REAL : real English authentic learning 3. Grammar reference and practice. Teacher's edition [3, Second edition.] 9782765045434, 2765045437

Citation preview

3

REAL ENGLISH AUTHENTIC LEARNING

NETTA GORMAN

SECOND EDITION

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

3

REAL ENGLISH AUTHENTIC LEARNING

NETTA GORMAN

SECOND EDITION

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE Development and authoring of online workshops and supplementary web material Kay Powell

TEACHER’S EDITION

REAL, Real English Authentic Learning REAL 3 Grammar Reference and Practice, Second Edition Teacher’s Edition Netta Gorman

Acknowledgements Thank you to the editing team at Chenelière, especially Melissa and Esmé who patiently walked me through the sometimes confusing maze that is the publishing process. Without you this book would not be what it is today.

© 2015 TC Media Books Inc. © 2011 Chenelière Education Inc. Managing Editor: Melissa Repas Editor: Esmé Vlahos Project Managers: Josée Desjardins, Michel Raymond, and Mélanie Nadeau Researcher: Marie-Chantal Laforge Copy Editor: Eve Krakow Proofreader: Marie-Claude Rochon (Scribe Atout) Book Designer: Micheline Roy and Marguerite Gouin Cover Designer: Inspire design Printer: TC Transcontinental Printing Web Material Editor: Stephanie Colvey Web Material Project Manager: Josée Desjardins Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec and Library and Archives Canada cataloguing in publication Gorman, Netta REAL: Real English Authentic Learning. Grammar Book 3 Teacher’s Edition Second Edition Previous edition by Kay Powell. Includes index. For college students. ISBN 978-2-7650-4545-8 ISBN 978-2-7650-4543-4 1. English language – Textbooks for second language learners. 2. English language – Grammar. 3. English language – Grammar – Problems, exercises, etc. i. Powell, Kay, 1947- . REAL, real English authentic learning. Grammar book 3. ii. Title. 1. English language – Textbooks for second language learners. 2. English language – Grammar. 3. English language – Grammar – Problems, exercises, etc. i. Title. PE1128.G67 2015 PE1128.G67 2015 Suppl.

428.2’4 428.2’4

C2015-940528-9 C2015-940829-6

Grateful thanks to my guinea pigs along the way: Agathe, Christian, and Anne; and to those who provided valuable input and support: Caroline, Ann, Didi, Meir, Johanne, Josée, and my parents. A special thank you to Steve, for his unwaivering patience and encouragement. This book is dedicated to our lovely daughter Lily, who at the age of seven is almost ready to be an English teacher herself. – Netta Gorman Thank you to the many teachers who gave invaluable feedback and suggestions, including the team of reviewers: Carol Broderick Jany Couture, Cégep Marie-Victorin Charles Lapointe, Cégep de Sainte-Foy François Martel, Cégep de Thetford Laura McGee, Collège de Maisonneuve Rachel Tunnicliffe, Collège Mérici Marie White, Cégep Garneau And to those who participated in the developmental research for this second edition: Rachel Benjamin, Cégep de Saint-Laurent Joy Blake, Cégep de Granby Sandra Cole, Cégep Garneau Jany Couture, Cégep Marie-Victorin Glenda Davis, Collège Lionel-Groulx Meg Gillespie, Cégep Gérald-Godin Adam Jagiellowicz, Cégep Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Izabela Kubinska, Collège de Valleyfield François Martel, Cégep de Thetford Laura McGee, Collège de Maisonneuve Olivier Pelletier, Cégep Édouard-Montpetit

Trademarks are mentioned or illustrated in this work. Please note that the publisher has not received any income or advantages in return for having presented these brands. The brands are reproduced upon request by the authors to support the academic or scientific content of the work.

All characters and scenarios presented in this work are fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons, existing or dead, is purely coincidental.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means known or not yet known without prior permission from TC Media Books Inc. Those pages bearing the note “Reproduction permitted © TC Media Books Inc.” may be reproduced solely by the teacher whose students personally use the workbook that is an integral part of the series which includes this workbook, and exclusively for those students referred to in this paragraph. Any use not expressly authorized shall constitute an infringement, which could result in legal action against the individual or institution reproducing any part of this book without permission. ISBN 978-2-7650-4545-8 ISBN 978-2-7650-4543-4 Legal deposit: 2nd trimester 2015 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec National Library of Canada Printed in Canada 1

2

3

4

5

ITIB

19

18

17

16

15

We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund (CBF) for our publishing activities. Government of Québec – Tax credit program for book publishing – SODEC

Chenelière Education and the authors shall not be held responsible or liable for any claims, whether past, present, or future, relating to loss or damage of any nature — special, punitive, or exemplary — including but not limited to economic loss or physical or material damage resulting from negligence, or any violation or usurpation of any right, title, or intellectual property interest resulting or that may result from the content, text, photographs, or products or services mentioned in this work.

The complementary material published on our website is intended for use by Canadian residents only, for educational purposes only.

Online purchases are only available to Canadian residents.

Table of Contents Table of ContentsTable Table of Contents Table of Contents

Table o Table of Conten Table of Features Contents Conten FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Table of Contents Verbs 1

8

Warm-Up ............................................................................ 88 A. Prepositions .................................................................. 89 B. Phrasal Verbs ................................................................ 93 Review .................................................................................... 95

PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE

Warm-Up .................................................................................. 2 A. Simple Present and Present Progressive ...................... 3 B. Simple Past and Past Progressive ................................... 9 C. Future Tenses ......................................................... 15 Review ........................................................................ 18 2

PERFECT TENSES

From Words to Sentences 9

MODALS AND CONDITIONALS

Warm-Up ................................................................................ 40 A. Modals .....................................................................41 B. Conditionals .............................................................47 Review...........................................................................52 4

Other Parts of Speech 5

6

7

10

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Warm-Up ................................................................... 108 Gerunds and Innitives ............................................... 109 Review ...................................................................... 113 11

SENTENCES AND QUESTIONS

Warm-Up ................................................................... 114 A. Sentences..............................................................115 B. Questions.................................................................... 121 Review .............................................................................. 123

PASSIVE VOICE AND REPORTED SPEECH

Warm-Up ............................................................ 54 A. Active Voice and Passive Voice ..........................55 B. Reported Speech ...........................................59 Review............................................................62

WORDS

Warm-Up ..................................................................... 96 A. Roots, Prexes, and Sufxes ....................................97 B. Synonyms, Antonyms, and Homophones.................. 100 C. Gallicisms and False Cognates .................................. 102 D. Formal vs. Informal Language.................................... 105 Review................................................................... 107

Warm-Up ................................................................................ 20 A. Present Perfect and Simple Past.........................21 B. Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect..... 26 C. Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive .............30 D. Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive ........ 35 Review...........................................................................38 3

PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS

12

CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION

Warm-Up ................................................................... 124 A. Capitalization.............................................................. 125 B. Punctuation................................................................. 127 Review .............................................................................. 129

NOUNS AND DETERMINERS

Warm-Up ................................................................................ 64 A. Nouns ........................................................65 B. Determiners .................................................68 Review...........................................................................71

1 PARTS OF SPEECH......................................................... 130

PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

2 QUESTION FORMATION............................................... 131

Warm-Up ................................................................................ 72 A. Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives........... 73 B. Other Types of Pronouns ............................................. 75 C. Common Pronoun Problems......................................... 77 Review ................................................................................ 79

3 VERB TENSE REVIEW ................................................... 132

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

6 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS ...................................... 136

Warm-Up ................................................................................ 80 A. Types and Placement ................................................... 81 B. Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Forms...........84 Review ................................................................................ 87

Appendices

4 PRONUNCIATION ......................................................... 134 5 COMMON PHRASAL VERBS ......................................... 135

CREDITS........................................................................ 138 INDEX ........................................................................... 139

Table of Contents

Features Features Features Features Featu

Features Features Feature FeaturesFeatures Features

REAL 3 Grammar Reference and Practice is a compact, comprehensive, easy-to-use grammar guide and activity book. In this fun second edition, high-intermediate to advanced students of English as a second language assimilate grammar notions naturally as they revise rules, explore exceptions, practise in context, apply error analysis, and review.

Overall Structure Twelve stand-alone units cover all essentials in a conveniently condensed format. You can choose the order of the grammar points you want to cover from independent sections within each unit. Useful appendices, which act as both a reference and study tool, conclude the book.

Unit Overview

Units are divided into separate sections, clearly indicated by coloured tabs.

Notes highlight common errors and provide usage tips to help you use grammar accurately.

WARM-UP

Cross-references send you to charts in other units and in the appendices.

allows students to use the grammar point in context rst.

Formal/Informal

User-friendly, concise grammar charts contain clear examples and notes explaining exceptions and nuances for this level.

language use is explained next to charts and exercises.

Real-life topics and literary excerpts are used as a springboard for Speaking and Writing. Each unit has a variety of contextualized and mixed practice exercises to check and reinforce students’ understanding of grammatical concepts.

Features

An online component offers 57 interactive workshops, including unit tests. Varied exercises give opportunities for independent work and collaborative learning. An example for each exercise provides a model.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

ures

es

REVIEW

exercises evaluate your understanding and mastery of the grammar featured in the unit.

Edit It!

allows you to practise your editing skills as you nd and correct common errors.

Appendices Six appendices feature charts with useful reference material, including a verb tense review, pronunciation, and lists of phrasal verbs and irregular verbs.

Clear and integrated web links indicate when to consult the interactive online activities on Chenelière’s new platform. You’ll nd: • An interactive eBook for teachers and students that teachers can personalize based on classroom needs • Additional questions on material in the book as well as new material, to be used for homework, in the lab, or for evaluation • Interactive activities with automatic correction features that give students immediate feedback • Answer keys and notes embedded in the teacher’s eBook with display/hide features

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Features

Present, Past, and Future Present, Past, and Future Present, Past, an

1

UNIT

VERBS

Present, Past, and Present, Past, and Future Pas Present, Present, Past, and Future Present, Past, an Review Future Revie and Future

resent, Past, and Future WARM-UP

Discuss these questions with a partner. Pay special attention to the verb tenses you use. 1. Where did you go to high school? What was your favourite course? Why? 2. What program are you studying? Why did you choose this program? 3. Do you have a job? If so, what is it? What do you do on the weekend? 4. What are you planning to do tonight? 5. What did you do last summer? Did you work or travel? 6. What three things do you usually do before you leave home in the morning? 7. What were you doing at 6 p.m. last night? 8. How often do you watch TV in English? What programs do you like to watch? 9. When will you graduate from college? What will you do after you graduate from college? 10. What do you think we are going to do after this speaking exercise? Write the letter that corresponds with the verb tense(s) used in each question above. a. Simple present

b. Simple past

c. Present progressive

d. Past progressive

e. Future with will

f. Future with be going to

b

1.

2

4.

7.

9.

2.

5.

8.

10.

3.

6. VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Simple Present and Present Progressive Simple Present

Function

Present Progressive

For permanent situations in the present Habitual actions, routines, customs, and traditions

At or around the moment of speaking

We always take a winter vacation in the sun.

She is swimming in the ocean right now.

Facts and truths

Afrmative Statements

For temporary situations and actions in progress

Changing situations

The Earth revolves around the sun.

The greenhouse effect is affecting the Earth’s climate.

Subject + base form of verb (+ -s or -es for third-person singular)

Subject + verb be + base form of verb + -ing

She works.

I am working.

They work.

She is working.

Simple Present and Present Progressive

A

They are working. Keywords

every day/week/year, once a day, twice a week, three times a year Adverbs of frequency: always, frequently, generally, never, normally, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually

at the moment, currently, for the time being, nowadays, (right) now, these days, this semester, this year

NOTES

There + the verb be indicates that something exists or happens. A singular subject follows is and a plural subject follows are. There is a test today. There are many tests in this course. The simple present and present progressive can also be used to talk about scheduled or planned future events. The train leaves at 9:15 p.m. We are attending the party tonight. Impersonal pronouns (anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, either, neither) use the third-person-singular form of the verb. Everybody knows that you have to get 60% to pass this course. Does anybody have a dictionary? Adverbs usually go before the verb in the simple present and after the verb be. They often watch TV in the evenings. We are currently working on a school project.

Verb have: The third-person-singular form is has. Correct: She has a lot of homework.

Incorrect: She haves a lot of homework.

In the simple present negative form, use the auxiliary verb do + not (don’t). Use does + not (doesn’t) for third-personsingular subjects. The verb remains in its base form. Correct: She does not jog. Incorrect: She do not jog. Incorrect: She do not jogs. The present progressive negative form does not take an auxiliary verb. Correct: They aren’t skiing. Incorrect: They don’t are skiing.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 1 Present, Past, and Future

3

Simple Present and Present Progressive

VERBS

Spelling Spelling of the Third-Person Singular in the Simple Present Verb Ending

Rule

Examples

1. most endings

Add -s.

make

2. o, ch, s, sh, ss, x, or z

Add -es.

x xes focus focuses miss misses watch watches

zz zzes go goes wash washes

3. consonant + y

Change the y to i and add -es.

study

studies

worry

4. vowel + y

Add -s.

enjoy

enjoys

play

makes

travel

travels

worries plays

Spelling of the Present Participle in the Present Progressive Verb Ending

Rule

Examples

1. e

Drop the e and add -ing.

make

2. ie

Change the ie to y and add -ing.

lie

lying

tie

3. one-syllable verb: ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant (except w, x, y)

Double the nal consonant and add -ing.

hit

hitting

run

4. multi-syllable verb: ends in a vowel + consonant with stress on the last syllable

Double the nal consonant and add -ing.

admit refer

admitting referring

begin beginning submit submitting

5. multi-syllable verb: ends in a vowel + consonant and the last syllable is not stressed

Add -ing.

open

opening

suffer

making

whistle

whistling

tying running

suffering

NOTES

There are ve vowels in English: a, e, i, o, and u. All the other letters are called consonants.

1

A syllable is a unit of spoken language. For example, stop has one syllable; wat  er has two syllables; beau  ti  ful has three syllables. Stress refers to the emphasis we place on a word or syllable when pronouncing it. For example, the rst syllable is stressed in suf  fer and the second syllable is stressed in re  fer.

Circle the correct verb form. Example: Tibet’s borders (are touching / touch ) India, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan, and Burma. 1

Many Tibetan customs (originate / originates) from India and China. For example, tea (is / are) 2 their national beverage, but it (don’t come / doesn’t come) 3 from Tibet, it (is coming / comes) 4 from China. In Tibet, art, literature, and music (contain / contains) 5 elements of Buddhist beliefs. Tibetan art

4

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Simple Present and Present Progressive

(haves / has) 6 deeply religious roots, and (represent / represents)7 a form of sacred art. Surprisingly, one aspect of the practice of tantra that (inspires / is inspiring) 8 most of the typical Tibetan Buddhist art (shows / show) 9 depictions of vengeful, angry gods. However, (they are / there are) 10 actually the Protectors, and they (are hiding / hide) 11 their true compassionate nature behind their fearsome air. One of the traditions of Tibetan people (is / are) 12 rug-making. The Tibetans (use / uses)13 rugs for almost any domestic use, from ooring to wall hangings to horse saddles. Tibetans (make / are making) 14 them by hand, primarily from highland sheep’s wool. But this tradition (is changing / changes) 15 with the introduction of modern technology, and now Tibetans (are using / use) 16 machines for some aspects of the rug-making process.

Stative Verbs Some English verbs have stative meanings. Instead of actions, they describe feelings or states, conditions or situations. When verbs have stative meanings, they are not normally used in the progressive form.

Common Stative Verbs Condition

Verb

Examples

State of existence

be, exist

Her mother is worried.

Mental state

agree, believe, disagree, doubt, forget, know, mean, realize, recognize, refuse, remember, suppose, think, understand

I agree with you. I know what you mean.

Possession

belong, have, own, possess

We have a new car now.

Sense and perception

appear, feel, look, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, taste

This new idea sounds strange.

Feeling or preference

admire, appreciate, depend, desire, detest, dislike, envy, hate, like, love, mind, need, prefer, value, want, wish

They want to take a cruise to Alaska.

Other

consist, contain, cost, matter, owe, weigh

Our rent costs too much.

Some stative verbs can be used in the progressive form, but their meaning changes. NOTES

I think this meal is delicious! describes an opinion. What are you thinking about? describes the action of thinking. I’m thinking of ordering this dish means I’m considering ordering the dish. I feel it’s important to respect others’ opinions expresses a belief. I’m feeling sick today describes a temporary physical condition or sensation. Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 1 Present, Past, and Future

5

Simple Present and Present Progressive

VERBS

2

Explain the meaning of each sentence. Indicate if the underlined verb describes a state or an action.

Meaning

State or Action

Example: a. The chef is tasting the soup.

a. The chef is testing the avour of the soup.

Action

b. This soup tastes salty.

b. There is too much salt in the soup.

State

1. a. Kathy looks cold. I’ll lend her my coat. b. Kathy is looking out the window. 2. a. Sue is feeling the cat’s fur. b. Sue feels cold. 3. a. Ann has a car. b. I am having a good time. 4. a. These owers smell good. b. Jack is smelling the owers. 5. a. Mike is seeing a movie tonight. b. I see what you mean. 6. a. This piano weighs too much; I can’t lift it. b. I am weighing these oranges before I buy them.

3

Identify if each underlined verb is the simple present or present progressive. Then circle True or False for each explanation. Example: Mindfulness, a psychological concept, originates from Buddhist meditation. Verb Tense:

Simple present

a. It is a fact.

True

False

b. It is a temporary situation.

True

False

1. Meditation, yoga, and regular exercise have many psychological benets. Verb Tense: a. It is a fact.

6

VERBS

True

False

b. It is a stative verb.

True

False

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Verb Tense: a. It is a stative verb. True

False b. It is a temporary situation.

True

False

3. Therapy based on mindfulness helps people suffering from anxiety, depression, and stress. Verb Tense: a. It is a fact.

True

False

b. It is happening right now. True

False

4. To do a mindfulness exercise, choose a quiet moment to concentrate on how you’re feeling, without judgment or analysis.

Simple Present and Present Progressive

2. If you are suffering from stress, mindfulness can help you feel calmer.

Verb Tense: a. It is a habitual action. True

4

False

b. It is a belief. True

False

Complete the paragraph using verbs in the simple present or present progressive. Example: Many professional sports teams (take) take their names from the animal kingdom. 1

I (sit)

in front of my TV reading a magazine, 2

and the commentator (shout)

, “Go, Bulls, go!” As I look

up, I see a very tall player dressed in red, black, and white dashing toward the end 3

of the room. I realize that I (watch)

a basketball game and 4

that the team is named after an animal. (animals, have) magical properties that inspire humans to name their football, baseball, and basketball teams after some of them? When I think of the Detroit Tigers, the

B.C. Lions, and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, it seems to me that the cat family (play) 5

a prominent role in professional football, or (I, be)

6

mistaken? Birds serve as popular sources of inspiration for 7

sports teams, too: (there, be) Hawks, for example. Chicago (have)

the Montréal Alouettes and the Atlanta 8

two professional sports teams, the Bulls

and the Bears, and Toronto is well-known for the Blue Jays, its professional baseball team. Powerful animals inspire athletes to do their best. (you, agree) you (do)

10

9

with me? Of course

!

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 1 Present, Past, and Future

7

Simple Present and Present Progressive

VERBS

In the simple present question form, use the auxiliary verb do before the subject. Use does before third-person-singular subjects. The verb remains in its base form. Correct: What does it mean? Incorrect: What it means? Incorrect: What do it means?

Complete additional exercises to practise the present tenses online.

Edit It!

In the present progressive question form, inverse the auxiliary verb and the subject. Do not use two auxiliary verbs. Correct: Are they playing? Incorrect: They are playing? Incorrect: Do are they playing?

Circle and correct the 15 simple present and present progressive errors in the text.

1. Do you anxiously waiting to try some sheep’s stomach or calves’ brains? These days, people is travelling to distant parts of the world to discover unusual delicacies. More and more tourists are overcomming their natural dislike of unfamiliar food and are sink their teeth into insects, and even sheep’s eyeballs! 2. In fact, dietitians tells us that insects are a good source of protein and are low in fat. Asian cuisine often include cockroaches, sea slugs, and snails. My Cambodian friend enjoys a meal of fried tarantula and often trys to tempt me with a plate of crunchy spiders. In Mexican restaurants, you can nd a plate of chapulines on the menu, a dish that is containing fried grasshoppers. That sounds appetizing to you? 3. Canada also haves its share of unusual specialities. What you think a Newfoundland sherman in eastern Canada like to eat with a glass of cold beer? Cod cheeks and tongues! Even in Québec, some outsiders are considering the mix of greasy fries, gravy, and cheese in poutine quite unusual. My friend from England don’t likes it but I’m thinking it’s delicious!

8

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Simple Past and Past Progressive Simple Past

Function

Past Progressive

For an action in the past that is completely nished

For an action that was in progress in the past when it was interrupted by another action or event

He cooked dinner for us last night. For a completed action that happened at a specied time in the past. The time shows when the action started or nished. The class began at 9 a.m.

While he was cooking dinner, an unexpected guest knocked on the door. For an action that was in progress at a specic moment in the past

Simple Past and Past Progressive

B

At 10 a.m. we were studying in the computer lab. (We probably started studying before 10 and continued after 10.)

For a chain of events in the past On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Then the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Afrmative Statements

For two or more simultaneous actions that were in progress in the past Even though they were sitting at the same table, they were still texting each other.

Regular verbs: Subject + base form of verb + -ed

Subject + verb be + base form of verb + -ing

He worked.

He was sleeping.

Irregular verbs have irregular past forms.

They were sleeping.

They slept.

NOTES

Keywords

in 2013, in the early 1900s, last week/year, two months ago, when I was a child, yesterday evening

as, at 3 a.m., at the same time as, from 8 to 9, just as, this morning, when, while

For a list of common irregular verbs, refer to appendix 6 on page 136. The auxiliary did is not used when who or what is the subject of a question. Who bought your car? What happened last night?

Simple past verbs do not take an -s in the third-person singular. Correct: He saw it. Correct: It didn’t work.

Incorrect: He saws it. Incorrect: It didn’t works.

Auxiliary did: With the auxiliary did (didn’t), the main verb remains in its base form. Correct: We didn’t go. Correct: Did they arrive?

Incorrect: We didn’t went. Incorrect: Did they arrived?

Used to describes habitual actions in the past. Do not use the past progressive. Correct: I used to play the violin when I was a child. Incorrect: I was playing the violin when I was a child.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 1 Present, Past, and Future

9

Spelling of the Simple Past -ed Ending of Regular Verbs Verb Ending

Rule Add -ed.

ask

2. e or ie

Add -d.

lie

3. consonant + y

Change the y to i and add -ed.

apply

4. vowel + y

Add -ed.

obey

5. one-syllable verb: ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant (except w, x, y)

Double the nal consonant and add -ed.

ban

6. multi-syllable verb: ends in a vowel + consonant with stress on the last syllable

Double the nal consonant and add -ed.

control

7. multi-syllable verb: ends in a vowel + consonant and the last syllable is not stressed

Add -ed.

happen

1

asked

ski

lied

move

moved

applied

hurry

hurried

obeyed

portray

banned

prefer

skied

drop

controlled preferred happened

portrayed dropped

occur

occurred

regret

regretted

offer

offered

For past progressive verbs, refer to the spelling rules for the -ing form on page 4.

Write the missing verb forms of the following irregular verbs.

Base Form

Simple Past

Base Form

was / were

forget

Simple Past

Base Form

get

see

break

give

sell heard

know

speak

cost

leave

spend let

drive

VERBS

told

meet

think

pay

feel nd

teach

mean ate

fall

slept

chose

drink

understood quit

read

Simple Past said

begin

buy

10

Examples

1. most endings, including i

NOTE

Simple Past and Past Progressive

VERBS

win write

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Simple Past and Past Progressive

2

Complete the text with the verbs in the simple past. Then identify if each verb is regular (R) or irregular (IRR). Example: Sir Winston Churchill (be) politicians of the United Kingdom.

was

(

1

On September 3, 1939, Britain (declare) 2

Churchill (become)

(

IRR

(

) one of the greatest

) war against Germany and

) a member of the war cabinet as well as

First Lord of the Admiralty in command of the Royal Navy. When Neville Chamberlain (resign) 3

(

) as prime minister in May 1940, Churchill (take over)

4

(

) as Prime Minister. He (serve)

5

(

)

until 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. 6

Churchill’s refusal to surrender to Nazi Germany (inspire)

(

)

the British. As Prime Minister, he (agree, neg.)

7

(

) to any

peace agreement with Germany and (prepare)

8

(

) the British 9

for a long and difcult war. The Second World War (end)

(

10

victory of Britain and allied countries. However, Churchill (win, neg.) (

11

) the 1945 election and (lead) 12

Election of 1951 he was again (electe)

14

which (prove)

(

(

) the opposition. In the General

( 13

On January 15, 1965, Churchill (suffer)

) with the

) Prime Minister for a second term. (

) a major stroke

) to be fatal and led to his death on

January 24, 1965. Among numerous honours and decorations he (receive) 15

(

), he was made an honorary citizen 16

of the United States which President Kennedy (confer) (

) on him in 1963. He also (write)

(

) an impressive number of publications and (win) 18

(

17

) the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953.

Churchill is well-known today for his famous peace sign, and for sayings such as: “We shall ght in the elds and in the streets, we shall ght in the hills; we shall never surrender.”

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 1 Present, Past, and Future

11

Simple Past and Past Progressive

VERBS

3

Complete the sentences with the afrmative, negative, or question form of the simple past or past progressive. Example: The Rwandan Genocide (occur)

occurred 1

Romeo Dallaire (become) 2

after he (take)

in 1994.

an advocate for the victims of the Rwandan genocide

command of the U.N. Peacekeeping Force in Rwanda in 1994. 3

Despite his pleas, Dallaire’s U.N. superiors in New York City (send, neg.) 4

forcements. He (try)

rein5

to stop the genocide that (happen) 6

but he could do nothing to stop it. While the Hutu extremists (do)

everything 7

they could to exterminate the Tutsi population, the rest of the world (watch) 8

helplessly. Many people back in Canada (know, neg.) 9

until it was too late. What (begin)

,

about the genocide 10

as a civil war (end) 11

in a massacre of more than 800 000 people. Why (the U.N., allow, q.) this to happen? Back in Canada, Dallaire’s diagnosis was that he (suffer, just, neg.) 12

4

from depression, but from post-traumatic stress disorder.

Write the correct form of each verb in the simple past (SP) or past progressive (PP). Then identify the verb tense and explain why it is used. Example: Last night I (go) went for a walk, even though it (rain) was raining. SP: It describes a nished action in the past. / PP: It describes an action in progress in the past.

1. I (walk)

2. My heart (beat)

back home when I (hear)

fast and I (cry)

3. Something big (rush)

4. Then I (realize)

that it was a large black dog.

6. He (run) after his dog and (wave) and an umbrella in the other!

VERBS

out: “Who’s there?”

toward me!

5. A few seconds later my neighbour (appear)

12

a strange noise.

.

a dog leash in one hand

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Verbs Example: Call

60 Years Ago (Simple Past) We called someone on the telephone.

Today (Simple Present) We call using Skype or Facetime.

1. Watch (a movie)

2. Write

Simple Past and Past Progressive

What did these verbs mean sixty years ago? How about today? Write sentences to illustrate their meaning using the simple past and simple present.

5

3. Take (a photo)

4. Listen (to a song)

5. Chat 6. Meet

6

Write questions in the simple past (SP) or past progressive (PP) using the information in parentheses. Use your questions to interview a partner. Answer your partner’s questions with complete sentences. Example: (SP: how many / sleep last night) Q: How many hours did you sleep last night? A: I slept for eight hours.

1. (SP: when / wake up / this morning)

2. (SP: how / come / to college this morning)

3. (SP: listen to / music / while / PP: work out / at the gym)

4. (PP: what / do / when the teacher arrived)

5. (PP: What / do / between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m. last night)

6. (SP: Where / go / high school)

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 1 Present, Past, and Future

13

Simple Past and Past Progressive

VERBS

Edit It!

Underline and correct the 20 simple past and past progressive errors. Complete additional exercises to practise the past tenses online.

Troy Long ago, there was an ancient city named Troy which was standing across the sea from the

Greek city of Sparta. The Greeks were building high walls around their town with gates to let people in or keep intruders out. From the top of the walls, warriors was able to shoot arrows at anyone who was attempting to enter the city. Archers also shooted arrows through holes high up in the walls. According to legend, the Greeks repeatedly were trying but were failing to get over the wall, and the Trojans couldn’t drive them away. They were ghting for ten long years. Then one day, while all this ghting took place, the great Greek general Odysseus had an idea. In those days, when an army admited defeat, it offerred the victors a gift. Odysseus declared that his army would leave a great gift for the Trojans, an enormous beautifully crafted wooden horse. They leaved the horse outside the gates and were sailing away. But it was a trick, as inside the horse were hidden thirty armed men who waiting for the Trojans to take the horse inside the gates. Sure enough, when the Trojans saw the horse they joyously assume that the Greeks had admitted defeat. They drag the horse inside the gates of the city and decided to keep this stunning creation as proof of their victory. Clever strategists that they are, the Greeks was hoping that this would be the Trojans’ reaction, and counted on their keeping the gift rather than destroying it. And indeed, this is how thirty Greek soldiers were able to get inside the gates and destroy the city of Troy while everyone were sleeping that night. Today, a destructive computer virus that is disguised as a benign application is called a Trojan horse.

14

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Future Tenses

C

Future Tenses

The future can be expressed using will or be going to. They are often used interchangeably, although there are some nuances in meaning.

Will Function

Be Going To

For actions in the near or distant future

For actions in the immediate or near future

For predictions (usually based on what the speaker thinks or believes will happen) I bet it will snow tonight.

For predictions (usually based on evidence the action will happen) According to the weather forecast it is going to snow tonight.

For spontaneous decisions, or to show willingness Let’s go out! I’ll come pick you up.

For planned events or premeditated intentions Our parents are going to come to visit us during the Easter break.

For promises I will help you. Don’t worry, we’ll be on time. Afrmative Statements

Subject + will + base form of verb

Subject + verb be + going to + base form of verb

We will go.

I am going to travel. She is going to travel. We are going to travel.

Keywords

after, in two days/weeks/months/years, later, next week/month/year, probably, soon, today, tomorrow morning, tonight

The present tenses can also refer to the future. The simple present can be used with a time expression to express schedules or itineraries.

NOTES

The train leaves at 9:15 p.m. The present progressive can be used for planned events happening in the near future. We are attending the party tonight. The future progressive describes an action in progress at a particular moment in the future. Next year I will travel to Peru. This time next year I will be travelling in Peru. Adverbs go between will and the base form of the verb. I will only explain this once. We won’t ever lie to you again.

Shall is used with rst-person pronouns for suggestions.

Shall I call you tomorrow?

Shall we leave soon?

Contractions are often used in informal conversation. Avoid contractions in formal writing. Formal He will not tell anyone.

Informal He won’t tell anyone.

Gonna is often heard in slang. Always use going to in formal writing. Formal House prices are going to go up.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Slang House prices are gonna go up.

UNIT 1 Present, Past, and Future

15

Future Tenses

VERBS

1

Underline the future form in each sentence. Then write the correct letter to identify the function it serves. More than one answer may be possible. a. prediction

c. promise

b. spontaneous decision or willingness

d. planned event or premeditated intention

Example: The bus arrives at noon.

e. scheduled event

e

1. We are going to volunteer abroad this

6. I’m not going to study for this exam.

summer.

7. Who wants to make lunch? – I’ll do it!

2. They will get here soon.

8. Our planet won’t survive global warming.

3. I’ll call you later.

9. I’m graduating this spring.

4. The show starts at 8 p.m.

10. Joe is going to go to Paris this fall.

5. I’m sure you’ll love this song!

The simple present (rather than the future) is used after keywords such as after, as soon as, before, unless, until, when, whenever. Correct: When I nish this class I’ll go home. Incorrect: When I will nish this class I’ll go home.

2

Complete the dialogue with the correct future form of the verbs. Pay attention to the keywords. Use contractions when appropriate. More than one answer may be possible. Example: Felicia: What (do)

graduate

we (graduate) Lily:

will we do / are we going to do

from college? 1

I know—we (take)

to celebrate when

2

a trip around the world! I (start)

looking at plane fares tonight. 3

Felicia: But we don’t know which countries we (visit) Lily:

4

Well, I (look) 5

at different possibilities tonight, and then we (decide)

which itinerary is the best for us.

Felicia: Okay. As soon as you (come up with) 7

(text, q.) Lily:

me? I (be)

6

some good options, 8

at work until 9 p.m. tonight.

You know, I really want to go to India because I love yoga, so when you (research) 9

the different options tonight, put India on your list!

Felicia: Just imagine—this time next year we (y)

16

yet.

VERBS

10

around the world!

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Write a sentence or a question for each function of the future. Use will or be going to, or the simple present, present progressive, or future progressive. Example: Schedules or itineraries: We will have plenty of time to eat dinner. Our plane leaves at 10 p.m.

Future Tenses

3

1. Predictions:

2. Promises:

3. Planned events or premeditated intentions:

4. Spontaneous decisions:

5. An action in progress at a particular moment in the future:

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 10 future verb form errors.

Where you will go for your next vacation? New York? Paris? Maybe it shall be an even

Complete additional exercises to practise the future tenses online.

more exotic destination. If you are looking for an original option, one company, Space Adventures, going to be offering trips around the moon in the near future. For only $150 million a ticket, the lucky tourist will travels in a modied Russian Soyuz rocket-for-two and sit next to a cosmonaut pilot. Obviously, the rockets are gonna be made more comfortable for tourists, since the trip is going to be a vacation and not a scientic mission. Of course, when you will arrive, you willn’t just jump out and walk on the moon; Space Adventures only will be able to bring the spacecraft within a hundred kilometres of the lunar surface. So, you are going to start saving up for your next lunar vacation?

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 1 Present, Past, and Future

17

REVIEW 1

Complete the missing information for the present, past and future.

1. Use the simple present to talk about habits, and

.

2. With third-person-singular subjects (he/she/it), add

or

to the base form of the verb in the simple present afrmative. 3. Use the present progressive for in progress.

situations and actions

verbs describe feelings or states, conditions, or situations

4.

instead of actions. They are normally not used in the

form.

5. Use the simple past to indicate actions in the past that are 6. Use the

.

for an action that was in progress in the past.

7. To show willingness, or for promises, use

. For planned events or

premeditated intentions, use

.

8. The or the about scheduled or planned events in the future. 9. The negative form of will is

can also be used to talk or

.

10. With keywords such as when, after, or as soon as, use the

2

.

Circle the correct present, past or future forms. 1

When the Internet rst (appeared / was appearing) , it (was 2

revolutionize / revolutionized) the way we communicated. (I’m 3

going to / I’ll) give you an example. When my grandparents 4

were sick, they (sent / were sending) a relative or neighbour to leave a message at the doctor’s house. However, people today 5

(make / will make) appointments differently. According to my 6

doctor’s automated answering service, I (need / am needing) to go

18

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

7

online to book an appointment to see her. This (amaze / amazes) me. Not everyone (has / have)

8

9

a computer at home. How (do / did) older people manage? Some of us still (doesn’t know / don’t know ) spending)

12

10

11

how to use a computer. I (bought / buyed) a new TV last year, and I (spent / was 13

a long time trying to gure it out. (It had / There were) many steps to program it and 14

it (took / taked) such a long time. When we (get / got) it (wasn’t being / wasn’t)

16

15

our rst home phone in the early 1940s,

too complicated to learn to use it, but now my daughter-in-law (want /

17

18

wants) me to buy a smartphone. I think that when I (decide / will decide) to get one I (will call / call)

19

her so that she can teach me how to use it. But which phone (I am going / am I going)

20

to

use to call her?

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 15 errors in the text.

Everybody know the famous computer company called Apple. But you know where this name come from? Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak found the Apple company in 1972. According to Wozniak, they worked in an apple orchard when they were thinking of the perfect name. The name and logo is a reference to Isaac Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation. In fact, the original company logo show Newton sitting under the apple tree where an apple was falling on his head. After that, the logo change several times, from a rainbow-coloured apple to a black one and now a white one. Who know what the future hold for computers? They already are more user-friendly. Maybe they work with greener power, like more powerful solar energy or wireless electricity. Some say the prices going to fall—just like Newton’s apple!

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 1 Present, Past, and Future

19

Perfect TensesPerfect Tenses Pefect Tenses

2

UNIT

VERBS

Perfect TensesTenses Perfect Tenses Per

Perfect Tenses Pe Perfect PerfectTens Ten Pefect Tenses

WARM-UP

Read this excerpt from Artemis Fowl, Volume 1, by Eoin Colfer, and answer the questions that follow. “How does one describe Artemis Fowl? Various psychiatrists have tried and failed. The main problem is Artemis’s own intelligence. He bamboozles every test thrown at him. He has puzzled the greatest medical minds. And sent many of them gibbering to their own hospitals. There is no doubt that Artemis is a child prodigy. But why does someone of such brilliance dedicate himself to criminal activities? I have put together this report from rsthand interviews with the victims, and as the tale unfolds, you will realize that this was not easy. The story began several years ago at the dawn of the twenty-rst century. Artemis Fowl had devised a plan to restore his family’s fortune. A plan that could topple civilizations and plunge the planet into a cross-species war. He was twelve years old at the time.”

1. In each sentence below, highlight the auxiliary verb and circle the past participle. a. Various psychiatrists have tried and failed . b. He has puzzled the greatest medical minds. c. I have put together this report from rsthand interviews with the victims. 2. a. In the last two paragraphs of the excerpt above, circle the two verbs in the simple past. b. In each sentence where the simple past verb appears, underline the phrase that species when the event happened.

20

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Present Perfect and Simple Past

Perfect indicates that the auxiliary verb is have. Present perfect indicates that the auxiliary have is in the present form.

Present Perfect Function

For a situation that started in the past and that has a link to or an impact on the present. In this case, since and for are often used.

Simple Past For an action or event in the past that is completely nished.

We have been here for two hours.

We were there two hours ago.

(We arrived here two hours ago and are still here.)

(We’re not there anymore.)

For an action or event that happened at an unspecied time in the past. (The fact that it happened, rather than the time when it happened, is important.) We have already seen this movie. For an action or event that happened at least once in the past and that may occur again. The period of time is not yet nished. He has participated in four triathlons so far. (He may participate in more.)

Present Perfect and Simple Past

A

For an action or event that happened at a specied time in the past.

We saw this movie last night. For a completed chain of events in the past. The time period is nished. In yesterday’s triathlon, he swam 1.5 km, cycled 40 km, and then ran 10 km.

For an action or event that happened recently. The movie has just come out on DVD. Afrmative Statements

Regular verbs: Subject + have/has + past participle

Regular verbs: Subject + base form of verb + -ed

They have nished.

I nished.

It has nished. Irregular verbs have irregular past forms.

Irregular verbs have irregular past forms.

We have begun.

She began.

He has begun. Keywords

already, ever, for, just, never, recently, since, so far, still, yet

in 2013, last week / year, two months ago, when I was a child, yesterday evening

For a list of irregular verbs, refer to appendix 6 on page 136.

NOTES

In the present perfect, use have not (haven’t) + past participle for the negative form. Use has not (hasn’t) + past participle for third-person-singular subjects. I haven’t eaten yet. She hasn’t eaten yet. For the question form, use have/has + subject + past participle. Have they ever gone to a live concert? Has he ever gone to a live concert? In the simple past, use subject + did not (didn’t) + base form of verb for the negative form. I didn’t eat anything this morning. For the question form, use did + subject + base form of the verb. Did they go to a live concert last year?

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

21

Present Perfect and Simple Past

VERBS

Already, Ever, Still and Yet Already

Ever

Still

Already is used in afrmative sentences with the present perfect. It comes after the auxiliary verb.

Ever is used in the question form with the present perfect.

Still is used in negative sentences with the present perfect. It comes before the auxiliary verb.

Yet is used in negative sentences with the present perfect. It comes at the end of the sentence.

I have already seen this movie.

Have you ever seen this movie?

I still haven’t seen this movie.

I haven’t seen this movie yet.

1

Yet

Choose the correct keyword for each sentence in the present perfect. Use each keyword once. never

Example: We have already

ever

just

seen such a bad movie. never

1. She hasn’t called me

so far

still

.

2. Have you

been to Cuba?

3. We are not going to soccer practice tonight. I’ve an email that it is cancelled.

received

4. How much have you earned

this year?

5. He isn’t hungry anymore. He’s 6. We

2

eaten lunch.

haven’t seen that movie.

Complete each sentence with the present perfect and circle the keywords. Example: I (receive, neg.)

1. You (miss)

haven’t received

just

4. They still (announce, neg.)

VERBS

the missing plane. the election date.

never she ever (think)

6.

three classes. a single test.

3. The coastguards (nd)

5. We (have)

my order yet.

already

2. So far, I (fail, neg.)

22

yet

so much snow! about a career in teaching?

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Present Perfect and Simple Past

3

Identify each verb as present perfect (PP) or simple past (SP). Underline the keywords and time references, then choose the correct explanation for each verb tense. More than one answer may be possible. a. Present perfect, because it happened at an unspecied time in the past, and has a link to or impact on the present. b. Present perfect, because it is a recent event. c. Simple past, because it is an action or event that happened at a specied time in the past. d. Simple past, because it is a chain of events in the past. Example: Engineers have developed ( PP ) a new type of printer which a/c they presented ( SP ) to the public less than a decade ago.

1. In the early 1980s, Chuck Hull, an engineer, used (

) UV light to etch

plastic layers into different shapes. He then stacked (

) these layers to

form a 3D object. 2. This type of technology has become ( 3. NASA has recently launched ( 4. In 2014 NASA conducted (

5. The NASA team has dealt (

) more affordable.

) a 3D printer into space. ) the rst test for 3D printers in space.

) with breakages and electric surges which

can have serious consequences in the space station. 6. In space experiments so far, engineers have taken (

) into account

3D printing with light green lament

factors such as microgravity and varying air pressures and temperatures.

7. 3D printing has also been (

) a very valuable development for the

creation of prosthetic limbs. 8. In January 2015, the Critical Making Lab at the University of Toronto made (

) and tted (

) four 3D prosthetics, with plans to take more

3D-printed lower-limb prostheses to children in Uganda.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

23

Present Perfect and Simple Past

VERBS

Since, For and During Since and for are frequently used with the present perfect . Use during with the simple past when expressing a specied time in the past.

Since

For

During

Use since with a specic point in time in the past.

Use for with a duration of time.

Use during with the simple past before a noun that describes a period of time or an event that is completed.

She has worked as a waitress since May.

She has worked as a waitress for six months.

She worked at a restaurant in Toronto during the summer.

I have been here since seven o’clock.

I have been here for two hours.

She was here during the break .

I have wanted to see this movie since it came out.

I have wanted to see this movie for a long time.

I saw this movie during my vacation .

Use the present perfect with stative verbs and since or for. (Do not use progressive forms with stative verbs.) Correct: I have known her for ten years. Incorrect: I have been knowing her for ten years. Correct: I have been here since this morning. Incorrect: I’m here since this morning.

4

Refer to unit 1 on page 5 for a list of common stative verbs.

Complete the text with the appropriate keywords (during, for, or since). for

Example: I’ve lived in Spain

two years.

I rst lived in Madrid for three months, and then I decided to tour the country. It was 1

my stay in Granada that I met Pedro. I fell in love with Spain and with 2

Pedro! We’ve been engaged 3

March and we plan on saving our money

at least two years to buy a house. I’ve been happily 4

employed

six months as a tour guide. Pedro 5

often travels to Asia for his job and 6

quite lonely. 7

every day.

his trips I feel

he left, I’ve talked to him on Skype

the past three months, he’s been in

Asia more than in Spain. So this morning, I decided to go to the pet store 8

my lunch hour to get a dog for company. I’ve 9

wanted a dog away

10

I was a child. Since Pedro has gone

four weeks, I will have plenty of time to

train my new companion, Romeo, before he returns!

24

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Present Perfect and Simple Past

Work with a partner. Take turns asking questions about a tradition or festival that you know well. Use the simple past and present perfect when appropriate.

5

Example: Halloween—When and how did the tradition begin? Have you ever celebrated it? How did you celebrate it when you were a child? How has this tradition evolved over the years?

Edit It!

Complete the text with the present perfect or the simple past.

1. On Cooper’s Hill, Gloucester, England, a nine-pound round of double Gloucester cheese is thrown down a steep hill, where competitors rush down to try to catch it. Some people say 1

that this annual tradition (evolve)

from a requirement for maintaining

grazing rights on the common. Others claim that it has pagan origins: rolling objects down a 2

hill (represent) 3

(encourage) (turn)

4

the birth of the New Year after winter and

a good harvest. Today, this strange traditional event

into a famous international sport. In fact, each year the 5

event (grow)

to be more and more popular.

However, there have been several injuries, and in 2010 the ofcial 6

organizers (cancel)

the event, although it

still continues in an unofcial form. 7

2. (hear, you)

of La Tomatina? In the streets

of Buñol, Spain, on the last Wednesday of every August, thousands of people throw tomatoes at each other. The tradition reportedly 8

(begin) (start)

9

in 1945 when some young people

a vegetable ght during a parade.

Although Franco (ban) 50s and 60s, it (make) the 70s. Today, La Tomatina (develop)

10

11

the festival in the

a comeback in 12

into one of the most popular festivals in Spain!

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

25

Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect

VERBS

Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect

B

Present Perfect Progressive Function

For a continuous action that started in the past and is still happening now. The focus is on the duration of the action. They have been playing tennis for over two hours.

Present Perfect For an action or event that happened at an unspecied time in the past and has a link to or impact on the present. We have played tennis many times.

(They started playing in the past and they are still playing now.)

For a recent action or event that is ongoing

Afrmative Statements

For an action or event that happened recently.

The children have been watching too much TV lately.

The children have just watched that movie.

Subject + have / has + been + verb + -ing

Subject + have / has + past participle

You have been singing.

We have nished.

He has been singing.

She has nished. Irregular verbs have irregular past forms. I have begun. It has begun.

NOTES

Keywords

all day/week/month/year/morning/night, how long, for, since, recently, lately

already, ever, for, just, never, recently, since, so far, still, yet

With verbs such as live, work, and teach, there is no signicant difference between the present perfect and the present perfect progressive (used with since or for). He has lived here for ve years. He has been living here for ve years.

Negative and Question Forms Negative Form Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect

Question Form

Subject + have / has + not been + verb + -ing

Have / has + subject + been + verb + -ing

They have not been singing.

Have they been singing?

She has not been singing.

Has she been singing?

Subject + have / has + not + past participle

Have / has + subject + past participle

I haven’t eaten yet.

Have they seen this movie?

She hasn’t eaten yet.

Has he seen this movie?

Use the present perfect progressive, not the present progressive tense, with since or for. Correct: He has been studying since this morning. Incorrect: He is studying since this morning.

26

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect

1

Circle the correct form of the present perfect or present perfect progressive. Then highlight the explanation that best describes the tense chosen. Example: I’m almost halfway through my book. I (have read / have been reading) it for three hours. a. This action started in the past and is still in progress. The person started reading the book three hours ago and is still reading it now. The focus is on the duration of the action. b. This is an action or event that happened at an unspecied time in the past. The fact that it happened, rather than the time when it happened, is important.

1. She (has known / has been knowing) that actor since she was a child. a. This situation started in the past and has a link to the present. She met the actor when she was a child and she still knows him now. Use the present perfect with stative (non-action) verbs. b. This action happened at least once in the past and may occur again. The period of time is not yet nished. 2. She’s exhausted now! She (’s rehearsed / ’s been rehearsing) since 10 a.m. this morning. a. This action started in the past and is still in progress. The person started rehearsing at 10 a.m. this morning and is still rehearsing now. The focus is on the duration of the action. b. This is an action that happened at an unspecied time in the past. The fact that she has rehearsed, rather than the time when she did it, is important. 3. She (has given / has been giving) three performances this month. a. This action started in the past and is still in progress. The focus is on the duration of the action. b. She already gave three performances this month, but the month is not nished yet. 4. Martin (has learned / has been learning) Dutch for the last year, but he isn’t uent yet. a. This is an action that happened at an unspecied time in the past. The fact that it happened, rather than the time when it happened, is important. b. This action started in the past and is still in progress. Mark started learning Dutch in the past year and he’s still learning it now. 5. Martin is uent now. He (has learned / has been learning) to speak Dutch. a. This action started in the past and has a link to or an impact on the present. b. This is an action that started in the past and that is still in progress. Mark started learning Dutch in the past year and he’s still learning it now.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

27

Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect

VERBS

28

2

Write questions in the simple past, present perfect, or present perfect progressive with the words provided. Use the questions to interview a partner. Example: How long / study at this college been studying at this college?

The present perfect often starts a conversation. However, when the fact is already established, the sentence continues in the simple past. We have been to Italy several times. In fact, we went there last summer.

VERBS

When / start / your studies

When did you start your studies?

1.

How long / learn English

2.

How long / live in your area

3.

Ever / live / anywhere else

4.

If so, where else / live

5.

Do you play a sport? If so, how long / play / sport

6.

When / start / playing / sport

7.

Ever / think / about your future career

8.

What kinds of jobs / think about

9.

Ever / feel / proud of something you did in your life

10.

If so, what / be / it

11.

Why / make you feel proud

How long have you

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Which book or movie / inspire you the most

13.

How / it / inspire you

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 15 errors in the text.

The Beauty of Barcelona Last year I have taken a trip to Barcelona in the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain. I have visited this beautiful city ten years ago and I have often been wanting to return to see the inspiring art.

Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect

12.

Barcelona is a centre for great art since many years. The Catalonian soil inspired the famous trio: Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, and Antoni Gaudi, artists who have been bringing about social change by questioning society’s values and perceptions of reality. In 1937, Picasso’s powerful painting Guernica has told the story of a town bombed during the Spanish Civil War. Picasso has highlighted the suffering of the population of Guernica and this monumental anti-war masterpiece have been a shining beacon for world peace ever since. Have you ever saw it? You may be more familiar with the work of Dali. This eccentric artist delved into subconscious imagery and has gave the world images of dripping watches and surrealistic landscapes. Did you ever investigated the work of Gaudi? Gaudi’s unusual Sagrada Familia cathedral is standing uncompleted since they have laid the rst brick in 1882. Ever since I came back, I am telling everyone to visit this pulsating artistic city!

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

29

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive

VERBS

C

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect

Function

Past Perfect Progressive

For a completed action that happened before another action in the past.

For an action in progress before another past action or event. The focus is on the duration of the action.

She did so well in the test because she had studied a lot.

She was really tired that morning because she had been studying all night.

(First she studied a lot, then she did well in the test.)

(The focus is on the duration of the action: she had been studying for a long time.)

Afrmative Statements

Subject + had + past participle

Subject + had been + base form of verb + -ing

We had waited.

I had been waiting.

Keywords

after, already, before, for, just, since, until, when

for, how long, since

In the past perfect, use subject + had not (hadn’t) + past participle for the negative form. He hadn’t taken any notes. For the question form, use had + subject + past participle.

Had he taken any notes?

In the past perfect progressive, use subject + had not been + base form of verb + -ing for the negative form. They had not been listening.

NOTES

For the question form, use had + subject + been + base form of verb + -ing. Had they been listening? For the verb have, the form of the past participle is the same as the auxiliary verb. I had had that car for ten years before I needed to change the brakes. The past perfect can be used in reported speech. “We have never seen so much snow! ” They said they had never seen so much snow. For information on reported speech, refer to Real 3 Grammar Reference and Practice, unit 4, on page 59. The past perfect can also be used to express a regret with I wish, or in past conditional sentences. I failed my test; I wish I had studied. If I had studied more, I would have passed the test. For information on conditional sentences, refer to Real 3 Grammar Reference and Practice, unit 3, on page 47.

The present or past perfect indicates completion of an action, whereas the present or past perfect progressive indicates that the action may still continue. Somebody has / had eaten my chocolates. (There are / were no chocolates left.) Somebody has / had been eating my chocolates. (There are / were still some chocolates left.)

30

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive

1

Look at these images that show the important events in Jack’s life. Read the sentences and identify each verb tense as follows: a. simple past b. past perfect c. past perfect progressive

Example: Jack was (a) born on April 14, 1932. 1.

Jack had been studying ( was (

2.

) at university for seven years by the time he

) 25.

When Jack graduated from high school (

), he had been (

) there

since the age of 12. 3.

Jack died (

) at the age of 82.

4.

People at his funeral remarked (

) that Jack had always been (

)

a respected citizen in the community. 5.

By the time he turned (

) 45 years old, Jack had started (

) to

become a little overweight. 6.

By the end of the year he had lost (

7.

Ever since he was (

) 20 kilos.

) young, Jack had dreamed (

businessman, and at the age of 36 he founded ( 8.

Jack started (

When he was (

) 12, Jack started (

Jack had been using ( nally needed (

11.

)

) him at risk for heart disease.

because his parents had moved ( 10.

) his own company.

) to go to the gym because his doctor had told (

him that his weight gain put ( 9.

) of being a successful

) high school in Ontario, ) there the previous summer.

) a cane to help him walk for ten years before he

) a wheelchair.

By the time he retired (

), Jack had been running (

) his own

business for 24 years. 12.

Put the sentences above in chronological order:

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

31

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive

VERBS

2

Combine activities a) and b) in one sentence. Use the simple past with the past perfect or past perfect progressive, and include the keyword. Example: a. He admired her from afar for a year. b. He asked her out.

Keyword: before

Sentence: He had admired her from afar for a year before he asked her out. 1. a. Carl was in Mexico for three months.

b. He spoke Spanish well.

Keyword: because

Sentence: 2. a. He studied for four years at university.

b. He became an engineer.

Keyword: before

Sentence: 3. a. She trained for six months.

b. She nally ran a half-marathon. Keyword: when

Sentence: 4. a. It rained all morning.

b. The children wanted to go play in the puddles. Keyword: because

Sentence: 5. a. I lost my purse.

b. I didn’t have any money on me. Keyword: because

Sentence:

3

Complete each question with the simple past, past perfect, or past perfect progressive. Then complete the answer, using the keywords and negative form where indicated. Example: How long (perform) had the Rolling Stones been performing when The Beatles (become) became popular? The Rolling Stones and The Beatles (be) were popular at the same time.

1. When they all rst met, how long (play)

Keith Richards

guitar? When they all rst met, Keith Richards 2. By the 1970s, how long (perform)

the

the guitar since the age of 14. the Rolling Stones

By the 1970s, the Rolling Stones

?

for a decade.

3. In 1964 when they rst performed in the USA, why (be, neg.)

they popular everywhere?

In 1964 when they rst performed in the USA, many youngsters (hear, neg.) 4. By the late 1960s, what kind of reputation (develop) By the late 1960s, the Rolling Stones (become) 5. When (become)

the band

of the band. ?

“bad boys.”

the single “(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction”

a number

one hit in the USA? When the single “(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction” (come) it (be, already)

32

VERBS

out in the UK in August 1965,

a number one hit since June of that year in the USA. Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Past Present Perfect Perfect andand PastSimple PerfectPast Progressive

4

Complete the text with the simple past, present perfect, or past perfect. Use the keywords provided. Example: Legends of hidden cities full of treasures (inspire) have inspired generations of explorers for hundreds of years.

Paititi 1

Everyone (hear)

the story of El Dorado, the mythical city full of gold in Peru. But this 2

city also has another name: El Gran Paititi. The legendary city of Paititi (elude) explorers to this day: is Paititi real, or is it just a myth? 3

One popular story is that in the early 1600s, Inkarri (rule) 4

today known as Cusco. By then, the Spanish (be)

over the empire’s capital,

at war with the Incas of Peru for 5

nearly forty years. After ghting the Spanish for so many years, the Incas nally (retreat) 6

to Vilcabamba Valley where they (manage) 7

the Spanish (reach) 8

9

to hold off the invaders until 1572. When

the Inca settlement, they found the Incas (desert, already)

the city. According to an Incan story, by the time the Spanish conquistadors (arrive) 10

in Cusco, Inkarri (retreat)

11

to the jungle, and (take)

vast treasures of silver, gold, and jewels with him. For the Incas, silver, gold, and gems (have, neg.) 12

14

to steal their gold, which for them (represent) god. So the Incas (hide)

15

17

the Spanish

the incarnation of Inti, their most important

their treasures. Many years (pass)

and because nobody (nd, ever) 18

13

any economic value, but they (want, neg.)

,

16

the city or the gold, eventually the story (become)

a myth. However, in 2009 satellite photos of deforested 19

areas of the Boco do Acre region of Brazil (reveal) there (be, already)

20

that

vast settlements there centuries 21

ago. These remains can be clearly seen today and (force) historians and archaeologists to review their thinking about the existence 22

of Paititi. In recent years, exploration crews (shed) insight into the Inca culture. They (add)

23

new

to our understanding

of such a legendary empire thanks to their fascinating discoveries at this archaeological site.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

33

Past Perfect Present and Past Perfect Perfect and Simple Progressive Past

VERBS

Edit It!

Rewrite the sentences correctly. Use the appropriate keywords and verb forms for the simple past, present perfect, present perfect progressive, past perfect, or past perfect progressive. If a sentence is correct, write C. Some sentences contain more than one error.

1. It’s been two years that Melanie and Paul are dating.

2. Melanie wonders for a while now whether Paul is going to pop the question.

3. Last Saturday Paul has invited Melanie for a special night out.

4. At last Saturday night was arrived. 5. Melanie was telling herself to keep calm and play it cool.

6. But really, she was feeling so nervous! 7. Paul has texted Melanie that morning to ask her to be ready at 7:30 p.m.

8. By 7 p.m. Melanie has tried on four or ve dresses and has put on a little makeup, and she was ready.

9. She was waiting since thirty minutes when she saw a big white limousine pull up in front of her apartment.

10. Then the door has opened. 11. She climbed into the shiny white car. 12. Inside was the biggest bouquet of roses she has never seen!

13. Holding them was Paul, who was waiting for this moment since a long time.

14. He said: “Darling, I am taking you to a very special place tonight. I have book us two seats … to see the Stanley Cup playoffs!”

34

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive Future Perfect

Function

Future Perfect Progressive

For an action that will be nished by a particular time in the future.

For a continuous action that will be in progress up until a particular event or time in the future. The focus is on the duration of the action.

By the time we nish this English exam, we will have written more than 450 words.

By the time we nish this English exam, we will have been writing for three hours.

Afrmative Statements

Subject + will + have + past participle

Subject + will + have been + base form of verb + -ing

You will have written.

He will have been writing.

Keywords

by then, by the time, by this time next year, by tomorrow, when

In the future perfect, use subject + will not (won’t) + have + past participle for the negative form. They won’t have arrived.

PresentPerfect Future Perfectand andFuture Simple Perfect Past Progressive

D

NOTES

For the question form, use will + subject + have + past participle. Will he have arrived? In the future perfect progressive, use subject + will not (won’t) + have been + base form of verb + -ing for the negative form. They won’t have been listening. For the question form, use will + subject + have been + base form of verb + -ing. Will they have been listening? Future perfect forms with will and be going to are often used interchangeably because they have essentially the same meaning. We will / are going to have improved our Spanish a lot by the time we come back from our year in Spain.

Future Progressive and Future Perfect Forms Future Progressive

Future Perfect Progressive

Future Perfect

For a continuous action at a particular time in the future.

For a continuous action that will be in progress up until a particular event or time in the future. The focus is on the duration of the action.

For an action that will be nished by a particular time in the future.

Tomorrow we will be ying to Florida.

By the time we arrive in Florida, we will have been travelling for ve hours.

By this time tomorrow, we will have arrived in Florida.

Use the simple present with time expressions such as by the time, by next week, and when. Correct: By the time she nishes, she will have walked ten km. Incorrect: By the time she will nish, she will have walked ten km.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

35

Future PerfectPresent and Future Perfect Perfect and Simple Progressive Past

VERBS

1

Put a check mark next to the action that was completed rst. Example: By the time you get back ( ) I will have nished (✓ ) my book.

1. I will have nished ( ) my book before I go ( ) for a walk. 2. They won’t have nished ( ) their meal by the time the movie starts ( ). 3. They will have been dancing ( ) all night by the time the sun comes up ( ). 4. She’s hoping that by the time she gets home ( ), her parents will have gone ( ) to bed. 5. By the time I nish this exercise ( ), I will have been studying ( ) for over an hour.

2

Complete the dialogue with the future perfect or future progressive. Use the contracted form of will where appropriate. ’ll be getting

Example: At 6 p.m. tonight we (get) tomorrow, we (clean)

’ll have cleaned

ready for the party. By this time

up after the party.

Annie: Do you think you (nish)

decorating the house for the

party when I get back from the grocery store? Jim:

Sure. I (blow up)

the balloons, (set)

the table, and (wrap)

the presents.

Annie: Thanks, that’s fantastic. The guests (arrive) Jim:

at around 6 p.m.

Relax. It’s only 2 p.m. By the time they arrive I (have)

a chance to take

a nap. Annie: Well, don’t take it too easy. They (eat, neg.) (expect) Jim:

and they the drinks and snacks to be ready.

Well, I’m sure we (get)

everything ready by then. Who (bring) the cake?

Annie: Bridget (pick) (think, she) Jim:

it up from the bakery by now. of bringing candles? Maybe I should call her.

By the time we get to dessert, I’m pretty sure that everybody (party) too much to notice whether there are candles on the cake or not!

36

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Match each sentence with its meaning. Then write FP if the underlined verb is in the future perfect or FPP if the verb is in the future perfect progressive.

Sentence 1. By the time we nish this book, we will have practised a lot of grammar.

c

Meaning

Verb Tense

a. This action will be nished by a particular time in the future. The stative verb be cannot be used in the progressive form.

FP

2. How long will they have been together by the end of this year?

b. This is a continuous action in progress up until a particular event or time in the future. The focus is on the duration of the action.

3. By the time she graduates from college, she will have been learning English for over twelve years.

c. This is an action that will be nished by a particular time in the future.

Edit It!

PresentPerfect Future Perfectand andFuture Simple Perfect Past Progressive

3

Underline and correct the 10 future progressive, future perfect, or future perfect progressive errors.

1. What we will be eating in thirty years’ time? 2. If Westerners continue to derive 20 per cent of their protein from animal-based products, by 2050 the estimated population of nine billion will deplete most of the water resources on this planet. 3. By 2050 we will be consuming processed foods for over a century. 4. Because in the West we eat so much meat, it is likely that in the near future it will has doubled in price and become a luxury commodity. 5. In-vitro meat already exists, and NASA is interested in this new technology, as astronauts will be make more frequent and longer trips in space. 6. Does growing meat in a lab rather than slaughtering animals will reduce greenhouse gases, as well as energy and water use? 7. What other “new” food we will likely be eating in the future? 8. Currently Asian countries such as Japan already have large-scale seaweed farms, and in the next few years algae farms in North America and Europe start production. 9. Within the next couple of years scientists will have been perfecting the art of adding algae products to our daily diet. 10. Maybe we will all have eating seaweed sandwiches and in-vitro hot dogs in twenty years’ time.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

37

REVIEW 1

Highlight the correct answer.

1. Use the (present perfect / simple past) to talk about an action or situation that started in the past and has a link to or an impact on the present. 2. The (present perfect / simple past) can be used to talk about an action or event that happened at an unspecied time in the past. The fact that it happened, rather than the time when it happened, is important. 3. Use the (present perfect / past perfect) to express that a completed action or event happened before another action or event in the past. 4. Use the (present perfect / present perfect progressive) for a continuous action that started in the past and is still happening now. The focus is on the duration of the action. 5. Do not use (simple / progressive) forms with stative verbs.

2

Circle the correct verb form in this conversation between friends. 1

Jacob: I’m sorry I’m late, but there (has been / was) a big trafc jam on the way here. 2

Emily: That’s OK, the movie (haven’t / hasn’t) started yet. 3

4

Justin: What (has happened / happened) ? (Was there / Did there was) an accident? 5

6

Jacob: No, but there (had / was) a lot of construction. We (didn’t move / haven’t moved) for over 7

8

twenty minutes. I (have said / said) to myself in the car: By the time I (will arrive / arrive) the 9

10

movie (will start / will have started) . I’m so glad it (haven’t / hasn’t) . 11

Emily: Which highway (did you take / have you taken) ? Jacob: I (have taken / took)

12

the 15, but if I (has known / had known)

13

about the construction, 14

I would have taken the 126. What (have you eaten / have you been eating) ? (Have you been eating / Did you eat)

15

all the popcorn?

Emily: We (’ve been eating / ’re eating) we (’d eaten / ’ve eaten)

18

16

popcorn since we (’ve got / got)

Emily: Sorry! I wish we (had / have)

VERBS

here. Sorry,

it all.

Jacob: (Hadn’t you left / Didn’t you leave)

38

17

20

19

any for me? Gee, thanks guys ...

bought a bigger bag. Sh! The movie’s starting now.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 14 perfect tense errors.

1. We don’t call them aerialists for nothing! Freestyle skiers perform tricks that are the most difcult manoeuvres in any acrobatic sport. Imagine that you been skiing at 60 km/h or faster when you have hit the jumps called “kickers.” You lift off 20 m in the air and perform up to three back somersaults together with as many as ve twists. Once you successfully have touched down on a steep landing hill, you then have to negotiate bumps, or moguls—as many as four moguls per second. 2. Now that snowboarding and ski half-pipe developed into ofcial Olympic sports, the tricks have evolving too. Since moguls and aerials have been introduced as demonstration sports at the Calgary Winter Olympics in 1988, freestyle skiing disciplines became an essential part of winter sports in Canada and around the world. Four-time Olympic gold medallist at Lillehammer in 1994, Jean-Luc Brassard was the rst to popularize this sport which hasn’t had much visibility. But all that have changed. 3. Canadian freestyle skier Alex Bilodeau holds the title of double Olympic gold medallist since the 2014 Sochi Olympic Games. He considered retiring from his sport after winning gold at the 2010 Vancouver Games, but has decided to carry on to the Olympics. Bilodeau told reporters that he was aiming for Olympic gold since he was seven years old. By the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics he will has graduated from Concordia University, but does not plan to compete again. “Skiing is what I do, it’s not who I am. I need something new,” he said in a recent interview. 4. Women have also performing extremely well in this high- adrenaline sport. In 2014, the Canadian Dufour-Lapointe sisters, all three Olympians, not only brought home a gold and silver medal, but immediately became media darlings.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 2 Perfect Tenses

39

Modals and Conditionals Modals and Cond Modals and Conditionals Modals and Conditionals als Conditionals Modals and Conditionals Modals andModals and Conditionals Conditionals

3

VERBS

UNIT

Modals and CondiModals ionalsReviewConditio

Mo

Modals and Conditionals Modals and onditionals WARM-UP

Discuss these questions with a partner. 1. What can you do that is creative? Name two things that you could do when you were a child, but can’t anymore. 2. What would you do if you found a wallet in the street? 3. What do you do when it rains during your vacation? 4. Name three criteria you must fulll in order to be able to vote in Canada. 5. What might happen to someone who fails a course at college? 6. Name two things you should have done in the last week, but didn’t. 7. What one thing will you regret if you don’t do it before you’re too old? 8. What should you do if you are unsure about going to university?

“I know I just started working here, but is there any way I could get a company car, a membership at a country club, and use of the corporate jet? This would greatly enhance my performance in the mailroom.”

Circle the function of each modal auxiliary or auxiliary verb above. permission

ability

possibility

obligation

ability

possibility

2. would

future situation

hypothetical situation

regret

3. do

true situation

hypothetical situation

future situation

4. must

obligation

ability

advice

5. might

permission

advice

possibility

6. should have

regret

advice

possibility

7. will

future situation

hypothetical situation

regret

8. should

obligation

ability

advice

1. can / can’t could

40

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Modals

A

Modals

Modal

Function

Example

can

ability permission possibility informal request

She can speak Chinese. “You can go out tonight,” she said. This illness can be contagious. Can you take me home after class?

could

past ability possibility polite request

When she was younger, she could run very fast. It could rain tomorrow. Could you lend me your dictionary?

may

possibility permission polite or formal request (only with I or we)

We may go to Florida next year. You may leave early. May I borrow your dictionary?

might

possibility

The company might close.

should

advice, suggestion, or recommendation expectation

You should study before a test. They should arrive soon.

had better*

advice, suggestion, or recommendation

You had better leave now; it’s getting dark.

ought to*

advice, suggestion, or recommendation

We ought to wait until after the class.

must must not

obligation or necessity probability or logical conclusion prohibition

You must stop at a red light. They must be tired after running the marathon. You must not smoke here.

have to* don’t have to

obligation no obligation

You have to speak English in English class. You don’t have to write with a pen.

would

conditional past habits polite or formal request request (with like or love) preference

If I won the lottery, I would travel the world. When I was younger, I would often go camping. Would you mind closing the door, please? I would like to take a vacation. I would rather ski than skate.

would like would rather

NOTES

*Had better, ought to, and have to are not modal auxiliaries, but have the same function. Modal auxiliaries can also be used in the progressive form.

He may be sleeping.

In the afrmative, must is synonymous with have to. We must / have to go now. However, their negative forms are different, and so are their meanings. We must not go now. (We are not allowed to go now.) We don’t have to go now. (We are not obliged to go now.)

The modal auxiliary remains invariable (no subject-verb agreement). Correct: He should go. Incorrect: He shoulds go. The main verb that follows a modal auxiliary remains in its base form. Correct: He should go. / We can go. Incorrect: He should goes. / We can to go. Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 3 Modals and Conditionals

41

Modals

VERBS

1 Do not use modal auxiliaries with other auxiliary verbs. Correct: He will be able to go. / He could go. Incorrect: He will can go. / He did can go. The negative form of can is written as one word: cannot. The contracted form is can’t. Correct: I cannot hear you. Incorrect: I can not hear you.

Circle the correct modal auxiliary or expression in each sentence. Example: Parents (should / may ) encounter difcult periods when raising children.

1. Young children ( may / must) go through a period called the “Terrible Twos.” 2. Parents (can / should ) know that many children go through this difcult stage. 3. Typical behaviours (must / can ) include screaming, kicking, sulking, and crying. 4. Parents ( may / have to) feel that they are the only ones who face these issues, but they ( don’t have to / must not) deal with them alone. 5. Many parents believe that they (might / have to ) punish their small child for bad behaviour. 6. However, they ( don’t have to / have to) panic every time their child throws a tantrum. 7. Time-outs or positive reinforcement ( might / must) be an effective solution. 8. Positive parenting styles (have to / could ) develop a more trusting relationship between parents and children.

2

Complete the text with modals from the word box, using the negative form where indicated. The + symbol means that more than one answer is possible. can

may

should

could

might

would like to

have to

must

would rather

1. “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder,” or so the saying goes. However, many common beauty treatments like pedicures (possibility, +) can / could / may / might give you a nasty infection. Other procedures, such as permanent makeup, (possibility, +) present several health risks. Consumers (advice)

also be wary

of using certain shades of inks and dyes, particularly red colours.

42

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

undergo permanent procedures

Modals

2. You (obligation, neg.)

to run the risk of suffering to be beautiful. Even injectable treatments such as Botox (recommendation, neg.)

be administered lightly. You (advice) verify that a product is approved, because new or untested

products (possibility, +)

cause serious complications. If you are

prone to allergic reactions, you (obligation, +)

be careful which

types of anaesthetic creams you use in conjunction with a simple procedure like hair waxing. 3. Finally, if you (preference, +)

pay less for treatments such

as chemical peels, you (possiblilty, +)

nd them online, but

be aware that even though products (recommendation) specify that they are for physician use only, many do not say so on their labels. As a result, clients and even spas have easy access to medical grade products whose ingredients (possibility, +) cause burns and skin discolorations.

3

Explain the difference in meaning between each pair of sentences.

Sentence

Meaning

Example: a. You must study before an exam.

It’s necessary / very important to study before an exam.

b. You must not drink and drive.

You are not allowed / it is illegal to drink and drive.

1. a. She should wear a warmer coat. b. She should be here soon. 2. a. Have you asked your parents if you can go to the movies with us tonight? b. Can you understand the movie? 3. a. We have to show an ID card. b. We don’t have to show an ID card. 4. a. It’s 3 a.m.—he must be in bed. b. It’s 3 a.m.—he must go to sleep.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 3 Modals and Conditionals

43

Modals

VERBS

Present vs. Past Modals Function

Present Modals

Past Modals

To express ability, possibility, probability, or expectation; permission or other request; advice, suggestion, or recommendation; obligation or necessity

To express a regret, a mistake, or an unaccomplished action in the past (often followed by a negative, either stated or inferred)

She should leave. (advice)

She should have passed her exam [but she didn’t]. (regret)

She could leave. (possibility/ability)

She could have gotten here earlier [but she didn’t]. (past possibility/ability)

She might leave. (possibility)

She might have left [but she didn’t]. (past possibility)

To express a necessity or obligation with must or have to

To express a necessity or obligation in the past

She has to/must leave.

She had to leave.

NOTES

To express a past necessity, the past form of must is had to. We must sell our car soon. We had to sell our car last week. To express past habits, use would or used to. My children don’t play anymore, but when they were younger, they would play for hours. They used to stay outside until dark. To express past ability, use could. I could play the ute when I was younger, but I can’t anymore. wish + had + past participle is also used to express regret. I wish I had travelled more when I was younger. I should have travelled more.

Remember to use the past participle and not the simple past form of the verb with past modals. Correct: I should have gone.

Incorrect: I should have went.

Correct: I could have done it.

Incorrect: I could have did it.

In informal spoken English, we often say should of (shoulda), could of (coulda), and would of (woulda), but this is incorrect. Formal I should have gone. / I could have done it. Informal In informal English, contractions can be used. I should’ve gone. / I could’ve done it.

44

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Underline the modal auxiliaries, then write the sentences using the past modal forms. There may be more than one modal in each sentence.

Modals

4

Example: In the 1960s several planes and ships went missing in the stretch of the Atlantic Ocean known as the Bermuda Triangle. No one can conclusively prove what happened. No one could conclusively prove what happened. 1. Some theories suggest that a magnetic anomaly that can affect compass readings may cause these disappearances.

2. A more unlikely theory is that methane eruptions coming from the ocean oor may create bubbling in the ocean so that the water can’t support a ship’s weight, making it sink.

3. Some books have theorized that either extraterrestrials or an advanced underwater race can make planes and ships vanish.

4. The real reason for the “disappearances” must be miscommunication or an error in the name of the departure city.

5. However, weather conditions in this region could cause accidents.

6. For example, the hurricanes in the summer or the warm waters of the Gulf Stream might provoke sudden storms.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 3 Modals and Conditionals

45

Modals

VERBS

5

Work with a partner. Invent a context for each sentence. Example: You shouldn’t have been driving so fast. Context: “A policeman pulled you over and gave you a speeding ticket.”

1. You shouldn’t have eaten so much.

6. You should have studied for your exam.

2. It must have been freezing!

7. It must have been really painful!

3. I wish I could go there right now.

8. I wish I could afford it.

4. It couldn’t have happened to a nicer person.

9. You could have gotten hurt.

5. You should have stayed in bed.

Edit It!

10. You shouldn’t have agreed to it.

Cross out and correct the 15 errors in modals.

Learning about a new culture can to be exhilarating and rewarding, but it’s can also be frustrating. When visiting another country, we should to respect the customs of

Complete additional exercises to practise modals online.

the countries we visit. One of the rst challenges I faced when I went to live abroad for a year was that I must adapt my behaviour to the customs of my host country. It must have took me at least three months to really start understanding the host culture. I could of made more of an effort to talk to the local people, but in the rst few weeks I felt like I didn’t could start a simple conversation, even though I was capable to speak the language quite well. I now know that this type of “culture shock” cans be very common, and that a traveller have to maintain an open mind and make an effort to can understand the foreign culture. This does not mean that I should of denied my own culture; rather, I learned that I may also respect the culture of others. It is an understandable reaction to judge that something that is different must to be inferior; however, my experience taught me that living in another culture is a learning process, and understanding the phenomenon and its possible causes can decreases the effects of culture shock.

46

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Conditionals

B

Conditionals

Conditional sentences are used to show that if a particular condition or situation is true (the if-clause), then a particular result happens (the main clause). Conditionals can be used for situations in the present, future, or past. Conditionals are also commonly referred to as First Conditional, Second Conditional, and Third Conditional.

Type of Situation

If-Clause (Condition)

Main Clause (Result)

1.1 For situations that are true, or for habits

If + simple present,

Simple present

If I study,

I usually pass my exams.

1.2 For real or possible situations in the future

If + simple present,

Future

If I study in advance,

I will pass my exams.

If + would is incorrect.

If + simple past,

would / could

Correct: If she texted me, I would arrive earlier.

If I studied more regularly,

I would pass my exams. (condition)

(It’s a hypothetical situation.)

I could pass my exams. (possibility)

If + past perfect,

modal + have + past participle

If I had studied harder,

I would have passed my exams.

(I didn’t study hard and the exams are nished.)

I could have passed my exams.

2.

3.

For unreal or hypothetical situations in the present

For situations that never happened in the past, or for regrets

(It’s a real or possible situation.)

(It’s a possible future situation.)

NOTES

Keywords: if, even if, what if, when, unless, wish, imagine that, supposing (that), provided (that), so that, would, could, should, can, may, might For situations that are always true, the if-clause can also be followed by a verb in the imperative. If you want to pass your exams, study. When can also replace the if-clause. When you want to pass your exams, (you) study. The conditional form would can also be used with reported speech. “What time will you be home?” He asked them what time they would be home. The if-clause can come at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Pay attention to the punctuation. If she doesn’t sleep, she will be tired. She will be tired if she doesn’t sleep.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Incorrect: If she would text me, I would arrive earlier. Correct: If she had texted me, I would have arrived earlier. Incorrect: If she would have texted me, I would have arrived earlier.

Formal In formal English, the word if can be omitted from the if-clause. In this case, invert the subject and the verb (as in the question form). If we had known, we would have arrived earlier. Had we known, we would have arrived earlier.

UNIT 3 Modals and Conditionals

47

Conditionals

VERBS

1

Work with a partner. Identify the type of conditional used in each sentence. Then change the sentence to the three other types of conditional. Take turns reading the sentences out loud.

1.1 situation that is always true or a habit

2 unreal or hypothetical situation in the present

1.2 real or possible situation in the future

3 situation that never happened in the past, or a regret

Example:

1.1 If it snows, we go skiing. 1.2 If it snows, we will go skiing.

48

2

If it snowed, we would go skiing.

3

If it had snowed, we would have gone skiing.

1.

If we go to London, we’ll visit Buckingham Palace.

2.

If you had slept well, you would have had more energy.

3.

If you turn the oven off after 25 minutes, the cake won’t burn.

4.

Had the unemployment rate fallen, ination would have risen.

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Match the clauses to complete the sentences.

1. If King Arthur had really existed,

a. would sit at the same table so that no one could boast that he had a higher position than the others.

2. According to legend, Merlin stated that if a person removed the sword Excalibur from a stone,

b. it would probably have been a signicant religious or cultural site for the Celtic people and later for Roman visitors.

3. If we believe the legend,

c. he would have needed a base of operations, which would have been Cadbury Castle, a hill fort in Somerset.

4. Arthur decreed that all of the noble barons at his court

d. we can accept that King Arthur and his Court were the rulers of Britain in the late 5th and early 6th centuries.

5. Even if Camelot hadn’t existed,

e. he would have been a warrior and would not have lived in a castle.

6. Some historians have speculated that if Arthur had actually existed,

f. he would prove his right to the throne.

3

Conditionals

2

Circle the correct modal.

Before the Beatles travelled to the United States in 1964, they had mentioned that 1

if they ( could / can) , they wanted to meet Elvis. It was only in 1965 that Brian Epstein, their manager, nally decided that on the night of August 27, the Beatles 2

(would have met / would meet ) Elvis for an informal get-together. With intensive security arrangements in place, all parties agreed that they ( would not involve / 3

would not have involved) the press and that they ( would not allow / would not 4

have allowed) any pictures to be taken or recordings to be made of the meeting. 5

It ended up being a great evening. “So many things (could go / could have gone ) wrong,” said Jerry Schilling, who was part of a team that took care of Presley’s personal and professional needs. “If Colonel 6

[Presley’s manager] and Brian (didn’t get / hadn’t gotten ) along, it ( wouldn’t have gotten / wouldn’t 7

get) past the phone-call stage. But there were no ego battles, and from the start it was approached as a pair of music greats coming together out of admiration for each other.” At one point, Lennon leaned over and asked Schilling to deliver a message to Elvis. Lennon said, “I didn’t have the nerve to tell Elvis this last night, but you see these sideburns? I almost got kicked out of school for trying to look like him. Tell 8

Elvis that if it (wasn’t / hadn’t been ) for him, I wouldn’t have been here.”

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 3 Modals and Conditionals

49

Conditionals

VERBS

To express a wish or hope about a habit, use would. I wish you would stop biting your ngernails. To express a wish about the present, use the simple past. I wish I had a million dollars. To express a wish about the past, use the past perfect. She wishes / wished she had quit her job earlier. Verb be : For a situation that is not true or for a wish, use the subjunctive form were with all subjects. If I were you, I would sit down.

4

He wishes he were rich.

Congratulations! You have been selected to interview six Hollywood stars, but you can only ask them one question each. With the clues provided, write the missing question or answer. Use the conditional forms below for the verbs in bold. 1.1 situation that is always true or a habit

2 unreal or hypothetical situation in the present

1.2 real or possible situation in the future

3 situation that never happened in the past, or a regret

Example: Andrew Gareld (The Amazing Spider-Man 2, 2014) Question: Would you say that you are glad that fame came to you in your late 20s and not before? Clues (Conditional 3): Oh yes. If I / have / these opportunities when I was younger, I / be / just like Justin Bieber. Answer: Oh yes. If I had had these opportunities when I was younger, I would have been just like Justin Bieber. 1. Jennifer Lawrence (The Hunger Games: Mockingjay—Part 1, 2012) Clues: What advice / give / your younger self before you started acting in The Hunger Games? Question (Conditional 3):

Answer: I wouldn’t have given myself any advice because I know I wouldn’t have listened.

50

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Conditionals

2. Lupita Nyong’o (12 Years a Slave, 2013) Question: Before your Oscar win in 2014, did you imagine that you would be such a positive inuence on young girls today? Clues (Conditional 1.2): If my presence on screens and in magazines / lead / young girls to feel the validation for their beauty and feel beautiful inside, my fame / mean / something important. Answer:

3. Johnny Depp (Mortdecai, 2015) Question: What is your take on true love? Clues (Conditional 3): If you love two people at the same time, choose the second. Because if you really / love / the rst one, you / fall (neg.) / for the second. Answer: If you love two people at the same time, choose the second.

Edit It!

Find and correct the 12 errors in these conditional sentences.

1. If she would have genuinely felt guilty, she would apologize.

Complete additional exercises to practise conditionals online.

2. I wish he stops making so much noise! 3. He would have not gotten a ticket if he wasn’t driving so fast. 4. If he really believed that honesty was the best policy, would he always told the truth? 5. If the teacher would give us more time, we will nish the test. 6. Kim shouldn’t of gambled all her money at the casino. 7. If he sell his house, he will buys another one. 8. If someone gives you three wishes, what you would ask for?

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 3 Modals and Conditionals

51

REVIEW 1

Circle the correct forms of the modals and conditionals. Example: Hindsight is dened as “the ability to understand, after something has happened, what (should be / should have been ) done or what caused the event.”

The expression “20/20 hindsight” refers to the measure of perfect vision applied to 1

evaluate what one (should do / should have done ) after it is too late to do it. When we hear ourselves say: “I knew it all along,” the problem is that in fact we actually didn’t know it all along—we only feel like we did. This phenomenon, which researchers refer to as “hindsight bias,” is one of the most widely studied decision methods. So what 2

makes us so susceptible to the phenomenon and how (should / can ) we identify ways 3

we ( might / must) be able to understand it? Psychologists have established three levels of hindsight bias: 1. Memory distortion, when we misremember an earlier opinion or judgment: 4

“I said it (will happen / would happen ) .” 2. Inevitability, which is our belief that the event was inevitable: 5

“It (must have happened / had to happen ) .” 6

3. Foreseeability, in which we feel we (must have / could have ) foreseen the event: 7

“I knew it (will / would ) happen.” Research shows that we use selective memory to recall only the information that conrms what we know to be true. We then try to make sense of the information we have, and sometimes this means we 8

interpret that the outcome (must be / must have been ) foreseeable. Hindsight bias (should / may ) sometimes be problematic because it ( can / can’t) In other words, if you ( feel / would feel)

11

10

9

prevent us from learning from our experiences.

like you knew it all along, you ( won’t / wouldn’t)

12

stop

13

to examine why something really happened. So what ( can we do / we can do) ? If we (would stop / stopped )

14

to consider and explain how outcomes that didn’t happen could have

happened, we ( may be / may have been)

52

VERBS

15

able to come to a more realistic conclusion.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 15 errors in the modals and conditionals.

They cans appear suddenly, usually at night and often in perfect geometric forms, although not exclusively circles. Some theories claim that crop circles coulds be a natural phenomenon, created by electrically charged currents of air, or they will maybe be the result of extraordinary meteorological conditions such as a freak tornado. In the 1960s, in Australia and in Canada, there were several reports that circular formations in swamp reeds and sugar cane elds have to be caused by UFOs. Some cerealogists (people who study crop circles) believe that intelligent extraterrestrials should have created these diagrams because even if these crop circles are constructed in a very short time span, they are always perfect. But why supposedly intelligent aliens would travel across the galaxy just to make huge circles in our grain elds? If they want to come looking for more intelligent life on Earth, they should have went to another planet! Nevertheless, recent evidence has shown that crop circles are probably man-made hoaxes. Despite the evidence, many people can not accept the idea that humans should create such huge and complex creations. Surely, they say, it should be exhausting and almost impossible to do it all in one night. “UFOlogists” willingly ignore the evidence that crop circles should be man-made so they can continue believing in the extraterrestrial origin of the circles. They believe that there would be complex mathematical formulas behind these phenomena that can maybe contains hidden meanings. However, since no credible evidence of extraterrestrial origin has ever been presented, these claims should be took with a pinch of salt.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 3 Modals and Conditionals

53

Passive Voice and Reported Sp

4

UNIT

VERBS

Passive Voice and Reported Speech

Passive Voice and Reported Speech Passive Voice and Passive Voice and Passive Voice and Reported Speech ReviewReported Speech Reported Speech WARM-UP

Work with a partner. (Hide the answers.) Ask each question and share the correct answer. All questions are about Canadian innovations.

Student A: Questions

Student B: Questions

1. Who invented the rst telephone?

1. Who invented Trivial Pursuit? When?

2. Who designed the rst snowmobile?

2. Who discovered insulin in the 1920s?

3. Who made poutine for the rst time? When?

3. Who developed the snow blower? When?

4. When was Canada Dry Ginger Ale rst made?

4. When was the goalie mask rst worn? By whom?

Answers to Student A Questions

Answers to Student B Questions

1. Alexander Graham Bell invented the rst telephone.

1. Two Montréal journalists invented Trivial Pursuit in 1979.

2. Armand Bombardier designed the rst snowmobile.

2. Insulin was discovered by Charles Best and Frederick Banting.

3. Fernand Lachance made poutine for the rst time in 1957.

3. Arthur Sicard developed the snow blower in 1925.

4. Canada Dry Ginger Ale was rst made in 1904.

4. The goalie mask was rst worn in 1959 by Jacques Plante.

Read these sentences and answer the questions. a. “Bombardier designed the rst snowmobile.”

b. He said that Bombardier had designed the rst snowmobile.

1. Which sentence is in direct speech? 2. Which sentence is in reported speech? 3. How did the verb design change in the second sentence (b)?

54

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Active Voice and Passive Voice

The active voice is generally used in writing and speaking. However, in certain contexts a more impersonal or formal style calls for the use of the passive voice. Although the meaning remains the same in both the active and passive voices, the sentence structure is different.

Active Voice

Passive Voice

In the active voice, the performer of the action is called the agent. It acts as the subject of the sentence and comes before the verb. The person or thing that is receiving the action is called the object. Shakespeare wrote many plays . subject (agent)

The passive voice focuses on the person or thing affected by the action, and this person or thing becomes the subject of the sentence. When the person doing the action (the agent) is known, use by to identify that person.

Active Voice and Passive Voice

A

Many plays were written by Shakespeare.

object

subject

agent

In the passive voice, the agent is not the subject. In the active voice, the verb is conjugated to indicate the verb tense.

In the passive voice, the verb be is used as an auxiliary verb, followed by the past participle. To indicate verb tense, conjugate the auxiliary verb be.

Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet.

Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare.

simple past

simple past

The local theatre company will perform it next month.

The play will be performed next month.

future

future

Professional actors are playing the lead roles.

The lead roles are being played by professional actors. present progressive

NOTES

present progressive

In the active voice, emphasis is placed on the person or thing doing the action. In the passive voice, emphasis is placed on the fact that the action happened. The agent is sometimes unknown. Many plays were written in the Elizabethan period. For a list of irregular past participles, refer to appendix 6 on page 136.

Function of the Passive Voice

Example

For sentences where the subject (or agent) is unknown or unimportant

The case has been solved.

For sentences where the subject is known, but the focus is on the action and not on the subject

Ganache is made by mixing hot cream and chocolate.

For academic or scientic report writing; to make the language more objective, impersonal, or formal

(We don’t know who solved the case.)

(The focus is on the action, not the person doing the action.) The surface was rst disinfected with alcohol.

It is unnecessary to use someone or somebody with the passive voice. Correct: It was believed to be true. Incorrect: Somebody believed that this was true.

(The focus is on the action, not the person doing the action.)

Formal To express a more personal point of view, use the active voice. We noted that …

She decided that …

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

They adopted the policy …

UNIT 4 Passive Voice and Reported Speech

55

Active Voice and Passive Voice

VERBS

1

Write A if the verb is in the active voice and P if the verb is in the passive voice. Example: Kickboxing is practised (P) all over the world. 1

Throughout history, ghting techniques have been developed ( 2

well-known are probably recognized (

) by their Asian names. Jujutsu, kung fu, judo, and

3

taekwondo are (

4

) just a few of the martial arts we have become (

) to train for combat as well as for self-

defence in everyday situations. Some martial arts are linked ( may be associated (

) familiar with.

5

Centuries-old ghting techniques have been used (

evaluated (

) in many cultures, but the most

6

) to religious beliefs, while others

7

) with secret societies and codes of honour. Students of martial arts must be

8

) periodically to see if they have progressed (

and belts of different colours can be given ( schools are honoured (

)

11

)

10

9

) to a higher level of prociency,

according to level. Adepts of other martial arts

by titles that increase (

)

12

in status according to prociency. One of

the most curious martial arts is Sumo wrestling in Japan. Sumo wrestlers eat ( of food so that they become ( have been reduced (

2

)

15

)

14

13

huge amounts

heavy enough to compete. However, recently the weight limits

in order to improve the overall health of the wrestlers.

Circle the auxiliary verb be and underline the past participle in each passive sentence. Then match each passive form with the correct verb tense.

Passive Form

Verb Tense

1. Our table had not been cleaned when we arrived at the restaurant.

f

a. Simple present

2. Why were we informed after the deadline ?

b. Simple past

3. Construction won’t be nished until next year.

c. Present progressive

4. Should the sofa be moved to the other side of the room ?

d. Past progressive

5. “Excuse me, are you done ?”

e. Present perfect

6. How could that awful day have been forgotten?

f. Past perfect

7. By next Christmas the new mall will have been built.

g. Simple future

8. The authorities still haven’t been notied.

h. Future perfect

9. Why is he being arrested?

i. Present modal

10. He was being monitored by a mobile EKG unit for his heart condition.

56

)

VERBS

j. Past modal

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Active Voice and Passive Voice

3

Underline the past participle and circle the auxiliary verb be in sentences in the passive voice. Circle the main verb in sentences in the active voice. Then change each sentence in the active voice to the passive voice, and vice versa. Example: The body was identied by the forensics team.

3. Scientists have not cloned humans yet.

The forensics team identied the body. 1. Gamers create personal characters called avatars.

4. The presentation is being planned in great detail by the students.

2. Almost half of the applicants failed the entrance exam.

5. The package was delivered early this morning by messenger.

4

Complete the paragraph with the passive forms of the verbs. Use the verb tense indicated in parentheses. Example: Da Vinci (recognize, simple present) is recognized as a genius. 1

1. Leonardo da Vinci (call, present perfect)

the greatest inventor of

all time. The explosion in technology during the 19th and 20th centuries (create, simple past) 2

by the imaginative minds of daring inventors like him. Creative people 3

(label, often, present perfect)

as eccentric, but an ability to think 4

outside the box (identify, present perfect)

as key in innovative thinking. 5

2. In 2009 the Nobel Prize for Physics (award, simple past)

to Canadian-

born scientist William S. Boyle for his invention of the charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor that (use, 6

simple present) 7

past) 8

by digital cameras. Digital images (accept, then, simple

in court and sometimes these (take, simple past)

more seriously by judges and jurors than eyewitness testimony.

3. The ubiquitous cellphone (recognize, present modal, should)

9

as the wonder invention of our era. In ve years’ time, what functions (add, future perfect) 10

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

to it?

UNIT 4 Passive Voice and Reported Speech

57

Active Voice and Passive Voice

VERBS

11

4. Da Vinci’s footsteps (follow, present perfect)

by forward-thinking 12

inventors. Thanks to them, people (bring, present progressive)

closer

together.

5

Complete each sentence in the passive voice. Example: The speaker (introduce, simple past) was introduced to the audience.

1. A new housing development (build, simple past) 2. This story (forget, future, neg.)

just last month. .

3. Your assignment (give, present modal, must)

to the teacher tomorrow.

4. Genetically modied vegetables (grow, present progressive)

on a large scale.

5. This course (teach, present perfect, never)

before.

6. Many cars (manufacture, simple present)

in Japan.

Edit It!

Complete additional exercises to practise the passive voice online.

Find and correct the 10 errors in the use of the passive voice.

The practise of yoga had adopted for thousands of years and, together with herbs and meditation, it have been known to restore health. Practitioners of this ancient form of healing is trained to balance the body’s energy and keep the ow of liquids within the body in perfect functioning order. Yoga has long be recognized as benecial to health. The stretching movements in yoga is known to have many benets : blood circulation is increased and digestion was stimulated, muscular tone is enhanced, and oxygenation of the body is maximizing by breathing exercises. Prana, a Sanskrit word meaning breath, are considered as a life force, and by using yogic breathing techniques while holding a yoga pose (known in Sanskrit as pranayama), circulation can increased through your spine, glands, and organs. Meditation is practise to restore mental and emotional health and to calm the stress of everyday life.

58

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS

Reported Speech

Direct Speech

Use direct speech to repeat someone’s exact words, using quotation marks.

Reported Speech

Use reported speech to indicate what someone has said, done, written, or thought, without using quotation marks.

“I’m going to pick up my car from the garage.” “We will go tomorrow.”

Reported Speech

B

She says she’s going to pick up her car from the garage. She said [that] she was going to pick up her car from the garage. Change the verb tense and any necessary pronouns or determiners. They said [that] they would go tomorrow.

Keywords

admitted, advised, answered, conrmed, explained, said, stated, suggested, thought, told, tomorrow, yesterday, last (week), the previous (month), next/the following (year)

NOTES

The word that is optional.

1

He said (that) he would arrive later.

With questions, use if or whether. “Do you like ice cream? ” She asked me if / whether I liked ice cream. With the imperative, use the innitive for reporting instructions, orders, or suggestions. “Beat the eggs well.” The recipe instructed to beat the eggs well.

Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change the verb tense and any necessary pronouns or determiners. Example: Teacher: “Everyone seems tired.” The teacher said that everyone seemed tired.

1. Boss to employees: “I’m giving you all a day off !”

2. Kim: “I nished my semester last week.”

3. Backpackers: “We were travelling in Europe all through July.”

4. Food critic: “It’s the best tiramisu I have ever tasted.”

5. Sandra’s boyfriend: “I’ll text you later.”

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 4 Passive Voice and Reported Speech

59

Reported Speech

VERBS

Questions in Reported Speech Direct Question

Reported Speech

Yes/No Questions: Use if or whether to introduce the clause. “Is this your book?”

My teacher asked if that was my book.

“Did you like the story?”

He wanted to know whether I had liked the story.

Information Questions: Use the same question word to introduce the clause. “Why do you like this author?”

He asked why I liked that author.

“How long did it take to read the novel?”

He inquired how long it had taken to read the novel.

2 Pronouns, verb tenses, and time phrases can change in reported speech. “I’ ll call you tomorrow.” He said that he would call the next day. “We went hiking yesterday.” They said that they had gone hiking the previous day / the day before.

Complete each question in reported speech using the reporting verb and subject in parentheses. Change pronouns, determiners, and time expressions where necessary. Example: (want to know, her friends) “Did you see the movie?” Her friends wanted to know if / whether she had seen the movie.

1. (inquire, the teacher) “How long did it take you to write the report?” The teacher inquired

2. (ask, my classmate) “Is this your dictionary?” My classmate asked me

3. (ask, my brother) “Do you want to read my story?” My brother asked me

4. (inquire, his sister) “What was he reading yesterday?” His sister inquired

5. (ask, my roommate) “Can I borrow your eraser?” My roommate asked

60

VERBS

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

VERBS Reported Speech

3

Write ve sentences in direct speech. Use a different verb tense in each sentence. Read each sentence to a partner who will convert it into reported speech. Example: “I want to go home.” Your partner says: She said [that] she wanted to go home.

Edit It!

Complete additional exercises to practise reported speech online.

Cross out and correct the errors in the text below. There are 15 errors.

Nineteen-year-old Samuel Frappier of Québec was rescued from a 13 000-foot ledge in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Rescuers conrmed that the teen had decided to try to climb the park’s highest peak wearing only a T-shirt, jogging pants, and sneakers. The youth later explained to reporters “I became stuck” while descending from its 14 259-foot summit yesterday and that he had had no other choice but to spend the night on the ledge while he waited for rescuers to reach him. Frappier reported that he isn’t injured, but he didn’t have any technical climbing equipment that will help him move up or down. Park spokeswoman Kyle Patterson told reporters that Frappier has been hiking with a friend but got separated and cannot nd a trail down the mountain. The rescue team added that Frappier used his cellphone to call authorities. However, the team of about thirty rescuers reported that they weren’t able to rescue the youth any faster, as there was so much snow and rock fall. The rescue team nally reached Frappier by helicopter. Park ofcials and climbers agree that anyone attempting to climb a mountain, especially in the winter, will need mountaineering experience and the knowledge and use of specialized equipment. Luckily Frappier could walk and talk after he was own down from the ledge. He told the local TV station that he imagined people were saying that he is stupid, and that they were right. He vowed “I will never do anything like that again.” Relieved and exhausted, he said that he knows he was lucky that his adventure ended well.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 4 Passive Voice and Reported Speech

61

REVIEW 1

Circle the correct use of the active or passive voice and of reported speech.

Everybody has heard of Dracula, but some people may not know that the book ( was written / was 1

2

writing) by Bram Stoker in 1897. The tale of Dracula ( was inuenced / inuenced) by Gothic imagery 3

from the past and (was inspired / has inspired ) movie directors over the decades. The 1931 version of 4

the story ( was directed / directed) by Tod Browning. The movie was popular, but at that time morality in lms was being enforced. In one scene, the narrator told the audience that there really (been / were )

5

6

such things as vampires, but that comment had to be ( taken / took) out because it (is believed / 7

8

was believed ) that it (will / would ) offend religious groups. Another famous movie adaptation was Bram Stoker’s Dracula, which ( was directed by / directed)

9

Francis Ford Coppola in 1992. The lm was a box ofce hit, and Time Magazine critic Richard Corliss wrote that Coppola (brought / had brought )

10

the old spook story alive “as a luscious, infernal

romance.” Two years later Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles, starring Tom Cruise 11

and Brad Pitt, (released / was released ) . It (based / was based ) At rst the movie (criticized / was criticized )

13

bizarre and that she (can’t see / couldn’t see )

12

on the 1976 novel by Anne Rice.

by Anne Rice, who said that the casting ( was / is)

15

how it (is / was )

14

16

going to work. After seeing it, however, she said she was (satisfy / satised )

17

with Cruise’s performance. The famous 19th-century count

also (been inuenced / inuenced )

18

current TV series such as Buffy,

Twilight, The Vampire Diaries, and NBC’s Dracula starring Jonathan Rhys Meyers. But however popular these shows are, one reviewer wrote that a TV Dracula (is / was ) as it (can be / could be ) still the best.

62

VERBS

20

19

never going to be as dark or violent

in the original. Maybe the old ones really are

Commonly known as “Dracula’s Castle,” Bram Castle is one among several locations linked to the Dracula legend in Romania.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 15 errors. Pay special attention to verb tenses and quotation marks.

In 2007 the online site WikiLeaks was create. It quickly became known as a “whistle-blower” service because it published information that governments, organizations, and individuals want to keep secret. In 2010, US military incident reports and condential records that were associated with the war in Afghanistan had been made public on WikiLeaks. Some sources claimed “the inside information is reliable and important to citizens” to help them understand the issues surrounding the war. Edward Snowden is an American computer professional who gained international attention in June 2013 when he publically was disclosed thousands of classied documents. After the leaks have been discovered, Snowden, under the Espionage Act, was deny the possibility of a public interest defence. If prosecuted in the United States and nd guilty, he could have face with imprisonment of up to ten years per charge. In a recent interview, Michael Bochenek, Senior Director of International Law and Policy at Amnesty International, said that “The persecution Edward Snowden faced for his vital contribution to the knowledge of governmental abuses of power is despicable.” Bochenek urged states to do all they can to allow people to report on human rights abuses safely. He added that Edward Snowden’s revelations shocked the world and had proved, beyond a doubt, that governments have systematically violated their citizens’ rights to privacy.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 4 Passive Voice and Reported Speech

63

Nouns and Nouns and Determiners Determiner Nouns and Determiners Nouns and DeterminersNouns and Determiners Nouns and De Nouns and Nouns Determiners and Determiners

5

UNIT

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Review

N Nouns and Determiners Nouns and

Determiners WARM-UP

Work with a partner. Tell each other these jokes. As you speak, emphasize the nouns. Then explain how the nouns are involved in the word play. 1. What do you call an alligator in a vest? —An investigator

2. What do lawyers wear to court? —Lawsuits

3. What do you get when you cross sh with elephants? – Swimming trunks

4. What do you call a dinosaur with an extensive vocabulary? – A thesaurus

5. My pencil keeps breaking every time I sharpen it. I’m giving up now. It’s pointless.

6. Two goldsh are in a tank. One says to the other: “How do we drive this thing?”

64

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns

A

Nouns

Nouns are words that name people, places, things, and concepts.

Function and Form

Examples Count Nouns

have both singular and plural forms (ending in -s or -es)

book library

books libraries

take a verb that agrees with the subject (singular or plural)

This chair has four legs.

take an indenite article (a /an) in the singular

Greg is watching a show.

can be used with a number

He has seen two shows this week.

Its legs are made of metal.

Non-Count Nouns have only the singular form (no plural form)

information

snow

water

can be abstract

The teacher gave us too much homework!

take the third-person-singular form of the verb

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

do not take an indenite article

She gave me advice.

cannot be used with a number

He has expensive equipment.

Singular Nouns Singular countable nouns always use a determiner and the third-person-singular form of the verb.

The art exhibit fascinates me.

Some non-count nouns ending in -s are used as singular nouns.

The news is very bad.

NOTES

Plural Nouns The plural form of most nouns is created by adding -s or -es.

We have two cars.

Some nouns end in -ics but are not always plural.

She likes gymnastics, mathematics, physics, economics, and politics.

Some nouns are used in the plural form but represent one reality.

He doesn’t wear glasses when he plays sports.

Non-specic plural nouns do not need an article.

I love sports.

They washed the dishes.

Specic plural nouns take an article. The students demonstrated in the streets of Montréal. Use the plural form of nouns with expressions such as one of / some of. Some of the tallest buildings in the world are in New York City. This was one of their best games.

There are different types of nouns. Collective: a school of sh, a herd of elephants Compound: a washing machine, a three-year-old Concrete: a table, a car Abstract: pride, love Common: a binder, a pen Proper: Shakespeare, London Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 5 Nouns and Determiners

65

Nouns

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

1

Add three more nouns to each category of non-count nouns.

Category

Examples

1. Abstract concepts

freedom, love,

2. Academic subjects

anthropology, ethics,

3. Collections of ne particles

dust, earth,

4. Collections of individual parts

homework, news,

5. Food and drink

bread, fruit,

6. Languages

English, French,

7. Natural phenomena

fog, lightning,

Spelling of Regular Plural Count Nouns Noun Ending

Spelling Rule

Examples

Most endings

Add -s.

computer

-f, -fe

Change the -f to v and add -es.

knife knives scarf scarves Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, cliffs

-o

Add -s or -es.

hero piano

computers

heroes pianos

tomato

Consonant + -y

Change the -y to i and add -es.

summary

Vowel + -y

Add -s.

key

keys

-ch, -sh, -s, -ss, -x, -zz

Add -es.

box

boxes

-z

Double the -z and add -es.

quiz

Compound nouns

Add -s or -es to the main noun.

dining room chair

wish

tomatoes

summaries

pass

wishes witch

passes witches

quizzes

mother-in-law

dining room chairs

mothers-in-law

Irregular Plural Nouns Spelling

Examples

Some irregular nouns change form in the plural.

child children foot feet goose geese

Some nouns of Greek or Latin origin have irregular endings:

analysis

analyses

medium

criterion

criteria

phenomenon

stimulus

stimuli

-is

-es

-on

-a

-um

-a

-us

-i

Some irregular count nouns do not change form in the plural.

66

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

deer

sh

man tooth louse

moose

woman mouse person

men teeth lice

salmon

women mice people

media phenomena

sheep

trout

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns

Possessive Nouns Noun

Rule

Example

Use the apostrophe for the possessor or the owner. Do not use an apostrophe to make a singular noun plural.

Singular nouns

Add ’s (apostrophe + -s).

Many of Shakespeare’s poems are beautiful.

Plural nouns that do not end with -s

Add ’s (apostrophe + -s).

The children’s toys are all over the oor.

Plural nouns that end with -s

Add an ’ (apostrophe) after the s.

The boys’ clothes are dirty.

Incorrect : the boots of Simon

French names that end with a silent -s

Add ’s (apostrophe + -s).

François’s sister was here.

Incorrect : Simon’s boot’s

Proper nouns that end with the sound /z/

Add an ’ (apostrophe) after the s.

We read Dickens’ A Christmas Carol.

2

Correct : Simon’s boots

Complete each sentence with the possessive form of the noun in parentheses. Example: The (university) university’s reputation for excellence is growing.

1. Have you seen (the Hastings) new pool? 2. I’m staying at my (sister-in-law) . 3. The (men) won the cup!

Edit It!

hockey team just

4. Can you put away all the (babies) toys, please? 5. When will the (teachers) ofces be renovated? 6. This sweater is made of 100 per cent (sheep) wool.

Underline all noun errors (including plurals and possessive forms), and write the corrections on the line.

1. The Louvre, the Musée d’Orsay, and the Tate have some of the worlds

Complete additional exercises to practise nouns online.

best-known arts gallery’s. 2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is one of New York’s City largest museum. 3. The Musée d’Orsay in Paris, France includes famous work by Impressionist painter. 4. Dalís’ masterpiece the Forgotten Horizon and Metamorphosis of Narcissus are in one of the largest collection of Surrealism at the Tate Modern in London, England.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 5 Nouns and Determiners

67

Determiners

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

B

Determiners

Articles Articles are determiners used before a singular noun, or at the beginning of a noun phrase to indicate if the noun phrase is specic or general.

Use

Examples Denite article (the)

For a specic person, or something considered to be unique

The high-tech industry made big advances this year. (this specic industry)

For places, including oceans, seas, rivers, and mountain chains

I would like to swim in the Mediterranean and visit the Alps.

For a number showing rank or position, a category of people, a musical instrument, cardinal points indicating a place

Who was the rst Secretary-General of the United Nations?

Before a superlative

This is the tallest building in the world.

Before plural specic nouns

The Canadian people voted today.

Head toward the north.

Indenite article (a/an) For singular nouns: a person, place, or thing in general

I want to rent a movie tonight. (I don’t know which movie yet.)

Before a profession

He wants to be a veterinarian. She is an engineer.

an: before a vowel sound

We might go see an opera. He wears a uniform to work.

No article

1

For non-specic nouns

Technology makes life easier.

For most plural nouns

Members of parliament pass bills that become laws.

For generalizations concerning abstract nouns

All you need is love.

For names of people, titles, languages, and countries

President Obama was invited to visit Canada.

Before a percentage

Eleven per cent of voters were undecided.

Alex speaks Portuguese because he used to live in Brazil.

Write a, an, the, or Ø (no article). Example: If you have a medical query, you can call Ø 811 and talk to a nurse on the phone.

1. All 2.

important people from Next week

monkeys, and 4. To be happy in

68

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

mayor’s speech.

Mrs. O’Connell’s grade 11 class is going to see

well-known author from 3. When we went to

village went to hear

play by

Argentina.

zoo we saw a zebra, two

elephants,

only white tiger that exists in life, all you need is

cheeky group of

Canada. love,

health, and

freedom.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH Determiners

Types of Determiners Use

Examples General Determiners

many / a few: for count nouns

He made many lms.

much: for non-count nouns

He has a few fans even if he doesn’t make much money.

a lot of: for both count and non-count nouns

He has a lot of friends.

Other general determiners: all, any, both, each, either/or, enough, every, few, half, little, more, most, neither/nor, no, other, several, some (Use a singular noun after each and every.)

Have you spoken to any of your teachers yet? He chose neither the red nor the blue one. I passed both my physics exam and my biology exam.

Demonstratives this / these: For people or things near you, either physically or in time

Can I borrow this dictionary?

For something close in time, or just mentioned in a sentence or paragraph

The Mayans used an elaborate calendar system. This system is no longer used today.

One of these dictionaries is mine.

A few and a little mean “a small quantity.” Few and little mean “almost none” and have a negative meaning. Few is used with plurals and little with non-count nouns. Luckily, we have a few good friends. They have few good friends, and that is why they feel lonely. We have a little hope that we will win. We have little hope that anyone survived the crash.

that / those: For people or things far from you, either physically or in time

I can’t reach that book. Those photos were taken ten years ago! Those books are too high to reach.

For something far in time, or mentioned earlier in a sentence or paragraph

In 1912 the Titanic sank. That was a fateful year.

Possessives For possession or relationship to a person

Marilyn Monroe is my favourite actress. I know everything about her career.

Formal They have a lot of money. Informal They have lots of money. Double negatives are sometimes used in slang or informal language, but this usage is incorrect.

Partitives For a certain quantity of count or non-count nouns To form partitives: Indenite article + single count noun + of

We bought a loaf of bread, a pint of milk, and a carton of eggs.

Number/determiner + plural count noun + of

I have two pairs of tickets for the show tonight.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Use a lot of in both the afrmative and negative forms. Lots of is informal and better suited to spoken language.

Formal I don’t have any money. Slang I don’t have no money.

UNIT 5 Nouns and Determiners

69

Determiners

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

2

a. Circle the correct determiner. b. Circle C if the sentence uses a determiner before a count noun. Circle NC if it uses a determiner before a non-count noun. Example: We are lucky that we have (a little / a few ) good doctors here.

C

NC

1. I’m afraid there is (a little / little ) hope that they will nd the missing plane.

C

NC

2. There were (so much / so many ) people at the festival, we could hardly move.

C

NC

3. Quick, I don’t have ( much / many) time.

C

NC

4. No thank you, I’ve had (much / enough ) dessert.

C

NC

5. I didn’t get (no / any ) messages.

C

NC

6. Don’t tell me anymore! That’s ( too much / too many) information.

C

NC

7. She was carrying a suitcase in (every / each ) hand.

C

NC

8. You can wear (neither / either ) a red dress or a black dress.

C

NC

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 20 errors in articles and types of determiners. You may need to insert a word. Write Ø if there is no article or determiner needed.

There is a whole world of the friendly bacteria in ours digestive systems whose job it is to improve and protect the health. In fact, the 99 per cent of those

Complete additional exercises to practise determiners online.

bacteria are benecial. Before the modern-day food preservation methods, the people used a process called the lacto-fermentation. The word lacto comes from Latin word lactobacilli, which the biologists have given to a general family of “friendly” bacteria in products such as the yogourt and the cheese. Did you know that several types of vegetables such as the cabbage and the onions can also be lacto-fermented? We all know that the vegetables contain a lots of vitamins and minerals, and fermentation process not only increases those nutrients, but also helps a digestion process. So next time you feel like eating a frozen meal or a slice pizza, think about how much nutritional value and “friendliness” modern food has lost.

70

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

REVIEW 1

Circle the correct answer.

“The North Wind and the Sun,” Aesop’s Fables, c. 600 BCE The (north wind / North Wind ) boasted of great strength. The Sun argued that there was great ( power / powerful) in (the / Ø ) gentleness. “We shall have ( a / an) contest,” said the Sun. Far below, (the / a ) man travelled (the / a ) winding road. He was wearing a warm ( winter / winter’s) coat. “As a test of strength,” said the Sun, “Let us see which of us can take (a / the ) coat off (this / that ) man.” “It will be quite simple for me to force him to remove his coat,” bragged the Wind. The Wind blew so hard, ( the / Ø) birds clung to ( the / Ø) trees. (Ø / The ) world was lled with (the / Ø ) dust and (the / Ø ) leaves. But the harder the wind blew down (a / the ) road, the tighter the shivering man clung to his ( coat / coat’s). Then, the Sun came out from behind a cloud and warmed ( the / Ø) air and the frosty (grounds / ground ). The man on (a / the ) road unbuttoned his coat. The sun grew slowly brighter and brighter. Soon the man felt so hot, he took off his coat and sat down in a shady spot. “How did you do (this / that )?” said the Wind. “It was easy,” said the Sun, “I lit the day. Through gentleness I got my way.”

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 20 errors in nouns and determiners.

We own a online company that prides itself on being able to ship valuables items quickly to ours customers. We didn’t get a good news yesterday. We were expecting some new equipments and they didn’t arrive on time. The shipping company said there would be a little days’ delay, but they couldn’t tell us how long. We started to receive emails from much persons who were dissatised, and we had none excuses. We did a research on the Internet and in few time we found informations about alternative delivery methods in Canada for our domestic clients. We did our homeworks and managed to send severals items by air freight within few days. Luckily, these customers were happy. Even though others orders were delayed and we received a little complaints, our client’s trust in us still continues to make us one of the most competitive online company in the world!

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 5 Nouns and Determiners

71

Nouns and Pronouns and Possessive Adje Determiner Nouns Pronouns andand Determiners Possessive Adjectives Pronouns and Pronouns a Nouns and Determiners Pronouns and Possessive Adjectivestive Possessive Adjectives

6

UNIT

VERBS

Review Pronoun ronouns and Possessive AdjectivesD WARM-UP

Adjectiv

Read the excerpt below by Canadian author Alice Munro and underline the 13 pronouns. Then answer the questions. “A story is not like a road to follow … it’s more like a house. You go inside and stay there for a while, wandering back and forth and settling where you like and discovering how the room and corridors relate to each other, how the world outside is altered by being viewed from these windows. And you, the visitor, the reader, are altered as well by being in this enclosed space, whether it is ample 5

and easy or full of crooked turns, or sparsely or opulently furnished. You can go back again and again, and the house, the story, always contains more than you saw the last time. It also has a sturdy sense of itself of being built out of its own necessity, not just to shelter or beguile you.” — Alice Munro, Selected Stories, 1968–1994

1. Who does the pronoun you represent? 2. Which nouns do the other pronouns identify? a. line 1 – it:

d. line 6 – it:

b. line 3 – each other:

e. line 7 – itself / its :

c. line 4 – this / it:

72

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

Use pronouns to identify people or things and to avoid repeating nouns. A pronoun usually refers to someone or something mentioned earlier in the text (its antecedent). Subject Pronouns

I

you

he/she/it

we

you

they

Object Pronouns

me

you

him/her/it

us

you

them

Possessive Adjectives

my

your

his/her/its

our

your

their

Possessive Pronouns

mine

yours

his/hers/its

ours

yours

theirs

Reexive Pronouns

myself

yourself

himself/ herself/itself

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

Possessive adjectives precede a noun and agree with the person who possesses the object of the verb. She lost her glasses. Jake loves his girlfriend.

NOTES

Possessive pronouns usually come at the end of a clause or a sentence. They cannot go in front of a noun. This car is mine. (This is mine car.)

Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

A

Possessive pronouns are also used to form possessive expressions. We went on a camping trip with some friends of ours. Use it for inanimate objects, non-human living beings, or abstract nouns. Technology is everywhere; it is so important. Our dog just ran away! Did you see it? It can also be used impersonally. It is raining. Reexive pronouns are used when the subject of a verb is the same as the object. He won the competition! He is very proud of himself. Reexive pronouns can also be used for emphasis. I don’t believe in that theory myself.

1

Underline each pronoun and identify its antecedent. Example: The Suzuki Method is based on the teaching methods and philosophy developed by the Japanese violinist and educator Dr. Shinichi Suzuki. There are several basic differences in the Suzuki Method that distinguish it from conventional music teaching. it → the Suzuki Method

1. He believed that a child’s early years are of the utmost importance, and that they should be cultivated with love and care.

2. Suzuki students rst observe other children. Learners may observe others for up to a year before they start to play themselves. 3. Students listen to recordings of musical pieces before they learn to play them.

4. Once music students have been playing for some time, written music is introduced. Suzuki felt that if it is taught by memory, they can then concentrate on proper technique, musicality, pitch, and tone.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 6 Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

73

Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Don’t repeat pronouns. Correct: I like hockey.

Incorrect: Me, I like hockey.

Don’t use the antecedent together with its pronoun. Correct: Technology is important.

Incorrect: Technology it’s important.

Don’t use a personal pronoun for a non-human subject. Correct: The government is powerful.

Incorrect: He is powerful.

Correct: It is powerful.

Edit It!

Cross out the repetitive nouns and noun phrases and replace them with the corresponding pronouns. Then identify if each pronoun you wrote is a subject (SUBJ), object (OBJ), possessive adjective (PA), or possessive pronoun (PP).

1. Totem poles were created by the First Nations of the Pacic Northwest. The First Nations of the Pacic Northwest use totem poles as monuments.

Complete additional exercises to practise personal pronouns and possessive adjectives online.

2. A totem pole represents and celebrates ancestry, histories, people, or events of the First Nations of the Pacic Northwest. A totem pole typically features humans and animals and symbolic stylized forms of humans and animals. 3. The aboriginal peoples of British Columbia have maintained the diverse cultures of the aboriginal peoples of British Columbia by reviving ancient traditions and customs of these people and welcoming visitors to experience the culture these people possess. 4. My mother went to Vancouver with a friend of my mother and followed a totem trail suggested in my mother’s guidebook. 5. My mother and her friend took the train from Vancouver Island to the city of totem poles in Port Hardy. My mother and her friend said that this trip through such a beautiful region was my mother and her friend’s favourite part of travelling in this country of my mother and her friend.

74

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Other Types of Pronouns

Type of Pronoun Interrogative

Use Used in a question what: refers to one or more things who: refers to a person or people whose: refers to possession by a person

Function To ask a question about a person or thing

What did they bring?

To refer to a person or thing in reported speech

Which courses did you choose?

which: refers to a choice among a number of things (singular or plural) Indenite

anybody/nobody/ somebody/everybody/ anyone/no one / someone/everyone: refer to a person or people

Examples Who came to the party? Whose parents are doctors?

Other Types of Pronouns

B

She asked me who came to the party. She wanted to know what they had brought.

For an unidentied person or thing

Everyone has heard of Google.

Take the third-personsingular form of the verb

Everything is going to be alright.

To refer to a shared action, state, or feeling

They love one another.

To refer to a specic person or thing already mentioned, and to join clauses

The girl who waved to me is my neighbour.

anything /nothing/ something/everything: refer to things Reciprocal

Relative

each other/one another

who /whom: refer to people that: refers to people or things which: refers to things

this: singular these: plural

that: singular those: plural

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

The house that they bought was in a great location. This is the couple whose son won a scholarship.

whose: refers to possession by a person or thing Demonstrative

They looked at each other.

For people or things near you, either physically or in time

I really want this! (something near the speaker)

For something close in time, or just mentioned in a sentence or paragraph

These are the latest theories. (something just mentioned, or about to be mentioned)

For people or things far from you, either physically or in time

I heard that! (something far from the speaker)

For something far in time, or mentioned earlier in a sentence or paragraph

Those were happy days. (something that happened some time ago)

UNIT 6 Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

75

Other Types of Pronouns

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Use that to limit the set of things you are talking about and when giving essential information. Can you give me back the book that I loaned you a year ago? (only that book) (restrictive clause)

Use which to give extra information. Notice the use of commas. The book, which I bought at a local bookstore, was about Greek legends. (non-dening relative clause)

Nowadays, the object pronoun whom is rarely used, but may be seen in formal writing. In everyday language whom is usually replaced by the subject who. Formal The person to whom we spoke was very helpful.

Informal The person who we spoke to was very helpful.

Formal This is Steve, whom you met last year.

Informal This is Steve, who you met last year.

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 15 pronoun errors.

The Canada Council for the Arts (CCA) provides funding to individual professional artists as well as to arts organizations. His main areas of activity include grants,

Complete additional exercises to practise pronouns online.

prizes, and arts promotion activities. This type of nancial aid helps anyone which is a professional Canadian artist to develop their career and reach new audiences and markets in Canada and internationally. One recipient is Vancouver choreographer Paras Terezakis. He is the Artistic Director of Vancouver’s Kinesis Dance Somatheatro that CCA grant allowed him to attend and host dance workshops at a contempor­ ary dance conference in Poland. Nova Scotia singer­songwriter David Myles, who fth album explores Brazilian and African rhythms, was able to travel to Australia in order to perform and develop new markets thanks to a Canada Council grant. David Miller won the 2014 Canada Council’s Duke and Duchess of York Prize. That is the only Canada Council prize what is dedicated exclusively to photography. “Photographs have a special connection to the worlds it describe and create, to those things who once existed but no longer do,” says Miller, about its project The Museum, Visitors, and Conservators who took him to Central Europe. His photograph memory sites, that are primarily devoted to Jewish Heritage, allowed himself to continue to explore the concept of photographs as memorials. In order to explore how artistic theories and practices inuence themselves, the CCA is proud to contribute to our active cultural life in Canada and to promote it’s value.

76

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH Common Pronoun Problems

C

Common Pronoun Problems

Possessive Adjectives Possessive Adjectives

Commonly Confused with:

its

it’s (it is)

his

he’s (he is)

your

you’re (you are)

their

they’re (they are) / there

Common Errors in Pronoun Use Vague Pronouns The antecedent of the pronoun must be clear in order to avoid vagueness or confusion. Vague: The company created a new policy to prohibit smoking which was unpopular. (What was unpopular: the new policy or smoking?)

Pronoun Agreement Plural antecedents precede plural pronouns, and singular antecedents precede singular pronouns. Every student should bring his or her dictionary to class. All students should bring their dictionaries to class. Subject pronouns replace subject nouns and object pronouns replace object nouns. My brother and I (me) went to the show last night. He invited my brother and me (I) to the show.

Other Common Errors Use a plural pronoun with two or more nouns connected by and. The judge and the jury rendered their decision. (one collective decision) Pronouns with or, neither, nor agree with the nearest noun. Neither the director nor the teachers agree with the salary cuts. Use a singular pronoun with each of the, one of the. Each of the members has one vote. Only one of the students likes all of his classes. Avoid shifting pronouns. Correct: Students need to check their grammar when they write. Incorrect: A student needs to check their grammar when you write.

In an afrmative sentence, the subject pronoun comes before the verb and the object pronoun comes after the verb. The pronoun I is always capitalized. Correct: My brother and I will meet them later. Incorrect: My brother and me will meet them later. Me and my brother will meet them later. The pronoun their is often used with a singular subject (for people), in order to avoid the cumbersome his or her wording, but technically, it is grammatically incorrect. Correct: Every child should bring his or her packed lunch. Incorrect: Every child should bring their packed lunch. All children should bring their packed lunch.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 6 Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

77

Common Pronoun Problems

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct pronoun use.

1

Example: a.

A person he is unhappy when he has no money.

b.

People they are unhappy when they have no money.

c.

People are unhappy when they have no money.

1. a. Every student has to bring their dictionary to class. b. Every student has to bring his or her dictionary to class. c.

Every student has to bring your dictionary to class.

2. a. Did you see my sister and me at the show? b. Did you see my sister and I at the show? c.

Did you see me and my sister at the show?

3. a. Her car is newer than her friend. b. Her car is newer than her friend’s. c.

Her car is newer than her’s.

4. a. Romeo stabbed Tybalt and he died. b. Romeo stabbed Tybalt and killed him. c.

Romeo, he stabbed Tybalt.

Edit It!

Cross out the four errors in vague pronouns and replace them with information from the word box. Then cross out and correct the six errors in pronoun agreement.

They say that the Athabasca Glacier in Jasper National Park, Alberta, is shrinking by at least ve metres a year. “We have over seven metres of snowfall annually, but it has been shrinking over the years,” said Jasper National Park’s resource conservation manager John Wilmshurst. Even though this is high, the summers are warm enough and the fall is long

Complete additional exercises to practise common pronoun problems online.

the glacier the snow a Jasper National Park spokesperson the snowfall

Complete additionalwill exercises enough that when it disappears the glacier still loses ve metres per year. The next generation to practise common pronoun online.has visibly most likely see their most-visited glacier in North America disappear. Since 1890problems the glacier

receded at his base by 1.5 kilometres. Every visitor need to know that they are witnessing a changing landscape. “The Athabasca Glacier is about three hundred metres deep, but it is slowly disappearing, and who knows whether you and me might still be able to see it in twenty years’ time,” concluded Wilmshurst sadly.

78

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

REVIEW 1

Rewrite the following sentences to correct pronoun errors. Some sentences contain more than one error.

1. Me, i called the doctor’s ofce but they didn’t answer.

2. You’re computer is broken, so your going to have to take out it’s motherboard to see if their’s anything that can be repaired.

3. Me and my girlfriend, we really loved that show!

4. Leslie she passed his driving test. She’s really proud of her.

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 15 pronoun errors.

Planned obsolescence, that involves designing objects to wear out or stop being useful after a xed period of time, can happen within just a few short years. If you have an electronic device or a computer and they break or it is incompatible with it’s later version, do you think the company will replace them? Probably not. Obsolescence is undoubtedly built into devices on purpose so that they can sell more of it. By doing this, consumers end up buying more products, or constantly wanting to upgrade it. Critics complain that planned obsolescence wastes theirs money and encourages overconsumption who is getting worse every day in our throwaway culture. Tablets, for example, are not like computers or phones because they have limitations that do not apply to them. They are less powerful than computers and not as portable as phones. Those ones may even be “too durable” so that many people won’t need or want to upgrade their. But despite his decline in sales, tablets are not obsolete. In fact, their lack of obsolescence may be the reason for lower sales. All this suggests that obsolescence is a complex phenomenon and manifests herself in different ways.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 6 Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

79

Adjectives and Adverbs Adject Adjectives and Adverbs

7

UNIT

Adjectives and Pronouns an Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectiv Review Adverbs verbs Possessive Reviea Adjectives

ject

djectives and Adverbs Adjectives nd Adverbs WARM-UP

Entrance to the premiere of The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, at the Nokia Theatre in LA, California, November 18, 2013

Read this excerpt from Catching Fire, the second book in The Hunger Games trilogy, written by Suzanne Collins, and notice the underlined words. “I clasp the ask between my hands even though the warmth from the tea has long since leached into the frozen air. My muscles are clenched tight against the cold. If a pack of wild dogs were to appear at this moment, the odds of scaling a tree before they attacked are not in my favour. I should get up, move around, and work the stiffness from my limbs. But instead I sit, as motionless as the rock beneath me, while the dawn begins to lighten the woods. I can’t ght the sun. I can only watch helplessly as it drags me into a day that I’ve been dreading for months.” Complete the sentences and circle the correct answers. 1. Frozen describes 2. Wild describes

80

. It is an (adverb / adjective). . It is an (adverb / adjective).

3. As motionless as means (more than / less than / the same as) is an (adverb / adjective).

. Motionless

4. Only and helplessly are (adverbs / adjectives). They describe

.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Types and Placement

Adjectives add information about nouns and pronouns. Adverbs add information about verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Adjectives

Examples

Qualitative

It was a beautiful sunset.

Classifying

We have monthly meetings.

Emphasizing

I can’t believe my own brother would do such a thing!

Colour

She is wearing a bright red dress for the gala.

Indenite

Some people believe that UFOs exist.

Compound

I have a seventeen-year-old sister.

We had a good time.

Types and Placement

A

We need an electric stove, not a gas one.

Do you have any sugar?

It’s just a part-time job.

Present participle (-ing) adjectives usually describe things and situations. Past participle (-ed) adjectives usually describe how people feel. NOTES

Being at the Cannes Film Festival is exciting!

She feels really amazed that she won an award.

Place adjectives before nouns or other adjectives. It was a fantastic show! Adjectives follow certain verbs such as appear, be, become, feel, get, look, seem, smell, sound, and taste. The show was fantastic! That massage felt great! Usually no more than three adjectives precede a noun, and in this order: quantity, size/length, quality, age, shape/width, colour, origin, material. He drove a big, powerful American pick-up.

Adverbs of:

She had long, curly red hair.

Examples

Placement Before an adjective or another adverb

They are extremely happy.

Before the main verb

We have almost nished.

Followed by enough

They aren’t walking fast enough.

After the verb be After an adjective

The machine is temporarily out of order; it won’t be broken forever.

Usually before the main verb

She often arrives late.

After the verb be

She is rarely late.

Usually before the main verb

He slowly opened the door.

Can come after the object

She wrote their names carefully.

After the verb be

She was easily distracted.

Place

Usually after the main verb

We searched everywhere.

Time

At the end of the sentence

I will hand in my assignment tomorrow.

After an auxiliary verb (already, still, yet, nally, eventually, soon, last, just)

We’re still waiting. We’ve already eaten.

Degree

Duration

Frequency

NOTE

Manner

Present participle (-ingly) and past participle (-edly) adverbs are used to describe the manner or nature of an action. The show went surprisingly smoothly. She squealed excitedly.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 7

Adjectives and Adverbs

81

Types and Placement

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Forming Adverbs from Adjectives Adjectives Ending in:

Formal/Informal In slang, adverbs are often incorrectly replaced by adjectives.

most endings

Adjectives

+ -ly

cold

coldly

nice

nicely

quick -le

You did well (good). He ran really (real) fast.

-y

-ily + -ly

-ic

+ -ally

Adverbs

quickly

comfortable

-ly

-al or -ful

1

Spelling Rule

comfortably

simple

simply

heavy

heavily

nutritional

nutritionally

wonderful

wonderfully

horrific

horrically

Circle the correct word and write ADJ if the word is an adjective or ADV if it is an adverb. ADV

Example: The 1920s was a new era. World War I was (nal / nally ) ( ADJ

felt (freed / free ) (

) and (hoping / hopeful ) (

ADJ

) over, and people

).

During the 1920s, the Machine Age was in full swing and technology was (rapid / rapidly) (

)

1

2

improving the quality of life. This decade saw (hugely / huge) (

) advances, such as the radio, the 3

printing press, and the skyscraper. It was during this (exciting / excited) (

) era that the Art Deco

4

style (gradual / gradually) (

) began to emerge. An exhibition held in Paris in 1925, the Exposition

Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, attracted (prominent / prominently) (

)

French artists, architects, craftsmen, and designers of the period. Their (eclectic / eclectically) (

)

5

6

mix of styles was inuenced by Art Nouveau, Cubism, Futurism, Modernism, Neo-Classicism, and 7

Bauhaus, and became popular (international / internationally) (

) . Architecture, furniture, and

8

(daily / everyday) (

were embellished with (symmetrical / symmetrically) (

10

) patterns like zigzags and V-shapes.

) colours like yellow, purple, ruby, and turquoise, and steel, glass, and 12

(lacquering / lacquered) (

) wood were used to achieve a (modern / modernized) (

onyx, mahogany, and ivory were used (liberal / liberally) ( 16

13

) materials such as diamonds, 15

) . Today, Art Deco architecture can

) be found all over the world, (notably / notable) (

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

)

14

look. Thanks to the booming economy, (expensive / expensively) (

82

) geometric shapes, and

11

(Bright / Brightly) (

(again / still) (

9

) objects had (aesthetic / aesthetically) (

17

) in New York City.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Complete each sentence with the appropriate adjectives and adverbs from the word box. Use each adjective and adverb only once.

both

legally

humanitarian Example: Not Just Tourists is a that began in St. Catharines, Ontario.

Canadian

medical

completely developing

not-forprot

enough

rich

humanitarian

small

aid group

1

1. Not Just Tourists is a 2

2. All NJT groups are

organization.

Types and Placement

2

managed

by volunteers. 3

3. Travellers can take a 4

case with donated 5

supplies to give to doctors in

countries. 6

4. Some medical clinics depend on donations because they are not 7

to buy supplies. 8

5. Donations also contain a copy of a letter signed by a 9

doctor; therefore, the delivery is 10

valid for the authorities in

countries. Complete additional exercises to practise types and placement of adjectives and adverbs online.

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 10 errors in adjectives and adverbs.

Why is Pretty Little Liars (PLL) such a successfull series? Is it because we’re moved by the girls’ actuals emotions: fear, paranoia, and vulnerability? Or could it be because the mix of scandal, romance, and morality is so attracting? It may be simple because what it shows on screen seems always far more excited than what most of us remember about high school. But Pretty Little Liars shows us also how technology can be using to destroy us. The characters are constant on their laptops and mobile devices, which is why “A” can stalk them so easy. It is real believable, which is why we can relate to what is happening on the screen. As if PLL wasn’t popularly enough on TV, it is also the most tweeted series ever.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 7

Adjectives and Adverbs

83

Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Forms

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

B

Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Forms

Comparative

Used to compare two people, groups, or things: It is cheaper to travel by car than by plane. However, you can go farther and a lot faster by plane.

Superlative

Used to compare one person or thing with a whole group: Carl is the tallest member of the soccer team. He is also the most muscular and the fastest.

Equality

Used to show equal or similar status between two people, groups, or things: I’m as tired as you are, but I’m trying to run as fast as I can.

Adjective or Adverb

Spelling Rule

Examples

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Equality Form

One syllable

Add -er or -est.

fast

faster than

the fastest

as fast as

Ending in -e

Add -r or -st.

pure

purer than

the purest

as pure as

Ending in consonant + short vowel + consonant

Double the nal consonant and add -er or -est.

slim

slimmer than

the slimmest

as slim as

big

bigger than

the biggest

as big as

Ending in -y (when pronounced like /ee/ )

Change the -y to i and add -er or -est.

happy

happier than

the happiest

as happy as

dirty

dirtier than

the dirtiest

as dirty as

Multi-syllable

Add more/the most or less/the least.

expensive

more expensive than

the most expensive

as expensive as

softly

less softly than

the least softly

as softly as

Adverbs ending in -ly

Irregular Forms Use less with noncount nouns and fewer with count nouns. Correct: There was less trafc. Correct: There were fewer people than expected. Incorrect: There were less people than expected.

84

Adjectives

Comparative

Superlative

Equality

good

better than

the best

as good as

bad

worse than

the worst

as bad as

far (distance)

farther than

the farthest

as far as

a little

less than

the least

as little as

many

more than

the most

as many as

much/a lot of

more than

the most

as much as

Adverbs

Comparative

Superlative

Equality

well

better than

the best

as well as

badly

worse than

the worst

as badly as

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Complete the paragraph with the appropriate comparative, superlative, and equality forms. Example: Do you want to simplify your life? There is a Japanese word, kaizen, which means small changes of improvement and which can, in the long term, be (effective) more effective than making major changes.

Kai is dened as continuous improvement while Zen is loosely translated as for the better or good. 1

The purpose of kaizen is to eliminate (a lot of)

waste (or muda in

Japanese), like poor time management, clutter, and inefciency. If you can reduce these, you will feel 2

(free)

Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Forms

1

to give energy to other tasks. Kaizen can be used just 3

(successfully)

in the home as in businesses and factories. If you want 4

to manage and organize the workplace or your living space (well)

, apply

“the Five S’s”: Seiri (Tidiness), Seiton (Orderliness), Seiso (Cleanliness), Seiketsu (Standardization), 5

and Shitsuke (Sustenance). These will help create a (organized)

environment. For example, clear out unused and unneeded items, keep your belongings organized 6

and properly labeled, and back up your data. The (useful)

tip is to keep

your space clean and neat on a daily basis, not just occasionally when things get too messy. Japanese 7

homes look bare compared to Western houses: they have far (a little) 8

furniture and seem (calm) 9

. Westerners have (cluttered)

houses, whereas the Japanese prefer fewer pieces of 10

(functional)

furniture. The benets of applying Seiri are a (safe)

11

and (tidy)

13

time wasted when searching for items, and less clutter. This

approach has shown to be (effective)

12

14

environment, (a little)

strategy for companies like

Toyota and Sony, among others. The Toyota Corporation is renowned for being one of (productive) 15

systems in the world.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 7

Adjectives and Adverbs

85

Comparative, Superlative, and Equality Forms

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

2

Ask your partner ve questions using superlative forms. Examples: Which is the most extreme sport you would like to try? What is the most delicious/disgusting food you have ever tasted? Which exercises in this book can you do the most easily?

Edit It!

Underline and correct the errors in comparative, superlative, and equality forms. Write C if the sentence is correct.

1. The most longest ngernails reached a total length of 8.65 m and belonged to Lee Redmond in the US.

Complete additional exercises to practise comparative, superlative, and equality forms of adjectives and adverbs online.

2. The taller building in the world is currently Burj Khalifa, an ofce and residential skyscraper that is also a hotel in Dubai. However, another skyscraper is being built to be as high than this one. The future Kingdom Tower, also in Saudi Arabia, is planned to reach 1000 m, which is in fact 172 m highest. 3. On Monday, November 11, 2013 as many than 1161 runners dressed as gorillas gathered at the Wynkoop Brewing Company to raise money for the Mountain Gorilla Conservation fund. They set the new world record for the most largest gathering of people dressed as gorillas, according to the World Record Academy. 4. The more tattooed senior citizen is Tom Leppard in the UK, aged 74, who has 99.9 per cent of his body covered. 5. Charlie, a six-year-old golden retriever, has a bark that is denitely worse than his bite. He holds the Guinness World Record for the loudest bark, registering at 113.1 decibels, which is even louder than the average human pain threshold of 110 decibels. 6. On February 3, 1947 a temperature of -63°C was recorded in Yukon, Canada. But that wasn’t cold like the temperature recorded in Oimekon, Russia, on February 6, 1933: -68°C. In August 2010 NASA satellite data showed a new record for most coldest temperature ever recorded in East Antarctica: -94.7°C.

86

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

REVIEW 1

Write the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs. 1

Home-made pizza is probably (good) 2

take-out, and it’s not (difcult) 3

it seems to make one. To make your own dough, (slow)

mix 650 ml of warm water with one spoonful of sugar and 14 g of baking powder. Now mix 1 kg of our 4

with one teaspoon of salt in a bowl. With your hands, (careful)

make a hole

in the middle of the mixture. Pour some of the water into the hole, then mix with a fork, and (gradual) 5

6

add (much)

water until the mixture becomes (solid)

7

. Next knead the dough (gentle)

8

so that it absorbs all the our. 9

Then take it out of the bowl and divide it into three parts, and again into six (small) parts. With a rolling pin, roll out each of the six balls of dough on a (our)

10

surface

11

12

toppings!

until it is (big)

Edit It!

you want. Now you can add (taste)

Cross out and correct the 15 errors in adjective and adverb forms.

A palaeontologist, an astronomer, a chemist—why are these new Lego toys so surprised? They are all females characters! Lego’s new range is creating signicant waves because girls’ sections in toy stores traditionally have been devoted to dolls, crafts, and cleaning, whereas for boys it has always been all about science, construction, and war. Stereotypes are learned earlier, says Dr. Heather Williams, co-director of the campaign group Science Grrl: “Young girls are cast in care roles and boys are the more ambition and aggressively ones. I don’t think that’s healthy.” Lego’s reaction to this type of gender stereotyping led to the birth of these news gures, which sold out online within a week. Becky Francis, professor of education and social justice at King’s College London, couldn’t be happyer. The women gurines wear pants and look practically rather than glamourful. Today Lego is the most fastest-growing toy rm in the world. Its focus is more on gender equality now then it was in the ‘80s and ‘90s. The good known Lego brick has now become a symbol that is enough powerful to be part of the debate on gender stereotypes.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 7

Adjectives and Adverbs

87

Prepositions and Phrasal Verb Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs

8

UNIT

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Pronouns and Prepos Prepositions Review and Phrasal Verbs Prepositions and Phras and P ronouns andPossessive Adjectives Verbs WARM-UP

Highlight the 14 prepositions in these riddles. Then match each riddle to its answer. Write the correct letter in the middle column. 1. It sits on the table by your plate and cup. If it falls down, it might stick up.

a. Cuba

2. Sometimes wavy, sometimes at—it’s on top of your head and under a hat.

b. an umbrella

3. What loses its head in the morning and gets it back at night?

c. hair

4. Where do geometry teachers go on vacation?

d. a stamp

5. What goes up when rain comes down?

e. a fork

6. What travels around the world but stays in one corner?

f. a pillow

Read these prepositional phrases and circle the correct answer. 1. at the store

in the kitchen

on the table

under the bed

These prepositions show (location / time / direction). 2. across the street

around the world

through the tunnel

up the tower

These prepositions show (location / time / direction). 3. at 10:00 a.m.

by tomorrow

for an hour

on Tuesday

These prepositions show (location / time / direction). Circle the correct preposition in each question. Circle ∅ if no preposition is needed. Then discuss these questions with a partner. 1. If you ever need help, who do you know that you can depend (of / on)?

4. What type of music do you like listening (∅ / to)?

2. Do you believe (in / at) ghosts?

5. What do you need to work (in / on) most to improve your English?

3. Who do you take (after / of) more, your mother or your father?

88

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

6. If you had three wishes, what would you ask (∅ / for)?

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Prepositions Use

In prepositional phrases

Form

Examples

preposition + noun/pronoun

Prepositions

A

We stopped at the gas station. She’s been married for a long time. They’re jealous of him.

With innitives

to + verb

I really want to see this concert.

In prepositional expressions

noun/adjective/verb + preposition

Give two advantages of a good diet. Who is responsible for this situation? She looks like her mother.

In phrasal verbs

verb + preposition

Turn off the lights please. My computer just shut down.

To describe place, time, or direction

preposition + noun/pronoun

We put the presents under the tree. The class begins at 9 a.m.

NOTE

He ran towards me. A prepositional phrase is composed of a preposition and its object (a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun). A prepositional phrase can act as an adjective (to modify a noun) or an adverb (to modify a verb). We live in the house on the corner. My granddad always sits in his favourite armchair.

(on the corner modies the noun house) (in his favourite armchair modies the verb sits)

When to Use to and at With verbs, to show movement from one place to another Are you going to Florida this year?

to

We drove from Toronto to Montréal.

For movement in time (from a specic beginning to the end of a period of time) The summer camp season runs from June 25 to the end of August. The break is from 10 a.m. to 10:15 a.m.

She is studying to become a doctor. Before a noun, when the verb shows no movement from one place to another (xed position or location)

at

We’ll meet you at the movie theatre.

That team always plays well at night.

For a xed state or degree We’ll stay at home.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Correct: It’s 10 km away. Incorrect: It’s at 10 km away. Correct: It’s about ve minutes from here.

For a xed point in time The game starts at seven o’clock.

Correct: He used his savings to travel around the world. Incorrect: He used his savings for to travel around the world.

In front of a verb in the innitive

Greg and Zachary are at the cafeteria.

Do not use two prepositions together.

Incorrect: It’s at about ve minutes from here.

Water boils at 100°C.

UNIT 8 Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs

89

Prepositions

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

When to Use in and on For months, years, or seasons

In and on express a static position. Into and onto express movement.

Albert Einstein was born in 1879. We always take a vacation in February because we need a break in the winter.

in

For specic periods in time They usually watch TV in the evening.

I am in my bedroom. I just walked into my bedroom.

I’ll be there in a few minutes!

For location Eugenie Bouchard was born in Montréal.

The photos are on my phone. He transferred the photos onto his phone.

Let’s sit in the living room.

For specic times or dates Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, and died on April 18, 1955. I can’t go to the festival next Saturday because I work on the weekends. For specic days

on

We are going to meet with the boss on Friday. Toronto’s Santa Claus Parade will take place on November 14. In expressions indicating a location There’s nothing good on TV, so let’s go out. I found the information on the Internet.

From, for and of Function from

for

Correct: for example Incorrect: by example Correct: It has existed for twenty years.

of

Examples

When giving a starting point

We took the train from Paris to Prague.

For the origin of something

This wooden mask comes from Guinea.

For the use of something

This room is used for conference meetings.

For time or duration

We had been waiting for over an hour.

For an intention

I made this cake for you.

For possession or relationship

We need to contact the owner of this apartment building. The crash of 2008.

Incorrect: It has existed since twenty years.

For the composition of something

There is a hotel in Québec City that is made of ice!

For a quantity of something

We ate most of the cake.

NOTE

It was one of the best shows we have ever seen!

90

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

For the possessive form, especially with people and animals, use this structure: Singular subject: My mother’s cake (The cake of my mother) Plural subject: The students’ exams (The exams of the students)

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH Prepositions

1

Complete the text with at, to, in, on, from, for, or of. Example: Stonehenge is a large stone circle arrangement located in in a eld near Salisbury, a town England. 1

Can we believe the legend that Stonehenge was originally a stone circle that was rolled 2

Ireland to Britain by giants? Did Druids come 3

worship there, as a ritual shrine? The origins 4

Stonehenge are shrouded in mystery.

its rst phase, it was just a large ditch called 5

a henge, constructed about 5000 years ago. Then

2000 BCE the rst stone circle was set up, 6

but was left incomplete. The stones used in that rst circle are believed to have come 7

400 kilometres away. The giant stones of the outer circle weigh up 8

these huge stones transported

11

10

its top surface. It was then dragged and levered into a hole until it 12

the ground. Ropes were attached to the top and

teams of men pulled from the other side to raise it

1500 BCE. When you stand

14

certain.

the site, each one was prepared to accommodate stone

stood almost upright at an angle of about 30°

lintels were lowered

9

their current location? We cannot say

We know that once the stones arrived lintels that were placed

50 tons each. So how were

13

the full upright position. At this point, the 15

their nal position. Stonehenge was nally completed 16

the site of the monument, the alignment 18

a shadow that follows the path of the sun as it rises at dawn claim that whoever built Stonehenge put the huge stones knowledge. Still today, Stonehenge is seen as a sacred place full

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

19

17

the stones casts

Midsummer’s morning. Some

place with precise astronomical 20

magic and mystery.

UNIT 8 Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs

91

Prepositions

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Common Expressions Using Prepositions Preposition + Noun (Prepositional Phrases)

Noun + Preposition

Adjective + Preposition

Participle + Preposition

by mistake

explanation for

anxious about

concerned about

in love

reason for

crazy about

amused by

in time

belief in

happy about

surprised by

on call

advantage of

angry at/with

looking for

on re

cause of

good at

interested in

on television

damage to

responsible for

hooked on

on purpose

invitation to

guilty of

addicted to

on sale

reaction to

jealous of

bored with

on time

solution to

proud of

pleased with

on vacation

attitude towards

tired of

satised with

2

Ask a partner ten questions using different prepositional expressions from the list above. Example: Which college courses are you interested in?

Edit It!

Cross out and correct 20 errors in the use of prepositions. Some missing prepositions may need to be added.

Complete additional exercises to practise prepositions online.

You don’t have to go at South Korea to know that its cultural exports are some the most popular of the world. On 2012 the world danced at “Gangnam Style” and now

we dine on kimchi-avoured pot noodles. In the Philippines, they are hooked about South Korean dramas, and the French are crazy of South Korean pop music and lms. Last year South Korea made $5 billion by its pop-culture exports, and the country hopes double that for the next couple of years. Thirty years ago South Korean musicians were silenced by censorship, and street performers were banned for performing at the streets, as this type of entertainment was considered a form for protest. The event that was truly responsible of the rise in popularity of K-pop was the Asian nancial crisis from 1997, which led to the development at the IT, lm, pop, and video-game industries. Recently, by example, as a reaction at South Korea’s popularity, Japan has been working for attract new waves of attention of its own wide variety of pop culture.

92

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH Phrasal Verbs

B

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs alter the meaning of a verb by combining a verb with a preposition or an adverb.

Form

Examples

Meaning

1. Don’t bring up the subject of politics.

1. Don’t mention the subject of politics.

2. They brought up their children well.

2. They raised their children well.

Verb + different prepositions

1. He came up with an excellent idea.

1. He proposed an excellent idea.

2. Don’t worry—nothing will ever come between us.

2. Don’t worry—nothing will ever separate us.

3. We came down with a stomach bug.

3. We caught a stomach bug.

NOTE

Verb + same preposition

For a list of common phrasal verbs, refer to appendix 5 on page 135.

Examples of Inseparable Phrasal Verbs (Intransitive verb: verb + preposition or adverb cannot be separated)

Examples of Separable Phrasal Verbs (Transitive verb: verb + preposition can be separated by a noun or an object pronoun)

Look at

Drop off

What are you looking at today?

I dropped off my guitar at my friend’s house.

Can you look at this paragraph, please?

I dropped my guitar off at my friend’s house.

Depend on

Fill out

It depends on how much time we have.

He has lled out the form.

It will depend on the weather.

He has lled the form out.

Put up with

Put on

I couldn’t put up with that.

I put on my coat and left.

How can you put up with such behaviour?

I put my coat on and left.

1

Underline each phrasal verb and identify it as separable (S) or inseparable (I). Use a dictionary when necessary. S Example: Why did you pick up the phone?

1. Who called off the meeting?

5. My mother cut up the meat.

2. I’m working on my weight-training.

6. I had to send back the shoes.

3. Will you look after the children?

7. I’ve thought about the problem.

4. We managed to calm down the angry man.

8. She wrote down our address.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 8 Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs

93

Phrasal Verbs

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Phrasal verbs are often used in informal language.

2

Example: My alarm clock went off rang too early this morning.

Formal He arrived late. Informal He showed up late.

Circle each phrasal verb or prepositional expression and write a more formal synonym or expression next to it. Use a dictionary or thesaurus to help you. Pay special attention to the verb tenses.

1. What’s going on

?

2. This top doesn’t go with

my pants.

3. The teacher will go over

the

exercise with the students. 4. Our car broke down

.

5. Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston broke up years ago. 6. The prisoners broke out of

3 go

put

look

take

make

turn

Edit It!

jail.

Work with a partner. Use each verb from the word box in a phrasal verb or prepositional expression. Form as many sentences as possible. Use a dictionary or thesaurus to help you. Example: get My boss and I don’t get along very well. I can’t believe he got away with such a short jail sentence! He helped the lady get on the bus. I’ve just gotten over the u. I can’t wait to get away for the holidays!

Circle and correct 10 errors in phrasal verbs and prepositional expressions.

I never thought I would become addicted at anything, but I have to confess

Complete additional exercises to practise phrasal verbs online.

that I cannot give in my habit of checking my messages every chance I get. So last week I decided to cut off myself from the online world for a whole day, and I spent 24 hours without getting in touch to my friends. Believe me, it took all my self-control to sign up. In the end, being ofine wasn’t as bad as I had expected, and I was happy that I hadn’t given away . It really depends of your priorities. Turning down my cellphone actually helped me concentrate to other things, and I could look forward at reconnecting with my friends in person rather than online!

94

OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

REVIEW

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 15 errors in prepositions and prepositional expressions in this interview with Stephenie Meyer, the author of Breaking Dawn. Change the four underlined phrasal verbs to a more formal verb or expression.

What does the title, Breaking Dawn, mean? – Breaking Dawn is a reference for the beginning for Bella’s vampire life. Why the name Renesmée? – Well, I couldn’t call her Jennifer or Ashley. What do you name the most unique baby of the world? I looked in a lot of baby name websites. Eventually I gured out that there was no human name that was going to work for me, so I surrendered to necessity and made up my own. Are the Quileutes “shapeshifters” or werewolves? – What is the denition for a werewolf? Is it a man who changes in a wolf? Or is it a man who, once infected with a werewolf bite, becomes a wolf during a full moon? If you go with the basic description, then the Quileutes are werewolves. How is it possible to vampires to have babies? – Throughout the vampire’s body there are many versions of venom-based uids. By example, a venom-like uid lubricates their eyes so that their eyes can move easily on their sockets. Male vampires have uids which carry genetic information and are capable to bonding with a human ovum. What are you going to do next? Will you carry on with the Twilight universe? – I think I need a break of vampires. I don’t feel like I will go back in Forks. However, I also don’t feel comfortable of telling people what I had planned for further novels. Maybe part of me is protecting those secrets because I’m not ready to leave my vampires beside.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 8 Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs

95

UNIT

Words Words Words Words W Words Words Words Words Words Word

9 Words Words Words Words Words Words Words

Words Words Words W Words Words Words Words Words Wo

Words Words WARM-UP

Words

Complete the word search using the clues below. The answers can be found vertically, horizontally, diagonally, and backwards. The number in brackets next to each clue refers to the number of letters. O N O D Y Z U V A I W A H

S R B I C L B F C K H U O

S W G S O L T C G A C D K

E D K A K S E N E M V I C

L L A P N Z L M E C T B Q

H V N P Y I A I N R S L P

T I P O H G Z O B O R E Q

R N P I W Y I A R R Z U O

O C H N A T F G T L A S C

W O N T P F A P A I G R A

1. Really; in fact [8]

Q L S E S N E V V D O P Y

L A C D I N O D A K T N V

P E Z S B O O K S T O R E

D J M P A S S E D Q A F E

Y L L A U T C A K I C S K

7. Place where you can borrow books [7]

2. Capable of being heard [7] 3. Place where you can buy books [9]

8. Anything that is alive is a living . . . [8]

4. Now; at the moment [9]

9. Company, business, or club [12]

5. Act of making you believe something that is not true; trick [9] 6. Unhappy because your expectations were not met [12]

10. Past form of pass [6] 11. Time before the present [4] 12. The opposite of worthy [9]

Answer the following questions. 1. Which two words sound the same? 2. Which word has a negative sufx?

96

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

The study of the origin of words is called etymology. Many words, prexes, and sufxes in English are formed of roots that come from other languages, such as Latin (L) or Greek (G).

Root

Meaning

Root

Meaning

Root

Meaning

1. -ast(er)- (G)

star

11. -graph- (G)

write

21. -phon- (G)

sound

2. -audi- (L)

hear

12. -jur-, -jus- (L)

law

22. -photo- (G)

light

3. -auto- (G)

self

13. -log-, -logue- (L)

thought

23. -port- (L)

carry

4. -ben(e)- (L)

good

14. -luc- (L)

light

24. -qui(t)- (L)

quiet, rest

5. -bio- (G)

life

15. -man(u)- (L)

hand

25. -scrib-, -script- (L)

write

6. -chrono- (G)

time

16. -mand-, -mend- (L)

order

26. -sens-, -sent- (L)

feel

7. -dict- (L)

say

17. -mis-, -mit- (L)

send

27. -tele- (G)

far-off

8. -duc- (L)

lead, make

18. -omni- (L)

all

28. -terr- (L)

earth

9. -gen- (L)

give birth

19. -path- (G)

feel

29. -vac- (L)

empty

earth

20. -phil- (G)

love

30. -vid-, -vis- (L)

see

10. -geo- (G)

Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

Roots, Prexes, and Sufxes

A

Circle the root in each word. Then write another word using this root.

1

a. audience

c. telemarketing

e. transmission

g. automat

i. sensitive

d. evacuate

f. benign

h. vision

j. generate

audition b. manual

Prexes A prex is added before the main root to add new meaning to a noun, an adjective, or a verb.

Prex

Meaning

Example

Prex

Meaning

Example

ab-

away from

absent

con-

together

concur

ad-

in addition to, toward

adverb

end-

in, into, within

endoscope

am-

love, like

amicable

ex-

out of

external

ambi-

both

ambivalent

inter-

between

intermission

auto-

self

autograph

multi-

many

multilingual

bene-

good

benet

neo-

new

neologism

bio-

life

biology

pre-

before

prex

com-

together

combine

re-

back, again

reorganize

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

A prex is hyphenated when the second element is a proper noun (capitalized) or a number: pre-2001 post-Freudian Some roots can also be used as prexes or sufxes. teleport chronograph

UNIT 9

Words

97

Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Pronunciation: The p is silent in some words of Greek origin which begin with the letter p + a consonant. Do not pronounce the p in the following: psychology psychologist

pneumatic pneumonia

Sufxes The words relation, relations, and relationship have different uses and meanings. Diplomatic relations between the US and Cuba are improving. (interaction between countries or large groups of people) My girlfriend and I have a relationship based on trust. (interaction between specic people or small groups of people) There is a relation between reality and ction. (the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected)

98

psychiatric psychopath

A sufx is added after the main root to add new meaning to a noun, an adjective, or a verb.

Sufx

Meaning

-able

capable of

-al

Example

Sufx

Meaning

Example

adaptable

-ic, -tic

pertaining to

analytic

relating to

structural

-ism

practice of

fundamentalism

-ation

process of

starvation

-ist

one who does

psychologist

-ative

nature

administrative

-ment

result of verb

fulllment

-ence

quality or state

difference

-ness

quality or state

happiness

-ful

full of

wonderful

-ology

study of

sociology

-graph

write, draw

photograph

-ous

having, full of

mysterious

-hood

a condition of being

childhood

-ship

pertaining to

relationship

Common Negative Prexes Prex

Examples

Prex

Examples

a-

atypical

apolitical

il-

illogical

illegal

ab-

abnormal

abolish

im-

impossible

impolite

anti-

anticorruption antibiotic

in-

injustice

incredible

de-

detach

degenerate

ir-

irrational

irregularity

dis-

disobey

dismiss

mal-

malformation

malfunction

mis-

mistake

mispronounce

non-

nonsense

non-existent

contra-

contradiction

contraband

un-

unemployment unpopular

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Write the appropriate negative prex before each underlined word.

1. The customers were extremely

1

satised with the

dis

efcient ,

pleasant

2

service they received at the hotel. 3

2. This is the most

organized class I have ever attended! The material seems 4

5

planned , the students are interesting . 8

3. Are you telling me that

honesty ,

4. The reasons for his

Edit It!

typical

11

12

14

and

9

justice and

loyalty

10

really exist in politics?

journey to success are that his business practices

conformist , his personality is normal

obey ,

7

and the exercises are

are

6

mature and quick to

Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

2

13

agreeable , and his work ethic is

15

healthy .

Cross out and correct the 12 errors in roots, prexes, and sufxes.

Until recently, New Zealand and its geography were practically misknown internationally. Despite its good relation with the Commonwealth,

Complete additional exercises to practise roots, prexes, and sufxes online.

New Zealand seemed almost inexistant in popular culture until director Peter Jackson magical brought J. R. R. Tolkien’s words of The Hobbit to life by revisiting this beautifull country. The Pelorus River at the northern end of South Island was the perfect spot to have the dwarves make their grand escape by oating down a river in barrels. The glory turquoise lake in The Desolation of Smaug is actually South Island’s Lake Pukaki, and Matamata, an agriculturel town near Auckland City on the North Island, was used as the lm set of the town of Hobbiton in the Shire. In fact, the sufx -shire in Old English means a district or province. This is where Bilbo and Frodo lived, and where their fantasy and adventuresome journeys began. Sceneful shots in both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings were lmed in the uncredible wilderland of the Fiordland National Park which embodies Tolkien’s Middle-earth.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 9

Words

99

Synonyms, Antonyms, and Homophones

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Formal/Informal In informal language, the same word can have different meanings in various expressions. It’s no big deal! (It’s not important.) to be big on something / someone (to be interested in) That’s big of you. (That’s generous of you.)

B

Synonyms, Antonyms, and Homophones

Synonyms are words with the same meaning and antonyms are words with opposite meanings. A thesaurus is a reference tool that suggests synonyms and antonyms for a word, and shows the word in different contexts. Using a thesaurus can help you vary and improve your vocabulary.

Word big

1

Meanings

Examples

1. large in size

This car is big.

2. serious

This company has big problems.

3. important or major

It’s the big game next week.

Synonyms

Antonyms

enormous, great, huge, immense, important, large, major, massive, sizable, serious, vast

insignicant, little, poor, slight, small, tiny, unimportant

Write a synonym and an antonym for each underlined word based on its meaning in the context. Use a dictionary or thesaurus to help you.

Synonym

Antonym

serious

petty

Example: He committed a bad crime. 1. Is this a good time to talk? 2. She’s a nice girl. 3. Music is an important part of his life. 4. It was a small operation. 5. He makes a lot of money.

Commonly Misspelled Words

100

address

comfort

family

interesting

possess

responsibility

aggressive

committed

ght

judge

potential

responsible

alcohol

company

future

language

problem

success

apartment

developed

government

literature

proof

successful

another

embarrassed

hear

medicine

prove

tomorrow

bankrupt

environment

heroes

ninth

questioned

unfortunately

Canadian

exaggerate

holiday

payment

recommendation

which

character

example

human

personality

resources

with

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES Synonyms, Antonyms, and Homophones

Homophones Homophones are words that are pronounced the same way (or almost the same way), but have different spellings and meanings. Here are a few examples. accept

except

hole

whole

price

prize

affect

effect

hour

our

quite

quiet

allowed

aloud

lose

loose

stair

stare

brake

break

new

knew

through

threw

complement

compliment

passed

past

wait

weight

considerate

considered

piece

peace

weather

whether

2

Work with a partner. Choose a pair of homophones from the chart above and say a sentence using one of the words. Your partner must spell the word you are using. Example: We passed a pet shop on the way here.

Edit It!

Replace the three underlined words in the text with a synonym. Then cross out and correct the 12 errors in commonly misspelled words and homophones. Use a dictionary or thesaurus to help you.

Gluten is found in a hole variety of foods such as breads and other baked

Complete additional exercises to practise synonyms, antonyms, and homophones online.

products, cereals, pastas, soups, and even prepared meats like hot dog sausages. Some drinks containing alcool, like beer for exemple, should be avoided because they are derived from barley. However, wine is aloud. If you suffer from celiac disease, which is an intolerance to gluten, the affects of ingesting gluten can be small, like unconfortable bloating and gas, or big, such as diarrhea, lost of wait, dental enamel defects, and/or anemia. All tests for celiac disease, accept for genetic tests, must be done while the patient is on a normal diet that contains gluten. It has been questioned weather the condition is real, or if the phenomenon has been exagerated. Those who suffer from this big disease would probably agree that they do not need medical prove of this condition to know that it is a real pain.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 9

Words

101

Gallicisms and False Cognates

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

C Fun is a noun that means pleasure or enjoyment. We had fun at the party. Fun can also be used as an adjective. Our visit to Disney World was really fun. Funny is an adjective that means amusing or causing laughter. Jerry is a very funny comedian. Funny can also mean strange. There was a funny smell.

Gallicisms and False Cognates

French-speakers often make errors in English because they use Gallicisms and false cognates. Gallicisms are French words or expressions that are used in English or that inuence the English language. False cognates are words that look or sound similar in French and English, but have different meanings.

False Cognate

Meaning in English

Meaning in French

(similar spelling in English and French) assist

to help

to attend; to be present at

assume

to conclude that something is true, or probably true, without proof

to accept or undertake (responsibility)

formation

a shape or form, or a process during which something develops or is created

a training program

isolation

state of being apart from others

insulation (in a building)

issue

a subject or topic; a problem

a way out; an outcome

location

a place; a position

the act of renting; a rental property

pretend

to play an imaginary role

to claim

reporter

someone who gives an account of an event (noun)

to postpone (verb)

resumé

a curriculum vitae (CV)

a summary

sensible

logical or reasonable

sensitive

stage

a platform where singers or actors perform; a step in a process

internship

tentative

unsure, hesitant, uncertain (adjective)

an attempt (noun)

Avoid using French expressions or sentence structure in English. Correct: I’ ll have a coffee, please. I like to watch / watching movies. I agree. / I don’t agree. This is the right street. I have the wrong number. We went on a trip.

102

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Incorrect: I’ ll take a coffee, please. I like listen movies. I’m agree. / I’m not agree. This is the good street. I have the bad number. We made a travel.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Highlight the sentence that correctly uses the word in bold. Dene the word and explain the false cognate in the other sentence. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Sentences Example: a. He is implicated in the college basketball team. b. He was implicated in money laundering.

False Cognate implicated means involved in an illicit activity, like a crime impliqué means participating or involved

1. a. The animators at Pixar are very talented.

animator means

b. That talk-show animator is very funny.

animateur means

2. a. The receptionist has two weeks of vacancy at our company.

vacancy means

b. We have a vacancy for a receptionist at our company.

vacances means

3. a. They got engaged last month.

engaged means

b. They were engaged in the Red Cross Society.

engagé means

4. a. We have our proper welding equipment.

proper means

b. If you want to learn to weld, you need to have the proper equipment. 5. a. We dispose of ten extra boxes. b. Can you dispose of these extra boxes please? 6. a. That comedian made me cry. b. That comedian made me laugh. 7. a. He realized a great movie. b. He realized how great that movie was.

8. a. Scientics carried out many tests. b. Many scientic tests were carried out. 9. a. She has experience with animals. b. She is against experience on animals.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Gallicisms and False Cognates

1

propre means

dispose of means disposer de means

comedian means comédien means realize means réaliser means

scientic means un scientique means experience means expérience means

UNIT 9

Words

103

Gallicisms and False Cognates

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

2

Circle the correct word or phrase. Use a dictionary if necessary. Example: I have my (stage / internship) at the hospital tomorrow.

1. We won’t be able to (assist at / attend) the class tomorrow. 2. I saw my (ancient / former) high school English teacher yesterday. 3. I can’t wait to go on our (travel / trip) to New York! 4. That is a very controversial (policy / politic). library / bookstore lecture / reading leave / quit postpone / report chance / opportunity chance / luck

5. Are you (optimist / optimistic) or (pessimist / pessimistic)? 6. Who is (the responsible of / responsible for) the trainees? 7. Which (organisms / organizations) are participating in the fun run? 8. We are committed to (durable / sustainable) development. 9. She’s a (sympathetic / nice) girl, but she’s a little too (sensible / sensitive).

weather / temperature

10. This game was really (funny / fun).

join / reach good / right real / true

3

money / change listen to / watch

Edit It!

Write a sentence for each pair of words in the margin to show their difference in meaning. Use a dictionary if necessary. Example: bad / wrong I got a bad result on my test because half of my answers were wrong.

Cross out and correct the 10 errors in Gallicisms and false cognates.

In October 2014 the World Summit of Regions for Climate was animated by ancient bodybuilder and comedian Arnold Schwarzenegger. Although no longer

Complete additional exercises to practise Gallicisms and false cognates online.

Governor of California, he is actually implicated in R20 Regions of Climate Action, a non-prot organism whose mission is to get governments around the world to create chances for developing more eco-responsible projects. For example, California now requires all new state-funded buildings to be LEED Silver certied, which means choosing building materials such as breglass isolation that minimize the impact on the environment. Could this mean that Schwarzenegger has a new role as California’s proper superhero? Will he be the responsible of saving the world from climate change?

104

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES Formal vs. Informal Language

D

Formal vs. Informal Language

Certain situations call for more formal language, for example, oral presentations, professional emails, and essays. When chatting with friends, however, an informal style is more appropriate. The level and style of language is called register. The language register determines the vocabulary, structure, and grammar used when you speak and write.

Slang Wassup! Gimme ve!

Informal

Neutral

Hey! It's awesome that you came to visit!

Formal

Hello. It’s so nice that you came to visit.

Good morning. We appreciate your visit.

The social context determines the register.

Guidelines for Written Language Formal

Informal

Formal: a job interview, an oral presentation

1. Avoid contractions.

He will be here soon.

He’ll be here soon.

2. Spell out numbers.

one/a million

1 000 000

3. Use third-person subjects.

It is generally known that …

You should know that …

Informal: with relatives, in a coffee shop

4. Avoid using the passive voice unnecessarily.

The student wrote the essay.

The essay was written by the student.

Slang: in a song, with your friends

5. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration (hyperboles), and clichés.

Look at those children.

Check out those kids!

6. Do not use abbreviations and acronyms.

That was a good television advertisement.

Phrasal verbs are more informal than one-word verbs.

7. Do not use texting language. 8. Use formal transition words where necessary.

That was a good TV ad.

Formal She left and never returned.

LOL, OMG, YOLO

Informal She went away and never came back.

In addition/Moreover

And

However

But

Therefore

So like, I mean, well, you know

9. Do not use discourse markers. 10. Replace phrasal verbs with one-word verbs.

Neutral: a classroom, a meeting with your boss

accelerate

speed up

discover

nd out

increase

go up

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Formal Will you consider it? Informal Will you think about it? Formal The meeting was postponed. Informal The meeting was put off.

UNIT 9

Words

105

Formal vs. Informal Language

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

1

Write a formal equivalent of each word or expression.

Informal

Formal as soon as possible

1. ASAP 2. totally, way 3. pretty weird 4. That’s kind of cool! 5. awesome 6. way more 7. I don’t get it. 8. ’cause/cos 9. I’m done. 10. gonna

Work with a partner. Say three sentences using informal language or slang. Your partner must write the formal version of each sentence. Then switch.

2

Example: Informal / Slang (oral): “That crazy loud music is so totally getting on my nerves!” Formal (written): That very loud music is extremely annoying.

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the errors in register. Apply the ten Guidelines for Written Language from page 105 based on the situation indicated. If the sentence is correct, write C on the line.

1. Interview: “I wanna be a totally awesome member of your team.” Complete additional exercises to practise formal vs. informal language online.

2. Parents’ discussion: “Let’s take the kids to the NYC Zoo.” 3. News report: The hail storm was, like, way weird. 4. Business email: Hey, get back to me ASAP. 5. Oral exam: I’m gonna, you know, talk about some pretty cool things that I found out.

106

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

REVIEW 1

Highlight the correct explanation.

1. Sympathetic means:

a. nice, friendly b. concerned for other people’s feelings

2. Comedian means: a. someone whose job is to make people laugh plays a character in a play or movie 3. The negative form of normal is:

a. anormal

b. abnormal

4. A philanthropist is a person who: a. loves philosophy 5. A formation is:

b. loves humankind

a. a training course b. the act of forming or creating something

6. I made a travel is incorrect. The correct form is: 7. I studied all night—I’m beat! is:

a. I did a travel.

a. informal language

8. Before sending an email, you need to know the:

Edit It!

b. someone who

b. I went on a trip.

b. slang

a. address

b. adress

Cross out and correct the 20 errors in word forms or word choice, and make the language more formal if necessary.

Researchers pretend that sitting at a computer all day long isn’t healthy, and tons of studies back up this info. Weather or not people are physically active at other times, they spend most of their work day sitting for prolonged periods of time. This has been linked to other bad outcomes, including depressive, blood clots, back pain, and getting fat. A treadmill desk seems like the perfect solution: it not only makes you healthier physically, it also helps improve general productiveness. Sure, there are way more benets to being dynamique while working rather than being unactive. Using a treadmill as you work can help you feel more energic. And workers have reported feeling much more focused and active cos they stand tall with their shoulders back and head up rather than slouched over in a chair. Their improved posture can even effect hormone levels that in turn help them feel powered and better able to deal with stressfull situations involving coworkers.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 9

Words

107

Gerunds and Infinitives Gerunds and Infinitives

10

UNIT

GerundsPronouns and Infinitives an Gerunds and Gerunds Infinitives Review Gerunds and Infinitives Possessive Revie Gerunds an tivestivesv

ject

Gerunds and Infinitivesand Adverbs WARM-UP

“According to my research, laughter is the best medicine, giggling is good for mild infections, chuckling works for minor cuts and bruises, and snickering only makes things worse.”

Underline the verbs that end in -ing and circle the verbs that follow to (innitives). Discuss these questions with a partner. 1. In your classes at college, which subjects are you most interested in studying? 2. Is there any specic skill you would like to learn? 3. Which activity do you prefer: watching a movie, playing a sport, or going out with friends? 4. Do you plan to read anything tonight? If so, what? 5. Which types of subjects do you like discussing with your friends? 6. What is something you love doing, but don’t have enough time to do? 7. Which famous people or Hollywood stars do you love to hate? 8. What types of people can’t you stand being around? 9. What is something you always have a hard time remembering? 10. What is something crazy you would like to try ? 11. Do you like cooking? Are you good at making anything in particular? Which dishes do you know how to cook ? 12. What have you always dreamed of becoming? What would it take to make this dream come true?

108

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Gerunds and innitives can function either as subjects, objects, or complements in a sentence. A complement is a word or phrase that adds to the meaning of a subject, object, or verb.

Gerunds

Innitives

base form of verb + -ing

Form Function

to + base form of verb

as a subject

as a subject

Playing the violin is difcult.

To play the violin well, one must practise often.

as a subject complement (after a linking verb)

as a subject complement (after a linking verb)

His hobby is playing the violin.

His career choice is to play the violin professionally.

as an object complement (refers to a direct object) This hobby requires practising every day. Gerunds can also follow prepositions.

Use

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds and Innitives

I’m thinking of trying a new sport.

as an object complement (refers to a direct object) You need to practise every day. Innitives can also be used in reported speech and the passive voice. Reported speech: She asked us to wash the dishes.

I decided against doing a bungee jump. With go, gerunds describe leisure activities.

Passive voice: We waited to be served.

NOTES

I like going sailing. I like to go skiing. The innitive form always takes to before the verb. You can also use in order to. He is saving his money to / in order to travel to Australia. To describe the function or purpose of something, use for + a gerund or gerund phrase. A knife is used for chopping. The innitive form focuses more on the user. He used a knife to chop some onions.

The –ing Form Verbs that end in -ing don’t all have the same function. The gerund form is identical to the present participle form of the verb, but its use is different.

Use of the -ing Form Present Participle

In the progressive: He is skiing.

Gerund

As a noun, with verb-like properties: Reading that book was fun. subject

His favourite sport is skiing. I look forward to seeing you soon. object

after a preposition

Verbal Noun

As a noun, without verb-like properties: He makes a good living. The reading of that poem was very well done.

Participle

As an adjective: It was a boring job. What an exhilarating speech!

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 10

A gerund can immediately follow a preposition, but an innitive cannot. Correct: He wants to talk about travelling. Incorrect: He wants to talk about to travel.

Gerunds and Infinitives

109

Gerunds and Infinitives

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds acknowledge

consider

escape

justify

practise

report

Use the preposition by + a gerund to describe how something is done.

admit

delay

nish

keep (on)

prevent

resent

adore

deny

give up

loathe

put off

resist

You change screens by clicking on this icon.

appreciate

detest

go

mention

quit

risk

avoid

discuss

imagine

mind

recall

suggest

can’t help

dislike

include

miss

recollect

talk about

carry on

enjoy

involve

postpone

recommend

think about

Common Words and Expressions Followed by Gerunds after

feel like

have trouble

it’s no use

waste time

before

have difculty/a difcult time

in spite of

spend time

(not) worth

can’t help

have fun

it’s like

there is no point in

would (not) mind

Common Verbs Followed by Innitives afford

compete

fail

manage

promise

volunteer

agree

consent

happen

mean

refuse

wait

appear

decide

hesitate

need

seem

want

arrange

demand

hope

offer

swear

wish

ask

deserve

intend

prepare

tend

would like

claim

expect

learn

pretend

threaten

Do not mix innitives and gerunds in the same sentence. Correct: We enjoyed walking on the beach, snorkelling, and reading all day. Incorrect: We enjoyed walking on the beach, snorkelling, and to read all day.

110

Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Innitives (No Difference in Meaning) Example: I can’t stand seeing him fail. I can’t stand to see him fail. begin

can’t stand

hate

love

prefer

can’t bear

continue

like

plan

start

Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Innitives (With a Difference in Meaning) come

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

forget

need

regret

remember

stop

try

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Match each gerund or innitive form with its meaning. Write the corresponding letter in the middle column.

1. He stopped to chat.

b

a. This wound needs to get better.

2. She forgot paying the rent.

b. He stopped what he was doing in order to chat.

3. She forgot to pay the rent.

c. She forgot that she had already paid the rent.

4. She tried doing yoga, but she didn’t like it.

d. He nished chatting.

5. This wound needs to heal.

e. She didn’t manage to do any yoga.

6. He stopped chatting.

f. A nurse or doctor needs to heal this wound.

7. This wound needs healing.

g. She had several yoga classes rst.

8. She tried to do yoga, but she wasn’t supple enough.

h. She forgot that she still had to pay the rent.

2

Gerunds and Infinitives

1

Circle the correct form of the verb.

1. BASE jumping is an extreme activity that involves ( throwing / to throw) yourself off a xed object like a cliff while you are wearing an unopened parachute or a wingsuit. The acronym “BASE” stands for Building-Antenna-Span-Earth, which are four categories of objects from which BASE jumpers learn (jumping / to jump). 2. (Hang-gliding / To hang-glide) consists (of launching / to launch) off a hill using a non-motorized aircraft called a hang-glider kite. Nowadays pilots can expect (staying / to stay) airborne for hours and reach altitudes of several thousand feet. (Gliding / To glide) in this way, the pilot must nd rising air masses of warm air. 3. (Paragliding / To paraglide) is closely related to hang-gliding, but it is slower and therefore easier for the paraglider (launching / to launch) in light wind conditions. The controls are in the pilot’s hands and are used (turning / to turn) and (controlling / to control) the speed. 4. If you’re preparing (bungee jumping / to bungee jump), you’ll need (attaching / to attach) your feet to a thick rubber band. Don’t worry—you won’t risk (hurting / to hurt) yourself; in fact, bungee jumpers enjoy (rebounding / to rebound) upwards as much as they seek the thrill (of feeling / to feel) like they are freefalling.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 10

Gerunds and Infinitives

111

Gerunds and Infinitives

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Common Prepositional Phrases Followed by Gerunds accused of

capable of

excited about

instead of

proud of

accustomed to

clever at

famous for

interested in

responsible for

addicted to

committed to

feel like

keep on/from

sick of

afraid of

complain about

fond of

look forward to

sorry about

amazed at

concerned about

forgive someone for

nervous about

stop someone from

angry about

contribute to

good/better at

object to

succeed in

apologize for

disappointed about

guilty of

opposed to

think about

aware of

discourage someone from

have a reason for

participate in

tired of

bad/worse at

devoted to

have an excuse for

pleased about

upset about/at

believe in

dream about/of

hesitant about

prevent someone from

used to

blame for

enthusiastic about

insist on

prohibit from

worried about

Work with a partner. Take turns saying ve sentences each using different prepositional phrases followed by gerunds.

3

Example: Michael Jackson is famous for creating the moonwalk.

Edit It!

Complete additional exercises to practise gerunds and innitives online.

Cross out and correct the 15 errors in the use of gerunds and innitives.

Do you feel like to have a snack or to sip a cool drink? If you are interested to discover a new type of dining experience, consider to try molecular gastronomy. Molecular gastronomy is commonly used for describe an innovative style of cuisine that blends physics and chemistry for transform the tastes and textures of food and drink. If you are passionate about cook and eat and appreciate to experience creativity on your plate, you will love try your hand at molecular gastronomy. It attracts chefs who are passionate about to explore and to study the world’s wide variety of ingredients, tools, and techniques. People are often worried about molecular gastronomy is unhealthy or seem unnatural, but science lab equipment is only needed for simple procedures like quickly to cool food at extremely low temperatures with liquid nitrogen.

112

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

REVIEW 1

Complete the sentences with a gerund or an innitive. Write both forms if appropriate.

1. I meant (bring)

my binder but I forgot.

2. I stopped (eat)

sugar three months ago.

3. We’re having trouble (gure out)

this exercise.

4. Kim said she wanted (go shop) 5. He can’t stand (see) 6. Stop (talk)

this afternoon. her cry. ! I can’t hear the music.

7. When were you thinking of (go) 8. Let’s continue (work)

Edit It!

skiing? for another hour.

Cross out and correct the 20 errors in gerund or innitive forms in this complaint.

I am writing informing you of my recent experience at your hotel. Our plan was for stay a total of three nights in the Honeymoon Suite. However, when I went onto the hotel website, I had difculty to complete our reservation because the system did not allow me booking more than two nights. I then tried to calling the hotel directly, but after to be kept on hold for 25 minutes I became tired to wait. I must admit I felt like to choose another hotel, but yours came highly recommended, so I decided trying again. In the end, I managed completing my reservation by use a different website. When we arrived at the front desk, we were kept to wait again, this time by a receptionist who seemed more interested to text on her cellphone than to serve her guests. She did not even apologize for ignore us. We were both very upset about to receive such poor service, and I am also angry to pay for it. I expect an establishment such as yours being responsible to make sure your guests are happy and comfortable. I hope management will take this complaint seriously. I look forward to hear from you soon.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 10

Gerunds and Infinitives

113

Sentences andSentences Questions Sentences and and Questions Sente

11

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES Simple Present and Present Progressive UNIT

Sentences and Question Sentences and Questions Sentences Sentences and and Questio Sentences and Questions Sentences and Questions S Questions Review Sentences and Questions Sentences and Question WARM-UP

Discuss each opinion below with a partner.

An obstacle is often a stepping stone.

Why are there so many wars in the world?

a. Life is 10 per cent what happens to you and 90 per cent how you react to it. b. It is never too late to be what you might have been. c. Have you been the kind of friend you want as a friend? d. If we learn from our mistakes, why are we always so afraid to make a mistake? e. If you choose a job you love, you will never have to work a day in your life. f. Do you know the difference between being alive and truly living? 1. Which sentences are in the question form? 2. Complete this sentence: The punctuation at the end of a direct question is a

.

3. Which sentences are in the afrmative form? 4. A sentence must contain these elements (circle the correct words): subject

verb

object

preposition

pronoun

5. Circle the correct answer: a. In an afrmative sentence, the subject usually comes (before / after) the main verb or the auxiliary verb. b. In a direct question, the subject comes (before / after) the main verb or the auxiliary verb.

114

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES Sentences

A

Sentences

Most sentences use the following structure: Subject–Verb–Object. A sentence must have a minimum of one subject and one verb. A group of words that contains a subject and a verb is called a clause.

Type of Clause

Examples Independent (Main) Clause

Expresses a complete thought

J. K. Rowling is a very successful author. subject

Contains a subject and a verb

verb

The students are writing.

Forms a meaningful sentence

NOTES

Dependent (Subordinate) Clause Does not convey a complete thought

Because she has sold millions of copies of her books

Must be connected to an independent clause in order to form a meaningful sentence

Because J. K. Rowling has sold millions of copies of her books, she is a very successful author.

A phrase is not the same as a sentence (phrase in French). A phrase is a collection of words that may contain a noun or a verb, but not a subject. forgetting my keys after the storm Imperative sentences have an implied subject (you).

Go home.

Simple, compound, and complex sentences all contain independent clauses.

Type of Sentence

Examples Simple Sentence

Has one independent clause (expresses a complete thought)

Simon eats at the cafeteria every day.

Contains a subject and a verb The subject and verb can contain more than one word.

Simon and his friends eat and do their homework at the cafeteria every day.

Compound Sentence Has two or more independent clauses connected by a semi-colon or a conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet)

Simon goes to the cafeteria every day and (independent clause) he likes doing his homework there, but (independent clause) it is sometimes a little too noisy. (independent clause)

Complex Sentence Has at least one independent clause and one dependent clause connected by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun (such as that, what, which, who, whom, whichever, whoever, whomever)

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Simon goes to the cafeteria every day (independent clause) because he likes to do his homework, (dependent clause) but it is sometimes a little too noisy. (independent clause)

UNIT 11

Sentences and Questions

115

Sentences

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Ways to Connect Clauses Connecting Words

Function

Examples

Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet

Join independent clauses

It was raining, so the game was cancelled.

Subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, due to, even if, even though, if, if only, in order that, now that, once, rather than, since, so that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, while

Join a dependent clause to an independent clause

Even though he tried his best, he didn’t win the race.

Conjunctive adverbs: as a result, consequently, furthermore, hence, however, in addition, indeed, moreover, nevertheless, similarly, therefore, thus

Show relationships between independent clauses

Alice in Wonderland is a well-known children’s book; however, it is not just a story for children.

Relative pronouns: that (for people or things), which (for things), who/whom (for people), whose (for possession by a person or thing)

Replace nouns and identify people or things

The hallucinations lasted two days for Katniss, who received three stings.

Unless there is a strike, nal exams will take place. Wherever he is, we will nd him. You can wear a tie if you want, although it’s not necessary.

We reserved three rows, one of which is for the children.

NOTES

Write a comma before a coordinating conjunction if it separates two relatively long independent clauses. He passed his driving test the rst time, and he immediately went to buy himself a car. When joining two independent clauses, use a semi-colon before a conjunctive adverb and a comma after it. His sentence was grammatically correct; however, it was not logical. When a subordinate clause comes before the main clause, use a comma. No punctuation is necessary when a subordinate clause comes at the end of the main clause. Because it was so cold, we lit a re. We lit a re because it was so cold.

1

Complete the sentences with connecting words or expressions from the word box. Try to use each word or expression at least once. even if

however

moreover

still

and

even though

nevertheless

therefore

Example: Nelson Mandela’s dignity and eloquence set him apart from other activists. respected,

Moreover and

, his humility made him beloved as well as

made him a global icon.

1. Mario studied hard for the exam. It was too difcult, , and he didn’t pass.

116

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Begin a sentence with a conjunctive adverb rather than with a co­ ordinating conjunction. Correct: However, it did not arrive on time. Incorrect: But, it did not arrive on time. Correct: In addition, you must sign the contract. Incorrect: And, you must sign the contract.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

3. It began to rain;

, no one left the

outdoor concert. 4. We did a lot of fundraising activities;

,

Correct: We knocked several times; indeed, there was nobody there.

we have enough money for our school trip. 5. Despite the economic context, the labour market remained stable last quarter. we work until midnight, we won’t

6.

Effectively is an adverb which means efciently or skillfully. Do not use it as a conjunction.

Sentences

I didn’t feel like it, I went to the gym.

2.

Incorrect: We knocked several times; effectively, there was nobody there.

nish all this homework.

2

Complete the sentences with appropriate coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, or relative pronouns. Refer to the chart on page 116 to help you. Example: Almost two years after she died, Canadian Inuit art pioneer Kenojuak Ashevak was honoured with a posthumous Google doodle. 1

Kenojuak Ashevak,

died on January 8, 2013, was a world-renowned 2

Inuit artist. The famous search engine Google changes its daily design,

3

it chose to feature a brown and ochre owl with proudly splayed feathers closely resembled Ashevak’s 1995 work Owl and Caterpillar. Ashevak is considered a pioneer of 4

Inuit art;

, her drawings, prints, and sculptures have been bought and 5

displayed around the world. 6

popular,

she had a unique style, it became very

she became part

of Canada’s vibrant artistic community. Ashevak’s 7

The Enchanted Owl,

is her

most famous work, was featured on a Canadian stamp, and represents Canadian culture. She didn’t brag about her art,

8

she was very humble

about her work, that she was thankful for the fact

9

she said 10

she was given this gift.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 11

Sentences and Questions

117

Sentences

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

3

Cross out and correct the ten errors in the paragraph. Scotiabank, Example: Sponsored by Scotiabank. Nuit Blanche has been held in Toronto since 2006.

The annual October festival which typically attracts more than a million Torontonians to a night of art in all its forms. There are four “art zones” they are open to the public, one of that includes scaffolding covered with fabric and glowing lights, this zone invites you to “nd yourself through the notion of getting lost.” And, there is a giant spherical aquarium lled with 12 tons of water who it serves as an aquatic stage for the performer inside it. Everyday materials of city life like buildings and walls, they are used by performers which turn them into art throughout the night. The event has become very popular; effectively, in 2013 it attracted 190 000 visitors to Toronto, it had an economic impact of $39.5 million.

Common Sentence Errors Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences. A run-on sentence consists of two independent clauses that are joined incorrectly.

Error

118

Problem

Solution

Examples

An armed robbery in a bank.

There is no verb. It is an incomplete thought.

Add a verb.

An armed robbery occurred in a bank yesterday.

Is my favourite.

There is no subject.

Add a subject.

Hockey is my favourite sport.

The article talks about the signs of depression, it shows us how to recognize them.

The punctuation is incorrect (run-on sentence). A conjunction is missing.

Add a conjunction, or correct the punctuation.

The article talks about the signs of depression, and shows us how to recognize them.

Because it was too cold.

This is a dependent clause (sentence fragment). It is an incomplete thought.

Add a comma and an independent clause.

Because it was too cold, the schools closed for the day.

A healthy lifestyle should include sufcient sleep, not eating too much fast food, and doing regular physical activities.

The verb forms or clauses do not all use the same structure (faulty parallel structure).

Use the same structure for all verb forms or clauses.

A healthy lifestyle should include getting sufcient sleep, not eating too much fast food, and doing regular physical activities.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

The article talks about the signs of depression; it shows us how to recognize them.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES Sentences

4

Identify the types of errors. Some sentences may have more than one type of error.

a. There is no verb.

d. A conjunction is missing.

b. There is no subject.

e. The forms are not all the same (faulty parallel structure).

c. A dependent clause is not a complete sentence (sentence fragment).

Do not translate directly from French or use French sentence structure.

f. The punctuation is incorrect (run-on sentence).

Example: It is a complex theory, I don’t understand it.

Correct: Not everyone can afford a new car. Incorrect: It’s not everyone who can afford a new car.

d and f

1. Unless it was on sale. 2. An old, haunted castle surrounded by a dangerous forest.

Correct: There were many students (who came) from Africa. Incorrect: It had many students coming from Africa.

3. Swimming in the lake. 4. Psychopaths can lie, they may have emotional outbursts, with a difcult past. 5. Could be true. 6. He could not nish the test, he did not have enough time.

Other Common Errors Type of Error

Rule

Subject-verb agreement

1. The verb form must agree with the subject (singular or plural).

Third-person-singular -s ending

2. Remember the third-person-singular verb form in the simple present.

There is/are

3. Use there is with singular or non-count nouns and there are with plural nouns.

Double subject

4. Do not repeat the same subject.

Indenite pronouns

5. Indenite pronouns (anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody ) are singular.

Each, every, one of

6. Use a singular verb with each, every, and one of.

Verb tense consistency

7. Keep verb tenses consistent. Do not change tenses when there is no time change for the action or event.

Who, whose, which, that

8. who: for people which: for things

Commonly confused words

9. Check the use and spelling of commonly confused words such as: its/it’s than/then

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

whose: for possession by a person or thing that : for people or things

their/there/they’re were/we’re

whose/who’s your/you’re

UNIT 11

Sentences and Questions

119

Sentences

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

5

Highlight the errors in each sentence and write the correction. Indicate the rule number for each type of error based on the chart on page 119. (Some sentences may have more than one type of error.)

Error 1. I love the stories who were written by Edgar Allan Poe.

Correction

Rule

that

8

2. Do you know whose going to be at the graduation ceremony? 3. The coach told us today that every player have to participate in the match. 4. It looked like there was many people in the line-up. 5. Regular exercise it’s one of the best ways to stay healthy. 6. On July 1, 1867, the Province of Canada was divided into the provinces of Ontario and Québec. It became a federation joined by two colonies, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, who also have become provinces. 7. These days, everybody have a television. 8. In the summer, the sun hardly ever set in the Arctic Circle; indeed, the days are longer there then anywhere else.

Complete additional exercises to practise sentences online.

Edit It!

Correct the 15 errors in sentence structure.

Margie Gillis, born on July 9, 1953, in Montréal, Québec. Both of her parents were Olympic skiers, one of her brother he played professional hockey, her sister being a successful freestyle skier. Margie Gillis is a modern dance artist, dancer, and choreographer who she has been creating original works for over forty years. Gillis has become the rst artist from the West to introduce modern dance to China, she was invited there to teach and give lectures in 1979. International tours in Asia, India, Europe, and the Middle East, as well as across North and South America. She use her long, owing hair when she dance, her movements reect the different facets of the human soul. And, she often gives lectures on dance and the role of art in society. A socially committed artist moreover a spokesperson for organizations such as Oxfam and the Planned Parenthood Foundation. Margie Gillis also a erce defender of environmental causes.

120

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES Questions

B

Questions

Information Questions Most information questions are formed using the Q–A–S–V formula.

Q uestion Word/Phrase

A uxiliary Verb

S ubject

Main V erb

+ Rest of the Question

does

she

do

When

did

the Titanic

sink?

Where

are

they

thinking

of going on vacation?

Why

haven’t

we

been told

about the change in plans?

How

is

sugar pie

made?

How many exams

will

we

have

next week?

How much

were

you

hoping

to pay?

Which class

are

you

going to attend

this afternoon?

Whose class

might

she

take?

NOTES

What

every Saturday?

The auxiliary verb comes before the subject and indicates the verb tense. It also agrees with the subject. do / does simple present did simple past will / be going to future Does he like pizza? Have they arrived? Where is it going to happen?

An embedded question is a question included inside another question or statement. It does not have the same word order or punctuation as a direct question. Direct question: What time did he leave? Embedded question: I wonder what time he left.

Yes/No Questions Most yes/no questions are formed using the A–S–V formula. Does the movie start at 8 p.m.? A

S

V

Will it snow tomorrow? A S

V

Have you made the reservation? A

S

V

Should I bring a present? A

S V

Exceptions to the Q-A-S-V Formula Exception The verb be

When the question word becomes the subject of the question

Tag questions are used at the end of a statement to ask for conrmation. An afrmative verb is followed by a negative question tag. A negative verb is followed by an afrmative question tag. A tag uses the auxiliary verb in the tense of the main verb. He goes to college, doesn’t he? She hasn’t heard the news, has she?

Question Formation

Examples

Place the main verb before the subject (inversion).

Are the children ready?

Replace the subject of the verb by the question word or phrase.

Who lent you this book?

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Was there a bouncer at the door?

Which teacher gave this assignment? Whose car is this?

UNIT 11

Sentences and Questions

121

Questions

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Write a question for each answer based on the information in bold. Circle the question words or phrases and highlight any auxiliary verbs in your questions. Practise asking and answering each question with a partner.

1

Example: Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. Which city is the capital of Scotland? 1. Four countries are part of Great Britain.

2. The Scottish ag depicts a blue cross on a white background.

3. Aberdeen has become an important centre because of the oil that was discovered in the North Sea.

4. Scotland had an independence referendum on September 18, 2014.

Edit It!

Correct the 10 errors in question formation. Complete additional exercises to practise questions online.

1. Where Frida Kahlo was she born? 2. What did happen to Frida when she was young that made her crippled for the rest of her life? 3. What type of paintings Frida painted the most? 4. What her famous painting The Two Fridas (1939) shows? 5. Who Frida did marry? 6. Why Frida and Diego were called “an elephant and a dove”? 7. Frida and Diego lived in Mexico City? 8. How old Frida was when she died? 9. Which art movement did Frida was associated with? 10. Who did play Frida in the 2002 movie about her life?

122

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

REVIEW

Edit It!

Correct the 20 errors in sentence structure and question formation. Pay special attention to punctuation.

What CWY stands for? CWY it stand for Canada World Youth. Who did founded it? When did it founded? It was founded by Montréal-born Jacques Hébert in 1971. What CWY does? CWY gives young people from different cultures a chance to live together and work on volunteer projects, it offers a variety of programs for young people aged up to 35 who wish to participate in community development projects. These programs which are offered in different countries around the world. What types of programs there are? Various types of programs are available, including the EQWIP HUBS project who offers a range of practical services to support participants’ personal and professional development. Energetic, accessible, youth friendly, the HUBS projects can help young people that their dream is to launch a micro-enterprise or seek meaningful employment. As a volunteer, you will contribute to development projects which they focus on the local community, health, environment, gender equity. And, you will live in a host family. There is also CWY programs for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit youth, Programs for Aboriginal Youth offer the possibility to live and work with Aboriginal communities in other countries. But, CWY isn’t just for overseas projects, it is just as committed to highlighting the role youth play in the development of their own communities. How I can apply? If you are a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and are aged up to 35. Apply on the CWY homepage.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 11

Sentences and Questions

123

Capitalization and Punctuation Capitalization and Punctuation

12

UNIT

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Capitalization and Capitalization Capitalizat and Punctuation Review Capitalization P Revie Capitalizatio apitalization andPunctuation WARM-UP

tion

Work with a partner to explain the difference in meaning between the two sentences. What element changes their meaning? 1. a. A woman, without her man, is nothing. b. A woman: without her, man is nothing. 2. a. She likes cooking her cat and her dog. b. She likes cooking, her cat, and her dog.

3. a. Thank you. Your donation just helped someone. Get a job. b. Thank you. Your donation just helped someone get a job. Explain this joke as a team. “A panda walks into a café. He orders a sandwich, eats it, then draws a gun and res two shots in the air. ‘Why?’ asks the confused waiter, as the panda makes towards the exit. The panda produces a badly punctuated wildlife annual and tosses it over his shoulder. ‘I’m a panda,’ he says, at the door. ‘Look it up.’ The waiter turns to the relevant entry and, sure enough, nds an explanation. ‘Panda. Large black-and-white bear-like mammal, native to China. Eats, shoots and leaves.’” –Lynne Truss, Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation

Circle the correct answer. (Proper nouns / Common nouns) begin with a capital letter. Explain the difference in meaning between the words. 1. turkey versus Turkey 2. earth versus Earth 3. china versus China 4. march versus March

124

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Capitalization Always use a capital letter for:

Examples

The rst word of a sentence

The course is cancelled.

The rst word in a quotation

He said, “Go home.”

The rst-person-singular subject pronoun

I’m not sure if I agree with this article.

First names, family names, titles, and words derived from names

John Adams, the Kardashians, Dr. Hyde, President Lincoln, Queen Victoria, Freudian

The rst and last words, and all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives in titles of works

The Hunger Games, The Perks of Being a Wallower, The Economist, Introduction to Accounting

Days, months, holidays

Thursday, April, New Year’s Day

Languages, nationalities, tribes, and religions

English, French, Algonquin, Christianity

Names of places, such as villages, towns, cities, provinces, states, countries, continents, bodies of water, mountains, and planets

Lennoxville, Milan, New Brunswick, the People’s Republic of China, North America, the St. Lawrence, Mount Everest, Mercury

The names of specic deities, religious gures, and holy books

God, Buddha, the Pope, the Koran, the Bible

Organizations, institutions, buildings, and monuments

the Canadian Mint, the Empire State Building, the National War Memorial

Wars, historical events, and eras

World War I, the Quiet Revolution, the Middle Ages

Names of degrees and awards

Bachelor of Arts, the Governor General’s Award

Brand names, abbreviations, and acronyms

a Microsoft Surface, 12.15 CAD, NATO

Capitalization

A

Do not capitalize common nouns. Only capitalize proper nouns. She wants to study at university. She wants to study physics and English at McGill University. Capitalize the word the in works only if it is the rst word or part of the title. The Globe and Mail I’m reading the Journal of Psychology. NOTES

Do not capitalize century numbers or seasons.

the twentieth century, spring owers

Capitalize directions when used as names, but not when used as compass directions. They moved to the Northwest. He lives in the Northwest Territories. Head northwest on the highway. Lowercase earth, sun, and moon when in the plural, in idioms, or in non-technical contexts and preceded by the. Capitalize these words when used as the proper name, especially in context with other planets or heavenly bodies (and omit the for Earth). Come see the greatest show on earth! There is going to be an eclipse of the moon tonight. How far is it from Earth to the Moon?

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 12

Capitalization and Punctuation

125

Capitalization

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Formal/Informal Many capitalized acronyms are used in Internet slang; avoid using them in formal language. FYI (for your information) IMHO (in my humble opinion) LOL (laughing out loud) BRB (be right back)

1

Capitalize or lowercase letters where appropriate. D R v W Example: we went to the dominican republic for our Vacation and swam C S in the caribbean sea.

1. could you ask dr. jackson to conrm tuesday’s family medicine interest group (fmig) meeting, please? 2. I like my Psychology courses at College, so i want to do a bachelor’s degree at University. 3. did you know that the nile river is in egypt? 4. In High School, i had spanish classes, but i became more uent during my travels in south america. 5. The rst monday in september is labour day. 6. According to statistics canada, 15 per cent of canadians speak a language other than english or french at home.

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 20 errors in capitalization.

Online gaming and social networking platforms are becoming increasingly popular. One type of Digital Distribution Software is origin, with features like prole

Complete additional exercises to practise capitalization online.

management, networking with chat, and streaming. Another Platform that already had over 8.5 million concurrent users at the beginning of 2015 is steam. This popular pc gaming service has been a multiplayer online battle arena since 2013 with two of its popular titles: Dota 2 (defense of The ancients) and counter-strike: global offensive. Steam’s rapid increase in popularity is mainly due to positive reviews and video game competitions such as “the international” Championship in july 2014 in seattle. The $10.9 million prize, the largest award in the history of competitive electronic sports, went to the chinese team NewBee.

126

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Punctuation Use

Examples

Punctuation

B

Apostrophe ’ To indicate possession or a relationship in nouns (with -s)

We will arrive in an hour’s time. (singular noun)

To show a contraction (omission of letters)

You shouldn’t smoke here, or you’ll be ned.

We will arrive in two hours’ time. (plural noun)

Comma , To separate a series of adjectives, nouns, or verbs

She enjoys playing soccer, basketball, softball, and hockey.

In a compound sentence, to separate relatively long independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet)

She has studied for all her exams, but she still feels like she could have prepared more.

To separate an introductory clause or word that comes before a main clause

Because she had overslept, she was late for class.

To separate dependent clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of a sentence (non-restrictive clause)

Sherlock Holmes, who rst appeared in print in 1887, was created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

Period . To nish a sentence

We’re going to the Osheaga festival.

To show an abbreviation

J. R. R. Tolkien was born on Jan. 3, 1892.

After abbreviated titles for people

Who are Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde?

With decimal numbers

Ination rose by 0.6 per cent. The tickets cost $55.50 each.

Question Mark ? To ask yes/no, information, negative, or tag questions

Which courses did you like the most last semester? You didn’t take philosophy, did you?

Quotation Marks “”

NOTES

To repeat exactly what was said or written

Confucius said, “Everything has its beauty, but not everyone sees it.”

Write a comma to introduce a quotation (with verbs such as say, declare, ask) or to interrupt a quotation (direct speech) with information about who is speaking. Write punctuation inside the quotation marks. Ghandi said, “In a gentle way, you can shake the world.” “Who,” the Caterpillar asked Alice, “are you?” A period marks the end of a sentence or an abbreviation; a point is used for decimal numbers; a dot is used in web addresses.

Do not use abbreviations in formal writing.

Formal February 14

Informal Feb. 14

Avoid using Latin abbreviations in formal writing.

Formal and so on, for example, that is

Informal etc., e.g., i.e.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 12

Capitalization and Punctuation

127

Punctuation

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Other Punctuation Punctuation

Symbol

Colon

:

Examples You can choose one of the following elective classes: calculus, Spanish, pottery, or astronomy. The class is from 8:30 a.m. to 10:00 a.m.

Ellipsis

…

“… all men are created equal … with certain unalienable rights … life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” “Well, what I mean is … um … Oh, never mind.” When he opened the door, he saw …

Exclamation mark

!

Wow! I can’t believe our team won! Watch out!

Hyphen

-

That 17-year-old wrote a best-selling book. My sister-in-law will throw a party when she turns twenty-ve. This engraving seems to be pre-Paleolithic.

Parentheses

( )

Semi-colon

;

Edit It!

In 1974 he visited Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). The temperature fell to -30°C; there was a strong wind as well.

Cross out and correct the 15 errors in punctuation. Punctuation may be missing.

Do you feel like dancing. Music in Cuba is inseparable from it’s daily life and history!

Complete additional exercises to practise punctuation online.

Cuban music has deep roots in African ritual and rhythm: because the Spanish imported African slave’s to Cuba in the early 1500s. By the midnineteenth century slaves constituted half of Cubas population, it is impossible to know the exact number. The physical and emotional intensity of Cuban music come’s from African ritual cults. Cuban rumba has three main forms, yambú, guaguancó, and Columbia it involves dance, percussion, and song. Danzón is Cuba’s own original dance music, it is played by orquestas tipicas. Son cubano combines the structure and elements of Spanish canción, and the Spanish guitar with African rhythms and percussion instruments of Bantu origin central and southern Africa.

128

FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

REVIEW 1

Highlight the sentence that has correct capitalization and punctuation.

1. a. Who was Sir John A. Macdonald (1815–1891)?

b. Who was sir John A. Macdonald: 1815–1891?

2. a. 61.1 per cent of Canadians voted in the 2011 election.

b. 61,1 per cent of canadians voted in the 2011 election.

3. a. Read page 34 (individually); this is your homework.

b. Read Page 34, individually, this is your homework.

4. a. There are three positions in hockey, goalie, defence, and forward.

b. There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.

5. a. He has an interview with a well known University professor at 10h15.

b. He has an interview with a well-known university professor at 10:15 a.m.

6. a. “Oh! I remember him now ... We met in a café; he was late.”

b. “Oh. I remember him now, we met in a café. He was late.”

Edit It!

Cross out and correct the 20 errors in punctuation and capitalization.

Are you the kind of person who would be willing to run over six kilometres through obstacles and mud for charity. Mud Heroes is a timed challenge with 16 obstacles where you can walk, run, or skip through mud to the nish line. It’s main goal is for participants to get out, have fun, and get muddy, No barbed wire or ice baths are used here, the 16 obstacles are meant to be a mix of fun and challenge. If your 14 and over you can register to participate in several canadian cities Montréal, Ottawa, Toronto, and Halifax for example. The Mud Heroes obstacle course can be up to a two hour marathon but the average time is one hour. You can earn the title of mud superhero by collecting pledges to sponsor you’re run, or by donating to a Charity of your choice through the Learn how to donate button on the website. According to co founder Ted McLeod Our goal is to help people have fun, get active, and produce the craziest events in north America!

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

UNIT 12

Capitalization and Punctuation

129

Appendix

Appendix Appendix Appendix

1

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Parts of Speech Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

Appendix Appendix Ap

Appendix Append Appendix Appendix Part of Speech Verb

Noun

Determiner

Function

Examples

Describes and gives information about an action or event Stative verbs Auxiliary verbs Regular and irregular verbs Phrasal verbs

I love my piano. It had been raining all day. They danced and sang all night. He won’t come back.

Designates places, people, ideas, and things Proper nouns and common nouns Concrete nouns and abstract nouns Irregular plural forms

Sylvia studied Spanish at university. The children were full of energy. Most of the people were saved.

Modies a noun Articles, demonstratives, possessive determiners, or quantiers No article for most plural nouns and abstract nouns

He had an idea in the meeting. That man and his son would like some lemonade. I like the movies. I want the success.

Pronoun

Replaces a noun Subject, object, possessive, or reexive

She told him the drawing was hers; she was very proud of herself.

Adjective

Gives information about a noun or a pronoun Never plural Generally before a noun

He knows many importants people. She has beautiful, long, auburn hair.

Gives extra meaning to an adjective or verb; describes time, frequency, manner, or degree Most end in -ly (with some exceptions)

He tried hard to run quickly.

Preposition

Describes place, time, or direction

The bus to Toronto left at 2 p.m.

Conjunction

Joins verbs, adjectives, adverbs, nouns, and clauses

Pete and Jake will be on the team, but not Sam.

Adverb

The same word can be a different part of speech depending on its role in the sentence.

Part of Speech

130

Example

Part of Speech

Example

Adverb

He walked very fast.

Verb

They fast every year.

Adjective

It was a fast train.

Noun

They ate nothing during the fast.

Appendix 1

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Appendix

xAppendix Appendix Append

2

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Question Formation Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

Appendix Appendix A ppendix

Appendix Appen dixAppendix Appendix Information Questions

Most information questions are formed using the Q–A–S–V formula.

Verb Tense

Question Word or Phrase

Auxiliary Verb

Subject

Main Verb

+ Rest of the Question

Simple Present

What

does

she

do

every Saturday?

Simple Past

When

did

you

arrive?

Present Progressive

Where

are

they

going

on vacation?

Past Progressive

How much

were

you

hoping

to pay?

Present Perfect

Who

have

you

invited

to the party?

Present Perfect Progressive

How long

has

he

been working

as a waiter?

Past Perfect

When

had

they

made

the appointment?

Past Perfect Progressive

Why

had

we

been waiting

so long?

Future (will)

How many exams

will

we

have

next week?

Future (be going to)

Which class

are

you

going to attend

this afternoon?

Modals

What time

can

you

meet

us?

Passive Voice

How

is

sugar pie

made?

Exceptions to the Q–A–S–V Formula Exception

Question Formation

Examples

The verb be

Place the main verb before the subject (inversion).

Are the children ready? Was there a bouncer at the door?

When the question word becomes the subject of the question

Replace the subject of the verb by the question word or phrase.

Who lent you this book? Which teacher gave this assignment? Whose car is this?

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Appendix 2

131

Appendix

Appendix Appendix Appendix

3

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Verb Tense Review Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

Appendix Appendix Ap

AppendixAppend Appendix Appendix Verb Form

Examples

Simple Present

For permanent situations in the present For habitual actions, routines, customs, and traditions For facts and truths For stative verbs

Jack and his friends play hockey. After their game, they go out for a drink. Jack likes to keep active. He doesn’t work out, but he isn’t a couch potato either.

Present Progressive

For temporary situations and actions in progress For changing situations

I’m working at a local store right now, but the store is closing down soon.

Simple Past

For an action in the past that is completely nished For a chain of events in the past For a completed action that happened at a specied time in the past

In 1912 the ocean liner RMS Titanic left England. The boat hit an iceberg and sank. Hundreds of passengers died on that fateful night.

Past Progressive

For an action that was in progress in the past when it was interrupted by another action or event For an action that was in progress at a specic moment in the past For two or more simultaneous actions in the past

Janet: What were you doing when the re alarm rang?

For an action or event that happened at an unspecied time in the past With stative verbs, for a situation that started in the past and has a link to or an impact on the present. In this case, since and for are often used. For an action that happened at least once in the past and that may occur again. The period of time is not yet nished.

We have travelled to several countries. I’ve wanted to visit Istanbul since I was a teenager.

Present Perfect

132

Function

Appendix 3

Chloe: I was doing a lab exercise. While we were evacuating the classroom, the emergency team arrived. Half an hour later we were sitting in the lab again.

Apparently, Turkey has become a popular destination.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Appendix 3 Function

Examples

Present Perfect Progressive

For a continuous action that started in the past and is still happening now. The focus is on the duration.

It has been snowing a lot lately. The children have been asking to go skiing all week.

Past Perfect

For a completed past action that happened before another action in the past

Suzanne soon realized that she hadn’t studied enough. She had gone out with her friends instead.

Past Perfect Progressive

For an action that was in progress before another past action or event. The focus is often on the action and duration.

I had been trying to reach my boss all week. Finally, he called me back. He had been travelling a lot.

Will

For predictions To show willingness (spontaneous decisions made at the moment of speaking) For promises

This task will take all day. I’ll call you later.

Be Going To

For predictions For an action that is about to happen For planned events or intentions

At least twenty friends are going to come to our party. Is there going to be enough room for everyone?

Modals

To express ability, possibility, permission, obligation, prohibition, advice, a recommendation, or a logical conclusion

I couldn’t skate when I was younger, but now I can. You must wear warm clothes and you should bring your skates. May I borrow your dictionary? When we were younger, we would often go camping.

To make a formal request For a conditional, or a past habit

Verb Tense Review

Verb Form

I will send you the document soon.

Stative verbs express a state or a situation, and are rarely used in the progressive form.

Common Stative Verbs Condition

Verb

Examples

State of existence

be, exist

Her mother is worried.

Mental state

agree, believe, disagree, doubt, forget, know, mean, realize, recognize, refuse, remember, suppose, think, understand

I agree with you. I know what you mean.

Possession

belong, have, own, possess

We have a new car now.

Sense and perception

appear, feel, look, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, taste

That idea sounds strange.

Feeling or preference

admire, appreciate, depend, desire, detest, dislike, envy, hate, like, love, mind, need, prefer, value, want, wish

They want to take a cruise to Alaska.

Other

consist, contain, cost, matter, owe, weigh

Our rent costs too much.

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Appendix 3

133

Appendix

Appendix Appendix Appendix

4

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Pronunciation Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

Appendix Appendix Ap

Appendix Append Appendix Appendix A phoneme is a unit of sound. For example, the words half, elephant, and tough contain the same phoneme f.

Phonemes can be voiced or voiceless. •

A voiced phoneme produces vibration of the vocal chords, as in: b, d, g, l, m, n, o, r, voiced th, v, w, y

•

A voiceless phoneme does not produce vibration of the vocal chords, as in: f, k, p, t, voiceless th

Pronunciation of Final -s and -es Verbs: Third-person singular, simple present

Final Sound

Rule

Nouns: Plurals

Examples of Verbs

Examples of Nouns

f, k, p, t, voiceless th

Say s

coughs, kicks, lets, sips

books, cliffs, hats, myths, tops

b, d, g, l, m, n, o, r, voiced th, v, w, y

Say z

bathes, goes, hugs, kills, mines, mows, seems, shoves, slides, sobs, stares, stays

bags, balls, beds, bombs, clothes, days, fans, moves, pears, potatoes, straws, webs

ch, j, s, sh, x, z

Say iz (extra syllable)

blazes, xes, judges, misses, washes, watches

judges, losses, quizzes, taxes, wishes, witches

Silent Letters

134

b

bomb, climb, comb, crumb, debt, doubt, numb, subtle, thumb, tomb, womb

n

autumn, column, condemn, damn, hymn, solemn

c

ascend, descend, miscellaneous, muscle, scene, scissors

p

pneumonia, pseudo, psychiatrist, psychology, receipt

g

align, benign, campaign, design, foreign, gnome, reign, sign

t

apostle, asthma, ballet, castle, fasten, gourmet, listen, mortgage, soften, whistle

h

ache, archeology, architect, archives, chaos, character, chemical, choir, chorus, echo, monarch, stomach

u

biscuit, build, guess, guide, guilty, guitar

k

knead, knee, kneel, knew, knife, knight, knit, knock, knot, know

w

answer, sword, two, whole, wrist, write

Appendix 4

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Appendix Appendix Append

5

Appendix

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Common Pronouns and AppendixPhrasal Appendix Appendix Appendix Possessive Verbs Adjectives

Appendix Appendix A ppendix

Appen Appendix dixAppendix Appendix Phrasal verbs alter the meaning of a verb by combining a verb with a preposition or adverb. A word group made up of a preposition and its object (a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun) is called a prepositional phrase.

Common Phrasal Verbs With Objects A ask for, ask out B bring about, bring forward, bring on, bring out, bring round, bring up C call back, call for, call off, call on, call up carry away, carry off, carry on, carry out, carry through come about, come across, come after, come down to, come down with, come from, come in for, come out, come to, come up against, come up to, come up with, come upon cut down, cut in, cut off D do away with, do up, do with, do without F fall apart, fall behind, fall in with, fall out with gure out ll in, ll out, ll up G get across, get away with, get down to, get over, get through, get to give away, give back, give up go against, go along with, go for, go out with, go over, go through, go with grow into, grow out of H hand in, hand out, hand over hold up

K keep down, keep on, keep up with L leave behind let down look after, look down on, look for, look forward to, look into, look on, look out, look over, look through, look up, look up to M make for, make off, make out, make over, make up, make up for P pick up play down, play up point out put back, put by, put down, put down to, put forward, put off, put on, put out, put together, put up, put up with R run after, run away, run down, run into, run off, run out, run out of, run over, run up against S set aside, set back, set down, set off, set up T take away, take back, take off, take on, take out think about, think over, think through try on, try out turn down, turn in, turn off, turn on, turn out, turn over W work out (a problem)

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Common Phrasal Verbs Without Objects B back down, back off, back out, back up break down, break in, break up C catch up close in come back, come by, come down, come in, come off, come out, come over, come round, come up D drop in, drop off, drop out F fall off, fall out, fall through G get along, get away, get back, get by, get in, get off/on, get together, get up go ahead, go away, go down, go off, go on, go out, go past, go up grow up H head back K keep away, keep back, keep up P pay off R run away, run out S set off settle down show up slow down stay away, stay in, stay out, stay over, stay up T turn up Appendix 5

135

Appendix

Appendix Appendix Appendix

6

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Common Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Irregular Verbs

Appendix Appendix Ap

Appendix Append Appendix Appendix Base Form

136

Simple Past

Past Participle

Base Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

beat

beat

beaten

fall

fell

fallen

become

became

become

feed

fed

fed

begin

began

begun

feel

felt

felt

bend

bent

bent

nd

found

found

bet

bet

bet

t

t

t

bite

bit

bitten

y

ew

own

bleed

bled

bled

forbid

forbade

forbidden

blow

blew

blown

forget

forgot

forgotten

break

broke

broken

forgive

forgave

forgiven

bring

brought

brought

freeze

froze

frozen

build

built

built

get

got

got/gotten

burst

burst

burst

give

gave

given

buy

bought

bought

go

went

gone

catch

caught

caught

grind

ground

ground

choose

chose

chosen

grow

grew

grown

come

came

come

hang

hung

hung

cost

cost

cost

have

had

had

creep

crept

crept

hear

heard

heard

cut

cut

cut

hide

hid

hidden

deal

dealt

dealt

hit

hit

hit

dig

dug

dug

hold

held

held

do

did

done

hurt

hurt

hurt

draw

drew

drawn

keep

kept

kept

drink

drank

drunk

know

knew

known

drive

drove

driven

lay

laid

laid

eat

ate

eaten

lead

led

led

Appendix 6

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Appendix 6 Simple Past

Past Participle

Base Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

leave

left

left

sleep

slept

slept

lend

lent

lent

slide

slid

slid

let

let

let

speak

spoke

spoken

lie

lay

lain

speed

sped

sped

light

lit

lit

spend

spent

spent

lose

lost

lost

spit

spat

spat

make

made

made

split

split

split

mean

meant

meant

spread

spread

spread

meet

met

met

spring

sprang

sprung

mistake

mistook

mistaken

stand

stood

stood

pay

paid

paid

steal

stole

stolen

put

put

put

stick

stuck

stuck

quit

quit

quit

sting

stung

stung

read

read

read

strike

struck

struck

ride

rode

ridden

swear

swore

sworn

ring

rang

rung

sweep

swept

swept

rise

rose

risen

swim

swam

swum

run

ran

run

swing

swung

swung

say

said

said

take

took

taken

see

saw

seen

teach

taught

taught

seek

sought

sought

tear

tore

torn

sell

sold

sold

tell

told

told

send

sent

sent

think

thought

thought

set

set

set

throw

threw

thrown

shake

shook

shaken

understand

understood

understood

shine

shone

shone

upset

upset

upset

shoot

shot

shot

wake

woke

woken

shrink

shrank

shrunk

wear

wore

worn

shut

shut

shut

win

won

won

sing

sang

sung

wind

wound

wound

sink

sank

sunk

write

wrote

written

sit

sat

sat

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Appendix 6

Common Irregular Verbs

Base Form

137

Credits Credits C

Credits Credits Credits Credits Credits Cred

Credits Credits Credits Credits Credits Credits Credits Credits

Credits

Cover: ALEXANDRO AULER/dpa/Corbis

Credits

Unit 1 p. 2: keport/iStockphoto; p. 5: photobank.ch/Shutterstock.com; p. 6: Casarsa/iStockphoto; p. 7: THE CANADIAN PRESS IMAGES/Graham Hughes; p. 8 (1): Blue Planet Earth/Shutterstock.com, (2): D. Kucharski K. Kucharska/ Shutterstock.com; p. 11: Library of Congress, Reproduction number LC-USW33-019093-C; p. 13: Photographee. eu/Shutterstock.com; p. 14: Anibal Trejo – Fotolia; p. 17: Ollyy/Shutterstock.com; p. 18: Goodluz/Shutterstock. com; p. 19: 360b/Shutterstock.com. Unit 2 p. 20: Jeff Morgan 07/Alamy; p. 23: wsf-s/Shutterstock.com; p. 24: Martinmark|Dreamstime.com; p. 25: Iakov Filimonov/Shutterstock.com; p. 27: Jennifer Barrow|Dreamstime.com; p. 28: icsnaps/Shutterstock.com; p. 29: Mapics|Dreamstime.com; p. 30: Ronald Sumners/Shutterstock.com; p. 31: Thea07|Dreamstime.com; p. 33: © Keremgo|Dreamstime.com; p. 39: Silvano Rebai-Fotolia. Unit 3 p. 40: Cartoonresource/Shutterstock.com; p. 42: Valua Vitaly/Shutterstock.com; p. 44: Ipich/Shutterstock. com; p. 45: Anton Balazh/Shutterstock.com; p. 46: paseven/Shutterstock.com; p. 48: fotum/Shutterstock.com; p. 49: meaofoto/Shutterstock.com; p. 51: EdStock/iStockphoto; p. 52: SteveWoods/Shutterstock.com; p. 53: abramsdesign/Shutterstock.com. Unit 4 p. 58: benik.at/Shutterstock.com; p. 60: EDHAR/Shutterstock.com; p. 61: Mikadun/Shutterstock.com; p. 62: LAND/Shutterstock.com; p. 63: haak78/Shutterstock.com. Unit 5 p. 64: Aleksandar Radovanovic|Dreamstime.com; p. 65: Rich Carey/Shutterstock.com; p. 70 (1): inacio pires/ Shutterstock.com, (2): Dasha Petrenko/Shutterstock.com. Unit 6 p. 72: npine/Shutterstock.com; p. 74: 2009fotofriends/Shutterstock.com; p. 77: Michaeljung|Dreamstime.com; p. 78: Lissandra Melo/Shutterstock.com. Unit 7 p. 80: Christopher Halloran/Shutterstock.com; p. 83: Eric McCandless/©ABC Family/courtesy Everett Collection; p. 85: Blojfo|Dreamstime.com; p. 86: Guido Amrein|Dreamstime.com. Unit 8 p. 88: artshock/Shutterstock.com; p. 91: © John Wallace|Dreamstime.com; p. 94: Featureash/Shutterstock. com; p. 95: © Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. Unit 9 p. 99: [email protected]/Shutterstock.com; p. 100: Mystock88photo|Dreamstime.com; p. 101: Grisha Bruev/ Shutterstock.com; p. 104: Patrick Poendl/Shutterstock.com; p. 106: auremar/Shutterstock.com; p. 107: John Wollwerth/Shutterstock.com. Unit 10 p. 108: © 2001 Randy Glasbergen www.glasbergen.com.

Unit 11 p. 114: pagadesign/iStockphoto; p. 117: Photo by Ansgar Walk; p. 122: The Two Fridas, 1939, by Frida Kahlo (1907–1954), oil on canvas, 172x173 cm. Mexico, 20th century, Kahlo, Frida (1907–1954)/Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City, Mexico/De Agostini Picture Library/G. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images; p. 123: Courtesy of Canada World Youth. Unit 12 p. 124: vikici/Shutterstock.com; p. 124 (text): Lynne Truss, Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation; p. 126: Micko1986/iStockphoto; p. 128: Kmiragaya|Dreamstime.com; p. 129: Susan Sheldon|Dreamstime.com.

138

Credits

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Index Index Index Index Index Index Index

Index Index Index In Index ndex Index Index Index Index Index I ndex Features Index A Active voice, 55 Adjectives, 81, 130 adverb form, 82 comparative, superlative and equality forms, 84 possessive, 73 + preposition expressions, 92 types, 81 Adverbs, 81, 130 conjunctive, 116 -ly ended, 82 of degree, 81 of duration, 81 of frequency, 3, 81 of manner, 81 of place, 81 of time, 22, 30, 81 placement, 3, 15, 81 Agent, 55 Already, 22 Antecedent, 73 Antonyms, 100 Apostrophe, 67, 127 Articles, 68 denite (the), 68 indenite (a / an), 65, 68 no use, 65, 68, 130 At or to, 89

B Be passive voice, 55 past perfect progressive, 30 past progressive, 9 present perfect progressive, 26 present progressive, 3 Be going to, 15, 35, 133

C Can, 41 Capitalization, 125 Clauses dependent (subordinate), 115 independent (main), 115 way to connect, 116 Colon (:), 128 Comma (,), 76, 116, 127 Common errors and problems

if + would, 47 misspelled words, 100 pronoun, 77 sentences, 116, 118–119 Comparative form, 84 Complement object _, 109 subject _, 109 Compound adjectives, 81 nouns, 65 sentences, 115 Conditionals, 47, 50 Conjunction, 130 coordinating, 116 subordinating, 116 Connecting words, 116 Consonants, 4 Contractions, 15, 44 Could, 41 Could / coulda, 44

D Demonstrative determiners, 69 pronouns, 75 Determiners, 68–69, 130 Did / didn’t, 9, 21 Do / does, 3, 8 During, 24

E -ed endings adjectives, 81 simple past, 10 -edly endings, 81 Ellipsis (...), 128 Equality form, 84 Ever, 22 Exclamation mark (!), 128 Expressing wishes and hopes, 50 Expressions followed by gerund, 110 using prepositions, 92

F False cognates, 102 For, 24, 26, 90 Formal / informal language abbreviations, 127 adjectives instead of adverbs, 82

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

a lot of / lots of, 69 contractions, 15, 44 could / coulda, 44 going to / gonna, 15 guidelines, 105 if-clause, 47 same words with different meaning, 100 should / shoulda, 44 social context, 105 use of phrasal verbs, 94, 105 use of the active voice, 55 whom / who, 76 will not / won’t, 15 would / woulda, 44 From, for and of, 90 Fun / funny, 102 Future function and form, 15, 133 Future perfect function and form, 35 progressive, 35 Future progressive, 15, 35

G Gallicisms, 102 Gerunds, 109 prepositional phrases followed by _, 112 verbs followed by _, 110 words and expressions followed by _, 110

H Had better, 41 Had / had not / hadn’t, 30 Have / has / hasn’t, 26 Have to, 41, 44 Homophones, 101 Hyphen (-), 97, 128

I If-clause, see Conditionals Indenite adjectives, 81 article (a / an), 68 pronouns, 75 Innitives, 59, 109 verbs followed by, 110 -ing endings adjectives, 81

gerunds, 109 present participle, 4 In or on, 90 Interrogative pronouns, 75 sentences, see Questions Irregular adjectives, 84 adverbs, 84 plural nouns, 66 verbs (list of), 136–137 It, 73

K Keywords conditionals, 47 future, 15 future perfect, 35 future perfect progressive, 35 past perfect, 30 past perfect progressive, 30 past progressive, 9 present perfect, 21–22, 24, 26 present perfect progressive, 26 present progressive, 3 reported speech, 59 simple past, 9, 21 simple present, 3

L Less / fewer, 84

M May, 41 Might, 41, 44 Modal(s) auxiliaries, 41 function, 41, 133 past, 44 present, 44 progressive form, 41 Must, 41, 44

N Negative prexes, 98 statements, see Statements

Index

139

Nouns, 65, 130 count, 65–66 non-count, 65 plural, 65–66, 134 possessive, 67 + preposition expressions, 92

O Object, 55, 115 pronouns, 73 Of, from and for, 90 One of / some of, 65 On or in, 90 Ought to, 41

P Parentheses ( ), 128 Passive voice function, 55 use of innitive, 109 Past modals, see Modals / past Past participles, 55 + preposition expressions, 92 to adverbs (-edly), 81 Past perfect function and form, 30, 133 Past perfect progressive function and form, 30, 133 Past progressive function and form, 9, 132 Past simple, see Simple past Perfect tenses, see Past perfect; Past perfect progressive; Present perfect; Present perfect progressive Period (.), 127 Phoneme (voiced, voiceless), 134 Phrasal verbs form and meaning, 93 list of common _, 135 separable / inseparable, 93 Phrase, 115 Placement of adjectives, 81 of adverbs, 3, 15, 81 Plural nouns, 65 prononciation, 134 spelling, 66 Possessive adjectives, 73, 77 determiners, 69

140

Index

expressions, 73 pronouns, 73 Prexes, 97 negative, 98 Prepositions, 89, 130 expressions using _, 92 Present modals, see Modals / present Present participle spelling, 4 to adverbs (-ingly), 81 Present perfect function and form, 21, 26 Present perfect progressive function and form, 26, 133 Present progressive, 3, 15 function and form, 3, 132 of stative verbs, 5 use as future, 15 Present simple, see Simple present Progressive form, see Future progressive; Past progressive; Present progressive modal auxiliaries, 41 stative verbs, 5 Prononciation -s and -es endings, 134 silent letters, 98, 134 Pronouns, 73–77 agreement, 77 demonstrative, 75 impersonal, 3 indenite, 75 interrogative, 75 object, 73 personal, 73–74 possessive, 73 reciprocal, 75 reexive, 73 relative, 75, 115–116 subject, 73, 77 types, 73, 75 vague, 77 Punctuation, 127–128

Q Question mark (?), 127 Questions direct, 60 exceptions to the Q-A-S-V, 121 information _, 60, 121, 131 in future (be going to), 131 in future perfect, 35 in future perfect progressive, 35 in future (will), 131

in passive voice, 131 in past perfect, 30, 131 in past perfect progressive, 30, 131 in past progressive, 131 in present perfect, 21, 26, 131 in present perfect progressive, 26, 131 in present progressive, 8, 131 in reported speech, 59–60 in simple past, 9, 21, 131 in simple present, 8, 131 modals, 131 tag _, 121 yes / no _, 60, 121 Quotation marks (“”), 127

R Register, 105 Reported speech, 30, 47, 59, 109 use of innitive, 109 use of would, 47 Roots, 97

S -s and -es endings prononciation, 134 regular plural nouns, 66 simple present, 4 Semi-colon (;), 115–116, 128 Sentences types, 115 Shall, 15 Should, 41, 44 Simple past function and form, 9–10, 21, 132 Simple present function and form, 3–4, 132 with time expressions, 15, 35 Since, 24, 26 Slang, 69, 82, 105 Internet, 126 Spelling -ed endings (simple past), 10 -ing endings (present participle), 4 irregular adjectives, 84 irregular plural nouns, 66 regular plural nouns, 66 -s and -es endings (simple present), 4

Stative verbs, 5, 133 progressive form, 5 Still, 22 Stress, 4 Subject, 55, 115 pronouns, 73, 77 Subordinating clause, 115 conjunctions, 116 Sufxes, 98 Superlative form, 84 Syllables, 4 Synonyms, 100

T Tags, 121 That, 69, 76 There + be, 3 Thesaurus, 100 This / these, 69, 75 Those, 69 To or at, 89

U Used to, 9, 44

V Verbs followed by gerunds, 110 followed by innitives, 110 function, 130 intransitive, 93 irregular, 136–137 + preposition, 93 stative _, 5, 133 tenses, 131–132 transitive, 93 Vowels, 4

W Will, 15, 35, 133 Won’t, 15, 35 Words connecting _, 116 followed by gerunds, 110 misspelled _, 100 Would, 41, 44, 47, 50 like, 41 rather, 41

Y Yet, 22

Reproduction prohibited © TC Media Books Inc.

Issues 3 Grammar Reference and Practice is a comprehensive, easy-to-use grammar guide and activity book. Twelve stand-alone units cover all essentials in a conveniently condensed format. Teachers and students can choose the order of the grammar points to cover from independent sections within each unit. In this fun second edition, highintermediate to advanced students of English as a second language assimilate grammar notions naturally as they revise rules, explore exceptions, practise in context, apply error analysis, and review. Warm-ups encourage students to use grammar in context first. Concise charts target the most important grammar rules. Notes explaining exceptions to rules, common errors, and formal or informal language nuances are accompanied by detailed examples. Each stand-alone unit has various contextualized activities to check and reinforce students’ understanding. Edit It! exercises allow students to hone their editing skills as they find and correct common errors.

Themes

Over 50 interactive workshops and 500 questions with automatic feedback cover every section in the book. An Edit It! exercise and a Review activity are also featured for each unit. Students receive immediate feedback and scoring while teachers are able to annotate the eBook, electronically follow students’ progress, and create their own online interactive activities. Teachers can display or hide answers and notes embedded in the Teacher’s Edition Answer Key for a more active learning experience in the classroom.

N

etta Gorman has been teaching English as a Second Language at the Cégep de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue for over twenty years. She has a background in linguistics and second-language teaching from the University of York in England and Laval University in Québec City. Netta’s professional interests include injecting a good dose of humour into her teaching, whether it be grammar, creative writing, or literature.

Real-life topics and literary excerpts are used as a springboard for speaking and writing. Expanded Review section gives students metacognitive and mixed practice that can be used for evaluation. Appendices include a verb tense review, pronunciation, and lists of common phrasal verbs and irregular verbs. REAL Skills Book 3, Second Edition, complements the Grammar Reference and Practice.

ISBN 978-2-7650-4545-8

www.cheneliere.ca/real