Ordeal at Valley Forge: A Day-by-Day Chronicle from December 17, 1777 to June 18, 1778, Compiled from the Sources [Reprint 2016 ed.] 9781512818901

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ORDEAL

AT VALLEY FORGE

BOOKS BY JOHN JOSEPH STOUDT: Consider the Lilies, How They Grow—An Interpretation of the Symbolism of Pennsylvania German Art Jacob Boehme's The Way to Christ in Modern Translation Pennsylvania Folk Art—An Interpretation Pennsylvania German Poetry: 1685-1830 Private Devotions for Home and Church Sunrise to Eternity—A Study in Jacob Boehme's Life and Thought Devotions and Prayers of Johann Arndt Caspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig's Passional and Prayerbook in Modern Translation (With James Ernst) Ephrata—A History

P°ortrait of Commander in Chief George Washington by Cebarles Willson Peale, painted at Valley Forge late in the sfpring. It shows the General in full uniform with a youthftul face still unfurrowed by age. Owing to the shortage of ecloth at the time, it was painted on a piece of linen bed tticking. It was used on the three-cent stamp of the Bicen~ Uennial series.

ORDEAL AT VALLEY FORGE A Day-by-Day Chronicle From December 17, 1777 to J u n e 18, 1778 Compiled From the Sources

by John Joseph Stoudt

U N I V E R S I T Y OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS Philadelphia

© 1963 by the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Published in Great Britain, India, and Pakistan by the Oxford University Press London, Bombay, and Karachi Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-7863

7389 Printed in the United States of America

To the Memory of MAJOR GEORGE SCHAEFFER of the German Regiment who shared the ordeal

Foreword

Valley Forge, with its associated picture of shivering, naked, starving patriots treading snowbound hills, has often been described in words of patriotic fervor. Orators have likened the winter encampment of the Continental Army to other great epochs in mankind's struggle for freedom: Thermopylae, Runnymeade, Marston Moor, and Pork Chop Hill. Glory there was indeed at Valley Forge, worthy of such admiration. Yet in our patriotic enthusiasm we should not lose sight of the sober truth which the actors in this drama put down in their writings. At no other period in our national history was our freedom more deeplv endangered, and at no other time was our life as a nation so much in jeopardy, as during the six months that the Continental Army under George Washington was camped at the Quaker Isaac Potts's forge. Crisis followed crisis. Patriot fortunes were low.The British occupied and cavorted in the nation's capital. They controlled New York and parts of New England. Tories were chesty, and patriots despaired. And the Commander in Chief's luster had been somewhat diminished by comparison with the brilliance of the victories of other generals. Each trial, however, seemed to uncover new reserves of determination issuing from a stubborn will to be and to remain free. This will was the Continental Army's testament to the future. It certified our liberties and made our independence sure. 7

8

Ordeal at Valley Forge

But Valley Forge was not all misery and despair. It was intensely cold. Clothing was scarce, and food was short for a time. There was much sickness, especially smallpox. Pay was several months in arrears and currency was almost worthless. Desertions were rampant. Nevertheless there also were times of joy, enthusiasm, and humor, and there was ever the warmth of resolute men. Our purpose in this book is to tell the Valley Forge story, not as romanticized history or anonymous heroism, but as fact gathered from the original documents. These give the weather for about seventy percent of the time. They give figures on how many Pennsylvania soldiers were in need of clothes. They tell just when the Army was short of meat. The primary documents and the contemporary newspapers (a hitherto unused source) constitute an impersonal chronicle of just what took place while the Continental Army was at Valley Forge. We shall not embellish or ornament these original materials. Rather, we intend to let the men who shared the Valley Forge ordeal tell their own story, as far as possible in their own words. We have no iconoclastic purpose. We do not wish to shatter myths or to engage in mud-slinging at heroes. We hope, simply, that the reader will emerge after reading this book with more, rather than less, respect for the officers and men of the Continental Army, as well as for those units of the often forgotten Pennsylvania Militia who also saw service, and with a better understanding of the real nature of their heroism. We shall not gloss over the seamier aspects of the Valley Forge story, for it was above all a human story told by human beings. Norristown, Pennsylvania June 1962

JOHN JOSEPH STOUDT

Acknowledgments This book originated in the conviction of my father, Dr. John Baer Stoudt, a member of the Historical Commission of Pennsylvania, that time rather than space was the essence of the Valley Forge story. His little pamphlet dealing with The Feu de Joye of May 6th, 1778 is evidence of his view that the subject should be treated chronologically rather than topically. This sentiment was shared by his friend Dr. Albert Bushneil Hart, who encouraged us to proceed with this day-by-day approach as the best method of bringing out the dramatic character of the episode. A number of libraries and archives have been helpful. The Pennsylvania State Library in Harrisburg provided photostats of their file of the Pennsylvania Packet. The National Archives in Washington supplied photostats of the Continental Army returns. The old War Department archives, now merged with the National Archives, also were helpful in supplying photographs of oaths of allegiance. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and Mr. J. Harcourt Givens, have provided us with free access to their rich collections. The Haverford College Library permitted us to photostat materials in rare books. The Historical Society of Montgomery County also aided in research. The assistance given by the staff of the Research Library of the Valley Forge Park Commission 9

10

Ordeal at Valley Forge

and by Mrs. Margaret D. Roshong has been invaluable. Among the many individuals who have helped are Mr. John F. Reed, Major John Wilcox, and Mr. William B. Daub. I am likewise indebted to the Hon. John A. LaFore and the Hon. Richard S. Schweiker, Montgomery County Congressmen, and to Mrs. Evelyn Haller, their secretary in Washington. Finally, to my wife who has had to put up with a husband more disposed to live in the past than in the present, I owe a debt that is incalculable. SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS

The portrait of George Washington by Charles Willson Peale is now the property of West Chester State College, the Francis Harvey Green Library. Photograph by Mr. William B. Daub. The map of the country round Philadelphia is from The Gentleman's Magazine for September 1776. The photostat from the copy in the Haverford College Library, was furnished through the courtesy of Montgomery County. The two versions of the Washington Proclamation to the Farmers to Thresh Grain are from the Revolutionary Broadside Collection at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, where these photostats were made. The chart of the Delaware Bay and River is from The Gentleman's Magazine, July 1779. The photostat from the copy in the Haverford College Library, was furnished through the courtesy of Montgomery County. The list of general officers in the American Army in Washington's hand was formerly in the War Department Archives, where this photograph was made, and is now in the National Archives.

Ordeal at Valley Forge

11

General Return, Continental Army, No. 55, is from the National Archives, where the photostat was made. The anonymous map is from the collection of Revolutionary maps in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, where this photostat was made. Only the central portion of the map is reproduced here. The account of clothing sent to General Wayne was formerly in the Wayne papers and now is in the collection of Mr. John F. Reed. General Return No. 58 is from the National Archives, where the photostat was made. The note of John Laurens requesting provisions for General Steuben's horses is from the collection of Mr. John F. Reed. The French engineer's map of Valley Forge, an improvement on the Duportail map, is the best of the contemporary maps of Valley Forge. It is reproduced with the kind permission of the Cornell University Library. The two civilian oaths of allegiance of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are from the John Baer Stoudt collection. General Return No. 61 is from the National Archives, where the photostat was made. The three documents—the Return of Clothing for the Second Pennsylvania Regiment, the Return of Clothing Wanted in General Wayne's Division, and the Tally of Clothing Wanted, in General Wayne's own hand—were formerly in the Wayne papers and now are in the collection of Mr. John F. Reed. The caricature of Major General Charles Lee is from the Peters Collection in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, where the photostat was made. The lines of the drawing have been strengthened somewhat.

12

Ordeal at Valley Forge

George Washington's oath of allegiance is now in the National Archives; this photograph was made, however, while the paper was still in the War Department Archives. Both Wayne's and Muhlenberg's oaths, formerly in the Archives of the War Department are now in the National Archives. The Letter of Colonel Richard Butler to President Wharton of Pennsylvania is in the collection of Mr. John F. Reed. The photograph was made by Mr. William B. Daub. Major Capitaine's map of the Barren Hill skirmish is in the Archives du Ministère de la Guerre in Paris. A copy is in the collection of Revolutionary maps at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, where the photostat was made. There are some discrepancies in the routes of the British troops as given on this map. Benedict Arnold's oath of allegiance is from an old War Department photograph. The receipts for clothing received were made by the Quartermasters of the Pennsylvania Regiments, were formerly in the Wayne papers and now are in the collection of Mr. John F. Reed. General Lafayette's oath of allegiance is from an old War Department photograph. Washburn's oath, in longhand, is from the John. F. Reed collection. Continental Army Return No. 82, is from the National Archives, where the photostat was made. The title page of General Steuben's Drill Manual, first edition, is from the copy at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, where the photostat was made.

Contents FOREWORD

7

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

9

PROLOGUE

17

ORDEAL AT VALLEY FORGE

21

EPILOGUE

347

NOTES

350

BIBLIOGRAPHY

387

INDEX O F NAMES

399

is

ORDEAL AT VALLEY FORGE

Without arrogance, or the smallest deviation from truth, it may be said that no history, now extant, can furnish an instance of an Army's suffering uncommon hardships as ours have done, and bearing them with some patience and fortitude. To see men without Cloathes to cover their nakedness, without Blankets to lay on, without Shoes, by which their Marches might be traced by the blood of their feet, and almost as often without Provision as with; marching through frost and snow, and at Christinas taking up their Winter Quarters within a day's march of the Enemy, without a Hütt to cover them until they could be built and submitting to it without a murmur, is a mark of patience and obedience which in my opinion can scarcely be paralleled. — Washington to John Bannister

Prologue

The embattled farmers who at Concord Bridge, on April 9, 1775, stood up to British might and fired the shot heard round the world were militia, untrained in the arts of war, but made bold by the infectious power of an idea. The troops who rushed from Pennsylvania and elsewhere to join Washington when he took command under the elm at Cambridge were Pennsylvania Dutch farmers and other rustic citizens unprepared for a sustained war against a formidable enemv. Most of them expected short service, hoping to return to their farms within a few months. Nor was the Continental Congress ready to support war. Arms were in short supply. The deadly long Pennsylvania rifles were homemade, products of a craft economy. And there were not enough of them. A mercenary business pervaded the quartermaster department—stock jobbing. War offered the greedy a chance to get rich quick. In February 1776, Washington urged the Congress to abandon the militia and to establish a national or continental army. This was done eight months later by raising —on paper—thirty-eight battalions totaling 63,000 men. Recruits failed to materialize, even though munificent bounties were offered: twenty pounds and a hundred acres of land. The draft was used. Nevertheless not more 17

18

Ordeal at Valley Forge

than one-eighth of this paper army was ever in service. The campaigns of 1776 and 1777 were marked by weakness, dilatoriness, and indecision on both sides. A defeat for the Americans at Long Island on August 27, 1776, forced them to withdraw to Harlem Heights in northern Manhattan. In September the British occupied New York while the Americans retreated across the Hudson into New Jersey. After Howe had pursued—if this is the word to describe his snail-like progress—the Americans into Pennsylvania, they crossed the Delaware while the British settled down to enjoy the winter in western Jersey. Christmas 1776 saw a party in Trenton at which a thousand prisoners were taken, and on January 3 there was a belated New Year's celebration at Princeton. The British then scurried back to New York and the Americans put in a bitterly miserable winter at Morristown. In the summer of 1777 Howe set out to capture Philadelphia, where the Declaration had been made that these Colonies were to be free and independent. He was afraid to cross New Jersey by land, lest Washington should cut him off from his naval support. So he went by sea, disembarked at Elkton, and proceeded towards the capital at Philadelphia. At the battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777, the outnumbered Americans were able to slow down the cautious Howe. Two weeks later Howe occupied Philadelphia, while the Americans—including the government—fled into the Pennsylvania interior. The American Army had nowhere to go. It wandered about the Perkiomen and Skippack regions like a headless animal. On September 18 it crossed the Schuylkill at Parker's Ford and camped on the road near Trappe. During these weeks the British were ranging south of the Schuylkill, collecting forage and provisions for their winter of inaction. On the 19th, from an eminence near

Prologue

19

Fatland, Washington observed British troops across the river at Isaac Potts's forge. Around the 22nd the Americans went deeper into the interior, camping near Pennypacker's mills. T h e Americans were already in want. On September 26 Colonel Clement Biddle was authorized to impress for the use of the Army all the blankets, shoes, stockings, and other clothing that the inhabitants of Bucks, Philadelphia, and Northampton could spare. On the 28th a council of war was held. T h e Commander in Chief estimated the enemy strength at eight thousand veterans and his own at eight thousand Continentals and three thousand militia. T h e council decided that the Army was to be moved to some grounds suitable for an encampment about twelve miles from the enemy position, there to await reinforcements and to be ready to seize the first favorable chance to make an attack that might offer itself. A minority of the general officers, including Smallwood and Wayne, favored an immediate attack. On October 3 Washington received preliminary news of impending victories in the north, and sent his army down the Skippack road to Germantown. T h e next day's outcome was unfortunate but not injurious. At Germantown the Americans suffered few casualties, and brought off all their artillery except one piece, which was dismounted. T h e British fared no better, and the American troops were not dispirited even though several valuable officers, including General Nash, had been wounded. Fog, mingled with smoke, unfortunately prevented the different brigades from supporting each other in the brief action, which lasted two hours and forty minutes. Retreating back up the Skippack road, the Americans again camped near Pennypacker's mills. T h e Pennsylvania militia also were in active service,

20

Ordeal at Valley Forge

having been posted on the various roads leading into Philadelphia to intercept the enemy. The militia in the home areas were ordered to collect blankets, shoes, stockings, and other clothing, "especially," as Washington's letter to Colonel John Siegfried directed, "from Quakers and disaffected inhabitants." When the news of the victory over Burgoyne came to Washington he appointed October 18 a day of celebration, with feu de joie. Disaffection was epitomized in the efforts of the Congress to appoint Brigadier General Conway to the rank of major general. On October 21 the Americans encamped near the Blue Bell tavern in Whitpain. On the 29th a council of war reviewed the situation. The British had 10,000 rank and file in Philadelphia, while there were 8,313 Continental troops and 2,717 militia in the American Army. However, Pennsylvania was being urged in the strongest terms to offer more assistance. Clothing was in short supply, and both the Congress and the Pennsylvania authorities were being petitioned. The soldiers' pay for September had not yet been made. All officers were empowered to collect blankets, shoes, stockings, and other clothing in Pennsylvania, but with orders to avoid distressing families. On December 12 the Army was at Swedes' Ford. The north side of the Schuylkill was an inadequate position from which to defend the strategically important interior of Pennsylvania. The British could have sallied forth and made extended raids on Lancaster and perhaps even on York, where the Congress was being held. On the 14th the Americans crossed the Schuylkill on a rude bridge made of Conestoga wagons, and went into temporary camp at Gulph Mills. It was already cold, bitter, and raw—a forbidding time—and the Commander in Chief addressed the troops in the words that follow.

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 1 7 , PAROLE:

Warwick

1777

COUNTERSIGNS:

Woodbridge, Winchester

— The Commander in Chief with the highest satisfaction expresses his thanks to the Officers and Soldiers for the fortitude & patience with which they have sustained the fatigues of the Campaign. Altho' in some instances we unfortunately failed, yet upon the whole Heaven hath smiled upon our Arms and crowned them with signal success; and we may upon the best grounds conclude, that by a spirited continuance of the measures necessary for our defence, we shall finally obtain the end of our Warfare : Independence, Liberty & Peace. These are blessings worth contending for at every hazard. But we hazard nothing. The power of America alone, duly exerted, would have nothing to dread from the force of Britain. Yet we stand not wholly upon our ground. France yields us every aid we seek, and there are reasons to believe the period is not very distant, when she will take a more active part, by declaring war against the British crown. Every motive, therefore, irresistibly urges us, nay commands us, to a firm & manly perseverance in our opposition to our cruel oppressors, to slight difficulties, endure hardships, and contemn every danger. The General ardently wishes it were now in his power to conduct the troops into the best winter quarters. But where are these to be found? Should we retire to the interior parts of the State, we should find them crowded with virtuous citizens, who, 21

22

Ordeal at Valley Forge

sacrificing their all, have left Philadelphia, and fled thither for protection. T o their distresses humanity forbids us to add. This is not all, we should leave a vast extent of fertile country to be despoiled and ravaged by the Enemy, from which they would draw vast supplies, and where many of our firm friends would be exposed to all t h e miseries of the most insulting and wanton depredation. These considerations make it indispensably necessary for the Army to take such a position, as will enable it most effectively to prevent distress and to give the most extensive security; and in that position we must make ourselves the best shelter in our power. With activity and diligence Hütts may be erected that will b e warm and dry. In these the troops will be compact, more secure against surprise than if in a divided state and at hand to protect the country. These cogent reasons have determined the General to take post in the neighborhood of this Camp [Gulph Mills]; and influenced by them, h e persuades himself that the Officers and Soldiers, with one heart, and one mind, will resolve to surmount every difficulty, with a fortitude & patience becoming their profession and the sacred cause in which they are engaged. He himself will share in the hardship, and partake of everv inconvenience. y

Tomorrow being the day set apart by the Honourable Congress for public Thanksgiving and Praise; and duty calling us devoutly to express our grateful acknowledgements to God for the manifold blessings He has granted us, the General directs that the Army remain in its present quarters, and that the Chaplains perform divine service with their special Corps and Brigades. And earnestly exhorts, all Officers & Soldiers, whose absence is not indispensably necessary, to attend with reverence the solemnities of the day.

Ordeal at Valley Forge THURSDAY, DECEMBER 1 8 , PABOLE:

23 1777

COUNTERSIGNS:

— Cold. — Persons having any passes from Maj John Clarke are to pass all guards. — Major Genis are ordered to appoint an active field officer for and in each Brigade to superintend the business of hutting. Also an Officer to oversee the building of Hütts for each Regiment, marking out precise spots where Hütts are to be placed. No deviations are allowed. — T h e return of all tools is to be made to the Quarter Master. They are then to be alotted to overseers. Borrowers are to render account. — Colonels, or Officers commanding Regiments, with their Captains, are immediately to cause the men to b e divided into squads of twelve and to see that each squad has its proportion of tools, and set about to make a Hütt for themselves. — T h e soldiers Hütts are to be of the following dimensions: viz, fourteen by sixteen each, sides, ends and roofs made of logs, and the roof made tight with split slabs, or in some other way. The sides made tight with clay, fireplace made of wood and secured with clay on the inside eighteen inches thick. This fireplace is to be in the rear of the Hütt. The door is to be on the end next the street. T h e doors are to be made of split oak-slabs, unless boards can be procured. Side-walls to be six and a half feet high. T h e Officers' Hütts to form a line in the rear of the Troops, one Hütt to be allowed to each General Officer, one to the staff of each Brigade, one to the Field Officers of each Regiment, one to the Commissioned Officers of two Companies, and one to every twelve noncommissioned Officers and Soldiers.

24

Ordeal at Valley Forge

— Universal thanksgiving, & a roasted pig this night. — Rank & precedence make a good deal of disturbance & confusion in the American Army which is poorly supplied with provisions, occasioned by the neglect of the Commissary of Purchases. Much talk among the Officers about discharges. Money has become of too little consequence. The Congress has not made their Commissions valuable enough. — Our Brethren who are unfortunately Prisoners in Philadelphia meet with the most savage & inhuman treatment. Our Enemy does not knock them on the head, or burn them to death with torches, or flay them alive, or gradually dismember them till they die, which is customary among Savages & Barbarians. No, they are worse

Ordeal at Valley Forge

25

by far. They suffer them to starve, to linger out their lives in extreme hunger. One of these poor unhappy men, driven to the last extreme by the rage of hunger, ate his own fingers up to the first joint of his hand, before he died. Others eat the clay, the lime, the stones of the prison walls. Several who died in the Yard had pieces of Bark, Wood, Clay & Stones in their mouths.

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 1 9 , PAROLE :

1777

COUNTERSIGNS :

— Wind cold & piercing. Snow begins. — At ten this morning we marched from the Gulph and took post in the Valley Forge where ground was laid out for cantonments. We immediately struck up temporary Hütts covered with leaves. In a few days we shall be permanently hutted. — While the main Army went into the encampment at Valley Forge, Brig Geni Smallwood took the Division lately commanded by Geni Sullivan and marched to Wilmington where he will not delay a moment in putting the place in the best posture of defence. Geni Smallwood was ordered to draw supplies from the country below Wilmington and Philada, seizing the articles and giving receipts for the same. No furloughs are to be allowed. Stragglers are to be collected and brought to Valley Forge. The best efforts to get the men cloathed comfortably for the season are to be made. — Virginia troops are being supplied by their Governor, Mr Patrick Henry. Yet withal the state of their troops fluctuates. Sufferings have been great; also, our deficiencies are large. Many good men have left us.

26

Ordeal at Valley Forge

— A Boston paper reports that a ship has come in from France to an eastern port with fifty pieces of artillery, 5000 stand of arms and other stores. — Information also comes that the Enemy means to establish a post at Wilmington to countenance the disaffected in Delaware State, to draw supplies from there and from lower Chester County, thus having a winter Post on the River. Covernor Read has been urged to call out the Delaware Militia and to rendevous without loss of time at Wilmington, putting themselves under Geni Smallwood's command. If the Enemy move there it will be quickly.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 2 0 , PAROLE:

Haverhill

COUNTERSIGNS:

1777

Concord, Cambridge

— Snow ceased. — Geni Mcintosh is to command the North Carolina Brigade. — Soldiers cutting firewood are to save such parts of each tree as will do for building, reserving sixteen or eighteen feet of the trunk for logs to rear their Hütts with. — The Quarter Master is to collect quantities of straw for Hütts, for the beds. His Excellency has issued a proclamation to be printed in all the Patriot papers that all persons living within seventy miles of Headquarters are to thresh one half of their grain by the first day of February next and the other half by the first day of March next ensuing, on pain in case of failure of having all that shall remain in sheaves, after periods above mentioned, seized by the Commissaries and Quarter Masters and to be paid for as straw.

Ordeal at Valley Forge

27

— News from Philada that Geni Cornwallis has sailed from there for England. — The Enemy has carried off most of the horses in Philada and Chester Counties. Our Dragoons were mounted upon such horses as would otherwise probably fall into Enemy hands. Col Henry Lutterloh was authorized to remove all horses of proper age and size for draught or saddle found between our advance posts and the Enemy's excepting only such a number as may be wanted for each family to draw fuel for the winter. — There are those in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who have remonstrated against his Excellency's decision to go into winter quarters, thinking that he should have mounted an attack against a superior Enemy in the City.

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 2 1 ,

ρ ABOLE: Cumberland

1777

COUNTERSIGNS:

Carlisle, Caroline

— Snow on the ground and cold. — Field Officers are to call on Col Meade at Headquarters for a model of the Hütts and the directions for placing them. — Four carpenters and five expert axmen are to parade at Geni Sullivan's Quarters at three o'clock in the afternoon. — His Excellency congratulates the Army upon the arrival of the French Ship Flamond at Portsmouth with 48 brass cannon, 4 pounders, with cartridges compleat; 19 nine inch mortars; 2500 nine inch bombs; 2000 four pound balls; entrenching tools; 4100 stands of arms; a quantity of powder; and 61,051 pounds of sulphur.

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