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PALESTINIAN
SYRIAC
FROM PALIMPSEST
TEXTS
FRAGMENTS
IN T H E TAYLOR-SCHECHTER
COLLECTION
PALESTINIAN SYRIAC TEXTS FROM
PALIMPSEST
FRAGMENTS
IN T H E T A Y L O R - S C H E C H T E R
COLLECTION
E D I T E D BY
AGNES SMITH HON. PHIL
DR.
LEWIS
EDITOR
OF
SOME PAGES OF T H E SYRIAC PALIMPSEST A PALESTINIAN
M.R.A.S.
HALLE-WITTENBERG
SYRIAC L E C T I O N A R Y F R O M T H E
RETRANSCRIBED
PENTATEUCH,
PROPHETS,
ETC.
AND
MARGARET
D U N L O P GIBSON JOINT EDITOR
THE
PALESTINIAN
OF
SYRIAC LECTIONARY OF T H E EDITOR
OF
S T U D I A S I N A I T I C A NOS. I I , I I I ,
V AND
& GORGIAS PRESS 2005
M.R.A.S.
VII
GOSPELS
First Gorgias Press Edition, 2005. The special contents of this edition are copyright 2005 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey. This edition is a facsimile reprint of the original edition published by Cambridge University Press, London, 1900. ISBN 1-59333-184-3
GORGIAS PRESS
46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
CAROLO TAYLOR
ET
SOLOMONI
SCHECHTER
VIRIS DOCTISSIMIS ET HEBRAICAE LINGUAE PERITISSIMIS HOC OPUSCULUM DEDICANT
AGNES SMITH LEWIS ET MARGARETA DUNLOP GIBSON.
ERRATUM On page x for
cot\SOOSn
read
QsOiilo(Ua
INTRODUCTION. /~T~"*HE
1
fragments of M S S . from which the following texts have been
copied are all palimpsests, and formed part of the great collection
of Hebrew parchments, so long stored in the Genizah of the s y n a g o g u e in Old Cairo, which D r Schechter received from the Grand Rabbi of E g y p t in 1897.
T h e y were presented b y him and b y D r T a y l o r , Master
of S t John's College, to the University of Cambridge in 1898. them were eleven
leaves of the Original
Hebrew of
Amongst
Ecclesiasticus,
belonging to two manuscripts, discovered b y D r Schechter, with some leaves of the H e x a p l a , and some autograph letters of Maimonides ; and an autograph letter of Cushiel; also the fragment of A q u i l a found b y Mr Burkitt;
and many documents of great, though somewhat lesser
interest. A l l the Palestinian Syriac palimpsest fragments contained in this volume, were picked out from the heap of miscellaneous scraps
by
D r Schechter himself, partly for the sake of the upper Hebrew script, and partly because he suspected the under one to be Syriac.
In this
he was confirmed b y Mr Burkitt, who happened to see some of the earliest specimens, including probably No. I I I . or V . which D r Schechter had laid aside for our inspection.
T w e n t y - o n e fragments were entrusted
to Mrs Gibson and me in 1898 by D r T a y l o r and D r Schechter, for the purpose of editing, and nine more in June 1899 b y the Syndics of the University Library.
T o the texts of these we have added that of four
scraps belonging to ourselves, two of which, though purchased from dealers in Cairo, came originally from the Genizah. T h e 30 documents (or 34. counting our own) differ considerably in age, in value, and in the degree of their preservation ; or rather, I might say, of the ill-usage to which they have been subjected s. F.
b
Vili
INTRODUCTION.
The place in which they were so long stored merits description. W e were enabled, when in Cairo, through the kindness of Dr Schechter, to visit it T h e synagogue is a plain, whitewashed building, round three sides of which runs a gallery. A t one end of this gallery a rude ladder, with rungs very wide apart, gives access to a door in the wall, some fourteen feet above the floor. Through this door one of the synagogue servants jumped, and as he alighted in the inner darkness, we who stood below heard the crash of ancient vellum beneath his feet. We had to content ourselves with a peep, from the top of the ladder, at this lumber-room, the Genizah, whence have issued from time to time so many ragged scraps of writing to make glad the hearts of European scholars For centuries, whitewash has tumbled upon them from the walls and ceiling; the sand of the desert has lodged in their folds and wrinkles ; water from some unknown source has drenched them ; they have squeezed and hurt each other ; whilst all the time some of them were keeping for us very precious secrets. It was my not altogether pleasant duty when in Cairo, to separate and cleanse those of the Genizah fragments which Mrs Gibson and I had acquired, and, ab nno disce omnia, I found each little bundle of heterogeneous leaves glued together, some loosely, through having been dried after immersion in water; some tightly, by a treacle-like sticky substance formed out of their own decay. Sometimes a handful which I supposed to consist of three leaves would be found to conceal a dozen, each differing in character from its neighbours, and amongst the dust which covered them I discovered not a few very tiny insects. Thus the numerous holes with which our palimpsest leaves are studded have certainly been produced by long adhesion to a slowly mouldering mass of parchment and paper. The fragments differ much in the degree of their legibility. Dates, in cases where none are given, are impossible to fix, and only a vague guess can therefore be made about the epoch to which each fragment belongs. This resolves itself ultimately into a question of handwriting, and in this matter we can only invoke the diligent consideration of our
INTRODUCTION.
IX
facsimiles, and the tentative judgment of those who are more skilled in these matters than we are ourselves. We feel justified in saying, however, that no earlier specimen of the language is known than these texts of Jeremiah, Joel, Hosea, Corinthians, Thessalonians, Timothy and Titus. We are certain, also, that these are no parts of a Lectionary, but are the remains of an early Syriac version, translated from the Septuagint. It will be observed that there is no indication of a rubric between the conclusion of Hosea and the beginning of Joel in Fragment VI., and that Fragment X I . exhibits the headings ojcv^j.^ and k'Au.iiA* "second (Timothy)." It was natural to suppose from the character of the upper Hebrew script, that those Fragments which contain texts of I. Thessalonians and of II. Timothy must be portions of the same MS. as those edited by Mr Gwilliam in Anecdota Oxoniensia, Semitic Series, Vol. I. Part V. , but whereas two of the Bodleian fragments measure 12 inches by 8-^, the longest of the Cambridge leaves measures only 9§ inches by 7§. Moreover in the Bodleian fragments the Hebrew script runs across the Palestinian Syriac, and in the Cambridge ones it runs the same way. A re-agent, hydro-sulphuret of ammonia, has been employed, by special permission of the University Librarian, only on Fragments II. X I X X I I . X X V I . X X X , with I and I I of our own, and on portions of Fragments I. I I I . V. V I I . It has in no instance been used where the words could be deciphered without it; nor where the leaves were riddled with holes, experience having shown us that under the latter conditions more would be lost than gained by its application. Fragments I. and II. of our collection would have been perfectly illegible without it; the under script in these was mistaken by me for a faint brown streak of dirt; and it was thus left to Dr Schechter, who knew the appearance of the Hebrew script m the fragments of his own collection, to recognize that this streak was really an ancient text. Mrs Gibson and I are separately responsible for the decipherment of those Fragments to which our initials are appended. The plan
INTRODUCTION.
X
which we have followed was for one editor to revise the other's work ; then to submit the printed text to Dr Nestle, of Maulbronn, and to verify his suggestions; it was then re-read from the manuscripts by Dr Rendel Harris, of Cambridge, and received its last revision from ourselves. T h e early Creed on Fragment X I I I . was identified and deciphered almost wholly by Dr Harris. I had copied a few words, amongst which were t»cu»cisa even, and this at once suggested to #
Dr Harris both the word ofioovcriot been applied. [The Hebrew text is a portion of the Talmud of Jerusalem the same MS. as No. I X . ]
Tractate Sotah, chap lx.
From
XXVIII. Two conjugate leaves, much decayed, the ink used for the Palestinian Syriac script having eaten away the substance of the vellum so as to riddle it with holes. As this has occurred on both sides of the leaves it has rendered the ancient writing quite illegible. The leaves originally measured each 7f inches by 6f, but large portions have been torn off. The Hebrew script, in one column, numbered 29 lines. [The Hebrew text is from the Talmud of Jerusalem.
Tractate Pesahim, chaps, vn., x.]
XXIX. A pair of conjugate leaves, much damaged; a piece being torn out of both together at left-hand foot. There are many holes, due to decay. The length is inches, maximum breadth 6J inches. The upper Hebrew script is m one column, in a neat, clear hand. Folio 1 a has 34 lines, f. 1 b has 30, f. 2 a has 31, and f. 2 b 32. There is a piece broken off, the edge being rolled up and glued together with the product of its own decay. The lower Syriac script is in two columns: it is in a fine straight hand, with a marked tendency to carry a straight line along the foot of each word, and to prolong it before the final letters of the line. Capital Waw occurs four times and capital He once, all outside the column. [The Hebrew text is from the Jerusalem Talmud. century.]
Tractate Shekalim, chap. 1.; 11th or 12th
XX
DESCRIPTION
OF T H E
FRAGMENTS.
XXX. A single leaf of rather thick vellum, well scraped on both sides, measuring 9 inches by 6. Parts of the inner side have been torn away, and there is one large hole. Both the upper Hebrew and under Edessene Syriac script on the flesh-side have been made legible by the re-agent, but on the hair-side the latter has been almost completely erased. Both are in one column, running the same way, the Hebrew having 36 lines, the Syriac 2 1 . T h e latter appears to belong to the fifth or sixth century. This is the only Fragment in the present volume whose under script is not Palestinian Syriac. [The Hebrew text is a portion of a Liturgy Piyut
LEWIS-GIBSON
for a sabbath ( n t h century).]
COLLECTION.
I. A broken leaf, of thin vellum, about a third of it torn off lengthwise, with several large ragged holes. Its length is 7§ inches, its present maximum breadth is 4.4 inches. T h e upper Hebrew script is m one column, and clearly written, though some letters at the beginning of the line on the flesh-side have been rubbed away. There are 26 lines on either side. T h e lower Syriac script runs across the Hebrew, and is in two columns. T h e lines are straight, the handwriting is bold, but so much faded as to be only legible in a few places with the help of the re-agent. [The Hebrew text is a portion of the Talmud of Jerusalem.
Tiactate Horayoth,
chap. 111.
Conjugate leaves in Hebrew M S . No. I I . of this collection and No. X X I I
of the Taylor-Schechter collection belong to the
same M S both as legauls the Hebrew and the G i e e k scripts ]
II. A broken leaf, of thin vellum, conjugate with No. I., maximum measurements 8 inches by 4|- inches. A piece, it is impossible to say how large, has been torn irregularly from the left s i d e , the right side is torn, there is a large hole at the
DESCRIPTION
OF
THE
xxi
FRAGMENTS.
bottom, besides two large and many small irregular holes in the body of the document.
For description of the two scripts see No. I.
There is a broken
portion of another similar leaf beside it.
III. This and No. I V . were found when the remains of the binding to our small Palestinian Syriac Lectionary, of which the text has been published in No. V I . Studia
Smaitica,
were split up on the occasion of the book being rebound.
T h e y were enclosed m a kind of bag or envelope of blank vellum similar to that on which they were written.
This was evidently the framework for something
else, perhaps of an ornamental character, seeing that it has attracted the attention of the spoiler. holes.
No. I I I . measures 6f by 2f inches, it has two splits and several
Half of it is palimpsest, both scripts being m Palestinian Syriac.
The
lower script is of a reddish-yellow c o l o u r , the upper, which runs across it, being very black.
It is impossible to say of either whether it was in one column or
two, as the fragment is merely a strip cut from a page to fit into the binding. Eight lines of the upper writing are visible, and 19 of the lower
IV. This is like No. I l l , a cutting from a longer leaf. by 2|.
It measures 5 inches
Four lines are visible on either side, containing the text from Numbers
identified by Mr Stennmg.
T h e facsimiles T
which we give m this volume have been executed by Messrs
and R. Annan and Sons, of Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, from photographs
taken by Mr Edwin Wilson, of Cambridge. A.
S.
L.
M. D. G.
I N D E X TO T E X T S . PAGE Numbers
XXll. 1 7 - 2 2
110
XXI1. 3 7 b ,
HI
xxni
41
111
5
D e u t e r o n o m y XXXI. 3 - 1 4 XXX l Psalms
Isaiah Jeremiah
Joel
2
xiv. 4 - i o a
34
x i v . i o b - J o e l i. 6
36
11. i o b - i 5 *
38
ii. I 5 b - 2 0
40
4
S. J o h n
xiv. 1 5 ,
cxvm. i o
77
Romans
V.
CX1X. 1 0 9
108
2 Corinthians
Ill
1. 4 , 5
109
20-29
xii. 1 2 - 1 4 xil.
7-xin.
4
...
XIV. 4 - 7 ...
16
44
6-9a
109
2-9»
46
lit. 9 b - ' 5
48
6
111. i 6 - i v . 4a
8
iv. 4 b - i o a
12
XXIX. 3 2 - x x x . 6
I T h e s s a l o n i a n s iii. i - 6 a
14
...
50 52
.
...
54
iii. 6 b - i 3
56
XXX. 6 b - i o
16
IV. 1 - 7
58
XXXI. 4 - 8 »
18
iv. 8 - 1 4
60
XXXI. 8 b -I2=>
20
ii. 1 6 - 2 0
62
xxxi. I2b—I5
22
ii. 2 2 - 2 6
64
xxxi
26
Ili. 3 b - 7
66
ni. 8 - 1 2
68
35^3«
2 Timothy
Titus
xxxi. 39-XXXll. 2
28
xxxn
30
Creeds
32
V i t a S. A n t o n i i
XXXll Ezekiel
PAGE Hosea
b
35 -39
•••
42-43
xx. 9 - 1 5 ( E d e s s e n e )
106
...
72 >8-105
L I S T OF
FAC-SIMILES.
Taylor-Schechter
Collection. JDeut. xxxi. 3 - 8 1 2 - 1 4 (John xiv. 15, 16
("Fragment I. a [Fragment VI 11, a
PLATE
I.
PLATE
II.
Fragment II. f. i a, f. 2 b
Jer. xu 12-14, xiv. 5-7
PLATE
III.
Fragment III. f. 2 b
Jer. xxxi. 8 b -i2
PLATE
IV.
Fragment VI. f. 2 b
Joel ii. i5 b -2o
PLATE
V.
Fragment IX. f. 1 a
2 Cor. in. 2-9
PLATE
VI.
Fragment XI. f. 2 b
Titus 111. 8-12
PLATE
VII.
Fragment XXIII. b
Lewis-Gibson
PLATE V I I I .
Collection. [Romans v. 6 - cf\Numbers xxn. 20, 21 Numbers xxn. 37b, 41
Fragment III. b Fragment IV. a
ERRATA. V
Page 21, col. 2, 1. 14
After avrov add S and put '12'
Page 23, col. 2, 1. 18.
For eialv ov read eia-iv' 01!.
Page 72.
For Creed II. read Creed.
one line higher.
111
IV. recto Numbers xxii. 37 b , 41. *
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