Pseira VI: The Pseira Cemetery 1. The Surface Survey 1931534047, 9781931534048

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Pseira VI The Pseira Cemetery 1. The Surface Survey

Pseira VI The Pseira Cemetery 1. The Surface Survey

The archaeological excavations at Pseira, Crete, were sponsored by Temple University, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by the Archaeological Institute of Crete, and by the Archaeological Society of Crete.

INSTAP ACADEMIC PRESS MONOGRAPH 5

Pseira VI The Pseira Cemetery 1. The Surface Survey edited by Philip P. Betancourt and Costis Davaras Contributing authors: Philip P. Betancourt (co-director); Costis Davaras (co-director); Julie Ann Clark (soils science); Heidi M.C. Dierckx (stone tools); Harrison Eiteljorg II (topography); William R. Farrand (geology); Paul Goldberg (micromorphology); William B. Hafford (topography); Richard Hope Simpson (survey director); Katherine May (topography); Lada Onyshkevych (topography); Natalia Poulou-Papadimitriou (post-Minoan pottery); David S. Reese (faunal remains); Werner H. Schoch (charcoal studies); Carola H. Stearns (geology); Sarah J. Vaughan (ceramic petrography); Fotini Zervaki (preliminary artifact studies); Vasso Zographaki (Byzantine threshing floor)

Published by INSTAP ACADEMIC PRESS Philadelphia, PA 2002

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Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix LIST OF PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv PART I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1. Introduction to the Cemetery Investigations, Philip P. Betancourt, Costis Davaras, Julie Ann Clark, William R. Farrand, and Carola H. Stearns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. The Excavations of Richard Seager, Philip P. Betancourt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Methodology for the Intensive Surface Survey in the Cemetery, Richard Hope Simpson and Philip P. Betancourt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4. The Topography of the Pseira Cemetery, Lada Onyshkevych, Katherine E. May, William B. Hafford, and Harrison Eiteljorg II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5. The Cemetery in its Context, Philip P. Betancourt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 PART II. THE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 6. Data from the Intensive Surface Survey, Philip P. Betancourt, Heidi M.C. Dierckx, Natalia Poulou-Papadimitriou, David S. Reese, Werner H. Schoch, and Fotini Zervaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 PART III. INFORMATION FROM THE SURVEy OF PSEIRA ISLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 7. Data from the Intensive Surface Survey of Pseira Island, Philip P. Betancourt and Richard Hope Simpson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 8. The Threshing Floor at Site Q 22, Philip P. Betancourt and Vasso Zographaki . . . . . . . . 113 9. The Border of the Cemetery, Philip P. Betancourt and Richard Hope Simpson . . . . . . . . 115 PART IV. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 10. Comments and Conclusions, Philip P. Betancourt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 A. Concordance of Excavation Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 B. Locations of Tombs by Grid-Square or Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 C. Petrographic Analysis of Ceramics from the Pseira Cemetery, Sarah J. Vaughan . . . . . . . 147

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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of Illustrations in the Text 1. Map of eastern Crete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Ancient and modern sites on Pseira Island. The cemetery is in grid-square Q (Site Q 1), on the coast south of sites M 34 to 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Surface bedrock in the cemetery (prepared by William Farrand and Carola Stearns) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Soils map of Pseira Island (prepared by Julie Ann Clark) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Final Neolithic to EM I settlements in the Gulf of Mirabello region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6. MM II side-spouted jars and sherds from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 3 (left) and from Pseira Tomb 2 (others). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 7. MM I–II serpentinite bowls with thick walls from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 9 (left) and from Seager’s Pseira excavations, Herakleion Museum, no. 1149 (right). Scale 1:3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 8. Loom weights from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 14 (left) and from Building AG, no. AG 13 (right). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 9. EM IIB Vasilike Ware teapots from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 21 (left) and from Vasilike, University of Pennsylvania Museum, no. MS 4112 (right). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 10. Carinated cups from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 28 (left) and from Vasilike, University of Pennsylvania Museum, nos. MS 4244 (center) and MS 4247 (right). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 11. Serpentinite blossom bowls from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 47 (left) and from Seager’s Pseira excavations, Herakleion Museum, no. 4293 (right). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 12. Faunal remains from grid-square 1550E 1880N. A: Sheep or goat femur, B–E: Murex shells, F–G: Top shells (Monodonta), H–I: Limpets (Patella). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 13. EM III–MM IA East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware bowls from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 94 (left) and from Vasilike, University of Pennsylvania Museum, no. MS 4237 (right). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

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14. EM IIB Vasilike Ware goblets from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 104 (left) and from the settlement at Vasilike, University of Pennsylvania Museum, nos. MS 4614-3 (center left), MS 4738 (center right), and MS 4116 (right). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . 56 15. Serpentinite lids of variable quality from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 108 (above) and from Seager’s Pseira excavations, Herakleion Museum, nos. 4745 (lower left) and 1122 (lower right). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 16. Carinated stone bowls from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 134 (left) and from Seager’s Pseira excavations, Herakleion Museum, no. 1155 (right). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 17. Cylindrical serpentinite cups or small jars from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 253 (left) and from Seager’s Pseira excavations, University of Pennsylvania Museum, nos. MS 4520 (center) and MS 4534 (right). Scale 1:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 18. Distribution of serpentinite vase fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 19. Dome lid found at Pseira by Seager, from a Cycladic pyxis, either Kampos Gourp or slightly later, Herakleion Museum, unnumbered. Scale 1:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 20. Distribution of Early Minoan pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 21. Distribution of Final Neolithic to Early Minoan I pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 22. Distribution of Early Minoan I–IIA pottery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 23. Distribution of Early Minoan IIB pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 24. Distribution of Early Minoan III to Middle Minoan IA pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 25. Distribution of Middle Minoan I–II pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 26. Distribution of obsidian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 27. Distribution of cuprous metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 28. Distribution of Byzantine pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

List of Figures 1. Drawings of cataloged objects 1–18. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 2. Drawings of cataloged objects 19–37. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 3. Drawings of cataloged objects 38–59. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 4. Drawings of cataloged objects 60–82. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 5. Drawings of cataloged objects 83–105. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 6. Drawings of cataloged objects 106–119. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 7. Drawings of cataloged objects 120–142. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 8. Drawings of cataloged objects 143–160. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 9. Drawings of cataloged objects 161–186. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 10. Drawings of cataloged objects 187–207. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 11. Drawings of cataloged objects 208–226. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 12. Drawings of cataloged objects 227–253. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 13. Drawings of cataloged objects 254–277. Scale 1:3 except as noted. 14. Drawings of objects from Survey Sites Q 27, Q 28, Q 29, Q 30, and Q 31. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

List of Plates 1. A. General view toward the cemetery from the Plateia in the Minoan town. B. Grid-square 1610E 1890N. 2. A.Grid-square 1610E 1890N (Byzantine field house) before excavation, looking east toward the town. B. Grid-square 1660E 1865N. 3. A. Grid-square 1610E 1890N after excavation, looking west. B. Detail of the Byzantine walls in grid-square 1610E 1890N (Site Q 3). 4. A. Steep slope of the cemetery with calcrete visible at the upper left of the photograph (looking west). B. Tomb 14, carved into the low calcrete cliff at the north of the cemetery. 5. A. Survey team at the cemetery: Katherine May (standing), William B. Hafford (left), and Lada Onyshkevych (right). B. General view of the cemetery hillside, looking west.

Preface Cemeteries in Minoan Crete were always outside the towns. Both adults and children were buried in communal graves in the early centuries of the Minoan era, but individual burial, often in jars or other containers, gradually became more popular during the Middle Minoan period. In eastern Crete, as elsewhere on the Minoan island, the cemeteries were an important aspect of Bronze Age culture. They provided the society with an essential part of its self-cognition, and those who had their final repose there were clearly a focus of community life both at the time of burial and in later years. Because cemeteries were such an essential aspect of Minoan culture, they provide a useful series of documents in the reconstruction of Minoan belief-systems. The evidence demonstrates their persistent role in Minoan life, and it shows that the religious practices that occur in the towns of the Late Bronze Age were often a development from practices that had been associated with cemeteries in earlier periods. Many of the most persistent Minoan religious symbols, like

horn-shaped objects, women holding snakes, and humans grappling with bulls, are first known to us through objects found in cemeteries. Investigation of the cemetery was an important aspect of the research plan for Pseira Island. Although Richard Seager almost completely excavated the burial ground in 1907, the absence of a final publication on the early work has seriously hampered our understanding of the island’s history. The settlement on Pseira Island can only be understood if the important evidence from its cemetery is described as fully as possible, so that the information it provides can be integrated with the other knowledge we have about the site’s people and their history. The cemetery investigation was conducted over a period of several years, and it involved work by many individuals. In addition to the excavation of the tombs, the methodology required an intensive examination of the surface of the cemetery and the collection and recording of objects visible above ground. This volume presents the results of that surface survey. Philip P. Betancourt

Acknowledgments The archaeological investigation of the cemetery on Pseira Island was a part of the Pseira Project, an American-Greek collaboration (synergasia) directed jointly by Philip P. Betancourt and Costis Davaras. The project was sponsored by Temple University, the Archaeological Institute of Crete, and the Archaeological Society of Crete, under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Culture and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Additional financial assistance for the work published in this volume was given by the following: the Institute for Aegean Prehistory; the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency; The Social Sciences and Humanities Council of Canada; the Society for the Preservation of the Greek Heritage; the Arcadia Foundation; the Mellon Corporation; Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario; The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology; and other donors. Thanks are extended to all those who assisted with the project: the Directors for Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Ministry of Culture of Greece, yannis Tzedakis (1985–90, 1993–99), Ios Zervoudaki (1990–92), and Katerina Romiopoulou (1992–93); Nikos P. Papadakis Director of the Ephorate for Eastern Crete (1985–89 and 1995– 2002); and to the Directors of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Stephen G. Miller (1985–87), William D. Coulson (1987–97), and James D. Muhly (1997–2002). The survey of the cemetery began with preliminary examinations of the island of Pseira in 1985 and 1986, followed by an intensive walking survey carried out in 1988 and 1989. Mapping and

surveying was by David D. Day (1987–88) using a Topcon DM-A2 EDM (Electronic Distance Meter) generously loaned to the excavation by Don Anderson, of the Anderson Instrument and Supply Company, Canton, OH, to whom the project is greatly indebted. In 1993–94, a team of surveyors prepared a topographic map of the cemetery site. Participants included Joan Beaudoin (Supervisor, 1993), Hilary Brown (1993), William B. Hafford (1994), LeighAnn Bingham (1994), Sheila Lin (1994), James L. Wilson (1994), Katherine May (1993–94), George Mitrakis (1993– 94), and Lada Onyshkevych (Supervisor, 1994). Field photographs are by Michael W. Betancourt (1986–91), Philip P. Betancourt (1986–94), and Richard Hope Simpson (1986– 91). Profile drawings are by Michael W. Betancourt (1990), Leigh-Ann Bingham (1994), Senta German (1989), Krista Gustafson (1990– 91), Jenny Hope Simpson (1989, 1991), Teresa Howard (1986–91), Sheila Lin (1994), Marie T. Naples (1990–91), Jeanne Pond (1990), Sharon Rathke (1989), Chrysostomos Theodorou (1989), Eleni Velona (1990), and Philip P. Betancourt. Assistance with editing was provided by Joan Beaudoin, Hilary Brown, Katherine May, Andrea Powers, and Louise Langford. Several staff members participated in the walking survey of the cemetery, under the direction of Richard Hope Simpson: Diane Dunn (1989–90), Tom Fleming (1989), George Harrison (1990), David Marko (1988), George Mitrakis (1988–90), Meryn Scott (1988–90), and Catherine Wolfitt (1988).

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Additional survey and data processing was accomplished by Harrison Eiteljorg II, Katherine May, Lada Onyshkevych, and William B. Hafford. Data processing was conducted at the Department

of Art History Archaeological Laboratory, Temple University, and at the Center for the Study for Architecture, Bryn Mawr College. Louise Langford prepared the graphic layouts.

Part I Introduction

Illustration 1. Map of eastern Crete.

2 PseIra vI

1

Introduction to the Cemetery Investigations Philip P. Betancourt, Costis Davaras, Julie ann Clark, William r. Farrand, and Carola H. stearns

Pseira is a small island on the eastern side of the Gulf of Mirabello in northeastern Crete (Ill. 1). The island is a little over two kilometers at its greatest dimension, with a maximum width of one kilometer (Ill. 2). It is oriented northeast-southwest. The island’s northwest side, facing the open sea, is steep and almost inaccessible, while the opposite side, toward Crete, is lower and more inviting. Pseira’s human settlement began in the Neolithic period when new residents to this part of Crete settled on the offshore island (Betancourt 1999a). They built houses of stone and mud brick on a low peninsula that faced toward Crete, establishing a community that would last, with a few interruptions, until almost the end of the Bronze age (Ill. 2, site M 1). Their dead were buried in a nearby cemetery during the earliest phases of the community. The cemetery on Pseira Island is about 100 m west of the Minoan town on the southern slope of a hill overlooking the sea (Ill. 2, site Q 1). The lower slope of the burial place is not visible from the town because it lies beyond an intervening low hill, on the south side of the small islet (Pl. 1a). No major natural barriers lie between town and cemetery, but the topography is rocky and uneven (Pl. 1B), and two small ravines are present along the way to the burial ground. The tombs can be reached from the houses either by a climb over

this rugged terrain or by a quick trip by boat. a small landing place for boats and ships is at the east of the cemetery area where rocks provide a landing-spot at the present time; in the Bronze age, when the sea was lower, the coast will have been different, but it was undoubtedly still accessible from this spot. The landing-spot was necessary for the unloading of building stones. The cemetery itself is on a steep slope. In the grid established by richard Hope simpson for the investigation of the island by surface survey, it is in grid-square Q, site Q 1 (Ill. 2). The map reference on the Greek military maps for the center of the cemetery is -9700e -7575N. The area of the tombs extends ca. 160 m from east to west and ca. 70 m from north to south (almost 8,000 square meters). approaching along the coast from the town, small man-made caves in the ravine just south of the boundary between grid-squares M and Q are the closest tombs to the houses (designated site Q 4, Ill. 2). an area with eM–MM coarse sherds but with no visible stone features is called sites Q 31 and Q 32. The Final Neolithic to Minoan built tombs begin southwest of the two Byzantine threshing floors called sites Q 3 and Q 22 (Pls. 2, 3), and they extend along the slope of the hill overlooking the sea for about 150 meters. This part of the hillside, where the tombs begin, can be seen from the town because it is high

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Illustration 2. ancient and modern sites on Pseira Island. The cemetery is in grid-square Q (site Q1), on the coast south of sites M 34 to 37.

enough to be visible beyond the lower intervening hill; the town, of course, can also be seen from this part of the cemetery (Pl. 2a). several different types of bedrock are exposed on this part of Pseira Island (Ill. 3). Crete is part of the Hellenic arc, a major tectonic feature that curves from the Peloponnese through Crete to the Taurus Mountains of southwestern Turkey. The Hellenic arc is at the collisional junction of the

african and european tectonic plates where portions of the earth’s crust formerly situated in what is now the central aegean have been thrust (shoved) southward over a thick section of marine platform limestones. On the southern part of the Pseiran coast near the Minoan cemetery, the phyllite close to the small ravine is a part of the european lithospheric plate that was thrust over the local limestone. The ravine formed at a junc-

Illustration 3. surface bedrock in the cemetery (prepared by William Farrand and Carola stearns).

INTrODUCTION 5

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ture between the phyllite and the limestone. Where the tombs are located, the surface bedrock consists of limestone that is mostly altered to metacarbonate. a deposit of calcrete covers the area slightly north of the cemetery grounds (Pl. 4a, Ill. 3).

This calcrete, a geologically recent class of rock that formed over the earlier bedrock, has a low cliff at its southern edge. No built tombs were inland from this topographic boundary, and the artifacts on the surface of the hill were very different on the two sides of the natural barrier (on

Illustration 4. soils map of Pseira Island (prepared by Julie ann Clark).

INTrODUCTION

the side toward the sea, artifacts on the surface were plentiful and included stone vase fragments and other classes as well as pottery, while fewer pieces of pottery and no other artifacts were on the inland side). The calcrete cliff is regarded as the boundary of the cemetery. It is a relatively soft stone, and the Minoans carved small caves in it to use as tombs (called rock shelters; see Pl. 4B). The soils of Pseira are typical for this part of Crete (Ill. 4). at the cemetery, the soil is too shallow to support much agriculture. It is a mixture of calcareous lithosol and Brown Mediterranean Lithosols, but it is not continuous, and bedrock is irregularly exposed over much of the hill. The appearance of the surface as shown in Plates 1B and 2–3 is typical. When the Pseira Project began its work in 1985, the cemetery area was an open, sloping hillside. No trees were present, but grasses and shrubs of various types (phygana and maquis) grew in the sparse soil. Many stones littered the surface. a few tombs were visible from seager’s excavations in 1907, and some of the stone arrangements suggested that other tombs might be buried. Many patches of bedrock could be seen, and most of the soil was clearly very shallow, less than a half meter deep. Pottery pieces, serpentinite vase fragments, bronze artifacts, and other objects were visible on the surface.

7

The cemetery is being published in two parts. This volume gives the results of the intensive surface survey, and the second part will present the excavation results of specific tombs. The present volume is divided into the following four sections: 1. Introduction 2. Data from the Intensive surface survey of the Cemetery 3. Information from the Intensive surface survey of Pseira Island 4. Interpretation and Conclusions several preliminary reports have been published: Betancourt and Davaras 1989–90; 1990, 28–37; 1993; 2000; Betancourt, Davaras, and Zervaki 1990; Betancourt 1990b, 15–16; Zervaki and Betancourt 1992. specialized reports include a thesis by Julie a. Clark on soils and land use (Clark 1990), an article on Pseiran agriculture (Betancourt and Hope simpson 1992), and articles discussing the geology (Davaras, Betancourt, and Farrand 1992) and computer-assisted mapping (eiteljorg 1995; Hafford 1995; Onyshkevych 1996; Onyshkevych, Hafford, and May 1996). On the survey of Pseira Island, conducted in collaboration with r. Hope simpson, the reader may consult Betancourt and Davaras 1990.

2

The Excavations of Richard Seager Philip P. Betancourt

Pseira Island was visited by Harriet Boyd and her team while they were excavating at Kavousi, Gournia, and other Cretan sites as a part of the process of searching for new places to work; its archaeological site was described in one of the preliminary reports for Gournia (Boyd 1904–05, 21): “Psyra, an island off the shore of Kavousi Bay, is covered with megalithic walls and strewn with excellent specimens of decorated ware similar to the best pottery from Gournia.” By 1906, Boyd had married Charles Hawes and retired from fieldwork, and her assistant Richard Seager continued the excavations in eastern Crete. He excavated on Pseira in 1906 and 1907, turning his attentions to the cemetery at the end of the second season. Seager excavated in the Pseira cemetery in 1907. He never published the results of his investigations in final form, and the only written accounts of his work are in his letters, in brief descriptions in his other publications, and in the accounts of others. The earliest and most complete record of the excavation was recorded in a letter Seager sent to Edith Hall (Seager 1907). It was written on August 11, 1907, shortly after the excavation was completed: Since I wrote you last we had a great piece of luck. The last week we found the early cemetery and opened 33 graves crammed with pots. They all date from the E.M. II & III & M.M. I periods. The graves are of two kinds, the rock

shelter style with no walls or covering slabs and very fine graves of the Cycladic cist type lined with thin slabs and covered with big capping stones. We got about 100 pots in clay and 70 stone vases in all sorts of stones. Rock crystal, alabaster, breccia, a bright orange stone, green, grey [sic] and mosses in steatite. Almost all the shape [sic] of the L.M. stone vases go back to these early periods, even the blossom bowls which begin with very round bodies and broad flat leaves the central ridge of the leaf coming into use in M.M. I. There are lots of the early polished neolithic looking ware of E.M. II in dark gritty clay, some mottled ware but very little, some dark on light/geometric and E.M. III light on dark like your dump. The soil had a bad effect on the M.M. I paint but we managed to get out some nice pieces which draw very well. Some of it is actually eggshell, one cup with a white stripe and design on the rim in purplish red quite equal to the best of M.M. II although Mackenzie agrees with me that it is M.M. I. The references in the letter indicate that Seager had already decided much of what would later be mentioned in print. The dates are in keeping with what Seager and Edith Hall would put in print later. Duncan Mackenzie, who is mentioned as being in agreement with the dates Seager gave, was the pottery specialist for the British excavations at Knossos.

10

PSEIRA VI

In the introduction to the publication of the cemetery on Mochlos (1912, 11), Seager wrote: In 1907 an early cemetery was found on the island of Pseira; its graves contained numbers of vases of clay and stone and showed that many shapes of the black steatite vases common in the L. M. I period could be traced back to M. M. I originals and, in some cases, to even earlier types. The graves and their contents indicated a people of poor condition possessing but few objects of metal or of jewelry apart from stone beads. All this fitted in with the primitive-looking pottery, for the stone vases, with one or two exceptions, were of soft materials and poor workmanship. On the other hand, the enormous number of stone vases unearthed pointed to a period in which they were highly prized and extensively manufactured. The cemetery and its 33 graves were only mentioned in the publication of the Pseira town (1910, 7). More information was provided by Seager’s frequent collaborator Edith Hall in her publication of the cemetery at Sphoungaras, near Gournia. This volume published additional information on Pseira, especially in a chart of tomb-types found in eastern Crete (Hall 1912, 73). Seager was a full partner in the excavations at Sphoungaras, and he must have read the manuscript and approved its contents. The volume included information on several aspects of the cemetery, including the practice of burial in clay jars. It said that child burials were found in “Middle Minoan I and Middle Minoan III jars,” and it regarded the practice as beginning in Middle Minoan (Hall 1912, 56, 71). Hall said that the jar burials were found near the cist graves rather than in a separate part of the cemetery. The most important information on the Pseira cemetery in Hall’s publication concerned the dates Seager assigned to the tombs (Hall 1912, 73). No burials were regarded as Neolithic or Early Minoan I, a confirmation of the fact that Seager regarded the coarse, marble-tempered and phyllite-tempered burnished sherds of FN–EM I as contemporary with EM II (for his views, see Seager 1906–07, 114, with a discussion of Vasilike, where Period I, with this pottery, and

Period II, with EM II pottery, were regarded as contemporary). The Pseiran cist graves were assigned to Early Minoan II, but their re-use in EM III and Middle Minoan was carefully noted. Seager and Hall correctly observed that the cemetery did not persist into the Late Minoan period. In the table of tomb-types and their dates, no rock shelters were noted at Pseira. As the caves were certainly clearly visible, it is possible that nothing was found in them because they were already empty, having been looted long before Seager explored the rest of the cemetery. These scattered references provide only a slim body of knowledge on which to base the more recent research. Seager’s and Hall’s publications document the discovery of 33 graves, consisting of several different tomb-types. Rock shelters, which are shallow natural or man-made caves, are clearly visible on the hill, but Seager says almost nothing about them. Some of the tombs built of stones are large enough to qualify as house tombs, one of the main classes of burial at nearby Mochlos and elsewhere in this part of Crete (Seager 1912; Soles 1992). Most burials are in small boxes built of stones and should properly be called cist graves. At least two tombs are constructed of thin slabs, and Seager properly noted the Cycladic parallels for this class. These parallels remain an important consideration in the foreign connections for this type of tomb. Seager regarded the objects as important early versions of several Late Minoan classes, but later scholars could not use this information in the absence of published illustrations of exactly what Seager had in mind. Unfortunately, the surviving information from the early excavations is of little help in the new investigations. No excavation notebooks are known to survive. For most aspects of the cemetery, work must begin anew with very little original information from the early excavations. Although many Pseiran vases of clay and stone in the museum collections are marked with the number of the tomb they come from, no information survives on the stratigraphy inside any tomb or even on the location or type of tomb to be associated with any of the artifacts. In general terms, the cemetery should be regarded as a small provincial burial place. An association with the nearby town is obvious, but

EXCAVATIONS OF RICHARD SEAGER

the story is more complex than a small settlement with an associated group of graves. The cemetery goes out of use in MM II, long before the town

11

was destroyed, and the location of burials from the end of the town’s history, in LM I and later, is still unknown.

3

Methodology for the Intensive Surface Survey in the Cemetery Richard Hope Simpson and Philip P. Betancourt A surface survey, with its holistic approach and comprehensive view, is a useful complement to the series of specific glimpses provided by the excavation of individual tombs. A survey’s results are more important for a site like Pseira than would be the case for less disturbed cemeteries because of the fragmentary picture provided by the excavation alone. Most of the evidence from the burials themselves is lost forever. Seager’s failure to publish the 33 graves he excavated is only part of the problem. The extreme erosion of the cemetery scattered much of the evidence long before Seager arrived. The soil is shallow, and many of the finds are broken and distributed over a wide area. With most tombs no longer available for study, surface survey offers one way to recover information about the nature of the cemetery and its history through time. Several important contributions to our knowledge of the Pseira cemetery can be made as a result

of the survey. The cemetery’s earliest date, its period of use, and its date of abandonment are best documented with this aspect of the project. The cemetery size (it was larger than the surviving tombs indicate) is revealed by cemetery survey. The spatial extent of Byzantine disturbance can also be traced. Special areas within the cemetery are identified and documented. The most important results of the survey, however, lie in the fuller range of objects it makes available for study. Statistical information on artifacts drawn from the area as a whole provides new insights into the range of objects found in the cemetery, and this information can be used to better understand the individual differences found in the excavation of specific locations in and near tombs. The survey provides the wider context of the cemetery as a whole, while the few tombs that still survive give more specific glimpses of individual human activities.

Goals and Objectives The surface survey of the cemetery area took place in 1988 and 1989, after preliminary work in 1985 and 1986. It was designed to address several questions that could not be resolved with the exca-

vation of specific tombs. Planned as a part of the general archaeological survey of Pseira Island carried out under the supervision of Richard Hope Simpson, it set out to achieve the following goals:

14

PSeIRA vI

1. A better understanding of the cemetery and its relation to the town on Pseira Island as well as to Minoan funerary practices in general 2. A more complete knowledge of the development of the cemetery through time, and the ceramic dates for its founding and abandonment 3. Information on a larger range of artifacts than could be recovered with excavation alone 4. An understanding of the topographic limits of the region on the hillside used for the cemetery and the identification and interpretation of any special areas present within it 5. A coordination of human activities in the cemetery with the natural setting (geomorphology, climate, vegetation, and other factors) 6. A better understanding of the burial customs used in the cemetery and any other activities that may have taken place at this location on Pseira Island 7. A fuller understanding of the relation of the cemetery to nearby regions on Crete 8. Identification of the area of Byzantine use on this part of the island 9. The dissemination of information on the survey, including both data and conclusions

A series of specific objectives were developed from the goals. They included the following: 1. A topographic plan of the cemetery area giving its limits, the location of known tombs, and any other features that would be discovered 2. A plan of the bedrock geology for this part of the island 3. Studies of geology, sediments, vegetation, and climate 4. A series of plans showing the distribution of classes of artifacts found on the surface 5. A series of tables presenting a detailed picture of the ceramics from the surface 6. Statistical tables for different classes of artifact found in the cemetery 7. Detailed catalog entries and illustrations for the most important objects 8. Studies by specialists of specific artifact classes (stone tools, pottery, faunal remains, geological materials, and other classes) 9. Interpretation of the data 10.A series of publications presenting both the data and the interpretation and conclusions as one part of the larger program of publication for the site

Research Plan To achieve these goals and objectives, a research plan was formed and carried out over a period of several years. In 1985 and 1986, Philip P. Betancourt, Richard Hope Simpson, and other staff members conducted preliminary surveys. The general area of the cemetery was inspected, its character was identified, and several of the problems that needed solving were identified. Among the special characteristics that distinguished the Pseira cemetery from most Minoan sites were its isolation and absence of facilities (neither food nor water nor shade were present on this extremely barren, uninhabited islet), its erod-

ed condition (with little soil cover, especially evident on the upper parts of the cemetery slope), and its obviously poorly preserved archaeological remains. Some of the first priorities for the project were studies of the natural setting. In 1987, William Farrand and Carola Stearns undertook the investigation of the site’s geology and geomorphology. Julie Ann Clark studied the soils the same year. Oliver Rackham studied the modern vegetation in 1991. These detailed specialized studies relate to the entire island, and they will be published in a future volume.

MeTHODOLOGy

A formal surface survey in the cemetery was carried out in 1988 and 1989. The cemetery was surveyed and divided into 5-meter squares with stakes and string under the supervision of architect John C. Mcenroe, with the collaboration of surveyor David D. Day (measurements were made with a Topcon Total Station). Using the grid established with string as a guide, five-member survey teams walked the cemetery systematically, and objects on the surface were collected and recorded by grid-square under the supervision of area supervisor Fotini Zervaki. All visible pottery, stone tools, stone vases, and other artifacts were picked up, bagged, labeled with the designation for the grid-square, and retained. In 1988 and subsequent years, field summaries of each grid-square were made, and the most important objects from the cemetery survey were accessioned. Registrar Mary Betancourt and her assistants Heidi M.C. Dierckx and Laurie Schmidt cataloged all accessioned objects. Cataloged objects were described and drawn as profile drawings, and they were studied by Fotini Zervaki in 1992 and by Philip P. Betancourt in later years. The survey on Pseira Island was coordinated with the excavations at the town on Pseira (Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1995; 1998a; 1998b; 1999; 2001) as well as with excavations and surveys on nearby parts of Crete. The closest known habitation on Crete is an unexcavated town at Tholos Beach. The site is best known for its Roman remains (Haggis 1996a), but it was also inhabited in the Bronze Age. The hinterland for this Minoan town and other settlements in this region of Crete is the subject of a recent intensive surface survey conducted as a part of the Kavousi excavation Project (Haggis 1992; 1996b). Recent

15

projects are also studying other nearby regions with relevance to this project; especially pertinent to the information presented in this volume are the cemeteries at Hagios Antonios (Haggis 1993), Mochlos (Soles and Davaras 1992; 1994; 1996), and Gournia (Soles 1991). Studies began at the same time as the fieldwork, and they continued in subsequent years. Statistical tables for the pottery and other objects were prepared by Philip P. Betancourt in 1993–99 using a methodology adapted from a system designed jointly by Philip P. Betancourt and L. vance Watrous and first used for the publication of the pottery from Kommos (Betancourt 1990a; Watrous 1992). Human skeletal remains were studied by Kristen Borré and Laura Sappelsa in 1993 and 1994; more complete study was made by Robert Arnott in 2000 and 2001. Heidi M.C. Dierckx studied the stone tools (1988–92). David Reese studied the faunal remains (1988–92). Byzantine pottery was studied by Natalia Poulou-Papadimitriou (1988–94). Conservation was by Barbara Hamann. The topographic plan was prepared in 1993–94 using a Topcon GTS-303 electronic Total Station in conjunction with a Toshiba 1000 laptop computer (Pl. 5A). The Surfer and Topo programs were used to record the contours of the cemetery hill, the ravine, and the coastline, and to connect this area geographically with the Minoan settlement area and the remainder of the island. In addition, the three-dimensional coordinates of the tombs were recorded and plotted within the site grid, and individual tombs were measured and drawn to scale by hand. Final preparation of the plans was achieved at the Center for the Study of Architecture under the supervision of Harrison eiteljorg II.

4

The Topography of the Pseira Cemetery Lada Onyshkevych, Katherine E. May, William B. Hafford, and Harrison Eiteljorg II

The Minoan cemetery associated with the Pseira settlement has undergone a number of phases of investigation, which have yielded information on its extent, contents, orientation on the slope of the hill, and dates of usage. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Richard Seager investigated the tombs of this cemetery area, along with the domestic structures of the settlement, but little is known of the tomb contents that he retrieved. The modern project has conducted surface surveys of the cemetery area and produced plan and section drawings of the visible tombs, as well as a topographic map of the cemetery hill and ravine. The cemetery area is located at a distance of approximately 310 meters, as the crow flies, to the south of the main settlement peninsula (Pl. 5B), measuring from the cave tombs in the cemetery’s ravine to the base of the Grand Staircase in Area B (since Areas C, D, and F would not yet have existed during the cemetery’s period of use). The probable route of travel between the cave tombs and the Grand Staircase would cover approximately 410 meters (see Ill. 2). The tombs of this cemetery

are positioned mainly on a hill which extends at a gradual slope to the sea. Along the hill’s ridge, the slope drops at an average of 17 cm over a meter’s distance (see Ill. 3, the topographical map of the cemetery). The grade is steeper along the west side of the ridge, as the slope drops at an average of 39 cm over a meter, ending in a sharp vertical drop of 10–12 meters into the sea. To the east, where three cave tombs are, the slope drops at an average of 18 cm over a meter’s distance, descending into a ravine, and extending into a small bay with a minimal beach area. This beach is accessible to small boats, and it could be used as a landing-place. The approximate area of the cemetery is 8,000 square meters, or almost two acres (1.976 acre, or 4/5 of one hectare), with approximate dimensions of 155 meters from east to west and 60 meters north to south. The vegetation here, as elsewhere on the island, consists mainly of phrygana with small patches of maquis. The ground is littered with rocks of various sizes on the bedrock and soil, making the terrain rough and uneven, and moderately difficult to traverse. Exposed bedrock is visible in many places.

5

The Cemetery in its Context Philip P. Betancourt The Pseiran cemetery can only be understood within its local and regional context. It represents the burial-place for a community that was first founded in the Final Neolithic period and that gradually grew to become a significant town within the regional Minoan culture of eastern Crete. Its abandonment in MM IIB, when the Minoans were still in their ascendancy economically, and when the town on Pseira itself would soon become larger and more important, must have been a decisive event in Pseira Island’s history. New residents probably arrived in this part of Crete in the Final Neolithic period (Ill. 5). The pat-

tern of settlements included inland as well as coastal towns, with the houses always near small amounts of land that could support the new population through mixed farming and the raising of sheep and/or goats (for more detailed discussion, see Betancourt 1999a). The settlements were small, and many of them seem to have consisted of just a few buildings. Within this pattern, Pseira was larger than most other local sites. The distribution of FN to EM I sherds on the town-site extends across the whole settled area of the Katsouni Peninsula, and the number of FN/EM I tombs in use at the time suggests between 5 to 10

Illustration 5. Final Neolithic to EM I settlements in the Gulf of Mirabello region.

20

PSEIRA vI

families. This size is larger than some communities, but it is still small, and it may have been guided by the limited extent of the farmland on the island. Considering the amount of agricultural land available for farming on Pseira Island, this many families is not an unusual number of people, but the maintenance of the village will have required extensive exploitation of the land and also supplemental support from elsewhere. For the exploitation of Pseira Island for agriculture and other purposes, the Intensive Surface Survey provides substantial evidence. The Pseira Survey, conducted over five seasons under the direction of Richard Hope Simpson, divided the territory into gridsquares that were 500 meters square and walked over the accessible parts of the island (omitting areas of cliffs and bare rock). The Survey identified 315 sites on the 1.75 square kilometers of land (for the Pseira Survey, a site was defined as a location or area with cultural artifacts [such as sherds, stone tools, or roof tiles] and/or architectural remains [terrace walls, building foundations, or other remains]). The identified sites are listed in Illustration 2 (the Survey will be published in a future volume). Most of the sites listed in Illustration 2 were terraced fields used for agriculture. They usually had Minoan sherds on their surfaces, documenting their use in the Bronze Age, and the excavation of two of the terraces contributed substantial amounts of information on the agricultural use of Pseira (Betancourt and Hope Simpson 1992). The Pseirans used most of the areas where they could grow crops, terracing and filling in soil behind stone walls to make level plots (some of them quite small). Terraces were designed to retain and conserve water as well as to provide a level space for planting. The farmers routinely carried manure up to the fields from the town, using it as fertilizer to prevent the mineral content from becoming depleted through extensive use (a practice now confirmed chemically for Minoan Pseira, for which see Bull, Evershed, and Betancourt 1999). An important conclusion from the Survey is the agricultural basis for the Pseiran community that was buried in the cemetery. In contrast with one of the prevailing theories about Pseira expounded before the modern project, which maintained that the

island was not even partly used for farming (Pendlebury 1939, 61; Hutchinson 1962, 155), the survey has proved that local agriculture and the keeping of animals were always important parts of the community’s subsistence strategy. In addition to land for agriculture and pasturage, Pseira Island also offered other resources. Local rock formations provided building materials (for building stones, see McEnroe 2001; for quarrying on Pseira, see Betancourt 2001). As Seager noted long ago (1910), the harbor was an important feature, especially because it faces southeast away from the prevailing winds during most of the year, so that it would have provided a welcome haven for mariners and a valuable resource for those who controlled it (Ill. 2, southeast of the town, Site N 1). Coastal waters provided fish as well as other edible marine life. Beyond their use of Pseira itself, the residents of the island were allied with the regional economy of the northern Isthmus of Ierapetra. Many indications of this regional orientation occur in the archaeological record. Deposits of stones that were available on nearby Crete were exploited on a continuing basis (Betancourt 1994–96). The domestic architecture was similar to the architecture of nearby Crete in materials, techniques, and general design (for Pseira, see McEnroe 2001; for Minoan architecture in general, see J. Shaw 1973). Most of the objects used in the material culture were indistinguishable from the artifacts in use at the other, nearby, Minoan sites (including loom weights, stone vases, stone tools, sealstones, metal tools and weapons, and pottery). The pottery is especially important in assessing connections. Most of the ceramic vases from Pseira were made in the same styles and fabrics as those found at Gournia, the largest site and presumably the most powerful political and economic settlement in the region. The regional pottery style of the northern Isthmus of Ierapetra was well represented at Pseira, and it must have been imported on a routine basis from workshops on nearby Crete (presumably the Pseirans produced no pottery of their own, as the island has no suitable clay deposits, and it probably had limited fuel and water). For the period of the cemetery, from FN/EM I until MM II, Pseira had fewer long-distance maritime connections than one might suppose for an

CONTEXT

island with such a fine harbor. The fish bones present are predominantly from local coastal fishing (and mostly from shallow water), not from openwater fishing away from the coast (Rose 1996; 1998). A review of the evidence from foreign pottery and from other information about maritime trade reveals that much of it is from LM I (Betancourt and Banou 1991). Finds of EM and MM obsidian from Melos and Ghyali show that connections were present (Betancourt 1994–96; 1997), but the Pseirans did not regularly use foreign pottery (contrast Hagia Photia, Davaras 1971, or the Pyrgos Cave, Xanthoudides 1918), or keep many foreign sealstones or stone vases (contrast Mochlos, Seager 1912), or use large amounts of foreign materials like gold (contrast Mochlos, Seager 1912; Davaras 1975). The Pseiran stone vase workshops, which were located in several houses in the town, mostly used a class of serpentinite that was easily available from a deposit on the coast east of modern Mochlos (Betancourt 1990b), rather than stone from more distant sources. One must conclude that in the period before the end of MM II, Pseira was not engaged in the type of foreign relations that has left much trace in the archaeological record; it did not conform to the definition of a “gateway city” offering the local region an outlet to distant shores as defined and described by Branigan (1991b). The context for the cemetery is that of a rather conservative community. The archaeological record from the town and from the intensive survey of Pseira Island suggests that in the period between FN/EM I and MM II, the Pseirans were farmers, shepherds/herders, and coastal fishermen who made a few manufactured goods. They were closely involved with the region of the northern Isthmus of Ierapetra, and their closest relations were with nearby sites on Crete. Also important to the interpretation of the cemetery is the different situation that existed in LM I, after the cemetery was abandoned. The MM IIB period ended with a violent destruction, perhaps by earthquake, that damaged or destroyed much of the architecture. The town was rebuilt, perhaps after a brief period of abandonment (MM III pottery is notably scarce in the archaeological

21

record), but it now had a new town plan and an altered street system (only partly preserved but see, for example, the situation in AF South and AG discussed by McEnroe 2001, 13–18). Pseira’s local and regional affiliations continued, but they were now joined by a greatly increased connection to more distant places, especially Knossos. New Knossian influences can be recognized in the style of monumental wall painting (M. Shaw 1996), in elite architecture (McEnroe 1999), and especially in pottery, both in the arrival of the finest Knossian styles as imports (Betancourt and Banou 1999) and in a taste for new shapes previously associated with central Crete, like the conical cup (for the increase in the number of conical cups between MM II and LM I, see, for example, the statistics in Floyd 1998). Along with the new association with central Crete came new technological expertise, new long-distance trade, and new prosperity. To facilitate the management of water resources, two dams were built in ravines near the town to retain the water required for agriculture (Ill. 2, Sites M 9 and M 29). The foreign pottery found in LM I contexts indicates connections with more overseas locations than were present previously, including Syria and Cyprus (Betancourt and Banou 1991), indicating an increase in maritime activity, particularly with the East. Reconstruction of the town destroyed in MM IIB was an occasion for expansion, not contraction; for the first time, houses were built on the southwestern side of the harbor where more land was available than in the crowded sectors of the Katsouni Peninsula, resulting in a substantially larger town. The abandonment of the cemetery signals an important juncture in Pseiran life. The period after its abandonment was a time of new international connections and a new way of life as well as a new way of dealing with death. It is, in fact, quite possible that much or all of the population of Pseira left their exposed island after the disastrous destruction of MM IIB, and that new population elements were among those who returned to rebuild. The cemetery’s end marks the close of the phase in Pseiran history that began in the Final Neolithic.

Part II The Data

6

Data from the Intensive Surface Survey Philip P. Betancourt, Heidi M.C. Dierckx, Natalia Poulou-Papadimitriou, David S. Reese, Werner H. Schoch, and Fotini Zervaki

In 1988 and 1989, Fotini Zervaki supervised the surface pottery collection of the cemetety area. John McEnroe and his assistants laid out a 5 meter square grid system to aid in the recording of artifacts. All pottery and other finds, including both animal and human bones, were retained; they are published here. The material is all in fragments (not a single complete vessel came from the surface). A complete and detailed record of all the pottery, organized by grid-square, is presented in statistical tables. Pottery is listed in tabular form, following the system designed jointly by Betancourt (1990a) and Watrous (1992). The system records all sherds by fabric, class, date, and shape, as well as by the position of the sherd on the vessel. Philip Betancourt examined the sherds over a period of several years. The statistics resulting from this tabulation give a very full picture of the ceramics.

The system provides an organized body of evidence that contributes important information on several points, including the following: 1. The date of use for different parts of the cemetery 2. The gradual expansion of the amount of land used for burial purposes 3. The relative frequency for different shapes or classes of pottery 4. Internal ratios for the different classes, such as the ratio of cups to pouring vessels 5. The degree of destruction and loss of sherds 6. Comparison with other sites with similar statistics 7. Comparisons with the settlement on Pseira and with the Surface Survey of Pseira Island

GRID-SquARE 1505E 1910N (1 sherd) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

100

Coarse Fabric Cup (no. 1)

POTTERY 1, Fig. 1 (PS 3550). Cup, half complete (lower part). D of base 5.0. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 7/6). Cup; one handle.

1

Comments: A Middle Minoan fabric (cups from LM I would usually be made of a finer fabric). The shape cannot be fully reconstructed. Date: MM I–IIB.

26

PSEIRA vI

GRID-SquARE 1510E 1900N (1 sherd) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

100

Body

Total

%

1

16.7

1

16.7

3

50

1

16.7

Body

Total

%

1

1

50

1

50

Total

%

1

25

3

3

75

Body

Total

%

1

100

Body

Total

%

2

3

100

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, EM

GRID-SquARE 1510E 1905N (0 sherds) GRID-SquARE 1510E 1910N (6 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

1

Jug, MM

1

Closed vessel, small

1

2

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, small

1

GRID-SquARE 1510E 1915N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, small, MM

Coarse Fabric Jar, MM

1

GRID-SquARE 1515E 1900N (4 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, small, MM

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large

GRID-SquARE 1515E 1905N (1 sherd) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

GRID-SquARE 1515E 1910N (3 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Coarse Fabrics Closed (?) vessel, small, EM

1

SuRvEY DATA

27

GRID-SquARE 1515E 1915N (10 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

3

3

30

1

2

20

5

50

Total

%

1

11.1

2

4

44.4

1

1

11.1

2

22.2

1

11.1

Fine Fabrics vessel, small, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, probably EM

1

undiagnostic

GRID-SquARE 1520E 1875N (0 sherds) GRID-SquARE 1520E 1880N (9 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Coarse Fabrics Teapot, MM II (?) (no. 3) Jar, EM–MM (no. 4)

1 1

1

Closed vessel, EM (no. 2)

Mirabello Fabrics Tripod bowl, MM (no. 5)

1

1

Phyllite Fabrics undiagnostic

Illustration 6. MM II side-spouted jars and sherds from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 3 (left) and from Pseira Tomb 2 (others). Scale 1:3. POTTERY 2, Fig. 1 (PS 2920). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 2.2. A fine fabric (red, 2.5YR 5/6); burnished. Almost straight profile. Date: EM. 3, Fig. 1, Ill. 6 (PS 2921). Teapot or side-spouted jar, spout sherd. Max dim 4.3. A coarse fabric (gray, 7.5YR 6/0, with a red surface); for the analysis, see Appendix C, Fabric 4. Short spout. Comments: Surface missing. This fabric, containing both carbonate fragments and phyllite fragments, also occurs in the dark-surfaced burnished pottery of FN–EM I (see Appendix C), but the shape can be compared with examples from MM II (Ill. 6). For the shape, see the discussion of Walberg 1983, Form 165. Date: MM II (?).

4, Fig. 1 (PS 2922). Jar, rim and base sherds. D of rim 10; d of base 8. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 7/6). Slightly out-turned rim; pronounced molding below rim; finger groove under molding. Comments: For a similarly-shaped jar (without the molding) see Demargne 1945, pl. 33, no. 8651 (Malia). Date: EM–MM. 5, Fig. 1 (PS 2919). Tripod bowl, leg and handle sherds. Max dim of leg 7.8; max dim of handle 8.6. Mirabello Fabric, coarser than usual (red, 10R 4/8); for analysis see Appendix C, Fabric 6. Leg with thick oval (almost round) section. Comments: Burn marks on leg. Surface missing. Tripod bowls with everted rims and small out-turned legs with nearly circular sections have been regarded as ritual vessels and have been assigned to as early as EM I (Haggis 1993, 16), and they continue into later periods.

28

PSEIRA vI

The shape here is not exactly the same because the legs do not flair outward, but the wide lug is clearly a difference from the versions of the shape used as cooking vessels. As a cooking pot, the shape is one of the standard designs for eastern Crete. The shape is discussed by Walberg 1983, Shape 274. At Pseira, the legs of tripod bowls do not conform to the development visible in cooking pot legs for such vessels (which develop from thin oval sections in MM to round sections in LM I). The

tripod shape is somewhat rare in the Pseira cemetery. For the cooking pot version in eastern Crete, see (among others) Hawes et al. 1908, pl. 2, no. 47 (Gournia); Dawkins 1902–03, 324, fig. 24, no. 2 (Palaikastro); Xanthoudides 1906, pl. 9, no. 14 (Chamaizi); van Effenterre 1948, pl. 1, fig. O-37 (Malia); van Effenterre and van Effenterre et al. 1963, pl. 28 (Malia); Daux 1968, fig. 5, no. 1132 (Malia). Date: MM (?).

GRID-SquARE 1520E 1885N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

2

28.6

1

2

3

42.9

2

28.6

Body

Total

%

1

1

9.1

1

9.1

1

9.1

2

2

18.2

3

4

36.4

2

2

18.2

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM Closed vessel, large, MM

1

1

GRID-SquARE 1520E 1890N (11 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Open vessel, vasilike Ware, EM Open vessel, with ring base, EM IIB (no. 6) Jar, small, EM

1 1

Closed vessel, small, MM vessel, small

1

Closed vessel, large, EM

POTTERY 6, Fig. 1 (PS 2916). Open vessel with foot, base sherd. D of base ca. 8. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6). Ring base. Comments: Surface eroded away. Ring bases of this type are common on several shapes in eastern Crete during EM IIB (Warren 1972, Period II; Betancourt 1979,

figs. 10–12). They are especially common in vasilike Ware. Date: EM IIB. OBSIDIAN 7, Fig. 1 (PS 2536). Blade, distal end. Preserved length 2.5; max w 1.1; th 0.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). One ridge; left side of dorsal surface is crested. Retouch on right edge of dorsal surface and at distal point. Date: EM–MM.

GRID-SquARE 1520E 1895N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

100

Total

%

1

20

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic

GRID-SquARE 1520E 1900N (5 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Coarse Fabrics Jar, MM

1

SuRvEY DATA Rim

Handle

Base

29 Spout

Tripod vessel, EM (no. 8)

Leg

Body

1

Closed vessel, large, EM–MM

POTTERY 8, Fig. 1 (PS 3011). Tripod vessel, two non-joining base sherds. Max dim (largest sherd) 10.5. A coarse fabric (red, 2.5YR 4/6). Short rectangular legs. Comments: Exterior surface missing. The short legs are rare (this is the only example found in the cemetery).

Total

%

1

20

3

60

For this type of leg, see Hall 1904–05, pl. 33, nos. 9–10 (Gournia). The clay of this vessel is not a cooking fabric, and this fact (plus the unusual shape of the legs) may indicate that the object was an offering table. The date is uncertain. Date: EM (?).

GRID-SquARE 1520E 1905N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

14.3

1

14.3

5

5

71.4

Body

Total

%

2

100

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, EM undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small and large, FN, EM

GRID-SquARE 1520E 1910N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, EM

STONE 9, Fig. 1, Ill. 7 (PS 2840). Bowl with thick walls, rim sherd. Max dim 2.1. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Comments: This small fragment of a serpentinite bowl belongs to a common Minoan class (Warren 1969, Types 6–7). Date: MM I–II.

Illustration 7. MM I-II serpentinite bowls with thick walls from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 9 (left) and from Seager's Pseira excavations, Herakleion Museum, no. 1149 (right). Scale 1:3.

GRID-SquARE 1520E 1915N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

14.3

1

14.3

2

28.6

1

14.3

2

28.6

Fine Fabrics Open vessel, vasilike Ware, EM Jar, small

1

Jug, MM

1

1

Coarse Fabrics Jar, large (no. 10)

1

Closed vessel, small

POTTERY 10, Fig. 1 (PS 2627). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim 23. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 7/6). Thickened, in-

2

turned rim (hole-mouthed jar). Slipped: dark traces, on exterior. Date: EM III–MM.

30

PSEIRA vI

GRID-SquARE 1525E 1875N (1 sherd) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

100

Total

%

1

50

1

50

Total

%

1

25

1

25

1

25

1

25

Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class Tripod vessel, MM

1

MARINE SHELL 1 Patella

GRID-SquARE 1525E 1880N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabric Jug, MM

1

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

GRID-SquARE 1525E 1885N (4 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Coarse Fabrics Bowl, EM III–MM IA (no. 11)

1

Spouted jar (?), MM

1

Closed vessel, small

1

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic

POTTERY 11, Fig. 1 (PS 2928). Bowl, handle sherd. Length of handle 4.4. A coarse Mirabello Fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 6/6); for analysis see Appendix C, Fabric 6. Conical bowl; horizontal “frying pan” handle attached at the rim. Slipped: dark. Comments: East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware. For discussion of the shape used in EM III–MM IA with this

type of handle, always a conical bowl with plain rim, see Betancourt 1984, 40–41. The shape is known only from Malia and farther east. Compare Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, pl. 46c (Malia); Forsdyke 1925, fig. 96, no. A446 (Mochlos); Betancourt 1984, 40 (Palaikastro); Blinkenberg and Johansen n.d., pl. 30, no. 5 (vasilike); Seager 1906–07, fig. 3a (vasilike). Date: EM III–MM IA.

GRID-SquARE 1525E 1890N (19 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

5.3

1

5.3

1

5.3

6

31.6

1

5.3

4

4

21.1

5

5

26.3

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

1

Jar

1

Bridge-spouted jar, EM III–MM II (no. 12)

1

Closed vessel, small, EM (no. 13)

6

Coarse Fabrics Jug, MM Closed vessel, small and large

1

Dark Burnished Coarse Fabrics Closed (?) vessel, small, FN–EM I

SuRvEY DATA POTTERY 12, Fig. 1 (PS 2618). Bridge-spouted jar, spout sherd. Max dim 4.4. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6). Slipped: black, on exterior; added white paint: vertical lines on spout. Comments: The fragment is too poorly preserved to distinguish between EM III and MM. For the shape see Walberg 1983, Form 16. Date: EM III–MM II. 13, Fig. 1 (PS 2619). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 5.5. A fine fabric (light red, 2.5YR 6/6). Almost straight profile. Slipped: red (2.5YR 5/6), on exterior. Date: MM. CLAY WEIGHT 14, Fig. 1, Ill. 8 (PS 2617). Discoid weight, half complete. Max dim 7.2; max th 1.8; preserved wt 42 gr. A phyllite fabric (light red, 2.5YR 6/8, with a light brownish gray, 10YR 6/2, core). Part of one hole preserved (probably had two holes). Comments: See Betancourt 1995, no. AG 13. Date: Minoan.

31

Illustration 8. Loom weights from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 14 (left) and from Building AG, no. AG 13 (right). Scale 1:3.

GRID-SquARE 1525E 1895N (6 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Cup, MM

2

2

33.3

vessel, small, MM

1

1

16.7

Closed vessel, large, EM

1

1

16.7

Closed or open vessel, small, EM–MM

2

2

33.3

Body

Total

%

Cup, EM–MM

1

1

8.3

vessel, small, EM–MM

1

1

8.3

Closed vessel, small, EM–MM

1

1

8.3

1

8.3

Fine Fabrics

Coarse Fabrics

GRID-SquARE 1525E 1900N (12 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics

Coarse Fabrics Jar, large, MM (no. 15)

1

Closed vessel, large, EM

1

1

8.3

Closed vessel

5

5

41.7

2

2

16.7

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics vessel, FN-EM I

POTTERY 15, Fig. 1 (PS 2590). Jar, handle sherd. Max dim 7.1. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 7/6). Horizontal handle with circular section. Dark line on handle.

Comments: A dark line on top of horizontal handles for jars is common in pottery from eastern Crete. It is possible that sherds like this one come from burial jars. Date: MM.

32

PSEIRA vI

GRID-SquARE 1525E 1905N (4 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

25

3

3

75

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, small, EM IIA (no. 16)

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics vessel, FN–EM I

POTTERY 16, Fig. 1 (PS 2753). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 2.8. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 7/6); burnished. Sherd from upper shoulder. Horizontal black bands. Comments: The porous, burnished fabric suggests a date in EM IIA. Bands of this type are common. See (among many others) Demargne 1945, pl. 2, no. 8598 (Malia). Date: EM IIA (?).

SAW 17, Fig. 1 (PS 2542). Saw, fragment. Max dim 2.2; width 1.3. Copper or bronze, with patina. Wide folded band with teeth on one end. Comments: A section of a saw, folded (either scrap bronze or an artifact rendered unusable by “killing” it). Saws are known from many parts of the Aegean, and several examples come from Crete (Branigan 1974, 26). This example is especially small for the class. Date: EM I–MM IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1525E 1910N (6 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

16.7

3

4

66.7

1

1

16.7

Fine Fabrics Open vessel, EM I (no. 18) Closed vessel, small

1

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, small, MM

POTTERY 18, Fig. 1 (PS 2942). Open vessel, body sherd. Max dim 1.6. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 7/6); burnished. Diagonal bands (red) on exterior. Comments: Hagios Onouphrios I Ware (see Betancourt 1985, 29–31). For the EM I date, see Wilson and Day 2000, pls. 6–7 (Knossos); in eastern Crete, the class can be dated by its presence in the transitional EM I to EM IIA cemetery at Hagia Photia (Davaras

1971). Similar pottery has been attributed to a production in the Mesara (Wilson and Day 1994). Date: EM I. OBSIDIAN 19, Fig. 2 (PS 2816). Scraper, fragment. Max dim 2.0. Obsidian (black, N 1). Rounded and retouched edge on dorsal surface. Date: FN–MM IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1525E 1915N (16 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

5

31.3

2

2

12.5

2

3

18.8

4

4

25

2

12.5

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

2

2

vessel, small, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM undiagnostic

1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

SuRvEY DATA

33

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1870N (4 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

25

2

50

1

25

Body

Total

%

1

1

50

1

50

Body

Total

%

1

1

6.7

Fine Fabric undiagnostic, EM.

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, EM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–EM I

MAMMAL BONES 2 rodent, 2 mandibles

MARINE SHELLS 2 Murex 1 Patella 1 Pisania 1 Charonia

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1875N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, large, EM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–EM I

MARINE SHELLS 1 Patella 1 Murex

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1880N (15 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, vasilike Ware, EM IIB undiagnostic, EM

3

20

Coarse Fabrics Jug, EM–MM

1

Closed vessel, large, EM

5

undiagnostic

1

6.7

5

33.3

1

6.7

1

6.7

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics vessel, EM–MM (no. 20)

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 20, Fig. 1 (PS 2665). vessel, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 25–30. A coarse marble-tempered or calcite-tempered fabric (yellowish red, 5YR 5/6). Straight rim. Comments: Surface missing. Sites in this region using this class of pottery are listed by Betancourt (1999a). The pottery is the earliest ceramics from the Pseira town (see discussion by Banou 1998, 15).

3

Date: FN–EM I. MARINE SHELLS 6 Murex

20

34

PSEIRA vI

Illustration 9. EM IIB vasilike Ware teapots from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 21 (left) and from vasilike, university of Pennsylvania Museum, no. MS 4112 (right). Scale 1:3.

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1885N (10 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

2

20

1

10

4

5

50

1

1

10

1

10

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, EM–MM Teapot, EM IIB (no. 21)

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM IIB

1

Closed vessel, small undiagnostic

POTTERY 21, Fig. 2, Ill. 9 (PS 2626). Teapot, spout sherd. Max dim 7.2. A fine fabric (very pale brown, 10YR 8/4). Long spout; knobs on sides. Slipped: traces of red, on exterior. Comments: vasilike Ware (compare Betancourt 1979, fig. 12, nos. 8–12). Many examples of vasilike Ware come from the Pseira settlement (see, among others, Betancourt 1999a, nos BR 11, 12, 53–63). Date: EM IIB.

OBSIDIAN TOOL 22, Fig. 2 (PS 2540). Blade, proximal end. Preserved length 2.2; w 1.6; max th 0.6. Obsidian (black, N 1). One ridge. Comments: Chipped on edges from use. Date: FN–MM IIB. ANIMAL BONES 2 sheep/goat (?)

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1890N (17 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

5.9

2

2

11.8

Fine Fabric Rounded cup, EM III–MM IA (no. 24)

Coarse Fabrics Bowl, EM (no. 23) Closed vessel, large, EM–MM

6

6

35.3

Closed vessel, small, EM

6

6

35.3

SuRvEY DATA Rim

Handle

Base

35 Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

11.8

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 23, Fig. 2 (PS 2530). Bowl, two rim sherds. D of rim ca. 20. A fine fabric (white, 10YR 8/2); voids from burned-out organic matter. Thickened, flat, outturned rim. Comments: An additional sherd of this vessel was found in T1540E 1890N. Date: EM. 24, Fig. 2 (PS 2529). Rounded cup, rim sherd. D of rim 9–10. A fine fabric (pink, 7.5YR 7/4). Straight, slightly inturned rim. Slipped: traces on exterior. Comments: East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware (?). For discussion of the shape, see Walberg 1983, Forms 209–

210; Betancourt 1984, 43, Shape 6. This cup is common at the Pseira town (see, among others, Betancourt 1999a, nos. BR 69–70). Date: EM III–MM IA. COPPER OR BRONZE 25, Fig. 2 (PS 2541). Saw, complete (?). Length 5.3; w 0.8; th 0.05. Copper or bronze, with patina. Thin rectangular blade with teeth on one edge; one rounded edge. Comments: For saws, see Branigan 1974, 26. Date: EM II–MM II. MARINE SHELL 1 Murex

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1895N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

14.3

3

42.9

2

28.6

1

14.3

Total

%

Fine Fabric Cup, EM–MM

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, EM

1

2

undiagnostic, EM–MM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1900N (10 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Jug, MM

1

1

10

vessel, MM (no. 26)

1

1

10

1

10

3

30

4

40

Coarse Fabrics Bridge-spouted jar, EM–MM

1

Closed vessel, large, EM, MM

3

undiagnostic, EM

POTTERY 26, Fig. 2 (PS 3010). vessel, handle sherd. Max dim 3.5. A fine fabric (very pale brown, 10YR 7/4). Handle

with thin oval section. Incised lines on both edges of handle. Slipped: traces of dark slip. Date: MM.

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1905N (17 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Open vessel, vasilike Ware, EM

1

1

5.9

Carinated cup, MM IIB (no. 28)

1

1

5.9

Closed vessel, small, EM–MM

1

1

5.9

Fine Fabrics

36

PSEIRA vI Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

5.9

4

5

29.4

2

2

11.8

3

17.6

3

17.6

Coarse Fabrics Bowl, EM (no. 27)

1

Closed vessel, large, EM–MM

1

Closed vessel, small, EM–MM undiagnostic, EM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 27, Fig. 2 (PS 2660). Bowl, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 17. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6); burnished on exterior only. Straight, flat rim. Date: EM. 28, Fig. 2, Ill. 10 (PS 2656). Carinated cup, body sherd. Max dim 3.1. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6). Concave upper section, with horizontal grooves; convex lower section. Slipped: traces, on exterior. Comments: The carinated cup establishes MM IIB as the final date of the cemetery. The shape is discussed by several writers (see Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-

Coutts 1935–36, 62; Zois 1965, 72; Coldstream and Huxley et al. 1973, 94–95; Walberg 1976, Form 47; 1983, Forms 234–241). This variety with grooves on the upper section is dated by the presence of such cups in House A at vasilike (Betancourt 1983, nos. 257–260; for two examples, see Ill. 10, center and right). Parallels: See (among others) Demargne 1945, pl. 33, no. 8657 (Malia); Hawes et al. 1908, pl. 2, no. 11 (Gournia); Betancourt 1983, nos. 257–260 (vasilike); Betancourt and Silverman 1991, nos. 410–413 (Gournia); Betancourt 1999b, nos. BR 28–30 (Pseira town). Date: MM IIB.

Illustration 10. Carinated cups from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 28 (left) and from vasilike, university of Pennsylvania Museum, nos. MS 4244 (center) and MS 4247 (right). Scale 1:3.

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1910N (4 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

25

3

75

Total

%

1

6.3

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, large, EM, MM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1530E 1915N (16 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Cup, EM–MM

1

undiagnostic, EM

4

25

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM, MM

1

1

6.3

SuRvEY DATA Rim

Handle

Closed vessel, small and large, EMMM

Base

37 Spout

Leg

1

Body

Total

%

4

5

31.3

1

1

6.3

3

18.8

2

2

12.5

Body

Total

%

2

3

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM, MM Closed vessel, large, FN-EM I undiagnostic

GRID-SquARE 1535E 1875N (26 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, EM–MM

1

undiagnostic, MM

13

2

8.7

4

17.4 4.3

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, MM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Bowl, FN (no. 29)

1

1

Open vessel, FN–EM I

2

2

8.7

Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I

7

7

30.4

7

30.4

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 29, Fig. 2 (PS 2625). Carinated bowl, body sherd. D at carination ca. 30; max dim 7.3. A coarse phyllite fabric (very dark grayish brown, 2.5Y 3/2); dark surface; burnished. Carinated profile. Comments: The carinated bowl (usually with one small handle) is one of the standard shapes for the Cretan Final Neolithic, and its presence here argues for a FN date for the beginning of the Pseiran FN–EM I stratum, no matter what the final date is. The northeast Aegean parallels are discussed by Warren 1974, 42. See Zervos 1956, fig. 74 right (Amnissos Cave); Levi 1976, pl. 7e (Phaistos). Date: FN.

STONE 30, Fig. 2 (PS 2544). Closed vessel, body fragment. Max dim 3.0. Travertine, banded (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 6/6, and white, 5YR 8/1). Almost straight profile. Comments: This fine stone vase fragment associates the Pseira cemetery with the finds from nearby Mochlos (Seager 1912, pl. 4, center; pl. 5, below). Date: EM–MM. MARINE SHELLS 20 Murex 4 Charonia 1 Patella

GRID-SquARE 1535E 1880N (30 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

6.7

1

3.3

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic, EM–MM

Coarse Fabrics Bridge-spouted jar, EM–MM

1

Closed vessel, large, EM

2

2

6.7

Closed vessel, small, EM–MM

2

2

6.7

12

13

43.3

6

6

20

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed (?) vessel, FN–EM I undiagnostic, FN–EM I

1

38

PSEIRA vI Rim Bowl, FN–EM I (nos. 31–34)

Handle

2

Base

Spout

Leg

1

POTTERY 31, Fig. 2 (PS 3020). Bowl, body sherd. Max dim 5.7. A coarse marble-tempered or calcite-tempered fabric (exterior light red, 2.5YR 6/8, with a black interior surface); red surface on exterior and dark surface on interior; many voids from burned-out organic matter; interior burnished. Convex profile. Comments: Exterior surface eroded but was probably burnished. Date: FN–EM I. 32, Fig. 2 (PS 2857). Bowl, base sherd. D of base 7.0. A coarse phyllite fabric (red, 2.5YR 5/6, with a grayer core); voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished. Open, conical bowl. Comments: Surface eroded. Date: FN–EM I. 33, Fig. 2 (PS 2858). Bowl, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 24. A coarse marble-tempered or calcite-tempered fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6, with the core black, 5YR 2.5/1); many voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished in interior. Straight rim. Comments: Surface eroded.

Body

Total

%

1

4

13.3

Date: FN–EM I. 34, Fig. 2 (PS 2859). Bowl, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 15–20. A coarse phyllite fabric (unevenly colored, mostly dark yellowish brown, 10YR 4/4); many voids from burned-out organic matter; probably burnished. Straight rim. Comments: Surface eroded. Date: FN–EM I. OBSIDIAN 35, Fig. 2 (PS 2539). Worked flake. Max dim 3.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). Cortex present. Retouched. Comments: One side is rounded and worn from use. Date: FN–MM IIB. MARINE SHELLS 20 Murex 1 Patella 1 Charonia

GRID-SquARE 1535E 1885N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Coarse Fabrics Jug, MM

1

1

14.3

Closed vessel, large, MM (no. 36)

1

1

14.3

5

5

71.4

Body

Total

%

Carinated cup, MM IIB

1

1

3.4

Closed vessel, vasilike Ware, EM IIB

2

2

6.9

Closed vessel, small, MM I–II (no. 38)

1

1

3.4

Cup, EM–MM

2

2

6.9

vessel, small, EM–MM

3

3

10.3

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed (?) vessel, small, FN–EM I

POTTERY 36, Fig. 2 (PS 2926). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base 22. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6). Convex profile. Date: MM.

MARINE SHELLS 2 Murex 1 Patella

GRID-SquARE 1535E 1890N (29 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics

SuRvEY DATA Rim

Handle

Base

39 Spout

Leg

Goblet, EM IIB (no. 37)

Body

Total

%

1

1

3.4

1

4

13.8

1

3.4

6

20.7

4

13.8

4

13.8

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM–MM

3

Closed vessel, small, EM–MM

1

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I

4

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 37, Fig. 2 (PS 3017). Goblet, base of cup. Max dim 3.6. A coarse Mirabello Fabric, finer than usual (light gray, 10YR 7/1); for the analysis of this fabric, see Appendix C, Fabric 6. Hollow pedestal. Comments: Smaller than usual for the shape. Surface eroded. For comments on the date and its social implications, see Wilson and Day (2000, 28). Goblets are common in the Pseira town (see, among others, Betancourt 1999b, no. BR 55).

Date: EM IIB. 38, Fig. 3 (PS 3016). Closed vessel, base sherd. Max dim 4.6. A fine fabric (gray, 10YR 5/1). Convex profile. Slipped: dark, on exterior. Comments: Reduced and over-fired. Date: MM I–II. MARINE SHELL 1 Murex

GRID-SquARE 1535E 1895N (27 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Fine Fabrics Pyxis or jar, EM

1

Closed vessel, small, EM

1

1

4

3

12

2

8

3

3

12

1

2

8

1

4

1

4

3

12

1

4

10

40

2

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM Closed vessel, small, EM–MM

1

Jar, large, MM (no. 40)

1

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, FN–EM I (no. 39) Pyxis, FN–EM (no. 41)

1 1

undiagnostic, FN–EM

POTTERY 39, Fig. 3 (PS 2613). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base 5.0. A coarse phyllite fabric (dark grayish brown, 2.5Y 4/2, to red, 2.5YR 5/8); red exterior surface and dark interior surface; burnished. Concave base. Date: FN–EM I. 40, Fig. 3 (PS 2612). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 28. A coarse fabric (core red, 2.5YR 5/8, with the surface pink, 7.5YR 7/4); burnished. Thickened rim; rounded shoulder.

2

Date: MM. 41, Fig. 3 (PS 2628). Pyxis (small jar), body sherd with horizontally pierced lug. Max dim 2.2. A coarse phyllite fabric (reddish brown, 5YR 4/4). Small lug, pierced horizontally. Date: FN–EM. MARINE SHELLS 2 Murex

40

PSEIRA vI

GRID-SquARE 1535E 1900N (26 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

9

1

1

4.5

1

3

13.6

1

9

1

9

1

9

7

31.8

1

9

9

40.9

Fine Fabrics Jar, small, EM

2

Cup, MM Closed vessel, small, EM–MM

2

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Bowl

1

Closed vessel, large, MM (no. 42)

1

undiagnostic

Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class Tripod cooking pot, MM (no. 43)

1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 42, Fig. 3 (PS 2917). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 5.9. A coarse phyllite fabric (dark grayish brown, 10YR 4/2); see the analysis in Appendix C, Fabric 2. Straight profile. Raised band with “ropework.” Comments: This sherd may be from a burial jar. Date: MM I–II.

43, Fig. 3 (PS 2918). Cooking pot or tripod offeringstand, leg sherd. Max dim 5.0. Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class (red, 10R 5/6). Thin oval section. Comments: For the fabric, see Myer, McIntosh, and Betancourt 1995, 144–145. For the use of such tripod vessels, see Betancourt 1980; Martlew 1988; Karetsou and Kavoulaki 1999, 89. Date: MM I–II.

GRID-SquARE 1535E 1905N (12 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

8.3

2

16.7

1

8.3

1

8.3

1

8.3

Fine Fabrics Cup, EM

1

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Jug, EM

1

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I (no. 44)

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 44, Fig. 3 (PS 2811). Closed vessel, handle sherd. Max dim 4.0. A phyllite fabric (dark gray with a red surface, 2.5YR 5/8). Pulled handle; thick oval section. Date: EM–MM. STONE 45, Fig. 3 (PS 2837). Bowl, base fragment. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y

6

50

4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Open bowl. Comments: Surface eroded. Date: MM I–II. MARINE SHELL 1 Murex

SuRvEY DATA

41

GRID-SquARE 1535E 1910N (22 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

2

8.7

1

4.3

2

8.7

5

21.7

3

13

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

1

Bowl, EM III–MM (no. 46)

1

Closed vessel, small, MM

1

1

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM

2

1

undiagnostic

1

4.3

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I

2

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 46, Fig. 3 (PS 2605). Bowl, base sherd. D of base 6.0. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/8). Pronounced base. Dark band on exterior at base; added white paint: quirks between bands on dark band.

2

8.7

6

26.1

Comments: For discussion of the motif, see Betancourt 1984, 26, Motif 7. For the motif placed just above the base, see Hall 1904–1905, pl. 30, no. 14 (Gournia). Date: EM III–MM.

GRID-SquARE 1535E 1915N (19 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

2

10.5

1

5.3

1

5.3

2

10.5

3

15.8

10

52.6

Body

Total

%

1

1

50

1

50

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

1

undiagnostic, EM–MM

Coarse Fabrics Jar, EM

1

Closed vessel, large, EM–MM

2

undiagnostic, EM–MM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1540E 1870N (0 sherds) GRID-SquARE 1540E 1875N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I undiagnostic, FN–EM I

MARINE SHELLS 8 Murex 2 Patella 1 Monodonta

42

PSEIRA vI

GRID-SquARE 1540E 1880N (6 sherds; Tomb 7) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

16.7

3

50

1

16.7

1

16.7

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large

1

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Bowl, FN–EM I

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

STONE vESSEL 47, Fig. 3, Ill. 11 (PS 2253). Blossom bowl, body fragment. Max dim 6.6. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). vertical petals with rounded terminations, with central ridge with incision along the middle on exterior of vessel. Comments: Warren records over 120 examples of this common shape, including several bowls from Pseira (1969, 14–17, Form 5; see Ill. 11, right). The vessels continue to be used into the LM I period. Date: MM IIB. OBSIDIAN TOOL 48, Fig. 3 (PS 2433). Blade, distal end. Preserved length 1.7; w 0.75; th 0.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). Two ridges; pointed at distal end by retouch. Comments: Chipped from use (?). Date: FN–MM IIB.

MARINE SHELLS 9 Murex 4 Patella 1 Charonia 1 Monodonta

Illustration 11. Serpentinite blossom bowls from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 47 (left) and from Seager's Pseira excavations, Herakleion Museum, no. 4293 (right). Scale 1:3.

GRID-SquARE 1540E 1885N (11 sherds) Rim

Handle

1

1

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

18.2

1

9.1

1

9.1

Coarse Fabrics Jar, EM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Open vessel, FN–EM I (no. 49) Jar, FN–EM I

1 1

Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 49, Fig. 3 (PS 2475). Open vessel, rim sherd. D of rim 18. A coarse marble-tempered or calcite-tempered fabric (dark grayish brown, 2.5Y 4/2), with abundant voids from burned-out organic matter. Convex profile. Comments: Surface eroded; not the usual FN–EM I fabric. Date: FN–EM. STONE 50, Fig. 3 (PS 4358). Goblet, fragment from bowl section. Max dim 5.0. Calcite, white. Rounded bowl, made

1

1

9.1

6

54.5

as a separate section from the base, with a peg in the stem to insert into a socket in the base. Comments: This unique vase belongs to the creative class of goblets which includes many variations on the theme of a footed cup (Warren 1969, Form 29). The date can be no later than MM IIB, making this one of the earliest well-dated vessels made as two composite parts. It, thus, plays an important role in a dispute between Pomerance and Warren on the date of the introduction of the composite technique in Minoan stone vase making (Pomerance 1984, 17), confirming the view of Warren

SuRvEY DATA

43

that such techniques were used before LM IB. For other objects in this material, see Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1995, nos. AB 41 and AB 44. Date: MM IIB or earlier.

GRID-SquARE 1540E 1890N (0 sherds) GRID-SquARE 1540E 1895N (26 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Cup, EM–MM

3

3

11.5

Closed vessel, small, MM (nos. 51, 52)

2

2

7.7

5

19.2

5

19.2

1

3.8

2

7.7

8

30.8

Fine Fabrics

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM–MM

1

2

2

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Bowl, FN–EM I

1

1

undiagnostic

POTTERY 51, Fig. 3 (PS 2930). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 3.5. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 7/6). Concave profile. Slipped: black, on exterior. Date: MM I–II.

52, Fig. 3 (PS 2931). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 4.5. A fine fabric (very pale brown, 10YR 7/4). Slipped: black, on exterior; added white paint: spirals. Date: MM II (?).

GRID-SquARE 1540E 1900N (19 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Fine Fabrics Bowl, EM–MM

1

Cup, MM Closed vessel, small, EM–MM (nos. 53, 54)

1

1

1

5.3

1

1

5.3

4

6

31.6

1

5.3

2

10.5

2

10.5

6

31.6

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Bowl, FN–EM I undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 53, Fig. 3 (PS 2571). Closed vessel, rim sherd. D of rim 15. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 10YR 6/6). Slightly thickened, inturned rim. Comments: Probably a small side-spouted jar or teapot. Surface missing. Date: EM II–MM I.

2

54, Fig. 3 (PS 2572). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base 5.0. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 7/6), with voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished. Pronounced base. Comments: An Early Minoan fabric. Date: EM IIA.

44

PSEIRA vI

GRID-SquARE 1540E 1905N (11 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

3

3

27.3

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics Jug, MM

1

Closed vessel, small, EM

1

9

3

3

27.3

2

2

18.2

2

18.2

Total

%

1

100

Body

Total

%

4

4

3.3

2

16.7

6

50

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Bowl, FN–EM I undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1540E 1910N (1 sherd) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1870N (12 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Bowl, FN–EM I Closed vessel, FN–EM (nos. 55, 56)

2

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 55, Fig. 3 (PS 2566). Closed vessel, handle sherd. Max dim 3.1. A coarse carbonate-tempered fabric (dark brown, 10YR 4/3). Wide strap handle. Comments: Probably once burnished but surface missing. Probably from the Neolithic period. Date: FN (?). 56, Fig. 3 (PS 2565). Closed vessel, handle sherd. Max dim 4.6. A coarse Mirabello Fabric (yellowish red,

5YR 5/6); burnished. For analysis, see Appendix C, Fabric 6. Wide strap handle, thinner than no. 55. Date: EM (?). MARINE SHELLS 4 Murex 3 Monodonta 2 Patella 1 vermetid

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1875N (29 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

6.9

2

6.9

1

3.4

5

17.2

19

65.5

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Bowl, FN–EM I (no. 57) Bowl, FN–EM I undiagnostic, FN–EM I

1 5

SuRvEY DATA

45

POTTERY 57, Fig. 3 (PS 2472). Bowl, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 21. A coarse phyllite fabric (dark grayish brown, 2.5Y 4/2); dark surface; burnished. Straight profile. Date: FN–EM I.

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1880N (19 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

5.3

1

5.3

17

89.5

Body

Total

%

1

1

8.3

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

1

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

OBSIDIAN 58, Fig. 3 (PS 2531). Flake. Max dim 1.2. Obsidian (black, N 1). Comments: Platform trimming flake. Date: FN–MM IIB.

MARINE SHELLS 2 Patella 1 Murex 1 Charonia

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1885N (12 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, EM

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

3

25

8

66.7

Body

Total

%

1

1

16.7

1

1

16.7

4

4

66.7

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

OBSIDIAN TOOL 59, Fig. 3 (PS 2532). Scraper, complete. Max dim 2.6. Obsidian (black, N 1). Some cortex present; retouch on side and smaller end; serrated (?) on top left corner of dorsal surface. Date: FN–MM IIB.

MARINE SHELLS 2 Patella 1 Murex 1 Charonia

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1890N (6 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabric undiagnostic, EM

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

MARINE SHELLS 2 Murex

46

PSEIRA vI

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1895N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

12.5

1

12.5

1

12.5

1

12.5

3

37.5

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, vasilike Ware, EM IIB Conical cup, EM III–MM IA (no. 60)

1

undiagnostic

1

Coarse Fabric Jar, MM

1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 60, Fig. 4 (PS 2673). Conical cup, rim sherd. D of rim 13.0. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/8). Straight rim; conical form. Slipped: dark, on inside of rim and on exterior; added white paint: band of alternating plain areas and cross-hatched rectangles bounded by vertical

lines on exterior of rim; cross-hatched triangles (?) on body. Comments: East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware. For a similar rim-decoration on a cup, see Hall 1904–05, pl. 28, no. 4 (Gournia). Date: EM III–MM IA.

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1900N (17 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Fine Fabrics Open vessel, EM IIA (no. 62)

1

Closed vessel, small, EM, MM I–II (no. 61)

1

1

5.2

1

2

10.5

4

4

21.1

10

10

52.6

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 61, Fig. 4 (PS 3019). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base 6.0. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 7/6). Slipped: black, on exterior. Date: MM I–II. 62, Fig. 4 (PS 3018). Open vessel, base sherd. D of base 5.0. A fine Mirabello Fabric (very pale brown,

10YR 8/4), with voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished; for analysis see Appendix C, Fabric 7. Pronounced base. Dark band at base. Comments: Koumasa Style (see Betancourt 1985, 40–43). Date: EM IIA.

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1905N (65 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1.5

1

1.5

1

1.5

Fine Fabrics Spouted, conical bowl, vasilike Ware, EM IIB Conical cup, EM III–MM IA (no. 67) Cup, EM

1 1 1

SuRvEY DATA Rim

Handle

Closed vessel, EM–MM (nos. 68, 70)

Base

47 Spout

Leg

1

Cup, MM (no. 69)

Body

Total

%

1

2

3.1

1

1.5

5

7.7

7

10.8

1

1.5

1

1.5

10

15.4

35

53.8

1

undiagnostic, EM–MM

Coarse Fabrics Jar, large, EM–MM (nos. 65, 66)

1

Jug, EM–MM

1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Jar, small, FN–EM I

1

Closed vessel, FN–EM I (nos. 63, 64)

1

9

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 63, Fig. 4 (PS 2575). Jar, body sherd with large lug. Max dim 6.0. A coarse phyllite fabric (red, 2.5YR 5/6); red surface with voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished. Almost straight profile; large lug on exterior of wall. Date: FN–EM I. 64, Fig. 4 (PS 2576). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 4.8. A coarse phyllite fabric (red, 2.5YR 5/6, with the exterior surface black); dark surface; voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished. Slightly convex profile. Date: FN–EM I. 65, Fig. 4 (PS 2577). vessel, base sherd. Max dim 7.6. A coarse phyllite fabric (core dark grayish brown, 2.5Y 4/2, with the surface red); see the analysis in Appendix C, Fabric 2. This common fabric at Pseira probably originates from the part of Crete near the island. Date: EM. 66, Fig. 4 (PS 2573). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim 30. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6); burnished. Thickened, rounded, inturned rim.

Comments: Surface eroded. Date: EM. 67, Fig. 4 (PS 2578). Conical cup, rim sherd. D of rim 11.0. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 6/6). Straight rim; conical form. Slipped: dark, on interior of rim and on exterior; added paint not preserved. Comments: East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware. Date: EM III–MM IA. 68, Fig. 4 (PS 2574). Closed vessel, body sherd from junction of neck and shoulder. Max dim 4.6. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 7/6); burnished. Comments: Sherd from a small jug or jar. Date: EM I–IIA. 69, Fig. 4 (PS 2579). Cup, handle sherd. Max dim 3.3. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 7/8). Strap handle. Slipped: black, on handle. Date: MM. 70, Fig. 4 (PS 2580). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base 6. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6). Slipped: black, on exterior. Date: MM.

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1910N (12 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

8.3

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Bowl, FN–EM I (no. 71) Jar, FN–EM I

1

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

9

8.3 75

Byzantine Fabric Amphora (no. 72)

POTTERY 71, Fig. 4 (PS 2606). Bowl, body sherd. Max dim 6.1. A coarse phyllite fabric (very dark grayish brown, 2.5Y

1

1

8.3

3/2); burnished on interior and exterior. Almost straight profile. Date: FN–EM I.

48

PSEIRA vI

72, Fig. 4 (PS 2607). Amphora, body sherd. Max dim 6.0. A coarse fabric (light red, 2.5YR 6/8). Convex profile. Date: Early Byzantine.

GRID-SquARE 1545E 1915N (0 sherds) GRID-SquARE 1545E 1920N (12 sherds; Tomb 15) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

8.3

1

8.3

10

83.3

Total

%

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, EM

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

MARINE SHELL 1 Charonia

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1870N (20 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Jar, EM (no. 74)

1

1

5

1

5

10

11

55

6

7

35

undiagnostic, EM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM

1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I (no. 73)

1

POTTERY 73, Fig. 4 (PS 2477). Closed vessel, handle sherd. Max dim 5.5. A coarse marble-tempered or calcite-tempered fabric (dark grayish brown, 2.5Y 4/2, with the surface redder); surface burnished. Wide strap handle. Comments: Surface eroded. The wide strap handle suggests a date in the Final Neolithic. Date: FN–EM IA. 74, Fig. 4 (PS 2476). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim 13–15. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6, with the core brown, 10YR 5/3); burnished. Thickened, flat rim; convex profile. Date: EM (?).

OBSIDIAN 75, Fig. 4 (PS 2821). Flake. Max dim 2.8. Obsidian (black, N 1). Date: FN–MM IIB. 76, Fig. 4 (PS 2817). Flake. Max dim 2.7. Obsidian (black, N 1). Pointed deliberately; retouch on part of edge. Date: FN–MM IIB. MARINE SHELLS 14 Murex 1 Charonia 1 Thais

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1875N (19 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Fine Fabrics Goblet, EM II Cup, MM

1 2

1

5.6

2

11.1

SuRvEY DATA Rim Closed vessel, EM

Handle

Base

49 Spout

Leg

1

Body

Total

%

1

2

11.1

7

7

38.9

1

5.6

1

5.6

5

27.8

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM (?)

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Open vessel, FN–EM I (no. 77)

1

Jar, FN (no. 78)

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 77, Fig. 4 (PS 2478). Open vessel, rim sherd. D of rim 16. A coarse marble-tempered or calcite-tempered fabric (black, 5Y 2.5/1); variegated surface; burnished. Straight profile. Date: EM–FN I. 78, Fig. 4 (PS 2242). Jar, handle sherd. Max dim 5.9. A coarse marble-tempered or calcite-tempered fabric (red, 2.5YR 5/8, with the core dark gray, 10YR 4/1), with voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished. Wide strap handle with thin oval section. Comments: The wide strap handle suggests a date in the Final Neolithic. Date: FN.

STONE 79, Fig. 4 (PS 2252). Bowl, rim fragment with handle. D of rim 9. Marble (gray, 10YR 5/1, and white, 7.5YR N 8). Thin rim and wall; small lug handle at rim. Comments: A common type (Warren 1969, Form 10). Date: EM–MM. MARINE SHELLS 10 Patella 5 Murex 4 Monodonta

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1880N (26 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Fine Fabric Jug, EM

1

1

4

1

1

4

3

4

16

1

1

4

1

4

1

4

17

68

Coarse Fabric Jug, EM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Open vessel, FN–EM I (no. 81)

1

Bowl, FN–EM I (no. 80) Jar, FN–EM I (no. 83) vessel, FN–EM (no. 82)

1 1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 80, Fig. 4 (PS 2470). Bowl, body sherd. Max dim 2.8. A coarse phyllite fabric, finer than usual (very dark brown, 2.5Y 3/2); dark surface; burnished. Carinated profile. Date: FN–EM I. 81, Fig. 4 (PS 2335). Open (?) vessel, handle sherd. Max dim 5.2. A coarse phyllite fabric (light red, 2.5YR 6/8). Convex profile; horizontal lug handle. Comments: Either from a bowl or from a small jar. Date: Date uncertain, either FN–EM I or EM. 82, Fig. 4 (PS 2334). vessel, handle sherd. Max dim 7.0. A coarse phyllite fabric (red, 10R 5/6, with the core

gray). vessel with horizontal handle at the base of the wall; handle with almost triangular section. Comments: The handle was attached by thrusting it through a hole in the vessel wall and then smoothing the join. This technique for making handles occurs on several jugs found in the Pseiran cemetery, and it is known from a few other EM sites in Crete, but it is not typical for the island. It is found in Cyprus, in Anatolia, and in the Cyclades. For sites in Crete using this technique of joining the handle (but not with this shape of vessel), see Dawkins 1903–04, 200 (Palaikastro); Seager 1912, 7 (Mochlos). The technique is also known from Petras (Metaxia Tsipopoulou, personal communication). Date: EM I–II.

50

PSEIRA vI

Date: MM IIB.

83, Fig. 5 (PS 2333). Jar, body sherd with handle. Max dim 9.2. A hard, coarse, phyllite fabric (light red, 2.5YR 6/8, with the core light olive gray, 5Y 6/2). Convex profile; wide strap handle. Date: FN–EM I.

METAL 86, Fig. 5 (PS 2749). vessel, fragment. Max dim 1.85. Copper or bronze, with patina. unknown shape. Date: MM (?).

OBSIDIAN 84, Fig. 5 (PS 2419). Blade, center section. Preserved length 1.9; w 1.05; th 0.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). One ridge. Comments: Chipped from use. Date: FN–MM IIB.

STONE BEAD 87, Fig. 5 (PS 2438). Bead, half preserved. Max dim 1.05; diameter 0.1; diameter of hole ca. 1 mm. Limestone (dark gray, N 3). Thick disk; drilled hole. Date: FN–MM IIB. ANIMAL BONE Sheep/goat femur, sawed at both ends (see Ill. 12A)

STONE 85, Fig. 5 (PS 2847). Blossom bowl, body fragment. Max dim 4.4. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Wide petals with central ridge. Comments: See no. 47.

A

B

C

MARINE SHELLS 8 Murex (see Ill. 12B–E) 2 Monodonta (see Ill. 12F–G) 2 Patella (see Ill. 12H–I)

D

E

F

G

H

Illustration 12. Faunal remains from grid-square 1550E 1880N. A: Sheep or goat femur, B–E: Murex shells, F and G: Top shells (Monodonta), H and I: Limpets (Patella). Scale 1:3.

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1885N (3 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

66.7

1

33.3

Body

Total

%

1

1

11.1

4

4

44.4

4

4

44.4

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

Byzantine Fabric Open vessel (no. 88)

1

POTTERY 88, Fig. 5 (PS 2469). vessel, rim sherd. D ca. 15. A fine fabric (light red, 2.5YR 6/8). Thickened rim. Date: Byzantine.

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1890N (9 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, EM–MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, MM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

SuRvEY DATA OBSIDIAN 89, Fig. 5 (PS 3538). Blade, complete. Max preserved length 2.5; max w 0.93; max th 0.36. Obsidian (black, N

51

1). Irregular; two ridges; retouch on distal end and one edge. Date: FN–MM IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1895N (20 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic, EM

2

10

3

4

20

3

3

15

11

55

Coarse Fabrics Jar or other closed vessel, large, MM (no. 91)

1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I (no. 90) undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 90, Fig. 5 (PS 2604). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 4.7. A coarse carbonate-tempered fabric (interior of vessel black; exterior of vessel red, 2.5YR 4/6); for analysis see Appendix C, Fabric 5; many voids from burned-out organic material; probably burnished. Convex profile. Comments: Surface eroded away. Date: FN–EM I.

91, Fig. 5 (PS 2595). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim 22.0. A coarse fabric (yellowish red, 5YR 5/6). Straight, thickened rim, inset (for a lid?). Date: MM (?). OBSIDIAN 92, Fig. 5 (PS 2538). Flake. Max dim 1.9. Obsidian (black, N 1). Notch on one edge by retouch. Date: FN–MM IIB. MARINE SHELL 1 Murex

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1900N (3 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

3

100

Body

Total

%

2

2

28.6

1

14.4

4

57.1

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic, MM

MARINE SHELL 1 Murex

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1905N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Jar, small, FN–EM I (no. 93)

1

undiagnostic

POTTERY 93, Fig. 5 (PS 2567). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim 21. A coarse phyllite fabric (dark reddish brown, 5YR 3/2); burnished on exterior. Straight rim. Date: FN–EM I.

MARINE SHELLS 2 Murex 4 Patella

52

PSEIRA vI

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1910N (1 sherd) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

100

Body

Total

%

1

14.3

3

42.9

3

42.9

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1915N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Coarse Fabrics Conical Bowl, EM III–MM IA (no. 94)

1

Closed vessel, small, EM, MM (no. 95)

1

2

undiagnostic, EM–MM

POTTERY 94, Fig. 5, Ill. 13 (PS 2932). Conical bowl, rim sherd. D of rim 16. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 6/6). Straight rim; conical form. Slipped: black, on inside of rim and on exterior; added white paint: hatched triangles. Comments: East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware. See (among many others) Hall 1904–05, pl. 27, nos. 1–4 (Gournia). Date: EM III–MM IA. 95, Fig. 5 (PS 2933). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base ca. 12. A fine Mirabello Fabric (very pale brown, 10YR 8/4), with voids from burned-out organic matter; for analysis see Appendix C, Fabric 7. Convex profile.

Comments: Exterior surface very eroded. Date: EM I–II.

Illustration 13. EM III–MM IA East Cretan Whiteon-Dark Ware bowls from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 94 (left) and from vasilike, university of Pennsylvania Museum, no. MS 4237 (right). Scale 1:3.

GRID-SquARE 1550E 1920N (45 sherds; Tomb 15) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

3

6.7

1

2.2

10

22.2

27

60

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic, EM Carinated cup, MM II (no. 97)

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM

1

9

undiagnostic, EM–MM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics vessel, FN–EM I (no. 96)

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 96, Fig. 5 (PS 2950). Open vessel, rim sherd. D of rim 12. A coarse phyllite fabric (light red, 2.5YR 6/8); burnished. Straight rim. Date: FN–EM I. 97, Fig. 5 (PS 2951). Carinated cup, body sherd withhandle. Max dim 2.1. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 8/6). Typical shape with sharp carination. Slipped: dark traces, on interior and exterior.

1

2.2

3

6.7

Comments: See no. 28. Date: MM IIB. STONE 98, Fig. 5 (PS 2839). Tankard, base sherd. D of base 7. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of

SuRvEY DATA light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Two grooves at base. Comments: This common stone vessel continues in

53

use into LM I (Warren 1969, 98). The usual material is serpentinite. Date: MM IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1865N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

2

28.6

1

14.3

2

28.6

2

28.6

Body

Total

%

Cup, MM

3

3

15

Closed vessel, EM

2

2

10

2

10

1

5

2

10

6

30

1

5

4

4

20

Body

Total

%

1

7.1

1

1

7.1

1

1

7.1

11

78.6

Fine Fabrics Jar, small, MM (no. 99)

1

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic Closed vessel, small, EM

2

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 99, Fig. 5 (PS 2471). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 12. A fine, gritty fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 6/6). Thickened rim. Date: MM.

MARINE SHELL 1 Murex

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1870N (21 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics

Coarse Fabrics Cup, MM

2

Jar, MM

1

Closed vessel, large, MM

2

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, FN–EM I

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

MARINE SHELLS 4 Murex

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1875N (14 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Jug, EM (?) Closed vessel, small, EM

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM undiagnostic

54

PSEIRA vI

MARINE SHELLS 2 Murex

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1880N (0 sherds) GRID-SquARE 1555E 1885N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

50

1

50

Body

Total

%

1

1

14.3

3

42.9

3

42.9

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1890N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, EM undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

COPPER OR BRONZE 100, Fig. 5 (PS 2543). Awl, almost complete. Max dim 4.5. Copper or bronze, with patina. Awl with rectangular section. Comments: Tools for punching holes (called punches or awls) are found throughout the Bronze Age (Branigan 1974, 27). Date: EM II–MM IIB.

STONE 101, Fig. 5 (PS 2545). Bowl, body fragment. Max dim 4.5. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Thin walls. Date: MM I–IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1895N (4 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

25

1

25

2

50

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic., MM Cup, MM

1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM IA

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1900N (5 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Fine Fabric undiagnostic, MM

1

20

4

80

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, EM

STONE 102, Fig. 5 (PS 2828). Bowl, body fragment. Max dim 3.4. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular pat-

ches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Thin walls; open shape. Date: MM I–IIB.

SuRvEY DATA

55

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1905N (3 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

33.3

1

33.3

1

33.3

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, EM

Coarse Fabric Jar, MM (no. 103)

1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 103, Fig. 5 (PS 3009). Jar, body sherd with handle. Max dim 11.0. A phyllite fabric (surface red, 7.5YR 5/6,

with the core dark brown, 7.5YR 4/2). Straight, rounded rim; horizontal handle below rim. Date: MM.

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1910N (3 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

33.3

2

2

66.7

Body

Total

%

2

11.8

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, small, EM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, EM (?)

GRID-SquARE 1555E 1915N (17 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, EM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, FN–EM I

10

10

58.8

Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I

5

5

29.4

Body

Total

%

1

2

100

Body

Total

%

1

5

1

2

10

Closed vessel, EM

5

5

25

Jug, EM

1

1

5

2

10

10

50

GRID-SquARE 1560E 1860N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

1

GRID-SquARE 1560E 1865N (21 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM (no. 105) Goblet, EM IIB (no. 104)

undiagnostic

1 1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

56

PSEIRA vI

Illustration 14. EM IIB vasilike Ware goblets from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 104 (left) and from the settlement at vasilike, university of Pennsylvania Museum, nos. MS 4614-3 (center left), MS 4738 (center right), and MS 4116 (right). Scale 1:3. POTTERY 104, Fig. 5, Ill. 14 (PS 2255). Goblet, base sherd. D of bottom of base ca. 6. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/8). Hollow base. Slipped: traces of red. Comments: vasilike Ware, but the slip is in poor condition. For the shape see Betancourt 1979 and Illustration 14. Date: EM IIB. 105, Fig. 5 (PS 2254). Cup, rim sherd. D of rim 10. A fine fabric (very pale brown, 10YR 8/4). Straight rim; conical form. Slipped: dark, on exterior; interior too worn to see if once slipped. Date: MM. OBSIDIAN 106, Fig. 6 (PS 2535). Blade, center section. Preserved length 1.2; max w 2.25; th 0.7. Obsidian (black, N 1). One ridge; right side of blade with cortex; possible retouch on right edge of dorsal surface. Comments: Worn from use on right edge of dorsal surface. Date: FN–MM IIB. 107, Fig. 6 (PS 2533). Blade, distal end. Preserved length 3.3; max w 1.5; max th 0.6. Obsidian (black, N 1). One ridge; crested on either side of ridge.

Comments: Crested blade. Date: FN–MM IIB. STONE 108, Fig. 6, Ill. 15 (PS 2838). Lid, half complete. D of rim 5.5. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Pawnshaped knob; plain edge. Comments: This class of lid is used with several different types of vessel, including bird’s nest bowls, bowls with thick walls, and cylindrical jars (Warren 1969). The quality of the examples found at Pseira varies considerably (Ill. 15). Surface eroded. Date: MM I–IIB.

Illustration 15. Serpentinite lids of variable quality from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 108 (left) and from Seager's Pseira excavations, Herakleion Museum, nos. 4745 (center) and 1122 (right). Scale 1:3.

GRID-SquARE 1560E 1870N (15 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

6.7

3

4

26.7

1

6.7

4

26.7

6

40

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, EM Jar, EM (no. 109)

1 1

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 109, Fig. 6 (PS 2241). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim 15. A coarse fabric (red, 10R 5/6). upturned rim.

Date: EM. MARINE SHELL 1 Charonia

SuRvEY DATA

57

GRID-SquARE 1560E 1875N (4 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

25

1

1

25

2

50

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, EM

Coarse Fabrics Bowl, EM undiagnostic

STONE vESSEL 110, Fig. 6 (PS 2829). Bowl or jar, rim sherd. D of rim 12. Travertine, banded (light brown, 7.5YR 6/4, and white, 10YR 8/2). Flat, thick rim; vertical wall. Comments: The material is common in this part of Crete in EM and early MM. Date: EM–MM. WATERWORN STONES 111, Fig. 6 (PS 2258). Cobble, complete. Length 10.7; max w 11.2; max th 8.4. Limestone (gray, 7.5YR 6/0). Natural waterworn cobble. Comments: No marks from use as a tool. This stone and the others in the class were collected elsewhere and

brought to the cemetery area (they do not occur naturally on the hillside). Date: FN–MM IIB. 112, Fig. 6 (PS 2259). Cobble, one quarter preserved. Preserved length 12.1; preserved w 9.4; th 4.9. Limestone (gray, 7.5YR 5/0). Natural waterworn cobble. Comments: No marks from use as a tool. Date: FN–MM IIB. 113, Fig. 6 (PS 2260). Cobble, complete. Max length 9.7; max w 7.3; max th 4.4. Limestone (gray, 7.5YR 5/0). Natural waterworn cobble. Comments: No marks from use as a tool. Date: FN–MM IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1560E 1880N (0 sherds) GRID-SquARE 1560E 1885N (0 sherds) GRID-SquARE 1560E 1890N (3 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

33.3

1

33.3

1

33.3

Total

%

5

100

Total

%

3

100

Coarse Fabrics Jar, MM

1

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1560E 1895N (5 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1560E 1900N (3 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1560E 1905N (0 sherds)

58

PSEIRA vI

STONE vESSEL 114, Fig. 6 (PS 2546). Bowl (?), body fragment. Max dim 1.85. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1,

to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Date: MM I–IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1560E 1910N (0 sherds) GRID-SquARE 1560E 1915N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

100

Body

Total

%

3

5

29.4

2

11.8

6

35.3

6

35.3

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1860N (17 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Closed vessel, EM (nos. 115, 116)

1

1

Jug

2

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 115, Fig. 6 (PS 1522). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 1.9. A fine fabric (very pale brown, 10YR 8/3); highly burnished. Comments: Dated by the soft, porous, highly burnished fabric. Date: EM I–IIA. 116, Fig. 6 (PS 1523). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 2.7. A fine fabric (light gray, 5Y 7/1 on exterior with the interior surface reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6); burnished. Convex profile. Date: EM.

COPPER OR BRONZE 117, Fig. 6 (PS 1817). Chisel, complete. Length 4.8; width 0.7. Copper or bronze, with patina. Rounded and sharpened on one end; v in the center of the smaller end. Comments: Chisels are common in Minoan Crete (Branigan 1974, 24–26). Date: EM II–MM IIB. STONE 1 Malachite, unworked piece

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1865N (33 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

5.6

2

11.1

1

5.6

1

5.6

Jar, EM

8

4.4

undiagnostic

1

5.6

1

5.6

10

55.6

6

33.3

Fine Fabrics Conical cup, EM (no. 119)

1

Closed vessel, EM, MM Cup, EM Cup, MM

2 1 1

Coarse Fabrics Cup, EM (no. 118)

1

Closed vessel, large, EM

1

undiagnostic

9

SuRvEY DATA Rim

Handle

Base

59 Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

11.1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 118, Fig. 6 (PS 1521). Cup, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 10. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 7/6); burnished. Date: EM I–II. 119, Fig. 6 (PS 1520). Conical cup, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 15–16. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6). Straight, slightly thickened rim. Slipped: black traces on exterior.

Comments: Probably East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware. Date: EM III–MM IA. OBSIDIAN 120, Fig. 7 (PS 2534). Flake. Max dim 2.2. Obsidian (black, N 1). Date: FN–MM IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1870N (9 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

11.1

1

1

11.1

7

77.7

Total

%

1

5.3

1

2

10.5

1

1

5.3

5

6

31.6

1

1

5.3

1

5.3

4

21.1

3

5.2

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, EM

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, EM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1875N (19 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Jug, MM (no. 122)

1

Closed vessel, small, MM

1

Coarse Fabrics Jar, MM (no. 121) Closed vessel, large

1

Closed vessel, small Side-spouted jar, EM (no. 123)

1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

POTTERY 121, Fig. 7 (PS 2105). Jar, body and base sherds. D of base 13.5. A coarse fabric (very pale brown, 10YR 8/3). Band at top of shoulder; linked disks motif; band at bottom of base. Comments: For the motif see Betancourt 1977, 343–344. Jars of this size with this decoration are particularly known from a region that reaches from Malia to Pseira in eastern Crete: Chapouthier and Joly 1936, title page and pl. 11 (Malia); Chapouthier and Demargne 1945, fig. 13 (Malia); Hawes et al. 1908, pl. 6, no. 42 (Gournia); Seager 1916, 27, pl. 7, nos. 1, 2, 4; pl. 11, upper right, lower left, lower right (Pacheia Ammos);

3

Hall 1912, fig. 32 (Sphoungaras); Seager 1910, fig. 4, center (Pseira). All of the known examples from cemeteries are used as burial jars. Date: MM IIB. 122, Fig. 7 (PS 2106). Jug, rim sherd with handle. D of rim 4. A fine fabric (very pale brown, 10YR 8/4). Straight rim; pulled handle with thick oval section. Slipped: black, on exterior. Date: MM I–IIB. 123, Fig. 7 (PS 2107). Side-spouted jar, body sherd from junction between spout and shoulder. Max dim 5.2. A coarse fabric, finer than usual (very pale brown, 10YR

60

PSEIRA vI lar patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Thin walls. Date: MM I–IIB.

8/4, with the core reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6); burnished. Date: EM. STONE 124, Fig. 7 (PS 2104). Cup or bowl, body fragment. Max dim 4.8. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregu-

HuMAN BONE 1 long bone fragment

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1880N (5 sherds; Tomb 9) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

20

4

80

Total

%

1

50

1

1

50

Body

Total

%

1

7.7

3

6

45.2

2

2

15.4

3

23.1

1

7.7

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, MM

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

MARINE SHELLS 1 Patella 1 Murex

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1885N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, small, EM

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, small, EM

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1890N (13 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabric undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large

3

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, FN–EM I undiagnostic, FN–EM I

Byzantine Fabric Basin (no. 126)

1

STONE 125, Fig. 7 (PS 2842). Bird’s nest bowl or bowl with thick walls, body fragment. Max d 5.5. Porphyry (green). Comments: Material analyzed optically by George Myer, Temple university. This is not a common material for vases in the cemetery, but it does occasionally occur at Pseira (for a tool, see Betancourt 1994–96, 58 and fig. 3C). Date: MM II.

POTTERY 126, Fig. 7 (PS 1887). Basin, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 30. A coarse fabric (dark grayish brown, 10YR 4/2). Outturned, flat rim; molding on top of rim with short diagonal incised lines on it. Comments: Not a common shape in the cemetery or town. Date: Byzantine.

SuRvEY DATA

61

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1895N (21 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Cup, MM

1

1

4.8

Goblet, EM IIB (no. 129)

1

1

4.8

Jug, EM (no. 128)

1

1

4.8

2

9.5

2

9.5

1

4.8

5

23.8

6

28.6

2

9.5

Fine Fabrics

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM Closed vessel, small, EM

2 1

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, FN–EM I (no. 127)

1

1

4

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

128, Fig. 7 (PS 3022). Jug, body sherd. Max dim 2.4. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/8). Knob on exterior of wall. Comments: Sherd from neck of jug with knob on side. Date: EM. 129, Fig. 7 (PS 2905). Goblet, base sherd. A fine Mirabello Fabric (red, 2.5YR 4/6); burnished; for analysis see Appendix C, Fabric 6. Slipped: traces. Comments: vasilike Ware or Red Burnished Ware.

POTTERY 127, Fig. 7 (PS 3021). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base 21. A coarse phyllite fabric (red, 10R 4/8); voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished. Pronounced base. Comments: Bottom of base has abundant voids from grass-like stems up to 2 cm long, as if the vessel were set on this material during the manufacturing process, and the stem fragments stuck to it. Date: FN–EM I.

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1900N (11 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

2

18.2

1

9.1

8

72.7

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, MM

Coarse Fabrics Jar, MM (no. 130)

1

undiagnostic, EM

POTTERY 130, Fig. 7 (PS 2603). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim 21.0. A phyllite fabric (dark grayish brown, 2.5Y 4/2). Flat, outturned ledge rim. Slipped: black, on rim and exterior;

added white paint: wide lines on top of rim. Comments: An atypical, hard fabric. Date: MM.

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1905N (6 sherds; Tomb 16) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

2

33.3

2

33.3

1

16.7

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, EM IIB (no. 133)

1

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabric Open vessel (chalice?), EM I, (no. 131)

1

62

PSEIRA vI Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

16.7

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, FN–EM I (no. 132)

1

POTTERY 131, Fig. 7 (PS 2592). Open vessel (chalice?), rim sherd. D of rim ca. 12–15. A coarse fabric (very dark grayish brown, 2.5Y 3/2, with the core grayer); burnished on exterior. very slightly outturned rim. For the chalice in EM I, see Haggis 1997; for the stratigraphy of this pottery, see Haggis 1996c. Date: EM I. 132, Fig. 7 (PS 2954). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base ca. 12. A coarse phyllite fabric (red, 2.5YR 5/8, to weak red, 2.5YR 4/2, with a darker core); burnished. Date: FN–EM I. 133, Fig. 7 (PS 2956). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 7.5. A coarse fabric (light red, 2.5YR 6/8); burnished. Slipped: red, on exterior. Date: EM IIB. STONE vESSEL 134, Fig. 7, Ill. 16 (PS 2195). Carinated bowl with thick walls, base fragment. Max dim 5.2. Mottled ser-

pentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Low carination. Comments: For another carinated bowl from Pseira, see Illustration 16. Date: MM I–IIB.

Illustration 16. Carinated stone bowls from the Pseira Cemetery Survey, no. 134 (left) and from Seager’s Pseira excavations, Herakleion Museum, no. 1155 (right). Scale 1:3.

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1910N (4 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Fine Fabrics Bridge-spouted jar, MM I–II (no. 136) Teapot, EM IIB (no. 135)

1

1

25

1

25

1

1

25

1

1

25

1

Coarse Fabric Basin with scoring inside, MM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, large, FN–EM I

POTTERY 135, Fig. 7 (PS 2568). Teapot, handle sherd. Max dim 6.5. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6); burnished. Wide strap handle at the vessel, tapering away from the vessel. Slipped: mottled, traces on exterior. Comments: This type of wide handle, tapering in the parts away from the vessel, is typical of vasilike Ware teapots from this part of Crete (Betancourt 1979, fig. 12, nos. 8–12). Date: EM IIB. 136, Fig. 7 (PS 2569). Bridge-spouted jar, spout sherd. Max dim 4.6. A fine fabric (yellowish red, 5YR 5/6). Slipped: black, on interior of spout and on exterior; added white paint: lines at top edge of spout; vertical lines on spout. Date: MM I–II.

STONE 137, Fig. 7 (PS 3536). Bowl with thick walls, rim and body fragments. D of rim ca. 12–14. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5Y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Carinated profile. Comments: See no. 9. Date: MM I–IIB.

SuRvEY DATA

63

GRID-SquARE 1565E 1915N (1 sherd; Tomb 14) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

100

Fine Fabric vessel, MM I–IIB (no. 138)

Comments: Either a cup or a small closed vessel. Date: MM I–IIB.

POTTERY 138, Fig. 7 (PS 2655). vessel, handle sherd. Max dim 3.1. A fine fabric (7.5YR 7/6). Thin strap handle. Slipped: black.

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1860N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

28.6

1

14.3

1

14.3

3

42.9

Body

Total

%

8

8

47.1

1

5.9

2

11.8

1

5.9

1

5.9

2

11.8

2

11.8

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic, EM–MM

Coarse Fabrics Goblet, EM Jug, EM

1 1

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–EM I

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1865N (17 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Goblet, EM IIB (no. 140) Jug, EM I–II (no. 139)

1

Jar, EM, MM (no. 142) Jar, EM (no. 141)

2 1

Closed vessel, EM

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, EM–MM

2

undiagnostic

POTTERY 139, Fig. 7 (PS 1815). Jug, spout sherd. Max dim 4.2. A fine fabric (light red, 2.5YR 6/8, to pink, 5YR 7/4). Raised spout. Date: EM I–II. 140, Fig. 7 (PS 1812). Goblet, base sherd. D of base 6. A fine fabric (yellow, 10YR 7/6, with the core reddish brown, 5YR 5/4); surface eroded. Date: Probably EM IIB.

141, Fig. 7 (PS 1814). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim 8. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6); burnished. Short vertical rim. Slipped: dark, on exterior. Comments: Handmade. Date: EM II–MM I. 142, Fig. 7 (PS 1813). Jar, rim sherd. D of rim 9. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/6). Thickened, short vertical rim. Slipped: black, on exterior. Comments: Probably wheelmade. This jar appears to be a later version of no. 141. Date: MM I–II.

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1870N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

3

3

42.9

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, EM

64

PSEIRA vI Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

4

57.1

Body

Total

%

Cup, MM

2

2

16.7

Closed vessel, small, EM

1

1

8.3

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1875N (12 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics

Coarse Fabrics Jar, EM

1

1

undiagnostic

8.3

3

25

5

41.7

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, EM

STONE 143, Fig. 8 (PS 2196). Bowl (?), base fragment. Banded travertine (very pale brown, 10YR 8/3, and light

reddish brown, 5YR 6/4). Slightly pronounced base. Date: EM II–MM I.

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1880N (8 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

Fine Fabrics Open (?) vessel, MM (no. 145)

1

1

12.5

Goblet, EM IIB (no. 144)

1

1

12.5

1

12.5

5

62.5

Coarse Fabrics Jug

1

undiagnostic

POTTERY 144, Fig. 8 (PS 1839). Goblet, base sherd. D of base 6. A gritty fabric (reddish yellow, 5YR 6/8); tiny voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished. Slipped: red, on exterior. Comments: Probably vasilike Ware or RedBurnished Ware (compare Betancourt 1979, fig. 11, nos. 1–6). Date: EM IIB.

145, Fig. 8 (PS 1845). Open (?) vessel, base sherd. D of base 4.5. A fine fabric (pink, 7.5YR 8/4). Pronounced base. Slipped: black, on exterior. Date: MM I–II. COPPER OR BRONZE 146, Fig. 8 (PS 2620). Small piece. Max length 1.4. Copper or bronze, with patina. Irregular rectangular piece. Date: EM II–MM IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1885N (7 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

14.3

1

14.3

1

14.3

Fine Fabrics Carinated cup, MM I–II (no. 148) undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel (teapot?), EM III–MM IA (no. 147)

1

SuRvEY DATA Rim

Handle

Base

65 Spout

Leg

Body

undiagnostic

Total

%

4

57.1

148, Fig. 8 (PS 1854). Carinated cup, body sherd. Max dim 2.8. A fine fabric (pink, 5YR 7/3). Carinated profile. Comments: Probably once slipped, but the surface is completely missing. See no. 28. Date: MM I–II.

POTTERY 147, Fig. 8 (PS 1853). Closed vessel (teapot?), base sherd. D of base 6. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5YR 7/6). Ring base. Slipped: black, on exterior. Comments: Possibly East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware, but the surface is too eroded for positive identification. Date: EM III–MM IA.

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1890N (2 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

100

Body

Total

%

1

1

3.2

11

11

35.5

2

6.5

1

3.2

2

6.5

7

22.6

7

22.6

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1895N (31 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM Closed vessel, small, EM, MM undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Jug or jar, EM I–II (no. 149)

1

Closed vessel, large, EM–MM Closed vessel, small, EM–MM

2 1

6

undiagnostic

OBSIDIAN 150, Fig. 8 (PS 1546). Flake. Max dim 2.0 Obsidian (black, N1). Cortex present on dorsal surface. Date: FN–MM IIB.

POTTERY 149, Fig. 8 (PS 1874). Jug or jar, hamdle sherd. Max dim 5.2. A phyllite fabric (red surface, 2.5YR 4/6, with the core dark grayish brown, 10YR 4/2), with voids from burned-out organic matter. Thin oval section; projection at end to thrust through the vessel wall. Comments: See no. 82. Date: EM I–II.

COPPER OR BRONZE 151, Fig. 8 (PS 1926). Band, partly complete. Max preserved length 2.7; w 0.3. Copper or bronze, with patina. Band twisted at one end. Date: EM II–MM IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1900N (51 sherds; Tomb 3) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

2

4

7.8

8

15.7

11

21.6

Fine Fabrics Jug, EM–MM Closed vessel, EM

1 4

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, EM, MM

1

2

8

66

PSEIRA vI Rim

Handle

Base

Closed vessel, small, EM

Spout

Leg

3

Body

Total

%

4

7

13.7

15

29.4

3

5.9

2

3.9

undiagnostic

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Jar, FN–EM I

2

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

Comments: Chipped from use or trampling. Date: FN–MM IIB. MARINE SHELL 1 Charonia

OBSIDIAN 152, Fig. 8 (PS 1909). Blade, center section. Preserved length 1.4; max w 1.0; max th 0.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). Two ridges.

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1905N (0 sherds, Tomb 3 and Tomb 6) 155, Fig. 8 (PS 1934). Scraper, center section. Preserved length 2.0. Max w 1.2; max th 0.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). Comments: Chipped from use. Date: FN–MM IIB. 156, Fig. 8 (PS 1865). Flake. Max dim 2.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). Date: FN–MM IIB.

OBSIDIAN 153, Fig. 8 (PS 2897). Blade, proximal end. Preserved length 1.4; w 0.75; th 0.2. Obsidian (black, N 1). Two ridges. Date: FN–MM IIB. 154, Fig. 8 (PS 2819). Blade, center section. Preserved length 1.5; w 0.9; th 0.2. Obsidian (black, N 1). Two ridges. Date: FN–MM IIB.

GRID-SquARE 1570E 1910N (0 sherds; Tomb 6) GRID-SquARE 1570E 1915N (5 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

1

20

1

1

20

1

20

1

20

1

20

Fine Fabric Closed vessel, small, EM

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, large, EM

Dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Open vessel, FN–EM I (no. 157)

1

undiagnostic, FN–EM I

Byzantine Fabric Amphora (no. 158)

1

POTTERY 157, Fig. 8 (PS 2998). Open vessel, rim sherd. Max dim 5.6. A coarse phyllite fabric (reddish brown, 5YR 5/3); burnished. Thickened rim; wide lug handle at rim, pierced vertically. Date: FN–EM I.

158, Fig. 8 (PS 2248). Amphora, rim sherd with handle. D of rim 14.0. A coarse fabric (yellowish red, 5YR 5/6). Out-turned rim; handle with thick oval section. Date: Early Byzantine.

GRID-SquARE 1575E 1855N (6 sherds) Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

33.3

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic

survey data rim

Handle

Base

67 spout

Leg

Body

total

%

4

66.7

total

%

1

14.3

4

57.1

2

28.6

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

GrId-square 1575e 1860N (7 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Conical cup, eM III–MM Ia (no. 159)

1

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

POttery 159, Fig. 8 (Ps 1800). Conical cup, rim sherd. d of rim ca. 8–9. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 7/6). straight rim. slipped: black, on interior of rim and on

exterior; added white paint: curved line preserved. Comments: east Cretan White-on-dark Ware. date: eM III–MM Ia.

GrId-square 1575e 1865N (1 sherd) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

100

Body

total

%

Closed vessel, small, eM

1

1

11.1

Cup, MM

1

1

11.1

5

55.5

2

22.2

Body

total

%

2

3

18.8

Lid, MM (no. 160)

1

1

6.3

Closed vessel, small, eM

5

5

31.3

1

1

6.3

6

37.5

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, small, eM

GrId-square 1575e 1870N (9 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

GrId-square 1575e 1875N (16 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM undiagnostic. eM–MM

POttery 160, Fig. 8 (Ps 1806). Lid (?), rim sherd. d of rim ca. 12–16. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/8).

straight profile. slipped: black to reddish brown, on top and bottom. date: MM I–II.

68

PseIra vI

GrId-square 1575e 1880N (7 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

14.3

1

14.3

5

71.4

total

%

2

100

Body

total

%

1

1

5.3

1

5.3

2

10.5

2

10.5

8

42.1

1

5.3

4

21.1

Fine Fabrics Jug, eM

1

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

GrId-square 1575e 1885N (2 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

GrId-square 1575e 1890N (19 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM Jar, MM I–II (no. 162)

1

vessel, small, MM (no. 161)

1

1

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabrics Miniature tripod vessel

1

undiagnostic

POttery 161, Fig. 9 (Ps 1888). vessel, base sherd. d of base 3. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 6/8). Pronounced base. slipped: black, on exterior. Comments: the interior surface does not survive. the vessel may be a small tumbler. date: MM I–II. 162, Fig. 9 (Ps 1889). Jar, handle sherd. Max dim 14.9. a coarse fabric (light red, 2.5yr 6/8; with the exte-

rior light yellowish brown, 10yr 6/4). Horizontal (?) handle. Comments: a handle from a large jar. date: MM I–II. stONe 1 malachite and chalcocite (?), unworked piece

GrId-square 1575e 1895N (27 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

3

11.1

2

3

11.1

1

1

3.7

1

1

3.7

Fine Fabrics Jar or teapot, eM II (nos. 163, 164, 166) Closed vessel, small, MM Closed vessel, large, MM

2 1

Coarse Fabrics Carinated cup, MM I–IIB (no. 168)

survey data rim

Handle

Base

spouted, conical bowl, eM III–MM Ia (no. 167)

69 spout

Leg

Body

1

Jug, eM–MM

1

Closed vessel, eM IIB (no. 165)

1

Closed vessel, large, MM

1

2

undiagnostic

total

%

1

3.7

1

3.7

1

3.7

3

11.1

13

48.1

Comments: a handmade vessel without painted decoration whose exterior surface survives in good condition. date: eM. 167, Fig. 9 (Ps 1776). spouted, conical bowl, spout sherd. d of rim ca. 12–14. a coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 6/8). Open rim spout. slipped: reddish brown, on exterior. Comments: Probably east Cretan White-on-dark Ware, but the surface is too poorly preserved for certain identification. date: eM III–MM Ia (?). 168, Fig. 9 (Ps 1779). Carinated cup, body sherd. Max dim 1.9. a fine fabric (pink, 7.5yr 8/4). Carinated profile. slipped: black, on interior and exterior. Comments: see no. 28. date: MM I–IIB.

POttery 163, Fig. 9 (Ps 1778). side-spouted jar or teapot, rim sherd. d of rim 12. a coarse fabric (dark brown, 10yr 3/3). rounded, upturned, slightly thickened rim. Comments: surface missing. date: eM–MM. 164, Fig. 9 (Ps 1777). Bridge-spouted jar or teapot, rim sherd. d of rim ca. 12. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 6/6); burnished. rounded, upturned rim. slipped: mottled red areas and black areas on exterior. Comments: vasilike Ware (compare Betancourt 1979, fig. 10, no. 13). date: eM IIB. 165, Fig. 9 (Ps 1780). Closed vessel, base sherd. d of base 8. a coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 6/8); burnished. slipped: red (2.5yr 5/6), on exterior. Comments: Fabric and surface indicate eM date; probably a small jug or jar in vasilike Ware or red-Burnished Ware. date: eM IIB. 166, Fig. 9 (Ps 1775). Jar or teapot, body sherd with edge of spout. Max dim 4.0. a fine fabric (light reddish brown, 2.5yr 6/4, with the core gray and the surface pink); burnished.

stONe 169, Fig. 9 (Ps 1781). Bowl, rim, base, and body fragments. d of rim 10; d of base 5; max dim 4.1. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). straight rim; convex profile; groove on lower wall.

GrId-square 1575e 1900N (3 sherds; tomb 5) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

33.3

Fine Fabric askos or side-spouted jar, MM (no. 170)

1

Coarse Fabrics Cup, eM–MM (no. 172)

1

1

33.3

side-spouted jar or teapot, MM I–II (no. 171)

1

1

33.3

POttery 170, Fig. 9 (Ps 1963). askos or side-spouted jar, spout sherd. Preserved length 4.1. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 6/8). tubular spout, tapering to a narrow end. slipped: black, on exterior. date: MM I–IIB. 171, Fig. 9 (Ps 1964). side-spouted jar or teapot, rim sherd. d of rim ca. 10. a coarse fabric (reddish yellow,

5yr 7/8). rounded, straight, vertical rim; rounded shoulder. Comments: Wheelmade. date: MM I–II. 172, Fig. 9 (Ps 1965). Cup, rim sherd. d of rim 9. a coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 7/8). straight rim; convex profile. Comments: surface missing. date: eM–MM.

70

PseIra vI

OBsIdIaN 173, Fig. 9 (Ps 1543). Core, fragment. Preserved length 2.7; preserved w 1.4 Obsidian (black, N 1). Fluted

and pyramidal shape. Broken on the side and the top. date: FN–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1575e 1905N (15 sherds; tomb 4) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

6.7

4

26.7

1

6.7

1

1

6.7

6

7

46.7

1

6.7

Fine Fabrics Carinated cup, MM II (no. 175)

1

Closed vessel, small, eM–MM

4

Coarse Fabrics Jug, eM–MM

1

Closed vessel, large, eM undiagnostic

1

Fine Phyllite Fabric Conical cup, MM IIB to LM I (no. 174)

1

date: MM IIB to LM I. 175, Fig. 9 (Ps 1978). Carinated cup, base sherd. d of base 4. a fine fabric (pink, 7.5yr 8/4). Convex lower section; sharp carination. slipped: dark brown, on interior and exterior. Comments: see no. 28. date: MM II.

POttery 174, Fig. 9 (Ps 1979). Conical cup, rim sherd. d of rim ca. 5–6. a fine phyllite fabric (gray, 10yr 5/1). straight rim. Comments: In the town, this fabric is used in particular for conical cups from LM I, but its earliest date of appearance is not known. this sherd is the only example found in the survey of the cemetery area.

GrId-square 1575e 1910N (8 sherds; tomb 4) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic

2

25

Coarse Fabrics Jar, MM

1

1

12.5

Closed vessel, large, eM

1

1

12.5

4

50

undiagnostic

GrId-square 1580e 1855N (4 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

3

3

75

1

25

Body

total

%

4

4

44.4

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

GrId-square 1580e 1860N (9 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

survey data rim

Handle

Base

71 spout

Leg

Carinated cup, MM IIB (no. 176)

Body

total

%

1

1

11.1

1

11.1

1

11.1

2

22.2

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

POttery 176, Fig. 9 (Ps 1811). Carinated cup, body sherd. Max dim 2.3. a fine fabric (pink, 7.5yr 7/4). Horizontal

grooves on upper section. slipped: traces, on interior and exterior. Comments: see no. 28. date: MM IIB.

GrId-square 1580e 1865N (3 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

3

100

total

%

1

5

4

6

30

6

8

40

5

25

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, eM

GrId-square 1580e 1870N (20 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Cup or goblet, eM IIB (no. 177)

1

Cup, eM–MM

2

Closed vessel, eM, MM

1

1

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–eM I

POttery 177, Fig. 9 (Ps 1861). Cup or goblet, rim sherd. Max dim 4. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 6/6). straight rim. slipped: dark brown on interior and mottled red and black areas on exterior.

Comments: vasilike Ware. rims of cups and goblets cannot always be distinguished from the shape of the rim. date: eM IIB.

GrId-square 1580e 1875N (15 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic, eM

9

60

3

5

33.3

1

1

6.7

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

1

Closed vessel, large, eM

1

GrId-square 1580e 1880N (0 sherds) OBsIdIaN 178, Fig. 9 (Ps 2140). Flake. Max dim 1.9. Obsidian (black, N 1). date: FN–MM IIB.

stONe 179, Fig. 9 (Ps 1906). Carinated bowl, body fragment. Max dim 5.4. amphibolite (dusky yellowish green, 10Gy 3/2, to grayish green, 10Gy 5/2). date: MM I–II.

72

PseIra vI

GrId-square 1580e 1885N (25 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

4

4

16

1

4

1

4

1

4

9

36

1

4

2

8

5

20

1

4

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM Goblet, vasilike Ware, eM IIB (no. 180)

1

Closed vessel, vasilike Ware, eM IIB

1

Closed vessel, small, eM

1

undiagnostic, eM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM

1

Closed vessel, small, MM

1

1

undiagnostic

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–eM I

POttery 180, Fig. 9 (Ps 1890). Goblet, base sherd. d of base 6. a fine fabric (reddish brown, 2.5yr 5/4). Goblet on small pedestal base. slipped: traces.

Comments: Probably vasilike Ware or redBurnished Ware (Betancourt 1979, fig. 11, nos. 1–8). date: eM IIB.

GrId-square 1580e 1890N (13 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

2

15.4

2

15.4

1

7.7

8

61.5

total

%

2

8.7

Fine Fabrics spouted vessel, eM

2

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Bowl

1

undiagnostic, eM

GrId-square 1580e 1895N (23 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics vessel with ring base, eM Cup, MM

1

1

4.3

Closed vessel, vasilike Ware, eM IIB

1

1

4.3

7

30.4

undiagnostic, eM

Coarse Fabrics Cup

1

1

4.3

vessel with ring base, eM II

1

1

4.3

1

4.3

8

34.8

Closed vessel, large, eM undiagnostic

1

survey data rim

Handle

Base

73 spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

4.3

Body

total

%

1

1

4.8

9

42.9

1

4.8

9

42.9

1

4.8

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–eM I

GrId-square 1580e 1900N (21 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, eM (no. 181) undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

1

undiagnostic

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–eM I

POttery 181, Fig. 9 (Ps 1985). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 4.5. a fine fabric (light red, 2.5yr 6/6, and reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6); burnished. slipped: mottled, on exterior. Comments: Probably vasilike Ware.

date: eM IIB. OBsIdIaN 182, Fig. 9 (Ps 2141). Flake. Max dim 2.4. Obsidian (black, N 1). date: FN–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1580e 1905N (6 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

2

2

33.3

1

16.7

2

33.3

1

16.7

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics vessel, small, eM (no. 183)

1

undiagnostic, eM

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic, eM

POttery 183, Fig. 9 (Ps 1983, fig. 10, nos. 4, 5, and 7). vessel, base sherd. d of base 6. a gritty fabric (pink surface, 5yr 7/4, with the core light gray, 5y 6/1). Pronounced base; groove at bottom of wall. Comments: Probably vasilike Ware (based on the fabric and the groove at the base of the wall, for which see Betancourt 1979). date: eM. stONe 184, Fig. 9 (Ps 1677). Bowl, rim sherd. d of rim 12.

Marble, banded (dark gray, 2.5y N 4, gray, 2.5y N 5, light gray, 2.5y N7, and white, 5yr 8/1). straight rim; convex profile. Comments: the material is common at sites in the Gulf of Mirabello region (Warren 1969). a fragment of this same vessel was found in the excavation of tomb 6 in the Pseira cemetery, suggesting the possibility that the vase was originally an offering in this tomb. tomb 6 is located in two nearby Grid-squares, numbers t1570e 1905N and t1570e 1910N. It was used from FN/eM I until MM II. date: eM II–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1585e 1855N (7 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

14.3

Fine Fabric undiagnostic

74

PseIra vI rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

2

3

42.9

1

14.3

2

28.6

total

%

1

12.5

1

12.5

6

75

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

1

Phyllite Fabrics Jar

1

undiagnostic

GrId-square 1585e 1860N (8 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Jar or teapot, vasilike Ware, eM IIB (no. 185)

1

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

POttery 185, Fig. 9 (Ps 1803). Jar or teapot, rim sherd. d of rim 12. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/8). raised, out-turned rim. slipped: red, on exterior.

Comments: vasilike Ware or red-Burnished Ware (Betancourt 1979, fig. 10, no. 16). the profile of the rim identifies the shape as a jar or teapot. date: eM IIB.

GrId-square 1585e 1865N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1585e 1870N (7 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

14.3

3

42.9

2

28.6

1

14.3

Body

total

%

1

1

20

2

40

1

20

1

20

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, eM undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, eM

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic

stONe 186, Fig. 9 (Ps 2841). vessel, body fragment. Max dim 2.2. Banded marble (dark gray, N 4, and white, 2.5y

8/2). Convex profile. date: eM II–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1585e 1875N (5 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM undiagnostic

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, eM

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic

survey data

75

GrId-square 1585e 1880N (9 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

4

44.4

1

11.1

3

33.3

1

11.1

Body

total

%

Cup, MM

1

1

10

Closed vessel, eM–MM (no. 188)

1

1

10

1

10

4

40

2

20

1

10

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

1

undiagnostic, eM

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic, eM

GrId-square 1585e 1885N (10 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics

Jar or teapot, eM–MM (no. 187) Closed vessel, small

1

3

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic

POttery 187, Fig. 10 (Ps 1808). Jar or teapot, rim sherd. d of rim 9. a gritty fabric (light red, 2.5yr 6/6). slightly thickened, upturned rim; rounded shoulder. date: eM–MM.

188, Fig. 10 (Ps 1807). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 2.3. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6). Comments: From just above the base. date: eM–MM.

GrId-square 1585e 1890N (7 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

14.3

1

14.3

4

57.1

1

14.3

Base

total

%

1

3

15

7

35

Fine Fabrics Bridge-spouted jar, MM

1

vessel with pedestal base, eM

1

Closed vessel, small

2

2

undiagnostic

GrId-square 1585e 1895N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1585e 1900N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1590e 1855N (20 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

1

1

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM undiagnostic

76

PseIra vI rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Base

total

%

1

4

20

6

30

Body

total

%

2

2

22.2

2

22.2

5

55.5

total

%

2

15.4

1

7.8

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM undiagnostic

1

2

GrId-square 1590e 1860N (9 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM

1

1

undiagnostic

GrId-square 1590e 1865N (13 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Bridge-spouted jar, eM III–MM Ia (no. 189)

1

Closed vessel, large, eM, MM

4

4

30.8

Closed vessel, small

1

1

7.8

4

30.8

1

7.8

undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic

POttery 189, Fig. 10 (Ps 1592). Bridge-spouted jar, rim sherd. d of rim 20. a coarse fabric (pink, 5yr 7/4). thickened, rounded rim; contracted mouth. slipped: black, on inside of rim and on exterior; added white paint not preserved.

Comments: east Cretan White-on-dark Ware. surface eroded. the shape can be distinguished by the distinctive profile of the rim. date: eM III–MM Ia.

GrId-square 1590e 1870N (2 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

50

1

50

Body

total

%

1

1

50

Fine Fabric undiagnostic

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

GrId-square 1590e 1875N (2 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, large

survey data rim

Handle

Base

77 spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

50

Body

total

%

1

1

33.3

1

1

33.3

1

33.3

total

%

5

100

total

%

1

50

1

50

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic, eM

GrId-square 1590e 1880N (3 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM undiagnostic

GrId-square 1590e 1885N (5 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, eM

GrId-square 1590e 1890N (0 sherds; tomb 12) GrId-square 1590e 1895N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1590e 1900N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1595e 1865N (2 sherds; tomb 2, Funerary Cluster 1) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Cup, eM IIa (no. 190) Closed vessel, MM IIB (no. 191)

1

POttery 190, Fig. 10 (Ps 2046). Cup, rim sherd. Max dim 2.1. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 8/6); burnished (?). straight rim. date: eM IIa (?). 191, Fig. 10 (Ps 2047). Closed vessel, base sherd. d of base 8.0. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 8/6). slipped: black on exterior; added white paint: diagonal line. date: MM IIB. OBsIdIaN 192, Fig. 10 (Ps 2037). Blade, center section. Pre-

served length 2.0; w 0.6; th 0.2. Obsidian (black, N 1). One ridge. Comments: Chipped from use. date: FN–MM IIB. 193, Fig. 10 (Ps 2038). Blade, center section. Preserved length 2.6; w 1.05; th 0.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). two ridges. Comments: Chipped from use (?). date: FN–MM IIB. 194, Fig. 10 (Ps 2039). Flake. Max dim 2.0. Obsidian (black, N 1). date: FN–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1595e 1870N (9 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

10

Fine Fabrics side-spouted jar, eM II–MM I (no. 195)

1

78

PseIra vI rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

Bridge-spouted jar, eM (no. 197)

1

1

10

Jar or teapot, MM (no. 196)

1

1

10

2

20

Closed vessel, large, eM

1

10

undiagnostic

2

20

1

10

undiagnostic, eM

Coarse Fabrics

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic, eM

POttery 195, Fig. 10 (Ps 1596). side-spouted jar, spout sherd. Max dim 4. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6). Comments: surface eroded. date: eM II–MM I. 196, Fig. 10 (Ps 1597). Jar or teapot, rim sherd. d of rim 20. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 8/6, on interior, and light red, 2.5yr 6/6, on exterior). straight, upturned rim; rounded shoulder. slipped: dark reddish brown (2.5yr 3/4) to weak red (2.5yr 4/4) on rim and exterior. Comments: Wheelmade. date: MM I–II. 197, Fig. 10 (Ps 1598). Bridge-spouted jar, rim sherd. d of rim 11. a fine fabric (pink, 10yr 8/3); no slip preserved. thickened rim. date: eM III–MM Ia. stONe 198, Fig. 10 (Ps 1593). vessel, body or base sherd. Max dim 3.2. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). straight profile.

date: MM I–II. 199, Fig. 10 (Ps 1594). Bowl, base fragment. d of base 4. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Comments: surface eroded. date: MM I–II. quartZ 200, Fig. 10 (Ps 1595). quartz, crystal. Max dim 1.5. several faces present; transparent. Comments: quartz crystals are found in several buildings in the settlement (especially in Building Bs/Bv, for which see dierckx 1998) where they are regarded as either raw material for making beads and other ornaments or as tools. the presence of the crystal here is unexplained. date: eM–MM IIB. MarINe sHeLLs 5 Patella, 2 fragments 1 Monodonta

GrId-square 1595e 1875N (6 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic

3

50

1

16.7

2

33.3

Body

total

%

1

2

18.2

1

9.1

Coarse Fabrics Jug

1

undiagnostic

GrId-square 1595e 1880N (11 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM (no. 201) undiagnostic

1

survey data rim

Handle

Base

79 spout

Leg

Body

total

%

6

6

54.5

2

18.2

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM undiagnostic

POttery 201, Fig. 10 (Ps 2995). Closed vessel, base sherd. d of base 6.0. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6). slipped: traces on exterior. date: eM–MM.

OBsIdIaN 202, Fig. 10 (Ps 2892). Blade, proximal end. Preserved length 2.5; w 0.75; th 0.15. Obsidian (black, N 1). two ridges. Comments: Chipped. date: FN–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1595e 1885N (10 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

2

2

20

6

60

1

2

20

Body

total

%

1

100

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabrics Closed vessel, large

1

GrId-square 1595e 1890N (1 sherd; tomb 13) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabric undiagnostic

stONe 203, Fig. 10 (Ps 2901). Bowl with thick walls, most of profile. d of base 3.5. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3,

with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). rounded carination. Comments: see no. 9. surface eroded. date: MM I–IIB.

GrId-square 1600e 1855N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1600e 1860N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1600e 1865N (1 sherd; tomb 2) GrId-square 1600e 1870N (2 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

1

50

%

Fine Fabrics Bridge-spouted jar, eM III–MM Ia (no. 204) undiagnostic

POttery 204, Fig. 10 (Ps 1581). Bridge-spouted jar, rim sherd. d of rim 23. a fine fabric (pink, 7.5yr 7/4, to brown, 7.5yr 5/4). thickened, rounded rim; contracted mouth.

1

50

slipped: black, on inside of rim and on exterior; added white paint: band. Comments: east Cretan White-on-dark Ware. surface eroded. date: eM III–MM Ia.

80

PseIra vI

Comments: Platform-trimming flake. date: FN–MM IIB.

OBsIdIaN 205, Fig. 10 (Ps 2040). Flake. Max dim 2.7. Obsidian (black, N 1). Little cortex present.

GrId-square 1600e 1875N (3 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

2

66.7

1

1

33.3

Body

total

%

4

5

29.4

3

3

17.6

2

2

11.8

7

41.2

total

%

3

100

total

%

11

64.7

6

35.3

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

1

Phyllite Fabric Closed vessel, small, eM

GrId-square 1600e 1880N (17 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Conical cup or bowl, eM IIB (no. 206)

1

Closed vessel, small, eM, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small undiagnostic

Comments: vasilike Ware date: eM IIB.

POttery 206, Fig. 10 (Ps 1895). Conical cup or bowl, base sherd. d of base 5. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 6/6); burnished. slipped: red on interior and mottled red areas and black areas on exterior.

GrId-square 1600e 1885N (3 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

GrId-square 1600e 1890N (17 sherds; tombs 10 and 11) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic, eM, MM

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

stONe 207, Fig. 10 (Ps 2226). Bowl, rim fragment. d of rim 11. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). straight rim; thin walls. date: MM I–IIB.

208, Fig. 11 (Ps 2240). Bowl, body fragment. Max dim 3.2. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). thin walls. date: MM I–IIB.

survey data 209, Fig. 11 (Ps 2225). Bowl, body fragment. Max dim 2.7. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). thin walls. date: MM I–IIB.

81

MaMMaL BONe 1 sheep/goat

GrId-square 1600e 1895N (6 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

1

1

16.7

Closed vessel, small, MM

1

1

16.7

Pyxis, eM

1

1

16.7

3

3

50

Body

total

%

1

50

1

1

50

Body

total

%

1

5.6

1

2

11.1

4

6

33.3

7

8

44.4

1

5.6

Phyllite Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM

GrId-square 1605e 1860N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1605e 1865N (2 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Coarse Fabrics rounded cup, eM III–MM IIa (no. 210)

1

Closed vessel, large

POttery 210, Fig. 11 (Ps 2069). rounded cup, base sherd. d of base 4. a coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6). slipped: black traces, on interior and exterior. date: eM III–MM IIa.

MarINe sHeLL 1 Monodonta, complete

GrId-square 1605e 1870N (18 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Carinated cup, MM I–II (no. 212)

1

Cup, MM

1

Closed vessel, small, eM, MM (nos. 211, 213)

2

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small

1

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic, eM

POttery 211, Fig. 11 (Ps 1894). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 8.7. a fine fabric, coarser than usual (yellowish red, 5yr 5/6); voids from burned-out organic matter; burnished. Convex profile. slipped: brown (7.5yr 5/4).

date: eM II.

82

PseIra vI

212, Fig. 11 (Ps 1579). Carinated cup, rim sherd. d of rim 10. a fine fabric (red, 2.5yr 5/6). slipped: black, on interior and exterior. Comments: the slip is the dense, black slip of MM II. see no. 28. date: MM I–II.

213, Fig. 11 (Ps 1580). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 2.9. a fine fabric (pink, 7.5yr 8/4). Comments: surface eroded. date: MM I–IIB.

GrId-square 1605e 1875N (7 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

2

3

42.9

Closed vessel, large

2

2

28.6

Closed vessel, small

2

2

28.6

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic

1

Coarse Fabrics

stONe 214, Fig. 11 (Ps 2102). Bowl, rim fragment. d of rim ca. 22–24. serpentinite (greenish black, 5Gy 2/1, with

pale areas). thin walls; open shape, probably a shallow, open bowl. date: MM I–IIB.

GrId-square 1605e 1880N (15 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

1

1

Closed vessel, small

1

2

13.3

2

3

20

3

3

20

7

46.7

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small undiagnostic, eM

OBsIdIaN 215, Fig. 11 (Ps 1544). Flake. Max dim 3.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). Cortex present on one side. date: FN–MM IIB. stONe 216, Fig. 11 (Ps 2830). vessel, base fragment. Max dim 4.5. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular pat-

ches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). date: MM I–IIB. 217, Fig. 11 (Ps 2831). Open vessel, base sherd. Max dim 2.7. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). thin walls; open shape. date: MM I–IIB.

GrId-square 1605e 1885N (11 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

3

3

27.3

1

9.1

1

1

9.1

1

2

18.1

4

4

36.4

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM Jug

1

rounded cup, eM III–MM Ia (no. 218)

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM Closed vessel, small, eM, MM

1

survey data

83

Comments: east Cretan White-on-dark Ware. date: eM III–MM Ia.

POttery 218, Fig. 11 (Ps 1578). rounded cup, body sherd. Max dim 2. a fine fabric (pink, 5yr 7/4). slipped: black, on exterior; added white paint: diagonal lines.

GrId-square 1605e 1890N (14 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

7

8

53.3

2

13.3

3

20

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM

1

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabric tripod vessel, eM–MM (no. 219)

1

POttery 219, Fig. 11 (Ps 1893). tripod vessel, leg sherd. Max dim 4.8. a coarse, hard phyllite fabric (yellowish red,

1

6.7

5yr 5/6). thin oval section. date: eM–MM I.

GrId-square 1605e 1895N (0 sherds) OBsIdIaN 220, Fig. 11 (Ps 1980). Fragment. Max dim 1.2. Obsidian, highly translucent, with white inclusions. Irregular. Comments: From the Island of Ghyali (for the geology of the obsidian location, and for general discussion of the material, see Buchholz and althaus 1982); for the analysis of this class of obsidian by neutron activation, see aspinall, Feather, and renfrew 1972; for analysis by optical spectroscopy, see Cann and renfrew 1964, 114 and 122; renfrew, Cann, and dixon 1965, 232; Cann, dixon, and renfrew 1969, 581; renfrew 1971. all the research agrees that the obsidian can be recognized easily by visual inspection, and that it comes from only one source in the aegean. this chip is either a fragment from an object or a fragment of a piece of raw material because except for sites near the source (Hope simpson and Lazemby 1962, 173; Melas 1988, 303–304, 306), the material is never used for flaked tools because its inclusions make it chip irregularly. It has no worked sur-

faces. this fragment and other examples of this obsidian in the aegean are discussed by Betancourt (1997). date: eM–MM IIB. MarBLe 221, Fig. 11 (Ps 800). Figurine, complete. H 3.6; w at top 1.7; w at bottom 2.0. Marble (white, 5yr 8/1). schematic figurine composed of two rounded parts with a waist between them; smoothed but not polished. Comments: the piece belongs to a schematic class of Minoan figurines made from several materials: Bosanquet and dawkins 1923, 149, fig. 131 (Palaikastro, limestone); Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1935–36, fig. 25, nos. 6–7 (trapeza Cave, shell); detournay 1980, figs. 134–138 (Malia, marble and travertine). date: eM–MM. the Palaikastro and trapeza Cave figures are probably eM or MM, while the pieces from Malia come from quartier Mu, destroyed in MM IIB. Bibl.: Betancourt and davaras 1990, fig. 12.

GrId-square 1610e 1860N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1610e 1865N (3 sherds; tomb 1) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

33.3

2

2

66.7

Fine Fabric Pierced vessel, eM (no. 222)

Phyllite Fabrics Closed vessel, large, eM

84

PseIra vI

POttery 222, Fig. 11 (Ps 1196). Pierced vessel, sherd from pierced part. Max dim 4.1. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 7/8, with a gray core). One hole preserved. Comments: the fabric appears to be eM. too little of the vessel is preserved for identification, but the vase may be a small askos, with the pierced part where the spout would be attached on the upper shoulder (for

Minoan askoi with spouts on the upper shoulder see Misch 1992, figs. 59–60 and 86–87). date: eM. OBsIdIaN 223, Fig. 11 (Ps 1197). scraper, fragment. Max length 2.9; max w 1.8. Obsidian (black, N 1). Irregular. retouch on right edge of dorsal surface. date: FN–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1610e 1870N (44 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

1

3

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

4

9.1

1

2.3

10

22.7

11

25

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM (nos. 227, 229) rounded cup, eM–MM I (no. 224)

1

Closed vessel, small, eM, MM (no. 226)

1

undiagnostic, eM, MM (no. 228)

2

1

6

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large Closed vessel, small (no. 225)

1

1

2

3

6.8

1

2

4

9.1

6

13.6

5

11.4

undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabrics undiagnostic, eM–MM

POttery 224, Fig. 11 (Ps 1862). rounded cup, rim sherd with handle. d of rim 10. a coarse fabric (red, 2.5yr 5/6, to dark reddish brown, 5yr 3/2); burnished. Handle with circular section. date: eM–MM I. 225, Fig. 11 (Ps 1333). Closed vessel, base sherd. d of base 3. a coarse fabric (light red, 2.5yr 6/8, to dark gray, 5yr 4/1). thickened base. Comments: Over fired. surface missing. date: MM (?). 226, Fig. 11 (Ps 1334). Closed vessel, rim sherd. d of rim not measurable; max dim 3.5. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6). Out-turned, rounded rim. slipped

black, on interior; band (?) on exterior. date: MM I–II. 227, Fig. 12 (Ps 1335). Cup, base sherd. d of base 4. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6). slipped: black, on interior and exterior. date: MM I–II. 228, Fig. 12 (Ps 1336). vessel, rim sherd with handle. Max dim 4.3. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6). rounded rim; handle with thin oval section. slipped: black, on interior of rim and on handle. date: MM I–II. 229, Fig. 12 (Ps 1337). Cup, handle sherd. Max dim 2.2. a fine fabric (very pale brown, 10yr 8/4). thin ribbon handle of the type used with wheel made cups. date: MM IIB.

GrId-square 1610e 1875N (22 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

3

13.6

1

4.5

1

4.5

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

1

5

Closed vessel, small, MM tripod vessel

3 1

6

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large

1

survey data rim

Handle

Base

85 spout

Leg

Closed vessel, small, MM

Body

total

%

4

4

18.1

6

27.3

1

1

4.5

Body

total

%

5

6

19.4

4

5

16.1

2

6.5

1

3.2

1

3.2

14

45.2

1

3.2

1

3.2

undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabric Closed vessel, large, eM

GrId-square 1610e 1880N (31 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, eM, MM

1

Closed vessel, small, eM, MM

1

Jug

2

Coarse Fabrics Cup, eM

1

Closed vessel, large, eM

1

undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabric Miniature tripod vessel, MM (no. 230)

1

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, large, FN–eM I

1

POttery 230, Fig. 12 (Ps 1566). Miniature tripod vessel, base sherd with leg. Max dim 4.6. a hard phyllite fabric (light red, 2.5yr 6/8), with voids from burned-out organic matter. Conical form; small knobs as feet. Comments: Miniature undecorated conical cups supported on three tiny feet are common in the town on Pseira Island. they sometimes have burn marks on the interior, suggesting a use as lamps, incense burners, or braziers. they are almost always made in the same fabric as this example. see (among others) Kaiser 1976, pl. 12, no. 10 (Pseira); van effenterre and van effenterre 1976, pl. 14, no. 11,156 and pl. 27, no. 85 (Malia); demargne 1945, pl. 20H (Malia); demargne and Gallet de santerre 1953, 32, pl. 51b (Malia); Chevallier et al. 1975, pl. 16, no. 3 (Malia); Bauran, darque, and

verlinden 1982, pl. 278a, no. 2 (Malia); Betancourt and silverman 1991, nos. 438–439 (Gournia). date: MM I–IIB. stONe 231, Fig. 12 (Ps 2835). vessel, base and body fragments. Max dim (largest fragment) 3.3. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Comments: Probably a bowl with thick walls. date: MM I–IIB. 232, Fig. 12 (Ps 2836). vessel, base fragment. d of base ca. 4. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). date: MM I–IIB.

GrId-square 1610e 1885N (36 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

10

10

27.8

1

2.8

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM Closed vessel, small, MM undiagnostic

1

9

25

86

PseIra vI rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

2

5.6

7

19.4

5

13.9

2

5.6

Coarse Fabrics Jug, MM

2

undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabrics undiagnostic, eM–MM

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–eM I

stONe 233, Fig. 12 (Ps 2349). Open vessel, base fragment. d of base 5. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Convex profile. Comments: surface worn. date: MM I–IIB. COPPer Or BrONZe 234, Fig. 12 (Ps 2610). tweezers, one complete blade.

Max length 2.8; max w 1.2. Copper or bronze, with patina. truncated triangular shape with the tip bent; two rivets, in line on long dimension. Comments: tweezers of this class were constructed by attaching two similar blades to a separate hinge. they are common offerings in Minoan cemeteries dating from the eM to MM period. they continue to be used into the Late Bronze age. see Branigan 1974, nos. 1281–1360a. date: eM II–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1610e 1890N (0 sherds; Byzantine (?) walls, perhaps a field house) GrId-square 1615e 1860N (6 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

16.7

5

83.3

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, eM–MM (no. 235)

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, FN–eM I

POttery 235, Fig. 12 (Ps 1412). vessel, base sherd. d of base 10. a coarse fabric (dark reddish gray, 5yr 4/2).

Comments: surface missing; one cannot tell if the vessel was closed or open. date: eM–MM.

GrId-square 1615e 1865N (1 sherd) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

100

Byzantine Fabric dish, 6th century (no. 236)

1

POttery 236, Fig. 12 (Ps 1801). dish, rim sherd. d of rim 19. a fine fabric (red, 2.5yr 5/6). Conical form; molding below rim. terra sigillata. Comments: Late roman C Ware. date: Byzantine, second half of the 6th century. stONe 237, Fig. 12 (Ps 1802). Bird’s nest bowl, body sherd. Max dim 2.5. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G

2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Comments: this shape is the most common class of bowl in Minoan Crete as a whole (Warren 1969, Form 3); at Pseira it is one of several regular shapes. surface eroded. date: MM I–II.

survey data

87

GrId-square 1615e 1870N (41 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

10

10

24.4

3

5

12.2

1

2.4

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM Closed vessel, small, eM to MM I (nos. 239, 240)

2

tripod vessel, eM (no. 238)

1

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

16

39

9

22

Phyllite Fabrics undiagnostic, eM-MM

POttery 238, Fig. 12 (Ps 1591). tripod vessel, base sherd with legs. Max dim 6.2. a fine fabric (pink, 7.5yr 7/4). rounded base; small knobs as feet. Comments: Probably a jug or some other small closed vessel with a rounded bottom and small legs; the date is suggested by the fabric and form. date: eM IIa (or possibly late in eM I). 239, Fig. 12 (Ps 1809). Closed vessel, base and body sherds. d of base 5–6. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6). slipped: dark, on exterior. Comments: Probably a side-spouted jar or teapot. date: eM. 240, Fig. 12 (Ps 1810). Closed vessel, base sherd. d of base 7. a fine fabric (yellowish red, 5yr 5/6); burnished. slipped: brown, on exterior.

Comments: Probably a jar or teapot. date: eM–MM I. OBsIdIaN 241, Fig. 12 (Ps 1541). Blade, proximal and center section. Preserved length 2.5; max w 0.7; max th 0.2. Obsidian (black, N 1). three ridges. date: FN–MM IIB. 242, Fig. 12 (Ps 2818). Blade, proximal end. Preserved length 2.4; max w 0.45; max th 0.4. Obsidian (black, N 1). Crested on left side of dorsal surface; retouch on left edge of ventral surface creating a backing. Comments: Chipped on non-retouched edge, from use. date: FN–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1615e 1875N (13 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

7.7

1

2

15.4

8

8

61.5

1

7.7

1

7.7

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM Closed vessel, small, eM (no. 244)

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM, MM

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic, eM–MM

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric Bowl, FN–eM I (no. 243)

1

POttery 243, Fig. 12 (Ps 1562). Bowl, rim sherd. d of rim 17. a coarse phyllite fabric (reddish brown, 5yr 4/4); burnished. straight, rounded rim; contracted mouth. date: FN–eM I.

244, Fig. 12 (Ps 1563). Closed vessel, spout fragment. Max dim 2.2. a fine fabric (light red, 2.5yr 6/6, with the surface reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6); burnished. Comments: dated by the fabric. date: eM IIa (?).

88

PseIra vI

GrId-square 1615e 1880N (5 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

20

1

20

3

60

total

%

1

3.4 3.4

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabrics undiagnostic

GrId-square 1615e 1885N (29 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Open vessel, MM (no. 245)

1

Carinated cup, MM

1

1

Cup, MM

9

9

Jug, MM

2

2

6.9

3

4

13.8

11

37.9

1

3.4

Closed vessel, small, eM, MM

1

31

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, eM–MM

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic

POttery 245, Fig. 12 (Ps 1561). Cup or bowl, base sherd. d of base 5. a fine fabric (pink, 7.5yr 8/4). Conical form at

lower part of vessel. slipped: black on interior and exterior. Comments: Probably a carinated cup (see no. 28). date: MM I–IIB.

GrId-square 1615e 1890N (8 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

Closed vessel, eM III–MM Ia (no. 247)

1

1

12.5

Closed vessel, eM–MM (no. 248)

1

1

12.5

2

25

3

37.5

1

12.5

Fine Fabrics

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric Pyxis, eM I (no. 246)

1

POttery 246, Fig. 12 (Ps 2708). vessel, body sherd with lug handle. Max dim 2.9. a carbonate-tempered fabric (very dark grayish brown, 10yr 3/2); voids from burned-out organic matter; probably burnished, but surface is poorly preserved. Lug, pierced.

Comments: surface missing. this sherd may be a piece of a Cycladic pyxis in the Kampos Group. date: eM I. 247, Fig. 12 (Ps 2851). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 2.8. a fine fabric (very pale brown, 10yr 8/4). straight profile. slipped: black, on exterior; added white paint: bands.

survey data

Comments: east Cretan White-on-dark Ware. date: eM III–MM Ia. 248, Fig. 12 (Ps 2852). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 2.0. a fine fabric (yellowish red, 5yr 5/6). straight profile. dark band. date: eM–MM. stONe 249, Fig. 12 (Ps 2823). Cylindrical jar, base fragment. d of base 6. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). Comments: the shape begins early in Middle Minoan and continues to be used until LM I (Warren 1969, Form 18a). the usual material is serpentinite. date: MM I–IIB. 250, Fig. 12 (Ps 2824). Bowl, body fragment. Max dim 5.3. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to

89

olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). thin walls; open shape. date: MM I–IIB. 251, Fig. 12 (Ps 2976). Bowl, base fragment. d of base 6.0. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1, to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). thin walls; open shape. date: MM I–IIB. COPPer Or BrONZe 252, Fig. 12 (Ps 1545). sheet, two fragments. Max dim 1.2 and 0.6. Copper or bronze, with patina. thin sheet, from a vessel of unknown form. date: eM–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1620e 1850N (0 sherds) stONe 253, Fig. 12, Ill. 17 (Ps 1873). vessel, base sherd. d of base 7. Mottled serpentinite (greenish black, 5G 2/1,

to olive gray, 5y 4/1, to dark gray, N 3, with irregular patches of light gray, N 7, to very light gray, N 8). date: MM I–IIB.

Illustration 17. Cylindrical serpentinite cups or small jars from the Pseira Cemetery survey, no 253 (left) and from seager’s Pseira excavations, university of Pennsylvania Museum, nos 4520 (center) and Ms 4534 (right). scale 1:3.

GrId-square 1620e 1855N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1620e 1860N (6 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

6

6

100

Body

total

%

1

1

16.7

1

16.7

2

33.3

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

GrId-square 1620e 1865N (6 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel

2

90

PseIra vI rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

2

2

33.3

Body

total

%

2

2

40

3

3

60

Body

total

%

1

2

28.6

1

1

14.3

4

4

57.1

Phyllite Fabrics Closed (?) vessel, eM

GrId-square 1620e 1870N (5 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

Phyllite Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

GrId-square 1620e 1875N (7 sherds; tomb 8) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM (no. 254)

1

Closed vessel, eM IIB (no. 255)

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM, MM (no. 256)

POttery 254, Fig. 13 (Ps 1413). Closed vessel, base sherd. d of base 4. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 7/6). slipped: brown, on exterior. date: MM I–II. 255, Fig. 13 (Ps 1414). Closed vessel, base sherd. Max dim 2.8. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 7/6); burnished. slipped: red, on interior and exterior. ring base.

Comments: Probably vasilike Ware. the diameter of the ring base suggests the vessel was probably a teapot or jug (Betancourt 1979, figs. 10, nos. 14–15 and 19; fig. 11, no. 15–16; fig. 12, nos. 1, 5–8, and 11). date: eM IIB. MarINe sHeLLs 1 Murex 1 Murex brandaris

GrId-square 1620e 1880N (14 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

8

8

57.1

1

7.1

4

28.6

1

7.1

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM, MM undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM, MM (no. 256)

4

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic, eM

POttery 256, Fig. 13 (Ps 1411). Closed vessel, two non-joining body sherds. Max dim (largest sherd) 4.8. a coarse fabric (unevenly colored, mostly reddish yellow, 5yr

7/8). almost straight profile. Circular grooves, probably part of a spiral. Comments: surface eroded. date: MM I–II.

survey data

91

GrId-square 1620e 1885N (3 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

2

2

66.7

1

1

33.3

Body

total

%

2

2

50

2

2

50

Body

total

%

1

1

16.7

1

16.7

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, large, MM

GrId-square 1625e 1855N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1625e 1860N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1625e 1865N (4 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

GrId-square 1625e 1870N (6 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM Closed vessel, small, eM–MM (no. 257)

1

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, eM, MM

2

2

33.3

Closed vessel, small, eM

2

2

33.3

POttery 257, Fig. 13 (Ps 1410). Closed vessel, base sherd. d of base 5. a fine fabric (yellowish brown, 10yr 5/4, to yellowish red, 5yr 5/6, with the interior surface gray). slipped: dark brown, on exterior. date: eM III or MM. OBsIdIaN 258, Fig. 13 (Ps 1537). Blade, center section. Preserved length 1.7; max w 1.7; max th 0.5. Obsidian (black, N 1). Irregular. retouch (?) on left edge.

Comments: Chipped from use on right edge. date: FN–MM IIB. 259, Fig. 13 (Ps 1540). Blade, center section. Preserved length 2.6; max w 0.9; max th 0.3. Obsidian (black, N 1). two ridges. date: FN–MM IIB. 260, Fig. 13 (Ps 1539). Flake. Max dim 1.7. Obsidian (black, N 1). date: FN–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1625e 1875N (3 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

33.3

2

66.7

Coarse Fabrics side-spouted jar, eM II–MM I (no. 261) undiagnostic

1

92

PseIra vI

Comments: surface missing. date: eM II–MM I.

POttery 261, Fig. 13 (Ps 1416). side-spouted jar, spout sherd. Max dim 3.3. a coarse fabric (red, 2.5yr 5/6, to gray). spout.

GrId-square 1625e 1880N (1 sherd) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

100

total

%

1

16.7

1

16.7

1

16.7

2

33.3

1

16.7

Body

total

%

1

1

8.3

Open vessel, eM

1

1

8.3

Closed vessel, large, eM

1

1

8.3

Closed vessel, small

2

2

16.7

7

58.3

total

%

1

7.8

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

GrId-square 1625e 1885N (6 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM Cup, eM III–MM Ia

1 1

Coarse Fabrics Jug, MM

1

Closed vessel, small, eM

2

undiagnostic

GrId-square 1630e 1855N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1630e 1860N (12 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics

undiagnostic

GrId-square 1630e 1865N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1630e 1870N (13 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Fine Fabrics rounded cup, eM III–MM Ia (no. 263)

1

Carinated cup, MM II (no. 264)

1

1

7.8

Cup, MM

1

1

7.8

4

30.8

5

38.5

Closed vessel, small, eM, MM

4

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, eM

survey data rim

Handle

Base

93 spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

7.8

Phyllite Fabric Open vessel, eM (no. 262)

POttery 262, Fig. 13 (Ps 1529). Open vessel, body sherd. Max dim 2.7. a phyllite fabric (reddish brown, 5yr 4/4); burnished. Convex profile. date: eM. 263, Fig. 13 (Ps 1528). rounded cup, rim sherd. d of rim 10. a fine fabric (light brown, 7.5yr 6/4). straight rim. slipped: black, on interior of rim and on exterior; added white paint: bands.

Comments: east Cretan White-on-dark Ware. date: eM III–MM Ia. 264, Fig. 13 (Ps 1527). Carinated cup, complete profile with handle. d of rim 7–9; d of base 6. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 7/6). slipped: black, on interior and exterior. Comments: see no. 28. date: MM II.

GrId-square 1630e 1875N (4 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

3

75

1

25

total

%

2

100

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic, eM

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric undiagnostic, FN–eM I

GrId-square 1630e 1880N (2 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Phyllite Fabrics undiagnostic

GrId-square 1630e 1885N (0 sherds) OBsIdIaN 265, Fig. 13 (Ps 1538). Blade, center section. Preserved length 2.1; max w 1.7; max th 0.5. Obsidian

(black, N 1). Irregular. retouch (?) on left edge. date: FN–MM IIB.

GrId-square 1635e 1855N (1 sherd) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

100

Body

total

%

1

1

33.3

2

66.7

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

GrId-square 1635e 1860N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1635e 1865N (3 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

94

PseIra vI

GrId-square 1635e 1870N (4 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

25

1

25

1

25

1

25

Body

total

%

2

2

28.6

Closed vessel, small, eM

1

14.3

undiagnostic

2

28.6

2

28.6

Body

total

%

Closed vessel, small, eM

1

1

25

Open vessel, eM–MM (no. 266)

1

1

25

1

25

1

25

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM undiagnostic

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabric Closed vessel, large, eM

GrId-square 1635e 1875N (7 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, small, MM

Coarse Fabrics

Phyllite Fabrics undiagnostic

GrId-square 1635e 1880N (4 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

rim

Fine Fabrics

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, small, eM (no. 267)

1

Phyllite Fabric undiagnostic

1

POttery 266, Fig. 13 (Ps 1524). Open vessel, body sherd. Max dim 2.3. a fine fabric (light red, 2.5yr 6/8). Convex profile. date: eM–MM.

267, Fig. 13 (Ps 1525). Closed vessel, base sherd. d of base 12. a coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 7/8). Pronounced base. date: MM.

GrId-square 1635e 1885N (14 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

7.1

2

3

21.4

1

1

7.1

1

7.1

Fine Fabrics Carinated vessel, MM I–II, (no. 269) Cup, MM (no. 268)

1

Closed vessel, small, MM Jug

1

survey data rim

Handle

Base

95 spout

Leg

Body

total

%

5

35.7

1

7.1

2

14.3

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabrics tripod vessel, eM–MM (no. 270)

1

undiagnostic

POttery 268, Fig. 13 (Ps 1430). Cup, body sherd with handle. Max dim 2.5. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 6/8). rounded cup (?). dark slip on interior and exterior. date: MM I–II. 269, Fig. 13 (Ps 1431). Carinated vessel, body sherd. Max dim 3.6. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yr 7/6). Closed vessel with thin walls and a carinated body.

White bands above carination. date: MM I–II. 270, Fig. 13 (Ps 4352). tripod vessel, leg sherd. Pres length 7.4. a phyllite fabric (red, 2.5yr 5/8 to light red, 2.5yr 6/8). tripod leg; thin oval section. Comments: the leg is thinner than cooking pot legs from Pseira. date: eM–MM.

GrId-square 1640e 1855N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1640e 1860N (2 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

2

100

Body

total

%

1

1

33.3

2

66.7

Body

total

%

1

1

16.7

1

16.7

2

33.3

2

33.3

Phyllite Fabrics undiagnostic

GrId-square 1640e 1865N (3 sherds) rim

Handle

sherd

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Carinated cup, MM (no. 271) undiagnostic

Comments: see no. 28. date: MM I–IIB.

POttery 271, Fig. 13 (Ps 1560). Carinated cup, body sherd. Max dim 2.1. a fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yr 7/6). slipped: black, on interior and exterior.

GrId-square 1640e 1870N (6 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics Jar, large, MM undiagnostic

1

Phyllite Fabrics undiagnostic

GLass 1 green glass fragment, Byzantine

96

PseIra vI

GrId-square 1640e 1875N (4 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

25

2

50

1

1

25

Body

total

%

2

2

100

Body

total

%

2

2

50

1

1

25

1

25

total

%

2

100

Body

total

%

Cup

1

1

5

Closed vessel, eM

2

2

10

Closed vessel, large, eM

2

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

Phyllite Fabric Closed vessel, small, eM

GrId-square 1640e 1880N (2 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, small, eM

MarINe sHeLLs 14 Murex 2 Patella 1 Charonia

GrId-square 1640e 1885N (4 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, MM undiagnostic

GrId-square 1645e 1855N (2 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

GrId-square 1645e 1860N (0 sherds) GrId-square 1645e 1865N (20 sherds) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics

undiagnostic

2

10

11

55

4

20

Byzantine Fabrics amphora

1

3

survey data

97

GrId-square 1645e 1870N (8 sherds; near Byzantine threshing floor) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

1

12.5

3

3

37.5

3

37.5

1

12.5

Fine Fabric Cup, MM

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, eM undiagnostic

Byzantine Fabric amphora (no. 272)

1

POttery 272, Fig. 13 (Ps 1564). Closed vessel (amphora?), body sherd. Max dim 4.3. a coarse fabric (reddish yel-

low, 5yr 7/8), with small inclusions. almost straight profile; series of grooves on the exterior. Comments: Grooved Ware. date: early Byzantine.

GrId-square 1645e 1875N (1 sherd) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

100

Body

total

%

1

1

100

Body

total

%

1

100

Body

total

%

4

6

3.5

5

7

4

2

1.2

1

3

1.7

15

17

9.8

3

1.7

1

0.6

Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class Cooking dish

1

GrId-square 1645e 1880N (1 sherd) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Coarse Fabric undiagnostic

GrId-square 1645e 1885N (1 sherd) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, small, MM

1

GrId-square 1650e 1855N (154 sherds; near Byzantine threshing floor) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, eM, MM Closed vessel, small

2 1

1

undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel, large, eM, MM Closed vessel, small, eM, MM undiagnostic

2 2

Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class undiagnostic

98

PseIra vI rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

Phyllite Fabrics Jar, MM

1

1

0.6

Jug, MM

1

1

0.6

20

11.6

63

36.4

1

0.6

1

0.6

Closed vessel, small

1

19

undiagnostic, eM–MM

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Open vessel, FN–eM I (no. 273)

1

undiagnostic, FN–eM I

Byzantine Fabrics amphora

1

9

10

5.2

Jug

1

2

3

1.7

12

13

7.5

2

1.2

1

0.6

Body

total

%

1

1

10

1

10

6

60

1

10

1

10

Body

total

%

3

3

16.7

2

11.1

Closed vessel

1

roof tile unknown

1

POttery 273, Fig. 13 (Ps 1380). vessel, body sherd. Max dim 4.0. a coarse fabric (dark gray, 5y 4/1). Impressed punctation on exterior.

Comments: surface missing. date: FN–eM I. stONe 1 malachite, unworked piece

GrId-square 1650e 1860N (10 sherds; near Byzantine threshing floor) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Cup, MM undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics undiagnostic

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabric Closed vessel, FN–eM I (no. 274)

1

Byzantine Fabric roof tile

POttery 274, Fig. 13 (Ps 1530). Closed vessel, rim sherd. d of rim 10. a coarse phyllite fabric with carbonate inclusions (red, 2.5yr 4/6); for analysis see appendix C, Fabric 4. straight, flat rim.

Comments: surface missing. date: FN–eM I. rOOF tILe 1 Byzantine roof tile fragment

GrId-square 1650e 1865N (18 sherds; Byzantine threshing floor) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics Closed vessel, eM undiagnostic

survey data rim

Handle

Base

99 spout

Leg

Body

total

%

3

3

16.7

1

5.6

1

5.6

1

5.6

4

6

33.3

1

1

5.6

Body

total

%

4

12.9

3

4

12.9

1

2

6.5

Coarse Fabrics Closed vessel Jug

1

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Open vessel, FN–eM I

1

undiagnostic

Byzantine Fabrics amphora

1

1

Open vessel

stONe 1 malachite, unworked piece

GrId-square 1655e 1860N (31 sherds; near Byzantine threshing floor) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Fine Fabrics undiagnostic

Coarse Fabrics Bowl, eM Closed vessel, large, eM

1 1

dark, Burnished, Coarse Fabrics Jar, FN–eM I (no. 276)

1

1

3.2

Closed vessel, FN–eM I

1

1

3.2

15

48.4

3

3

9.7

1

1

3.2

undiagnostic, FN–eM I

Byzantine Fabrics amphora

Foreign Fabric Closed vessel, eM–MM II (no. 275)

POttery 275, Fig. 13 (Ps 1378). Closed vessel, body sherd from junction between neck and shoulder. d at top of shoulder 16. a coarse, sandy, micaceous fabric with carbonate (very pale brown, 10yr 8/3); for analysis see appendix C, Fabric 12. Band at juncture of neck and upper shoulder. Comments: Not a local fabric (for foreign pottery, see Betancourt and Banou 1991). date: eM–MM II. 276, not illustrated. (Ps 1379). Jar, body sherd with handle. Max dim 6.9. a coarse phyllite fabric (light red, 2.5yr 6/8); burnished. Wide strap handle. Comments: surface missing. date: FN–eM I.

stONe 4 malachite, unworked pieces 277, Fig. 13 (Ps 2142). Blade from threshing sledge, complete. Max dim 2.6. Flint (dark gray, 5yr 4/1). Chipped along one edge. Comments: Worn and abraded from use in the bottom of a wooden threshing sledge (for discussion of hand threshing see rasmussen 1968). For a description of sledges and their blades, see Bordaz 1969. date: Byzantine. rOOF tILe 2 Byzantine roof tile fragments

100

PseIra vI

GrId-square 1655e 1865N (1 sherd; near Byzantine threshing floor) rim

Handle

Base

spout

Leg

Body

total

%

1

100

Byzantine Fabric dish (no. 278)

POttery 278, Fig. 13 (Ps 1195). dish, base sherd. d of base 8. a fine fabric (light red, 10r 6/8), fine textured, with a similarly colored slip. Low ring base, grooves and rouletting on floor.

1

Comments: a small version of Phocean Ware (Hayes 1972, Form 3, B). Compare Hayes 1972, 329–332, fig. 67, no. 2 (athens, agora). date: Byzantine, late 5th to early 6th century.

Part III Information from the Survey of Pseira Island

7

Data from the Intensive Surface Survey of Pseira Island Philip P. Betancourt and Richard Hope Simpson

The intensive survey of Pseira examined the island in considerable detail, identifying over 300 individual locations with evidence for human activity. Some of these locations are relevant to the cemetery, and they are discussed here. The remainder of the survey will be presented in a future volume. For the Pseira Survey, the island was divided into 500-meter grid-squares to assist in mapping. Each of the grid-squares was assigned a letter, and sites with evidence of human use were given Arabic numbers in consecutive order within each grid-square. Squares were walked systematically by the survey team of 4 to 5 persons, covering all the landscape except where the ground was too steep, and sites were numbered as they were encountered (Ill. 2). For this project, a site was defined as a location or area with cultural artifacts (such as sherds, stone tools, or roof tiles) and/or architectural remains (terrace walls, building foundations, or other remains). This definition did not attempt to distinguish at the time of the first visit in the field between “sites” and what has been called “scatters or off-site material” (Hayden, Moody, and Rack-

ham 1992, 301; Watrous et al. 1993, 218; Cherry, Davis, and Mantzourani 1991). The intent was that subjective decisions on whether or not a location with cultural remains should be fully recorded or included into a larger category of “background noise” or “off-site scatter” (Gallant 1986) would not be made immediately. The methodology fully recorded whatever was found and noted its spatial distribution. Subsequently, the sites were re-visited for additional data, and they were studied in various ways, including test trenches in some cases. The project did not use the methodology that only picks up sherds every 10 to 25 meters (i.e., Nixon et al. 1990, 214) because all sherds were regarded as important. All sherds seen were collected and subsequently studied. This type of survey is slow; the Pseira Intensive Survey required five seasons to map an island of 1.75 square kilometers. The following Pseira Survey Sites are discussed in this volume: Q 22 (a threshing floor at the eastern side of the cemetery, discussed in Chapter 8) Q 27 to Q 31 (locations just outside the cemetery, discussed in Chapter 9)

104

PSEIRA VI

SITE Q 22

(for abbreviations, see end of this chapter)

1. Visited: 13, 16, and 24 Jul 88. 2. Map reference: -9635E -7555N. 3. Ht A.S.L.: 12. 4. Site type: threshing floor. 5. Rock type: phyllite. 6. Soil type: Brown Mediterranean Lithosol. 7. Vegetation: LIGHT. 8. Surface visibility: GOOD. 9. Dimensions: ca. 10 x 10 m. 10. Structures: threshing floor. 11. Pottery summary: 112 Minoan; 49 Byzantine. 12. Date(s): FN–EM I; EM; EM–MM; EM–LM; EM II–MM II; Byzantine. 13. Other movable artifacts: 1 obsidian fragment; 1 flint blade from a threshing sledge; 4 pieces of malachite. 14. Other comments: Part of a circle of upright stones was visible at the time of surface survey. It was chosen for excavation as an example of a threshing floor on Pseira. The discovery of plaster used both to bind the stones and as a lining at the edge of the floor indicated that the structure was Byzantine. The finds from this site at the edge of the Minoan cemetery included some objects from the Minoan period (including Early Minoan to Middle Minoan pottery and four pieces of malachite) as well as Byzantine objects associated with the threshing floor. One flint from a wooden threshing sledge was found (no. 277). Sherd no. 278, from the late 5th to early 6th century, provides a good date for the feature. Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

3

3

1.9

6

8

5.0

5

7

4.3

Minoan Fine Fabrics, EM Closed vessel

Minoan Fine Fabrics, EM–MM Cup

2

Minoan Fine Fabrics, EM–LM Closed vessel, small

1

1

Cup

1

1

0.6

11

6.8

3

4

2.5

23

28

17.4

3

3

1.9

Undiagnostic

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, EM Bowl

1

Minoan Coarse fabrics, EM–MM Closed vessel

3

2

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, EM–LM Closed vessel Jug

1

Undiagnostic

1

0.6

18

11.2

1

0.6

1

0.6

1

0.6

1

0.6

Minoan Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class Undiagnostic

Minoan Phyllite Fabrics, FN–EM I Open vessel (no. 273) Vessel (no. 274) Open vessel

1 1

INTENSIVE SURFACE SURVEy Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

105 Leg

Body

Total

%

1

0.6

20

12.4

Minoan Phyllite Fabrics, EM–LM Open vessel (no. 276) Closed vessel, small

1 1

19

Jar

1

1

0.6

Jug

1

1

0.6

1

0.6

1

0.6

Bronze Age Foreign (?) Pottery, EM II–MM II Closed vessel (no. 275)

1

Byzantine Fabrics Dish (no. 278)

1

Open vessel

1

1

0.6

Amphora (no. 272)

1

1

0.6

19

22

13.7

12

13

8.1

2

3

1.9

Roof tile

3

1.9

Undiagnostic

5

1.9

Amphora

2

1

Closed vessel Jug

1 1

SITE Q 27

(for abbreviations, see end of this chapter)

1. Visited: 31 Jul 89. 2. Map reference: -9750E -7560N. 3. Ht A.S.L.: 26 m. 4. Site type: terrace; sherd scatter without architecture. 5. Rock type: phyllite. 6. Soil type: Brown Mediterranean Lithosol. 7. Vegetation: LIGHT. 8. Surface visibility: GOOD. 9. Dimensions: ca. 30 m ENE-WSW x 20 m. 10. Structures: terrace wall for the terrace. 11. Pottery summary: 223 Minoan (VTHICK); 23 Byzantine (NORM). 12. Date(s): EM–LM IA; EM–LM; MM I–III; Byzantine. 13. Other movable artifacts: none. 14. Other comments: This area was at the northwest edge of the cemetery. The Minoan pottery from this site formed a single group with Sites Q 28, Q 29, and Q 30. A large part of the pottery (175 sherds) consisted of phyllite-tempered red sherds, mostly body fragments from closed vessels. The range of shapes represented at this site was unusual for Pseira. The phyllitetempered sherds, which were substantially harder than the sherds from tripod cooking pots of LM I, were probably from EM or MM. Not a single tripod leg was present, strongly indicating that the red sherds were from some shape other than a tripod cooking pot, most likely a jar or some other storage vessel. Little among the Minoan material was clearly later than MM II (the final date for the cemetery), but much of the assemblage was not closely datable.

106

PSEIRA VI Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

3

1.2

1

1

0.4

1

0.4

20

22

8.9

2

3

1.2

12

18

7.3

161

168

68.3

7

7

2.8

1

0.4

22

8.9

Minoan Fine Fabrics, MM I–III Cup

1

Bowl (Q 27.1) Undiagnostic

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, EM–LM Closed vessel, no paint

1

1

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, MM I–III Closed vessel, dark slip

1

Minoan Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class EM–LM IA Tripod cooking pot (?)

4

1

5

2

1

Minoan Phyllite Fabrics, EM–LM Closed vessel (?) Undiagnostic

Byzantine Fabrics Jug

1

Closed vessel (Q 27.2)

22

MINOAN POTTERy Q 27.1, Fig. 14 (PS 2676). Bowl, base sherd. D of base 6. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yR 7/6); burnished. Thin diagonal lines on interior, joining but not bisecting opposed thin diagonal lines; two additional lines under touching lines; traces of paint on exterior. Parallels: Betancourt 1983, no. 21 (Priniatikos Pyrgos). Date: MM.

ByZANTINE POTTERy Q 27.2, Fig. 14 (PS 2675). Closed vessel (amphora?), body sherd from neck and shoulder. Max dim 11.1. A coarse fabric (light red, 2.5yR 6/8). Convex profile. Date: Byzantine.

SITE Q 28

(for abbreviations, see end of this chapter)

1. Visited: 31 Jul 89. 2. Map reference: -9545E -7565N. 3. Ht A.S.L.: 44 m. 4. Site type: terrace; sherd scatter without architecture. 5. Rock type: phyllite. 6. Soil type: Brown Mediterranean Lithosol. 7. Vegetation: LIGHT. 8. Surface visibility: GOOD. 9. Dimensions: ca. 40 m WNW-ESE x 20 m. 10. Structures: terrace wall to support the terrace. 11. Pottery summary: 363 Minoan (VTHICK); 1 Classical/Hellenistic; 18 Byzantine (NORM). 12. Date(s): FN–EM I; EM (?); EM–LM IA; EM–LM; EM–MM; EM III; MM I–III; MM–LM; MM II; Classical to Hellenistic; Byzantine. 13. Other movable artifacts: none. 14. Other comments: This location was just south of an Ottoman or modern hut at Site Q 2, on the northwest edge of the cemetery area. The pattern of the Minoan pottery was like that of Site Q 27 except that some Early Minoan sherds were present.

INTENSIVE SURFACE SURVEy Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

107 Leg

Body

Total

%

1

0.3

2

0.5

1

0.3

5

8

2.1

1

1

0.3

1

0.3

23

25

6.5

Closed vessel, dark slip

2

2

0.5

Closed vessel, bands

1

1

0.3

7

11

2.9

14

15

3.9

278

295

77.2

1

1

0.3

1

0.3

17

4.5

Minoan Fine Fabric, EM (?) Closed vessel (Q 28.1)

1

Minoan Fine Fabrics, EM–MM Closed vessel, dark slip (Q 28.2)

1

1

Minoan Fine Fabric, EM III Bridge-spouted jar

1

Minoan Fine Fabrics, MM I–III Cup

1

2

Minoan Fine Fabric, MM II Carinated cup

Minoan Coarse Fabric, FN–EM I Open vessel (Q 28.3)

1

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, EM–LM Closed vessel, no paint

1

1

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, MM I–III

Minoan Mirabello Fabrics, Cooking Class, EM–LM IA Tripod cooking pot (?)

3

1

Minoan Phyllite Fabrics, MM–LM Cup or tripod cup

1

Closed vessel (?)

11

4

2

Classical/Hellenistic Fabric Open vessel

Byzantine Fabrics Amphora

1

Closed vessel

MINOAN POTTERy Q 28.1, Fig. 14 (PS 2664). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base 6. A fine fabric (light red, 2.5yR 6/8); burnished. Convex profile. Dark slip on exterior. Comments: Possibly a small jug? Date: EM (?). Q 28.2, Fig. 14 (PS 2663). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base ca. 3–4. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yR

2

15

7/6); burnished. Pronounced base. Dark slip on exterior; added paint not preserved. Date: EM–MM. Q 28.3, Fig. 14 (PS 2662). Open vessel, rim sherd. D of rim ca. 28. A coarse fabric (reddish brown, 2.5yR 5/4); burnished. Out-turned rim; two holes under rim. Date: FN–EM I.

108

PSEIRA VI

SITE Q 29

(for abbreviations, see end of this chapter)

1. Visited: 31 Jul 89. 2. Map reference: -9750E -7580N. 3. Ht A.S.L.: 32 m. 4. Site type: terrace; sherd scatter without architecture. 5. Rock type: phyllite. 6. Soil type: Brown Mediterranean Lithosol. 7. Vegetation: LIGHT. 8. Surface visibility: GOOD. 9. Dimensions: ca. 50 m NE-SW x 15 m. 10. Structures: terrace wall to support the terrace. 11. Pottery summary: 232 Minoan (VTHICK); 8 Byzantine (SPARSE). 12. Date(s): EM–MM; EM–LM IA; EM–LM; EM IIB; EM II–III; LM I; Byzantine. 13. Other movable artifacts: 1 Minoan clay weight fragment. 14. Other comments: This location was on the northwest edge of the cemetery area. The pattern of the Minoan pottery was like that of Sites Q 27, Q 28, and Q 30, with the addition of a few pieces from LM I. Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

3

4

1.7

1

1

0.4

1

0.4

6

2.5

Minoan Fine Fabrics, EM–MM Closed vessel

1

Minoan Fine Fabric, EM IIB Open vessel

Minoan Fine Fabric, EM II–III Cup

1

Minoan Fine Fabrics, MM I–III Cup

2

1

3

Minoan Fine Fabrics, LM I Open vessel (Q 29.1)

1

1

0.4

Closed vessel (Q 29.2)

1

1

0.4

20

8.3

1

3

1.3

7

7

2.9

29

12.1

13

5.4

4

1.7

2

0.8

135

140

58.3

7

7

2.9

1

0.4

Undiagnostic

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, EM–MM Bowl

2

Jar Closed vessel, no paint

Minoan Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class, EM–LM IA Tripod cooking pot (?)

2

1

10

Undiagnostic

Minoan Phyllite Fabrics, EM–LM Bowl or tripod bowl

2

Closed vessel (?)

2

3

Byzantine Fabrics Closed vessel Roof tile

INTENSIVE SURFACE SURVEy MINOAN POTTERy Q 29.1, Fig. 14 (PS 2669). Open vessel, rim sherd. D of rim 17. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yR 8/6); highly burnished; pinholes in fabric. Out-turned rim. Dark red band on upper surface of rim. Date: LM I. Q 29.2, Fig. 14 (PS 2667). Closed vessel, rim sherd. Max dim 4.6. A fine fabric (pink, 7.5yR 7/4); burnished. Out-turned rim; slightly convex profile. Red paint on rim; dot band. Date: LM I.

109

MINOAN DISCOID WEIGHT Q 29.3, Fig. 14 (PS 2668). Discoid weight, one quarter preserved. Max dim 4.8; preserved wt 28 gr. A phyllite fabric (reddish brown, 5yR 4/4). Flat top; two holes near top; groove on top of weight. Comments: See Betancourt 1995, no. AG 13. Date: Minoan.

SITE Q 30

(for abbreviations, see end of this chapter)

1. Visited: 31 Jul 89. 2. Map reference: -9750E -7575N. 3. Ht A.S.L.: 12 m. 4. Site type: sherd scatter without architecture. 5. Rock type: phyllite. 6. Soil type: Brown Mediterranean Lithosol. 7. Vegetation: LIGHT. 8. Surface visibility: GOOD. 9. Dimensions: ca. 30 m NE-SW x 15 m. 10. Structures: none. 11. Pottery summary: 166 Minoan (VTHICK); 22 Byzantine (THICK). 12. Date(s): EM–LM IA; EM–LM; EM IIB; MM I–III; MM–LM; Byzantine. 13. Other movable artifacts: none. 14. Other comments: This location was on the north edge of the cemetery area. The pattern of the Minoan pottery was like that of Sites Q 27 to Q 29. Rim

Handle

Base

1

2

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

1

4

2.1

4

4

2.1

1

1

0.5

11

17

9.0

Closed vessel, dark slip

2

2

1.1

Closed vessel, bands

1

1

0.5

5

6

3.2

Minoan Fine Fabrics, MM I–III Cup

Minoan Fine Fabrics, MM–LM Cup

Minoan Coarse Fabric, EM IIB Closed vessel (Q 30.1)

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, EM–LM Closed vessel, no paint

1

2

3

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, MM I–III

Minoan Mirabello Fabric, Cooling Class, EM–LM IA Tripod cooking pot (?)

1

Minoan Phyllite Fabrics, MM–LM Cup or tripod cup Closed vessel (?)

5

6

9

9

4.8

111

122

64.9

1

0.5

21

11.2

Byzantine Fabrics Cup Closed vessel

1 1

2

18

110

PSEIRA VI

MINOAN POTTERy Q 30.1, Fig. 14 (PS 2666). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 5.7. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yR 6/6). Convex profile. Painted: mottled red areas and black areas.

Comments: Probably Vasilike Ware, but the condition is too poor for certain identification. Date: EM IIB (?).

SITE Q 31

(for abbreviations, see end of this chapter)

1. Visited: 31 Jul 89. 2. Map reference: -9590E -7555N. 3. Ht A.S.L.: 4 m. 4. Site type: sherd scatter without architecture. 5. Rock type: phyllite. 6. Soil type: Brown Mediterranean Lithosol. 7. Vegetation: LIGHT. 8. Surface visibility: GOOD. 9. Dimensions: ca. 60 m NE-SW x 20 m. 10. Structures: none. 11. Pottery summary: 190 Minoan (VTHICK); 4 Byzantine (VSPARSE). 12. Date(s): FN–EM; EM; EM–MM I; EM–LM IA; EM–LM; EM IIB; MM I–III; MM–LM IA; MM–LM; Byzantine. 13. Other movable artifacts: none. 14. Other comments: This location was on the south side of the peninsula where the cemetery is located, to the northeast of the cemetery. The pattern of the Minoan pottery was like that of Sites Q 27 to Q 30 with one important exception. The largest group of body sherds was made from an Early to Middle Bronze Age coarse fabric, and the fragments were probably from some type of large vessel in a closed shape. No diagnostic sherds from rims or bases were found which could identify the shape. As with Sites Q 27–30, the almost complete absence of legs (one sherd) indicated the shapes were not tripod cooking vessels. Among the other sherds, the pattern was clearly Early Minoan to Middle Minoan, the same date as the nearby cemetery with built tombs. Not a single sherd was certainly from Late Minoan. The absence of late sherds, and the specialized nature of the pottery, suggests the area was never used for agriculture during the Minoan age, even after the cemetery went out of use in MM IIB, but that it had some specialized purpose, probably connected with the cemetery. Rim

Handle

Base

Spout

Leg

Body

Total

%

2

1.0

1

1

0.5

4

6

3.1

17

18

9.3

1

0.5

2

1.0

1

.5

2

1.0

Minoan Fine Fabrics, EM IIB Conical bowl

2

Goblet Closed vessel

1

1

Minoan Fine Fabrics, EM–MM Closed vessel, no paint

1

Minoan Fine Fabrics, MM I–III Cup (Q 31.1)

1 2

Closed vessel, dark slip

Minoan Coarse Fabric, FN–EM Jar

1

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, EM Closed vessel (Q 31.2, Q 31.5)

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, EM–MM

1

1

INTENSIVE SURFACE SURVEy Rim

Handle

Body

Total

%

70

75

38.7

3

3

1.5

15

17

8.8

1

1

0.5

1

5

2.6

1

0.5

1

1

0.5

12

15

7.7

1

0.5

38

38

19.6

Amphora (Q 31.6)

1

1

0.5

Closed vessel

3

3

1.5

Closed vessel (Q 31.3, Q 31.4)

Base

Spout

111 Leg

5

Minoan Coarse Fabrics, EM–LM Pithos or jar Closed vessel, no paint

2

Minoan Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class, EM–MM I Tripod vessel, very thin oval section leg

Minoan Mirabello Fabrics, Cooking Class, EM–LM IA Bridge-spouted jar

4

Teapot

1

Jar Closed vessel (?)

3

Minoan Phyllite Fabric, MM–LM IA Tripod vessel, thin oval section leg

1

Minoan Phyllite Fabrics, MM–LM Closed vessel (?)

Byzantine Fabrics

MINOAN POTTERy Q 31.1, Fig. 14 (PS 2672). Cup, base sherd. D of base 6. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 7.5yR 7/6). Convex profile. Dark slip on interior and exterior; added paint not preserved. Date: MM. Q 31.2, Fig. 14 (PS 2670). Closed vessel, spout sherd. Max dim 4.5. A coarse fabric (reddish yellow, 5yR 6/6). Small deep spout. Dot pattern incised around spout. Comments: For rows of punctations in EM IIB, see Hall 1912, fig 21C (Sphoungaras); Warren 1972, 133 (Myrtos); Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1935–36, 71–73, 78–79 and pl. 11, nos. 617–619 (Trapeza Cave). Date: EM IIB. Q 31.3, Fig. 14 (PS 4103). Closed vessel, base sherd. D of base 14. A coarse fabric (core light gray to gray, 5y 6/1; exterior light brown, 7.5yR 6/4). Slightly convex profile. Comments: This sherd and no. Q 31.4 are samples of a reddish yellow to gray, sandy fabric containing grains of feldspar, biotite, and amphibole (Mirabello Fabric, but harder and less red than the Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class found at Pseira). Seventy-five sherds in this fabric

were collected at the site. The shape appears to have been a closed vessel larger than 20 cm high, of unknown form. Date: EM–MM II (dated by the fabric, which occurs occasionally in the settlement on Pseira). Q 31.4, Fig. 14 (PS 4186). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 11.4. A coarse fabric (gray core: 5y 5/1; exterior: reddish yellow, 5yR 6/6). Convex profile. Comments: See no. Q 31.3. Date: EM–MM II. Q 31.5, Fig. 14 (PS 4241). Closed vessel, body sherd. Max dim 3.5. A coarse fabric (brown, 7.5yR 5/4), calcite-tempered. Straight profile. Comments: This is an example of an Early Minoan fabric containing grains of white carbonate as the major inclusions. Date: EM I–III. ByZANTINE POTTERy Q 31.6, Fig. 14 (PS 2671). Amphora, body sherd. Max dim 4.5. A fine fabric (reddish yellow, 5yR 6/6). Almost straight profile; grooves on exterior. Date: Byzantine.

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PSEIRA VI

Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in the reporting of the basic data from individual sites: 3. Ht A.S.L.: A.S.L., above sea level 4. Site type: ACO, artifact collection TER, terrace(s) 5. Rock type: CAL, calcrete CAS, calcareous sandstone LIM, limestone MET, metacarbonate PHy, phyllite 6. Soil type: BML, brown Mediterranean lithosols CAL, calcrete CAS, calcareous sandstone CLI, calcareous lithosols COL, colluvium ELBM, extreme lithosolic brown Mediterranean ELRM, extreme lithosolic red Mediterranean RML, red Mediterranean lithosols 7. Vegetation: DENSE, heavy cover LIGHT, light cover MED, moderate cover VLIGHT, very light cover

8. Surface visibility: EXC, excellent GOOD, good MOD, moderate POOR, poor VPOOR, very poor 10. Structures: TER, terrace(s) 11. Pottery summary: VTHICK, very large amount, 1 sherd or more per 10 sq m THICK, large amount, 1 sherd per 10–24 sq m NORM, normal/average amount, 1 sherd per 25–74 sq m SPARSE, small amount, 1 sherd per 75–199 sq m VSPARSE, very small amount, 1 sherd or less per 200 sq m

8

The Threshing Floor at Site Q 22 (Surface Survey in Cemetery Grid-Squares T 1645E 1865N, 1645E 1870N, 1650E 1855N, 1650E 1860N, 1650E 1865N, 1655E 1860N, and 1655E 1865N) Philip P. Betancourt and Vasso Zographaki

The surface survey of Site Q 22 revealed a series of upright metacarbonate slabs. Although the upright position of the row of stones suggested comparisons with the better-preserved threshing floors on Pseira Island, the identification could not be confirmed without some excavation. In order to discover for certain whether or not the feature was a threshing floor, one trench was excavated in 1988 under the supervision of Vasso Zographaki. The Minoan pottery found in the excavation was studied by Philip Betancourt, and the Byzantine pottery was studied by Natalia Poulou-Papadimitriou. After only a little excavation, the site could be securely identified as a threshing floor, and the excavation was continued to obtain more detailed information on the construction techniques used for the feature, as a good example of the threshing floors of Pseira Island. Only one short stretch of the wall remained in position on this bare and eroded hillside (Pl. 5C). The surviving part of the wall consisted of five vertically set slabs of metacarbonate with a height of between 0.27 and 0.40 m (for the material, see Betancourt 2001). The slabs were set into a curved line, and they were held in place by plaster, placed below and between them. Surface soil had been cleaned to bedrock before the edge of the thresh-

ing floor was set in place, and the slabs were bonded with the plaster directly onto the bedrock. Bedrock was used as the threshing surface in the portion of the floor that was investigated, but the eroded downhill side (now missing) had probably consisted of soil. It would surely have required a retaining wall of some type on the downhill side, but nothing was found of this feature. Although the stretch of wall was too short for more than an approximation of the original size, an estimate based on the angle of curvature suggests that if the original was circular a diameter of ca. 20–30 m seems likely. A diameter of 20 m is medium-sized for threshing floors using sledges (Murray and Kardulias 1986, 26–27), so the diameter is well within the range for normal use. A date for the feature was provided by the pottery found associated with it. Byzantine roof tile fragments and several sherds of pottery were discovered near the agricultural feature. Number 272, a piece of a closed vessel (probably an amphora) with grooves on the exterior, and no. 278, a dish, are from the Early Byzantine period, suggesting that the earliest Byzantine use of the area is from this period. The date, no earlier than the 5th to 6th century, coincides with the foundation of the Byzantine monastery on Pseira and the first use of

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PSEIRA VI

the island for extensive agricultural production after the close of the Minoan period. The discovery of a flint blade from a threshing sledge (no. 277) confirms that a sledge was used here. Sledges pulled by draft animals might have been in use by the Classical period (Lohmann 1992, 42). They were certainly common in Byzantine times, and they were still in use in Crete in the early twentieth century. They were made of wooden planks with flint blades inserted in the device’s lower surface to cut the grain (Bordaz 1969). They were pulled by draft animals in a circular fashion around a threshing floor on which the grain had been spread. The plaster used in the threshing floor is similar to the plaster found in the monastery built over the ruins of the Minoan town in the Early Byzantine period. It indicates a probable date of construction in the Early Byzantine period (ca. 5th to 9th century). The date is consistent with the small amount of Byzantine pottery found at this site and at a threshing floor at nearby Site Q 3, and it seems likely that the hill was used as agricultural land in the Byzantine period, with this floor and the one at Site Q 3 serving as threshing areas. The use of a sledge, a tool pulled by oxen or other draft animals, suggests a use when permanent settlement existed at Pseira, another indication of the Early Byzantine date. The floor may also have been used in later periods. Including this example, the survey recorded nine certain or probable threshing floors on Pseira. They were located at Sites D 2, D 14, G 14, H 1 (two examples), L 8, M 21, Q 3, and Q 22 (Ill. 2).

Most examples were in poor condition, but the original shape, when it could be traced, appears to have been circular. The threshing of grain is the most likely activity to be associated with such a structure. Ethnological studies, however, indicate that other crops are also routinely processed on threshing floors (Rasmussen 1968, 99). Peas, for example, need to be hulled, and this crop is attested from the archaeological record at Pseira. Survey in eastern Crete has shown that field houses, used for shelter and for the storage of tools, are regularly associated with threshing floors in this part of the island (Hayden, Moody, and Rackham 1992, 314). Although no field house is associated with this threshing floor, the association does exist on Pseira (at Site H 1). The ruins of a stone construction of unknown date are near Site Q 3, however, and if this structure was a field building, it could have served both Site Q 3 and Site Q 22. The threshing floor was located in an open and relatively high area that would have been exposed to a good breeze, a normal situation for these constructions (Murray and Kardulias 1986, 26–27). Similar floors were still being built in eastern Crete in association with small field buildings earlier in the 20th century, but they were mostly abandoned in the late 20th century when grain production in this part of Crete declined markedly and the production of olives increased (Hayden, Moody, and Rackham 1992, 314 note 71). Most threshing floors in this part of Greece went out of use before the end of the 20th century.

9

The Border of the Cemetery Philip P. Betancourt and Richard Hope Simpson

The finds from a group of survey sites near the cemetery present a picture that is very different from that of a settlement, a cemetery with built tombs, or an agricultural area. These sites, Q 27 to 31, border the cemetery area at the north and east. They are located on the landward side of the cemetery, above and near the location for the tombs (Ill. 2). The land here is eroded and barren, with no traces of buildings and no visible built features except for terrace walls. That the area is not a part of the main cemetery is shown both by the absence of stone vases and other objects that were found in large numbers on the surface within the cemetery, and by the absence of stone tombs. The statistics of the pottery, presented here in detail, have a dif-

ferent pattern both from settlement pottery on Pseira and from the sherds found on the island’s agricultural terraces. The sites may be divided into two groups. Sites Q 27 to Q 30, which border the cemetery on the northwest and north, form a homogeneous group, while Site Q 31, the most easterly location, stands by itself. The two divisions differ primarily in date rather than in character, with Site Q 31 being the earlier location. The statistics for the two groups are presented separately, setting aside the Classical, Byzantine, and undiagnostic pieces and consolidating the open and closed shapes. The sherds are presented by classes, organized first by fabric class and then by date and vessel shape.

POTTERY FROM SITES Q 27 TO 30 Fabric, Date, and Shape

Total

%

Fine Fabrics, EM–MM Cups and bowls

25

2.7

7

0.8

1

0.1

Fine Fabric, EM III Bridge-spouted jars

%

Cups and bowls

1

0.1

Closed vessels

1

0.1

1

0.1

Cups and bowls

3

0.3

Closed vessels

46

5.0

Coarse Fabric, FN–EM I Cups and bowls

Fine Fabrics, MM–LM Cups and bowls

Total

Fine Fabrics, LM I

Fine Fabrics, EM–MM Closed vessels

Fabric, Date, and Shape

4

0.4

Coarse Fabrics, EM–MM

116 Fabric, Date, and Shape

PSEIRA vI Total

%

Coarse Fabrics, EM–LM Closed vessels

Total

%

26

2.8

725

78.2

Total

%

Phyllite Fabrics, MM–LM 39

4.2

Mirabello Fabrics, Cooking Class, EM–LM IA Tripod cooking pot (?)

Fabric, Date, and Shape

48

Tripod cups and bowls

Phyllite Fabrics, EM–LM 5.2

Closed vessels

POTTERY FROM SITE Q 31 Fabric, Date, and Shape

Total

%

Fine Fabric, EM IIB Goblet

Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class, EM–MM I 1

0.5

Fine Fabrics, EM–MM 4

2.1

Closed vessels

26

13.9

Coarse Fabric, FN–EM 1

0.5

Coarse Fabrics, EM Closed vessels

1

0.5

Bridge-spouted jar

5

2.7

Teapot

1

0.5

Jar

1

0.5

Closed vessels

13

7.0

1

0.5

38

20.3

Phyllite Fabric, MM–LM IA 2

1.0

Coarse Fabrics, EM–MM Closed vessels

Tripod vessel

Mirabello Fabrics, Cooking Class, EM–LM IA

Cups and Bowls

Jar

Fabric, Date, and Shape

Tripod vessel

Phyllite Fabrics, MM–LM 75

40.1

20

10.7

Closed vessel (?)

Coarse Fabrics, EM–LM Closed vessels

The statistics illustrate the main characteristics of the pottery very well. The total is 927 sherds for Sites Q 27–30 and 187 sherds for Site Q 31. Jars and unidentifiable closed vessels account for more than 90% of the pottery in both groups, with only a token appearance of a few other shapes. In spite of the large number of sherds, not a single jug is present in either group. Cups and bowls, which account for a sizeable percentage of settlement pottery, are here very rare. Most surprising is the scarcity of tripod legs from vessels above the miniature class. Miniature tripod vessels, on the other hand, form 2.8% of the pottery from the group of sites, while no examples exist from the earlier Site Q 31 (the shape is most common from late in the period in question, from MM II and later). The greatest difference between the two groups is the date, with Q 31 being decidedly earlier, with most of the sherds probably dating to the Early Bronze Age or the beginning of Middle Minoan. The group of sites overlaps in date with Site Q 31,

but it includes more pottery from Middle Minoan. Late Minoan I, with only two clearly datable sherds from the whole area taken together, is practically non-existent. Pseira was used extensively for agriculture in LM I (Betancourt and Hope Simpson 1992). The island was covered with terrace walls, many of which had been constructed in earlier periods. Manure from the settlement was carried up to the fields on a routine basis, a practice now confirmed by scientific analysis (Bull, Evershed, and Betancourt 1999). The practice of manuring resulted in the deposition of many casual sherds along with obsidian pieces, loom weights, and other casual debris from the town. The pattern of the pottery from the Pseiran agricultural fields is very explicit (Betancourt and Hope Simpson 1992). Sherds are small and weathered. They do not join to form large fragments (in fact, seldom do any sherds found near one another even come from the same vessel). Substantial numbers of cooking pots are always present, along

BORDER OF THE CEMETERY

with miscellaneous closed vessels and cups of various types, including unpainted conical cups without handles. The first conclusion to be drawn from this region near the cemetery is that it was not used for agriculture in LM I after the adjacent burialground was abandoned. The pattern is decidedly different from the LM I agricultural terraces with their large numbers of cooking pots and with substantial numbers of LM I cups. The location was obviously avoided for farming at this time, although the presence of many Byzantine sherds shows that this taboo was no longer in force in later times. Probably the Byzantine use represents fields used for agriculture. The absence of cups and pouring vessels is very different from the cemetery assemblage. It shows not only that the practice of “toasting” was not observed here, but that, in fact, little beverage was consumed in the area. With no evidence for food or drink, the border region is clearly different from the adjacent area with the stone tombs, as well as from the agricultural fields. The adjacent location near the cemetery, however, and the fact that the dates are identical to those of the burial-ground with stone-built tombs (FN to MM II) indicate that the large area almost certainly had something to do with burial customs.

117

Whatever was done here, it involved large numbers of containers in coarse clay fabrics, but little else that left enough evidence to be picked up by survey. There are no traces of walls (except for terrace walls) on this eroded hillside, and there are no fragments of the stone vases and other burial gifts whose pieces were found in large numbers on the surface of the cemetery itself. Two different theories can be suggested to explain the evidence. One possibility is that ceremonies of some type were held here in the open, and that those ceremonies involved the bringing of commodities in jars as offerings for the people buried nearby. An alternative possibility is that this part of the hillside was used for burials in jars. The large numbers of small tripod cups could support either theory, or a combination of the two practices. If this area was used for jar burials, did the practice here survive into LM I? The possibility is strong that it did. Phyllite fabrics are common in LM I, and many examples of this class are present here. The complete absence of stone vase fragments and pieces of metal, however, clearly distinguishes this area from the cemetery with the stone-built tombs, and if this part of the hillside was used for burials, the population here did not have the same type of grave goods associated with them as was deposited in the stone-built tombs.

10

Comments and Conclusions Philip P. Betancourt Because Richard Seager did not publish his excavations in the Pseira cemetery, very little information about the site was available before the modern project began. Seager worked in the cemetery area at the end of his excavation season in the spring of 1907, uncovering 33 tombs. He did not count the small cave-tombs (called rock shelters) within this number, presumably because they were already empty (see the description by his colleague Edith Hall in 1912). No trench notebooks have ever been discovered, and details of tomb architecture and burial practices were not recorded in published form except for brief discussions in a few of the early publications (Hall 1912; Seager 1912; for letters, see Becker and Betancourt 1997). Seager was aware of the presence of jar burials in addition to the use of small stone chambers, but he did not record any specific burials of this type. Like the cemetery, the settlement received only a brief treatment in print (Seager 1910). Because of the limited amount of early information, several incorrect assumptions about the town and its cemetery were made before the re-investigation by the modern project. Pendlebury suggested in 1939 that Pseira was founded in the second Early Minoan period (1939, 61), and the generally accepted view until the earlier material was discovered in the 1980s was that the graves at Pseira were all from EM II–MM II (Becker 1976, 367). Only a few individual finds were known from various publications (Seager 1910 on the finer pieces;

Platon 1969, no. 483 on the seal; Warren 1969 on stone vases; Betancourt 1983 on objects in Philadelphia). These objects were insufficient for any reconstruction of the cemetery’s history, partly because most of the objects preserved from the early excavations were not on display and had never been studied and partly because Seager did not keep many sherds, and most of the evidence, particularly from the earliest periods, only survived into modern times as tiny fragments. The modern project was planned as a concerted effort to add substantial amounts of new data on the site and to use that data for fresh interpretations of the archaeological record. In addition to the objects from inside tombs and from near them, the fragmentary evidence from sherds scattered on the surface was carefully recorded. The survey, the aspect of the investigation that is published in this volume, is a project whose research design was designed especially to fit the local situation on Pseira Island. The cemetery at Pseira had several characteristics that were unusual for an archaeological cemetery in Crete. Its isolation was the most important factor. Although the offshore island had been visited many times in the 20th century, most visitors only went to the town. The cemetery, with no spectacular stone ruins and only a very rustic landing-place for boats and ships, held few attractions for the casual tourist. As a result, the sherd collections that had been made on the island (both legally and illegally) do not seem to have had much

122

PSEIRA vI

effect on the cemetery. In 1985, the surface was still littered with stone vase fragments, bronze artifacts, and many sherds of Minoan pottery, a situation that was very different from the modern surface in the Minoan town. The cemetery had other special characteristics. It was bare and rocky, with only small amounts of light vegetation (phrygana and maquis), so that the surface was clearly visible. No trees were present. The land was also extremely eroded, and little soil remained on the surface in comparison with areas that were higher on the same hillside. The slope was steep, and initial estimates suggested that artifacts had most likely eroded down it both in the twentieth century and in earlier times. In addition, substantial excavation had already taken place. Even though Seager excavated for only a few weeks, he opened all of the tombs that were visible in 1907. Most of the information about the original contexts of these tombs was completely lost, and only a partial corpus of the objects sur-

vived (none with any information on either their stratigraphy within a tomb or on their association with any specific burial architecture). No unopened tombs were apparent before the modern excavation began. All of these aspects indicated that a careful examination of what remained on the surface could contribute a larger percentage of the information still available from this site than would have been the case with either an unexcavated cemetery or with a site with fewer objects visible on the surface. After preliminary examination of the cemetery area in 1985 and 1986, an intensive survey was conducted in 1988 and 1989. The goals and methodology are described in Chapter 1. The survey picked up pottery and other objects from the hillside’s surface, and the finds were carefully recorded by 5 x 5 meter grid-square to provide information that would complement the excavation of specific tombs.

The Size of the Cemetery The boundaries of the cemetery were recognized both by the presence of tombs and by the classes of artifacts visible on the surface. Only a few tombs were visible before trial excavations were conducted because most tombs were destroyed or buried enough to not be visible. Objects on the cemetery’s land surface, however, were very different from the classes of objects found elsewhere on Pseira Island, both in the town and away from it. Before the survey was conducted, the hillside was covered with a thin scatter of pottery sherds, bits of obsidian, stone vase fragments, and other objects. In particular, the many pieces of stone vases (Ill. 18) set the cemetery apart from other locations on the small Minoan island (a detailed description of the intensive surface survey of Pseira Island, supervised by Richard Hope Simpson, will be published in another volume). Careful examination of the survey objects allowed other, less obvious differences to be recognized as well. The most obvious difference was

the date of the surface pottery. Pseira Island was used extensively for agriculture until the Late Minoan period, and this exploitation deposited occasional sherds of pottery during all periods. In contrast with the rest of the island, no LM I to LM III sherds were present on the cemetery slope. After its abandonment, the area of the tombs was still respected, and it was not used for any purpose that left pottery. The character of the pottery was also different in another important and easily identifiable respect. Cooking pots sherds were a common discovery in the survey of the island as a whole, but they were not present from the cemetery. Cooking must have played no role in activities associated with the burials, and the absence of this class of artifact added one more aspect that helped distinguish the area of the tombs from adjacent areas on the island. Subsequent discovery of tombs confirmed that the area of the cemetery was recognized correctly.

Illustration 18. Distribution of serpentinite vase fragments. Tomb locations are numbered.

CONCLuSIONS 123

124

PSEIRA vI

using these criteria as a guide, the cemetery area can be identified as an area of ca. 8,000 square meters, or almost two acres (4/5 of one hectare), 310 meters from the base of the Grand Staircase, which was the edge of the town when the cemetery was in use. The cemetery is on the southern side of the small island. Its dimensions are ca. 155 meters from east to west, along the base of the hillside, and about 60 meters from north to south. At the east, facing the town, the visitor would first encounter a series of tombs

carved into the side of a small ravine. The cemetery is west of these small caves, but a spit of land immediately south of the caves does not seem to have been a part of the cemetery itself. At the north, the cemetery extends to a small cliff of calcrete bedrock, which also has small cave-tombs carved into it. At the west, the area of artifacts ends just east of a small ravine that forms a natural barrier. All of the known tombs on Pseira Island are within this space.

The General Character of the Cemetery Several conclusions from the intensive surface survey confirm and complement the conclusions that can be made from the excavation of the tombs themselves. The nature of the evidence from the survey, drawn from the entire area of the hillside, includes a much more complete picture than small excavations can provide. Among the important conclusions from the survey is the date of the cemetery. The earliest sherds are dark, heavily burnished, coarse pieces of jars with wide strap handles and open vessels with carinated profiles. The fabric for these early sherds is tempered with fragments of a white carbonate, either calcite or marble (see no. 55). The sherds belong to a class with good parallels from the Final Neolithic (for wide strap handles, see Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1935–36, 26–27; vagnetti, Christopoulou, and Tzedakis 1989, figs. 18, nos. 39–41 and 20, no. 75). These sherds leave little doubt that the cemetery was founded at this early period. Similar pottery comes from the town, indicating a permanent or semipermanent habitation at this period, when residents built houses on the island and buried their dead nearby. The new settlement of the island was part of a general influx of new people into eastern Crete in the closing years of the Neolithic age (for discussion, see Betancourt 1999a). The region of the eastern shore of the Gulf of Mirabello was one of the parts of Crete that received a substantial num-

ber of new settlers at this time (Ill. 5). The new sites were often near the coast, but a number of inland locations demonstrate that good farmland and pastures were considerations that could sometimes be more important than proximity to the sea. The settlers seem to have favored raised hills for their villages. The town at Pseira was not an unusual phenomenon within this pattern, though the evidence for FN habitation near the Isthmus of Ierapetra is mostly scattered, and much of it is unpublished (see discussion in Betancourt 1999a). As at Pseira, the people of the other sites lived in houses of stone and mud brick that formed tiny villages, raised their crops on the land near their homes, and tended sheep and goats. They used pottery that was thick, coarse, and sturdy. The cemeteries, as at Pseira, used both small built tombs and shallow caves carved into the sides of hills and ravines (Hall 1912; 1914, 183–185; Soles 1992; Haggis 1993; 2000). The heavily burnished, coarse pottery class continues into the early phases of the Early Bronze Age, when it is also made in fabrics with other tempering agents. New fabrics gradually appear, allowing a division of the Early Minoan period into successive phases. Sherds from EM I, EM IIA, EM IIB, EM III–MM IA, and MM I–II are all present in the Pseira cemetery. The continuity of the pottery, and the presence of sherds from all of these periods, shows that some of the tombs were

COMMENTS

used throughout the Early and Middle Bronze Ages, ending in MM IIB. Presumably the small tombs, some of which were somewhat flimsy, were repaired as needed during this extremely long period. The survey of the cemetery is especially important for this evidence for continuity. It shows that successive pottery phases are present, and that the use of the area was continuous. Sherds from the following periods are represented within the survey pottery (for the definition of the specific wares, see Betancourt 1985): FN–EM I. Dark-surfaced, coarse pottery with heavily burnished surfaces (Black-Burnished Ware). EM I. Pale colored pottery with linear decoration in red slip (Hagios Onouphrios I Ware). EM IIA. Pale colored pottery with dark linear decoration (Koumasa Style). EM IIB. variegated red to brown to black pottery (vasilike Ware). EM III–MM IA. Pottery with white linear ornament on a dark background (White-on-Dark Ware). MM IB and MM II. Pottery with white and red ornament on a dark background (Kamares Ware). Many sherds from the cemetery, however, do not conform to the definitions of specific, named wares. usually the sherds have little paint preserved, and a majority of the vessels, especially from the later periods, do not have complex decoration. Many of them are either monochrome or unpainted. By far the majority are from vases that were made on nearby parts of Crete (one assumes that no pottery was ever manufactured on Pseira itself because the island had no clay deposits, little water, and limited amounts of fuel; the island was clearly unsuited to support any type of local pottery workshop). The latest sherds from the Pseira cemetery come from MM IIB, not necessarily from the absolute end of the period. The latest pottery, including side-spouted jars, jugs, and carinated cups, can be associated with the pottery from House A at vasilike (Seager 1906–07), with Quartier Mu at Malia (Poursat 1973; 1975; 1996), and with a destruction at the palace of Malia (Pelon 1982). A

125

destruction in the town on Pseira comes from the same time period. The Pseiran destruction seems to have been fairly widespread within the community. It may have been due to earthquake (perhaps an early shock associated with the later eruption of the volcano of Thera?), but it clearly marked a major social change on the Minoan island. The town was rebuilt, but its plan was changed radically. The new MM III–LM I community had many new characteristics, including substantially increased influence from central Crete, especially Knossos. The abandonment of the cemetery at the same time is one more indication of the profound social changes that occurred at this period. MM III has been difficult to isolate in eastern Crete (Warren and Hankey 1989, 54), and little pottery from this period comes from the town on Pseira, suggesting the possibility that the town was not quickly rebuilt after the MM IIB destruction, or that “MM III” pottery as defined in central Crete was not widely distributed in this part of eastern Crete. During LM I, the major period for the Pseira town, the cemetery was abandoned. The survey also indicates the regional associations for the cemetery artifacts in a more complete way that the excavations can. The picture in this regard is very clear. Most artifacts, especially the pottery and the stone vases, have their closest affinities with the styles of the local region of the eastern side of the Gulf of Mirabello and the Isthmus of Ierapetra. The most important town within this region is Gournia (Hawes et al. 1908; Soles 1991; Fotou 1993; Watrous et al. 1996; Watrous 2000). If a political center for the region is to be established by the distribution of artifacts, Gournia is the most likely candidate from EM III–MM IA onward. For the earlier periods, the evidence is very ambiguous. Gournia has little FN, EM I, or EM II pottery or architecture (Soles 1979), and the location of a large regional center during the Early Bronze Age, if one existed, has not yet been demonstrated. unexcavated towns at Tholos Beach, Pacheia Ammos, and elsewhere suggest that much of the evidence has not been uncovered yet. Alongside these local pieces are several imports that show the settlement’s overseas connections. The obsidian comes from two sources. The many blades and flakes and the single core (no. 173) all appear to be from the island of Melos. One obsid-

126

PSEIRA vI

ian chip with white inclusions, perhaps from a vessel or some other object, is from Ghyali in the Dodecanese (no. 220). Other imports include a sherd that is probably from a pyxis from the Kampos Group in the Cyclades (no. 246). A lid for a pyxis in the Kampos Group was found by Seager’s excavations (Ill. 19). A piece from a closed vessel made of highly micaceous clay is also probably Cycladic (no. 275). A group of small jugs made by thrusting each handle through a hole in the body of the vessel comes from an unknown production center, perhaps on the south coast (Whitelaw et al. 1997, 271), using a technology that is foreign to Crete (see no. 149). These overseas connections show that Pseira, like the rest of the northern coast of Crete, was in touch with other places in the Aegean, and that it received goods from several sites.

Illustration 19. Dome lid found at Pseira by Seager, from a Cycladic pyxis, either Kampos Group or slightly later. Herakleion Museum unnumbered. Scale 1:2.

The surface survey provides some evidence for the various activities that took place in the ceme-

tery, but this type of data is limited in what it can demonstrate. Because survey only provides surface information, with limited or missing architectural contexts, it is not a substitute for stratigraphic excavation. Some of the surface artifacts raise more questions than they answer. At the east of the cemetery, for example, several pieces of malachite suggest a use in cosmetics or metallurgy, but no excavated remains help in their interpretation. At the west of the hillside, especially in the vicinity of Tomb 7, a scatter of murex shells extends across several grid-squares. The murex is an edible marine snail that is also used for the production of purple dye (Ill. 12 B–E). Because the retrieval of the dye is usually accomplished by crushing the shells, and because the process requires far more shells than are present here (Reese 1987), the examples from Pseira must be regarded as food. Whether they represent a funeral feast, a ceremony around one or more of the tombs, or a series of offerings that were once inside the graves but were spread around when they were cleaned out (or by the excavations of Seager in Tomb 7) cannot be decided from the available evidence. The murex is a rare marine shell in the Pseiran town (where limpets and the smaller marine snail Monodonta were preferred as food), so some special meaning for the cemetery use is likely. A special circumstance must also account for the small waterworn stones in the grid-square 1560E 1875N (nos. 111, 112, and 113). Such stones were also found inside some of the tombs, and they were brought to the cemetery for some specific purpose. They are all small, and most are oval, recalling the shape of schematic marble figurines, but their meaning is lost to us and cannot be inferred except by supposition. For many subjects, the survey provides only partial information.

Distribution Patterns for the Surface Artifacts Because the artifacts on the surface of the cemetery were not uniformly distributed, their patterns revealed important aspects of the use of the hillside. Several reasons for their presence and distri-

bution were considered in the interpretation of the evidence. Pseiran tombs were very small (mostly under two meters in maximum length). Their use for well over a millennium must have required

COMMENTS

periodic maintenance, both in the removal of earlier material to make room for later burials and in the repair of stone walls. The cleaning out of tombs, attested in many Minoan cemeteries, has been well documented in Crete (Branigan 1970; 1988; 1991a; 1993; 1994). The excavation of the tombs at Pseira showed that the practice also took place here, as elsewhere, and that it resulted in a scattering of artifacts near the tombs. Other reasons for the presence of surface artifacts also exist. Later use of the hillside by the Minoans (such as for the deposition of offerings after burial in commemorative ceremonies) must have left objects that could later be broken (offerings near tombs were recorded by the excavations near Tomb 2 and Tomb 4). A deliberate breaking of pottery and other objects to render them useless (sometimes described as the “killing” of artifacts) must also be considered (note the ancient bending of a saw, no. 17). Intrusions in later periods (particularly in the Byzantine era) that affected the hillside can also be documented. All of these situations have been considered in the efforts to understand the history of the use of the hillside as revealed by the distribution patterns. Most of the objects on the surface belong to the same classes as the artifacts found in the excavations of the Pseiran tombs. Because of this situation, it appears likely that most of the objects that were visible without excavation were a result of the Minoan practice of periodically cleaning out the tombs to make room for later burials or for other purposes. The association with the tombs is corroborated by the nature of the objects themselves, in that they differ from the pattern found in the survey of Pseira Island as a whole (to be published in a later volume). The cemetery includes artifacts not regularly found in the island survey (notably bronzes and stone vessels), and it lacks classes that are common in the general survey (especially cooking vessel sherds). By recording the location of the objects found on the surface, several specific patterns of use and a few clear diachronic developments can be demonstrated. These patterns are presented in charts, with the hillside divided into the grid used for collection. On these charts, the presence of one or more object within a 5-meter grid-square is shown with an X. The cliff at the south, overlook-

127

ing the sea, cuts through some of the grid-squares, and an X in these southern squares means the objects were found up on the cliff, not down at the sea at the foot of the cliff (where no collection was made). Stone vases are an important artifact because they allow the Pseiran cemetery to be clearly differentiated from the non-cemetery parts of Pseira Island on the basis of surface collection alone. Stone vases are relatively rare from Minoan settlements, and they are very seldom found in agricultural fields, but they are an extremely common burial offering in the Pseira cemetery (Betancourt 1990b). Illustration 18 shows the distribution of serpentinite vases. Serpentinite is the most common material used for vases in periods after EM IIB. It is a soft and easily worked material that was available east of Mochlos and elsewhere in eastern Crete, and it was favored by the Pseiran workshops engaged in making stone vessels (Betancourt 1990b; 1994–96, 54–55). Both waste material from the manufacture of vases and pieces of raw material come from Building BS/Bv in the town, suggesting a workshop engaged in making stone vases (Floyd 1998, 207–208), and raw material also comes from other parts of the town (Betancourt 1998). Pieces of serpentinite vases come from many of the grid-squares in the cemetery. Because the material was not used before EM III–MM IA, the distribution within the cemetery helps show the chronological development of the area on the hillside used for the tombs. The squares with serpentinite vases are mostly concentrated in two regions, at the east of the cemetery and at the north (near the cliff that is marked Tomb 14), demonstrating the increased activity in these two areas in the period from EM III to MM II. The chart that shows all the Early Minoan pottery locations from the cemetery (Ill. 20) is useful for an understanding of the full extent of the cemetery area. All grid-squares that yielded pottery from EM I–III are noted on the chart. The distribution demonstrates that the cemetery extended farther to the east and west than the known locations for tombs. Evidently unknown tombs (either unexcavated or destroyed) once stood both at the east and at the west of the hillside. Sherds come from the north as far as the small rock shelters in the calcrete outcrop that defines the edge of the

Illustration 20. Distribution Early Minoan pottery.

128 PSEIRA vI

COMMENTS

cemetery in this direction (Tombs 4, 14, and 15) and all the way to the cliff above the sea at the south. The cemetery area is ca. 155 m from east to west and about 60 m from north to south. The earliest material from the cemetery consists of dark-surfaced, heavily burnished pottery from the Final Neolithic and Early Minoan I periods. The distribution of this pottery is shown in Illustration 21. The surface distribution shows that other FN–EM I tombs, presumably excavated by Seager and now lost or completely eroded away, were once present uphill from Tomb 8, east of Tomb 1, and southwest of Tombs 15, 16, and 3. Traces of these tombs are no longer visible on the surface. Like the pattern for the Early Minoan pottery as a whole, the pottery scatter for FN–EM I pottery extends beyond the known tombs both at the east and at the west. The earliest sherds are substantially more numerous at the west (away from the town). The pattern indicates a particularly heavy usage in the western part of the cemetery when the hillside was first used for burials. The survey also confirms that the terrace containing Tombs 12, 13, 11, and 10, near the center of the cemetery at the north, was not used as early as other parts of the hill. No FN–EM I sherds were excavated from these tombs, and they must have been added to the cemetery after it was founded. The date of Tomb 10, one of the largest tombs in the cemetery, is especially important because it demonstrates that the house tomb is not one of the early groups of tombs at Pseira. The house tomb as a class has been discussed in detail by Soles (1992), who has suggested that based on other sites in eastern Crete, this class of tomb did not begin until EM II. The evidence from the Pseira survey supports this conclusion. The EM I–IIA pottery finds have a pattern that is generally similar to that of the FN–EM I pieces (Ill. 22). The pottery is still concentrated in the western half of the cemetery, with fewer finds from the east. An important change is at the extreme eastern edge where there are no datable sherds from this period, in contrast with FN–EM I. As before, the activity near Tombs 12, 13, 11, and 10 is not visible in the surface survey material, although we know from the excavation that Tomb 10 was already founded by the end of this long period.

129

The next period, EM IIB, is dated by the appearance of vasilike Ware, the mottled red to brown to black pottery that is widely distributed across this part of eastern Crete (Seager 1904–05; 1906–07; Warren 1972, Period II; Betancourt 1979). Several examples of this mottled pottery are present in the survey (Ill. 23). The plot of finds shows a distribution across much of the cemetery. Most of the area provides evidence that it was being used by this period, and the previous period’s concentration at the west is replaced by a more evenly distributed pattern, except that no EM IIB surface finds are recorded for the extreme eastern edge. An overall pattern of uniform distribution is also recorded for EM III–MM IA (Ill. 24). This is the period for East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware, and most of the vase-shapes that developed in EM IIB continue into the new period, demonstrating a stylistic continuity between the two phases. Chronologically, White-on-Dark Ware begins at the end of EM IIB, and it continues to be used until after MM IA has developed at Knossos (Betancourt 1984, 8). No surface finds of EM III/MM IA pottery are recorded for either the east or the west edges of the cemetery, but the central area has a number of finds from this period, including a use near the terrace with Tombs 12, 13, 11, and 10. The distribution indicates continuity of use into this period at several tombs. Middle Minoan I–II was the final phase in the cemetery’s long history (Ill. 25). Many new vaseshapes appeared in this period. At the major palaces, this was the period of Kamares Ware, but the local workshops of eastern Crete produced a far less elegant product. Although the local versions of Kamares Ware were seldom used in the Pseira cemetery, many other vases were deposited during this period. The chart of MM I–II pottery (Ill. 25) shows that the whole cemetery was used at this time, although not every grave still had offerings in it (the excavations showed that Tomb 7, for example, was abandoned after EM IIB). MM I–II was the last period of the cemetery, but the sherds on the surface clearly demonstrate that the use of the hillside as a cemetery did not die out gradually. Instead, the cemetery was abandoned at the height of its use, when the area reserved for tombs was

Illustration 21. Distribution of Final Neolithic to Early Minoan I pottery.

130 PSEIRA vI

Illustration 22. Distribution of Early Minoan I–IIA pottery.

Pseira Cemetery Survey EM I – EM IIA Pottery Finds

CONCLuSIONS 131

Illustration 23. Distribution of Early Minoan IIB pottery.

Pseira Cemetery Survey EM IIB Pottery Finds

132 PSEIRA vI

Illustration 24. Distribution of Early Minoan III to Middle Minoan IA pottery.

Pseira Cemetery Survey EM III Pottery Finds

CONCLuSIONS 133

Illustration 25. Distribution of Middle Minoan I–II pottery.

Pseira Cemetery Survey MM I–II Pottery Finds

134 PSEIRA vI

CONCLuSIONS

at its greatest geographic size, and offerings were being placed outside of the graves as well as inside them. Surface finds of obsidian are shown in Illustration 26. The obsidian from the cemetery is an interesting selection of artifacts. Except for one piece from Ghyali (no. 220), the obsidian is all the gray volcanic material associated with an origin on the island of Melos. There is evidence that in the Early Bronze Age, obsidian had a symbolic meaning in funerary offerings that transcended its purely utilitarian functions. This conclusion is based on the presence in burials of unusual, extremely long blades made with a specialized technology developed in the Cyclades. The blades show up at a few locations in Crete (notably at Hagia Photia Siteias, for which see Davaras 1971) as well as in the Cyclades, but none of these long blades are present at Pseira. Instead of a limited range of special blades, the obsidian at Pseira is an extremely diverse class. It includes blades, cores, scrapers, utilized flakes, and small flakes with no use marks at all. Although one can imagine a use for the small flakes even if they were new at the time of burial, the cores have no practical use (even in the town, none of the cores have use marks). Aside from a symbolic function, there seems no reason to include the cores with other grave offerings. Finds of obsidian come from all parts of the cemetery (Ill. 26). No specific concentrations can be recognized from the distribution pattern on the surface. As is the case with most other objects in the cemetery, much of the obsidian is broken into small pieces. Finds of bronze or copper artifacts are shown in Illustration 27. Finding any metal objects on the surface of a Minoan site is unusual, but many pieces come from Pseira. Metal artifacts are very common in the cemetery, and they must have been in most of the tombs. Almost all of them are cuprous. Only a single gold band comes from the site, a situation which contrasts significantly with the rich gold finds from nearby Mochlos (Seager 1912, Tomb 2). Pseira’s grave goods of metal, like the ones in other materials, are common household objects and personal possessions, but they are usually not valuable items. They belong to many classes.

135

After the Middle Minoan period, the cemetery was abandoned. It was not used for agriculture in the Late Minoan period or in the first millennium B.C. or the Roman period. Perhaps more important, the practice of leaving offerings at the tombs ended in MM IIB. The Early Byzantine occupation was the first re-use of this part of the island. Beginning in the late 5th or early 6th century, Pseira was occupied by new residents who built a small monastery on the site of the Minoan town (Albani and Poulou-Papadimitriou 1990; Albani 1995; 1996). Their monastery, one of the most easily visible landmarks on the town site, lasted until about the ninth century, and it was visited occasionally even after that time. At the same time, Pseira received a concrete construction within the harbor (evidently a mole for anchorage of ships; see Leatham and Hood 1958–59), several outbuildings in the area of the Minoan Plateia, and cisterns and other constructions on the island. The Byzantine residents repaired and re-used one of the Minoan dams, and they built two farms in the interior of the island. They used the land for both pasture and for growing crops. These activities intruded onto the cemetery area, especially at the east. Byzantine sherds are most numerous at the eastern edge of the hill (Ill. 28). A Byzantine threshing floor and a small structure, possibly a field house, are located here, providing an explanation for the many pieces of Early Christian pottery. A few scraps of Byzantine ceramics also come from other parts of the cemetery, indicating a casual use elsewhere as well. The pattern of land use in Byzantine times that required small installations of this type is typical of Pseira, as it is of other parts of Greece (Murray and Kardulias 1986, 26–27; Hayden, Moody, and Rackham 1992, 314). Threshing floors, often with associated small field houses, were commonly used in this period on the island (contrasting with the absence of such installations from the Minoan periods on Pseira). Later activity can be documented immediately north of the cemetery area, but not within the cemetery itself. A small cave higher up the slope on the same hill was used as a shelter for shepherds who maintained flocks and herds on the island intermittently for many centuries. The animal husbandry was halted in 1976, and the island is now used exclusively as an archaeological reserve.

Illustration 26. Distribution of obsidian.

136 PSEIRA vI

Illustration 27. Distribution of cuprous metal.

CONCLuSIONS 137

Illustration 28. Distribution of Byzantine pottery.

138 PSEIRA vI

Appendix A

Concordance of Excavation Numbers

PS 800, PS 1195, PS 1196, PS 1197, PS 1333, PS 1334, PS 1335, PS 1336, PS 1337, PS 1378, PS 1379, PS 1380, PS 1410, PS 1411, PS 1412, PS 1413, PS 1414, PS 1416, PS 1430, PS 1431, PS 1520, PS 1521, PS 1522, PS 1523, PS 1524, PS 1525, PS 1527, PS 1528, PS 1529, PS 1530, PS 1537, PS 1538,

221 278 222 223 225 226 227 228 229 275 276 273 257 256 235 254 255 261 268 269 119 118 115 116 266 267 264 263 262 274 258 265

PS 1539, PS 1540, PS 1541, PS 1543, PS 1544, PS 1545, PS 1546, PS 1560, PS 1561, PS 1562, PS 1563, PS 1564, PS 1566, PS 1578, PS 1579, PS 1580, PS 1581, PS 1591, PS 1592, PS 1593, PS 1594, PS 1595, PS 1596, PS 1597, PS 1598, PS 1677, PS 1775, PS 1776, PS 1777, PS 1778, PS 1779, PS 1780,

260 259 241 173 215 252 150 271 245 243 244 272 230 218 212 213 204 238 189 198 199 200 195 196 197 184 166 167 164 163 168 165

PS 1781, PS 1800, PS 1801, PS 1802, PS 1803, PS 1806, PS 1807, PS 1808, PS 1809, PS 1810, PS 1811, PS 1812, PS 1813, PS 1814, PS 1815, PS 1817, PS 1839, PS 1845, PS 1853, PS 1854, PS 1861, PS 1862, PS 1865, PS 1873, PS 1874, PS 1887, PS 1888, PS 1889, PS 1890, PS 1893, PS 1894, PS 1895,

169 159 236 237 185 160 188 187 239 240 176 140 142 141 139 117 144 145 147 148 177 224 156 253 149 126 161 162 180 219 211 206

140

PS 1906, PS 1909, PS 1926, PS 1934, PS 1963, PS 1964, PS 1965, PS 1978, PS 1979, PS 1980, PS 1983, PS 1985, PS 2037, PS 2038, PS 2039, PS 2040, PS 2046, PS 2047, PS 2069, PS 2102, PS 2104, PS 2105, PS 2106, PS 2107, PS 2140, PS 2141, PS 2142, PS 2195, PS 2196, PS 2225, PS 2226, PS 2240, PS 2241, PS 2242, PS 2248, PS 2252, PS 2253, PS 2254, PS 2255, PS 2258, PS 2259, PS 2260, PS 2333, PS 2334, PS 2335, PS 2349, PS 2419, PS 2433, PS 2438,

PSEirA vi

179 152 151 155 170 171 172 175 174 220 183 181 192 193 194 205 190 191 210 214 124 121 122 123 178 182 277 134 143 209 207 208 109 78 158 79 47 105 104 111 112 113 83 82 81 233 84 48 87

PS 2469, PS 2470, PS 2471, PS 2472, PS 2475, PS 2476, PS 2477, PS 2478, PS 2529, PS 2530, PS 2531, PS 2532, PS 2533, PS 2534, PS 2535, PS 2536, PS 2538, PS 2539, PS 2541, PS 2542, PS 2543, PS 2544, PS 2545, PS 2546, PS 2546, PS 2565, PS 2566, PS 2567, PS 2568, PS 2569, PS 2571, PS 2572, PS 2573, PS 2574, PS 2575, PS 2576, PS 2577, PS 2578, PS 2579, PS 2580, PS 2590, PS 2592, PS 2595, PS 2603, PS 2604, PS 2605, PS 2606, PS 2607, PS 2610,

88 80 99 57 49 74 73 77 24 23 58 59 107 120 106 7 92 35 25 17 100 30 101 114 22 56 55 93 135 136 53 54 66 68 63 64 65 67 69 70 15 131 91 130 90 46 71 72 234

PS 2612, PS 2613, PS 2617, PS 2618, PS 2619, PS 2620, PS 2625, PS 2626, PS 2627, PS 2628, PS 2655, PS 2656, PS 2660, PS 2665, PS 2673, PS 2708, PS 2749, PS 2753, PS 2811, PS 2816, PS 2817, PS 2818, PS 2819, PS 2821, PS 2823, PS 2824, PS 2828, PS 2829, PS 2830, PS 2831, PS 2835, PS 2836, PS 2837, PS 2838, PS 2839, PS 2840, PS 2841, PS 2842, PS 2847, PS 2851, PS 2852, PS 2857, PS 2858, PS 2859, PS 2892, PS 2897, PS 2901, PS 2905, PS 2916,

40 39 14 12 13 146 29 21 10 41 138 28 27 20 60 246 86 16 44 19 76 242 154 75 249 250 102 110 216 217 231 232 45 108 98 9 186 125 85 247 248 32 33 34 202 153 203 129 6

APPENdix A

PS 2917, PS 2918, PS 2919, PS 2920, PS 2921, PS 2922, PS 2926, PS 2928, PS 2930, PS 2931, PS 2932, PS 2933,

42 43 5 2 3 4 36 11 51 52 94 95

PS 2942, PS 2950, PS 2951, PS 2954, PS 2956, PS 2976, PS 2995, PS 2998, PS 3009, PS 3010, PS 3011, PS 3016,

18 96 97 132 133 251 201 157 103 26 8 38

141

PS 3017, PS 3018, PS 3019, PS 3020, PS 3021, PS 3022, PS 3536, PS 3538, PS 3550, PS 4352, PS 4358,

37 62 61 31 127 128 137 89 1 270 50

Appendix B

Locations of Tombs by Grid-Square or Context East of T3

South of Funerary Cluster 2

T1565E 1880N-6

Tomb 9, near tomb

T2-SE of T2

Tomb 2, near tomb

T1565E 1880N-7

Tomb 9, near tomb

Funerary Cluster 1, southwest of Tomb 2

T1565E 1880N-8

Tomb 9, near tomb

T1565E 1880N-Surface

Tomb 9, surface of gridsquare

T1565E 1905N-N/T1565E 1910N-1

Tomb 16, inside tomb Tomb 16, inside tomb

T2-1 T2-2 T3-1

Funerary Cluster 1, southwest of Tomb 2 Funerary Cluster 2, west of Tomb 2

T1540E 1880N-1

Tomb 7, inside tomb

T1565E 1905N-N/T1565E 1910N-5-Tomb 16-2

T1540E 1880N-2

Tomb 7, inside tomb

T1565E 1905N-NE-1

Tomb 16, near tomb

T1540E 1880N-Surface

Tomb 7, surface of gridsquare

T1565E 1905N-NE-2

Tomb 16, near tomb

T1565E 1905N-Surface

T1545E 1880N-1

Tomb 7, east of tomb

Tomb 16, surface of gridsquare

T1550E 1915N-1

Tomb 15, inside tomb and in front of tomb

T1565E 1910N-Surface

Tomb 16, surface of gridsquare

T1550E 1915N-2

Tomb 15, inside tomb and in front of tomb

T1565E 1915E-NW-Surface Tomb 14, surface of gridsquare

T1550E 1915N-Surface

Tomb 15, surface of gridsquare

T1565E 1915N-Exterior

Tomb 14, near tomb

T1565E 1915N-NW

T1565E 1875N-1

Tomb 9, near tomb (Seager’s dump?)

Tomb 14, inside tomb and front of tomb

T1570E 1900N-1

T1565E 1875N-2

Tomb 9, near tomb (Seager’s dump?)

Tomb 3, inside and near tomb

T1570E 1900N-1N

Tomb 9, surface of gridsquare

Tomb 3, inside and near tomb

T1570E 1900N-3

Tomb 3, inside tomb

T1565E 1880N-1

Tomb 9, inside tomb

T1570E 1900N-Surface

T1565E 1880N-2

Tomb 9, inside tomb

Tomb 3, surface of gridsquare

T1565E 1880N-3

Tomb 9, inside tomb

Tomb 3, inside and near tomb

T1565E 1880N-4

Tomb 9, near tomb

T1570E 1900N-Tomb 3cleaning

T1565E 1880N-5

Tomb 9, near tomb

T1570E 1905N-1S

Tomb 3, inside and near tomb

T1565E 1875N-Surface

144

pSEirA vi Tomb 3, inside tomb

T1595E 1865N-E2

Tomb 2, near tomb

T1570E 1905N-3

Tomb 3, inside tomb

T1595E 1865N-E3

T1570E 1905N-NE-1

Tomb 6, upper stratum above tomb

Tomb 2, inside tomb, western wall

T1595E 1865N-Surface

Tomb 2, surface of gridsquare

T1570E 1905N-NE-2

Tomb 6, inside tomb

T1595E 1870N-2

T1570E 1905N-NE-3

Tomb 6, inside tomb

north of Tomb 2 (no tomb found)

T1570E 1905N-NE-4

Tomb 6, inside tomb

T1595E 1890N-1

Tomb 13, inside and near tomb

T1570E 1905N-NE-5

Tomb 6, inside tomb

T1595E 1890N-2

Tomb 13, inside and near tomb

T1595E 1890N-Surface

Tomb 13, surface of gridsquare

T1595E 1895N-SE-1

Tomb 11, near tomb

T1600E 1865N-E1

Tomb 2, near tomb

T1600E 1865N-E2

Tomb 2, near tomb

T1600E 1865N-Surface

Tomb 2, surface of gridsquare

T1600E 1865N-W1 (north part)

Tomb 2, above burial stratum

T1600E 1865N-W1 (south part)

Tomb 2, near tomb

T1600E 1865N-W2

Tomb 2, upper stratum with burials

T1600E 1865N-W3 (east part)

Tomb 2, lower stratum with burials

T1570E 1905N-2

T1570E 1905N-NE-cleaning Tomb 6, inside tomb east wall T1570E 1905N-Surface

Tomb 3, Surface of gridsquare

T1570E 1905N-Surface

Tomb 6, surface of gridsquare

T1575E 1900N-1

Tomb 5, inside tomb

T1575E 1900N-2

Tomb 5, inside tomb

T1575E 1900N-Surface

Tomb 5, surface of gridsquare

T1575E 1905N-1

Tomb 4, enclosure, upper level

T1575E 1905N-2

Tomb 4, enclosure, middle level and outside

T1575E 1905N-3

Tomb 4, enclosure, lowest level above bedrock Tomb 4, south of enclosure

T1600E 1865N-W3 (west part)

Tomb 2, above burial stratum

T1575E 1905N-S-1 T1575E 1905N-S-2

Tomb 4, south of enclosure

T1600E 1865N-W4

T1575E 1905N-Surface

Tomb 4, surface of gridsquare

Tomb 2, lower stratum with burials

T1600E 1865N-W5

Tomb 2, on bedrock below lower burial stratum

T1600E 1865N-W6

Tomb 2, near tomb

T1575E 1910N

Tomb 4, enclosure, middle level, and outside

T1575E 1910N

Tomb 4, inside tomb

T1600E 1865N-West section Tomb 2, near tomb

T1575E 1910N-1

Tomb 4, inside tomb

T1600E 1870N-1

T1575E 1910N-2

Tomb 4, enclosure, middle level, and outside

north of Tomb 2 (no tomb found)

T1600E 1875N-S1

Tomb 4, surface of gridsquare

north of Tomb 2 (no tomb found)

T1600E 1875N-S2

north of Tomb 2 (no tomb found)

T1575E 1910N-Surface T1590E 1890N-1

Tomb 12, inside tomb

T1590E 1890N-2

Tomb 12, near tomb

T1600E 1890N

T1590E 1890N-Surface

Tomb 12, surface of gridsquare

Tomb 10, surface of gridsquare

T1600E 1890N

Tomb 11, surface of gridsquare Tomb 10, inside tomb, above burials

T1595E 1865N-1

Tomb 2, near tomb

T1595E 1865N-2

Tomb 2, near tomb

T1600E 1890N-1-Feature 1

T1595E 1865N-E1

Tomb 2, inside tomb, western wall

T1600E 1890N-1-SE Quarter Tomb 10, near tomb

AppENdix B T1600E 1890N-2-Feature 1

Tomb 10, stratum with burials

T1600E 1890N-2-SE Quarter Tomb 10, near tomb

145

T1610E 1865N-E2

Tomb 1, near tomb

T1610E 1865N-E3

Tomb 1, inside tomb, above stratum with objects in situ

T1600E 1890N-3

Tomb 10, stratum with burials

T1600E 1890N-4

Tomb 10, near tomb

T1610E 1865N-E4

Tomb 1, near tomb

T1600E 1890N-5

Tomb 10, stratum with burials

T1610E 1865N-E5

T1600E 1890N-5a

Tomb 10, stratum with burials

Tomb 1, inside tomb, stratum with objects in situ

T1600E 1890N-5b

Tomb 10, below burial stratum

T1610E 1865N-Surface

Tomb 1, surface of gridsquare

T1600E 1890N-6

Tomb 10, below burial stratum

T1610E 1865N-Tomb 1-1

Tomb 1, near tomb

T1600E 1890N-7

Tomb 10, below burial stratum

T1610E 1865N-Tomb 1-2

Tomb 1, near tomb

T1610E 1865N-W1

Tomb 1, near tomb

T1600E 1890N-8

Tomb 10, below burial stratum

T1615E 1865N-Tomb 1-2

Tomb 1, near tomb

T1620E 1875N-1

Tomb 8, inside tomb

T1600E 1890N-9

Tomb 10, below burial stratum

T1620E 1875N-2

Tomb 8, inside tomb, undisturbed NW corner

T1600E 1890N-NW 1

Tomb 11, inside and near tomb

T1620E 1875N-3

Tomb 8, inside tomb, undisturbed NW corner

T1600E 1890N-Surface

Tomb 10, surface of gridsquare

T1620E 1875N-Surface

Tomb 8, surface of gridsquare

T1600E 1890N-Surface

Tomb 11, surface of gridsquare

T1665E 1870N

Tomb 19

T1605E 1890N-W1

east of Tomb 10

T1665E 1875N

Tomb 19

T1605E 1890N-W2

east of Tomb 10

T1670E 1870N

Tomb 18

T1610E 1865N-E1

Tomb 1, near tomb

T1670E 1870N

Tomb 19

T1675E 1870N

Tomb 18

T1680E 1865N

Tomb 17

T1610E 1865N-E1-Feature 3 Tomb 1, inside tomb, surface stratum

Appendix C

Petrographic Analysis of Ceramics from the Pseira Cemetery Sarah J. Vaughan

Samples of the fabrics of the pottery from the Early to Middle Bronze Age cemetery at Pseira were prepared and analyzed in thin section (for the technique see Bambauer, Taborsky, and Trochim 1979). The term “fabric” is used as defined by Betancourt for the Kommos pottery (1990a). Wherever possible, comments are included about the constituents and fabrics, though the finegrained nature of some material, the geologically non-distinctive nature of some of the fabric group compositions, and the limited number of samples precludes meaningful discussion. Assessments of the percentages and shapes of inclusions were made using standard geological comparative charts, and descriptions of void morphologies were derived from Bullock et al. (1985, 43–47). The analysis is discussed as a whole following the fabric group analyses.

Fabric 1. Phyllite Fabric Number of samples examined: 11 (Pseira VII, 1.24, 1.32, 1.53, 1.77, 4.12, 4.30, 4.50, 4.69, 6.8, 7.24, 9.62). Sample list by class: FN–EM I Dark Burnished: 1.24, 1.32, 1.53, 1.77, 4.12, 4.30, 4.69, 7.24. EM–MM I pottery: 6.8. MM I–II pottery: 4.50, 9.62.

I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: brown to redbrown, except no. 4.50, which is dark brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent (reddark brown), except no. 4.50. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 200–2,400 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 200–400 micrometers; ca. 20–40% inclusions; ca. 3–5% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: preferred orientation parallel to surfaces noted for nos. 1.53, 1.77, 6.8, 7.24, and 9.62. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Biotite. Size range: ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: angular; plates. 2. Quartz. Size range: ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: undulose extinction; sutured boundaries; subgrain development; occasionally polycrystalline; percentages vary from 2–15%. 3. White Mica. Size range: ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: abundant. 4. Epidote. Size range: ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: probably clinozoisite. 5. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 50 micrometers; up to ca. 120 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to irregular with indistinct boundaries. Comments: brown to black. 6. Chert. Size range: ca. 62 micrometers. Shape: subrounded.

148

PSEIrA VI

II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 120 micrometers wide by ca. 400 micrometers long. Shape: lenticular to subrounded (400 x 400 micrometers); some planar cracks. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Phyllite no. 1. Size range: up to over 2 mm. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: contains fine muscovite; iron-stained cross-bedding planes; occasional crenulation fabric; uniform extinction; some biotitechlorite-rich examples; some with fine quartz veins cutting perpendicular to bedding planes; iron-rich laminae. 2. Phyllite no. 2. Size range: up to ca. 2 mm. Shape: angular. Comments: very fine-grained (chlorite, illite, or phengitic mica?), with detrital quartz; contains iron oxides; slaty cleavage; fine-scale bedding, occasionally crenulated; some laminae rich in quartz, epidote, or iron oxides; mass extinction. 3. Biotite. Size range: ca. 200–400 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: altering to chlorite, or in some instances intergrown with clusters of green amphibole. 4. opaque Minerals. Size range: up to ca. 600 micrometers. Shape: rounded to irregular to subangular. Comments: dark brown iron oxides. 5. Quartz rock Fragments. Size range: average ca. 200–400 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to angular. Comments: polycrystalline aggregates or microcrystalline mosaics; especially abundant in samples 4.30 and 4.50, in groundmass. 6. Siltstone. Size range: average ca. 1.5 mm. Shape: subrounded. Comments: some samples have biotite and epidote inclusions; dark brown iron oxides highlighting cross-lamination, relatively abundant in sample no. 7.24. 7. Chert. Size range: up to ca. 1 mm. Shape: subrounded to rounded. Comments: detrital. 8. Epidote. Size range: up to ca. 320 micrometers. Shape: rounded. Comments: aggregates in yellow isotropic matrix (weathered olivine?). 9. Feldspar. Size range: average ca. 120 micrometers. Shape: subhedral. Comments: in sample no. 7.24, detrital plagioclase with quartz grains and phyllite fragment. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 1. PhyllITE FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 20–40%. Voids, 3–5%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Biotite, 5–20%; Quartz, 2–15%; White Mica, 8%; Epidote, 3%; opaque Minerals, 2–4%; Chert, 1–3%. large Inclusions: Phyllite no. 1, 5–20%; Phyllite no. 2,

5–20%; Biotite, 3–8%; opaque Minerals, 3–8%; Quartz, 2–8%; Siltstone, 3%; Chert, 1–3%; Epidote, 1–3%; Feldspars, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

The constituents of this fabric are compatible with an origin in the locally abundant sediments formed from the Phyllite-Quartzite Series, though varying percentages of metamorphic or quartzitic rock fragments may reflect different sources for the clays. The abundance of the phyllitic fragments might initially suggest a crushed temper (Myer, McIntosh, and Betancourt 1995, 144), but Day has noted such inclusions in samples of clay from the Phyllite-Quartzite Series around the gulf of Mirabello near Pseira (1991, 84). This fabric is a common local fabric at Pseira and other sites in the region (Myer, McIntosh, and Betancourt 1995; Day 1991, 96, 100, 104–105).

Fabric 2. Phyllite Fabric no. 2 Number of samples examined: 9 (42, 65, Pseira VII, 1.31, 1.33, 1.36, 1.37, 1.65, 1.76, 9.63). Sample list by class (with sample no.): FN–EM Dark Burnished: 1.31, 1.33, 1.36, 1.37. EM jug with handle thrust through the wall: 1.65. EM elliptical pyxis: 1.76. EM pottery: 65. MM I–II pottery: 42, 9.63. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS) A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: red-brown or brown to dark gray-brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: about half the samples are birefringent (red to very dark brown).

B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 200–2,400 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 200–2,000 micrometers; ca. 60–80% inclusions; ca. 1–5% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: occasionally present. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: up to ca. 62 micrometers, generally ca. 40 micrometers. Shape: rounded to angular. Comments: percentages vary from 3–15%.

APPENDIx C 2. Mica. Size range: up to ca. 62 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: sample no. 65 very micaceous, though the percentage (5–10%) of discrete micas in this group probably varies according to the degree of crushing applied to the phyllitic inclusions before and/or after their incorporation into the clay paste. 3. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: rounded or irregularlyshaped. Comments: brown or black. 4. Epidote. Size range: average 50 micrometers. Shape: stubby prismatic. Comments: rare, except in sample no. 42; probably clinozoisite. 5. Feldspars. Size range: up to ca. 62 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: feldspar includes alkali (simple twins) and plagioclase (infrequent Albite twins). 6. Amphibole. Size range: average 30–60 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: infrequent. II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers wide by ca. 800 micrometers long. Shape: rounded or lenticular; occasionally irregular. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Phyllite no. 1. Size range: up to ca. 2.5 mm. Shape: angular. Comments: platy minerals include biotite, chlorite, and white mica; some iron-rich laminae; quartz; some cross-lamination in the phyllite, as well as strong crenulation fabric. 2. Fine-grained Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 2 mm. Shape: angular. Comments: very fine-grained (chlorite, illite, or phengitic mica?); detrital quartz; iron oxides; slaty cleavage, with fine-scale bedding affected by folding; occasional laminae rich in quartz, epidote, or iron oxides; mass extinction. 3. Quartzite. Size range: average ca. 750 to 1,500 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to angular. Comments: aggregates of metamorphic quartz grains with sutured boundaries, subgrain and new grain growths, and occasional grains of seriticized plagioclase; percentages of quartz constituents in the samples variable, with no. 1.76 more quartz-rich and no. 9.63 more amphibole-rich, for example. 4. Phyllite no. 2. Size range: up to ca. 1.8 mm. Shape: angular. Comments: coarser than phyllite no. 1; occasional foliation and compositional variation, including varying percentages of biotite, amphibole, muscovite, and epidote (probably clinozoisite); some fragments bordering on amphibolite.

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5. opaque Minerals. Size range: ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subrounded to irregular. Comments: brown to black iron oxides; 2–5%. 6. Epidote. Size range: average ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: anhedral. Comments: common; frequently colorless; with a single cleavage and straight extinction, moderate birefringence, and patchy zoning (yellow-blue) (clinozoisite?). 7. Amphibole. Size range: average 400 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: rare; strongly pleochroic; yellow to red-brown. 8. Carbonate. Size range: up to ca. 500 micrometers. Shape: rounded or irregular concentrations. Comments: micritic carbonate in rare percentages noted in samples nos. 42 and 1.76, where it appears to be a void-filling secondary micritic mud. 9. Feldspars. Size range: average ca. 300–600 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: occasional plagioclase and alkali feldspars. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 2. PhyllITE FABrIC No. 2 Matrix (groundmass), 20–40%. Voids, 1–5%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 3–15%; Mica, 5–10%; opaque Minerals, 3–5%; Epidote, 1–3%; Feldspars, 1%; Amphibole, 1%. large Inclusions: Phyllite no. 1, 5–20%; Fine-grained Phyllite, 5–15%; Quartzite, 5–15%; Phyllite no. 2, 5–10%; opaque Minerals, 2–5%; Epidote, 1–5%; Amphibole, 1–2%; Carbonate, 1%; Feldspars, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

Strongly crenulated phyllites, abundant amphiboles, and epidote grains suggest a source for the constituents in a zone affected by shearing and related metamorphic processes. The presence in this group of samples from Final Neolithic vessels, like no. 9.63, and Middle Minoan jars, like no. 65, demonstrates the long-term popularity of these types of ceramic raw materials. Similar fabrics are noted by Myer, McIntosh, and Betancourt (1995) and by Day (1991, 96–110) for pottery from sites in the Mirabello and Mochlos Bay areas.

Fabric 3. Quarzite-Phyllite with Carbonate Fabric Number of samples examined: 2 (Pseira VII, 4.16, 6.4).

150

PSEIrA VI

Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM Fine gray Ware, 6.4. MM II carinated cup, 4.16. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: gray-brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: isotropic; dark gray. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 600 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 300 micrometers; ca. 60–70% inclusions; ca. 3% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: parallel to surfaces. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: generally 50 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subangular. Comments: extremely abundant. 2. Calcite. Size range: generally 30 micrometers. Shape: subrounded calcite grains. Comments: uneven concentrations of fine grains throughout matrix. 3. Mica. Size range: generally 60 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: white. 4. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 80 micrometers, with the lower end of the range in the silt-size. Shape: rounded to subangular.

white mica in sub-schistose texture with subrounded opaque minerals; microfolding common. 5. Shale. Size range: up to ca. 1.5 mm. Shape: angular. Comments: mass extinction of pale micas; iron oxide staining of bedding planes; shows rare deformation. 6. opaque minerals. Size range: average 80 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subangular. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 3. QuArTzITEPhyllITE WITh CArBoNATE FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 28–40%. Voids, 3%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 18–25%; Calcite, 6–12%; Micas, 3–5%; opaque Minerals, 2–4%. large Inclusions: Quartz, 12–18%; Phyllite, 10–15%; Carbonates, 6–15%; Siltstone, 3%; Shale, 2–4%; opaque Minerals, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

This class has a very quartz-rich fabric with notable percentages of micritic carbonate impurities. The fabric appears to have been fired to temperatures over 850° C, though the fine grain-size of the carbonates may have slowed initiation of the dissociation process at such temperatures. All sherds are gray (reduced).

II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 500 micrometers wide by ca. 1 mm long. Shape: subrounded to lenticular. Comments: parallel to vessel surface. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 250–1,000 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: discrete grains or aggregates of metamorphic quartz. 2. Phyllite. Size range: generally 750–1,500 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: more deformation than the shale inclusions; some with non-pleochroic amphiboles. 3. Carbonates. Size range: generally ca. 200–500 micrometers. Shape: subrounded grains or grain aggregates. Comments: uneven distribution throughout matrix; rare micritic microfossils distinguishable in both samples; carbonates surrounded by rim (yellow in plane polarized light and dark brown in crosspolarized light): saltwater, or authigenic clay layer? 4. Siltstone. Size range: average ca. 500–1,000 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: fine

Fabric 4. Coarse Quartz-Mica Phyllite with Carbonates Fabric Number of samples examined: 2 (3, 274). Sample list by class (with sample no.): FN–EM closed vessel, 274. EM pottery, 3. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: red-brown to brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 200–1,200 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 200–1,000 micrometers; ca. 60–65% inclusions; ca. 4–5% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: moderate degree of preferred orientation.

APPENDIx C

D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 30 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: strained extinction; polycrystalline examples with sutured boundaries. 2. Muscovite. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: platy. 3. Amphibole. Size range: generally ca. 40 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: translucent red. 4. opaque Minerals. Size range: generally ca. 10–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to rounded to irregular. Comments: dark red-brown to black colors. 5. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: infrequent. II. VoIDS

Size range: generally ca. 400 micrometers wide by ca. 1.6 mm long. Shape: lenticular to tabular. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Coarse Quartz-Mica Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 1–2 mm. Shape: angular. Comments: Clast in sample no. 274 includes muscovite-biotite-epidote; chlorite-muscovite-albite present (green color of muscovite due to fungoid content?); accessory apatite present. 2. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 200–400 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: metamorphic origin. 3. Muscovite. Size range: generally ca. 120–320 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: abundant, especially in sample no. 274, as discrete grains and as constituents in the coarse phyllite fragments. 4. opaque Minerals. Size range: generally ca. 200–800 micrometers. Shape: angular to rounded. Comments: common in sample no. 3. 5. Carbonate. Size range: average ca. 400–600 micrometers. Shape: angular to rounded. Comments: micritic; occasionally partially dissociated or with relic booklist skeletal structure; inclusions ranging from discrete class with distinct boundaries to irregular concentrations in the matrix. 6. Siltstone. Size range: average ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: sample no. 274 with biotite-chlorite laths along bedding planes. 7. Chert. Size range: generally ca. 250–450 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: detrital in sample no. 274. 8. Epidote. Size range: ca. 100 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: sample no. 274 probably contains clinozoisite, a constituent that is especially common both as discrete grains and in coarse phyllite fragments (amphibolite facies or a

151

fragment of an epidote-actinolite phyllite?). 9. Feldspar. Size range: generally ca. 150 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: infrequent; very weathered; occasional simple or multiple twins. 10. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 100–150 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: infrequent; commonly pale, altering to chlorite; primarily in the coarse phyllite fragments; intergrown at times with green amphibole. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 4. CoArSE QuArTzMICA PhyllITE WITh CArBoNATES FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 30–35%. Voids, 4–5%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 10–15%; Muscovite, 5–10%; Amphibole, 2–4%; opaque Minerals, 2–4%; Biotite, 2%. large Inclusions: Coarse Quartz-Mica Phyllite, 5–10%; Quartz, 5%; Muscovite, 3–5%; opaque Minerals, 3–5%; Carbonate, 3%; Siltstone, 3%; Chert, 2%; Epidote, 2%; Feldspar, 2%; Biotite, 1–2%. V. DISCuSSIoN

The abundance of muscovite and the quartzmuscovite-biotite coarse phyllite fragments distinguish these samples from the Phyllite no. 1 and Phyllite no. 2 group. There are similarities in the constituents of sample no. 274 and the two samples associated with the limestone-Tempered Fabric (Fabric 5), for which see nos. 4.27 and 9.17. The association of the members of this group is rather loose.

Fabric 5. limestone-Tempered Fabric Number of samples examined: 8 (90, Pseira VII, 2.46, 4.27, 7.2, 7.26, 7.27, 9.17, 16.1). Sample list by class (with sample no.): FN–EM I Dark Burnished: 90, 2.46, 4.27, 7.2, 7.27, 7.62, 9.17, 16.1. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: red-brown to brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 400 micrometers to 2 mm; voids generally up to ca. 200–400 micrometers; ca. 55–65% inclusions; ca. 4–5% voids.

152

PSEIrA VI

C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: in sample no. 90, inclusions and matrix oriented at 45° angle to surfaces (consistent with wheel-made particle orientations). D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Calcite. Size range: up to ca. 10–60 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to subangular. 2. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 20–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: slightly strained extinction. 3. Feldspar. Size range: up to ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: anhedral to subhedral. Comments: infrequent; polysynthetic twins; some simple twins. 4. Chert. Size range: up to ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: rounded; detrital. Comments: infrequent. 5. Epidote Size range: up to ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: common in samples nos. 4.27, 9.17, and 16.1. 6. Muscovite. Size range: up to ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: infrequent; more common in samples nos. 4.27 and 16.1. 7. Amphibole. Size range: up to ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: red-translucent. 8. Biotite. Size range: up to ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: pleochroic. 9. Apatite. Size range: ca. 10–30 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: accessory. 10. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 10–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to rounded. Comments: red-brown. II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 100–200 micrometers wide by ca. 400 micrometers long. Shape: vugs and planar cracks, subangular to subrounded. Comments: many planar voids are probably the result of disaggregation of ceramic fabric during process of thin section preparation; subangular to subrounded voids probably from loss of carbonates and/or organic matter. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Carbonate. Size range: up to ca. 1–2 mm. Shape angular to subrounded. Comments: in nos. 90 and 7.2, clasts have larger grain size at rims and some patchy (neomorphic?) recrystallized inner areas; most clasts micritic; in no. 7.26, clasts more integrated with matrix (better crushing?); rare relic bioclasts (original skeletal structure lost) present; in no. 4.27, carbonate only approximately 10%. 2. Quartzite. Size range: up to ca. 1 mm. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: 1,000 micrometer angular clast in sample no. 7.2 with hematite-enriched

solution seams; stretched quartz; pressure shadows around some of the larger quartz grains. 3. Quartz. Size range: average ca. 200–400 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: discrete grains. 4. Epidote rock Fragments. Size range: up to ca. 1 mm. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: rock fragments infrequent (primarily noted in nos. 4.27, 9.17, and 16.1); fragments rich in epidotes and amphiboles, with a granoblastic or a random amphibole texture, with a ferruginous matrix. 5. Quartz-Muscovite-Chlorite Coarse Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 600 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: rare; present in sample no. 2.46. 6. Ferruginous Concretions. Size range: average ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: rounded. Comments: some with indistinct boundaries; moderately infrequent; most common in samples nos. 90 and 7.2; samples nos. 90 and 7.2 have 800-micrometer subrounded clasts with calcite grains in a ferruginous matrix. 7. Apatite. Size range: ca. 10–30 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: accessory. 8. Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 800 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: rare; occurs in sample no. 16.1. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 5. lIMESToNETEMPErED FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 25–35%. Voids, 4–5%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Calcite, 10–12%; Quartz, 3–4%; Feldspar, 2%; Chert, 2%; Epidote, 1–3%; Muscovite, 1–2%; Amphibole, 1–2%; Biotite, 1–2%; Apatite, 1–2%; opaque Minerals, 1–2%. large Inclusions: Carbonate, 20–30%; Quartzite, 3–4%; Quartz, 3–4%; Epidote rock Fragments, 3–4%; Quartz-Muscovite-Chlorite Phyllite, 1–2%; Ferruginous Concretions, 1–2%; Apatite, 1–2%; Phyllite, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

Brown opaque slip is noted on sample no. 2.46. Samples nos. 4.27 and 9.17 may reflect sediments with origins in amphibolite facies rocks, or may be fragments of an epidote-amphibole phyllite/schist of the greenschist facies. The carbonate and/or limestone inclusions are considered to be a temper, as a result of their angularity, abundance, and even distribution in the fine-grained matrix, and absence from clays in this form. The technology of lime, limestone, or calcite tempering was widespread in the Early Bronze Age Aegean, with examples known from lerna IV (Vaughan, Myer, and Betancourt 1995: Biogenic limestone group and Crushed

APPENDIx C

Calcite group), the Cyclades (Vaughan 1990), and elsewhere. The origins for the constituents of this fabric may be in the pelagic sediments of the Pindos Series limestones or Neogene marls, both locally available. The absence of any markedly microfossiliferous component suggests these clays underwent significant re-working and erosion, in contrast to the several highly microfossiliferous, but later fabrics noted by Day at gournia (1991, 97) and Pseira (1991, 104).

Fabric 6. granodiorite/Diorite (Mirabello) Fabric Number of samples examined: 11 (5, 11, 37, 56, 129, Pseira VII, 1.110, 4.35, 4.37, 5.20, 9.29, MISC 3). Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM I–II Fine gray Ware: MISC 3. EM IIA Koumasa Style: 9.29. EM IIB Vasilike Ware and red-Burnished Ware: 37, 129. EM III White-on-Dark Ware: 11, 5.20, 1.110. EM pottery: 56, 4.35, 4.37. MM tripod bowl: 5. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: red-brown, except sample no. MISC 3, which is brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: dark red-brown, gray-brown, or brown. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 20 micrometers to 2.5 mm; voids generally up to ca. 200–500 micrometers, with some voids up to 1,000 micrometers; ca. 20–40% inclusions; ca. 3–5% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: good to moderate orientation, parallel to surfaces in nos. 5, 11, 37, 129, 4.35, 9.29, and MISC 3. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: especially abundant in sample no. 56. 2. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 20–60 micrometers. Shape: platy to subrounded. Comments: pleochroic; red to brown; paler examples altering to chlorite along cleavages; especially abundant in nos. 37, 4.35, 5.20, and MISC 3.

153 3. Plagioclase. Size range: generally ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: some polysynthetic twins on the Albite law; some very weathered grains. 4. Amphibole. Size range: generally 30–60 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: strongly pleochroic, red-yellow or pale green-brown; most abundant in sample no. 129. 5. Epidote. Size range: generally ca. 40–60 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: especially common in sample no. 56. 6. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 20–50 micrometers. Shape: rounded to angular. Comments: black, dark brown, or red-brown. 7. Calcite. Size range: generally ca. 10–20 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: grain aggregates with micrite; common in sample no. 37.

II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 700 micrometers wide by ca. 1 mm long. Shape: vugs, or irregular voids from loss of rock fragments; small lenticular voids 200–400 micrometers. Comments: occasional shrinkage rims around rock; class due to different shrinkage. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. granodiorite/Diorite. Size range: generally ca. 400–800 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: Quartz, amphiboles, biotite, and rare clinopyroxenes, along with plagioclase feldspars, are the components of the rock fragments, which have subhedral textures. The feldspars are occasionally seriticized or argillized; albite is more common than Carlsbad twinning. Epidotes occasionally replace amphiboles. These rock fragments are generally large in contrast to the groundmass and other constituents, and they display marked bimodality like that reported by Day for similar fabrics at gournia and Pseira (1991, 91–93, 100, 103; pl. 13). They are considered to represent a temper. 2. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 200–400 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: discrete grains probably derived from igneous rock fragments. 3. Plagioclase. Size range: generally ca. 200–600 micrometers. Shape: anhedral to subhedral. Comments: polysynthetic twins on the Albite law, with occasional Carlsbad twins or oscillatory zoning; some seriticization or argillization; feldspars in nos. 11 and 129 fractured, with veins of quartz and plagioclase cutting the grains, consistent with a source affected by shearing; derived from the igneous rocks. 4. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 200–400 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: strongly pleochroic; occasionally deformed; derived from the igneous rocks.

154

PSEIrA VI

5. opaque Minerals. Size range: ca. 80–400 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: percentages vary between samples. 6. Amphibole. Size range: generally ca. 200–800 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: some may be replacing pyroxenes; some are being replaced by epidotes. 7. Siltstone. Size range: up to ca. 1 mm. Shape: subangular. Comments: rounded to angular, well-sorted quartz grains (20–50 micrometers) in matrix of cryptocrystalline quartz and white micas, with accessory apatite. 8. Carbonate. Size range: average ca. 200–400 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to rounded grains. Comments: in samples nos. 37 and 9.29, carbonates are in fine, silt-sized grain aggregates and throughout the matrix; in sample 9.29, carbonates are clasts of micrite. 9. Chert. Size range: average ca. 100–400 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subrounded. Comments: detrital, especially in sample 9.29 (Koumasa Style), which has micritic clasts. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 6. grANoDIorITE/ DIorITE (MIrABEllo) FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 10–20%. Voids, 2–4%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 3–5%; Biotite, 4%; Plagioclase, 1–4%; Amphibole, 1–4%; Epidote, 1–4%; opaque Minerals, 1–4%; Calcite, 1%. large Inclusions: granodiorite/Diorite, 10–20%; Quartz, 5–10%; Plagioclase, 5–10%; Biotite, 5–10%; opaque Minerals, 3–10%; Amphibole, 3–8%; Siltstone, 1%; Carbonate, 1%; Chert, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

Igneous intrusions of granite and diorite are recorded at several locations near the gulf of Mirabello (Papastamation et al. 1959; Day 1991, 77, 92–94). In this fabric, these inclusions are considered to represent a crushed rock temper, possibly added to the locally available Neogene gray marl clays, used by Day in replicating this fabric studied from gournia and Pseira (1991, 92–94, pl. 13), and also noted in later samples of cooking pottery from Pseira (Myer, McIntosh, and Betancourt 1995, 144). The carbonates probably reflect natural impurities contributed to the sediments from the Cretaceous limestones into which the granite and diorite were intruded.

Fabric 7. Fine granodiorite/Diorite Fabric Number of samples examined: 5 (62, 95, Pseira VII, 1.83, 3.5, 14.1). Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM Koumasa Style: 62, 1.83. EM pottery: 95. MM carinated cup: 3.5. MM pottery: 14.1. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS) A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: medium graybrown, with sample no. 14.1 slightly redder. 2. under cross-polarized light: slightly birefringent.

B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 200–800 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 200–400 micrometers; ca. 45–50% inclusions; ca. 3–4% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: moderate to good orientation parallel to surfaces, except in sample no. 95. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: fine platy. Comments: pleochroic; often pale (altering to chlorite?). 2. Clay Pellets. Size range: generally ca. 20–60 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subrounded. Comments: ferruginous; often indistinct boundaries; dark red color contrasting with matrix; clay pellets in subordinate percentage to groundmass clay. 3. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 20 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: most abundant in sample no. 14.1. 4. Amphibole. Size range: generally ca. 20 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: dark red translucent; especially common in sample no. 95. 5. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to rounded. Comments: black or dark brown; present in nos. 62 and 14.1 where the opaque material is associated with the dark red clay pellets. 6. Calcite. Size range: average ca. 20 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: secondary origin at surface of samples nos. 95 and 14.1.

APPENDIx C

155

II. VoIDS

Fabric 8. Metamorphic Quartz Sand Fabric

Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers wide by ca. 400 micrometers long. Shape: vugs, some subrounded (burned-out organic matter).

Number of samples examined: 3 (Pseira VII, 1.29, 2.37, 9.4).

III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. granodiorite/Diorite. Size range: up to ca. 200–800 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: material probably crushed rock temper as for Fabric 6; grains well-sorted and distributed throughout the fine matrix, giving the fabric a more exaggerated bimodality than that of Fabric 6; fragments include amphibole, biotite, and plagioclase feldspars; some clasts very altered (for example, in sample no. 14.1). 2. opaque Minerals. Size range: up to ca. 800 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subangular or irregular. Comments: black to dark brown iron mineral concentrations, or alterations of mafic granodiorite/diorite constituents. 3. Clay Pellets. Size range: up to ca. 70–1,250 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subrounded. Comments: density and darker red color contrasting to gray-brown matrix clay, with relatively even distribution. 4. Feldspar. Size range: average ca. 400–600 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: occasional multiple twins; predominantly seriticized or argillized. 5. Amphibole. Size range: average ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: rare; iron mineral enrichment at rims. 6. Epidote. Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: rare. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 7. FINE grANoDIorITE/ DIorITE FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 45–50%. Voids, 3–4%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Biotite, 3–15%; Clay Pellets, 3%; Quartz, 3%; Amphibole, 7%; opaque Minerals, 1–3%; Calcite, 1%. large Inclusions: granodiorite/Diorite, 6–12%; opaque Minerals, 3–8%; Clay Pellets, 1–2%; Feldspar, 1–2%; Amphibole, 1–2%; Epidote, 1–2%. V. DISCuSSIoN

The origins of the materials of this fabric are as for Fabric 6, though the groundmass clays have been more refined, either because they were transported sediments or because they were refined by the potters.

Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM Fine gray Ware: 1.29. EM pottery: 2.37. EM–MM I pottery: 9.4. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: dark gray-brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: heterogeneous and sandy; samples nos. 2.37 and 1.29 slightly birefringent; sample 9.4 not birefringent. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 200–1,200 micrometers; voids generally ca. 10–1,000 micrometers; ca. 50–60% inclusions; ca. 6–8% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: preferred orientation of inclusions and voids parallel to surfaces. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 10–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: some grains exhibit undulose extinction. 2. Mica. Size range: generally ca. 20 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: white; very fine lathshaped grains. 3. opaque Minerals. Size range: generally ca. 10–60 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subangular. Comments: dark red-brown, slightly translucent to dark brown, opaque, or black. 4. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 30 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: pleochroic; redbrown. II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers wide by ca. 1.2 mm long. Shape: lenticular, subangular or vugs. Comments: lenticular voids probably a result of manufacturing stresses; others represent lost constituents or disaggregation of fabric. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Quartzite. Size range: up to ca. 300–400 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: a few polycrystalline aggregates with sutured boundaries

156

PSEIrA VI

and undulose extinction; subgrain and new grain development; some ribbon quartz fragments. 2. Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 1,000 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: some iron staining of fine bedding planes; locally quartz or mica (chlorite) rich; some fragments exhibit crenulation fabric; the more argillaceous examples have mass extinction. 3. Quartz. Size range: average ca. 200–500 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: monocrystalline with unstrained extinction, especially wellsorted in sample no. 9.4. 4. Plagioclase. Size range: up to ca. 100 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: very weathered; rare micrographic texture; some polysynthetic twins on Albite law; rare Carlsbad twinning. 5. Chert. Size range: average ca. 150 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: detrital. 6. opaque Minerals. Size range: generally ca. 50–100 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subangular. 7. Amphibole. Size range: average ca. 100 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to subangular. Comments: red translucent; anhedral; occasionally altering to epidote. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 8. METAMorPhIC QuArTz SAND FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 35–40%. Voids, 6–8%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 30%; Mica, 3%; opaque Minerals, 3%; Biotite, 1–3%. large Inclusions: Quartzite, 10–15%; Phyllite, 6%; Quartz, 6%; Plagioclase, 1–3%; Chert, 1%; opaque Minerals, 6–9%; Amphibole, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

Sample no. 9.4 appears to be a finer-grained version of the other two members of this fabric. Constituents are derived from the very weathered sediments from locally available granitic intrusions and the Quartzite-Phyllite series. The source is a much more altered deposit than is represented in the phyllitic fabrics in this study.

Fabric 9. Fine Fabric with Biotite and red Clay Pellets Number of samples examined: 3 (Pseira VII, 1.55, 1.101, 4.52). Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM IIB Vasilike Ware: 1.55, 1.101. MM I–IIA pottery: 4.52.

I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: light gray-brown, speckled with dark red. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent; relatively homogeneous. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 20–30 micrometers and 200–500 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 200–800 micrometers; ca. 50–60% inclusions; ca. 5–7% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: preferred orientation parallel to surfaces. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 30–50 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: pale; frequently not pleochroic (altering to chlorite). 2. Amphibole. Size range: generally ca. 10–30 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to subangular. Comments: yellow-gold; deep red in plane-polarized light. 3. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 30–50 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: some undulose extinction. 4. Chert. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. 5. Plagioclase. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to subangular. Comments: very weathered. 6. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 40 micrometers. Shape: subangular to rounded. Comments: dark brown. II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 100 micrometers wide by ca. 1 mm long. Shape: lenticular, occasionally subrounded. Comments: primarily manufacturing voids. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. red Clay Pellets. Size range: generally ca. 200–600 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subrounded. Comments: generally without inclusions; occasionally indistinct boundaries with matrix, suggesting the pellets were somewhat plastic on incorporation with the clay. 2. Biotite. Size range: average ca. 100–200 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: yellow to orange pleochroism or pale.

APPENDIx C 3. Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 120 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: stretched quartz, with biotite, epidote, and amphibole inclusions in the fine-grained detrital fragments. 4. Quartz. Size range: up to ca. 200–400 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: undulose extinction; some subgrain development. 5. Amphibole. Size range: average ca. 100 micrometers. Shape: subhedral. 6. opaque Minerals. Size range: ca. 150 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to subangular. Comments: redbrown to dark brown. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 9. FINE FABrIC WITh BIoTITE AND rED ClAy PEllETS Matrix (groundmass), 35–45%. Voids, 5–7%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Biotite, 12%; Amphibole, 3%; Quartz, 2–3%; Chert, 1–2%; Plagioclase, 1%; opaque Minerals, 1–2%. large Inclusions: red Clay Pellets, 12–20%; Biotite, 3%; Quartz, 1–2%; Amphibole, 1–2%; Phyllite, 1%; opaque Minerals, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

The red clay pellets may represent a subordinate percentage of a different clay, present as a natural impurity as noted by Day for the local Neogene and Flysch clays (1991, 82, 84), or they may be present as a temper.

Fabric 10. Siltstone Fabric Number of samples examined: 1 (Pseira VII, 4.57). Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM–MM stand: 4.57. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: medium brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: dark red, slightly birefringent. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 800–3,000 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 200–800 micrometers; ca. 10–15% inclusions; ca. 10–15% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: moderate degree of orientation parallel to surfaces.

157

D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: oriented parallel to surfaces. 2. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 20 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: undulose extinction occasionally. 3. Epidote. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: replacing amphibole. 4. Chert. Size range: generally ca. 40 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: detrital. 5. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to subangular. Comments: dark brown to black. II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 400 micrometers wide by ca. 1,200 micrometers long. Shape: lenticular, subrounded, vug. Comments: lenticular voids probably from manufacturing processes. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Siltstone. Size range: up to ca. 3 mm. Shape: rounded. Comments: angular to subrounded quartz grains; well-sorted (120–150 micrometers) in matrix of fine quartz, plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, and epidote; randomly oriented. 2. Clay Pellets. Size range: up to ca. 2 mm. Shape: subrounded. Comments: denser than matrix in planepolarized light; no inclusions; in cross-polarized light often appear dark brown and opaque, as if more vitrified (or indurated) than matrix; polygonal cracks visible in plane-polarized light. 3. Biotite. Size range: average ca. 100 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: pale pleochroism (altering to chlorite). 4. Quartz. Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: metamorphic grains; some as aggregates. 5. opaque Minerals. Size range: ca. 80–250 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: dark brown to black. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 10. SIlTSToNE FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 60%. Voids, 10–15%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Biotite, 7%; Quartz, 3%; Epidote, 1%; Chert, 1%; opaque Minerals, 1%. large Inclusions: Siltstone, 12–14%; Clay Pellets, 12–14%; Biotite, 3%; Quartz, 3%; opaque Minerals, 2%.

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PSEIrA VI

V. DISCuSSIoN

Microfossil relics are visible in plane-polarized light throughout the matrix, altered to Cao, so no calcitic components are left (central Cretan manufacture [?], for which see Day 1991).

Fabric 11. Altered Igneous rock Fragments with Siltstone and Phyllite Number of samples examined: 1 (Pseira VII, 1.109). Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM–MM pottery: 1.109 I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: very dark redbrown. 2. under cross-polarized light: very dark redbrown, characterized by very abundant thin lenticular (shrinkage?) voids oriented parallel to the surface. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 100–2,000 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 250–1,000 micrometers; ca. 50–55% inclusions; ca. 15–20% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: strong orientation parallel to surfaces. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. 2. Feldspar. Size range: generally ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: very weathered. 3. Carbonate. Size range: generally ca. 40–50 micrometers. Shape: rounded. Comments: micritic; obscured by absorption colors of matrix and slightly thick slide. 4. Chert. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: detrital. 5. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 20–50 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: difficult to see in this slide.

result of over-firing; some more rounded voids have light brown clay-like rims, features which can result from the partial loss of small calcareous or micritic clasts (altered to Cao from exposure to firing temperatures over 900° C). III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Quartz. Size range: mostly up to ca. 350 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subangular. Comments: some polycrystalline grains, ca. 800 micrometers long. 2. Igneous rock Fragments. Size range: up to ca. 2 mm. Shape: subangular. Comments: biotite, chlorite fans, clay, and amphibole replace original constituents (pyroxenes and feldspars?); spherulites replaced by chlorite in one fragment. 3. Siltstone. Size range: average ca. 1,250 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: ferruginous matrix with well-sorted (40 micrometer) grains (angular to subrounded). 4. Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 1 mm. Shape: angular. Comments: contains quartz grains, well sorted (40 micrometers), as well as angular, opaque minerals and pale (probably chloritic?) micas. 5. Chert. Size range: average ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 11. AlTErED IgNEouS roCKS WITh SIlTSToNE AND PhyllITE FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 30%. Voids, 15–20%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 6–10%; Feldspar, 2–3%; Carbonate, 1–2%; Chert, 1%; opaque Minerals 1%. large Inclusions: Quartz, 15%; Igneous rock Fragments, 10–12%; Siltstone, 6–8%; Phyllite, 3%; Chert 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

yellow clay material lines one of the cracks. The thickness of the sample and its high firing have obscured many of the (possibly calcareous) inclusions.

Fabric 12. Sandy Micaceous Fabric with Carbonate

II. VoIDS

Number of samples examined: 1 (275).

Size range: up to ca. 150 micrometers wide by ca. 2 mm long. Shape: lenticular and subangular. Comments: vesicles most abundant, probably as a

Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM–MM II pottery: 275.

APPENDIx C I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions: mostly ca. 80–250 micrometers; a few ca. 800–1,300 micrometers; ca. 55–60% inclusions; ca. 5% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: strong preferred orientation parallel to vessel surfaces. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: very well sorted and evenly distributed throughout the matrix; strained extinction. 2. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: platy to subrounded. Comments: slightly pleochroic. 3. Muscovite. Size range: generally ca. 40–60 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: slightly stubbier crystals than the biotite grains. 4. Carbonate. Size range: generally 60 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subrounded. Comments: occasional relic microfossil, though primarily micritic (rimmed in slightly larger calcite grains). 5. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subangular. Comments: dark red-brown to brown. 6. Feldspar. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: subhedral to anhedral. Comments: very weathered. II. VoIDS

159

3. Carbonate. Size range: up to ca. 800 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: micritic clasts. 4. Biotite. Size range: average ca. 150 micrometers. Shape: platy. 5. Clay Pellets. Size range: average ca. 400–1,200 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: slightly birefringent but denser than sherd matrix; commonly surrounded by shrink rims; polygonal cracking visible in plane-polarized light. 6. opaque Minerals. Size range: up to ca. 120 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: black to very dark brown. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 12. SANDy MICACEouS FABrIC WITh CArBoNATE Matrix (groundmass), 35–40%. Voids, 5%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 5–8%; Biotite, 5%; Muscovite, 5%; Carbonate, 3–5%; opaque Minerals, 2%; Feldspar, 1%. large Inclusions: Quartz, 10%; Muscovite, 8%; Carbonate, 5–8%; Biotite, 7%; Clay Pellets, 3%; opaque Minerals, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

The carbonate and clay pellets (or mudstone) may represent a temper added to a micaceous clay derived from a quartz-mica phyllite or schist which underwent sorting during transport or redeposition as a sand-grade sediment.

Fabric 13. Coarse Phyllite, Quartzite, and Altered Igneous rock Fragments Fabric

Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers wide by ca. 200–400 micrometers long. Shape: most subrounded; few lenticular. Comments: predominantly from loss of sandy or calcareous constituents.

Number of samples examined: 1 (Pseira VII, 2.65).

III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS)

I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

1. Quartz. Size range: up to ca. 400 micrometers; most ca. 150–200 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: undulose extinction; even distribution of well-sorted grains throughout the matrix; rare aggregates of quartzite. 2. Muscovite. Size range: up to ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: occasional intergrowth with a fibrous mineral (amphibole?).

Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM I–II pottery: 2.65

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: red-brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 400–800 (to 1,000) micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 120–800 micrometers; ca. 55% inclusions; ca. 5% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: preferred orientation at approximately 45°

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PSEIrA VI angle to vessel surfaces (result of wheel-made stress?).

D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: undulose extinction. 2. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: platy. 3. Epidote. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. 4. Plagioclase. Size range: 60 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: occasional polysynthetic twins on the Albite law. 5. Chert. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: detrital. 6. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 30– 50 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: dark brown to black. II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers wide by ca. 800 micrometers long. Shape: subrounded and lenticular. Comments: abundant fine lenticular voids from manufacturing stresses (40 x 350 micrometers). III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Quartz. Size range: up to ca. 100–400 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: undulose extinction; occasional grain with fine pressure-shadow minerals attached (phyllosilicates or quartz). 2. Quartzite. Size range: up to ca. 300–500 micrometers. Shape: angular to rounded. Comments: subgrain and new grain development; sutured boundaries; some fragments exhibit mortar structure. 3. Igneous rock Fragments. Size range: up to ca. 600–1,300 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subangular. Comments: extremely altered; argillaceous or ferruginous groundmass with quartz, chlorite, or amphibole replacement of original igneous constituents. 4. Coarse Quartz-Mica Phyllite. Size range: average ca. 600 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: biotite (pale–chloritic?), quartz, opaque minerals, and ironstaining along bedding planes. 5. Siltstones. Size range: average ca. 200–600 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: matrix of fine silica; argillaceous material with chlorite, epidote, amphiboles, and opaque minerals present in varying percentages. 6. Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 400–800 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: contains fine quartz, chlorite and/or white mica, amphiboles, and iron oxide minerals.

7. opaque Minerals. Size range: ca. 80–200 micrometers. Shape: subangular to rounded. Comments: dark brown to black. 8. Chert. Size range: ca. 100–200 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to rounded. Comments: detrital. IV. MoDAlITy, 13. CoArSE PhyllITE, QuArTzITE, AND AlTErED IgNEouS roCK FrAgMENTS FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 40%. Voids, 5%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 5%; Biotite, 2%; Epidote, 2%; Plagioclase, 1%; Chert, 1%; opaque Minerals, under 1%. large Inclusions: Quartz, 12%; Quartzite, 10%; Igneous Class, 8%; Coarse Quartz-Mica Phyllite, 5%; Siltstone, 5%; Phyllite, 2%; opaque Minerals, 1–2%; Chert, under 1%.

Fabric 14. Weathered Phyllite Fabric Number of samples examined: 1 (Pseira VII, 9.19). Sample list by class (with sample no.): FN–EM I dark, burnished pottery: 9.19. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: yellow-brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent, nonuniform extinction. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 320 micrometers; weathered phyllite ca. 400–800 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 120–800 micrometers; ca. 55% inclusions; ca. 5–8% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: moderate orientation of grains parallel to surfaces. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: orange-brown pleochroism. 2. Amphibole. Size range: generally ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: dark red, translucent. 3. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 20–60 micrometers. Shape: angular. 4. Apatite. Size range: generally ca. 30 micrometers. Shape: prismatic to angular. Comments: accessory.

APPENDIx C 5. opaque Minerals. Size range: generally ca. 30 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 160 micrometers wide by ca. 800 micrometers long. Shape: vugs, subrounded and lenticular. Comments: one large void 600 x 1,000 micrometers; most appear to originate from inclusion loss. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 800 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: contains fine-grained quartz, biotite, chlorite, amphibole, epidote, and iron minerals in varying percentages in different fragments. 2. Weathered Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 600–800 micrometers. Shape: rounded to subangular. Comments: dark red ferruginous groundmass, incorporating grains of crypto-crystalline quartz, chlorite, quartz, phyllite, and dark red iron concretions; many clasts exhibit planar cracking in plane-polarized light and appear more vitrified than the matrix; discontinuous shrink rims surrounding some clasts. 3. Quartz. Size range: up to ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: discrete grains or polycrystalline aggregates with subgrain and new grain growth; undulose extinction. 4. Chert. Size range: average ca. 200–400 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. 5. Microcline. Size range: average ca. 100–300 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: weathered microcline with shadowy cross-hatch twinning. 6. Plagioclase. Size range: up to ca. 80 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: weathered; polysynthetic twins visible. 7. opaque Minerals. Size range: ca. 80–200 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: dark red-brown to black; more abundant within the weathered phyllite clasts. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 14. WEAThErED PhyllITE FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 40%. Voids, 5–8%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Biotite, 6%; Amphibole, 6%; Quartz, 1–3%; Apatite, under 1%; opaque Minerals, 1%. large Inclusions: Phyllite, 12%; Weathered Phyllite, 12%; Quartz, 6–10%; Chert, 2%; Microcline, under 1%; Plagioclase, under 1%; opaque Minerals, 1%.

161

V. DISCuSSIoN

The highly weathered phyllite clasts appear similar to grog, with sharp boundaries and compositions distinct from the groundmass. however, several of these clasts, less intensely colored (perhaps due to higher percentages of mica), have diffuse boundaries with the matrix, suggesting they were plastic upon incorporation into the clay. The argillaceous class may represent a temper or a naturally-occurring subordinate clay material within the groundmass clay. More samples and fieldwork are needed to address these questions.

Fabric 15. Phyllite, Carbonate, and Altered Igneous rocks Fabric Number of samples examined: 1 (Pseira VII, 7.25). Sample list by class (with sample no.): FN–EM I dark, burnished pottery: 7.25. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent, nonuniform extinction. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 50–600 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 100–400 micrometers; ca. 60% inclusions; ca. 6% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: moderate orientation of inclusion with long axes parallel to surfaces. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: undulose extinction. 2. Feldspar. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: Carlsbad twinning common (alkali feldspar?); some very weathered plagioclase grains with multiple twins. 3. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: platy. 4. Epidote. Size range: average ca. 10–40 micrometers. Shape: angular. 5. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 20–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded or irregular. Comments: dark red-brown or black.

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PSEIrA VI

II. VoIDS

Fabric 16. Fine Sandy Micaceous Fabric

Size range: up to ca. 10–50 micrometers wide by ca. 400–800 micrometers long. Shape: subrounded.

Number of samples examined: 1 (Pseira VII, 4.74).

III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Altered Igneous rock Fragments. Size range: up to ca. 400–800 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to subangular. Comments: fine groundmass heavily argillized (yellow or gray color in plane-polarized light); varying percentages of iron minerals, weathered plagioclase grains, chlorite, epidote, and green amphibole, with subangular quartz grains. 2. Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: contains fine quartz, white mica, and amphibole. 3. Carbonate. Size range: average ca. 300 micrometers. Shape: rounded. Comments: micritic clast with patchy areas of recrystallization and a subrounded ferruginous clast incorporated. 4. Plagioclase. Size range: up to ca. 160 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: polysynthetic twins common in larger grains. 5. Epidote. Size range: 120 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: discrete grains (possibly clinozoisite) and aggregates of crystals with bright second order interference colors. 6. opaque Minerals. Size range: up to ca. 100–200 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 15. PhyllITE, CArBoNATE, AND AlTErED IgNEouS roCKS FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 35%. Voids, 6%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 7–10%; Feldspar, 6–7%; Biotite, 3–4%; Epidote, 2%; opaque Minerals, 1%. large Inclusions: Altered Igneous rock Fragments, 12–14%; Phyllite, 10–12%; Carbonate, 7%; Plagioclase, 2%; Epidote, 2%; opaque Minerals, 2%.

Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM I–II imported pottery: 4.74. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: slightly birefringent and uniform extinction of fine particles. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 10–200 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 160–680 micrometers; ca. 50–55% inclusions; ca. 8% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: strongly preferred orientation parallel to surfaces. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: undulose extinction; subgrain development; well sorted and evenly distributed throughout the matrix; occasional cryptocrystalline clasts; some grains coated in yellow clay. 2. Mica. Size range: generally ca. 20–60 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: pale (chloritic?); occasionally dark red-brown. 3. Amphibole. Size range: generally ca. 50–60 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: deep red to orange colors. 4. Plagioclase. Size range: generally ca. 50 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: polysynthetic twins common in weathered grains. 5. Epidote. Size range: generally ca. 40–60 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: pale to yellow colors. 6. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 20–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to rounded. Comments: red-brown to dark brown.

V. DISCuSSIoN

II. VoIDS

The altered igneous rock fragments appear detrital, possibly water-worn, from a dioritic or andesitic intrusion source, weathered to a sand.

Size range: up to ca. 40 micrometers wide by ca. 200 micrometers long. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: primarily from loss of sand grains.

APPENDIx C III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Quartz. Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: angular to subangular. Comments: undulose extinction. 2. Phyllite. Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: angular. Comments: contains biotite and fine quartz grains. 3. Chert. Size range: average ca. 150 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: detrital. 4. Plagioclase. Size range: up to ca. 150 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: weathered; occasional intergrowths with another feldspar (alkali?). 5. Biotite. Size range: average ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: pale or slightly red-brown. 6. Muscovite. Size range: up to ca. 600 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: rare. 7. Carbonate. Size range: ca. 80–150 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: fine calcite grain aggregates; probably detrital (partly obscured by matrix in this slide). 8. opaque Minerals. Size range: ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: redbrown to black. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 16. FINE SANDy MICACEouS FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 35–40%. Voids, 8–10%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Quartz, 14%; Mica, 12%; Amphibole, 6%; Plagioclase, 2–4%; Epidote, 1%; opaque Minerals, 1%. large Inclusions: Quartz, 6%; Phyllite, 3%; Chert, 2%; Plagioclase, 2%; Biotite, 2%; Muscovite, under 1%; Carbonate, 1%; opaque Minerals, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

Constituents are derived from sediments compatible with the Quartzite-Phyllite Series and include detrital igneous components. The degree of weathering of the inclusions suggests the clay formed at some distance from the parent rock.

Fabric 17. Fine Calcareous Fabric Number of samples examined: 1 (Pseira VII, 9.31). Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM Fine gray Ware: 9.31.

163

I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS).

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: light mediumbrown. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally ca. 80 micrometers, up to 320 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 600 micrometers; ca. 40–50% inclusions; ca. 2% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: fine particles oriented parallel to surface near surface, less so elsewhere. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Calcite. Size range: generally ca. 5–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: grains represent the coarser component of the calcareous groundmass clay; no evidence of recrystallization present. 2. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: undulose extinction common. 3. Chert. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: detrital. 4. Amphibole. Size range: generally ca. 40 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: red. 5. Mica. Size range: generally ca. 60 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: pale (chlorite?). 6. Apatite. Size range: generally ca. 20–40 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. 7. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 20–50 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded, irregular. Comments: dark brown or red-brown. II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers wide by ca. 400–600 micrometers long. Shape: subangular to subrounded, vugs, lenticular. Comments: primarily due to manufacturing stresses or loss of constituents. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Carbonate. Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: microfossil tests occasionally present; even distribution throughout fabric. 2. Quartz. Size range: up to ca. 320 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: round clast of chalcedonic silica (150 micrometers) and other examples of radiolaria present; subgrain and new grain development in polycrystalline examples.

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PSEIrA VI

3. Chert. Size range: average ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: detrital. 4. opaque Minerals. Size range: up to ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: subrounded or irregular concentrations. Comments: red-brown; diffuse boundaries with matrix common. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 17. FINE CAlCArEouS FABrIC Matrix (groundmass), 35–38%. Voids, 2%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Calcite, 35–38%; Quartz, 4%; Chert, 2%; Amphibole, 2%; Mica, 1%; Apatite, under 1%; opaque Minerals, under 1%. large Inclusions: Carbonate, 7%; Quartz, 3–5%; Chert, 1%; opaque Minerals, 1%. V. DISCuSSIoN

Sources for the clays of this fabric would include marine calcareous sediments.

Fabric 18. Fine Micaceous with Carbonate Fabric Number of samples examined: 1 (Pseira VII, 9.30). Sample list by class (with sample no.): EM IIA Fine gray Ware: 9.30. I. MATrIx (grouNDMASS)

A. optical properties and color: 1. under plane-polarized light: yellow-brown. 2. under cross-polarized light: birefringent; relatively uniform extinction. B. overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids: inclusions generally silt-sized; few larger ca. 150–600 micrometers; voids generally up to ca. 200–400 micrometers; ca. 50–55% inclusions; ca. 2% voids. C. overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids: preferred orientation parallel to surfaces. D. Silt-size inclusions (under 62 micrometers): 1. Biotite. Size range: generally ca. 10–40 micrometers. Shape: platy. Comments: brown or pale (chloritic?); occasionally altering to amphibole. 2. Quartz. Size range: generally ca. 30–60 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: a few grains cryptocrystalline. 3. Amphibole. Size range: generally 20–40 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: redorange.

4. Calcite. Size range: generally ca. 20–50 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: wellsorted and evenly distributed throughout matrix. 5. opaque Minerals. Size range: average ca. 20–60 micrometers. Shape: subrounded to angular. Comments: dark brown. II. VoIDS

Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers wide by ca. 400–600 micrometers long. Shape: subangular to subrounded; few lenticular and planar cracks. Comments: primarily from loss of constituents. III. INCluSIoNS ABoVE SIlT-SIzE (ABoVE 62 MICroMETErS) 1. Quartz. Size range: up to ca. 200–600 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: undulose extinction; some subgrain development in polycrystalline clasts; one fragment with stretched grains resembling ribbon quartz. 2. Carbonate. Size range: up to ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: some patchy recrystallization in clasts; in sample no. 9.30, two fragments perhaps from shells. 3. Epidote rock Fragment. Size range: average ca. 600 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: epidote, quartz grains, and green amphibole present; possibly a fragment from an epidote-actinolite phyllite or schist. 4. Altered Igneous rock Fragments. Size range: up to ca. 500 micrometers. Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comments: one example contains spherulitic quartz (microfossil?); epidote or chlorite replacements of original igneous minerals common. 5. Chert. Size range: average ca. 200 micrometers. Shape: subrounded. Comments: detrital. 6. Feldspar. Size range: up to ca. 400 micrometers. Shape: subangular. Comments: weathered; very fine green amphibole and epidote inclusions within some feldspar. 7. Fossil Shells. Size range: up to ca. 300 micrometers. Shape: visible as arcuate shell sections. 8. Amphibole. Size range: up to ca. 240 micrometers. 9. opaque Minerals. Size range: ca. 80–200 micrometers. Shape: angular to subrounded. Comments: redbrown to black. IV. MoDAlITy, FABrIC 18. FINE MICACEouS FABrIC WITh CArBoNATE Matrix (groundmass), 45–50%. Voids, 2%. Silt-Size Inclusions: Biotite, 18%; Quartz, 8%; Amphibole, 3–5%; Calcite, 3%; opaque Minerals, 2%.

APPENDIx C large Inclusions: Quartz, 5%; Carbonate, 3%; Epidote rock Fragments, 2%; Altered Igneous rocks, 2%; Chert, 1–2%; Feldspar, under 1%; Fossil Shells, 1%; Amphibole, 1%; opaque Minerals, 2%.

165

V. DISCuSSIoN

The fabric has epidote-rich rock fragments similar to those in samples 4.27 and 9.17, associated with limestone-Tempered Fabric (Fabric 5).

Discussion of the Fabrics The fabrics of the Pseira cemetery are consistent with the use of locally-available raw materials (primarily metamorphic and igneous derived) for manufacture of the majority of vessels sampled. The metamorphic fabrics reflect the lowgrade facies of the Quartzite-Phyllite Series (predominantly greenschist or phyllonite), and the presence in most of these fabrics of grain or rock fragment deformation (fractured grains, crenulation fabrics, mortar structure, and sheet silicate beards) suggests most constituents were derived from sediments or formations affected by shearing. The alteration of the feldspars and the abundance of replacement epidotes and amphiboles point to saussuritization in addition to seriticization. The biotite in the igneous rock fragments may represent deuteric replacement of pyroxene (Myer, McIntosh, and Betancourt 1995, 144). There were no fabrics which could be identified with any security as “imports” (either from elsewhere in Crete or from outside the island) purely on the basis of material composition. The Siltstone Fabric (Fabric 10) has been identified in previous studies as possibly a north-central Cretan fabric (Vaughan 1989, 56; Betancourt 1990a, 11; Day 1988, 505; 1991, 45, 91–110). The fabrics on the whole reflect divergent manufacturing technologies in that the metamorphic fabrics (coarse and finer-grained) probably represent the use of naturally heterogeneous clays, or mixed plastic

materials, while many of the other fabrics (Fabrics 6, 7, and 10, for example) represent the addition of a crushed rock temper (granodiorite, limestone, and siltstone) or alluvial or beach sand (Fabrics 13 and 15) to a groundmass clay. The examples of the earliest pottery from the cemetery (FN–EM I dark, burnished fabrics and other burnished pottery in Fabrics 1, 2, and 14) appear to have been made primarily from metamorphic materials, either naturally refined or refined by the potter, and perhaps mixed on occasion. only the samples of EM Dark-on-light and Koumasa Style sherds were made from granodioritic materials, using crushed rock temper. In addition, the highly micofossiliferous calcareous clays identified by Day (1991, 97, 104–106) as consistent with central Cretan manufacture were not noted among these fabrics, though the common Early Bronze Age practice of limestone or calcite tempering was represented in Fabric 5 (see the Discussion section for this fabric). The absence of the microfossiliferous fabrics thought to be central Cretan may reflect less contact with that area by inhabitants at Pseira during these periods. And finally, Sample no. 9.4 in Fabric 8 (Metamorphic Quartz Sand Fabric) may be consistent with the sandy fabric previously described by Day for transport jars (1988, 505) and ovalmouth amphorae (1991, 97), suggested to be a product of Mesara workshops.

Bibliographical References Albani, J. 1995. “Das Kloster auf Pseira. Die Architektur,” Akten des XII. Internationalen Kongresses für Christliche Archäologie, Munster, 466–471. ———. 1996. “Excavations at Pseira. An Early Byzantine Rural Monastery,” XIX International Congress of Byzantine Studies, University of Copenhagen, 18–24 August, 1996, Abstract of Communications, 1114. Albani, J., and N. Poulou-Papadimitriou. 1990. “Church Complex at Pseira; Excavations at Pseira, 1987 and 1988,” Cretan Studies 2, 1–9. Aspinall, A., S.W. Feather, and C. Renfrew. 1972. “Neutron Activation Analysis of Aegean Obsidians,” Nature 237, 333–334. Bambauer, H.U., F. Taborsky, and H.D. Trochim. 1979. Optical Determination of Rock-Forming Minerals by W.E. Tröger. Stuttgart. Banou, Eleni S. 1998. “The Pottery, Building AC,” in Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1998, 13–26. Bauran, Cl., P. Darque, and C. Verlinden. 1982. “Μάλια. Νοτιοανατολικές παρυϕές του ανακτόρου,” ArchDelt 37, 394–395. Becker, Marshall J. 1976. “Soft-Stone Sources on Crete,” JFA 3, 361–374. Becker, Marshall J., and Philip P. Betancourt. 1997. Richard Berry Seager: Pioneer Archaeologist and Proper Gentleman. Philadelphia. Betancourt, Philip P. 1977. “Some Chronological Problems in the Middle Minoan Dark-on-Light Pottery of Eastern Crete,” AJA 81, 341–353. ———. 1979. Vasilike Ware. Göteborg. ———. 1980. Cooking Vessels from Minoan Kommos. A Preliminary Report. Los Angeles. ———. 1983. Minoan Objects Excavated from Vasilike, Pseira ... and Other Sites. Philadelphia.

———. 1984. East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware. Philadelphia. ———. 1985. The History of Minoan Pottery. Princeton. ———. 1990a. Kommos II. The Final Neolithic through Middle Minoan III Pottery. Princeton. ———. 1990b. “The Stone Vessels of Pseira,” Expedition 32 (3), 15–21. ———. 1994–96. “Μινωικό εμπόριο λίθου Τα στοιχεία από τη νήσο Ψείρα,” Kritiki Estia 5, 47–70. ———. 1995. “Other Cataloged Objects, Block AG,” in Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1995, 10. ———. 1997. “The Trade Route for Ghyali Obsidian,” in Laffineur and Betancourt, eds., 1997, 171–176. ———. 1998. “The Lithic Materials, Building AE,” in Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1998, 82. ———. 1999a. “What is Minoan? FN/EM I in the Gulf of Mirabello Region,” in Betancourt et al., eds., 1999, 33–41. ———. 1999b. “The Pottery, Area BR,” in Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1999, 141–154. ———. 2001. “A Minoan Stone Quarry from Pseira,” in Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 2001, 89–91. Betancourt, Philip P., and Eleni S. Banou. 1991. “Pseira and Minoan Sea-Trade,” in Laffineur and Basch, eds., 1991, 107–110. ———. 1999. “Building BQ. The Pottery,” in Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1999, 134–136. Betancourt, Philip P., and Costis Davaras. 1989–90. “Pseira,” Kritiki Estia 3, 296–297. ———. 1990. “Αρχαιολογικές ἔρευνες στὴν Ψείρα Περίοδοι 1987–1989,” Amaltheia 82–85, 20–37.

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Nixon, Lucia, et al. 1990. “Archaeological Survey in Sphaka, Crete,” Echos du Monde Classique/Classical Views 34, n.s. 9, 213–220. Onyshkevych, Lada. 1996. “Computers and Cartography on the Minoan Island of Pseira in Greece,” (in Ukrainian) Arkheolohila 2, 134–139. Onyshkevych, Lada, William B. Hafford, and Katherine May. 1996. “Computer-Assisted Mapping and Analysis at Pseira,” AJA 100, 376.

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Laffineur, Robert, and L. Basch, eds. 1991. Thalassa. L’Égée préhistorique et la mer. Liège. Laffineur, Robert, and Philip P. Betancourt, eds. 1997. TEXNH. Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age. Liège. Leatham, John, and Sinclair Hood. 1958–59. “SubMarine Exploitation in Crete, 1955,” BSA 53–54, 263–280. Levi, Doro. 1976. Festòs e la civiltà minoica. Rome. Lohmann, Hans. 1992. “Agriculture and Country Life in Classical Attica,” in Wells, ed., 1992, 29–56. Martlew, Holly. 1988. “Domestic Coarse Pottery in Bronze Age Crete,” in French and Wardle, eds., 1988, 421–424. McEnroe, John C. 1999. “Building BC, The Building of the Pillar Partitions. The Architecture,” in Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1999, 20–29. ———. 2001. Pseira V. The Architecture of Pseira. Philadelphia. Melas, M. 1988. “Exploration in the Dodecanese: New Prehistoric and Mycenaean Finds,” BSA 83, 303–306. Misch, Peter. 1992. Die Askoi in der Bronzezeit. SIMA Pocket-Book 100. Jonsered. Muhly, James D., ed. 2000. Crete 2000. Athens. Murray, P., and P.N. Kardulias. 1986. “A Modern Site Survey in the Southern Argolid, Greece,” JFA 13, 21–41. Myer, George H., Karen G. McIntosh, and Philip P. Betancourt. 1995. “Appendix A,” in Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1995, 143–153. Myers, J. Wilson, Eleanor Emlen Myers, and Gerald Cadogan, eds., 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. Berkeley and Los Angeles.

Pendlebury, J.D.S. 1939. The Archaeology of Crete. London. Pendlebury, J.D.S., H.W. Pendlebury, and M.B. MoneyCoutts. 1935–36. “Excavations in the Plain of Lasithi. I. The Cave of Trapeza,” BSA 36, 1–131. Platon, N. 1969. Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel, Iraklion. Archäologisches Museum 2, part 1. Die Siegel der Vorpalastzeit. Berlin. Pomerance, Leon. 1984. “A Note on Carved Stone Ewers from the Khyan Lid Deposit,” in Paul Åström, Leonard R. Palmer, and Leon Pomerance, Studies in Aegean Chronology. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology Pocket-Book 25. Gothenburg. Poursat, J.-C. 1973. “Découvertes récentes à Malia: le quartier Mu (1966–71),” Πεπραγμένα τοῦ Γ' Διεθνοῦς Κρητολογικοῦ Συνεδρίου. Athens, 274–278. ———. 1975. “Fouilles récentes à Malia (Crète): l’art palatial minoen à l’époque de Camares,” Gazette des Beaux-Arts 86 (Octobre), 89–98. ———. 1996. Artisans minoens (Le Quartier Mu III). Paris. Rasmussen, Holger. 1968. “Grain Harvest and Threshing in Calabria,” Tools and Tillage 1, 93–104. Reese, D.S. 1987. “Palaikastro Shells and Bronze Age Purple-Dye Production in the Mediterranean Basin,” BSA 82, 201–205. Renfrew, Colin. 1971. “Obsidian and Pumice: The Use of Recent Igneous Rocks in Aegean Prehistory,” Acta of the 1st International Scientific Congress on the Volcano of Thera. Athens, 430–436. Renfrew, Colin, J.R. Cann, and J.E. Dixon. 1965. “Obsidian in the Aegean,” BSA 60, 225–247. Rose, Mark. 1996. “Fishing at Minoan Pseira: Formation of a Bronze Age Fish Assemblage from Crete,” Archaeofauna 5, 135–140.

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Zervaki, Fotini, and Philip P. Betancourt. 1992. “The Cemetery of Pseira,” AJA 96, 333. Zervos, Christian. 1956. L’art de la Crète néolithique et minoenne. Paris. Zois, A.A. 1965. “Φαιστιακά,” ArchEph 1965, 27–109.

Index Agora, 100 Amnissos Cave, 37 Amphibole, 111, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165 Amphibolite, 71, 149, 151 Amphora, 47–48, 66, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 165 Anatolia, 49 Apatite, 151, 152, 160, 161, 163 Askos, 69, 84 Athens, 100 Awl, 54 Basin, 60, 62 Basin with scoring inside, 62 Bead, 50, 78 Biotite, 111, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165 Bird’s nest bowl, 56, 60, 86 Blade from threshing sledge, 99 Blossom bowl, 9, 42, 50 Bowl, 27, 29, 30, 34–35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44–45, 47, 49, 52, 54, 57, 58, 60, 64, 69, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80–81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88–89, 99, 104, 106, 108, 115, 116 Bowl with thick walls, 29, 62, 79, 85 Breccia, 9, 12 Bridge-spouted jar, 30, 31, 35, 37, 62, 69, 75, 76, 78, 79, 107, 111, 115, 116 Bronze, 3, 7, 32, 35, 50, 54, 58, 64, 65, 86, 89, 122, 127, 135 Brown Mediterranean lithosols, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112 Burial jar, 31, 40, 59 Byzantine, 3, 7, 13, 15, 47–48, 50, 60, 66, 86, 95, 96,

97–99, 100, 104–107, 108, 109, 110–111, 113–114, 115, 117, 127, 135, 138 Byzantine monastery, 113 Calcareous lithosols, 112 Calcite, 33, 38, 42, 48, 49, 111, 124, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 163, 164, 165 Calcrete, 112, 124, 127 Carbonate, 27, 44, 51, 88, 98, 99, 111, 124, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164 Carinated bowl, 37, 62, 71 Carinated cup, 35–36, 38, 52, 64, 65, 68–69, 70, 71, 81, 82, 88, 92–93, 95, 107, 125, 150, 154 Center for the Study of Architecture, 15 Chalice, 61, 62 Chamaizi, 28 Charonia, 33, 37, 38, 42, 45, 48, 56, 66, 96 Chert, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 Child burials, 10, 12 Chisel, 58 Cisterns, 135 Classical, 106–107, 114, 115 Clay pellets, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159 Clay weight, 31, 108 Climate, 14 Closed vessel, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30–31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61–62, 63–66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78–79, 80, 81–82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88–89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 104–106, 107, 108–111, 113, 116, 126, 150 Conical bowl, 30, 38, 46, 52, 110 Conical cup, 21, 46–47, 58, 59, 67, 70, 80, 85, 117 Conservation, 15

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Cooking dish, 97 Cooking pot, 28, 40, 95, 105–107, 108, 109, 116, 122, 154 Copper, 32, 35, 50, 54, 58, 64, 65, 86, 89, 135 Cortex, 38, 45, 56, 65, 80, 82 Crested blade, 56 Cross-hatched rectangles, 46 Cross-hatched triangles, 46 Crushed temper, 148, 154, 155, 165 Cup, 9, 12, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38–39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 55–56, 58–59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94–95, 96, 97, 98, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110–111, 115, 116 Cyclades, 49, 126, 135, 152 Cycladic, 88, 126 Cylindrical jar, 56, 89 Cyprus, 21, 49 Diagonal incised lines, 60 Diorite, 153, 154, 155 Discoid weight, 31, 109 Dish, 86, 97, 100, 105, 113 Dodecanese, 126 Dot band, 109 Dot pattern, 111 Draft animals, 114 Earthquake, 21, 125 East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware, 30, 35, 46, 47, 52, 59, 65, 67, 69, 76, 79, 83, 89, 93, 129 Epidote, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165 Farming, 117 Farmland, 124 Feldspar, 111, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164, 165 Ferruginous Concretions, 152 Field house, 86, 114, 135 Figurine, 83, 126 Flake, 38, 45, 48, 51, 59, 65, 66, 71, 73, 77, 80, 82, 91, 125, 135 Flint, 99, 104, 114 Footed cup, 42 Fossil Shells, 164, 165 Frying pan, 30

G

Geology, 7, 14, 83 Ghyali, 83, 126, 135 Goat, 81, 124 Goblet, 39, 42, 48, 55–56, 61, 63, 64, 71, 110, 116 Gold, 135, 156 Gournia, 9, 12, 15, 28, 29, 36, 41, 46, 52, 59, 85, 125, 153, 154 Grain production, 114 Grand Staircase, 17, 124 Granodiorite, 153, 154, 155, 165 Green glass, 95 Grooved Ware, 97 Gulf of Mirabello, 73, 124, 125, 148, 154 Hagia Photia, 32, 135 Hagios Antonios, 15 Hagios Onouphrios I Ware, 32 Harbor, 135 Hatched triangles, 52 Hellenistic, 106–107 House A at Vasilike, 36, 125 House tomb, 10, 12, 129 Human skeletal remains, 15, 25 Igneous rock fragments, 153, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165 Impressed punctation, 98 Isthmus of Ierapetra, 124 Jar, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 39, 47, 48, 49–50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 68–69, 70, 74, 75, 78, 87, 95, 98, 99, 105, 108, 110–111, 116, 117, 124, 125, 149, 165 Jar burials, 10, 12, 117, 121 Jewelry, 10, 12 Jug, 26, 29, 30, 33, 35, 38, 40, 44, 47, 49, 53, 55, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 78, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 98, 99, 104–107, 116, 125, 126, 148 Kamares Ware, 125, 129 Kampos Group, 88, 126 Kavousi, 9, 12, 15 “Killing” of artifacts, 127 Knobs as feet, 85, 87 Knossos, 9, 12, 32, 125, 129 Koumasa Style, 46, 125, 153, 154, 165 Late Roman C Ware, 86 Lerna, 152 Lid, 51, 56, 67, 126

INDEX Limestone, 4, 6, 50, 57, 83, 112, 151, 152, 153, 154, 164, 165 Linked disks, 59 Loom weights, 116 Malachite, 58, 68, 98, 99, 104, 126 Malia, 27, 28, 30, 32, 36, 59, 83, 85, 125 Mammal bones, 33 Mandibles, 33 Manure, 116 Maquis, 7, 17, 122 Marble, 10, 12, 33, 38, 42, 48, 49, 73, 74, 83, 124, 126 Marine shell, 30, 35, 39, 40, 48, 51, 53, 56, 66, 81, 126 Melos, 125, 135 Mesara, 32, 165 Metacarbonate, 6, 112, 113 Mica, 148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163 Microcline, 161 Miniature tripod vessel, 68, 85, 116 Mochlos, 10, 12, 15, 30, 37, 49, 127, 135, 149 Monodonta, 41, 42, 44, 49, 50, 78, 81, 126 Murex, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 60, 90, 96, 126 Muscovite, 148, 149, 151, 152, 159, 162, 163 Myrtos, 111 Northeast Aegean, 37 Obsidian, 28, 32, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 50, 51, 56, 59, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 87, 91, 93, 104, 116, 122, 125, 135, 136 Olives, 114 Opaque Minerals, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 Open vessel, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 42, 46, 49, 50, 52, 61–62, 66, 82, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 104–105, 107, 108–109, 124 Optical spectroscopy, 83 Oxen, 114 Pacheia Ammos, 59, 125 Palaikastro, 28, 30, 49, 83 Patella, 30, 33, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 60, 78, 96 Peas, 114 Petras, 49

175

Phaistos, 37 Phocean Ware, 100 Phrygana, 122 Pierced vessel, 83–84 Pisania, 33 Pithos, 111 Plagioclase, 148, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163 Plaster, 104, 113, 114 Platform trimming flake, 45 Porphyry, 60 Preliminary surveys, 14 Priniatikos Pyrgos, 106 Punches, 54 Pyxis, 39, 126, 148 Quartz, 78, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165 Quartzite, 148, 149, 152, 155, 156, 159, 160 Red Burnished Ware, 61, 153 Ring base, 28, 65, 72, 90, 100 Rock crystal, 9, 12 Roman, 15, 135 Roof tile, 98, 99, 105, 108, 113 Rounded cup, 34–35, 81, 82–83, 84, 92–93, 95 Saw, 32, 35, 127 Scraper, 32, 45, 66, 84, 135 Sediments, 14, 148, 165 Serpentinite, 29, 40, 42, 50, 52–53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 69, 78, 79, 80–81, 82, 85, 86, 89, 127 Shale, 150 Sheep, 34, 50, 81, 124 Side-spouted jar, 27, 43, 59, 69, 77–78, 87, 91, 92, 125 Siltstone, 148, 150, 151, 154, 157, 158, 160, 165 Sphoungaras, 10, 12, 59, 111 Spiral, 43, 90 Spouted conical bowl, 46, 69 Spouted jar, 27, 30, 35, 37, 43, 59, 62, 107, 111 Steatite, 9, 12 Stone bead, 10, 12, 50 Surfer, 15 Tankard, 52 Teapot, 27, 34, 62, 64–65, 68–69, 74, 75, 78, 87, 90, 111, 116 Tectonic plates, 4

176

PSEIRA VI

Terra Sigillata, 86 Terrace walls, 103, 105, 106, 108, 115, 116, 117 Thais, 48 Thin diagonal lines, 106 Tholos Beach, 15, 125 Threshing floor, 3, 7, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 113, 114, 135 Threshing sledge, 99, 104, 114 Topcon, 15 Topo, 15 Topography, 3, 7, 17 Toshiba, 15 Trapeza Cave, 83 Travertine, 37, 57, 64, 83

Tripod, 28, 40, 95, 105–107, 108, 109, 110, 116 Tripod bowl, 27, 28, 108, 116, 153 Tripod cup, 107, 109, 116, 117 Tripod vessel, 29, 30, 40, 83, 84, 85, 87, 95, 111, 116 Tweezers, 86 Vasilike Ware, 153, 156 Vegetation, 14, 17, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112, 122 Vermetid, 44 Vertical lines, 31, 46, 62 Waterworn cobble, 57 White mica, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 160, 161

Figures

FIGURE 1

1. Drawings of cataloged objects 1–18. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 2

2. Drawings of cataloged objects 19–37. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 3

3. Drawings of cataloged objects 38–59. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 4

4. Drawings of cataloged objects 60–82. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 5

5. Drawings of cataloged objects 83–105. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 6

6. Drawings of cataloged objects 106–119. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 7

7. Drawings of cataloged objects 120–142. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 8

8. Drawings of cataloged objects 143–160. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 9

9. Drawings of cataloged objects 161–186. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 10

10. Drawings of cataloged objects 187–207. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 11

11. Drawings of cataloged objects 208–226. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 12

12. Drawings of cataloged objects 227–253. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 13

13. Drawings of cataloged objects 254–277. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

FIGURE 14

14. Drawings of objects from Survey Sites Q 27, Q 28, Q 29, Q 30, and Q 31. Scale 1:3 except as noted.

PLATES

PLATE 1

A. General view toward the cemetery from the Plateia in the Minoan town.

B. Grid-square 1610E 1890N.

PLATE 2

A. Grid-square 1610E 1890N (Byzantine field house) before excavation, looking east toward the town.

B. Grid-square 1660E 1865N.

PLATE 3

A. Grid-square 1610E 1890N after excavation, looking west.

B. Detail of the Byzantine walls in grid-square 1610E 1890N (Site Q 3).

PLATE 4

A. Steep slope of the cemetery with calcrete visible at the upper left of the photograph (looking west).

B. Tomb 14, carved into the low calcrete cliff at the north of the cemetery.

PLATE 5

A.Survey team at the cemetery: Katherine May (standing), William B. Hafford (left), and Lada Onyshkevych (right).

B. General view of the cemetery hillside, looking west.