Prehistoric Anatolia: The Neolithic transformation and the early Chalcolithic period (Monograph series / Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology) 9654400006, 9789654400008

261 66 41MB

English Pages [464]

Table of contents :
Prehistoric Anatolia
Title Pages
Contents
List of Maps
List of Figures
Preface
Intoduction
Chapter I: Early Holocene Climate and Environment of Anatolia
Chapter II: Human Environment
Chapter III: The Chronology of the Early Village Cultures, ca. 7500-4000 BC.
Chapter IV: Early Village Cultures in Major Ecological Zones
Zone A: Southeastern Anatolia
Paleoecology
The Tigris Basin
The Area of the Upper Tigris
The Lower Euphrates Basin
The Euphrates Basin from Carchemish to Halfeti
The Balikh Valley
The Amuq Plain
The Islahiye Plain
Characteristic Regional Traits
Zone B: Eastern Anatolia
Paleoecology
The Malatya Plain
The Elazig-Bingol and Tunceli Regions
The Van Basin
Characteristic Regional Traits
Zone C: The Mediterranean Region of Anatolia
Paleoecology
Lycia
The Elmali Plain
Cilicia
Characteristic Regional Traits
Zone D: The Lake District (Pisidia)
Paleoecology
The Upper Menderes (Meander) and Gediz (Hermos) Valleys
The Western Menders Valley and the Aegean Coast
Characteristic Regional Traits
Zone E: The Southern Anatolian Plain
Paleoecology
Characteristic Regional Traits
Zone F: Eastern Thrace and the Southern Marmara Region
Paleoenvironment
Eastern Thrace and the Gelibolu Peninsula
Tekirdag Area
Kucuk Cekmece Area
Southeastern Marmara Coast
Iznik Basin
The Canakkale Region
The Balikesir Regions
The Eskisehir Region
Characteristic Regional Traits
Southeast European Culture Complexes
Chapter V: Subsustence Strategies During the Neolithic Transformation
Chapter VI: Reciprocal Exchange Systems
Chapter VII: Social Organisation
Chapter VIII: The Health of Early Anatolians
Chapter IX: Cult and Ritual
Chapter X: Concluding Remarks
Abbreviations
Bibliography
Index of Sites
Sup. Title Pages
Sup. Contents
List of Additional Maps
List of Additional Figures
Sup. Preface
Chapter I: Early Village Culture in Major Ecological Zones
Zone A: Southeastern Anatolia
The Tigris Basin
The Area of the Upper Tigris
The Lower Euphrates Basin
The Euphrates Basin from Carchemish to Halfeti
The Adiyaman Region
The Balikh Valley
Characteristic Regional Traits
Zone B: Eastern Anatolia
The Mus Plain
Characteristic Regional Traits
Zone C: The Mediterranean Region of Anatolia
Lycia
The Elmali Plain
Cilicia
Zone D: The Lake District (Pisidia) and West-central Anatolia
The Lake District
West-central Anatolia
Zone E: Central Anatolia Plateau
Zone F: Eastern Thrace and the Southern Marmara Region
Eastern Thrace
The Meric (Maritsa) Delta
The Tekirdag Area
The Kucuk Cekmece Area
The Southeastern Marmara Coast
The Iznik Region
The Canakkale Region
The Eskisehir, Bilecik and Kutahya Regions
Characteristic Regional Traits
Chapter II: Cult and Ritual
Chapter III: Concluding Remarks
Sup. Abbreviations
Additional Bibliography
Sup. Index of Sites

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Prehistoric Anatolia: The Neolithic transformation and the early Chalcolithic period (Monograph series / Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology)
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PREHISTORIC ANATOLIA THE NEOLITHIC TRANSFORMATION AND THE EARLY CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD JAK YAKAR

MONOGRAPH SERIES OF THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY

This publication was made possible through grants from the Georg and Shulamit Majewski [Israel] Endowment Funds Dubin [U.S.A.] Endowment Fund and the Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University

Published by the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Publications Section

ISBN 965-440-000-6 ©

Copyright 1991 All rights reserved Second printing 1994 Cover by Josef Kapelyan Printed in Israel by 'Graph-Chen' Press Ltd., Jerusalem

CONTENTS

List of Maps

v

List of Figures

v

Preface

IX

Introduction Chapter I

EARLY HOLOCENE CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT OF ANATOLIA

Chapter II

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

20

Chapter III

CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY VILLAGE CULTURES, 7500-4000 BC

27

Chapter IV

VILLAGE CULTURES IN MAJOR ECOLOGICAL ZONES ZONE A: SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA PALEOECOLOGY THE TIGRIS BASIN THE AREA OF THE UPPER TIGRIS LOWER EUPHRATES BASIN THE EUPHRATES BASIN FROM CARCHEMISH TO HALFETI THE BALIKH VALLEY THE AMUQ PLAIN THE ISLAHIYE PLAIN CHARACTERISTIC REGIONAL TRAITS

ZONE B: EASTERN ANATOLIA PALEOECOLOGY THE MALA TY A PLAIN THE ELAZIG-BINGOL AND TUNCELI REGIONS THE VAN BASIN CHARACTERISTIC REGIONAL TRAITS

ZONE C: THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF ANATOLIA PALEOECOLOGY LYCIA THE ELMALI PLAIN CILICIA CHARACTERISTIC REGIONAL TRAITS

ZONED: THE LAKE DISTRICT (PISIDIA) PALEOECOLOGY THE UPPER MENDERES (MEANDER) AND GEDIZ (HERMOS) VALLEYS

9

32 32 32 40 41 57 69 75 83 87 88 99 99 108 112 114 116 120 120 120 126 129 137 139 139 176

THE WESTERN MENDERES VALLEY AND THE AEGEAN COAST

177

CHARACTERISTIC REGIONAL TRAITS

178 180 180 222

ZONE E: THE SOUTHERN ANATOLIAN PLATEAU PALEOECOLOGY CHARACTERISTIC REGIONAL TRAITS

ZONE F: EASTERN THRACE AND THE SOUTHERN MARMARA REGION PALEOENVIRONMENT EASTERN THRACE AND THE GELIBOLU PENINSULA TEKIRDAG AREA KU(:UK (:EKMECE AREA SOUTHEASTERN MARMARA COAST IZNIK BASIN THE (:ANAKKALE REGION THE BALIKESIR REGIONS THE ESKISEHIR REGION CHARACTERISTIC REGIONAL TRAITS SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN CULTURE COMPLEXES

Chapter V

225 225 226 233 234 237 240 242 243 243 247 253

SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES DURING THE NEOLITHIC TRANSFORMATION

254

Chapter VI

RECIPROCAL EXCHANGE SYSTEMS

280

Chapter VII

SOCIAL ORGANISATION

287

Chapter VIII

THE HEALTH OF EARLY ANATOLIANS

300

Chapter IX

CULT AND RITUAL

310

Chapter X

CONCLUDING REMARKS

337

List of Abbreviations

345

Bibliography

346

Index

361

LIST OF MAPS Map I: Modern vegetation cover in southwestern Asia. Map II: The principal sources of palynological data used to reconstruct the climatic history of Anatolia and the rest of the Near East, 50,000-6,000 BP. Map III: The maximum extent of pluvial lakes in the Pleistocene era. Map IV: