invited guest.
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2.7 Possessive and Demonstrative Determiners Determiner
Function
my / your Possessive
his / her / its
Example
Indicates ownership or association
My friend Sarah left her phone at our house.
Indicates people or things that are near you
This suitcase is practical.
Indicates people or things that are far from you
That dog across the road is barking a lot.
Do not confuse its with it’s, your with you’re, or their with they’re.
our / your / their this (singular) these (plural) Demonstrative
that (singular) those (plural)
These books in the box are very old. Refer to unit 3, page 28, chart 3.2, for more information on possessive determiners.
Those chairs over there are trendy.
2.8 Quantifying Determiners Determiner
Use
Example With countable nouns
many
Use many in afrmative and negative statements and questions.
We have many brochures about vacations in Peru. We don’t have many brochures about Columbia. How many brochures do you have?
few, a few
Use few to mean not many.
Few students enjoy detention.
Use a few to mean a small number.
Only a few students went on the eld trip.
With uncountable nouns Use much in negative statements and questions.
I don’t have much information about Peru.
too much, so much
Use too much or so much in afrmative statements.
That’s too much information!
little, a little
Use little to mean almost none.
I have little our left.
Use a little to mean a small amount.
I need a little our to make pancakes.
much
How much information do you have?
I have so much information about our trip.
With countable and uncountable nouns a lot of
some
6
Use a lot of instead of much in afrmative statements.
Planning a trip takes a lot of time.
Use some to mean a certain number.
I need to read some guidebooks.
We want to make a lot of short trips this summer.
Underline the appropriate determiner in each sentence. 1. Alana is looking for her / his book.
3. There’s many / too much noise in this café.
2. Look at that / those people over there.
4. We don’t have many / much CDs.
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UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
19
PRACTISE 7 Complete additional
Countable and Uncountable Nouns: Plurals
Charts 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Put a check mark to identify each noun as countable (C) or uncountable (U). Complete each sentence with the plural form of the noun.
exercises online,
Noun
including a pronunciation activity on plurals, to
C
U
Plural Form
Example: bear
Are there
in the woods?
1. sandwich
There are
2. shampoo
Do we really need to take
3. compass
I am packing two
just in case.
4. wolf
There are lots of
in that area.
5. bread
Is there enough
6. baseball cap
We are taking only two
7. water
Where is the
8. bus
Are there
9. equipment
Why are you packing all the
bears
practise nouns and determiners.
10. match
8
in the lunchbox. ?
for two weeks? . ? that go near the campsite? ?
Where are the
Mixed Plurals
to light the re?
Charts 2.3, 2.4
Complete the text by writing the plural form of each noun in parentheses. teeth
Example: Bears have sharp claws and (tooth)
.
Canadian Wildlife Canada’s seas, valleys, and mountains are rich in wildlife. There are whales, seals, 1
sea lions, and strange-looking (walrus) 2
(goose)
. Noisy ocks of Canada 3
ll the sky. Cats like (cougar) 4
the mountains. The impressive curled (horn) 5
and lynx roam
of the Bighorn (sheep)
are symbols of rank and dominance. Their (hoof)
6
are hard on the outside and soft on the inside, so they are excellent climbers. 7
Grizzly bears feast on (salmon) 8
in the icy rivers. Canada’s (fox)
are beautiful, especially the white-haired Arctic fox and the red fox.
Some Canadian mammals live closer to people. Many (moose) 10
walk onto busy highways and (person) 11
at night because (deer) (Skunk)
20
UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
12
9
have to be careful driving
are attracted by the lights of cars.
, raccoons, and bears roam the outskirts of
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13
Canadian (city)
14
looking for (food) 15
monarch (buttery)
. Each year millions of
travel to Mexico to avoid the extreme cold of the
Canadian winter.
9
Mixed Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Chart 2.2
Complete each sentence with the uncountable noun in the word box that matches the set of countable nouns. Example: Snacks, fruits, and sandwiches are
food
.
1. Knives, saucepans, and measuring cups are kitchen
equipment
.
2. Sunshine, rain, and snow are
food furniture
.
jewellery
3. Dimes, dollars, and quarters are
.
luggage
4. Bracelets, earrings, and necklaces are 5. Beds, chairs, and sofas are
weather
.
6. Suitcases, bags, and backpacks are
10 Plural Nouns
money
.
.
Charts 2.3, 2.4
Write each sentence with the correct plural form of the underlined noun(s). Change the verbs and pronouns where necessary. Example: The celebrity is smiling at us. The celebrities are smiling at us. 1. His character analysis is very accurate. 2. Her child is hyperactive. 3. Which tooth is loose? 4. Did you nish your assignment? 5. The woman is waving to her friend. 6. Ouch! My foot hurts.
11 Possessive Form
Chart 2.5
Write the possessive form of nouns using the apostrophe +s (’s). Example: The car of Sami is bright red. Sami’s car is bright red. 1. Here are the photos of the vacation of Ms. Jones. 2. I’m excited about the visit of my sisters. 3. She’s planning the birthday party of her son. 4. Look at the villa of my boss in Spain. 5. Do you know the parents of my friends?
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UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
21
12 Indenite Articles
Chart 2.6
Complete the following paragraph with the correct indenite articles (a or an). Example: I’d love
a
sports car, but that’s unrealistic.
Car Dilemma I usually ride 3
1
2
bicycle but I’m thinking of buying
used car. At rst, I wanted to buy 4
minivan but I read that they are gas-guzzlers. Then, the car dealer suggested
hybrid car.
They are more fuel efcient and eco-friendly. I am meeting my dad in 5
hour to try
6
electric car. It seems to be
smart choice. It has
8
electric motor and
7 9
rechargeable
battery. Although electric cars have many ecological benets, they are more expensive. I’m also worried about the lack of public rechargeable service areas. Buying
13 Mixed Articles
10
car is so complicated!
Chart 2.6
Complete each sentence with the correct denite article (the) or indenite article (a or an). If no article is needed, write X. X
Example: I’m not taking 1. I am looking for 2. That’s
English this semester. information. Can you help me?
best idea I ever heard!
3. I like to live in 4. That’s
apartment but my boyfriend wants to rent
house.
great suggestion for his birthday party.
5. Where’s
screwdriver? It’s not in the toolbox.
6. She’s studying
chemistry.
7. She’s enrolling at
14 Possessive Determiners
college next to her house. Chart 2.7
Complete each sentence with the correct possessive determiner (my, your, his, her, its, our, their ). Example: He feeds only organic food to 1.
Tammy carpools with three of
2. The university has
own compost site.
4. We’re studying enviromental law, but
22
UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
cat.
friends.
3. Mr. Gamache encourages
5. Many schools now have
his
students to protect the environment. department doesn’t even recycle paper! own policies to promote sustainability.
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15 Demonstrative Determiners
Chart 2.7
Complete the following dialogue with the correct demonstrative determiners (this, these, that, and those). that
Example: Morgan: Where is all the dirty laundry? Jenny: It’s in
pile down the hall.
Morgan: Jen, where’s the laundry basket? 1
Jenny: It’s in
closet over there.
Morgan: Where did you put the laundry detergent? 2
Jenny: It’s in
plastic box right here under our noses.
Morgan: Where’s the garbage bag with the dirty laundry in it? 3
Jenny: Oh, Morgan! I don’t know. It must be in garbage bags under our feet! 4
Morgan: I’m sorry. I was looking in down the hall. 5
Jenny:
room down the hall is our bedroom! 6
Morgan: I still can’t believe
16 Quantifying Determiners
bags in the room
condo is ours!
Chart 2.8
Complete each sentence with many, much, or a lot of. If two forms are possible, write both. much
Example: How can you travel with so 1
Oh, Matt! You have too sneakers. How
3
luggage?
clothes. You have
2
shoes and 4
pairs of pants do you have? You have so 5
travel information, too! How
17 Quantifying Determiners
luggage can you take?
Chart 2.8
Underline the nouns and circle the correct determiner in each sentence. Then decide if each noun is countable or uncountable and write C or U above it. C Example: A little / A few children are playing outside. 1. A little / Some people stopped talking when she walked in. 2. The refugees have few / little food to eat. 3. Few / Little students graduated from the new course. 4. He cut my hair. There are still few / some hairs on my shirt. 5. They have a little / a few money.
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UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
23
COMMUNICATE
SPEAKING Does your mood change with the weather? First, think about the following questions. Then discuss them with a partner. Pay attention to your use of singular and plural nouns as you speak. 1.
Which is your favourite season?
2.
Why do you like it?
3.
What is your mood during your favourite season? Describe it.
4.
How does your mood change when the weather changes?
5.
Which season do you like the least? Explain your answer.
Example: My favourite season is fall. I like it because the weather is cooler and the trees are full of colours. In fall I feel relaxed and energetic. When winter starts, the cold weather makes me tired and lazy. Summer is my least favourite season because of the hot weather. I don’t like high temperatures and too much sun. They make me irritable.
WRITING Write a short description of the activities you do during your favourite season. Make sure you include singular and plural nouns and different determiners. Example: My favourite season is spring. In spring the snow melts and I go for a lot of walks. I hear the birds sing and I smell the fresh green leaves on the trees. I put my plants on the balcony. I also start training because I run a marathon in the summer. I run a few days after my classes and on weekends.
24
UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
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REVIEW A
Plurals / Spelling
Circle the correct plural form of each noun in the following text. Then decide if the noun is countable or uncountable and write C or U above it.
Marine Paradise 1
Turkey is one of the country / countries we will visit this summer. Many 2
persons / people have told us it’s an exciting place. Our scuba club is organizing a trip to the Mediterranean. The turquoise water is clear and 3
it is a paradise for lovers of marine lives / life . 4
One of our favourite activitys / activities is wreck diving. There are many 5
wrecks / wreckes at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. We are going to 6
rent diving equipments / equipment when we get there. 7
About 20 members / membres of our club are going on the trip. We are all young people, so we will stay in youth hostels and buy 8
9
food / foods at the local supermarket. We will have a lot of funs / fun and eat our sandwiches / sandwichs
10
on the beach. We will also try yachting
and sailing. Turkey, here we come!
B
Possessive Nouns
Write the correct possessive form of each noun. 1.
boutique (Molly)
6. their
bone (dog)
2. an
trunk (elephant)
3. my
husband (boss)
8. the
tails (horses)
4. his
toys (children)
9. the
equipment (reghters)
5. your
opinion (classmates)
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7.
friend (Lucas)
10. those
clothes (women)
UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
25
C
Determiners
Complete each sentence with the correct determiner from the word box. You may use each determiner more than once. 1. Why do you like
car over there?
2. The invitation is such
honour.
3. Lara is learning to ride
horse.
a an many much that
condo is nicer than the one opposite.
4.
the
5. There is so
clutter in this room!
6. Where is 7. Look at
these
remote control?
this those
birds in the sky!
8. There are
ways to cook chicken. earrings are prettier than those.
9. 10. We need
Edit It!
vacation soon.
Underline and correct the 15 errors in the following text.
Tips for Healthy Living Nowadays more and more persons are nding it difcult to lead an healthy life. It’s hard to balance the work, family life, and leisure. Much people work long hours away from home. College and university librarys stay open late so that students can study. Schoolchilds stay in school until 6:00 p.m. I have two sisters, an elder and a younger one. My elder sisters’ three boys are in daycare for 35 hours a week. They don’t spend many time with their mother. My youngest nephews’ educator knows him better than my sister does. Stress can ruin our lifes. This days much modern families are struggling to live an balanced life. Men, woman, and children must learn to relax in these stressful modern environment.
26
UNIT 2
Nouns and Determiners
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UNIT
Pronouns Be proud of yourself for assisting people who need help.
3
FUNCTION AND FORM
3.1 Subject and Object Pronouns Use a pronoun to replace a noun and to avoid repetition.
Pronoun
Subject
Object
1
Function
Example
I you he / she / it we / you / they
Replaces a noun that is the subject of a sentence
me you him / her / it us / you / them
Replaces a noun that is the object of a sentence
Always write the rst-person subject pronoun with a capital letter.
Richard is my best friend. He Richard is really funny.
Do not use an object pronoun followed by a subject pronoun.
I like his jokes. (i like his jokes.)
Object pronouns are not capitalized.
I am a student. (Me, I am a student.)
him I call Richard when I need to laugh. He makes me smile.
Complete the text with the correct subject and object pronouns. Then underline other pronouns you nd in the text. 1
Travel broadens the mind. That’s why I love most are Italy and Japan. Why do I love
. The countries I love the
2
so much? Italy has ancient
monuments, amazing art museums, and great food. Italians love to go out at night.
3
eat late and then go out for a walk. Most Japanese people are
very formal and reserved. They have different customs, and they bow when they greet someone. My neighbour, Ken, is Japanese.
4
told
5
about Japanese customs before I went there. I’m glad he did!
Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.
UNIT 3
Pronouns
27
3.2 Possessive Determiners and Possessive Pronouns Form my
Do not confuse they’re / there / their, you’re / your, he’s / his, and it’s / its.
your
Possessive determiner
The word its cannot be used as a possessive pronoun.
his / her / its our / your / their mine
That is the cat’s toy. That is its toy. (That’s its.)
yours
Possessive pronoun
his / hers ours /yours / theirs
2 Refer to unit 2, chart 2.7, page 19, for more information on possessive determiners.
Function
Example
Replaces a noun to show ownership or association
This is Méline’s backpack. This is her backpack.
Is always followed by a noun
Today is David’s birthday. Today is his birthday.
Replaces a possessive determiner and noun combination
Is this your backpack? Is it yours?
Is not followed by a noun
It’s not my backpack. It’s not mine.
Complete the text with the correct possessive pronouns and possessive determiners. 1
My uncle Don is an engineer and
new hobby is robotics. I ask Uncle
2
Don, “Is this
3
?” “Of course it’s
. Meet Robby the 4
robot,” he replies. “Do these wires belong to
legs?” I ask, glaring
at the metallic gure. Just then, Uncle Don’s two brothers walk in, carrying 5
6
tool boxes. “This project is
7
We all laugh. They look at the expression on 8
put the robot together. I’m proud of 9
hobby is
and not
10
, too!” exclaims Uncle Ray. face as I watch them
uncles, but I’m happy the new
!
3.3 Reexive Pronouns Pronoun myself
Note the spelling change from -self (singular) to -selves (plural).
yourself himself / herself / itself ourselves / yourselves / themselves
3
Use
Example
When the subject of the verb is the same as the object
I am proud of myself! Take care of yourself, Jamie. Matthew is pleased with himself. They pamper themselves.
Complete each sentence with the correct reexive pronoun. 1. Jay is putting
through a rigorous training program right now.
2. Medical students Kim and Jon are exhausting 3. Emily is a model and is always admiring
studying all night. in the mirror.
4. On the weekend my friends and I get together and enjoy 5. I am spoiling
28
UNIT 3
Pronouns
.
with a spa treatment this weekend.
Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.
3.4 Indenite Pronouns Use the pronoun endings -one and -body to refer to people and -thing to refer to things. Use indenite pronouns when you want to refer to people or things, but you do not know who they are or their identity is not important.
Pronoun
Function
everyone/everybody
Refers to a complete group of people or things
All the people are here. Everyone is here.
Refers to an unknown person or thing
A girl in the class is absent. Someone is absent.
everything someone / somebody
Example
something
All the things are in the bag. Everything is in the bag.
An unknown thing is making a noise outside. There is something making a noise outside. anyone /anybody anything
no one /nobody nothing
Refers to people or things in general in an afrmative statement
It doesn’t matter who comes to my house. Anybody can come to my house.
• Cannot be the subject of a negative statement
Anybody can’t come to my house.
• Can be the subject of a negative or afrmative question
Does anyone agree with me?
• Can be the object of a question or negative statement
Did you meet anybody there?
Always used with the afrmative and singular form of the verb, but it has a negative meaning
There are no students in the classroom. There is no one in the classroom.
I won’t say anything.
Nobody is in the classroom. Is there nothing I can do?
3.5 Reciprocal Pronouns Pronoun each other one another
Function
Example
Refers to two or more people or animals that share the same actions, states, or feelings
Nadia and Dan respect each other. (Nadia respects Dan and Dan respects Nadia.)
Nadia, Dan, and Matt trust one another. (They all trust each other.)
4
Underline the appropriate indenite and reciprocal pronouns. 1
Jordan and Justin are identical twins. They love each other / someone very 2
much and enjoy doing activities together. Everybody / Somebody who knows the twins smiles when they are working out at the gym. Even if they are twins, 3
they don’t do anything / nothing the same. But they are patient with 4
5
something / each other and everything / nothing annoys them.
Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.
An indenite pronoun is singular and always takes a singular verb. Everybody is welcome to attend.
UNIT 3
Pronouns
29
3.6 Demonstrative Pronouns Use demonstrative pronouns to identify specic people or things that are near or far.
Pronoun This, that, these, and those are both pronouns and determiners. When used as determiners, they are followed by a noun. When used as pronouns, they stand alone.
Far
this
that
these
5 Refer to unit 2, chart 2.7, page 19, for more information about demonstrative determiners.
Near
those
Use
Example
Use this or that for the singular.
This is the schedule for next week.
The verb is always in its singular form.
That goes over there.
Use these or those for the plural.
These are the photos from our vacation to Ireland.
The verb is always in its plural form.
Those go in our album over there.
Complete each sentence with the correct demonstrative pronoun. 1. Look at the birds! Look at
over there. They are Canada geese.
2. Do you see the cottage in the valley down there? 3. Here, take
is the one I’ve rented.
. They are the designs for the new hospital.
3.7 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns Pronoun who identies a specic person or specic people Relative
which or that identies a specic thing
Function
Example
Joins a dependent clause and an independent clause to give more information Dependent clause:
The man who is here is her cousin. This is the map that led us to the car.
who is here
whose refers to possession by a person who refers to a person what refers to a thing Interrogative
which refers to one among a number of things
Independent clause: The man is her cousin.
Refers to the specic information the speaker wants when asking a question
whose refers to possession by a person
6
The athletes whose game was cancelled went home. Who lives there? Tom does. What is this? It’s the Stanley Cup. Which song are they singing? They’re singing a hymn. Whose cellphone is ringing? Melissa’s cellphone is ringing.
Underline the appropriate interrogative and relative pronouns. 1. Did you know that power drinks are loaded with caffeine what / which can be harmful? 2. Doctors are worried about addictions that / who are growing among young people which / who are doing intensive sports training.
30
UNIT 3
Pronouns
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PRACTISE 7
Subject and Object Pronouns
Chart 3.1
Write the correct subject or object pronoun above each underlined noun and noun phrase (with more than one noun). He it Example: David loves antique Canadian hockey equipment.
Complete additional exercises online to practise pronouns.
1. People collect all sorts of things, like bottle caps, baseball caps, and 1
comics—anything, in fact! My sister Victoria collects old vinyl records. Vicky loves playing them on her ancient record player. Her boyfriend, Jake, a musician, collects 2
3
guitars. Jake plays the saxophone, but his collection of guitars really inspires Jake . 4
The guitars are hanging on the walls of his bedroom. 5
2. My friend Ashley and I love making jewellery, and Ashley and I sell the necklaces in our boutique. Ashley sorts out the beads and polishes the beads
6
every day before she strings them together. Many of our friends and family want 7
8
Ashley and me to make jewellery for them. Ashley and I hope to sell our jewellery on the Internet next year.
8
Subject and Object Pronouns
Chart 3.1
Replace the underlined words in each sentence with a subject or object pronoun. Example: Susie sent the email to her brother. She sent it to him. 1. Alex sent a text message to Emma. 2. The supermarket delivered groceries to my grandmother. 3. Connor collected the registered letter from the post ofce. 4. Aaron and I always give money to local charities. 5. Naomi shipped her piano to her brother in New York.
9
Possessives
Chart 3.2
Replace the underlined words in each sentence with a possessive pronoun. Then underline the pronouns. Example: The taxi driver drives his car rather than the customers’ car. The taxi driver drives his rather than theirs. 1. Is this your textbook or my textbook? 2. The waitress got my mom’s order all wrong! 3. Ruby ironed her clothes and Hunter ironed his clothes. 4. Their cat is a Siamese and our cat is a tabby. 5. Amber’s car was in an accident and Ben’s car was stolen.
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UNIT 3
Pronouns
31
10 Reexive Pronouns
Chart 3.3
Complete each sentence with the correct pronoun from the word box. Then underline the subject of each verb. herself
Example: Carrie is admiring
in the mirror.
myself
.
himself
1. Duncan has great condence in 2. They are enjoying
herself
on their vacation.
itself
3. It’s difcult, but I’m determined to x my computer by 4. We’re forcing
.
ourselves themselves
to get in shape.
5. The cat is always cleaning
.
11 Mixed Pronouns and Possessive Determiners
Charts 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Complete the texts with the appropriate pronouns and possessive determiners. he
Example: Guy Laeur scored many goals when
played for the Canadiens. 1
1. Antonio Gaudi was an amazing architect.
designed unusual looking
houses that had strange shapes. The stunning cathedral in Barcelona, the Sagrada 2
Família, is 4
I admire
3
masterpiece. The idea for its design was entirely 5
for
.
passion for bold architecture. 6
2. Did you know that the rst roller coasters were made of ice and wood?
were built in the seventeenth century and were about 24 metres high. Why do some 7
people love
? My friend Abby is crazy about roller coasters. She 8
even goes to amusement parks by 10
They scare
9
. I don’t like
. 11
because I am afraid of heights and
go so fast.
In my city there is an amusement park on an island with a roller coaster. Most big cities 12
have one. Do you have one in
?
12 Indenite and Reciprocal Pronouns
Charts 3.4, 3.5
something
Complete the text with the correct pronouns from the word box.
everyone
everyone Example: Nowadays has to be careful about giving out personal information over the Internet. Identity theft is a growing problem. Sadly, we must be more suspicious of
someone nobody 1
.
one another
That friendly telemarketer could be a crook. From time to time I have the feeling that 2
the Caribbean!
32
UNIT 3
Pronouns
is wrong, particularly if 4
3
tells me I have won a trip to
wants to be the victim of fraud, so we have to be careful.
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13 Demonstrative Pronouns
Chart 3.6
Underline the correct demonstrative pronoun in each sentence. Example: This / These is our rst experience renting an apartment. 1. This / These sounds like the silliest thing I ever heard. 2. I have what you were looking for. Is this / that your photo album? 3. Look over there. Those / These are the shells I collected from the beach in Barbados. 4. What do you think of these / those new sandals I’m wearing? They were half-price!
14 Relative Pronouns
Chart 3.7
Write a sentence using parts a and b and the correct relative pronoun (that, which, who, or whose). If two answers are possible, give both. Example: a. The safari trip was a great success.
b. we went on
The safari trip that / which we went on was a great success. 1. a.
The elegant man is a fashion guru.
b. is walking toward us
2. a. The new craze is extreme snowboarding.
b. we tried
3. a. The aquarium is really impressive.
b. he set up
4. a. The woman is not happy.
b. dress is dirty
15 Interrogative Pronouns
Chart 3.7
Complete the text with the correct interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, and whose). Example:
Which
jacket do you like the most?
Non-Stop Questions Nicole and I went downtown today to go window-shopping. It was very tiring because she kept asking questions. 1
brand name is better?
2
is your favourite designer?
most? She was quiet for a while, but then she started asking more questions! 5
3
designs do you like the 4
is the best way to pay?
credit card should I use: Visa or MasterCard?
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UNIT 3
Pronouns
33
COMMUNICATE
SPEAKING Look at the photos carefully. Then describe what you see to a classmate using as many of the pronouns as you can. As you listen to your partner, cross out the pronouns as she or he uses them.
Student A
he, it, no one, these, they, which
everything, theirs, themselves, they, who
each other, hers, it, she, whose
everything, he, him, his, it, that, whose
he, her, hers, them, these, what
Student B
everyone, herself, she, them, they, who
WRITING Think of a place where you have many memories. Write a short text about it. Use as many pronouns and possessive determiners as you can. Example: I remember my grandparents’ cottage. It was red and white and it had a big porch. It was my favourite place. My grandfather and I went shing on the lake. I loved going shing with him. He always took good care of me. I also enjoyed myself swimming in the lake. Everything was just perfect!
34
UNIT 3
Pronouns
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REVIEW A
Mixed Pronouns and Possessive Determiners
Complete the text with the correct pronouns and possessive determiners.
A Life of Luxury 1
Giulio books
into the hotel directly on the beach and walks into a luxurious room 2
on the top oor of the building. Is it true? Has 3
It was a week ago that
really won the contest? Yes, he has!
ticket won a trip for four. Now he is stretched out on the huge, 4
comfortable bed in a hotel in Acapulco. Luxury surrounds
. He remembers buying the 5
ticket at the convenience store. It is still hard to believe the trip is actually 6
7
is!” he thinks as he looks around his room.
9
in the mirror. “Giulio, do you think you can 10
be a millionaire without 11
13 14
?” laughs his girlfriend as 12
looks at
smile at
girlfriend and his
8
parents enter the room wearing big, colourful Mexican hats. admire
. “I guess
in the mirror. They all
. “Of course not,” jokes Giulio, as he hugs 15
all. “Let’s start
life of luxury
right now!”
B
Mixed Pronouns
Underline the correct pronouns (subject, object, possessive, reexive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, or indenite).
You Are What You Eat! 1
There are many people which / who refuse to eat meat. Some people refuse to eat 2
it for religious reasons. Some even wear a face covering so that them / they do not swallow an insect by mistake. Vegetarianism is a way of life in many cultures. 3
4
In mine / my , we can eat whatever us / we like. In fact, the majority of people in my culture are meat-lovers. Studies say that eating a lot of meat may cause health 5
problems. It is certainly not the only factor who / that causes health issues.
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UNIT 3
Pronouns
35
6
Today obesity is a serious health concern everywhere and it / its appears in people of every age. Even elementary school children are diagnosed with diabetes because 7
they / them eat unhealthy food and drink sugary beverages that make them obese. 8
Do you know that we are poisoning us / ourselves every day with high levels of sugar 9
and salt in packaged foods? These / This are health hazards! I have a fteen-year-old cousin, James, which / who Who’s / Whose let him / he
13
11
10
has a heart condition from overeating as a child.
fault is it? Well, his parents didn’t enjoy cooking and they / them
eat whatever he wanted. Everything / Everyone
14
12
thought it was all right
because he grew tall and strong. No one worried about his / he
15
weight gain. Now
Jamie eats a healthy diet and has become a vegetable junkie. He keeps his weight down and exercises every day.
Edit It!
Underline and correct the 10 pronoun and possessive determiner errors in the text.
After my son Hunter was accepted at the University of British Columbia, she decided to take a year off to travel and do community work. He heard that many students did this in England. It is called a gap year and his purpose is to give young people real-life working experience in a different environment. Some people work in poor countries where theirs living conditions are very simple, but Hunter started by working in a senior citizens’ home who was in a poor area in Vancouver. He learned to develop her listening skills. During his gap year him became more patient. Then he went to work in the slums of Rio. He was so proud of themself for accomplishing his goal. Hunter became a ne young man which decided to devote his energy to social justice. He believes that people must help each others. Now he is at university studying politics and he wants to work in Africa. Well done, my son! It was a good decision and it was your decision, not my!
36
UNIT 3
Pronouns
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UNIT
Simple Past and Past Progressive While I was researching my origins last week, I discovered that there were many interesting people in my family.
Last year 2013
Last month
Last week
Yesterday
4
Today
Tomorrow
FUNCTION AND FORM
4.1 Simple Past and Past Progressive Simple Past
Past Progressive
Use for a completed action in the past.
Use for an action in progress at a specic moment in the past.
Last Saturday we danced for three hours.
Late last night Amy was downloading music. Use for a completed chain of events in the past. First, jazz was popular in the forties. Then, rock and roll became the craze in the fties. Finally, the Beatles arrived on the music scene in the sixties.
Use for two or more simultaneous actions in progress in the past. Tom was sleeping while Amy was listening to music. Use for an action in progress in the past when it was interrupted by another action. I was dancing when you called me.
Keywords a week ago, last month, in 2010, on May 10, when I was a child, yesterday . . .
1
as, just as, at the time, at that time, when, while . . .
Write SP (simple past) or PP (past progressive) above each verb. Then give the reason the verb tense is used. 1. While I was working, my sister was studying at medical school.
2. My family vacationed in Portugal last summer.
3. His sister was talking to him on the phone when the line died.
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UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
37
Simple Past 4.2 Simple Past of Regular Verbs Afrmative Subject
Negative
Base form of verb + -ed
I / He / She / It
Subject I / He / She / It
worked. We / You / They
We / You / They
Did + not
did not (didn’t)
Yes / No Questions Base form of verb
Did
work.
Did
Subject
Base form of verb
I / he / she / it work? we / you / they
4.3 Spelling of Regular Verbs Verb Ending
Rule
Most endings
Add -ed.
play
played
-e or -ie
Add -d.
love
loved
Consonant + -y
Change the -y to i and add -ed.
worry
Double the nal consonant (except -w, -x, -y) and add -ed.
drum
drummed
refer
referred
Consonant + short vowel sound + consonant Two-syllable verbs when stress falls on the second syllable
2
Example
worried
To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use did or didn’t without the main verb. Did he travel by bus? Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.
Write the afrmative sentence in the negative, and the negative sentence in the afrmative. Then write a yes / no question for each sentence and answer it with a short answer. 1. My classmates danced all night long. Question:
Yes,
2. The graduation party didn’t end at 6:00 a.m. Question:
No,
4.4 Pronunciation of -ed Final Sound
38
Pronunciation
Example
/ch/, /f/, /k/, /p/, /s/, /sh/, /x/
/t/
watched, stuffed, kicked, stopped, kissed, washed, xed
/d/, /t/
/id/
concluded, invited
all other sounds
/d/
breathed, changed, zzed, hugged, moved, played, pulled, robbed, shared, turned, welcomed
UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
Use the nal sound of the base verb, not the spelling, to decide how to pronounce -ed. The -gh in laugh is pronounced / f /.
Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.
4.5 Simple Past of Irregular Verbs Form afrmative and negative statements and yes / no questions with irregular verbs the same way as with regular verbs. Here are a few examples of irregular verbs.
3
bring
brought
eat
ate
know
knew
see
saw
drink
drank
have
had
spend
spent
say
said
Refer to appendix 7, pages 134–135, for a list of irregular verbs.
Complete each sentence with the correct form of the simple past. 1. Yesterday I (see)
the results of the survey.
2. They (think)
technology was useful.
3. He (think, negative)
he was hooked on social media.
4.6 Information Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs With Did Question word
Subject
Base form of verb
I
work?
What
slowed
down?
she
go?
Who
wore
boots?
Did
When
Without Did Question word
Past form of verb
Rest of question
did How
4
When the subject of the sentence is not known, do not use did.
Write a question in the simple past to match the information in bold. 1.
Matt invited me to the party.
2.
It took place in a club in Danville.
3.
The partygoers enjoyed the music.
What made that noise? (We don’t know what made the noise.) A cat made it.
4.7 Simple Past of the Verb Be Do not use did with the verb be in the negative and question forms.
Afrmative
Negative
Subject
Verb be
Subject
I / He / She / It
was.
We / You / They
were.
Yes / No Questions
Verb be + not
Verb be
I / He / She / It
was not (wasn’t).
Was
We / You / They
were not (weren’t).
Were
Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.
Information Questions
Subject
Question word
Verb be
Subject
I / he / she / it?
Who
was
I / he / she / it?
we / you / they?
Where
were
they?
UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
39
Past Progressive
Refer to unit 1, chart 1.11, page 5, for the spelling rules for the -ing form.
4.8 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject
Negative
Verb be
I / He / She / It
Base form of verb + -ing
Subject
was
Verb be + not
I / He / She / It
was not (wasn’t)
We / You / They
were not (weren’t)
Base form of verb + -ing
waiting. We / You / They
5
waiting.
were
Complete each sentence with the correct form of the past progressive. 1. My phone rang while I (cut, carefully)
the vegetables.
2. Ryan (sleep, negative)
when you called.
3. When you phoned, we (prepare, negative)
supper.
4. The lights went out while we (cook)
.
4.9 Questions Yes / No Questions Verb be Was
Subject
Base form of verb + -ing
I / he / she / it
Information Questions Question word
Verb be
Subject
Base form of verb + -ing
When
was
I / he / she / it
leaving?
Where
were
we / you / they
staying?
working? Were
6
we / you / they
Write a question to match the information in bold. 1.
Yes, he was talking about moving.
2.
No, he and his wife were not looking for a condo.
3.
His wife was hoping to nd a house.
4.
They were staying in an apartment.
5.
They were moving because they were expecting a baby.
6.
Their family was helping them look for a house.
7.
They were hoping to move in July.
8.
They were looking for a house in the suburbs.
9.
Yes, they were visiting new houses. No, he wasn’t getting tired of the house hunt.
10.
40
UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
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PRACTISE 7
Afrmative of Regular Verbs
Charts 4.2, 4.3
Write the verbs in the simple past. Check your spelling. cried
Example: The twins (cry)
Complete additional exercises online to
a lot.
practise the simple past and past progressive.
Twins 1
1. Geneticists (study)
a group of identical twins for many years. 2
Even if adopted twins (live) 3
sports and (enjoy)
in different families, they played the same
5
to nd differences between identical twins. They (listen) 6
many accounts from twins and (conclude) 7
4
the same food. Scientists (try) to
that they (remain)
surprisingly similar even if they did not grow up together. 8
2. Two Canadian couples (adopt)
two young Chinese girls. They
thought that they looked like sisters, but the orphanage said that the girls were not 9
related. A strange thing (happen) 10
(discover)
over time that the girls had many similarities and must 11
be twins. The families (start) 12
girls (become)
8
Pronunciation of -ed
. The couples kept in touch and
to visit each other so that the
good friends.
Chart 4.4
Write the following regular verbs in the simple past. Then write t, d, or id to describe the pronunciation of the -ed. Practise saying the verbs. Example: apply applied d
1. drop
2. open
3. hunt
4. need
5. wish
9
Used To
Complete the sentence with used to and the verbs from the word box. Example: People
used to grow buy
1. People
their own food. grow
keep
save visit
animals like chickens, pigs, and geese in their gardens.
2. They
fabric to make clothes for their family.
3. They
special shops like the butcher’s and greengrocer’s.
4. They didn’t have bank accounts; people
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Use used to + the base form of the verb to talk about past habits. I used to practise piano every day when I was a child. (I don’t practise piano every day now.)
their money in a tin box. UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
41
10 Afrmative of Irregular Verbs
Charts 4.5, 4.7, appendix 7
Complete the text with the correct afrmative form of the simple past. took
Example: Brunelle (take)
photos of look-alikes.
Look-Alikes 1
Montréal photographer François Brunelle, who (begin) 18, (have)
2
3
a great idea. He (undertake) 4
his career in 1968 at the age of
a study of look-alikes. He (seek)
people who looked alike but (be)
for his project I’m Not a Look-Alike! His aim (be)
5
not related
6
to collect 200 7
photos from people around the world. There (be)
8
who were complete strangers and his project (bring) 9
together. Some people (nd)
they looked like somebody
11
else the friend (know)
12
. It (be)
also really 13
fascinating to discover that look-alikes often (have) 14
same personality traits. They (eat) 15
17
if François (meet)
18
the
the same food, (wear) 16
similar clothes, (keep)
sometimes even (give)
them
each other on social networks 10
or through friends who (think)
look-alikes
the same pets, and
their pets the same names. I wonder
someone who looked like him!
11 Negative of Regular and Irregular Verbs
Charts 4.2, 4.7
Write each underlined verb in the negative. Use the contracted form. Example: Heredity played a big role in her life.
didn’t play
1. My older sister and I had a great relationship when we were young. 2. We spent a lot of time playing in the backyard. 3. My brother talked a lot. 4. Our parents were very understanding. 5. Playing sports made me aggressive toward my siblings. 6. I fought with my younger siblings. 7. Birth order shaped our personalities. 8. There were many children in the neighbourhood.
42
UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
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12 Yes / No Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs
Charts 4.2, 4.7
Change each sentence to a yes / no question. Example: Karen loved growing up in a stable family. Did Karen love growing up in a stable family? 1. Milos hated his life in a dysfunctional family when he was young.
2. His parents immigrated to Canada.
3. He acknowledged that he had a bad relationship with them in his youth.
4. His home environment affected his personality.
5. Milos was the most introverted child in his family.
6. There were studies conrming that birth order denes a child’s personality.
13 Information Questions with Regular and Irregular Verbs
Charts 4.6, 4.7
Write an information question to match the information in bold. Example: My mother showed me her family tree. Who showed you her family tree? 1. I asked my grandmother to explain our family tree.
2. My mother’s side of the family came from Germany.
3. My father’s great-grandparents escaped the potato famine in Ireland.
4. My family wanted to come to Canada to have a better life.
5. The cold weather was difcult for us.
6. It took me a few years to learn French.
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UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
43
14 Mixed Simple Past
Charts 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7
Read the text and underline all the verbs in the simple past. Then write the questions or answers below in the simple past, using information from the text. Example: The term southpaw originally came from the American sport of baseball.
Southpaws The term southpaw originally came from the American sport of baseball. It was the name coaches gave to a left-handed pitcher. Sandy Koufax was one of the best known. His fans called him “the left hand of God.” Many famous people in other elds were also left-handed. Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was a left-handed genius who drew, painted, sculpted, wrote music and poetry, dissected cadavers, and still found time to design underwater diving suits and invent futuristic machines. Albert Einstein (1879–1955) revolutionized the way scientists used to view the cosmos. Da Vinci led a amboyant life; Einstein was more solitary. A sixteenth-century biographer described da Vinci as a “sparkling conversationalist.” Einstein, on the other hand, was very shy. As a child he didn’t even communicate with his parents. Although they had such different personalities, the two men shared a passion: they loved to watch owing water. Did this fascination with the varying moods of water inuence their natural creative abilities? Was water a source of creative energy for them? Da Vinci became obsessed with ood waters; Einstein saw the fabric of the universe in the calm waters of a lake. These southpaws enriched our lives with their passion for the natural world.
Question
Answer
1. Where did the name southpaw come from? 2.
Coaches called a left-handed pitcher a southpaw.
3.
No, it wasn’t quiet like Einstein’s. Da Vinci’s life was amboyant.
4. What did the two men have in common? 5. Who became obsessed with ood waters?
44
UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
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15 Past Progressive Afrmative and Negative
Chart 4.8
Complete the text with the past progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. Example: I (concentrate, negative) was not (wasn’t) concentrating in class.
Nature or Nurture 1
I admit that I (pay, negative) 2
my teacher (try)
attention when
to explain the connection
between genetics and personality. Most of my classmates (write, furiously) 3
notes on their tablets. Imagine my horror
when the teacher announced that we had to write a six-page report about it! 4
While I (surf) 5
negative)
the Internet in class, I (behave,
like a smart student. Other students 6
(plan, already)
their reports while I (nish)
7
my post on Facebook. My friends (laugh)
8
at me because I had a look of panic on my face. 9
They (joke) 10
about it and because they (make)
so much noise, the teacher started to walk toward
me. As he (get) Slowly my face (turn)
11
close, I began to feel embarrassed. 12
an uncomfortable shade of
red. Needless to say, my report on nature or nurture didn’t get a good grade!
16 Questions in the Past Progressive
Chart 4.9
Write three yes / no and three information questions in the past progressive, using the text “Nature or Nurture.” Example: Were you paying attention? When weren’t you paying attention? Yes / No Questions
Refer to unit 1, chart 1.13, page 6, to review the list of verbs rarely used in the present progressive.
1. 2. 3. Information Questions 4. 5. 6.
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UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
45
17 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive
Chart 4.1
Complete each sentence with the correct past form of the verbs. Example: As I (walk)
was walking
1. I (swim)
while Nathan (lift)
2. When I (be) 3. As we (get off)
10. (have, you)
to rain.
around Europe. their spring-break vacation in Greece.
6. At 6:00 a.m. I (sleep)
9. (they, see)
to eat vegetables.
the bus, it (start)
5. A year ago some students (take)
8. (what, you, do)
to fall.
weights in the gym.
a child, I (like, negative)
4. In 2011 we (travel)
7. (you, be)
started
to the metro, the snow (start)
. I (prepare, negative)
my breakfast.
at the concert last Monday or (stay, you) at 7:30 p.m. while Patti (write)
home? her term paper?
Man of Steel last month? enough money for your tuition last year?
18 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive Questions
Charts 4.2, 4.6, 4.7, 4.9
Complete the conversation by writing questions to match the information in bold. Example: Interviewer: Where did you see our ad? Nick: I saw your ad on the company’s website. Interviewer: Good morning, Mr. Carter. Welcome to Dynamic Deals. Can I call you Nick? Nick: Sure, no problem. Thanks for seeing me. I hope I t the bill for the manager’s job. Interviewer: Nick, I’m curious. Nick: I chose to dress casually for this interview because it was appropriate to the company’s orientation. Interviewer: Nick: Yes, I thought that a T-shirt and jeans seemed dynamic. I was ironing my shirt when I thought about it. Interviewer: So, you were ironing your shirt? Nick: Yes, rst I was planning to wear a suit and tie for the interview. Then I changed my mind. Interviewer: Nick: I wanted to dress formally because I was applying for a job as a manager. Interviewer: Nick: The picture in the ad changed my mind; it showed casually-dressed condent young people. Interviewer: I guess the T-shirt does reect your condent personality. That’s the type of manager we are looking for. Welcome to Dynamic Deals, Nick!
46
UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
Do not confuse the past participle -ed ending with the simple past. Past participles are often used as adjectives. I handed her the cup. She is left-handed.
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19 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive Spelling
Charts 1.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7, appendix 7
Underline the correct spelling of each verb. Example: The twins possesed / possessed different personalities. 1
1. I recently read / red an article stating that identical twins, who share the same genetic code, are inuenced by more than their genes and their environment. The author was 2
3
puting / putting forward the idea that other factors were playing/ playying a role between nature and nurture. Researchers found that identical twins didn’t always have identical personalities, behaviour, or IQs. 4
2. Often, even when twins were shareing / sharing the same home and living under the 5
same conditions, researchers founded / found differences in character: one twin was shy and the other was outgoing, or one was aggressive and the other calm. In many 6
cases, the twins didn’t always enjoie / enjoy the same pastimes. In their report, the 7
researchers conclueded / concluded that many identical twins were not really identical. 3. Although identical twins have the same eye and hair colour, other traits vary. Researchers 8
saw cases where one twin was developing / developping faster than the other at puberty; 9
one was tall and the other short. The twins’ hormones were / where acting differently and the children weren’t / were’nt
10
maturing with identical physical traits. It is clear
that other factors affect twins’ development—something other than nature (genes) and nurture (environment). Researchers are still trying to discover what these factors are.
20 Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive
Chart 4.1
Write three sentences with the simple past and the past progressive, using the information below. Use the keywords as, while, and when to describe what two people were doing at the same time. Example: While Todd was reading a book in the living room, Naomi was texting her boss. Dan
Todd
Naomi and Jack
Ashley and Karl
Eric
spin
type
study for
revise for
try on
on a cycle
a term paper
a math quiz
an English exam
jeans and shoes
at the gym
in his room
in the library
in the coffee shop
at the mall
1. 2. 3.
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UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
47
COMMUNICATE
SPEAKING Read the categories of things that may have entertained you and your classmates when you were younger. Write different types of questions in the simple past and past progressive to ask a classmate about each category. Then ask a classmate the questions. Category Example: Playing cards
Question Did you play cards when you were young?
1. Cartoons 2. TV shows 3. Comic movies 4. Favourite comedian 5. Funny things that happened to you 6. Activities you did 7. Embarrassing situations 8. Funny stories about your family
WRITING Write a short text that describes what entertained you and your family when you were younger. Use the appropriate past tense and keywords. Example: When I was young, my family went to the beach in the summer. We played ball in the water and we made sandcastles. One day I was making a sandcastle on the beach when a big wave washed it away. I began to cry and I shouted at the waves. My family thought it was very funny.
48
UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
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REVIEW A
Simple Past
Complete the text with the verbs in the simple past.
Laughter Is the Best Medicine 1
In the mid-1800s Mark Twain, the author of Huckleberry Finn, (is) 2
the funniest man in the world. Twain (writes) 3
books and (travel)
all over the United States making people laugh. With the arrival of 4
black-and-white silent movies, it (is)
the turn of Charlie Chaplin to bring
laughter to the crowds. In the 1950s, with television in most people’s homes, comedy 5
shows (become)
popular. More recently, Russell Peters from Toronto,
Samir Khullar (Sugar Sammy) from Montréal, and Shaun Majumder from 6
Newfoundland and Labrador all (bring)
the immigrant experience to 7
Canadian audiences. Their tales of life as the children of immigrants (open) channels of communication in multicultural Canada. The differences between their Indian background and their lives as Canadian children (lead) 9
situations. They (make)
many people laugh as they (share)
8
to hilarious 10
their funny personal stories with other Canadians.
B
Past Progressive
Look at last weekend’s schedule and use the past progressive to describe what was happening for each time slot. College Talent Contest
Answer
9:00 p.m.
Jake sings.
1.
9:15 p.m.
Claudia and Jose perform a Latino dance routine.
2.
9:30 p.m.
Shawn and Cheryl lead a Caribbean samba troupe.
3.
9:45 p.m.
Mario juggles and does magic tricks.
4.
Sammy Soulman raps.
5.
10:00 p.m.
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UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
49
C
Mixed Simple Past and Past Progressive
Complete the text with the simple past or past progressive.
Irish Roots 1
The Saint Patrick’s Day parade takes place every March in Montréal. I knew that the parade (be) 2
very popular with Québec people, but I (realize, negative) 3
question)
why. (know, you, yes / no
that over 40% of Quebeckers have Irish roots? As I (get) 5
ready for the important day, I (decide)
4
to go on the Internet to do some research.
An old Irish proverb says that Laughter is brightest where food is best. Unfortunately, the Irish (be able to, 6
negative)
laugh with no food in their bellies. The Irish famine (start) 8
in the mid-1840s. Many peasants (leave) a better life. People (die)
9
7
for North America by boat with the hope of
on the difcult journey, leaving many children orphans. Québec
families adopted these orphans and some (tell)
10
them that they could keep their Irish
family names. As I read, I understood why March 17 is a special day for Quebeckers. If your family name is Kennedy, Mulcair, or Mulroney, your Irish eyes are smiling!
Edit It!
Underline the verb error in each sentence. Write the word or words correctly.
1. As I was getting off the bus, I was dropping my cellphone. 2. Just as she was leaving, she was hearing her dog bark. 3. While Amy was shoping, someone stole her purse. 4. He wasn’t paid attention while I was speaking. 5. They were recording the interview when he suddenly was collapsing. 6. Kyle met Cassie while he was worked in New York. 7. As we driving along the shore, we saw the boat. 8. I was riding my bike when I hit a bump and was falling off. 9. While I was studing, Vanessa phoned me about the assignment. 10. At 10:00 p.m. last night we were partying and have fun.
50
UNIT 4
Simple Past and Past Progressive
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UNIT
Future Next year I will travel the world. I am going to visit places I can currently only dream about.
Last year
Yesterday
Today
5
Tomorrow
Next year
FUNCTION AND FORM
5.1 Will and Be Going To Form
Use
Example
Will and Be going to
For a denite fact in the future
The sun will / is going to set later this evening.
For a prediction
It will probably rain. It is probably going to rain.
Will
For a spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking For a promise or an offer to do something in the future
I’m going that way so I will give you a ride.
For an action that is planned for the future
I am going to take the bus to visit my friends tomorrow.
Be going to
He will help you to pack for your trip.
Keywords soon, later, tomorrow, in two days, next week . . .
1
Underline the future form in the sentences and circle the keywords. Give the reason the verb form is used. 1. We are going to explore the jungle next year.
2. It’s time for my diving lesson. I will get my equipment ready right away.
3. It will snow tomorrow, so our snowshoe hike will be fun.
4. I will take you to the airport next week if you want.
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To introduce your assumptions or guesses about the future, use a main verb like believe, suppose, think, expect, hope, and know in the simple present. Put the verb in the rest of the sentence in the future. I think (that) I will / am going to work this summer.
UNIT 5
Future
51
Future with Will 5.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject
Do not use to with the base verb.
I / He / She / It
He will to meet me tomorrow.
We / You / They
2
Negative Base form of verb
Will
Subject
Will + not
I / He / She / It
will (’ll)
wait. We / You / They
Base form of verb
will not (won’t)
wait.
Write the correct afrmative or negative form of the future with will. 1. On this eco-adventure we (get)
closer to nature.
2. No, I (take, negative)
too many risks scuba diving.
3. I (climb)
to the top of Machu Picchu with you.
4. We (dig, negative)
ditches in an African village.
5. Later I (spend)
some time sunbathing on the beach.
5.3 Questions Yes / No Questions Subject
Will
Information Questions
Base form of verb
Question word
I Will
he / she / it
When wait?
What
we / you / they
3 To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use will or won’t without the main verb. Will she travel by plane? Yes, she will. / No, she won’t.
Future
Base form of verb
he
arrive?
they
do?
you
pay?
equipment for your trip? (you, buy)
1. No,
. swimming with sharks? (Maya, like)
2. Yes,
4.
UNIT 5
How
will
Subject
Complete each question with will and the words in parentheses. Then answer the yes / no questions with a short answer.
3. When (we, take)
52
Will
. our vacation? his travel costs? (how, he, reduce)
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Future with Be Going To 5.4 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject
Verb be
I
am (’m)
He / She / It
is (’s)
We / You / They
are (’re)
4
Negative
Going to
going to
Base form of verb
change.
Subject
Verb be + not
I
am not (’m not)
He / She / It
is not (’s not / isn’t)
We / You / They
are not (’re not / aren’t)
Going to
Base form of verb
going to
change.
Write the correct afrmative or negative form of the future with be going to. 1. Next year my school (offer)
a trip to Senegal.
2. No, they (paraglide)
in Nepal. It is too risky.
3. Adventure travel (change)
her life.
4. No, I (push)
I’m going to take my iPod. (I’m gonna take my iPod.)
myself to the limits.
5. I’m sure the volunteers (make)
Never use gonna in formal writing and speech. Always use going to.
a difference.
5.5 Questions Yes / No Questions Subject
Verb be
5
Am
I
Is
he / she / it
Are
we / you / they
Going to
going to
Information Questions Base form of verb
wait?
Question word
Verb be
Subject
When
am
I
What
is
he/she/it
Where
are
we/you/they
Going to
Base form of verb arrive?
going to
do? stay?
Complete each question with be going to and the words in parentheses. Then answer the yes / no questions with a short answer. it easy this summer? (take, you)
1. Yes,
. light this time? (travel, she)
2. No,
.
3. Where (stay, he) 4. Why (volunteer, they)
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next month?
To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use the verb be. Is she going to travel by plane ? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
in Haiti?
UNIT 5
Future
53
Other Future Forms 5.6 Present Tenses Use the present tense to indicate events in the near future.
Verb Form Simple present
Present progressive
Use
Example
Use with a time marker for a denite future event or arrangement (arrivals, departures, opening hours, schedules)
The fundraiser starts at eight this evening.
For denite plans in the near future
She is leaving for South Africa tonight.
The plane leaves at 3:00 p.m. The store opens at 10 a.m.
I am starting my vacation tomorrow.
6 Refer to unit 1 to review the question form in the present tenses.
Complete each sentence with the appropriate present tense of the verb in parentheses to indicate the future. 1. We (go)
for a swim this afternoon.
2. The cruise ship (leave)
at 2:00 p.m.
to pack for your trip tonight? (you, start)
3. 4. What time (begin)
the movie
?
5.7 Time Clauses Use the simple present tense in time clauses in sentences that indicate the future.
With Will A clause is a group of words that adds information to a sentence and includes a verb.
With Be Going To
As soon as I arrive, I will unpack my suitcase.
Before she calls the hotel, she is going to check her plane ticket.
I will nd a job once I return from my trip.
Tara is going to go to the tourist ofce when she gets news from you.
Keywords as, as soon as, before, no sooner than, once, until, when . . .
7
Underline the keyword in each sentence. Write the verbs in the correct tense. 1. As soon as I (reach) to look for a hotel.
54
UNIT 5
Future
my destination, I (start)
2. When I (start)
to travel, I (give)
3. Once I (nish) must-see attractions.
my research, I (make)
4. I (check) the Net for travel deals.
my bank account before I (surf)
you a call! a list of
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PRACTISE 8
Afrmative / Negative with Will
Chart 5.2
Write the afrmative or negative form of the future with will. Complete additional
Example: The Curiosity Rover (take) will take black-and-white and colour photographs. 1. NASA (try)
a plane to
3. The airplane (have, negative)
human pilots.
4. The Curiosity Rover (remain) the Martian surface.
our robotic photographer on
5. It (stop, negative)
9
Questions with Will
practise the future forms.
to land a specially designed airplane on Mars.
2. NASA’s Mars Exploration Program (design) go to Mars.
exercises online to
taking photos because it has 17 cameras.
Chart 5.3
Write a yes / no question or an information question to match the information in bold. Example: Yes, Nina will get a good job. Will Nina get a good job
?
1. Yes, she will relocate if the job is great.
?
2. She will do research work.
?
3. Nina will live in an apartment.
?
4. Of course she will expect a high salary.
?
5. She’ll get a good job because she’s smart.
?
10 Afrmative / Negative with Be Going To
Chart 5.4
Write sentences for each prompt with be going to in the afrmative and negative forms. Example: When I travel, I am going to nd a place to live. I am not going to sleep in youth hostels. 1. When I nish CEGEP,
2. When I get a good job,
3. When I go on vacation,
4. When I pack my suitcase,
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UNIT 5
Future
55
11 Questions with Be Going To
Chart 5.5
Read about three cities. Write ve questions with be going to to ask a tourist agent about the destinations.
New York
Hong Kong
London
New York, the city that never sleeps, is probably the busiest city in North America. There are many must-see sites to visit by bus, bike, boat, or on foot in this beautiful city. Sail past the Statue of Liberty, cycle in the city and Central Park, or enjoy a private shopping tour of Manhattan. Also known as the Big Apple, New York is a hub of activity 24 hours a day. If you’re tired of walking, the best way to get around is by bus, subway, or one of the famous yellow taxis.
Spend your time in Hong Kong visiting the city’s attractions. View the spectacular harbour from the Avenue of Stars. Walk on the waterfront, go to one of the many themed amusement parks, or stroll through the Ladies’ Market for a special souvenir. Discover the people and places that made this city what it is today. Hike mountain trails, take a guided tour, or walk by yourself though the historical streets of this fabulous city.
Some people say that London is more romantic than Paris with its thousand-year-old Tower of London and vast beautiful parks. In the very heart of the city, lovers can row a boat on the Serpentine in Hyde Park, stroll among the pigeons in Trafalgar Square, take a boat ride on the River Thames, or visit a world-class museum. Admire the sparkling Crown Jewels in the Tower of London or discover the unusual modern buildings of this energetic city.
Example: New York: How am I going to leave the airport? Am I going to take a yellow taxi? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
12 Will and Be Going To
Chart 5.1
Change the future form from will to be going to, or from be going to to will. Will
Be Going To
Example: I will see her tomorrow morning.
I am (I’m) going to see her tomorrow morning.
1.
The shuttle bus is going to take us to the airport.
2. It will be hot and humid tomorrow. 3. They’ll take a cookery course in India. 4. The tourists will arrive at the hotel tonight. It is going to take a long time to repair the bridge.
5.
56
UNIT 5
Future
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13 Future Using the Present Tenses
Chart 5.6
Complete the paragraph with the correct simple present or present progressive form of the verbs. Example: Susie (leave)
is leaving
this evening for Korea.
Korean Cuisine Her plane (take off)
1
2
at 9:40 p.m. She (want)
to get a taxi at 6:00 p.m. There’s a shuttle service from downtown, but it (stop) 3
4
at several places on the way. I (meet)
5
the airport. It’s a long journey to Korea and her plane (land) 6
11:45 p.m. Korean time. She (spending) because she (learn) 8
at
four months in Korea
to cook Korean food. When she (get back) 9
, she (hope)
her hometown. I (look)
14 Mixed Verbs in the Future
7
her at
10
to open an Asian restaurant in
forward to tasting her delicious kim chi.
Charts 5.1, 5.6
Complete the conversation with the appropriate form to express the future: will, be going to, the simple present, or the present progressive. Use contractions where appropriate. Write the reason you chose the form. Example: Jon: What (do, you) are you going to do this weekend? Reason: Use be going to for an action that is planned for the future. Amélie: I (see)
a movie premiere. I visited the set in Los Angeles last summer.
Reason: Jon: Right. You mean that new movie everyone is talking about? I think it (be)
fascinating.
Reason: Amélie:
with me? (come, you)
Reason: Jon: I (check)
my agenda. It sounds interesting.
Reason: Jon: What time (start)
?
Reason: Amélie: It (start)
at 7:00 p.m.
Reason: Amélie: I (pick)
you up at 6:30 p.m.
Reason:
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UNIT 5
Future
57
COMMUNICATE
SPEAKING Read about the two package deals proposed by a travel agent. With a classmate, discuss which one you will choose. Give your reasons. Use the future forms as much as you can.
Destination 1: Easter Island
Destination 2: Seychelles
More than 3 000 kilometres from the coast of Chile in the Pacic Ocean, Easter Island has many natural wonders. On your rst day you will visit the small but interesting anthropological museum that introduces you to the geology and wildlife of the island. Here you will also learn about the culture that built the moai. Later, as you look up at these 1 500-year-old volcanic statues, you will be fascinated to learn about the mysteries of Rapa Nui island. The next day you will visit Poike volcano and share tasty local food with your fellow travellers.
These islands in the Indian Ocean are waiting to welcome you to the vacation of a lifetime. On your rst day you will sail out into the ocean for a day of shing and snorkelling. The next morning you will explore one of the world’s top scuba-diving sites with professional guides. During your third day you will have plenty of time to relax and soak up the sun on one of the many beaches. The natural beauty of the Seychelles will leave you with vivid memories of a tropical paradise.
WRITING You want to take a gap year. What will you do? Where will you go? Write about two possible activities: for example, community work and travel. Explain how you will nd information about what you want to do. Use future verb forms and appropriate keywords. Example: I will take a gap year before starting to work full time next year. First, I am going to visit Thailand. Then I will go to Cambodia and work in schools to help children learn English. This weekend I will see a travel agent to help me plan my trip.
58
UNIT 5
Future
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REVIEW A
Mixed Verbs
Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses to express the future. Then answer the questions below.
Wingsuit Woman 1
Soon my friend Alison (try, will)
her rst jump in
a wingsuit. Although she is an accomplished skydiver, she must have 200 jumps before she can jump in a wingsuit. She (be able to, will, negative contracted form) 2
jump until she can prove that she is ready. As soon as 3
Alison (nish, simple present) 4
(attempt, will)
training next month, she
her rst jump. She looks like a superhero
because the wingsuit has extra fabric under the arms and between the legs and 5
is brightly coloured and shiny. She (be, certainly, will)
a
Superwoman look-alike when she jumps! 6
When she (have, simple present) 7
she (plan, be going to)
more experience,
a trip to jump over the Nazca Lines
in Peru. Next month she (start, present progressive)
8
a
demanding tness course. Travel and wingsuit ying are expensive pastimes, so 9
she (have, negative, will)
a lot of money to pay for
accommodation. She and her friend Kim (be going to, leave) 10
the comfort zone of their Canadian student lifestyle and
live in a poor Peruvian village to help local people build a new school.
1. How many jumps will Alison need before jumping in a wingsuit?
2. When will she try her rst jump?
3. Where is she planning to jump when she has more experience?
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UNIT 5
Future
59
B
Questions with Will and Be Going To
Write a question to match the information in bold. Answer
Question
1. No, I am not going to take risks. 2. Yes, he will require access to email. 3. They are going to stay in a small village. 4. Sam is going to sleep in a tent in the wild. 5. No, I won’t rent a car. 6. They are leaving on June 30. 7. Yes, Vicky will travel alone. 8. I’m taking my mp3 player with me. 9. Yes, I will sleep on someone’s sofa. 10. I am going to hit the hay.
Edit It!
Find and correct the 10 verb, spelling, and word-order errors.
Smooth Sailing We are standing in the airport lobby ready to leave on our trip of a lifetime. According to the schedule, the plane leave at 10:00 p.m. It be a rewarding experience for all of us. More and more Canadians like us are volunteer around the world. We’re going push the boundaries and face many challenges. My friends and I are going to realized our travel dreams. I hope we going to be in good hands when we get to Ecuador. I hope our guide will really knowledgeable and help us to get to know the people. I hope we wont be homesick while we’re overseas. As I told my friends, we will crossed that bridge when we come to it! I am condent that everything will to be smooth sailing.
60
UNIT 5
Future
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6
UNIT
Adjectives and Adverbs Someone’s first impression of you is almost impossible to change.
FUNCTION AND FORM
Adjectives Adjectives are used to give extra information about nouns and pronouns.
6.1 Form and Position Adjective Form
Position
Rule
Example
• Always singular, even if the noun is plural • Has the same form for masculine and feminine pronouns
Jason creates beautifuls beautiful sculptures.
• Usually placed before nouns but follows verbs like appear, be, become, feel, get, look, and seem
He sculpts amazing statues.
He / She is patient.
His sculptures are impressive.
Type and Order When we use two or more types of adjectives, they follow a specic order.
Quantity a lot of many two
1
Size large small tall
Quality beautiful interesting ugly
Age
Shape
antique old young
diagonal at round
Colour blue dark red yellow
Origin Chinese Italian Québécois
Material brick marble wooden
Write the sentence correctly. 1. Stereotypes are harmfuls.
Adjectives formed using the present (-ing ) and past (-ed) participles have different meanings.
2. She has a face beautiful. 3. Tina loves her little two cats. 4. Women prefer good-looking tall men.
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UNIT 6
Adjectives and Adverbs
61
6.2 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality Form
Function
Example
Comparative
Compares two people, groups, or things
A tiger is stronger than a cheetah and weaker than an elephant. A tiger is more powerful than a lion and less agile than a cheetah.
Superlative
Compares more than two people, groups, or things
Tigers are the largest and the least friendly of all the cats. Tigers have the most beautiful fur.
Equality
Shows equal or similar status between two people, groups, or things
A Siberian tiger can be as large as a Bengal tiger.
6.3 Comparative and Superlative Forms Spelling Rule
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
One-syllable adjectives
Add -er or -est.
tall
taller than
the tallest
One-syllable adjectives ending with -e
Add -r or -st.
large
larger than
the largest
One-syllable adjectives ending with a short vowel and a consonant
Double the nal consonant and add -er or -est.
big
bigger than
the biggest
Two-syllable adjectives ending with a consonant + -y
Change the -y to i funny and add -er or -est.
funnier than
the funniest
Other adjectives with two or more syllables
Add more / less or most / least before the adjective.
more exciting than
the most exciting
less exciting than
the least exciting
worse than farther / further than more fun than better than less than
the worst the farthest/furthest the most fun the best the least
Irregular adjectives
exciting
bad far fun good little
2
Complete each sentence with the correct form of the adjectives in parentheses in the same order. 1. She is the
and
of the three sisters and is as
as the other two. (tall, funny, pretty) 2. Sarah is Use than to compare, not then. Use then to mean next, before, or at that time.
62
UNIT 6
the
than Leah and organized. (t, neat, less)
3. Her lifestyle is
Adjectives and Adverbs
than Rachel, but she is
and her nutrition is
than
her sisters’. (healthy, good)
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Adverbs Adverbs add information about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
6.4 Type, Function, and Position Type Degree
Function Describes how much / little something happens
Position Usually comes before the main verb but after the verb be
Example almost, completely, extremely, really, too, very
Martha completely ignored me. The water is very cold. Usually comes before the adjective or adverb Teenagers sleep too late.
Frequency
Describes how often something happens
Usually comes before the main verb always, never, often, once, recently, rarely, He rarely arrives on time. sometimes, usually He will rarely lie.
Manner
Describes how something is done
Usually comes after the main verb He communicates effectively. She speaks English slowly.
Time
Describes when something happens
Usually comes at the beginning or end of the sentence Yesterday I slept late. I’ll get up early tomorrow.
3
badly, carefully, effectively, fast, neatly, quickly, quietly, seriously, slowly, well nally, later, now, soon, today, tomorrow, tonight, next / last week, next / last month, yesterday
Write each sentence using the adverb in parentheses. 1. Janis is sensitive. (extremely)
Adverbs ending in -ly can come before the main verb or after the object.
2. We are shooting a movie. (today)
John quickly ate his sandwich. John ate his sandwich quickly.
3. Those teenagers speak. (loudly)
4. I will judge a book by its cover. (never)
Never put an adverb between a verb and the direct object.
5. They want cute waitresses. (always)
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He answered always the questions. He always answered the questions.
UNIT 6
Adjectives and Adverbs
63
6.5 Adjectives to Adverbs Change most adjectives to adverbs by adding -ly. A few adverbs never end in -ly.
Spelling Rule
Adverb
Most adjectives
Add -ly.
nice beautiful
nicely beautifully
Adjectives ending with -y
Change the nal -y to i and add -ly.
happy noisy
happily noisily
Adjectives ending with -le
Change the nal -le to -ly.
gentle understandable
gently understandably
Adjectives ending with -ic
Add -ally.
domestic erratic
domestically erratically
early, far, fast, late, long, good
early, far, fast, late, long, well
Exceptions
4
Adjective
Complete each sentence with an adverb formed from the adjective in parentheses. 1. The amateur dancer moved 2. She smiled 3. Her performance was
across the stage. (majestic) as she danced. (happy) magical. (simple)
4. The audience applauded 5. She danced as
. (enthusiastic) as a professional dancer. (graceful)
6.6 Comparatives, Superlatives, and Equality Form of Adverb Comparative
Superlative
Equality
64
UNIT 6
Formation
Example
For one-syllable adverbs: Add -er + than. For adverbs with two or more syllables: Add more / less + adverb + than. (Exception: early earlier)
A turtle walks faster than a snail.
For one-syllable adverbs: Add the + adverb + -est.
The sloth is the slowest of all animals.
For adverbs with two or more syllables: Add the most / least + adverb.
A horse moves the most gracefully of all.
Use as + adverb + as.
Turtles may walk as calmly as porcupines.
Adjectives and Adverbs
A turtle walks more slowly than a duck.
Irregular Adverbs worse than farther/further than more/less than better than
the worst the farthest/furthest the most/least the best as badly as as far as as much as as well as
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PRACTISE 5
Adjective Form and Position
Chart 6.1
Write each sentence correctly. Complete additional
Example: Josephine loves whites mice. Josephine loves white mice.
exercises online to practise adjectives and
1. He tired gets fast.
adverbs.
2. I admire beautifuls paintings. 3. Megan likes cats black. 4. Ricky tired is today. 5. Noah sings fantastics songs.
6
Order of Adjectives
Chart 6.1
Write the sentence with the highlighted adjectives in the correct order. Add punctuation where necessary. Example: Mice are amusing / small pets. Mice are small amusing pets. 1. Chin Li seems to be an Asian / young / introverted student.
2. Mark has young / huge / two / brown / aggressive dogs.
3. Many large / international / well-known companies gave money.
4. There are many / adventurous risk-takers.
7
Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Adjectives
Charts 6.2, 6.3
Complete each sentence with the correct comparative, superlative, or equality form. Example: Reading a book is (exciting)
as exciting
as watching a movie.
1. Getting to know someone slowly is the (sure) good partner.
way to nd a
2. Making a snap judgment is (bad)
as judging a book by its cover.
3. Parrots are supposed to be the (intelligent)
birds.
4. Crows are clever, too, but they’re not (interesting) because they can’t talk. 5. Parrots are also (beautiful)
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as parrots
than crows.
UNIT 6
Adjectives and Adverbs
65
8
Mixed Adjectives
Chart 6.3
Underline the correct form of the adjectives. Look for clues in the sentences. Example: Was Pinocchio the big / bigger / biggest liar of all time?
Fairy Tales 1. Do we have to believe everything we hear in fairy tales? Did Pinocchio really 1
2
grow a long / longer / longest , thin / thinner / thinnest nose when he told a lie? Is it possible that a girl named Snow White lived with seven dwarves and was fooled by the 3
wicked / more wicked / most wicked stepmother in history? Was Little Red Riding Hood 4
5
smart / smarter / smartest and observant / more observant / most observant than a wolf dressed up as her grandmother? 6
2. In less technological / least technological times than ours, people listened to folk tales that warned them about the dangers of bad behaviour. Tales published in 1697 by Charles 7
Perrault in France served a much big / bigger / biggest purpose for society; they all ended with a moral lesson. Little Red Riding Hood was a very disobedient / more disobedient / most 8
disobedient child and so deserved to be eaten by a wolf. The moral of the story was that 9
it is good / better / best to listen to good advice than to be independent / more independent / most independent
9
10
than other people and make a fatal decision.
Types of Adverbs and Adverb Position
Chart 6.4
Underline the adverb in each sentence. Then write the sentences correctly. Example: We will tomorrow pass a law on gay adoption. Tomorrow we will pass a law on gay adoption. / We will pass a law on gay adoption tomorrow. 1. Lots of women in Western societies dress in pants usually to work.
2. In some cultures men wear skirts traditionally or robes.
3. Clothes play generally an important role in forming a rst impression.
4. In the business world, dark-coloured clothes are a sign of stability often and trust.
5. Gender discrimination in the workplace always is a problem.
66
UNIT 6
Adjectives and Adverbs
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10 Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Adverbs
Chart 6.6
Complete the text with the correct comparative, superlative, or equality form. as softly
Example: Speak (soft)
as possible to children.
Communicating Effectively It is a good idea to make eye contact with the people you are talking with, but don’t stare. People will 1
respond (comfortable)
than usual if you look at everyone briey, rather than look at 2
one person all the time. When someone has difculty understanding you, talk (slow) 3
and use your hands (effective)
than you normally do. When there are many 4
people around you, remember to speak (clear) 5
as possible. Listen (careful)
than you usually do when in a crowd. Don’t make rapid gestures, but use hand 6
signals (natural) as
as possible to convey a message. Following a few simple rules
will help us all communicate more effectively.
11 Adjective or Adverb
Charts 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6
Complete the paragraph with adjectives (adj.) and adverbs (adv.). incredibly
Example: Comic books are (incredible, adv.)
popular.
Every year lovers of comic books and science ction ock to the Comic-Con International convention in 1
California to celebrate these genres. Canada has its own (huge, adj.) 2
The (big, adj.)
3
and (ashy, adj.)
fan conventions.
Canadian convention, Fan
Expo Canada, takes place in Toronto every year for four days before Labour Day. It is the (well-known, adj.) 4
Canadian meeting place for lovers of science ction, a place where visitors (frequent, 5
adv.)
6
arrive dressed in (wild, adv.)
spectacular outts to honour their favourite characters. Of course, Québec has its own 7
(equal, adv.)
famous three-day Montreal Comiccon every
September. In 2012 guests included Montréal pop icon William Shatner, Captain Kirk of 8
the (immense, adv.)
celebrated Star Trek series. There is another 9
Canadian captain who is (unfortunate, adv.) 10
not as (famous, adj.)
as Captain Kirk. Comic hero Captain Canuck made his debut 11
appearance in 1975. Captain Canuck is as (strong, adj.) Superman and ies even (fast, adj.)
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12
as
than he does.
UNIT 6
Adjectives and Adverbs
67
COMMUNICATE
SPEAKING Look at the photos below. With a classmate, discuss the following ideas. Use as many adjectives and adverbs as possible. The verb prompts will help you get started. I think . . .
• your rst impression of these people
I agree / disagree . . .
• what the photos tell you about their characters
I believe . . .
• what stereotypes you can nd in the photos
2
1
It seems . . .
3
4
5
WRITING Read the following statements and choose one. Decide if it conveys a stereotype or not and justify your opinion. Write a short text, using at least ve adjectives and ve adverbs. Women are better bosses than men.
Men work harder than women.
Life is easier as a man than as a woman.
There are jobs that are more suitable for men than for women.
As parents, men are as patient as women.
Example: Female nurses are better than male nurses. I think that men are capable of being nurses and can do the job as well as women. Traditionally, only women were nurses because of their caring status as wives and mothers. Modern society is changing rapidly. For example, men are often more involved with raising their children than they used to be. Male nurses are denitely as good as female nurses.
68
UNIT 6
Adjectives and Adverbs
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REVIEW A
Adjectives
Write the correct comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives in parentheses.
Smart Impressions How do you feel about owning a smartphone? Was your rst impression (favourable) 1
than it is today? Smartphone users’ rst reaction to the 2
(late)
version on the mobile market was very positive. The 3
instant access to the Internet makes it (easy)
than with
earlier versions to get rst-hand information for school, work, and other areas of life. 4
A smartphone is (thin) 5
and (light)
than previous mobile devices and has a cool variety of apps
for all your needs. The quality of photos from the full HD display camera is (good) 6
than from an older phone. Because users’ attitudes are
(positive)
7
to this phone than to any other type, they don’t 8
focus on the (negative)
aspects. Even though a 9
smartphone is expensive, users enjoy its (trendy) vote it (handy)
B
10
look and
than the original cellphones.
Adverbs
Write the comparative, superlative, or equality form of the adverb formed from each adjective in parentheses.
Attitude or Ability? In the past the (high)
1
qualied person for the job used 2
to be the one with the (impressive)
long list of academic
diplomas. Nowadays many employers are looking for the candidate who expresses himself or herself (positive)
3
than someone who may have
a better brain. A person who presents arguments (skilful)
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4
UNIT 6
Adjectives and Adverbs
69
5
than someone who speaks less (good)
will usually get the 6
job. Interestingly, ability is not always (high)
prized than
attitude. Signs of anger or depression are among the (common) 7
mentioned reasons a candidate did not get a job. Behaving 8
as (natural)
9
and as (positive)
as you can is the (good)
10
possible way to make that rst
impression!
C
Adjectives and Adverbs
Underline the correct adjective or adverb form. 1. Good grooming is usually / usually is the key to creating a good rst impression. 2. It is true that employers are looking for neats / neat candidates who look smart. 3. I suggest that you always look / look always as carefully groomed as possible. 4. Hair clean / Clean hair gives a healthy impression. 5. Clean and manicure your nails as meticulous / as meticulously as possible.
Edit It!
Underline and correct the 12 adjective and adverb errors.
Beauty Is Only Skin Deep My best friend has a prettyer face than mine, so everybody thinks her character must be gooder than mine. I know that she has a relaxeder time at school than the rest of us. She is the lazyest student in our group but everybody wants to help her with her assignments. Her attractive face gives her many socials advantages. She gets always invitations to parties. She sits back and lets others do the hard work for her so she has the easyest ride! I spend hours studying and she gets more high grades than me. I stay in my room to study while she parties endless. She has a part-time job. Her co-workers think she is the most high intelligent member of staff, so they listen to what she has to say. She gets biger tips, too. Pretty faces are rewarding denitely!
70
UNIT 6
Adjectives and Adverbs
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UNIT
Present Perfect We have been friends since kindergarten.
Past
7
Now
Future
FUNCTION AND FORM
7.1 Present Perfect Use
Example
For actions that started in the past and continue in the present
I have loved her since the rst time we met.
For actions that happened recently or at an unspecied time in the past
They have just nished making their nal wedding plans.
For actions that happened at least once in the past and could happen again in a time period that is not yet completed
He has phoned me twice this week.
We have chosen a catering rm for our wedding reception. (The time is not mentioned.)
Keywords already, ever, for, just, lately, never, often, recently, several times, since, so far, still, yet . . .
1
Underline each verb in the present perfect. Then write the reason it is used. 1. She has texted 20 times today and it’s only 3:00 p.m.!
2. He has admired her since he read her prole on Facebook.
3. She has just bought her wedding dress.
4. I have tweeted every day for the past month.
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UNIT 7
Present Perfect
71
7.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements Afrmative Subject
The past participle of regular verbs has the same form and spelling as the simple past: liked, transferred, tried, worked.
Refer to unit 4, chart 4.3, page 38 for the spelling rules for the -ed ending of regular verbs.
Verb have
I
have (’ve)
He / She / It
has (’s)
We / You / They
have (’ve)
Negative Past participle
arrived.
Subject
Verb have + not
I
have not (haven’t)
He / She / It
has not (hasn’t)
We / You / They
have not (haven’t)
Past participle
arrived.
7.3 Irregular Past Participles Past participles of irregular verbs vary.
Base Form
Refer to appendix 7, pages 134–135, for a list of irregular past participles.
2
Simple Past
Past Participle
be
was, were
been
do
did
done
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
have
had
had
see
saw
seen
take
took
taken
think
thought
thought
write
wrote
written
Complete each sentence with the afrmative or negative form of the present perfect. Underline the keyword. 1. I (be)
in love three times in my life so far.
2. Ariana (go)
on two blind dates this week already.
3. They (end, negative) 4. Scott (give in)
their relationship yet. just
his name for a speed-dating session. 5. Mia (see, negative)
a suitable guy on the dating
site since she started to look.
72
UNIT 7 Present Perfect
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7.4 Questions Yes / No Questions Verb have
3
Subject
Have
I
Has
he / she / it
Have
we / you / they
Information Questions
Past participle
arrived?
Question word
Verb have
Subject
Past participle
What
have
I
forgotten?
Where
has
he / she / it
been?
What
have
we / you / they
done?
You can answer a yes / no question with a short or long answer. Has she painted the room this week? Short answer: Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.
Complete each question. Answer each yes/no question with a short answer. she (send)
1. No, 2.
Long answer: Yes, she has painted the room this week. No, she hasn’t painted the room this week.
him her prole yet?
. you (speak)
to him today? Yes,
3. What
they never (tell)
4. Why
he already (end)
.
each other? the relationship?
7.5 Keywords Since and For Use the keywords since and for when an action begins in the past and continues to the present.
Since
4
For
Since is used with a specic point in time.
For is used with a period of time.
I’ve worked part-time since May.
I’ve worked on campus for three months.
We’ve been married since 2007.
We’ve been married for several years.
He’s been here since one o’clock.
He’s been here for four hours.
Complete each sentence with the keyword since or for. 1. We haven’t texted each other 2. I haven’t spoken to him
two o’clock. Wednesday.
3. He has been online
an hour.
4. She has dated him
six months.
7.6 Keywords Never, Still, and Yet Use the keywords never, still, and yet to express negative actions in the present perfect.
Keyword
Use
Example
Use with the afrmative form.
I have never fallen in love.
Never + afrmative replaces the negative form.
(I have not fallen in love ever.)
Still
Use to show that the action continues.
He still hasn’t found his soulmate but he hasn’t stopped looking.
Yet
Use to express “up to the time of speaking.”
We haven’t met yet. (We haven’t met at this point in time.)
Never
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UNIT 7
Present Perfect
73
7.7 Placement of Keywords Questions Ever means at any time and is usually used in yes / no questions. It can also take the negative form.
Afrmative Statements
Have you sent that card yet?
I’ve already sent it.
Negative Statements I have not sent it yet. I still have not sent it.
Have you ever fallen in love? Yes, I have. / No, I never have. / No, I haven’t ever fallen in love.
Have they left already?
They have left already.
Have they already left?
They have already left.
Has he ever written a love letter?
He has just written one for Valentine’s Day.
They still have not left.
He has never written a love letter.
7.8 Present Perfect or Simple Past Present Perfect
Simple Past
Use for actions that started in the past and continue in the present.
Use for actions that started in the past and are nished now.
I have lived in Asbestos for 20 years.
I lived in Asbestos for 20 years.
(It is not nished. I still live in Asbestos.)
(It is nished. I don’t live in Asbestos now. I live in Toronto.)
Use for actions that happened at least once in the past and could happen again in a time period that is not yet completed.
Use for actions that happened at least once in the past and will not happen again in a time period that is completed.
He has missed classes three times this month.
He missed classes three times this month.
(The month is not nished. It is September 24.)
(The month is nished. It is September 30.)
5
Identify the tense of each underlined verb (PP or SP) and explain why it is used. 1. Dan and Cindy met via Facebook. They started to go out but they split up after a month. Tense:
2. Dan and Cindy have not been together for six months. Tense:
3. Cindy has already seen other guys twice this month. Tense:
4. Dan lived in Alberta and Cindy lived in Manitoba in the 1990s. Tense:
74
UNIT 7 Present Perfect
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PRACTISE 6
Past Participles
Chart 7.3, appendix 7
Complete the chart with the past participle of the verbs. Complete additional
Base Form of Verb Example: call
Past Participle
Base Form of Verb
practise the present perfect tense.
11. go
called
1. ask
12. help
2. be
13. like
3. buy
14. sleep
4. come
15. speak
5. do
16. spend
6. drink
17. take
7. eat
18. tell
8. forget
19. transfer
9. get
20. try
10. give
7
exercises online to
Past Participle
21. write
Afrmative and Negative
Charts 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6
Complete the text with the present perfect of the verbs. Then underline the keyword(s). Example: I (know)
have known
my boyfriend for two years.
Déjà Vu 1
Maybe you (sense, already)
2
that you (see)
someone before, even though you are meeting that person for the rst time. So far I (experience) 3
the strange phenomenon of déjà vu only once in my life. I (treasure, 4
always)
the day that I met my boyfriend. I still (forget, 5
negative)
the details of that rst meeting. As he was
walking past my classroom, he looked at me through the door. We immediately had the same 6
amazing thought: “I (meet, already)
this person!” We
(love)
7
each other since that moment. I (encounter,
never)
8
such a kind and gentle person. We (be)
9
together for two wonderful years. I (think, not)
10
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about another guy yet.
UNIT 7
Present Perfect
75
8
Questions and Answers
Chart 7.3, 7.4
Complete each sentence with the present perfect. Then write a yes/no question about the information given. Example: Many couples (discover) have discovered the chemistry of love. Have many couples discovered the chemistry of love? 1. Love across cultures (become)
a reality in modern times.
2. Most relationships across cultures (bring)
3. Arranged marriages (make)
some couples unhappy.
4. Researchers (show)
that happily married couples experience less stress.
5. Researchers (see, also)
9
Answering Questions
couples a lot of happiness.
many benets of being single.
Chart 7.4
Use the photos to answer the questions in the present perfect.
Example
1
Question Example: Where has she been?
2
3
4
5
Answer She has been to the park to do yoga.
1. What has he bought so far? 2. Where has she been all afternoon? 3. Where has he been this morning? 4. Who has she just texted? 5. How have they paid for their order?
76
UNIT 7 Present Perfect
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10 Writing Questions
Charts 7.3, 7.4
Write three questions to ask each person using the present perfect. Example: Have you ever worked in an unusual place? How many times have you been to Europe? 1.
Martin
2.
Eva
Age:
26
Age:
25
Height:
173 cm
Height:
175 cm
Profession:
personal trainer in a gym
Profession:
dental hygienist
Likes:
running marathons, rock climbing, cross-country skiing, jazz
Likes:
extreme winter sports, reading, dressmaking, Asian food
Dislikes:
cats, noisy environments, classical music, hot weather
Dislikes:
clutter, pets, loud music, jazz, hot weather
1.
2.
3.
11 Keywords Since and For
Chart 7. 5
Underline each verb in the present perfect and complete the sentence with the keywords since and for. Then write the words that give you the clue. Sentence Example: Attitudes have changed
since
Clue the beginning of the century.
1. Homosexuals have suffered discrimination
the beginning of the century
centuries.
2. Attitudes towards homosexual people have changed in Canada the year 2000. 3. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Canada
July 2005.
4. The Montréal Pride Parade has brought tourists to the city 5.
2007.
2005, some gay people have felt that the government has heard their voice.
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UNIT 7
Present Perfect
77
12 Keywords Since, For, Ever, Never, Still, Yet, and Just
Charts 7.5, 7.6, 7.7
Underline the correct keyword. Example: I have dated her since/for December. 1
We have known each other for / since we were in high school. That means that we have 2
3
been with each other since / for six years! We have yet / just found out that we have 4
won a cruise to Jamaica. We have never / ever felt so excited. We haven’t decided 5
still / yet whether to go on the cruise during the spring break. We haven’t nished 6
7
school still / yet . We ever / still have to nish our winter semester. We have never / ever
8
9
been so impatient to take a holiday. Neither of us has ever / never been on a cruise before. We have just / still
13 Position of Keywords
10
checked out Jamaica online and it looks amazing.
Charts 7.5, 7.6, 7.7
Karl and Matt have indicated the chores they have done (✓) and those they haven’t done (X). Write what each of them has done using the keyword in parentheses. Chore
Karl
Example: Wash the dishes (already)
✓
Matt
Karl has already washed the dishes.
1. Wash the windows (just)
✓
2. Mop the kitchen oor (yet)
X
3. Vacuum the apartment (recently)
X
4. Finish the ironing (still)
X
5. Feed the cat (yet)
X
14 Keywords with Questions
Sentence
Charts 7.4, 7.7
Write a yes/no question and an information question for each statement in exercise 13. Use the keywords. Yes/No Question
78
Information Question
Example: Has Karl already washed the dishes?
Who has already washed the dishes?
1.
What
2.
Who
3.
What
4.
Who
5.
What
UNIT 7 Present Perfect
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15 Present Perfect or Simple Past
Charts 7.1, 7.3, 7.8
Complete each set of sentences with the present perfect or the simple past. went
Example: On our rst date a year ago we
for a pizza and then
saw
a movie. (go, see)
Actions that started in the past and are nished now 1. After our rst date Sam and I
to see more of each other. (begin)
2. Finally we
that we were in love. (realize)
3. We
our engagement this morning! (announce)
Actions that started in the past and continue in the present 4. Shawna
Todd for three years. (know)
5. Todd and Shawna
good friends since then. (be)
6. They
a strong relationship. (develop)
Actions that happened recently or at an unspecied time in the past 7. Eva
an amazing cake for her engagement party. (order, just)
8. She
a ring with two small diamonds to place on the cake. (choose)
9. I
the cake and it is very pretty. (see)
Actions that happened at least once in the past and could happen again in a time period that is not yet completed 10. Naomi
me about the exam three times tonight. (call)
11. She
classes four times this month. (cut)
12. Naomi
two exams this semester. (fail)
16 Simple Past or Present Perfect
Charts 7.1, 7.8
Complete each sentence with the simple past or the present perfect using the words in parentheses. Example:
Riley has dreamed
of being a chef
for a long time
. (Riley, dream, for a long time)
a restaurant in Laval. (Riley, just, open)
1.
to work as a chef
2.
. (he, start,
ve years ago) in a big hotel in Las Vegas before he
3. to Québec. (he, work, return)
many exciting new dishes
4. he came back. (he, create, since) 5.
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the car with gas and are on our way to dinner! (we, already, ll)
UNIT 7
Present Perfect
79
COMMUNICATE
SPEAKING Ask a classmate questions in the present perfect using information from the chart below. Use appropriate keywords. Example: Student A: How long have you been single? Student B: I have been single for nearly a year. Student B: Have you ever been in an unhappy relationship? Student A: Yes, I have been in an unhappy relationship and I ended it. Student A
Student B
Be single
In an unhappy relationship
Be disappointed with a partner
Feel lonely
Eat exotic food
Travel to an exotic destination
Learn another language
Win a competition or prize
Take risks
Do an extreme or unusual sport
Cope with a serious crisis
Work at a job you hate
WRITING Choose a person from the following list or add someone that you would like to interview. Write ve yes/no and ve information questions in the present perfect to ask the person. Use appropriate keywords. a politician or political candidate
a star athlete
a person holding a job you like
other
a person on a dating site Example: Why have you decided to run in this campaign?
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UNIT 7 Present Perfect
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REVIEW A
Afrmative and Negative Statements, Questions, and Keywords
Complete the text with the correct afrmative, negative or question forms of the present perfect. Use the words in parentheses.
Famous Couples Many famous couples have been written about over the years. (read, ever, you) 1
the tragic story of Tristan and Isolde? Tristan fell in love
with his uncle’s wife, Isolde, after she gave him a love potion to drink. Another 2
tragedy that perhaps (read, never, you)
is the story of
Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere, the wife of King Arthur of Britain. Many books and 3
movies (immortalize)
their scandalous love story. 4
(hear, most people)
of the story of Romeo and 5
Juliet. If (see, negative, you)
Shakespeare’s play,
Romeo kills himself because he mistakenly thinks that his lover, Juliet, (die) 6
. When Juliet wakes up from a drugged sleep, she sees
that Romeo is dead and kills herself. Another person who fakes her own death is Queen Cleopatra, who wants to punish her lover, Mark Anthony. When Mark 7
Anthony hears that she (lose)
her life, he also
commits suicide. 8
If you (have, ever) 9
an x-ray, you (benet)
from the work of the most famous couple in science,
Pierre and Marie Curie. Until Pierre’s death, this brilliant pair worked together on the 10
discovery of polonium and radium. Marie Curie (win)
lasting fame as the rst woman to win a Nobel prize and the rst person to win two Nobel prizes.
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UNIT 7
Present Perfect
81
B
Present Perfect or Simple Past
Cross out the incorrect verbs. Then answer the question below. 1
Last year I went / have gone on a trip to Niger in Africa. I discovered many interesting rituals and customs related to matchmaking. For example, have you ever 2
3
saw / seen men with painted faces? One day I watched / have watched as a group 4
of young men with painted faces danced / have danced in front of the young unmarried women. These young men were making themselves look attractive in 5
6
order to nd a wife. I thought / have thought that they have looked / looked scary, but 7
the young women haven’t shared / didn’t share my point of view. They were laughing 8
9
and watching the men as they have danced / danced . It was / has been a wonderful sight. All the young men have found / found
10
wives that day!
Which verb tense is used the most, and why?
Edit It!
Underline and correct the 10 errors in the present perfect verbs.
I think I have just meet the partner of my dreams online! We chatted and found out that we have a lot of things in common. He have worked overseas and he has datted women from various countries. I have also has close relationships that have give me an open attitude to people from different countries and cultures. I have develop a taste for hot Caribbean and Mexican food, which Cory shares. Both of us have travelled to unusual destinations and have even swimmed with dolphins. We have also both feeled the pain of rejection and betrayal. Cory haves decided that he wants to take our relationship slowly, step by step. I am cautious, too, but I am agreed to meet him in person next month.
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UNIT 7 Present Perfect
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8
UNIT
Modals Can money make you happy?
FUNCTION AND FORM
8.1 Common Modals
Do not use two modals with the same main verb.
A modal gives extra information about the meaning of the verb that follows it. Modals come before the base form of the main verb and most do not change form.
She may can nd happiness.
Modal
Meaning
Example
ability
I can skate very well now.
possibility
We can ask for a loan today.
informal request
Can I have twenty dollars?
past ability
I could skate well when I was young.
possibility
We could ask for a loan if you want.
formal request
Could you lend me twenty dollars, please?
possibility
We may get a loan.
formal request
May I borrow twenty dollars, please?
might
possibility
I might get a loan if I nd a job.
must / have to
obligation
You must / have to renew your passport.
mustn’t
prohibition
You mustn’t smile for your passport picture.
should
advice / suggestion
You should meet with a nancial advisor.
would
wish (+ like / love)
I would love to speak English uently.
preference
I would prefer to study English in Ontario.
conditional (main clause)
If I had enough money, I would travel to the U.S.A.
offer
Would you like some information?
formal request
Would you send me information on your tours?
can
could
may
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UNIT 8
Modals
83
1
Underline the modal in each sentence and write its meaning. 1. She may nd happiness in her new relationship. 2. We have to focus on managing our nances. 3. Would you ask her to call the bank manager? 4. They can buy a condo now that they have a down payment. 5. You should save money for unexpected expenses.
8.2 Afrmative and Negative Statements The innitive (to + base form of verb) is not used with most modals.
Afrmative Subject
Have to acts like a modal in meaning, but the form follows the pattern of the verb have. Does she have to work? Yes, she has to work. / No, she doesn’t have to work.
We could easily save money for a vacation.
Base form of verb
Subject
Modal + not (contraction)
can
cannot (can’t)
could
could not (couldn’t)
may
may not
might
might not
must
I / He / She / It We / You / They should
2 Adverbs ending with -ly come after the modal.
Modal
Negative
I / He / She / It We / You / They
go.
Base form of verb
must not (mustn’t) go.
should not (shouldn’t)
would
would not (wouldn’t)
have to / has to
do not (don’t) have to / does not (doesn’t) have to
Write the negative form of the modal, using contractions where applicable. 1. We
have enough money for a vacation this year. (may)
2. He
be such a big spender! (have to)
3. Money
buy happiness. (can, really)
4. You
drive without a licence. (must)
8.3 Questions Yes / No Questions Modal
Can
84
UNIT 8 Modals
Subject
I / he / she / it we / you / they
Information Questions
Base form of verb
Question word
Modal
go?
What
could
Subject
I / he / she / it we / you / they
Base form of verb do?
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3
Complete each question using the words in parentheses. Answer the yes / no questions with a short answer. to unhappiness? (can, lead, money,
1. sometimes) Yes,
. to charity? (have to, give, we)
2. No,
. me a better interest rate? (would, offer, you)
3. No,
.
4. What
to save more? (could, do, I)
5. How much (must, save, I)
for a down payment on a condo?
8.4 Common Modals in the Past Use most modals with the verb have + past participle to form the past tense.
4
Present
Past
Past Negative
I could / might make more money. (possibility)
I could / might have made more money. (past possibility)
could not (couldn’t) have made
She should nd a well-paying job. (suggestion)
She should have found a well-paying job. (the event did not happen)
should not (shouldn’t) have found
They would like to buy a new house. (intention)
They would have liked to buy a new house. (unfullled intention)
would not (wouldn’t) have liked
He had to plan his budget. (obligation)
He had to plan his budget. (past obligation)
did not (didn’t) have to plan
She must leave the building. (obligation)
She must have left the building. (logical deduction)
must not (mustn’t) have left
To give a short answer to a yes / no question, use the modal without the main verb. Could you give me advice? Yes, I could. / No, I couldn’t.
For a list of past participles, refer to appendix 7, pages 134–135.
might not have made
Write the past form of the modal in each sentence. 1. You
my opinion. (could, ask)
2. We
so much money. (should, spend, negative)
3. It
better to save for the future. (would, be)
4. We
a hasty decision. (have to, make)
5. He
his bonus. (have to, spend, negative)
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In spoken English, could, should, and would + have often sound like could of / coulda, would of / woulda, and should of / shoulda. Be careful not to write these as they sound.
UNIT 8
Modals
85
PRACTISE 5 Complete additional
Ability: Can or Could
Charts 8.1, 8.4
Write if you could or could not do the activity 10 years ago. Add one more activity. Then write what you can or can’t do now.
exercises online to
Ten Years Ago
practise modals.
Could Example: Speak English
Now
Couldn’t
Can
I couldn’t speak English.
Can’t
Now I can speak English.
1. Drive a car 2. Get a credit card 3. Vote 4. Other:
6
Possibility
Charts 8.1, 8.3
Circle the correct modal to express possibility. Example: I may / would review your assignment. 1. He should / could help me with my homework. 2. She must / may ask you a few questions. 3. Do you think they might / have to be at the library? 4. Could / Should this wallet be Jack’s? 5. Would / Can we come to an agreement?
7
Obligation and Advice: Must, Have To, and Should
Chart 8.1
Match each sentence with its reply. Write the correct letter in the middle column of the chart. Example: They should take a vacation.
86
a
a. Yes, they really should.
1. He must get into nancial shape.
b. I suppose they always should.
2. She really has to see her advisor at the bank.
c. Yes, I really must.
3. You must be more responsible with your money.
d. Yes, he must.
4. Students should always follow a monthly budget.
e. I guess she has to.
UNIT 8 Modals
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8
Requests: Can, Could, May, and Would
Charts 8.1, 8.3
Using all the above modals, write a formal or informal question about each photo.
Example
1
2
3
4
5
Example: Can we run with you? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
9
Advice / Suggestion: Should
Charts 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Underline the modals in Ben’s letter. Give him advice using Suzie’s notes. Example: Suzie’s Notes—start budget: You should start a monthly budget. In Love but Broke
Suzie’s Notes
Can anybody help me? I’m 19 and
• reduce working hours
studying full time. I have to keep my part-time job to pay for my studies
• start budget
and my rent. I can’t work more hours
• sell car
because I am in a demanding program
• drop courses
at school. I am broke. I have very little
• get nancial aid from school
money for food or for my car. Maybe my friend Mike could share the apartment with me, but he doesn’t have much
Your Advice Ben,
• nd another roommate
money either. I must get better grades or I will unk my semester. What should I do? Ben
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UNIT 8
Modals
87
10 Could and Should
Charts 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Write the correct modal, could or should. Could
Example: Customer:
you please show me where the ATM is? 1
Bank employee: Sure. It’s over there in the corner. You 2
your transaction because somebody 3
Customer: Yes. I’ve heard that you 4
hide your PIN when you make
be watching you.
change your PIN every three months. You (negative)
use numbers like your birthday or the address of your house. 5
Bank employee: Yes, that’s right. The other day I (negative)
remember my latest
password because I change it so often! 6
Customer: It’s great to shop or bank online, but you
have serious problems if someone
has access to your personal information. 7
Bank employee: You
also be careful of all your paper documents. You
8
shred bank statements, bills, and credit card receipts. 9
Customer: Thanks for your help. I (negative) a line-up at the ATM now.
10
11 Mixed Modals
be a victim of identity theft now. Oh, there’s
you please cash this cheque?
Charts 8.2, 8.3
Write the sentences as negative statements and yes / no questions. Example: We have to practise more often. We don’t have to practise more often. Do we have to practise more often? 1. They could win the hip hop competition.
2. They have to pay their bills on time.
3. My dream might come true tonight.
4. She has to save a lot of money to go to university.
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UNIT 8 Modals
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12 Past Modals: Could and Should
Chart 8.4
Rebecca and Sandy’s roommates have told them that they must move out of the apartment. Read the complaints and write what Rebecca and Sandy could or should have done to create a better environment. Rebecca
Sandy
Example: She always left the lights on at night.
She didn’t pay the bills on time.
She could have turned off the lights.
She should have paid the bills on time.
1. Rebecca and her boyfriend watched too much TV.
5. She never vacuumed the apartment.
2. Rebecca didn’t do the dishes very often.
6. She spent hours in the bathroom.
3. She never cleaned the kitchen.
7. We didn’t spend enough time together.
4. She always left dirty dishes in the living room.
8. She didn’t respect our rules.
13 Past Modals: Would, Should, Could, and Must
Chart 8.4, appendix 7
Read the sentences in the rst column. Write them in the past in the second column. Present Example: Thinking positively would help.
Past Thinking positively would have helped.
1. Miyuki should be in a good mood. 2. Clark could be kinder. 3. He must work harder. (logical deduction) 4. I could give to that charity. 5. Briony would listen to her peers. 6. He could change his lifestyle. 7. Murray must look on the bright side. 8. I should laugh more often. 9. He could take life more seriously. 10. You have to do your report for Monday.
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UNIT 8
Modals
89
14 Meaning of Mixed Modals
Charts 8.1, 8.4
Circle the sentence that most closely matches the meaning of the statement. Example: I get up early to do yoga before I start my day. a. I should make time to do yoga. b. I can do yoga every day. c. I might do yoga every day if I have time. 1. My young brother is so funny! a. He might be a stand-up comedian. b. He must be a stand-up comedian. c. He should be a stand-up comedian. 2. They would like to nd a new apartment after the wedding. a. They may have already moved. b. They have to look for an apartment. c. They may have already found an apartment. 3. We are happy with our lifestyle. a. We wouldn’t change our lifestyle. b. We must change our lifestyle. c. We might change our lifestyle. 4. Brent failed his driving exam and he needs a licence for his new job. a. He might take the exam again to get his driver’s licence. b. He could take the exam again to get his driver’s licence. c. He must take the exam again to get his driver’s licence. 5. Kirstie is going to visit the exotic rain forests of Costa Rica. a. She could check out her vaccination needs. b. She doesn’t have to check if she needs shots. c. She must get the necessary shots. 6. Alana and I are enjoying the new exercise class. a. We should start the exercise class soon. b. We must have started the exercise class. c. We may start the exercise class soon. 7. Charles was sleeping when the phone rang. a. He couldn’t have heard the phone ring. b. He would have answered the phone. c. He must have heard the phone ring. 8. She should have told her teacher about her problem. a. She had to tell her teacher about her problem. b. She must have told her teacher about her problem. c. She must not have told her teacher about her problem.
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UNIT 8 Modals
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15 Mixed Modals: Afrmative, Negative, and Questions
Charts 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Complete the text using the information in parentheses. Then answer the three questions below the text. Example: (should, see, you, past)
You should have seen
what I saw.
Reality Check This afternoon I went to the public swimming pool. (could, ignore, I, negative) 1
the fact that everyone who was not
swimming was busy with a cellphone. To my left (could, see, I) 2
a woman sitting next to a man.
A boy in the water kept waving to them—(must, be, he, past) 3
their son. He wanted to show them
how well he swam. (could, take, the man, negative) 4
his eyes off of his cell screen. (would, 5
believe, you, negative, past)
it!
The woman tried to talk to him. She pointed at their son, who was waving, but 6
(would, stop, he, negative)
looking at 7
his cellphone. (can, imagine, you)
?
8
(can, sit, you) 9
next to someone who (could, be)
in a deep conversation with someone far away. To my right
was a mother sitting with her son. They were both occupied with their cellphones. (could, be, they, past) 10
complete strangers.
What do you think? 1. What should the man have done?
2. What could the woman have said to the man?
3. What might the son have thought about his father?
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UNIT 8
Modals
91
COMMUNICATE
SPEAKING Form a group of three students. Each student chooses one of the problems below and reads it aloud to the group. Then the other students in the group use a variety of modals to offer solutions. Example: I would like to stop smoking, but I can’t. Even the gross pictures on cigarette packages can’t convince me to quit. I’m worried, but all my friends smoke and I have to be part of the group. What can I do? Cynthia You have to keep busy. Maybe you could nd other friends who don’t smoke. You should join a gym to improve your health. Can you speak to a doctor about an anti- smoking program? A doctor might help you. 1. What should I do? I’m in a really tough program at college and I can’t manage my time. I know that I should make time for my social life. If I spend time partying, however, I won’t have enough time to study. I must study every day to keep my grades up. Gina
2. Help! I’m not a good student. I just can’t get my life organized. I start one piece of work, but then I can’t nish it because I have to start something else. I’m late for every assignment. I couldn’t feel more stressed about school. How can I get my act together? Jason
3. Recently I started a relationship with a great guy. I can’t concentrate on my schoolwork. I shouldn’t spend so much time thinking about him. I mustn’t keep texting him. I’m obsessed. What can I do to calm down? I can’t chase him away by being so anxious. Chris
WRITING Imagine that you have just won $5 000. Financial experts have some important advice for prize winners, such as the Rule of Three: pay your debts, save, and spend wisely. Use ve different modals to explain how you would spend the prize money. Rule 1: Pay Debts Example: I would pay off my credit card debt.
Rule 2: Save I must put money into my savings account.
Rule 3: Spend I could buy a smart TV on sale.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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UNIT 8 Modals
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REVIEW A
Mixed Modals
Read the text and underline the 15 modals and the corresponding main verbs. Then answer the questions below the text.
Spending for Happiness Money can buy happiness. How can that be? Of course, if you had money, you could buy expensive things and have wonderful vacations. You wouldn’t have to wash another dish or have to struggle to pay another bill. Yet, according to research done by the University of British Columbia and the Harvard Business School, money can bring you happiness if you spend it on others. Giving money to charity can make people happy. Apparently, generosity to strangers may bring the same amount of pleasure as giving gifts to family and friends. Could you honestly say that it doesn’t feel good when you give to a homeless person? Would you refuse to make a donation to a good cause? It doesn’t matter how much we can give. The important thing is to give something. For example, you may prefer to feed hungry children in Canada rather than in a faraway country. Perhaps you would rather support research than buy owers to put on a grave. In some way, you might feel that you are helping to beat the disease. Even small amounts of money spent on others can have a positive impact on your happiness.
1. How can money buy happiness?
2. What may give you more pleasure: donating to strangers or to friends?
3. Why might you prefer to support research into a life-threatening disease?
4. What can affect your happiness positively?
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UNIT 8
Modals
93
B
Present and Past Modals
Circle the correct modals.
A Worthy Cause 1
Is money really the root of all evil? After all, it can’t / can be used to make a difference 2
in the world. If you suddenly had a lot of money, and could / must do something for 3
4
humanity, how can / would you react? May / Would you donate money to charity? 5
I should not / couldn’t imagine doing the work done by Doctors Without Borders. I think 6
we should / mustn’t use our money to support organizations like that. 7
Even if we aren’t rich, we should / would all do something to help other people. 8
I would / could have loved to have met Mother Teresa, for example, who devoted her 9
life to the poor and sick in India. I know that I shouldn’t / couldn’t have lived like her in a slum—I wouldn’t / shouldn’t
Edit It!
10
have survived in such a difcult environment.
Underline the error in each sentence. Write the correction on the line.
1. I should of stopped overspending. 2. Soon they must to borrow money. 3. Must I to ll out this form for a loan? 4. She should rents a smaller apartment. 5. He can learn really to save money. 6. We mayn’t go bankrupt. 7. She haves to learn to be thrifty. 8. Do I must sign here? 9. You could a hired an accountant to do your tax returns. 10. She shouldn’t spends a fortune on trips.
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UNIT 8 Modals
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UNIT
Conditionals If we had more friends on Facebook, we would be even happier.
9
FUNCTION AND FORM
9.1 Conditional Sentences Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause, which describes the condition, and the main clause, which describes the result or consequence.
Type of Situation
If-Clause
Main Clause
Type 1 Real situations at any time in the present
If you exercise,
Possible situations in the future
If she wins a prize,
she will be delighted.
(She might win a prize.)
(the result of winning a prize)
If someone gave me a million dollars,
I would buy a yacht.
If they had planned the advertising better,
they would have been more successful.
(In fact, they didn’t plan the advertising well.)
(the result of planning well)
you lose weight. (the result of exercising)
Type 2 Improbable or unreal situations in the present Type 3 Impossible situations in the past (the action in the if-clause never happened)
Keywords 1
if, wish, would
Write if the situation is possible, improbable, or impossible. 1. If Jack were less shy, he would ask Emma for a date. 2. If I had bought a car, I would have travelled more. 3. They will drive to Florida if they can’t y.
When the verb be is used in an if-clause, use the form were with all subjects in formal language. If I were you, I would change careers. In informal speaking, you may hear: If I was you, . . .
4. If we had realized she was ill, we could have helped her.
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UNIT 9
Conditionals
95
Use the correct form of the verb for the if-clause and main clause. calls If he will call me tonight, I will be delighted.
9.2 Type 1: Possible Conditionals in the Present and Future Use these conditionals when the situation in the present is real or the future situation is possible.
If-Clause
Main Clause For a real situation
Simple present + If I do yoga,
simple present I feel less stress.
(I do it every day.)
For a possible situation in the future Simple present + If I do yoga, The if-clause can be used to begin or end a sentence. When it begins a sentence, use a comma at the end of it. If I work too hard, I will get sick. When it ends a sentence, do not use a comma. I will get sick if I work too hard.
future with will I will be more relaxed.
(I will register for a yoga class.)
2
Complete each sentence with a real situation in the present or a possible situation in the future. 1. If I
marketing, I
a great job. (possible: study, get)
2. If I
to bed early, I
a good night’s sleep. (real: go, get)
3. If Russell 4. Laura call, get)
his time, he
his work better. (real: take, do)
us if she
a message from Rob. (possible:
5. If you extensive research, you (possible: do, understand)
the market.
9.3 Type 2: Improbable Conditionals in the Present Use these conditionals when the situation in the present is improbable or unreal. Use would or could in the main clause to indicate a probable or possible consequence.
If-Clause
Main Clause For a probable consequence
Simple past + If she had more money,
would + base form of verb she would rent a bigger apartment.
(She doesn’t have more money.)
(It is probable that she will rent a bigger apartment.)
For a possible consequence
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Simple past + If she had more money,
could + base form of verb she could buy a house.
(She doesn’t have more money.)
(It is possible for her to buy a house.)
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3
Complete the conditional sentence. Use would or could in the main clause. 1. If you (stop)
smoking, you (probability: feel)
2. If tobacco companies (be) that smoking is harmful.
a lot better.
honest, they (probability: admit)
3. Cleo (possibility: get) more often.
into shape if she (go)
4. Smokers (possibility: reduce)
to the gym
their risk of heart disease if they (exercise)
every day.
9.4 Type 3: Impossible Conditionals in the Past Use these conditionals for impossible situations in the past where the action in the if-clause never happened.
If-Clause
Refer to appendix 5, page 132, for the past perfect tense.
Main Clause For a probable consequence
Past perfect + If I had nished my degree,
would have + past participle I would have started my own business.
(I didn’t nish my degree.)
(Starting my own business was a probability.)
For a possible consequence
4
Past perfect + If I had started my own business,
could have + past participle I could have made lots of money.
(I didn’t start my own business.)
(Making lots of money was a possibility.)
Complete each sentence to describe a situation that never happened in the past. 1. If Leonardo da Vinci (go, negative)
to Florence,
he (probability: develop, negative)
his talent
Form the negative by placing not between the modal and have. I would not have seen it if you had not told me.
to its full potential. 2. Matt (probability: be)
successful if he (work) more.
3. I (possibility: be)
healthier if I (smoke, negative) for so long.
4. If we (see)
it, we (probability: believe) it.
5. If you (study)
harder, you (possibility: be) an engineer.
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PRACTISE 5 Complete additional exercises online to
Conditionals
Chart 9.1
Write the reason for the type of conditional sentence. Example: If you like designer labels, you will like their new collection.
practise conditionals.
It describes a possible situation in the future. 1. If Simon dances, he feels relaxed.
2. If Janie had common sense, she would go on a diet.
3. If we had listened to our teacher, we would have gotten better grades.
4. If you stop smoking, you will feel the benets immediately.
6
Type 1: Real Conditionals in the Present
Chart 9.2
Complete the if-clause with the correct form of the verb. are Example: If your target users (be) you care about health issues. 1. If your company (want) social media.
health-conscious, you show that
to market to teens, you communicate via
2. If advertisers (need) to get teens involved, they show how the company supports issues teens care about. 3. If your female target (like)
pop culture, you appeal to her needs.
4. If your male target (have)
opinions, you ask him to ll out a survey.
7
Type 1: Possible Conditionals in the Future
Chart 9.2
Complete the main clause with the correct form of the verb. Example: If a young adult likes your company ethics, he or she (want) to buy your product. 1. If a teen wants to be heard, he or she (give) 2. You (create) needs and desires. 3. Teens (be) their issues.
you valuable feedback.
a relationship with teens if you pay attention to their happy to buy your product if they think you care about
4. If you want to keep teens interested, you (need) website regularly.
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will want
to update your
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8
Type 2: Improbable or Unreal Conditionals in the Present
Chart 9.3
Match a main clause and an if-clause. Write the complete sentences using would or could. Example: Fred would choose a condo if he had enough money. Main Clause
If-Clause she (develop) a more positive attitude.
Example: Fred (choose) a condo (probable) 1.
You (feel) job satisfaction (probable)
he (have) enough money.
2.
Tina (be) happier (possible)
I (be) rich.
3.
Mark (buy) a motorbike (probable)
she (think) the company cared.
4.
Sophia (give) feedback (probable)
5.
I (travel) around the world (possible)
she (exercise) often.
6.
Dalia (be) in good shape (possible)
you (have) the right job.
7.
We (see) each other tomorrow (improbable)
you (be, negative) sick.
8.
Mira (get) better grades (possible)
she (study) longer.
if
he (save) enough money.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9
Type 3: Impossible Conditionals in the Past with Would
Chart 9.4, appendices 5 and 7
Complete each sentence with the past perfect of the verb in the if-clause, and would have + past participle in the main clause. Example: If I (be)
had been
rich and famous, I (be)
would have been
1. If I (have)
the time and money, I (travel)
2. She (live)
on her own tropical island if she (win)
3. If he (tell)
the truth, he (save)
4. If we (nd) 5. They (be)
true happiness, we (write) happy if they (nd)
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happy. around the world. the lottery. his career. a bestselling book. their dream home.
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10 Type 3: Impossible Conditionals
in the Past with Could
Chart 9.4, appendices 5 and 7
Write complete sentences using the past perfect in the if-clause and could have + past participle in the main clause. Example: I, have enough money/go on a world cruise If I had had enough money, I could have gone on a world cruise. 1. I, get good grades in school/be a teacher
2. They, buy a house/choose a modern design
3. He, train as a pilot/become an astronaut
4. Bethany, have the winning ticket/win a sports car
5. She, practise more/start her own dance studio
11 Type 3: Mixed Impossible Conditionals
in the Past in the Negative
Chart 9.4, appendices 5 and 7
Complete the sentences in the negative form using contractions. Example: If Jane Austen (write)
hadn’t written
Pride and Prejudice,
Elizabeth (would, meet) wouldn’t have met Darcy. 1. If Romeo (meet)
Juliet, he (would, kill) himself.
2. If Newton (sit)
under an apple tree, he (could, discover) gravity.
3. If Einstein (observe)
moving water, he (would, think) of the theory of relativity.
4. If Columbus (sail) (would, celebrate) 5. If Dante (see)
to the Americas in 1492, Americans Columbus Day each year. Beatrice Portinari, he (could, nd) the inspiration to write the Divine Comedy.
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12 Mixed Present and Past Conditionals
Charts 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, appendices 5 and 7
Complete the texts with the verbs in parentheses. had phoned Example: If you (phone) we could have driven to the hospital. 1
1. If you (read)
us when you had the accident,
David Aaker’s book Brand Relevance:
Making Competitors Irrelevant, you would have understood the importance of the brand. If you had looked at the concept of a brand as a person, you (see) 2
that marketers create a personality for a product.
2. If you understand the concept of brand personality, you (realize) 3
that marketers try to establish a relationship between 4
the brand and the customer. If you (visit)
social media
sites, you will see how companies try to get customers interested in their products. 3. If I had realized how marketers manipulate the public, I (pay) 5
more attention to advertising that encouraged me to 6
buy products I didn’t really need. I (buy, negative)
unnecessary items if I had not been convinced that they were attractive and useful.
13 Meaning
Charts 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Circle the letter of the sentence that is the nearest in meaning to each statement. Example: If I had known she was in debt, I would never have sold her my car. a. I thought she could afford to buy it.
b. It’s not a good idea to sell things to friends.
1. If she didn’t like it, she could have sent it back. a. She hasn’t sent it back.
b. She has sent it back.
2. If he were sociable, he would make new friends. a. He’s made new friends and is sociable.
b. He hasn’t made new friends and isn’t sociable.
3. If I’m careful with my posts, I will stay safe online. a. I will post personal details for all my friends to read.
b. I won’t post personal details for everyone to read.
4. If we study our options, we will make a wise decision. a. We haven’t made a decision yet.
b. We have already made a decision.
5. If they had really tried, they could have been happy together. a. They tried hard to be a happy couple.
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b. They decided to split up; they weren’t happy together.
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COMMUNICATE
SPEAKING With a classmate, decide who will be student A and who will be student B. Read the situation and ask your classmate what he or she will do in each situation. Use a conditional sentence. Switch roles. Example: An aggressive telemarketer wants to sell you something you don’t want. If an aggressive telemarketer wants to sell me something I don’t want, I will hang up. Student A
Student B
1. You spend a lot of money by shopping online and exceed your credit card limit by $200. You forget to make the minimum payment on time. You get a phone call from your bank.
1. You order a book at a bookstore. When it arrives, the clerk says you can look at it before you buy it. After an hour taking notes, you decide you don’t want to buy it.
2. You answer a telephone survey and the interviewer is very friendly. You give him your social insurance number. As soon as he has your number, he ends the call.
2. A telemarketer tells you that you have won a prize. She says that you must pay an administrative fee with your credit card before you can get the prize.
3. You receive some shoes that you bought online. The package is not strong and the shoes are damaged. When you phone, the store denies the shoes were badly packaged.
3. A telemarketer asks you to answer a survey that will take ve minutes. After ten minutes, you are getting frustrated, but the telemarketer keeps asking more questions.
WRITING Choose two of the following questions and answer them. Explain your answer. Use conditional sentences. 1.
If you had the chance to be someone else, who would you be, and why?
2.
If you had the possibility to change one thing in your life, what would it be?
3.
If you had the chance to take a pill that would let you achieve your dream in life, but would shorten your life by ve years, would you still take it?
Example: If you had the opportunity to live in another country, which one would it be, and why? If I had the opportunity to live in another country, I would choose Japan. I’m interested in Japanese culture. I would take language classes and lessons in Japanese art if I had time.
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REVIEW A
Mixed Conditionals
Complete the if-clause in each sentence. 1. If we (know)
that you were sick, we could have helped you.
2. We will come around to clean if you (feel)
that you need help.
3. We could have put the garbage out if you (ask) 4. If you (have) 5. If you (sit)
B
us.
an accident, we would come immediately. in the sun too long, your skin burns.
Mixed Conditionals
Underline the verbs in the if-clauses and the main clauses. Then complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.
Cristal Community If you stroll through the Vieux-Port Market in the city of Québec or the Jean-Talon 1
Market in Montréal, your feet (future, lead)
you to their
homemade vinaigrettes and jellies. Augustine nuns have been in Canada since 1639 and the Dolbeau community in Mistassini started its Cristal project in 2008. The nuns realized that if they wanted to help mentally challenged residents of their region, 2
they (would, have to)
come up with an interesting plan.
They initiated the Cristal project: Centre de rétablissement et d’intégration en santé 3
mentale. If patients (feel)
the need to take part in society,
they could work in a sheltered environment. If they (need)
4
somewhere to live, permanently or part time, they would nd a welcoming and supportive environment in the Cristal community. If you (want)
5
to nd out more about this organization, go
to the Cristal website and learn all about the community of nuns who are bringing hope and happiness to local residents with mental health problems.
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C
Mixed Conditionals
Match each if-clause with a main clause to make a conditional sentence. Write the correct letter in the middle column of the chart. Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb.
1. If she (had)
a lot of money,
2. If we (win)
a. we will celebrate in Las Vegas!
the lottery,
3. I (could, be)
b. it would make us feel happy.
happier
4. If I (research) better,
c. you are more optimistic! d. if I had chosen job satisfaction over money.
the product
5. If I (have)
$10 000 to spend on travel,
6. If you (order)
something online,
e. I would go to Italy for three months. f. I wouldn’t have bought it.
7. Research conrms that if you (be) very materialistic,
g. you could track it to see where it is.
8. If you (think)
h. she would have travelled to exotic places.
positively,
9. If I (go)
to New York,
10. Marketers say that if we (buy) product,
Edit It!
their
i.
you will be less happy than other people.
j.
I would visit the Museum of Modern Art.
Underline and correct the 10 errors in these conditional sentences.
1. If I would have listened to my peers, I would not have become addicted to cigarettes. 2. If I were happier, I could thought positively. 3. If I win lots of money, I have a comfortable life with no stress. 4. He would of won a prize if he had bought a lottery ticket. 5. Nancy could have got an A+ if she would made an effort. 6. If telemarketers wanted to make sales, they be less aggressive. 7. If I ski in the cold too long, I have got frostbite. 8. If I known he was depressed, I would have tried to cheer him up. 9. They would have been happier if they would have been less materialistic. 10. He will have had more friends if he had written a better prole.
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10
UNIT
Editing Files “Words create sentences; sentences create paragraphs; sometimes paragraphs quicken and begin to breathe.” Stephen King, On Writing
10.1 Parts of Speech Part of Speech
Function
Example
Noun (n.)
Names people and things
Pronoun (p.)
Replaces a noun
Determiner (d.)
Identies a noun
That vacation was the most relaxing experience we have ever had.
Verb (v.)
Describes and gives information about an action or event
The clouds are moving closer and it is going to rain soon.
Adjective (adj.)
Gives information about a noun or a pronoun
The sunset was spectacular. It was an amazing sight.
Adverb (adv.)
Gives extra meaning to an adjective or verb
The sky was extremely colourful as the sun sank slowly in the west.
Describes time, frequency, manner, or degree
Yesterday we watched the sun go down over the mountains and then strolled leisurely along the beach.
Describes place, time, or direction
We were sitting in the tour bus at eight o’clock.
Joins: verbs
The teenagers splashed or swam in the sea.
Preposition (prep.)
Conjunction (c.)
My parents have lots of albums and videos of our trip. he it In this photo, Max is sitting in a Turkish bath.
Are you going to the museum now?
adjectives
They were wet but happy.
adverbs
They shouted loudly and excitedly.
nouns
All the girls and boys were laughing.
clauses
They had fun and exercised at the same time.
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1
2
Identify the part of speech of each word. 1. the
5. spectacular
9. rarely
2. we
6. swims
10. on
3. writer
7. and
11. soon
4. incredible
8. alphabet
12. but
Complete the sentences with the words from the word box. Write the part of speech over each word, using the abbreviations in chart 10.1. 1
Lebanon is a 2 4
papyrus) because 7
alphabet on stone
3
old. The Greeks called 6
5
9
more than 10 000
city Byblos (meaning
was the centre of the papyrus trade
the region. The scribes of Byblos we must thank
beautiful carefully
country in the Middle East. The site
the present city of Byblos
and
8
carved the rst 10
for it now!
in is it of the them years
Edit It! 3
Change the highlighted nouns to pronouns to avoid repetition. Circle the verbs in the sentences and underline the adjectives. Steve: Do you know the story of Maxime Durand? Tom: No. What did Maxime Durand do? Steve: Maxime Durand followed his passion, so Maxime did a degree in history at the Université de Montréal. Many history graduates enter careers as teachers, but Maxime took a totally different route. He applied his degree to launch his unusual career. He used his love and knowledge of history to help Ubisoft with their extremely popular Assassin’s Creed series of video games. Have you heard of the Assassin’s Creed games? Tom: Of course I have. I saw the games at the video store. Steve: Well, those video games are historically correct because of Maxime’s extensive knowledge. Maxime checks that all the details are perfect. The most recent game in the Assassin’s Creed series is no exception. Are you going to try Assassin’s Creed now? Tom: I am. I will certainly think of Maxime Durand from now on.
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SENTENCES A sentence is a group of words that expresses a thought. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark. Travel can be an enriching experience.
Why do you like to travel? I like adventure!
10.2 Types of Sentences Type of Sentence
Description
Example
Simple
Is an independent clause that expresses a complete thought
Brianna worked in Africa.
Compound
Has two independent clauses joined by a conjunction or a semicolon
She loved her job but it was hard work.
Has two or more clauses: an independent clause and a dependent clause
I admire the organization Doctors Without Borders (independent clause) because the doctors work selessly in difcult conditions (dependent clause).
Complex
Brianna worked hard; she also worked long hours in difcult conditions.
Edit It! 4
Refer to chart 10.6, page 110, for information on punctuation.
Underline the ve errors in sentence structure. Then write the email correctly.
Hi, I was really busy at work this week. On Monday I met with Angelika Brunel, who is the co-author of REAL. She is an ESL teacher: she also writes books. She likes writing textbooks. Because she is interested in pedagogy. Angelika is a creative person. And she is an enthusiastic musician. But she only plays for fun. Angelika also loves animals: she sometimes fosters abandoned dogs. She’s taking care of three dogs right now.
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10.3 Sentence Structure: Fragments A fragment is an incomplete sentence. A complete sentence must have a subject and a verb.
Fragment
Problem
Solution
Correction
Is a nervous student.
There is no subject.
Add a subject.
Jon is a nervous student.
Jon unhappy with his results.
There is no verb.
Add a verb.
Jon is unhappy with his results.
If he fails another test.
A conditional clause is not a complete sentence.
Add a main clause. Use a comma after the conditional clause.
If he fails another test, he must quit the program.
Add an independent clause.
His grades are bad because he’s addicted to video gaming.
Because he’s addicted A dependent clause to video gaming. is not a complete sentence. When I saw him.
A time clause is not a complete sentence.
Add an independent clause.
When I saw him, he looked very stressed.
Who was talking to him.
A relative clause is not a complete sentence.
Add an independent clause. Put the subject before the relative clause.
The man who was talking to him was his counsellor.
10.4 Sentence Structure: Run-on Sentences A run-on sentence occurs when two sentences are not joined correctly.
Run-on Sentence
Solution
Correction
Addiction problems are serious issues, they ruin many lives.
Make two sentences.
Addiction problems are serious issues. They ruin many lives.
Use a semicolon.
Addiction problems are serious issues; they ruin many lives.
Use a conjunction.
Addiction problems are serious issues and they ruin many lives. Addiction problems are serious issues because they ruin many lives.
Edit It! 5
Write each sentence correctly using a different solution from charts 10.3 and 10.4. Write the solution. 1. I often send text messages in class, my teacher isn’t happy with me. Solution:
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2. We’re playing a video game we should be doing our assignments. Solution:
3. My tablet a bigger screen than my phone. Solution:
10.5 Subject-Verb Agreement In a sentence, the subject and the verb must always be in agreement.
Subject and Verb
Example
Verb be: Use the correct form of the verb with the subject.
I am a trainee chef. Zack is already a chef.
Verb have: Use the correct form of the verb with the subject.
I have a wok and Zack has a steamer.
Simple present: Use the -s or -es form for the third-person singular afrmative.
Zack cooks delicious meals.
Use do / does not (don’t / doesn’t) for the negative.
He doesn’t cook Asian food.
Present progressive and past progressive: Use the correct form of the verb be.
We are working in the same restaurant.
We have great kitchen gadgets.
He goes on the Internet to get new recipes.
We were training together in New York.
Edit It! 6
Cross out the subject-verb agreement errors and write the correction above the error. 1. Liam spend a lot of time downloading music. 2. He do his homework listening to music. 3. When I are doing my homework I need a quiet space. 4. Liam have a high tolerance for noise. 5. He don‘t notice that his music is really loud. 6. Liam reply to every email immediately. 7. He don’t concentrate on his homework. 8. I doesn’t understand how he manages to do it.
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10.6 Punctuation Use punctuation to organize and structure your ideas when writing.
Punctuation Period .
Use To nish a sentence
My grandparents emigrated from Poland in 1959.
To show abbreviations
They arrived in Montréal at 3:00 p.m. on Dec. 19, 1959.
Exclamation mark !
To express surprise
I couldn’t believe that they knew the exact time!
Question mark ?
To ask a question
Do you know the time you were born?
Comma ,
To join two independent clauses connected by a conjunction
I asked my mother, but she couldn’t remember the time I was born.
To separate consecutive adjectives, nouns, and verbs
Now I am researching family history, sorting photos, and reading old documents.
Colon :
To introduce a list of items
Things I must buy: a bus pass, a birthday present for Amy, and a sweater.
Semicolon ;
To separate two independent clauses
Dina failed the exam; Lucy passed.
Apostrophe ’
To indicate possession in nouns (before or after -s)
Frank’s old car is rusty. (singular noun)
To show contractions
Ivan’s pleased because he’ll travel a lot.
Parentheses ( )
To separate words or sentences that add extra information
I work at the store (weekdays only) from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Quotation marks “ “
To repeat what someone said or wrote
Oscar Wilde said, “Anybody can make history; only a great man can write it.”
Add a comma before you write the opening quotation mark. Use a comma before the closing quotation mark if the quote starts the sentence.
110
Example
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Editing Files
The girls’ living room is trendy. (plural noun)
“Oscar Wilde was a genius,” replied the teacher.
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10.7 Capitalization Rule
Example
First word of a sentence
Tomorrow I will start my new job.
First-person subject pronoun
I am happy because I have nished my report.
First names, family names, titles
Emily Carr, Mr. Bean, Doctor Who
Titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, Pride and Prejudice, Vogue, The Gazette / The Globe paintings (except conjunctions, prepositions, articles) and Mail, Othello, the Mona Lisa Days, months, holidays
Saturday, July, Thanksgiving
Languages, nationalities, tribes, religions
Dutch, Japanese, Zulus, Buddhism
Continents, countries, cities, provinces, states, rivers, mountains, planets
Asia, Spain, Madrid, Ontario, Maine, the Mississippi, the Rockies, Mars
Organizations, institutions, monuments
the United Nations, Greenpeace, the Eiffel Tower
Addresses
52 Crabtree Cottage, Moxton, England
Acronyms
UNICEF, DNA
Edit It! 7
Edit the text for punctuation and capitalization errors. Add the correct punctuation and write the correct capitalization over the word.
my friend brad cant resist a cigarette advertisers use powerful ways to convince people to buy a product however cigarette advertising is prohibited in canada. in fact, marketing strategies are used to discourage canadian teenagers from smoking did you see the horrible graphic pictures of health issues on cigarette packets unfortunately, young people are more inuenced by their peers than advertisements and start a lifelong habit of using tobacco the habit is hard to break, according to health canada, because nicotine in tobacco is addictive its better never to start smoking.
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Edit It! 8
Identify the type of error(s) in each sentence and write the sentence correctly. Problem
Type of Error(s)
Correction
1. Rosanne went to bed early. Because she was tired. 2. Patti and Marsha are roommates, they share an apartment. 3. Phil and his sister is coming to the prom. 4. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow morning. 5. Nancy is very moody she’s difcult to live with. 6. She don’t like cleaning up the clutter. 7. He was born on Jan 15 1995. 8. Is a nice guy.
9. Who was shouting.
10. Sonny unhappy with his paycheque. 11. I do tai chi and my brother do karate. 12. I am going to the library said matt.
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WORDS “A word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning.” thefreedictionary.com/words
10.8 False Cognates True cognates are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and English and that have the same meaning in the two languages. False cognates (faux amis) are words that are spelled the same or similarly in French and English but that have different meanings. Both true and false cognates are not always pronounced the same way in English and French.
False Cognates: Same Spelling False cognate sensible
experience
Meaning in French
Different Meaning
Meaning in English
easily touched by emotions or ideas
responsible, practical
a test (in a scientic context)
something that happens to you; knowledge or skill
She found a sensible solution to the problem.
The birth of their baby was a wonderful experience.
False Cognates: Similar Spelling French/English
Meaning in French
actuellement/ actually
presently, now
assister/assist
participate, attend
Meaning in English
leave
vacation
Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.
I’m presently studying psychology.
I attended the seminar yesterday.
place to borrow books I bought the course book at the bookstore.
stop doing something She quit her job when she didn’t get a promotion.
vacances/ vacancy
English equivalent
help
He took out books from the library for his project. quitter/quit
We carried out a psychology experiment.
in fact Actually, I prefer this colour.
bookstore
Lara is a quiet, sensitive young woman.
Different Meaning
She assisted the vet when her dog was sick. librairie/library
English equivalent
We had to leave at 6:00 p.m.
a room or job that is available I applied for the job when there was a vacancy.
I’m not taking a vacation this year.
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Edit It! 9
Choose the correct word(s) from the word box to replace the underlined word(s). Use a dictionary to help you. 1. Adam has just nished his formation.
amazing an internship
2. I need chance to win the competition.
luck 3. My program includes a stage.
robe training
4. The discovery of this fossil is formidable. 5. A graduate wears a black dress.
10.9 Homophones Sometimes two English words are pronounced exactly the same way, but have different spellings and meanings. These words are called homophones. be
bee
cell
sell
hair
blew
blue
cent
sent
buy
by
ower
our
hare
I
eye
sole
soul
hoarse horse
pair
pear
son
sun
hole
sight
site
write
right
whole
Edit It! 10 Underline and correct the the eight homophone errors. Write the correction above each error. Use a dictionary to help you. Jude: What are you making? It looks delicious. Alex: This is a hole hair cooked in red wine and for dessert I made a pair compote. Jude: You’re lucky to live on a farm. You don’t have to by produce. Alex: Yes, it’s one of the advantages of keeping animals and growing your own food. Jude: I guess since you’re a farmer’s sun, you learned to grow food as a child. Alex: Of course. I learned to care for the be hives and collect the honey. We grow wheat and grind our ower in the old mill by the stream. It’s a great life. Jude: Eye was born in a city, but I love the country.
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10.10 Active and Passive Voice Use
Example
Use the active voice when the subject is the doer of the action.
Taylor wrote the report.
Use the passive voice when the subject is not the doer of the action or when the doer is not identied.
The report was written by Taylor.
(Taylor is the subject and is the doer of the action.)
(The report is the subject and does not do the action.)
The report was read aloud. (The doer is not identied.)
• For sentences where the subject is not known or not important
The pie has been eaten.
• For sentences where the focus is on the action and not the subject (often used in scientic and academic writing)
The rst antibiotic was discovered in 1928.
• To make a text more interesting by avoiding repetition of the subject
The students grew plants in sandy soil. The students watered them regularly.
(We don’t know who ate the pie.)
(It is the discovery of antibiotics that is important, not who discovered the rst antibiotic.)
The plants were grown in a sandy soil and the students watered them regularly.
10.11 Active and Passive Voice of Verbs The verb be is used as an auxiliary verb to transform active sentences into passive sentences. Note that the subject and the object change places.
Verb Form
Active Voice Subject
Verb
Passive Voice Object
Subject
Verb be + past participle
Object
Simple present
Many artists
use
acrylic paint.
Acrylic paint
is used
by many artists.
Present progressive
My brother
is reading
his messages.
The messages
are being read
by my brother.
Simple past
The teacher
suggested
ideas for the essay.
Ideas for the essay
were suggested
by the teacher.
Past progressive
Ellen
was writing
her report.
The report
was being written
by Ellen.
Present perfect
Steven
has eaten
all the fruit.
All the fruit
has been eaten
by Steven.
Future
The teens
will / are going to buy
the tickets.
The tickets
will / are going to be bought
by the teens.
Modals
The travel agent
may give
excellent advice.
Excellent advice
may be given
by the travel agent.
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Edit It! 11 Correct the underlined errors in the passive verbs. Write the correction above the error.
Shakespeare’s Inspiration 1. The Roman philosopher and playwright Seneca (4 BCE to 65 CE) left us these words of wisdom: Travel and change of place impart new vigour to the mind. Seneca travelled all his life. He was borned in Spain, and then he was send to Rome as a boy. He lived in Egypt and Corsica and died in Rome. Emperor Nero’s speeches wrote by Seneca. Shakespeare was inuence by his plays, which are full of tragedy and drama. 2. People all over the world has been moved by the tragic story of Romeo and Juliet. I am inspire by Shakespeare’s ability to involve the audience in the drama of a situation. Often the people in the audience have been telled of a twist in the plot, and they are draw into the secret. On the other hand, some of the protagonists don’t know of the twist and the conict is complicate by their lack of knowledge. Many audiences will inuenced by Shakespeare’s magic for centuries to come.
12 Complete the text with passive verbs in the tense in parentheses. On October 29, 2013, the Marmaray Tunnel, the world’s rst submerged railway connection 1
between Europe and Asia, (simple past: open)
in Istanbul, Turkey. The rst 2
ever underground train service in the world (simple past: build) 3
1863; the second one (simple past; construct) books, it (simple present: enter)
4
in London in
in Istanbul in 1874. In record
as the shortest metro line in the world—with 5
only one stop! The project for the Marmaray Tunnel (simple past: delay)
6
for four years because important archaeological relics (simple past: discover) on the excavation site. The remains of wooden ships (simple past: nd)
7
lying
in the mud at the bottom of the ancient port of the city of Constantinople, the old name for Istanbul. Maybe they (simple past: bury)
8
when Istanbul experienced one of its major
earthquakes thousands of years ago.
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10.12 Participles Use present and past participle adjectives to make your writing more interesting.
Verb
Present Participle
Past Participle
Base form of verb
Ends with -ing
Ends with -ed
amaze
amazing
amazed
bore
boring
bored
charm
charming
charmed
confuse
confusing
confused
depress
depressing
depressed
embarrass
embarrassing
embarrassed
excite
exciting
excited
interest
interesting
interested
please
pleasing
pleased
relax
relaxing
relaxed
satisfy
satisfying
satised
shock
shocking
shocked
tire
tiring
tired
Adjectives formed using the present and past participles have different meanings. Katy is boring. (Katy is not an interesting person.) Katy is bored. (Katy has nothing interesting to do.)
Edit It! 13
Read the conversation. Underline and correct the 10 errors in -ing and -ed adjectives.
Karen: I loved the physics lesson this morning. It was very interested. Eva: Really? I thought it was bored. I was more interesting in the charmed guy next to me. I felt annoying because he didn’t seem to notice me. He was more exciting by the lesson! How could he nd physics more excited than me? That was very annoyed. He was charming by physics and not by me! Karen: If you were boring by the physics lesson, maybe you and he aren’t compatible!
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10.13 Gerunds and Innitives Gerunds and innitives are verb forms that can function as nouns. A gerund is formed by using the present participle (base form of the verb + -ing).
Never write for in front of an innitive.
Always take the third-person singular of the verb
I went for to see my teacher.
Can be the subject or the object in a sentence
Smoking (subject) is addictive.
Can follow a verb or a preposition
Sara stopped smoking.
The innitive is formed using to + the base form of the verb. Innitive
Smoking causes many health problems. Smoking doesn’t help your health.
Gerund (-ing noun)
Smoking is a bad habit.
Teenagers start smoking (object) with their friends.
She was happy about stopping the habit. It isn’t a good idea to smoke.
Usually follows verbs
Sara wants to stop this bad habit.
Can follow adjectives and nouns
I was happy to hear that she’s stopped smoking.
Common Verbs Followed by a Gerund acknowledge
discuss
go
miss
recommend
admit
dislike
imagine
postpone
regret
appreciate
enjoy
include
practise
remember
avoid
escape
keep
prevent
report
consider
nish
mention
quit
suggest
Common Verbs Followed by an Innitive
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agree
demand
hope
offer
seem
appear
deserve
intend
plan
tend
arrange
expect
learn
pretend
threaten
consent
fail
manage
promise
try
decide
happen
need
refuse
wait
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Common Adjectives + Prepositions Followed by a Gerund accustomed to
aware of
disappointed about
interested in
sorry about
addicted to
bad at
famous for
opposed to
tired of
afraid of
capable of
fond of
pleased about
upset about
amazed at
clever at
good at
proud of
used to
angry about
concerned about
hesitant about
sick of
worried about
Edit It! 14 Underline the gerund or the innitive in each sentence. Write the correction on the line. 1. We enjoy to play golf. 2. I dislike to learn languages. 3. Do you agree accepting these conditions? 4. He refuses leaving. 5. Matt is concerned about to fail his test. 6. I’m used to work at night. 7. I’m proud winning a prize. 8. Troy is worried about to do his oral presentation. 9. She expects getting a promotion. 10. I avoid talking about to cheat.
15 Underline the 10 errors. Write the correction above the error. Francine used to giving me a ride to school, but now she’s doing an internship. This probably means that she’ll have to stopping to give me a ride. This could be a good thing because I need getting more exercise. I’ve thought of jog for a long time. To jog is great cardiovascular exercise. It increases the heart rate and improves blood circulation. I think I’ll plan on run to school next week. However, winter will be here soon, and the snow may prevent me from to do that every day. To buy a bus pass might be a good idea. To run seems a better idea in the spring!
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10.14 Common Spelling Problems hour
We’ll eat in about an hour.
our
We have our picnic basket.
it’s
It’s a short drive to the car rally.
its
Its point of departure is just outside the city.
their
Their car is the blue one.
there
My friends are over there.
they’re
They’re coming with us.
wear
I am happy I decided to wear a warm coat today.
were
The details on the website were unclear.
where
Where do we register for the rally?
which (wich)
Which car is yours?
with (whit)
Did you bring a packed lunch with you?
Edit It! 16 Underline the 12 misspelled words. Write the correction over the word. Julie: Were are you going? Dan: I’m in a hurry. I was due to start work an our ago. Julie: Do you want me to drive you? Its only a ve-minute drive their. Dan: That would be great. Parking is difcult wear I work. The restaurant is on a corner. The lack of parking spaces is it’s greatest problem. Otherwise, its very popular. Julie: I notice you’re dressed in your chef’s clothes. Do you were a tall chef’s hat to work? Dan: Of course. The customers see me whit my hat because I cook in front of them. There reactions are interesting. Julie: Witch dish is your favourite? What do you like cooking the most? Dan: I love to make sh dishes. Their so delicious. Julie: Well, here we are. Have a great day!
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Edit It! 17 Underline the errors in each sentence. Use the charts to help you. Write the appropriate code above each error. Then write the sentence correctly. Code
Type of Error
Chart Reference Number
Code
Type of Error
Chart Reference Number
FC
False cognate
Chart 10.8
P
Participles
Chart 10.12
H/S
Homophone and spelling
Charts 10.9 and 10.14
G
Gerund
Chart 10.13
A/P
Active and passive voice
Charts 10.10 and 10.11
I
Innitive
Chart 10.13
1. Its complicated for me. 2. The term paper was writing by Kerry.
3. To learn English is difcult for me. 4. I don’t know wich tense to use. 5. Hour teacher doesn’t have much patience.
6. The concert was very bored. 7. Their are so many words that I cannot say.
8. I need intensive formation in this language.
9. She is very exciting about the trip. 10. I would like spending a whole year in the USA.
11. I’m a sensitive student who makes logical decisions.
12. The errors may be correct by the teacher.
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Final Edit It! 18 Underline and correct the 15 errors in the text. Jane austen once said “There is nothing like staying at home for real comfort”. Many young people would agree with her. In many cultures, adult children only quit home when they marry. In Canada, though, it was usual for young people to leave home at 18 studying or work. Nowadays even 20-year-olds are to stay at home. They is studying longer and entering the workplace later. to work and studying at the same time is difcult. Rent is expensive, an apartment is almost a luxury. To drive your moms’ car is cheaper than paying for your own car. adult children enjoy the comfort of home, wear they have home-cooked meals and laundry facilities. Fortunately, the parents of millennials is usually very supportive, home is a place of security and warmth.
19 Read Louis’s letter and correct the underlined errors. Hi Mom and Dad, I hope you are both well. No doubt you’ll be surprised to get a letter from I! i thought it was better to write at you than to tell you my news by phone. Because it’s a serious decision. Their are many reasons why I have decided to drop my health science program. This isn’t a decision quick; I have taken a long time to think about it. While I was doing a philosophy course in college, I started to ask me questions about my futur. Medicine is interested. But I realize now that I haven’t got the qualitys required for be a good doctor. I need to be most patient and less irritabler. In the other hand, to cook is my passion and I will ofcially ask for a change of program next week. I will become the better possible chef I can. I am living still at the student residence whit my roommate, Steve. It’s easy access to the culinary school is a great advantage. You have supported always me and I hope that you will understand my decision. Louis
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FinalFinal Verb Revie Verb Review Final Verb Review
Final Verb Review Final Ve Final Verb Review
Final Verb Re Simple Present, Simple Past, and Future Forms A
Answer the questions. 1. How do you form the simple present of a verb?
2. Which two verbs do not follow these rules?
3. What are two keywords you can use with the simple present and the simple past? Simple present: Simple past: 4. How do you form the simple past of a regular verb? 5. How do you form the future? Explain the two forms and give an example of each.
B
Cross out the error in each sentence and write the correction above it. Then write the rule that explains the error. 1. Naomi drank a lot of milk every day.
2. Her baby cries all last night.
3. I be going to learn to ski. 4. He taking his nal exam to be a lawyer next year.
5. Last night I come home at eleven o’clock after a long day at school.
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123
Simple Present and Present Progressive A
Answer the questions. 1. How do you form the present progressive?
2. What are two keywords you can use with the present progressive?
3. When do you use the simple present and when do you use the present progressive? Simple Present:
Present Progressive:
4. Write a yes / no question to match each answer. a. Simple present: Yes, Karen drives her car to school every day.
b. Present progressive: Yes, David is working tonight.
B
Complete the text with the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs. 1
Nowadays scientists (worry) 2
world. Right now bees (die)
about bee populations around the 3
. They (be) 4
usually the victims of pesticides. Bees (have)
a few predators, 5
such as birds and dragonies. This month we (study) insects in biology class. Our teacher explained that presently some insects 6
(increase) 7
in number. Ants, for example, (infest, now)
public places and dry areas. In cold weather they 8
generally (go)
9
In class we (observe) we (study)
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FINAL VERB REVIEW
underground or crawl into the walls of houses.
10
a colony of ants for a month. Every day
their behaviour and write down our observations.
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Simple Past and Present Perfect A
Answer the questions. 1. When do you use the present perfect? Give two explanations.
2. Which tense do you use to describe a completed action in the past?
3. What are two keywords you can use with the present perfect?
4. How do you form the present perfect?
5. When do you use since and for with the present perfect? Since: For:
B
Choose the simple past or the present perfect. Use the keywords to help you. Underline your choice and explain it. 1. Jen has been sick / was sick since last week.
2. I called / have called her last night, but she was out.
3. A year ago I have graduated / graduated from my program.
4. Brad got / has got the news on Monday.
5. I have forgotten / forgot my car keys twice this month and it’s only the 21st!
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125
Modals Answer the questions. 1. Which modals express obligation? 2. Which modals express ability and past ability? 3. Which modal can you use to give advice? 4. Which modals express a possible option? Underline the answers. can
could
may
might
must
should
5. Which modal expresses an informal request? Underline the answer. can
could
may
6. Are the following statements true or false? a. Modals do not change form.
T
F
b. Modals come before the base form of the main verb.
T
F
c. You can use two modals with a single main verb.
T
F
d. We often use the negative contraction mayn’t for may not.
T
F
e. Use had to in place of must to express an obligation in the past.
T
F
f. To use a modal with a verb in the past, use the modal + have + past participle.
T
F
Questions Write a yes / no question with the verb form in parentheses and the words given. Add appropriate keywords. 1. (present progressive) you / learn / Italian
2. (simple past) they / save / money 3. (past progressive) he / watch / TV / doing his assignment
4. (present perfect) Bella / receive / her results
5. (future with will) Connor / drive / to the airport
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Verb Review A
Complete the text with the appropriate forms of the verbs. Use the keywords to help you. 1
Have you ever (be)
2
to Florida? When I was eight years old, I (go) 3
there with my family. We (start)
4
at Disney World. It (become)
a popular vacation destination since it rst opened its doors on October 1, 1971. Now it 5
(have)
over 50 million visitors every year. We (meet)
6
Mickey
and Minnie and many other characters there. 7
At Gatorland we (feed) (ride)
8
on an airboat and saw more alligators as well as manatees and dolphins. 9
We also (take)
a tour of NASA’s Kennedy Space Center near Cape Canaveral. 10
American astronauts (leave) 11
Alan Shepard (become) 12
Now that I (be) I (y)
alligators and at the Everglades National Park we
13
from that site to journey into space since
the rst American in space on May 5, 1961.
an adult, I want to return to Florida. This time
through the air on a zipline, and ride in a hot-air balloon to watch the sun
rise over Orlando. The other thing that I (be going to, denitely, do)
14
is to take a virtual tour of the moon at the Kennedy Space Center so that I (ability: see)
15
for myself what it is like to be an astronaut.
B
Complete each question with the correct form of the verb. Use the information in parentheses to help you. 1.
you
the falling stars last night? (simple past: see)
2.
he
a car yet? (present perfect: buy)
3.
we
until he arrives? (modal: suggestion, wait)
4. What
they
5. When
the parcel
6. How
I
7. Why
they
8. What
he
yesterday? (simple past: decide) ? (present progressive: come) this? (modal: ability, x)
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already? (present perfect: leave) for yesterday evening? (past progressive: look)
FINAL VERB REVIEW
127
Appendix 1 Question Words Information Needed
Question Word
Example
Answer
Thing or event
What
What is this paper?
It’s a travel brochure.
Place
Where
Where is he from?
He’s from India.
Time or date
When
When are you leaving?
I’m leaving at 6:00 p.m.
When is your appointment?
It’s on June 26 at 10:00 a.m.
Person / People
Who
Who is that girl over there?
She’s my cousin.
Reason
Why
Why are you studying?
I’m studying because I have a test tomorrow.
Feeling
How
How are you?
I’m in good shape.
Manner
How do you make spaghetti?
You place it in boiling water for 15 minutes.
Means
How can I help?
You can wash the dishes.
How many (countable nouns)
How many days are there to graduation?
Graduation is in 10 days.
How much (uncountable nouns)
How much time do you have?
I have 30 minutes.
Size
How big / tall / high
How tall are you?
I’m 167 cm.
Duration / Length
How long
How long is your vacation?
I have two weeks vacation.
Frequency
How often
How often do you practise?
I practise three times a week.
Quantity
Complete each sentence with an appropriate question word to match the information in bold. 1.
did I put my dictionary? It’s on the table.
2.
does this bag cost? It’s $60.
3.
is that guy? He’s my roommate.
4.
do you go to the gym? I go three times a week.
5.
is the bus coming? It’s coming in ve minutes.
6.
was Oliver late for his job? He missed his bus.
7.
hours do you work a week? I work 25 hours a week.
8.
do you like to do on weekends? I like to go shopping.
9.
does your sister feel? She feels ne now.
10.
128 APPENDIX 1
is your essay? It’s two full pages.
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Appendix 2 Question Formation Verb Be Verb Tense
Information Questions Question word
Simple present
Simple past
Future
Rest of question
Yes / No Questions Verb + subject
Rest of question
Where When Who
are you?
Am I
is his appointment?
Is he
are they?
Are they
late? at his meeting? his parents?
What How much
was that noise? were the computers?
Was it Were the computers
noisy? very expensive?
Why
will he be late?
Will Pierre be
late?
Other Verbs Verb Tense
Information Questions Question word
Simple present
Simple past
Present progressive
Past progressive
Future with will
Future with be going to
Present perfect
Modals
Rest of question
Yes / No Questions Verb + subject
Rest of question
Why How much
does Monica like him?
Does Monica like
do they pay a month?
Do they pay
What How many
did you see?
Did you see
T-shirts did they buy?
Did they buy
What Who How long
are you studying?
Am I taking
is Noah talking to?
Is Noah talking
are we going for?
Are we going
Where Why How often
were you staying?
Were you staying
was she laughing?
Was she laughing
were they working?
Were they working
What
will you do today?
Will you work
How late
will the concert nish?
Will it nish
today? before midnight?
Why
are you going to quit school?
Am I going to quit
school?
When
is he going to take a gap year?
Is he going to take
a gap year?
Why Who
has she taken that job?
Has she taken
have they contacted?
Have they contacted
that job for the experience? the school?
What When How soon
would you like? can he phone you? should you reserve a seat?
Would you like
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Can he phone Should you reserve
him? $350 a month? a whale? two T-shirts? the right course? to his teacher? all summer? with your father? at the joke? for ten hours?
a cup of coffee? you now? a seat today?
APPENDIX 2
129
Appendix 3 Prepositions Place and Position
Direction and Movement
Time, Date, and Duration
above / on top of / over the shelf
across the eld
after eight o’clock
at the house, at 62 Ash Street
along the canal
at night
behind the chair
around the corner
before Wednesday
beside / next to / near the door
by the shopping centre
by midnight
between the desk and the chair
down the street
during the holidays
for two kilometres
from north to south
in the morning
in Thailand
into the pool
for a month
inside the drawer
past the house
from June to August
in front of the class
through the window
on April 22
on the table, on Ash Street
to work
to 6:00 p.m.
under the table
towards the school
until next week
A. Write the correct preposition of time and place: in, on, or at. Brittany was born
1
June 10, 1995,
2
Kathryn was born
4
Windsor, Ontario,
5 7
Niagara Falls. They studied the same program 9
Brittany’s friend Mary Ann lives 11
skiing; they stay
15
8
a college 10
6
a trip to
Montréal.
the winter they enjoy cross-country
the Laurentians. Brittany, Kathryn, and Mary Ann go out 13
together on weekends. They like to spend their evenings they party
the province of Québec. Her friend
September 3, 1996. They met
Victoriaville. 12
a cottage
3
Laval
14
restaurants and
midnight
clubs.
B. Complete the sentences with prepositions of place, position, time, date, and duration. 1
Brittany’s friends Kathryn and Mary Ann are coming 2
leaving
3
the morning for a trip to Europe.
will visit six countries.
4
5
4:15 p.m. 6
very busy. She hasn’t sorted out her things
a month, so there’s a lot to do. 7
9
a turquoise towel and a turquoise sweater. makeup. There is a blue hat
10
her
8
the bed,
Brittany is a huge pile of 11
the headboard. 13
her elbow is a green pillow. There are so many things
oor, I don’t know if she will be able to clean up
130 APPENDIX 3
their vacation they
6:00 p.m. Brittany will be
Just look at the mess in her room! The hairdryer is
12
6:00 p.m. They are
14
the
her friends arrive.
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Appendix 4 Verb Tense Overview Tense
Afrmative
Negative Verb Be
Simple present
Simple past
Future
I am (’m) interested in math. He is (’s) good at art. We are (’re) in the same class.
I am not (’m not) interested in math.
I was pleased with my grades. She was disappointed with hers. They were in the library this afternoon.
I was not (wasn’t) pleased with my grades.
I will (’ll) be at the hospital. He will (’ll) be in a private room. You will (’ll) be with him.
I will not (won’t) be at the hospital.
He is not (’s not / isn’t) good at art. We are not (’re not/ aren’t) in the same class.
She was not (wasn’t) disappointed with hers. They were not (weren’t) in the library this afternoon.
He will not (won’t) be in a private room. You will not (won’t) be with him.
Other Verbs I study health sciences. She studies social sciences. We often study together.
I do not (don’t) study health sciences.
Simple past (regular and irregular)
I walked home yesterday. He came with me. They arrived together.
I did not (didn’t) walk home yesterday.
Present progressive
I am (’m) learning about sustainability. She is (’s) talking about global warming. You are (’re) joining Greenpeace.
I am not (’m not) learning about sustainability.
I was laughing at his joke. He was telling old jokes. We were smiling, too.
I was not (wasn’t) laughing at his joke.
I will (’ll) stay up late tonight. It will (’ll) arrive late. They will (’ll) go to bed at midnight.
I will not (won’t) stay up late tonight.
I am (’m) going to revise for my exam. He is (’s) going to help me. We are (’re) going to support each other.
I am not (’m not) going to revise for my exam.
I have (’ve) contacted them. She has (’s) emailed me. They have (’ve) agreed to meet with me.
I have not (haven’t) contacted them.
I would (’d) like to pay off my student debt. It can accumulate interest. You should pay off the debt this year.
I would not (wouldn’t) like to pay off my student debt.
Simple present
Past progressive
Future with will
Future with be going to
Present perfect
Modals
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She does not (doesn’t) study social sciences. We do not (don’t) often study together.
He did not (didn’t) come with me. They did not (didn’t) arrive together.
She is not (’s not/isn’t) talking about global warming. You are not (’re not/aren’t) joining Greenpeace.
He was not (wasn’t) telling old jokes. We were not (weren’t) smiling.
It will not (won’t) arrive late. They will not (won’t) go to bed at midnight.
He is not (’s not / isn’t) going to help me. We are not (’re not / aren’t) going to support each other.
She has not (hasn’t) emailed me. They have not (haven’t) agreed to meet with me.
It cannot (can’t) accumulate interest. You should not (shouldn’t) pay off the debt this year.
APPENDIX 4
131
Appendix 5 Past Perfect Use
Example
To refer to an event that happened in the past before another event happened
When Natalie arrived at the store, Emma had already left. (Emma left the store before Natalie arrived.)
To refer to an impossible situation in the past in a conditional sentence (the action in the if-clause never happened)
If I had tried harder, I would have won the competition.
To report what someone said
They told me that they hadn’t seen the movie.
Form Afrmative Subject
Verb have in the past
I He / She / It We / You / They
Negative Past participle
Subject I He / She / It We / You / They
learned. arrived. left.
had
Verb have in the past + not had not (hadn’t)
Past participle learned. arrived. left.
Questions Yes / No Questions Verb have in the past
Subject
Past participle
I Had
Information Questions Question word
Verb have in the past
What
he / she / it
learned?
we / you / they
When
had
Why
Subject
Past participle
I
learned?
she
arrived?
they
left?
Complete each sentence with the past perfect form of the verb in parentheses. You can answer a yes / no question with a short answer.
1. If Sam
2. When we arrived at school, the class
Had she painted the chair yesterday? Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.
better, we would have won the game. (play)
. (begin) 3. Hilary told us that she 4. If Marta
to send her application. (forget, negative) to me in Spanish, I would have answered her. (speak)
5. When I spoke to Grace, she said that she 6. When Charlie arrived home, Vanessa 7. Had they
APPENDIX 5
to quit her job. (decide) . (leave, negative)
the photos when you got there? (take)
8. I would have given her advice if she
132
already
me. (ask)
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Appendix 6 Common Phrasal Verbs A phrasal verb combines a verb with a preposition or adverb. A phrasal verb can have a different meaning from the original verb.
Base Phrasal Verb Form ask
back
break
call
come
cut
drop
ll
get
give
go
Meaning
ask for
request
ask out
invite on a date
back off
move away
back out
withdraw
back up
reverse / support
break in
enter a building by force
break up
end a relationship
call back
return a call
call off
cancel
call on
ask for / visit
call up
phone
come across
nd
Base Phrasal Verb Form grow
hand
keep
look
Meaning
grow out of
become too big or old for
grow up
become an adult
hand in
give to someone
hand out
distribute
hand over
surrender
keep on
continue
keep up
persevere
look after
take care of
look for
try to nd
look into
investigate
look over
review
make up
mend a broken relationship / invent
make over
change look
pass away
die
make
come from
originate
cut down
reduce
cut in
interrupt
cut off
remove
pass out
lose consciousness
drop in
visit informally
put down
insult
drop off
deliver
put off
delay
drop out
quit
put on
dress up / apply
ll in
complete / replace
put together
assemble
ll out
complete
run away
escape
ll up
make completely full
run into
meet by accident
get along
have a good relationship
run out of
have no more
get away
escape
stay away
not come
get back
return / retrieve
stay in
remain inside
get in
enter
stay out
remain out
get on / off
embark / disembark
get together
meet
stay over
sleep overnight
get up
stand
stay up
remain awake
give away
distribute
take away / out
remove
take back
retrieve
take off
leave
turn on / off
start / stop
turn to
get help
turn up / down
increase / decrease
give back
return
give up
stop trying
go ahead
start
go on
proceed
go out (with)
date
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pass
put
run
stay
take
turn
APPENDIX 6
133
Appendix 7 Irregular Verbs Base Form
134
Simple Past
Past Participle
Base Form
Simple Past
Past Participle
be
was / were
been
ght
fought
fought
beat
beat
beaten
nd
found
found
become
became
become
y
ew
own
begin
began
begun
forbid
forbade
forbidden
bite
bit
bitten
forget
forgot
forgotten
bleed
bled
bled
forgive
forgave
forgiven
blow
blew
blown
freeze
froze
frozen
break
broke
broken
get
got
got / gotten
bring
brought
brought
give
gave
given
build
built
built
go
went
gone
burst
burst
burst
grind
ground
ground
buy
bought
bought
grow
grew
grown
catch
caught
caught
hang
hung
hung
choose
chose
chosen
have
had
had
come
came
come
hear
heard
heard
cost
cost
cost
hide
hid
hidden
cut
cut
cut
hit
hit
hit
deal
dealt
dealt
hold
held
held
do
did
done
hurt
hurt
hurt
draw
drew
drawn
keep
kept
kept
drink
drank
drunk
know
knew
known
drive
drove
driven
lay
laid
laid
eat
ate
eaten
lead
led
led
fall
fell
fallen
leave
left
left
feed
fed
fed
lend
lent
lent
feel
felt
felt
let
let
let
APPENDIX 7
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Base Form
Simple Past
Past Participle
Base Form
Simple Past
Past Participle
lie
lay
lain
speak
spoke
spoken
light
lit
lit
speed
sped
sped
lose
lost
lost
spend
spent
spent
make
made
made
spit
spat
spat
mean
meant
meant
split
split
split
meet
met
met
spread
spread
spread
mistake
mistook
mistaken
spring
sprang
sprung
pay
paid
paid
stand
stood
stood
put
put
put
steal
stole
stolen
quit
quit
quit
stick
stuck
stuck
read
read
read
sting
stung
stung
ride
rode
ridden
strike
struck
struck
ring
rang
rung
swear
swore
sworn
rise
rose
risen
sweep
swept
swept
run
ran
run
swim
swam
swum
say
said
said
swing
swung
swung
see
saw
seen
take
took
taken
sell
sold
sold
teach
taught
taught
send
sent
sent
tear
tore
torn
set
set
set
tell
told
told
shake
shook
shaken
think
thought
thought
shine
shone
shone
throw
threw
thrown
shoot
shot
shot
understand
understood
understood
shrink
shrank
shrunk
upset
upset
upset
shut
shut
shut
wake
woke
woken
sing
sang
sung
wear
wore
worn
sit
sat
sat
win
won
won
sleep
slept
slept
wind
wound
wound
slide
slid
slid
write
wrote
written
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APPENDIX 7
135
Credits p. 1: George Rudy/Thinkstock; p. 7: © Ralph Leroy; p. 8: meunierd/Shutterstock; p. 9: dgmata/Shutterstock; p. 10 (1): Sabphoto/ Shutterstock, (2): Andresr/Shutterstock, (3): beginwithaspin/Shutterstock, (4): Mila Supinskaya/Shutterstock, (5): Kzenon/Shutterstock, (6): Warren Goldswain/Shutterstock; p. 13 (1): Syda Productions/Shutterstock, (2): Pecold/Shutterstock; p. 14: Charlie4mav/ iStockphoto; p. 15: Ysbrand Cosijn/Shutterstock; p. 20: yuqun/Shutterstock; p. 22: andrea lehmkuhl/Shutterstock; p. 23: StockLite/ Shutterstock; p. 24 (1): Kristina Afanasyeva/Dreamstime, (2): Isaac Koval/iStockphoto; p. 25: Stas Moroz/Shutterstock; p. 26: Conny Sjostrom/Shutterstock; p. 27: melis/Shutterstock; p. 31: Steve Bower/Shutterstock; p. 32: Veniamin Kraskov/Shutterstock; p. 34 (1): Pecold/Shutterstock, (2): Sergey Ryzhov/Shutterstock, (3): Gladskikh Tatiana/Shutterstock, (4): oliveromg/Shutterstock, (5): Elisabeth Hammerschmid/Shutterstock, (6): Wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock; p. 35: Kurhan/Shutterstock; p. 36: Luiz Rocha/Shutterstock; p. 37: LiliGraphie/Shutterstock; p. 41: sf2301420max/Shutterstock; p. 42: Photo: François Brunelle; p. 44 (1): Photograph by Oren Jack Turner, Princeton, N.J.; (2): Wikimedia Commons; p. 45: monkeybusinessimages/iStockphoto, p. 47: Felix Mizioznikov/Shutterstock; p. 49: Wikimedia Commons; p. 51: gpointstudio/Shutterstock; p. 55: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems; p. 56 (1): Songquan Deng/Shutterstock, (2): claudio zaccherini/Shutterstock, (3): Luna Vandoorne/Shutterstock; p. 57: Alexandre Gibo/iStockphoto; p. 58 (1): niall dunne/Shutterstock, (2): Hansueli Krapf/Wikimedia Commons; p. 59: Evgeniya Moroz/Shutterstock; p. 60: Ammit/iStockphoto; p. 61: Samuel Borges Photography/Shutterstock; p. 66: Pinocchio by Enrico Mazzanti (1852-1910), the rst illustrator of “Le avventure di Pinocchio. Storia di un burattino” colored by Daniel Donna; p. 67: rook76/Shutterstock; p. 68 (1): imagesolutions/Shutterstock, (2): Andrey Arkusha/Shutterstock, (3): imagedb/Shutterstock, (4): damato/Shutterstock, (5): gyn9037/Shutterstock; p. 69: StockLite/ Shutterstock; p. 70: racorn/Shutterstock; p. 71: William Perugini/Shutterstock; p. 75: tetmc/iStockphoto; p. 76 (1): Yellowj/Shutterstock, (2): Leah-Anne Thompson/Shutterstock, (3): Valua Vitaly/Shutterstock, (4): holbox/Shutterstock, (5): lightwavemedia/Shutterstock; (6): Rido/Shutterstock; p. 77 (1) et (2): ollyy/Shutterstock; p. 78: Kjersti Joergensen/Shutterstock; p. 81: Wikimedia Commons; p. 82: Dan Lundberg/Flickr; p. 83: Peter Bernik/Shutterstock; p. 87 (1): Dudarev Mikhail/Shutterstock, (2): Rido/Shutterstock, (3): michaeljung/ Shutterstock, (4): Deklofenak/Shutterstock, (5): Anna Furman/Shutterstock, (6): format35/Shutterstock; p. 88 (1): Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock, (2): baranq/Shutterstock; p. 90 (1): wollertz/Fotolia, (2): kikkerdirk/Fotolia; p. 91: Jörg Hackemann/Fotolia; p. 94: DFID - UK Department for International Development; p. 95: vinzstudio/Shutterstock; p. 98: R. Gino Santa Maria/Shutterstock; p. 100 (1): Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com, (2): Charlie Brewer, (3): Kosarev Alexander/ Shutterstock.com; p. 102: Reggeaman; p. 103: Courtesy of Le Cristal; p. 105: Minerva Studio/Shutterstock; p. 110: Jonathan Joseph Bondhus; p. 116: The Plays of William Shakespeare in Ten Volumes (1787) Steevens, George; Johnson, Sam; Reed, Isaac, eds. Frontispiece from 2nd ed.; p. 117: michaeljung/Shutterstock; p. 119: Maridav/Shutterstock; p. 130: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.
136
Credits
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Index A Active voice, 115–116 Adjectives, 61 to adverbs, 64 formed from present and past participles, 117 order, 65 as parts of speech, 105 placement in the sentence, 61 spelling, 62 Adverbs, 63 irregular, 64 as parts of speech, 105 placement in the sentence, 1, 53, 63, 74 type, 63 Anyone / anybody, 29 Anything, 29 Apostrophe, 110 Articles, 18
B Be, 2 expressions with, 2 simple past, 39 simple present, 2 Be going to, 53 vs gonna, 53 placement of adverbs, 53 questions, 53 time clauses with, 54 vs will, 51
C Can, 83 Capitalization, 111 Cognates, 113 Colon, 110 Comma, 110 Complex sentence, 107 Compound sentence, 107 Conditionals, 95 impossible _ in the past, 97 impossible _ in the past with could, 100 impossible _ in the past with would, 99 improbable _ in the present, 96–97, 99 keywords, 95
possible _ in the future, 96 possible _ in the present, 96 Conjunctions, 105 Contractions, 110 Could, 83 impossible conditionals in the past with, 100 Countable nouns, 15 spelling of plural, 16
D Denite articles, 18 Demonstrative determiners, 19 pronouns, 30 Determiners, 18 articles, 18 demonstrative, 19 as parts of speech, 105 possessive, 19 quantifying, 19
E Each other, 29 Everyone / everybody, 29 Exclamation mark, 110
F False cognates, 113 Few, 19 Fragment, 108 Future, 51 with be going to, 53 conditionals, 96 keywords, 51, 54 time clauses with, 54 using the present tenses, 54 with will, 52
G Gerund, 118 some adjectives and prepositions followed by the, 119 some verbs followed by the, 118
H Homophones, 114
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I Indenite articles, 18 Indenite pronouns, 29 Innitive, 118 Interrogative statements. see Questions words (appendix 1), 128 pronouns, 30 Irregular adjectives, 62 adverbs, 64 plural nouns, 17 verbs (appendix 7), 134–135 verbs (past participles), 72 verbs (simple past), 39
K Keywords conditional, 95 future, 51 past progressive, 37 present perfect, 71 present progressive, 1 simple past, 37 simple present, 1 time clauses, 54
L Little, 19
M Many, 19 May, 83 Might, 83 Modals, 83 in the past. see Past modals questions, 84–85 Much, 19 Must / have to, 83
N Near future, 54 Negative be going to, 53 be going to, practise, 55 conditionals, practise, 100 modals, 84–85
modals, practise, 91 past progressive, 40 past progressive, practise, 45 present perfect, 72 present perfect, practise, 75 present progressive, 5 present progressive, practise, 8–9 simple past, 38 simple past, practise, 42 simple present, 3 simple present, practise, 7, 9 will, 52 will, practise, 55 Never, still and yet, 73 keywords exercises, 78 No one / nobody, 29 Nothing, 29 Nouns, 15 compound, 16 countable. see Countable nouns countable vs uncountable, 15 as parts of speech, 105 plural form of. see Plural nouns possessive form of. see Possessive nouns uncountable. see Uncountable nouns
O Object pronouns, 27 One another, 29
P Parentheses , 110 Participles, 117 past. see Past participles present. see Present participles Parts of speech, 105–106 Passive voice, 115–116 Past, simple. see Simple past Past conditionals, 97 Past modals, 85 Past participles, 117 irregular verbs, 72
INDEX
137
Past perfect (appendix 5), 132 Past progressive, 37 questions, 40 vs Simple past, 37 Period, 110 Phrasal verbs (appendix 6), 133 Placement in the sentence adjectives, 61 adverbs, 63 adverbs (with be going to), 53 adverbs (with present perfect), 74 adverbs (with present progressive), 1 adverbs (with simple present), 1 Plural nouns compound, 16 irregular, 17 spelling, 16 Possessive determiners, 19, 28 nouns, 17 pronouns, 28 Prepositions (appendix 3), 130 as parts of speech, 105 Present, simple. see Simple present Present conditionals, 95–96 Present participles, 117 Present perfect, 71 keywords, 71, 73–74 never, still and yet, 73 placement of keywords, 74 vs simple past, 74, 79 since and for, 73 Present progressive, 1, 5 keywords exercices, 10–11 placement of adverbs, 1 questions, 6 vs simple present, 1 spelling, 5 Pronouns, 27 demonstrative, 30 indenite, 29 interrogative, 30 object, 27
138 INDEX
as parts of speech, 105 possessive, 28 reciprocal, 29 reexive, 28 relative, 30 subject, 27 Pronunciation -ed (simple past), 38, 41 -s and -es (third-person ending of simple present), 3 Punctuation, 110
Q Quantifying determiners, 19 Question mark, 110 Questions be going to, 53 be going to, practise, 56, 60 with do, 4, 39 formation (appendix 2), 129 modals, 84–85 modals, practise, 91 past perfect, 132 past progressive, 40 past progressive, practise, 45–46, 126 present perfect, 73 present perfect, practise, 76–78, 126 present progressive, 6 present progressive, practise, 9–10, 126 simple past, 38–39 simple past, practise, 43–44, 126 simple present, 3–4 simple present, practise, 8, 10 will, 52 will, practise, 55, 60, 126 without do, 4, 39 words (appendix 1), 128 Quotation marks, 110
R Reciprocal pronouns, 29 Reexive pronouns, 28
Relative pronouns, 30 Run-on sentence, 108
S Semicolon, 110 Sentence(s), 107 structure, 108 type of, 107 Should, 83 Simple past, 37 be, 39 irregular verbs, 39 keywords, 37 vs past progressive, 37 vs present perfect, 74, 79 questions, 38–39 regular verbs, 38 spelling, 38 Simple present, 1 be, 2 keywords, 1 vs present progressive, 1 pronunciation of thirdperson endings, 3 questions, 3–4 spelling (third-person singular), 3 use with stative verbs, 6 Simple sentence, 107 Since and for, 73 keywords exercises, 77–78 Since and for, 73 Some, 19 Someone / somebody, 29 Something, 29 Speech, parts of, 105–106 Spelling adjectives to adverbs, 64 common problems, 120 comparative form of adjectives, 62 plural countable nouns, 16 present progressive, 5 problems, 120 simple past (regular verbs), 38 simple present (thirdperson singular), 3 superlative form of adjectives, 62
Stative verbs, 6 Subject pronouns, 27 Subject-verb agreement, 109
T There /here + be, 2 Time clauses with be going to, 54 with will, 54
U Uncountable nouns, 15–16 Used to, 41
V Verbs nal review exercises, 123–127 followed by the gerund, 118 followed by the innitive, 118 irregular (appendix 7), 134–135 as parts of speech, 105 phrasal (appendix 6), 133 stative, 6 tenses (appendix 4), 131 Voice active. see Active voice passive. see Passive voice
W Will, 51–52 vs be going to, 51 time clauses with, 54 Words, 113 Would, 83 in conditional sentences, 95–97
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Life
Issues English
This much-anticipated second edition of Grammar Book 2 offers a fresh take on the four-step progressive approach and the features that made it so successful. Designed to sensitize intermediate students of English as a second language to grammatical structures, the new and improved elements keep the material comprehensive, current, and engaging. User-friendly and concise grammar charts in Function and Form contain clear explanations illustrated with detailed examples. Notes highlight common errors and provide usage tips to help prepare students for the targeted comprehension exercises that follow. A large variety of contextualized and mixed concept exercises in the Practice section check and reinforce students’ understanding of important grammar points. Communicate develops students’ speaking and writing skills, and encourages peer editing. The popular Review is expanded with mixed practice and error-correction exercises. Edit It! enables students to hone their editing skills as they find and correct common errors.
Success
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K
ay Powell holds a degree in Modern Languages (French, German, and Italian) from London University, UK, and a Masters in Applied Linguistics from Concordia University. She has taught ESL in Europe, Africa and North America. She also worked for the Ministère du Revenu du Québec. She taught at Collège Ahuntsic for 17 years. Kay works on course development for Cégep à distance and for the Centre collégial de développement de matériel didactique, and writes novels.
Editing Files have students focus on their writing and vocabulary choice, with charts and Edit It! exercises on sentences and words. A Final Verb Review of mixed tenses can easily be used for evaluation. Appendices include a verb tense overview, past perfect charts, and lists of phrasal verbs and irregular verbs. REAL Skills Book 2, Second Edition, complements the Grammar Book.
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