Reader in Modern Literary Arabic 9781400878758

Citation preview

A READER IN MODERN LITERARY ARABIC

A READER IN

MODERN LITERARY ARABIC By FARHAT J. ZIADEH

1964 PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

COPYRIGHT

©

1964

BY

PRINCETON

UNIVERSITY

PRESS

LONDON : OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

All rights reserved

L. C. Card: 62-11966 The research reported herein was performed in part pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CONTENTS page Introduction

1X

I

1 Arabic Self-Taught

I. 'A. al-Mazini

II

9 Literature for the People

Salāmah Mūsā

Memoirs of Kh. Taqiyy

Kh. Taqiyy al-Dīn

III al-Dīn IV

24 Advocates' Chamber

Mahmūd Kāmil

V

34 The Slavery of Women

Qāsim Amīn

VI

41 Problems of Muslim

Amīnah al -Sa'īd

Women VII

48 Our Generation and

Ahmad Amīn

Yours VIII

54 The Widow and Her Son

J. Khalil Jubran

IX

62 A Day in New York

Mahmud Taymur

X

70 How I Was a Demon

I. 'A. al-Mazini v

CONTENTS

XI

76 Egypt's Treasure in the

Tawflq al- Hakim.

Heart XII

82 Iraq of the Future

Rufa'il Batti

XIII

94 Garry Your Plow and

Khalil al-Sakakmi

Follow Me XIV

101 The 1919 Revolution

M. H. Haykal

XV

107 From Cairo to Malta

'A. M. al-'Aqqad

to Paris XVI

114 Pharaohs and Arabs

A. H. al-Zayyat

XVII

127 Arabism and Islamism

N. A. Faris

The Basic Solution

Qustantin Zurayq

Causes of the 1952 Re-

'A. al-Rafi'i

XVIII

133

XIX

139 volution

XX

146 The Koran at Dawn

M. S. al-Rafi'i

XXI

157 Isma'il and the Mos-

Suhayr al-Qalamawi

quitoes XXII

164 Holidays at Santrls

Zaki Mubarak

XXIII

170 The Sharecropper

Amin al-Rayhani vi

CONTENTS

XXIV

177 St. George's Day

X

X

Anīs Furayhah

V

At al-Azhar

1

8

Tāhā

8

Husayn

XXVI

194 My City Quarter

Ahmad Amīn

XXVII

201

Amīn

al-Rayhānī

Sāmī

al Kayyālī

XXVIII

207 Our Family's Name

M. Kurd 'All

XXIX

219 Some Writers I Knew

Salamah Musa

Chamber of Sorrows

M. L. al-Manfaluti

XXX

225

XXXI

233 The S u i t c a s e R o s e

Ghurayyib

XXXII

241 The Sought-after Lover

Khalil al-Hindawi

XXXIII

254 Abu B a t t a h M i k h a ' il Nu'aymah

XXXIV

262 Najiyyah Bint al-Fiqi

Mahmud Taymur

About the Authors

275

Arabic-English Vocabulary

295

Index of Idioms and Set Phrases

405

Index of Grammatical Points

419

vii

INTRODUCTION This book is intended for the student who has covered the essentials of Arabic morphology and syntax, presented in such introductory works as An Introduction to Modern Arabic by F. J. Ziadeh and R. B. Winder, and who has read simple selections of prose like that found in newspapers. It can, there­ fore, be described as an intermediate reader. The thirty-four selections found in the book represent the modern literary style of writing in the Eastern Arab coun­ tries. The writers hail from Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. No poetry or selections from works of North African writers are included as these two subjects merit separate treat­ ment. The selections may be divided into five

categories:

Selections I-XIII are either of the essay type or represent the attempt of the writer to deal with particular issue or experience; Selections XIV-XIX deal with political subjects; Selections XX-XXIV represent local color; Selections XXV-XXIX are biographical; and Selections XXX-XXXIV are short stories. In most cases the selection is an abridgment of a longer piece; the original language, however, is kept, and only minor transi­ tional phrases are employed to keep the continuity of the meaning. Moreover, the original punctuation is kept so as to accustom the student to the lack of system in this field. Only a few commas were changed to periods where the sense would otherwise be misleading. Sentence numbers are inserted in the text for the dual purpose of annotation and ready reference while reading in class. Numbering, however, does not always follow sentence sequence and many long clauses are given numbers for easier reference.

INTRODUCTION

The notes are self-explanatory except perhaps to say that, in giving the meaning of phrases and sentences, paren­ theses are used to enclose material necessary in English and brackets are used to enclose material necessary in Arabic. Trans­ literation is employed to avert the necessity of using Arabic vowel signs, which are problematical in printing. In transli­ terating, case endings are not given except when the point needing explanation involves them. A main feature of the book is a very careful count of all words in the selections. These were found to number 5,048 separate vocabulary units. In determining what constitutes a unit the criteria used by Jacob M. Landau's A Word Count of Modern Arabic Prose (New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1959) was adopted. Further, every occurrence of each word was recorded to the end that if a word which is among the first two thousand most-used words (according to the Landau count) occurred less than ten times in the selections, it was used again in the exercises with a view to raising its number to ten. Thus, stress was laid upon the most recurring words in the language so as to aid the student in surmounting the vocabulary hurdle. Of the first two thousand words of the Landau count, 1,609 occur in the reader, with 1,429 repeated ten times or more, 116 words repeated more than five times but less than ten, and 64 words repeated only five times. No attempt was made to repeat numbers, relative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, foreign words, and geographical names. The first one thousand words of the Landau count were found to represent between 70 and 75 percent of all words counted by him; so the 1,609 words stressed in this reader should represent a higher ratio of any given work in modern literary Arabic. In addition to their function in repeating the vocabulary units, the exercises are designed to review points of grammar, to χ

INTRODUCTION

emphasize syntactical and idiomatic points raised in the parti­ cular lesson, and to test the student's power of comprehending what he reads. No English to Arabic or composition exercises are included as these are beyond the scope of the present work which is essentially "a reader." Following every fourth lesson are supplementary exercises intended to repeat the vocabulary units. The exercises and supplementary exercises are limited to the words and idioms occurring either in the particular selection or in previous ones. The list of Arabic-English vocabulary needs some further comment. First, following Landau, participles are listed under the verb unless they represent a separate entity, in which case they are listed separately. Second, some comparative adjectives are listed as such instead of under the original adjective, as is the case with most adjectives, to guard against deducing a wrong meaning for those comparative adjectives. Third, a verb that can take different prepositions is given only one listing but with the different meanings provided. A list of the most common verbs with their prepositions can be found in Ziadeh and Winder, Introduction to Modern Arabic.

The index of idioms and set phrases contains, in addition to these items, all individual words which needed some sort of explanation in the notes. It is pleasant to acknowledge the help I received from my friends and colleagues. My thanks go first to Mr. Noury alKhaledy, formerly of Princeton and now of Portland State College, who assisted me through the various stages of this work. His cheerful cooperation made our exacting task much more enjoyable. My colleague Mr. Majed Sa'id was generous with his time in discussing with me the plan of the book and making several suggestions, and in being always willing to let me test

INTRODUCTION

my ideas with him. Mr. Michel Mazzaoui of Princeton aided in several ways, Mrs. Dorothy Dalby often supplied the English idiom needed, and Mr. Kennett Love spotted a number of words originally missing from the glossary. To all these friends my thanks are due. Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to Professor T. Cuyler Young, Chairman of the Department of Oriental Studies, for his engouragement and the extra time provided me to undertake this work, to the Five-University Summer Language Committee for financial

help toward the first sum­

mer's work on the reader, to the National Defense Education Act Administration for similar support in the summer of 1960 and to the staff of Princeton University Press, the publisher, and the Imprimerie Catholique, the printer, for completing an exacting task. Princeton, JV. J.

F. J. Z.

January 1964

xil

LITERARY SELECTIONS AND EXERCISES AND

A NOTE ON THE AUTHORS

SELECTION I

i

SELECTION III

2

SELECTION III

NOTES (1)

The clause beginning with the imperfect verb

is a hāl clause. my eye was attracted by," lit. "my eye took." : The clause beginning with

is relative.

No relative pronoun is used because the antecedent is indefinite. (2)

an idiom meaning "crossed my mind." "what so-and-so endures of..." This construction, which consists of an indefinite pronoun followed by a verb and a p a r t i t i v e i s very common in Arabic. The pronoun is usually

Such a construction

may

best be translated by "the... which he endures." Notice in the same sentence (3)

This sentence stands for a presumed subjunctive like

" I must not prolong."

(4)

" I started to turn over (its pages)." The perfect verb

when followed by another verb in the imper-

fect, gives the meaning of "began," "started." Other verbs used in the same way are tence 27);

(see below, sen-

(see below, sentence 19);

(see below,

sentence 14). "lo and behold!" This is called the 3

of surprise.

SELECTION III

It is always followed by a noun or pronoun. (6)

" G o d is above causing a loss...," lit. " G o d is more generous than causing a loss..." "if it is correct."

(8)

"that is." This usage is employed in Arabic to introduce a sentence explaining a preceding one. The fa' is the conjunction, followed by the lam of the imperative, followed by the jussive, "to be obliged to (use)." a rare masdar of Form II verb.

(9)

"since I was... it became necessary..." : circumstance clause introduced by waw of hal. "in accordance with..."

(10)

: "where the conversation (is to be found)." The noun which follows

is always in the nominative.

hal formed from a rare masdar of Form n verb. (multawin) : "twisted," active participle of the Form viii

weak lam verb

( 1 2 ) " s e e k i n g

inspiration from it."

"go bring." The imperative

has no equi-

valent perfect or imperfect verbs. ( 1 3 ) " i t (14)

was as if I."

See above, sentence 4. "showering me with."

(15)

: "as nothing before pleased him."

(17) (18)

passive participle of first

person perfect of the doubled verb " I indicated... 'no'."

(19) (20)

See above, sentence 4. "after I skipped." Most adverbs, when 4

SELECTION III

followed by a verb, require the particles

or

as

"buffer." (22)

" I preferred." The verb

followed by a

verb in the imperfect denotes the past continuous. ( 2 3 ) " w h e n

we arrived."

"I called out to him." ( 2 6 ) " I t (27)

was incumbent upon me."

"instead of." : See above, sentence 4. "at least."

(28)

" I found no way but to consider," lit. " I saw no escape from considering."

(29)

an Egyptian colloquialism meaning "hand over and get done with you!"

(30) (31)

"most probably." an alternate form of

of surprise. (See above,

sentence 4.) (32)

" H o w extravagant he is!" lit. " H o w strong is his extravagance!" When

is followed by a Form iv

verb, it gives the meaning of wonder or surprise. The noun which follows is in the accusative as object of the verb. This

is called the

of wonderment.

"may God disgrace him." Notice here the use of the perfect verb to express the optative. (33)

a word of Turkish origin meaning "an army post," but in Cairo such a post was used as a hospital; hence the colloquial meaning "hospital."

(34)

" O ! What an awful thing!" lit. " O black piece of news!" "we need not." The

is for absolute negation,

and the noun which follows is always in the singular accusative with no nunation. (35)

"whatever it wanted took place." Notice that 5

SELECTION III

here

does not have a predicate because its sense is com-

plete without one. This type of

is called "the complete"

as distinguished from "the incomplete," which does require a predicate. The complete

may best be translated

by "tookplace," "happened," or "existed." (37)

"he did not know whether to curse or laugh." The interrogative particle

is here used in the

sense of "whether." Notice that the conjunction " o r " in an interrogative sentence is

instead of

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

2.

Change the subject in sentences 16-19 from the first

person singular to the third person feminine singular. The first clause is completed for you :

6

SELECTION III

3.

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then

translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes):

4.

Change the following hal clauses to a regular hal. The

first example is completed:

5.

With the verbs in the first list use any of the auxiliary 7

SELECTION III

verbs in the second list meaning "to start to do," "to begin to do," and translate the resulting clause. The first example is completed: IV

III

"he began to prefer"

8

II

I

SELECTION II

9

SELECTION III

IO

SELECTION III

14

NOTES

(I)

"there are words." "current on our tongues." "etc.," an abbreviation of

(3)

a transposition from This changing of a would-be object to a subject is done to emphasize it in the mind of the reader.

(6)

an idiom meaning "from this

( 8 ) f r o m

the p a s s i v e " t o

(comes)." be

concerned."

( 9 ) S o l o m o n . Ardashir — a name given to three of the Sasanid kings. Alexander. Mu'awiyah — first Ummayyad caliph. "as for the people, these

(II)

(writers) did not feel (their existence)." When the subject is introduced by

the predicate must be introduced by "they had not risen yet." Here the

word a final dammah.

"yet" stands alone and is invariable with

SELECTION III

(

1

3

)

:

"used to take place." "always."

(14)

"was not, at all,..." apocopation of the jussive

is a further

from the imperfect verb

It is used interchangeably with Koran and poetry. The adverb

especially in the 'at all" is only used

with the past negation. With the present or future negation the adverb (15)

(abadan) "at all" is used. "both of them," "each of them." This

dual feminine noun

and its masculine equivalent

are always in construct either with a definite dual noun or a dual pronoun. Neither of them is inflected except when connected with a pronominal suffix. (16)

"the cream of the elite."

(19)

a famous 'Abbasid writer and scholar (d. 868).

( al-Mutanabbi ) : perhaps the greatest

Arabic poet of medieval times (d. 965). (al-Mubarrad) : a famous Arabic philologist (d. 898).

(21)

"is not possible to be

un-

qualified," lit. "is not possible to go on its absoluteness." (22) (23)

"especially." "extol." This idiom may be replaced

( 2 6by) "the a verb l t h and o u its g hobject . . . .: , (28)

yet...."

"reappeared." An alternate is "we were about to..."

(29)

Notice that when the subject of the verb was followed by several co-ordinates, the connection between the verb and its predicate might have been weakened had it not been reinforced by a new verb having the same meaning and placed before the predicate. 12

SELECTION II

Usually, however, in similar situations, the same verb is repeated. (40)

"that he is a hero who has a mission."

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

2.

Draw a chart consisting of three columns entitled

"verb," "masdar," and "active participle." Place the following words in the proper column and give the corresponding words which fit in the other two columns. The first example is completed below the list of words:

verb

3.

masdar

active participle

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then 13

SELECTION III

translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes):

4.

In the following sentences a transposition has taken

place. Rearrange them according to the first example:

5.

In the following sentences change the verbs from the

perfect to (a) the past continuous and to (b) the pluperfect. The first example is completed: pluperfect

past continuous

14

perfect

SELECTION III

15

SELECTION III

16

SELECTION III

17

SELECTION

III

NOTES (

1

they were not." : "absolutely." ( 3 ) p l u r a l of "gentleman, fine person." ( 4 ) : "some person." : from the root (6) "of importance." (7)

)

"

i

f

a contraction of

(13)

"in what?"

"and perhaps most of that which he was famous for was..." (14) "even you." 18

SELECTION III

: "they do not doubt," lit. "doubt does not pervade them." (17)

"Is this a country that can be lived in?" The interrogative here implies a negation. Note the special usage of the passive verb

to mean "can be

lived in," "habitable." Other examples:

|

"a readable book,"

"edible ( and

enjoyable) fruit." (18)

"toward the end." The plural is also used in the expression

"toward the beginning."

"entirely." The sound masculine plural is used because this word is assimilated to adjectives of the form having a comparative or superlative signification, and referring to people. The word is in the accusative because the author apparently intended it as a hal. In the Koran this word occurs only as an appositive. (19)

and its feminine form

represent

an indefinite number between 3 and 10. Like these numbers, they are in construct with the counted noun which is in the genitive plural. The modern tendency is to apply the principle of polarity to these words in their relation to the counted nouns. "on the top of which." (20)

: "whoever you may be." The sentence is a conditional sentence with the jawab preceding the shart. The pronoun

is in the accusative

as predicate of the verb (22)

"while I was on [some part o f ] the way, I suddenly struck..." Notice the special use of to mean

"while." The particle

above, I, 4) is for surprise, but, unlike lowed by a verb. The combination... in stories and accounts of travel. 19

like

(see

j may be folis frequent

SELECTION III

: "I felt with my hand." Notice that when a verb follows the adverb the "buffer"

is not inserted between them as with

other adverbs (see above, I, 20). If the U is inserted the resulting combination (23)

would mean "wherever".

a colloquial expression meaning "far be it from me today."

(25)

"however." "it was not long before it disappeared," lit. "it did not tarry(until) it disappeared." An alternate expression is

(27)

"what might I perhaps do?" The word is a verb occurring only in the perfect but with an imperfective meaning. It means "perhaps," "might." It is sometimes followed by a noun or pronoun, as here, but often it is impersonal and is followed by the infinitival making the infinitival clause its subject, as in "you might perhaps hate..." (Koran, 2:216).

( 2 8 ) " d i d (29) (34)

not leave my mind."

: an adverb meaning "while" or "until." he looked at me (with the) look of one who did not understand."

(35)

"... with a ... matter which is in a natural sequence in relation to daily life." Note the special usage of

(38) (39)

to mean "in relation to."

"in search for," lit. "after." (... nakhb): "to toast." "duties of my post."

(44)

"let them." The root is

(45)

"had the king been here I would not have been able." For the conditional contrary to fact the shart is introduced by

(46)

"to the health of." 20

and the jawab by

SELECTION

III

"two pillars (made out) of honesty and respect for law." The special use of indicates here the relation between the "material" and the "article" made of it.

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

2.

In the following sentences the words in the accusative

are in bold-faced letters. Translate the sentences and give the reason for the accusative case:

21

SELECTION III

3.

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then

translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes):

4. Translate the following sentences and point out the signification or the special function of words in bold-faced letters :

22

SELECTION III

5.

In the following conditional sentences the

precedes the shart. Rearrange them so as to have a reverse order. The first example is completed:

23

SELECTION

24

IV

SELECTION III

25

SELECTION III

NOTES (1)

Some writers have a tendency to use the preposition

( (6)

5

)

"

t

"in" where others might use o

assume his post." : "from day to day." 26

SELECTION IV

"as well as." : "he also," lit. "he, the other." (7)

conditional sentence. "what was said (to the effect) that..."

(9)

"the same robe." An alternate expression : lit. "uncle," is a term of respect used when addressing an older man.

(12)

"does not own a thing," lit. "does not own the like of a mean thing."

(13)

plural of

"lawsuit."

"to be acclimated," a newly coined word from the noun

"climate."

( 1 5 ) g r a d u a t e d (16)

from."

: "is near to." "a certain building." Whenever

is

preceded by an indefinite noun and is followed by the definite plural of the same noun, the resulting combination signifies a wholly undefined entity. (18)

"separates between." The particle

is here

redundant. (

2

3

)

:

an old section of Cairo. "is not less than."

(25)

"and I felt that if this happens, then nobody would remain but myself." In this sentence please n o t e t h e following: The particles

and

found, the pronominal suffix

require a subject; if none is is introduced to act as

such. This pronoun anticipates and represents a subsequent clause which forms the predicate of the sentence introduced by the particle. This particle is used classically either to introduce a conditional sentence contrary to fact or optatively to 27

SELECTION III

express a wish. But modern Arabic writers use it in the sense of

i.e. to express a contingency which is likely

to happen, as is the case in this sentence1"other than myself." (26)

"I married neither the daughter of... nor the daughter of..."

(28)

"does not differ in form." The word is used as an accusative of specification, "verily."

(30)

"I am no more than," lit. "I do not go beyondbeing."

(32)

"why not."

is a contraction of

"why."

"I attract attention." ( 3 4 ) " t o w a r d . " ( 3 5 ) " i t

occurred to me."

(38)

"it appeared to me."

(39)

"the lawyers assembled."

(40)

"to glance furtively."

(44)

(la-shadda amazed."

dhahilt):

"I was indeed greatly

is an expression which, when

it precedes a verb, it intensifies its meaning. (46)

"the abolished councils." These are the old Egyptian courts which were abolished when the National Courts were instituted in 1883.

(47)

an alternate spelling of

(idhan), "therefore."

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

1

On conditional sentences generally, see F. J. Ziadeh and R. B. Winder, An Introduction to Modern Arabic (Princeton, 1957), pp. 162-63. 28

SELECTION III

2.

Give the meaning of the following verbs and then

form the perfect passive and the imperfect passive for each. The first one is completed at the end of the list:

verb

meaning

perfect passive

imperfect passive

to appoint 3.

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then

translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes):

29

SELECTION IV

4.

In the following sentences the pronominal suffix * ...

has been added to the particle

to act as its subject. Change

the sentence about so that a noun or a pronoun in the subsequent clause becomes the subject of

without a change

in the meaning. The first example is completed:

5. Words used as hal or as object of specification are in the accusative. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between the two usages. One of the following four sentences represents a hal usage while the others represent specification usages. Translate the sentences and show which is which:

30

SELECTION IV

SUPPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY EXERCISE 1.

Translate the following sentences :

31

SELECTION III

2.

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences from the

words between parentheses and translate the sentences:

32

SELECTION III

3. a. Give the meaning of the following words and the plural or singular of each as the case may be:

b. For each word in the first column find its antonym in the second column:

33

SELECTION

34

V

SELECTION III

35

SELECTION III

NOTES (1)

"my demand of granting."

is the object

of the masdar "to be considered slaves," lit. "in the fetters of slavery." (4)

"has complete control over his thoughts," lit. "owns the halter of his thought." cognate object.

(5)

"on the whole. " "conducts himself according to."

(

7

)

:

"it is not... nor..." when the subject is feminine

plural,

the

preceding verb can be either feminine singular or masculine singular (as here). ( 9 ) " m a n y

times."

( 1 0 ) " i t is true," lit. "yes." "more often." "for no reason other than his

(12) mere desire for..." (13)

"from this point of view." "stronger in plundering liberty than..." The masdar

is in the accusative of specification.

( 1 4 ) p e o p l e (18) (23)

whose opinion counts."

: "there is no doubt that..." : "it cannot be said," lit. "it is not said." 36

SELECTION

(24)

III

"at any time he wished." The perfect verb is used in this expression in the place of the imperfect to give the verb the character of definiteness by implying that it has already been exercised. The imperfect may be used also. "two, three, and four." (See Koran 4:3).

(27)

(man...) : "those who follow them," "those who studied under them."

(

2

8

)

(

... u'iddat...) : "for which she was prepared."

(

2

9

)

:

"so that she is not able." "nor to ride."

(30)

"on the whole," "in short." "by herself and for herself."

(33)

"she does not make a move except when he is the source for it," lit. "'...except when its course is from him." A sentence following the exceptive particle

(34) (35)

may be introduced by the particle

"because of that." a conditional sentence the shart of which is an imperative and the jawab a jussive verb.

( 3 6 ) " n o t

only... but."

(37)

"how can it be otherwise when he is...," lit. "how not while he is..."

(38)

"for the first instant," "at first sight." "feels in himself." The preposition

sometimes

has the sense of (39)

"as if the situation says," lit. "as if the tongue of his state says."

37

SELECTION VIII

EXERCISES 1. Translate into English:

2. In the paragraph starting with sentence 30 and ending with sentence 34 change the second word, the singular , to its plural } and then make all other necessary changes in the paragraph to conform to the feminine plural subject. 3. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes):

38

SELECTION VIII

4. In each of the following sentences a masdar (in bold-faced letters) is the first member of a construct.Between the two members of the construct introduce a noun or pronoun so that this latter becomes the second member, and the original second member becomes an object of the masdar. The first example is compieted:

5. The cognate object is used in Arabic either to emphasize the action of the verb or to qualify that action by the addition of adjectives or relative clauses to the object. Read the following sentences and show how each cognate object is used:

39

SELECTION VIII

40

SELECTION

41

VI

SELECTION VIII

42

SELECTION VIII

NOTES (1) Up j ' i a i ^

:

"it is difficult for us."

(3) ... : "but they are." ^SWI (Jaiii : "various regions in the world." (4) vJs^VI rU' oOat" : "differs completely." JOl^Vl fir" is cognate accusative. (7) ... jjJ J j ^ C r : "the thing which stands in the way of..." (10) ... ji-l Uijt \i,\j : "if W e should want the truth, then there is no escape from..." Note that when the jawab of the conditional particle ^ begins with a noun or particle, the particle ...» is prefixed to it. 43

SELECTION VIII

(11)

"far from what she should be."

The expression means "the state or condition in which he is." (16) "during the years." (18) "overwhelming majority." (20]

: "a mere independent [to oneself] creature."

(21) (24)

an irregular masdar of Form II verb "result in," lit. "removes the veil from." _ "results worthy of mention." (25) : "falling behind the course ( lit. cavalcade) of civilization." (26) "in itself." (29) (yastahwidh): contrary to the general rule, this Form X hollow verb keeps its waw. (31) : "whether they were in conformity or in disharmony with..., they have become...," lit. " it is all the same whether..." (33) : "I do not see." When precedes an imperfect verb it expresses a very strong negation. (34) "stands in the way of..." (35) : "it is useless." ( 3 7 ) ' w i t h all that." (38) : "self-confidence." (39) (... mudiyy...) : "all through the centuries." : "inferiority complex." (40) "making her way", lit. "splitting her way." (41)

"This (should be added) to her cowardice..." In modern Arabic the pronoun ^ is used in the beginning of a sentence to represent a summing up of ideas previously expressed in addition to the idea expressed in that sentence. This is especially true in broadcasting where the expression "furthermore" is often used. 44

SELECTION VIII

(42) (44)

"unfortunately." ): "dominance was not decreed to one of them." (46) : "mixes up her thoughts." : "in any case," "at any rate." (47)

EXERCISES 1. Translate into English:

i

2. In the following sentences verbs in the subjunctive mood are in bold-faced letters. Translate the sentences and point out the reason for the use of the subjunctive:

45

SELECTION VIII

3. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes).

46

SELECTION VI

4. From the group of words listed below fill in the blanks in the following sentences which are designed to exemplify some of the uses of the preposition ,y .

5. Translate the following paragraph and make a brief comment about the special usage of words in bold-faced letters:

47

SELECTION

48

VII

SELECTION VIII

49

SELECTION VIII

NOTES (I)

(5) (7) (9)

(10) (II)

(15) (19) (21)

(22) (24)

(28)

(ay bunayy): "O, my dear son.' is a vocative particle, is the diminutive of "my son." The diminutive here is for endearment. "many times more than." : "realized ourselves." : The clause introduced by is the predicate of , a "sister" of oi . : Note that the cognate object can be a construct phrase made up of a word limiting the masdar of the verb or even the masdar of a different verb-form but of the same root. "its performance." : "what takes its place." is in the accusative because it is used as an adverb of place. A similar expression is "to take the place of." "through thick and thin." ( ... sulibat man ... ) : "if it (spirit) is deprived of the entity it feels sociable with." [ ...faqada ) : a conditional sentence. "the believer rests tranquil while the unbeliever is disturbed."Note the special usage of the perfect verb to signify an action which happened in the past, is happening at present, and will happen in the future. Such verbs are employed sometimes to express a truism or a proverb. _ "this is the case." {...tilwa...): "misery after misery." The noun "trace" is used as an adverb to mean "following," "after." A synonym noun used in the same way is (ithra). (wahdah): "alone." (wa-law): "even though." 50

SELECTION VIII

(...tudkhilu...) : "you did not make an entry of the hereafter in the account (book) of this world." (31) : "taking no notice of." (32) (34)

: "widespread evil." "I certainly feel." The lam prefixed to the verb is for affirmation.

(36)

"suffer from hunger." : "to steal."

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

2. Each of the following sentences contains a quadriliteral verb. Translate the sentences and conjugate the verb for all 51

SELECTION VIII

persons in the perfect and imperfect. To what triliteral verbs are these quadriliterals similar ?

3. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes):

4. Nominal clauses introduced by (anna ) and verbal clauses introduced by (an) can, like a noun, be used as subjects, predicates, objects of verbs, and objects of prepositions. In the following sentences show how such clauses are used:

52

SELECTION VII

i

5. A clear distinction must be kept in mind between the preposition lam which precedes nouns and pronouns, the lam which renders verbs in the subjunctive, and the lam of affirmation which can precede nouns, pronouns, verbs and particles. In the following sentences identify these three types of lam.

53

SELECTION

54

VIII

SELECTION VIII

NOTES (2)

"every living thing," lit. "every thing possessing a living breath." (4) (taratan... wa-tawran) : "sometimes... and sometimes." (8) : negative imperative or prohibitive. (tujaha): "vis-a-vis." This noun, from the root , is used as an adverb. (11)

f fildhat kabidi) : "apple of my eye," lit. "piece of my heart." ( 1 2 ) ( b u ' a y d a ) : "a little after." (13) (habbadha): "excellent is..." This expression is made out of the verb . and the demonstrative li . It is indeclinable. "while sleepiness had overwhelmed {lit. painted with antimony) his eyes." For a verbal clause used as a hal clause, see below XX, 1, and Exercise 3. 55

SELECTION VIII

(17)

(19)

(22) (23) (25)

: "sleep has made my eyelids heavy." : "O, my mother." When the vocative is employed in a situation expressing sorrow or pain, an alif termination, or an alif ha' in pause, is added. The first person pronominal suffix is often omitted. : imperative of Form IV verb. "and protect them," imperative of Form I, weak lam. (umdud) : imperative of Form I, doubled verb. (ihdi): imperative of Form I, weak lam. : "let this be"; jussive.

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

2. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes): 56

SELECTION VIII

3. Give the perfect and the imperfect of the following imperative verbs:

4. The jussive mood is used after the negative particle |i, with the negative imperative after V , after the lam of the imperative, and in some conditional sentences. In the following sentences point out the reason for the jussives in bold-faced letters:

57

SELECTION VIII

SUPPLEMENTARY 1.

VOCABULARY

Translate the following sentences:

58

EXERCISES

SELECTION VIII

2.

Fill the blanks in the following sentences from the

words between parentheses and translate the sentences:

59

SELECTION VIII

3.

a. Give the meaning of the following words and the

plural or the singular of each as the case may be:

60

SELECTION VIII

b. For each word in the first column find its antonym in the second column:

6i

SELECTION IX

62

SELECTION VIII

63

SELECTION VIII

NOTES (1)

A* (muharwilin) : active participle of

(6) ^

(ludhna): from iV "to take refuge."

• • • V:

:

" a long time passed." •' "the chattering with which we repel..."

Note that the relative clause V.

does not begin with a

relative pronoun even though the antecedent carries the 64

SELECTION VIII

definite article. Whenever the definite article of the antecedent implies the generic instead of the definite and specific, no relative pronoun is used. (8)

"he hardly disappears before he returns." lit. "the door hardly folds him until he returns." : "not concerned with us," lit. "nothing of our affair concerns him,"

(10)

: "on a fashion."

(11)

: "is he truly too busy (to be attentive) to us?"

(14)

"we presented ourselves in front of."

( 1 5 ) " t h r o u g h

the easiest of ways."

" I reconsidered." (16)

: This is a hal clause introduced by an adverb.

(17) r^L^I

: "is agitated like the agitation of..." The use

of the cognate object here is not for emphasis but for indication of kind. : Note that an adjective may be separated from the noun it modifies by a prepositional phrase. which are traveled quickly

by

cars," lit. "which cars loot a looting." An alternate expression of the same meaning is

lit. "to fold a

folding." (20) Wilis: "throws us back and forth." (21) (23)

: " I can hardly discern." "pedestrians;"

a collective noun

( see below,

X I I I , 46 ) . : "skyscrapers." (24)

"high mountains." The plural adjective is usfed here as a substantive in construct with the noun which it limits.

(32)

: The pronoun 65

is subject, and

SELECTION IX

is predicate. It may be translated: "Here are the skyscrapers..." "does not cease." (33)

: "the civilized world."

(36)

: "he gave up," lit. "he shook off his hand."

(37)

(ma fati'a): "has not ceased."

(38)

_

(41)

: "as much as he is able to."

: "frequents i t . "

(42)

: This is equivalent to

(43)

: "fast selling." For this type of construct see below, X I , 34.

(46)

"black and expensive binding." It is to be noted that most well-known writers do not split their constructs so as to say

. Instead they stick to

the classical idiom by making two constructs, one with the original noun and the other with a pronoun referring back to that noun, as is the case here. (47)

: "at first," lit. "the first opinion." The word is in the accusative as adverb of time. An alternate expression is

(54)

: "despite its wisdom."

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

66

SELECTION IX

2.

Nouns of place and time are formed from Form I

verb on the patterns of

( maf'il and maf'al) and

(maf'alah), and from the derived-form verbs on the passive participle pattern. In the following sentences identify such nouns or their plurals and state their pattern:

i

: "from time to time."

(44)

: a mixture of broad beans and chic peas fried in fat. : a dish made of broad beans. : "and fish which is bought." (For the absence of a relative pronoun see above, I X , 6.)

(45)

: "it is rare that they are able."

(47)

"much of that would have taken place." 197

SELECTION XXVIII

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

2.

Translate the following sentences and state all you

know of grammatical and idiomatic information about the words in bold-faced letters:

198

SELECTION XXVIII

3. Several Form I V verbs are derived from adjectives to which thay are closely related. Point out the meaning of Form I V verbs in the following sentences and state what adjectives they are related to:

4. In the light of the selection state whether the following sentences are true or false:

199

SELECTION XXVIII

200

SELECTION

201

XXVII

SELECTION XXVIII

202

SELECTION XXVIII

NOTES (1)

: "were instrumental in," "brought about," lit. "acted u p o n . "

(6)

"caused him to dismiss."

(7)

, the enormously rich character mentioned in Koran 28:79, and presumably representing the Biblical K o r a h (Num. X V I ) .

(

9

)

(10)

:

"he mastered it." (shughifa...): "he was enamoured with..."

: Shakespeare. (12)

lit. "country of immigration," i.e. the U.S.A.

(13)

: "he advised him to leave..." "no longer suited."

(15)

: "main newspapers, lit. "mothers of newspapers."

(16)

"how would he attain t h a t ? " lit. "where is that to h i m ? "

(21)

: a book on grammar written by

203

Far-

SELECTION XXVIII

hat (d. 1732), a Maronite bishop of Aleppo. : a collection of speeches and discourses attributed to the Caliph 'Ali. T h e collector is thought by some authors to be al-Sharif a l - R a d i (d. 1015), while others assert it was his brother, al-Sharif a l - M u r t a d a , who m a d e the collection. : dramatic anecdotes in rhymed prose by alHariri (d. 1122). (22)

"the credit for that (goes) to his readings of biographies."

(23)

Thomas Carlyle, author of On Heroes and HeroWorship.

(24)

"yes, indeed."

(25)

: "there was no way out o f . . . " (Compare in X I X , 10.)

(30)

: "while he was turning (things) over... he suddenly stumbled upon..." form for

"while." T h e particle

is an alternate signifies suddenness

or surprise. the famous pessimistic and sceptical Arab poet (d. 1057). a type of verse employing at least two letters in the rhyme instead of the usual one. (33)

"sinks under a nightmare."

(35)

: "sometimes using figurative language, a n d sometimes using plain speech."

(37)

: "destroying," lit. "pulling down the edifices of..." "side by side."

(38)

: "took upon themselves (lit. their shoulders)."

204

SELECTION XXVIII

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

2.

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then

translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes):

205

SELECTION XXVIII

3.

Change sentences 14-16 from the third person masculine

singular to the first person singular. 4. In the light of the selection state whether the following sentences are true or false:

206

SELECTION

207

XXVIII

SELECTION

208

XXVIII

SELECTION

XXVIII

NOTES (1)

" h e deigned .... and asked m e . " : Fuad I Arabic Language Academy, known today as the Arabic Language Academy. "acting president." "constructs a n d relating (one noun to another)."

(

2

)

"

f

o

r

a long time."

"was subject to," "was the object of." (lit. "was the locale for." " a r g u m e n t , " lit. "taking and giving back." (3)

" a m o n g them is..."

(5)

" h e gave me a kunyah (by-name)."

(8)

"was

not

that

elegant

so that I would permit myself." " t h a t I be named by its name." (11)

: " t o take me back to the name of my family." : "according to the custom o f . . . "

(12)

" m y utmost concern."

(13) (

1

: " a n d I was glad that I kept it." 4

)

:

" t h a t among the people are those who." "using the n a m e . "

209

SELECTION

(16)

"with what occurs to them."

(17) (

XXVIII

" I was afflicted with."

2

0

)

a

n

Egyptian author and scholar (d. 1934), : a former Egyptian prime minister (d.1950).

(21)

"even though I did not find it very palatable."

( 2 2 ) : (23)

"with the passage of time." "has not ceased."

( 2 4 ) " b e s t o w s ( 2 5 ) " a n d (27)

upon me."

is generous (enough) to add."

" I hear it more often."

( 3 0 ) " h o w s o e v e r (31)

it should occur to you."

(32)

"while they parade with..."

(34)

: "those attached t o ; " passive participle of

(37) (38)

high his position might be."

"to cause to love." "for their bad behavior." : " I could not but ...," lit. "(nothing) could

hold me except..." (39)

"the treasury could not but..." (Compare the preceding sentence, and see above, XV, 33.) "unwillingly," lit. "on pain."

(40)

: "caused me to inherit." When a verb takes two objects which are pronouns, the pronouns may either be joined together and suffixed to the verb, as here, o they may be separated by the particle

(41)

thus:

"for the purpose," lit. "on the way of..."

2IO

SELECTION

XXVIII

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

2.

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences and then

translate them into English. (Numbers at the end of sentences indicate where aid may be sought in the text or the notes):

211

SELECTION

3.

XXVIII

Translate the following sentences and state all you

know of grammatical and idiomatic information about the words in bold-faced letters:

4. In the light of the selection state whether the following sentences are true or false:

212

SELECTION

XXVIII

S U P P L E M E N T A R Y VOCABULARY E X E R C I S E S 1.

Translate the following sentences:

213

SELECTION

2.

XXVIII

Fill the blanks in the following sentences from the words

between parentheses and translate the sentences:

214

SELECTION

215

XXVIII

SELECTION

3.

XXVIII

From the word list below, fill in the blanks in the

following sentences:

216

SELECTION X X V I I I

4.

a. Give the meaning of the following words and the

plural or singular of each as the case may be:

b. Give the masdars of the following verbs and their meanings:

c. For each word in the first column find its synonym in the second column: (1)

Nouns II

(2)

I

Verbs

II

II

I

217

I

SELECTION

XXVIII

d. For each word in the first column find its antonym in the second column: (1) Nouns II

(2) Verbs I

II

218

I

SELECTION

219

XXIX

SELECTION XXVIII

220

SELECTION XXVIII

NOTES "my acquaintance with him continued." "dedicated his life." (3) "it is nearer to brevity (5) than [it is] to verbosity." "as much as he was able to." (6) (,kullun min): "every one of." (14) "to value much." (17) "did not restrain himself from..." (24) "despair was more dominant among (26) (1)

(27) (28) (29) (34)

: "in doubt about." "right," "in the right." Mayy Ziadeh (d. 1941). "her parents." "literary salons." 221

SELECTION XXVIII

(40)

: "according to what it did."

: Muhammad al-Muwaylihi (d. 1930). : an Egyptian literary magazine, now defunct, edited by Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyat. (41) : "some opinion." Whenever the pronoun follows an indefinite noun so as to be in apposition to it, it adds a f u r t h e r sense of vague indefiniteness. (;mumdtah) : "dead;" passive participle of form IV verb , "to cause to die." (45) : lit. "the newspaper," was a magazine edited by Lutfi al-Sayyid, the famous Egyptian lawyer, scholar, and educator. (50) V (thamma): "there is." (51)

: lit. "the rules of morphology and syntax," but what is meant here is "the traditional and pedantic approach."

EXERCISES 1.

Translate into English:

222

SELECTION XXVIII

2. Translate the following sentences and state all the grammatical and idiomatic information you know about the words in bold-faced letters:

3. Draw a chart consisting of three columns entitled "verb," "masdar," and "passive participle." Place the following words in the proper column and give the corresponding words which fit in the other two columns. Then supply the meanings of the given words:

223

SELECTION XXVIII

4. In the light of the selection state whether the following sentences are true or false:

224

SELECTION

225

XXX

SELECTION XXVIII

226

SELECTION

227

XXVIII

SELECTION

XXVIII

NOTES (3) (4)

(... unkir...): " I not finding fault in him." "his letters." : "doubts concerning him assailed me," lit. "there assailed me of doubts concerning his affair that which assailed me." The use of the relative clause ^ employing the same verb as the one in the main clause is for emphasis.

(5)

" a long time ago."

(7)

"while I (was) returning... suddenly..." is an alternate to

"while." : "it appears to the (person) look-

ing at it." (9)

" I had hardly (reached) its middle when..."

"then another followed it, and still another," lit. "then its sister followed it, and its sisters." (10) (... la-al-'ajabi) : "my goodness!" lit. "O the wonder!" The lam is called the lam expressing surprise. It follows the particle k and governs the genitive. (11) (14)

"I groped (my) way." I (adrik...) : "hurry to my father," lit. "reach my father." : "fighting (lit. dealing with) pangs of death."

(17)

: "I found what I had been seeking," lit. " I found my astray (thing) which I had been seeking." The feminine active participle , used as a substantive to mean "an astray," is used for both the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural.

(18) someone istabta a

w

carpet

b i s a t s l o w n e s s

tabatu"

simplicity

basatahflatland

batha'

spread out

mabsutviolence

batsh

to smile

b a s a m a { i ) t o cancel, stop

abtala

to smile

ibtasamahero

batal

smiling

i b t i s a m h e r o e s

abtal

smile

i b t i s a m a h t o be hidden,

batana{u)

to bring good

bashsharaconcealed

news; to carry o n s t o m a c h ,

belly batn

missionary w o r k s t o m a c h s ,

bellies butun

to begin

basharainner,

men, human

b a s h a r t o

b

e

i

n

g

s

secret{pl.)bawatin j

r

send; to give balatha{a)

s

to

e

human

b a s h a r i y y

to see, look;

a b s a r a a n e w ,

to n

o

t

eyesight

e

m

i

s

s

i

o

a b s d r

t

insight, mind's b a s i r a h y

some, a few

n

inba'atha

rise

,

ba'thah

b a s a r d e l e g a t i o n

eyesights e

awaken

t o

e

b

e

i

disperse

o t

o

n

g

bid'

be far away taba'ada away, separation

305

baHhara bu'ad

VOCABULARY

after

b a ' d a e x i s t e n c e , remain- baqa'

yet, still

b a ' d u

following

ma ba'dremainder,

i

l

n

n

distant, remote, b a i d f a r r e m a i n

g ;

surviving rem- baqiyyah

a

d

n

t

e

r

rest

> s

,

rem- baqaya

a part of, a b a ' d n a n t s little of, s o m e r e m a i n i n g suddenly;

surprise hatred mule

mules to desire

b a g h t a t a n i ,. , t o

b e

y

b a g n t a n °

hon

baqin title

( " ) get up early r 1

b u g h d v i r g i n original baghl ,. , e

bighal

a

. , , . baghayi)

to be fit; be in- i

n

b

r

t a

l

h g

y

{adj.)

e h

beginnings

bek

bakkara

ibtikariyy bakir bawakir

something origi, . , nal, invented

mubtakar

to weep

baka{i)

a

cumbent upon to desire

i b t a g h d

calico, white

b a f t a h

t

cow

b a q a r a h

b e t t e r

cows {coll.)

b a q a r c o n f u s i o n

plot of land

buq'ahconfusion

plots of land

b i q a '

vegetable

b

a

q

^

w e e p i n g

t

o

l

^

Q

b a M a

but, but also; st iU

bal balbalah

tabalbul w

n

t

,

r

city; coun- balad y

vegetables

b u q i i l c o u n t r y ; countries bilad

greengrocer

b a q q a l t o w n ,

to remain

b a q i y a { a ) t o be crystallized tabalwara

to leave (as is)

a b q a p a l a c e

balat

to remain, be

t a b a q q a t o

inbala'a

left

city

be devoured

to swallow 306

baldah

ibtala'a

ARABIC-ENGLISH

devouring

i b t i l a ' a

devouring

b a l ' t r u c t i o n

to get; arrive,

r

e

a

building; cons- bunyan

c

balagha(u)building

h

a

d

o

p

t

mabnan

i

o

to exaggerate

balaghason

to inform

a b l a g h a

extreme {adj.)

b a l i g h

eloquence; style

b a l a g h a

eloquent

b

sum

m a ab l a g h ,

l

i

tabannin ibn

s o n s

o

n

s

banun

s

abnff

little son

m y

g

h

^

^

, „ speak of

d

a

u

a

g

l

,, , ablah

fool; foolish ;

b

h

h

a

,

.

t

t

e

r

o

s

bunayy

d()11

d a u g h t e r ;

let alone, not to

(

a

n

;

bumyyah

. ,

±

girl

bint

. ,

girls

be jolly

,

banat ibtahaja

m a s c . ) j o l l i n e s s

ibtihaj bafl ah

fool; foolish [Jem.) b a l h a " j ° Y

J

yes, indeed, right b a l a j o l l y , to pay attention to, to m

i

happy

bahij

b a l a a n i m a l

n

d

a

n

i

m

a

l

bahimah

s

baha'im

to afflict misfortune

i b t a l d v a g u e , ambiguous mubham b a l a ' _ j. t reception-room bahw

misfortunes

b a l a y a ,

gasoline

b a n z i n d o o r s

bank

bankgatekeeper,

,

,

,

elegance, splendor baha worn out, thread- b a l i n . , , , , e n v i r o n m e n t bi ah bare , , . d o o r bob hazelnut bunauq

to build i builder

jani-

n

g

t

a

o

bawwab

t 0 r

b a n a { i )

building, a build- b i n a ' §

abwab

t

e

bawwabah

reveal (secrets) baha(u)

bannd'

to permit 307

abaha

VOCABULARY

to despoil, consider o

u

the l

a

i s t a b a h a t o become clear; tabayyana t

s

i

d

w

e

t

t

o

find

o

despoiling

out

be different,

tabayana

istibahah.contradictory

attention; mind

b

police

a

l

t

o

be clear, un-

istabana

b u l i s d e r s t o o d

to remain; to

bata(i,a)between,

among

bayna

lodge (at n i g h t ) b e t w e e n

ma bayna

house

b a y t w h i l e ,

whilst

houses

b u y u t w h i l e , during

verses

abyat

z

a

n

t

a

n

whitewasher; tin

m

evident

>

p

i

a

u

b

bayan

notice

clear

bizantiyy i

baynamd

declaration,

however; whereas baydaannastatement, Byzantine; By-

bayna

n

o

a

y

mubin

biyanu y

i

d

^

plater egg

b a y d a h

t w i n s

b

t

eggs

a

y

d

o t

o

white (masc.)

a b y a d

white (Jem.)

bayda'continuation

(rfua/)

taw'aman

follow

tabi'a{a)

continue

tdba'a

follow U

atWa

mutaba'ah

t o

to sell

b a ' a ( i )

P ^

to buy

i b t a ' a t o

selling, buying

b a f f o l l o w i n g closely tatabbu£

follow closely

tatabba'a

to swear allegiance b a y a ' a t o follow

ittaba'a

swearing alle-

tibgh

g

i

a

n

sellers (coll.)

baf a h t o b a c c o c

e

t

r

a

d

i

n

g

b d ' a h t r a d e r ,

ittijar merchant

to explain, clarify bayyanatraders,merchants to explain

abanatrading

explanation

ibanah

tajir

tujjar ;commerce tijarah

commercial 308

tijariyy

ARABIC-ENGLISH

under

tahtastudents,

disciples talamidh

musical ensemble t a k h t t o

follow; to read tala(u)

streatcar,tramway tramimmediately soil, earth, dust

fol-

t u r a b l o w i n g

to translate

tarjamareciting

luxury

tarafimmediately

given to luxury

m u t r a f l o w i n g

tilawah fol-

to leave

taraka(u)telephone

leaving

t a r k t e l e p h o n i c

Turkey

t u r k i y y a

Turk, Turkish Turks .

t o

o

m

p

l

e

tasi'

ninety

t

be

U

e

t

l

a

'

"

to ha

tamma(i) en

y

e

,

exact- tamaman

l

Y

complete, full . „ _ „ lull, fully

t a ' i b a l a ) . i n

to tire, bother

com

' PP complete, exe- atamma

hs'un

to tire, to be . , tired

talifuniyy

ended

l e t e d

a t r a k °

c

talin

talifun

t u r k i y y P t o t m k

Turks ninth

tilwa

t

'

a

to stutter; to a , , mumble

b

tamm tamman tamtama

dragon, sea mons- tinmn worries

m a t a ' i b

to spit

t a f a l a ( i , u )

unimportant

t a f i h

perfection

i t q a n t o

telegraph, tele-

talighrafchance

g

r

a

p

h

y

o

c

n

r

t

t 0 repent

Q

w

m < u )

^

n

enable, give a ataha to

c

tarah

e

to destroy

a t l a f a t o long for

destruction

i t l a f

t

u

n

a

taqa(u) fish

tMah

that; those (Jem.) t i l k a c u r r e n t

tayyar

student, pupil

tin

tilmidh

figs (coll.) 3«9

VOCABULARY

three to revenge , _ firm to be to prove r proof

firmness, perseverance

, . t h r e e

thulath

times

tha ara(a) . . t h r e e thabata(u) , , T u e s d a y a t h b a t t h a ithbat thirty

thalathan thalathah a

thabat

third

to persevere perseverance

...

., . . . t h e r e ,

thick , ^ chatter

,

.

t

o

bear fruit

wealth , . wealth . , rich man . . rich men

tharwah. , , t o exploit thara . e x p l o i t i n g thanyjy , • f r u i t (sine.) atnriya

earth ca.i in

tinura h a r a f r u i t (PL) , f r u i t f u l w thaghr , -r , p r i c e thaqajah - r e i g h t h (ordinal) thaqafiyy

. mouth culture . , cultural

cultured (person); muthaqqafei§hty

h

e

a

muthallath thai) thuluj

thumma

athmara istathmara istithmdr thamarah thimdr

muthmir thaman thamin thamanun

e d u c a t e d v a l u a b l e , to make something

thalathun

over there thamma

thaknin * j * a f t e r w a r d s thartnaran

, ,

al-thala,

thalith

, , t r i a n g l e thabit , s n o w thabara , s n o w (pi.) w m u t h a b a r a h y r '

c

nrm, permanent

,

costly,

thamin

athqalaprecious

v

y

t

o

fold

thana(i)

praise

athna

loads, weights

a t h q a l t o

to act heavily

tathaqaladuring

athna'

heavy

t h a q i l t w o

ithnan

to find onerous

istathqala , t w e l v e

ithna

one-third

thulth

'ashar

310

ARABIC-ENGLISH

twelfth (ordinal)

t h a n i c o r p s e

juththah

' a s h a r h e l l

jahim

two

m a t h n a n t o

be serious

jadda{i)

Monday

al-ithnaynto

renew; to

jaddada

second (ordinal) secondly; once m

o

t h a n i n r e f o r m thaniyanrenewal;

r

t

e

reform

o

become new,

a second

t h a n i y a h

secondary

thanawiyy

b

e

tajdld tajaddada

renewed

r e n e w a l

t

o

ta addud

J

renew

garment

t h a w b

clothes (pi.)

thiyabseriousness

reward

t h a w a b

v e r

to revolt

t h a r a ( u )

s e r i o u s

ista adda

J

jidd jiddan

?

jidd^

to stir (emotions), atharagrandfather

jadd

e x c i t e g r a n d m o t h e r revolt,

revolution

revolutionary

jaddah

thawrahancestors

ajdad

thawriyyancestors

judud new

^

f

e

n

c

e

jadid

,

wall

jidar jadir jadala

mountains

suitable, fitting to debate, argue Jjabal w i t h j i b a l d e b a t i n g , debate

mountainous

jabaliyyargument

jadal

giant mountain

jabbar

to be afraid, to jabuna(u)argumentative be a c o w a r d , . list cowardice cheese

u b n . . . u t i l i t y , j u b n p r o f i

forehead

j a b i n m o r e

forehead

jabhah

jiddl jadaliyy . , , jadwal

Jj

use, t

jadff

advantage- ajda

ous; to be of use 311

.. jida,

VOCABULARY

ask for (alms, g

i

f

i s t a j d a w i t h o u t t

)

b

e

l

mujarradan

l

jaras

asking for (alms, i s t i j d d ' t o sweep down, g

i

f

t

)

d

r

a

jarafa(u)

g

to pull

jadhaba(i)crime

jarimah

to elicit

j a d h a b a t o flow, run;

jara(i)

to pull different tajadhabahappen w a y s p r o c e e d i n g s to pull; to attract ijtadhabagirl; attraction

slave {fem.)

j anyah

j d d h i - g i r l s ; slaves {fem.) jawarin biyyahcourse

roots

(of river,

majran

j u d h u r e v e n t s )

to pull, drag, d

ijra'at

r

a

jarra(u)division w

p

a

tajzi'ah

r

t

juz'

dragging

j a r r p a r t i a l

to dare

j a r u ' a { u ) i

daring («.)

t a j a r r u '

courage, daring j u r a h

i s

brave

j

'

to try

j a r r a b a f

a

r

i

i t

n g

n

w a

(pertainto

juz'iyy

part) juzdan

e t

a n d

jazirah

o

jazaia(a)

fear

jaza'

e a r

experience; test, tajribahrestless,

impatient jazi' abundant, gener- jazil

experience^/.);

t a j a r i b

o

e x p e r i m e n t s t o experience (pi.) wounded (pi.)

u

s

decide

tajaribreward,

punish-

jazama{i) jaza'

j a r h a m e n t

to deprive of

jarradahuman

newspaper

jaridahbridge

jisr

newspapers

jar a ' i d b r i d g e s

jusur

only (adj.); mere mujarrad

body

to exaggerate 312

jasad

jassama

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to materialize

tajassamameeting,

body, figure (of

session; jalsah

j i s m s i t t i n g

p e r s o n ) s i t t i n g bodies

jusumcouncil;

bodies

julus

place of majlis

a j s a m s i t t i n g

big; important {

(act o f )

p

i

j i s a m c o u n c i l s -

)

t

o

majalis

appear

to covet

jashi'a{a)spiritual

greedy

j a s h i ' t o

to start; to make

j a ' a l a { a ) t i o n

tajalla

uplift seek clarifica-

geographic, geo- jughrqfiyyevidently;

tajallin istajla

clearly jaliyyan

g r a p h i c a l r e s t ,

recuperation istijmam

to dry, get dried j a f f a { i ) p l e n t y , numerous jamm to dry (tr.)

jaffafaunrestrained

jamih

dry

j

jamada{u)

eyelids

a j f a n t o be congealed

tajammada

most of

j u l l f r o z e n ; solid

jamid

a

f

f

t

o freeze

splendor, majesty j a l a l s o l i d majesty honoring r evered

magazine

jalalahlighted

charcoal

ijlalcustomhouse

jumruk jdmus

m a j a l l a h t o collect, to put

jama'a{a)

j a l a l i b t o g e t h e r j

i

l

d

t

o t

leathern

j i l d i y y

volume (book)

mujalladmeeting

to sit

jalasa{i)social

assemble o

tajamma'a

meet, assemble ijtama'a sociology ijtima' {adj.)

to make someone a j l a s a c r o w d , grouping sit

jamrah

j a l i l b u f f a l o

robes cover

jamad

Friday 3*3

ijtima1 iyy jam1 al-jum'ah

VOCABULARY

society, associa- jam'iyyahdevils, jinnee tion, a s s e m b l y { c o l l . )

jam

mosque

j a m i ' f o e t u s

janin

university

jami'ahmad,

crowd, group

jama'akside

janb

all, whole

j a m i ' s i d e

janib

whole

a j m a ' a s i d e

janiban

society

mujtama'at

bi-janib

academy

majma'sides

crazy

the side of

majnun

jawanib

1

sum total

majmu southern

collection of

majmu''ahforeign,

flattery

mujamalahforeigners

ajanib

in general

bi-al-ij-wing

jinah

m

janubiyy foreigner ajnabiyy

< i l w i n g s

ajnihah

camel

j a m a l s i d e s , ribs

jawanih

camels

j i m a l s o l d i e r s

jund

phrase; total

jumlahsoldiers

junud

phrases

j u m a l f u n e r a l

janazah

beauty

jamalcompatibility;

tajanus

beautiful

j a m i l r e s e m b l i n g one another

to assemble

tajamhararace

lins

crowd, multitude jumhurraces, clans ajnas , . . . p o u rn d (currency) junayh crowds j a m a h i r jana(i) ro commit a crime; J w republic j u m h u , t o collect, reap nyyah , , , t o strive Jiahadaia) to become mad, j u n n a t 0 c r a z y struggle jahada jinnee {coll.), j i n n J devils, demons

i h a d

> war striving

314

Jihad ijtihad

ARABIC-ENGLISH

effort

j

a

efforts

h

d

t

o

chant the

j u h u d K o r a n

effort

majhudgenerosity

essence

jawhar(good)

jud

to pretend ignoa

jawad

horse

to be ignorant of jahilala)good, r

jawwada

well

jayyid

t a j d h a l a t o be a neighbor

n

e

ignorance

e

t

jawara

o

jahlneighborhood,

ignorant

jiwdr

jdhilneighborliness

ignorant (pi.)

juhald'neighbor

jar

ignorant (pi.)

juhhdlneighbors

jirdn

pre-Islamic

jdhiliyyahneighboring,

p

e

r

i

unknown

o

t

d

t

m a j h u l

air, weather, j a w w a t m o s p h e r e s

t

o o

u

r

P

replying

i j d b a h

a

jawrmza

s

0

' P

ass

'

y°nd>

(ydwaza

' Pass

'J tdza

s

cross

be hungry

u

n

tajdwaba

respondency

^

§

t a j d w u b

>" i n s i d e

of

Jawf

to answer, respond i s t a j d b a t o wander t

o

w

reply, answer

a

n

d

e

jd'a(u)

^

hun er

to echo

Jdwaza

s be

s

a j d b a t o h

alIow exceed

atmospheres j i w f f t . , . . . . p a aerial, pertaining jawwiyy t o to the a i r to reply, answer

near mujdwir

o

r

e

jdla(u)

r

jawwal

j a w a b t o u r i n g

to spread through- ijtdhapossibility;

tajwdl place majdl

out, o v e r w h e l m n o t a b i l i t y ; into give freely

j a d a ( u ) f l u e n c e

to do well

ajada

to come, arrive 315

jah ja'a(i)

VOCABULARY

coming (n.)

j V a h p i l g r i m

hajj

coming (n.)

m a j V s c r e e n , veil

hijab

pocket

j a y b v e i l e d

muhajja-

pockets

j

army

u

y

u

j a y s h t o f

generation, epoch j t l

o

r

woman b

^

interdict; to

b

i

d

>

P

a

h hajara(u)

revent

restriction

hajr

lap

hijr

to love, like

ahabbastone

hajar

love

h u b b s t o n e s

ahjar

beloved

h a b i b s t o n e s

hijarah

love, liking for

mahabbahroom

hujrah

to welcome, praise habbadharooms

hujar

joy, pleasure

huburbarrier

hajiz

to jail

habasa(i)Hejaz

hijdz

rope

h

ropes

a

b

l

t

o

cease, refrain ahjama

h i b a l f r o m

origin

m a h t i d s i z e

hajm

to require, neces- h a t t a m a t o define, limit s

i

t

a

t

e

t

o

be angry at

so that; even

h a t t d l i m i t

rapid

hathithlimits;

to argue

h a j j a s h a r p

protest

proof

^iddah hadid

i h t i j a j o f iron

g

e

l

i

m

hujjah

i

t

e

hadidiyy fixed;

mahdud

d

to happen 316

hudud hadd

e r

going on pilgrim- h a j j d e f i n e d , a

ihtadda hadd

frontiers

to offer as a proof; i h t a j j a a n g to p r o t e s t i r o n

haddada

hadatha(u)

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to tell (a story)

haddathafree

discussion, conver- muhada-free sation

t h a h h o t ,

(sing.)

fyurr

(pi.)

ahrar

warm

harr

to cause

ahdathafreedom

hurriyyah

to discuss; to

t a h a d - s i l k e n

haririyy

s

Peak

d a t h a

e d i t o r

young age

hadathahto

events

ahddth

event, incident

h a d i t h

muharrir

fight,

combat

< f i g h t

event, incident

t

muhdrabah

fight one

o

haraba tahdraba

hadithahanother

recent; tradition; h a d i t h w a r d i s c u s s i o n

s

p

e

a

r

harb j

^arbah

lance

talks, discussions

ahddithmilitary,

modernist

m u h d a t h i n g to war

to descend, fall

inhadarato

to gaze, stare

haddaqaplougher

harrath

to stare

ahdaqaplough

mihrath

garden

h a d i q a h t o embarrass

ahraja

to challenge

tahaddacriticalness;

till

beware of

nar- haraj

hadhafa(i)delicate

to be skilled

p

(situa-

harij

hadhiqa(a)tion)

to be parallel to, p

haratha(u,i)

hadharirowness

to erase, remove

o

pertain- harbiyy

o

h a d h d t o s

i i

t d

e h

d

t

shoe

^

shoes

ahdhiyahguard,

o

' t o

taharrarato

heat

harr

ahraza

watchj

guard

beware of

karasa(u) ihtarasa

bodyguard haras

liberation; edition tahrirguarding to be freed

get

(n.)

hirdsah

be painstaking harasa(i), harisa(a) 317

VOCABULARY

desire

h i r s s a d n e s s

covetous; eager

h a r l s s a d

to swerve

inharafasorrowful,

(pi.)

ahzan hazin

grieved mahzun

working at a cer- i h t i r a f t o feel tain j

o

b

t

hassa(i)

feel

o

ahassa

letter

k a r f f e e l i n g

ihsas

distorted

muharraffeelings

ahasis

to be kindled,

taharraqato

b

u

r

n

t

s

o

u

grope; to feel n

j

(

hiss

burning

h a r q

to move (tr.)

k a n a k a ( t h e five) senses

to move (intr.)

t a h a r r a k a

movement

h a r a k a h

movement

h a r a k e n o u g h

to deprive

harama(i)in

s

e

s e

n

t

hassah

o account for

t

ihtarama

respect

i

•

m

e

k

t

mosque; sacred

h

accordance with hasaba to

bi-hasab

reckoning; arith- hisab i c ; account

t i

a

r a envy

r

m

a

,

m

to be sorry for

sorrow, regret, poverty; depriva- hirman tion . . , _ , c u t t i n g , doing deprived of mahrum away with (political) party hizb , . . . ,> . ' . d e c i s i v e (political) parties ahzab to be sorry for, haZina(a)improvement o

u

sadness (sing.),

r

n

t

hasaba(u)

hash

forbidden, taboo haram

m

hawass

o think, consider hasiba(a)

to forbid; to dep- harramaaccording to respect r

tahassasa

o

h u z n t o

grief

,

tahassara

hasrah

hasm hasim

tahsin

do well

ahsana

find appro-

istah-

priate 318

, hasaa

sana

ARABIC-ENGLISH

beauty

kusncivilization

hadarah

good

hasanpresent

hadir

doer of good

muhsinpresence;

to crowd

ihtashadapresence

coming hudur mahdar

to insert, force in, hashara(u,i)lap r

P

e

s

s

modesty

l

a

(of body)

p

s

i h t i s h d m

to

fill

t o

ahsha'inferior

to reap

hasada(i,u)station

to surround, to

hasara{i,u)to

i

m

(of bodies) be lowered,

ahdan inhatta

hashd(u)descend

"insides," womb

l

hidn

i

t

w

to

ahatt mahattah

pick up fire- ihtataba

o

o

d

to lay siege to

hasarawoodcutter

mat

h a s l r t o

destroy, smash hattama

mats

h u s u r t o

be destroyed

to fortify; to

hassanafate,

s

a

f

e

g

horse

u

a

r

d

hattab

lot t

hisdnforbidding

rts

f°

h u s u n

t

l

t

l

o

n

l

i

to arrive, be

hazara(u) («.)

o

get) obtain

lowland; low po- hadid(something s

hazz

f o r bid

o

pleasing)

g h t noise, hisshadara(u)ing

muhada-grandsons n

h

t

o

hazr ha%iya(a)

p r e s e n t g r a n d s o n lecture

tahattama

hafif hafid ahfdd

dig

hafara(i)

to bring

ahdarahoofs

being civilized

tahaddurto

to be at point of

u h t u d i r a t o guard, preserve

presence

hawafir learn by heart; hafiza(a)

to preserve; protect

hadrah 319

hafaza

VOCABULARY

taking care of;

muhafa-humiliation,

in-

tahqir

protecting

$ a h s u i t

to take care of

i h t a f a ^ a t o despise

ihtaqara

memorizing

h i f e d e s p i s i n g , con-

ihtiqar

grudge

h a f i z a h

conservative

weak-

. - , . . . m i s e r a b l e , lowly hafala(i)

haqir

i

haql

e l d ihtijal , n , f i e l d s

huqul

najtan

,-r, ,

streetcar

t

o

inject J

kaqana{u,i)

o

be in touch,

ihtakka

n

contact

h a j i l a n ,

t

meetings, assem- manajil , . . i blies

to j udge

hakama (a)

to be barefooted

hafiya(a)

barefooted

h

to be right, true °

h a q q a i u . i ) , ' r u l i n g ; rule

to verify; to re-

h a q q a q a ,

a

•

alize realization

'

r

t

a

u

h

m

l

trial

f

i

e

q

a

n .

s

i

n

; requirements q

.

,

• 1 a r b i t e r , judge tahaqqaqa. ,

to be realized

• *_ w i s d o m i s t a h a q q a . .

to deserve

,,,,

• w i s d o m haqqgovernment h a q q a n .

right, truth indeed, truly

' ' rights, law (pi.)

true, real ' t h truth; true

haqarah

n e S S

m a h f a ^ a h

to mind

party, festivity

P

t

nrnhafelowliness,

wallet , , • f celebration r • •

t e m

• " r u l h u q u q r

o

e

u

(/»/.)

r

k

r

h a q i q i y y , , r o u g haqiqahcourt

muhaka-

,

, , hukm ,,

ahkam , , _

hakam , ,

hikmah ,

hikam hukumah , . hakim kukkam

s

h

'

, of law

,; muhkam maAteffioA

truths; facts

haqa'iqcourt

of appeal

suitcase

h a q i b a h m a h k a m a t

suitcases

haqa'ib

tale, story 320

al-istVnaf

hikayah

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to solve, untie

h a l l a ( u ) t o sweeten

to settle down at

halla{u,i)sweet,

to analyze

hallalasweetmeat

halwa

analysis

t a k l i l i n t i m a t e , close

hamim

dissolution

inhilalbathroom

hammam

to occupy (place)

i h t a l l a d o v e

kamamah

occupation (of

i h t i l a l t o

thank

hamida(a)

)

e

hamd

p

l

a

c

e

p

r

a

tasty; nice hulw

i

s

solution

h a l l p r a i s e

solution (chemi-

m a h l u l t h a n k s

c

a

l

)

n

i

c

to God,

garments

M a i , r e d d e n i n g , h i l a l

i

n

redden, blush

a

pact . . . to form a circle throat circle, group; cycle to dream dream dreams

ihmarra

blush- ihmirar

(masc. sing.)

quarter, part o f m a h a l l a h ( - f e j t y r e d n e s s c

take an o

lillah

g

m a h a l l r e d

, d o to make someone

al-hamd

hamid

k u l l a h t o

milk

to God

e

garment

place

holla

m

"

s^nS-)

ahmar hamra kumrah

h a l i b d o n k e y ' ass n k e y driver i s t a n l a j a 1

^imdr hammar

t h t o become enthu., . r s i a s t i c hilj , „ e n t h u s i a s m : tahallaqa courage halq to carry h a l a a a h , , to load, burden

tahammasa hamasah

hamala(i) , hammala

bearing, carryh a l a m a i u mg ) . (n.). h u l m , to endure

tahammul

a h l a m

Carnal

l

a

to be sweet, tasty kala(u)

m

b

carrying (n.) 321

, ihtamala haml

VOCABULARY

burdens, loads

a h m a l t o

change (i s i y y t

^

a

tab
r u

to come back, go b a c

r a j a ' a i i ) k t o

to review, revise

r a j a ' a P ^

to return (fr.),

arja'adeceased

rahala(a)

v°ya§e

h s t e

l

ril>lah>

a

P ' sta§e grant mercy mercy>

§race

to retreat, withr

t a r a j a ' a

a

w

t

h mar^alah

rahima(a) ra^mah

tnarhum

give b a c k a u t h o r i z a t i o n

d

tarhib

s o f

tarkhis

t (voice)

o

rakhim

relax, be slack tarakha

reactionary

raj'ijyprosperity

return

r u j u ' t o

return, repulse radda(u)

source

mar

repeat

raddada

sources

m a r d j i ' t o

be repeated;

taraddada

rakha'

ftto

to tremble i r t a j a f a t 0 hesitate; to visit often; . . . . t o fluctuate , to become manly istarjala . . . , . b e i n g repeated; taraddud being manish i s t i r j a l r hesitation; fluctuation to dismount t a r a j j a l a , , reply, answer; rada leg, foot

r i j l r e t u r n i n g

m a n

r a

men

r i j a l t o

to beg, ask

raja(u)synonymous

muradif

to expect, hope

i r t a j a h a l l

radhah

f

°

r

J

u

t

^ c a u s e ,

o

reason

prevent

(».) maradd radala[a)

put on (clothes) irtadd

hope, demand

r a j a ' m a n t l e

to welcome

rahhaba

to provide 333

rida' razaqa(u)

VOCABULARY

bundle

r i z m a h t o

to sink, settle

rasaba(u)satisfying

d

o

w

n

s

a

t

i

s

f

a

c

satisfy

arda someone, irda'

t

i

o

n

sediment (pi.)

r a w d s i b t o

to send

arsalasatisfaction

ridan

to correspond

tarasklamoist

ratb

letter, message

risalahlower

letters, messages;

r a s a ' i l t o

t

r

a

c

messenger; p

r

o p

class, m o b

s

u

grow, to grow

p

h

r

e

e

t

t

terror

c

r

i

b

tara'ra'a

e

rulb

tremble, shiver irta'asha

o

shiver- irti'ash,

rasama(u)trembling, s

ra'a'

p

r a s u l f r i g h t ,

to sketch, draw; to

t

want to satisfy istarda

j

g

n

to be sketched

i r t a s a m a

t o

official (adj.)

r a s m i y y

t o

to anchor

r a s a ( u ) e s t e e m , to defer to

leakage

rashhattention

majority (age)

r u s h d t a k i n g

guide

graze;

to

watch

consider,

to

ra^(a)

ra'd

ri'ayah into con-

mura'ah

murshidsideration

to sip

rashafa(i,u)shepherd

elegant

rashiqsubjects

raHyyah

grace, elegance

rashaqahpasture

mar'an

to accept bribes

irtashapastures

mard'in

bribe

r a s h w a h t o

to dedicate

arsadadesire

raghbah

pavement; side-

r a s l f d e s i r o u s

raghib

f

e

raghad

(bread)

raghif

w

a

l

k

a

f

l

u

e

n

ra'in

want, desire

c

to be satisfied with radiya(a)loaf satisfaction, ac-

r i d a ' l o a v e s

ceptance

despite 334

(bread)

raghiba(a)

arghifah raghm

ARABIC-ENGLISH

shelves

t u f u j a w a i t i n g , lying in taraqqub

mending (clothes) r remains (of the d

e

a

a

f

w

'

a

i

r u f a t t o d

)

n

e

c

t

for

await

irtaqaba

k

raqabah

tributaries

rawafidobservers

ruqaba'

to raise; to re-

r a f a ' a ( a ) t o lie down, to

raqada(u)

m

o

v

to rise above; to

e

s

l

e

e

i r t a f a ' a

increase; to go u

p

d

a

raising ° to have mercy to act gently

t 0

n

rising, rise; height i r t i f a '

p

c

dance

raqasa(u)

e

p a t c h

mq?

.

^

piece

r a f ' , n u m b e r r a f i q a ( a ) . , promotion; adtaraffaqayancement J

mercy; kindness r i f q ^ 1 t o rise companion, friend, r a f i q . r a d v a n c e m e n t , comrade progress companions, rifaq „. , a d v a n c e d iriends pedestrian style public utilities; marafiq sources; a p p u r t e n a n c e s to live in ease

t o

raqam . , tarqiyah • , _ irtaqa ruqiyy rdqin rakakah rakiba{a)

ride

make someone arkaba

rafaha(a)to

and luxury entertainment

tarfihcalvalcade

rakb

ease, luxury

rafahiyahknee

rukbah

slavery

r i q q r i d e r ;

delicateness

riqqahpassengers

delicate (adj.);

r a q i q r i d i n g

passenger

rukkab (n.)

slave (coll.); t h i n i n f e r i o r i t y to ripple

taraqraqaplex

to await

taraqqaba

rakib

rukub com-

murakkab al-naqs

carriage, chariot 335

markabah

VOCABULARY

to be still, m o -

ring, resound

rakada(u)to

t i o n l e s s r e s o n a n c e

ranna(i) ranin

stagnant

rakidresonant

rannan

to concentrate,

rakkazasplendor

rawnaq

fix in one p l a c e t e r r o r i z i n g , to lean upon; to depend u

ter-

irhab

irtakazarorism

p

o

n

'

t

center

pledge, to

o

rahana(a)

markazmortgage

centers

marakizgown

to run

rakada(u)to

to kick

r a k a l a ( u ) b e in demand

a kick

r a k l a h t o

go

raha(u)

to be heaped

tarakamato

let alone, let

araha

to rely on

i

l

circulate; to

raja(u)

rakana(u)rest

corner; prop; p

rub

l

r a

u

r

k

r

t

n e

s

o t

rest ,

istaraha

comfort

rahah

corners; props

a r k a n s p i r i t

ashes

r a m a d

to symbolize

ramaza{u,i)spiritual

ruhiyy

sign; symbol

r a m z s p i r i t u a l

ruhaniyy

symbolic

r a m z i y y

month of fasting

ramadanwinds

riyah

to glance at

ramaqa(u)smells

rawa'ih

looked up to,

m a r m u q

a

d

widow widows

m

i

r

e

d

w a

aramil

i

l r

l

s o u

i

w

t

n

o

ruh arwah

s

d

want.

rih

to

l , wish m a l slowly

win

a

arada

ir&dah h , ruwaydan

intention murad to throw, shoot ramaii) _„ , •, - p h y s i c a l exercize nyadah y to fall, be thrown i r t a m a F to frighten ra'a(u) at 336

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to frighten

a r ā ' a b u t t e r

zubdah

awe-inspiring

r a w ' a h t o

march on

zahafa(a)

compete

zāhama

b

e

a

u

t

y

t

o

attractive

r ā ' i ' c r o w d

admirable works

rawā'i'competition

to please

r i w ā q t o

to desire

rdma(u)adorning,

Romans

be crowded

adorn- zukhruf

r

i

of men

rawa(i)party

g

a

t

e

t

o

r a j a h p l a n t s

irrigation

rayyagriculture

tradition; novel, r

a

m

a

(coll.)

zar' zira'ah

f

a

r

m

e

r

,

zira'iyy

cultivator muzari'

rawiyyahfarms

to cause doubt, u

zara'a(a)

riwayahagricultural

deliberation s

zarafah

sow, plant

flag

d

izdahama

r u m a n m e n t

to relate; tell; to r

;being tazāhum

rāqa(u)crowded

portico

i

zihām

r a b a ( i )

s

i o n , blueness zurqah misgiving, susr a y b a h . , , , . . ° b l u e (masc., sing.) azraq picion ribah blue (fern., sing.) zarqa' while raythama to disturb az'aja revenue, income ray' ., . t o shake za'za'a countryside rif . j /. i \ t o be shaken taza'za'a countryside (pi.) aryaf dollar or equiv

a

l

p

i

mazru1

s o w e d

c

r i y d l e

n

t

t

a

t

Pretend>

0 i

main

" zalama(u)

n

leader, chief

za'lm

leaders, chiefs

z^amd'

raisins

z a b i b t o

lead; to bring

foam

zabad

bride to bridegroom 337

zqffa(u)

VOCABULARY

to send forth a

zafara(i)blooming

zāhin

sighpride

zahw,

deep sigh, groan

z

a

the voice of the p

a

r

to quake (earth) rein reins to roar a . flute colleague colleagues chronic time time severe cold Negroes belts fornicator little to

flourish

flower flowers

r

a

h

z u q ā q t o

lane, alley

s

f

z

u

h

give in mar-

u

w

n

zauiwaja

zaqzaqahnage r

o

w

t

wed

0

tazawwaja

tazalzalagivinSin

mar"

z i m a m n a g e , t o be double azimmah husband; wife zamjara • w i f e m i z m a r z a m i l m a r r i e d status; marital zumala' marriage muzmm to supply zaman to visit zaman to visit one anzamharir other z u n u j . . visit zananir to seclude oneself zanin oil z a h i d . . olives i z d a h to a grow; r a to, add; , z a h r a h

t

a z h a r

o

t

o

•

iZdawaja zawj zawjah J zawjiyyah zawaj zawwada zara(u) tazawara . _ , ziyaran inzawa zayt zqytun .... zdda[i)

exceed

grow, increase izdada

Azhar (university al-Azharasking

for more

and m o s q u e ) p r o v i s i o n Azharite

azhariyyincrease

flowers

z u h u r t o

to destroy

azhaqa

istizadah zdd

ziyddah disappear

to continue; still 338

tazwiJ

zala{u) mazala(a)

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to continue; still to work at (occup

a

t

i

(to God)

layazalpraise

o

zawalarosary n

)

s

e

subhah

v

e

n

sab'ah

working at (occu- muzawalahseventy p

a

t

i

o

n

)

to remove

s

e

v

e

a z a l a

adornment, orna- z m

e

n

a

y

a

t

ornament

h

sab'un

n

w

n

subhan

t

e

t

e

(ordinal)

a

sabi' usbu'

k precede,

o

e

h

d

go

sabaqa (i,u)

of

zinahprevious

sabiq to lower (eyelids, asbala curtain)

to ask

sa'ala(a)pedestrians

to ask, question

s a ' a l a p a t h ,

toaskoneano-

t a s a ' a l a b y

ther, ask question

o

n

e

s

sdbilah sabil

way of e

s u ' a l f o r ,

problem

way l

'ala f

for the Sake

m

^

fi sabil

m a s ' a l a h o f

problems, matters masa'ilpaths,

ways

responsible

m a s ' u l s i x

responsibility

mas'u-

sittah

• s i x t y

l i y y a k t o

subul

cover, veil

sittun satara(u)

to curse

sabba(u)concealment

tasattur

to cause

sabbabajacket

sutrah

curses

s i b a b c u r t a i n

sitar

cause

s

causes

a

b

a

b

t

o

bow, kneel (in sajada(u)

a s b a b p r a y e r )

Saturday

al-sabtmosque

masjid

deep sleep

s u b a t m o s q u e s

masajid

to swim

sabaha(a)to

praise (to God)

tasblh

register

sajjala

to be harmonious insajama 339

VOCABULARY

harmoniousness

insijamgenerosity

to jail

sajana(u)to

jailing

s

jail

s i j n d a m s

prisoner

s a j i n k e e p e r

natural disposit

i

o

a

j

sakhff

fill t

n

o

up, stop aim; to guide

sadda(u) saddada sudud

o f holy

sadin

s a j i y y a h p l a c e

n

cloud

s

i

x

t

h

(ordinal) simple,

sahabahnaive;

clouds

sadis sadhij

s u h u b p l a i n

clouds (coll.)

s a h a b n a i v e t e ; simplicity sadhajah

to charm

sahara(a)to

charm, magic

s i h r s e c r e t

sirr

daybreak meal

s u h u r s e c r e t s

asrar

gladden, please sarra(u)

the period before s a h a r j ° Y

sur

o

n

t

t

f

t o

t

1

c

o

l

s

happy

m a s ' u d

a

'

i

d

t

o

istaqa

(water)

draw

saw^in sikkah

s

pour

sakaba(u)

be poured

insakaba

be silent

sakata(u)

to silence

happy

tasaqata

get

askata

drunk

sukkar

s u g a r

Prices

a s ' a r d r u n k e n

to help

as'afa

sakira(a)

spell;

sakrah

< a g o n y

to walk; to strive sa'a(a)

secretary 34i

sikritir

VOCABULARY

to become quiet;

sakana{u)

to dwell

to climb

tasallaqa

to follow

salakaiu)

to submit to

istakana

behavior

suluk

dwellers, inhabi-

sukkan

way

maslak

ways

masalik

to hand over,

sallama

tants quietness

sukun

tranquillity

sakinah

g i v e ; to surrender; to greet

place of residence maskan

to surrender

aslama

p o o r ; wretch

miskin

Islam

islam

to infiltrate; to

tasallala

Islamic

islamiyy

to submit to

istaslama

submission

istislam

p e a c e ; greeting

salam

faultless, sound

salim

move stealthily baskets

sildl

descendant

salil

obelisk

misallah

series

silsilah

to rob, plunder

salaba(u)

plunder

salb

style; pattern

uslub

styles; patterns

asdlib

a r m i n g oneself

tasalluh

weapon

silah

weapons

aslihah

[adj.) Moslem

muslim

to entertain

salla

to amuse oneself

tasalla

consolation

salwah, sulwah

authority, govern- sultah

to permit

samaha(a)

to ask forgiveness

istasmaha

ment rule, authority;

sultan

sultan, ruler ancestor, ancestors aslaf

preceding

salif

samah

to converse at

samara(u)

night

salaf

ancestors

permission

to nail

sammara

to be nailed to

tasammara

one's place 342

ARABIC-ENGLISH

night conversa-

samar

support

sanad

oak

sindiydn

an oak tree

sindiya-

tion to hear, listen

sami'a(a)

to listen to

istama'a

(sense of )hearing; sam' ear ears

asma'

renown, reputa-

sum1 ah

tion

nah year

sanah

years

sinun

years

sanawat

in detail

ishab

evening party

sahrah

wakeful

sdhir

to be easy

sahula{u)

plains

suhul

to participate in

sahama

participation

musaha-

hearing

sama'

hearing (K.)

masma'

ear

misma'

ears

masami'

fish

samak

fat (arf/.)

samfn

to be high

sama(u)

to name, call

samma

giving a name

tasmiyah

Highness {title)

sumuww

sky

sama'

skies

samawat

lofty, elevated

samin

name

ism

names

asma,'

age

sinn

to be prevalent

sada(u)

teeth

asnan

M r . , sir, master

sayyid

rule, regimen

sunnah

masters, gentle-

sadah

to rely upon, de-

istanada

pend

mah to forget to be bad to do wrong mis (prefix); bad

saha(u) sa'aiu) asd'a su'

(,n.), evil («.) worse

aswa'

bad

sayyi'

to glide along courtyard, city-

insaba sahah

square

men masters

343

asyad

VOCABULARY

rule

siyadahcontinuation,

black (masc., sing.)

se-

siydq

a s w a d q u e n c e

black {fern., sing.) s a w d a ' t o

bargain

sdwama

black (pi.)

s

equalize

sawwa

to assail, overw h e l m

s a m a r a t e q u i v a

wall

s u r e q u a l i t y

sura, chapter in

s u r a h

u

d

t

o o

t

o

the K o r a n Syria

worth'

be

l

e

n

to

t

be

musawah

e c l u a l to

be

tasdwS

equal s u r i y y d , t o s u r i y y a h

mutasdwin

be straight;

t o

sdwd

to

istawd

stand

Syrian

s u r i y y

politics . . . . .. political; polltjcjan

siyasahsameness (».); . . . e q u a l l y siyasiyy level

mustawai

politicians

sasahparticularly

Id siyyamd

whip

s a w t

hour

s a ' a h t o

t

P

c x c e

o

u

r

i

t

s

>

other

than

siwd

sawd'

^

t

walk, proceed

sara{i)

., , . . , c o n d u c t i n g in.) tasyir to consider plau- istasagha * , 1 1 t o keep pace with sdyara r r sible, palatable shall, will

s

a

w

distance

masafah

/

a

p

r

ceeding

°

"

^

biography; repu- sirah to lead, drive s a q a { u ) t a t i o n (person, animal, c a r ) , . „ , . life-courses, bio- siyar le&

s

S

9 g r a p h i e s

driving (n.)

s a w q t h e

rest of

market

s u q a u t o m o b i l e

markets

aswaqproceeding

driver

sa'iq

sa'ir sayydrah (n.)

distance, journey

344

masir masirah

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to

flow

s d l a ( i ) t o

follow the

flow (of water)

s a y l e x a m p l e

„ cinema

- i m i t a t i o n sinama

Syria, Damascus

sha'm,

t

a

c

e

t

e

similar to, like

shibh

the like of (pi.)

ashbah

tea

s

youth . youths . , youths; youth

s h a b b , t r shubban , , t r shabab

to cling to

n

shatama

insults

shata'im

v a r i o u s

e

)

shaM

e

e

e

t

0

shajarah s

ashjar encoura

Se

shWa'a

taskabba-encouragement

tashjV

lean and pale ghost, shadowy f

i

g

u

s h a b a h t o

r

e

ghosts

f

r

e

i

g

h

ashbahperson, shabi'a(a)Personal ashba'apersonality

to be entangled

tashabaka

being entangled

t

to enter into a s

k

i

a

s

h

a

ishtabaka r

m

i

skirmish

whet, sharpen t

shahadha(a) shahn shakhs shakhsiyy' shakhsiyyah

personalities b u k s i to bind, fasten

s

shahib

man

to be satiated to satisfy

shattata «

curse

f ^ y c u r s e s ,

u

shabih

r

s h u ' u n t o

o

resembling disperse, scat-

matters

(abstract n

tashabbuh tashabuh

s h a ' n t o

n

of

resemblance

s h a m l i k e , matter; impor-

tashabbaha

h

, . to emphasize, ishtibakstrengthen

y

shakhy a t shadda{u) , ,, , shaaaaaa

to liken

shabbahato

become strong, ishtadda

to resemble

ashbaha

severe

345

VOCABULARY

strength; force

shiddah

streets

shawari'

strong, severe

shadid

law, M o s l e m l a w

skari'ah

calamities

shada'id

to overlook (a

ashrafa

to sing

shada(u)

exception; irreg-

shudhudh

ularity evil, b a d (n.);

sharr

worse

place) honor, nobleness

sharaf

ceremonies

tashrifat

noble, honorable

sharif

noblemen

ashraf

spark

shararah

noblemen

skurafa'

to drink

shariba(a)

to b e a m (with

ashraqa

to saturate

sharraba

to give to drink

ashraba

illumination

ishraq

moustaches

shawarib

east

sharq

drink; wine, li-

sharab

eastern

sharqiyy

j o y ) ; to rise (sun)

to take part i n ;

quor liquor, spirits

to be a partner

mash-

rubat ruhiyyah to explain

sharaha(a

explanation

shark

j o y , delight

inshirak

to wander

sharada(u)

stray

sharid

conditions

shurut

policeman

shurtiyy

to begin

shara'a(a)

legislation

tashri'

legislative

tashri'iyy

legal, lawful

shar'iyy

street

shari'

sharaka

partnership

musharahah

to take part in

ishtaraka

taking part

ishtirak

company

sharikah

partner; share-

shank

cropper polytheist

mushrik

common

mushtarak

Circassian

sharkasiyy

cocoons of silk-

sharaniq

worm to b u y 346

ishtara

ARABIC-ENGLISH buying

shira

'

t

o

wide

s h a s i ' t o

shore, coast

s h a f t

shores, coasts

shawatVpassion

flight

s h a t h a h t o

occupy, busy

clever

s h d t i r t o

employ; to oc- ashgkala

to radiate

s h a " a ( i )

rays

a s h V ' a h t o

l

o

kindle

ash'ala

inflame with

shaghafa

v

(a)

e

shaghaf shaghala{a)

P y > P^occupy

c u

busy oneself

ishtaghala

to cause to branch s h a " a h a w i t h , , . , b u s y i n g oneself ishtighal a people sha h with peoples sku'ub work, job, occu- shughl populist, national ska'bivy r r p a t i o n conjurer m u s h a 1 - . , ,., worry, anxiety shaghil widh lip shafah, to feel s h a ' a r a ( u ) s h i f a k to notify, to make ash'araintercessor someone feel hair

s

poem; poetry

s h i ' r

poems

r

poetical r h

p

a

. to pity . , . to have pity

r p

k

y

s

poets

sha i r t o s h u ' a r d '

emblem

s h i ' a r t o

l

. ,

o

e

s

s

c

l

e

f

t

split, crack (intr.) inshaqqa (a trail)

s

shaqq shuquq

barley

s h a ' i r h a r d ,

ceremonies

sha'a'irbrother;

feelings, senses

mashd'ir

difficult full

brother 347

shaqqa(u)

plough

feeling, conscious- s h u ' r n b l a z i n g n

, r , snajaqah . mustashjay

split, tear; t

, - , . snajiqa(a) ,r ashjaqa uhfdq

a s k ' a r . t y s h i ' r i y y , p i t a

i o

h

l

shaft*

shaqq shaqlq

,

VOCABULARY

hardship, diffic

u

l

t

misery to doubt

mashaqqah y

cloak; waistband shamlah

n

o

r

t

h

s

h

a

q

a

shimal, '

s

h

a

shakka(u)suitcase

m

a

l

shantah

doubt

shakk

hateful, hideous

shanV

there is no doubt,

la shakka

to see; to give

shahida(a)

d o u b t l e s s l y t e s t i m o n y doubts

shukuk

to see, witness

to thank

shakara(u)witnesses

thanks (sing.)

s h u k r p r o o f s ,

form

s h a k l m a r t y r

shahada skuhud

evidences

shawahid shahid

pertaining to form shakliyysight,

scene

mashhad

forms

witnessed;

mashhud

problem, diffi-

a s h k a l s e e n ,

i s h k a l m e m o r a b l e

culty

defamation

tashhir

problem

mushkilah

problems

mashakilknown

to complain

shaka(u)

torn limbs

a s h W m o n t h s

ashhur

shilling

shilin

monthly

shahriyy

champagne

shambanya

fame

shuhrah

to be high,

shamakha(a)

famous

mashhur

lofty, high

shahiq

haughty high (pi.)

shawa-

to become famous, ishtahara

month

craving, appetite, shahwah

mikh disgust

ishmi'.

sun

shams

to comprise

shamala(u),

lust to indicate; to

shamil

ashara

give a signal sign

shamila(a)consultation general

shahr

distance 348

isharah mashwarahi> shawt

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to long for, desire ishtdqalamps

masdbih

craving, desire

i s h t i y d q t o

desire, longing

s h a w q b e i n g

to roast

be patient

sabara(i)

patient, pa- istibdr

shawa(i)tience

to wish

shd'a(a)patience,

firmness

thing, object

s h a f A n g e r

isba'

things, objects

a s h y d ' f i n g e r s

asdbi'

grey-haired

a s h y a b t o

wormwood

s h l h s o a p

sdbun

old m a n ; chief;

s h a y k h y o u t h

siban

senator

sabr

assume a color istabagha

boy

sabiyy

old men; senators shuyukhb0yS old age

sibyan

shaykhuk h a h g i

boys

sibyah

i

sabayd

r

to erect

s h a d a ( i )

waterpipe

s h i s h a h t o

devil, Satan

shay tancorrectness;

to attend a fu-

t o

s b e correct

sahha{i)

correct, verify

schhaha sihhah

shayya'ahealth health (adj.); sa-

neral

to circulate (tr.)

a s h a ' a n i t a r y ,

diffusion; rumor

isha'ahcorrect,

rumor

shd'i'ah

sihhiyy

hygienic true

sahih

healthy (pi.)

asihhd'

to accompany; to sahiba(a) befriend to pour

sabba(u)companions

sahb

to become; to be

asbahafriendship

suhbah

in the m o r n i n g f r i e n d , c o m p a n i o n ; sahib morning

s a b d h p o s s e s s o r

morning

sabihahfriends,

lamp

misbah

of, owner

compa-

ashab

nions; possessors

349

VOCABULARY

sihdfak,

journalism

1

sahafah

to believe

saddaqa

to become friendly tasadaqa

journalist

suhufiyy

newspaper

sahifah

becoming friends tasaduq

newspapers

suhuf

amity, friendship sadaqah

pages

sakd'if

friend

sadiq

Koran

mashaf,

friends

asdiqd'

mishaf, mushaf

truthful

siddiq

courtyard to make noise rocks to check, stop

with one another

sahri

to clash

istadamt

sakhiba(a)

collision, clash

istidam

sukhur

echo

sadan

sadda(u)

to make clear,

sarraha

checking,stopping sadd

declare

to proceed, ema- sadara(i,u) nate, issue forth to export

saddara

to publish

asdara

heading; chest,

sadr

to talk openly

saraha

edifices

suruh

clearness; since-

sarahah

rity

breast

clear

sarih

to scream, shout

sarakha(u)

appearance

sudur

scream

sarkhah

chests

sudur

screaming (n.)

surakh

source

masdar

fireworks

sawarikh

sources

masadir

to struggle with

tasara'a

headache

sudd'

to come across;

sddafa

one another fighting

to meet or hap-

away (tr.)

musada-

to control, govern, tasarrafa

fah to be true

musdra'ah

to spend; to turn sarafa(i)

pen by coincidence coincidence

(n.)

direct

sadaga(u)

behaviour 10

tasarruf

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to depart; to be directed t

insarafapure; o

morphology (

g

r

t

net, clear o

polish

s a r f h a r d a

m

to climb, ascend

m

.

)

t

o

saqala(u)

(pi.)

be fit

sa'ida(a)repair,

islah

reform

climbing (n.), go- s u ' u d r e f o r m i s t ing up

silab saluha(u)

improve-

to raise; to ascend s a " a d a m e n t ,

safin

islahiyy

terminology ;usage istilah

elevator

m i s ' a d f i t ,

elevators

masa'idrighteousness;

to be stunned

saliqa(a)

lowly persons

sa'alik

department

maslahah

to become little

tasaghara

departments; in-

masalih

smallness; boyh

o

good

salih salak

goodness

s i g h a r t e r e s t s

o

d

t

o

pray

salla

small

s a g h i r p r a y e r

salah

small (pi) •

s i g h a r d e a f

summ

(pi)

c h i l d r e n e s s e n c e ; lines, rows; classes s

u

f

u

j

t

o

genuine

keep silent

samlm samata(u)

to forgive

safaha(a)silence

samt

to shake hands

s a f a h a s i l e n t

samit

page, side

s a f h a h p i n e trees

sanawbar

plates

s a f a ' i h c y m b a l s

sanj

to become yellow i s f a r r a b o x

sunduq

yellow

asfar

sun-

willow

safsdf

to slap

s a f a

a slap

s a f ' a h m a k i n g , industry

sun'

to be pure

safa(u)

sdni1

peep-show

diiq al-dunya i

a ( a ) t o make, do

craftsman 35i

sanala(a)

VOCABULARY

industry

s i r t a ' a h h a l l

industrial

sind'iyyliterary

factory

m a s n a ' f a s t i n g

sawm

factories

m a s a n i ' t o

sana(u)

idols

asnam

salon

salun

preserve

protection, safe-

to smelt

siyanah

sahara(a)guarding

to be smelted

i n s a h a r a t o

Zionist

sahyuniyyshout

Zionism

sahyu-

i

to a i m at , ,> to hit (the m a r k ) ; a

s

u a

f

shout

t

o

become

m

f

sawwabacoming m e r s a b

l

i

s a w a b t o s

m

a

t

l

>

al-dadd

tadaala

Iittle

m u s i b a h

misfortunes

m a s a ' i b t r a i n ,

voice

s a w t o f f i c e r

(police

voices

a s w a t a n d

milit.)

to p a i n t ; to pic-

sawwara

control, res-

dabata(u,i)

check

officers (police

ture, imagine

^

language

misfortune

t 0

sayf '

the

dwindle

l

masir

a

c

s a w b a A r a b i c

m e n t ; right t h i n g

sara(i)

e n d ; fate; be-

direction; towards s a w b , l e t t e r ^ ;

proper j u d g e -

saha(i) saykah

niyyah

to

salak

dabit

dubbat

and milit.)

to imagine

tasawwaraclamor

imagining

tasawwurto

dajlj

s

u

laugh s a g h a ( u ) t o sacrifice

dahika(a, dahk . ,, , dankan dahha

f o r m

^

h

al-adha

wool

suf

picture, form to shape, fashion

r

a

a

h

h

.

laughter

F e a s t fice

352

of Sacri-

('id)

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to become

ta darkness) post ;

ghurusharmy round cakes . , to lend money . , to perish , to ring, beat , gurgle to compare century centuries equals wife to inquire, investigate

c

qishlah

u q r d s " h o s p i t a l " , t o tell, narrate qassaiu) aqraaa . , c l i p p i n g qusasah i n q a r a d a I r ( / \ s t o r y , novel qissah qara a ( a ) 1 , s t o r i e s , novels qisas qarqaran to brocade qassaba qarana to intend; to go to qasadaii) qarn economics; econ- iqtisad qurun omy; frugality aqran economical iqtisadiyy qarinah intention qasd i s t a q r a poem qasld,

induction village a

dispersed inqisha'

to limit oneself to iqtasara . . limitation, iqtisdr a h r m e n t n . c e qasr y y , a c e s qusur • / \ o r (age) qasir brief qasir

i s t i q r d ' . o

villages ° villager ° share to swear, take an o

a

n

y e q u r a * p a l a q a r a w i ? s s p a l q i s t * • m i n aqsamashort, f

q

i

t

department, . section

qism t

share

qismah

hard, harsh

a

n

r

h

.

, limited to

o

maqsur

remove, exile aqsa exiling («.)

to investigate q d s i n t h o r o u g h l y

harshness

q a s w a h

harshness

q a s d w a h

to be cleared

inqasha'a

d i s t a n t ) t o

dart

far upon

abbreviation 375

iqsa' istaqsa qdm

inqadda iqtiddb

VOCABULARY

stick, cane

q a d i b p i e c e

qitah

to gnaw

qadima(a)pieces

qita1 herd

qadama(i]flock, to end; to spend qadaii)

crop

time; to judge; to decide; to decree; to do away to require; to

qitaf

retirement (from taqa'ud

w i t h w o r k ) rule, standard;

taqada

receive in

qati'

qd'idah

p a y m e n t b a s e

to be ended, pass inqadarules

qawa'id

being ended,

i n q i d f f s e a t

maq'ad

a

maqa'id

passing a

w

y

s

e

a

t

s

judges

q u d d h t o

lawsuit; prob-

qadiyyahjump

lem;

c

jump, spring

qajzah

s e cage q a d d y a t o be little, few

lawsuits; prob-

a

lems; cases court, tribunal;

q

a

d

a

execution; passing (time) . t o judicial qadd'iyy never, (not) at all qatt cat

qitt

country

q

u

t

a

i

i P to be cut

be independent istaqalla independence istiqlal littleness

cutting

c

qillah

little, few (masc., qalil . . sing.)

r

n

e

, qajas qalla(i)

to carry, convey aqalla ' , reduction taqlil

l i t t l e , few (pi.) to cut; to cross; q a t c f a • v 3 • m i n o r i t y to accomplish independent feudal i q t d ' i y y t o turn over to be cut into t a q a t t a ' a t o turn over; F

qafaZa(i)

e s t o i n q a t a ' a t

qala'il „. , aqalliyyah mustaqill qalabaii) qallaba

examine, inspect Q

be

changedj

reversed

qaf 376

inqahba

ARABIC-ENGLISH

revolt, coup;

inqilab

change heart

qalb

hearts

qulub

mould, form

qdlab, qdlib

lamp

qindil

lamps, chande-

qanad.il

liers to be content

qanita(a)

with

to imitate

qallada

to convince

aqna'a

traditions

taqalid

to acquire

iqtand

traditional

taqlldiyy

to subdue

qahara(a)

Cairo

al-qahirah

to retreat

taqahqara

retrogradation

qahqara

to give a loud

qahqaha

to be appointed taqallada to (post) to draw out,

iqtala'a

pull out to worry (tr.)

aqlaqa

worry

qalaq

disturbed,

qalam aqlam

district, country iqlirn districts, coun-

qahwah

house coffeehouse

maqhan

to lead, guide

qada(u)

to be led, guided inqada

pen, pencil pens; pencils

coffee; coffee-

qaliq

troubled department;

laugh

aqdlim

tries territorial

iqlimiyy

to fry

qala(i)

peaks

qumam, qimam

wheat

qamh

law; psaltery

qanun

(musical instrument) laws qawdnin

leader, com-

qa'id

mander leaders, com-

quwwad

manders leaders, com-

qadah

manders leash

qiyad

command, lead- qiyadah ership bow

qaws

bottom

qd>

hall

qa'ah

377

VOCABULARY

to say, speak

q a l a ( u ) t o

saying

q

article (in jour-

a

w

l

to stand up, rise; qama(u)

abilities;

to carry out; to take place

stronS

to raise; to dwell; aqama

I^W

strong (pi.)

aqwiya'

to bind; to re-

qayyada

to support; to set up

gister

iqamah

lishing, setting u

qiwan

strength (pi.)

muqawamah

erecting, estab-

qawwa

strength; ability quwwah

maqalah

resistance

e

to strengthen

maqal,

nal)

be strong; to qawiya(a)

b

p

t

o

be bound; to taqayyada

uprightness

i s t i q a m a h

straight

mustaqimbond'

b e

confined chain

group of people; q a w m b o n d s ,

chains

quyud

nation, c o m m u n i t y c o m p a r i s o n ; national; t

i

o

nan

qiyas

qawmiyyanalogy a

stature standing, situa-

l

i

s

t

q a m a h q

t

o

decree (God) qayyada muqayadah

b a r t e r

a

'

i

m

^

ted; current, e x i s t i n g g l a s s , tumbler

Jca's

stature

q a w a m t o

be bent on

mainstay

q i w a m t o

apply oneself inkabba

valuable

qayyimassiduously

value taking place;

qimahapplying q i y a m

to oneself inkibab t

o

e x i s t e n c e N e a r rank, place, po-

maqam

sition bases

muqawwi

akabba

Eastern dish kubbah

to endure, suffer kabada liver; heart

kabid, kabd

to be advanced

kabira(a)

in years

mat 378

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to grow big; to

become g r e a t

l

e

t

t

to extol

akbarashoulder

extolling

i k b a r

old age

e

makatib makt"b

r

katif

t

conceal (a secret)

0

katama{u)

kibar , . , c o n c e a l m e n t kitman kibriya . , d e n s e kathth kabir , . , t o be numerous kathuraiu) kibar

pride large, big; old . . old; big; prominent (

desks

kabura(u)offices;

p

i

greater; larger

.

)

t

o

do

much

aktham

kubrdmultiplicity

takdthur

(fem., s i n g . ) a b u n d a n c e nightmare; p

r

e

s

to write; to order, d

much, kathir

kdbusnumerous, s

e

c

u

r

e

m

a

n

y

kataba(u)often r

e

e

kathiranmd

m

a

n

y

of

writer; clerk

k d t i b m a j o r i t y

writers

k u t t a b t o

secretaries;

katabahdense

w

r

i

t

e

r

s

t

o

k u t u b t o

writing

kitdbahsuch;

written

k i t a b i y y t o lie

village-school

k u t t a b l i e ;

p

h

l

a

t

t

t

kadaha(a) so, thus

a

t

i

o

lying (n.) b

k

repeat

m a k t a b t o

library; book-

maktabahdistress

kadha kadhaba(i)

a

untrue

office shop

antimony

toil

kutayyibtying, e

takathafa

paint the eye kahhala

books; letters

k

akthariyyah kathif

k i t a b w i t h

village-schools

kathir min

be dense

book

booklet, pam-

kathrah

kadhb, d

h

i

b

kddhib karrara

repeat (intr.) takarrara karb

to pay attention to iktaratha 379

VOCABULARY

Kurdish (Turkish k u r d b r e a k i n g a

d

j

e

c

t

i

v

e

)

t

0

kasr kassara

smash

Kurd, Kurdish

kurdiyybroken

kasir

Kurds

akradlaziness

kasal

chair

k u r s i y y

to be generous

akramagarment,

o

t

cover, clothe kasa(u) clothes kiswah,

to; to h o n o r ( s i n g . )

kaswah

honor, respect

i k r a m t o

uncover, open kashafa(i)

to be obliging

takarramato

be uncovered, takashsha-

honor; dignity

karamahrevealed

honorable; ge-

k a r i m t o

nerous (

s

i

n

g

.

t

)

fa

o

reveal oneself inkashafa discover

iktashafa

honorable (pi.)

k i r a m t o

be crowded

ikta^a

daughter

k a r i m a h t o

repress

ka$ama(i)

noble (fern, pi.)

kara'imcakes,

vines

biscuits

kalk

k u r u m ( c o l l . )

Karnak

k a r n a k

biscuit

a

to dislike, detest kariha(a)palm hatred, dislike

of hand

k u r h a l l ,

hateful, disliked k a r i h t o slumber

ka'kah

the whole reward strife

karanstruggle,

kaff kaffah kafa'a kifdh

to acquire, earn iktasabainfidels

kuffdr

profit, earnings

kafan

(

s

i

n

k a s b s h r o u d g

.

)

t

o

suffice

kafa(i)

be content

iktafd

earnings

m a k d s i b t o

to break (tr.)

kasara(i)sufficient

kafin

to break (intr.);

takassarastars

kawakib

to be s l o u c h y a l l ; being broken

inkisar

every

everyone of 380

kull kull min

ARABIC-ENGLISH

every time

kullamacomplete,

no, not at all

k a l l a

complete, uni-

kulliyyperfection

v e „ college . dog

r

f

e

perc

t

>

kdmil

whole

kamdl

s

a l t o lie concealed , „. , k a m i n kulliyyah , „ h i d d e n kalb treasure dogs kildb treasures to charge some kallafa . , c h u r c h one with churches to undertake takallafa to surname effort kulfah electricity to wound kalama(u,i) of mature age to talk, address k a l l a m a , , (man) to talk, speak t a k a l l a m a . r p r i e s t word; speech k a l i m a h . priests

kamana(u), a i a ) kdmin kanz kunuz kanisah kana'is kannd kahraba' kahl , . kahin » ,,_ kuhhan

talk, saying; scholastics

kaldmdiviners,

sooth- kahanah

speaker

mutakallim^ut

kukh

both of them,

k i l d h u t s

akwdkh

sayers

each of them f t n a s c . ) both of them,

t

o

be about to

k i l t d h a r d l y

had,

kdda{a), makdda

each of them { f a n . ) s c a r c e l y had how much; how k a m h e a p s

akwdm

y

kana(u)

m

a

n

a

t m

o t

o

create, found kawwana

as

k

quantity

kammiyyahcreation,

to be sad

a

be, exist

forma- takwln

kamida(a)tion

sadness, chagrin k a m a d b e i n g

kawm

to be completed iktamala

kiydn

status; being 381

VOCABULARY

place

to take refuge in

places

committee

i m p o r t a n c e ; i n s i s t a n c e , s

t

u

so that, in o

r

s

t a

a c

h

k

o

how t

s d

s

o

w h

a

s r

t t

i

s

t

e

r

t

o

t

h

o

d

o

a

t

e

n

m h

e

c

per-

e

stray

o

x

from y

b i

s

t

;

apostate

to lick wh

Y

n

o

t

t

o

notice, look

just as; somehow

t0 notC;

n

t

no; n to

o fit,

supervision; observation , „ . glance; moment i t _ to follow; to r e a c h ; to join

t

s

to be fit, s u able fitting { a

o

u i

t

-

d

j

t

.

e

observe

;

)

.

to tarry, stay

to add . to join attached to

to become thickly (clouded) , „ m e l o d i e s , to dress oneself, b e a r d w e a r dress,

g a r m e n t s u m m a r y

L

e

b

a

n

o

L

e

b

a

n

e

a

n s

e

t t

' o

to answer, res-

be

pleasing,

tasty

pond to the call o f p l e a s u r e , response; answer

tunes

delight

talbiyahenjoyments,

to demand

pleasure, delight 382

ARABIC-ENGLISH

delightful, en-

play, game

joyable, delicious to burn, s

t

i

n

g

t

o

curse

to stick to; to

curse

remain in; to be in need o f a c c u r s e d necessary to f

riddle

o

r

necessity; ln

c

e

t

o

cancel

s t i c k - a b r o g a t i o n

§ to

language

tongue;

l a n g u a g e l i n g u i s t i c

situation s

p

e

a

k

-

t

o

wrap, envelop

ing for i

t

s

e

l

f

t

0

be wrapped

t o n g u e s c i g a r e t t e to disappear,

to turn (tr.)

be reduced to n o u g h t

t

o

glance

about

practicing r o b t o t U r n (intr.) bery ' t u r n i n g ; paying bandit, t h i e f a t t e n t i o n bandits, t h i e v e s t u r n i n g (n.) to stick, be a t

a

t

c

h

to adhere; b

e

e

t

0

t

h

d

w

o

r

eject f r o m

e d

,

attached

. words, expres-

g e n t l e n e s s S to

e

n

s

to p to play

mouth utterance

l l

t

a

l

p

a w

i

e

t

e

y t

h

s

r

u

o

a

n

o r

s

word, an utn c e

a

t s

i

find n

a

to play, sport

m

e

surnames 8

3 3

VOCABULARY

mouthful, m o r s e l w i l l to i n s t r u c t f l to m

e

e

t

f

to receive,

l

a

a

m

m

m

e

(sing.)

s

e

e

e t

s

(sing.) , dialect; tone

e

-

.

to inspire . . inspiration

meeting to throw; to

not

r

cite, deliver

to amuse oneself

to receive

if

to meet

if not

but

to stain

but

to appear

did not (negative p a r t i

c

)

t

o

signal to to take refuge in

a

l

m

o

y

n

d

to blame

to notice c . features

t

o

to touch, feel . , o ,, to cfeel, f f o fumbling f

c u

o

e

color o b

r

t t

f

e

o

t

k l

s

l

o

r

e e

l

m

r

o

e

touch, f

e

lorr

to befall , when; not yetx

to s

l

l

kinds ' bend, twist writhe

o

a

;

be

g

;

twisted general

t a n g i b l e ( m i l i t a r y ) to s

h

shining (

i

n a

d

e j

w

.

o

)

u n

l o

d t

that t0

be

shining, lustrous b r i g h t n e s s , s u i t a b l e , sparkle

night 384

proper

ARABIC-ENGLISH

n

i

g

n i g „ softness, n

h h

t

j t

e

t s

p e

o

appear be-

f o r e someone, e s e n r t oneself before d e r t o represent; to mutilate; to act

r n

s

t

s

soft, tender

acting; mutilation tamthil to resemble which, what; n ' ' w h a

h

u

o t

n

d

o c .

c .

r

e

t .

to imagine; to . . , r to mind like, as

u

as, as well as , proverb

d

Malta M P

likenesses; pro-

a r

l

o

v

t i

s

e i

s o

e

v

e

s

' e x a m p l e ; type; e q u i p m e n t ; i d e a l {n ) trouble appearance bee

t

e

r

o

n

e

to cause to e n j o y to

b

n

to relate to ( i n t r . ) m

r

e

e

f

s q

o

r

e u

l

f

l

a

s o m e o n e j p r e S enting

e

}

before likeness

n

J ° y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ; e n j o y m e n t a c t o r e

n

j

o

y

m

e

n

t

t

e n j o y m e n t s g l goods, effects

glorify, praise

0 o

r

y

l u g g a g e , g l o r i e s ( s i n g . ) g l o r i o u s

goods, l u g g a g e , f r e e of charge effects to erase, wipe out firm, s t r o n g e r a s i n g j e f f a c e _ when ment 385

VOCABULARY

to stretch; to

many times

run, lay; to s u p p l y p a s s e r s - b y [coll.) to s t r e t c h p a s s i n g to reinforce, provide with; to s t r e t c h

(n.)

corridor, passway ( gener ic) a n

m

to extend ( i n t r . ) w o m a n to receive f

r

o

m

w

o

m

a

n

(generic)

,

wife

term, stretch o f m e time; e r i rp ' m e a r e i n f o r c e m e

a d o w o d , d o w s n t , .. . to be lively, material; s u b - c h e e r f a l ject-matter cheerful, gay materials; subto rebel jects . , , . . . g i a n t material (adj.) . . . t o practice (promaterialism fession or virtue) long, lengthy, , , i l l n e s s prolonged . .,. . . i l l n e s s (pi.) civilization city, cities, t

t o

o w

w n

1

n s

t

o

roll about

civilized; u r b a n e x e r c i s e ; reading . . . . . i n chambers civilization going to e x t r e m e yto pratice,' exercise range, e

x

t

e

n

t

t

o

to

p

a

s

s

s

i

p

p

to c

o

n

t

i

n

u

e

t

S1

P

i

n

o

mix (tr.)

c o n t i n u a t i o n t o b i t t e once, one time

r

m

i

n

g

g

mix with, interl e with to be mixed

386

ARABIC-ENGLISH

state of

b

e

to joke, j

e

s

to t

a

r

e

i

n

t

g

t

i

p

a

c

u

d

n

u

to pass; to cone ; to begin

s

t

;

sharp

merits, p r i v i l e g e s , p a s s i n g , lapse a d v a n t a g e s ( o f time) to touch, f

e

to wipe,

c

shining

e

l

l

e

a

t

n

o

r

a

rain

i

n

s

( s h o e s ) w i t h

C h r i s t i a n a l t h o u g h C h r i s t i a n i t y t o g e t h e r to hold, s

e

i

z

e

g

o

a

t

s

to come (in the

(coll.)

to (look) intently

evening); to

b e c o m e s o u r c e

e

v

e

n

i

n

g

t

o

stay

s

l

e

n

d

e

r

t

o

devise

to w

a

l

k

t

o

be able

to walk w i t h p o s s i b i l i t y ; to cause to

w

a

l

k

l

i

t

to walk, to go

a

l

manner

k o

g

e

b

a

a

o i

t

r t

be bored,

r

y

d

o

e

t

0

o

be

of m bored,

p a t h r e s t l e s s

live stock ( E

w

f

walking, g corridor,

y

to be able

together; to walk to and f r o w

abi-

y

p p

i

. y

) t

t t

o

fill

o

be filled

E g y p t i a n b e i n g pain, grief

filled

people, crowd 387

VOCABULARY

pleasant,

e n t e r - w i s h

taining (

p

i

.

)

t

o

c

r

f o n e -

e s

o

m

to possess; c

o

n

t

r

to restrain self f

o

r

possession; tate

1

e

t

o

a

d

a l

s o

introduce

t

w

n

,

s

l

e

,

festival

e

s

s

, slowly , slow

-

whatever

possessions , . d i king jjj s o c c

s

d

u

a

p

a

i t

n

i

o

royal

n , iness

bus-

to die

possessor

death

possessor

dead (sing.)

angels

dead (pi.)

angelic ,. , kingdoms

d

e

a

t

h to surge (waves)

to request dictation, information m a l a r i a m f w to

i

l

r

o

h

l

granting

o d

m r

o g

i

r

n i

a

z

a

saint M f

s a o

n

r

i

l

u

h d

o

n

k

' m

c

e

m r

t

a

marshal

d

n

i

f

s

i

c

(adj.) e

( n . ) m u s i c a l

since ( t e m p o r a l ) p r o p e r t y ; money to p r e v e n t m o n e y s ; to forbear

f

r

o

m

t

i

e

p r e v e n t i o n f i n a n c e to express hope

proper-

s

(dep't)

type of singing 388

ARABIC-ENGLISH

m

u

m

water

m

y

p

u

l

s

e

( s i n g . ) s o u r c e s

water ( p i . ) s p r i n g , dining table field; s

q

source

springs, sources u

a

r

e

t

o

draw one's

fields; a r e n a s a t t e n t i o n to d i s t i n g u i s h t o

awake

d i s t i n g u i s h i n g ^ . ) t o

notice

to

to

d i s t i n g u i s h i n t e l l i g e n t o

n

to

e

s

e

l

f

t

o

produce

e x c e l p r o d u c t i o n

to incline

t o - p r o d u c t i v e

wards; to

t i l t d e d u c t i o n

i n c l i n a t i o n p r o d u c t inclining t o w a r d s r e s u l t port, h a r b o r . 1 r e s u l t s , conse£ q u e n c e s . p r o d u c er r to be r e m o t e t o f r o m Asperse d i s t a n t d i s p e r s i n g news ( s i n g . ) news (

p

i

.

r

o

to s p

p

p l

h

r a

e

o

u

n

t

r

u

c

) s

p r o p h e t p

w

t N

t

t

i t

i

s

o n

J

n

in

s

ask for assisc

e

d

g r o w i n g - p l a c e c a r p e n t e r p u l p i t e f f e c t i v e to utter, speak

Prose

succeed in

e

t a

e

e

o c

c t

t

sickle 389

from

VOCABULARY

s

t

a

r

to

e

s

to r

e

s

r

e

s c

a

c

s

c p

u

c

u

a

e e

l

l

e d l

invitation

d

e

w

w

y

;

e

c

;

u

b

fresh

s

copper c o i n s w a r n i n g bees

(

w

e

c

o

n

l

a

to turn

a

r a

i

direction; w

)

v

i

y

p

s

style;

. g

w

to give u to go a

l

l

;

a

s ,

'

t

emigrate o

exhaust

o

be

t

,

water e

P

o

e

y

w e

P

t d

o

(n.)

directed to

s y n t a x d i s p u t e

towards; nearly;

to dispute; to

around; such

l i k e s t r u g l e

directions, s i d e s d i s p u t e ;struggle extract side, r e g i o n t o e l e c t i o n i n t e n t ^ , , , i n c l i n toast, health , , „ , i n c l i n palm trees (coll.) , a i m peer, equal , , t o to delegate

i o n ; trend, a t i o n a t i o n s s sap to descend; to

mandate

, come to; to stay; to settle

rarity, scarcity a

n

k

e

to

e r

c

d c

o h

t i

e e

s

encounter . • , to bring down; i n fli c t (punishment) o

.

f

t

abdication; r e g r e t f o r e g o i n g

to call out; t

o

d

e

s

c

e

n

invite

t

;

fall;

staying at 390

ARABIC-ENGLISH

h

o

m

h

o

m

p

r

o

e e

a

r

s

m

i

g

e

s

r

i

o

n

w

n

a

d

e

to a t t r i b something t o

u l

t e i s

g

i

n

t

o

t

o

g seek s

P r e a d 5 t o Pub~ ; to exhume; to bring to life

h

occasion, opport

u

n

i

t

t

y

o

b

r e l a t i o n s h i p

e

be s i

n

Pread

s

S

Pread

r e l a t i o n r e l a relative, p p o r t i o

s h i p s p u b l i c a t i o n b e active t i o n t o > r o - l i v e l y n a l l i v e l i n e s s , acti-

relative adjeci v e t

s

s

a

u

i

t

l

i

v

b

e

l

l

y

t

e

,

o

active

sniff

to weave to

a b r o g a t e m e d a l s p y t o set, set up O

C

t

a r r a n g e m e n t b

r

e

a

t

h

b

r

e

e

z

e

to f

o

r

to make o f w

o

n

r

o

g

g m

h

P

o

e t

a

a

v

d

n

t

w

p

u

> o

i

v

e

e

t

t

d

stand erect

r

s

t

a

e e

s

0

i

position listen sin

c

e

( S-)

c

e

(pi.)

o

be victorious

fly-whiskvictory to g

r

o

r

e

to write; to start; to

(white)

to deal justly e s t a b l i s h h a l f

founding

halves 391

VOCABULARY

to become r i p e , a r r a n g i n g , m

a

t

u

r

e

n

i

z

i

n

orga-

g

m a t u r i t y o r d e r ,

system

b l o o m i n g s y s t e m s s t r u g g l e d e s c r i p t i o n to

b u t t s l e e p i n e s s

"butters o

f

clouds",

t

o

revive; to

s k y - r e f r e s h

s c r a p e r s s h o e to speak, p n

o

u

speaking o

z

o

i

o a

-

c

e

t l

o

i

lead an easy

f

e

;

to be for-

( a d j . ) t u n a t e

belt; s l

r

p g n

h

e

r

i

c

y

e

b

l

e

t

e

e

o

soften

s

s

s

; i

it is true

n

g

(n.);

to look, s e e c o m f o r t a b l e

life

c o n t r o v e r s y d e l i c a t e n e s s , to

w

a

i

s

t

o

f

t

n

e

s

s

waiting ( « . ) c o m f o r t ; hap, , . , p i n e s s look, view; sight l

o

o

k

in view g

l

t

o

a h

n

e

m

f c

e

m

s

m

e

o

l

e e

r

l l

o

d

o

d

o

d

t

y

y >

i

0

to swell

scene; s i g h t ,

s

w

e

l

a p p e a r a n c e e

e

n

s blow

supervisor

s

'

e

e

x

e

c

u

c l e a n l i n e s s cleaning (n.)

t r

l t

i

n

o

o

y

i

n n

'>

ass

P

i

{n

§

through ,

g

window 392

carout

ARABIC-ENGLISH

w

i

n

o

u

t

d l

o e

w

s

d

o

i

n

g

e

r

o

g

a

t

o

t

a superr

y

prayer

to exile: to cast to jut out

from one

group of people :

to contradict exiling (n.)

shunning (n) to breathe

place of exile

to compete

to

dig veil

competition soul; spirit; s

e

l

f

;

,

. . bar association

same spirits; souls souls; s

e

l

v

e

s

t

o

p s y c h o l o g i c a l

t

p s y c h o l o g i c a l

o

b

r

e

a

t

h

m

o

m

n

pay

(money)

crlticize

o n

e

e

y (coll.

y

(pi.)

b r e a t h s m o n e t a r y p r e c i o u s c r i t i c s , to shake o

f

f

t

r e s C ue

o

to start n e r v o u s - t o ]

y (

«

*

•

)

t

reviewers

engrave

o

argue

p e t r o l e u m a r g u m e n t a t i o n , to profit

[ t r . ) d i s c u s s i o n

profit,

a d v a n - e n g r a v i n g s

tage, u s e f u l n e s s t o facilities of

t

h

e

l

a

decrease; to c

k

h o u s e i n f e r i o r i t y alimony, n

a

n

hypocrite

m a i n t e - c o n t r a d i c t i o n c

e

o

p

p

o

s

i

t

e

presents 393

VOCABULARY

to quote; to c

o

-

m

o

s

t

py; to move (tr.) to m

o

v

vexatious

tiger

e

m o s q u i t o e s (coll. moving ( n ) ; traembellishment veling; t r a n s i t i o n t o b e r e I a t e d t o transfer; moving naql (n.); transporting (n.); quoting

growth example, model

transport ship to a

v

e

n

g

, , to loot, plunder r e v e n g e p l u n d e r i n g vindictive feelto follow (a track); to behave to select road, way purity programs, curmisfortune; d i s • , ricula aster a sigh shoulder river joke; anecdote . . r i v e r s witticisms; anecdotes j t o take, seize to d i s a p p r o v e ' d e n i a ^ , . . , to be hostile to

e

,

(

l t

a

n

o

oPortunity) rise

u g l i e r a w a k e n i n g u n k n o w n p r o g r e s s i v e to incline h

e

t

h a

to incline t e

h a relapse

e d

h a

r

i

i

n

§

t

o

forbid

t

o

complete

o

come to an end; to arrive at

e d

s

t

394

ARABIC-ENGLISH

being c o m p l e t e d t o e

n

d

T

h

obtain

e

Nile; indigo

final to bear a burden with d i f f i c u l t y h e ; to r e p r e s e n t

s

h

acting ( p r e s i d - t ent, chief, e t c . )

a

to

e n l i g h t e n

to

i

l

l

pertaining

u

t

m

o

i

a

n

p

;

it is

k

e

this

, these; those

to blow; to rise s t (of breeze)

d

drop, descend , , descent, drop u

a

p

e

,

deputy, j u d g e g u d r e p u t i e s . t o c l i m a t e ,

it is

s

t

t

e „ to call, cry out to someone acclamation, a u s e

l

to abandon, forre

fi sake shming e

s

to emigrate

c

a

kind, s

e

P

e

o

m

i

r

g

r

a

t

to take over; to

to invade; to

r

e

c

e

i

to s

l

e

e

P

s

e

^ l

t

country of 1mo v e r m i g r a t i o n

to hand

s

n

.

e

e e

p

v

e

r

u

s

h

,

a

t

t

a

c

k

,

P e

t r

o t

o

April 395

attack rush

disapprove menace; to threaten

VOCABULARY

to quiet d stop

o

w

n

,

t

o

walk hur-

m o v i n g r i e d l y

to c

a

l

calmness, q n

m

u

e

i

t

e

s

t

o t

s

shake

t

o o

be shaken; tremble

j°ke,

quiet to aim

a

aims,

Jest

s

t

l

i

m

t a r g e t s d e f e a t

to d

e

m

o

l

i

s

t

h

o

drivea w a y

(flies, etc.) to be ruined, d e s t r o y e d h i , . . . t o demolition .„ . ( S e stillness; armisj c e s k e l e t t

l

l

s

rush; to fall under

e o

n

;

temple

temples to guide ~ . r s a r c a s m to oiler as a gift „ . i n t e r r o g a t i v e p a r to find, discover ticle right c o u r s e , , why has someg u i d a n c e o n e not g

i

g

u

f i

t

d

rightly g

s

a

u

n i

t

c

d

e e

o T

d

perish

h t

e

Crescent

o

interest; to

(See under

intend to be interested

to run e

s

a

w

c

a

running a

w

p

a e

a

y

b y

e ,

i i

m

, n n

g

interested

,

interest

e s c a p i n g w o r r y , pyramids

care

zeal (pi.) 396

ARABIC-ENGLISH

i

m

p

o

r

t

a

n

t

t

o

fall

i m p o r t a n c e l o v e ;

desire;

i m p o r t a n t i n c l i n a t i o n t

a

t l

k

s

a i

d

s f

k e

l

e

s

s

t

e

i

r i

s

s

o a

s

e n

i

r

h

s

p

to whisper to one a n , . . . , whispering (n.)

e

t

r

o t h e f e a

o

to stir up

a little while e

r

there; there i there are l

n

to love; to

a

s

,

,

t

a

p

s

r

s u

e

s

dreadful, aweinspiring, g

to i

dread; res-

peCt to be excited, stirred

to congratulate

to become e

PrePare one" self, be prepared ,

neglect

c o l awe, dread

PrePare

rappearance r

r r

to neglect

h

climate

to

i

inclina-

s

'

to be shed to w

;

e

y

h

l

t

o

excitement ^

e

a

e

t

^

^

contaminated v y shower

a t

agitation, disturbance be excited

sprjng5

o

jump

to be alert, enerd e s i r e g e t i c

to love; to desire

alertness; darting (it.) 397

VOCABULARY

j

u

m

p

f

o

u

n

d

,

present,

soft

( b e d ) e x i s t i n g

to t

r

u

s

t

t

o

abbreviate

to tie firmly;brevity b r i e f to s t r e n g t h e n > abbreviat. . . e d : summary to bind c

o

n

f

i

d

e

n

c

e

^ to fear

firm, strong t

r

to be frightened u

s

t

_

to become n cessary

e

-

,

tear

idols

to direct „ . , to go towards

to turn towards b i n d i n g , , . ° d i r e c t i o n obligatory side; district; affirmation direction to deem n e c e s - f a c e ; way> to make

s

a

r

necessary;

y m a n d u t y , f

n a

e c

r

e

s

o b l i g a t i o n s i d e ,

direction

motive, compelling

r e a s o n n o t a b i l i t y

to

filld

discovery;establishing, f o u n d i n g

s

p

a

s

existence, p s

e

n

s

i

o

n

t

r

e

-

u

n

c

e

I

s

l

notable towards; oppoi t e

o

i

t a

unite y

m

i

c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; t o conscience

;

unifying; c

unitarianism

unite

unity, union 398

ARABIC-ENGLISH

alone,

s i n g l y w a r e h o u s e

unity;

l o n e l i n e s s v a l l e y

o

e

n

o

v

n

e

n

i

wild

l

t

l

l

s

only son; a u

a

e

y

t

o d

e

n o

c

s

o

inherit

e

t

o

c

a

s

bequeath; to i

o

n

b e a s t i n h e r i t a n c e

dreariness,cheerlessness; wild,

inheritance

l o n e l i n e s s h e i r

d e s o l a t e , h e r i t a g e

d r e a r y i n h e r i t a n c e to inspire; to r V

e

e

a

to search f

o

r

-

t

^ t f o r

o

arrive

o w

a

r

cite; to bring awrada d ; to bring to water

i n s p i r a t i o n i n c o m e revelation; p i r to like,

a

i n s - s o u r c e t i o n t o Sprea(j afar

d e s i r e ( s h a d o w )

f r i e n d s h i p p a p e r s to swell jugular v e i n s , s w e l l i n g (n.) to let, p e r m i t t o hide onesdf; to bid f

a

r

e

w

e

l

l

t

0

disappear

bidding f a r e w e l l b e h i n d , f a r e w e l l m i n i s t e r gentle, m

e

gentle, m

e

after (in gov-

m o d e s t , e r n m e n t ) e

k

m i n i s t e r s (in govm o d e s t , e r n m e n t )

e

k

m

i

n

i

s

t

trust, charge 399

r

y (in government)

VOCABULARY

to balance, c o u n - m e a n s terbalance

(pi.)

sign,

mark

comparison

handsome

being b a l a n c e d s e a s o n ; to be b

a

l

a

n

c

e

d

t

harvest

be on the

0

being b a l a n c e d p o i n t w

e

i

g

h

t

t

o

of

describe

b u d g e t a t t r i b u t e to use some-

qualifications

thing for

p i l l o w d e s c r i p t i o n

cushion, p

i

l

l

o

w

t

reach5

o

to join things together communications

to take a middle way; to be in the middle midst; center,

to be continued

middle; atmosphere, e n v i - i ronment; medium ( a d j . ) circles ( e

t

s

o

c

arrive;

c

0

c

i

a

l

o

n

, t

t o

t

succession

n

connected;

be

o

a

contact

c

t

means ( s i n g . ) c o n n e c t i o n , middle

(

f

e

r

n

.

,

t

a

c

t

sing., a d j . ) a r r i v a l ; to be

a

b

l

e

m

e

n

e n l a r g e m e n t t o

recommend will,

l a r g e t e s t a m e n t

to entreat, b s

attaint

expanding ( n . ) a d v i c e ; wide,

con-

e

e

c

e

-

a

d

v

i

c

h

g

u

a

r

d

i

e a

(pi.) n

means (sing.),

guardianship,

medium

trusteeship 400

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to perform a l

u

t

c

l

e

c

l

e

b i

a a

to put, l

-

c

o

n

r r

c n

a

l

e s

o e

r t p

s

t

employee

contain, ena

s

o

t

y

,

o

m s

k

s

promise

o

threaten

to humble o n e - p r o m i s e j f p r o m i s e s s e status; s tion;

i

t

u

a

-

f

i

x

e

d

time, ap-

p u t t i n g p o i n t m e n t

s i t u a t i o n s a p p o i n t e d , m

i

s

e

pro-

d

l o w l y p l a c e a p p o i n t m e n t , appointed time subject, topic . . i n s i n u a t i o n , pertaining t o . hinting substance to warn; to to tread on preach to settle on, t o , , ._ s e r m o n , exhordecide tation to settle in to understand; f a t h e r l a n d , t o fae c o n s c i o u s o f c o u n t r y , . , awakening; con- way f a t h e r l a n d s . sciousness patriotic; n a t o penetrate; to awgMa tional ( a d j . ) g o deep intQ something P a t r i o t i s m d e l e g a t i o n ; Wafd wafd c o m p a t r i o t ( p a r t y in Egypt) a b o d e s d e l e g a t i o n s to employ, a

p

-

t

o

be abundant

point to o f f i c e p r o v i d i n g abunjob, post

dantly 401

wuf&d wafara(i) tawfir

VOCABULARY

to be a b u n d a n t r e v e r e n c e , a

b

u

n

d

a

n

c

e

P

e

c

res-

t

a b u n d a n t v e n e r a b l e a

b

s

u u

n c

d

a

n

c

e

t

t

s

o

s

fall; to happen

r

to play (music) to a g r to happen; to agree u

e

p

e

o

n

f t

, exPect

o

fact

agreement, contrac to

f

u

factual; practi-

l

f

i

to complete; to , . o c keep a promise . r „ s i to receive in lull . t death

l

l

c

u

t

C

r

e

r

n

,

o

c

e

places stand; to know; to dedi

to stop (tr.)

complete i

t

l

e

s

deaths

t

a

events; facts

m

i

e

m

e

, s

stopping (n.); endowment

, endowments,

at that t i m e , r e l i g i o u s t t

h

e

m

p

e o

r

n

a

r

y

foun

^ stop; the day . b

e

f

o

r

e

a

to light (a l a m p , s t a n d i n g

holid

(adj.)

k n o w i n g (n.); to be k i n d l e d s t a n d i n g («.) a

to spark ( i n t r . ) p o s i t i o n , sparking ( f

u

e

l

n

.

)

t

i

o

n

;

d

e

p

e

n

d

e

n

fireplace 402

situaparking place

t

upon

s

ARABIC-ENGLISH

to p

r

o

t

e

c

t

c

r

o

w

n

.

)

f

i

t

t

e

n

prince

to be pious avoiding (

r

to

p r o c e s s i o n r u l e d

e

p

u

t

y

m

to give birth t

a

o

to create, g

e

s

t

t

n

e

o

e

-

hint, point

a

t

rate b e

h

f

i

n d

r

t

,

c

a

t

e

d

g

i

e

h

time of

n e

r

t

b

f

r

e

o

r

t

s

o

a

sgin

m

, e

talents n

o

t mislead

o

h

e

give, bestow

s

t t

a

t t

m

h

i

to cause to e

n

r

o

i

d

r

e

l

a

b

o

n

child, s c

m a k e

to lose vigor; to

being g

r

accuse, sus-

P

e

c

t

l o v e , w e a k n e s s

s

i

r

to come a

f

e

g

r

i

e

f

,

calamity

passion banquet t

e

r

o

h

(vocative par-

to be appointed to, to take charge of, to be

despair

charged with

orphans

to follow in c

e

s

s

u

e

-

i

o

n

h

s

h a

a n

n d

s

to take p o s s e s s i o n t o of; to c g l

o o

patron

v

o e

y

n

q

r

n

a

l

u

e

r

m

a

o

r

s

t

o

t

y

t

d

facilitate, k

e

easy for

be available; o

become easy

left (masc.) 403

VOCABULARY

left (

f

e

r

n

.

)

r

i

g

h

ease

of left), {fem.)

easy; a

t (opposite

s m

o

m

a

u

n

l t

l J

l a

u n

c u

k a

y

r

Jesus

y

July

fullgrown to awaken to

a

( w

t

r

a

.

k

e

)

d

a

d

a

y

w a k e f u l n e s s , awakening to be c s

e

u

r

(

r

t e

n a G

.

d

a

i

s y

l

)

d

i

a

r

i

n

,

o

n

r

e

e

c

(adj) y that day

e

certitude right

y

;

Greeks

Greek (lan-

( o p p o s i t e g u a g e )

of left),(maje.)

June

404

INDEX OF IDIOMS AND SET PHRASES

INDEX OF IDIOMS AND SET PHRASES NOTE : Idioms and phrases are listed alphabetically not according to root of words. In alphabetizing, hamzah precedes alif ; maddah is treated as hamzah-alif ; and vowels and shaddah are disregarded. Words within quotation marks indicate meanings, those italicized describe the corresponding words, and those between parentheses are transliteration. Roman and Arabic numerals refer respectively to the selection and the sentence in which the idiom or phrase occurs. Cross reference is employed for most phrases consisting of two words or more.

407

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

408

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

409

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

410

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

411

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

412

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

416

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

414

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

415

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

416

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

417

INDEX OF IDIOMS A N D SET PHRASES

418

INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL POINTS

INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL POINTS (Roman and Arabic numerals refer respectively to the selection and the sentence.)

Abbreviations (contractions), II, 1; III, 6; IV, 32. Accusatives, after ma of wonderment, I, 32; after la of absolute negation, I, 34; of specification, IV, 28; V, 13; XVI, 15; XVI, 16; XVI, 18; XVII, 17; XXV, 30; XXX, 21; XXXII, 8; XXXII, 17; XXXIII, 3; of specification distinguished from hal, IV, Ex. 5; cognate, see "cognate object"; adverb of place, VII, 11; XXIII, 24; object of understood verb XI, 34; XIV, 33; XX, 34; XXXIV, 54; governed by balha: XVII, 22; after waw of accompaniment, XXXI, 46; XXXII, 38; after vocative je, XXXII, 47. Adjectives: Used as substantive, IX, 24; in construct, XI, 34; XI, Ex. 5; modifying sound fem. plur. nouns XIII, Ex. 2; al-fu'la pattern, XXVI, 18. Adverbs: followed by "buffer" particle, I, 20; with negation, II, 14; of place, VII, 11; noun used as adverb, VII, 24; VIII, 8; of time, IX, 47; in construct, XVI, 3; invariable, XII, 4. Affirmatives: Idm prefixed to verb, VII, 34; VII, Ex. 5; lam pref. to nouns, VII, Ex. 5; XIII, 25; lam pref. to particles, VII, Ex. 5; XIX, 44. Assimilations: an-{-la — alia., XXI, 36. Auxiliaries: kana used as "complete" verb, I, 35; kana used to express the conditional, XVII, 6 ; use of imperfectyakilnu, XXII, 5. Clauses: relative I, 1; IX, 6; of circumstance, I, 9; nominal, VII, Ex. 4; verbal, VII, Ex. 4; VIII, 13; object ofverb, XXXII, 16; hal clauses, see "Hal".

INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL POINTS

Cognate, object, V, 4; V, Ex. 5; VI, 4; VII, 9; IX, 17; XVI, 10; XVI, 11; XXX, 46; XXXII, 11. Coined words: IV, 13. Collectives: IX, 23; XIII, 46; XIV, 11; XXXI, 43 (see also under "Nouns"). Colloquialisms: I, 29; I, 33; III, 23; IV, 9; XXI, 60; XXXIII, 1; XXXIV, 37, 52. Conditional sentences: jawab preceding shart, III, 20; III, Ex. 5; contrary to fact, III, 45; with law, IV, 25; imperative shart and jussive jawab, V, 35,; XI, 25; XI, Ex. 4; jawab introduced by fa', VI, 10; XIII, 25; jussive used in, VIII, Ex. 4; introduced by kayfa, XIII, 5; introduced by mahma, XIII, 15; expressed by kdna, XVII, 6. Constructs: split, IX, 46; adjectival, IX, 43; XI, 34; XI, Ex. 5; dual in, XII, 30; adverbial, XVI, 3; with sentence intr. by anna, XVII, 28; after vocativeya, XXXIII, 47. Contractions: see "Abbreviations". Defective verbs: hati, I, 12; 'asa, III, 27. Demonstratives: XVII, 20; XXV, 27. Diminuitives: VII, 1; XVI, 11. Dual: masculine kila and feminine kilta, II, 15; in construct, XII, 30. Emphasis: II, 3; II, Ex. 4; XIX, 26; XXX, 4. Exclamations: XXI, 23; XXXII, 17. Fa'il: pattern stands for mqf'M, XI, 33; XVI, 26. Fa'lulah: pattern, XXI, 1; XXXII,. 32. Feminine, nouns, X, 9. Fi'lah, pattern denoting type of action, XIII, 9; XXXIV, 12. Gender: common, XXX, 18; XXXII, 24. Genitive: governed by balha, XVII, 22; governed by lam of surprise, XXX, 10; after exclamatory kam, XXXII, 17.

INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL POINTS

Hal: imperfect verb having force of, I, 1 and 10; I, Ex. 4; distinguished from acc. of specification, IV, Ex. 5; clause intr. by adverb, IX, 16; formation of, IX, Ex. 4; XII, 10; XII, 41; clause intr. by wSw, XIII, 8; XIX, 43; XX, 1, 15, Ex. 3; phrases, XVII, Ex. 5. Imperatives: defective, I, 12; formation, VIII, 19, 22, 23; lam of, XVIII,

Ex. 2

(see also under

"Lam");

nouns used as,

XXXIV, 27. Indeclinables: (invariables), VIII, 13; XXXIII, 19. Inflection: affecting umru\ XVI, 35. Intensives: shadda ma, IV, 44. Interjections: hayya, XXXI, 48. Interrogatives: used to mean "whether," I, 37; implying negations, III, 17; XII, 14; direct and indirect questions, XVII, 16; kam, XXXII, 17. Invariables: see "Indeclinables". Jussive: apocopated, yaku, II, 14; formation, VIII, 25; usages of, VIII, Ex. 4; after lammd., XXXI, 32; after conditional wa-illa, XXXIV, 7. Lam: of affirmation, VII, 34; VII, Ex. 5; XI, 21; XI, 31; XIII, 25; XIV, 10; XV, 39; XIX, 44; XXI, 23; prepositional, VII, Ex. 5; XXV, Ex. 4; of subjunctive, VII, Ex. 5; of imperative, VIII, Ex. 4; XVIII, Ex. 2; part of definite article, XIII, 25; expressing surprise, XXX, 10; of denial, XXXII, 25. Maf'il (mqf'al, maf'alah) patterns: formation and use of, IX, Ex. 2. Masdars: rare, I, 8; I, 10; XI, 36; taking object, V, 1; V, Ex. 4; irregular, VI, 21; with preposition, XII, Ex. 4; used as adj., XIV, 4 and \9\ fa'liilah pattern, XXI, 1; with ta' marbutah, XXXIII, 21. Modernisms: VI, 41.

INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL POINTS

Moods: optative, I, 32; jussive, II, 14; VIII, Ex. 4; subjunctive, VI, Ex. 4 (see also under individual moods). Negatives: absolute negation, I, 34; strong negation, VI, 32; negativeimperative (or prohibitive), VIII, 8, Ex. 4; in used for nega­ tion, XXI, 35. Nominal Clauses: intr. by anna, VII, Ex. 4. Nominative, after haythu, I, 10 Nouns: collective, IX, 23; XIII, 46; XXXI, 43; infinitival, XXXIV, 27; expressing doing of action XXIV, 51. Number: indefinite {bid'), III, 19. "Nunation", absence of, I, 34 Object: transposed for emphasis, II, 3; II, Ex. 4; of masdar, V, 1; V, Ex. 4; cognate (see "Cognate"); after understood verb, XI, 34; two objects of verb, XXVIII, 40; XXXIII, 10; of specification (see "Accusatives"). Optative, mood: I, 32; XX, 2; XX, 34. Participles: active, IX, 1; with preposition, XII, Ex. 4; used as substantives, XXX, 17; passive, XII, 12. Particles: of surprise, I, 4; I, 31; III, 22; XIV, 10; XXVII, 30; conjunctive fa', I, 8; Idm of imperative, I, 8 (see also under "Lam"); of wonderment, I, 32; of absolute negation, I, 34; interrogative, I, 37 (see also under "Interrogatives"); vocative, VII, 1; XVI, 10; negative, X, 8; X, 15; XXI, 35; types of ma, X, Ex. 5; lam of affirmation, XI, 21 (see also under "Lam"); innama and inna compared, XVII, Ex. 4; qad, uses of, XIX, 3; XX, 1, 23, Ex. 3; of exclamation, XXI, 23;

INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL POINTS

waw of swearing, XXI, 61; halls, XXIII, 48; superfluous waw, XXXI, 31; waw of accompaniment, XXXI, 46; XXXII, 38; conditional wa-illa, XXXIV, 7. Passive: II, 8; X, 22, Ex. 2. Patterns: see under Maf HI, Fa'il, Fa'lulah FiiIah, and YafiUl. Phrases: infinitival, XV, 33; XXVIII, 39; parenthetical, XVI, 23; prepositional, XXX, 33; XXXI, 53. Plurals: sound masculine, III, 18; adjectives IX, 24; XIX, 18. Predicate, I, 35; II, 11. Prepositions: lam, VII, Ex. 5; uses of lam, XXV, Ex. 4; min preceded by negative particle, XIII, 4; XXXII, 27; waw of swearing, XXI, 61; lam of surprise, XXX, 10; mai used as substantive, XXXII, 3. Prohibitive, or neg.-imperative, VIII, 8 Pronouns: indefinite, I, 2; pronominal suffix after inna, IV, 25; IV, Ex. 4; agreement of, XV, 29; ma following indefinite noun, XXIX, 41. Relative clauses: see "Clauses". Roots: weak, XII, Ex. 2. Subjunctive: presumed, I, 3; after lam, VII, Ex. 5; after lam of denial, XXXII, 25. Sentences: explanatory introduced by dhalika, I, 8; conditional, 111,20; III, 45; VIII, Ex. 4; following exceptive particle, V, 33; sequence, XV, Ex. 4; correlative, XXXII, 15. Subject: transposed for emphasis, II, 3; II, Ex. 4; introduced by amma, II, 11 Superlative: in construct, XII, 37 and 44. Verbs: defective, I, 12; III, 27; with feminine plur. nouns, V, 7;

INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL POINTS

perfect in place of imperfect, V, 24; perfect to express truism or proverb, VII, 21; quadriliteral, VII, Ex. 2; prepositional, XII, Ex. 4; impersonal, XVI, 18; form IV derived from adjectives, XXVI, Ex. 3; taking two objects, XXVIII, 40; XXXIII, 10; imperfect with force of hal, I, 1; Ex. 4; imperfect with meaning of "began," "started", I, 4, 14, 19, 27; Ex. 5; XXX, 19; past continuous, I, 22; II, Ex. 5; perfect to express optative, I, 32; auxiliary used as "complete", I, 35; imperfect apocopated, II, 14; reinforced by another, II, 29; narrative imperfect, XXXII, 41; with verbal clause as object, XXXIII, 10. Verbal Clauses, introduced by an, VII, Ex. 4. Vocatives: VII, 1; VIII, 17; XVI, 10; XX, 12; XXXIII, 47. Vowel signs: final dammah elongated, XIX, 20, and Ex. 4. Word order: XXX, 20; XXXIII, 3. Yaf'Gl, pattern, XXIII, 7.