Tell Kabri: The 1986-1993 Excavations (Tel Aviv University Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series, 20) 9652660159, 9789652660152

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TELKABRI THE 1986-1993 EXCAVATION SEASONS

TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY SONIA AND MARCO NADLER INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

MONOGRAPH SERIES NUMBER20

Executive Editor:

Jak Yakar

Editorial Board:

Israel Finkelstein Avi Gopher Ze'ev Herzog David Ussishkin

Manuscript & Production Editor: Shirley Gassner

TEL KABRI THE 1986-1993 EXCAVATION SEASONS AHARON KEMPINSKI

Contributions by N. Angel-Zohar, R. Y. Bankirer, A. Cohen-Weinberger, P. Cornale, C. Dauphin, M. Faerman, M. Fischer, L. Gershuny, S. Givon, Y. Goren, A. Horowitz, H. M. Khalaily, L. Kolska Horwitz, Z. Koren, G. Lehmann, 0. Lernau, N. Liphschitz, 0. Marder, H. Mienis, Y. Mizrachy, A. Nebel, B. Niemeier, W.-D. Niemeier, R. Oren, T. Oman, M. W. Prausnitz, A. Princivalle, P. Rosano, N. Scheftelowitz, S. Shalev, P. Smith, M. Tagliapietra, T. Tsuk, D. Yal9in.

EDITED BY

NA' AMA SCHEFTELOWITZ AND RON1T OREN

EMERY AND CLAIRE YASS PUBLICATIONS IN ARCHAEOLOGY TEL AVIV

2002

Under the auspices of the Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University

Published by the Emery and Claire Y ass Publications in Archaeology (Bequeathed by the Yass Estate, Sydney, Australia)

ofthe Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University

ISBN 965-266-015-9

©

Copyright 2002 All rights reserved

Printed in Israel by Graphit Press Ltd., Jerusalem

CONTENTS List of Contributors List of Figures List of Excavation Staff IN MEMORIAM Preface Chapter 1

Vlll

ix Xv xvii xix

INTRODUCTION Aharon Kempinski HISTORY OF EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY OF THE RENEWED EXCAVATIONS STRATIGRAPHY

Chapter 2

THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

2 4 4

7

Aharon Horowitz Chapter 3

THE SPRINGS OF KABRI Tsvika Tsuk

15

Chapter 4

STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE

19

I: AREAB

19

Na'ama Scheftelowitz LATE NEOLITHIC PERIOD EARLY BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE BURIALS

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE BURIALS

19 21 21

28 29 30

35

II: AREAC Aharon Kempinski EARLY BRONZE AGE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE THE FORTIFICATIONS THE RESIDENTIAL AREA BURIALS

III: AREAD

35 35 35 39

46 55

Ronit Oren MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II STRATUM 4 THE PRE-PALACE STAGE STRATUM 3- THE PALACE STAGE

IRON AGE

IV: AREAE

55 55 58 70

73

Gunnar Lehmann EARLY BRONZE AGE

74 v

MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE Chapter 5

74 74

POTTERY I: LATE NEOLITHIC Na'ama Scheftelowitz

91

II: EARLY BRONZE AGE

96

Na'ama Scheftelowitz III: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE

109

Na'ama Scheftelowitz, Aharon Kempinski and Lilly Gershuny IV: LATE BRONZE AGE Gunnar Lehmann

176

V: IRON AGE Gunnar Lehmann

178

VI: ARCHAIC GREEK AND ETRUSCAN POTTERY Barbara Niemeier and Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier

223

Chapter 6

THE FRESCOES IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE PALACE Barbara Niemeier and Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier Appendix I: EXCAVATION AND RESTORATION M. Tagliapietra Appendix II: LABORATORY ANALYSES P. Comale, A. Princivalle, P. Rosano and M. Tagliapietra

254

Chapter 7

KABRI 1975: THE FLINT ASSEMBLAGE FROM AREA A Ofer Marder, Moshe W. Prausnitz, Hamoudi M. Khalaily and Rina Y. Bankirer

299

Chapter 8

METAL ARTEFACTS Sariel Shalev

307

I: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II II: LATER PERIODS Chapter 9

GL YPTIC FINDS I: SCARABS Y osef Mizrachy II: MISCELLANEOUS SEALS AND SEAL IMPRESSIONS Moshe Fischer, Shmuel Givon, Aharon Kempinski and Tali Oman

Chapter 10

CATALOGUE OF SMALL FINDS FIGURINES

307 316 319 319 339

349 349

Ronit Oren BEADS

Na'ama Sheftelowitz VI

356

LOOM WEIGHTS AND SPINDLE WHORLS

363

Ronit Oren ALABASTER VESSELS

373

Na'ama Scheftelowitz BONE OBJECTS

374

Ronit Oren STONE OBJECTS

377

CLAY SCAPULA

379

AN ENGRAVED SHERD

380

AN EGYPTIAN AMULET

380

A FAIENCE NAIL

381

Chapter 11

THE BIO-ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE HUMAN REMAINS Marina Faerman, Almut Nebel, Noa Angel-Zohar and Patricia Smith

383

Chapter 12

ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL REMAINS Liora Kolska Horowitz and Henk Mienis

395

Chapter 13

FISH BONES Omri Lernau

409

Chapter 14

THE PALEOBOTANICAL REMAINS Nili Liphschitz

428

Chapter 15

CLAY ANALYSES

435

I: PETROGRAPHI ANALYSES OF SELECTED WARES Yuval Goren and Anat Cohen-Weinberger

435

II: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSES Onsal Yalyin

444

Chapter 16

A PURPLE-STAINED POTSHERD Z. Koren

446

Chapter 17

CONCLUSION: THE HISTORY OF THE SITE AND THE REGION

449

List of loci.

I. THE LATE NEOLITHIC TO THE PERSIAN PERIOD Aharon Kempinski

449

II. SPANNING TERRITORIES AND RELIGIONS: THE HELLENISTIC TO THE BYZANTINE PERIOD Claudine Dauphin

453

464

Vll

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS N. Angel-Zohar Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine The Hebrew University, Jerusalem

0. Marder Israel Antiquities Authority Jerusalem

R. Y. Bankirer Institute of Archaeology Hebrew University Jerusalem

H. Mienis National Mollusc Collection, Dept. of Zoology The GeorgeS. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University

A. Cohen-Weinberger Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv University

Y. Mizrachi Department of Archaeology Haifa University

P. Comale Technologie scientifice applicate, Diagnostica peril Restauro Artistico, Padova, Italy

A. Nebel Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine The Hebrew University, Jerusalem

C. Dauphin CNRS, Antibes, France

B. Niemeier German Archaeological Institute, Athens, Greece

M. Faerman Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine The Hebrew University, Jerusalem

W.-D. Niemeier German Archaeological Institute Athens, Greece

M. Fischer Department of Classical Studies Tel Aviv University

R. Oren Netzach Israel Hod Hasharon, Israel

L. Gershuny Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem

T. Oman Israel Museum, Jerusalem

S. Givon Bar-Ilan University

A. Princivalle Technologie scientifice applicate: Diagnostica peril Restauro Artistico , Padova, Italy

Y. Goren Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv University

P. Rosan6 Technologie scientifice applicate: Diagnostica peril Restauro Artistico , Padova, Italy

A. Horowitz Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv University

N. Scheftelowitz Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv University

H. M. Khalaily Israel Antiquities Authority Jerusalem

S. Shalev University of Haifa and Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot

L. Kolska Horwitz Dept. of Evolution, Systematics & Ecology The Hebrew University, Jerusalem

P. Smith Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine The Hebrew University, Jerusalem

Z. Koren Shenkar College of Textile Technology and Fashion Ramat-Gan.

M. Tagliapietra Verona Italy

G. Lehmann Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beersheba

T. Tsuk Department of Archaeology and Heritage Israel Parks Authority, Jerusalem

0. Lemau POB 1268 Mevasseret Zion

0 . Yalr;:in

N. Liphschitz Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv University

viii

Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum

LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1 : Fig. 1.2: Fig. 1.3: Fig. 2.1: Fig. 2.2: ·Fig. 2.3: Fig. 4.1: Fig. 4.2 : Fig. 4.3 : Fig. 4.4 : Fig. 4.5: Fig. 4.6 : Fig. 4.7 : Fig. 4.8: Fig. 4.9: Fig. 4.10: Fig. 4.11 : Fig. 4.12 : Fig. 4.13 : Fig. 4.14 : Fig. 4.15 : Fig. 4.16 : Fig. 4.17: Fig. 4.18 : Fig. 4.19: Fig. 4.20 : Fig. 4.21 : Fig. 4.22 : Fig. 4.23 : Fig. 4.24 : Fig. 4.25 : Fig. 4.26 : Fig. 4.27 : Fig. 4.28 : Fig. 4.29: Fig. 4.30: Fig. 4.31 : Fig. 4.32: Fig. 4.33 : Fig. 4.34: Fig. 4.35: Fig. 4.36: Fig. 4.37: Fig. 4.38 : Fig. 4.39: Fig. 4.40: Fig. 4.41 : Fig. 4.42 : Fig. 4.43 : Fig. 4.44 : Fig. 4.45 : Fig. 4.46 : Fig. 4.47 : Fig. 4.48 : Fig. 4.49 : Fig. 4.50 :

Aerial photograph of Tel Kabri. Map of northern Israel showing Tel Kabri and its surroundings. Contour plan of the site showing the excavated areas. Geological map of the western Galilee coastal plain (after Kafri 1972, Horowitz 1979). Pollen diagram of sea-bottom core YN 1568 collected some 20 km southwest ofTell Kabri . Synthetic diagram of arboreal pollen factors for various sites. Area B. Plan and photograph of Stratum 12. Area B. Tomb 1142. Area B. Section through Square Jl4. Area B. Plan of Stratum 10. Area B. Structure 1108. Area B. Tomb 1095. Area B. Plan of Stratum 9. Area B. Structure I 057. Area B. Plan of Stratum 8. Area B. Plan of Stratum 7. Area B. Tomb 1105. Area B. Tomb 1095. Area B. Plan of Middle Bronze Age tombs. Area B. Tomb I 045 . Silver bracelet found in Tomb 1045 . Area B. Tomb 1050. Area B. Tomb 984. Area B. Tomb 902. Area C. Plan of Trenches I and 2. Schematic section through the fortifications. Area C. Trench I, looking west. Area C. Wall400 Looking north. Area C. Probe in Square N4. Area T. Plan ofWI600. The outer fortification wall (W 1600) in Area T. Area C. Plan of Stratum 4. Area C. Rooms abutting on the rampart. Area C. East-west section through rooms abutting on the rampart. Area C. Paving in Locus 465, looking east. Area C. Wall434, looking north. Area C. Plan of Stratum 3. Area C. North-south section through Stratum 3. Area C. Section through industrial installation. Area C. Plan of Squares K-L/3 . Area C. Locus 453 . Area C. Tomb 420 Area C. Tomb 448 Area C. Tomb 494 Area C. Tomb 503 Area C. Section through Tomb 503 Pottery from Tomb 503 Area C. Tomb 502. Pottery from Tomb 502. Area C. Section through Tomb 498. Area C. Shaft 511. Area C. Entrance to Tomb 498 . Area C. burial chamber of Tomb 498. Area C. Tomb 498. Niche containing skull and juglet. Area C. Stone slab roofing of Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498.

I

2 3

8 12 13 20 21

22 22 23 23 24 24 26 27 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 36 36 37 38 38 38 38 40 41 41 42 42 42 43 44 45 45 47 47 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 52 52 53

ix

Fig. 4.51: Fig. 4.52: Fig. 4.53: Fig. 4.54: Fig. 4.55: Fig. 4.56: Fig. 4.57: Fig. 4.58: Fig. 4.59: Fig. 4.60: Fig.4.61: Fig. 4.62: Fig. 4.63: Fig. 4.64: Fig. 4.65: Fig. 4.66: Fig. 4.67: Fig. 4.68: Fig. 4.69: Fig. 4.70: Fig.4.71: Fig. 4.72: Fig. 4.73: Fig. 4.74: Fig. 4.75: Fig. 4.76: Fig. 4.77: Fig. 4.78: Fig. 4.79: Fig. 4.80: Fig. 4.81: Fig. 4.82: Fig. 4.83: Fig. 4.84: Fig. 4.85: Fig. 4.86: Fig. 4.87: Fig. 4.88: Fig. 4.89: Fig. 4.90: Fig. 4.91: Fig. 4.92: Fig. 4.93: Fig. 4.94: Fig. 4.95: Fig. 4.96: Fig. 4.97: Fig. 4.98: Fig. 4.99: Fig. 4.100: Fig. 5.1: Fig. 5.2: Fig. 5.3: Fig. 5.4: Fig. 5.5: Fig. 5.6: Fig. 5.7: Fig. 5.8:

X

Pottery from Tomb 498. Area D. Plan of Stratum 4. Area D. Stratum 4 looking south. Area D. Section 624, looking east. Area D. Section 624. Area D. Section 669, looking south. Area D. Plan of Stratum 3. Area D. Storage jar buried in the centre of Hall 611. Area D. Doorway between Hall611 and 607, looking north. Area D. Stairwell separating western and eastern wings, looking north-east. Area D. Courtyard 703. Area D. Collapsed mudbricks. Area D. Stone column base in situ. Storage jars in situ. Storage jar in situ after cleaning. Area D. Hall 751, looking north. Area D. Installation 798. Area D. Plan of Stage 3a-b Area D. Plan of Squares D-J/13, Stratum 3, Stage c. Area D. Plan of southern wing, Stage 3c. Area D. Installations 1517, 1538, 1554 and 734. Decorated mudbrick found in the debris. Reconstruction of the Middle Bronze Age palace at Kabri. The palace of Level VII at Alalakh (after Woolley 1955:Fig. 35). Area D. Plan of Stratum 2, Squares D-J/6-13. Area D. Plan of Stratum 2, Squares J-L/14-19. Area D. Pebble floor in Locus 1435. Area D. Stone column (Locus 760). Area D. Clay double-basin. Area D. Clay oven (Locus 1440). The mound of et-Tell showing the excavations in Area E. Area E. Schematic north-south section through Square L 11. Area E. Stratum E3. Area E. Schematic plans of Strata E3a, E3b and E3c. Area E. Square M9, looking south. Looking west over Squares 0-P/7-8. Area E. Casemate rooms in Squares 014-8, looking east. Area E. Plan of Stratum E2. Area E. Schematic plan of Stratum E2 with Sections A-A and B-B. Area E. East face ofW1340, Stratum E2, looking west. Area E. Room 1961, looking east. Area E. Room 890. Area E. Room 1948. Area E. Locus 1914. Area E. Locus 1912. Area E. Locus 1913. Area E. Installations in Room 1960. Area E. Room 1308. Area E. Steps of a staircase in Locus 1318. Area E. Schematic outline of the Stratum E2 fortress. Pottery from Stratum 12, Phase E (Locus 1157). Pottery from Stratum 12, Phase C-D. Pottery from Strata 11-10 Pottery from Strata 11-10 Stratum 9 pottery. Stratum 9 pottery Stratum 8-7 pottery Stratum 8-7 pottery.

53 55 56 56 56 56 57 58 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 62 64 65 67 68 69 69 70 71 71 72 72 72 73 74 75 76 77 77 77 78 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 83 84 86 92 95 98 99 101 102 104 105

Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.

5.9: 5.10: 5.11: 5.12: 5.13: 5.14: 5.15: 5.16: 5.17: 5.18: 5.19: 5.20: 5.21: 5.22: 5.23: 5.24: 5.25: 5.26: 5.27: 5.28: 5.29: 5.30: 5.31: 5.32: 5.33: 5.34: 5.35: 5.36: 5.37: 5.38: 5.39: 5.40: 5.41: 5.42: 5.43: 5.44: 5.45: 5.46: 5.47: 5.48: 5.49: 5.50: 5.51: 5.52: 5.53: 5.54: 5.55: 5.56: 5.57: 5.58: 5.59: 5.60: 5.61: 5.62: 5.63: 5.64: 5.65: 5.66: 5.67:

Vessels with potter's marks. Early Bronze Age pottery from Area C. Jug with cutaway neck. Zoomorphic juglet. Levan tine painted juglets. Tel el-Yahudiyeh juglet. Chocolate-on-white amphora. Cypriote vessels. WP Alternating Wide Band and Wavy Line style jug. WP Alternating Wide Band and Wavy Line style jug. WP Cross line style jug let. Pottery from Tombs 502 and 304. Pottery from Tomb 503. Pottery from Tombs 1045 and 1050. Pottery from Tomb 984 Pottery from Tomb 984. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 598. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Tomb 498. Pottery from Loci 505 and 508. Pottery from Loci 425, 435, 480 and 431. Pottery from Locus 511. Pottery from Loci 473, 438, 428 and 441. Pottery from Loci 486, 513, 481 and 485. Pottery from floors. Pottery from floors. Bowls. Bowls. Jugs and juglets. Storage vessels. Lamps. Handles. Baking trays. Cypriote vessels. Pottery from floors (Area D). Jars. Pottery from Tombs 990 and 940. Jugs and juglets from Tomb 984. Bowls andjuglets from Tomb 902. Juglets and lamps from Tomb 902. Chocolate-on-white amphora. MB IIA pottery from the rampart. Late Bronze Age pottery from Area E. Late Bronze Age pottery from Area D. Iron Age I pottery from Area D. Iron Age I pottery from Area D.

107 108 112 112 115 115 116 117 118 118 119 121 122 124 125 127 128 130 131 132 134 135 137 139 140 141 142 143 145 146 148 149 151 152 153 154 156 157 158 160 161 162 163 164 164 165 165 167 168 169 171 172

173 174 175 176 177 178 179

xi

Fig. 9.14: Fig. 9.15 : Fig. 9.15: Fig. 10.1 : Fig. 10.2: Fig. 10.3: Fig. 10.4: Fig. 10.5 : Fig. 10.6: Fig. 10.7: Fig. 10.8 : Fig. 10.9: Fig. 10. 10: Fig. 10.11: Fig. 10.12 : Fig. 10.13 : Fig. 10.14: Fig. 10.15: Fig. 10.16: Fig.l0.17: Fig. 10.18: Fig. 10.19: Fig. 10.20: Fig. 10.21: Fig.l0.22. Fig. 10.23 : Fig. 10.24: Fig. 11.1 : Fig. 11.2: Fig. 11.3 : Fig. 11.4 : Fig. 13 .1: Fig. 13.2: Fig. 13 .3: Fig. 13.4: Fig. 13.5: Fig. 13.6: Fig. 13 .7: Fig. 13 .8: Fig. 13.9: Fig. 13.10: Fig. 13.11: Fig. 13.12: Fig. 13 .13 : Fig. 13 .14: Fig. 13 .15 : Fig. 13.16: Fig. 13.17: Fig.l3.18: Fig. 13.19: Fig. 15.1 : Fig. 15.2: Fig. 16.1: Fig. 16.2: Fig. 16.3: Fig. 17.1: Fig. 17.2: Fig. 17.3:

Phoenician seal impression on ajar handle (No. 36) Scaraboid stamp seal (No. 37:1). Conical stamp seal (No. 37:II). Late Neolithic figurines . Human figurines . Human figurines. An imal figurines. Animal figurines. Beads. Beads. Conical loom weights. Groups of conical loom weights. Loom weights in situ. Plan of the Palace showing findspots ofloom weights and spindle whorls. Doughnut-shaped loom weight. Weaving tablet. Neolithic and Early Bronze Age spindle whorls. Spindle whorls. Spindle whorls. Alabaster vessels. Worked bone objects. Worked bone objects. Stone artefacts. Clay scapula. An engraved sherd. An Egyptian amulet. Faience nail. Frontal and lateral views of the EB I Kabri skull. Occlusal views of EBI (A) and MBII (B) mandibles (A) Frontal and oblique views ofEBI mandible. (B) Oblique views ofMBII mandibles. Radiograph of anterior region of the EBI Kabri mandible Right quadrate bone of the family Serranidae, medial view. First vertebra of the family Serranidae, anterior view. Second vertebra of the family Serranidae, left lateral view. Right premaxilla of Sparus aura/a, medial view. Left dentary bone of Pagrus pagrus, lateral view. Left maxilla of Diptodus sp., lateral view. Abdominal vertebra of the family Sparidae, left lateral view. Left hyomandibular bone of Batistes carotinensis, lateral view. Caudal vertebra ofBatistes carolinensis, 14th along the vertebral column, left lateral view. Abdominal vertebra of the family Carangidae, left lateral view. " Chalk body" of an Elasmobranch (Shark or Ray). Caudal vertebra of Euthynnus alleteratus (Family Scombridae), right-lateral view. Left articular bone of Lates niloticus (Family Centropomidae), lateral view. Left quadrate of Lates ni/oticus, medial view. Left hyomandibular of Lates niloticus, lateral view. Abdominal vertebra of Lates niloticus, left lateral view. A well preserved first vertebra of Lates nitoticus, frontal view. As Fig. 13.17, posterior view. A well preserved second vertebra of Lates niloticus, left lateral view. V!Mn relative to pottery from Miletus. Ni/Cr relative to pottery from Miletus. Fragment of a basin showing purple coloration on the interior. Chromatograms of pigment from Kabri and fluid from Murex trunculus collected at Akhziv . Quantitative comparison of pigment extracts from Kabri and Akhziv. The area covered by the Early Bronze Age settlement. Phoenicia Maritima from Tyre to Ptolemais. The region of Kabri in the Byzantine period.

344 345 345 349 352 353 354 355 357 360 364 364 364 365 366 366 368 370 371 374 376

377 378 379 380 381 381 385 385 389 389 412 412 412 413 413 413 413 414 4 14 414 416 416 4 17 417 417 417 417 417 417 444 444 446 447 447 450 455 457 Xlll

LIST OF COLOUR PLATES Pl. I: Pl. II: Pl. III: Pl. IV: Pl.V: Pl. VI: Pl. VII: Pl. VIII: Pl. IX: Pl. X: Pl. XI: Pl. XII: Pl. XIII: Pl. XIV: Pl. XV: Pl. XVI: Pl. XVII: Pl. XVIII: Pl. XIX: Pl. XX: Pl. XXI: Pl. XXII: Pl. XXIII: Pl. XXIV: Pl. XXV: Pl. XXVI: Pl. XXVII: Pl. XXVIII: Pl. XXIX: Pl. XXX: Pl. XXXI: Pl. XXXII: Pl. XXXIII: Pl. XXXIV: Pl. XXXV: Pl. XXXVI: Pl. XXXVII: Pl. XXXVIII: Pl. XXXIX: Pl. XLI: Pl. XLII: Pl. XLIII: Pl. XLIV: Pl. XLV: Pl. XLVI:

XlV

Selected vessels from Tomb 984. Selected vessels from Tomb 902. Selected vessels from Tomb 498. Plastered and painted stone slabs in the eastern entrance to Hall 611. Hall 611. Fill debris. Fill debris. String impression in the plaster. Cut-away edges of part of the floor. Imitation of marbled gypsum/alabaster slabs. As Pl. X under infrared light. Water colour of marbled slabs. Decorated threshold between Hall611 and Room 607. Single blossom. Stylised linear iris blossom. Spray of iris blossoms. As Pl. XVI. Water colour. Red motif in Square XXIV/19. Fresco fragments. Fresco fragments. Fresco fragments. Fresco fragments with representations of rocks. Miniature fresco from the West House at Akrotiri. Miniature fresco from the West House at Akrotiri. Fragments from Kabri with similar motif to those from Akrotiri. Miniature fresco from Akrotiri. Fragments from Kabri with representations of sea and boats. Fragments with representations of architectural elements. Fragments with representations of architectural elements. Theran miniature fresco. Suggested reconstruction of architecture. Reed-like plants. Flying swallow. Hypothetical reconstruction of part of the Kabri miniature fresco. Griffin in flying gallop. Griffin on Theran miniature fresco. Photographs under polarizing microscope. Photographs under polarizing microscope. Photographs under polarizing microscope. Photographs under polarizing microscope. Photographs under polarizing microscope. Photographs under polarizing microscope. Photographs under polarizing microscope. Representative eolleetion of beads. Selected finds from Tomb 498.

253 253 253 256 256 257 257 257 260 260 261 261 264 264 264 265 265 265 268 268 268 268 269 269 269 272 272 272 272 273 273 273 276 276 277 277 284 284 284 284 284 284 284 362 362

THE EXPEDITION STAFF

First Season- 1986 (July-August) Areas Excavated: C, D, E

Director Co-director Area Supervisors

Assistant area supervisors Recorder Surveyor Photographer Coordinator

A. Kempinski E. Miron E. Miron D.Hershman L. Gershuny S. Givon A. Ginsburg A.Dror A. Hay S. Ginat

Second Season- 1987 (July-August) Areas Excavated: B, C, D

TAU TAU TAU IAA TAU TAU

Assistant area supervisors Educational director Recorder Surveyor Photographer Administrator Coordinator

A. Kempinski E. Miron E. Miron D.Hershman S. Givon L. Gershuny N. Scheftelowitz H. Genz M. Peilstocker D. Neiman A. Avidor T. Krinkin-Fabian M. Weinberg G. Gilboa S. Ginat S. Porath

Assistant area supervisors

TAU Educational director Recorder Surveyor Photographer Administrator Coordinator

Third Season -1988 (July-August) Areas Excavated: B, C, D

Director Co-director Area Supervisors

Director Co-director Area Supervisors

A. Kempinski E. Miron E. Miron D.Hershman S. Givon L. Gershuny H. Genz B. Meyer M. Peilstocker D. Neiman A. Avidor T. Krinkin-Fabian M. Weinberg D. Sapo E. Ezion

TAU TAU TAU TAU IAA Mainz Mar burg BC TAU BGU TAU TAU

Fourth Season- 1989 (July 16- August 18) Areas Excavated: B, C, D, E

TAU TAU TAU TAU IAA TAU Kiel Marburg BC TAU BGU TAU TAU Kabri Kabri

Directors Area Supervisors

Recorder Surveyer Conservator Chief artist Photographer Administrator Coordinator

A. Kempinski W.-D. Niemeier N. Scheftelowitz L. Gershuny M. Peilstocker S. Givan H. Pastor A. Avidor A. Rosenberger M. Tagalia-Pietra B. Niemeier M. Weinberg G. Gilboa S. Ginat S. Porath

TAU Freiburg, TAU IAA Marburg TAU Freiburg, TAU TAU Verona Freiburg, TAU TAU Kabri Kabri

XV

PREFACE "At the beginning of this century, when scientific archaeological reports were first being written, excavators saw it as their duty to publish excavation results as quickly as possible. During the 1930s, when the amount of comparative material available had greatly increased, the rate of publication slowed down dramatically. With the exception of the reports produced by Sir William Flinders-Petrie, publications now began to lag behind the excavations by many years, sometimes even by decades. In the last three decades, the phenomenon of unpublished excavations has become one of the main problems facing Israeli archaeology. Only a few scholars have kept to a reasonable timetable for publishing their excavation results. One of the principal reasons for this is their desire to publish a report which includes most of the ceramic and archaeological parallels to their finds, as well as a carefully-considered chronological, historical and socio-archaeological analysis. This quest for perfection, or the fear of publishing an imperfect report, has in most cases led to a complete absence of any publication whatsoever, with a corresponding increase in the amount of material which is awaiting publication. We have tried to prevent this phenomenon from occurring yet again with the publication of the material from the Kabri excavations. The material has been published after each excavation season in a preliminary report. These reports have consisted of the analysis of the different data from the excavation carried out in the ten months after the season's end. A large part of what was written in these preliminary reports has had to be corrected, and has sometimes been altered by the new material acquired over the eight seasons. The report presented here, however, is the final and authoritative version. It has been written by members of the expedition, by scholars connected with the expedition and by experts in several subjects." Aharon Kempinski Tel Aviv 1994

At the time that Aharon Kempinski died his goal to complete the publication of the final report on the excavation of Tel Kabri had regrettably not yet been achieved. As his assistants during most of the period when he worked on this project we felt not only a moral obligation but also the determination to realize his ambition. We were encouraged and actively supported in this undertaking by his colleagues and friends at the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. We are most grateful to Professor Israel Finkelstein, Head of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, for his co.pstant encouragement and his belief in the importance of the publication of Kabri. We are deeply indebted to Professors Jak Yakar and Ora Negbi for their guidance and practical advice in the preparation of the manuscript and to Dr. Rafi Greenberg for his constructive comments on its content. The late Professor Pirhiya Beck assisted us most patiently in analyzing and understanding the Middle Bronze Age pottery. Professors Yuval Goren and Ram Gophna were generous in their help in the study of the Wadi Rabah period at Kabri. Professor Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier, presently Director of the German Archaeological xix

Institute in Athens and co-director with Aharon from 1990-1993, gave his whole-hearted support and cooperation and we gratefully acknowledge his invaluable help. This final report would be incomplete without the contributions of many scholars who worked on various aspects of the material unearthed at the site. We thank them all for their willing and expert cooperation. Archaeological investigation would be impossible without adequate financial backing. Field work throughout the eight years of excavation was funded by the Israel Antiquities Authority, Kibbutz Kabri and the German Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development. The Institute for Aegean Prehistory (New York) underwrote the excavation and conservation of the painted plaster floor and wall frescoes. Professor David Nieman of Boston College participated both actively in the dig and with financial support. The Israel Science Foundation was a major contributor to the scientific research and publication as was the Garfinkle Family Charitable Trust (London) who enabled us to complete the Kabri project. Publication of this book would not have been possible without the concerted support and encouragement of our colleagues and friends whose assistance and cooperation are much appreciated. A major effort was made by the staff of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University and without their help and goodwill publication of this work could not have been accomplished. We are grateful to Rachel Pelta and the team in the restorations laboratory for their professional skills and to Netta Halperin for her help with the metal objects. We also thank Judith Dekel, Yosef Kapelyan, Ora Paran, Ada Peri, Rodika Penchas and Yura Smertenko who prepared the drawings in this book as well as Eli Miron, Nikolai Adany-Tarkhanov, Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier, Yoram Weinberg and Shrago_Fabel for the photographs taken in the field and in the studio. Our thanks to Lindsey Taylor-Guthartz for translating the Hebrew text and for her professional remarks. Throughout all the years of work on this publication, Aharon Kempinski's resolve regarding the importance of publishing excavation results accompanied us. We have tried to preserve his legacy and to implement it in this volume. Material he wrote for the preliminary reports was modified only where necessary in the light of his own reassessment of certain findings. It has been no easy task to compile this book without Aharon's hand at the helm but, despite possible shortcomings, we trust that it is a worthy testament to his memory. Na'ama Scheftelowitz and Ronit Oren Tel Aviv 2002

XX

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION Aharon Kempinski

Tel Kabri (Fig. 1.1) spreads over an area of 32 ha. (80 acres) in the western Galilee 5 km east of the modern town of Nahariyah (map ref. 1632-2681) (Fig. 1.2). The most prominent feature of this important multi-period site is the rampart surrounding it which encloses three distinct topographic units (Fig. 1.3). The entire site is cut by the old Nahariya-Me350 5.4

Area (ha) 32 20 4

In the Late Bronze and Iron Ages the settlement shrank to an area near the southwestern end of the rampart close to 'Ein She fa'. Once again, the town was not big enough to include the vast amount of water flowing from the spring, so the later settlement was built near the spring. 16

In the Hellenistic period, a subterranean aqueduct which was fed by the Kabri springs was hewn out to supply water to Akko. 'Ein Shefa' seems to have been the spring used for this purpose (Frankel 1985; 1989:85). In the Mishnaic and Talmudic period, the Brita Thumim mentions Kabrita in a description of the northern border of the country (Tosefta, Shevi'it 3:11). Kabrita is generally identified as the hill to the north of 'Ein ha-Shayara, which was undoubtedly used as the settlement's water source. At this time, or perhaps slightly later, there is evidence that water from the Ga'aton River was used in the area of Kabri. In the upper reaches of the Ga'aton, which runs south of the Kabri springs, are several springs. Two of these, 'Ein Ga'aton and 'Ein Mabua, produce large quantities of water (Table 3.3). This was probably used for irrigation agriculture at the point where the Ga'aton river debouches on to the coastal plain near Kabri. Traces of this activity have been found at the top of the southern slope of the hill on which the ha-Shayara Monument stands. Here, a rock-hewn water channel can be traced for about 170 m. Part of this is a tunnel and part is built up to form a water system which exploited the water ofthe Ga'aton, probably for irrigation (Frankel 1989:91). TABLE 3.3: OUTPUT OF GA'ATON SPRINGS (Hydrological Annual1988) Height a.s.l.

Average volume (xi 0 m 3 per annum)

16929/26891

200

3.44

16840/26863

200

1.62

Spring

Map. Ref

'Ein Ga'aton 'Ein Mabua

5.06

Total

TABLE 3.4: EXPLOITATION OF THE KABRI SPRINGS S rin

Use/Ex loitation

'Ein haShayara

Water source for the settlement of Kabrita in the Mishnaic and Talmudic period. Aqueduct to Acco, from the time of Jazzar (18th century). Aqueduct to Akko, from the time of Suleiman (1815-1948). High quality mineral water used to make soda water by the Spinney's Kabri Water factory in the Mandatory period and by the 'En Gal factory of Kibbutz Kabri.

'Ein Tsuf

4 m. high raising pool. Water supplied to 6 mills: 'Ein Tsuf, Raiyas, Agha, another mill, and some water supplied to the Matruf and Qantara mills. Used by Kibbutz Kabri in agriculture.

'Ein Gial).

Water source for settlements in the Neolithic period and Early Bronze Age. Raising pool. Water supplied to two mills: Matruf and Qantara

'Ein Shefa'

Water source for the Early Bronze Age settlement. Central spring within the Middle Bronze Age fortified city. Water source for settlements of the Late Bronze and Iron Ages and the Persian period. Source for the aqueduct to Akko in the Hellenistic period(?). 7 m. high raising pool. Water supplied to 6 mills: Pool mill, Mafshul:l, Umm Jumizeh, Umm Hajrin, Ben-'Ami, Nahariya. Today divided between 'En Ben-'Ami (15/24) and Kabri (9/24).

In the Ottoman and Mandatory periods the water from 'Ein ha-Shayara fed aqueducts running to Akko (Frankel 1985). The three Muslim villages mentioned above lay near the springs and the inhabitants used them to operate flour mills. Raising pools were built at three springs in order to raise the water level by up to 7 m. (A vitzur 1963). Evidence of these mills appears as early as a Crusader document (Rohricht 1893, No. 281 ), but it seems that some of the mills began their life in the Roman period? 2

I would like to thank Dr. Rafael Frankel of Haifa University for his valuable contribution to this chapter.

17

The 1950 map on the 1:10,000 scale (Israel Survey Department 1950) shows many water channels which served to irrigate the Ga' a ton valley area, from Kabri westwards in the direction of Nahariya. These channels existed as early as the 19th century but went out of use in 1948, together with the flour mills and the aqueduct to Akko ('Aaraf 1975:24). Today this water is used by the neighbouring settlements, Kabri and Ben-'Ami.

REFERENCES 'Aaraf, S. 1975. The Coastal Plain of the Western Galilee in the Nineteenth Century. Haifa. (Hebrew) Avitzur, S. 1963. Survey of Hydraulic Power Plants in Israel. Tel Aviv. pp. 28-37. (Hebrew) Baker, D. 1958. Sheep Raising. Tel Aviv. (Hebrew) Biran, A. 1980. Tel Dan, five years later. Biblical Archaeologist 43: 168-182. Frankel, R. 1978. Kabri and the springs of Kabri, In: Frankel, R., ed. Israel Guide: Upper Galilee and the Sources ofthe Jordan. Jerusalem. pp. 62-65. (Hebrew) Frankel, R. 1985. The Hellenistic aqueduct of Acre-Ptolemais. 'Atiqot 17:134-138. Frankel, R. 1989. The aqueducts to Akko and the aqueducts in the valleys ofthe western Galilee. In: Amit, D., Hirschfeld, Y. and Patrich, Y., eds. Early Aqueducts in Palestine. Jerusalem. pp. 81-96 (Hebrew). Hydrological Annual. 1988. Hydrological Annual for Israel 198516. (Ministry of Agriculture, Water Commission, Hydrological Service) Jerusalem. (Hebrew) Kafri, A. 1972. Nahariya: Geological Map 1:50,000. (Geological Institute of Israel) Jerusalem. (Hebrew) Kafri, A. 1973. Cenomanian-Turonian rocks-Judean group- in western Galilee: Facies changes. The influence of ground water regime. In: Flexer, A. and Yedaya, M., eds. Studies and Discoveries on the Western Galilee. Geological Research on Lithology, Marine Geology, Ground Water, Soil and Flora. Haifa. pp. 39-51. (Hebrew) Kempinski, A. 1986. Kabri and its environment in the Middle Bronze Age II period. In: Yedaya, M., ed. Antiquities of the Western Galilee. Tel Aviv. pp. 66-75. (Hebrew) Kenyon, K.M. 1957. Digging Up Jericho. London. Lamon, R.S. 1935. The Megiddo Water System. Chicago. Rohricht, R. 1893. Regesta Regni Hierosolymitana (1097-1291). Innsbruck. Tsuk, Ts. 1985. The Aqueducts at Sepphoris. (M.A. thesis, Tel Aviv University) Tel Aviv. (Hebrew) Tsuk, Ts. 2000.Ancient Water Systems in Settlements in Eretz-Israel (from the Neolithic Period to the end of the Iron Age). (Ph.D. dissertation, Tel Aviv University) (Hebrew with English summary) Tsuk, Ts. and Herzog, Z. 1992. The water system of Tel Gerisa (Israel) and its contribution to the dating of underground water systems. Mitteilungen aus dem Leichtweiss-lnstitutfur Wasserbau 117:333-356. Zertal, A. 1988. The water factor and its influence on Israelite settlement in the Manasseh hills. In: Bunimovitz, S., Kochavi, M. and Kasher, A., eds. Settlements, Population and Economy in Ancient Palestine. (Proceedings of the Study Day in Memory of Prof. Yohanan Aharoni, 6 March 1985) Tel Aviv. pp. 126-144. (Hebrew) Yadin, Y. 1968. The fifth season of excavations at Hazor. Biblical Archaeologist 32:49-71.

18

CHAPTER 4

STRATIGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE AND TOMBS

I. AREA B Na