Oneida-English/English-Oneida Dictionary 9781442632875

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ONEIDA-ENGLISH/ENGLISH-ONEIDA DICTIONARY

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KARIN MICHELSON MERCY DOXTATOR

Oneida-English/ English-Oneida Dictionary

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London

© Karin Michelson, Mercy Doxtator, and the Oneida Nation of the Thames Band Council2002 Toronto Buffalo London Prmted in Canada ISBN 0-8020-3590-6

Printed on acid-free paper

National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Michelson, Karin, 19530neida-English/English -Oneida dictionary ISBN 0-8020-3590-6 1. Oneida language- Dictionaries- English. 2. English languageDictionaries- Oneida. I. Doxtator, Mercy, 1936- II. Title

PM2073.M527 2002

497'.55

C2002-900000-9

All royalties from the sale of this work are paid to the Oneida Nation of the Thames Band for further research and documentation of the Oneida language. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishmg program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council. Financial support for th1s publication has been provided by the Government of Ontario through the Ontario Training and Adjustment Board. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support for its publishmg activities of the Government of Canada, through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP).

Contents

Preface

ix

Introduction

1

Oneida Orthography Pre-pausal or utterance-final forms

4 6

Overview of Oneida-English Entries ENTRIES FOR BASES Verb bases Noun bases AFFIXES AND CLITICS PARTICLES SIMPLE ENTRIES

8 8 8

Guide to Oneida-English Entries LOUNSBURY'S DEFINITION OF BASE A REVISED DEFINITION OF BASE Looking up a base VERB BASES Active verbs, designated v.a. Motion verbs, designated v.m. Stative verbs, designated v.s. Subentries with prepronominal prefixes Subentries with incorporated nouns Bases that haveN in the head of the entry The COMPOSED OF part of the entry The DERIVED BASES part of the entry The NOTE part of the entry NOUN BASES Bases designated n.

10 11

12 12

13 13 15 18

19 19 22 22 27

33 36 37

39 39 40 40

vi Contents

Bases designated N Bases designated v. > n. Bases designated V > N ENTRIES FOR OTHER BASES

Bases designated v./n. Bases designated human n. Bases designated kin term.

42 42

43 44 44 44

REFERENCES CITED

45 45 45 48 49 51 53 55

List of Abbreviations

56

ONEIDA-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

57

BASES WITH ALTERNANTS

Bases with alternants separated by I Bases that end in (A)-, (u)- or (e)THE EXAMPLE SENTENCES PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNS

Speaker variation

Guide to English-Oneida Entries

879

ENGLISH-ONEIDA DICTIONARY

883

APPENDICES

Introduction Appendix 1: Nature 1.1. Animals 1.2. Birds 1.3. Bugs 1.4. Parts of animals, birds, or bugs 1.5. Trees 1.6. Plants (non-edible) 1.7. Natural objects and formations 1.8. Weather and meteorological phenomena 1. 9. Directions 1.10. Division of time into units and phases 1.11. Seasons 1.12. Months 1.13. Days of the week 1.14. Numbers 1.15. Colours 1.16. Shapes 1.17. Foods 1.18. Food preparation 1.19. Eating and drinking 1.20. Tastes

1277 1279 1281 1281 1283 1284 1285 1285 1286 1287 1293 1298 1298 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1305 1308 1313 1317

Contents vii

Appendix 2: People 2.1. Family and kinship 2.2. Generations 2.3. Designations for or about people and their work 2.4. Body parts 2.5. Having a body part 2.6. Appearance and physical condition 2.7. Personality and mental states 2.8. Processes that affect the body 2. 9. Grooming 2.10. Position of the body 2.11. Getting into a position 2.12. Perception 2.13. Speaking Appendix 3: Household and Community 3.1. Clothing and accessories 3.2. Dressing and undressing 3.3. Cooking implements 3.4. Cleaning gear, appliances, furniture, decor, and parts of houses 3.5. Tools and heavy equipment 3.6. Transportation 3.7. Community buildings and structures 3.8. Games, toys, and musical instruments 3.9. Money 3.10. Measures 3.11. Attaching and placing objects Appendix 4: Exclamations and Slang 4.1. Exclamations 4.2. Slang

List of Tables Table 1: Oneida orthography Table 2: Position classes of the verb according to Lounsbury (1953) Table 3: Position classes of the noun Table 4: Aspect conjugation classes Table 5: Pronominal prefixes Table 6: Aspect classes of stative verbs Table 7: Prepronominal prefixes Table 8: Derivational suffixes Table 9: Possessive prefixes Table 10: Base-initial modifications

1318 1318 1322 1323 1326 1335 1337 1341 1347 1356 1358 1362 1367 1368 1374 1374 1378 1382 1384 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1392 1393 1397 1397 1398

5

14 14 20 23-26 27 28-31 38 41 54

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Preface

t

t t

t t t

Harvey Antone Margaret Antone Clifford Cornelius Hazel Cornelius Pearl Cornelius Verland Cornelius Rueben Cutcut Dayton Doxtator Norman Doxtator Tom Doxtator Olive Elm Norma Jamieson Georgina Nicholas Barbara Schuyler Kate Schuyler

The speakers listed above, some of whom are no longer with us, contributed their vast and unique knowledge to this dictionary and shared with us an enthusiasm for the Oneida language. Many of them also recorded their life experiences, Oneida customs, amusing events, and stories. These recordings were a most valuable source for Oneida terms and expressions as well as cultural information. We hope that this dictionary will be used by anyone who has an interest in the Oneida language. We can imagine many ways in which a dictionary

can be used. For some, a dictionary is a reference where the spelling of particular words can be checked or the exact meaning of a word can be confirmed. For teachers, a dictionary can be a source for gathering together material for the classroom. For anyone interested in word structure, a dictionary provides technical information, such as what the components of a word are and how words are related to other words. Finally, some people may simply want to browse through some of the entries or some of the appendices in order to see what the Oneida language is like. We wish to acknowledge and thank several people who have been involved in one or another way in this project. First, I feel tremendously fortunate for having been involved over the last twelve years in discussions with Michael K. Foster and Hanni Woodbury about the goals and possible structure of dictionaries of Iroquoian languages. The format of this dictionary comes out of our meetings. I am especially grateful to Hanni Woodbury, whose Onondaga dictionary will soon appear. She and I decided to make the Onondaga and Oneida dictionaries as similar as possible in structure and

x Preface

format. This meant considering every type of entry and the relationships between entries from theoretical and practical perspectives that we had not originally thought about. Second, my father, Gunther Michelson, has produced two Mohawk dictionaries (1973, 2001); he has been a mentor and teacher throughout my academic career. Clifford Abbott, Wallace L. Chafe, Carrie Dyck, Bryan Gick, the late Floyd Lounsbury, Marianne Mithun, and Blair Rudes have also all worked on dictionaries or lexicons, and it has been fun comparing data and exchanging information about databases. Leslie Elm was a member of both the Oneida Band Council and the Oneida Language Committee at the point when the Ontario Ministry of Education became involved; he provided his administrative expertise and pushed us to move ahead. Joan Doxtator was persistently encouraging and she shared with us her constant curiosity about Oneida words. Matthew Dryer, Mike Foster, Eve Ng, and Hanni Woodbury provided extensive comments on the introduction. Jean-Pierre Koenig and Len Talmy provided insights into the nature of meaning in general and also the meaning of certain Oneida bases and constructions. A most important step in organizing all of one's data is the development of a database. I made an initial stab at this, using FileMaker Pro, but John Ourant modified the basic structure so that the database could be converted to a printed page relatively easily. He also added elements to the structure that made the database a lot of fun to use. His expertise and constant willingness to address technical matters over the last five years have been invaluable.

My husband, Russell Deer, and Mercy's late husband, Dayton Doxtator, deserve special mention. Russell provided constant encouragement throughout this long project; he also offered his opinions whenever a judgment was needed about format, wording, and the precise meaning of English glosses. Dayton was steadfast in his belief in the importance of documenting the Oneida language; his wisdom and encouragement gave us a boost on the many occasions when we felt overwhelmed. The final version of this dictionary represents what we feel has been a rewarding collaboration between the two authors. Perhaps this is because we share a fascination with Oneida words: the rich and complex way in which they are structured, the ways in which words are related to each other, the precise meanings that words convey and how the components of complex words contribute to their meaning, and the seemingly endless number of ways of expressing concepts in Oneida. The material contained in this dictionary comes out of our joint work on Oneida, but each of us also contributed in particular ways to the final result, and it may be interesting to users to know a little bit about the backgrounds each of us brings to this project. Mercy began teaching Oneida at the Standing Stone Elementary School at the Oneida-of-the-Thames settlement in 1974. For several years, she was the only full-time teacher of Oneida in Ontario. Mercy's introduction to the linguistic analysis of Oneida was in 1974, in a summer course designed to train fluent speakers of Iroquoian languages to teach their language. My introduction to Oneida took place over twenty years ago, in 1979, when I was

Preface xi

hired by the Department of Anthropology at the University of Western Ontario to direct the newly established Centre for the Research and Teaching of Canadian Native Languages. Before my arrival at the University of Western Ontario, I had already done research on Mohawk; I worked with speakers at Kahnawake, Quebec, when I was an undergraduate student at McGill University (1972-75) as well as when I was a graduate student at Harvard University (1975-83). In the fall of 1979 Mercy and I collaborated for the first time when we co-taught a course at the University of Western Ontario on the structure of Oneida. In the spring of 1980, I met Georgina Nicholas, who was known for her knowledge of Oneida and was a superb storyteller. She recorded several stories, which were published in Michelson (1981). For the next two-and-a-half years I visited Georgina at her home two mornings a week, where we worked on these and other texts and together explored the intricacies of the Oneida language. Sadly, she passed away in July 1983. In 1982 I returned to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to take up a position at Harvard University. In 1983 I finished my dissertation on the accent of anumber of Iroquoian languages. In 1989 I joined the Department of Linguistics at the University at Buffalo (The State University of New York), and I am on the faculty there at the present time. From 1982 onwards, I have visited the Oneida community near London, Ontario, about twice a year in order to continue working with speakers of Oneida, and especially with Mercy, Norma Jamieson, and Olive Elm. In 1991 Mercy retired from full-time teaching, and in 1993 I obtained a grant from the National Science Foundation

(SBR-9222382) with Mercy as coprincipal investigator. The objective of the grant was to record spontaneously told narratives in Oneida in order to study phonological phrasing and intonational patterns. Mercy recorded most of the speakers, who spoke about traditional occupations and customs of the Oneida in Ontario from about the 1940s to the present. Usually the recordings begin with a part where Mercy is interviewing the speaker about her or his family background, and this is followed by a part where the speaker is talking about things that happened long ago. These recordings include many details about what it was like to grow up and work in southwestern Ontario forty or fifty years ago. Mercy also made several recordings herself, in which she tells about Oneida life or recalls amusing incidents including some that happened when Oneidas were trying to learn English. Mercy translated the recordings and did a preliminary transcription. Together, we went over all of the recordings (this took several years) and, as a result, we compiled a considerable amount of lexical material on Oneida. In 1994 John Stanley approached me about preparing an Oneida dictionary as part of an initiative by the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training (earlier called the Ontario Training and Adjustment Board) to produce and publish comprehensive dictionaries and grammars of all the Algonquian and Iroquoian languages spoken in Ontario. Various projects were funded as co-sponsorship agreements between the ministry and specific Native nations (or organizations, such as the Woodland Cultural Centre). The goal of the ministry was, and still is, to make such reference works accessible

xii Preface

(and thus not overly technical) to members of the various communities. Before undertaking the project I met with the Oneida Language Committee, and after being given the go-ahead, intense work on the dictionary began in 1995. During the first two to three years I would visit Mercy at her home several times a year for a few days at a time. We went over all of the tape-recorded material, refined the transcriptions, and collected additional forms suggested by the forms in the texts. In the last few years, we worked together mainly over the telephone, several hours every week, making sure the glosses for Oneida words were accurate so that they would reflect the context in which

an Oneida word might be used. With the help of the speakers listed earlier, we added forms in particular semantic areas. It is tempting, since we enjoy working together and since there are such knowledgeable speakers who are willing to help, to spend more time adding to and improving the dictionary. However, it is also important for the dictionary to be available sooner rather than later. Mercy and I have dedicated the dictionary to two people with whom we wish we could share it: Dayton Doxtator and Georgina Nicholas.

Karin Michelson April 2001

Introduction

The Oneida today live primarily in three communities: Oneida-of-theThames near London, Ontario, the Oneida reservation near Green Bay, Wisconsin, and the Oneida reservation near Syracuse, New York. The original homeland of the Oneida was in New York; those who want to learn about the history of the Oneida, and their move to Ontario and Wisconsin, should consult Campisi and Hauptman (1988). It is estimated that there are presently about 160 speakers of Oneida in Ontario, and probably fewer than two dozen in Wisconsin. There are no fluent speakers in New York, although it is being taught in schools by teachers from Ontario. All the speakers who contributed to this dictionary are from Ontario. An excellent dictionary of Wisconsin Oneida is Abbott, Christjohn, and Hinton (1996). Speakers from Ontario who travel regularly to Wisconsin report that there are significant differences between the dialects. There are some regular differences in pronunciation that have to do with accent and vowel length. In addition to regular differences, specific words may have a slightly different pronunciation in the

two dialects; for example, there might be a ? in one dialect, and an h in the other, or there might be a vowel u in one, and a vowel A in the other. Sometimes the two communities use different Oneida words for the same meaning. In other cases the two communities both have a particular word, but the meaning of the word is different in the two dialects. There are also many cases where a lexical item in one dialect is not familiar to speakers of the other. To give some idea of the differences between the two dialects of Oneida, the entries for some animal names and tree or plant names give the Wisconsin form for comparison. This dictionary has three parts. The first is the Oneida-English dictionary. The Oneida-English entries include grammatical information, such as the composition of entries, cross-references to other entries, and notes about the pronunciation. The second part is the English-Oneida dictionary. This part gives all of the forms that are given as subentries in the Oneida-English dictionary, but the entries do not contain any of the grammatical information other than a cross-reference to the entry under which all the forms can be found

2 Introduction

in the Oneida-English dictionary. Someone who simply wants to check how an Oneida word is spelled, or what the Oneida equivalent is for an English word, can probably use the English-Oneida dictionary although we recommend that the user refer to the Oneida-English entries to learn more about the Oneida forms. The Appendices, which comprise the third part of the dictionary, are organized according to semantic fields. Both the EnglishOneida dictionary and the Appendices have their own introductions. The ideas behind the organization of this dictionary go back over ten years to 1988, when Michael K. Foster, Hanni Woodbury, and I began a series of regular meetings to discuss the organization of dictionaries of Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. Our goal was to attempt to achieve an organization that reflects the uniqueness, particularly semantic uniqueness, of specific constructions and also conveys what is known about the rich and intricate structure of words in these languages. When languages have such a rich morphological pattern, as the Iroquoian languages do, it is tempting to assume that words having a complex internal structure, i.e., words that include many components, are straightforwardly made up of one or more roots and affixes. Under that assumption, complex words are given as subentries of the root. However, what is perhaps remarkable about the highly polysynthetic Iroquoian languages is the degree to which complex words are not "regular" in the sense that their meaning is not necessarily predictable from the meaning of the components. Moreover, the formal properties of complex words are not always straightforward either. Many roots have multiple forms, or alter-

nants, whose distribution may be complex. The derivational morphemes of Iroquoian can have many alternants as well, and their distribution is also largely unpredictable and must be specified for each root. Finally, when words with a complex internal structure are entered as subentries of a smaller component, such as a root, there is the danger of suggesting that such complex structures are completely productive, a natural enough assumption with a polysynthetic language. This assumption, it turns out, is questionable, at least given our current understanding about the meaning and function of the derivational processes, and there are few morphological processes which are truly productive. For these reasons, we began to pursue an organization in which roots and complex stems derived from roots were independent entries, and we decided to call these independent lexical units "bases" (see also the Guide to Oneida-English Entries). The complex morphology of Oneida is also the reason that every inflected word in the text sources is included in the dictionary. This means that, for example, a particular aspectual form of a verb might be given with more than one pronominal prefix or with several different prepronominal prefixes. The inclusion of so many forms differs from most dictionaries, which give only a minimum number of forms from a paradigm (the "principal parts"), in addition to information that is unpredictable or irregular. The regular patterns are described in the grammar, and the characteristic set of examples in the dictionary illustrates the grammatical patterns of lexical items. Armed with the information provided in the grammar, it is assumed that anyone can come up with many more

Introduction 3

forms than are given in the dictionary. The choice to include all of the words that are attested in the sources we have amassed over the years partly reflects a belief that it is difficult to draw such a neat line between dictionary and grammar. As a result of this decision the dictionary is longer than it might have been had we not made this decision, but we believe it will also be more useful in the long run. Given the complex selection of pronominal and prepronominal prefix alternants and

aspect suffix alternants, and the complicated phonological modifications in Oneida, it can be quite an exercise to produce correctly the regular forms of a paradigm. Therefore, it seems useful to have many examples of a particular base. In addition we are hoping that the texts we recorded will also be published in the near future, and we can easily imagine that it will be useful for future generations of students of Oneida if they can find in the dictionary the actually attested form from the texts.

Oneida Orthography

The orthography used in this dictionary is the orthography that is used by most teachers of Oneida in all three communities where Oneida is taught. The sounds represented by the letters are described in Table 1 on page 5. The vowels A and u are nasalized, and so English examples are given where the approximate equivalent sound is the English vowel plus the nasal consonant n or m. Certain sounds have a slightly different pronunciation depending on neighbouring sounds. For example, it often makes a difference whether the following sound is an obstruent (t k s h ?) or a resonant (n I w y). Sometimes two adjacent sounds can influence one another. For example, in Oneida the sequences sy, hsy, and shy are pronounced like the sound written shin English. From a physical standpoint, what happens is that during the pronunciation of the s, the y sound causes the centre of the tongue to rise towards the roof of the mouth. This is close to what happens in English when someone speaking very quickly says this year with a sh sound. The same phenomenon accounts for the North American pronunciation of the word issue with an sh sound; in Britain, this

word is pronounced with an s. In a similar way the combinations tsy and tsi are pronounced like the sound written j in English (at the beginning of the word judge) or dg (in the middle of the words judge or edge) or even g (at the beginning of gem and in the middle of page). The combinations tshy and tshi are pronounced much like the sound written ch in English. These points are summarized below. Letters

Sounds like English

sy hsy shy

sharp, fish,

tsy tsi

jU n.; and verbal nouns, V > N. Bases designated n. Words that have a base with the category designation n. consist of a noun prefix (for example, o- or ka-), a root (e.g., -hnana?t- 'potato'), and a noun suffix (e.g., -e? or -a?). The base, which in this case is a root, is given in boldface, followed by the designation n. and the English gloss. After the gloss the word form is given, followed by the gloss of the Oneida word: -hnana?t- n. potato. ohnami-ta? potato. For the most part, the bases that have the designation n. refer to objects which can be easily moved from one location to another. Such objects include many names of household objects (e.g.,

kana·tsi? 'pail'), many foods (e.g., ohnana·ta? 'potato'), some names of plants or plant parts (e.g., 6nlahte? 'leaf'), most body parts (e.g., on.itsha? 'arm'), and some things found in nature (e.g., 6nyAhte? 'snow'). A few names of animals (e.g., osehtu? 'tick') and most names of colours (e.g., owiskla 7 'white') also have the structure of nouns. Following the basic noun form and its gloss are possessed forms of nouns, forms with locative suffixes, and forms with clitics, when these are attested.

-nuto?tsl- n. box. kanut6·tsli? box. Prepausal: kanut6·tsheli?. With -?ke locative suffix: kanuto ?tsla·ke on the box. With -ku locative suffix: kanut6·tslaku in the box. With -shuha collective clitic: laonuto ?tsli ?shuha his boxes. This base has both a basic noun form with the prefix ka- and a possessed form with the prefix lao-. The possessive noun prefixes are given in Table 9. (They also appear as entries in the Oneida-English dictionary.) Many noun bases can be incorporated into a verb. Examples of incorporation are preceded by the word "With" followed by the incorporating verb base and its gloss: -wis- n. ice, glass, window. o·wise? ice, glass. With -?ke locative suffix: owisa·ke on the ice, on the window. With -ku locative suffix: owi·saku in the glass. With .hli?- plus te- dualic, become broken into pieces: teyowisahli·u the glass or window is broken. With .N+/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skawi·sat one glass.

Guide to Oneida-English Entries 41

The examples of incorporation that are given in the entry for the noun base are also given in the entry for the incorporating verb base. For example: .hli?- plus te- dualic, v.a. become broken into pieces. tektl"lihse? it breaks. teyohli·u it got broken, it's broken. wa ?tka·line? it broke. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: teyoksahli·u the dish is broken, wa ?tkaksa·line? the dish broke. With -wis- ice, glass, window: teyowisahli·u the glass or window is broken. Aspect class: E3.

1 singular

ak-/ ake-/ akw-

1 dual

ukni-/ukn-/ uky-

1 plural

ukwa-/ukw-/ ukwA-/uky-

2 singular

sa-/sA-/s-

2 dual

sni-/sn-/tsyswa-/swA-/ sw/tsy-

2 plural Masculine singular

lao-/law-/la-

Feminine-zoic singular

ao-/aw-/a-

Feminineindefinite singular

ako-/akaw-/ ako-

Masculine non-singular

laoti-/laon-

Feminine-zoic non-singular

aoti-/aon-

Table 9: Possessive prefixes

Some noun bases have a special incorporating alternant. An example is -tshe-/-tshe?t-. The first alternant, -tshe-, occurs in the basic noun form. The second alternant, -tshe?t-, is the one that is incorporated into verbs . -tshe-/-tshe?t- n. bottle, jar, quart. katshe? bottle, jar. With -shuha collective clitic: katshe ?shuha bottles, jars. With -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have: yakotshe·tote? she has a bottle standing, wa ?etshe ?to·t.t\· she stood up the bottle. With .N-t-/.ya?tatplus s- repetitive, be one: skatshe·tat one jar or bottle, one quart. NOTE: The alternant -tshe- occurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -tshe?t- is the incorporating form, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

The incorporating alternant also has a simple entry: -tshe?t- bottle, jar, quart. See -tshe-/ -tshe?t-

Several n. entries are noun roots which never occur unless they are incorporated into a verb. The root has an entry in the dictionary, and the bases that include the root are listed there. -ahsa?kAsl- n. frost. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ahsa ?kAslal- have frost on; -ahsa ?kAslay A-/-ahsa ?kASlayAt- get a frost; and .ahsa?kAslut- plus tedualic, be frosty.

The DERIVED BASES part of an entry for noun bases lists the bases that

42 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

include the noun base as a component. (In a technical linguistic sense, verb bases that are listed under DERIVED BASES are not "derived from" the noun base; rather they are compounded with the noun base.) The entry for -wis- 'ice, glass, window' lists several bases under DERIVED BASES. DERIVED BASES: -wisakwAhtalho- get covered in ice, become icy; -wisal- be icy; -wisanhotu- close a window; .wisAhtplus t- cislocative, lower or close a window; .wisut- plus te- dualic, become icy; -wisuty- freezing rain, hail; .atwisut- plus te- dualic, put on glasses.

Bases designated N Many words in Oneida that refer to objects occur only in one basic form; they are never attested with possessive prefixes or as an incorporated noun. This is especially true for names of plants and animals. Examples are wihsu? 'plum', kwa?y. N trash. NOTE: Includes the verb base -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be, and ends in the collective clitic -shuha; otherwise the composition is unclear. -N-aksA?- v.a. become bad. With -anitskwahlakhw- I -ani tskwahla ?tsl- chair: unitskwahla ?tslaksAne? the chair became bad. With -hsAn- name, reputation: wahohsAnaksAne? he got a bad reputation, wa ?akohsAnaksAne? she got a bad reputation. With -yelu?t- corpse, body, figure: Akyelu ?fdksAne? I will have a bad figure or shape, akyelu ?ftiksAne? I should have a bad figure. With -?sleht- vehicle: wa ?ka ?slehtaksAne? the car got

worse (mechanically). • N6k Awa·tu· oya· Aswakanitskwahla 7tslayA ·tane ?, s6·tsi? unitskwahla 7tslaksAne? kA? kti·nyote?. I have to buy a new chair, the one that's standing here has gone bad. COMPOSED OF: -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be,-?- inchoative. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. Aksot Grandmother! Vocative form of -hsotha/-hsot- grandparent. -akt-/-ahket- v.a. come by, drop in. yuktus she comes by here. waktiktu I was here, I came and now I have gone, l6ktu he came by, lontiktu they (m.) came by. wa ?kahkete? I came by, I dropped in, wahtihkete? he came by, wa ?uhkete? she or someone came by, Ahuhkete? they (m.) will come by. Aspect class: E6. • E·s6· teyottenya·u tsi? niyohtu ·ne? yeskAhti kL1h wakaktu. It has changed a lot since I last was here. DERIVED BASES: .akt-/.ahket- plus s- repetitive, come back, turn back; .akt-/.ahket- plus t- cislocative, come somewhere from somewhere; .akt-/.ahket- plus y- translocative, go somewhere and back; -akta?tbring by; -aktAni-/-akta?s- drop in on someone. NOTE: The alternant -akt- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before derivational suffixes, -ahketoccurs in the punctual aspect. .akt-/.ahket- plus s- repetitive, v.a. come back, turn back. skaktus I come back again, I start to come around (visit) again, tsyuktus she comes

94 Oneida-English

back around here. swakaktu I have turned back. sakahkete? I turned back, sayuhkete? she came back, sayakwahkete? we (excl.) went back. With te?- negative: yah te?skaktus I don't come (or go) around anymore. Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -akt-/ -ahket- come by, drop in. NOTE: The alternant .akt- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .ahket- occurs in the punctual aspect. .akt-/.ahket- plus t- cislocative, v.a. come somewhere from somewhere. th6 takahkete? I came there, th6 tahahkete? he came there. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -akt-/ -ahket- come by, drop in. .akt-/.ahket- plus y- translocative, v.a. go somewhere and back. yekaktus I keep going there, I keep dropping in there, yehaktus he goes there. yeyukwaktu we have gone there. ya ?ktihkete? I went there (and now I'm back), yahahkete? he went there and back, ya ?uhkete? she went there and back, yAkahkete? I will go there and back, yAhsahkete? you will go there and back, yAhahkete? he will go there and back, ya ·kahkete? I should go there and back. ya ?stihket Go there and back! With n- partitive: nyaetyahkete? you and I (incl.) should go there and back. And optative stative: nyaukwaktuke? I should go there and back. Aspect class: E6. •N£ ki? wf- wa?f-lu thikA akokst£ha "tti·t na? th6 nyaetyahkete? thik£ tsi? thonuhsote? thik£ shakotk£·sehe ?. " So the old lady said "maybe we should go back there to the house of the dreamer." (M7) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-akt-/-ahket- come by, drop in. NOTE: The alternant .akt- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .ahket- occurs in the punctual aspect. akta? Locative particle: near, close. -akta? suf. near. Locative. DERIVED BASES: Atakta? Saturday. -akta?s- drop in on someone. See -aktAni-/-akta?s-. -akta?t- v.a. bring by. lakta·tha? he brings it by. loktti·tu he has brought it by. wahaktahte? he brought it by. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -akt-/-ahket- come by, drop in, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: .akta?t- plus srepetitive, bring back, back up. NOTE: The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .akta?t- plus s- repetitive, v.a. bring back, back up. shaktti·tha? he keeps bringing it back, he backs it up (e.g., the car). shokta·tu he has backed it up. sakaktahte? I backed it up, sahuwAnaktahte? they brought them (m.) by, they pushed them (m.) back (e.g., in a fight). Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -akta?t- bring by. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. akte·shu? Adverbial particle: several or many different things or places. COMPOSED OF: akte? different, -shu? collective clitic.

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akte? Adverbial particle: different. DERIVED BASES: akte·shu? several or many different things or places. -aktAni-/-akta?s- v.a. drop in on someone. shakoktA·nfhe? he keeps dropping in on them. wa ?shak6ktahse? he dropped in on them, Ayukwaktahse? they will come to visit me. • N A se? wa ?shak6ktahse? kA' n tehona ?kalu·tu·. So he dropped in on (came to visit) them, the horned one (the devil). (MS) COMPOSED OF: -akt-/-ahket- come by, drop in, -Ani-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -aktAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -akta ?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual.

akwah Adverbial particle: especially, mostly. akweku Quantity particle: all. Prepausal: akwe·ku. NOTE: From the verb base -kwekube all together. -akwA- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-1-akwa-/-akw-/ -akw A-l-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual.

aktuti? Locative particle: along the sides.

.akwAht- plus te- dualic, be flat. See .atakwAht(A)-/.takwAht(A)-1 .akw Aht- plus te- dualic.

-aktuti? suf. along, alongside. Locative.

-akwAhtalho- lay out flat. See -takw Ah talho-/-akw Ahtalho-.

akw- pref. my. First person singular possessive. See ak-/ake-/akw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowels a, e, or A.

.akwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, flatten. See .takwAhtAht-/.akwAhtAht- plus te- dualic.

-akw- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/yakwA-/ yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-/-akwA-1 -aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -akwa- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-1-akwa-/-akw-/ -akwA-1-aky-.

A:kwilut proper name. Abraham. -aky- pre£. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and I). First person exclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See yakni-/yakn-/yaky-1-akni-/ -akn-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -aky- pre£. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/yakwA-1 yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-/-akwA-1

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-aky-. Occurs with bases that begin in o or u after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. NOTE:

-al- pre£. Semireflexive. See -at-/ -a te-/-a tA -/-an -/-al-/-a-. NOTE: Occurs with certain bases that begin in the vowel a. ala· Particle that links clauses: why, the reason. .alahsalA- plus te- dualic, v.a. hold back, not want to do something. tewakalahsalA? someone wants me to do something but I don't want to do it, I'm not committed to doing it, teyakoldhsalA? she doesn't want to do something, teholahsalA? he doesn't want to do something, he's holding back (e.g., making excuses so as not to do it). wa ?fkalahsalA? I didn't want to do it, wa ?fhalahsalA? he didn't want to do it. -alahsAtho- v.a. kick. lalahs.Athos he's kicking her (z.) or it, luwalahs.Athos she or they are kicking him. lolahs.Athu she (z.) or it has kicked him, he has kicked him, luwalahs.Athu she or they have kicked him, lalahs.Athu he has kicked her (z.) or it. wahiyalahs.Atho? I kicked him, wa ?shakolahs.Atho? he kicked her or them, waholahs.Atho? she (z.) or it kicked him, he kicked him, wahalahs.Atho? he kicked her (z.) or it, wahuwalahs.Atho? she or they kicked him, wa ?utatalahs.Atho? she kicked her, wa ?kuwalahs.Atho? she or they kicked her (z.), ulahs.Atho? she (z.) kicked it, wa ?olahs.Atho? she (z.) kicked her (z.), wa ?akolahs.Atho? she (z.) kicked her, Ayesalahs.Atho? she or they

will kick you. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: -alahsAthohslukick repeatedly. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

-alahsAthohslu- v.a. kick repeatedly. kalahsAth6hsluhe? I keep kicking her (z.) or it. wa ?kalahsAth6hslu? I kicked her (z.) or it several times. COMPOSED OF: -alahsAtho- kick, -hslu- distributive. .alahsi?ti?sle- plus te- dualic, v.a . drag one's feet. tekalahsi?ti·sle? I'm dragging my feet. Pre-pausal: tekalahsi ?ff-sele?. wa ?fhalahsi ?tf·sle? he dragged his feet, wa ?fyulahsi ?tf·sle? she dragged her feet. Pre-pausal: wa ?fyulahsi ?tf·seJe?. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -alsemireflexive, -ahsi?t-/-ahsi- foot, -?sle-/-i?sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone. DERIVED BASES:

.alahsi?ti?slenutye- plus te- dualic, go along dragging one's feet. NOTE: The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after aq:ented vowels. .alahsi?ti?slenutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along dragging one's feet. tehalahsi ?fi ?slenuti? he's going along dragging his feet, teyulahsi ?fi ?slenuti? she's going along dragging her feet. • K wa? Atati? thik.A onhehta? th6 tehalahsi ?fi ?slenuti? onlahtakushu? latekhwi·saks. All day long this porcupine is going along dragging his feet through the leaves searching for food. (T3) COMPOSED OF: .alahsi?ti?sle- plus te- dualic, drag one's feet, -nu stative, -tye- progressive.

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NOTE: Many speakers have .alahsi?ti?slenuti- before a final

7.

.alahsi?totalho- plus t- cislocative, v.a. trip someone. thakwalahsi ?totalhos he keeps tripping me. thakwalahsi ?fotalhu he has tripped me. tashakolahsi 7tottilho 7 he tripped her or them. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -alsemireflexive, -ahsi?t-/-ahsi- foot, -otalho-/-ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .alahtahkwaneta?- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on overshoes. tekalahtahkwaneta ?as I'm putting on overshoes. wa 7thalahtahkwanetane 7 he put on overshoes. COMPOSED OF: -al- semireflexive, -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe, .hna?neta?-/ .neta?- plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .alahtahsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. take off shoes. tekalahttihsyus I'm taking my shoes off. tewakalahttihsi I have my shoes off. wa 7thalah:ah~i 7 he took his shoes off, tAkalahtahst 7 I will take my shoes off. tehsalahtahsi Take your shoes off! Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -alsemireflexive, -aht-/-ahtahkwshoe, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have .alahtahsi- word-finally and before a final ?. .alahtat- plus te- dualic, v.a. run. tehalahtats he runs. teholahtatu

he was running. wa 7tkalahtate 7 I ran, tAkalahtate 7 I will run . tehsalahtat Run! With t- cislocative: tutahalahtate 7 he ran back this way. With y- translocative: ya 7tkaltihtate 7 I ran the other way, ya 7thalahtate? he ran the other way. Aspect class: E2. . • N A s6k ya ?fkaltihtate 7 tst? tyonhoka·lute? nya ?ktakhe 7 tewakhAlehta·ne?. Then I ran towards the door, as I'm running I'm going along hollering. (Dl) DERIVED BASES: .alahtatst- plus tedualic, start up, run, operate. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and possibly the -al- semireflexive and the alternant -aht- of the base -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe. .alahtatst- plus te- dualic, v.a. start up, run, operate. tekalahttitsta 7 I'm running it, teyulahttitsta 7 she's running it. tewakalahtatstu I hav~ run it. wa ?fkalahtatste 7 I started It up, I ran it, tAkalahtatste 7 I will run it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .alahtat- plus tedualic, run, -st- causative. .alahta?- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on shoes. tekalahta ?as I'm putting my shoes on. wa ?fkalahtane 7 I put my shoes on, tAkalahtane 7 I will put my shoes on, takalahtane 7 I should put shoes on. tehsalahtan Put your shoes on! With s- repetitive: teskalahta ?as I'm putting my shoes on again, tusakalahtane 7 I put my shoes back on again. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -alsemireflexive, -aht-/-ahtahkwshoe, -?- inchoative . NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect and the imperative.

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ala·sek N elderberry. -alat- v.a. lie down. wakalatu I have lain down. wa?ka·late? I lay down, waha·late? he lay down, wa?u·late? she lay down, wa ?akwa·late? we (excl.) lay down, Aka·late? I will lie down, Ayakya-late? we two (excl.) will lie down, ayakya-late? we two (excl.) should lie down, aku·late? they (z.) should lie down. sa-tat Lie down! With y- translocative: yAka·late? I will lie down over there. With n- partitive: nAka·late? how or where I will lie down. • Th6 niyo·le· na ?akonuhwaktA? thik.A, kwah se? n6k u·tu· wa?u·late?. Until she got so sick, she just had to lie down. (M7) .alathenyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. kick or thrash one's legs. tehalathenyukwas he kicks his legs, he's thrashing around (usually said of babies), teyulathenyukwas she kicks her legs. teholathenyukwA he has kicked his legs. wa ?fhalathenyu·k6· he kicked his legs, wa ?tyulathenyu·k6· she kicked her legs. With n- partitive: na ?feholathenyukwA is he ever kicking his legs. Aspect class: D3. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ala?se-/-a?se- kin term. cousin. ukyala·se? my cousin, yukyala·se? my female cousin, tsyala·se? your cousin, lonala·se? they (m.) are cousins, his cousin. Kyahse Cousin! NOTE: The altemant -a?se- occurs in the vocative form, Kyahse, and the ? is replaced by h. The altemant -ala?se- occurs elsewhere, and the? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

a·le· Temporal particle which links clauses: again. .alelu- plus te- dualic, v.a. race. tehale·luhe? he races, tehule-luhe? they (m.) are racing. teholelu he has raced. wa ?thale·lu· he raced. With t- cislocative: tethule-luhe? there they (m.) race. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: .alelutye- plus tedualic, for a race to be going on; tehule·luhe? race. .alelutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. for a race to be going on. tewaleluti? the race is on. COMPOSED OF: .alelu- plus tedualic, race, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .aleluti- before a final ?. .aleny- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, v.a. disperse. tetsyakwalenyehse? we (excl.) are dispersing, we're each going our separate ways, teshulenyehse? they (m.) are dispersing. teshonaleni they (m.) have dispersed. tusayakwale·ni- we (excl.) dispersed, tusahule·ni· they (m.) dispersed. Aspect class: E4. • Th6 s ki? akwah thik.A ·tsha? ok nu· ahsuthA thikA na[e? tusayakwale·ni- kana·tslaku tyakwAtskwahluni_~. So then somewhere around midnight we'd disperse (go home) from sitting in the ditch. (Pl) NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. A component -aleny- occurs also in .alenya?t-/ .kalenya?t- plus te- dualic, distribute. .alenya?t-/.kalenya?t- plus te- dualic, v.a. distribute. tekalenya·tha? I'm

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distributing things, tehalenya·tha? he's distributing things. tewakalenya·tu I have distributed them, teholenya·tu he has distributed them. wa ?fkalenyahte? I distributed them, tAhalenyahte? he will distribute them. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: tehahyatuhslakaleny(i-tha? he distributes papers, wa ?fhahyatuhslakalenyahte? he distributed the papers. With -i?texcrement: tehA ?fakalenya·tha? he's distributing or spreading manure, wa ?thA ?fakalenyahte? he distributed manure. With -na?tal- bread, cake: tehana ?falakalenya·tha? he distributes or delivers bread, wa ?thana ?talakalenyahte? he distributed bread. With -nu?t- milk, breast: tehanu ?takalenya ·tha? he distributes the milk, wa ?fhanu ?takalenyahte? he distributed milk. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: tehahyatuhslakalenya ·tha? mailman, postman; tehanu?takalenya:tha? milkman. NOTE: This base refers to distributing something as a regular or routine activity. The alternant .alenya?t- is composed of a root -aleny- and the -?t- causative suffix. The root -alenyoccurs also in .aleny- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, disperse. The alternant .kalenya?t- occurs with incorporated nouns. The ? of the ?t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

ale? Temporal particle which links clauses: again. -ale?sA- v.a. get fat. wakalehsA? I'm fat, l6lehsA? he's fat, yak6lehsA ? she's fat. wa ?kalehsA? I got fat,

AhalehsA? he will get fat. Stative past: lole?sA"hne· he used to be fat. With s- repetitive: sayulehsA? she got fat again. With t- cislocative: ne· th6lehsA? he's the fattest. With npartitive: tsi? niyak6lehsA? is she ever fat. DERIVED BASES: -ale?sAhslunifatten someone up; -ale?sA?uhatye- be getting fat. NoTE: The? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ale?sAhsluni- v.a. fatten someone up. yesale ?sAhslu ·n{he? they're fattening you up. wahole ?sAhslu·ni· he fattened him up, wahuwale ?sAhslu-ni· she fattened him up. COMPOSED OF: -ale?sA- get fat, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone. -ale?sA?uhatye- v.m. be getting fat. lole ?sA ?uhati? he's getting fat, yakole ?sA ?uhati? she's getting fat. COMPOSED OF: -ale?sA- get fat, -?u stative, -hatye- progressive. NoTE: Many speakers have -ale?sA?uhati- before a final?. .alho?t- plus te- dualic, v.a. console someone. tekheyalh6·tha? I'm consoling her (e.g., because she has been crying). wa ?fekheyalh6·tA? I consoled her, wa 7tkuyalh6·tA? I consoled you, tAkuyalh6·tA? I will console you. tesheyalh6·tA Comfort her! NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -alhyohkw- n. sinker, ring, hoop. olhy6hkwa? sinker, ring, hoop. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: a ?e· niwalhy6hkwa? it's a great big hoop.

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DERIVED BASES: -atalhyohkuni- be lying down curled up; olhy6hkwala? bobbin; tsyolhy6hkwa? chipmunk. NOTE: Refers to the sinker used in fishing or to the ring that you throw over a bottle at fairs.

Alisakwe proper name. Elizabeth. Aliskwe proper name. Elizabeth. -alu?tat- v.a. shoot. kalu·tats I'm shooting, lalu·tats he's shooting. wakalu ?tatu I have shot, yutatalu ?tatu she or someone has shot her. wahalu·tate? he shot, wahiyalu·tate? I shot him, Akalu ·tate? I will shoot. salu·tat Shoot! With n- partitive: nahalu·tate? how or where he shot. Aspect class: E2. • Katsha? ki? ok kwi· nu· nahalu·tate? ki? wah, wa?tyohA·lehte? ki? wah, "kwi?, kwi?, kwi ?. " Somewhere he actually shot (something), it hollered indeed, "kwi?, kwi?, kwi?." (V2) DERIVED BASES: -alu?tathu- shoot several; -atestalu?tat- splurt, spew, shoot out. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -alu?tathu- v.a. shoot several. lalu ?ttithuhe? he shoots several. lolu ?ttithu? he has shot several. wahalu ?ttithu? he shot several. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -alu?tat- shoot, -hudistributive. alya· Particle that links clauses: why, the reason. -alyeha kin term. sister-in-law. ukyalyeha my sister-in-law, onalyeha her sister-in-law, lonalyeha his sister-in-law.

-an- pre£. Semireflexive. See -at-/ -ate-f-a tA-1-an-/-al-/-a-. NOTE: Occurs with certain bases that begin in the vowel i. .anahalaw11.lye- plus te- dualic, v.a. go crazy. tekanahalaw.Alyehe? I'm crazy, tehanahalaw.Alyehe? he's crazy, teyunahalaw.Alyehe? she's crazy, tewanahalaw.Alyehe? she (z.) or it is crazy. wa ?tkanahalaw.Alye? I went crazy, tAkanahalaw.Alye? I will go crazy. Future habitual: tAwanahalawAlyeheke? she (z.) or it will be crazy. • "Ya·ts tehanahalaw.Alyehe? thik.A la?slu·ni-, i-lelhe? ne· a·hatkatho? k.A· tninikwA ?te·ne." "Geez he's crazy that white man, he wants to see our bellies." (M2) COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive, -nahal- mind, brain, .aw11.lye- plus te- dualic, stir. DERIVED BASES: .anahalawAlye?plus te- dualic, have gone crazy; .anahalawAlye?t- plus te- dualic, make someone crazy. .anahalaw11.lye?- plus te- dualic, v.a. have gone crazy. tewakanahalawAlye·u I have gone crazy, I have gone nuts (e.g., everything's happening at once and it's driving me nuts). COMPOSED OF: .anahalaw11.lye- plus te- dualic, go crazy,-?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. .anahalawAlye?t- plus te- dualic, v.a. make someone crazy. tewakanahalawAlye·tha? it makes me crazy. tewakanahalawAlye·tu it has made me crazy. wa ?twakanahalaw.Alyehte? it made me crazy,

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wa ?fhakwanahalaw,.\lyehte? he made me crazy, wa ?fkunahalawAlyehte? I drove you crazy. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .anahalawAlye- plus te- dualic, go crazy, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -anaklakw- v.a. move away, move one's things. lunaklakwas they (m.) are picking up their things and moving away. lonanaklakwA they (m.) have moved. wa ?akwanakla·k6· we (excl.) moved, wahunakla·k6· they (m.) moved away, they were sitting someplace and they got up and moved someplace else. With tsh- coincident: tshahanakla-k6· when he moved away, tsha ?akwanakla·k6· when we (excl.) moved away. Aspect class: D3. • N6k tsi? wa ?akwanakla·k6· ne· s wi- tsi? niyotho·Ie· kohsla ?ke·ne. But we moved away because it was so cold in the wintertime. (MlO) COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive, -nakl(e)- live, dwell, reside, be plentiful, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: -anaklakwahtmove something or someone from one place to another; -anaklakwAhatyemove from place to place. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -anaklakwaht- v.a. move something or someone from one place to another. kanaklakwatha? I'm moving it to another place, kheyanaklakwatha? I move her or them to someplace else. wa ?kheyanaklakwahte? I moved her or them from one place to another, wahiyanaklakwahte? I moved him.

COMPOSED OF: -anaklakw- move away, move one's things, -htcausative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

-anaklakwAhatye- v.m. move from place to place. yukwanaklakwAhati? we're moving around. With el6k all over and srepetitive: el6k tsyukwanaklakwAhriti? we were moving around all over. With yusatranslocative and repetitive: yusayukwanaklakwAhdti? we moved around (away) again. •Kwah kAs kok na·ye? tsha? ok nu· niyakwanakle? 6khale? wahat£hsane? [afiyAtakwas okha[e? akfe? na? nu· yusayukwanaklakWAhfiti ?. We would just be living a little while someplace and they would finish cutting wood and we would be on the move to a different place. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -anaklakw- move away, move one's things, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -anaklakw Ahati- before a final ? . -anaklat- v.a. be born, relocate, move somewhere. wakanaklatu I was born, sanaklatu you were born, lonaklatu he was born, yakonaklatu she was born. wa ?undklate? she was (just) born, she moved, wahanaklate? he was (just) born, wahunaklate? they (m.) relocated, Akanaklate? I will move. With t- cislocative: twakanaklatu I was born there, Atwanaklate? she (z.) or it will live there. With y- translocative: ya ?akwanaklate? we (excl.) moved over there, yAhyanaklate? the two (m.) will move over there. With nypartitive and translocative: nyahunaklate? over there where

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they (m.) relocated. With tshcoincident: tshahanaklate? when he was born, tsha ?akwanaklate? when we (excl.) moved. Aspect class: E2. •N6k tsi? elhu·wa? ki? th6 ya ?akwanaklate ?. But just then actually we moved over there. (Nl) Tahnu· aknulha· onulha ?k.tl tshahanaklate? Bill, ne? th6·ne? ne· tyakawAhe·yE_. And my mother's late mother, when Bill was born, it was then that she died. (02) COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive, -nakl(e)- live, dwell, reside, be plentiful, -t- causative-inchoative. -ana?alol-/-ana?a}o?tsl- v. > n. hat. ana·lole? hat. akwana·lole? my hat, sana·lole? your hat, laona·lole? his hat, akona·lole? her hat, aona·lole? her (z.) or its hat. With .e:i? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small: kA? niwana ?ala ?fsla· it's a small hat. With -halakw-/ -ihalakw- take down from hanging: wa ?kana ?ala ?fslihala·k6· I took the hat down from hanging. And srepetitive: sa kana ?ala ?fslihala ·k6 · I took the hat back down. With -kwan(A)- I -owan(A)- be big: wana ?ala ?fslowan.tl it's a big hat. NOTE: The alternant -ana?aloloccurs in the basic noun form and the possessed forms, and the sequence a?a is replaced by a· when accented. The alternant -ana?alo?tsl- is the incorporating form. This base is related to the stative aspect of the verb base -ana?alolok-/-ana?alol- put on a hat. However, the verb takes the stative suffix -u, while the noun form has the suffix -e?. -ana?alolok-/-ana?alol- v.a. put on a hat. kana ?alo·l6ks I'm putting on a hat, kheyana ?alo·l6ks I put a hat on her or someone, luwana ?alo·l6ks she

put a hat on him. wakana ?alolu I have a hat on, yakona ?alolu she has a hat on, Zona ?alolu he has a hat on. Pre-pausal: Zona ?alo·lE_. wa ?kana ?alo·l6ke? I put on a hat, wa ?kheyana ?alo·l6ke? I put a hat on her, wahiyana ?alo·l6ke? I put a hat on him, Akana ?alo·l6ke? I will put on a hat. sana ?alo·l6k Put your hat on! Habitual past: kana ?alo·l6kskwe? I used to wear a hat. Stative past: wakana ?alolu·hne· I had a hat on. Future stative: Ahona ?aloluhake? he will have a hat on. With te?negative: yah tehona ?alolu he doesn't have a hat on. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -na?a}- head, skull, -ate ?Jholok-1-ate?Ihol-/-at-N -olok1-at-N-ol- cover up oneself. DERIVED BASES: -ana?alol-/ -ana?a}o?tsl- hat; -ana?aloloksyutake off a hat. NOTE: The alternant -ana?alolokoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hsyu- reversalive suffix, -ana?alol- occurs in the stative aspect and in -ana?alol-/ -ana?alo?tsl- hat. -ana?aloloksyu- v.a. take off a hat. kana ?alol6ksyus I'm taking my hat off, luwana ?alol6ksyus she's taking his hat off him. wa ?kana ?alol6ksi? I took my hat off, wahiyana ?alol6ksi? I took a hat off him, wahuwana ?alol6ksi? she took his hat off. sana ?alol6ksi Take off your hat! COMPOSED OF: -ana?alolok-/ -ana?alol- put on a hat, -hsyureversative. NOTE: This base is composed of the alternant -ana?alolok- of the component base plus the -hsyu- reversative suffix and the resulting khsy cluster

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is replaced by ksy. Many speakers have -ana?aloloksi- word-finally and before a final ?.

-ana?a}o?tsl- hat. See -ana?alol-/ -ana?alo?tsl-. -anekl-/-Anekl- n. grass, straw, hay, weeds. onekli? grass, straw, hay, weeds. Pre-pausal: onekeli?. With -atuni- grow: yotanekluni grass is growing. With -es-/-us- be long: yonekles it's long grass. With -hnyotakw-/-otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up: Ayakwaneklota-k6· we (excl.) will remove weeds. With -kw-/-ekwpick, harvest: kaneklakwas I'm picking grass, I'm weeding. With -otshyu-/-otshy- pull out: kanekl6tshyus I'm pulling weeds, wakanekl6tshi I have weeded, wahanekl6tshi? he weeded, Ahsanekl6tshi? you will weed, sanekl6tshi Weed! • WakluhyakA kaneklakwas a·ksane? kal6· tsi? niyo·le· ayokA·n6Je?. I'm working really hard at weeding to finish before it rains. DERIVED BASES: -anekliya?k-/ -Anekliya?k- cut the grass, mow the lawn; .aneklohlalak- plus te- dualic, bale; -anekloskalu- hoe; wanekiaksA weeds; waneklalath.\sta? grain elevator; yuneklalohl6kta? rake. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The derived bases are given with the alternant -anekl-. -anekliya?k-1-Anekliya?k- v.a. cut the grass, mow the lawn. kanekli·ya·ks I'm cutting the grass, lunekli·ya·ks they (m.) are cutting the grass. wahanekli ·ya·ke? he cut the grass. COMPOSED OF: -anekl-/-Anekl-

grass, straw, hay, weeds, -ya?kdetach, sever, break, cut. DERIVED BASES: -atAnekliya?k- cut the grass; yunekliya·kta? lawnmower, scythe. NOTE: Note that this base has an unusual alternant -iya?k- of the component base -ya?k-. Otherwise -iya?k- is attested only as an alternant of the base .yahya?k-/.iya?kplus te- dualic, cross, go across. The alternant -Anekliya?k- occurs in the derived base -atAnekliya ?k-; otherwise -anekliya?k- occurs. The? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.aneklohlalak- plus te- dualic, v.a. bale. tekanekl6·lalaks I'm baling (e.g., hay). tewakaneklohlalaku I have baled. wa ?thanekl6·lalake? he baled. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -anekl-/-Aneklgrass, straw, hay, weeds, .htohlalak-/.ya?tohlalak-/ .ohlalak- plus te- dualic, squeeze, squash. DERIVED BASES: tewanekl6·lalaks baler. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anekloskalu- v.a. hoe. kanekl6skalus I'm hoeing. lonekloskalu he has hoed. wa ?kanekl6skalu? I hoed, Ayakwanekl6skalu? we (excl.) will hoe, akanekl6skalu? I should hoe. sanekl6skal.!:!. Hoe! Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: -atAnekloskaluhoe. NoTE: Includes the noun base -anekl-1-Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds; otherwise the composition is unclear. A-neluk proper name. Henry.

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.anihnuni- plus s- repetitive, v.a. heal over. swanihnu-nfhe? it (a wound) is healing over. tsyonihnuni it has healed. sunihnu·ni· it healed, Aswanihnu·ni- it will heal. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -ansemireflexive, -ihn-/-hn- piece of cloth, rag, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -anihtyak- v.a. put on a scarf or tie. kanihtyaks I'm putting on a scarf. wa ?kanfhtyake? I put on a scarf, Akanihtyake? I will put on a scarf. sanfhtyak Put on a scarf! COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -ihty-/-ihtyak- have on a scarf or tie. DERIVED BASES: anihtyakta? or yunihtyakta? scarf, tie, necklace. anihtyakta? V > N scarf, tie, necklace. COMPOSED OF: -anihtyak- put on a scarf or tie, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Two other bases for 'scarf, tie, necklace' are yunihtyakta? and yunihtyasta?. anik6k N pancake. -aninhe?klut- v.s. have a wart. wakaninhe·klute? I have a wart, loninhe·klute? he has a wart, yakoninhe·klute? she has a wart. Aspect class: F. NOTE: The? of the ?kl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anishnuhsohlok-/-anishnuhsohl- v .a. put on a ring. kanishnuhs6·loks I'm putting on a ring. wakanishnuhs6·lu I have put on a ring, yakonishnuhs6·lu she has a ring on. wa ?kanishnuhs6·loke? I put on my

ring. sanishnuhs6·lok Put your ring on! Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-1-shnu- hand, fingers, -ohlok-/-ohl- insert. DERIVED BASES: -anishnuhsohloksyu- take off a ring; anishnuhsohl6kta? ring. NOTE: The alternant -anishnuhsohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hsyu- reversative suffix, -anishnuhsohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hl cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-anishnuhsohloksyu- v.a. take off a ring. wa 7kanishnuhsohl6ksi? I took my ring off. COMPOSED OF: -anishnuhsohlok-/ -anishnuhsohl- put on a ring, -hsyureversative. NOTE: This base is composed of the alternant -anishnuhsohlok- of the component base plus the -hsyureversative suffix and the resulting khsy cluster is replaced by ksy. Many speakers have -anishnuhsohloksibefore a final ?. anishnuhsohl6kta? V > N ring. akwanishnuhsohl6kta? my ring. COMPOSED OF: -anishnuhsohlok-/ -anishnuhsohl- put on a ring, -htcausative, -ha? habitual. DERIVED BASES: ye?nikhukhwa? anishnuhsohl6kta? thimble. -anishuhlolu? devil. kwa 7ny6 sanishuhlo·lu· you seem to be the devil, you devil. DERIVED BASES: -anishuhlonu?tslathave the devil in one; onishuhlo·lu· devil, evil snake. NOTE: Composed of a root -anishuand the alternant -hlolu? of the

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resident clitic -hlonu? I -hlolu?. A variant of -anishu- occurs in oneshu? hell. -anishuhlonu?tslat- v.s. have the devil in one. lonishuhlonu·tslat he has the devil in him, yakonishuhlonu·tslat she has the devil in her. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of a variant of the base -anishuhlolu? devil, the -tslnominalizer suffix, and the alternant -at- of the verb base -at-1-t-/-et- be in. The base -anishuhlolu? has the alternant -hlolu? of the resident clitic, while this base has the alternant -hlonu?. The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anislo?khot- v.a. get into a position with one's behind up. lanislo ?kh6tha? he gets into a position so that his behind is up. yakonisl6·khote? she has gotten her behind up. wahanislo ?kho·tA· he got his behind up. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -slo?khot-/-islo?khot- have one's behind up. NOTE: The ? of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Anista? Exclamation. Gee! Darn! • Anista? tsi? niyau ?weskwa ?t thikA oyii· tusakaliihtane ?, yiih te ?waklA 7nhii·u ohtiihkwase? ta · ka liih tane?. Gee it was sure nice to put on different shoes, I didn't know what it was like to put on new shoes. (Cl) -anistyake- v.a. urinate. lanistya·kehe? he keeps urinating. lonistyake he's urinating. wa ?kanistya·ke· I urinated, wahanistya·ke· he urinated,

wa ?unistya·ke· she urinated, wahonistya·ke· he urinated on him, i-kelhe? akanistya-ke· I have to urinate (literally, it wants me to urinate). With el6k all over, and yes- translocative and repetitive: el6k yeshonistyake he's urinating all over (e.g., a dog). Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: -anistyake?n- go to urinate.

-anistyake?n- v.m. go to urinate. i·kelhe? akanistyake·na? I want to go there to urinate. COMPOSED OF: -anistyake- urinate, -?n- dislocative. NoTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ani ·tas N skunk. NOTE: Probably includes the -ansemireflexive and the noun base -i?texcrement; otherwise the composition is unclear. -anita?st- v.a. pretend to be asleep. wakanitii·stu I'm pretending to be asleep, lonitii·stu he's pretending to be asleep, yakonitii·stu she's pretending to be asleep. wa ?kani-tii·ste? I pretended to be asleep, Akani-tii·ste? I will pretend to be asleep. sani-tiihst Pretend to be asleep! COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -ita?-/-ita?w- sleep, go to sleep, -stcausative. NOTE: The ? of the ?st cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the pre-pausal imperative form. -anitAht- v.a. plead, beg. kanittitha? I plead. wakanittihtu I'm pleading. wa ?kani-ttihte? I pleaded, Akani-ttihte? I will plead,

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ayuni-L.fhte? she or someone should plead. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itAht- be poor. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -anitshehwA?kwA- v.s. be bloated, be constipated. wakanitshehw.A·kwA? I'm bloated (e.g., because I have gas in my stomach), I'm all bound up, I'm constipated, lonitshehw.A·kwA? he's constipated, yakonitshehw.A·kwA? she's constipated. Aspect class: B. NOTE: The? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anitsho?khwal- v.s. have canker sores. wakanitsh6·khwale? I have canker sores, lonitsh6·khwale? he has canker sores, yakonitsh6·khwale? she has canker sores. Aspect class: F. NOTE: The? of the ?khw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anitskal-/-anitskalu- v.a. put down a sheet or cover for oneself. kanitskalha? I put a sheet or cover down, I fix a place to lie down. wa ?kanitskalu? I fixed a place to lie down. sanitskal.!::! Fix a place to lie down! • KA? nukwa· sanitskalu th6 sa· !tit. Put your sheet or blanket down here and lie down there. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itskal-/-itskalu- put down a sheet or cover. DERIVED BASES: yunitskalakhwa? sheet. NOTE: The alternant -anitskaloccurs in the habitual aspect and before the -hkw- instrumental suffix,

-anitskalu- occurs in the punctual aspect. -anitskalahsluni- v.a. make up a bed. kanitskalahslu ·nihe? I'm making up the bed. Ahsanitskalahslu·ni- you will make up the bed. sanitskalahslu·n[ Make up the bed! NOTE: Probably includes the base -at-N-hsluni-1-at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up; and somehow related to -itskal-/-itskalu- put down a sheet or cover. However the composition is unclear. -anitskluty- v.a. spit. lanitsklutyehse? he spits, he's spitting. wahanitsklu-ti· he spit. With n- partitive: nihonitskluti how or where he spit. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itskl- spit, spittle, saliva, -aty-/ -uty- lose, leave, disperse. DERIVED BASES: .anitskluty- plus ytranslocative, spit out, spit into. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .anitskluty- plus y- translocative, v.a. spit out, spit into. yehanitsklutyehse? he's spitting it out, he's spitting it in there. yahanitsklu·ti· he spit it out. With n- partitive: nyahanitsklu-ti· how or where he spit it out. With tshcoincident: tshyahanitsklu·ti- when he spit it out. • Th6 ne· ni·y6t tsi? wahoslAhtaksA? ka ?ik.A tsi? sok nu· yahanitsklu·ti· ka ?ik.A n oyu ?kwakeli?. This is the way that he dreamed it, that he spit the tobacco juice someplace. (M9)

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COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -anitskluty- spit. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -anitskwahel-/-anitskwahl- v.a. perch. lanitskwahelha? he keeps getting into a perching position. lonitskwahele? he has gotten into a perching position. wahanitskwd·lA? he perched, Ahanitskwd·lA? he will perch. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itskwahel-/-itskwahl- be sitting, perched. DERIVED BASES: -anitskwahlakwremove oneself from a seat, get up from a seat. NOTE: The alternant -anitskwaheloccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -anitskwahloccurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes, and the h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .anitskwahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. jump. tehanitskwdkhwa? he jumps up and down, he jumps over something (e.g., hurdles). tehonitskwahkwA he's jumping up and down, he has jumped up and down. wa ?fhanftskwahkwe? he jumped once, he started to jump up and down, tAhanftskwahkwe? he will jump. tehsanftskwak Jump! With tcislocative: tutahanftskwahkwe? he jumped this way. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on, .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya?tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. DERIVED BASES: .anitskwahkwanyu- plus te- dualic, jump repeatedly, skip. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by

khwa?. In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. .anitskwahkwanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. jump repeatedly, skip. tehanitskwahkwanyuhe? he's jumping up and down, he's skipping. wa ?fhanitskwahkwdni? he jumped up and down, tAhanitskwahkwdni? he will jump up and down. COMPOSED OF: .anitskwahkw- plus te- dualic, jump, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: .anitskwahkwanyu?ne- plus tedualic, go along jumping or skipping. NOTE: Many speakers have .anitskwahkwani- before a final ? . .anitskwahkwanyu?ne- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along jumping or skipping. tehanitskwahkwanyu·ne? he's going along skipping. • Tehanitskwahkwanyu·ne? tsi? i ·le?. He's skipping as he walks. COMPOSED OF: .anitskwahkwanyuplus te- dualic, jump repeatedly, skip, -?ne- ambulative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ani tskw ahlakhw-/-ani tskw ahla ?tslv. > n. chair. anitskwahlakhwa? chair. With -?ke locative suffix: anitskwahlakhwa·ke on the chair. With -N-aksA?- become bad: unitskwahla ?tsldksAne? the chair became bad. With -athnyot- I -at-N-ot- stand something up for oneself, have on oneself: katanitskwahla ?tsl6tha? I'm setting myself up a chair, lotanitskwahltHslote? he has a chair standing. With -hnyot- I -atstand something upright, have: kanitskwahla ?tsl6tha? I'm setting up a chair, wakanitskwahla·tslote?

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I have set up the chair,

wa ?kanitskwahla ?tslo·t£· I set up a chair. With -hnyotunyu-/-otunyustand several upright, and s- repetitive: sayakwanitskwahla ?tslotuni? we (excl.) set up the chairs again. With -N-iyo- be good, and n- partitive: tsi? niwanitskwahla ?fsliy6 it's a really nice chair. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: tsi? niwanitskwahla ?tsli·y6·se? are the chairs ever nice. With .N-ke- plus npartitive, be three or more of: tihsA niwanitskwahlti·tslake three chairs. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: swanitskwahlti·tslat one chair. With -uni-/-uny- make, construct: lanitskwahla ?fslu-nihe? he's making a chair, lonitskwahla ?tsluni he has made a chair, wahanitskwahla ?tslu·ni· he made a chair. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: lonanitskwahlti·tslayA? they (m.) have chairs. With -yAta?get, obtain: wakanitskwahla ?tslayAtti·u I got a chair. And s- repetitive: Aswakanitskwahla ?fslayA·ttine? I will get a chair again. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, -hkw- instrumental or -?tsl- nominalizer. NOTE: The altemant -anitskwahlakhw- occurs in the basic noun form and before the locative suffix. The ending -khwa? in these forms probably comes from -hkw-ha?, instrumental plus habitual aspect. The alternant -anitskwahla?tsl-, with the -?tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. The? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-anitskwahlakw- v.a. remove oneself from a seat, get up from a seat. lanitskwahltikwas he's moving himself off the seat (e.g., a chair). lonitskwahltikwA he has moved himself from the seat. wa ?kanitskwahla·k6· I moved myself off the seat. Aspect class: 03. COMPOSED OF: -anitskwahel-/ -anitskwahl- perch, -kw- reversalive. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .anitskwAtyeht- plus te- dualic, v.a. skip over, postpone. tehanitskwAtyetha? he leaves it out and goes on to the next one, he postpones it (e.g., a meeting). tehonitskwAtyehtu he has postponed it, he has skipped over it. wa ?fkanitskw£tyehte? I skipped over it, I postponed it, tAkanitskw£tyehte? I will postpone it, tAyakwanitskw£tyehte? we (excl.) will postpone it. Aspect class: El. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -an- semireflexive, and the noun base -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -anitsyatolat- v.a. fish. lanitsyato·ltits he's fishing. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itsy- fish, -atolat- hunt. DERIVED BASES: -anitsyatolats be a fisherman. -anitsyatolats v.a. be a fisherman. lanitsyato·ltits (he's a) fisherman, lunitsyato·ltits (they are) fishermen. COMPOSED OF: -anitsyatolat- fish, -s habitual.

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-anityohkuni-/-anityohkuny- v.a. form a group. kanityohku·n{he? I'm forming or getting together a group. wakanityohkun{ I have formed a group. wahanityohku·n~· he got, together a group, Akamtyohku·m· I will form a group. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -ityohkw- group, crowd, -uni-/-unymake, construct. DERIVED BASES: -anityohkunyAni-/ -anityohkunyA- form a group for someone. NOTE: The alternant -anityohkunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -anityohkunyAni-/-anityohkunyAv.a. form a group for someone. yukwanityohkunyA ·n{he? she's forming a group for me, kheyanityohkunyA"n{he? I'm getting together a group for her. wa ?shakonityohkuni? he formed a group for her or them. COMPOSED OF: -anityohkuni-/ -anityohkuny- form a group, -Ani-/ -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -anityohkunyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -anityohkunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -anityohkuni- before a final ?, .anityohkwakAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. vote, elect. tehanityohkwakLfnyehse? he votes. wa ?thanityohkwakA·n{· he voted. COMPOSED OF: -ityohkw- group, crowd, .atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus tedualic, compete, go to a fair. DERIVED BASES:

.anityohkwakAnya?n- plus tedualic, go to vote; tehunityohkwakA.nyehse? election. NOTE: The component base .atkAny-

is composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -kAny-, and incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kAny-. The semireflexive alternant selected by -ityohkwis -an-. The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .anityohkwakAnya?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to vote. wa ?tkanityohkwakAnyti·na? I'm going to vote. COMPOSED OF: .anityohkwakAnyplus te- dualic, vote, elect, -7 ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anityohkwayAht- v.a. gang up on, attack. yakhiyanityohkwayLftha? we (exd.) gang up on her or them. wa ?akhiyanity6hkwayAhte? we (exd.) ganged up on her or them. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -ityohkw- group, crowd, -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES:

-anityohkwayAthohtAni-/ -anityohkwayAthohtA- gang up on someone. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -anityohkwayAthohtAni-/ -anityohkwayAthohtA- v.a. gang up on someone. yakhiyanityohkwayAthohtA ·n{he? we keep ganging up on her. wa ?ukwanityohkwayAth6htA? they ganged up on me, wahuwanityohkwayAth6htA? they ganged up on him, wa ?akhiyanityohkwayAth6htA? we ganged up on her. COMPOSED OF: -anityohkwayAht-

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gang up on, attack, -ho- causative, -ht- causative, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -anityohkwayAthohtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -anityohkwayAthohtA- occurs in the punctual aspect.

.anityohkwAt· plus te- dualic, v.s. have a gang. tewakanity6hkwAte? I have a gang, tehonity6hkwAte? he has a gang, teyakonity6hkwAte? she has a gang. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .anityohkwAtatye· plus te- dualic, have a gang going along. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -an- semireflexive, and the noun base -ityohkw- group, crowd; otherwise the composition is unclear. .anityohkwAtatye· plus te- dualic, v .m. have a gang going along. tehonityohkwAtatyehse? he has a gang going along. COMPOSED OF: .anityohkwAt· plus te- dualic, have a gang, -tye- progressive. -ani?nhuhso· v.a. lay eggs. wani ?nhuhsohe? it lays eggs (e.g., a hen). uni ?nhuhso? it laid an egg. NOTE: Includes the -an- semireflexive and the alternant -i?nhuhs- of the noun base- ?nhuhs-/-i?nhuhs· egg; otherwise the composition is unclear. .ani?nhuhsya?k- plus te- dualic, v.a. hatch an egg. wa ?twani ?nhuhsyahke? the egg hatched. COMPOSED OF: -?nhuhs-/-i?nhuhs· egg, .atya?k- plus te- dualic, become broken. NOTE: The component base .atya?kis composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -ya?k-, and incorporated nouns occur between the sernire-

flexive and -ya?k-. The semireflexive alternant selected by -i?nhuhs- is -an-. The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

.ani?nyuhsohlok-/.ani?nyuhsohl- plus y- translocative, v.a. stick one's nose into someone else's business, interfere. yehani ?nyuhs6·loks he's putting his nose into it. yehoni?nyuhs6·lu he has stuck his nose into it. With npartitive: th6 nyehani?nyuhs6·loks he's putting his nose into it, he can't mind his own business, th6 ki? nya?kani?nyuhs6·loke? I put my nose into it, I interfered. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -ansemireflexive, - ?nyuhs-/-?nyu-/ -i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose, -ohlok-/-ohlinsert . NOTE: The alternant .ani?nyuhsohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .ani?nyuhsohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hl cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ani?nyuklik-/-ani?nyukli- v.a. wrinkle up one's nose. loni?nyukli he has wrinkled up his nose. Pre-pausal: loni?nyukel£. wahani ?nyuklike? he wrinkled up his nose. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, · ?nyuhs-/-?nyu-/-i ?nyuhs-/-i?nyunose, -N-oklik-/-N-okli-1-N-klik/-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up. DERIVED BASES: -ani?nyuklikhuwrinkle up one's nose repeatedly. NOTE: The alternant -ani?nyuklikoccurs in the punctual aspect and before the -hu- distributive suffix, -ani?nyukli- occurs in the stative aspect. See also ka ?nyukel moccasin.

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-ani?nyuklikhu- v.a. wrinkle up one's nose repeatedly. lani ~'nyuklfkhuhe? he keeps wrinkling up his nose. COMPOSED OF: -ani?nyuklik-/ -ani?nyukli- wrinkle up one's nose, -hu- distributive. .ani?taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. flip over, get upside down. tekani ?faketskwatha? I'm flipping over. tewakani ~'taketskwahtu I have flipped over, I'm hanging upside down. wa ~'thani 7taketskwahte? he flipped over, tAhsani?taketskwahte? you will get upside down. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -i?texcrement, -atketskw- get up, -htcausative. NOTE: The component base -atketskw- is composed of the -atsemireflexive and a verb base -ketskw-, and incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ketskw-. The semireflexive alternant selected by -i?t- is -an-. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -ani?tayA- v.a. have a bowel movement. lanUayAhe? he's having a bowel movement. loni-tayA? he has had a bowel movement. wa ?kani-tayA? I had a bowel movement, wahanz.tayA? he had a bowel movement, wa~'uni-tayA? she had a bowel movement. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -i?t- excrement, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ani?teny-/-ani?tenyu- v.a. fart. wa ?kani 7te·ni· I farted, wahani ~'te·ni· he farted,

wa ~'uni ~'te·ni· she farted, Ahani ?te·ni· he will fart. With tshcoincident: tshahani~'te·n{· when he farted. • Yolakale·ni tshahani?te·nf·. He farted loudly. DERIVED BASES: -ani?tenyukw- fart repeatedly. NOTE: Possibly composed of the -an- semireflexive, the noun base -i?texcrement, and a verb root -teny- I -tenyu-, which occurs otherwise with the te- dualic prefix in .teny-/.tenyuplus te- dualic, change something. The altemant -ani?teny- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the final y is replaced by i. The altemant -ani?tenyu- occurs before the -kwreversative suffix.

-ani?tenyukw- v.a. fart repeatedly. lani ?fenyukwas he keeps farting. wahani?tenyu·k6· he farted repeatedly. COMPOSED OF: -ani?teny-/ -ani?tenyu- fart, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ani?tsyuhkwayA- v.a. lie down, curl up in a ball. lani ~'tsyuhkwayAhe? he lies down so that he's curled up in a ball. wahani ~'tsyuhkwayA? he lay down all curled up. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -i?tsyuhkwayA- be lying curled up in a ball. .ani?tunya?t- plus te- dualic, v.a. mix up, confuse, confound. tekani ?tunya·tha? I confound the situation, I make the situation more difficult, tehani ?funya·tha? he keeps getting it all mixed up or confused. tehoni~'tunya·tu he has gotten it all mixed up, in a jumble. wa ?tkani ~'tunyahte? I made it

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confused, wa ?twakani ?tunyahte? it confused me, wa ?thani ?tunyahte? he got it all mixed up, he made it all confused, tAkani ?tunyahte? I will get it all confused. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ansemireflexive, -i?t- excrement, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct, -?t- causative. NOTE: The? of the final ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .ani?tunya?t- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a mixed-up situation. teyoni ?tunya ?t it's a mixed-up situation. Pre-pausal: teyoni?tunyaht. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ansemireflexive, -i?t- excrement, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct, -?t- causative. .anlahtanekalu- plus te- dualic, v.a. for leaves to burst open. wa ?twanlahtane·kalu? the leaves opened. COMPOSED OF: -nlaht- leaf, .atla?nekal(u)-/.at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode. .anle?kala?w- plus te- dualic, v.a. lightning flash. wa ?twanli·kalawe? it flashed a (single) lightning flash. DERIVED BASES: .anle?kala?wanyuplus te- dualic, lightning repeatedly. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the ? of the ?w cluster is deleted in post-accented syllables. .anle?kala?wanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. lightning repeatedly. tewanle ?kala ?wtinyuhe? it's lightning. COMPOSED OF: .anle?kala?w- plus te- dualic, lightning flash, -nyudistributive. an6·ki? N muskrat.

-anowA- v.s. lie, be a liar. wakanow£ I lie, I'm a liar, lonow£ he lies, yakonow£ she lies. Pre-pausal: yakono·w:f With te?- negative: yah te?wakanow£ I don't lie. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -anowAht- lie, tell lies. -anowAht- v.a. lie, tell lies. kanow£tha? I tell lies. wakanow£htu I have lied. wa ?kano·wAnte? I lied. Aspect class: El.

COMPOSED OF: -anowA-lie, be a liar, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: -an ow Ahtanyu- tell lies all over or repeatedly; -atanowAht- doubt, not really believe. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -anowAhtanyu- v.a. tell lies all over or repeatedly. kanowAhtanyuhe? I'm telling lies. wa ?kanowAhttini? I told lies. COMPOSED OF: -anowAht-lie, tell lies, -nyu- distributive . NOTE: Many speakers have -anowAhtani- before a final?. .anuhsanekA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be neighbours, live side by side. teyakyanuhsanek£ the two of us (excl.) are neighbours, my neighbour, tetsyanuhsaneki you two are neighbours, your neighbour, tehyanuhsanek£ the two (m.) are neighbours, his neighbour, tetwanuhsaneki we all (incl.) are neighbours. Pre-pausal: tetwanuhsane·k£. Stative past: tehyanuhsanekA·hne· the two (m.) were neighbours. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -a- semireflexive, the

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noun base -nuhs- house, building, and a verb root -nekA-, which occurs also in .utshanekA- plus te- dualic, have the knees together. -anuhsanun-/-anuhsanuhnawA- v.a. be left home by oneself. kanuhsanunha? I'm home by myself (looking after the house), yakyanuhsanunha? we two (excl.) are home by ourselves, all alone. wa ?kanuhsanu·nawA? I was home by myself. • Yukwatyanluhse? s thik£ netu tahnu· ty6tkut yakyanuhsanunha? aknulha·. We used to get haunted there, and besides my mother and I were always by ourselves. {V3) COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive, -nuhs- house, building, -nun-/ -nuhnawA- look after someone, have a Wake. NOTE: The alternant -anuhsanunoccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -anuhsanuhnawA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anuht(e)- v.s. know. wakanuhte? I know, sanuhte? you know, lonuhte? he knows, yakonuhte? she knows, yukwanuhte? we know, lonanuhte? they (m.) know. Habitual past: wakanuhtehkwe? I used to know it (but I can't think of it now). Future stative: Awakanuhteke? I will know, Ahonuhteke? he will know. With te?- negative: yah te?wakanuhte? I don't know, yah te?sanuhte? you don't know, yah te?yakonuhte? she doesn't know, yah tehonanuhte? they (m.) don't know. With thcontrastive, and future stative: yah thaukwanuhteke? I won't know. Aspect class: B. • Wakanuhte? tsi? lonaskl?nhA Ta·wet khdle? Kwi-tel ohUtsi?. I

know that David and Peter were fighting over the land. DERIVED BASES: .anuhte- plus tshcoincident or tshit- coincident and cislocative, know already; -anuhte?tsihA- know unexpectedly; -anuhtA?- find out about; -anuhtunyuthink. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. .anuhte- plus tsh- coincident or tshitcoincident and cislocative, v.s. know already. tshiwakanuhte? or tshitwakanuhte? I already know it, I knew it, tshitesanuhte? you already know it. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: tsh- coincident or tshit- coincident and cislocative, -anuht(e)- know. -anuhte?tsihA- v.s. know unexpectedly. lonuhte ?tsOtA he already knew about something I didn't think he knew, yakonuhte?tsihA she already knew about it. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the verb base -anuht(e)- know, and perhaps an ending -?tsihA-. See also -athute?tsihA- hear unexpectedly; and -kwenya?tsihA- be capable. -anuhtA?- v.a. find out about. wakanuht.i·u I have found out about it. ukwanuhtAne? I found out, AwakanuhtAne? I will find out, AhonanuhtAne? they (m.) will find out. With s- repetitive: sukwanuhtAne? I found out about it again. With th- contrastive: yah thayukwanuhtAne? we won't find out about it. • Ni· kwi· ni· ka ?ik£ ya·wit kwi· kwah tyotyel.ihtu ukwanuhtAne? tsi? Christmas. It was like the very first time I found out about Christmas.

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(Mll)

-anuht(e)- know -A?inchoative. ' NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. COMPOSED OF:

-anuhtu- v.a. do what one wants. Akanuhtu? I can do what I want Ahunuhtu? they (m.) will do what they want. With th- contrastive: thiwakanuhtu·u I just do things my own way. • Akanuhtu? tsi? nu· nyAhA·ke·. I can go where I want to go. DERIVED BASES: .anuhtu- plus tcislocative, determine, exert one's will, take the lead. .anuhtu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. determine, exert one's will, take the lead. tkanuhtuhe? I determine it, I control it, I take the lead. twakanuhtu·u I have determined it, I'm the leader. takanuhtu? I had my way, Atkanuhtu? I will have my way, it'll be up to me, Atehsanuhtu? you will determine it, Atyunuhtu? she or someone will determine it, utakanuhtu? I should determine it, I want to have my way. With te?- negative: yah te,?tkanuhtuhe? I don't get my way, yah te?twakanuhtu·u I didn't get my way, I couldn't help it. With thcontrastive: yah thutakanuhtu? I won't get my way, yah thutasanuhtu? you won't get your way. Aspect class: Cl. • Uhka? nahte? Atyunuhtu?. Who is it up to? COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -anuhtu- do what one wants. DERIVED BASES: .anuhtuni-/ .anuhtu?s- plus t- cislocative, have control over, steer.

.anuhtuni-/.anuhtu?s- plus t- cislocative, v.a. have control over, steer. tkanuhtu·n{he? I'm steering it in a certain direction, thiyanuhtu·nihe? I control him. tahiyanuhtuhse? I c~ntrolled him. With te?- negative: yah te?tkanuhtu·nihe? I have no control over her (z.) or it, yah te?thiyanuhtu·nihe? I have no control over him. COMPOSED OF: .anuhtu- plus tcislocative, determine, exert one's will, take the lead, -ni- I- ?sbenefactive. NOTE: The altemant .anuhtunioccurs in the habitual aspect. The altemant .anuhtu?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables . -anuhtunyu- v.a. think. kanuhtunyuhe? I'm thinking, lanuhtunyuhe? he's thinking, yunuhtunyuhe? she's thinking, lunuhtunyuhe? they (m.) are thinking. lonuhtuni? he's able to think he's conscious. wa ?kanuhtuni? I ' thought, wahanuhtuni? he thought, Akanuhtuni? I will think akanuhtuni? I should thi~k. Habitual past: lanuhtunyuhahkwe? ~~thought about it. With s- repetItive: shonuhtuni? he's thinking again, he's conscious (again), sahanuhtuni? he thought (again), Askanuhtuni? I will think of it (again). With te?- negative: yah te 7twanuhtunyuhe? we (incl.) don't think. Aspect class: Bl. •E·s6· wa?kanuhtuni? th6 k£ ya·ake· ta·thuni? yahtA ~ I thought about it a lot, whether I ~hould go or not. COMPOSED OF: -anuht(e)- know, -unyu- distributive.

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DERIVED BASES: -anuhtunyukwthink over, think intensely, concentrate. NOTE: Many speakers have -anuhtuni- before a final ?.

-anuhtunyukw- v.a. think over, think intensely, concentrate. kanuhtunyukwas I'm thinking it over, lanuhtunyukwas he's thinking it over. wakanuhtunyukwA I have thought it over. wa 7kanuhtunyu·k6· I thought it over, Akanuhtunyu-k6· I will think it over, ayunuhtunyu·k6· she or someone should think it over. Aspect class: D3 . • N A kwi- ne· yahtHhawe? thikA, nA kwf- ne· kanuhtunyukwas kAS nahte? uhte akatlAnhahte?. Well then I took it away, now I'm thinking it over, what maybe I should wish for. (N1) COMPOSED OF: -anuhtunyu- think, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES:

-anuhtunyukwahtAni-/ -anuhtunyukwahtA- make someone think over. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -anuhtunyukwahtAni-/ -anuhtunyukwahtA- v.a. make someone think over. wakanuhtunyukwahtA ·nihe? it's making me think it over. ukwanuhtunyukwahtA? it made me think it over, wahonuhtunyukwahtA? it made him think it over, wahakwanuhtunyukwahtA? he made me think it over, AwakanuhtunyukwahtA? it will make me think it over. COMPOSED OF: -anuhtunyukw- think over, think intensely, concentrate, -ht- causative, -Ani- I -A- benefactive.

NOTE: The alternant -anuhtunyukwahtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -anuhtunyukwahtAoccurs in the punctual aspect.

-anuhwet- v.a. sleep over. wa?kanu·wete? I slept over, wa?akwanu·wete? we (excl.) slept over. With t- cislocative: takanu ·wete? I slept there, Atyakwanu·wefe? we (excl.) will sleep there. With y- translocative: ya ?kanu ·wete? (I went there and) I slept, ya?akwanu·wefe? we (exd.) slept there, we stayed over. With npartitive: nAhanu·wete? where or how he will sleep, nAtsyanu·wefe? where or how you two will sleep . • Ta·t kAs e·nik nukwa· wa ?akwanu·wefe? kwah tsi? ni·y6t rocking chair yukwathu·te· kAs tye·slehse? ehtti·ke. If we slept upstairs over there, we heard something like someone was dragging around a rocking chair downstairs. (V3) DERIVED BASES: -anuhweth- go to sleep over, go to bed; -anuhwetstsleep somewhere, be someone's bedroom. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anuhweth- v.m. go to sleep over, go to bed. kanuhwethe? I'm going to sleep over, sanuhwethe? you're going to sleep over, lanuhwethe? he's here to sleep over. kanuhwethehse? I go there to sleep over. wakanuhwethu I have gone to bed. wa ?kanuhwetha? I'm going to bed, wa 7akyanuhwetha 7 we two (excl.) went to bed, Akanuhwetha? I'm going to sleep, I'm going to bed, akanuhwetha? I should go to bed. With t- cislocative: · tahanuhwetha? he's going to come over here to sleep. Aspect class: H.

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COMPOSED OF: -anuhwet- sleep over, -h- dislocative.

-anuhwetst- v.a. sleep somewhere, be someone's bedroom. kanuhwetsta? where I go to sleep. Habitual past: tsi? kanuhwetstahkwe? where I have been sleeping. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tkanuhwetsta? my bedroom, there is where I sleep, tsi? tehsanuhwetsta? your bedroom, tsi? thanuhwetsta? his bedroom, tsi? tyunuhwetsta? her bedroom, tsi? tityanuhwetsta? the two of us (incl.), our bedroom, tsi? tyakwanuhwetsta? all of us (excl.), our bedroom, tsi? thunuhwetsta? their (m.) bedroom. With n- partitive: katsha? nu· nihanuhwetsta? where he sleeps, kAh nu· niyakwanuhwetsta? here is where we (excl.) sleep, tho nu· niyakwanuhwetsta? that is where we (excl.) sleep. And future habitual: tsi? nu· nAyunuhwetstake? where she will be sleeping. With tsh- coincident: tshikanuhwetsta? when I go to sleep there. • "N£ se? wi- ne· wahu·nise? akte? tshikanuhwetsta? nl'?- wi· tsi? nih a ky e l a ·se." "It's surely been a long time that we've been sleeping apart because of what he did to me." (M9) COMPOSED OF: -anuhwet- sleep over, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES: -anuhwetstahkwwhere one sleeps, bedroom. -anuhwetstahkw- v.a. where one sleeps, bedroom. lunuhwetstakhwa? where they (m.) sleep. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tyunuhwetstakhwa? where someone sleeps, a bedroom. With n- partitive: nihunuhwetstakhwa? where they (m.) sleep.

COMPOSED OF: -anuhwetst- sleep somewhere, be someone's bedroom, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect.

.anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, v.s. be dirty. teyonu·yanit it's dirty. Stative past: teyonuhyanihtu·ne? it was dirty. Future stative: tAyonuhyanihtuhake? it will be dirty. With t- cislocative: nt'?tetyonu·yanit it's the dirtiest. With n- partitive: tsi? na ?teyonu·yanit it's so dirty. With -nuhs- house, building: teyakonuhsanu·yanit her house is dirty. With -?slehtvehicle, and n- partitive: tsi? na ?teho ?slehtanu ·yanit is his car ever dirty. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .atanuhyanihtplus te- dualic, be awful, be a mess; .atanuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, make dirty, make a mess. NOTE: The h of the hy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. -anutahalolAht- v.a. go downhill. kanutahalol£tha? I go downhill. wakanutahalolAhtu I have gone downhill, I'm at the bottom of the hill, yonutahalolAhtu there are hills, it's hilly. wa ?kanutahalo·lAhte? I went downhill. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES:

-anutahalolAhtuhatye- be on one's way downhill. NoTE: Includes the noun base -nutahal- hill; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

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-anutahalolAhtuhatye- v.m. be on one's way downhill. ukwanutahalolAhtuhflti? I'm going downhill. COMPOSED OF: -anutahalolAht- go downhill, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NoTE: Many speakers have -anutahalolAhtuhati- before a final ?.

-anutahla?- v.a. go uphill. kanuta·lahse? I go uphill, lanutfl"lahse? he goes up th~ hill. wakanutahla·u I have gone uphill, I'm at the top of the hill, yakonutahla·u she has climbed uphill. wa ?kanuta·lane? I got to the top of the hill, wahanuta·lane? he got to the top of the hill, Ahanuta·lane? he will get to the top of the hill. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive, -nut- hill, little hill, mound, -hel-/ -hi- set on top of, place on,-?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -anutahla?uhatyebe on one's way uphill. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -anutahla?uhatye- v.m. be on one's way uphill. lonutahla ?uhati? he's on his way climbing up the hill. ukwanutahla ?uhati? I'm going uphill. COMPOSED OF: -anutahla?- go uphill, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -anutahla ?uhati- before a final ? .

ao-/aw-/a- pref. hers, its. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter possessive. NOTE: The alternant ao- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternant aw- occurs with bases that begin in e or A. The alternant a- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. aoli·wa? for some reason, why. COMPOSED OF: ao- neuter possessive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -a? noun suffix. aon- pre£. theirs (females). Third person feminine-zoic non-singular possessive. See aoti-/aon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. aoti-/aon- pref. theirs (females). Third person feminine-zoic nonsingular possessive. NOTE: The alternant aoti- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant aon- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. -as suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs mostly with bases that end in kw, ly, or a?, and with a few bases that end in a vowel plus t, k,n,s,orw. -ase- v.ln. be new, be fresh. a·se· it's new. With -aht-1-ahtahkw- shoe: ohtahkwase? new shoes. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: 6·yase? fresh fruit. With -atya?tawi?t- I -atya?tawi?tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: otya ?fawi-tslase? new dress. With -na?tal- bread, cake: ona·talase? fresh bread. And te?negative: yah fe?yona·talase? it's not fresh bread. With -nAst- corn: on.istase? new corn. With -nu?t-

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milk, breast: onu·tase? fresh milk. With -ohsl- year, winter: ohsla-s{ it's a new year. With -?slehtvehicle: o ?slehtase? new car. DERIVED BASES: -lihwase- be new news; -ukwe?tase- be a new person; -ya?tase- be pretty, be nice-looking; On.Astase? August. NOTE: This base has both verbal and nominal properties. It occurs with incorporated nouns, which is a verbal property. However the basic form a-se· lacks a verbal pronominal prefix, and even forms with an incorporated noun regularly have the onoun prefix (unless there is also a prepronominal prefix). -ashal- n. strap, leash. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ashales- be a long strap, leash, or rope; -ashaline- lead on a leash; and -ashalut- tie someone up. .ashalanye- plus te- dualic, v.a. rub something together, scrub. tekashalanyehe? I'm rubbing something with my hands, I'm scrubbing using my hands (e.g., washing clothes by hand, or using a scrub board). tewakashalanye? or tewakashalani? I have scrubbed. wa ?tyushalanye? or wa ?tyushalani? she scrubbed, tAkashalanye? or tAkashalani? I will scrub. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES:

teyushalanye?takhwa? scrub board, washboard. NOTE: Many speakers have .ashalani- before a final ?. -ashales- v.s. be a long strap, leash, or rope. yosha-les it has a long reach, it's a long strap, leash, or rope. With n- partitive: niyosha·les it's such a long leash. Aspect class: A.

• Niyosha·les thikA. e-lhal. What a long leash that dog has. COMPOSED OF: -ashal- strap, leash, -es-/-us- be long. DERIVED BASES: .ashalesha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be a short strap, leash, or rope. .ashalesha plus kA? particle and npartitive, v.s. be a short strap, leash, or rope. kA? nihoshalesha he has a short leash. Aspect class: A. •S6·tsi? kA. kA? nihoshalesha akitshe·nA.· e·lhal. Is my pet dog's leash too short? COMPOSED OF: -ashales- be a long strap, leash, or rope, .ha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be smaller in some dimension. -ashaline- v.m. lead on a leash. lashali·ne· he's leading her (z.) or it, loshali·ne· he's leading him, shakoshali·ne· he's leading them (several animals). COMPOSED OF: -ashal- strap, leash, -N-ine- lead. NOTE: Usually restricted to animals. -ashalut- v.a. tie someone up. luwashalutha? she's tying him up. luwasha-lute? she has tied him up. washa-lute? it's tied up, it's attached to a leash, lasha·lute? he's tied up. wahuwashalu·tA.· she tied him up. With s- repetitive: sahuwashalu·tA.· she tied him up again. Aspect class: F. • LotashalutakwA thikA. akotshe·nA.· e·lhal n6k tsi? sahuwaya ?to· lAne? sahuwashalu·tA.·. That dog of hers got loose but she found him again (and) she tied him up again. COMPOSED OF: -ashal- strap, leash, -N-ut- attach, be attached.

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DERIVED BASES: -ashalutakw- let someone loose, untie, unleash. -ashalutakw- v.a. let someone loose, untie, unleash. liyashalutakwas I'm letting him loose, luwashalutakwas she's letting him loose. liyashalutakwA I have let him loose. wahiyashaluta·k6· I untied him, wahuwashaluta·k6· she let him loose. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -ashalut- tie someone up, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: -atashalutakw- get loose. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. ashekwe? N fork. -ashet- v.a. count, figure out an amount. kashe·tas I'm counting. wakashetu I have counted. wa ?kuyashete? I counted you in, I included you, Akashete? I will count, Ayushete? she will count, Ahdshete? he will count. sashet Count! twashet Let's all (incl.) count! With t- cislocative: Atyushete? there she will add it up. Aspect class: ES. • Tho kwf- nu· Atyushete? tsi? niyoka-la· nahte? shninu·ne?. There's where someone will figure out the value (cost) of what you're going to buy. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -ashetanyu- count things, add up; .atashet- plus tedualic, be counted together, live together; -athwistashet- count money; yohslashe·tas the count-year. -ashetanyu- v.a. count things, add up. kashetanyuhe? I add things up, I count them all. wakashetani? I added them all up. sashetani Add them up! With t- cislocative: twakashetani? I have counted them all up there, tasashetani Add them

all up here! COMPOSED OF: -ashet- count, figure out an amount, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ashetani- word-finally and before a final ?. -ashew- v.a. winnow. kashe·was I'm winnowing, I'm separating out weeds or chaff from beans or grain. wakashew.A I have winnowed. NOTE: Refers to the practice of pouring beans or grain from one container to another while there's a heavy wind so that the weeds or chaff blow away. This base is not familiar to all speakers. -ashe?nut-/-ashe?nutsl- v. > n. basket. ashe·nute? basket, a basket with a handle (e.g., a picnic basket). With -ku locative suffix: ashe?nutslaku in the basket. With -at-N-kehlu- put things here and there for oneself: yakotashe ?nutslake-Iu? she has baskets spread around. With -atuni/ -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: yutashe?nutslu·m1ze? she makes baskets. With -N-iyo- be good: washe ?nutsliy6 it's a nice basket. With -yA- I -yAt- lay down, place, have: sashe?nutslayA? you have a basket. NOTE: The alternant -ashe?nutoccurs in the basic noun form, and the ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -ahse?nutsl-, with the -hsl- nominalizer suffix (and deletion of the h of the suffix), occurs before the locative suffix and it is the incorporating form. .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, v.s. be ten of. With te- dualic: tewashA twenty. With a numeral three or higher and n- partitive:

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ahSA niwashA thirty, kaye niwashA forty, wisk niwashA fifty, etc. Aspect class: A. .ashAtho- plus te- dualic, v.a. cry, weep. tekash.Athos I'm crying, teyush.Athos she's crying, tehash.Athos he's crying. tewakash.Athu I have cried, tehosh.Athu he has cried. wa ?tkash.Atho? I started to cry, wa ?thash.Atho? he started to cry, wa ?tyush.Atho? she started to cry. Aspect class: E2. • "Teska·nlak ka ?ik.A, wa ?thash.Atho? kAs Spot ta·t nale? lothu·te· ka?ik.A wa?katlAno·t.A·." "Watch this, Spot starts to cry if he hears me making music." (M8) DERIVED BASES: .ashAthohsl- plus te- dualic, go around crying or weeping. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .ashAthohsl- plus te- dualic, v.m. go around crying or weeping. tewashAth6hslehse? she (z.) or it goes around weeping, teyushAth6hslehse? she goes around crying, tehashAth6hslehse? he goes around crying. COMPOSED OF: .ashAtho- plus tedualic, cry, weep, -hsl- dislocative. -askanek- v.a. desire, envy, wish for. kaska-neks I'm envious, I want it, laska-neks he's envious, he desires something. wa ?kaska·neke? I envied, wahaska-neke? he desired it. -askawehsu- v.s. be barefoot. wakaskawehsu? I'm barefoot, loskawehsu? he's barefoot, yakoskawehsu? she's barefoot. Aspect class: B. NOTE: See also .askawe?titakhe-

plus te- dualic, ride in something while barefoot; and .askawe?totplus te- dualic, be standing barefoot. .askawe?titakhe- plus te- dualic, v.m . ride in something while barefoot. tekaskawe ?titakhe? I'm barefoot and I'm riding in something, tehaskawe ?titakhe? he's barefoot riding in something (e.g., a car, a buggy), tewaskawe?titakhe? she (z.) is barefoot riding in something. DERIVED BASES: .askawe?titakhenutye- plus tedualic, be going along riding barefoot. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a component -askawe?t-, and the alternant -itakhe- of the verb base -takhe-/-itakhe- run, move by running. The component -askawe?toccurs also in .askawe?tot- plus tedualic, be standing barefoot, and it is related to -askawehsu- be barefoot. .askawe?titakhenutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be going along riding barefoot. tewaskawe ?titakhenu ti? they're all riding barefoot. COMPOSED OF: .askawe?titakheplus te- dualic, ride in something while barefoot, -nu stative, -tyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .askawe?titakhenuti- before a final ?,

.askawe?tot- plus te- dualic, v.s. be standing barefoot. tewaskawe·tote? she (z.) or it is standing barefoot, tehaskawe·tote? he's standing barefoot, teyuskawe·tote? she's standing barefoot. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .askawe?totatyeplus te- dualic, walk along barefoot. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a component -askawe?t-, and the alternant -ot- of the verb base

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-hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. The component -askawe?t- occurs also in .askawe?titakhe- plus te- dualic, ride in something while barefoot, and it is related to -askawehsu- be barefoot. The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels .

over repeatedly; -atataskenha- try hard to accomplish something, apply oneself; .lihwaskenha- plus tedualic, argue, debate, dispute. NOTE: The alternant -ya?taskenhaoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The final a of both alternants is deleted before the -A stative suffix.

.askawe?totatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. walk along barefoot. tekaskawe ?totati? I'm walking along barefoot. tekaskawe ?fotatyehse? I'm walking around barefoot, tewaskawe ?totatyehse? she (z.) or it is walking around barefoot, tehaskawe ?fotatyehse? he's walking around barefoot, teyuskawe ?totatyehse? she or someone is walking around barefoot. COMPOSED OF: .askawe?tot- plus tedualic, be standing barefoot, -tyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .askawe?totati- before a final?.

-askenhanyu- v.a. fight over repeatedly. luskenhanyuhe? they (m.) are greedy and they're fighting over it. wahuskenhtini? they (m.) fought over it. •N6k tsi? nt?- ki? thikA tsi? ka·yA· onutsf wahuskenhani? s thikA yaweku? yakA? thikA ona ?alatslaku i·wat. But they would fight over the head, they say it's tasty what's inside the head. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -askenha-/ -ya?taskenha- fight over, compete for, be greedy, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -askenhani- before a final ?.

-askenha-/-ya?taskenha- v.a. fight over, compete for, be greedy. kaskenhas I try to take something away from someone, I'm greedy, yakyaskenhas we two (excl.) fight over it. wakaskenhA I'm fighting over it, yukyaskenhA we two are fighting over it, lonaskenhA they (m.) are fighting over it, lotiya ?faskenhA they (m.) are competing for someone, yukniya ?faskenhA we two are competing for someone, yukhiya ?faskenhA they're fighting over us, shakniya ?taskenhA we two (excl.) are fighting over him. wa ?akyaskenha? we two (excl.) fought over it, Akaskenha? I will fight over it. Aspect class: 02. DERIVED BASES: -askenhanyu- fight

-askut- v.s. be a built-on room, a porch or sun porch. y6skute? it's a built-on room, a porch or sun porch. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -askw- bridge, roof, shanty, hut, -N-ut- attach, be attached. -askw- n. bridge, roof, shanty, hut. askwa? roof. With -?ke locative suffix: askwa·ke on the bridge. DERIVED BASES: -askut- be a built-on room, a porch or sun porch; -ataskwahel-/-ataskwahl- put up a roof or shanty; wask6hu bridge. NOTE: The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. .askwa?slahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. trample, step on someone.

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tekaskwa ?slakhwa? I trample on it, teyukwaskwa ?slakhwa? she keeps stepping on me.

teyukwaskwa ?slahkwA she has stepped on me.

wa ?tkaskwa·slahkwe? I trampled on it, wa ?thaskwa·slahkwe? he trampled on it, wa ?tekheyaskwa·slahkwe? I stepped on her, wa ?thiyaskwa·slahkwe? I stepped on him, wa ?tyukwaskwa·slahkwe? she stepped on me. Aspect class: Dl. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -asl-/-sl- n. smell, odor. 6sla? smell. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be: keslaksA I smell bad, laslaksA he smells bad, waslaksA it (n.) smells bad. With -N-iyo- be good: kesliy6 I smell good, kasliy6 she (z.) smells good, wasliy6 it (n.) smells good. With .N-o?tAplus n- partitive, be a kind of: niwasl6·tA the kind of smell it (n.) has. And te?s- negative and repetitive (replacing n- partitive): yah th6 te?swasl6·tA it's not that smell anymore. With -?shatste-/ -?shatstA- be strong, be forceful: wasla ?shtitste? it's a strong smell. • Yah nahte? te?swasl6·tA o·nA. It has no smell now. DERIVED BASES: -aslaku-/-slaku?usmell good; -aslal- have a smell or odor; -aslat- have a smell or odor in something; .slatihAtho- plus tcislocative, gasp for air after crying; latislanu:wehse? gnats, picnic bugs. NOTE: The alternant -asl- occurs after the neuter agent prefix w-, the

alternant -sl- occurs after all other prefixes.

-aslaku-/-slaku?u- v.s. smell good. waslaku? it (n.) smells good. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -asl-/-sl- smell, odor, -eku-1-eku?u-/-ku-/-ku?u- taste good. DERIVED BASES: -ateslaku?ust- put on perfume or cologne. NOTE: The alternant -aslaku- occurs after the neuter agent prefix w-. The alternant -slaku?u- occurs in the derived base. -aslal- v.s. have a smell or odor. y6slale? it has an odor. With te?negative: yah te ?y6slale? it has no smell. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -asl-/-sl- smell, odor, -1- be in or on. -aslat- v.s. have a smell or odor in something. y6slat it has a smell. With te?- negative: yah te?y6slat it has no smell, it has lost its smell (e.g., the perfume in a bottle that has been left open). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -asl-/-sl- smell, odor, -at-1-t-/-et- be in. aslok N thorn. NOTE: ACH give the gloss 'thorn apple'. -astahkw- v.s. be useful. wastak it's useful. Future stative: AwastahkwAhake? it will be useful. Aspect class: A. NOTE: The final hkw of the base is replaced by k word-finally. -astathA- v.s. be dry. yostathA it's dry. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: yokAhastathA the blanket is dry. With -na?tal- bread, cake: yona ?talastathA the bread is dry. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: yona?talastathA

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cracker. NOTE: Occurs also as an active base. -astathA- v.a. become dry. wastathAhse? it becomes dry. yostath£·u it has become dry. usttithA? it dried, AwastdthA? it will become dry. Aspect class: C3. NOTE: Occurs also as a stative base. See also -statha?t-1-at-N-statha?tdry something; and -nya?tathAbecome thirsty. astehtsiwe·ke morning time. • Tu-wfs latekhu ·nfhe? as teh tsiwe·ke. Tom is eating breakfast. astehtsi? Temporal particle: in the morning. With oya· another, and tshit- coincident and cislocative: oya· tshitwastehtsi? the other morning. NOTE: See also astehtsiwe·ke morning time. -astesk- v.a. go dry, evaporate. yostesku it has evaporated, it has gone dry (e.g., when water boils away). usteske? it boiled dry, AWasteske? it will become dry. -astoht- v.a. make small, shrink, take in, reduce. kast6tha? I'm making it small. wakast6htu I have made it small. wa ?kastohte? I made it small, I shrunk it, I took it in, wa ?ustohte? she shrunk it, she took it in, Akastohte? I will make it small. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -astohtanyu- make several small; -atwAnastohte? be a tenor. NOTE: Composed of a root -astoand the -ht- causative suffix. The root -asto- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -asto?become smaller. The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

-astohtanyu- v.a. make several small. kastohtanyuhe? I'm making several small, I'm taking them in. wakastohttini? I have made them small. wa ?kastohttini? I made several small. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -astoht- make small, shrink, take in, reduce, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -astohtani- before a final ? . -asto?- v.a. become smaller. yost6·u it has gotten smaller. ustone? it got smaller, Awas tone? it will get smaller. DERIVED BASES: -as to ?uhatye- be getting smaller, be shrinking. NoTE: Composed of a root -astoand the-?- inchoative suffix. The root -asto- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -astoht- make small, shrink, take in, reduce. The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -asto?uhatye- v.m. be getting smaller, be shrinking. yosto ?uhtiti? it's getting smaller, it's shrinking. COMPOSED OF: -asto?- become smaller, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -asto?uhati- before a final?. -at-/-t-1-et- v.s. be in. i ·wtit there's something in (it). With te?- negative: yah te·wat there's nothing in it. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: kahne·kat there's water in it (e.g., a bubble of water in something where you didn't intend there to be water). With -wel- air, wind: kawe-ltit there's air in it (e.g., a tire). Aspect

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class: A. • T6k kJ( mihte? i·wat thikA kana ?fsyaheJe?. Is there something in that pail? DERIVED BASES: -atalyu- for several to be in; -at-N-at- have something in something; .ata?- plus y- translocative, fall in and land or hit bottom; -anishuhlonu?tslat- have the devil in one; -aslat- have a smell or odor in something; -attsi?nuwat- have a pimple; -eku?uhslat- have a taste to something; -na?alatslat- have something inside the head; -tahkw-/ -etahkw- take out of a container, unload; -talyu-/-etalyu- put several into containers; -ta?-/-eta?- put into a container; -?nikuhlat- have brains, be brainy; kamHat milk cow; tkatsHsyat someone who has had a few drinks; wa:yat pie. NOTE: Applies to substances that are in something without implying that someone put the substance there. However, the derived bases include an intentional component (put in, take out) and imply that there is a container to hold the substance. The alternant -at- occurs in the stative aspect after the neuter agent prefix w-, and after incorporated nouns. The alternants -t- and -et- occur in derived bases which can take nonneuter (i.e., animate) prefixes. -a t-/-a te-/-a tA-/-an -1-al-/-a- pre£. Semireflexive. NOTE: The alternant -ate- occurs with bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters. The alternant -atA- occurs mostly with bases that begin inn, hn, or ?n. The alternant -an- occurs with bases that begin in i. The alternant -al- occurs with certain bases that begin in a. The alternant

-a- occurs with a few bases that begin inn, h, ?, or tsi. Otherwise -at- occurs. -atahal- n. sun. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -atahalala?- get a tan; -atahalatalihA- be a hot sun; .atahalinyu?t- plus t- cislocative, for the sun to come in; -atahalot- for the sun to shine; .atahaloya?ak-/ .atahaloyA- plus te- dualic, for the sun to shine on something; and probably atahalanAshikhwa? umbrella; otahalhu? right in the sun; and yotahala·nu it's shady. -atahalala?- v.a. get a tan. wakatahala·la·se? I get tanned. wakatahalala·u I have a tan, yakotahalala·u she has a tan, lotahalala·u he has a tan. ukwatahala ·lane? I got tanned. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -atahal- sun, -1- be in or on,-?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. atahalanAstakhwa? V > N umbrella. akwatahalanAstakhwa? my umbrella. COMPOSED OF: -atahal- sun, -nAst(e)- treasure, value, care for, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: This composition is tentative, since speakers do not attribute any complex meaning to this base. -atahalatalihA- v.s. be a hot sun. yotahalatalfhA the sun is hot. With n- partitive: niyotahalatalinA the sun is so hot. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atahal- sun, -a?talih(A)-1-N-talihA- be hot, be warm.

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.atahalinyu?t- plus t- cislocative, v.a. for the sun to come in. tyotahalinyu·tu the sun is coming in. tutahalfnyuhte? the sun came in. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atahal- sun, -N-inyu?t-/ -ya?tinyu?t- bring in. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atahalot- v.a. for the sun to shine. yottihalote? the sun is shining. AWatahalo·tA· the sun will shine. Habitual past: yotahalo· ttihkwe? it was sunny. With s- repetitive: sutahalo·tA· it got sunny again. With te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te ?tsyotahalote? the sun isn't shining any longer. COMPOSED OF: -atahal- sun, -hnyot/-ot- stand something upright, have. .atahaloya?ak-/.atahaloyh- plus tedualic, v.a. for the sun to shine on something. th6 teyotahal6yA? the sun is shining on it. wa ?twatahal6ya lake? the sun shone on it. COMPOSED OF: -atahal- sun, .oya?ak-/.oyA- plus te- dualic, throw something straight at something. NOTE: The alternant .atahaloyAoccurs in the stative aspect, .atahaloya?ak- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atahaluni- v.a. become severe, worsen. With sAna? more: sA7ta? wahatahalu·ni- he got worse, sAha? utahalu·ni· it just got worse, sAha? Awatahalu·ni· it will get worse. DERIVED BASES: -atahaluni?- have become severe, be worse. -atahaluni?- v.s. have become severe, be worse. yotahaluni-u it's worse,

yakotahaluni-u her condition is severe. With sAna? more: sAha? wakatahaluni-u I'm worse, my condition is more severe. Stative past: yotahaluni?u ·ne? it was worse (but it's better now). Aspect class: E. •Tahnu· s a?ny6 say6lhAne? nA sAha? yakotahaluni·u yakonuhwaktanihe?. And so it seemed as though the next day her sickness had become worse. (M7) Yakotahalunf·u tsi? niyakonuhlytHu. She got hurt really badly. COMPOSED OF: -atahaluni- become severe, worsen, -?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .atahaluni?sl- plus t- cislocative, be getting severe or worse. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atahaluni?sl- plus t- cislocative, v.m. be getting severe or worse . takatahalunf·sle? my condition is becoming more severe, tayutahaluni·sle? she's getting worse, tahatahalunf-sle? he's getting worse, Atwatahaluni·sle? it will get worse. Pre-pausal: Atwatahalunl- seJe?. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atahaluni?- have become severe, be worse, -sl- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atahkatstat- v.a. make oneself tough, toughen up. lotahkatstatu he has made himself tough, he has toughened up. wahatahktitstate? he made himself into a tough person. satahktitstat Try to endure it, toughen up! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahkatst(e)- be tough, be able to

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endure hardship, -t- causativeinchoative. DERIVED BASES: -atA ?nikuhkatstatmake oneself strong mentally. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ahkatstat-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. . atahkiwe· plus te- dualic, v.a. perform a Dead Feast. tehutahki·wehe? they (m.) are performing a Dead Feast. wa ?fhutahkiwe? they (m.) performed a Dead Feast. DERIVED BASES: .atahkiwe?n- plus te- dualic, go to perform a Dead Feast. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a component -ahkiwe-, which occurs also in ohki·we· Dead Feast. .atahkiwe?n- plus te- dualic, v.a. go to perform a Dead Feast. tehutahkiwe·ne? they (m.) are going to perform a Dead Feast. tehonatahkiwe·nu they (m.) have gone to perform a Dead Feast. wa ?thutahkiwe·na? they (m.) are on their way to perform a Dead Feast. COMPOSED OF: .atahkiwe· plus tedualic, perform a Dead Feast, -?ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. A form tehutahkiwehse? they are going to perform the Dead Feast, with the -hs- dislocative instead of the -?n- dislocative, has also been recorded. -atahkwahsluni- v.a. get dressed, put on clothes. latahkwahslu·nihe? he's getting dressed, he's putting on his clothes. lotahkwahsluni he has

gotten dressed. wahatahkwahslu·nihe got dressed, Ahatahkwahslu·nihe will get dressed. Aspect class: Al. NOTE: Probably composed of the -at- semireflexive, a root -ahkw-, and the verb base -hsluni-/-hslunydress someone. See note under -ahkwahsyu- take the covers off oneself. -atahkwashwA- v.a. dislike someone. shakotahkwashwAhse? he dislikes her or them, liyatahkwashwAhse? I dislike him. liyatahkwashwA·u I have come to dislike him. AhiyatahkwashwA? I will dislike him. Aspect class: C3. NOTE: Probably includes the base -shwA- dislike someone, but the composition is unclear. -atahlist- v.a. forbid, put a stop to. katahlista? I'm making it stop. wa ?kata·liste? I put a stop to it, I stopped it (e.g., a machine), wahata·liste? he forbade it, ahata·liste? he should put a stop to it. • Yah thyaya·wA· tsi? ahata·liste ?, He had to put a stop to it or forbid it. (Pl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahlist- forbid someone, put a stop to, shutdown. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atahluty· v.a. avoid looking at. yutahlutyehse? she doesn't look (someone, me) straight in the eye, she avoids looking. yakotahluti she isn't looking (someone, me) straight in the eye. wa ?utahlu·ti· she can't look (someone, me) straight in the eye. Aspect class: E4. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative

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aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .atahnutel-/.atahnutl- plus te- dualic, be siblings of the same sex. See .atAhnutel-/.atAhnutl-/.atahnutel-1 .atahnutl- plus te- dualic. .atahnutlunyu- plus te- dualic, be several siblings of the same sex. See .atAhnutlunyu-/.atahnutlunyu- plus te- dualic. -atahsatal- v.s. be a shadow. yotahsa-tale? (there's a) shadow. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahsat- shadow, movie, show, -1- be inoron. DERIVED BASES: -atahsatala?n- go to a movie, a show; -atahsatalha? be an actor, a movie or theater. -atahsatala?n- v.m. go to a movie, a show. wa ?katahsatala·na? I'm going to the movies or a show, wa ?akwatahsatala·na? we (excl.) went to a show. COMPOSED OF: -atahsatal- be a shadow, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atahsatalha? v.a. be an actor, a movie or theater. katahsatalha? I'm an actor or actress, lutahsatdlha? they (m.) are actors, watahsatalha? (it's) a movie, a theater. Habitual past: watahsatalhahkwe? there was a show or movie, lutahsatalhahkwe? they (m.) were acting. With tsi? particle and tcislocative: tsi? twatahsatdlha? theater, the place where there is a show.

•Nale? tu·ske? wahsatiy6 watahsatalha? kanatd·ke. There's a really good show on uptown. Tsi? nuku ?weskwA? thik.t\ watahsatalhahkwe? nihotiste-list lutahsatalhahkwe?. I really enjoyed that movie, the actors were so funny . COMPOSED OF: -atahsatal- be a shadow, -ha? habitual. .atahsatu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a bruise. tewakatahsa-tu· I have a bruise, tehotahsa·tu· he has a bruise, teyakotahsa·tu· she has a bruise. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and possibly the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -ahsat- shadow, movie, show; but the composition is unclear. .atahsaw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. start. tkatahsawha? I start, I'm the leader. twakatahsawA I have started, thotdhsawA he has started, tyotahsawA it has started, thonatdhsawA they (m.) have started. takatahsawA? I started, tayutahsawA? she started, tahatahsawA? he started, tutahsawA? she (z.) or it started, tayakyatdhsawA? we two (excl.) started, tahutdhsawA? they (m.) started, AtkatahsawA? I will start, AtyakwatdhsawA? we (excl.) will start, AfhutahsawA? they (m.) will start, utahatdhsawA? he should start. With te- dualic: tetyotahsawA it has started again, tutakatahsawA? I started again, tutayakyatahsawA? we two (excl.) started again, fAthutahsawA? they (m.) will start again. With n- partitive: tsi? nityutahsawha? how or when someone starts. With tsh- coincident: tshutakatdhsawA? when I started, tshututahsawA? when it started,

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tshutahuttihsawA? when they (m.) started. • Yti·ya ?k niyohwistti·e tkatahstiwha? waky6·tAhse?. At six o'clock I start working. DERIVED BASES: .atahsawa?n- plus t- cislocative, go to start; .atahsawa?t- plus t- cislocative, start with. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix and a verb root -atahsaw-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .atahsawatye- plus s- repetitive, be almost there, be on one's way there. .atahsawatye- plus s- repetitive, v.m. be almost there, be on one's way there. swakatahsawtiti? I'm almost there, I'm on my way, shotahsawtiti? he's almost there, tsyakotahsawtiti? she's almost there.

• Tsyakotahsawtiti? tihsA tayakohsli·yti·ke?. She's almost three years old. NOTE: Composed of the s- repetitive prefix, a verb root -atahsaw-, and the -tye- progressive suffix. The root -atahsaw- is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .atahsaw- plus t- cislocative, start. Many speakers have .atahsawatibefore a final ? . .atahsawa?n- plus t- cislocative, v.m. go to start. thutahsawti·ne? they (m.) are going to start. takatahsawti·na? I'm going there to start. COMPOSED OF: .atahsaw- plus tcislocative, start, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.atahsawa?t- plus t- cislocative, v.a. start with. tahattihsawahte? he starts with it. COMPOSED OF: .atahsaw- plus tcislocative, start, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: .atahsawa?tahkwplus t- cislocative, use something to start with. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atahsawa?tahkw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. use something to start with. tyutahsawa ?ftikhwa? what she uses to start with.

• KAs nikakwi·lti·se? astehtsi? tyutahsawa ?ftikhwa? ayute·kti·te?. In the morning she usually uses these twigs to start the fire with. (VI) COMPOSED OF: .atahsawa?t- plus tcislocative, start with, -hkwinstrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. -atahsa ?ka ?tslolyAni-/ -atahsa?ka?tslolyA- v.a. get a coughing attack. wakatahsa ?ka ?fslolyA ·nfhe? I'm getting a coughing attack. ukwatahsa ?ka ?fsl6li? I started to get a coughing attack, wahotahsa ?ka ?fsl6li? he got a coughing attack. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahsa?k- cough, -?tsl- nominalizer, -N-oli-1-N-oly- drive, -Ani-f-Abenefactive. NOTE: The altemant -atahsa?ka?tslolyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The altemant -atahsa?ka?tslolyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that

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many speakers have -a tahsa 7ka 7tsloli- before a final 7. -atahseht- v.a. hide, hide for oneself. katahsetha? I keep hiding, yatahsetha? the two (m.) hide. wakatahsehtu I'm hiding, lotahsehtu he's hiding. wa ?kattihsehte? I hid, Akattihsehte? I will hide. sattihset Hide! With -ahsi7t- I -ahsi- foot: wa ?kalahsi ?flihsehte? I hid my feet, salahsi ?fahset Hide your feet! With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: wa ?katahytihsehte? I hid the berries (so someone else couldn't have them). With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wa ?kathwisttihsehte? I hid the money. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahseht-/-ya ?tahseht- hide something or someone. DERIVED BASES: -atahsehtanyuhide all over; -atahsehtuhatye- go along hiding, prowl, sneak along. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ahseht-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ht of the base becomes t beforehand word-finally. -atahsehtanyu- v.a. hide all over. lutahsehtfmyuhe? they (m.) are hiding all over. wahutahsehtani? they (m.) hid all over. COMPOSED OF: -atahseht- hide, hide for oneself, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atahsehtani- before a final 7. -atahsehtuhatye- v.m. go along hiding, prowl, sneak along. lotahsehtuhati? he's hiding about. With ny- partitive and translocative: kA? nyahotahsehtuhati? here he's going along hiding, he's prowl-

in g. COMPOSED OF: -atahseht- hide, hide for oneself, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atahsehtuhati- before a final 7. -atahsl- n. stick, yard (measure). atahsli? stick, a flat stick (e.g., a yardstick). Pre-pausal: attihseli?. With -7ke locative suffix: atahsla·ke on the stick. With .N-ke- plus npartitive, be three or more of: wfsk niwatahslake five yards. With .N-t-l.ya7tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: swattihslat one yard (e.g., of cloth). DERIVED BASES: -atahslot- be a stick, standing. -atahslot- v.s. be a stick, standing. watahslote? a stick is standing. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -atahsl- stick, yard (measure), -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -atahslotakw- take out a stick; -atahslotu- be several sticks, standing. -atahslotakw- v.a. take out a stick. latahslotakwas he's taking sticks out (from where they're standing, out of the ground). With t- cislocative: tahatahslota·k6· there he took the stick out. COMPOSED OF: -atahslot- be a stick, standing, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: .atahslotakwahtplus t- cislocative, yank out a stick. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atahslotakwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. yank out a stick. tahatahslotakwahte? he quickly pulled out the stick, he yanked out the stick.

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COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atahslotakw- take out a stick, -htcausative. -atahslotu- v.s. be several sticks, standing. watahslo·tu· sticks are standing. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -atahslot- be a stick, standing, -u- distributive. -atahsokew- v.a. for the colour to fade. utahso·kewe? the colour faded out of it. NOTE: Probably composed of a root -ahso-, which is related to the verb base -ahso-/-ahsohw- colour, paint; and the alternant -at-N-okew- of the verb base -atlakew-1-at-N-okew- get wiped off, fade, disappear. -atahta?nawAst- v.a. dress warmly, wrap up. katahta ?naw.1sta? I dress warmly. wakatahta 7naw.1stu I have dressed up warmly. wa?katahtti·nawAste? I dressed up warmly. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahta?nawAst- dress someone warmly. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-ahtu- get lost, vanish, disappear. See -ahtu-/-atya?tahtu1-at-N-ahtu-. -atahtu ?t- v.a. disappear. katahtu·tha? I disappear (because I don't want to be seen). lotahtu·tu he has disappeared. wa ?kattihtuhte? I disappeared, I made myself scarce. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahtu?t- make disappear, erase. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented

vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .atahuhsanela?ak-/.atahuhsanel- plus te- dualic, v.a. mishear. tekatahuhsanela ?aks I mishear. tewakatahuhsanelu? I have heard wrong. wa ?fkatahuhsanela ?ake? I heard wrong. Aspect class: C2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahuhs- sense of hearing, .nela?ak-/ .nel-/.ya?tanela?ak-/.ya?tanel- plus te- dualic, mistake for another. NOTE: The alternant .atahuhsanela?ak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .atahuhsanel- occurs in the stative aspect. -atahuhsat- v.s. be listening. wakatahuhsate? I'm listening, satahuhsate? you're listening, yakotahuhsate? she's listening, lotahuhsate? he's listening, swatahuhsate? you all are listening, lonatahuhsate? they (m.) are listening. Habitual past: wakatahuhsatehkwe? I have listened. Future stative: Awakatahuhsateke? I will be listening. Aspect class: F. • Wakatahuhsate? mihte? sa·tuhe?. I'm listening to what you're saying. DERIVED BASES: -atahuhsatatlisten. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive, the noun root -ahuhs- sense of hearing, and possibly a component that is related to the base .at-N-tplus ya?te- translocative and dualic, be extended, be stuck out. -atahuhsatat- v.a. listen. katahuhsatats I listen. wakatahuhsatatu I have listened. wa ?katahuhsatate? I listened, wa ?akwatahuhsatate? we (excl.)

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listened, wahiyatahuhsatate? I listened to him, Akatahuhsatate? I will listen, ahatahuhsatate? he should listen. satahuhsatat Listen! Optative stative: aukwatahuhsata·tuke? I should be listening. With th- contrastive: yah thahutahUhsatate? they (m.) won't listen. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -atahuhsat- be listening, -t- causative-inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -atahuhsatath- go to listen; -atlihwatahuhsatat- listen to what's going on. -atahuhsatath- v.m. go to listen. katahuhsatathe? I'm here to listen. • Katahuhsatathe? tahalf·wahkwe? tsi? ka·y.tf· klAnan u ·wehse?. I have come to listen to him sing the song that I like. COMPOSED OF: -atahuhsatat- listen, -h- dislocative. -atahuhsiyost- v.a. listen carefully. latahuhsiy6sta? he listens carefully. lotahuhsiy6stu he's listening carefully. wa ?katahuhsi·y6ste? I listened carefully. Future stative: Awakatahuhsiyostuhake? I will be listening carefully. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ahuhs- sense of hearing, -at-N-iyost- make something good for oneself. -atahyaliht- v.a. preserve fruit, can fruit. yutahyalitha? she's preserving or canning fruit. yakotahyalfhtu she has preserved fruit. wa ?uta·yalihte? she preserved fruit. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, -liht- boil something. DERIVED BASES: watahyalihtu preserves. NOTE: The final ht of the base

becomes t before h, and the h of the hy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ata·kA· N clam. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: ata·ke (ACH). -atakhe- v.m. be in something going by. watakhe? something is in something and it's going by, it's being transported (e.g., something is in a little train going by). a ?e· utakhe? it's in something moving away. • Tsi? ok nahte? watakhe? tsi? nahte? wa?u·ku·. There are all kinds of things in it, which they gave me. DERIVED BASES: -atakhenutye- be several in something going by; -atwAnatakhe- for a call to come. NOTE: Related to -takhe-/-itakherun, move by running. -atakhenutye- v.m. be several in something going by. watakhenuti? several items are being transported. COMPOSED OF: -atakhe- be in something going by, -nu stative, -tyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atakhenuti- before a final ?. .atakwAhtA-/.takwAhtA-/.akwAhtAplus te- dualic, v.s. be flat. tewatakw.ihtA? it's flat. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .atakwAhtA?- plus te- dualic, become flat; .takwAhtAht/.akwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, flatten; tekanA?takwAhtA? cedar; tekaya?takw.\htA? bloodsucker. NOTE: The alternant .atakwAhtAoccurs after the neuter agent prefix w-. The alternant .takwAhtA- occurs after non-neuter (i.e., animate) prefixes in the derived base .takw AhtAht- I .akw AhtAht- plus tedualic. The alternant .akwAhtA-

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occurs with incorporated nouns. See also -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalholay out flat. .atakwAhtA?- plus te- dualic, v.a. become flat. teyotakwAht.A·u it has gone flat. wa ?twatakw.AhtAne? it went flat. COMPOSED OF: .atakwAhtA-/ .takwAhtA-/.akwAhtA- plus tedualic, be flat, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atalhyohkuni- v.s. be lying down curled up. yakotalhyohkuni she's lying down curled up, lotalhyohkuni he's lying down curled up. Prepausal: lotalhyohku·n[. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -alhyohkw- sinker, ring, hoop, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct. -atalyu- v.s. for several to be in. watali? several of something are inside of something. Aspect class: B. • Kwah ki? ne· n6k kahyatuhsli?shuha a ?ny6 th6 watali!· It just seemed like there were all these papers in there. (MlO) COMPOSED OF: -at-/-t-/-et- be in, -lyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atalibefore a final ?. -atanowAht- v.a. doubt, not really believe. katanow.Atha? I doubt it, I don't really believe it. wakatanow.Ahtu I had already doubted it. wa ?katano·w.Ahte? I had doubts, I didn't believe it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -anowAht- lie, tell lies.

NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

.atanuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, v.a. make dirty, make a mess . tekatanuhyanitha? I keep dirtying it, I keep making a mess. tewakatanuhyanihtu I have made a big mess, teyotanuhyanihtu it's awful (e.g., the weather) . wa ?fkatanu·yanihte? I dirtied it, wa ?fwatanu·yanihte? it got really bad, tAyutanu ·yanihte? she will make a big mess. Future stative: tAyotanuhyanihtuhake? it will be awful. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, be dirty. DERIVED BASES: .atanuhyanihta?nplus te- dualic, going to become awful or a mess. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the h of the hy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atanuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, v.s. be awful, be a mess. teyotanu·yanit it's a mess, it's awful (e.g., the weather). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, be dirty. NOTE: The h of the hy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. .atanuhyanihta?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. going to become awful or a mess. tewatanuhyanihta·ne? it's going to be really awful out (e.g., that's the weather forecast). COMPOSED OF: .atanuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, make dirty, make a mess, -?n- dislocative.

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NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-atashalutakw- v.a. get loose. latashalutakwas he gets loose. lotashalutakwA he has gotten loose. wahatashaluta·k6· he got loose. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ashalutakw- let someone loose, untie, unleash. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. . atashet- plus te- dualic, v.a. be counted together, live together. wa ?fyakyatashete? we two (excl.) ended up together, tAyakyatashete? we two (excl.) will be counted together, we will live together, tAtsyatashete? you two will live together. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -ashet- count, figure out an amount. -ataskwahel-/-ataskwahl- v.a. put up a roof or shanty. kataskwahelha? I'm putting the roof on. lotaskwahele? he has a shack, he has a little shanty. wahataskwa·lA? he just finished putting the roof on. With t- cislocative: thotaskwahele? he has a shack there, tyakotaskwahele? she has a shack there, a ?e· tyukwataskwahele? way over there we have a shack, thonataskwahele? they (m.) have a shack there. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -askw- bridge, roof, shanty, hut, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: -ataskwahlunyuput up several shanties; wataskwahele? convertible car. NOTE: The alternant -ataskwahel-

occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -ataskwahloccurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ataskwahlunyu- v.a. put up several shanties. yukwataskwahluni? we have several little shanties put up. COMPOSED OF: -ataskwahel-/ -ataskwahl- put up a roof or shanty, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ataskwahluni- before a final ?. -at-N-at- v.s. have something in something. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: yothne·kat it has water in it, lothne·kat he has water in him (e.g., he's sick and he has water in his lungs). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -at-1-t-/-etbein. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atat-/-atate- pref. Reflexive. NOTE: The alternant -atate- occurs with bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters. Otherwise -atatoccurs. .atat-/.atate- plus te- dualic, pre£. Reciprocal. NOTE: The alternant .atate- occurs with bases that begin in? and most consonant clusters. Otherwise .atatoccurs. -atataskenha- v.a. try hard to accomplish something, apply oneself. katataskenhas I try my best. wakatataskenhA I'm trying my best, yakotataskenhA she or someone is

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trying really hard, tsyatataskenhA you two are trying really hard, lonatataskenhA they (m.) are trying really hard. wa ?katataskenha? I tried my best, wahutataskenha? they (m.) tried hard, Akatataskenha? I will try hard, ahutataskenha? they (m.) should apply themselves. With thcontrastive: ta·t yah thahsatataskenha? if you don't try hard. Aspect class: D2.

• Akweku s nu· wahuwatihlo.zr. tsi? nahotiliho ?t.Ahake? tsi? ah uta taskenha ?, ahotiyo·t.A·, tahuthwatsilashnye ?. They told them all how they should behave, that they should apply themselves, they should work, they should look after their families. (Hl) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -askenha-/-ya?taskenha- fight over, compete for, be greedy. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. -at-N-atatAl- have something left over, be left by oneself. See -atatAl-/ -at-N-atatAl-. .atatawi-/.atatu- plus te- dualic, v.a. trade with someone, exchange. tekatata·wihe? I'm trading. wa ?fkata·tu· I traded, wa ?fyuta-tu· she traded with someone, they traded with each other, wa ?fyakyata·tu· we two (excl.) traded. tetyata·t6. Let's you and I (incl.) trade! With s- repetitive: tusakata·tu· I exchanged it for something else. With -nawil- I -nawi- tooth: tAtyatatnawi·lu· you and I (incl.) will trade teeth, tetyatatnawi·l!J. Let's you and I (incl.) trade teeth! •Khale? tsi? ok s.A· nahte? ale? atAna·tsli? wa?tyuta·tu· khale?

ohwista? sA-. And she traded for all kinds of groceries, and money too. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -awi-/-u-1-A- give someone something. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the .atat- reciprocal and -awi- I -u- I -A-. The alternant .atatawi- occurs in the habitual aspect, .atatu- occurs in the punctual aspect.

-atate- pre£. Reflexive. See -atat-/ -atate-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in ? and in most consonant clusters. .atate- plus te- dualic, pre£. Reciprocal. See .atat-/.atate- plus tedualic. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in ? and in most consonant clusters. .atatekhunyAni-/.atatekhunyA- plus te- dualic, v.a. cook for each other. tetyatatekhunyA·nihe? you and I (incl.) cook for each other. tAtyatatekhuni? you and I (incl.) will cook for each other. COMPOSED OF: .atate- plus tedualic, reciprocal, -khunyAni-/ -khunyA- cook for someone. NOTE: The alternant .atatekhunyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .atatekhunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have .atatekhuni- before a final ?. -atatekhwanut-/-atatekhwanutu- v.a. feed oneself. katatekhwanu·tuhe? I'm feeding myself, I'm eating. wakatatekhwanutu I have fed myself. wa ?katatekhwanute? I fed myself, wa ?utatekhwanute? she fed herself, Ahatatekhwanute? he will

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feed himself. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -khwanut-/-khwanutu- feed someone, give someone food. NOTE: The alternant -atatekhwanutu- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atatekhwanut- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atatenhe- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. stick up for one another, cover for one another. tetityatatenhes you and I (incl.) stick up for one another, we cover for one another, tetyakyatatenhes we two (excl.) stick up for one another, we cover for one another, tethyatatenhes the two (m.) stick up for one another. tetyukyatatenhe·u we two have covered for one another. tutayakyatatenhe? we two (excl.) stuck up for one another, fAtityatatenhe? you and I (incl.) will stick up for one another, tAtyakyatatenhe? we two (excl.) will stick up for one another. Aspect class: C2. COMPOSED OF: .atate- plus tedualic, reciprocal, .nhe- plus tcislocative, stick up for someone, cover for someone. .atateshnye- plus te- dualic, v.a. look after oneself, make a living. tehatateshnyehe? he makes a living. tewakatateshnye·u I'm looking after myself. wa ?fkatateshnye? or wa ?fkatateshni? I looked after myself, tAkatateshni? I will look after myself. Aspect class: Cl. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, .shnye- plus te- dualic, look after, nurture. NOTE: Many speakers have .atateshni- before a final ?.

-atateshwA- v.a. dislike oneself, hate oneself. katateshwAhse? I hate myself (when I do that). AkatateshwA? I will hate myself. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -shwA- dislike someone. -atateslAhtoli- v.a. try to stay awake. latateslAhto·Uhe? he tries to keep himself awake. lotateslAhtoli he's trying to keep himself awake . AkatateslAhto·lf- I will try to stay awake. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -slAhtoli- keep someone awake, get woken up. -atatestelist- v.a. laugh at oneself. latatestelfsta? he's laughing at himself. lotatestelfstu he has laughed at himself. wa ?katateste-lfste? I laughed at myself. With n- partitive: na ?akwatatestdfste? how we (excl.) laughed at ourselves. Aspect class: El. • N a ?akwatatestdfste? tsi? yu teshu ?kalohale ?takhwa? khale? lake?nfha laotya·tawi?t wa?ukwatetshahnfhtA?. How we laughed at ourselves because the mop and my father's coat scared us. (Dl) COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -stelist- laugh, laugh at. .atatestelist- plus te- dualic, v.a. laugh at one another. tetyatatestelfsta? you and I (incl.) are laughing at one another, tehyatatestelfsta? the two (m.) are laughing at one another, tehutatestelista? they (m.) are laughing at one another. wa ?fetyatatestdfste? you and I (incl.) laughed at one another. COMPOSED OF: .atate- plus te-

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dualic, reciprocal, -stelist- laugh, laugh at. -atatetsin- v.s. act like one is better than others, act macho. latate·tsin he thinks he's tough, he acts macho, yutate·tsin she acts like she's better than others. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -tsin- be aggressive, determined, industrious, cocky, macho, spunky. -atatewyAnAta?- v.a. get oneself ready. latatewyAnA·tti·se? he's getting ready. wakatatewyAnAta·u I have gotten ready. wa ?katatewyAnA-tane? I got ready, AkatatewyAnA·tane? I will get ready. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -wyAnAta?- get something ready. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -atatewyA?tu- look after oneself, make oneself presentable. See -atateyA?tu/-atatewy A?tu-. -at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. See -ateyA?tu-/ -at-N-atey A?tu-/-atewy A?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA?tu-. -atateyA?tu-/-atatewyA?tu- v.a. look after oneself, make oneself presentable. katateyA·tuhe? I look after myself, I make myself presentable. With th- contrastive: yah thahutateyA·tu? they (m.) don't make themselves presentable. • Khale? yah uni? thahutateyA·tu? o ?slu-ni· nA ostuha loti·tAt. And white people don't even make themselves presentable, even when they're just a little poor. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ateyA ?tu-/-at-N -atey A?tu-/

-atewyA?tu-1-at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-ateyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. See -ateyA?tu-/ -at-N-ateyA ?tu-/-atewyA ?fu-/ -at-N-atewyA?tu-. -atate?nikuhlisa?- v.a. make oneself make up one's mind. katate ?nikuhlisa ?as I'm trying to make up my mind. wakatate ?nikuhlisu? I have made up my mind. wa ?katate ?nikuhlisane? I made up my mind, Aka tate ?nikuhlisane? I will make up my mind. Aspect class: ES. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -hsa? -/-isa?finish. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. -atate?nikuhloli- v.a. amuse oneself, entertain oneself. katate ?nikuhlo·lihe? I amuse myself, I do things to entertain myself. wakatate ?nikuhloli I'm amusing myself, I'm doing things to entertain myself. tyatate ?nikuhlo·l[ Let's you and I (incl.) amuse ourselves! COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -?nikuhloli-/-?nikuhloly- amuse, entertain. .atate?nikulhal- plus te- dualic, v.a. bother with, do something about. tekatate ?nikulhalha? I do something about something. wa ?fkatate ?nikulha·ZA· I did something about it.

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tehsatate ?nikulha·l:f. Do something about it! COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, . ?nikulhal- plus te- dualic, bother, pester. -atate?nutanhak-/-atate?nutanh- v.a. blame oneself, admit one's guilt. katate ?nutanhaks I blame myself, I admit my guilt. wakatate ?nuttinhA I'm taking the blame. wa ?katate ?nuttinhake? I blamed myself. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -?nutanhak-f-?nutanh- blame someone, be guilty. NOTE: The alternant -atate?nutanhak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -atate?nutanh- occurs in the stative aspect. .atate?nutanhak-:t.atate?nutanh- plus te- dualic, v.a. blame one another. teyakyatate ?nuttinhaks we two (excl.) keep blaming one another. teyukyatate?nuttinhA we two blamed one another, tehonatate ?nutanhA they (m.) blamed one another. tAyakyatate ?nuttinhake? we two (excl.) will blame one another. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: .atate- plus tedualic, reciprocal, -?nutanhak-/ -?nutanh- blame someone, be guilty. NOTE: The alternant .atate?nutanhak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .atate?nutanh- occurs in the stative aspect. -atate?skuthu- v.a. burn oneself. lotate ?skuthu he has burned himself. wa ?katate ?skuthu? I burned myself. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -?skuthu- bum someone.

-atatAl-1-at-N-atatAl- v.a. have something left over, be left by oneself. yotatAlA it's left over, wakatatAlA I have something left over, I'm left by myself, lotatAl£ he has something left over, yakotatAlA she has something left over, yukyatatAlA we two have something left over. Pre-pausal: yukyataL\"l:f.. ukwata·tAle? I had some left over. With s- repetitive: £- ok swakatatAlA I'm the only one left, laulhti· ok shotatA!A he's the only one left, tsyukwataLtl£ so many of us are left, shonatatAIA so many of them (m.) are left, lonulhti· ok shonatatAlA they (m.) are the only ones left, sukwata·tJ\le? I have got that much leftover, so much was left. With te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te?shonatatAlA there aren't any of them (m.) left anymore. With -hnana ?t- potato: yothnana ?fatatAlA there are potatoes left over. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: yothwistatatAlA there's money left over. • Sheku k£ yotatAlA thik£ kana ?faltiku!,. Is there still any of that good-tasting bread left? DERIVED BASES: -atatAla?- have something left over; -atatAla?se-/ -atatAla?s- have some left over. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-atatAl-, with the semireflexive, occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atatAla?- v.a. have something left over. wakatatAlti·u I had some left over. COMPOSED OF: -atatAl-/ -at-N-atatAl- have something left over, be left by oneself,-?- incho-

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ative. The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. NOTE:

-atatAJa?se-/-atatAla?s- v.a. have some left over. wakatatAla·sehe? I have some left over. ukwatatA ·la·se? I have some left over, wahotatA ·la·se? he has some left over. With s- repetitive: sukwatatA·la·se? I had some left over, AswakatatA"la·se? I will have some left over. With -hnana?tpotato: ukwathnana ?tat A·la·se? I had some potatoes left over. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: ukwathwistatA·la·se? I had some money left over. And s- repetitive: sukwathwistatA·la·se? I still have some money left over. •Th6 niku ukwatatA·la·se?. That's how much I have left. COMPOSED OF: -atatAl-/ -at-N-atatAI- have something left over, be left by oneself, -7 se- I- 7sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atatAla 7 seoccurs in the habitual aspect, -atatAla?s- occurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. Incorporated nouns occur after the initial -at- of the base. -atathiklot- v.a. get an erection. lotathfklote? he has an erection. wahatathiklo·ttf· he got an erection, yah thau·tu· ahatathiklo·ttf· he couldn't get an erection. NOTE: Probably includes the -atatreflexive prefix and the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have.

-atathlani-/-atathla?s- v.a. cover oneself. latathla·nihe? he's covering himself. lotathlani he has covered himself. wahattithlahse? he covered himself. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hlani-/-hla?s- set something down for someone, cover someone. NOTE: The alternant -atathlanioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -atathla 7 soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -atathlen- v.a. cut oneself. katathle·nas I keep cutting myself. wakatathlentf I have cut myself. wa ?kattithlene? I cut myself. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hlen- cut into, make an incision. .atathlewaht- plus s- repetitive, v.a. repent. skatathlewatha? I'm repenting. swakatathlewahtu I have repented. Askatathle·wahte? I will repent. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -atatreflexive, -hlewaht- punish, do something to someone in a substantial way. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atathna?tatslo?kwat- v.a. dig around in one's pocket. katathna ?tatsl6·kwats I'm digging around in my pocket. wakatathna ?tatslo ?kwatu I have dug around in my pocket. wahatathna ?tatsl6·kwate? he dug around in his pocket. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hna?tal-/-hna?tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket, -o?kwat- dig,

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burrow. DERIVED BASES: -atathna?tatslo?kwathu- dig around in several pockets. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atathna?tatslo?kwathu- v.a. dig around in several pockets. katathna ?fatslo ?kwathuhe? I'm digging around in several pockets. COMPOSED OF: -atathna?tatslo?kwat- dig around in one's pocket, -hu- distributive. -atathnekihla ?se-/-atathnekihla ?sv.a. drink alone. lotathnekihla·se he's drinking while he's alone, yakotathnekihla·se she's drinking alone. Ahatathnekf-lahse? he will drink all alone. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hnekil-/-hnekihl- drink, -?se-/-?sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atathnekihla?se- occurs in the stative aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atathnekihla?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -atathwa?est- v.a. bandage oneself. katathwa ?est a? I'm bandaging myself. Akatathwa ?est A? I will bandage myself. satathwa ?estA Put a bandage on! COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hwa?est- have on a bandage. -atati-/-ataty- v.a. speak. kata·tihe? I speak (regularly), lata·ti1ze? he speaks. wakatati I have spoken,

lotati he has spoken. wa ?kata·ti· I spoke, wahata·ti· he spoke, Akata·t{ I will speak, Ahata·ti· he will speak, ahsata-ti· you should speak. sata·!£ Speak! Habitual past: lutatz1zahkwe? they (m.) used to speak. Stative past: lotati·hne· he spoke (a while ago). With srepetitive: tsyuta-tz1ze? she speaks again, sakata·ti· I spoke again, sayakyata·t{ we two (excl.) spoke again, usahata·ti· he should speak again, usayuta-ti· she should speak again. With te?- negative, and habitual past: yah tehatatihahkwe? he didn't used to talk. With te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te?tsyuta·tihe? she doesn't speak any longer. Aspect class: Al. • N A' wakatati tsyo ?[{ nA' tshyahahsewe?. I had already spoken before you got there. "Yah kati? kA te?sanuhte? tsi? lu·te· s tshiwahu·nise? lutatihahkwe? e·lhal." "Don't you know that they say that a long time ago dogs used to speak?" (M8) DERIVED BASES: .atati-/.ataty- plus t- cislocative, speak up, answer; .atati- plus y- translocative, speak out, pick up the tab; -atatyanyukwspeak here and there or all over; -atatya?n- go to speak. NOTE: The alternant -ataty- occurs before derivational suffixes. .atati-/.ataty- plus t- cislocative, v.a. speak up, answer. thata·tfhe? he speaks up. takataH I spoke up, I answered, tahata·t( he answered, tayuta·ti- she or someone spoke up, Atyuta·ti- she or someone will speak up. Habitual past: thutatz1zahkwe? they (m.) used to talk. •N6k tsi? th6 ki? thikA' lati?tlu·tu·

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k.\· lonathu·te· uhka? ok tayenhohaya ?ake ?, nA kwf- uhka? ok tayuta·tf-, ne·n uhka? ok ne· tahattiyahte? kA· kA? nithoy.\ha k.\·. But the ones that were sitting around there, they did hear someone knock on the door, so then someone spoke up, then someone came in who was young. (MS) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atati-/-ataty- speak. DERIVED BASES: .atati-/.ataty- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, talk back, speak up for oneself; .atatya?se-/ .atatya?s- plus t- cislocative, answer someone back, speak back at someone. NOTE: The alternant .ataty- occurs before derivational suffixes. I

. atati-/.ataty- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. talk back, speak up for oneself. tutakata-ti· I talked back, tutahsata·ti· you talked back. • Wah.\·lu? ye? ka?ik.\ lokst.\ha, "tutakata·ti· nA ki? nA ?(l ·wa?." Her husband said, "actually I talked back this time." (Ml) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, .atati-/ .ataty- plus t- cislocative, speak up, answer. DERIVED BASES: .atatya?se-/ .atatya?s- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, talk back to someone. NOTE: The alternant .ataty- occurs before derivational suffixes. .atati- plus y- translocative, v.a. speak out, pick up the tab. ya ?kata-ti· I spoke out (e.g., into a microphone), I spoke for it, the tab's on me, yahata·ti· he called over, yAkataH I will speak for it. With s- repetitive: yAskata·ti· I'll get the next round. •f· kwi- na? yAskata·tf·. It's my turn now (to buy a round). COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -atati-/-ataty- speak.

-atatitAI- v.a. feel sorry for oneself. katati-t.\lhe? I keep feeling sorry for myself, latati-t.\lhe? he feels sorry for himself. wa ?katati-t.\[e? I felt sorry for myself, wahatati-t.\le? he felt sorry for himself, wahutati-t.\le? they (m.) felt sorry for themselves, Ahutati-t.\le? they (m.) will feel sorry for themselves. • Ne· s kati? ala· nA lonathu·te· tekalihwahkwA ta·thuni? tok nahte? utlAno·tA· kha[e? wahutati-t.\Je?. So this is why whenever they (dogs) hear singing or some music playing, they feel sorry for themselves. (M8) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -itAl- pity someone . -atatiwast- v.a. make oneself thin. yutatiwasta? she's making herself thin. Akatati·waste? I will make myself thin. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -atiw- become thin, -st- causative. .atatkahnle- plus te- dualic, v.s. look at one another. tetyatatka·nle? you and I (incl.) are looking at one another, tehyatatka·nle? the two (m.) are looking at one another, tehutatka·nle? they (m.) are looking at one other. Pre-pausal: tehutatka·nele?. With s- repetitive: teshutatka·nle? they (m.) are all looking at one another. Aspect class:

B. • NC.n kwah kAs kwi- n6k th6 tshihati-tlu ?, yah uhka? te ?yak6thale? n6k teshutatka·nle? k.\·. So just then while they were sitting around, nobody was talking, they were just looking at one another. (MS) COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, .kahnl(e)- plus te- dualic, look at. NOTE: The h of the hnl cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. -atatku?tslihal- v.a. weigh oneself. wakatatku ?tslihale? I have weighed myself. Akatatku ?tsliha·ZA· I will weigh myself. satatku ?tsliha·li_ Weigh yourself! COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -ku?tslihal- weigh something. -atatkwenyAst- v.a. think oneself better than others. yutatkweny.Asta? she thinks she's better than other people, she's stuck up, latatkweny.Asta? he thinks he's better. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -kweny-1-kwenyA-/-kwenye- be able to, beat at, -st- causative. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. .atatlA?nha- plus te- dualic, v.a. become acquainted. teyakyatatlA ?nhti·u we two (excl.) are acquainted, tehyatatlA ?nha·u the two (m.) have become acquainted, they got to know each other. wa ?thyatatlA·nha? the two (m.) became acquainted, tAhyatatl.A·nha? the two (m.) will become acquainted. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -lA?nha- know how. NOTE: The ? of the ?nh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atatlihunyAni-/-atatlihunyA- v.a. teach oneself, study. katatlihunyA"nihe? I'm teaching myself, I'm studying. wakatatlihunyAni I have taught myself. Akatatlihuni? I will teach myself. With te?- negative: yah te ?wakatatlihunyAni I didn't teach myself. Aspect class: Al.

• f. wakatatlihunyAni akat!Ano·t.A· piano. I taught myself to play the piano. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -lihunyAni-/-lihunyA- teach someone. NOTE: The alternant -atatlihunyAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -atatlihunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -atatlihunibefore a final ?. .atatlihwakhwa?se-/ .atatlihwakhwa?s- plus te- dualic, v.a. sing for each other. tetyatatlihwakhwa·sehe? you and I (incl.) are singing for or to each other. tAtyatatlihwakhwahse? you and I (incl.) will sing for or to each other. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, .lihwakhwa?se-/ .lihwakhwa?s- plus te- dualic, sing for someone. NOTE: The alternant .atatlihwakhwa?se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atatlihwakhwa?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. .atatlihwaskenha ?se-/ .atatlihwaskenha?s- plus te- dualic, v.a. argue for oneself, defend oneself. tekatatlihwaskenha·sehe? I'm arguing for myself, I'm defending myself. tehotatlihwaskenha·se he has argued for himself. wa ?tkatatlihwaskenhahse? I argued for myself. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, .lihwaskenha- plus te- dualic, argue, debate, dispute, -?se-/-?s- benefac-

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tive. The alternant .atatlihwaskenha?se- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atatlihwaskenha?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. NOTE:

.atatlihwastani-/.atatlihwastA- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. regret. tetkatatlihwastanihe? I regret it. tutakatatlihwastA? I regretted it, tAtkatatlihwastA? I will regret it. DERIVED BASES: .atatlihwastani?plus tet- dualic and cislocative, have regretted. NOTE: Includes the tet- dualic and cislocative prefixes, the -atatreflexive prefix, and the noun base -lihw- business, matter, etc.; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant .atatlihwastani- occurs in the habitual aspect and before the-?inchoative suffix, .atatlihwastAoccurs in the punctual aspect. .atatlihwastani?- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.s. have regretted. tetwakatatlihwastanf·u I had regretted doing it. Aspect class: E. • E·s6· tetwakatatlihwastanf-u tsi? th6 yewake·nE_. I had regretted going there. COMPOSED OF: .atatlihwastani-/ .atatlihwastA- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, regret, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atatliyo- v.a. kill oneself, cause one's own death. katatli·y6s I'm killing myself (e.g., I'm causing my own

death by going to those smoky bingos). wahutatli·y6· they (m.) killed themselves (e.g., the members of a cult). COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -lyo-/-liyo- beat, kill. -atatnaktotani-1-atatnaktothahsv.a. leave time for. katatnaktota·nfhe? I leave time for it. wakatatnaktotanf I have left time for it. wa ?katatnakt6thahse? I left time for it, Akatatnakt6thahse? I will leave time for it. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -naktot- have some time or place, -ni- I -hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atatnaktotani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atatnaktothahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atatnAskw- plus te- dualic, v.a. steal from one another. teyakyatatn.iskwas we two (excl.) steal from one another, tehyatatn.iskwas the two (m.) are stealing from one another . tehonatatn.iskwA they (m.) have stolen it from each other. wa ?thyatatn.isko? the two (m.) stole it from one another. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -nAskw- steal, steal from. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect . .atatniha?t- plus te- dualic, v.a. take turns. teyakyatatniha·tha? we two (excl.) are taking turns, tehyatatniha·tha? the two (m.) are taking turns. tehonatatniha·tu they (m.) have taken turns. wa ?thyatatnfhahte? the two (m.) took turns, tAyakyatatnfhahte? we

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two (excl.) will take turns. Aspect class: El. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atatnikAhtle- v.s. consider oneself good-looking. latatnikLChtle? he thinks he's good-looking. Pre-pausal: latatnikLChteJe?. With n- partitive: nihatatnikLChtle '? he considers himself so nice-looking. Aspect class: B. • Shaya·tat ka ?ikLC kA? nithoyLCh a yah kwf- te ?we·ni nihatatnikLCh t eJe?. So there's this one young man, it's amazing the way he considers himself so good-looking. (G2) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -nikAhtle- be handsome. .atatnuhklist- plus te- dualic, v.a. curl one's hair. tekatatnuhklista '? I'm curling my hair. tewakatatnuhklistu I have curled my hair. wa ?tkatatnuhkliste? I curled my hair, tAkatatnuhkliste '? I will curl my hair. Stative past: tewakatatnuhklistu·ne? I curled my hair. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, .nuhklist- plus te- dualic, curl someone's hair. DERIVED BASES: .atatnuhklista?nplus te- dualic, intend to curl one's hair. .atatnuhklista?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. intend to curl one's hair. tekatatnuhklistti·ne? I'm going to curl my hair, I intend to curl my hair. COMPOSED OF: .atatnuhklist- plus te- dualic, curl one's hair, -?ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-atatnuhkw- v.s. be related. yakyattitnuhkwe? we two (excl.) are related, yattitnuhkwe? the two (m.) are related, kyatatnuhkwe '? the two (z.) are related, yakwatatnuhkwe? we (excl.) are related. Aspect class: F. -atatnuhlya?k- v.a. hurt oneself. latatnu·lya ?ks he's hurting himself. lotatnuhlya·ku he has hurt himself. wahatatnu·lyahke '? he hurt himself. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -nuhlya?k- get hurt, hurt someone. NOTE: The h of the hly cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atatnut-/-atatnutu- v.a. feed oneself, put something into one's mouth. katatnu·tuhe? I'm putting it into my mouth. wakatatnutu I have fed myself. wa '?kattitnute? I fed myself, Akatatnute? I will feed myself. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -nut-/-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth. NOTE: The alternant -atatnutuoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atatnut- occurs in the punctual aspect . .at-N-atote- plus te- dualic, be still, be quiet. See .atot(e)-/.at-N-atote- plus te- dualic. -at-N-atsha?- burn. See -atsha?-/ -at-N-atsha?-. -at-N-atsha?aht- burn something. See -atsha? aht-/-at-N -atsha? aht-. -at-N-atsha? Ani-/-at-N-atsha?a?sburn on one. See -atsha?Ani-/

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-atsha?a?s-/-at-N-atsha? Ani-/ -at-N-atsha?a?s-. -atatshAnal-/-atatshAnalu- v.a. sign one's name. katatshAntilha? I'm signing my name. wakatatshA"nalu? I have signed my name. AkatatshA·nalu? I will sign my name. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hsAnal-/-hsAnalu- write someone's name. DERIVED BASES: -atatshAnalakwremove one's name. NOTE: The addition of the -atatreflexive to the component base results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The altemant -atatshAnal- occurs in the habitual aspect and before the -kw- reversalive suffix, -atatshAnalu- occurs in the stative and punctual aspects. -atatshAnalakw- v.a. remove one's name. latatshAnalakwas he's removing his name. lotatshAnalakwA he has taken his name off. wa ?katatshAnala·k6· I took my name off. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -atatshAnal-/ -atatshAnalu- sign one's name, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atatshAninyu?t- v.a. put one's name in, register. katatshAninyzHha? I'm putting my name in, latatshAninyzHha? he puts his name in. wakatatshAninyu·tu I have put my name in. wahatatshAninyuhte? he put his name in, AkatatshAninyuhte? I will put my name in. Aspect class: El. • N A kwi· wa ?katatshAninyuhte? ki? wah, wa ?knanhu? information tsi? ok nah6·tA ?. So then I put my name in, I filled in all kinds of infor-

mation. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hsAninyu?t- put someone's name in. NOTE: The addition of the -atatreflexive to the component base results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The ? of the ?t cluster of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in postaccented syllables.

-atattsin- v.s. think oneself smart. latattsin he thinks he's so smart, he's a show-off, he thinks he's better than everyone else, yutattsin she thinks she's so good. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -tsin- be aggressive, determined, industrious, cocky, macho, spunky. .atatu- plus te- dualic, trade with someone, exchange. See .atatawi-/ .atatu- plus te- dualic. -atatuni- v.a. make oneself into something, disguise oneself. latatu·nfhe? he's making himself into something (e.g., at Hallowe'en). lotatuni he has made himself into something, yakotatunf she has disguised herself. wahatatu·ni- he disguised himself. satatu·n[ Make yourself into something! Aspect class: Al. • Ne·ne· yakotatuni ne· k6skos. She had turned herself into a pig. (V2) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -atatwAniyo- v.s. be free. katatwAni·y6· I'm free, latatwAni·y6· he's free, yutatwAni·y6· she's free. Habitual past: latatwAni·y6hkwe? he used to be free. Future stative: AhatatwAniy6hake? he will be free. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: -atatwAniyo?- get

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free. May be composed of the -atat- reflexive prefix, the noun base -wAn- voice, word, and a verbal component -iyo-, which may be related to the stative base -N-iyo- be good. NOTE:

-atatwAniyo?- v.a. get free. wa ?katatwAni·y6ne? I got free (of a situation or a physical restraint), aetsyatatwAni·y6ne? you two should get away. With s- repetitive: swakatatwAniy6·u I have gotten free again, sahatatwAni·y6ne? he got free again. COMPOSED OF: -atatwAniyo- be free, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -atatwAteht- v.a. volunteer, offer oneself. katatwAtetha? I volunteer myself. lotatwAtehtu he has volunteered himself. wa ?katatwA ·tehte? I volunteered myself, I gave myself up to it (e.g., I finally made myself go to the doctor even though I didn't want to and put it off). Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -atwAteht- spare some, give some up, let someone have some. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -ataty- speak. See -atati-/-ataty-. -atatyanyukw- v.a. speak here and there or all over. katatyanyukwas I go all around speaking. lotatyanyukwA he has gone all around speaking. wahutatyanyu·k6· they (m.) all spoke, they spoke all over. Aspect class: D3.

•Nt?- s thik.A wahutatyanyu·k6· tsi? ok ntihte? wa ?shakotihlo·li· tsi? nahotiliho ?f.Ahake? wahotinhake ?.

They spoke about all kinds of things, telling them how they should live when they got married. (Hl} COMPOSED OF: -atati-/-atatyspeak, -nyu- distributive, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atatya?n- v.m. go to speak. katatya·ne? I intend to make a speech. wa ?katatya·na? I'm going there to speak, wahsatatya·na? you're going there to speak, Akatatya·na? I'm going to go and speak.

• Katsha? nu· wahsatatya·na?. Where are you going to give the speech? COMPOSED OF: -atati-/-atatyspeak, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atatya?se-/.atatya?s- plus t- cislocative, v.a. answer someone back, speak back at someone. thakwatatya·sehe? he's answering me back. tahakwatatyahse? he answered me back, he spoke back at me. COMPOSED OF: .atati-/.ataty- plus t- cislocative, speak up, answer, -?se/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atatya?seoccurs in the habitual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atatya?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. .atatya?se-/.atatya?s- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. talk back to someone. tethiyatatya·sehe? I talk

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back to him (indicating some disrespect). tutahiyatatyahse? I spoke back to him, tutahakwatatyahse? he spoke back to me, tutahetshattityahse? you should talk back to him. takA ? tAteskwatatyahs Don't talk back to me! COMPOSED OF: .atati-/.ataty- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, talk back, speak up for oneself, -?se- I- ?sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atatya?seoccurs in the habitual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atatya?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -atatya?takenha- v.a. help oneself. katatya ?takenhas I help myself. wa ?katatya ?fakenha? I helped myself. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -ya?takenha- help someone. .atatya?takenha- plus te- dualic, v.a. help one another. tetwatatya ?takenhas we (incl.) are helping one another. teyukwatatya ?takenhA we have helped one another. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -ya?takenha- help someone. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. .atatya?takenha?- plus te- dualic, v.s. be helping one another out. teyukwatatya ?takenha·u we help one another a lot. Aspect class: E. • Kwah kAs kati? wf- k.A· tsi? akf-lu? kwf· lotilihowanahtu k.A· tsi? niyukwaliho ?tA ·hne· teyukwatat-

ya ?takenha·u s.Aha? kwf· thik.A th6 nA nikaha·wf- kA-. So then I would say that they make a big issue out of the custom we used to have of helping one another out more than nowadays. (M15) COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -ya?takenha?- be helping someone out. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.atatya?tist- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.a. try to do things on one's own. ya ?tehatatya ?tfsta? he tries to do things by himself by excluding others, he's independent, ya ?teyutatya ?tfsta? she tries to do things by herself. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, .ya?tist- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, do all by oneself. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. -N-atatye- v.m. be extended along. With -ahsliye- I -ahsliye?t- I -hsliye?t- string, thread, yarn: wahsliye ?tattiti? the thread is going along. With -atA? t..hl- fence: watA?Ahlatati? the fence is extended along. With -a?nhaluk-1 -a?nhaluksl- rope: wa ?nhalukslatati? there's a rope extended along (e.g., to keep people off the street). DERIVED BASES: -hatatye- be a road, path, or highway, extending; .hluwatatye- plus te- dualic, be a crevice, valley, or crack in the ground, extending; .hwatsilatatyeplus t- cislocative, be descended from; .lilatatye- plus te- dualic, be an extended line or row; -na?tslatatyebe a ditch, extending; -wyhuhatatyebe a river, extending; kalistatati?

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railroad tracks; o?no·wa· wahsliye?tatati? string instrument. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -N-atati- before a final ?. .atatyena- plus te- dualic, v.a. wrestle. tehatatye·nas he's wrestling. tehotatyenA he has wrestled. tAhatatye·na· he will wrestle. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -yena- take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. DERIVED BASES: .atatyenas plus tedualic, be a wrestler. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix . .atatyenas plus te- dualic, v.a. be a wrestler. tehatatye·nas (he's a) wrestler, tehutatye·nas they (m.) are wrestlers. CoMPOSED OF: .atatyena- plus tedualic, wrestle, -s habitual. -atatyAha kin term. parent-child relation. onataty£ha mother and daughter, lonataty£ha father and son, ukyatatyAna we're mother and daughter. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -y Aha child. . atatyAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. hit one another with an object. tekyataty£tha? the two (z.) are hitting one another with something, tehyataty£tha? the two (m.) are hitting one another with something. tehonataty£htu they (m.) have hit one another with something. wa ?thutdtyAhte? they (m.) hit one another with something. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -yAht- hit with an object, score.

NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atatyo?tAhse-/-atatyo?tAhs- v.a. work for oneself. katatyo ?fAnsehe? I'm working for myself. wa ?kataty6·tAhse? I worked for myself, Akataty6·tAhse? I will work for myself. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -yo?tAhse-/-yo?tAhs- work for someone. NOTE: The alternant -atatyo?tAhse- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atatyo?tAhsoccurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atawA- v.a. take a bath, swim. kata·w£he? I'm taking a bath, I'm swimming. lotaw£ he has taken a bath, he has swum. wahata·w£· he took a bath, he took a swim. With th- contrastive: yah thahata·w£· he won't take a bath. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: -atawAhatyeswim along; -atawAst- give someone a bath; -atawA?n- go swimming or bathing. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive and a root -awA-, which occurs also in awA.·ke in the water . -atawAhatye- v.m. swim along. yonatawAhdti? they (z.) are swimming along. COMPOSED OF: -atawA- take a bath, swim, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atawAhati- before a final?. -atawAhlat- v.a. spill over. wataw£·lats it's spilling over. yotawAhlatu it has spilled over. utaw£·late? it spilled over, Awataw£·late? it will spill over. Aspect class: E2.

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• f. akli·wa? tsi? utaw.i·late?. It's my fault it spilled over. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -awAhlat-, which occurs also in .awAhlat- plus te- dualic, put something over something. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. . atawAhlat- plus te- dualic, v.a. go over an obstacle. tekataw.i·lats I'm going over it (e.g., a fence). tewakatawAhlatu I have gone over it. wa ?fyutaw.i·late? she went over it, wa ?fhataw.i·late? he went over it. Aspect class: E2.

• Th6 wa ?fyutaw.i·late? tsi? kalu·ta~. She stepped over the tree lying there. (T2) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .awAhlat- plus te- dualic, put something over something. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.atawAlye- plus te- dualic, v.a. travel around, wander, roam. tekataw.ilyehse? I keep travelling around. tewakataw.ili? I'm travelling, I'm going on a trip here and there. wa ?fkataw.ili? I travelled around, tAkataw.ili? I will travel around. Future habitual: tAhsatawAlyeheke? you will be travelling. With t- cislocative: tetyonataw.ili? they (z.) are wandering around there. With tshcoincident: tsha ?feyakwataw.ilyehe? when we (excl.) travel around. With tha ?tusa- contrastive, dualic and repetitive: yah tha ?fusahsataw.ilye? you won't be travelling again. Aspect class: B3.

• Ohlu·waku tetyonataw.ili?

tyonhuskwalut. The cows are wandering around in the valley. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .awAlye- plus te- dualic, stir. DERIVED BASES: .atawAlyehatyeplus te- dualic, go wandering around, stroll along; .atawAlyehs- plus tedualic, go for a stroll, go on a trip; .atawAlye?t- plus te- dualic, travel by a route, show someone around . NOTE: Attested with both the habitual suffixes -?se? and -he?. Many speakers have .ataw Ali- before a final?. .atawAlyehatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go wandering around, stroll along. tewakatawAlyehati? I'm wandering around, tehotawAlyehati? he's strolling along, tehonatawAlyehati? they (m.) are strolling along. COMPOSED OF: .atawAlye- plus tedualic, travel around, wander, roam, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atawAlyehati- before a final ?. .atawAlyehs- plus te- dualic, v.m. go for a stroll, go on a trip. tewakatawAlyehsu? I have gone for a stroll. wa ?fyutawAlyehsa? she's going for a stroll, wa ?fhyatawAlyehsa? the two (m.) went on a trip, wa ?fhutawAlyehsa? they (m.) are going on a trip. Stative past: teyakotawAlyehsu·hne· she had travelled (and now she's home again), tehotawAlyehsu·hne· he was gone away.

• Tsi? ka·y.i· sahatay.i·tu? tsi? wakn uhsote? khale? teyakyanuhsanekA wa·ne? wa?thyatawAlyehsa?. The one who fixed my house and my neighbour went away together. COMPOSED OF: .atawAlye- plus tedualic, travel around, wander, roam, -hs- dislocative.

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.atawAlye?t- plus te- dualic, v.a. travel by a route, show someone around. tehutawAlye-tha? they (m.) travel by this path or route, tehuwatawAlye·tha? they're taking him around, giving him a tour. wa ?fhuwataw.Alyehte? they showed him around, they gave him a tour, wa ?tyukwataw.Alyehte? she or someone showed me around. With th- contrastive: yah uhka? tha ?teyutawAlye·tha? nobody should travel by there. COMPOSED OF: .atawAlye- plus tedualic, travel around, wander, roam, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: .atawAlye?ta?nplus te- dualic, go show someone around. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .atawAlye?ta?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go show someone around. wa ?tyukwatawAlye ?tft·na? she or someone is going to show me around. COMPOSED OF: .atawAlye?t- plus tedualic, travel by a route, show someone around, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atawAst- v.a. give someone a bath. kheyataw.Asta? I'm giving her a bath, liyataw.Asta? I'm giving him a bath. liyataw.Astu I have given him a bath. wahiyata·w.Aste? I gave him a bath. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -atawA- take a bath, swim, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES: yutawAshikhwa? basin, tub.

-atawA?n- v.m. go swimming or bathing. kataw.A·ne? I'm going to swim, I'm going to bathe. kataw.A·nehse? I go swimming. wakataw.A·nu I have gone to swim. wa ?kataw.A·na? I'm going swimming. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -atawA- take a bath, swim, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ata,wya?t- go to school. See -ataya?t/-atawya ?t-. .atawya?t- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, come in, go in. See .ataya?t-/.atawya?t- plus tcislocative or y- translocative. .atawya?tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, enter by. See .ataya ?tahkw-/.ata wya ?tahkwplus t- cislocative or y- translocative. .atawya?tanyu- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, several. See .ataya?tanyu-/.atawya?tanyu- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative. -atawya?ta?n- go to school, go into a building. See -ataya?ta?n-/ -atawya?ta?n-. .atawya?tuhatye- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, be entering. See .ataya ?tuhatye-/.atawya ?tuhatyeplus t- cislocative or y- translocative. -ataya?t-/-atawya?t- v.a. go to school. katayft·tha? I go to school, satayci-tha? you go to school, swatayft·tha? you all go to school, lutaya·tha? they (m.) go to school. wa ?kattiyahte? I went to school, wahatftyahte? he went to school, Ahsatftyahte? you will go to school, ahsatftyahte? you should go to school, ayutayahte? she should go to

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school. With s- repetitive: sayakyatayahte :> we two (excl.) went back to school again. With tcislocative: thutaya·tha :> there they (m.) go to school. With y- translocative: yewakataya·tu I have gone to school there, ya ?katayahte? I went to school there. With n- partitive: katsha? nu· nisataya·tu Where did you go to school? tsi?nu· nihutaya·tha? where they (m.) go to school. With te?- negative: yah te ?satawya·tu you haven't gone tO' school. With tsh- coincident: tshiyutaya·tha? when she's going to school. With tshy- coincident and translocative: tshyeyutawya·tha? when she goes to school there. With th- contrastive: yah thakatayahte? I won't go to school. Aspect class: El. •Tho kati? nu· ostuha yewakataya·tu. So I went to school there a little bit. (Cl) DERIVED BASES: -ataya?ta?n-/ -atawya?ta?n- go to school, go into a building. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .ataya?t-/.atawya?t- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. enter, come in, go in. tkataya·tha? I enter, thutaya·tha? they (m.) enter. thotaya·tu he has entered. tahatayahte? he came in, tahyatayahte? the two (m.) came in, ya ?katayahte? I went in, yahatayahte? he went in, yahyatayahte:> the two (m.) went in, Atyutayahte? she will come in, yAhsatayahte? you will go in, utahatayahte? he should come in, ututayahte? she (z.) or it should

come in, utahutayahte? they (m.) should come in, utakutayahte:> they (z.) should come in. tasatawyaht Come in! ya :>satayaht Go in! With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutahatayahte? he came back in again, tututayahte? she (z.) or it came back in again. With yusatranslocative and repetitive: yusahatayahte? he went back in again. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyahatayahte? how or where he entered. With tshutacoincident and cislocative: tshutahatayahte? when he came in. Aspect class: El. • N A tho nyahatayahte? kA· tsi? tyeta·kele? kA·, nA kwf- tahatahsawA? kwf- thikA wa ?shakoli? kk So then he went in to where she was lying, then he started to whip (beat) her. (M7) DERIVED BASES: .ataya?tahkw-/ .atawya?tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, enter by; .ataya?tanyu-/.atawya?tanyu- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, enter, several; .ataya?tuhatye-/ .atawya?tuhatye- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, be entering. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. This base occurs without the locative prefixes in the meaning 'go to school' (see the previous entry). .ataya?tahkw-/.atawya?tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. enter by. tahataya·tahkwe? he came in that way, yahataya·tahkwe? he went in that way. • Tyotkut kAs ohAtu tyonhoka·lute?

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tahataya· tahkwe?. He always came in by the front door. COMPOSED OF: .ataya?t-/ .atawya?t- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, come in, go in, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.ataya?tanyu-/.atawya?tanyu- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, v.a. enter, several. thutaya ?fdnyuhe? they (m.) are coming in, yehutaya ?fanyuhe? they (m.) are going in there. tahutaya ?fdni? they (m.) came in. With te- dualic: tutahutawya ?fani? they (m.) all came back in again. COMPOSED OF: .ataya?t-/ .atawya?t- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, come in, go in, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have .ataya?tani- or .atawya?tani- before a final?, -ataya?ta?n-/-atawya?ta?n- v.m. go to school, go into a building. kataya ?fa·ne? I'm going to go into it (e.g., the school building, or the hospital for an appointment), sataya ?fa·ne? you're going to go in. kataya ?fd·nehse? I go to school. wakataya ?fd·nu I have gone to school. wa ?kataya ?fd·na? I'm going to school, I went to school, wahataya ?fd·na? he's going to school, wa ?utaya ?fd·na? she's going to school, wa ?akyataya ?fa·na? we two (excl.) are going to school, wahutaya ?fa·na? they (m.) are going to school, Ahutaya ?ta·na? they (m.) will go to school, akataya ?fa·na? I should go to school, ahsataya ?fa·na?

you should go to school, ayutaya ?ta·na? she should go to school, ahataya ?fa·na? he should go to school, ahutaya ?ta·na? they (m.)

should go to school. Stative past: wakataya ?fahnu·hne· I went to school, yukyataya?tahnu·hne· we

two went to school. With s- repetitive: sakataya ?fa·na? I'm going back to school. With t- cislocative: takataya ?ta·na? I'm coming to school. With th- contrastive: yah thahsatawya ?fa ·na? you won't go to school, yah thayutawya ?ta·na? she or someone won't go to school, yah thahutawya ?fti·na? they (m.) won't go to school. Aspect class: H. • Ne· kati? wi· a ?f- Dorchester nu· niyakwantikle? n£ th6 tsha ?fewakohsliyti·ku wi· n akataya ?fa·na ?.

That's when we lived around Dorchester, and then I was old enough to go to school. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -ataya?t-/ -atawya?t- go to school, -?ndislocative. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The -?ndislocative is replaced by the -hndislocative in the stative past. The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ataya ?tuhatye-/.atawya ?fuha tyeplus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.m. be entering. tahotaya ?fuhati? he's coming in, tayonataya ?fuhati? they (z.) are coming in, yahotaya ?fuhtiti? he's going in there. With tsh- coincident: tshithotaya ?fuhtiti? as he is coming 1n. COMPOSED OF: .ataya?t-/

.atawya?t- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, come in, go in, -u stative, -hatye- progressive.

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NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have .ataya?tuhati- or .atawya?tuhati- before a final ?. .ata?- plus y- translocative, v.a. fall in and land or hit bottom. yewa-tti·se? it falls in and hits the bottom. yeyata·u it has fallen in, it has landed. yahu·tane? it fell in, it landed. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -at-1-t-1-et- be in, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -ata?aluni- v.a. make lace, crochet. kata ?alu-m1ze? I'm making lace, I'm crocheting, yuta ?alu·m1ze? she's crocheting, kuta ?alu·m1ze? they (z.) are crocheting. wa ?kata ?alu·ni· I crocheted. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -a?al- net, lace, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. .ata?alut- plus te- dualic, v.a. trim with lace for oneself, be lacy, a web. tekata ?alutha? I'm trimming it with lace for myself. teyata ?a-lute? it has lace on it (e.g., a pillowcase, a handkerchief). tAkata ?alu·Lf. I will trim it for myself. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .a?alut- plus te- dualic, trim with lace. DERIVED BASES: tsina?tsyakehtu? teyota?a·hite? cobweb. .ata?kalitat- plus s- repetitive, v.a. get well. sakata ?kali-tate? I got well, Askata ?kali-tate? I will feel better again. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -ata?kalit(e)- be well, feel well, + causa ti ve-inchoa ti ve.

-ata?kalit(e)- v.s. be well, feel well. wakata ?kali·te· I feel well, yakata ?kali·te· she's well, she's healthy, lata ?kali-te· he's well. Habitual past: lata ?kali-tehkwe? he was well. Future stative: Ahata ?kali-teke? he will be well. With nis- partitive and repetitive: nitsyakata ?kali-te· she feels that well again. With te?- negative: yah te ?wakata ?kali-te· I'm not feeling well, yah te?yakata ?kali·te· she's not feeling well. Aspect class: B. • Ne·n say6lhAne? ne· thik.A 6khna? el6k .AtsyA?k.A· tsi? nitsyakata?kali·te· k.A·. So then the next morning right away she's walking around all over the place because she feels so well again. (M7) DERIVED BASES: .ata?kalitat- plus s- repetitive, get well. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the + causative-inchoative suffix. .at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked. See .atsha?kt-/ .atsha ?ket-/.at-N -a ?kt-/ .at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic. ata?kA.·la? N gray. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -a?kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil, -a? noun suffix. .ata?khetst- plus te- dualic, v.a. skate. tekata ?khetsta? I skate, tehuta ?khetsta? they (m.) skate. tehata ?khetstu he has skated. wa ?tyutti·khetste? she or someone skated, tAyuta·khetste? she or someone will skate, tahuta·khetste? they (m.) should skate. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -ata?khetst-/ -ata?khe?tsl- skates; .ata?khetsta?nplus te- dualic, go to skate; .ata?khetstuhatye- plus te- dualic,

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go along skating. NOTE: The ? of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ata?khetst-/-ata?khe?tsl- v. > n. skates. at a ?khetsta? skates. With -N-iyo- be good: wata ?khe ?tsliy6 (they are) nice skates. DERIVED BASES: .ata?khe?tslut- plus te- dualic, put on skates. NOTE: The alternant -ata?khetstoccurs in the basic noun form. It also occurs with the te- dualic as the verb base .ata?khetst- plus te- dualic, skate. The alternant -ata?khe?tsl- is the incorporating form. .ata?khetsta?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to skate. tehata ?khetstti ·ne? he's going to skate. tehata ?khetsta·nehse? he goes skating. tehota ?khetsta·nu he has gone skating. wa ?tkata ?khetsta·na? I'm going skating. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: .ata?khetst- plus tedualic, skate, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ata?khetstuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along skating. tewakata ?khetstuhati? I'm skating. COMPOSED OF: .ata?khetst- plus tedualic, skate, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .ata?khetstuhati- before a final ?. -ata?khe?tsl- skates. See -ata?khetst/-ata?khe?tsl-. .ata?khe?tslut- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on skates. tekata ?khe ?tslutha? I'm putting on skates. tewakata ?khe·tslute? I have skates on, tehonata ?khe-tslute? they (m.)

have skates on. wa ?tkata ?khe ?tslu-tA· I put on skates, wa ?tekheyata ?khe ?tslu·tA· I put skates on her or someone, wa ?fhuwata ?khe ?fslu·tA· she put skates on him. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ata?khetst-/-ata?khe?tsl- skates, -N-ut- attach, be attached. NOTE: The? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ata?klatenyu- v.s. snow lightly. yota ?klateni it's snowing lightly, just a few flakes are falling here and there. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -a?klsnowflake; otherwise the composition is unclear. Many speakers have -ata?klateni- word-finally. -ata?klokw- v.a. snow. wata ?kl6kwas it snows now and then. yota ?kl6kwA it's snowing. uta ?klo·k6· it started to snow, wa ?ukwata ?klo·k6· it snowed on us, Awata ?klo·k6· it will snow. Stative past: yota ?klokwA·ne? it snowed. With t- cislocative, and -k6· augmentative clitic: tuta ?klako ?k6· it really snowed hard there. With npartitive: tsi? niyota?kl6kwA it's really snowing. Aspect class: D3. • SAha? ok wahuhtA"ti· ati tsi? niyota ?kl6kwA. They went anyway, even though it was really snowing. DERIVED BASES: -ata?klokwAhatyefor snow to come or go. NOTE: Probably composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -a?kl- snowflake, and a verb root -okw-, which occurs also in .at-N-okw-/.atya?tokw- plus tedualic, scatter, disperse, and .ahkokw- plus te- dualic, search in

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something. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ata?klokwAhatye- v.m. for snow to come or go. yota ?klokwAhati? it's snowing going that way. With tcislocative: tayota ?klokwAhati? snow is coming. • Ni·y6t we·ne yota ?klokwAhati? a?{. It looks like it's snowing over there. COMPOSED OF: -ata?klokw- snow, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ata?klokwAhati- before a final?. -ata?kohsut- v.a. put on a skirt. yakota ?k6hsute? she has a skirt on. wa ?kata ?kohsu·tA· I put on a skirt. sat a ?kohsu ·t.A Put on your skirt! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -a?kohs- skirt, -N-ut- attach, be attached. .at-N-a?kt- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked. See .atsha?kt-/ .atsha ?ket-/ .at-N -a ?kt-/ .at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic. -ata?kwat- v.a. dig for oneself. kata·kwats I'm digging, luta·kwats they (m.) are digging. wakata ?kwatu I have dug. wa?kata·kwate? I dug, wahata·kwate? he dug, Ahsata·kwate? you will dig. Aspect class: E2. • N .A ki? thonatahsawA luta·kwats tsi? nu· nAshakotiya ?tatane?, Already they've started digging where they're going to bury that person. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -a?kwat- dig. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.ata?shalis- plus te- dualic, v.a. cut with scissors. teyuta ?shali·sas she's cutting using scissors. teyakota ?shalis.A she has cut with scissors. tAyuta ?sha-lise? she will cut with scissors. Aspect class: 03. DERIVED BASES: ata?shali·sas scissors . NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -a?shal- knife, sickle; otherwise the composition is unclear. ata?shali·sas V > N scissors. COMPOSED OF: .ata?shalis- plus tedualic, cut with scissors, -as habitual. NOTE: This word does not have the te- dualic, which is required of the component base. -at a ?shalo ?thi ye-/-ata ?shalo ?thi yov.a. sharpen a knife or blade. kat a ?shalo ?thi ·y6he? I'm sharpening the knife. wa ?kata ?shalo ?thi·ye· I sharpened the knife, Ahata ?shalo ?thi·y6· he will sharpen his knife, ahata ?shalo ?thi·ye· he should sharpen his knife. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -a?shal- knife, sickle, -hyo?thiy(e)-/ -o?thiy(e)- be sharp, be pointy. NOTE: Both forms with finale and o are attested. -ata?swA?tal- v.s. have black on. wakata ?sw.A·tale? I have black on me. With t- cislocative: tyota ?sw.A·tale? there's a black shape there. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -a?swA?t- black, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ata?tihA- plus te- dualic, v.a. become stiff. teyota ?tznA it has become

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stiff, it's stiff (e.g., a shirt with too much starch). wa ?twata 7tz1zA? it got stiff, tAwata ?t{hA? it will get stiff. Stative past: teyota ?tihA ·hne· it was stiff. With n- partitive: na 7teyota ?tfhA is it ever stiff. -ata?wAtho- v.a. go after, bully, kill off, punish. lata 7w£thos he's getting after (someone), he's being a bully, yuta ?w£thos she's a bully. lata 7w£thu he has gone after (someone). wahata ?w £tho? he killed (them) off, he punished (them). Aspect class: E2. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -ate- v.s. say, be saying. ka·te· I'm saying, sa·te· you're saying, la·te· he's saying, yu·te· she's saying, lu·te· they (m.) say. With tsh- coincident: tshika·te· when I'm saying. With th- contrastive: thiyu·te· she goes right on saying. Aspect class: B. • Th6 thiyu·te· aknulha· "satwa·nik satwa·nik." My mother just kept saying "shut up shut up." (01)

-ate- pref. Semireflexive. See -at-/ -a te-/-a tA-/-an-1-al-/-a-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in ? and in most consonant clusters. -atehA- v.a. feel ashamed, become embarrassed. latehAhse? he feels ashamed. loteh£·u he's feeling ashamed. wa ?katehA? I felt ashamed, wahatehA? he felt ashamed, wa ?utehA? she became embarrassed. Aspect class: C3. DERIVED BASES: -atehAhsl- shame. -atehAhsl- v. > n. shame. ateh£hsla? shame. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, and te?- negative: yah k£ te?satehAhsla-y£· don't you have

any shame? COMPOSED OF: -atehA- feel ashamed, become embarrassed, -hslnominalizer. -atehlakhu- v.a. have a feast. yutehlakhuhe? she's having a feast (ceremonial). wa ?utehlakhu? she had a feast, wahatehlakhu? he had a feast. -atehle?usk- v.a. become a widow or widower. yakotehle ?usku she's a widow, lotehle?usku he's a widower. wa ?utehl{uske? she became a widow, wahatehle·uske? he became a widower. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?utehle·uske? when she became a widow. NOTE: The? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atehsak-1-at-N-isak- v.a. look for something for oneself. latehsaks he's looking for something (for himself, that he wants to use). wahatehsake? he searched for it. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wa ?kathwisti·sake? I looked for money. With -khw- food: latekhwi·saks he's searching for food. With -?sleht- vehicle: late ?slehti·saks he's looking for a car (to buy, or for a ride). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ehsak-1-ya?tisak-/-isak- look for, miss someone. DERIVED BASES: -atehsakh-/ -at-N-isakh- go to look for something for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-isakoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atehsakh-1-at-N-isakh- v.m. go to look for something for oneself.

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latehsakhe? he's here to look for something. latehsakhehse? he's always going out looking for something. lotehsakhu he has gone to look for it. wa ?katehsakha? I'm going there to look for it, wahatehsakha? he went to look for it. With -nuto?tsl- box: wa ?katnuto ?tslisakha? I'm going to look for a box. With -?sleht- vehicle: wa ?kate ?slehtisakha? I'm going to look for a car. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -atehsak-/ -at-N-isak- look for something for oneself, -h- dislocative. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-isakhoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atehsa?- v.a. finish for oneself, get finished. watehsa ?as it gets finished. wakatehsu? this is what I finished (e.g., what I made), lotehsu? this is what he finished, yotehsu? it's finished. Awatehsane? it will get finished. With te?- negative: yah te ?yotehsu? it's not finished. With tshyahu- coincident and translocative: tshyahutehsane? when it got finished there. Aspect class: ES.

•Ne·n ahsA ki? uhte wi· niwA·ttike thik.t\ tsi? nahe? na? tshyahutehsane? yukwayo·t{ oyu·kwa? n.t\. So then I guess it actually must have been three weeks before we got through working tobacco. (03) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -hsa?-/-isa?- finish. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?.

-atehyahlu- v.a. become aware, come into existence. wa ?kutehya·lu? they (z.) became aware, they came into existence. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?katehya·lu? when I started to remember things (as a child) so that it's when I started to exist, tsha ?kutehya·lu? when they (z.) became aware. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ehyahl- remember, -u- distributive. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atek- v.a. burn, go up in flames. yotekha? it's in flames, it's burning. yotekA it has gone up in flames, it's burnt. wa ?o·teke? it burned, Ayo·teke? it will burn. With te?negative: yah te ?yotekha? there's no fire going. Aspect class: Dl. DERIVED BASES: -ateka?t- make a fire. -ateka?t- v.a. make a fire. kateka·tha? I make fire, lateka·tha? he makes fire, wateka·tha? it is used to make a fire. wakateka·tu I have made a fire, loteka·tu he has made a fire, he's making a fire. wa ?kate·ka·te? I made a fire, wahate·ka·te? he made a fire, ute·ka·te? she (z.) made a fire, it got used to make a fire, ahate·ka·te? he should make a fire, ayute·ka·te? she should make a fire. Stative past: wakateka ?fu ·ne? I had made a fire. With t- cislocative: a?e· tyukwateka·tu we have made a fire way over there, takate·ka·te? I made a fire there. Aspect class: El.

•A-nA elhu·wa? n.t\ wahate·ka·te? stove, kwah kA? na·ye? n.t\ wa ?onuhsatalihA? nA kwiwa ?akwatekhu·ni-. Just then he made fire in the stove, in a little

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while when the house warmed up, then we ate. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -atek- bum, go up in flames, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: -ateka?tahkw- use to make a fire with; -ateka?ta?n- go to make a fire; -ateka?tAni-/ -ateka?tA- make a fire for someone. NOTE: This base is also used when talking about cutting wood for a living. For example, a ?e· tyukwatekti-tu we were cutting wood over there, or, with the derived base -ateka?ta?ngo to make fire, lonateka ?ta·nu they (m.) have gone to cut wood. The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateka?tahkw- v.a. use to make a fire with. yuteka ?tfikhwa? she or someone uses it to make a fire. Ahuteka·tahkwe? they (m.) will use it to make a fire. • Ta·thuni? tsi? kA? oya· Asho·ti· kwi- na? nu· n6k Awa·tu· tAhayAta·lihte? k.A·, Ahuteka·tahkwe? astehtsi? kA-. Or someone else who would lose (at cards) would have to cut wood, that's what they would use to make a fire in the morning. (M5) COMPOSED OF: -ateka?t- make a fire, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: kahsuhtaku yuteka?takhwa? fireplace. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateka?ta?n- v.m. go to make a fire. lateka?ta·ne? he's here to make a fire. loteka ?fd·nu he has gone to make a fire, lonateka ?tfi·nu they (m.) have gone to make a fire. wahateka ?fd·na? he's on his way somewhere to make a fire,

wa ?uteka ?fd·na? she's going to make a fire. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -ateka?t- make a fire, -?n- dislocative. NoTE: See note under the component base. The? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateka?tAni-/-ateka?tA- v.a. make a fire for someone. lakwateka ?fA ·nihe? he makes a fire for me. wahakwateka·tA? he made a fire for me. COMPOSED OF: -ateka?t- make a fire, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -ateka?tAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The altemant -ateka?tA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atekhahsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. come apart, come undone, become unravelled, separate. tewatekhdhsyus it's coming apart, it's becoming unravelled, tetwatekhdhsyus we (incl.) are dispersing, we're splitting up. tehonatekhdhsi they (m.) are separated. wa ?twatekhdhsi? it came apart or undone, wa ?fhyatekhdhsi? the two (m.) separated, wa ?fetwatekhahsi? we (incl.) separated, we took leave from one another (some of us went one way, the others went the other way). With s- repetitive: tusahyatekhdhsi? the two (m.) separated again, tAswatekhdhsi? it will come apart again. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, .khahsyu- plus te- dualic, separate, divide, share. DERIVED BASES: .atekhahsyukwplus te- dualic, come apart complete-

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ly, come undone completely; .atekhahsyu?s- plus te- dualic, come apart on one, come undone on one. NOTE: Many speakers have .atekhahsi- word-finally and before a final 7.

.atekhahsyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. come apart completely, come undone completely. tewatekhahsyukwas it's coming apart (into many parts). wa ?twatekhahsyu·k6· it came apart. With th- contrastive: yah tha ?teyotekhahsyukwA it didn't come apart at all. With tha7tusucontrastive, dualic and repetitive: yah tha?tusutekhahsyu·k6· they won't come apart again. Aspect class: 03. COMPOSED OF: .atekhahsyu- plus te- dualic, come apart, come undone, become unravelled, separate, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atekhahsyu?s- plus te- dualic, v.a. come apart on one, come undone on one. wa ?twakatekhlihsyuhse? it came undone on me, wa ?thotekhahsyuhse? it came apart on him, wa ?tyakotekhahsyuhse? it came apart on her. COMPOSED OF: .atekhahsyu- plus te- dualic, come apart, come undone, become unravelled, separate, -7sbenefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atekhanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. get pieced together. wa ?twatekhani? it got pieced together. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, .khanyu- plus te- dualic, piece together.

NOTE: Many speakers have .atekhani- before a final 7.

-atekhuni-/-atekhuny- v.a. eat a meal. latekhu·n{he? he's eating, twatekhu·n{he? we (incl.) are eating, yakwatekhu·nihe? we (excl.) are eating. lotekhun{ he has eaten, he's eating, yukwatekhun{ we have eaten, we're eating. wahatekhu·nihe ate, wa ?akyatekhu·nf- we two (excl.) ate, wa ?akwatekhu-nZ. we (excl.) ate, wahutekhu-nZ. they (m.) ate, .~thatekhu·n{· he will eat, Ayutekhu-nZ. she will eat, Atwatekhu·nZ. we (incl.) will eat, Ahutekhu·nf- they (m.) will eat, ahsatekhu·ni· you should eat, ayutekhu·ni· she should eat, ayakwatekhu·nZ. we (excl.) should eat, ahutekhu-nZ. they (m.) should eat. satekhu·nf Eat! twatekhu·nf Let's all (incl.) eat! Habitual past: katekhunihahkwe? I was eating. Stative past: wakatekhuni·hne· I had eaten. Future habitual: Ahatekhun{heke? he will be eating. Future stative: Ahotekhunihake? he will have eaten. With s- repetitive: sayakwatekhu·ni- we (excl.) ate again, Ashutekhu·n{· they (m.) will eat again. With te7s- negative and repetitive: yah te?shatekhu·nihe? he's not eating anymore. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -khw- food, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: yutekhunya·tha? restaurant. NOTE: The alternant -atekhunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -atekhwahel-/-atekhwahl- v.a. put up a dinner. yutekhwahelha? she puts up dinners. wa ?utekhwa·lA? she put on a dinner, Ayutekhwa·lA? she

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will put up a dinner. Habitual past: yakotekhw{Hahkwe? she has put on a dinner. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -khwahel-/-khwahl- put up a dinner. DERIVED BASES: -atekhwahlako?ngo on a picnic; -atekhwahla?n- intend to put up a dinner. NOTE: The alternant -atekhwaheloccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atekhwahl- occurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes, and the h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. It's difficult to pinpoint the difference in meaning between this base and the component base -khwahel-/-khwahl-.

-atekhwahlakhw-1-atekhwahla?tslv. > n. table. atekhwahlakhwa? table. akwatekhwahlakhwa? my table, satekhwahlakhwa? your table. With -?ke locative suffix: atekhwahlakhwa·ke on the table. With -oku locative suffix: atekhwahla·tsloku under the table. With .ati- plus na?- partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kAn nutekhwahla·tslati? it's on this side of the table. With .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short: kA? niwatekhwahla ?tslesha the table is short. With -hnil- be hard, be solid: yotekhwahla ?tslahnilu it's a solid or sturdy table. With .N-iyo-/ .ya?tiyo- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, be half of: tsha ?tewatekhwahla ?tsliy6 in the middle of the table. With -lakew-/ -ya?tokew-/ -okew- wipe, wipe off: wa ?katekhwahla ?tslo·kewe? I wiped the table. With -u?nek- I -ya?tu?nek- move something out of

the way: wa ?katekhwahla ?tslu·neke? I

moved the table. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -khw- food, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, -hkw- instrumental or -?tslnominalizer. DERIVED BASES: yutekhwahla ?tslol6kta? tablecloth. NOTE: The alternant -atekhwahlakhw- occurs in the basic noun form and before the -?ke locative suffix. The ending -khwa? in these forms probably comes from -hkw-ha?, instrumental plus habitual aspect. The alternant -atekhwahla?tsl-, with the -?tsl- nominalizer suffix, occurs before the -oku locative suffix, and it is the incorporating form. The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-atekhwahlako?n- v.m. go on a picnic. yakwatekhwahlak6·ne? we (excl.) are here to picnic. yakwatekhwahlak6·nehse? we (excl.) go on picnics. lotekhwahlak6·nu he has gone on a picnic. wa ?akwatekhwahlak6·na? we (excl.) are going on a picnic. Aspect class: H. NOTE: Includes the alternant -atekhwahl- of the base -atekhwahel-/-atekhwahl- put up a dinner, and probably the -?n- dislocative suffix; but the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels . -atekhwahla?n- v.a. intend to put up a dinner. katekhwahla·ne? I'm going to put up a dinner. With s- repetitive: skutekhwahla·ne? they (z.) are going to put on another dinner. COMPOSED OF: -atekhwahel-/ -atekhwahl- put up a dinner, -?n-

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dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atekhwahla ?tsl- table. See -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla ?tsl-. -atekhwakw- v.a. bite into, take a bite. katekhwakwas I'm taking bites. wakatekhwakwA I'm biting into it, lotekhwakwA he's biting into it, yonatekhwakwA they (z.) are biting into it. wahatekhwa·k6· he bit into it, Ahsatekhwa·k6· you will bite into it. With t- cislocative: takutekhwa·k6· there they (z.) bit into it, utakutekhwa·k6· they (z.) should take a bite there. Aspect class: D3. • Kana·talok lotekhwakwA. He's got his teeth sunk into the bread. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -khw- food, -kw-1-ekw- pick, harvest. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atekhwisa?- v.a. finish eating a meal, eat up. lotekhwisu? he has eaten it up. wa ?katekhwisane? I finished eating a meal. satekhwisan Eat up! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -khw- food, -hsa?-/-isa?- finish. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect and the imperative, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. -ateksa?taksa?t- v.a. misbehave, become a bad child. kateksa 7taksa·tha? I'm becoming a bad girl, I'm starting to misbehave. loteksa 7taksa·tu he's being mischievous. wahateksa ?ttiksahte? he

became bad or mischievous. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -ksa?taks(A)- be a bad child, -?tcausative. NOTE: The ? of the final ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -ateksa?tiyost- v.a. behave, become a good child. lateksa 7tiy6sta 7 he's trying to be a good child. loteksa 7tiy6stu he's a good child, he's on his best behaviour. wahateksa 7ti·y6ste 7 he became a good child. sateksa 7ti·y6st Be a good child! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -ksa?tiyo- be a good child, -stcausative. -atelhalat- v.a. get oneself ready. katelha-lats I'm getting myself ready (physically). wa ?katelha·late 7 I got ready. satelha·lat Get ready! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -lhal(e)- be ready, be expecting, be pregnant, -t- causative-in~hoative. .atelyahtikhu- plus te- dualic, v.a. slam or jerk around, get rough with, push someone around. tekatelyahtikhuhe 7 I'm jerking things around, I'm taking out my frustration on things, tehuwatelyahtikhuhe 7 she's always getting rough with him. tewakatelyahtikhu 7 I have jerked things around, tehuwatelyahtikhu 7 she has pushed him around. wa 7tkatelyaht£khu? I roughened it up (e.g., I balled up a piece of paper), I'm slamming things around, wa ?thuwatelyahtikhu? she's getting rough with him, she's pushing him

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around, wa ?fhuwAnatelyahtikhu? she's getting rough with them (m.). With th- contrastive: yah tha ?feyutelyahtikhu? she didn't jerk things around. Aspect class: Bl. -atelyateht- v.a. growl, snarl. lotelyatehtu he's snarling or growling (e.g., a dog). wahatelyatehtu? he snarled. NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers.

stative: tAhotelyA ?fakalyahtuhake? he will be misbehaving or demanding. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .atelyA?takaly- plus te- dualic, become frustrated, irritated, or disgusted, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base become t word-finally. .atelyA?thal- plus te- dualic, v.a. feel anxious, get upset. tewakately.t1·thale? I'm anxious, I feel like I'm in a turmoil, teyakotely.t1·thale? she's in a turmoil. tAyutely.t1·thalA? she will get upset. Habitual past: tewakately.t1·thalahkwe? I was anxious. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and probably the noun root -elyA?tintention, purpose; but the composition is unclear. The? of the ?th cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.atelyA?takaly- plus te- dualic, v.a. become frustrated, irritated, or disgusted. tekatelyA ?fakalyas I keep becoming frustrated or irritated (e.g., because I had to wait), I keep getting thwarted. tewakatelyA ?fakali I'm frustrated. wa ?fkatelyA ?faka·li· I became disgusted. Aspect class: 03. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -ely A?t- intention, purpose, -kaly- bite. DERIVED BASES: .atelyA?takalyahtplus te- dualic, be demanding, be hard on the nerves. NOTE: The composition is tentative. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

.atelyA ?thalakt- plus te- dualic, v.s. be hazardous. teyotelyA ?fha·lakt it's hazardous (so that one has to be aware of the consequences). Aspect class: A. NOTE: See note under .atelyA?thalplus te- dualic, feel anxious, get upset.

.atelyA?takalyaht- plus te- dualic, v.s. be demanding, be hard on the nerves. tewakatelyA ?fakalyat I'm demanding, I have a lot of needs, tehotelyA ?fakalyat he's misbehaving, he's hard on the nerves (usually said of children), he's demanding (said of an older person who needs a lot of care), teyakotelyA ?fakalyat she's demanding. Stative past: tehotelyA ?fakalyahtu·ne? he was misbehaving or demanding. Future

-atelyA?tuni- v.a. do on purpose. katelyA ?fu-nihe? I'm doing it on purpose. lately A ?funi he has done it on purpose. wahatelyA ?fu-ni- he did it on purpose, wa ?katelyA ?fu-ni· I meant to do it. With te?- negative: yah te ?wakatelyA ?tuni I didn't do it on purpose, I didn't mean to do it. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -elyA?t- intention, purpose, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct.

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-atenha?tslunyAni-1-atenha?tslunyAv.a. make someone work as a hired person. yukwatenha ?tsluny~·nfhe? she's making me work as a h1red person. wa ?ukwatenha ?fsluni? she made me work as a hired person. With n- partitive: niyukwatenha ?fslunyA ·nihe? how she has me do the work of a hired person. • Ne· ki? ok wi- ne· thikA tahnu· nA u·tu· wa ?khehlo-li- tsi? niyukwatenha?tslunyA"nihe? ne? kA·. So then she could tell them how she's making me do all the work. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nha?tsl- hired work, -unyAni-/ -unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something. DERIVED BASES:

-atenha?tslunyAnyu- make or expect someone to do all kinds of things. NOTE: The alternant -atenha?tslunyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atenha?tslunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect and before the -nyudistributive suffix; however note that many speakers have -atenha?tsluni- before a final 7 . -atenha?tslunyAnyu- v.a. make or expect someone to do all kinds of things. wa ?ukwatenha ?fslunyAni? she expected me to work at all sorts of things. • f. ne· wa ?ukwatenha ?tslunyAni ?, shek6 waknu ?fattihkwA tahnu· yah n€- newAtu te?waknu ?fattihkwA. As for me, she had me do all kinds of work, I even milked (the cows) and I had never milked before. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -atenha?tslunyAni-/ -atenha?tslunyA- make someone work as a hired person, -nyu- distributive.

NOTE: Many speakers have -atenha?tslunyAni- before a final

7.

-atenhoskohale- v.a. rinse one's mouth. wa ?katenhosk6hale? I rinsed my mouth, wahatenhosk6hale?, he rinsed his mouth, wa ?utenhoskohale? she rinsed her mouth. COMPOSED OF: -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth, -atya?tohale-/ -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself. -atenhoskwik- v.a. get a mouthful. wahatenh6skwike? he got a mouthful. COMPOSED OF: -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth, -at-N-ik- fill up completely. -atenhotu- v.a. close a door for oneself, for a door to close. watenho·tuhe? the door closes. yotenho·tu· the door has closed. wahatenho·tu· he closed or locked the door for himself, utenho·tu· the door closed or locked. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nhotu- close or lock (a door). DERIVED BASES: -atenhotuni-/ -atenhotu?s- for a door to close on someone. -atenhotukw- v.a. open a door for oneself, for a door to open. yotenhotukwA the door has opened. wa ?katenhotu-k6· I opened the door for myself, utenhotu·k6· the door opened. With t- cislocative: tutenhotu·k6· there the door opened. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nhotukw- open a door. DERIVED BASES: atenhotukwatha? key. . NOTE: The final w of the base IS replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

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atenhotukwatha? V > N key. COMPOSED OF: -atenhotukw- open a door for oneself, for a door to open, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. -atenhotuni-/-atenhotu?s- v.a. for a door to close on someone. wakatenhotu·nfhe? the door keeps closing on me. ukwatenho·tu·se? the door closed on me (e.g., I went to the store and the door closed just before I got there). COMPOSED OF: -atenhotu- close a door for oneself, for a door to close, -ni-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atenhotunioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atenhotu?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atenhutakw- v.a. take out of one's mouth. latenhutakwas he's taking it out of his mouth. wahatenhuta·k6· he took it out of his mouth. With srepetitive: shotenhutakwA he has taken it out of his mouth again, sahatenhuta·k6· he took it out of his mouth again, satenhuta·k6 Take it out of your mouth! Aspect class: D3. CoMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nhut- have in one's mouth, -kwreversative. DERIVED BASES: -atnawilanhutakw- take out one's dentures. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -nhutakw-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atenhuta?- v.a. put into one's mouth. latenhuta ?as he's putting it into his

mouth. wahatenhutane? he put it into his mouth. takA? Ahsatenhutan Don't put it in your mouth! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nhut- have in one's mouth,-?inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -atnawilanhuta?put in one's dentures; -atyu?kwanhuta?- put tobacco in one's mouth, chew tobacco. NoTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -nhuta?-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect and the imperative. .atenyAhtatkawe- plus te- dualic, v.a. channel, force one's way through snow. wa ?thatenyAhtatkawe? he channeled his way through the snow. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -ate- semireflexive, and the noun base -nyAht- snow. The remaining composition is unclear, but it may include a verb root -kawe-, which occurs also in -kawe?t- fin of a fish, webbed feet; and yekawe?takhwa? oar. .atenyAhtohtalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. clear away snow, shovel snow. tekatenyAhtohtalhos I'm clearing away snow. tehotenyAhtohtalhu he has cleared away the snow. wa ?thatenyAhtohtalho? he cleared away the snow. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, .atohtalho- plus te- dualic, tidy up. DERIVED BASES: tewatenyAhtohtalhos snowplow. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

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-ateshatho- v.a. lean back. loteshathu he has leaned back. wa ?kateshdtho? I leaned back, wahateshatho? he leaned back. sateshatho Lean back! With tcislocative: tahateshatho? over there he leaned back. With ytranslocative: ya ?kateshatho 7 I leaned back (that way), yahateshatho? he leaned back, ya ?sateshatho Lean back! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -shat- be lying back, be leaning back, -ho- causative. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -ateshnolat- v.a. go fast, do quickly. wakateshnolatu I'm working as fast as I can. wa ?kateshno·late? I went fast, Akateshno·late? I will do it quickly. sateshno·lat Hurry it up! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -shnol(e)- be fast, -t- causativeinchoative. -ateshnolatye- v.m. be growing up fast. yakoteshnolati? she's gro:wing up fast, loteshnolati? he's growmg up fast. With n- partitive: tsi? nihoteshnolati? he's growing so fast. • Tsi? nihoteshnolati? thik.ti Gavin. Is Gavin ever growing fast. COMPOSED OF: -ateshnol(e)- be growing fast, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ateshnolati- before a final ?. -ateshnol(e)- v.s. be growing fast. loteshno·le· he's growing fast, yakoteshno·le· she's growing fast. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -shnol(e)- be fast. DERIVED BASES: -ateshnolatye- be growing up fast. NOTE: An alternant without the

final vowel occurs before the -lyeprogressive suffix. -ateshwaht- v.a. smell. lateshwatha? he's smelling it (intentionally), yuteshwatha? she's smelling it. wahateshwahte? he smelled it. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -shw- smell, get a whiff of, -hicausative. DERIVED BASES: -ateshwahtanyusmell several. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -ateshwahtanyu- v.a. smell several. wahateshwahtani? he smelled several things. COMPOSED OF: -ateshwaht- smell, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ateshwahtani- before a final 7 . -ateshwa?t- v.s. be playful, be fooling around. loteshwa·tu he's fooling around, he's being playful, lonateshwa·tu they (m.) are being playful (e.g., they're play fighting, hitting each other in a playful way). Aspect class: E. DERIVED BASES: -ateshwa?tahkwact playfully, fool around; -ateshwa ?tolyAni -/-ateshwa ?tolyAget into a playful mood. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateshwa?tahkw- v.a. act playfully, fool around. lateshwa ?takhwa 7 he's being playful. loteshwa ?ttihkwA he has fooled around. wa ?kateshwa·tahkwe? I was fooling around. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -ateshwa?t- be playful, be fooling around, -hkw- instrumental.

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NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateshwa?tolyAni-1-ateshwa?tolyAv.a. get into a playful mood. loteshwa ?tolyA ·nihe? he's about to be playful, a playful or silly mood is coming over him. wahoteshwa ?t6li? his mood changed so that a playful mood came over him. NOTE: Possibly composed of the base -ateshwa?t- be playful, be fooling around, the verb base -N-oli-/ -N-oly- drive, and the -Ani-f-Abenefactive suffix. The alternant -ateshwa?tolyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -ateshwa?tolyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -ateshwa?toli- before a final ?. -ateslaku?ust- v.a. put on perfume or cologne. kateslaku ?(tsta? I'm putting on perfume or cologne. wakeslaku ?(tstu I have put on perfume or cologne. Akatesltiku ?uste? I will put on perfume or cologne. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -aslaku-/-slaku?u- smell good, -stcausative. -atest- v.a. get used, be useful. katesta? I'm useful, yutesta? she's useful, latesta? he's useful. wa ?ka·teste? I was useful, Aka·teste? I will be of some use. With n- partitive: niwatesta? how it will be used. With te?- negative: yah te?watesta? it's not being used. • Ktitsha? nu· niwatesta? ka?i-k£. Where is it used?

-atestalatenyu- v.a. sprinkle rain. yotestalateni it's sprinkling. utestalate·ni· the drops are beginning to fall, it's starting to rain. NOTE: Includes the -ate- semireflexive and the noun base -stal- drop; otherwise the composition is unclear. Many speakers have -atestalateniword-finally and in the punctual aspect. -atestalo?kwanyak- v.a. put on a necklace. wa ?katestalo ?kwtinyake? I put on a necklace. DERIVED BASES: yutestalo?kwanyakta? necklace. NOTE: Composed of the -ate- semireflexive, the noun base -stalo?kwnecklace, string of beads, and a verbal component -nyak-, which occurs also in atkAhanyaks handkerchief. -atestalu?tat- v.a. splurt, spew, shoot out. watestalu·tats it keeps splurting out. utestalu·tafe? it came splurting out, it came shooting out, Awatestalu·tate? it will splurt out. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -alu?tat- shoot; otherwise the composition is unclear. The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateta?- v.a. get to be in, put into a container for oneself. wateta ?as it's getting to be in (something). Awatetane? it will come to be it, autetane? for it to get into it. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: lathnektita ?as he puts water into it for himself, yothnektitA? it has gotten water in it, uthnektitane? it got water in it. With -iye- I -yen- oil, grease, fat: katyentita ?as I'm putting gas or oil into it (e.g., my car), wa ?katyentitane? I put oil or gas into it. With -wel- air, wind: yotweltitA?

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it has gotten air in it, utwelatane? it got air in it (e.g., a bubble of air when one is putting up wallpaper). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ta?-/-eta?- put into a container. DERIVED BASES: kaya-taku wateta?asta? stuffing for fowl. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and the alternant -ta?- of the component base, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-A is replaced by -A?.

-atetshahnihtAni-1-atetshahnihtAv.a. scare someone, frighten someone. lakwatetshahnihtA ·nihe? he keeps frightening me. wa ?kheyatetshahnihtA? I scared her, wa ?skwatetshahnihtA? you frightened me, ukwatetshahnihtA? it frightened me, wa ?ukwatetshahnihtA? it frightened us. • UkwatetshahnihtA? kwi- thik.A tsi? onuhkwis wa ?ketshA .zi- k.A·. It frightened me, finding that hair. (MlO) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -tshahni-/-tshahnihk- be scared of, be afraid of, -ht- causative, -Ani- I -Abenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atetshahnihtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -atetshahnihtAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -atetsha?t- v.s. be scary. yotetsha ?t it's scary (so that there might be negative consequences, and it could be dangerous). Pre-pausal: yotetshaht. Future stative: Ayotetsha ?tuhake? it will be frightful. Aspect class: A.

COMPOSED OF: -atetsh(A)- become scared, become frightened, -?t- causative.

-atetsh(A)- v.a. become scared, become frightened. wakatetshAhse? I get frightened or scared all the time. wakatetsh.A·u I'm scared or frightened, lotetsh.A·u he's scared. ukwatetshA? I got scared, wa ?akotetshA ? she got scared, wa ?ukwatetshA? we got scared, AwakatetshA? I will get scared, AsatetshA? you will get scared, ayakotetshA? she should get scared. Stative past: wakatetshA ?u·ne? I was scared. With n- partitive: nihotetsh.A·u he's so scared, niyukwatetsh.A·u we are so scared, nukwatetshA? did I ever get scared, nahotetshA? did he ever get scared, na ?ukwatetshA? did we ever get scared. Aspect class: C3. • UkwatetshA? tshahi·k.A·, yah ni· nahte? te·kelhe? tho kA? niyo·lf· nihonuhwaktanihe?. I got scared when I saw him, I didn't think he was that sick. DERIVED BASES: -atetsha?t- be scary. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -?tcausative suffix. -atetshAly- v.a. find for oneself, get found. wa ?katetshAH I found it for myself, utetshA .zi- it got found. • N A wahatistelista? kwi- tsi? n.A utetshA. .zi- uhka? ok wahuwatluhya·tahkwe?. Now they're laughing because now someone turned up who resisted him. (G2) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -tshAly- find. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

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-atetsyA?t- v.a. doctor, treat someone for an illness. wahatetsyAhte? he doctored, wa ?shakotetsyAhte? he doctored her, he treated her for an illness, wahuwatetsyAhte? she or they doctored him. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -tsyA?t- cure someone. DERIVED BASES: -atetsyA?ts be a doctor. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atetsyA?ts v.a. be a doctor. latetsyA ?fs (he's a) doctor, yutetsyA ?ts (she's a) doctor. COMPOSED OF: -atetsyA?t- doctor, treat someone for an illness, -s habitual. -ateweht- v.a. give birth to. wa ?utewehte? she bore a child. NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. -atewelal- v.a. get air for oneself. wakatewelalha? I get some fresh air. yotewe·lale? there's a breeze. ukwatewelaL{· I'm getting air, ayakotewelaL{· she should get air. Aspect class: F. • Yotka·te? yeya·k£·se? kwah a ?ny6 ayakotewela·IA·. She often goes out to get (fresh) air. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -wel- air, wind, -1- be in or on. -atewyahutatye- v.m. soar. tehotewyahutatyehse? he's soaring (e.g., a bird). NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. -atewyAnAta?- v.a. get ready. katewyAnA'tri·se? I'm getting ready

or making preparations to do something, lutewyAnA·tri·se? they (m.) are getting ready. wakatewyAnAtri·u I have gotten ready. AkatewyAnA·trine? I will get ready. Aspect class: E3. •N£ ki? lutewyAnA·ta·se? tahuttsihkwa·eke?. Now they're getting ready to play ball. (Tl) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -wyAnAta?- get something ready. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -atewyAteht- practice. See -atey Ateht-/-atewyAteht-. -atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. See -ateyA?tu-/ -at-N-ateyA?tu-/-atewy A?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA?tu-. .atewyA?tu- plus t- cislocative, take care doing. See .ateyA?tu-/ .atewyA?tu- plus t- cislocative. -atewyA?tuni-/-atewyA?tu?s- fix for someone, save for someone. See -ateyA?tuni-/-ateyA?fu?s-/ -atewyA?tuni-/-atewyA?tu?s-. .atewyA?tuni-/.atewyA?tu?s- plus tcislocative, treat someone right. See .atey A?tuni-/.ateyA?fu?s-/ .atewyA?tuni-/ .atewyA?tu?s- plus tcislocative. -atewyA?tunyu- fix several, put away several. See -ateyA?tunyu-/ -atewyA?tunyu-. -atewyA?tunyu?s- fix or put away several for someone. See -ateyA?tunyu?s-/-atewyAtunyu?s-. -atewyA?tutye- go along fixing, find one's way. See -ateyA?tutye-/ -atewyA?tutye-.

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-ateyAteht-/-atewyAteht- v.a. practice. luteyAtetha? they (m.) are practicing. lonateyAtehtu they (m.) have practiced. wahuteyA-tehte? they (m.) practiced. sateyA"tet Practice! twateyA·tet Let's (incl.) practice! Aspect class: El.

• "Ise· sA· sateyA·tet sata?ahslu·n[." "As for you also, practice making baskets." (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -yAteht-/-wyAteht- learn fast, learn easily. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word -finally. -ateyA ?tu-/-at-N-ateyA ?tu-/ -atewyA?tu-1-at-N-atewyA?tu- v.a. fix, put away, save, take care of. kateyA·tuhe? I'm fixing it, I'm putting it away, I'm saving it (for later use), lateyA·tuhe? he's putting it away. wakateyA·tu I have fixed it, I have put it away, lonateyA·tu they (m.) have fixed it. wa ?kateyA·tu? I fixed it, I put it away, wahateyA·tu? he put it away, wa ?uteyA·tu? she put it away. sateyA·tu Put it away, save it! Habitual past: kateyA ?tuhahkwe? I used to save (it), I was fixing it (and then I left it). wakateyA·tuhkwe? I fixed it (but now it's broken), I had it put away. Stative past: wakateyA ?tu ·ne? I had fixed it, I had put it away. With s- repetitive: skateyA·tuhe? I'm putting it away again, I'm fixing it (again), swakateyA·tu I have fixed it, AskateyA·tu? I will fix it, AsehsateyA·tu? you will fix it. With y- translocative: yekateyA·tuhe? I'm over there putting it away. With -nu?t- milk, breast:

yakotnu ?tatewyA·tu she put away the milk, she saved the milk for herself. Aspect class: Al. • Yoyanle? tsi? ni·y6t tsi? lonateyA·tu tsi? tethutkAnye-tha ?, kanuhsahele? tsi? nu· nihutyAtakhwahkwe? u·kwe. It's nice the way they're fixing the fairgrounds, there's a roof up where people used to sit (in the bleachers). DERIVED BASES: .ateyA?tu-/ .atewyA?tu- plus t- cislocative, take care doing; -ateyA?tuni-/-ateyA?tu?s1-atewyA?tuni-/-atewyA?tu?s- fix for someone, save for someone; -ateyA?tunyu-/-atewyA?tunyu- fix several, put away several; -ateyA?tutye-/-atewyA?tutye- go along fixing, find one's way; -atateyA?tu-/-atatewyA?tu- look after oneself, make oneself presentable. NOTE: The alternants -ateyA?tuand -at-N-ateyA ?tu-, or -atewyA ?tuand -at-N-atewyA?tu-, occur depending on the speaker. The alternants -at-N-ateyA?tu- and -at-N-atewyA?tu- occur with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?t cluster of all the alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ateyA?tu-/.atewyA?tu- plus tcislocative, v.a. take care doing. tyakoteyA·tu she took care doing it, she's nice about doing it. takateyA·tu? I took special care doing it, AtehsateyA·tu? you will take care doing it.

• N A kwah kA? na·ye? AtyolihAsheke? o·nAste? nale? Asehsnu·wakAtste ?, nA· kwahotokA AtehsateyA·tu? AsehsnAst6hale?.

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When the corn has boiled again drain it, then really take care to wash it. (Rl) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -ateyA?tu-/-at-N-atey A?tu-/ -atewyA?tu-1-at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. DERIVED BASES: .ateyA?tuni-/ .ateyA?tu?s-/.atewyA?tuni-/ .atewyA?tu?s- plus t- cislocative, treat someone right. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateyA ?tuni-/-ateyA ?tu?s-/ -atewyA?tuni-/-atewyA?tu?s- v.a. fix for someone, save for someone. lakwateyA?tu·nihe? he fixes it for me, he saves it for me. lakwateyA ?tuni he has fixed it for me, he has saved it for me. wahakwatey£·tuhse? he fixed it for me, he saved it for me. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -ateyA?tu-/ -at-N-ateyA ?tu-/-atewyA ?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of, -ni-/-?sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternants -ateyA?tuniand -ateyA?tu?s-, or -atewyA?tuniand -atewyA?tu?s-, occur depending on the speaker. The alternants -ateyA?tuni- and -atewyA7tuni- occur in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternants -ateyA7tu7s- and -atewyA?tu?s- occur in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .ateyA?tuni-/.ateyA?tu?s-/ .atewyA.?tuni-/.atewyA?tu?s- plus t-

cislocative, v.a. treat someone right. tyukwateyA ?tu·nihe? she treats me right. tyukwateyA ?tun{ she's treating me right. tayukwatey£·tuhse? she treated me right, Athiyatey£·tuhse? I will treat him right. With te?- negative: yah te ?tyukwatewyA ?tuni she's not treating me right, she's not doing right by me. With th- contrastive: yah thutashakotey£·tuhse? he won't do right by her. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: .ateyA?tu-/ .atewyA?tu- plus t- cislocative, take care doing, -ni- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternants .ateyA7tuniand .ateyA7tu7s-, or .atewyA7tuniand .atewyA?tu?s-, occur depending on the speaker. The alternants .ateyA7tuni- and .atewyA7tuni- occur in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternants .ateyA7tu7s- and .atewyA7tu7s- occur in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the 7 of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ateyA?tunyu-/-atewyA?tunyu- v.a. fix several, put away several. kateyA ?tunyuhe? I'm putting things away, I'm fixing things. wakateyA ?tuni? I have fixed things. wa ?kateyA ?tuni? I put them away, wahateyA ?tuni? he put them away. With s- repetitive: skateyA ?tunyuhe? I'm putting them away (again), sahateyA ?tuni? he fixed them, he arranged them, sayuteyA?tuni? she put them away, she fixed them, sayakwateyA ?tuni? we (excl.) put them away, AtsyuteyA ?tuni? she will put them away. With tsh- coincident: tshihateyA ?tunyuhe? when he was

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putting it away. Aspect class: Bl. • WahateyA ?f(mi? atsyA ?shuha yeksayAtakhwa ?fslaku yusah at ane?. He put away the dishes, he put them back inside the cupboard. COMPOSED OF: -ateyA?tu-/ -at-N-atey A?tu-/-atewy A?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: -ateyA?tunyu?s-/ -atewyA?tunyu?s- fix or put away several for someone. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have -ateyA?tuni- or -atewyA?tuni- before a final?. -ateyA?tunyu?s-/-atewyA?tunyu?s- v.a. fix or put away several for someone. wa ?kheyateyA ?funyuhse? I put things away for her. COMPOSED OF: -ateyA?tunyu-/ -atewyA?tunyu- fix several, put away several, -?s- benefactive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The 7 of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ateyA?tutye-/-atewyA?tutye- v.m. go along fixing, find one's way. loteyA ?f(tti? he's sneaking up, dodging closer so as not to be seen. Withytranslocative: yahoteyA ?futi? he's sneaking up bit by bit. With npartitive: tsi? niyakoteyA ?futi? how or where she's going around fixing things up. COMPOSED OF: -ateyA?tu-/ -at-N-ateyA?tu-/-atewy A?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA ?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have -ateyA?tuti- or -atewyA7tuti- before a final?.

.ate?khahahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. take steps, go for a walk. tehate ?khahtikhwa? he goes for walks. wa ?thate ?khahahkwe? he took some steps, wa ?fyute ?khtihahkwe? she took some steps. tehsate ?khtihak Walk! NOTE: Related to the base .ate?khahakaw- plus te- dualic, spread the legs, but the composition is unknown. In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. In the imperative the final hkw of the base is replaced by k. .ate?khahakaw- plus te- dualic, v.a. spread the legs. wa ?fhate ?khaha·ktiwe? he spread his legs, wa ?tyute ?khaha·ktiwe? she spread her legs. tehsate?kha·ktiw Spread your legs! NOTE: Related to the base .ate?khahahkw- plus te- dualic, take steps, go for a walk, but the composition is unknown. -ate?khal- v.a. put on a slip or skirt. wakate·khale? I have my slip on. wa ?kate ?kha·l,\· I put on my slip, Akafe?kha·l,\· I will put on my slip. sate ?kha ·li_ Put on your slip! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?khal- slip, skirt. NOTE: The? of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate?kw- v.a. run away, flee. kate·kwas I keep running away, late·kwas he runs away. lote·kwA he has run away. wa ?kate·ko? I ran away, wahsate·ko? you ran away, wahate·ko? he ran away, wa ?ute·ko? she ran away, Ahate·ko? he will run away. With s- repetitive: sute·ko? she (z.) or it fled again. With thuta-

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contrastive and cislocative: thutakate·ko? I just ran away from there. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: -ate?kwaht- chase or shoo someone away; -atlihwate?kw- avoid. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented . vowels, and the final w of the base 1s replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

-ate?kwaht- v.a. chase or shoo someone away. kuyate ?kwatha? I'm shooing you away. yukwate ?kwahtu she has chased me away. wa ?shakote·kwahte? he shooed her away, wahiyate·kwahte? I sent him away, wahuwate·kwahte? they chased him away. With t- cislocative: tashakote·kwahte? he sent her away. With te?- negative: yah te ?yukwate ?kwahtu she didn't shoo me away. Aspect class: El. •N6k tsi? yah ki? newAtu te ?yukwate ?kwahtu ayaf-lu? "wahs, kA? nukwa· nyaha·se, takA? tAske 7 nikulha·l.1." But she never chased me away, -;he wouldn't say "Go, get away from here, don't bother me." (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -ate?kw- run away, flee, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate ?lholok-/-ate ?Ihol-/-a t-N -olok-/ -at-N-ol- v.a. cover up oneself. late?lho·l6ks he covers himself up (so that even his head is covered). wa ?kate ?lho·l6ke? I covered up. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wa ?katkAho·l6ke? I covered myself with a blanket, wa ?akyatkAho·l6ke? we two (excl.) covered ourselves with a blanket. With -kuhs-/-kuks- face,

mask: katkuhso·l6ks I cover my face (e.g., at Hallowe'en), wakatkuhsolu I have my face covered, wa ?katkuhso·l6ke? I covered my face. With -utsh- knee, and tedualic: tekatutsho·l6ks I'm covering my knees (e.g., with hockey pads), tewakatutsholu I have my knees covered, wa ?tkatutsho·l6ke? I covered my knees. With -yal- bag, sack: wa ?katyalo·l6ke? I covered up (my head) with a bag (e.g., a paper bag). Aspect class: E2.

•Yah kwi- n{ nahte? te?yuknA aknulha· n6k tsi? th6 kwi· wa ?akyatkAho·l6ke? takA? ayuttok tsi? wa?akniste·liste?. Mymother and I didn't say anything but we covered our heads up with a blanket so that she wouldn't notice that we were laughing. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?lholok-/-?lhol-/-olok-1-ol- cover up. DERIVED BASES: -ate?lholokt-/ -at-N-olokt- use to cover up oneself; -ana?alolok-/-ana?alol- put on a hat. NOTE: The alternants -at-N-olokand -at-N-ol- occur with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternants -ate?lholok- and -at-N-olok- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hicausative suffix. The alternants -ate?lhol- and -at-N-ol- occur in the stative aspect.

-ate?Iholokt-1-at-N-olokt- v.a. use to cover up oneself. kate ?[hol6kta? I use it to cover myself up with, it's that item that I use to cover up with. lote ?lhol6ktu he has used it to cover himself. wa ?kate ?[ho·l6kte? I used it to cover myself. With -utsh- knee:

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wa ?katutsho·l6kte? I covered up my knees with it. With -yal- bag, sack: wa ?katyalo·l6kte? I used a bag to cover up (my head) with. Aspect class: El. • OkAha? wa?katutsho·l6kte?. I covered my knees with a blanket. COMPOSED OF: -ate?lholok-/ -ate ?Ihol-/-at-N -olok-/-at- N -olcover up oneself, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: wattsistol6kta? lampshade. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the alternants -ate?lholok- I -at-N-olok- of the component base, the resulting kht cluster is replaced by kt. The alternant -at-N-olokt- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -ate?nheksot- v.a. put on a ribbon. kate ?nheks6tha? I'm putting on a ribbon (e.g., in my hair). wakate?nheksote? I have a ribbon on, yakote ?nheksote? she has a ribbon on. wa ?kate ?nhekso·tA· I put on a ribbon. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?nheks-/-?nhehs- ribbon, strap, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -ate?nowahl- v.a. stoop over, hunch over. wa?kate?nowa·lA? I stooped over it, I hunched or bent over it (e.g., the work on my lap). With s- repetitive: sakate?nowa·lA? I stooped or bent over it again. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?nowahel-/-?nowahl- sit stooped, hunched, or bent over. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.ate?nowa?kt-/.ate?nowa?ket- plus tedualic, v.a. stoop over. tekate ?nowa·ktus I stoop over. tewakate ?nowa·ktu I'm stooping over. wa ?thate ?nowa·kete? he stooped over, wa ?tyute ?nowa·kete? she stooped over. Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, .?nowa?kt-/.?nowa?ket- plus tedualic, be stooped over. NOTE: The alternant .ate?nowa?ktoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .ate?nowa?ket- occurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate?nyAt-/-ate?nyAtA- v.a. try, try out or on, measure, sample. kate ?nyAtha? I'm trying, I'm trying it on, I'm measuring it, wate ?nyAtha? she (z.) is trying, lute?nyAtha? they (m.) are trying. wakate·nyAte? I have tried, I've measured it, lote·nyAte? he has measured it. wa?kate?nyA·tA· I tried, I measured it, wa?kheyate?nyA·tA· I tried it on her (e.g., to see if it fits), I tried her out (e.g., I'm looking for a cheerleader), Ahsate?nyA·tA· you will try, Ahate?nyA·tA· he will measure it. sate?nyA·tA Measure it! With srepetitive: sakate?nyA·tA· I tried again, sayute?nyA·tA· she tried again, sasate?nyA·tA Try again! With th- contrastive: yah thahute?nyA·tA· they (m.) won't try. Aspect class: F.

• Wate ?ny Atha? ututayahte? tak6·s n6k tsi? yah thakathu·tate?. The cat is trying to come in but I won't let it. DERIVED BASES: -ate?nyAtunyu- try on several, measure several; yute?nyAtAstakhwa? measurement; yute?nyAtAsta? ruler, tape measure. NOTE: The alternant -ate?nyAtA-

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occurs before the -st- causative suffix. The alternant -ate?nyAt- occurs elsewhere, and the? of the ?ny cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate?nyAtunyu- v.a. try on several, measure several. kate?nyAtunyuhe? I'm trying things on, I'm measuring. wa?kate?nyAtuni? I tried them on. COMPOSED OF: -ate?nyAt-/ -ate?nyAtA- try, try out or on, measure, sample, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ate?nyAtuni- before a final?. -ate?shAnaksa?s- v.a. become uneasy. ukwate ?shAnaksahse? I became uneasy, wah ate ?shAnaksahse? he became uneasy, wa ?akate ?shAnaksahse? she became uneasy. COMPOSED OF: -ate?shAnaks(A)feel uneasy, -?s- benefactive. NOTE: The ? of the final ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ate?shAnaks(A)- v.s. feel uneasy. late ?shAnaksA he's uneasy, yakate ?shAnaksA she's uneasy. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?shAnaksA- have a bad aim. DERIVED BASES: -ate?shAnaksa?sbecome uneasy. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -?sbenefactive suffix. -ate?shAnawi-/-ate?shAnA- v.a. give someone a chance. kuyate ?shAna·wzne? I'm giving you chances, lakwate ?shAna·wihe? he gives me chances. wa ?kuyate ?shA ·nA· I gave you a chance, wa ?kheyate ?shA·nA· I gave her a chance, wahate ?shA ·nA· he gave him

a chance. takwate?shA·nA Give me a chance! With th- contrastive: yah thayesate ?shA ·nA· they won't give you a chance. • Ta·t yah thayesate ?shA ·nA· aesaya·tA·. If they won't give you a chance to work. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?shAn- aim, chance, -awi-/-u-1-Agive someone something. NOTE: The alternant -ate?shAnawioccurs in the habitual aspect, -ate?shAnA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -ate?shAnayA- v.s. have a chance. wakate?shA·nayA? I have a chance, late ?shA"ntiyA? he has a chance, yakate ?shA"nayA? she has a chance. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?shAn- aim, chance, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -ate?shAnayAta?- v.a. get a chance. lote?shAnayA·ta·se? he gets chances. late?shAnayAta·u he has gotten a chance. wahate?shAnayA·tane? he got a chance. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?shAn- aim, chance, -yAta?- get, obtain. NOTE: The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -ate?shAniyo- v.s. be convenient, be opportune. wakate ?shAniy6 it's convenient for me, late ?shAniy6 it's convenient for him, yakate7shAniy6 it's convenient for her. Pre-pausal: yakate?shAni·y!J. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?shAniyo- have a good aim. -ate?shAnuni- v.a. take aim. late ?shAnu ·nihe? he takes aim. wakate ?shAnuni I have taken aim.

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wahate?shAnu·ni· he took aim. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?shAn- aim, chance, -uni-/-unymake, construct. -ate?skohw-1-at-N-ohw- v.a. go into water. kate·skos I get into the water. wa 7kate·skowe 7 I got into the water, I immersed myself, wahate·skowe 7 he went into the water. With ytranslocative: yahute·skowe7 they (m.) went into the water. With -ahsi?t-1-ahsi- foot, and ya?tetranslocative and dualic: ya ?tkalahsi-towe 7 I put part of my foot (my toes) in the water. With -shnuhs- I -ishnuhs- I -shnu- hand, fingers, and y- translocative: ya ?kanishnuhsowe 7 I put part of my hand (my fingers) in the water. And nya?te- partitive, translocative and dualic: th6 nya 7tAhsanishnuhsowe 7 you will put your hands in the water there. • Asateksti·lake 7 yohnekawisto th6 nya ?tAhsanishnushowe 7 tsi 7 nti·ye 7 sna 7talu·nihe?. You should have set up for yourself a dish of cold water where you will put in your hands as you are forming the (corn)bread. (R2) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?skohw- put in water, drown something. NOTE: The alternant -ate?skohwincludes the empty noun root -?sk-. See note under the component base. The alternant -at-N-ohw- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -atsemireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?sk cluster of -ate?skohw- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w is deleted in the habitual aspect. The h of the hw cluster of both alter-

nants is deleted in post-accented syllables. -ate?skokw-1-at-N-okw- v.a. get out of water. wakate 7sk6kwA I have gotten out of the water. wa ?kate 7sko·k6· I got out of the water. With s- repetitive: skate 7sk6kwas I'm getting back out of the water again, swakate 7sk6kwA I have gotten back out of the water again, sakate7sko·k6· I got back out of the water again, sahate 7sko·k6· he got out of the water again. With -itahs- I -itaks- tail, and t- cislocative: tahanitahso·k6· he pulled his tail out of the water. Aspect class: 03. NOTE: The alternant -ate?skokw- is composed of the -ate- semireflexive, an empty noun root -?sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the -kw- reversative suffix. A component -?skokwoccurs also in .?skokw- plus s- repetitive, retrieve someone out of water. The alternant -at-N-okw- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -atsemireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?sk cluster of -ate?skokw- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ate?skut-1-at-N-ut- v.a. put in the oven, roast, bake, fry. kate 7skutha? I'm roasting or baking, I'm frying, yute ?skutha? she's baking. wakate·skute 7 I have prepared it and it's roasting. wate·skute 7 it's baked, roasted, or fried. wa7kate7sku·t.A· I baked it, I fried it. Future stative: Awate ?sku·ttike 7 it will be fried. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: katahyutha? I bake or fry fruit (e.g., tomatoes), wakatti·yute 7

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I'm baking fruit, wata·yute? (it's) baked fruit. With -Ahetsh- sausage, wiener: wakatAhetshute? I have fried the sausage. With -hnana?tpotato: wathnana·tute? (it's) a baked potato, wa ?kathnana ?fu·tA· I baked potatoes. With -itsy- fish: kanitsyutha? I'm frying fish. With -na ?tal- bread, cake: katna ?talutha? I bake bread, yutna ?talutha? she's baking bread, yakotna·talute? she has put the bread in the oven and it's baking, watna·talute? the bread is baked or fried, wa ?utna ?talu-tA· she baked the bread, wahutna ?falu·tA· they (m.) baked bread, wa ?kutna ?talu·tA· they (z.) baked bread, Akatna ?tal u-tA· I will bake bread, Ayutna ?talu-tA· she will bake bread, akatna ?talu·tA· I should bake bread, satna ?talu-tA Put the bread in the oven! And habitual past: katna ?talu-tahkwe? I have baked bread. And s- repetitive: Askatna ?falu-tA· I will fry bread again, usakatna ?talu·tA· I should bake bread again. And t- cislocative: tayutna ?tal u-tA· she baked bread there. With -?nhuhs- I -i?nhuhs- egg: wa ?ute ?nhuhsu-tA· she fried eggs. With -?wahl- meat: kate?wahlutha? I fry meat, wakate ?wti·lute? I'm frying meat, wa ?ute ?wahlu·tA· she fried meat, Akate?wahlu·tA· I will fry meat, sate?wahlu·tA Fry the meat! And habitual past: wakate ?wahlu-tahkwe? I have fried the meat. And t- cislocative: tayute ?wahl u-tA· she fried meat there. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: -ate?skutakhw-/ -ate?skutakhwa?tsl- frying pan; -ate?skutakw-/-at-N-utakw- take out from roasting, baking, or frying; -ate?skuta?n-1-at-N-uta?n- intend to roast, bake, or fry; -ate?skutha?s-

roast, bake, or fry for someone; -ate?skutunyu-1-at-N-utunyu- roast, bake, or fry several; atste? wate?wHute? barbecue; kAye·ke watna·talute? fried bread; watnHalute? baked bread; yutna?talutakhwa? baking dish; yute?wahlutakhwa? roasting pan. NOTE: The alternant -ate?skut- is composed of the -ate- semireflexive, an empty noun root -?sk-, and a verb root -ut-. See note under -utho- put into the fire, burn. The alternant -at-N-ut- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The? of the ?sk cluster of -ate?skutis replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate ?skutakhw-/-ate ?skutakh wa ?tslv. > n. frying pan. ate ?skutakhwa? frying pan. With -hel- I -hl- set on top of, place on: wa ?kate ?skutakhwa ?tsla·lA? I set down the frying pan. • N A s6k wi- thikA wa ?kate ?skutakhwa ?tsla·lA? khale? othe·tsli? wa?kk6·na ?. So then I put on the frying pan and I went to get flour. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -ate?skut-/-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: The alternant -ate?skutakhw- occurs in the basic noun form. The final khwa? of this form probably comes from -hkw-ha?, instrumental plus habitual aspect. The alternant -ate?skutakhwa?tsl-, with the -?tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. -ate?skutakw-1-at-N-utakw- v.a. take out from roasting, baking, or frying. kate ?skutakwas I'm taking

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something out from roasting, baking or frying (e.g., a roast). wakate ?skuttikwA I have taken it out. wa ?kate ?skuta·k6· I took it out. With -?wahl- meat: kate?wahluttikwas I'm taking meat out of the oven. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -ate?skut-1-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -kwreversative. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-utakwoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ate?skuta?n-1-at-N-uta?n- v.m. intend to roast, bake, or fry. kate?skuta·ne? I'm going to roast, bake, or fry it. With -ahy- I -hifruit, berry: katahyuta·ne? I'm going to fry fruit (e.g., tomatoes). With -na ?tal- bread, cake: yutna ?faluta·ne? she's going to bake bread. · • Nihottsistiyostu ne· wf- tsi? yutna ?talutti·ne? aknulh(. He's making a good fire because my mother is going to bake bread. COMPOSED OF: -ate?skut-1-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -?ndislocative. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-uta?noccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate?skutha?s- v.a. roast, bake, or fry for someone. wa ?kuyate ?skuthahse? I baked or fried it for you, wa ?ukwate ?skuthahse? she fried it forme.

COMPOSED OF: -ate?skut-1-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -ha?s- benefactive. NOTE: The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ate?skutunyu-1-at-N-utunyu- v.a. roast, bake, or fry several. wa ?kate ?skutuni? I roasted, baked, or fried several of something. With -na ?tal- bread, cake: Ahsatna ?falutuni? you will fry several breads. COMPOSED OF: -ate?skut-1-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-utunyuoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -ate?skutuni- and -at-N-utunibefore a final ?. -ate?sle- v.m. crawl. kate·sle? I'm crawling, late·sle? he's crawling, wate·sle? she (z.) or it is crawling. Pre-pausal: wate·seJe?. late· slehse? he's crawling around, wate·slehse? she (z.) or it is crawling around. wa ?katl?-sle? I went off crawling, wahatl?-sle? he went off crawling, Ahsate·sle? you will crawl, Ayakwate·sle? we (excl.) will crawl, akate·sle? I should crawl. Prepausal: akate·seJe?. With s- repetitive: sasate·sel~ Crawl back again! With t- cislocative: tyakyate·slehse? we two (excl.) are crawling or rolling around there, tahate·sle? he came crawling. With th- contrastive: yah thahsate·sle? you won't crawl. • Tho kwf- ni·yot ka ?ik.A kate·sle? onyAhtakushu? nyAyakne? k.t\·. There I am crawling through the

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snow (as) we're going that way. (Mll) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?sle-/-i?sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone. DERIVED BASES: wate·slehse? sleigh, toboggan. NOTE: The? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ate?slehtahel-/.ate?slehtahl- plus tedualic, v.a. go downhill in a sled. teyute ?slehtahelha? she's going down the hill on a sled. wa ?thate ?slehta·lA? he came down on a sled. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atesemireflexive, -?sleht- vehicle, -hel/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: .ate?slehtahla?nplus te- dualic, go sledding; teyute?slehtahlakhwa? sled. NOTE: The alternant .ate?slehtahel- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .ate?slehtahl- occurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes, and the h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ate?slehtahla?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go sledding. wa ?tkate ?sfehtahla·na? I'm going sledding, I'm going to go downhill on a sled. COMPOSED OF: .ate?slehtahel-/ .ate?slehtahl- plus te- dualic, go downhill in a sled, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate?slehtayA-/-ate?slehtayAt- v.a. park. late ?sfehtayAhe? he parks vehicles (e.g., cars). wa ?kate ?sfehtayA? I parked,

wahyate ?slehtayA? the two (m.) parked, Ahate ?sfehtayA? he will park. sate?slehtay;2 Park the car! With s- repetitive: sayute ?slehtayA? she or someone parked again. With t- cislocative: Afhate ?slehtayA? he will park his vehicle there, Atwate ?sfehtayA? a vehicle will park there. With y- translocative: yAwate ?slehtayA? a vehicle will park over there . COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?slehtayA- be parked in a vehicle. DERIVED BASES:

thute?slehtayAtakhwa? parking lot; yute?slehtayAtakhwa? garage. NOTE: The alternant -ate?slehtayAt- occurs before derivational suffixes. .ate?slehtitakhe- plus t- cislocative, v .m. be coming along in a vehicle. tayakote ?slehtitakhe? she's in a vehicle that's coming along, she has a vehicle in something that's moving along . COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atesemireflexive, -?sleht- vehicle, -takhe-/-itakhe- run, move by running.

-ate?slehtunihe? v.a. be a mechanic . late ?slehtu·nfhe? (he's a) mechanic. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?sleht- vehicle, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -he? habitual. -ate?sluty-/-ate?slutye- v.a. lightning strike. wate ?slutyehse? lightning keeps striking. wakate ?s[Uti lightning has struck me. ukwate?slu·ti· I got struck by lightning, ute ?slu·ti- it got struck by lightning. Aspect class: E4. DERIVED BASES: -ate?slutyehslulightning and thunder. NOTE: Possibly includes the alter-

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nant -uty- of the verb base -aty-/ -uty- lose, leave, disperse; but the composition is unclear. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of -ate?sluty- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of -ate?sluty- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. The altemant -ate?slutye- occurs before the -hsludistributive suffix.

-ate?slutyehslu- v.a. lightning and thunder. wate ?slutyehsluhe? it's thundering and lightning. ute ?slutyehslu? it was lightning and thundering. COMPOSED OF: -ate?sluty-/ -ate?slutye- lightning strike, -hsludistributive. .ate?tukhwal- plus te- dualic, v.a. sweat. tewakate ?tukhwalha? I sweat. tewakate ?tukhwale? I'm sweating. tAwakate ?tukhwa·li\· I will sweat. With n- partitive: na ?teyakote ?tukhwale? she's really sweating. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, .i?tukhwal-f.?tukhwal- plus tedualic, be hot. .ate?waht- plus s- repetitive, v.a. miss a target. skate ?watha? I keep missing it (e.g., a target, a tum in the road), skuyate ?watha? I miss you (I was aiming for you), I skip over you (e.g., in a line). swakate ?wahtu I have missed it, skuyate ?wahtu I have missed you. sakate?wahte? I missed it, sahsate ?wahte? you missed it, sa hate ?wahte? he missed it, sayute ?wahte? she missed it, sakuyate?wahte? I missed you, As kate ?wahte? I will miss it. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: .ate?wahtanyuplus s- repetitive, miss several;

.atlihwate?waht- plus s- repetitive, commit a crime or wrongdoing, do something inappropriate. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. This base is an exception to the rule that replaces ? with length after accented vowels. .ate?wahtanyu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. miss several. shate ?wahtanyuhe? he's missing targets. sakate 7wahtdni? I missed several of them. COMPOSED OF: .ate?waht- plus srepetitive, miss a target, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .ate?wahtani- before a final ?. -atA- pref. Semireflexive. See -at-/ -ate-f-a tA-1-an-/-al-/-a-. NOTE: Occurs with certain bases that begin in n, hn, or ?n. -atAhninu- v.a. sell. latAhni·nuhe? he sells. lotAhni·nu· he has sold it, yukwatAhni·nu· we have sold it. wa ?katAhni-nu· I sold it, wahatAhni·nu· he sold it. With tcislocative: tyutAhni-nuhe? she sells there, AtyakwatAhni·nu· we (excl.) will sell there. With -a?ahslbasket: Ayuta ?ahslahni ·nu · she will sell baskets. With -hnana?t- potato: ayakwathnana ?tahni·nu· we (excl.) should sell potatoes. With -nattown, village, place: wa ?katnatahni·nu· I sold my home or place. With -nehw- pelt: wahatnehwahni·nu· he sold a pelt. With -nAst- com: ayakwatnAstahni·nu· we (excl.) should sell com. With -nuhs- house, building: wa?katnuhsahni·nu· I sold a house. With -?sleht- vehicle: wa ?kate ?slehtahni·nu · I sold a car. With -?wahl- meat, and t- cisloca-

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tive: thute?wahlahni·nuhe? they (m.) sell meat there. Aspect class:

Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -hninu- buy, buy from. DERIVED BASES: -atAhninuhe? be a storekeeper; -atAhninuni-/ -atAhninu?s- sell for or to someone; -atAhninunyu- sell several; -atAhninu?n- go to sell; -atyenahninuhe? be oil sellers; yutAhni·mihe? store. NoTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -hninu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atAhninuhe? v.a. be a storekeeper. latAhni·nuhe? (he's a) storekeeper, yutAhni·nuhe? (she's a) storekeeper. Habitual past: latAhninuhahkwe? he used to be a storekeeper. With tcislocative, and habitual past: thatAhninuhahkwe? he used to be a storekeeper there.

• Se·yale? k.A nise· thik.A Southwold kAs thatAhninuhahkwe? Derbyshire. Do you remember in Southwold the man that used to run the store, Derbyshire? (02) COMPOSED OF: -atAhninu- sell, -he? habitual. -atAhninuni-/-atAhninu?s- v.a. sell for or to someone. liyatAhninu·n{he? I sell it for him or to him. wahiyatAhni·nu·se? I sold it for him or to him, wa ?kheyatAhni·nu·se? I sold it for her or to her. With -nuhshouse, building: wahiyatnuhsahni·nu·se? I sold him a house, wa ?kheyatnuhsahni·nu·se? I sold her a house. With -?slehtvehicle: wahiyate ?slehtahni·nu·se? I sold him a car. COMPOSED OF: -atAhninu- sell, -ni- I -?s- benefactive.

NOTE: The alternant -atAhninunioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atAhninu?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -hninuni- I -hninu?s-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atAhninunyu- v.a. sell several. lutAhninunyuhe? they (m.) are selling things. With -a?ahsl- basket: yuta ?ahslahninuni? she sold baskets all over. COMPOSED OF: -atAhninu- sell, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -hninunyu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -atAhninunibefore a final ?, -atAhninu?n- v.m. go to sell. wa ?katAhninu ·na? I went to sell it, wa ?akyatAhninu·na? we two (excl.) went to sell it. With -a?ahsl- basket: wa ?akyata ?ahslahninu ·na? we two (excl.) went to sell baskets. COMPOSED OF: -atAhninu- sell, -?ndislocative. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -hninu?n-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAhninu?s- sell for or to someone. See -atAhninuni-/-atAhninu?s-. -atAhni?to?ktA- v.a. for the month to end. utAhni ?f6·ktA? the month

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ended. With s- repetitive: usutAhni?t6·kLt? the month should end again, the month should run out.

• Kwtih nu·wa? yah kwi- te?we·ni na ?tehotishlihAhse? usutAhni?t6·ktA? lonanuhte? se? AhotihwistayA ·ttine?. Nowadays it's amazing how they are in a hurry for the month to end, they know that they'll get money. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -Ahni?t- moon, month, -ato?kta-/-ato?ktA- run out of, end. NOTE: The 7 of the 7kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.atAhnuk-/.atAhnu- plus te- dualic, v.a. do wrong, get into trouble, make a mistake. tekaLfnuks I'm doing something wrong. tewakat1'1·nu I have done wrong. wa ?tkat1'1·nuke? I made a mistake, wa ?thatA·nuke? he did wrong, wa ?tyut1'1·nuke? she did wrong, takA? tahsat1'1·nuk you shouldn't make a mistake. Stative past: tewakatAhnu·ne? I did wrong. Aspect class: A2. •Ne· kAs kwi· ne- ka?ikA aknulhti·, th6 s niyakolih6·tA ntihte? wa ?tkat1'1·nuke? ntile? keksa ?ttiksA, "Htinyo? ka?ikA tehsato·ttit" tti·thuni? "sateksa ?ti·y6st atsy6k netehona ?kalu-tu· yAhyaya ?ttihawe?." So then my mother (used to say), that was her way when I did something wrong, when I was a bad girl, "Come on, be quiet" or "be a good girl or after awhile the horned one (the devil) will take you away." (MS) NOTE: The alternant .atAhnukoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .atAhnu- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hn cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.atAhnutel-/.atAhnutl-/.atahnutel-1 .atahnutl- plus te- dualic, v.s. be siblings of the same sex. teyakyatahnu·tele? we two (excl.) are sisters, we two are brothers, my sister, my brother, tetsyatahnu-tele? you two are brothers, you two are sisters, your brother, your sister, tekyatahnu-tele? the two (z.) are sisters, her sister, tehyatahnu ·tele? the two (m.) are brothers, his brother, teyakwatAhnu-tele? we (excl.) are brothers or sisters, my brothers, my sisters. Habitual past: teyakyatahnutlahkwe? we two (excl.) used to be sisters, tekyatahnutlahkwe? the two (z.) used to be sisters, teyutahnutlahkwe? she used to be the sister. Optative stative: tti·t takyatahnutlake? if the two (z.) were sisters. With npartitive: kaye· na ?tekatAhnu-tele? I have four brothers and sisters. Aspect class: F. • Rose ne· kwi· ne· aknulhti· tekyatahnutlahkwe ?, uska ok yako·y1'1· w{ teyutahnutlahkwe? kwahotokA. Rose was my mother's sister, she had only the one sister. (02) DERIVED BASES: .atAhnutlunyu-/ .atahnutlunyu- plus te- dualic, be several siblings of the same sex. NOTE: The alternants .atAhnuteland .atAhnutl-, or .atahnutel- and .atahnutl-, occur depending on the speaker. The alternants .atAhnuteland .atahnutel- occur in the stative aspect, .atAhnutl- and .atahnutloccur in the expanded aspects and before derivational suffixes. The base is usually used for same sex siblings, but it can also be used for mixed-sex siblings. The base may be composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -atA- semireflexive, and a verb root -hnutl-. See

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also -hnutlatye- follow someone; and -hnutla?- catch up to someone. M.D. suggests that the literal meaning is 'be next to one another'. .atAhnutlunyu-/.atahnutlunyu- plus tedualic, v.s. be several siblings of the same sex. teyakwatAhnutlunyu? we (excl.) are all brothers and sisters, teswatAhnutluni? you are all sisters or brothers, tehutAhnutluni? they (m.) are all brothers, tekutAhnutluni? they (z.) are all sisters. Aspect class:

B. • Nikutiy1Hasehse? thik.tl tekutAhnutluni?. Those sisters are all so pretty. COMPOSED OF: .atAhnutel-/ .atAhnutl-/.atahnutel-/.atahnutlplus te- dualic, be siblings of the same sex, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have .atAhnutluni- or .atahnutluni- before a final ?. .at-N-Aht- plus y- translocative, v.a. lower something for oneself. With -itahs-/-itaks- tail: yekanitahs.tltha? I keep putting my tail into it, ya ?kanitlihsAhte? I immersed my tail, yahanitahsAhte? he immersed his tail. And s- repetitive: yusahanitahsAhte? he immersed his tail again. And nyusapartitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakanitahsAhte? I put my tail back into it again. With -na?tsypail, pot, kettle, and nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakatncHsyAhte? I lowered the pail back in there again. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers: ya ?kanishnuhsAhte? I put my hand into it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, .a?sAht-/.Aht-

plus y- translocative, lower something. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atAlo-/-atA}o?sl- human n. friend. tyatA·l6· you and I (incl.) are friends, yakyatA'l6· we two (excl.) are friends, tsyatA·l6· you two are friends, yatA'l6· the two (m.) are friends, twatA·l6· we (incl.) are friends, yakwatA·l6· we (excl.) are friends, kutA·l6· they (z.) are friends. ukyatA·l6· the two of us are friends, my friend, ukwatA·l6· all of us are friends, my friends, onatA·l6· they (z.) are friends, her friend, lonatA·l6· they (m.) are friends, his friend. akwatAl6·sla? my friend, laotAl6·sla? his friend, akotAl6·sla? her friend, ukyatAl6·sla? our (dual) friend, ukwatAl6·sla? our friend . Kyat.tl Friend! With -shuha collective eli tic: laotAlo ?sla ?shuha all his friends. Habitual past: yukyatA'l6hkwe? we used to be friends. Future stative: AyukyatA·l6ke? we will be friends. With te?- negative: yah te7yukyatA'l6· we two are not friends, yah ne· fehonafA ·[6· thikA they (m.) are not friends, yah ne· te?yonatA·l6· thik.tl they (z.) are not friends. With -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of: wakatAlo ?slaka·te? I have many friends, yakotAlo ?slaka·te? she has many friends, lotAlo ?slaka·te? he has many friends. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: wakatAl6·slayA? I have a friend. And optative stative: aesatAlo ?slay A·take? you should

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have a friend. With -yAta?- get, obtain: ukwatAlo?slayA·ttine? I got or made a friend, wahotAlo ?slayA·tane? he got or made a friend, wa ?akotAlo ?slay A·ttine? she got or made a friend. DERIVED BASES: -atA}o?slayAhu- be friendly; -atAlo?slunyAni-/ -atAlo?slunyA- make friends with someone. NOTE: The alternant -atAlo- occurs with dual and plural agent pronominal prefixes and dual and plural possessive noun prefixes. The alternant -atAlo?sl- occurs with possessive noun prefixes and in forms with the -shuha collective clitic; it is also the incorporating form. The ? of the ?sl cluster of -atAlo?sl- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAlo?slayAhu- v.s. be friendly. latAlo ?slay.Ahu he's friendly, yutAlo ?slay.Ahu she's friendly. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atAlo-/-atA}o?slfriend, -N-yAhu- be good at producing a product. -atAlo?slunyAni-/-atAlo?slunyA- v.a. make friends with someone. yukwatAlo ?slunyA·nihe? she's making friends with me. lakwatAlo?slunyAni he has made friends with me. wahiyatAlo ?sluni? I made friends with him, wa ?kheyatAlo ?sluni? I made friends with her. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atAlo-/-atAlo?slfriend, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atAlo?slunyAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -atAlo?slunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that

many speakers have -atAlo?slunibefore a final ?. .atAna?kelaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. follow a pattern, note how something is done. tehatAna ?kelatha? he's making note of it, he's watching how it's done. tehotAna ?kelahtu he has made note of it, he has gone by a pattern (e.g., he did it the way you did it). wa ?tkatAna ?ke-lahte? I made a note of it, I followed the pattern. tehsatAna ?ke-lat Make sure you do it, make note of it, watch the way it's done, be mindful of it! Aspect class: El. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -atA- semireflexive, a verb root -na?kel-, and the -htcausative suffix. The root -na?keloccurs also in .atna?kel- plus t- cislocative, be a copycat; and .na?kelani-/ .na?kelA- plus t- cislocative, imitate, copy someone. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and wordfinally. -atAna?tsl- n. groceries, lunch. atAnti·tsli? groceries, lunch. Prepausal: atAnti·tsheJi?. akwatAnti·tsli? my lunch, laotAnti·tsli? his lunch, ukyatAnti·tsli? our lunch. With -awi-/-u-/-A- give someone something, and th- contrastive: thihuwatAna ?tsla·wihe? they just give him groceries. With .ha-/.haw/.ya?taha-/.ya?tahaw- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, take along, bring along: ya ?katAna ?fslahawe? I took lunch there. With -hawi-/-ya?tahawicarry in one's hands, take along: yutAna ?tslaha·wi· she's bringing (carrying) her lunch. With -hninu?ngo to buy: AhutAna ?fslahninu·na? they (m.) will go to buy groceries.

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With -ko?n- go to get, fetch: wahsatAna ?tslak6·na? you're going to get groceries. With -uni- I -unymake, construct: latAna ?tslu ·nfhe? he's making lunch, watAna ?tslunf lunch is prepared or ready, wa ?katAna ?tslu-nf. I made lunch, AkatAna ?tslu·nf· I will make lunch. With -unyAni-/-unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something: yukhiyatAna ?tslunyA ·nfhe? she makes lunch for us, wa ?kheyatAna ?tsluni? I made lunch for her or them, wahotAna ?tsluni? she (z.) made lunch for him, wa ?ukhiyatAna ?tsluni? she made lunch for us. And s- repetitive: AshuwatAna?tsluni? she will make lunch for him again. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAnekliya?k- v.a. cut the grass. lutAnekli·ya·ks they (m.) are cutting grass. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -anekliya?k-1-Anekliya?k- cut the grass, mow the lawn. DERIVED BASES: watAnekli·ya:ks or yutAnekliya:kta? lawnmower, scythe. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAnekloskalu- v.a. hoe. AyakwatAnekl6skalu? we (excl.) will hoe, ahutAnekl6skalu? they (m.) should hoe. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -anekloskalu- hoe. -atAnha?- v.a. hire. latAnhahse? he's always hiring. wakatAnha·u I have hired. wa ?katAnhane? I hired, I

asked for something to be done. With t- cislocative: thutAnhahse? they (m.) are hiring there. Aspect class: E3.

•Tahnu· wa?klihwa·luke? tsi? thutAnhahse ?. And so I heard that they were hiring there. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -nha?- hire someone, ask or tell someone to do something. DERIVED BASES: -atAnha?sl- go to hire. NOTE: The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -atAnha?sl- v.m. go to hire. wa ?katAnha·sle? I'm going there to hire. Pre-pausal: wa?katAnha·sele?. COMPOSED OF: -atAnha?- hire, -sldislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAniha- v.a. borrow. katAn{has I keep borrowing it. wakatAn{hA I have borrowed it. wa ?katAnfha? I borrowed it, wahsatAn{ha? you borrowed it. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: yakothyatuhslan{hA she has borrowed a book. With -?sleht- vehicle: wa ?kate ?slehtanfha? I borrowed a car. Aspect class: D2. •Uhka? ak6·slet wahsatAnfha?. Whose car did you borrow? Wa ?kate?slehtan{ha? John la6·slet. I borrowed John's car. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -niha- lend to someone. DERIVED BASES: -atAniha?se-/ -atAniha?s- borrow from. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -niha-, and the semireflexive alter-

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nant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative aspect. -atAniha?se-/-atAniha?s- v.a. borrow from. lakwatAnihti·se he keeps borrowing it from me. AkuyatAnihahse? I will borrow it from you. With -?sleht- vehicle: wahiyate ?slehtanfhahse? I borrowed a car from him, wa ?kheyate ?slehtanfhahse? I borrowed a car from her. • Wahiyate ?slehtanfhahse? John Mary ak6·slet. I borrowed Mary's car from John. COMPOSED OF: -atAniha- borrow, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atAniha?seoccurs in the stative aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atAniha?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -niha ?se- I -niha?s-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atAnitAl- v.s. be compassionate. wakatAnitAlu I'm compassionate, yakotAnitAlu she's compassionate, lotAnitAlu he's compassionate. Prepausal: lotAnitA·l!J.. With te?negative: yah te?yakotAnitAlu she has no compassion, she has no feelings. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Possibly composed of an unusual reflexive prefix alternant -atAn- and the verb base -itAl- pity someone. -atAnitskal-/-atAnitskalu- v.a. make a place to lie down. wakatAnftskalu?

I have made a place to lie down, I'm

lying down on it (a sheet or blanket), lotAnftskalu? he has made a place to lie down. satAnftskalu Put something down for you to lie down on! With th- contrastive: thiyukwatAnftskalu? we just made a place to lie down for ourselves. • Tahnu· oshu ?kala·ke kwfthiyukwatAnftskalu?. And so we just put something down on the floor for us to sleep on. (V3) DERIVED BASES: -atAnitskalahkwfall on someone accidentally. NOTE: Possibly composed of an unusual reflexive prefix alternant -atAn- and the verb base -itskal-/ -itskalu- put down a sheet or cover. The alternant -atAnitskalu- occurs in the stative aspect and in the imperative, -atAnitskal- occurs before derivational suffixes. -atAnitskalahkw- v.a. fall on someone accidentally. wa ?kheyatAnftskalahkwe? I fell on her, wa ?sheyatAnftskalahkwe? you fell on her. COMPOSED OF: -atAnitskal-/ -atAnitskalu- make a place to lie down, -hkw- instrumental. -atAnolustAni-/-atAnolustA- v.a. be in a bind. wakatAnolustAn{ I'm in this predicament where there's no one to care for me or help me, I'm in a bind, I'm at my wit's end, yakotAnolustAn{ she's in a bind. ukwatAnolustA? I can't get anyone to help me, wahotAnolustA? there's no one to care for him. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time, -stcausative, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atAnolustAnioccurs in the stative aspect,

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-atAnolustA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atAno ?sAha/-atAno ?sA-/ -atAno?sAtshAt- kin term. be in a sibling relation, where siblings are of a different sex. yakyatAno ?s.Aha we two (excl.) are brother and sister, my brother, my sister, tsyatAno ?sAna you two are brother and sister, your brother, your sister, lutAno ?sAna his sisters. ukyatAno ?sAna my sister, my brother, ukwatAno ?s.Aha my sisters, my brothers. With te- dualic, and -shi · collective eli tic: tekni tewakatAno ?sA ·sh.A· I have two brothers. With -oku/ -o· ku.- collective eli tic: yakwatAno ?sA ?okuha we're all sisters and brothers, ukwatAno ?sA ?okuha all my sisters and brothers. Habitual past: yonatAno ?sAfshA ·tahkwe? they (z.) had a brother, lonatAno ?sAfshA-tdhkwe? they (m.) had a sister. Future stative: td·t

nA ?u·wa? AyonatAno ?sAtshA·take? maybe they (z.) will have a brother. NOTE: The alternant -atAno?sAha probably ends in the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -atAno?sA-, without the diminutive, occurs before the -shi · collective clitic. This alternant occurs also before the -oku/ -o·ku· collective clitic, and the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive clitic. The alternant -atAno?sAtshAtoccurs in the expanded aspects. .atAnyeht- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, v.a. send. yekatAnyetha? I keep sending things. yewakatAnyehtu I have sent it, yehetshatAnyehtu you have sent him. ya ?kat.Anyehte? I sent it, ya ?kuyat.Anyehte? I sent you, yahiyat.Anyehte? I sent him, ya ?ukwatAnyehte? she sent me,

ya ?ukhiyatAnyehte? she sent us, ya ?shakot.Anyehte? he sent her or them, ya ?shakwat.Anyehte? we (excl.) sent him, yAkuyat.Anyehte? I will send you, yAhetshat.Anyehte? you will send him, yAyesat.Anyehte? they will send you, takuyat.Anyehte? I sent you this way, tashakot.Anyehte? he sent her or them here. tasat.Anyet Send it this way! Aspect class: El. • Tasat.Anyet tyohy6·tsis. Pass the salt! Rose ya ?shakot.Anyehte? ydkA? n€- wa ?utaya ?fti·na ?. He sent Rose away, they say, so that she could go to school. (02) COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, .nyeht- plus y- translocative, send with someone. DERIVED BASES: .atAnyehtanyuplus y- translocative or t- cislocative, send several; .atAnyehtAni-/ .atAnyehtA- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, send something to someone; yewatlihwatAnyetha? fax machine. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t beforehand word-finally.

.atAnyehtanyu- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, v.a. send several. yekatAnyehtdnyuhe? I send several things. ya ?katAnyehtdni? I sent several things. COMPOSED OF: .atAnyeht- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, send, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atAnyehtani- before a final ?. .atAnyehtAni-/.atAnyehtA- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, v.a. send something to someone. yekuyatAnyehtA·nzne? I keep sending you things. yahiyatAnyehtA? I sent it to him, ya ?kheyatAnyehtA? I sent it to her, takuyatAnyehtA? I sent

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it to you, yAkuyatAnyehtA? I will send it to you. With s- repetitive: yeskuyatAnyehtA ·nfhe? I'm sending it to you again, yusakuyatAnyehtA? I sent it to you again. COMPOSED OF: .atAnyeht- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, send, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atAnyehtAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, .atAnyehtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atAti-/.atAtsh- plus te- dualic, v.a. gang up on. tehuwatA·tfhe? they keep ganging up on him. teyukwatAtf they have ganged up on me (either in a fight, or if they were trying to change my mind), tehuwatAtf they have ganged up on him, they're ganging up on him. wa ?tyukwa-tAtshe? they ganged up on me, wa ?thuwa-tAtshe? they ganged up on him, wa ?teshakwa·t£tshe? we (excl.) ganged up on him. Aspect class: Al. NOTE: The alternant .atAti- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .atAtsh- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atAtsh- plus te- dualic, gang up on. See . atAti-/.atAtsh- plus te- dualic. -atA?Ahl- n. fence. atA?£·[a? fence. With -?ke locative suffix: at A?AhlcHe on the fence. With -N-atatye- be extended along: watA?Ahlatati? the fence is extended along. With -uni- I -uny- make, construct: watA?Ahlun{ the fence is made, wahatA?Ahlu·n{· he made a fence. DERIVED BASES: -atA? Ahlanhotuclose a gate; .atA? Ahlat- plus tedualic, be a fence, cage, or pen; .atA? AhlawAhlat- plus te- dualic, go over a fence; watA? Ahlahlati?

railing; yotA? Ahlaka-Iute? gate. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA? Ahlanhotu- v .a. close a gate. wa?katA?Ahlanho·tu· I closed the gate. sat A?Ahlanho·tU Close the gate! COMPOSED OF: -atA? Ahl- fence, -nhotu- close or lock (a door) . .atA? Ahlat- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a fence, cage, or pen. tewatA?£·late? (there's) a fence, cage, or pen (e.g., a pigpen). Aspect class: F. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -atA?Ahl- fence; otherwise the composition is unclear. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atA? AhlawAhlat- plus te- dualic, v.a. go over a fence. tehatA?Ahlaw£·lats he's going over the fence. wa ?that A?Ahlaw£·late? he went over the fence (using his feet and one leg), wa ?tyutA? Ahlawklate? she went over the fence . COMPOSED OF: -atA?Ahl- fence, .awAhlat- plus te- dualic, put something over something . NOTE: The h of the last hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA?kewha- v.a. get jealous. kat A ?kewhas I get jealous. wakatA ?kewhA I'm jealous, lot A ?kewhA he's jealous, yakotA ?kewhA she's jealous. wa ?kat A ?kewha? I became jealous, AkatA ?kewha? I will become jealous. Stative past: wakatA ?kewh£·ne? I was jealous. Aspect class: 02. DERIVED BASES: -atA?kewhahsljealousy; -atA ?kewha ?se-/ -atA?kewha?s- get jealous of someone.

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NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix.

-atA?kewhahsl- v. > n. jealousy. at A ?kewhahsla? jealousy. COMPOSED OF: -atA?kewha- get jealous, -hsl- nominalizer. -atA ?kewha ?se-/-atA ?kewha ?s- v.a. get jealous of someone. kuyatA ?kewha·se I'm jealous of you. wa ?kuyatA ?kewhahse? I became jealous of you, Akuy{;ltA ?kewhahse? I will become jealous of you. COMPOSED OF: -atA?kewha- get jealous, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atA?kewha?se- occurs in the stative aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atA?kewha?soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atA?nahkala?w- plus te- dualic, v.a. stick out one's tongue. wa ?that A ?nahkalawe? he stuck out his tongue, wa ?tyutA ?nahkalawe? she stuck out her tongue. DERIVED BASES: .atA?nahkala?wanyu- plus te- dualic, stick out one's tongue repeatedly. NOTE: The ? of the ?w cluster is deleted in post-accented syllables. .atA?nahkala?wanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. stick out one's tongue repeatedly. tehatA ?nahkala ?wanyuhe? he's sticking out his tongue all the time. COMPOSED OF: .atA?nahkala?wplus te- dualic, stick out one's tongue, -nyu- distributive. -atA?nikuhkatstat- v.a. make oneself strong mentally. wa ?kat A ?nikuhkatstate? I made myself as strong as I could so that I

could endure something. tsyatA ?nikuhkatstat Don't you two give up, remain strong! NOTE: Very likely from the verb base -atahkatstat- make oneself tough, toughen up, with the incorporated noun base -?nikuhl- mind, spirit.

-atA?nikuhlakwenyest- v.s. be picky, be choosy, be very particular. wakatA ?nikuhlakwenyest I'm picky, lot A ?nikuhlakwenyest he's picky, yakotA ?nikuhlakwenyest she's picky. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -atkwenyest- be a perfectionist. -atA?nikuhlal- v.a. look after someone. wa ?kheyatA ?niku·lalA? I looked after her or them, AkuyatA ?niku·lalA? I will look after you, akheyatA ?niku ·!alA? I should look after her or them, ayukwatA ?niku·lalA? she or someone should look after me. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -?nikuhlal- look after, mind, take care. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA?nikuhlattok- v.a. be smart, talk like an older person, be precocious . latA ?nikuhlatt6kha? he's smart, he talks like he's older (talking about a child who seems to know a lot), he's precocious, watA ?nikuhlatt6kha? she (z.) knows a lot. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -attok- be well-informed, be wise, be stingy. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect.

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.atA?nikuhlawe?est- plus te- dualic, v.a. set one's mind to it. wa ?tkatA ?nikuhlawe ?este? I set my mind to it (to do this task), tAkatA ?nikuhlawe ?este? I will set my mind to it. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, .awe?est- plus te- dualic, pierce, prick. NOTE: This base is not familiar to all speakers. -atA?nikuhlisa?- v.a. decide. latA ?nikuhlfsa ?as he's deciding to do it, he's on the verge of doing it. lot A ?nikuhlfsu? he has decided. wahatA ?nikuhlisane? he decided, wa ?utA ?nikuhlfsane? she decided. Aspect class: ES. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -hsa?-/-isa?finish. NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. -atA?nikuhlolA?- v.a. discover a way. wa ?kat A ?nikuhlo·l£ne? I discovered a way, I came up with the idea, wa ?utA ?nikuhlo·l£ne? she thought of a way. • N A kwi· wa ?kat A ?nikuhlo·ZAne? thik£ Askatna ?talu·t£· s kwi- ka?ik£ lake?nihk£ s wa?katkatho? tsi? s nihayelha? wahatna?talu·nikatsihko·tu· latina ?tukhwa?. So then I came up with the idea that I could fry bread, I saw how my late father would make what they call ovenbread. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: - ?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-olA ?-/-at-N-olA?-/ -ya?tolA?- find, discover. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted after accented vowels.

-atA ?nis-/-atA ?nitsl- n. cane. at£·nis cane. COMPOSED OF: -atA?nitslot- use a cane or crutches. NOTE: The alternant -atA?nisoccurs in the basic noun form, and the ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atA?nitsl- is the incorporating form. -atA ?niskwaht- v.a. do late, do slowly, be behind schedule. latA ?niskwtitha? he's always late or behind schedule, he does things slowly, he lags behind, yutA ?niskwatha? she's always late. wahatA ?n{skwahte? he (purposely) did it late. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -?niskw-/-?niskwA?- be late, -htcausative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atA ?nitsl- cane. See -atA ?nis-I -atA ?nitsl-. -atA?nitslot- v.s. use a cane or crutches. kat A ?nitslote? I'm using a cane or crutches, latA ?n{tslote? he's on crutches, yutA ?nftslote? she's on crutches. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -atA?nis-/-atA?nitslcane, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -atA?nyot-/-atA?nyotaksl- v.a. have a ceremony. kat A?ny6tha? I'm having a ceremony (e.g., a wedding). wa ?kat A ?nyo·t£· I had a ceremony. Habitual past: yukyatA ?nyo·ttihkwe? we two had a ceremony. With -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big: watA ?nyotakslowan£ it's a big ceremony, a big wedding. • WatA ?nyotakslowan£ kwiwat£·nyote? oya· yAsWAtakt(!-

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There's a big wedding next Saturday. DERIVED BASES: ·atA?nyotako?n. go to a ceremony; -atA?nyota?n- go to a ceremony; -atA?nyotAni-/ -atA?nyothahs- put on a ceremony for someone; watA·nyote? ceremony, wedding. NOTE: The alternant -atA?nyotaksl- is the incorporating form. -atA?nyotako?n- v.a. go to a ceremony. kat A ?nyotak6·nehse? I keep going to

ceremonies. wa ?katA ?nyotak6·na? I'm going to a wedding. NOTE: Includes the alternant -at? Anyot- of the base -atA ?nyot-/ -atA?nyotaksl- have a ceremony, and the -?n- dislocative suffix; otherwise the composition is unclear. The ? of the final ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA?nyota?n- v.m. go to a ceremony.

kat A ?nyotd·ne? I'm going to have a ceremony (for me). kat A ?nyota·nehse? I keep going there to have a ceremony. wa ?kat A ?nyota·na? I'm on my way to a wedding, AtwatA ?nyotd·na? we (incl.) are going to a wedding. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: ·atA?nyot-/ -atA?nyotaksl- have a ceremony, -?n-

dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the final ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA ?nyotAni-/-atA ?nyothahs- v.a.

put on a ceremony for someone. yukhiyatA ?nyotA ·ni7ze? she's putting on a ceremony for us. wa ?ukhiyatA ?ny6thahse? she made a big do for us. COMPOSED OF: ·atA ?nyot-/ -atA ?nyotaksl- have a ceremony,

-Ani- I -hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atA ?nyotAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, -atA ?nyothahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atA?tsha?- plus te- dualic, v.a. earn,

win. tekatA·tsha ?as I earn, I'm a winner. tewakat.tl·tshu? I have earned, I have won, tetsyat.tl·tshu? you two have earned. wa ?fkat.tl·tshane? I earned, I won, wa?tetsyatA·tshane? you two won at something or earned it, tAkat.tl·tshane? I will earn, tAhsatA·tshane? you will earn, tayutA·tshane? she or someone should earn. Stative past: tewakatA ?tshu ?u ·ne? I had won. Aspect class: E5. • Ne· ka ?ikA tewakatA·tshu? tewakyAhnu·hne·. This is what I won after having gone to gamble (to play bingo). N A takatdhsawA? wa ?tkatA·tshane? nA ni ?(. Then I started to earn (money) myself. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, .?tsha'- plus te- dualic, get beaten, get stumped. DERIVED BASES: .atA?tshu?uhatyeplus te- dualic, go along earning or winning; .atlihwatA?tsha?- plus tedualic, be due payment, reward, or thanks. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. .atA?tshu?uhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m.

go along earning or winning. tewakatA ?fshu ?uhtiti? I'm earning something (e.g., at work). COMPOSED OF: .atA?tsha?- plus te-

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dualic, earn, win, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atA?tshu?uhati- before a final ?.

.athahahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. walk down a road. tehathahakhwa? he walks down the road. tehothahahkwA he has gone down the road. tAhathahahkwe? he will walk down the road. tehsathahak Walk down the road! Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hah-1-h-/-wah- road, path, .hkw-/ .ehkw-/.ya?tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. DERIVED BASES:

.athahahkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, be walking down a road. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. .athahahkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be walking down a road. tehothahahkwAhati? he's walking down the road. COMPOSED OF: .athahahkw- plus te- dualic, walk down a road, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .athahahkwAhati- before a final ?. -athahalakw- v.a. turn off the main road. lathahalakwas he's turning off the main road (e.g., he's parking on the side of the road, or he's turning off into a laneway). wakathahalakwA I have gotten off the road. wa ?kathahala·k6· I turned off the road. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hah-1-h-/-wah- road, path, -1- be in or on, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: .athahalakwaht-

plus t- cislocative, quickly turn off the main road. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

.athahalakwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. quickly turn off the main road. takathahalakwahte? I just all of a sudden turned fast into a laneway or off the main road. With te- dualic: tututhahalakwahte? she (z.) quickly turned off the road, into the lane again. • Ne· ne·n tutayakwawe? tsi? tyukwaht£ti tututhahalakwahte?. When we got back to our home, she turned in quickly. (01) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -athahalakw- turn off the main road, -ht- causative. .athaha?kt- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a bend or curve in the road. teyothaha·ktu (there's) a bend or curve in the road. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tetyothaha·ktu at the bend in the road. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -hah-/-h-/-wahroad, path, .atsha?kt-/.atsha?ket-/ .at-N-a?kt-/.at-N-a?ket- plus tedualic, bend over, become crooked. DERIVED BASES: .athaha?ktanyuplus te- dualic, be a crooked or winding road. NOTE: The? of the ?kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .athaha?ktanyu- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a crooked or winding road. teyothaha ?ktani? the road is crooked or winding. With n- partitive: tsi? na ?teyothaha ?ktani? is the road ever crooked. Aspect class: B. • Tsi? na ?teyothaha ?ktani? tsi? n u· tayukwa·sele?. Is the road ever

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crooked where we came down. COMPOSED OF: .athaha?kt- plus tedualic, be a bend or curve in the road, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .athaha?ktani- before a final ?.

-athahine- v.m. be walking. lathahi·ne· he walks, wathahi·ne· she (z.) or it walks. wa ?kathahi·ne· I was walking, wahathahi·ne· he was walking. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hah-/-h-1-wah- road, path, -N-ine- lead. -athahinu- v.s. for a road to go somewhere. yothahinu the road goes. Pre-pausal: yothahi·n_g. With n- partitive: niyothahinu where the road goes. Aspect class: A. • Thik.-1 Sheddenhne nu·, kwah niyothahinu e·s6· Ahsatkatho? yonutahalol.-fhtu. On the road to Sedden you will see lots of hills. (Vl) NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive, the alternant -hah- of the noun base -hah-1-h-/-wah- road, path, and perhaps a verb root related to the particle inti it's far. .athahitakhe- plus t- cislocative, v.m. be coming along in a road. wakathahitakhe? I'm going along in the road. tukwathahitakhe? I'm in the road coming along, tayakothahitakhe? she's in the road coming along, tahothahitakhe? he's in the road coming along. With te- dualic: tutahothahitakhe? he's walking back along the road. • Tsi? kati? na·ye? th6 latik.-fnyate? tehotithale? thik.-1 n.-1 wa ?shakoti-k.-1· n tayakothahitakhe? ka ?ik.-1 kA? nityakoy.1ha. So then while they're standing around talking, they

see this young girl coming down the road towards them. (G2) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -hah-1-h-/-wahroad, path, -takhe-/-itakhe- run, move by running.

-athahita?- v.a. go down a road, travel down a road. wahathahitane? he started out walking down the road, uthahitane? it went down the road. With srepeti ti ve: sahyathahitane? the two (m.) took the path again, they went right down the road again. COMPOSED OF: -hah-1-h-/-wahroad, path, -atita?- get in, put into for oneself. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -athahukoht- v.a. take a particular road. lathahuk6tha? he takes that particular road. lothahuk6htu he has taken that road. wahathahu·k6hte? he took that road, Ahathahu·k6hte? he will take that road. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -hah-/-h-1-wahroad, path, -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -athalatat- v.a. achieve something, get a promotion. lathala·tats he gets promotions. lothalatatu he has gotten a promotion, he achieved something. wa ?kathala-tate? I got a promotion, Ahathala-tate? he will achieve something. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -halatat-/-kalatat- raise up, lift up. -athalotsinet- v.a. slide down. wahathalotsi-nete? he slid down (e.g., a pole or banister).

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NOTE: This base is not familiar to all speakers.

-atha?kwawelu- v.a. put one's head back with one's throat facing upwards. wahatha ?kwawelu? he put his head back and looked up so that the front of his neck faced upwards, Ahatha ?kwawelu? he will put his head back. satha ?kwawel.!:!. Put you head back and look up! With s- repetitive: sahatha ?kwawelu? he put his head back again. • Satha ?kwawelu, i·kelhe? akhwanhake? tsi? sana·lole?. Look up, I want to tie your hat. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ha?kwawelu- have one's head back with one's throat facing upwards. .atha?uwe?ek- plus te- dualic, v.a. wrap oneself up. tehatha ?uwe ?eks he's wrapping himself in it (e.g., a towel). wa ?tkatha ?uwe ?eke? I wrapped myself in it, I put it around myself, wa ?tyakwatha ?uwe ?eke? we (excl.) wrapped ourselves in it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .ha?uwe?ek-/.ha?uwe- plus tedualic, wrap up. athehsa? N brown. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hehs- rotting wood, -a? noun suffix. -athel-/-athl- v.a. set down for oneself. wakathele? I have put it down, I have something sitting. wa ?kathlA? I put it down (in front of me). With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot, and te- dualic: tekalahsi ?tahelha? I keep putting my feet up, tewakalahsi ?tahele? I have my feet up, wa ?tkalahsi ?tti·lA? I put my foot up on it. And habitual past: tewakalahsi ?ta ·lahkwe? my feet were up (but now they're down). With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry:

wa ?katahya·lA? I put fruit down (close by me). With -hsin- leg, and te- dualic: wa ?tkatshina·lA? I put my legs up on something (e.g., a chair). With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: yukyateksahele? we have a container set up, wa ?kateksa·lA? I put down the dish, Ahsateksa·lA? you will put down a dish. And future stative: Asateksa·lake? you will have a dish set down for yourself. And n- partitive: niyukyateksahele? where we had containers set up. With -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wa ?utna ?tsya·lA? she put the pot on (the stove), Ahsatna ?tsya·lA? you will put a pot on. And s- repetitive: Asehsatna ?tsya·lA? you will put the pot back on (the stove). With -nAtsharm, sleeve, and te- dualic: wa ?tkatnAtsha·lA? I put my arm up on it. With -shw-1-shwA-1-shuback: loteshwahele? he has his back on it, wahateshwa·lA? he put his back up on it (e.g., on a board). With -yal- bag, sack: wahatyala·lA? he put the bag (on his shoulder or on his back). With -?nahkw- tub, barrel, drum: wa?kate?nahkwa·lA? I put the tub on. And t- cislocative: · tayute ?nahkwa·lA? she put the tub on there. With -?sleht- vehicle: late ?slehtdhele? he has the vehicle sitting up there (e.g., when he's working on a car). Aspect class: F. • Khale? on£ t6hka? niyukyateksahele? akweku tayonahnuhati ?. And soon we had several containers set up, filling up (with porridge). (Cl) N£ s n£ wa?o·kalawe? n£ wa?akwatolfshA? n£ kA? s nu· nahahnyo·tA· khilntslakta? oshu·kale? th6 wahateshwa·JA?. Then usually when it got dark, we would rest (and) he would stand a board up against the

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(tobacco) kiln, that's where he'd put his back up against. (03) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: -athlunyu- set down several for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -athel- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -athl- occurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -hel- I -hl-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. In examples with incorporated nouns the h of -hl- is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-athAtisa?- v.a. finish working in the garden. wakathAtfsu? I finished (clearing, planting) the garden. AhathAtfsane? he will finish working in the garden. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hAt- field, garden, -hsa?-/-isa?finish. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. .athi- plus t- cislocative, v.a. get away from somewhere. takdthi? I got away from there, Atkathi? I will get away from there. tehsathi Get away! NOTE: The root -athi-, occurs without the cislocative prefix in the slang expression Satnutli?tathi Get the heck out of the way! -athl- set down for oneself. See -athel/-athl-. -athlahsyu- v.a. take the covers off oneself. yuthiahsyus she's throwing or kicking the covers off.

yakothiahsi she has taken the covers off. wa ?uthiahsi? she took the covers off. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hlahsyu- take the covers off someone. NOTE: Many speakers have -athlahsi- word-finally and before a final ?. -athlakwAni-/-athlakwa?s- v.a. for something to leave one. wakathiakwAn{ it has left me (e.g., a feeling). ukwathiakwahse? it left me, wahothiakwahse? it left him. • Ukwathiakwahse? yah nahte? tha ?teswaktfhA o·niC. It has left me (that feeling), now Cdon't care anymore. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up, -Ani-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -athlakwAnioccurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -athlakwa?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -athle?naka?tshyu- v.a. unpack. kathie ?naka·tshyus I'm unpacking my belongings. wa ?kathie ?naka·tshi? I unpacked . COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hle?n- bundle, -ka?tshyu- undo, take apart. NOTE: The ? of the ?tshy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Many speakers have -athle?naka?tshi- before a final ?. -athle?nuni- v.a. pack. kathie?nu·nfhe? I'm packing up, yuthie ?nu·nfhe? she's packing, she's making a bundle. wa ?kathie ?nu ·nf· I packed. With s- repetitive: tsyuthie ?nu ·nfhe? she's packing up

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again . • N A kwi- ne· ukwatkalya ?kse? nA ki? ok wi· ne· wa?kathle?nu·ni· wa ?katitane? Leamington yah a·ke·. So then I got paid, then I started packing, I got on (the bus) and went to Leamington. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hle?n- bundle, -uni-/-uny- make, construct.

-athlohost- v.s. be shielded by, be protected by. wakathloh6stu I'm (standing there) being protected by it, yakothloh6stu she's being shielded by it, lothloh6stu he's being shielded by it. With t- cislocative: tyakothloh6stu she's there being shielded, thothloh6stu he's there being shielded. Aspect class: E. • Tsi? tyotnuhsakaL1hlakwA tyakothloh6stu takA? ayeya ?fana-w:i_. She's (standing) at the corner of the house being shielded so that she won't get wet. -athloli-/-athloly- v.a. tell about. kathlo·lihe? I keep telling about it, lakwathlo·lihe? he keeps telling about me, wathlo·lihe? it tells about it. wakathloli I'm telling about it, sheyathloli you're telling about her or them, lakwathloli he's telling about me, shakothloli he's telling about her or them, shakonathloli they (m.) are telling about her, kuwathloli they're telling about her (z.) or it. wa ?kathlo·li· I told, wahathlo·li· he told, wa ?uthlo·li· she told, wa ?kheyathlo·li· I told about her, wahakwathlo·li· he told about me, wa ?shakothloH he told about her or them, AkathloH I will tell, Ahathlo·li· he will tell, Aswathlo·li· you all will tell, AkuyathloH I will tell about you, akathlo.zi- I should tell about,

ahathlo·li· he should tell about. Optative stative: aukwathlo.zfke? I would have told about it. With srepetitive: Askathlo-lf- I will tell about it again. With y- translocative: yahathloH he went there and he told about it. With nis- partitive and repetitive: niswakathloli how or when I'm telling about. With nyes- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyeswakathloli it's such a time or place that I'm telling about. With tsh- coincident: tshahsathlo·li· when you started telling about it, tsha ?uthloH when she started telling about it. Aspect class: Al. • Tahnu· kAs th6 nu· tshikaha·wiawelu ?uske? kAS kuwath[o-lf. And besides at that time there was a witch they used to tell about. (01) Uhka? kati? ne· nahte? ka ?ikA Rose sheyathloli k.t1·. Who is this Rose you're talking about? (02) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hloli-/-hloly- tell to someone. DERIVED BASES: -athlolihatye- go along telling about; -athlolyanyutell all about; -athlolya?n-_go to tell; -athlolya?t- deem worth telling about. NOTE: The alternant -athlolyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -athlolihatye- v.m. go along telling about. wakathlolihati? I'm going on telling about it (if I'm getting ahead of myself). With y- translocative: yewakathlolihdti? I'm going along telling about it. • Tahnu· wi-ne kwi- tsha? ok nu· ya·ya?k tsha?tewakohsliya·ku thik.t1, ohAtu kwi- ka ?ik.t1 yewakathlolihati ?, lake?niha wi· shek6 tshihlunhe? kwi- ne· nu·wa? Askathlo·lf·. So then I guess I was

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about six years old then, well I'm getting ahead of myself; when my father was still alive, that's what I'll tell about now. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -athloli-/-athlolytell about, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -athlolihati- before a final ?.

-athlolyanyu- v.a. tell all about. yufhlolyanyuhe? she tells all about it. wahafhlolyani? he told all about it, wahufhlolyani? they (m.) told all about it, Akafhlolyani? I will tell all about it, a-kafhlolyani? I should tell all about it.

•Ne· S kafi? wZ. nA sa·lawe? nA ale? wahafhlolyani? k£· tsi? niyo·le· nihona?ku·nihe? ka?ik£ ?n 16 n h a hse?. Moreover when he got home, he would start telling all about how mad he's making him, the one who hired him. (Ml) COMPOSED OF: -athloli-/-athlolytell about, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -athlolyani- before a final ?.

-athlolya?n- v.m. go to tell. kathlolya·ne? I'm going to tell about it. wahafhlolya·na? he's on his way to tell about it. With s- repetitive: sahafhlolya·na? he went there to tell about it again. With t- cislocative: fahafhlolya·na? he's coming here to tell about it. COMPOSED OF: -athloli-/-athlolytell about, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athlolya?t- v.a. deem worth telling about. kafhlolya·fha? I always talk about that, lafhlolya·fha? he likes to talk about it every now and then. wa ?kafhl6lyahfe? I told about it, I

complained about it. COMPOSED OF: -athloli-/-athlolytell about, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: -athlolya?tAni-/ -athlolya?tA- mention one's concern or disapproval. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-athlolya?tAni-/-athlolya?tA- v.a. mention one's concern or disapproval. kheyafhlolya ?fA ·nihe? I mention my concern or disapproval (about her) to her. kheyafhlolya ?fAn{ I have mentioned my concern or disapproval to her. wa ?kheyathlolya·fA? I mentioned my concern or disapproval to her, wa ?kuyafhlolya·fA? I mentioned my concern to you. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -athlolya?t- deem worth telling about, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -athlolya?tAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -athlolya?tA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athlunyu- v.a. set down several for oneself. kafhlunyuhe? I'm setting down a whole lot of things. wakafhluni? I have put things down. wahafhluni? he put things down. With -nakt- bed, place, space, and tcislocative: tyukwatnaktahluni? we have beds put there. With -na?tsypail, pot, kettle: yukwafna ?fsyahluni? we have pails set down. And t- cislocative: fayufna ?fsyahluni? she put the pails on there. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -athel-/-athl- set

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down for oneself, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -hlunyu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -athluni- before a final?. .athnekokew- plus s- repetitive, v.a. sober up. shathnekoke·was he's sobering up, tsyuthnekoke·was she's sobering up. shothnekokew.A he has sobered up. sahathneko·kewe? he sobered up, Ashathneko·kewe? he will sober up. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -atsemireflexive, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -lakew-1-ya?tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off. -athnekuni- v.a. make a well. lathneku·nihe? he's making (digging) a well. wahathneku·ni- he dug a well.

• Khale? kwi- on.A thik.A kanuhsakta? wahathneku·nilake ?nfha. And then my father dug a well near the house. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hnek-liquid, liquor, -uni-/-unymake, construct. .athnAhsoklikhu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. shrug one's shoulders. tkathnAhsoklikhuhe? I shrug my shoulders, thathnAhsoklikhuhe? he shrugs his shoulders, tyuthnAhsoklikhuhe? she shrugs her shoulders. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -hnAhs-/-hnAksshoulder, -N-oklik-1-N-okli-/ -N-klik-1-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up, -hu- distributive. -athnilat- v.a. become tight. uthni·late? it got tighter (e.g., the

lid on a jar). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hnilat- tighten. -athnuhwashA- v.a. marry into a family. wa ?kathnuhwashA? I married into the (his or her) family, wahathnuhwashA? he married into the (our) family . -athnyot-1-at-N-ot- v.a. stand something up for oneself, have on oneself. wakathynofe? I have it on me (e.g., a brooch), yak6thnyote? she has it on her, she has it set up for herself. sathnyo·t.A Put it on! (e.g., the brooch) Habitual past: wakathnyo·tahkwe? I used to have it on me. With t- cislocative: tyak6thnyote? she has it standing there. With -anitskwahlakhw/ -anitskwahla?tsl- chair: katanitskwahla ?fsl6tha? I'm setting myself up a chair, lotanitskwahla·tslote? he has a chair standing. With -yal- bag, sack: lotya·l6te? he has a bag standing, wahatyalo·t.A· he set the bag down. Aspect class: F.

• Onikw.Ahtala? otsi-tsya? wakathnyo·tahkwe?. I used to have on a poppy. Tahnu· s ne? th6·ne? kwah n6k khok stove yak6thnyote? aks6tha, a?{ niwa?k6·. And at that time my grandmother had this cook stove standing, it was great big. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: yuthnyotakhwa? brooch. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-otoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun.

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-atholat- v.a. get cold. watho·ldts it gets cold. utho·ltite? it got cold, ukwatho·ltite? it got cold on me, wa ?ukwatho·ltite? it got cold on us. With s- repetitive: sutho·ltite? it got cold again. COMPOSED OF: -athol(e)- be cold, -tcausative-inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -atholath- going to get cold. -atholath- v.m. going to get cold. watholtithe? it's going to get cold. COMPOSED OF: -atholat- get cold, -h- dislocative. .atholatye- plus t- cislocative, v.m. for cold to come. tayotholtiti? cold is coming. • Olihwiy6 kwi· tsi? 6khna? tayotholtiti_?. It's definitely getting cold already. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -athol(e)- be cold, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atholati- before a final ?. -athol(e)- v.s. be cold. yotho·le· it's cold. Habitual past: yotho·lehkwe? it was cold. Future stative: Ayotho·leke? it will be cold. With srepeti tive: tsyotho·le· it's cold again. With t- cislocative: tyotho·le· it's cold there. With npartitive: niyotho·li?- it's so cold. And habitual past: th6 niyotho·lehkwe? it was cold enough. With -nuhs- house, building, and tcislocative: tyonuhsatho·le· the building there is cold, tyukwanuhsatho·le· our house there is cold. Aspect class: B. • Tahnu· tyukwanuhsatho·le· sA"· yah te ?yotekha? stove tsi? niyotho·li?-. And our house was cold too, there was no fire burning in the stove, it was so cold. (Cl)

DERIVED BASES: -atholat- get cold; .atholatye- plus t- cislocative, for cold to come; othole·ke north. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. -atholyahslu?se-/-atholyahslu?s- v.a. catch a cold. wakatholyahslu·se I have a cold, satholyahslu·se you have a cold, lotholyahslu·se he has a cold, yakotholyahslu·se she has a cold. wahotholytihsluhse? he caught a cold, Ahotholytihsluhse? he will have a cold, aukwatholytihsluhse? I should get a cold. NOTE: Related to the base otholyahsla? a cold, and probably includes the -?se- I- ?s- benefactive suffix; but the composition is unclear. The alternant -atholyahslu 1 seoccurs in the stative aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atholyahslu?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .athoya?n-/.athoya?nht- plus tedualic, v.m. get oya·n. wa ?thuthoya·n they (m.) got oya·n. DERIVED BASES: .athoya?nhta?nplus te- dualic, go to get one's oya·n; .athoya?nhtuhatye- plus te- dualic, go along getting oya ·n. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and a component -oya?n-. See oya:n, which is a donut in the shape of a doll given to children by their aunt on New Year's Day. The alternant .athoya?nht- occurs in the derived bases. The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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.athoya?nhta?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to get one's oya·n. wa '?fkathoya '?nhta·na '? I'm on my way to get my oya·n doll, wa '?tehsathoya ?nhta·na '? you are going to go get oya·n, wa '?tyakyathoya '?nhta·na '? we two (excl.) are going to go get oya ·n, tAhsathoya '?nhta·na '? you will go get oya·n, tahsathoya '?nhta·na '? you should go get oya ·n. COMPOSED OF: .athoya?n-/ .athoya?nht- plus te- dualic, get oya:n, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the final ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .athoya?nhtuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along getting oya·n. teyukwathoya '?nhtuhati '? we're going along getting oya ·n. COMPOSED OF: .athoya?n-/ .athoya?nht- plus te- dualic, get oya·n, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .athoya?nhtuhati- before a final ?. -at-N-hsluni-1-at-N-hsluny- v.a. dress, prepare, trim, fix up. With -hAt- field, garden: lathAtahslu·nihe '? he's preparing the land (for planting). With -luttree, log: wahutlutahslu·ni· they (m.) trimmed the trees, prepared the logs. With -nakt- bed, place, space: katnaktahslu·nfhe '? I'm fixing up the bed. And tsh- coincident: tsha '?katnaktahslu ·ni- when I finished fixing up the bed. With -nat- town, village, place: katnatahslu·nihe'? I'm fixing up my place. With -uhwAtsy-/ -uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsy-land, ground, earth: latuhwAtsyahslu·nihe'? he's caring for the field, garden or lawn

(making it look real nice). With -?wahl- meat: kate'?wahlahslu·nihe'? I'm preparing the meat. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -hsluni-/ -hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: -at-N-hslunyanyudress several, prepare several; -athu?kwahsluni- clear one's throat; -anitskalahsluni- make up a bed. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternant -at-N-hsluny- occurs before derivational suffixes.

-at-N-hslunyanyu- v.a. dress several, prepare several. With -hAt- field, garden: wahathAtahslunyani '? he prepared several fields for planting. • Tsi '? s nikaha·wi- tehati'?nhuhsya '?ks thik£ tahatahsawA '? wahathAtahslunyani '?. About Easter he would start preparing the fields. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at-N-hsluni-/ -at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -at-N-hslunyani- before a final ?, a·thu Exclamation. Oh boy! • A·thu nahte '? nahona·khwA '? thik£. Oh boy did he ever get angry. (Cl) -athutat- v.a. agree to, allow, give one's consent or permission. kathu·tats I agree to it. wakathutatu I have allowed it. wa '?kathu·tate'? I allow it, wahuthu·tate '? they (m.) agreed to

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it, Akathu·tate? I will give my permission. With te?- negative: yah tehothutatu he didn't allow it. With th- contrastive: yah thakathu·ttite? I won't allow it, yah thahathu-ttite? he wouldn't consent to it, yah thayuthu-tate? she or someone wouldn't allow it, yah thahuthu-tate? they (m.) won't allow it. With thusa- contrastive and repetitive: yah thusahuthu·tate? they (m.) won't ever agree ever to it again. Aspect class: E2. • Tahnu· aknulhti· yah ne· tehothutatu ayutawya ?ta·na?. And so he didn't let my mother go to school. (02) COMPOSED OF: -athut(e)- hear, -tea usa ti ve-inchoa tive. -athuta?- v.a. hear. ukwathu·tane? I heard it, wahothu ·tane? he heard it, Awakathu·tane? I will hear it, Asathu ·tane? you will hear it, Ahothu·tane? he will hear it, Ayakothu·tane? she or someone will hear it. • Uska yotlatstu tayolhA ?uhtiti? ohutsyaku twakyo·te· ukwathu·tane? tayola · kal ele?. One time during the night I was working in the basement (and) I heard something make a noise. (D2) COMPOSED OF: -athut(e)- hear,-?inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -athut(e)- v.s. hear. wakathu·te· I hear it, sathu·te· you hear it, lothu·te· he hears it, yakothu·te· she hears it, yukwathu·te· we hear it, lonathu·te· they (m.) hear it. Habitual past: wakathu·tehkwe? I used to hear it, lothu·tehkwe? he has heard it. Future stative: Awakathu·teke? I will be hearing.

Optative stative: aukwathu-teke? I should be hearing. With s- repetitive, and future stative: Aswakathu ·teke? again I'll be hearing it. With te?- negative: yah te?wakathu·te· I don't hear, yah te?yakothu·te· she doesn't hear, yah tehonathu·te· they (m.) don't hear. Aspect class: B. •Uhka? ok ye? wa?f-[u?, "Sathu·te· k.A nise· thik.A tsi? ka ?ik.A sahaya·k.Ane? kA-." Someone said, "As for you, did you hear him go out?" (MS) Yah nahte? te?yakothu·te· thik.A aknulha· s6·tsi? teyuhuhtakwe·ku. My mother doesn't hear too much, she's so deaf. DERIVED BASES: -athutat- agree to, allow, give one's consent or permission; -athuta?- hear; -athute?tsihAhear unexpectedly. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. -athute?tsihA- v.s. hear unexpectedly. lothute ?ts{hA he heard something you didn't think he was going to hear but he could hear you anyway, yakothute ?ts{hA she heard it anyway. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the verb base -athut(e)- hear, and perhaps an ending -?tsihA-. See also -anuhte?tsihA- know unexpectedly; and -kwenya?tsihA- be capable. -athuweya?t- v.a. go boating. lathuweya·tha? he's out there on the water in a boat moving around (either paddling or rowing, or just drifting). lothuweya·tu he's boating. wa ?kathuwe·ya·te? I was boating. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -athuweya?ta?n- go somewhere in a boat or canoe. NOTE: May be composed of the -at-

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semireflexive, the alternant -huweyof the noun base -huwey-/-huwblack ash, boat, and the -?t- causative suffix. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athuweya?ta?n- v.m. go somewhere in a boat or canoe. yuthuweya ?tti·ne? she's going to go boating or canoeing. yuthuweya ?tti·nehse? she goes boating. yakothuweya ?tti·nu she has gone boating. wa ?uthuweya ?td·na? she's going boating. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -athuweya?t- go boating, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athu?kwahsluni- v.a. clear one's throat. lathu ?kwahslu ·nfhe? he's clearing his throat. lothu ?kwahslunf he has cleared his throat. wa ?kathu ?kwahslu·nf· I cleared my throat. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -hu?kw- throat, -at-N-hsluni-1-at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up. -athwanhak-/-athwanh- v.a. get tied up. wathwanhaks it gets tied up. yothwanhA it has gotten tied up. uthwanhake? it got tied up. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwanhak-1-hwanh-/-nhak-/-nhtie. NOTE: The alternant -athwanhakoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -athwanh- occurs in the stative aspect. -athwatase-1-at-N-tase- v.a. get twisted. yothwatase it's twisted. uthwata·se· it got twisted. With -nakal- stick: yotnakalatase it's a twisted stick.

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwatase-/-tase- turn, twist. DERIVED BASES: yothnekatase whirlpool; yotnakalatase blue birch. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-taseoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. .athwatsilashnye- plus te- dualic, v.a. look after one's family. tAkathwatsilashnye? I will look after my family, tahyathwatsilashnye? the two (m.) should look after their family, tahu thwatsilashnye? they (m.) should look after their families. With n- partitive: na ?tehyathwatsilashnyehe? how the two (m.) are looking after their family. • Wahuwatiwilakhwa? ne· tsi? yah thahnikwe·nf- tahyathwatsilashnye ?. They took their children away because they weren't able to look after their family. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwatsil- family, .shnye- plus tedualic, look after, nurture. .athwatsilayest- plus te- dualic, v.a. mix families, get married. tAhyathwatsi·layeste? the two (m.) will get married. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwatsil- family, .yest- plus tedualic, mix, add in an item. .athwatsilinu- plus nit- partitive and cislocative, v.s. for one's family to be from somewhere. nitwakathwatsilinu my family is from there, nityakothwatsilinu her family is from there, nithothwatsilinu his family is from there. Pre-pausal:

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nithothwatsili-n.Q. Aspect class: A. • N A kati? wi- ka ?ikA tsi? s ni·y6t tsi? yukhloli aks6tha tsi? Oshwe·kA· ne· nukwa· nityakothwatsilinu akaulha·. And the way that my grandmother told it, her family is from Ohsweken. (Hl) NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -hwatsil- family, and a verb root -inu-, which is probably related to the particle inu it's far.

-athwatsiluni- v.a. have a family. Ahuthwatsilu·n{ they (m.) will have a family. With n- partitive: nAhuthwatsilu-ni· how they (m.) will have a family. • Ta·t kanhke nAhuthwatsilu·ni· tashakotishni? ki? wi- ahoti- . yo ?fA·sheke? sA·, ahatiyAth6hseke ?. When they have a family they should look after it actually, they should work too, they should be planting. (Hl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwatsil- family, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -athwehnot- v.s. have work going on. wakathwe·note? I have a job to do, lothwe·note? there's a job waiting for him, yukwathwe·note? we have some work or a job going on. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: -athwehnotako?ngo somewhere to work; -athwehnotakw- finish up working. NoTE: Probably composed of the -at- semireflexive, a noun root -hwehn-, and the altemant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-athwehnotako?n- v.m. go somewhere to work. kathwehnotak6·nehse? I go there to work. wa ?kathwehnotak6·na? I'm going there to work. NOTE: Includes the verb base -athwehnot- have work going on, and the -?n- dislocative suffix; otherwise the composition is unclear. The? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athwehnotakw- v.a. finish up working. kathwehnotakwas I finish all these jobs, luthwehnotakwas they (m.) are finishing up working. wakathwehnotakwA I have finished the job, lonathwehnotakwA they (m.) have finished up working. wa ?kathwehnota·k6· I finished up the job, wa ?akwathwehnota·k6· we (excl.) finished up working. Aspect class: 03. •Tahnu· n6k u·tu· wa?akwanakla·k6· wahuthwehnota·k6· tsi? nu· nihatiyAftikwas, akfe? na? nu· nyusayakowe?. And so then we had to move (when) we finished up working where we were cutting wood, then we would go to another place. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -athwehnot- have work going on, -kw- reversative. NOTE: Used in the context of working communally, as in bees, where people used to finish up working at one place and move to another to work there. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .athwe?nuni-/.at-N-kwe?nuni- plus tedualic, v.s. be round, be a circle. teyothwe ?nuni (it's a) circle, it's round. Pre-pausal: teyothwe?nu·n[. Stative past: teyothwe?nuni·hne· it was round. Future stative: tAyothwe ?nunihake? it will be round. Aspect class: A.

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• Teyothwe ?nuni thik.A ahta ·nawA?. The ball is round. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at- semireflexive, -hwe?nuni-/-hwe?nuny-1 -kwe?nuni- wrap into a package or bundle. DERIVED BASES: teyotshahe ?takwe ?nuni pea; teyotsho?kwakwe?nuni walnut. NOTE: The altemant -at-N-kwe?nuni- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an altemant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -athwAhs- n. liver. othw.Ahsa? liver. akwathw.Ahsa? my liver, sathw.Ahsa? your liver. NOTE: M.D. suggests that this base may be related to the noun root -huhs- slice of meat. The initial -atof the base is probably the semireflexive. -athwistashet- v.a. count money. lathwistashe·tas he counts money. lothwistashetu he has counted money. wahathwistashete? he counted money, Akathwistashete? I will count money. Aspect class: ES. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -ashetcount, figure out an amount. -athwistuni- v.a. raise money, make money. luthwistu·nlhe? they (m.) are raising money. wakathwistunf I have raised money. wa ?kathwistu·nf· I made money, Akathwistu·nf- I will raise money, akuthwistu·nf· they (z.) should raise money. Aspect class: Al. • Wa ?thutnuto?tslakA·ni- oya· tshity6·kalas, luthwistu·nfhe? wa ?fhutawAlyehsa? n.A tAyokanhu·ti·. They had a Box Social the other night, they're raising money in

order to go on a trip in the spring. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct. .athwistya?k- plus te- dualic, v.a. go broke. tewakathwistya·ku I'm broke. wa ?tkathwfstyahke? I went broke. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, .ya?kplus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cutin two. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -athyatu- v.a. get written. wathya·tuhe? it's being written, it's being printed out (e.g., by a computer). uthya·tu· it got written. • Th6 ki? ni·y6t tsi? uthya·tu· tsi? n.A yotehsu ?. That's the way it got written, now that it was finished. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hyatu- write. -athyatuhslanAtakt- v.a. put up wallpaper. wa ?kathyatuhslanA ·takte? I wallpapered, wahathyatuhslanA ·takte? he wallpapered, wa ?uthyatuhslanA·takte? she wallpapered. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, -Ia?nAtakt-1-nAtakt- attach, put in close contact with. -athyatuhslot- v.a. put up a sign or note. wa ?akwathyatuhslo·t.A· we (excl.) put up a paper or sign. With tcislocative: tayakwathyatuhslo·t.A· we (excl.) put up a sign there. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hyatuhslot- for a sign or note to be put up.

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.athyeskwAhtalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. get on one's stomach. tehathyeskwAhtalhos he gets on his stomach. tehothyeskwAhtalhu he has gotten on his stomach. wa ?fkathyeskwAhtalho? I got on my stomach, tAhathyeskwAhtalho? he will get on his stomach. tehsathyeskwAhtalho Liedownon your stomach! Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .hyeskwAhtal- plus te- dualic, be on one's stomach, -ho- causative. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .athyo?kt-/.athyo?ket- plus te- dualic, v.a. become dull. teyothy6·ktu it has become dull, it's dull. wa ?fwathy6·kete? it became dull, tAwathy6·kete? it will become dull. Stative past: teyothyo ?ktu ·ne? it was dull. Future stative: tAyothyo ?ktuhake? it will be dull. With t- cislocative: n{ tetyothy6·ktu it's the dullest one. • Yah thau·tu· akanekl6skalu ?, s6·tsi? teyothy6·ktu akwatsh6·kta ?. I can't hoe, my hoe is too dull. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .hyo?kt-/.hyo?ket- plus te- dualic, make dull. NOTE: The alternant .athyo?ktoccurs in the stative aspect, .athyo?ket- occurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. •iti Particle that links clauses: no

matter. • Ati ne· uhka? a·ne? ki?. No matter who it was he would go (out) with her. (G2) .ati- plus n- partitive, v.s. be that many. nitwati there are that many

of us (incl.), niyakwati there are that many of us (excl.), nihati there are that many of them (m.), nikuti there are that many of them (z.). Prepausal: niku·![. Stative past: nitwati·hne· there were that many of us (incl.), niyakwati·hne· there were that many of us (excl.), nihati·hne· there were that many of them (m.), nikuti·hne· there were so many of them (z.). Future stative: nAyakwatihake? there will be this many of us (excl.). Aspect class: A. •AhsA nihati wa?khe·k£· skAhnaksA?. I saw three foxes. Kwah th6 tsi? nihati·hne· kwa ?ahsu·te· wa ?khelihuni ?, kAtyohkwiyo·hne· ki? wah. There were quite a few there last night at the class, it was a good bunch. NOTE: The form nihati is given as part of this paradigm; however its composition is unclear. The expected form is *nihuti. .ati- plus na?- partitive and factual mode, v.a. be on one side of. kAh na·wati? this side, th6 na·wati? the other side of it, isi? na·wati? that side (we're together on this side), a?{ na·wati? way over there on that side, {nik na·wati? on top. With -atekhwahlakhw- I -atekhwahla?tsl- table: k£h nutekhwahla·tslati? it's on this side of the table. With -hah-1-h-/-wahroad, path: kA? na ?ohahati? it's right here on this side of the road, kal6· na ?ohahati? it's on this side of the road, isi? na ?ohahati? it's on the other side of the road, th6 na ?ohtihati? over there on the side of the road (that you're on), a ?e· na ?ohtihati? it's over there on the other side of the road, el£ na ?ohahati? it's across the road.

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With -na?tsl- ditch: k.Ah na ?kanti-tslati? it's on this side of the ditch, a ?e· na ?kanrHslati? it's way over on the other side of the ditch. With -nhoh- door: a ?e· na ?kanh6hati? it's on the other side of the door. With -nuhs- house, building: k.Ah na?kanuhsati? it's on this side of the house, a ?e· na ?kanuhsati? it's on the other side of the house. With -nuto?tsl- box: k.Ah na?kanut6·tslati? it's on this side of the box. With -nyatal- lake: k.Ah na ?kanya·ttilati? it's on this side of the lake, el.A na ?kanya·Ullati? it's across on the other side of the lake, a ?e· na ?kanya·ttilati? it's way on the other side of the lake, e·nik tsi? na ?kanya·talati? it's over the lake. With -wyhuh- river: na ?kawyhuhati? it's a side of the river, k.Ah na ?kawyhuhati? it's on this side of the river, a ?e· na ?kawyhuhati? it's on the other side of the river. NOTE: This base may be related to a stative verb root -ati-, which may be a component also in .nekwati- plus srepetitive, be the left hand; .ya?takalati- plus s- repetitive, be one side of one's body; and Askati one side.

.atihAtho- plus t- cislocative, v.a. jerk. thatih.Athos he's jerking it, tekheyatih.Athos I keep jerking her or someone. thotih.Athu he has jerked it. takatih.Atho? I jerked it, tahatih.Atho? he jerked it, takheyatih.Atho? I jerked her or someone, tahotih.Atho? she (z.) or it jerked him, he jerked him. With tedualic: tutahatih.Atho? he jerked it again. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: .atihAthohslu- plus

t- cislocative, jerk repeatedly, jerk several things; .slatihAtho- plus tcislocative, gasp for air after crying. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

.atihAthohslu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. jerk repeatedly, jerk several things. tkatihAth6hsluhe? I'm jerking several things, I'm jerking it several times. takatihAth6hslu? I jerked a bunch of things, I jerked it several times. COMPOSED OF: .atihAtho- plus tcislocative, jerk, -hslu- distributive. -at-N-ik- v.a. fill up completely. With -a?ahsl- basket: wahata ?tihslike? he filled up the basket. With -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wahatnti·tsike? he filled up the pail. With -nuto?tsl- box: wahatnut6·tslike? he filled up the box (e.g., picking berries). With -yal- bag, sack: wahatya-lfke? he filled up the bag. With -?slehtvehicle: wahate ?slehtike? he has a earful (e.g., of people). DERIVED BASES: -atenhoskwik- get a mouthful; -atnuhsik- fill a tobacco kiln . NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The initial -at- of the base is the semireflexive, and the -at- is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. .atilut- plus te- dualic, v.a. stretch something. tekatilutha? I'm stretching it, tewatilutha? it stretches (e.g., an elastic band). tewakati·lute? I have stretched it. wa ?fkatilu·t.A· I stretched it, wa ?fwatilu-t.A· it got stretched, it stretched, wa ?thutilu·tA· they (m.) stretched it out, tAkatilu·t.A· I will stretch it.

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tesatilu·tA Stretch it! Aspect class:

F. DERIVED BASES: .atilutunyu- plus tedualic, stretch something every direction; tehu?nhalukslatihitha? tug-of-war; teyehna ?tatslatihitha? accordion. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix and a verb root -atilut-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .atilut-/ .ya?tatilut- plus t- cislocative, pull. .atilut-/.ya?tatilut- plus t- cislocative, v.a. pull. tkatilutha? I'm pulling it, tekheya ?fatilutha? I pull her or someone. twakati-lute? I have pulled it, tkuya ?tati·lute? I have pulled you. takatilu-tA· I pulled it, tahatilu·tA· he pulled it, takuya ?fatilu·tA· I pulled you, takheya ?fatilu-tA· I pulled her or someone. With -nuto?tsl- box: taknuto ?tslatilu·tA· I pulled the box, I pulled out the drawer. With -?sleht- vehicle: taha?slehtatilu·tA· he pulled the car. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .atilutatye- plus tcislocative, go along pulling; .atilutunyu- plus t- cislocative, pull several things or several times. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix and a verb root -atilut-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .atilutplus te- dualic, stretch something. The alternant .ya?tatilut- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. .atilutatye- plus t- cislocative, v.m. go along pulling. thotilutati? he's pulling it along. tahotilutati? he's pulling it along, he pulled it along. • Tahotilutdti? thikA kd·slet. He's pulling that car along COMPOSED OF: .atilut-/.ya?tatilut-

plus t- cislocative, pull, -tyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atilutati- before a final ? . .atilutunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. stretch something every direction. tekatilutunyuhe? I'm stretching it in all directions (e.g., when I'm blocking a wool sweater). wa ?fwatilutuni? it stretched in all directions. COMPOSED OF: .atilut- plus tedualic, stretch something, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atilutuni- before a final ?. .atilutunyu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. pull several things or several times. tkatilutunyuhe? I'm pulling several things, I'm pulling it several times. takatilutuni? I pulled it several times. COMPOSED OF: .atilut-/.ya?tatilutplus t- cislocative, pull, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atilutuni- before a final ? . .at-N-inyu?t- plus t- cislocative, v.a . bring in with oneself. With -hwatsil- family: thathwatsilinyu·tha? he's bringing in his family, tahathwatsilinyuhte? he brought in his family. With -nyAht- snow: tahatenyAhtinyuhte? he came in all snowy, he tracked in snow. With -?sleht- vehicle: tahate ?slehtinyuhte? he brought in the car (e.g., drove it into the driveway or garage) . COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -N-inyu?t-/ -ya?tinyu?t- bring in. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is

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determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -at-N-isak- look for something for oneself. See -atehsak-1-at-N-isak-. -at-N-isakh- go to look for something for oneself. See -atehsakh-/ -at-N-isakh-. -atitahkohatu- v.a. get out repeatedly or several. lutitahkoha-tuhe? they (m.) are getting out (one at a time). wahutitahkoha-tu· they (m.) all got out, Ayakwatitahkoha·tu· we (excl.) will get out, Ahutitahkoha-tu· they (m.) will all get out. COMPOSED OF: -atitahkw- get out, -hatu- distributive. -atitahko?n- v.m. intend to get out. katitahk6·ne? I'm going to get out. With tsh- coincident: tshihatitahk6 ·ne? when he's going to get out. COMPOSED OF: -atitahkw- get out, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atitahkw- v.a. get out. katitahkwas I'm getting out (e.g., of a vehicle), latitahkwas he's getting out, lutitcihkwas they (m.) are getting out. wakatitahkwA I have gotten out, lotitcihkwA he has gotten out. wahatitahko? he got out, Akatitahko? I will get out, Ayakwatitcihko? we (excl.) will get out, Ahutitahko? they (m.) will get out. With s- repetitive: shatitcihkwas he's getting back out, sakatitahko? I got out again, sahatitcihko? he got out again. With ny- partitive and transloc-

ative: nya ?akyatitahko? that's where we two (excl.) got out. Aspect class: D3. • Sakatitahko? kahu·waku. I got out of the boat. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N-itahkw-1-ya?titahkw- take someone or something out. DERIVED BASES: -atitahkohatu- get out repeatedly or several; -atitahko?n- intend to get out; -atitahkwAhatye- be getting out. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect and before the -hatu- distributive and -?n- dislocative suffixes. -atitahkwAhatye- v.m. be getting out. lotitahkwAhati? he's on his way getting out. wahotitahkwAhati? he's getting out. With s- repetitive: shotitahkwAhciti? he's getting back out again. • Ni·y6t, khcile? wahotitahkwAhat i!: Look at him, he's getting out again. COMPOSED OF: -atitahkw- get out, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atitahkwAhati- before a final ?, -atitalyu- v.a. get in repeatedly or several. katitalyuhe? I'm getting into them (e.g., all these rides at the fair). wa ?katitali? I got into them, Ahutitali? they (m.) will all get in (one at a time). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N-italyu-1-ya?titalyu- give several a ride, transport, put several into. NOTE: Many speakers have -atitali- before a final ?, -atita?- v.a. get in, put into for oneself. katita?as I'm getting in (e.g., a car, a ride at the fair), I keep getting in, satita ?as you're getting in, lutita ?as

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they (m.) are getting in. wakatitA? I was in it. wa ?katltane? I got in, wa ?utftane? she or someone got in, wa ?akyatitane? we two (excl.) got in, wa ?akwatitane? we (excl.) got in, wahutitane? they (m.) got in, Akatitane? I will get in, Ayutitane? she or someone will get in. satitan Get in! Habitual past: latita ?askwe? he used to get in. Stative past: wakatitA?A·ne? I got in a while ago (but now I'm out). With s- repetitive: sutitane? she (z.) or it got in again. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayakyatitane? we two (excl.) got back in again there. Withy- translocative: yahatitane? there he got into it, yAhatitane? he will get into it there. With nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusahyatitane? the two (m.) got back in there again. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot, and ya?te- translocative and dualic: ya ?thalahsi ?titane? he got his feet into there. With -hle?nbundle: wa ?kathie ?nitane? I put the package in something (e.g., the trunk of a car), wa ?akyathle ?n{tane? we two (excl.) put our bundle in it. With -iye- I -yen- oil, grease, fat: wa ?katyenitane? I put (a container of) gas in the car (e.g., in the trunk). With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, and ytranslocative: ya ?katnAtshitane? I put my arm in it (e.g., when I checked my blood pressure at the drugstore). Aspect class: 03. •Swatyelil s wa?uke·sle? buggy th6 wa ?katitane? a ?e· na ?teksine·su ·se ?. Sometimes they used to ride me in that buggy, there I'd get into it with my great long legs. (01) NA s6k th6 ya ?thalahsi ?titane? a ?nyanawi\·tslaku. So then he (the rabbit) got his feet into the mitten. (T3) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N-ita?-f-ya?tita?- give someone a ride, transport someone, put into. DERIVED BASES: -atita?a?nh- go to get in; -athahita?- go down a road, travel down a road. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ita?-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect and the imperative, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-A is replaced by -A?. -atita?a?nh- v.m. go to get in. katita ?fi·nhe? I'm going to get in, latita ?fi·nhe? he's going to get in. wa ?katita ?fi·nha? I'm going there to get in. • Tsi? ka·yil· latita ?fi·nhe? tyo ?slehtti·kat yo?nisku ?uhati! The train he's going to ride in is late. COMPOSED OF: -atita?- get in, put into for oneself, -?nh- dislocative. NOTE: The? of the ?nh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atiw- v.a. become thin. wa ?ka·tfwe? I became thin, wa?u·tiwe? she became thin, Aka-tiwe? I'm going to get thin. With s- repetitive: sayu·tfwe? she got thin again. • Wa ?u·tiwe? tsi? na·ye? wa?akonuhwaktA?. She became thin while she was sick. DERIVED BASES: -atatiwast- make oneself thin. NOTE: Related to the stative base -atiwA- be thin. -atiwA- v.s. be thin. wakatiwi\ I'm thin, yakotiwi\ she's thin, lotiwi\ he's thin. Pre-pausal: loti·w!f.. Stative past: wakatiwA·hne· I was thin (at one time), yakotiwA·hne·

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she was thin, lotiwA·hne· he was thin. Future stative: Ayakotiw.Ahake? she will be thin, Ahotiw.Ahake? he will be thin. With t- cislocative: ne· tyakotiw.A she's the skinniest. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -atiwA?uhatye- be getting thin. NOTE: Related to the active base -atiw- become thin. -atiwA?uhatye- v.m. be getting thin. wakatiwA ?uhati? I'm getting thin, lotiwA ?uhati? he's getting thin, yakotiwA ?uhati? she's getting thin. With s- repetitive: shotiwA ?uhati 7 he's getting thin again. • N A shotiWA ?uhati? ne· tsi? yah akwah te?shatekhu·nihe?. He's getting thin because he's not eating much. COMPOSED OF: -atiwA- be thin, -?u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atiwA?uhati- before a final?. -at-N-iyost- v.a. make something good for oneself. With -nu?uhl- lawn, sod, scalp: lonatnu ?uhliy6stu they (m.) have made their lawns nice. With -tsist- fire, light: yakottsistiy6stu she has made a good fire, wahattsisti·y6ste? he made a good fire. And t- cislocative: takattsisti ·y6ste? I made a good fire there, tayuttsisti·y6ste? she made a good fire there. And n- partitive: nihottsistiy6stu he's making such a good fire. With -?sleht- vehicle: wa ?kate 7slehti·y6ste? I made my car nice. And t- cislocative: takate ?slehti ·y6ste? I made the nicest car. •Astehtsi? s wahatketsko? wahattsisti ·y6ste ?. He'd get up early in the morning, he'd make a real good fire. (Gl)

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N-iyo- be good, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES: -atahuhsiyostlisten carefully; -atkahliyost- focus one's sight, stare. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. .atkahkwalihsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. open one's eyes. tekatkahkwalfhsyus I open my eyes, tehatkahkwalfhsyus he opens his eyes. tewakatkahkwalihsi I have opened my eyes, my eyes are open, tehotkahkwalfhsi his eyes are open, teyakotkahkwalihsi her eyes are open. wa 7tkatkahkwalfhsi? I opened my eyes, wa ?thatkahkwalfhsi? he opened his eyes, wa ?tyutkahkwalihsi? she opened her eyes. tehsatkahkwalihsi Open your eyes! takA? tAhsatkahkwalfhsi Don't open your eyes! Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at- semireflexive, -kah- eye, -takwalihsyu-/ -kwalihsyu- straighten something. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkahkwalihsi- word-finally and before a final ?. .atkahkwek- plus te- dualic, v.a. close one's eyes. tekatkahkweks I keep closing my eyes. tewakatkahkweku I have closed my eyes. wa ?tkatkahkweke? I closed my eyes. tehsatkahkwek Close your eyes! Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .kahkwek- plus te- dualic, go blind. DERIVED BASES: .atkahkwekhuplus te- dualic, have closed eyes. .atkahkwekhu- plus te- dualic, v.a. have closed eyes.

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tewakatkahkwekhu? my eyes are closed, tehotkahkwekhu? his eyes are closed, teyakotkahkwekhu? her eyes are closed. COMPOSED OF: .atkahkwek- plus tedualic, close one's eyes, -hu- distributive.

.atkahkwilo?ok- plus te- dualic, v.a. blink. tekatkahkwilo ?oks I blink. wa ?fkatkahkwilo ?oke? I blinked, tAkatkahkwilo ?oke? I will blink. DERIVED BASES: .atkahkwilo?okhuplus te- dualic, blink off and on. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a component -kahkwilo?ok-, which may include the root -kah- eye, but the composition is unclear. A component -kahkwilo?ok- occurs also in okahkwilo?okta? eyelid. .atkahkwilo?okhu- plus te- dualic, v.a. blink off and on. tekatkahkwilo ?6khuhe? I'm blinking, tewatkahkwilo 76khuhe? it's blinking. • Yohetk.A·u thik.A o·tsiste? ne· ala· tewatkahkwilo ?6kh uhe?. That light is broken, that's why it's blinking now. COMPOSED OF: .atkahkwilo?okplus te- dualic, blink, -hu- distributive.

-atkahliyost- v.a. focus one's sight, stare. lotkahliy6stu he's trying to see the best way he can, he's trying to focus on something, he's staring, yakotkahliy6stu she's trying to focus. wahatkahli ·y6ste? he focused, Ahatkahli·y6ste? he will focus. COMPOSED OF: -kahl- eye, hole, -at-N-iyost- make something good for oneself.

-atkahloklik- v.a. wink. wa ?katkahl6klike? I winked, wa 7utkahl6klike? she winked, wahatkahl6klike? he winked. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kahl- eye, hole, -N-oklik/-N-okli-/-N-klik-1-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up . DERIVED BASES: -atkahloklikswink at someone. -atkahlokliks- v.a. wink at someone. wahakwatkahl6klikse? he winked at me, wahiyatkahl6klikse? I winked at him. NOTE: Includes the base -atkahloklik- wink; otherwise the composition is unclear. -atkahlo?takwalut- v.s. have a boil. yakotkahlo7takwa·lute? she has a boil, lotkahlo 7takwa·lute? he has a boil. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump; otherwise the composition is unclear. .atkahlut- plus te- dualic, v.s. be wearing glasses. tewakatka·lute? I'm wearing glasses, teyakotka·lute? she's wearing glasses, tehotka·lute? he's wearing glasses. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -kahl- eye, hole, -N-ut- attach, be attached. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkaht- see, fix one's sight on, look. See -atkatho-/-atkaht-. .atkahtunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. look around, look here and there. tehatkahtunyuhe? he's looking around here and there. tewakatkahtuni? I'm looking around, tehotkahtuni? he's looking around,

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teyakotkahtuni? she's looking around. wa ?fkatkahtuni? I looked around, wa ?fhatkahtuni? he looked around, Lthatkahtuni? he will look around. Aspect class: Bl. • Ne·n wa ?fkatkahtuni? thik.tl kanusku. So then I looked around inside the house. (MlO) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atkatho/-atkaht- see, fix one's sight on, look, -unyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: .atkahtunyutyeplus te- dualic, go along looking around. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkahtuni- before a final ?. .atkahtunyutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along looking around. tewakatkahtunyuti? I'm looking around as I'm going along, tehotkahtunyuti? he's looking all around while he's going along. COMPOSED OF: .atkahtunyu- plus tedualic, look around, look here and there, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkahtunyuti- before a final ?. .atkalahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. get credit. tekatkalakhwa? I get credit. tewakatkalahkwA I have gotten credit. wa ?fkatka·lahkwe? I got credit, tAkatka·lahkwe? I will get credit. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- value, worth, .hkw-/.ehkw-/ .ya?tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. -at-N-kalatat- v.a. raise up, lift up for oneself. With -wis- ice, glass, window: yukwatwisakalatatu we have the window raised up, wa ?katwisakala·ttite? I raised my

window up. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -halatat-/ -kalatat- raise up, lift up. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atkalayAtahkw- v.a. pawn. latkalayAtakhwa? he pawns it. lotkalayAtahkwA he has pawned it. wa?katkalayA·ttihkwe? I pawned it, AkatkalayA-ttihkwe? I will pawn it. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- value, worth, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. -atkalAhlakw- v.s. be at the corner of. tsi? yotkalAhlakwA at the corner. Aspect class: D. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kalAhlakw- turn in, turn a corner . DERIVED BASES: tsi? tyotnuhsakalAhlakwA at the corner of the house. NoTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kalAhlakw-. .atkalAhlu- plus te- dualic, v.a. swing, rock. tekatkal.tl·luhe? I swing or rock, teyutkal.tf·luhe? she's swinging or rocking, tewatkal.tf·luhe? she (z.) or it is rocking. tewakatkal.tf·lu? I'm swinging, tehotkal.tf·lu? he's swinging, teyotkal.tf·lu? she (z.) or it is swinging. wa ?fkatkal.tf·lu? I swung, I started to swing, wa ?fhatkal.tf·lu? he swung, tAwatkal.tf·lu? it will rock. Habitual past: tewakatkal.tl·luhkwe? I was swing-

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ing. Stative past: tehotkalAhlu·ne? he has been swinging. Future stative: tAhotkalAhluhake? he will be swinging. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .kalAhlu- plus te- dualic, rock, teeter. DERIVED BASES: .atkalAhlu?n- plus te- dualic, go to swing; teyutkalAhhikhwa? rocking chair, swing, hammock. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.atkalAhlu?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to swing. tekatkalAhlu·ne? I'm going to swing. tehotkalAhlu·nu he has gone to swing. wa ?tkatkalAhlu·na? I'm on my way to swing, tAkatkalAhlu ·na? I will go to swing. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: .atkalAhlu- plus tedualic, swing, rock, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atkalhateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. turn around. tekatkalhatenyehse? I keep turning around. tewakatkalhateni I have turned around. wa ?tkatkalhate·ni- I turned around. With s- repetitive: tusakatkalhate·ni- I turned around again, tusahatkalhate·ni- he turned around again. With t- cislocative: tutahatkalhate·ni· he turned back around this way. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .kalhateny- plus te- dualic, turn something or someone around. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

-atkalhatenya ?t-/ -atya?takalhatenya?t- v.a. roll. katya ?takalhatenycHha? I roll. yotkalhatenya·tu it's rolling (e.g., someone pushed it, so that it comes out rolling) . wa ?katya ?takalhatenyahte? I'm rolling, I rolled, wa ?utya ?takalhatenyahte? she's rolling, wahatya ?takalhatenyahte? he's rolling, utkalhatenyahte? it rolled, Akatya ?takalhatenyahte? I will roll. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kalhatenya?t- make something roll. DERIVED BASES:

-atkalhatenya?ta?n- go rolling; -atkalhatenya ?tuhatye-/ -atya?takalhatenya?tuhatye- roll along. NOTE: The alternant -atya?takalhatenya?t- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The ? of the ?t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables . -atkalhatenya?ta?n- v.m. go rolling. utkalhatenya ?ta·na? it's on its way rolling. COMPOSED OF: -atkalhatenya?t-/ -atya?takalhatenya?t- roll, -?ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkalhatenya ?tuhatye-/ -atya?takalhatenya?tuhatye- v.m . roll along. yotkalhatenya ?tuhtiti? it's going along rolling away, lotya ?takalhatenya ?tuhati? he's rolling along, wakatya ?takalhatenya ?tuhati? I'm rolling away. With t- cislocative: tayotkalhatenya ?tuhati? it's rolling

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this way. With y- translocative: tho nukwa· yahutkalhatenya ?fuhati? it's rolling that direction. COMPOSED OF: -atkalhatenya?t-/ -atya?takalhatenya?t- roll, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: The alternant -a ty a? takalha ten y a ?tuhatye- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. Many speakers have -atkalhatenya?tuhati- and -atya ?takalhatenya ?tuhati- before a final ? .

-atkalhatho- v.a. turn over, roll over, tip over, flip over. latkalhathos he's turning over (intentionally), wakatkalhtithos I keep tipping or flipping over (accidentally). wa ?katkalhtitho? I turned over or rolled over, utkalhtitho? it rolled over, wahotkalhatho? he flipped over, wa ?ukyatkalhtitho? we tipped over. With -huwey-/-huw- black ash, boat: wahothuwakalhtitho? he tipped over in the boat, wa ?ukwathuwakalhatho? we tipped over in the boat. With -?sleht- vehicle: ukwate ?slehtakalhtitho? I got turned over in the vehicle, the vehicle turned over on me, wa ?ukwate ?slehtakalhatho? we turned over in our vehicle. And tcislocative: tayukwate ?slehtakalhatho? there our vehicle turned over. • Ukwate ?slehtakalhatho? khtile? thik£ ono·la· kwah tsi? ok ya?kutityenuti ?. It (the sleigh) turned over with me in it, and the rugs just went flying all over. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow.

DERIVED BASES:

-atshiniko?takalhatho- turn one's ankle. NOTE: The meaning 'turn over, roll over' occurs with agent prefixes, the meaning 'tip over, flip over' occurs with patient prefixes. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kalhatho-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. .atkali?se- plus te- dualic, v.s. be in debt. tekatkali·se I'm always in debt (e.g., I owe on an Eaton's card), tehatkali·se he's in debt, teyutkali·se she's in debt. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and the noun base -kal- value, worth; otherwise the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkalot- v.a. owe. katkal6tha? I'm owing it (e.g., money, a favour). wakatka·l6te? I owe, lotka-l6te? he owes. wa ?katkalo·t£· I owed, Akatkalo·t£· I will owe. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- value, worth, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. -atkalowanA- v.s. owe lots. wakatkalowan£ I owe lots (e.g., a large amount of money, a big favour), lotkalowan£ he owes lots, yakotkalowan£ she owes lots. Prepausal: yakotkalowa-ni_. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- value, worth, -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big. -atkaluni-/-atkaluny- v.a. make up a story. wakatkaluni I have made up

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a story. wa ?katkalu·ni- I made up a story. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- story, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: -atkalunyanyumake up stories. NOTE: The alternant -atkalunyoccurs before derivational suffixes.

-atkalunyanyu- v.a. make up stories. katkalunyfmyuhe? I'm making up stories. wa ?katkalunyani? I made up stories. With thy- contrastiYe and translocative: thyeyutkalunyanyuhe? she's just making up stories there. COMPOSED OF: -atkaluni-/ -atkaluny- make up a story, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atkalunyani- before a final ?. -atkalya?kAni-/-atkalya?ks- v.a. get paid. lotkalya ?kA ·nihe? he's getting paid, lonatkalya ?kA ·nihe? they (m.) get paid. wakatkalya ?kAni I have gotten paid. ukwatkalya ?kse? I got paid, Awakatkalya ?kse? I will get paid. With s- repetitive: sayakotkalya ?kse? it paid her back, she had it coming to her. Aspect class: Al. • Tahnu· tsi? nuknehla·k6· e·s6· ukwatkalya ?kse?. And I was so surprised I got paid so much. (03) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kalya?kAni-/-kalya?ks- pay someone, pay off for someone, get somewhere. NOTE: The alternant -atkalya?kAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atkalya?ksoccurs in the punctual aspect. -atkanuni- v.a. become wealthy, prosperous, well-off. wakatkanuni

I'm wealthy, lotkanuni he's wealthy, yakotkanuni she's wealthy. Pre-pausal: yakotkanu·n[. Ahatkanu·ni· he will be wealthy. Stative past: lonatkanuni·hne· they (m.) were wealthy at one time. With n- partitive, and stative past: nihonatkanuni·hne· they (m.) were that wealthy at one time.

-atkatho-/-atkaht- v.a. see, fix one's sight on, look. katkathos I keep seeing it, yutkathos she or someone sees, lotkathos he sees him (from time to time), kheyatkathos I see her or them. wakatktithu I have seen it, etshatkathu you have seen him. wa ?katkatho? I see it, I saw it, wahsatkatho? you see it, you saw it, wahatkatho? he sees it, he saw it, wa ?akwatkatho? we (excl.) saw it, wa ?kutkatho? they (z.) saw it, Akatklitho? I will see it, Ahsatklitho? you will see it, Ayutklitho? she or someone will see it, Aswatklitho? you all will see it, ahsatkatho? you should see it, ahatklitho? he should see it, ayakwatklitho? we (excl.) should see it, ayesatklitho? she should see you. satkatho Look! Future stative: aukwatklithuke? I should have seen it, aesatkathuke? you should have seen it. With s- repetitive: sayukwatklitho? she saw me again. With t- cislocative: thakwatkathos he's looking my way, tisatklithu you have seen it there, utayutklitho? she should look there. With y- translocative: ya ?katkatho? I looked there, yahatkatho? he looked there, ya ?utklitho? she looked there, ya ?shakotkatho? he took a look at her. With n- partitive: nikatkathos how I see it. With te?- negative: yah te ?yakwatklithos we (excl.) don't

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see, yah te ?yukwatkathu we haven't seen it. With te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te ?shiyatkathos I don't see him anymore. With te?tnegative and cislocative: yah te ?tyakotkathu she didn't look in that direction. With tsh- coincident: tshihutkathos when they (m.) see, tshahatkatho? when he saw, tshahutkatho? when they (m.) saw, tsha ?ukwatkatho? when she or someone saw me. With thutacontrastive and cislocative: yah thutayutkatho? she wouldn't look that way, yah thutahuwatkatho? she won't look at him. Aspect class: E2. •Ne·n tshahatkatho? tsi? na ?fehahsi ?fowa·nA·se? thikA kwa ?yAha 6ksa? kAh nukwa· wahatkwihte?. So then when he saw how big the rabbit's feet were, he immediately moved over. (T3) DERIVED BASES: .atkahtunyu- plus te- dualic, look around, look here and there; -atkathohsliyo- be nicelooking. NOTE: The alternant -atkatho- is composed of a verb root -atkaht- plus the -ho- causative suffix, and the resulting hth cluster is replaced by th. The alternant -atkaht- occurs before the -unyu- distributive suffix. The final o of -atkatho- is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

-atkathohsliyo- v.s. be nice-looking. watkathohsliy6 it's nice-looking. Pre-pausal: watkathohsli·y£. With n- partitive: tsi? niwatkathohsliy6 it looks so good. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atkatho-/-atkahtsee, fix one's sight on, look, -hslnominalizer, -N-iyo- be good. -atka?tshyu- v.a. come undone. watka·tshyus it comes undone.

yotka·tshi it has come undone. utka·tshi? it came undone. With srepetitive: sutka·tshi? it came undone again. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ka?tshyu- undo, take apart. NOTE: The ? of the ?tshy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Many speakers have -atka?tshi- word-finally and before a final ?. -atkehlu- v.a. prepare for sale, peddle. katke·luhe? I'm doing something about selling it. wakatke-lu? I have something for sale. watke-lu? it's for sale. wa ?katke·lu? I had something for sale, I peddled it, Akatke·lu? I will have something for sale. With t- cislocative: thonatke·lu? there they (m.) have something for sale. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kehlu- put things here and there. DERIVED BASES: -atkehluhn- go to sell. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. This base can also be used to refer to the act of selling oneself (talking about a prostitute). -at-N-kehlu- v.a. put things here and there for oneself. With -ashe?nut-/ -ashe?nutsl- basket: yakotashe ?nutslake·lu? she has baskets spread around. With -tshe- I -tshe?t- bottle, jar, quart: yakotetshe ?fake-lu? she has jars or bottles spread around. • Th6 kwf- ne· thikA ke·yale? aks6tha yakotetshe ?fake ·l u ? s w£· tti·t i·yelhe? atsfe? wf- usayu·tu· tsi? niwahsu-tes. I remember also that my grandmother had all these containers spread around in case she wanted to go outside (i.e., to the

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bathroom) during the night. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -kehlu- put things here and there. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-atkehluhn- v.m. go to sell. yutkehlu·hne· she has come here to sell it. wa ?utkehlu·hnd· she's going there to sell it, Akatkehlu·hnd· I will go somewhere to sell it. COMPOSED OF: -atkehlu- prepare for sale, peddle, -hn- dislocative. -atkehtat- v.a. put a burden on one's back. latkehtats he puts a burden on his back. lotkehtatu he has a burden on his back. wahatkehtate? he put a burden on his back. With -hle?nbundle: wahathle ?nakehtate? he put a bundle (his belongings) on his back. With -nuto?tsl- box: wahatnuto ?tslakehtate? he put a box on his back. With -yal- bag, sack: latyalakehtats he puts a bag on his back, lotyalakehtatu he has put a bag on his back, wahatyalakehtate? he put a bag on his back. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -keht(e)-/-keht(u)- have a burden on one's back, -t- causative-inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -atlihwakehtattake over a burden. NoTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kehtat-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. .atket- plus te- dualic, v.a. scratch oneself. tekatke·tds I'm scratching

myself, tehatke·tds he's scratching himself, teyutke·tds she's scratching herself. tewakatketu I have scratched myself. wa ?tkdtkete? I scratched myself, tAkatkete? I will scratch myself. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .ket- plus te- dualic, scrape back and forth, scratch.

-atketskw- v.a. get up. katketskwas I keep getting up, latketskwas he gets up. wakatketskwA I have gotten up, I'm up, lotketskwA he has gotten up. wa ?katketsko? I got up, wahatketsko? he got up, wa ?utketsko? she got up, wa ?akyatketsko? we two (excl.) got up, wahyatketsko? the two (m.) got up, wa ?kyatketsko? the two (z.) got up, wa ?akwatketsko? we (excl.) got up, Akatketsko? I will get up, akatketsko? I should get up. satketsko Get up! With s- repetitive: sayutketsko? she got back up again. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?katketsko? when I got up. With th- contrastive: yah thahatketsko? he didn't get up. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: wa ?kalahsi ?taketsko? I raised my foot. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: katnAtshaketskwas I'm putting my arm up, wakatnAtshaketskwA I have my arm up, wa ?katnAtshaketsko? I raised my arm. And n- partitive: tsi? nu· na ?utnAtshaketsko? whenever she raised her arm. Aspect class: D3. •Astehtsi? kati? wi- kwdh tsi? niku wa ?katketsko? khdle? "dtskwe ndhte? wesaslAhtaksA? skabe·bis" kwi· yukna ?tukhwa?. In the morning when I got up and (she said) "well what did you dream about 'skabebis'," that's what she called me. (Vl)

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COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ketskw- raise up to a vertical position, put on an affair. DERIVED BASES: .atketskwaht- plus t- cislocative, get up quickly; .ani?taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, flip over, get upside down; .atlu?taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, somersault. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the sernireflexive and -ketskw-, and the semireflexive altemant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

.atketskwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. get up quickly. tyutketskwtitha? she jumps up. tayutketskwahte 7 she got up quickly. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atketskw- get up, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: tyutketskwatha? atya·tawi?t housecoat, robe. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atke?tot- v.a. bring oneself into sight, look in or out. latke ?f6tha? he's bringing himself into sight, he's looking or peering in. lotkdofe? he's looking in. wahatke ?fo·t.A· he looked in, he made himself visible, wa7ukwatke7to·tA· she looked in on me, she stopped by to see me, wahiyatke ?fo·t.A· I looked in on him. Habitual past: lotke?fo·tahkwe? he was looking in. With t- cislocative: tkatke ?f6tha? I keep looking in or out of it, thatke ?f6tha? he keeps looking in or out of it (towards me or my direction where he and I, or some other reference point, are located on different sides of whatever is being looked through), twakatke·tofe? I'm looking in or out of it, thotkdote?

he's looking in or out of it, tahatke?fo·t.A· he looked in or out of it, tayutke?fo·t.A· she looked in or out of it, tahakwatke ?fo·t.A· he looked in on me, he came by to see me. Withytranslocative: yekatke7t6tha? I keep looking in or out of it, yehatke ?f6tha? he keeps looking in or out of it (away from me where he and I, or some other reference point, are located on the same side of whatever is being looked through), yewakatke-tote? I'm looking in or out of it, yehotke-tote 7 he's looking in or out of it, ya ?katke ?fo·t.A· I looked in or out of it, yahatke ?fo·t.A· he looked in or out of it, ya ?ufke ?fo·t.A· she looked in or out of it, ya ?kheyatke ?fo·t.A· I looked in on her, yahetshatke ?fo·t.A· you looked in on him, yAkatke?fo·tA· I will look in or out of it, y11hatke ?fo·t.A· he will look in or out of it, ya·hatke 7to·t.A· he should look in or out of it. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusakatke ?fo·t.A· I looked in again. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: wa ?kalahsi ?fake ?fo·t.A· I stuck my foot out. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: katnAtshake ?f6tha? I keep sticking my arm out. And te- dualic: wa ?fkatnAtshake ?fo·t.A· I stuck my arm out. Aspect class: F. • KA? nukwa· lotke-tote?. Here he is, he showed up. Kwtih n.A tayutke ?fo·t.A· lohs6tha tsi? tsyohsuhtakti·lute?. Right then his

grandmother looked out of the window. (T3) Tahothahittikhe? thik.A skAhnaksA? wahatyd.A· kAh wa ?nyanaw.A·tslayA ?, nA kwf- th6 yahatke ?fo·tk A fox came along the

road (and) he happened upon the mitten lying there, so he peered into it. (T3) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ke?tot- be sticking out, be showing or

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peeking through. DERIVED BASES: .atke?totunyu- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, several look in or out of; yutke?totakhwa? mirror. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ke?tot-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.atke?totunyu- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. several look in or out of. thutke ?fotunyuhe? they (m.) are looking in or out of it, yehutke?totunyuhe? they (m.) are looking in or out of it. tahutke ?fotuni? they (m.) looked in or out of it, yahutke ?fotuni? they (m.) looked in or out of it. With tetdualic and cislocative: tethutke ?fotunyuhe? they (m.) are looking back out. • Nt?- s kwt ne· thik£ n£ tyolihAhse? th6 tethutke ?fotunyuhe? thik£ tsikwil£·tu? yakona ?fsihale ?. After the water starts boiling, the squirrels are looking back at you as she's cooking (them). (Vl) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or ytranslocative, -atke?tot- bring oneself into sight, look in or out, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atke?totuni- before a final ?. -atkA- v.s. be rotten, be spoiled. y6tkA it's rotten, it's spoiled. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Occurs also as an active base. -atkA- v.a. rot, spoil. y6tkAhse? it's rotting, it's spoiling. yotk£·u it has spoiled, it has gone bad. wa ?6fkA? it rotted, Ay6tkA? it will rot. With

-nu ?t- milk, breast: yonu ?ftitkAhse? the milk is going bad (sour). With -?wahl- meat: yo ?wahltitkAhse? the meat is spoiling, yo ?wahlatk£·u the meat has spoiled. Aspect class: C3. DERIVED BASES: yonekwalatkAhse? cheese. NOTE: Occurs also as a stative base.

atkAhanyaks V > N handkerchief. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, a verbal component -nyak-, and -s habitual. The component -nyak- occurs also in -atestalo?kwanyak- put on a necklace. atkAhanyutakhwa? V > N apron. COMPOSED OF: -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -at-N-nyut-1-at-N-niyutsuspend for oneself, hang for oneself, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. -atkAhatu- v.a. quilt. yutk£hatuhe? she's quilting. yakotk£hatu? she has quilted. wa ?katk£hatu? I quilted. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -N-atuconstruct out of something. -atkAhla?t- v.a. let go of, stop doing, quit, leave someone. wakatkAhltUu I have let it go, I stopped doing it, I quit, yukwatkAhla·tu we have stopped. wa?katk£·lahte? I stopped doing it, wahatk£·lahte? he stopped, utk£·lahte? it quit, wa ?akwatk£·lahte? we (excl.) quit, wahutk£·lahfe? they (m.) quit, wahiyatk£·lahte? I let him go, I left him there, Akatk£·lahte? I will quit, Ayakwatk£·lahfe? we (excl.) will quit, Ahutk£·lahte? they (m.) will quit, akatk£·lahte? I should quit, aetwatk£·lahte? we (incl.) should quit. satk£·laht Quit that! takA?

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Aswatk.tl·laht You all, don't quit! Stative past: wakatkAhla ?tu ·ne? I had stopped (but I began again). With y- translocative: yAyukwatk.tl·lahte? they will leave me there. With ny- partitive and translocative: th6 nu· nya ?ukwatk.tl·lahte? that's where they left me, nyAshakonatk.tl·lahte? where they (m.) will leave her or them. With th- contrastive: yah thahutk.tl·lahte? they (m.) won't quit. • Utk.tl·lahte? tsi? yota?kl6kwA. It stopped snowing. Ne· kati? wi· ka?ik.tl wahA·nelhe? kwi· nA n6k Awa-tu· wahutk.tl·lahte? ka?ik.tl tsi? ty6tkut tehoti·y.tl· k.tl·. So then they thought they have to quit gambling all the time. (M5) DERIVED BASES: .atkAhla?t- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, let go of, release, give out, donate. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atkAhla?t- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. let go of, release, give out, donate. thatkAhla·tha? he gives it out, he donates it, tyutkAhla·tha? she gives it out. twakatkAhla·tu I have given it out. tahatk.tl·lahte? he gave it up, he let it go (out of his hands), tahiyatk.tl·lahte? over there I let him go, I let him off, yahatk.tl·lahte? he left it there, he let her (z.) off there, yahiyatk.tl·lahte? I left him there, Atkatk.tl·lahte? I will give it up or out. With tha?tet- contrastive, dualic and cislocative: yah tha ?fetwakatkAhla·tu I didn't give

it up (back) again, yah tha ?fethotkAhla·tu he didn't give it back again. Aspect class: El. • N A kwi- ne· ka ?ik.tl uhka? ki? uhte wi- tahatk.tl·lahte? matches, nA kwi· wahattistu·t.tl· kwi- wahahlo·t.tl·. So then someone must have given over matches, and then he lit up (and) he smoked. (M5) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or ytranslocative, -atkAhla?t- let go of, stop doing, quit, leave someone. DERIVED BASES: .atkAhla?tahkwplus t- cislocative or y- translocative, let go of quickly; .atkAhla?ta?n- plus t- cislocative, intend to donate. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .atkAhla?tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. let go of quickly. ya?katkAhla·tahkwe? I let go of it in a hurry, takatkAhla ·tahkwe? I quickly let it go over there. COMPOSED OF: .atkAhla?t- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, let go of, release, give out, donate, -hkwinstrumental. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atkAhla?ta?n- plus t- cislocative, v.m. intend to donate. tkatkAhla ?fd·ne? I'm going to donate it.

• Othe·tsli? ni- tkatkAhla ?ta·ne?. I'm going to donate flour. COMPOSED OF: .atkAhla?t- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, let go of, release, give out, donate, -?ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkAnisa?- v.a. hold a meeting. lutbmisa ?as they (m.) keep having meetings. lonatkAnisu? they (m.) have a meeting. wahutkAnisane? they (m.) had a meeting. Stative past: lonatkAnisu ?u·ne? they (m.) had a meeting. With tsh- coincident: tshiyukwatkAnisu? when we had a meeting. With thusa- contrastive and repetitive: yah mihte? thusahutkAnisane? they (m.) won't have another meeting. Aspect class: E5.

have a Box Social; tethutk.\nyehse? fair; tethutkAnye·tha? fairgrounds. NOTE: The alternant .atkAnyeoccurs before the -?t- causative suffix, the alternant .atkAny- occurs elsewhere. This base includes the tedualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a verb root -kAny-/-kAnye-. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and the root, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The root -kAny- occurs without the semireflexive in .?nikuhlakAny- plus tedualic, persuade, make up someone's mind. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of .atkAny- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of .atkAny- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

• T6hka? ok niyukwe-take nyahotike·tohte? kwa?ahsu·te· tshiyukwatkAnisu ?, n6k tsi? kAtyohkowanA·ne? ki? ne·n tsi? tethutbingo. Just a few people showed up last night when we had a meeting, but there was a big crowd at the bingo. NOTE: Probably includes the alternant -isa?- of the verb base -hsa?-/ -isa?- finish; but the composition is unclear. The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?.

.atkASl-/.atkAsel- plus te- dualic, v.a. peel. tewatkAslus it's peeling (e.g., dry or chapped skin, paint). wa ?twatkA ·sele? it peeled, fAwatkA ·sele? it will peel. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something. NOTE: The alternant .atkAsl- occurs in the habitual aspect, .atkAseloccurs in the punctual aspect .

. atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus te- dualic, v.a. compete, go to a fair. tehatkAnyehse? he competes, tetwatkAnyehse? we (incl.) are going to the fair, tehutkAnyehse? they (m.) compete. tehotkAni he has competed. wa ?thatkA ·ni· he competed, tAtwatkA"ni· we (incl.) will compete, we will go to the fair. Aspect class: E4. DERIVED BASES: .anityohkwakAnyplus te- dualic, vote, elect; .atlihwakAny- plus te- dualic, argue; .atnuto?tslakAny- plus te- dualic,

-atkA?se-/-atkA?s- v.a. examine, look to find out, tell the future. katkA·sehe? I'm examining it, shakotkA·sehe? he examines her or them, he tells their fortune. wa ?katkAhse? I examined it, wahatkAhse? he's looking to find what's wrong, wa ?shak6tkAhse? he's examining her, AkatkAhse? I will look, akatkAhse? I should look, ashak6tkAhse? he should examine her or them, ahuwAnatkAhse? she or someone should examine them (m.) . katkAhs Let me see, let me examine

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it! • WahatkAhse? tkaydf· k11 tsi? teskakhani?. He went to see if it was all right the-way it was put together. Kwah s ke·yale? thik11 swatyel11 uhka? Ok Wf- nahte? tho WahA ·newe? wi- lA·nelhe? wf· ashak6tkAhse?. I just remember that sometimes someone would come there, they wanted him to tell them their fortune. (02) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, ·kA- see, have eyesight, catch sight of, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: -atkA?se?n- go to examine, go to see or look into; ·atkA?senyu- examine, look through here and there; shakotkA:sehe? seer, dreamer, fortuneteller. NOTE: The alternant -atkA?seoccurs in the habitual aspect and before derivational suffixes, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atkA ?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -atkA?senyu- v.a. examine, look through here and there. kafkA ?senyuhe? I'm looking at these things (e.g., in a catalogue), yutkA ?senyuhe? she's looking through it. wakatkA ?seni? I have looked through it, I have examined it. wa ?utkA ?seni? she looked through it. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atkA?se-/·atkA?sexamine, look to find out, tell the future, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atkA?seni- before a final?. -atkA?se?n- v.m. go to examine, go to see or look into. kafkA ?se·ne? I'm going to look into it, I came to see, latkA ?se·ne? he's here to see,

sheyatkA ?se·ne? you're here to see her or them. kafkA ?se·nehse? I look into it, liyatkA ?se·nehse? I keep going to see him. wakatkA ?s{nu I have gone to look into it. wahiyatkA ?se·na? I'm going to see him, wa ?akotkA ?se·na? she (z.) is going to see her, wa ?shakotkA ?se·na? he's going to see her, AkatkA ?s{na? I will go and look into it, AhatkA ?se·na? he's going to go and see her (z.) or it, akatkA ?se·na? I should go and see it, akheyatkA ?se·na? I should go and see her or them. katkA?se·na Letmego see! Stative past: wakatkA ?sehnu·hne· I have gone to look into it, sheyatkA ?sehnu·hne· you went to see her. With t- cislocative: tesatkA ?se·nu you have come to see it, tahatkA ?se·na? he's coming to look it over, utayesatkA ?se·na? they should come to see you, tasatkA ?se·na Come and see it! Aspect class: H. • Wah11·lu? wi- thik11 la?slu·ni"katkA?se·ne?" wah11·lu? "nahte? ni·y6t tsi? tsyahyakwas." He said, that white man, "I've come to see," he said, "how the two of you are doing at picking berries." (M2) COMPOSED OF: -atkA?se-/-atkA?sexamine, look to find out, tell the future, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The -?n- dislocative is replaced by the -hn- dislocative in the stative past. The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkA?slahkw- v.a. put something under oneself. lotkA ?slahkwA he has something under him (e.g., a pillow). wahatk11·slahkwe? he put it under himself (his head), Akatk11·slahkwe? I will put it under (my head).

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• "N6k Awa·tu· ne· Akatk£·slahkwe? k£·, th6 n£twe? k£· akesl£htaku, nAt we? thik£ tsi? ntihte? AWakeslAhtakSA? nahte? Ayakoya ?takenha?." "I must put this under me (my pillow), there it'll come in my dream, it'll come to me in my dream what will help her." (M7) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive -kA ?slahkw- use to wedge under- ' neath. DERIVED BASES: yunitskwakA?sJa.khwa? cushion saddle. ' NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kA?slahkw-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. A variant of this base probably occurs in atku?slakhwa? and yutku?slakhwa? pillow.

atk6lya?t N cornbread paddle, ladle. Pre-pausal: atk6lyaht. •Atk6lya?t £hsatste? takA? aku·lat kana·talok, akune·take?. You should use a cornbread paddle so that the breads (cornbreads) don't lie down, they should be standing upright. (R2) -atku-/-atku?sl- n. snake. 6tku? snake. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: niwatku·sla? the snake is such a size. •A?e· niwatku·sla? thik£ wa?katkatho? wate·seJe?. The snake that I saw crawling this big. NOTE: The alternant -atku- occurs in the basic noun form The alternant -atku?sl- is the incorporating form, and the ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -atukwe?tatku- have unusual powers, be able to see the future, be a

ms

mind reader; and the exclamation 6tkuhte Oh gosh! Darn! .atkuhsayelunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. make a face. tehatkuhsayelunyuhe? he's making faces. tehotkuhsayeluni? he's making a face, teyakotkuhsayeluni? she's making a face. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kuhs-/-kuks- face, mask, .yelunyuplus te- dualic, do something to, fool, trick, decorate. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkuhsayeluni- before a final ?. .atkustu?lhalatst- plus te- dualic, v.a. grow a beard or mustache. tehotkustu ?lhalatstu he has grown a beard or mustache. wa ?thatkustu·lhalatste? he grew a beard or mustache. • Wahsnu ·wene? k£ tehotkustu ?[halatstu. Do you like that mustache he grew? COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .kustu?lhal- plus te- dualic, have a beard or mustache, -tst- causative. NOTE: The? of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkustu?lhya?k- v.a. shave. latkustu·lhya ?ks he's shaving. lotkustu ?lhya·ku he has shaved. wahatkustu·lhyahke? he shaved. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -kustu?lh- beard mustache, -at-N-ya?k- detach, s~ver, break, cut for oneself. NOTE: The ? of the ?lhy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

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-atkut- v.s. pick on someone. shak6tkute 7 he's picking on her, lakwatkute? he's picking on me, shakomitkute 7 they (m.) are picking on her. Aspect class: F. .atkut- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.a. go or leave for good, pass on. ya?thatku·t£· he has gone for good (and he's not coming back), he died. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .kut- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, be taken by, be overcome by something. .atkutahkw- plus y- translocative, v.a. keep going on. yehatkutakhwa? he just keeps going on. yehotkutcihkwA he has just kept going on. yahatku·tahkwe 7 he just kept going on. Aspect class: Dl. • YehotkutahkwA yah newAtu tha 7tethawe·n!J.. He just kept going when he left. NOTE: Composed of they- translocative prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a component -kutahkw-, which occurs also in .kutahkw- plus t- cislocative or ya?te- translocative and dualic, persist, keep going on. In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. -atkuwat- v.a. have sex, copulate. wahyatku·wtite? the two (m.) had sex, aetyatku·wtite? you and I (incl.) should have sex. .atku?klAhtu- plus te- dualic, v.s. be frowning. tewakatku ?kl£htu I'm frowning, tehotku ?kl£htu he's frowning, teyakotku ?kl£htu she's frowning. Aspect class: A. -atku?sl- snake. See -atku-/-atku?sl-. atku?slakhwa? N pillow. NOTE: Possibly composed of the

verb base -atkA?slahkw- put something under oneself, and -ha? habitual. However, in all of our sources the word for 'pillow' has the vowel u, rather than the vowel A which occurs in -atkA ?slahkw-. See also yutku?slakhwa?, another word for 'pillow'.

.atkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. dance. tekatkwa? I dance, tehtitkwa? he dances, teyutkwa? she dances. tewaktitkwA I'm dancing, teh6tkwA he's dancing, teyak6tkwA she's dancing. Habitual past: tektitkwahkwe? I used to dance, tehutkwahkwe? they (m.) were dancing. Stative past: tewakatkw£·ne? I have danced. DERIVED BASES: .atkwa? plus tedualic, be a dancer; .atkwa?n- plus tedualic, go to dance; .atkwAhatyeplus te- dualic, go along dancing. NOTE: Occurs only in the habitual and stative aspects. Compare .nunyahkw- plus te- dualic, which occurs only in the punctual aspect. -at-N-kwalihsyu- be straight, be level, have good posture. See -attakwalihsyu-1-at-N-kwalihsyu-. -a tkwanah tAni -/-atkwanah tA- v .a. rape someone. shakotkwanahtA ·nihe? he rapes her. wa ?shakotkwanahtA? he raped her. NOTE: Possibly composed of the -atsemireflexive, the alternant -kwanof the verb base -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)be big, the -ht- causative suffix, and the -Ani- I -A- benefactive suffix. The alternant -atkwanahtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -atkwanahtAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -atkwatakw- v.a. become well-off, prosper. latkwatakwas he's working at becoming well-off.

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wakatkwatakwA I have become well-off. wa ?katkwata·k6· I became well-off, I prospered, Akatkwata·k6· I will become well-off, Ahatkwata·k6· he will become welloff. Stative past: wakatkwatakwLf·ne? I had become wealthy. With n- partitive: nahyatkwata·k6· how well-off the two (m.) became. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kwat- be well-off, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atkwa? plus te- dualic, v.a. be a dancer. teyutkwa? (she's a) dancer, tehatkwa? (he's a) dancer. COMPOSED OF: .atkw- plus tedualic, dance, -ha? habitual. .atkwa?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to dance. teyutkwa·ne? she's going to dance, tehutkwa·ne? they (m.) are going to dance. wa ?fyutkwa·na? she's on her way to dance, tAyutkwa·na? she will go to dance. • Tehutkwa·ne? kLf kanuhseshne Ay6 ·kalawe?. Are they going to dance at the Longhouse tonight? COMPOSED OF: .atkw- plus tedualic, dance, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkweny- v.a. win. latkwenyehse? he wins. lotkweni he has won. wahatkwe·ni· he won, wahsatkwe·ni- you won, wahutkwe·ni- they (m.) won, Ahatkwe·ni- he will win, Akutkwe·ni- they (z.) will win. With s- repetitive: sahutkwe·nithey (m.) won again. With ytranslocative: yehotkweni over there he has won. With n- partitive:

na ?katkwe·ni- I really won. With te?- negative: yah te?yonatkweni they (z.) didn't win. Aspect class: E4. • Yah kwi- na? fe?yonatkweni kwa ?ahsu ·te· tekuttsihkwa·ekskwe? n6k tsi? yukwalha-le· tsi? Ay6·kalawe? nLf ya?ta-u·te? tsi? Akutkwe·nf.. Well, they (z.) didn't win the game last night but we're ready tonight, so now they're bound to win. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kweny-1-kwenyA-/-kwenye- be able to, beat at. DERIVED BASES: -atkwenyuhatyebe winning; -atlihwatkweny- win an argument or debate. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atkwenyest- v.s. be a perfectionist. wakatkwenyest I'm a perfectionist, I want the best, lotkwenyest he's a perfectionist, yakotkwenyest she's a perfectionist. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kweny-/-kwenyA-1-kwenye- be able to, beat at, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES:

-atA?nikuhlakwenyest- be picky, be choosy, be very particular. NoTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -atkwenyest-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atkwenyuhatye- v.m. be winning. lonatkwenyuhati? they (m.) are winning. •NLf ka?ikLf tsi?kla?wfstal, nLf a?e· nukwa· nahahkwata·se· th6 nukwa· lonatkwenyuhati ?. So there was this bat, he would go around to the side

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where they were winning. (RC) COMPOSED OF: -atkweny- win, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atkwenyuhati- before a final ?.

the resulting thk cluster is replaced by tk. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

.at-N-kwe?nuni- plus te- dualic, be round, be a circle. See .athwe?nuni-/ .at-N-kwe?nuni- plus te- dualic.

-atkwi?tuhatye- v.m. move along, edge up. lotkwi ?fuhati? he's edging closer, moving along bit by bit. wahotkwi ?fuhtiti? he moved along bit by bit. COMPOSED OF: -atkwi?t- move over, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atkwi?tuhati- before a final ?.

-atkwe?talu- v.a. for a chunk or piece to get removed. yotkwe·talu a chunk, piece or chip has gotten removed. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kwe?talu-/-kwe?tal- cut out a piece or chunk. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along dancing. tewakatkwAhtiti? I go along dancing. • N A ki? ok ale? wi- tutaktAsttHsyahte? tewakatkwAhati! So then I would jump up (and) go dancing. (Pl) COMPOSED OF: .atkw- plus tedualic, dance, -A stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkwAhati- before a final?. -atkwi?t- v.a. move over. katkwz.tha? I move over. wahatkwihte? he moved over, wahyatkwihfe? the two (m.) moved over, wahutkwihfe? they (m.) moved over. satkwiht Move over! With t- cislocative: tahatkwihte? he moved over this way. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hkwi?t- move something or someone over. DERIVED BASES: -atkwi?tuhatyemove along, edge up. NOTE: This base is composed of the -at- semireflexive and -hkwi?t-, and

-atlahti-/-atlahti?tsl- v. > n. sock, stocking. atlahti? sock, stocking. akwatlahfi? my sock or stocking, satlahti? your sock, laotlahti? his sock, akotlahti? her sock, aotlahti? her (z.) or its sock. With -shuha collective clitic: akwatlahfi?shuha my socks. With-es- I -us- be long: watlahtz.tsles the stockings are long. With .eshal.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short: kA? niwatlahti ?fslesha the socks are short. With -halani- I -halhahs- I -ihalani- I -ihalhahs- hang up for someone: wa ?kuyatlahti ?fslihalhahse? I hung up a stocking for you (e.g., at Christmas). With .hna?neta?-1 .neta?- plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double: wa ?fkatlahti ?fslanetane? I put on two pairs of socks. With -nohalenyu1-ohalenyu- wash several: yutlahti ?fslohalenyuhe? she's washing socks. With -yAta?- get, obtain, and s- repetitive: Ashotlahti?tslayA ·tane? he will get (new) socks again. DERIVED BASES: .atlahti?tslut- plus te- dualic, put on socks. NOTE: The alternant -atlahti-

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occurs in the basic noun form, the possessed forms, and in the form with the collective clitic. The alternant -atlahti?tsl-, with the -?tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. The 7 of -atlahti7tsl- is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atlahti?tslut- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on socks. tekatlahti ?tslutha? I'm putting on socks, tekheyatlahti ?tslutha? I'm putting socks on her. tewakatlahti-tslute? I have socks on, tehotlahti-tslute? he has socks on, teyakotlahti-tslute? she has socks on. wa ?fkatlahti?tslu·t.A· I put my socks on, wa ?fekheyatlahti ?tslu·t.A· I put socks on her, tAkatlahti?tslu·t.A· I will put my socks on. tehsatlahti ?fslu ·t.A Put your socks on! Habitual past: tekatlahti ?fsluthahkwe? I used to wear socks, tewakatlahti?tslu·tahkwe? I had socks on. Future stative: tAwakatlahti?tslu·take? I will have socks on. With s- repetitive: teskatlahti ?tslutha? I'm putting my socks on again, tusakatlahti?tslu·t.A· I put my socks back on again. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atlahti-/ -atlahti?tsl- sock, stocking, -N-utattach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: .atlahti?tslutakwplus te- dualic, take off socks. NOTE: The 7 of the 7tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atlahti?tslutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. take off socks. tekatlahti ?fslutakwas I'm taking my socks off, tekheyatlahti ?fslutakwas I'm

taking her socks off her. wa ?fkatlahti?tsluta-k6· I took my socks off, wa ?fekheyatlahti ?tsluta·k6· I took her socks off her. tehsatlahtsi ?tsluta·k6 Take your socks off! With s- repetitive: tusakatlahti ?fsluta·k6· I took my socks back off again . COMPOSED OF: .atlahti?tslut- plus te- dualic, put on socks, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atlahwAht- n. snowsnake. atlahw.Ahta? snowsnake. DERIVED BASES: .atlahwAhtayAplus te- dualic, play the snowsnake. .atlahwAhtayA- plus te- dualic, v.a. play the snowsnake. tehutlahw.AhtayAhe? they're playing at the snowsnake game. COMPOSED OF: -atlahwAht- snowsnake, .yA- plus te- dualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game. .atlakalehlast- plus te- dualic, v.a. make noise. tekatlakalehlasta? I make noise. tewakatlakalehlastu I'm making noise, tehonatlakalehlastu they (m.) are making noise. wa ?fkatlakale-Iaste? I made noise, tAhsatlakale·laste? you will make noise, tAhutlakale·laste? they (m.) will make noise, ta·katlakale·laste? I should make noise, takA? tahutlakale·last they (m.) shouldn't make noise. With n- partitive: tsi? na ?fehotlakalehlastu he's so noisy. Aspect class: El. • TakA? thik.A th6 n.Ahsyel, s6·tsi? tAhsatlakali·laste?. Don't do that, you'll make too much noise. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at-

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semireflexive, -lakal-/-lakalel-/ -lakalehl-/-kal-/- kal el-/-kal ehlfor a noise to sound, -st- causative. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-atlakew-1-at-N-okew- v.a. get wiped off, fade, disappear. watlake·wtis it fades. yotlakew.1 it has faded. utla·kewe? it got wiped off, it disappeared or faded. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lakew-1-ya?tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off. DERIVED BASES: -atahsokew- for the colour to fade. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-okewoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atlakw- v.a. claim, keep for oneself. katltikwas I keep taking it and keeping it. wakatltikwA I have claimed it. wa ?katla·k6· I claimed it, I kept it for myself. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lakw-/-ya ?talakw- choose. DERIVED BASES: -atukwe?talakwinvite someone to be a part of one's surroundings for a time; -atwilalakwadopt a child. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -lakw-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atlakw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. get taken away, get subtracted. tutla·k6· there are some taken away, there's less. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.lakw- plus t- cislocative, take away, subtract. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atlanyu- v.a. rub against. watltinyuhe? it's rubbing against something. yotltini? it has rubbed against it. utltini? it rubbed against it. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lanyu- rub something. NOTE: Many speakers have -atlani- before a final ? . .atlat- plus t- cislocative, v.a. start with. taktitlate? I started with it, Atehstitlate? you will start with it. tehstitlat Start with it! • Usktitshu? tsi? taktitlate?. I started off with one at a time. DERIVED BASES: .atlatst- plus tetdualic and cislocative, rinse, start over again. NOTE: A component -atlat- occurs without the cislocative prefix in -atlatst- happen a time. .atlatakw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. take a step. tkatlattikwas I'm taking a step. twakatlattikwA I have taken a step. takatlata-k6· I took a step, Atkatlata·k6· I will take a step, Atehsatlata-k6· you will take a step, Atyutlata-k6· she will take a step. With te- dualic: tetkatlattikwas I'm taking a step again. Aspect class: 03. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -lat- have one's foot on something, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect . -atlatst- v.a. happen a time. yotltitstu it happened. uska utlatste? it happened once (once upon a time), tekni utlatste? it happened

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twice, ahsA Ut[atste? it happened three times. Stative past: yotlatstu ·ne? it used to happen. With n- partitive: t6hka? niyotlatstu or t6hka? nutlatste? several times.

• l1ska utlatste? thik.A aknulha· wahuwattehtA? k.A· akitshe·n.A· tsi? ka·y.A· o?sw.A·ta? nihaya?t6·tA, Blackie kAs kwi- shakwana?tukhwa?. One time my mother gave heck to the one that was black, Blackie was what we called him. (M6) T6hka? nutlatste? wa ?thaw .Ali?. He stirred it a few times. NOTE: Possibly composed of a component -atlat- and the -st- causative suffix. A component -atlat- occurs also in .atlat- plus t- cislocative, start with. .atlatst- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. rinse, start over again. tetkatlatsta? I'm rinsing it. tetwakatlatstu I have rinsed it. tutakatlatste? I rinsed it, I started it over again, tutayutlatste? she rinsed it. tutasatlatst Rinse it! Start over again! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, .atlatplus t- cislocative, start with, -stcausative. DERIVED BASES: .atlatstanyu- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, rinse several. .atlatstanyu- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. rinse several. tetkatlatstanyuhe? I'm rinsing them, tetyutlatstanyuhe? she's rinsing them. teyakotlatstani? she has rinsed them. tutayutlatstani? she started rinsing them, she rinsed them. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: .atlatst- plus tetdualic and cislocative, rinse, start

over again, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atlatstani- before a final ? . -atlatsyu- v.a. tear. watlatsyus it keeps tearing. yotlatsi it has torn. utlatsi? it tore. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -latsyu- tear something. NOTE: Many speakers have -atlatsi- word-finally and before a final ?, .atla?- plus te- dualic, v.a. meet, run into. teyakyatlahse? we two (excl.) always meet, we bump into one another. wa ?fyakyatlane? we two (excl.) met, wa ?thyatlane? the two (m.) met, wa ?tyakwatlane? we (excl.) met, wa?thutlane? they (m.) ran into one another. With y- translocative: ya ?fekutlahse? they (z.) meet there, ya ?thyatlane? the two (m.) met over there, ya ?tAhutlane? they (m.) will meet over there. With n- partitive: na ?teyukyatla·u how, where, or when we two met. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?thyatlane? when the two (m.) met. Aspect class: E3.

• Th6 kwf- nu· thik.A ya ?tAhutlane? Ahatikalatuni ?. So there they would meet to tell stories. (Pl) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -1- be in or on,-?inchoative. NOTE: The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. .atla?nekalaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. make burst, make explode. tekatla ?nekalatha? I'm bursting it. wa ?tkatla ?ne·kalahte? I burst it, I exploded it (e.g., a firecracker). COMPOSED OF: .atla?nekal(u)-/

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.at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. . atla?nekal(u)-/.at-N-nekalu- plus tedualic, v.a. burst, explode. tewatla ?ne·kalus it explodes. teyotla ?nekalu it has exploded. wa ?fwatla ?ne·kalu? it burst open, it exploded (e.g., a firecracker), tAwatla ?ne·kalu? it will explode. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .Ia?nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst something, explode something. DERIVED BASES: .atla?nekalahtplus te- dualic, make burst, make explode; .anlahtanekalu- plus tedualic, for leaves to burst open; .attsi?tsyanekalu- plus te- dualic, for flowers to burst into bloom. NOTE: The alternant .atla?nekal(u)- is composed of the -at- semireflexive, an empty noun root -la?-, and a verb root -nekal(u)-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternant .at-N-nekalu- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. An alternant .atla?nekal-, without a final vowel, occurs before the -htcausative suffix. -atla?nAtahsyu- v.a. peel off. yotla ?nAtahsi it has peeled off. utla ?nAfahsi? it came or peeled off, Awatla ?nAfahsi? it will peel off. With t- cislocative: Atwatla ?nAtahsi? it will peel off (it'll come this way when it peels off). • T6· ki? ok kwi· niwa ?slati? thik.i Atwatla ?nAfahsi? tsi? yakohwa ?eh at i!,. They (strips of black ash)

would be just a certain width, then the peel would come off as she goes along pounding it (the log). (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -la?nAtahsyu- peel off something . NOTE: Many speakers have -a tla ?nA tahsi- word -finally and before a final ?. -atla ?nAtaktAni-/-atla ?nAtaktA- v.a. stick close to someone. kheyatla ?nAtaktA ·nihe? I'm sticking with her (e.g., I'm on the shy side, so I'm going to stay close to her) . liyatla ?nAfaktAni I have stuck right by him. wahiyatla ?nAfaktA? I stuck close to him. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -la?nAtakt-/-nAtakt- attach, put in close contact with, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atla?nAtaktAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atla?nAtaktA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atla?sw- n. luck, fortune. atla·swa? luck, good fortune. With -awi- I -u- I -A- give someone something: yakotla ?swa-wihe? she gives luck to someone or them, Akheyatla·swA? I will give her luck, Askyatla·swA? you will give us two luck. With -yAta?- get, obtain: Atsyatla ?sway A·tane? you two will get luck. DERIVED BASES: -atla?swaks(A)- be bad luck, be unlucky; -atla?swayAguarantee fortune or good luck; -atla?swiyo- be good luck, be lucky. NOTE: The ? of the ?sw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atla?swaksa?t- v.a. undergo misfortune. satla ?swaksa·tu you have had

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or undergone bad luck or misfortune (e.g., someone in your family has died), yakotla ?swaksa·tu she or someone has had bad luck, lonatla ?swaksa·tu they (m.) have had misfortune. wesatla ?swaksahte? you had bad luck. With te?- negative: yah te?satla ?swaksa·tu you didn't undergo the misfortune. COMPOSED OF: -atla?swaks(A)- be bad luck, be unlucky, -?t- causative. NOTE: The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atla?swaks(A)- v.s. be bad luck, be unlucky. wakatla ?swaksA I have bad luck, I'm unlucky, lotla ?swaksA he has bad luck, yakotla ?swaksA she has bad luck. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atla?sw-luck, fortune, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: -atla?swaksa?tundergo misfortune; -atla?swaksA?become unlucky. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -?tcausative suffix. -atla?swaksA?- v.a. become unlucky. ukwatla ?swaksAne? I got bad luck, I became unlucky, Ahotla ?swaksAne? he will become unlucky. COMPOSED OF: -atla?swaks(A)- be bad luck, be unlucky,-?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atla?swayA- v.a. guarantee fortune or good luck. wakatla·swayA? I have to do something which will guarantee my being well, it's a lucky charm for me, yakotla·swayA? she does something so that she is well.

COMPOSED OF: -atla?sw-luck, fortune, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: The ? of the ?sw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atla?swiyo- v.s. be good luck, be lucky. watla ?swiy6 it's good luck, wakatla ?swiy6 I have good luck, loti a ?swiy6 he has good luck, yakotla ?swiy6 she has good luck, lonatla ?swiy6 they (m.) are lucky. Pre-p a usal: lonatla ?swi ·y£. With npartitive: niyakotla ?swiy6 she has such good luck. Aspect class: A. • Niyakotla ?swiy6 thikA, otkutahkwA teyakot/(·tshu? bingo. She's so lucky, she's always winning at bingo. COMPOSED OF: -atla?sw- luck, fortune, -N-iyo- be good. DERIVED BASES: -atla?swiyostbecome lucky. -atla?swiyost- v.a. become lucky. wakatla ?swiy6sta? I get lucky. ukwatla ?swi·y6ste? I got lucky, Ahot la ?swi ·y6s te? he will become lucky. • Khale? kAs uhte wiukwatla?swi·y6ste? yah th6 te ?kanye·yJ(· owaha ?keshu ?. And so I got lucky that there was no snow on the roads. (M12) COMPOSED OF: -atla?swiyo- be good luck, be lucky, -st- causative. -atla?wistotshyu- v.a. for the peel or skin to come off. yotla ?wist6tshi the peel or skins have come off (e.g., the skins on corn kernels). utla ?wist6tshi? tpe peel or skins came off, Awatla ?wist6tshi? the peel or skins will come off. • AtyolihA? tsi? niyo·le· Awatla ?wist6tshi?. Boil until the

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peels or skins come off (the com). (R2) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -la?wistotshyu- remove the peel. NOTE: Many speakers have -atla ?wistotshi- word-finally and before a final ? .

.atl(e)- plus na?te- partitive and dualic, v.s. be between, be so far apart. tsi? na ?tetyatle? it's b~tween you and me (incl.), you and I (mel.) are so far apart, na ?teyakyatle? we two (excl.) are that far apart, na ?tehyatle? it's between the two (m.), na ?tekyatle? it's between the two (z.), na ?tetwatle? it's between all of us (incl.), na ?teyakwatle? we (excl.) are that far apart. Pre-pausal: na ?teyakwateJe?. Aspect class: B.

• Wfsk nahte? niyohslake na ?tehyatle? s£ha? kA? nityakoYA?£skwa ?. There was five years between them (and) she was the youngest. (Hl) COMPOSED OF: na?te- partitive and dualic, -at- semireflexive, -le- be a distance. DERIVED BASES: .atlunyu- plus na?te- partitive and dualic, be between several. NOTE: An altemant without the final vowel occurs before the -unyudistributive suffix. -atleha/-atle?-/-atle?sl- kin term. grandchild. kheyatleha my granddaughter, I have her as a grandchild, liyatleha my grandson, sheyatleha your granddaughter, etshatleha your grandson, utatatleha her granddaughter, luwatleha her grandson, shakotleha his granddaughter, yethiyatzeha our granddaughter, yetshiyatleha your (plural)_ grand~ daughter. Kwate Grandchild! W1th -oku/ -o·ku: collective clitic:

kheyatlo ?okuha my grandchildren, sheyatle ?okuha your grandchildren, shakotlo ?okuha his grandchildren, yethiyatle ?okuha our grandchildren. With -shA. · collective clitic: wakatle·sh£· I have grandchildren. With -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of: lonatle?slaka·te? they (m.) have many grandchildren. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: lonatze·slayA? they (m.) have a grandchild. • Kwa ?ny6 kwZ. wc?-ne lonatle ?slaka· te? sanulha· khale? ya ?nz1ta. They must have a lot of grandchildren, your mother and father. (Pl) DERIVED BASES: yotle?sl.A·tuhe? great-grandchild. NOTE: The altemant -atleha is composed of a component -atle- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The component -atle- occurs also before the -shk collective clitic. The altemant -atle?- occurs before the -oku/ -o·ku: collective clitic, and the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive clitic. The last vowel of -atle?sometimes assimilates to the initial vowel of the -oku/ -o·ku: collective clitic. The alternant -atle?sl- is the incorporating form, and the ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-atlAnayA-/-atlAnayAt- v.a. pray. katlA"nayAhe? I pray, lutlA·nayAhe? they (m.) pray. wakatlA"nayA ~ I'm praying, lotlA·nayA? he's praymg, yakotlA·nayA? she's praying. wa ?utlA"nayA? she prayed. satlA ·ntiy;l Pray! Aspect class: _Bl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflex1ve, -IAn- song, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: -atlAnayAhn- go to

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pray, go to church; -atlAnayAni-/ -atlAnayAha?s- pray for someone, marry someone; watlA·m1yAhe? praying mantis; watlA·nayA? church service; yutlAnayAtakhwa? church. NOTE: The alternant -atlAnayAtoccurs before the -hkw- instrumental suffix and in atlA·nayAt prayer. -atlAnayAhn- v.m. go to pray, go to church. latlAnayA·hne· he's going to go to church, he comes here to pray. latlAnayNhne·se? he goes to church. wa ?katlAnayA·hna· I'm on my way to church, wahatlAnayA·hna· he left to go to church, wa ?akwatlAnayA·hna· we (excl.) are on our way to church. , Stative past: yukwatlAnayAhnu·hne· we have gone to church. With srepetitive, and stative past: shotlAnayAhnu·hne· he went to church again. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -atlAnayA-/ -atlAnayAt- pray, -hn- dislocative. -atlAnay Ani-/-atlAnayAha ?s- v.a. pray for someone, marry s.omeone .. luwatlAnayA·nihe? they re praymg for him, yukwatlAnayA·nihe? she, someone, or they are praying for me. wahuwAnatlAnayA·ha·se? she or they prayed for them (m.), AhuwAnatlAnayA·hti·se? they're going to pray for them (m.), they're going to be married, AyukwatlAnayA·ha·se? they will pray for me, they will marry. me._ Stative past: luwatlAnayAnt·hne· they have prayed for him. COMPOSED OF: -atlAnayA-/ -atlAnayAt- pray, -ni-/-ha?sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atlAnayAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atlAnayAha ?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the

?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atlA-nayAt V > N prayer. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -IAn- song, -yA-1-yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: See also -atlAnayA-/ -atlAnayAt- pray. -atlAnha?t- v.a. wish for. kat!Anha·tha? I wish for it. wakatlAnha·tu I'm wishing for it. Ahsatl.inhahte? you will wish for it, akatl.inhahte? I should wish for it. Aspect class: El. • Watla ?swiy6 yakA? thik.i, kwah tsi? nahte? Ahsat[£nhahte? tho ki? nAya·w.i·. They say it's goo~ lu~k, just whatever you wish for, It will actually happen. (Nl) DERIVED BASES: -atlAnha?tAni-/ -atlAnha ?tA- wish someone well or luck. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atlAnha ?tAni-/-atlAnha ?tA- v.a. wish someone well or luck. kuyatlAnha ?fA ·nfhe? I wish or hope well for you, shakotlAnha7tA·nihe 7 he keeps wishing her luck. kuyatlAnha ?fAni I have wishe~ well for you. wahiyatlAnha·tA? I wished him luck, AkuyatlAnhti·tA? I will wish well for you, akuyatlAnhti·tA 7 I should wish well for you. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atlAnha?t- wish for, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atlAnha ?tAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -atlAnha?tA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?t cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. -atlAnot- v.a. make music, play a musical instrument, put on the radio, purr. latlAn6tha? he plays an instrument, he turns on the radio, watlAn6tha? it plays music (e.g., a radio). lotlA·n6te? he's playing music, yotlA"n6te? it plays music, she (z.) or it is purring. wa ?katlAno·tA· I played music, I turned on the radio, utlAno·tA· she (z.) or it played music, AhatlAno·t£· he will play music, akatlAno·t£· I should play music. Habitual past: lat1An6thahkwe? he used to play an instrument, lot[Ano·tahkwe? he was playing music (a little while ago). Future stative: AhatlAno·ttike? he will be playing music. With s- repetitive: sakatlAno·t£· I played music again. Aspect class: F. • Kwah kwZ. tyotkutahkwA ka ?ik£ twakatlakalehlastu ki? uhte wZ., yah se? thakkwe·nf· akatlAno·t£·. I was actually just making noise, I wasn't really able to make a melody. (MS) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -IAn- song, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -atlAnotani-/ -atlAnothahs- play music for someone; oho16·ta? wat1An6tha? wind instrument. -atlAnotani-/-atlAnothahs- v.a. play music for someone. kuyatlAnota·nihe? I'm playing a tune for you. wa ?kuyatlAn6thahse? I played a tune, melody, or song for you, Akuyat1An6thahse? I will play a tune for you, akuyat1An6thahse? I should play a song for you. • fhselhe? k£ akuyat1An6thahse?. Do you want me to play a song for

you? COMPOSED OF: -atlAnot- make music, play a musical instrument, put on the radio, purr, -ni- I -hahsbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atlAnotanioccurs in the habitual aspect, -atlAnothahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atlAnunyAni-/-atlAnunyA- v.a. use bad medicine on someone, bewitch someone. luwAnatlAnunyA·nfhe? she's using bad medicine on them (m.), shakonatlAnunyA·nihe? they (m.) are using bad medicine on her or them. wahuwAnatlAnuni? she used bad medicine on them (m.), wa ?shakonatlAnuni? they (m.) used bad medicine on her or them. NOTE: The alternant -atlAnunyAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atlAnunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -atlAnunibefore a final ? . -at-N-lho- v.a. spread oneself with. With -iye- I -yen- oil, grease, fat: wahatyenalho? he spread oil on himself, he greased himself up. With -nawa?tst- mud: wa ?katnawa ?tstalho? I got mud all over me, wahsatnawa ?tstalho? you got mud all over you. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -lho-/-elhospread with, cover with. DERIVED BASES: -atnikwAhtalalhoput on lipstick; -atwisklalho- put on face powder. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun.

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.at-N-lho- plus te- dualic, v.a. spread for oneself. With -iye- I -yen- oil, grease, fat: wa ?fhatyentilho? he greased it up (for himself). With -wistohsl- butter: wa ?fhatwistohsltilho? he buttered it (for himself, e.g., his own bread), tAhatwistohsltilho? he will butter it. • f· akwti·shale? wti·latste? wa ?fhatwistohsltilho?. He used my knife to butter it (the bread). COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated ·noun. .atlihohlalaks- plus te- dualic, v.a. come across a problem. wa?twakatlih6·lalakse? I got this problem, I came across a problem, wa ?fhotlih6·lalakse? he came across a problem, wa ?tyakotlih6·lalakse? she came across a problem. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .htohlalak-/ .ya?tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash, -hsbenefactive. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atlihokwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. spread news, gossip. tehatlihokwtitha? he's spreading the news, he gossips, teyutlihokwtitha? she gossips. tehotlihokwtihtu he has spread the news. wa ?fhatlih6kwahte? he went out and about giving news, he gossiped. Aspect class: El.

COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

-atliholA?- v.a. find a way or idea. latliho·l.i·se? he finds or comes up with a way or with ideas. wakatlihol.i·u I have come up with a way. wahatliho·l.ine? he found or came up with it, ayutliho·l.ine? she or someone should get the idea. With s- repetitive: sakatliho·lAne? I came up with ideas again. Aspect class: E3.

•Kwtih kati? wf- tsi? ok ntihte? ayutliho·l.ine? tsi? ok ni·y6t tsi? tayut.i·tshane? titi uhte a·kf-lu? yah te ?satawyti·tu. So just whatever ideas someone can come up with, that's the way to earn (money) even if, I'd say, you haven't gone to school. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-olA ?-/-at-N-olA ?-/-ya?tolA ?find, discover. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels.

.atlihotalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. quarrel, have a falling out. tehatlihottilhos he likes to quarrel. teyukyatlihottilhu we two are quarrelling, we had a falling out, we don't talk anymore because we had this argument. wa ?fhatlihottilho? he quarrelled. takA? ktitsha? tAhsatlihottilho Don't quarrel! Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .lihotalho- plus te- dualic, oppose. DERIVED BASES: .atlihotalho?se-/ .atlihotalho?s- plus te- dualic,

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become undecided. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .atlihotalho?se-/.atlihotalho?s- plus te- dualic, v .a. become undecided. tewakatlihotalh6·sehe? I'm undecided, tehotlihotalh6·sehe? he's undecided, teyakotlihotalh6·sehe? she's undecided. ta·t tesatlihotalh6·se if you're undecided. wa ?fwakatlihotalhohse? I became undecided, I argued or debated with myself. Aspect class: Al. • Ta·t tesatlihotalh6·se, takA? kwi· th6 yAhAhse. If you can't decide, then don't go. COMPOSED OF: .atlihotalho- plus te- dualic, quarrel, have a falling out, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atlihotalho?se- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atlihotalho?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -atlihut- v.a. do a job, carry out official duties, get involved in. wakatUhute? this is the kind of job I do, I'm an official, satlfhute? this is the job you do, lotlihute? this is the job he does, yakotUhute? she has a position. Akatlihu-t,.\· I will become involved in it (e.g., an organization). With t- cislocative, and habitual past: thotlihu-tahkwe? that's what he used to do as a job. With tshcoincident: tsha ?katlihu·t,.\· when I got the position. • Nahte? satlfhute?. What do you do? COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: -atlihutunyubecome involved in things; lonatlihu·tu: officials. -atlihutunyu- v.a. become involved in things. katlihutunyuhe? I become involved in things. Ahsatlihutuni? you will become involved in things. COMPOSED OF: -atlihut- do a job, carry out official duties, get involved in, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atlihutuni- before a final ?. .atlihwahkwishlu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. really mean something, be serious about. tkatlihwahkwishluhe? I really mean it, I'm really serious about it. takatlihwahkwishlu? I really meant, I really made a point of it. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ahkwishlu- try hard, struggle, do intensely. -atlihwahnot- v.a. give a sermon. latlihwahn6tha? he gives sermons. lotlihwa·note? he's giving a sermon. wahatlihwahno·t,.\· he gave a sermon, Ahatlihwahno·t,.\· he will give a sermon. Aspect class: F. • Ne· s thik.A tsi? ka·y,.\· ne- kwi· fsi? tyoyanahA nahte? niho/iho?tA ·hne· ka ?ik,.\ n wahatu·k6hte ?, ta·t /olihwiyostu·ne? nA kwf- ne·, ne· uhka? ki? ok kwi· th6 wa·lewe? thik,.\ Ahatlihwahno·tA· k,.\·. Usually it's done according to whatever the custom was of the one who passed (i.e., died), if he was Christian, then someone came to give a sermon. (MlS)

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NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, and a verb root -ahnot-, which occurs also in -wAnahnot- read. The root -ahnot- is probably related to -ahnotu- flood. The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atlihwahsluni- plus s- repetitive, v.a. make up with one another, come to an agreement. tsityatlihwahslu·nihe? you and I (incl.) are making up (e.g., after a fight). tsyukyatlihwahsluni we two have made up. setyatlihwahslu-ni- you and I (incl.) made up, sahyatlihwahslu·ni- the two (m.) made up, sahutlihwahslu·ni· they (m.) made up, Atsityatlihwahslu-ni- you and I will make up. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -atsemireflexive, -lihwahsluni- negotiate, make a deal. -atlihwahtAty-/-atlihwahtAtye- v.a. get underway. yotlihwahtAti it's going on, it's underway. utlihwahtA·ti- it got underway. • N6k tsi? th6 s ki? ne· wd·kehte? ndle? wi· yotlihwahtAti. But I go there whenever there's something going on. (Pl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go away. DERIVED BASES: -atlihwahtAtye?tconduct business, a meeting, or one's affairs. NOTE: The alternant -atlihwahtAtye- occurs before the -?t- causative suffix, -atlihwahtAtyoccurs elsewhere. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of -atlihwahtAty- plus the -u stative

suffix is realized as i, and the final y of -atlihwahtAty- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atlihwahtAtye?t- v.a. conduct business, a meeting, or one's affairs. katlihwahtAtye-tha? I conduct meetings. wakatlihwahtAtye-tu I'm conducting the meeting, yukwatlihwahtAtye·tu we're conducting ourselves or our affairs, lonatlihwahtAtye-tu they (m.) are conducting their affairs. AkatlihwahtAtyehte? I will conduct or start the meeting, ayutlihwahtAtyehte? they (people) should conduct their affairs. With srepetitive: shonatlihwahtAtye·tu they (m.) are conducting their affairs again. Aspect class: El. • Kwdh kAs kwi- n6k tsi? yana ?fu-nihe? kA· tsi? nAyukwaliho ?tAhake? Atetwaye-lfte? tsi? ndhte? yukwatlihwahtAtye·tu. It was just that he's showing you that we should behave, we should conduct our affairs in the right way. (MS) COMPOSED OF: -atlihwahtAty-/ -atlihwahtAtye- get underway, -?tcausative. DERIVED BASES: -atlihwahtAtye?tuhatye- go along conducting business or one's affairs. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atlihwahtAtye?tuhatye- v.m. go along conducting business or one's affairs. yukwatlihwahtAtye ?fuhdti? we're going along conducting our affairs. COMPOSED OF: -atlihwahtAtye?tconduct business, a meeting, or one's affairs, -u stative, -hatye- progressive.

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NOTE: Many speakers have -atlihwahtAtye?tuhati- before a final ?,

-atlihwakehtat- v.a. take over a burden. latlihwakehtats he takes over the burden. wahatlihwakehtate? he took over the burden. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atkehtat- put a burden on one's back. .atlihwakAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. argue. tehyatlihwak.Anyehse? the two (m.) argue, tekyatlihwak.Anyehse? the two (z.) argue. tehonatlihwak~ni they _(m.) are arguing. wa ?fkatlzhwakA·nz· I argued, wa ?fhyatlihwakA ·ni- the two (m.) argued. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base ~Ius the -u stative suffix is realized as 1, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atlihwakwalihsyu- v.s. be honest. wakatlihwakwalihsi I'm honest, yakotlihwakwalihsi she's honest, lotlihwakwalihsi he's honest. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -attakwalihsyu-1-at-N-kwalihsyube straight, be level, have good posture. NOTE: Many speakers have -atlihwakwalihsi- word-finally. -atlihwatahuhsatat- v.a. listen to what's going on. katlihwatahuhsatats I listen to what's going on. wakatlihwatahuhsatatu I have

listened to what's going on. wa ?katlihwatahuhsatate? I listened to what's going on, ayakwatlihwatahuhsatate ~ w~ (excl.) should listen to what s gomg on. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atahuhsatat- listen.

.atlihwatenyAni-/.atlihwatenyA- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, v.a . change one's mind. teswakatlihwatenyA·nfhe? I'm of two minds about something. teswakatlihwatenyAnf I have changed my mind. tusukwatlihwateni? I changed my mind, tusahotlihwateni? he changed his mind. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -atsemireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atlihwatenyAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant .atlihwatenyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however. note th~t many speakers have .athhwatembefore a final ?. -atlihwate?kw- v.a. avoid. katlihwate·kwas I'm avoiding it, I don't want to talk about it. wahatlihwate·ko? he avoided it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ate?kw- run away, flee. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented . vowels, and the final w of the base IS replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atlihwate?waht- plus s- repetitive, v.a. commit a crime or wrongdoing, do

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something inappropriate. skatlihwate ?watha? I commit crimes. swakatlihwate ?wahtu I have committed a crime. sakatlihwate ?wahte? I did something inappropriate. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .ate?waht- plus s- repetitive, miss a target. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

.atlihwatA?tsha?- plus te- dualic, v.a. be due payment, reward, or thanks. tekatlihwatil·tsha ?as that's the thanks I get. tewakatlihwatil·tshu? that's what was owed to me in the way of reward. wa ?fkatlihwatil·tshane? that's how much thanks I got. Aspect class: ES. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .atA?tsha?- plus tedualic, earn, win. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final ? is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. -atlihwatkweny- v.a. win an argument or debate. katlihwatkwenyehse? I'm always winning (arguments, debates). lotlihwatkweni he has won. wa ?katlihwatkwe·ni· I won, wahatlihwatkwe·ni- he won. Aspect class: E4. CoMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atkweny- win. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the

-u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

-atlihwatshAlya ?se-/ -atlihwatshAlya?s- v.a. find information for someone. kheyatlihwatshAlya·sehe? I'm digging up information for her or them, liyatlihwatshAlya·sehe? I'm digging up information for him. wa ?kheyatlihwatsh.Alyahse? I found out information for her or them. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihwatshAly- find out about, find fault, complain, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atlihwatshAlya?se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The altemant -atlihwatshAlya?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -atlihwatstahl- v.a. be unable to find a word. katlihwatsttHus I can't find the word or reason. lotlihwatsta·lu he hasn't been able to find the word or reason. wa ?katlihwatstale? I can't find a word or reason. Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atstahl- be unable to find something. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in post-accented syllables. -atlihwatstelist- v.a. take charge of someone's affairs. liyatlihwatstelfsta? I'm taking charge of his business or affairs (e.g.,

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I assume power-of-attorney), I'm his advocate, shakotlihwatstelista? he takes charge of her business. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atstelist- take charge, look after. DERIVED BASES: -atlihwatstelistAni-/ -atlihwatstelistA- take charge of someone's affairs. -atlihwatstelistAni-/ -atlihwatstelistA- v.a. take charge of someone's affairs. liyatlihwatstelistA ·nfhe? I'm in complete charge of his business, his matters. liyatlihwatstelistAn{ I have taken charge of his matters. wahiyatlihwatstelistA? I took charge of his matters. Aspect class: AI. COMPOSED OF: -atlihwatstelisttake charge of someone's affairs, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atlihwatstelistAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atlihwatstelistA- occurs in the punctual aspect. This base differs only slightly in meaning from the component base without the benefactive. Apparently this base signals a greater degree of control over the other person's matters. -atlihwattok- v.a. be smart. katlihwatt6kha? I'm smart, latlihwatt6kha? he's smart, yutlihwatt6kha? she's smart. Habitual past: katlihwatt6khahkwe? I was smart. Future stative: Akatlihwatt6khake? I will be smart. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -attok- be well-informed,

be wise, be stingy. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. -atlihwatye?ni- v.s. be talkative. wakatlihwatye·ni I'm talkative, yakotlihwatye·ni she's talkative, lotlihwatye·ni he's talkative, lonatlihwatye·ni they (m.) are talkative. Stative past: yakotlihwatye?ni·hne· she was talkative. Future stative: Ayakotlihwatye ?nfhake? she will be talkative. With n- partitive: tsi? nihotlihwatye·ni he talks so much, he's a busybody. With te?- negative: yah te?yakotlihwatye·ni she's not talkative. Aspect class: A. • Tsi? nihotlihwatye·ni thikA lukwe, ty6tkut l6thale?. Is he ever a talker that man, he's always talking. DERIVED BASES: -atlihwatye?nihtbecome talkative. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, word, etc., and a verbal component -atye?ni-, which occurs also in -atye?niht- accumulate, get enough of. The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atlihwatye?niht- v.a. become talkative. wahatlihwatye·nihte? he started talking a whole lot, wa 7utlihwatye·nihte? she started talking a lot. COMPOSED OF: -atlihwatye?ni- be talkative, -ht- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atlihwayest- plus te- dualic, v.a. compromise. tehutlihwayesta? they compromise. wa ?thutlf·wayeste?

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they (m.) compromised. tetyatli-wayest Let's you and I (incl.) compromise! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atlihwisa?- v.a. agree, talk over, consider, commit oneself, date. yatlihwisa ?as the two (m.) are talking it over, they're dating one another. lonatlihwisu? they (m.) agreed, they have a date. wa ?katlihwisane? I committed myself to it, wahyatlihwisane? the two (m.) agreed, Akatlihwisane? I will agree. With t- cislocative: thyatlihwisa ?as there the two (m.) are talking over the matter. Aspect class: ES. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hsa?-/-isa?- finish. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. -atliletst- v.a. extend, make longer. wa ?katli-letste? I extended it, I made it longer (e.g., a clothesline). NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun root -lil- row, line, extended sequence; otherwise the composition is unclear. .atlislakwatho- plus te- dualic, v.a. roll up one's pant legs. wa ?tkatlislakwatho? I rolled up my pant legs. tehsatlislakwatho Roll up your pant legs! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lisl- pant leg, .kwatho- plus tedualic, roll up, hem. .atlislAht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. roll down one's pant legs. tkatlislAtha? I'm rolling down my pant legs, thatlislAtha? he's rolling down his pant legs. twakatlislAhtu I have rolled down my pant legs. takatli·slAhte? I rolled down my pant legs. With te- dualic: tutakatli·s!Ahte? I rolled my pant legs back down again, tutasatli·s!At Roll your pant legs back down! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lisl- pant leg, .a?sAht-/.ya?tAht-/ .Aht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t beforehand word-finally. -atlistakalehlast- v.a. ring a bell. katlistakalehlasta? I'm ringing the bell. wakatlistakalehlastu I have rung the bell. wa ?katlistakale·laste? I rang the bell. satlistakale·last Ring the bell! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -listakal-/-listakalel-/ -listakalehl- for a bell to ring, -stcausative. DERIVED BASES:

yutlistakalehlasta? bell. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. set a trap. I have a trap set up, has a trap set up . he set a trap. COMPOSED OF: -list- piece of iron, -atyA-1-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store.

-atlistayA- v.a. wakatlistayA? lotlistayA? he wahatlistayA?

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-atliyo- v.a. fight. katli·y6s I fight, I'm a fighter, latli·y6s he fights. wakatliy6 I'm fighting, lotliy6 he's fighting, swatliy6 you all are fighting. wa ?katli·y6· I fought, wahutli·y6· they (m.) fought, Akatli·y6· I will fight. With t- cislocative: tahyatli·y6· the two (m.) fought there. With -k6· augmentative clitic: latliyosk6· he's a big fighter. Aspect class: A2. • Ne· wi- ka ?ik£ tsi? nikakal6·tA yotltitstu ytikA? wahutli·y6· tsi? ka·y £· lotist6·slote? khtile? ktilyo? nahatiya ?t6·tA ?. The way the story

goes, it happened, so they say, that the feathered ones and the animals fought. (RC) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lyo-/-liyo- beat, kill. DERIVED BASES: -atliyohs- go to fight; watliy6 war.

-atliyohs- v.a. go to fight. katliy6hse? I'm going to fight. wa ?katliy6hsa? I'm going to go there and fight. COMPOSED OF: -atliyo- fight, -hsdislocative. -atli?waksa?t- v.a. get cross, get upset. latli ?waksti·tha? he keeps getting angry or mad, he gets upset, he throws tantrums. lotli ?waksti·tu he's upset (e.g., when a baby is crying). wahatli ?wtiksahte? he got angry or upset, he threw a tantrum. With srepetitive: sahatli?wtiksahte? he got upset again. Aspect class: El. • TtHhuni? Awakti-sAhse ?, n£ ki? ale? wi· th6 sahatli?wtiksahte?. Or

I'd drop them (tobacco leaves), so then he'd get angry again. (03) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -li?waks(A)- be cross, be badtempered, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-atlohlok-/-atlohl- v.a. watch, look. katl6·loks I watch, I look (with attention), liyatl6·loks I watch him (e.g., on TV). wakatl6·lu I have watched, I'm watching, yakotl6·lu she or someone is watching, yukwatl6·lu we have watched, lonatl6·lu they (m.) are watching, shakotl6·lu he's watching her or them. wa ?katl6·loke? I watched, wahiyatl6·loke? I watched him, Akatl6·loke? I will watch, Aswatl6·loke? you all will watch. satl6·lok Look! swatl6·lok You all watch! etshatl6·lok Watch him! Stative past: wakatlohlu·ne? I had looked. With s- repetitive: sahutl6·loke? they (m.) watched again. Aspect class: E2. •N£ ki? ale? wi· wahiyatl6·loke? thik£ wa?shakoyA·sele? kwa?y£ha.

So then I watched him skin the rabbits. (Nl) DERIVED BASES: -atlohlokh- go to watch, go to look. NOTE: The alternant -atlohlokoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -h- dislocative suffix, -atlohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hl cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-atlohlokh- v.m. go to watch, go to look. katlohl6khe? I arrived to look at it (e.g., to watch a show on TV). katlohl6khehse? I go there to watch. wakatlohl6khu I have gone there to watch. wa ?katlohl6kha? I'm on my way to look at it. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -atlohlok-/-atlohlwatch, look, -h- dislocative.

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.atluhkwe ?na ?kt-/.atluhkwe ?na ?ketplus te- dualic, v.a. slump over. tehotluhkwe ?nfl·ktu he's slumped over, teyakotluhkwe ?nfl·ktu she's slumped over. wa ?fhatluhkwe ?nfl·kete? he slumped over. COMPOSED OF: -luhkwe?n- spine, .atsha ?kt-/.atsha ?ket-/.at-N -a ?k t/.at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked. NOTE: The alternant .atluhkwe?na?kt- occurs in the stative aspect, .atluhkwe?na?ketoccurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atluhya?tahkw- v.a. not cooperate, resist. yutluhya ?tflkhwa? she's uncooperative, she doesn't cooperate, latluhya ?tflkhwa? he doesn't cooperate. wahakwatluhya·tahkwe? he didn't cooperate with me, he resisted me, wahuwatluhya·tahkwe? she resisted him, Ahakwatluhya·tahkwe? he will resist me. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -luhya?tahkw- be uncooperative. DERIVED BASES: -atluhya?tahkwAni-/ -atluhya?tahkwA- not cooperate with someone, resist someone. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atluhya?tahkwAni-/ -atluhya?tahkwA- v.a. not cooperate with someone, resist someone. lakwatluhya ?tahkwA ·nihe? he's resisting me, kuyatluhya ?tahkwA ·nihe? I'm resisting you. lakwatluhya?tahkwAni

he has resisted me. wahakwatluhya ?tflhkwA? he resisted me. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atluhya?tahkw- not cooperate, resist, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atluhya?tahkwAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atluhya?tahkwA- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atlunyu- plus na?te- partitive and dualic, v.s. be between several. na ?fekutluni? it's between several things, they (z.) are that far apart. Aspect class: B. •Ni-n tahnu· se? kAs wi- ni-n na ?fekutluni? k£· tsi? yukwanuhso·tu· ne·n, yah kAS ki? a?ny6 fe?we·ni k£· tsi? niswakka ?tflti? k£· thik£ ne ?n oya·n nA sa-ke we?. And so then our houses were far apart, and so it seemed amazing how much oya:n I had with me when I got home. (M12) COMPOSED OF: .atl(e)- plus na?tepartitive and dualic, be between, be so far apart, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atlunibefore a final ?. -atlutot- v.a. put up a tree, have a Christmas concert. latlut6tha? he's putting up a (Christmas) tree. yukyatlu·t6te? we two have put up a tree. Ahatluto·t£· he will put up a tree, aetyatluto·tA· you and I (incl.) should put up a tree, aetwatluto·t£· we (incl.) should put up a tree. With t- cislocative: thonatlu·t6te? they (m.) are having a Christmas concert. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lutot- be a tree, standing, be a Christmas concert. DERIVED BASES: -atlutota?n- intend

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to put up a tree, have a Christmas concert.

-atlutota?n- v.m. intend to put up a tree, have a Christmas concert. katlutotti·ne? I'm going to put up a tree. With t- cislocative: th6 thutlutota·ne? there they (m.) are going to have a Christmas concert. COMPOSED OF: -atlutot- put up a tree, have a Christmas concert, -?ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atluwalahlunyu- v.a. attach wires here and there. yukwatluwalahluni? we have wires attached (e.g., for clotheslines, or for hydroelectric power), wa ?katluwalahluni? I put up wires (e.g., my clothesline). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -luwalahlunyu- for wires to be attached here and there. NOTE: Many speakers have -atluwalahluni- before a final ? . .atlu?taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. somersault. tehatlu ?taketskwatha? he turns somersaults. tehotlu ?faketskwahtu he has turned a somersault. wa ?fhatlu ?faketskwahte? he turned a somersault. tehsatlu ?taketskwat Tum a somersault! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lu?thead, -atketskw- get up, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: .atlu?taketskwahtanyu- plus tedualic, somersault repeatedly. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t beforehand word-finally. .atlu?taketskwahtanyu- plus tedualic, v.a. somersault repeatedly. wa ?fyutlu ?faketskwahttini? she

went along doing somersaults. COMPOSED OF: .atlu?taketskwahtplus te- dualic, somersault, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atlu?taketskwahtani- before a final ?,

-atlu?tot- v.a. stand on one's head. wahatlu ?fo·t£· he stood on his head, wa ?utlu ?fo·t£· she stood on her head. satlu ?to·t£ Stand on your head! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -Iu?tot- be standing on one's head. -atnahn- v.a. fill up for oneself. lotna·nu he has filled it up, yotna·nu it's filled up, it has become fulfilled (e.g., predictions about the future). wa ?ktitnane? I filled it up, wahatnane? he filled it up, utnane? she (z.) or it filled it up. With thcontrastive: yah thautnane? it wouldn't get filled up. •T6· niku lotna·nu. (We're picking strawberries, and I ask) How many does he have filled up? COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nahn- fill. NOTE: The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in post-accented syllables. .atnahsut- plus te- dualic, v.a. button up oneself. tekatnahsutha? I'm buttoning it up (e.g., my shirt). tewakatnahsute? I have buttoned it up. wa ?fekatnahsu·t£· I buttoned it up. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nahsut-/.ya?tanahsut- plus tedualic, fasten, button. -atnaktahslisa?- v.a. finish making up a bed. wa ?katnaktahslisane? I finished fixing up or preparing a bed, Akatnaktahslfsane? I will finish

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making up the bed. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?katnaktahslisane? when I finished fixing up the bed. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -nakt- bed, place, space, and a component -hslisa?-, which is related to the base -hsa?-/-isa?- finish. The final ? of the base is deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atnaktayA- v.s. be a bed or place set up. yukwatntiktayA? our bed is set up. Aspect class: B. • Ne· wa ?6·kalawe? thikd ke·yale? wa ?ukwAtti·wha ?, yohsuhtakti·lute? thikd th6 yukwatntiktayA. ?. And this one night I remember we went to bed, our bed was set by the window. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nakt- bed, place, space, -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have. -atnaktiyost- v.a. make oneself comfortable. latnaktiy6sta? he's making himself comfortable. lotnaktiy6stu he has made himself comfortable. wa ?katnakti·y6ste? I made myself comfortable. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -naktiyo- be comfortable, -st- causative. -atnaskwayA- v.a. keep livestock. lutntiskwayA.he? they (m.) keep animals or livestock. COMPOSED OF: -naskw-/-nAskwdomestic animal, pet, slave, -atyA-/ -atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store. .atnathalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. comb one's hair. tehatnathtilhos he's combing his hair. tehotnathtilhu he has combed his hair.

wa ?fhatnathtilho? he combed his hair. With s- repetitive: teshatnathtilhos he's combing his hair again, tusahatnathtilho? he combed his hair again. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nathalho- plus te- dualic, comb someone's hair. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -atnawilanhutakw- v.a. take out one's dentures. wahatnawilanhuta·k6· he took out his dentures. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawitooth, -atenhutakw- take out of one's mouth. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atnawilanhuta?- v.a. put in one's dentures. wahatnawilanhutane? he put in his dentures. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawitooth, -atenhuta?- put into one's mouth. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .atnawilateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. lose one's baby teeth and get new teeth. tehatnawilatenyehse? he's losing his baby teeth and getting new teeth. tehotnawilateni he has lost his baby teeth. wa ?fhatnawilate·nihe lost his baby teeth. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawitooth, .atteny-/.attenyu- plus tedualic, change. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

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-atnawilohale- v.a. brush one's teeth. yutnawil6halehe? she's brushing her teeth, latnawil6halehe? he's brushing his teeth. yakotnawil6hale she has brushed her teeth. wa ?katnawil6hale? I brushed my teeth, Akatnawil6hale? I will brush my teeth. satnawil6hal!!_ Brush your teeth! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawitooth, -atya?tohale-1-at-N-ohalewash oneself, wash for oneself. -atnawilot- v.a. get teeth. latnawil6tha? he's getting teeth, he's teething, yutnawil6tha? she's teething. wahatnawilo·tLf· he got a tooth, Ahatnawilo·tA· he will get a tooth. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nawilot- have teeth. -atnawilotakw- v.a. lose one's tooth, pull one's tooth. wahatnawilota·k6· he lost a tooth, akatnawilota·k6· I should lose my tooth. • Tshikeksa· ke·yale? s thikLf nale? wa ?o ?nets kane? knawfke nA th6 akatnawilota·k6· khtile? aknulha· ya ?uttithAle? akwatauntie. When I was a little girl I remember that my tooth got loose, it was close to the time for me to lose it and my mother notified my aunt. (M14) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nawilotakw- pull someone's tooth. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atna?alanhak-/.atna?alanh- plus tedualic, v.a. put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief. tekatna ?alanhaks I'm putting on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief. tewakatna ?alanhA I have a headband on, tehonatna ?alanhA they (m.) have headbands on.

wa ?tkatna ?alanhake? I put on a headband. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -na?al- head, skull, .hwanhak-/ .hwanh-/.nhak-/.nh- plus te- dualic, tie completely, get into a circle. DERIVED BASES: atna?alanhasta? or teyutna?alanhasta? headband, bandanna, kerchief. NOTE: The alternant .atna?alanhak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .atna?alanhoccurs in the stative aspect and before the -st- causative suffix. atna?alanhasta? V > N headband, bandanna, kerchief. CoMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .atna?alanhak-/.atna?alanh- plus te- dualic, put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief, -st- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: This word does not have the te- dualic, which is required of the component base. Another word for 'headband, bandanna, kerchief' is teyutna ?alanhasta?. -atna?aluty-1-atna?alutye- v.a. bump on the head, butt. shakotna ?alutyehse? he keeps bumping her on the head. wa ?shakotna ?alu-ti- he bumped her on the head, wahotna ?alu-ti- he bumped him, she (z.) or it bumped him on the head. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -na?al- head, skull, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse . DERIVED BASES: -atna?alutyehslubump on the head repeatedly. NOTE: The alternant -atna?alutyeoccurs before the -hslu- distributive suffix. The alternant -atna?alutyoccurs elsewhere, and the final y is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

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-atna?alutyehslu- v.a. bump on the head repeatedly. shakotna ?alutyehsluhe? he's repeatedly bumping her on the head. wa ?shakotna ?alutyehslu? he bumped her on the head a few times. COMPOSED OF: -atna?aluty-/ -atna?alutye- bump on the head, butt, -hslu- distributive. .atna?kel- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be a copycat. twakatna ?keL{ I'm a copycat, tyakotna ?kelA she's a copycat, thotna ?kelA he's a copycat. Prepausal: thotna?ke·li_. Aspect class: D. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a verb root -na?kel-, which occurs also in .na?kelani-/.na?kelA- plus tcislocative, imitate, copy someone; and .atAna?kelaht- plus te- dualic, follow a pattern, note how something is done. -atna?kolyAni-/-atna?kolyA- v.a. get angry, become cross, become unruly. lotna ?kolyA·n{he? he's becoming angry or cross, he's becoming unruly (e.g., a child). wahotna ?k6li? he got angry. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -na?kw- anger, -N-oli-1-N-olydrive, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atna?kolyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atna?kolyAoccurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -atna?koli- before a final ?. -atna?skwahsluni- v.a. get ready for bed. katna ?skwahslu ·n{he? I'm getting ready for bed. lotna ?skwahslun{ he's bedded down. wa ?katna ?skwahslu·nf- I got ready for bed. Aspect class: Al.

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -na?skwahsluni- get someone ready for bed. -atna?skwayA- v.a. lie down, curl up, snuggle under the covers. lotna·skwayA? he has lain down (so that he's curled up). wa ?katna·skwayA? I lay down, snuggling under the covers, I went to bed, wa ?utna·skwayA? she lay down, Akatna·skwayA? I will lie down. With tsh- coincident: tshahsatna·skwayA? when you went to bed. With th- contrastive: yah thahsatna·skwayA? you won't lie down.

• T6· niyohwista·e tshahsatna·skwayA? kwa?ahsu·te·. What time did you go to bed last night?

Yoshno·le· wa?katna·skwayA? s6·tsi? yah te?wakata?kali-te·. Iwentto bed early (because) I ~sn't feeling too well. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -na?skwayA- be lying curled up. NOTE: The ? of the ?skw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atna?skwisa?- v.a. settle down to sleep. wa ?katna ?skw{sane? I settled down to sleep. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?katna ?skw{sane? when I settled down to sleep.

• Kwah nA tsha ?katna ?skw{sane? nA tahanhotukwahte?. I had just settled down to sleep when he suddenly threw open the door. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -na?skw- curled-up body, -hsa?-/ -is a?- finish. NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

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-atna?talisa?- v.a. finish making bread. wa ?katna ?falisane? I finished making bread. With srepetitive: swakatna ?falisu? I have finished making bread again. • Ne· kati? w£- lake?nihkA. sci-lawe? thikA., wa?kf-lu? "nA. ki? ne· swakatna ?falfsu ?, " So then my late father came home, I said "so I finished making bread." (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -na?tal- bread, cake, -hsa?-/-isa?finish. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. .at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode. See .atla?nekal(u)-/ .at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic. -atnAstat- v.s. have a corn. wakatnA.state? I have a corn (on my foot), yakotnA.state? she has a corn, lotnA.state? he has a corn. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -nAst- com; otherwise the composition is unclear. .atnAtshakwatho- plus te- dualic, v.a. roll up one's sleeves. tekatnAtshakwathos I'm rolling up my sleeves. wa ?fkatnAtshakwtitho? I rolled up my sleeves. tehsatnAtshakwtitho Roll up your sleeves! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, .kwatho- plus te- dualic, roll up, hem. .atnAtshalunyu- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.a. wave. tethatnAtshalunyuhe? he's waving, tetyutnAtshalunyuhe? she's waving.

tutahatnAtshaluni? he waved. ya ?tehsatnAtshaluni Wave! • Ya ?fehsatnAtshaluni ni·y6t tetyutnAtshalunyuhe? thikA. yaku ·kwe. Wave since that lady is waving! COMPOSED OF: tet- dualic and cislocative or ya?te- translocative and dualic, -at- semireflexive, -nAtsharm, sleeve, -1- be in or on, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atnAtshaluni- before a final ?. .atnAtsha?sel-/.atnAtsha?slu- plus tedualic, v.a. cross one's arms. tekatnAtsha ?selha? I'm crossing my arms. wa ?fyutnAtshti·slu? she crossed her arms. Pre-pausal: wa ?fyutnAtshti·seJu?. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nAtsha?slu-/.nAtsha?sel- plus tedualic, have one's arms crossed. NOTE: The alternant .atnAtsha?seloccurs in the habitual aspect. The altemant .atnAtsha?slu- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnAtshot- v.a. raise one's arm, surrender. wa ?katnAtsho·tA· I put up my arm, I surrendered, I gave up. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nAtshot- have one's arm raised. .atnAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. hook one's arm through someone else's. tehiyatnAtshottilhos I keep putting my arm through his. tehiyatnAtshottilhu I have my arm through his. wa ?fhiyatnAtshottilho? I took his arm by putting my arm through his. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, for something to be hooked over one's

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arm. DERIVED BASES: .atnAtshotalhuhatye- plus tedualic, go along with one's arm hooked through something. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .atnAtshotalhuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along with one's arm hooked through something. tewakatnA.tshotalhuhati? I'm going along with my arm hooked through something or through someone else's arm, tehotnAtshotalhuhati? he's going along with his arm hooked through, tehiyatnA.tshotalhuhati? I'm going along with my arm through his. COMPOSED OF: .atnAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, hook one's arm through someone else's, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atnAtshotalhuhati- before a final ?. atnAyalho? N immense giant, monster. AtnAyalho? uhte. Darn it! NOTE: Also used as an exclamation. May be composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -nAy- stone, the alternant -lho- of the verb base -lho/-elho- spread with, cover with, and -? noun suffix. -atnAyustAni-/-atnAyustA- v.a. brag, show off, attempt to arouse jealousy in someone. yukwatnAyustA·nihe? she brags to me and tries to make me jealous, shakotnAyustA ·nihe? he brags to her or them. wa ?shakotnAyustA? he bragged to her or them. NOTE: The alternant -atnAyustAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, -atnAyustA- occurs in the punctual aspect.

-atnikwAhtalalho- v.a. put on lipstick. yutnikwAhtaltilhos she puts on lipstick. yakotnikwAhtalalhu she has lipstick on. wa ?utnikwAhtalalho? she put on lipstick. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -nikwAhtal- red, -at-N-lho- spread oneself with . DERIVED BASES: yutnikwAhtalalh6·tha? lipstick. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .atniskuwaluni- plus te- dualic, v.a. dirty one's face. tekatniskuwalu·nOze? I'm making my face dirty, tehatniskuwalu·nihe? he's making his face dirty, teyutniskuwalu·nihe? she's making her face dirty. tewakatniskuwalunf I have dirtied my face. wa ?thatniskuwalu·nf· he dirtied his face. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .niskuwal- plus te- dualic, have a dirty face, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -atnitstakwalalho- v.a. get dirty. katnitstakwalalhos I'm getting dirty. wakatnitstakwalalhu I have gotten dirty, lotnitstakwaltilhu he has gotten dirty. wa ?katnitstakwalalho? I got dirty, wahatnitstakwalalho? he got dirty, wa ?utnitstakwalalho? she got dirty, Akatnitstakwaltilho? I will get dirty. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nitstakwalalho- get someone dirty. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -at-N-niyut- suspend for oneself, hang for oneself. See -at-N-nyut-/ -at-N-niyut-.

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-atnuhkwislAht- v.a. for one's hair to fall out. latnuhkwisl.Atha? his hair is falling out. lotnuhkwisl.Ahtu his hair has fallen out. wahatnuhkwislAhte? his hair fell out, AhatnuhkwislAhte? his hair will fall out. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nuhkwis-/-nuhkwisl- hair, -N-Ahtdrop, let fall. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atnuhsik- v.a. fill a tobacco kiln. wa ?akwatnuhsike? we (excl.) filled the kiln, Ayakwatnuhsike? we (excl.) will fill the kiln, ayakwatnuhsike? we (excl.) should fill the kiln. With n- partitive: na?akwatnuhsike? how we (excl.) filled the kiln. •Ne· kati? ala· la·te· s yokAnolu yah thyaya·w.A· tsi? wa?ukwayo·t.A· tsyo?le· wa?akwatnuhsike? n.A wa ?akwatk.A·lahte?. So that's why he said (even if) ifs" raining, we had to work until we filled the kiln, then we quit. (03) COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -at-N-ik- fill up completely. -atnuhsot- v.a. put the top up. katnuhs6tha? I put the top up (e.g., the top to my convertible car, a tent, or umbrella). wakatnuhsote? I have the top up. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nuhsot- be a house or building, standing. -atnuhtu?t- v.a. wait. katnuhtu·tha 7 I keep waiting, I wait now and again. wakatnuhtu·tu I'm waiting, yakotnuhtu·tu she's waiting, lotnuhtu·tu he's waiting, yukwatnuhtu·tu we're waiting, .. lonatnuhttHu they (m.) are wmtmg,

kuyatnuhtu·tu I'm waiting for Y?u, liyatnuhtu·tu I'm waiting for h1m. wa ?akwatnuhtuhte? we (excl.) waited, wa ?kuyatnuhtuhte? I waited for you, wa ?kheyatnuhtuhte? I waited for her or someone, wa ?akhiyatnuhtuhte? we (excl.) waited for her or them, Akatnuhtuhte? I will wait, Ahutnuhtuhte? they (m.) will wait, ahatnuhtuhte? he should wait. satnuhtuht Wait! Stative past: wakatnuhtu ?tu·ne? I was waiting. Future stative: Awakatnuhtu ?fuhake I will be waiting. With t- cislocative: Atyakwatnuhtuhte? we (excl.) will wait there. With n- partitive: kAh nu· nikatnuhtu·tha? here is where I wait. With tsh- coincident: tshikuyatnuhtu·tu when I'm waiting for you. Aspect class: El. • Tekni tsha?teyohwista·e tshikuyatnuhtu·tu. I've been waiting for you since 2 o'clock. DERIVED BASES: -atnuhtu?ta?n- go to wait. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-atnuhtu?ta?n- v.m. go to wait. katnuhtu ?fti·ne? I came here to wait. wa ?katnuhtu ?fti·na? I'm going someplace to wait. COMPOSED OF: -atnuhtu?t- wait, -7ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnuhwe?lhAht- v.a. shed fur. latnuhwe ?lh.Atha? he's shedding. lotnuhwe ?lh.Ahtu he has shed. Ahatnuhwe·lhAhte? he will shed. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

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-nuhwe?Ih- fuzz, furry hair, wool, cotton batting, -N-Aht- drop, let fall. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the ? of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnunyolyAni-/-atnunyolyA- v.a. feel like dancing. wakatnunyolyA·nfhe 7 I'm getting this feeling of wanting to dance. ukwatnuny6li 7 this feeling of wanting to dance came over me. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nuny- dance, -N-oli-1-N-oly- drive, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atnunyolyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atnunyolyAoccurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -atnunyoli- before a final ?. .atnusayA- plus te- dualic, v.a. squat close to the ground. tekatnu·sayAhe7 I squat. tAkatnu·sayA 7 I will squat. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nusayA- plus te- dualic, be squatting close to the ground. .atnusot- plus te- dualic, v.a. squat, crouch. tekatnus6tha 7 I squat. tewakatnu·s6te7 I have gotten into a squatting position. tAkatnuso·tA· I will squat. tehsatnu·s6t Squat! Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nusot- plus te- dualic, be squatting, be crouching. NOTE: Also used euphemistically for 'go to the bathroom'. -atnutek- v.s. be covered. yotnuteku it's covered, it has a cover on it. Prepausal: yotnute·k,E_. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nutek- cover with a lid. DERIVED BASES: -atnutekt-/ -atnutekta?tsl- lid, cover.

-atnutekt-/-atnutekta?tsl- v. > n. lid, cover. atnutekta 7 lid, cover. With -yA- I -y At- lay down, place, have: yotnutekta·tslayA 7 it has a cover or lid that goes with it. • Yotnutekta·tslayA 7 k£ ka7i·k£. Does this have a cover? COMPOSED OF: -atnutek- be covered, -ht- causative. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the component base, the resulting kht cluster is replaced by kt. The alternant -atnutekt- occurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -atnutekta?tsl-, with the -?tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form, and the ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Another word for 'lid, cover' is yutnutt!kta?. -atnutli?t- n. the crack in one's behind, anus. otnutlrta 7 the crack in one's behind, anus. DERIVED BASES: -atnutli?tayASlang: sit on it, shut up; Satnutli?hithi Slang: Get the heck out of the way! NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnutli?tayA- v.a. Slang: sit on it, shut up. wahatnutli-tayA 7 he sat on it, he stuffed it. satnutlrtay;2 Sit on it, Shut up! COMPOSED OF: -atnutli?t- the crack in one's behind, anus, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnutolya?t- v.a. play. latnutolya·tha 7 he plays. wakatnutolya·tu I'm playing, lotnutolya·tu he's playing,

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yakotnutoly1Hu she's playing. wahatnut6lyahte? he played, wa ?akyatnut6lyahte? we two (excl.) played, Akatnut6lyahte? I will play, autnut6lyahte? she (z.) should play. satnut6lyaht Play! Stative past: wakatnutolya ?tu·ne? I was playing (but I'm not any longer), lotnutolya ?tu·ne? he was playing. With s- repetitive: usayakyatnut6lyahte? we two (excl.) should play again. With tshcoincident: tshihotnutoly1Hu when he's playing. Aspect class: El. • N A' kwa? At1iti? tshihotnutoly1Uu. He has been playing all day. DERIVED BASES: -atnutolya?tahkwplay with something; -atnutolya?ta?n- go to play; -atnutolya?tuhatye- go along playing. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atnutolya?t- v.a. tease someone. kheyatnutoly1Hha? I'm teasing her, kuyatnutolytHha? I'm teasing you, lakwatnutoly1Hha? he's teasing me. wa ?kheyatnut6lyahte? I teased her. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atnutolya?tahkw- v.a. play with something. latnutolya ?ftikhwa? he plays with it. wakatnutolya ?ftihkwA I'm playing with it. Akatnutolyti·tahkwe? I will play with it. Aspect class: 01. • Kwtih kwi- n6k tsi? yah kwithakkwe·ni· akatlAno·tA·, kwtih kwi· n6k tsi? wakatnutolya?ttihkwA. I wasn't able to really make a melody, so I was just playing with it (an

accordion). (M8) COMPOSED OF: -atnutolya?t- play, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: atnutolya?takhwa? toy. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atnutolya?takhwa? V > N toy. COMPOSED OF: -atnutolya?tahkwplay with something, -ha? habitual. -atnutolya?ta?n- v.m. go to play. katnutolya ?tti·ne? I'm here to play. latnutolya ?fti·nehse? he goes to play. wa ?katnutolya ?tti·na? I'm going to play, wahatnutolya ?tti·na? he went to play, wa ?kyatnutolya ?tti·na? the two (z.) went to play, Ahsatnutolya ?tti·na? you will go and play. satnutolya ?tti·na Go play! twatnutolya ?tti222. Let's all (incl.) go play! COMPOSED OF: -atnutolya?t- play, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnutolya?tuhatye- v.m. go along playing. yukyatnutolya ?tuhtiti? we go along playing. COMPOSED OF: -atnutolya?t- play, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atnutolya?tuhati- before a final ?. .atnuto?tslakAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. have a Box Social. wa ?fhutnuto ?tslakA"ni· they (m.) had a Box Social. COMPOSED OF: -nuto?tsl- box, .atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair.

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NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atnuwayA- v.a. settle to the bottom, become murky. yotnu·wayA? it has settled to the bottom, it's murky. utnu·wayA? it settled to the bottom. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nuw- murky water, murkiness, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. .atnuwa?- plus te- dualic, v.a. become murky. teyotnuwa·u it has become murky. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and_ the base -nuw- murky water, murkiness; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atnu?uslahyo?tsist- plus te- dualic, v .a. make salt or brine pickles. tehatnu ?uslahyo ?fsista? he's making brine pickles. wa ?fhatnu ?uslahy6·tsiste? he made brine pickles. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at- semireflexive, -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon, -hyo?tsis-/-hyo?tsist- salt, -ht- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?ts cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-nyut-1-at-N-niyut- v.a. suspend for oneself, hang for oneself. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wakatkAhani·yute? I have an apron on, I have curtains up, yakotkAhani·yute? she has an apron on, satkAhanyu·t.ti Put on an apron! With -tsist- fire, light: kattsistanyutha? I'm putting up lights (e.g., Christmas lights). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -nyut-/-niyut-

suspend, hang. DERIVED BASES: atkAhanyutakhwa? apron. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an altemant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The altemant -at-N-nyut- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -at-N-niyut- occurs in the stative aspect. -at-N-o- v .a. swell. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: wakalahsi-to? my foot is swollen, Akalahsi-to? my foot will swell. With -shnuhs- I -ishnuhs- I -shnu- hand, fingers: wakanishnuhso? my hand is swollen. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: wakatn.titsho? my arm is swollen. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an altemant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself. See -atya?tohale-/ -at-N-ohale-. -at-N-ohalenyu- v.a. wash several for oneself. With -shu?kal- board, floor: wa ?uteshu ?kalohateni? she washed the floor. With -wis- ice, glass, window: wa ?utwisohaleni? she washed the windows. And habitual past: yutwisohalenyuhahkwe? she was washing windows. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -nohalenyu-/ -ohalenyu- wash several. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun.

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Many speakers have -at-N-ohalenibefore a final ?.

-at-N-ohale?n- v.m. go to wash something for oneself. With -?slehtvehicle: wa ?kate ?slehtohale·na? I'm going there to wash my car. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -nohale?n-/ -ohale?n- go to wash. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-ohale?s- v.a. wash for someone. With -shu?kal- board, floor: wa ?kheyateshu ?kal6halehse? I washed the floor for her. With -?sleht- vehicle: wahiyate ?sleht6halehse? I washed the car for him. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -nohale?se-/ -nohale?s-/-ohale?se-1-ohale?swash for someone. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atohlok-/.atohl- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, v.a. insert oneself. yehat6·loks he keeps cutting in (e.g., in a line of people), he crawls in underneath it, tkat6·loks over there I keep cutting or crawling in. yehotohloku he has cut in or crawled in underneath it. yahat6·loke? he crawled in underneath it, ya?ut6·loke? she crawled in underneath it, yAkat6·loke? I will crawl or cut in over there, a?{ tahat6·loke?

way over there he cut in. th6 ya ?sat6·lok Cut in there! Crawl in there! With tshyusa- coincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusahsat6·loke? when you should put yourself in over there again. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: ya ?kalahsi ?t6·loke? I inserted my foot into it (e.g., shoes, slippers). With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: ya ?katnAtsh6·loke? I inserted my arm into it. Aspect class: E2. •Th6 ya?ut6·loke? tsi? kaska·wti~. Over there she crawled into the bushes. (T2) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative or tcislocative, -at- semireflexive, -ohlok-/-ohl- insert. DERIVED BASES: .atohluhatye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, be inserting oneself. NOTE: The alternant .atohl- occurs in the derived base. The alternant .atohlok- occurs elsewhere, and the h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ohlok-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun.

.atohluhatye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, v.m. be inserting oneself. yahotohluhtiti? he's cutting in, he's crawling in underneath it. • Atekhwahla ?tsloku yahotohluhtiti_?. He's crawling in underneath the table. COMPOSED OF: .atohlok-/.atohlplus y- translocative or t- cislocative, insert oneself, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atohluhati- before a final ? . .atohtalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. tidy up. tekatohttilhos I'm tidying up,

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teyutohtalhos she tidies up. tewakatohtalhu I have tidied up, teyakotohtalhu she has tidied up, teyukyatohtalhu we two have it all tidy. wa ?fkatohtalho? I tidied up. tehsatohtalho Tidy up! With srepeti tive: tusayutohtalho? she tidied up again. With n- partitive: na ?feyakotohtalhu she really cleaned it up. Aspect class: E2. • Tehsatohtalho tsi? tehsanuhwetsta?. Clean up your bedroom! CoMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .ohtalho- plus te- dualic, be tidy, be neat. DERIVED BASES: .atohtalhohs- plus te- dualic, go to tidy up; .atohtalho?se-/.atohtalho?s- plus te- dualic, tidy up for someone; .atenyAhtohtalho- plus te- dualic, clear away snow, shovel snow. NoTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ohtalho-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

.atohtalho7se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atohtalho7soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

-at-N-ohw- go into water. See -ate?skohw-1-at-N-ohw-. -at-N-okew- get wiped off, fade, disappear. See -atlakew-/ -at-N-okew-. -at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself. See -atya?tokew-/ -at-N-okew-. ato·kA.· N axe. laoto·k£· his axe .

.atohtalhohs- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to tidy up. tekatohtalh6hse? I'm here to tidy up. wa ?fkatohtalh6hsa? I'm going there to tidy up. COMPOSED OF: .atohtalho- plus tedualic, tidy up, -hs- dislocative.

-atokli?tslal- v.s. be wrinkled . yotoklf-tslale? it's wrinkled. With n- partitive: niyotokli-tslale? it's so wrinkled. Aspect class: F. • Niyotokli-tslale? thik£ laotya·tawi ?t n6k u-tu· wa ?klistalho?. His shirt was so wrinkled that I had to iron it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N-oklik-1-N-okli-/-N-klik-/ -N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up, -7tsl- nominalizer, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The ? of the 7tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels .

.atohtalho?se-/.atohtalho?s- plus tedualic, v.a. tidy up for someone. tekheyatohtalh6·sehe? I tidy or clean for her. wa ?fekheyatohtalhohse? I cleaned for her. • Wa·ksane? wa?tekheyatohtalh o hse?. I finished cleaning for her. COMPOSED OF: .atohtalho- plus tedualic, tidy up, -7se-/-7s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant

.atokli?tslo?tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. look wrinkled. niwatokli?tsl6·tA it looks really wrinkled (look how wrinkled it is). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N -oklik-/-N -okli-/-N -klik-/ -N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up, -?tsl- nominalizer, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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.at-N-okw-/.atya?tokw- plus tedualic, v.a. scatter, disperse. With n- partitive: na ?twatya ?fo·k6· the bodies just flew apart. With -a?kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: teyota ?kA.hl6kwA there's dust scattered around, it's dusty, wa ?fwata ?kAhlo·k6· the dust just went flying. With -ityohkw- group, crowd: wa?fwanityohko·k6· the crowd dispersed. And s- repetitive: tusunityohko·k6· the crowd dispersed again. With -nAy- stone: wa ?fwatnAyo·k6· the stones scattered. With -nyAht- snow: wa ?fwatenyAhto·k6· the snow just went flying. And s- repetitive: tusutenyAhto·k6· the snow flew all over again. With -stal- drop: teyotestal6kwA it's spraying (e.g., out of a spray bottle), droplets are dispersing. •Na?twatya?to·k6· n{ tsi? niyo ?shtitste? wa ?fh6·tsyuhkwe?. The bodies just flew apart because he sneezed really strongly. (T3) DERIVED BASES: .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around; .a?nikuhlokw- plus te- dualic, for one's mind to become scattered, become undecided. NOTE: The alternant .at-N-okwoccurs with incorporated nouns. The initial -at- is the semireflexive, and it is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. A root -okw- occurs also in .ahkokwplus te- dualic, search in something; and -ata?klokw- snow. The alternant .atya?tokw- occurs with pronomin~l prefixes that refer to ammate participants. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

-at-N-okw- get out of water. See -ate?skokw-1-at-N-okw-. .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. scatter something around. With -a?kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: tekata ?kAhlokwatha? I'm scattering dirt or dust, wa ?fkata ?kAhl6kwahte? I scattered dirt or dust. With -hnekliquid, liquor: tehathnekokwatha? he sprinkles water, . tehothnekokwahtu he has sprmkled water, wa ?fkathnek6kwahte? I sprinkled water. With -nuhkwa 7 t-/ -nuhkwa?tsl- medicine, pepper: tekatnuhkwa ?fslokwatha? I'm always putting medicine around (e.g., the house), tewakatnuhkwa ?fslokwahtu I have put medicine around, tAkatnuhkwa ?fsl6kwahte? I will put medicine around. With -nyAhtsnow: tekatenyAhtokwatha? I'm scattering snow around, tewakatenyAhtokwahtu I have scattered snow around, wa ?fkatenyAht6kwahte? I scattered snow around. Aspect class: El. •NA kA tesatnuhkwa?tslokwahtu kanusku. Did you put medicine around in the house? COMPOSED OF: .at-N-okw-/ .atya?tokw- plus te- dualic, scatter, disperse, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: .atlihokwaht- plus te- dualic, spread news, gossip; tewatenyAhtokwatha? snowblower. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. A component -okwaht- occurs without the semireflexive or dualic in -tstenyokwaht- spread around a pile. The base .attukwaht- plus te- dualic has a similar meaning and occurs

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without incorporated nouns. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atokwa?t-/-atokwa?tsl- v. > n. spoon. at6kwa ?t spoon. Pre-pausal: at6kwaht. With .tsyowelu·tU. It's so pleasant, it's so still out since the wind quit blowing. DERIVED BASES: .atotat- plus tedualic, become still, keep still. NOTE: An altemant without the final vowel occurs before the + causative-inchoative suffix. The altemant .at-N-atote-, with the semireflexive, occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an altemant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -at-N-otshyu-1-at-N-otshy- v.a. pull out a part of one's body. With -itahs/ -itaks- tail, and s- repetitive: Ashanitahs6tshi? he will pull his tail back out again. And tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutakanitahs6tshi? I took my tail back out again, tutahanitahs6tshi? he should pull his tail back out again. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -otshyu-/ -otshy- pull out. DERIVED BASES: .at-N-otshya?tplus t- cislocative, yank out a part of one's body. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an altemant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The altemant -at-N-otshy- occurs before the -?t- causative suffix. The alternant -at-N-otshyu- occurs elsewhere, but note that many speakers have -at-N-otshi- before a final ?. .at-N-otshya?t- plus t- cislocative, v.a. yank out a part of one's body. With -itahs-/-itaks- tail, and te- dualic: tutahanitahs6tshyahte? he yanked his tail back out again. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -at-N-otshyu-1-at-N-otshy- pull out a part of one's body, -?t- causative.

NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an altemant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -atotyak-/-atoty- v.a. grow up. wakatotyaku? or wakat6ti I have grown up, I'm grown up, lonat6ti they (m.) are grown up. wa ?kat6tyake? I grew up, wahat6tyake? he grew up, wa:>ut6tyake? she grew up, Akat6tyake? I will grow up, Ahat6tyake? he will grow up, Ayut6tyake? she will grow up. With t- cislocative: twakatotyaku? there I grew up. With n- partitive: nisatotyaku? how or where you grew up. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?kat6tyake? when I grew up, when I was growing up. With thcontrastive: yah ne- newAtu thahat6tyake? he will never grow up, he will never mature (even if he's an old man). •E·s6· n£wa?kanuhtunyu·k6· tsi? nahe? n£ tyukli?wanutu·se akka·latu? tsi? ni·y6t tsi? twakatotyaku3 I've been thinking it over a lot since they asked me to tell stories about the way it was when I was growing up. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -otyak- raise a child, bring up a child. DERIVED BASES: -atotyakhu- be grown-ups; -atotyAhatye- be growing up . NOTE: Both the stative aspect forms wakatotyaku? and wakat6ti are attested. The altemant -atotyakoccurs in the first stative aspect form, in the punctual aspect, and before the -hu- distributive suffix. The alternant -atoty- occurs in the second

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stative aspect form, and the final y of -atoty- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i word-finally. -atotyakhu- v.s. be grown-ups. yukwatotyakhu? we are grown-ups, lonatotyakhu? they (m.) are grownups. Aspect class: B.

• N A kwi· na? kwah kwi· niyukwatotyakhu? yah kwi- te?tsitwatwAnalakhwa? k.t\· nahfe? yukhihlo·l[. Now indeed even us grown-ups, we don't pay attention anymore to what they are telling us. (M7) COMPOSED OF: -atotyak-/-atotygrow up, -hu- distributive.

-atotyAhatye- v.m. be growing up. wakatotyAhtiti? I'm growing up, lototyAhati? he's growing up, yakototyAhtiti? she's growing up, lonatotyAhati? they (m.) are growing up. COMPOSED OF: -atotyak-/-atotygrow up, -11. stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atoty11.hati- before a final?, -ato?kta-/-ato?ktA- v.a. run out of, end. yoto ?ktti·u it has ended, lonato ?ktti·u they (m.) have run out of it. wa ?kat6·ktA? I ran out of it, ut6·ktA? it ended, it's over, it's finished. With y- translocative: th6 nu· yahuf6·kfA? there's where it ended. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: wa ?katahy6·ktA? I ran out of fruit. With -hnana?t- potato: wa ?kathnana ?t6·ktA? I ran out of potatoes, wa ?akwathnana ?t6·ktA? we (excl.) ran out of potatoes. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wahuthnek6·ktA? they (m.) ran out of something to drink. With -iye- I -yen- oil, grease, fat: katyen6·ktAs I

keep running out of oil or gas, lotyeno ?kfti·u he has run out of oil or gas, wa ?katyen6·ktA? I ran out of oil or gas. With -khw- food: katekh6·ktAs I run out of food, wakatekho ?kfti·u I have run out of food, wahatekh6·ktA? he ran out of food, Akatekh6·ktA? I will run out of food. With -nu?t- milk, breast: wa ?katnu ?f6·ktA? I ran out of milk. Aspect class: C2. • SwatyelA s wa?akwathnana ?t6·ktA? yah kwi- tshyaya·w.A· tsi? sakhnana ?fak6·na? kok na·ye? oya· th6 sayute ?slehta~. Sometimes we would run out of potatoes and I would have to go and get more potatoes since in a little while others would be stopping. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -o?kta-/-o?ktA- come to the end of, finish. DERIVED BASES: .ato?ktahkw- plus t- cislocative, shorten the amount, do halfheartedly; -ato?ktani-/ -ato?kta?s- end for someone; -atAhni?to?ktA- for the month to end. NOTE: The alternant -ato?ktaoccurs in the stative aspect and before derivational suffixes. The alternant -ato?kt11.- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, and the ? of the ?kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -o?kta-1-o?ktA-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. .ato?ktahkw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. shorten the amount, do halfheartedly. tkato ?ktakhwa? I shorten the ~mount (e.g., the amount of work I did, the amount of money), I'm doing it without putting in my full effort, tyuto ?ktakhwa? she's shortening the

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amount. twakato ?ktahkwA I have shortened the amount, I'm doing it without putting all of me into it. takat6·ktahkwe? I shortened the amount, I did it halfheartedly, tahat6·ktahkwe? he shortened the amount. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -ato?kta-/-ato?ktA- run out of, end, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The? of the ?kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ato?ktani-/-ato?kta?s- v.a. end for someone. wakato ?ktani it has ended for me. ukwat6·ktahse? it ended for me, Awakat6·ktahse? it will end for me. COMPOSED OF: -ato?kta-/-ato?ktArun out of, end, -ni- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -ato?ktanioccurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -ato?kta?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -ato?kwat- v.a. dig up, burrow. kat6·kwats I dig. wakato ?kwatu I have dug it up. wa ?kat6·kwate? I dug it up. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -o?kwat- dig, burrow. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atshanuni-/-atshanuny- v.a. get happy. wakatshanuni I'm happy, yakotshanuni she's happy, lotshanuni he's happy. Pre-pausal: lotshanu·n[. wa ?katshanu·ni- I got

happy, wahsatshanu·ni· you got happy, wa ?utshanu·ni- she got happy, wahatshanu·ni· he got happy, wahutshanu·ni· they (m.) got happy, Akatshanu·ni· I will get happy. Habitual past: yakotshanunihahkwe? she used to be happy. Stative past: wakatshanuni·hne· I was happy, yakotshanuni·hne· she was happy. With s- repetitive: sahatshanu·ni· he got happy again. With npartitive: na?katshanu·ni· I got so happy, nahatshanu·ni- he got so happy, na7utshanu·ni· she got so . happy. With te?- negative: yah te ?wakatshanuni I'm not happy, yah te ?satshanuni you're not happy, yah te ?yakotshanuni she's not happy, yah tehotshanuni he's not happy, yah te?yukwatshanuni we're not happy. • Kwah kwi· ne· 6ksa? tutahatakhe? kA·, nahatshanu ·ni- kA· tsi? yusahuwahAle? kA·. Right away he came running back again, he got so happy that someone called him back. (M6) DERIVED BASES: -atshanunihatyego along being happy; -atshanunyahsl- happiness; -atshanunyahtA- make someone happy; -atshanunya?t- be cause for happiness. NOTE: The alternant -atshanunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -atshanunihatye- v.m. go along being happy. wakatshanunihtiti? I go along being happy, yakotshanunihati? she goes along being happy, yukyatshanunihati? we two are going along being happy. With nis- partitive and repetitive: niswakatshanunihtiti? I'm going along so happy again,

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nishotshanunihati? he's going along so happy again. • Kwah kwi· ne· t6hka? ok minut 6khna? th6 sa·lawe? tsi? nishotshanunihati? kLi· tsi? uhka? ok yusahuwahAJe?. It was just a few minutes when right away he came back, he was going along so happy again, now that someone called him back again. (M6) COMPOSED OF: -atshanuni-/ -atshanuny- get happy, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atshanunihati- before a final ?.

-atshanunyahsl- v. > n. happiness. atshanunyahsla? happiness. COMPOSED OF: -atshanuni-/ -atshanuny- get happy, -hslnominalizer. -atshanunyahtA- v.a. make someone happy. ukwatshanunyahtA? it made me happy, it made me feel good. COMPOSED OF: -atshanuni-/ -atshanuny- get happy, -htcausative, -A- benefactive. -atshanunya?t- v.s. be cause for happiness. yotshanunya ?t it's cause for happiness. Pre-pausal: yotshanunyaht. Aspect class: A. • Yotshanunya ?f tsi? sheku tAkatawLili! It's cause for happiness that I can still get around. COMPOSED OF: -atshanuni-/ -atshanuny- get happy, -?tcausative. -atshat- n. fog, steam. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -atshatala?- become steamy; .atshatayA-/.atshatayAt- plus tedualic, become foggy; -atshates- be steamy; -atshatot- be steaming, for steam to rise; and probably

-atshatAht- dampen something; and -atshatA?- be damp. -atshatala?- v.a. become steamy. yotsha·talahse? it gets steamy. wa ?ofsha·talane? it got all steamy, it steamed up (e.g., the windows inside a car). COMPOSED OF: -atshat- fog, steam, -1- be in or on,-?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by h or deleted in post· accented syllables. .atshatayA-/.atshatayAt- plus tedualic, v.a. become foggy. teyotsha·tayA? it's foggy. wa ?twatsha·tayA? it got foggy. Habitual past: teyotshatayA'tahkwe? it was foggy. Future stative: tAyotshatayA·take? it will be foggy. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atshatfog, steam, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: .atshatayAhn- plus te- dualic, going to become foggy. NOTE: The alternant .atshatayAtoccurs in the expanded aspects. .atshatayAhn- plus te- dualic, v.m. going to become foggy. tewatshatayA·hne· it's going to become foggy. COMPOSED OF: .atshatayA-/ .atshatayAt- plus te- dualic, become foggy, -hn- dislocative. -atshates- v.s. be steamy. yotsha·tes it's steamy. With n- partitive: niyotsha·tes it's so steamy. Aspect class: A. • N A wC.ne wa ?ohnekatalihA? niyotsha-tes. The water must be boiling now, it's so steamy. COMPOSED OF: -atshat- fog, steam, -es-/-us- be long.

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-atshatAht- v.a. dampen something. yakotshat.Ahtu she has dampened it. wa ?katsha·t.Ahte? I dampened it. DERIVED BASES: -atshatAhtanyudampen several. NoTE: Includes a component -atshatA- and the -ht- causative suffix. The component -atshatA- is attested only with derivational suffixes and is probably related to -atshat- fog, steam. See also -atshatA?- be damp. -atshatAhtanyu- v.a. dampen several. yutshatAhttinyuhe? she's dampening things (e.g., clothes). yakotshatAhttini? she has dampened them. wa ?katshatAhttini? I dampened them. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atshatAht- dampen something, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atshatAhtani- before a final ?. -atshatA?- v.s. be damp. yotshat.A·u it's damp. Aspect class: E. NoTE: Includes a component -atshatA- and the-?- inchoative suffix. The component -atshatA- is attested only with derivational suffixes and is probably related to -atshat- fog, steam. See also -atshatAht- dampen something. The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atshatot- v.s. be steaming, for steam to rise. yotsha·t6te? it's steaming. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -atshat- fog, steam, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -atshatu- v.a. bury in the ground. katsha·tuhe? I'm burying it in the ground (to store or preserve it). wakatshatu I have buried it in the ground. wa ?katsha·tu· I buried it in

the ground, wahutsha·tu· they (m.) buried it in the ground, Ahsatsha·tu· you will bury it in the ground, Ahatsha·tu· he will bury it in the ground. satsha-tU Bury it! Habitual past: lutshatuhahkwe? they (m.) used to bury it. Future stative: Awatsha·tuke? it will be buried. Aspect class: Al. • Lutshatuhahkwe? ohnanti·ta? tshiwahu·n{se? k.A·. They used to bury potatoes in the ground a long time ago. NOTE: Refers to the practice of storing food by digging a hole in the ground and burying the food. -atsha?-/-at-N-atsha?- v.a. burn. wtitsha ?as it's burning. y6tshu? it has burned. utshane? it burned, Awtitshane? it will burn. With -ku?kwal- forehead: wa ?katku ?kwaltitshane? I got a burn on my forehead. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: wa ?katnAtshtitshane? I burned my arm. Aspect class: ES. DERIVED BASES: -atsha?aht-/ -at-N-atsha?aht- burn something; -atsha? Ani-/-atsha?a?s-/ -at-N-atsha? Ani-/-at-N-atsha? a ?sburn on one; -atya?tatsha?- burn up, burn to death. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-atsha?-, with the semireflexive, occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ? of both alternants is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. -atsha?aht-1-at-N-atsha?aht- v.a. burn something. katsha ?fitha? I'm burning it. wakatsha ?fihtu I have

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burned it. wa ?ktHsha ?ahte? I burned it, Akatsha ?ahte? I will burn it. Future stative: Awakatsha ?ahtuhake? I will have burned it. With -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wa ?katna ?tsyatsha ?ahte? I burned the pot. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -atsha?-/ -at-N-atsha?- burn, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: -atsha?ahtanyuburn several; -atsha?ahtAni-/ -atsha?ahtA- burn something for or on someone. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-atsha?aht-, with the semireflexive, occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ht of both alternants becomes t before h. -atsha?ahtanyu- v.a. burn several. katsha ?ahttinyuhe? I'm burning things. wakatsha ?ahttini? I have burned things. wa ?katsha ?ahtani? I burned things, Akatsha ?ahttini? I will burn things. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atsha?aht-/ -at-N-atsha?aht- burn something, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atsha?ahtani- before a final ?. -a tsha? ah tAni -/-atsha? ah tA- v .a. burn something for or on someone. kuyatsha?ahtA·n{he? I keep burning it on you. wa ?kuyatsha ?fihtA? I burned it for you, wa ?ukwatsha ?fihtA? she or someone burned it on me. COMPOSED OF: -atsha?aht-/ -at-N-atsha?aht- burn something, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atsha?ahtAni- occurs in the habitual

aspect, -atsha?ahtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -a tsha? Ani -/-atsha? a? s-1 -at-N-atsha? Ani-/-at-N-atsha ?a ?sv.a. burn on one. wakatsha?A"n{he? it burns on me. ukwatsha ?ahse? it burned on me. With -na?tal- bread, cake: ukwatna ?talatsha ?ahse? the bread burned on me. With -?wahlmeat: ukwate ?wahlatsha ?ahse? the meat burned on me. COMPOSED OF: -atsha?/-at-N-atsha?- burn, -Ani-/-?sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternants -at-N-atsha? Ani- and -at-N-atsha?a?s-, with the semireflexive, occur with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternants -atsha? Ani- and -at-N-atsha? Ani- occur in the habitual aspect. The alternants -atsha?a?s- and -at-N-atsha?a?soccur in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atsha ?kt-/.atsha ?ket-/.at-N -a ?kt-/ .at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic, v.a. bend over, become crooked. tekatsha·ktus I keep bending over. tewakatsha·ktu I'm bending over, I'm bent over, tehotshti·ktu he's bent over, teyotsha·ktu it's bent or crooked. wa ?fkatsha·kete? I bent over. tehsatshti·ket Bend over! With -hsin- leg: tehotshina·ktu he has a crooked leg. With -nakalstick: teyotnakala·ktu it's a bent stick. With -?nyuhs-/-?nyu-/ -i?nyuhs- I -i?nyu- nose: tehote ?nyuhsa·ktu he has a crooked nose. Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

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.hsa ?kt-/ .hsa ?ket-/ .a ?kt-/ .a ?ketplus te- dualic, fold over, bend something. DERIVED BASES: .atsha?ktanyu- plus te- dualic, be winding, be zigzagged; .athaha?kt- plus te- dualic, be a bend or curve in the road; .atluhkwe?na?kt-/ .atluhkwe?na?ket- plus te- dualic, ~lump over; .atya?ta?kt-/ .atya?ta?ket- plus te- dualic, bend to one side; teyotahya:ktu banana; teyothuta:ktu blackcap, black raspberry; teyotnakala:ktu hockey stick. NOTE: The alternants .atsha?ktand .atsha ?ket- are composed of the -at- semireflexive, an empty noun root -hs-, and a verb root -a?kt-/ -a?ket-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The combinations -at-hs-a?kt- and -at-hs-a?ket- result in a cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The alternants .at-N-a?kt- and .at-N-a?ket- occur with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternants .atsha?kt- and .at-N-a?kt- occur in the habitual and stative aspects and before derivational suffixes, .atsha?ket- and .at-N-a?ket- occur in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?k cluster of all the alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atsha?ktanyu- plus te- dualic, v.s. be winding, be zigzagged. teyotsha ?kftini? it's zigzagged, it's really winding. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .atsha?kt-/ .atsha ?ket-/ .at-N -a ?kt-/ .at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked, -nyu- distributive.

NOTE: Many speakers have .atsha?ktani- before a final ?. -atsha?nhu- v.a. drip. watshd·nhuhe? it's dripping. yotshd·nhu? it has dripped. utsha·nhu? it dripped, Awatshd·nhu? it will drip. Aspect class: Bl. NOTE: The ? of the ?nh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels . -atsheyalA-1-atsheyalu- v.s. be shy. wakatshe·yalA? I'm shy, lotshe·yalA? he's shy, yakotshe·yalA? she's shy, yotshe·yalA? she (z.) is shy. With npartitive: tsi? niyakotshe·yalA? she's so shy. Aspect class: B. • Yah te ?yakotlihwatye·ni ne· witsi? niyakotshe·yalA ?, n6k se ?nikzUalak nA Ayutsheyalu·k6·. She's not very talkative because she's so shy, but watch out for her when she gets over her shyness . DERIVED BASES: -atsheyalAhslshyness; -atsheyalukw- get over one's shyness. NOTE: The alternant -atsheyaluoccurs before the -kw- reversative suffix. -atsheyalAhsl- v. > n. shyness . atsheyalAhsla? shyness. COMPOSED OF: -atsheyalA-/ -atsheyalu- be shy, -hsl- nominalizer . -atsheyalukw- v.a. get over one's shyness. wa ?katsheyalu·k6· I got over my shyness, Ayutsheyalu·k6· she will get over her shyness. COMPOSED OF: -atsheyalA-/ -atsheyalu- be shy, -kw- reversative . NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

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.atshAtho- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.a. for the sun to set. tetwatsh1fthos the sun sets (every day). ya ?fwatsh1ftho? the sun set. DERIVED BASES: tsi? tetwatshAthos west; ya?twatshAtho? sunset. .atshina?sel-/.atshina?slu- plus tedualic, v.a. cross one's legs. tekatshina ?selha? I'm crossing my legs, I'm putting one leg over the other. wa ?tkatshina·slu? I crossed my legs, wa ?fhatshina·slu? he crossed his legs, wa ?fyutshina·slu? she crossed her legs, tAkatshina·slu? I will cross my legs, tAhatshina·slu? he will cross his legs. Pre-pausal: tAhatshina ·seJu?. teswatshina·selu All of you, cross your legs! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .hsina?slu-/.hsina?sel- plus tedualic, have one's legs crossed. NOTE: The addition of the -atsemireflexive to the component base results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The alternant .atshina?sel- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .atshina?sluoccurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atshinha? N garter. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -hsin- leg, and the ths cluster is replaced by tsh. Otherwise the composition is unclear. -atshiniko?takalhatho- v.a. turn one's ankle. wakatshiniko ?fakalhathu I have turned my ankle. wahatshiniko ?fakalhatho? he turned his ankle, wa ?utshiniko ?takalhatho? she turned her ankle. COMPOSED OF: -hsiniko?t- ankle,

-atkalhatho- turn over, roll over, tip over, flip over. NOTE: The component noun base -hsiniko?t- is incorporated into the component verb base -atkalhathoafter the initial -at- of -atkalhatho-. The resulting ths cluster is replaced by tsh. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -atshinoklik- v.a. draw up one's legs. wahatshin6klike? he drew up his legs. With t- cislocative: tahatshin6klike? he drew up his legs (e.g., in order to avoid something, such as the vacuum cleaner), tayutshin6klike? she drew up her legs. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hsin- leg, -N-oklik-/-N-okli-1 -N-klik-1-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up. NOTE: The addition of the -atsemireflexive to -hsin- results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. -atshino?kaht- v.a. limp . latshino ?katha? he's limping. wahatshin6·kahte? he limped, Ahatshin6·kahte? he will limp. Habitual past: latshino ?kathahkwe? he was limping. • We·ne tsi? lohsi?tanuhlya·ku s6·tsi? latshino?katha?. Itmustbe that he hurt his foot (because) he's limping. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -hsin- leg; otherwise the composition is unclear. The combination -at-hsin- results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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-atshi?tAht- v.a. whimper. yutshi ?fAtha? she's whimpering, latshi ?fAtha? he's whimpering. yakotshi ?tAhtu she has whimpered. wa ?utshf-tAhte? she whimpered. Aspect class: El. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after ~ccented vowels. atsho·kta? N hoe. akwatsh6·kta? my hoe. -atsholi-/-atsholy- v.a. eat something soupy, slurp. katsho·Uhe? I eat something soupy, I'm slurping. wakatsholi I'm eating something soupy. wahatsho·U· he ate something soupy. satsho·l[ Eat it! (e.g., your soup or cereal). Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: yutsholyci-tha? soup bowl. NOTE: The English gloss doesn't quite convey the meaning of this base; it's the shape of the mouth that's important, not the noise. The alternant -atsholy- occurs before derivational suffixes. .atskahu- plus te- dualic, v.a. chew. tekatska·huhe 7 I keep chewing. tewakatska·hu 7 I'm chewing. wa 7tkatska·hu? I chewed, tAhsatska·hu 7 you will chew. Habitual past: tekatskahuhahkwe 7 I was chewing. Aspect class: Bl. .atskala?t- plus te- dualic, v.s. be bitter, be strong-tasting, be sour. teyotska·la·t it's bitter or sharp (e.g., radishes), it's sour (e.g., a lemon). Pre-pausal: teyotska-laht. Stative past: teyotskala ?fu·ne 7 it was bitter. Aspect class: A. • Yah te?wakekti·u thikA onuhkwa ?f s6·tsi7 teyotska·laht. I didn't like that medicine, it's too

bitter. DERIVED BASES: teyotskala ?tk6· smartweed. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also teyoskalya?t green spots on fresh potatoes. .atskala?w- plus te- dualic, v.a. open one's mouth. tewakatskalti·wA I have my mouth open, tehotskala·wA he has his mouth open, teyakotskala·wA she has her mouth open. wa ?fkatskalawe? I opened my mouth. tehsatskalaw Open your mouth! DERIVED BASES: .atskala?wahtplus te- dualic, yawn. NOTE: The ? of the ?w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in post-accented syllables. .atskala?waht- plus te- dualic, v.a. yawn. tewakatskala ?watha? I keep yawning. wa ?fwakatskala·wahte 7 I yawned. COMPOSED OF: .atskala?w- plus tedualic, open one's mouth, -ht- causative . NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the ? of the ?w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atskanuthu- plus te- dualic, v.a. smack one's lips, drool. tekatskanuthuhe? I'm drooling, I'm smacking my lips, my mouth keeps watering, tehatskanuthuhe? he's smacking his lips. wa ?fkatskanuthu? I smacked my lips, wa 7thatskanuthu 7 his mouth watered, tAkatskanuthu 7 I will smack my lips. With ytranslocative: ya ?fkatskanuthu 7 I was over there and I was smacking my lips.

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COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -hs- lips, mouth, -kanut- lick, -hu- distributive. NOTE: The addition of the -atsemireflexive to -hs- results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh.

atskwe Greeting: How about it. -atskwek- v.a. close one's mouth. wa '?katskweke '? I closed my mouth, wahdtskweke '? he closed his mouth, wa '?utskweke '? she closed her mouth. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hs- lips, mouth, -N-kwek- close. NOTE: The addition of the -atsemireflexive to the noun base -hsresults in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. -atsluni-/-atsluny- v.a. get dressed. katslu·nihe? I'm getting dressed. wakatsluni I'm dressed, lotsluni he's dressed, yakotsluni she's dressed. Pre-pausal: yakotslu·n[ wa '?katslu-ni· I got dressed. satslu-n[ Get dressed! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: -atslunyahsyuundress; -atslunyakhw-/ -atslunyahkw- clothes; -atslunya?tput on an outfit. NOTE: The addition of the -atsemireflexive to the component base results in the cluster thsl, which is replaced by tsl. The alternant -atsluny- occurs before derivational suffixes. -atslunyahkw- clothes. See -atslunyakhw-/-atslunyahkw-. .atslunyahkwateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. change one's clothes. wa '?tkatslunyahkwate·ni· I changed my clothes. With s- repetitive: tusakatslunyahkwate·ni- I changed

my clothes again. COMPOSED OF: -atslunyakhw-/ -atslunyahkw- clothes, .teny-/ .tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

atslunyahkwayAtakhwa? V > N dresser. COMPOSED OF: -atslunyakhw-/ -atslunyahkw- clothes, -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. -atslunyahsyu- v.a. undress. katslunyahsyus I'm undressing. wakatslunyahsi I have undressed. wa '?katslunyahsi '? I undressed. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -atsluni-/-atslunyget dressed, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -atslunyahsi- word-finally and before a final ?. -atslunyakhw-/-atslunyahkw- v. > n. clothes. atslunyakhwa '? clothes. akwatslunyakhwa '? my clothes, satslunyakhwa '? your clothes, akotslunyakhwa '? her clothes, laotslunyakhwa '? his clothes, swatslunyakhwa '? your (plural) clothes, laonatslunyakhwa '? their (m.) clothes. With -hninu?se-/ -hninu?s- buy for someone: wahiyatslunyahkwahni·nu·se? I bought clothes for him. With -unyAni- I -unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something: luwAnatslunyahkunyA·nfhe? she made clothes for them. • E·s6· on.A wahiyatslunyahkwahni·nu·se '? thik.A kA? nihla:.: I bought lots of clothes for that little one. COMPOSED OF: -atsluni-/-atslunyget dressed, -hkw- instrumental.

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DERIVED BASES:

.atslunyahkwateny- plus te- dualic, change one's clothes; atslunyahkwayAtakhwa? dresser. NOTE: The altemant -atslunyakhw- occurs in the basic noun form and the possessed forms. The ending -khwa? in these forms probably comes from -hkw-ha?, instrumental plus habitual aspect. The altemant -atslunyahkw- is the incorporating form. The final w of -atslunyahkw- is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -atslunya't- v.a. put on an outfit. yutslunytHha? she regularly puts on this outfit. yakotslunya·tu the way she's dressed, she has this outfit on, lotslunya·tu the way he's dressed, yotslunya·tu the way she (z.) is dressed. oya· wahatslunyahte? he put on something different. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -atsluni-/-atslunyget dressed, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atst-/-utst- v.a. use, wear. katsta? I'm using it, I'm wearing it, satsta? you're using it, latsta? he's using it, yutsta? she's using it, watsta? she (z.) is using it, tyatsta? you and I (incl.) are using it, lutsta? they (m.) are using it. wakatstu I have used it, I'm wearing it, l6tstu he has used it, lonatstu they (m.) have used it, yonatstu they (z.) have used it. wa·katste? I used it, wa·yutste? she used it, wa·latste? he used it, wa?akyatste? we two (excl.) used it, wa ?akwatste? we (excl.) used it, wahA·nutste? they (m.) used it, A·katste? I will use it, .tfhsatste? you

will use it, .tf·latste? he will use it, A·yutste? she will use it, .tftyatste? you and I (incl.) will use it, Ayakyatste? we two (excl.) will use it, .tftsyatste? you two will use it, .tftwatste? we (incl.) will use it, Ayakwatste? we (excl.) will use it, Aku·nutste? they (z.) will use it, AhA·nutste? they (m.) will use it, a·katste? I should use it, ahsatste? you should use it, a-yutste? she should use it, aetyatste? you and I (incl.) should use it, ayakwatste? we (excl.) should use it, a·hA·nUtste? they (m.) should use it. ihsatst Use it! Future habitual: Akatstake? I will be using it. Optative stative: ahotstuhake? he should be wearing it, ahonatstuhake? they (m.) should have been using it. Aspect class: El. • f. akwa·shale? wa·latste? wa ?thatwistohslalho?. He used my knife to butter it. Kwah o ?sw.tf·ta? niwahsohk6·tA ka?ik.tf suit l6tstu. It was black, the colour of the suit he was wearing. (MS) DERIVED BASES: -atstahkw- use something for; -atstahsyu- get through using, take off clothing; -atstanyu- use several; -atsta?nintend to use; -atstAni-/-atstA- put something on someone; atsta?shuha or yutsta?shuha tools. NOTE: The altemant -utst- occurs in the third person of the punctual aspect, -atst- occurs elsewhere. -atstahkw- v.a. use something for. satstakhwa? you use it for doing something. wa ?katstahkwe? that is the thing I used. •Nahte? ne· satstakhwa? ka?i·k.tf. What do you use this for? COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst- use, wear, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect, the

Oneida-English 269

combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. -atstahl- v.a. be unable to find something. katsttHus I can't find it. wakatsta·lu I haven't found it. wa ?katstale? I didn't find it, Akatstale? I won't find it. Aspect class: E6. DERIVED BASES: -atlihwatstahl- be unable to find a word. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in post-accented syllables. -atstahsyu- v.a. get through using, take off clothing. katstahsyus I'm finishing using it, I'm taking it off. wakatstahsi I'm through with it, lotstahsi he's through with it, lonatstahsi they (m.) are through with it. wahutstahsi? they (m.) got through with it, Akatstahsi? I will be finished using it. Aspect class: A2. • Katstahsyus a·se· akwatya·tawiht. I'm taking off my new dress. COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst· use, wear, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Some speakers report only the meaning 'take off clothing'. Many speakers have -atstahsi- wordfinally and before a final ?. -atstanyu- v.a. use several. latstanyuhe? he uses different things. wahatstani? he used different things. COMPOSED OF: ·atst-/-utst- use, wear, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atstani- before a final ?, -at-N-statha?t- dry something. See -statha ?t-/-at-N -sta tha ?t-. -atsta?n- v.m. intend to use. katsta·ne? I'm going to use it, satstti·ne? you

intend to use it. •Nahte? satsta·ne? yutnutekta?. What are you going to do with the lid? COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst- use, wear, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atsta?shuha V > N tools. COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst- use, wear, -ha? habitual, -shuha collective clitic. NOTE: Another word for 'tools' is yutsta?shuha. -atstelist- v.a. take charge, look after. katstelista? I look after things. lotstelistu he's looking after it, he's in charge. wa ?katste-liste? I took charge of it, Akatste·liste? I will look after it, it will be my matter, takA? ahutstdist they (m.) shouldn't take it over, they shouldn't touch it. With s- repetitive: shonatstelistu they (m.) are in charge again. Aspect class: El. • Ok wi- na· ka ?ikA tsi? akweku ukwe ?faseshu? th6 shonatstelistu. But now there are all these new people in charge there. (Pl) DERIVED BASES: -atstelistahkw- be someone's business; -atlihwatstelisttake charge of someone's affairs. -atstelistahkw- v.a. be someone's business. katstelistakhwa? it's my business, satstelistakhwa? it's your business. With te?- negative: yah tehsatstelistakhwa? it's not your business. • Yah ki? ni- nahte? tehsatstelistakhwa?. It's none of your business. COMPOSED OF: -atstelist- take charge, look after, -hkw- instru-

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mental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. atste? Locative particle: outside. atste? wate?wa-Jute? V > N barbecue. COMPOSED OF: atste? outside; and wneuter agent, -?wahl- meat, -ate?skut-1-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -e? stative. atste? yAhtakhwa? v > N bathroom. COMPOSED OF: atste? outside; and yA- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ehtahkw- where one goes, -ha? habitual. -atstAni-/-atstA- v.a. put something on someone. shakotstA·n{he? he puts it on her (e.g., a bib on a baby). wa ?shak6tstA? he put it on her, wahiyatstA? I put it on him. COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst- use, wear, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The altemant -atstAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, -atstAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -atstik- v.a. vomit. latsti-kus he's vomiting. lotstiku he has vomited. wahatstike? he vomited, Ahatstike? he will vomit. Aspect class: E6. DERIVED BASES: -atstikanyu- vomit all over; -atstika?tA- make vomit. -atstikanyu- v.a. vomit all over. wahatstikani? he threw up all over. COMPOSED OF: -atstik- vomit, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atstikani- before a final ?. -atstika?tA- v.a. make vomit. ukwatstika·tA? it made me vomit, wahotstika·tA? it made him vomit, wa ?akotstika·tA? it made her vomit.

COMPOSED OF: -atstik- vomit, -?tcausative, -A- benefactive. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atsya·kta? N riverbank. NOTE: See also atsya?ktuti? along the river. a·tsya? N a root which is hot and is chewed. NOTE: This word is not familiar to all speakers. atsya?ktuti? N along the river. NOTE: Probably includes a component -atsya?kt- and the progressive suffix -utye- or -uti-. A component -atsya?kt- is present also in atsya·kta? riverbank. -atsyA-/-tsyA- n. dish, plate, bowl. atsi? or katsi? dish. la6tsi? his dish. With -shuha collective clitic: atsyA ?shuha or katsyA ?shuha dishes. DERIVED BASES: teyeyestanyu?takhwa? atsi? mixing bowl. NOTE: Both of the basic noun forms katsi? and atsi? are attested. The form katsi? is a consonant-stem (-tsyA-) while atsyi? is an a-stem (-atsyA-). The alternant -tsyA- may be present also in -tsyAht- draw water, and -tsyA?n- go to get water. This base is never incorporated; compare -ks-, which is always incorporated. Most speakers have -atsi- or -tsi- before a final ? . atsy6k Temporal particle: in a little while, after a while, soon. • Atsy6k ukyo ?tl'ihsa ?. After a little while I'll be going to work NOTE: See also wa?tsy6k in a little while, after a while, soon.

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atsy6k

nya·h~hkwe?

after a while.

.at-N+ plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.s. be extended, be stuck out. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: th6 ya ?fewakalahsf-tate 7 there. my f~ot is extended or stuck out. Wtth -hsmleg: th6 ya ?fewakatshi ·nate 7 the~e my leg is extended or stuck out. Wtth -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: th6 ya?tewakatnJftshate? my arm is extended, there I had my arm out. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .at-N-tat- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, extend. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. See also -atahuhsat- be listening. -at-N-tahkw- v.a. for something to get out of something. With -hnekliquid, liquor: uthnekatahko 7 the water came out of it (e.g., it leaked out somehow). With -wel- air, wind: yotwelatahkwA the air has come out of it, there's no air in it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -tahkw-/ -etahkw- take out of a container, unload. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -attakwalashA- v.s. be dented. yottakwalashA? it's dented. Aspect class: B. -attakwalihsyu-/-at-N -kwalihsyuv.s. be straight, be level, have good posture. wakattakwalihsi I'm straight, I have good posture, lottakwalfhsi he's straight, yakottakwalihsi she's straight,

yottakwalihsi she (z.) or it is . straight, it's level. Future stahve: Ayottakwalihsyuhake? it will continue to be straight. With -hah- I -h-I -wah- road, path: yothahakwalfhsi the road is straight. With -uhwAtsy- I -uhutsy- I -hw Atsy- I -hutsy- land, ground, earth: yotuhwAtsyakwalihsi the ground is even or level. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -takwalihsyu-/-kwalihsyustraighten something. DERIVED BASES: -atlihwakwalihsyu- be honest. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-kwalihsyu- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -attakwalihsi- and -at-N-kwalihsiword-finally. -at-N-taliha?t- v.a. heat up, warm up. With -hnana?t- potato: wakathnana ?fatalihfi-tu I'm heating up potatoes, wahathnana 7tatalihahte 7 he heated up the potatoes. And tcislocative: tayuthnana ?fatalfhahte 7 she heated up the potatoes there. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: yuthnekataliha·tha? she's heating up water, wa ?uthnekatalfhahte? she heated up the water, wahathnekatalfhahte 7 he heated up the water, sathnekatalihaht Heat up the water! With -khwfood, and s- repetitive: sakatekhwatalfhahte 7 I heated up the food again. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -liha1 t-/

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-taliha?t- bring to a boil, heat up, warmup. DERIVED BASES:

watnuhsataliha?takhwa? furnace; yuthnekataliha?takhwa? teakettle. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -at-N-tase- get twisted. See -athwatase-1-at-N-tase-. .at-N-tase- plus te- dualic, go completely around. See .ahkwatase/.at-N-tase- plus te- dualic. . at-N-tasehatye- plus te- dualic, be going completely around. See .ahkwatasehatye-/ .at-N-tasehatye- plus te- dualic. .at-N-tat- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.a. extend. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: ya ?tkalahsi-tatate? I extended my foot, ya ?tAkalahsz.tatate? I will extend my foot. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: ya ?tkatnAtshatate? I extended my arm, ya ?tyutnAtshatate? she extended her arm, ya ?tAkatnAtshatate? I will extend my arm. COMPOSED OF: .at-N-t- plus ya?tetranslocative and dualic, be extended, be stuck out, -t- causativeinchoative. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The initial -at- is the semireflexive, and it is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The composition is tentative; alternatively this base is composed of the ya ?te- translocative and dualic prefixes, -at-

semireflexive, and the base -tathand something by extending one's hand. -attatakw- v.a. pop, bounce, ricochet. wattatakwas it's popping, it's hitting against something and bouncing back off again. yottatdkwA it has bounced. uttata·k6· it bounced off, it ricocheted. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: -attatakwahtmake ricochet, make bounce; watnAstatakwas popcorn. NOTE: Also attested with the tedualic, with no difference in meaning. For example, tewattatdkwas it's popping or bouncing back. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect . -attatakwaht- v.a. make ricochet, make bounce. kattatakwatha? I'm bouncing it, I'm making it ricochet . lottatakwahtu he's bouncing it. Ahattatdkwahte? he will make it ricochet. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -attatakw- pop, bounce, ricochet, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atte- v.s. be at the edge, be at the end. y6tte? it's at the edge or at the end. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot, and ytransloca ti ve: tsi? yeholahsi-tate? it's at the end of his foot. With -hAtfield, garden: tsi? yothA·tate? it'~ at the end of the field or garden. With -nat- town, village, place: tsi? yotna-tdte? it's at the end of town. With -nuhs- house, building: tsi? yotnuhsate? it's at the end of the house. With -nutsi- I -nutsist- head, cabbage, and y- translocative: tsi? . yehotnutsfstate? it's at the end of his head. With -shnuhs- I -ishnuhs- I -shnu- hand, fingers, andy- transloc-

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ative: tsi? yehonishnuhsate? it's at the end of his hand. With -uhwAtsy1-uhutsy- I -hwAtsy- I -hutsy- land, ground, earth: tsi? yotuhutsyate? it's at the end of the land, it's a cliff. With -?sleht- vehicle: tsi? yote ?slehtate? it's at the end of the car. Aspect class: B. • Kwah tsi? ya·wet tsi? y6tte? kA· n laneway th6 thik.A yahtiti? k.A·. It's just at the end of the laneway that he would sit down. (M6) DERIVED BASES: .atte- plus tcislocative, be high up, be important. NOTE: Probably composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -te-, since incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -te-. The semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. This root may be present also in .teplus t- cislocative, be at a certain level, be at a certain rank. .atte- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be high up, be important. With C.nik up: e·nik th6tte? he's up there, he's very important, C.nik ty6tte? it's high up. With n- partitive: a?e· nity6tte? it's so high. t6· nity6tte7 how high is it? t6· nith6tte? how high up there is he, how important is he? t6· nityak6tte? how important is she? k6k nith6tte? his rank is only so high. Aspect class: B. • TahayAto·t.A· ya·ya?k niyohs£-take ni ·y(ts khfile? ahSA niyohsi-take nity6tte? thik.A. He would pile the wood up six feet long and three feet high. (Gl} COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -attebe at the edge, be at the end. -attehtani-/-attehtA- v.a. scold someone, give someone heck. luwattehtanihe? she's scolding him. wahuwattehtA? she scolded him,

wa ?kuyattehtA? I gave you heck, wa ?shakottehtA? he gave her heck, AkheyattehtA? I will give her heck. takA? AskwattehtA Don't give me heck! With n- partitive: nihakwattehtanihe? he's really scolding me, na ?ukhiyattehtA? she really got after us. • Ne·n yah kwi· tehau ?weskwani·u k.A· tsi? wahuwattehtA? k.A·. So he wasn't very happy that she was giving him heck. (M6) NOTE: The alternant -attehtanioccurs in the habitual aspect, -attehtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. See also -attehtanyuni ?ne- go along scolding.

-attehtanyuni?ne- v.m. go along scolding. yukwattehtanyun{ne? they're going along giving me heck. NOTE: Related to the base -attehtani-/-attehtA- scold someone, give someone heck. The final-?ne- of the base is the ambulative suffix, but the composition is unclear. .attenihA- plus te- dualic, v.s. flap. teyotteninA it's flapping (e.g., a loose shingle}. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .tenihA- plus te- dualic, shake. .atteny-/.attenyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. change. tehattenyehse? he changes (e.g., his mood, his clothes}, tewattenyehse? it's changing. tehotteni he has changed, teyotteni she (z.) or it has changed. wa ?thatte·ni· he changed, wa 7twatte·nf- she (z.) or it changed, tAwatte·n( she (z.) or it will change. With s- repetitive: tAswatte·ni· it will change again. With n- partitive: na ?fewakatteni how I have changed. Aspect class: E4. •Yah te?wakanuhte? tsi? th6 k.A

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na ?tewakatteni. I didn't realize that I've changed so much. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something. DERIVED BASES: .attenya?- plus tedualic, have changed one's ways; . attenyuhatye- plus te- dualic, go along changing; .attenyukw- plus tedualic, for several to change; .atnawilateny- plus te- dualic, lose one's baby teeth and get new teeth; .atunhateny- plus te- dualic, go through stages of a lifetime; .atwAnateny- plus te- dualic, for one's voice to change. NOTE: The alternant .attenyuoccurs before the -kw- reversative suffix, .atteny- occurs elsewhere. Incorporated nouns occurs between the semireflexive and .teny- I. tenyu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of .atteny- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of .atteny- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

. attenya?- plus te- dualic, v.s. have changed one's ways. tewakattenya·u I have changed, tehottenya·u he has changed, teyottenya·u she (z.) or it has changed. Aspect class: E. • E·s6· se? wi· na? teyottenya·u, e·s6· o ?sluni?keha tsi? nityukwalih6·tA. A lot of things have changed now, many of our ways are like the white people's. (Gl) E·s6· tewakattenya·u tsi? n.ti wakat6ti,?. I've changed a lot now that I've grown up. COMPOSED OF: .atteny-/.attenyuplus te- dualic, change,-?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .attenyuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along changing. teyottenyuhdti? it's going along changing. With n- partitive: na?teyottenyuhdti? how it's going along changing . • Ne· kAs kwi· na? wAhnislateni waknehlakwas tsi? na ?teyottenyuhdti? kwah tsi? ok nah6·tA ?. Day after day I'm amazed at how just all kinds of things are changing. (Hl) COMPOSED OF: .atteny-/.attenyuplus te- dualic, change, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .attenyuhati- before a final ?. .attenyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for several to change. tewattenyukwas it keeps changing. teyottenyukwA it has changed. wa ?twattenyu·k6· it changed several times, quite a few things changed. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .atteny-/.attenyuplus te- dualic, change, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect . .attihA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be different from one another. tekyattihA it's different, the two (z.) are different, tetyatUhA you and I (incl.) are different, tehuttznA they (m.) are all different. With n- partitive: na ?tekyattihA it's so different, the two (z.) are different in such a way. Aspect class: A. • Tsi? na ?tekyattihA thik.ti tekyatAhnu·tele? tsi? ka·y.ti· kA? nitya-ka· s.tiha? yekwan.ti tsi? ni·y6t tsi? ka·y.ti· yekwa·ni_. There's a difference between the sisters, the one who is the youngest is bigger than the one who is older.

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COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .tih(A)- plus te- dualic, care.

-attok- v.a. notice, perceive, realize. katto·kds I notice things, I'm perceptive, I feel things (physically), I have a feeling about something, yutto·kds she or someone notices, yakwatto·kds we (excl.) notice things, lutto·kds they (m.) are perceptive. wa ?kdttoke? I noticed it, I felt it, wahsattoke? you noticed it, wahattoke? he noticed it, wa ?uttoke? she noticed it, wahyattoke? the two (m.) noticed it, Akattoke? I will notice it, Ayuttoke? she will notice it, ahattoke? he should notice it, takA? ayuttok she shouldn't notice. With te?- negative: yah tehatto·kas he doesn't notice, yah fe?yutto·kas she doesn't notice, yah fe?wakattok£ I didn't notice, yah te ?yakottok£ she didn't notice. Aspect class: D3. • N A kwf- ka ?ik£ lutto·kas tsi? we·ne se? ne· ka?ik£ n£·, wi-ne tsi? tehona ?kalu-tu· ka ?ik£ th6 wa ·I awe?. So then they perceived that it must be the following, it must be that the horned one (the devil) had arrived there. (M5) DERIVED BASES: -attokanyu- notice, perceive, become aware of things; -attoka?tahkw- use to notice or feel with; -attokAni-/-attoka?s- notice something about someone; -attokAhslayA- have sensations. -attok- v.a. be well-informed, be wise, be stingy. katt6kha? I'm wellinformed, I'm right on top of things, I'm stingy, latt6kha '? he's wellinformed, he's wise, he's stingy, yutt6kha '? she's well-informed, she's wise, she's stingy. Habitual past: latt6khahkwe? he used to be knowledgeable. Future stative:

Akatt6khake? I will be wellinformed. With te?- negative: yah te ?katt6kha '? I don't know about it, yah te ?yutt6kha? she doesn't know about it, she's not all there (she has some loose marbles), yah tehsatt6kha? you're crazy. And habitual past: yah te ?katt6khahkwe? I didn't know about it, I was foolish. DERIVED BASES: -atA ?nikuhlattokbe smart, talk like an older person, be precocious; -atlihwattok- be smart. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. Incorporated nouns occur after the initial -at- of the base, which is probably the semireflexive, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -attokanyu- v.a. notice, perceive, become aware of things. kattokanyuhe '? I'm aware of what's going on around me, lattokdnyuhe? he's noticing or aware of things (e.g., if he was in a coma or under an anesthetic, and begins to come around). wahattokani? he noticed all sorts of things. With s- repetitive: n£ ki'? shattokanyuhe? he's aware of things again, he notices things around him. With te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te ?skattokanyuhe? I don't have any feeling (e.g., in my hands). COMPOSED OF: -attok- notice, perceive, realize, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -attokani- before a final ?. -attoka?tahkw- v.a. use to notice or feel with. yuttoka '?takhwa? what she uses to feel with, she has feelings or wisdom, lattoka ?fakhwa '? he has feelings or wisdom. COMPOSED OF: -attok- notice, perceive, realize, -'t- causative, -hkw- instrumental.

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NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect.

-attokAhslayA- v.s. have sensations. wakattokAhsla·y.tf· I have sensation or feeling (e.g., in my hands). With te?- negative: yah te7wakattokAhsla·y.tf· I have no sensations. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -attok- notice, perceive, realize, -A stative, -hslnominalizer, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -attokAni-/-attoka?s- v.a. notice something about someone. liyattokA·nfhe? I notice something about him. wahiyatto·ka·se? I noticed something about him, I found him out, I realized something about him. COMPOSED OF: -attok- notice, perceive, realize, -Ani- I- ?sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -attokAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -attoka?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -attoklikhu- v.s. be wrinkled, be crushed. yottoklfkhu? it's wrinkled or crushed (as a result of someone making it so). Aspect class: B. NOTE: May include the alternant -N-oklik- of the base -N-oklik-/ -N-okli-1-N-klik-/-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up; and the -hu- distributive suffix. -attsihalatenya?t- v.a. spin. kattsihalatenya·tha? I make myself go around or spin in a circle. lottsihalatenya·tu he's spinning around. wa ?kattsihalatenyahte? I

spun around in a circle. sattsihalatenyaht Spin around! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -tsihalatenya?t- spin someone. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-attsihkahkwalut- v.s. have a sty on the eye. wakattsihkahkwalute? I have a sty on my eye, lottsihkahkwalute? he has a sty, yakottsihkahkwalute? she has a sty. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump; but the composition is unclear. .attsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, v.a. become knotted. teyottsfhkwalute? there's a knot in it. wa 7twattsihkwalu·t.tf· it got a knot in it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .tsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, tie a knot. .attsihkwa?ek-/.attsihkwa?e- plus tedualic, v.a. play ball. tehattsihkwa·eks he's playing ball, he's up at bat, tekuttsihkwa·eks they (z.) play ball, tehuttsihkwa·eks they (m.) play ball. tehottsihkwa·e he's playing ball. Habitual past: tekuttsihkwa·ekskwe? they (z.) were playing ball. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hwa?ek-/ -hwa?e-/-a?ek-/-a?e- strike, bat, thrash. DERIVED BASES: .attsihkwa?ekhplus te- dualic, go to play ball; .attsihkwa?eks plus te- dualic, be a

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ballplayer; tehuttsihkwa ?ekta? ballpark. NOTE: The alternant .attsihkwa?ek- occurs in the habitual aspect and before derivational suffixes, .attsihkwa?e- occurs in the stative aspect. The ? of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .attsihkwa?ekh- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to play ball. tehuttsihkwa ?ekhe? they (m.) are going to play ball. wa ?thuttsihkwa ?ekha? they (m.) are going there to play ball. COMPOSED OF: .attsihkwa?ek-/ .attsihkwa?e- plus te- dualic, play ball, -h- dislocative. .attsihkwa?eks a ballplayer. a ballplayer, a ballplayer, a ballplayer.

plus te- dualic, v.a. be tekattsihkwa·eks I'm tehattsihkwa·eks he's teyuttsihkwa·eks she's

COMPOSED OF: .attsihkwa?ek-/ .attsihkwa?e- plus te- dualic, play ball, -s habitual. NOTE: The? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-attsistohkwal- v.s. have spots, freckles, or moles. lottsist6hkwale? he has spots, freckles, or moles, yakottsist6hkwale? she has spots, freckles, or moles. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -tsistohkwal- for a star to shine, be a dot. DERIVED BASES: -attsistohkwala?get freckles; -attsistohkwalu- have many spots or freckles. -attsistohkwala?- v.a. get freckles. wahottsist6hkwalane? he got freckles. COMPOSED OF: -attsistohkwalhave spots, freckles, or moles,_?_ inchoative.

NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect .

-attsistohkwalu- v.s. have many spots or freckles. wakattsistohkwa·lu· I have spots or freckles, lottsistohkwa·lu· he has spots, he's spotted, yakottsistohkwa·lu· she has freckles, yottsistohkwa·ZU· she (z.) or it has spots. Aspect class: B. • N6k tsi? lottsistohkwa·lu· s athehsa? niwahsohk6·tA. But he (a dog) has brown spots. (M6) COMPOSED OF: -attsistohkwalhave spots, freckles, or moles, -udistributive. -attsistot- v.a. light for oneself, turn on a light for oneself. kattist6tha? I turn on the light or lamp for myself, yuttsist6tha? she or someone lights it for herself, she uses it for light. wakattsistote? I have lit it for myself, I have a light on, yukwattsistote? we have it lit. Akattsisto·t.tl· I will turn on the light. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -tsistot- light, turn on a light. DERIVED BASES: -attsistotu- have lamps, have lights; -attsistotunyulight for oneself several or here and there. -attsistotu- v.s. have lamps, have lights. yukwattsisto·tu· we have lamps or lights. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -attsistot- light for oneself, turn on a light for oneself, -udistributive. -attsistotunyu- v.a. light for oneself several or here and there. wa ?kattsistotuni? I turned on the lights (e.g., I went through the house turning on the lights), wahuttsistotuni? they (m.) lit or

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turned on the light for themselves. COMPOSED OF: -attsistot- light for oneself, turn on a light for oneself, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -attsistotuni- before a final 7 . -attsistut- v.a. furnish oneself with a light or fire. kattsistutha? I ~eep_ giving myself a light, I k~ep_ hghtmg it (e.g., a cigarette), lattststutha? he gives himself a light. wahattsistu-t£· he furnished himself with a light. With tsh- coincident: tshahattsistu·t£· when he lit it up. . , •Ne·n n£· ka?ik£ tshahattststu·tA· n laocigarette, nA kwf- n{ sahaya·k£ne?. So then he lit ~is cigarette, then he went out agam. (MS) NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -tsist- fire, light, and a verb root -ut-. See note under -utho- put into the fire, burn. -attsi?nyuhklokew- v.a. wipe one's nose. kattsi ?nyuhkloke·was I'm wiping my nose. wakattsi ?nyuhklokew£ I have wiped my nose. wa ?kattsi ?nyuhklo ·kewe? I wiped my nose. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -tsi?nyuhkl- snot, -atya?tokew-1-at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself. -attsi?nyuhkluty- v.a. blow one's nose. kattsi ?nyuhklutyehse? I'm blowing my nose. wa ?kattsi?ny~hklu·ti· I , blew my nose, wahattst ?nyuhklu-tt· he blew his nose. sattsi?nyuhklu-!f Blow your nose! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -tsi?nyuhkl- snot, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse.

NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .attsi?tsyanekalu- plus te- dualic, v.a. for flowers to burst into bloom. teyottsi ?fsyanekalu the flower is blooming. wa ?fwattsi ?fsyane·kalu? the flowers burst into bloom. COMPOSED OF: -tsi?tsy- flower, .atla?nekal( u)-/.at-N -nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode. -attsye?elenyu?tuni- v.s. have an ingrown toenail. wakattsye?elenyu ?funi I have an , ingrown toenail, lottsye ?elenyu ?fum he has an ingrown toenail, yakottsye ?elenyu ?funi she has an ingrown toenail. Pre-pausal: yakottsye ?elenyu ?tu ·n[. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -tsye?el- fingernail, toenail, claw; otherwise the composition is unclear. .attsye?elot- plus te- dualic, v.a. pinch. teshakottsye ?el6tha? he's pinching her. wa ?fekheyattsye ?elo·t£· I pinched her wa ?fhakwattsye ?elo·t£· he pin~hed me, wa ?feshakottsye ?elo·t£· he pinched her. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -tsye?el- fingernail, toenail, claw, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -attsi?nuwat- v.s. have a pimple. lottsi ?nu·wat he has a pimple, yakottsi?nu·wat she has a pimple. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -tsi?nuw- bug, worm, -at-1-t-/-et- be in. -attukw- v.a. swell, rise. wattukwas it's rising. yottukwA it has risen.

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uttu·k6· it rose. Aspect class: D3. NOTE: It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the base -attu?kwaht-. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .attukwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. scatter something around. tekattukwatha? I'm scattering things around (e.g., toys). tehonattukwahtu they (m.) have scattered them around. tewattukwahtu it was scattered around. tAkattukwahte? I will scatter things around. Aspect class: El. • Kwah tsi? ok nahte? tehonattukwahtu thik,{ latiksa?shuha. The children scattered all kinds of things. NOTE: The base .at-N-okwahtplus te- dualic has a similar meaning and occurs with incorporated nouns. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -attu?kwaht- v.a. swell, rise. Awattu·kwahfe? it will swell up or rise, uttu ·kwahte? it swelled or rose. NOTE: Used to talk about how beans or rice swell from soaking in liquid or when yeast bread rises. It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the base -attukw-. See also watnA?u:kwas rice. The? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atu- v.a. be possible, come about. wa-tu·se? it could happen. u·tu· it came about, Awa-tu· it's possible. With te?- negative: yah te?yotu·u it didn't become possible. With thcontrastive: yah thau-tu· it's not possible. Aspect class: C3. • Ne·n yah ne· kana·talok

te?yotu·u, kwah ne· n6k tsi? wa?ka-li· kwf· tsi? wa?ona?talahnflhA? nA? n{. It didn't even become bread, but it got quite cooked, it got really hard. (Cl) DERIVED BASES: .atu- plus s- repetitive, be able to go to the bathroom; -atu?se-/-atu?s- have an effect, have enough of. .atu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. be able to go to the bathroom. usaka·tu· I should be able to go to the bathroom, usayu-tu· she should be able to go to the bathroom. • Yah thau ·tu · atste? us aka- tr.i·. I can't go to the bathroom (because I'm constipated). COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -atu- be possible, come about. -atu- v.a. swell. yo·tu· it's swollen. u-tu· it swelled, Awa-tu· it will swell. -atu-1-A-/-ihlu- v.a. say. ka·tuhe? I say, sa·tuhe? you say, la-tuhe? he says, yu-tuhe? she or someone says, lu·tuhe? they (m.) say. wak,{ I have said. wa ?kf·lu? I said, wahsf-lu? you said, wah,{·lu? he said, wa ?k,{·lu? she (z.) said, wa ?yai·lu? (short form: wa ?f-lu?) she said, wahAnf-lu? they (m.) said, Aki·lu? I will say, Ahsi·lu? you will say, aki·lu? I would say, ah,{·lu? he should say, ahni·lu? the two (m.) should say. takA? nahfe? Ahsf-lu Don't say anything! Habitual past: katuhahkwe? I used to say. Future habitual: Akatuheke? I will keep saying. Optative stative: au-k,{ke? I should have said. With s- repetitive: sayai-lu? she said again. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayai·lu? there she said again. With te?- negative: yah te ?wak,{ I didn't say, yah tehaw,1 he didn't say, yah te?yakawA she or

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someone didn't say, yah te ?yuknA we two didn't say. With tsh- coincident: ne· kwf- tshika·tuhe? that's what I said, tshahoni·lu? when they (m.) said it. Aspect class: Al. •Ka-tuhe? se?, "takA? nahte? nAhsatyel ". I said, "don't do anything." Wa ?f-lu?, "takA? nahte? Ahsf-lu thikA a·sheh/o-lf- nahte? ala· yah tehselhe? ahsatekhu ·nf·." She said, "don't you say and tell the reason why you don't want to eat." (01) DERIVED BASES: -ihlunyu- say things. NOTE: The alternant -atu- occurs in the habitual aspect, -A- occurs in the stative aspect, and -ihlu- occurs in the punctual aspect and before the -nyu- distributive suffix. The h of -ihlu- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -Aoccurs also in the particle yakA? so they say, reportedly.

-N-atu- v.a. construct out of something. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -atkAhatu- quilt; -kalatu- tell a story; .nAyatu- plus tedualic, place stones around, brick over; tehutya·latuhe? circus people; tekalu·tatu? log cabin. -atuhew- v.a. sweep. latuhe·was he's sweeping. wakatuhew.i I have swept. wahatuhewe? he swept. Aspect class: 03. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -uhew- sweep. DERIVED BASES: -atuhewanyusweep all over. NOTE: It's not clear how this base and the component base differ in meaning. -atuhewanyu- v.a. sweep all over. lutuhewanyuhe? they (m.) are

sweeping all over. wakatuhewani? I have swept. Ahutuhewani? they (m.) will sweep. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atuhew- sweep, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atuhewani- before a final?.

-atuhkalya?k- v.a. get hungry. katuhkalya ?ks I'm hungry, latuhkalya ?ks he's hungry, yutuhkalya ?ks she's hungry. wa ?katuhkalyahke? I got hungry, Akatuhkalyahke? I will get hungry, akatuhkalyahke? I should get hungry. With te?- negative: yah te ?katuhkalya ?ks I'm not hungry. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .atuhutsyoho-/.atuhwAtsyoho- plus tedualic, v.s. be necessary, should be. teyotuhutsy6hu or teyotuhwAtsy6hu it's necessary, it should be. Aspect class: E. • TeyotuhwAtsy6hu ayekhuniheke? n.i nyAhA·kewe?. She should be cooking when I arrive. NOTE: The alternant .atuhw Atsyoho- occurs in careful speech, but normally most speakers have .atuhutsyoho-. The base is composed of the te- dualic prefix, a component -atuhutsyo- I -atuhwAtsyo-, and the -ho- causative suffix. See also .atuhutsyoni-/ .atuhutsyo?s-/.atuhwAtsyoni-/ .atuhwAtsyo?s- plus te- dualic, want, need, desire. The final o is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .atuhutsyoni-/.atuhutsyo?s-/ .atuhwAtsyoni-/.atuhwAtsyo ?s- plus te- dualic, v.a. want, need, desire. tewakatuhutsyoni or tewakatuhwAtsyoni I want or need,

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tesatuhutsyoni you want, teyakotuhutsyoni she wants, tehotuhutsyoni he wants, teyukwatuhutsyoni we want, tehonatuhutsyoni they (m.) want, teyonatuhutsyoni they (z.) want, tekheyatuhutsyoni I need or desire her, tekatuhutsyoni I want her (z.). wa ?fwakatuhutsyohse? I wanted, I was in need, wa ?fhotuhutsyohse? he wanted, tAsatuhutsyohse? you will want. Stative past: tewakatuhutsyoni·hne· I used to want. With th- contrastive: yah tha ?fewakatuhutsyoni I don't want, yah tha ?fesatuhutsyoni you ~on't want, yah tha ?tehotuhutsyom he doesn't want, yah tha ?teyakotuhutsyoni she doesn't want. • Swatyel.A s yakA? thik.A ta·t nya ?feWAhnislake ta·thuni? ahSA niwahsu·take n.A elhu·wa? Ahakwe·nf- Ahathlo·lf· nahfe? Wf· tehonatuhutsyoni wi- Ahonanuht ane?. Sometimes, they say, it was maybe a couple of days or three nights, then he was able to tell what they needed to know. (02) NOTE: The alternants .atuhwAtsyoni- and .atuhwAtsyo?soccur in careful speech, but normally most speakers have .atuhutsyoniand .atuhutsyo?s-. The base is composed of the te- dualic prefix, a component -atuhutsyo- I -atuhwAtsyo-, and the -ni-/-?sbenefactive suffix. See also .atuhutsyoho-/.atuhwAtsyoho- plus te- dualic, be necessary, should be. The alternants .atuhutsyoni- and .atuhwAtsyoni- occur in the stative aspect. The alternants .atuhutsyo?sand .atuhwAtsyo?s- occur in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster

is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atuhwAtsyoho- plus te- dualic, be necessary, should be. See .atuhutsyoho-/.atuhwAtsyoho- plus te- dualic. .atuhwAtsyoni-/.atuhwAtsyo?s- plus te- dualic, want, need, desire. See .atuhutsyoni-/.atuhutsyo?s-/ .atuhwAtsyoni-/.atuhwAtsyo ?s- plus te- dualic. -atukoht- v.a. pass by or on, go or continue on. katuk6tha? I pass by, watuk6tha? it passes by. lotuk6htu he has gone by, he has passed on (i.e., he has died). wahatu·k6hte? he passed by, he passed on, wa?utu·k6hte? she kept on going, utu-k6hte? it went by, it was over, wa ?akyatu·k6hte? we two (excl.) went on, wahyatu·k6hte? the two (m.) went on, wahakwatu·k6hte? he went ahead of me, wa ?shakotu·k6hte? he went ahead of her, he passed her (e.g., in a grade at school), Akatu·k6hte? I will go on, Awatu·k6hte? it will pass by, it will be over, akatu·k6hte? I should go on, ahatu·k6hfe? he should go on . Stative past: yukyatukohtu·ne? we two had passed by. With s- repetitive: shotuk6htu he has passed by again, tsyakotuk6htu she or someone has passed by again, shonatuk6htu they (m.) have passed by again, sashakotu ·k6hte? he passed on ahead of her (also, if they're both sick, and he died before her), sashukwatuk6htu he passed on ahead of us. With t- cislocative: ta-yakwatu·k6hte? we (excl.) sho.uld go through there. With tAt- duahc and cislocative: tAthutu·k6hte? they (m.) will come on this way. Withy-

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translocative: yahatU'k6hte? he passed by there. With n- partitive: nAwatu·k6hte? it will go by in such a way. With ny- partitive and translocative, and future stative: nyAwatuk6htake? it will go through there. With tsh- coincident: tshutu·k6hte? when it had passed, after it was over, tshahutu·k6hte 7 when they (m.) passed by. With tshuta- coincident and cislocative: tshutahatu·k6hte? when he came by here. With th- contrastive: thutu·k6hte? it just went passing by (unexpectedly). Aspect class: El.

• Yah thau·tu· th6 ta·yakwatu·k6hte? s6·tsi? kA? niyohaha ?slatyeha. We can't go through there, the road is too narrow.

Kwah ki? ne· tutahatnAtshaluni? kAtshutahatu·k6hte?. He actually waved when he passed by. Khtile 7 e·nik nAWatu·k6hte? tok nahte? tyawAhale·le·. And high up something will be going by that's noisy. (Al) DERIVED BASES: .atukoht- plus tedualic, pass, succeed; -atukohtahkwget on a side; .atukohtahkw- plus ytranslocative, go right on by; -atukohtuhatye- move along; -athahukoht- take a particular road; yotuk6htu it's past. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -ukoht-, which occurs also in .ukoht- plus tedualic, force through, penetrate. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ukoht-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ht of the base becomes t before

h. .atukoht- plus te- dualic, v.a. pass, succeed. tehatuk6tha? he always

passes (e.g., a grade at school). tehotuk6htu he has passed. wa 7thatu·k6hte? he passed, wa?tyutu·k6hte? she passed. With th- contrastive: yah tha 7tehotuk6htu he didn't pass. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atukohtpass by or on, go or continue on. DERIVED BASES: .atukohtanyu- plus te- dualic, go through a lot. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

-atukohtahkw- v.a. get on a side. lotukohttihkwA he has gotten on one side, the side he's on. With t- cislocative: tyukyatukohtahkwA the side we two are on, kAh nukwa· twakatukohtahkwA I'm on this side, th6 nukwa· twakatukohtahkwA I'm on that side, I'm on their side, Athatuk6htahkwe? he will get on that side. And future stative: kAh nukwa· Athotukohtahkw.1hake? he will be on this side. With tet- or tuta- dualic and cislocative: tethotukohtahkwA he has gone over to that side again, tutahatuk6htahkwe? he got on that side again. •Khale? wi· kA? nishtitye? k.1·, el.1 nukwa· tutahatuk6htahkwe? tsi 7 nukwa· lotist6·slote? tehati-tAhe 7. And so here he flew again (the bat), he got across on the side again where the feathered ones fly. (RC) COMPOSED OF: -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: This base is used both in the sense of location and in the more abstract sense of sides in a game. Forms with the t- cislocative are preferred .

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.atukohtahkw- plus y- translocative, v.a. go right on by. yehatukohtakhwa? he goes right by. yehotukohtahkwA he has gone by. yAhatuk6htahkwe? he will go right by. Aspect class: Dl. • SwatyelA yAhatuk6htahkwe? sok nu· AhayAtayA·hna· katsha? ok mi·. Sometimes he would keep right on going and deliver wood someplace. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. .atukohtanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. go through a lot. tekatukohtanyuhe? I'm going through a lot. tewakatukohtani? I have gone through a lot. wa ?fkatukohtani? I went through a lot, wa ?tyakyatukohtani? we two (excl.) went through so much. Aspect class:

Bl. • Ne· kati? ni· ala· s6·tsi? wAto·le· tsi? wa?tkatukohtftni? tsi? ok nahte? tsi? yah te?khyatuhslayAtelf. And

that's why I went through such hard times, because I didn't have any education. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: .atukoht- plus tedualic, pass, succeed, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atukohtani- before a final ?.

-atukohtuhatye- v.m. move along. lotukohtuhftti? he's going along, yakotukohtuhati? she's moving along. wakatukohtuhfttyehse? I keep moving on, lotukohtuhatyehse? he keeps going along. wahotukohtuhftti? he's moving along. Habitual past: lotukohtuhatye ?skwe? he used to

keep going along. COMPOSED OF: -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. DERIVED BASES: .atukohtuhatyeplus te- dualic, be going through an experience. NOTE: Many speakers have -atukohtuhati- before a final ?.

.atukohtuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be going through an experience. tewakatukohtuhati? I'm going through (some experience), tesatukohtuhati? you're going through it. wa ?fhotukohtuhati? he's going through something. •Wakanuhte? tsi? ni·y6t tsi? tesatukoh tuhftti? n{ tsi? th6 s£· ni ?fni·y6t. I know what it's like to be going through what you're going through because that's the way it is with me. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atukohtuhatye- move along. NOTE: Many speakers have .atukohtuhati- before a final ?. -atukwe?taksa?t- v.a. misbehave, act like a brat. latukwe ?faksa·tha? he misbehaves, he gets angry, he acts like a brat. lotukwe ?faksa·tu he's angry, he's misbehaving. wahatukwe ?faksahte? he became angry. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ukwe?taks(A)- be cross, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the final ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atukwe?talakw- v.a. invite someone to be a part of one's surroundings for a time. latukwe ?falakwas he invites or chooses someone to join him (or

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come home with him) and be a part of his household for a time. wakatukwe ?talakwA I have chosen someone to stay with me for a time. Akatukwe ?tala·k6· I will invite someone to be a part of my household for a time. Aspect class: 03. COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, -atlakw- claim, keep for oneself. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atukwe?tatku- v.s. have unusual powers, be able to see the future, be a mind reader. lotukwe ?tfitku? he has unusual powers. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the alternant -ukwe?t- of the noun base -ukwe-/-ukwe?t- person, and a verb root -atku-, which is probably related to the noun base -atku-/ -atku?sl- snake (cf. Mohawk -atkandevil, demon, spirit). -atukwe?tatwekt- v.s. be friendly. lotukwe ?tfitwekt he's friendly, he'll just talk to anybody, yakotukwe ?t£itwekt she's friendly. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the alternant -ukwe?t- of the noun base -ukwe-/-ukwe?t- person; otherwise the composition is unclear. -atukwe?tisa?- v.s. be ready to give birth. yakotukwe ?tfsu? she's ready to give birth (her child is finished growing). Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ukwe-/-ukwe?t- person, -hsa?-/ -isa?- finish. NOTE: In the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. .atulost- plus te- dualic, v.a. match. tekheyatul6sta? I'm matching them (so that one item matches another).

tekheyatul6stu I have matched them. wa ?tekheyatu·l6ste? I matched them, wa ?tyukhiyatu ·l6ste? she or someone matched us, wa ?teshukyatu·l6ste? he matched the two of us. tesheyatu·l6st Match them! Aspect class: El. -atuly- v.a. breathe. katulyehse? I'm breathing, latulyehse? he's breathing, yutulyehse? she's breathing. wahatu·li· he started to breathe (e.g., a newborn baby), he's taking a breath. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atunhahel-/-atunhahl- v.a. get happy, overjoyed, high-spirited. wakatunhahele? I'm overjoyed, satunhahele? you're overjoyed, lotunhahele? he's overjoyed, yakotunhahele? she's overjoyed, yonatunhahele? they (z.) are overjoyed. wa ?katunha·lA? I became happy or high-spirited, Akatunha·lA? I will become happy. Habitual past: wakatunha·lahkwe? I was happy. Future stative: Awakatunha·lake? I will feel good. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -unh- life, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: -atunhahlatye- go along being happy. NOTE: The alternant -atunhaheloccurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -atunhahl- occurs in the punctual aspect, in the expanded aspects, and before derivational suffixes, and the h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atunhahlatye- v.m. go along being happy. lonatunhahlati? they (m.) are going along in high spirits.

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Ahonatunhahlati? they (m.) will go along in high spirits. COMPOSED OF: -atunhahel-/ -atunhahl- get happy, overjoyed, high-spirited, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atunhahlati- before a final ?.

-atunhahnilat- v.a. persevere, stay strong. latunhahni·lats he's not giving up, he's sticking it out, he's persevering. wa ?katunhahni·late? I persevered, I stayed strong. tsyatunhahni·lat You two don't give up! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -unhahnil- live forever, outlive, survive, -t- causative-inchoative. .atunhateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. go through stages of a lifetime. tekatunhatenyehse? I'm going or changing from one stage of my life to another (e.g., from a child to an adolescent). tewakatunhateni I have changed. wa ?tkatunhate·ni· I went through this stage. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -unh- life, .atteny-/ .attenyu- plus te- dualic, change. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .atunhet- plus s- repetitive, v.a. come back to life. shonatunhetu they (m.) have come back to life. sahutunhete? they (m.) came back to life. • Tahnu· ne· SA" luwatikwahtu thik£ latihwa ?estu shonatunhe·m. And they also invited those who have bandages on (mummies), who have come alive again. (D2) COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -at-

semireflexive, -unhe- live, be alive, -t- causative-inchoative.

-atunhetsl- v. > n. soul. atunhetsla? soul. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the verb base -unhe- live, be alive; otherwise the composition is unclear. .atunhukaly- plus te- dualic, v.a. suffer. tewakatunhukali I'm suffering (as a result of something, perhaps because I'm sick), tehotunhukali he's suffering, teyakotunhukali she's suffering. wa ?tkatunhuka.zt. I suffered, tAkatunhuka-li· I will suffer, tahsatunhuka.ZZ. you should suffer. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atuni-/-atuny- v.a. make, fix, or prepare for oneself. katu·nz1ze? I make it (for myself), latu·nzne? he makes it. wakatuni I have made it, lotuni he has made it, yakotuni she has made it. wa ?katu ·ni- I made it, wahatu·ni· he made it, wa ?utu·ni· she made it, wa ?akyatu·ni- we two (excl.) made it, a·katu·ni- I should make it, a·yutu·ni· she should make it. satu·n[ Make it! Habitual past: katunihahkwe? I was making it. With -ashe?nut- I -ashe?nutslbasket: yutashe?nutslu·nfhe? she makes baskets. With -a?ahslbasket: yuta ?ahslu ·nzne? she makes baskets, yakota ?ahsluni she has made a basket, wa ?uta ?ahslu·ni- she made a basket, ayuta?ahslu·ni- she should make baskets. And future habitual: Ahsata ?ahsluniheke? you will be making baskets. With

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-a?shal- knife, sickle, and s- repetitive: shata ?shalu ·nihe? he fixes his sickle. With -hah- I -h-I -wah- road, path: lothahu·nfhe? he's building or fixing a road. With -hnekakli- I -hnekakli?tsl- broth, watery soup: wakathnekakli ?tsluni I have made soup. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: yutkAhu·nihe? she's making a quilt or blanket, wa ?katkAhu-ni· I made quilts, ayutkAhu·ni- she should make quilts. With -lan- corn soup: katlanu·nihe? I'm making corn soup, twatlanu·n[ Let's all (incl.) make corn soup! With -nakt- bed, place, space, and s- repetitive: usetwatnaktu·ni- we (incl.) should fix the bed again. With -nat- town, village, place, and tsh- coincident: tshahutnatu-ni- when they (m.) built the village. With -na?tal- bread, cake: wa ?katna ?talu-ni· I made bread, wahatna ?talu·ni- he made bread. With -nuhs- house, building: latnuhsu·nihe? he's building a house, lonatnuhsun{ they (m.) have built the house, wahatnuhsu·ni- he built a house. And t- cislocative: thutnuhsu·nz1ze? they (m.) are building houses there. And tshutacoincident and cislocative: tshutahutnuhsu·ni· when they (m.) were building the building there. And te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te ?shotnuhsuni he was no longer building the house. With -she?lhdough, paste, cream: Akateshe ?[hu·ni· I will make the dough. With -shuw- hole: kateshuyu-nihe? I'm making a hole, wakateshuyuni I have made or dug a hole, Ahsateshuyu·ni- you will dig a hole, sateshuyu·n£ Dig a hole! With -the?tsl- flour: satethe ?fslu·nihe? you're making flour, Ahsatethe?tslu·ni· you will make

flour. With -ti- I -ti?tsl- tea: yakotti ?tsluni she has made tea. With -tsi?nahkw- nest: luttsi ?nahku·nihe? they (m.) are making a nest. With -wis- ice, glass, window: lutwisu·nihe? they (m.) are making ice. With -?nuhkw- bottom of a container: wa ?kate ?nuhku·ni- I made the bottom (e.g., of the basket), sate?nuhku·nf Make the bottom! With -?sleht- vehicle: kate ?slehtu·nihe? I'm fixing the car. Aspect class: Al. • N6k tsi? wahuwahloH tsi? yah te·yAlhe? owiskla? niwahsohk6·tA a·yutu·nf.. But she told him that she didn't want to make white ones (mittens). (T3) Khale? wahatnuhsu·ni- lake?n{ha. And my father built a house. (01) S6·tsi? yotho·le· akatketsko? usetwatnaktu·ni-, th6 niyohtuhak. It's too cold for me to get up so that we could fix the bed (which had broken and fallen down), let it stay that way! (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: -atunyanyu- make several for oneself; -atunya?t- make something out of something for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -atuny- occurs before derivational suffixes. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -uni-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atuni- v.s. grow. yotuni it's growing. Pre-pausal: yotu·n[. With t- cislocative: tyotuni it's growing there. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: yotahyuni berries are growing. With -anekl- I -Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds: yotanekluni grass is growing. With -lut- tree, log: yotlutuni there

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are trees growing. And t- cislocative: tyotlutuni there are trees growing there. With -tsi?tsy- flower: yottsi?tsyuni there are flowers growing. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: -atunihatye- grow along. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -uni-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. See also -atunisa?- finish growing. -atunihatye- v.m. grow along. yotunihati? they are growing along (you're walking along and all these things are growing along where you walk). COMPOSED OF: -atuni- grow, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atunihati- before a final ?. -atunisa?- v.a. finish growing. watunisa ?as it's finishing growing. yotunisu? it has finished growing. utunisane? it finished growing, Awatunisane? it will be finished growing. Aspect class: ES. NOTE: Probably includes the base -atuni- grow, and the alternant -isa?of the verb base -hsa?-/-isa?- finish; however the exact composition is unclear. The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself. See -atuni-/-atuny-. -atunyanyu- v.a. make several for oneself. katunyanyuhe? I'm making all kinds of things, yutunyanyuhe? she's making things. wa ?katunyani?

I made all kinds of things, wa?akwatunyani? we (excl.) made several things. With -nakt- bed, place, space: lotnaktunyani? he has made or constructed beds. With -nuto?tsl- box, and th- contrastive: thihotnuto ?tslunyani? he just made boxes. With -yal- bag, sack: yakotyalunyani? she has made bags. Aspect class: Bl.

•Lotnaktunyani? thikA lake?nfha o·yAte? nahte? kwa?ny6 ok thihotnuto ?tslunyani? thikA. My father made the beds out of wood, he made them just like boxes. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -atuni-/-atunymake, fix, or prepare for oneself, -nyu- distributive. NoTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -unyanyu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -atunyanibefore a final ?. -atunya?t- v.a. make something out of something for oneself. yakotunya·tu she has made it using it. akatunyahte? I should make it out of it. With -hsuht- wall: wahutshuhtunyahte? they (m.) made walls out of it. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: wa ?utkAhunyahte? she made quilts from (them).

•Tahnu· nya?kahewe? ni- yah thusaketshA.zt. o?nu·na· akatunyahte?. And then there came a time when I could no longer find splints to make them (baskets) with. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -atuni-/-atunymake, fix, or prepare for oneself, -?tcausative. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur

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between the semireflexive of the component base and -unya?t-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. atu:nyote? N eagle. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: atu·nyute? (ACH). .atut- plus te- dualic, v.a. eat together. tehya-tuts the two (m.) are eating together. wa ?fhya·tute? the two (m.) ate together, wa ?fhu·tute? they (m.) ate together, tAtya·tute? you and I (incl.) will eat together. tetya-tut Let's you and I (incl.) eat together! tetwa-tut Let's all eat together! With s- repetitive: tusahu·tute? they (m.) ate together again. • K.t\h nukwa· sati, tetwa-tut. Sit over here, eat with us! -at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry. See -ate?skut-1-at-N-ut-. .atutahkwAni-/.atutahkwA- plus tcislocative, v.a. urge, have an urge. twakatutahkwA ·nihe? this feeling keeps coming over me that I want to do something or need to feel a particular way. tkuyatutahkwAni I have urged you, I have given you the urge. tukwatuttihkwA? I felt I wanted to do it, tahonatutahkwA? they (m.) had the urge, takuyatuttihkwA? I urge you, AtwakatutahkwA? I will feel that I should do it, AtkuyatuttihkwA? I will urge you. Aspect class: Al.

• Ta·t na? AtwakatutahkwA? th6 y a· ake·. I might be persuaded to go there. NOTE: The alternant .atutahkwAni- occurs in the habitual

and stative aspects, .atutahkwAoccurs in the punctual aspect. .atutakt- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be interested. twakatu-takt I'm interested, I want to do it, tisatu·ttikt you're interested, thotu·ttikt he's interested, tyakotu·ttikt she's interested. Aspect class: A. -at-N-utakw- take out from roasting, baking, or frying. See -ate?skutakw-/ -at-N-utakw-. -at-N-uta?n- intend to roast, bake, or fry. See -ate?skuta?n-1-at-N-uta?n-. .atutshot- plus te- dualic, v.a. kneel down. tekatutsh6tha? I keep kneeling down, tehatutsh6tha? he kneels down. tewakatutshote? I have knelt down (and now I'm kneeling), tehotutshote? he has knelt down. wa ?fkatutsho·t.t\· I knelt down, wa ?fhatutsho·t.t\· he got on his knees, tAkatutsho·tA· I will kneel down, tAhatutsho·t.t\· he will kneel down, tAyututsho·t.t\· she will kneel down. tehsatutsho·t.t\ Kneel down! Habitual past: tekatutsh6thahkwe? I used to kneel all the time, tewakatutsho·ttihkwe? I was kneeling (but I'm not now). Future stative: tAhotutsho·ttike? he will be kneeling. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .utshot- plus te- dualic, be kneeling. DERIVED BASES: .atutshotunyu- plus te- dualic, kneel down all over. .atutshotunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. kneel down all over. tekatutshotunyuhe? I'm kneeling down all over the place. wa ?tkatutshotuni? I knelt down all over the place.

• N A kwi- ni- th6 kwi· to·k.t\ske? wa ?tkatutshotuni? .t\sok kwi-

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kwahotokA. wa ?kate·sle? kA.·. So then for sure I got down and knelt all over, so then I went off crawling. (Mll) COMPOSED OF: .atutshot- plus tedualic, kneel down, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atutshotuni- before a final 7.

-at-N-utunyu- roast, bake, or fry several. See -ate?skutunyu-/ -at-N-utunyu-. -atu?kwanhak-/-atu?kwanh- v.a. put on a belt. wakatu ?kwanhA I have a belt on, lotu ?kwanhA he has a belt on, yakotu ?kwanhA she has a belt on. wa ?katu ?kwanhake? I put my belt on, wa ?kheyatu ?kwanhake? I put a belt on her. satu ?kwanhak Put a belt on! NOTE: Includes the alternants -nhak-/-nh- of the verb base -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-1-nhtie; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -atu7kwanhoccurs in the stative aspect and in atu?kwanha? belt. The alternant -atu7kwanhak- occurs in the punctual aspect. atu?kwanha? V > N belt. akwatu ?kwanha? my belt, satu ?kwanha? your belt, laotu ?kwanha? his belt, akotu ?kwanha? her belt, aotu ?kwanha? her (z.) or its belt. COMPOSED OF: -atu?kwanhak-/ -atu?kwanh- put on a belt, -a? noun suffix. .atu?nek- plus t- cislocative, v.a. move away from, become startled, become shocked. twakatu ?neku I got away from there. takatu·neke? I took myself out of the way, I moved away from there, it startled or frightened

me, tayutu ·neke? it startled her. Facilitative: twakatu ?nekskwA I'm easy to scare. With te- dualic: tutakatu·neke? I got away from it again, it startled me again. With npartitive: tsi? nutakatu·neke? I was so startled. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -u ?nek-/-ya ?tu ?nekmove something out of the way. DERIVED BASES: .atu?nekhu- plus tcislocative, become repeatedly startled, be anxious, be nervous; .atu?nektAni-/.atu?nektA- plus tcislocative, startle someone. NOTE: The 7 of the 7n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-u?nek- v.a. move something out of the way. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsifoot: wa ?kalahsi ?fu·neke? I moved my foot. With -hsin- leg: wa ?katshinu·neke? I moved my leg. With -na7tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wa ?katna ?fsyu ·neke? I moved the pail. With -?sleht- vehicle: wa?kate?slehtu·neke? I moved my car. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -u?nek-/ -ya?tu?nek- move something out of the way. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the 7n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atu?nekhu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. become repeatedly startled, be anxious, be nervous. tkatu ?nekhuhe? I keep being startled, I'm afraid, anxious or nervous. takatu ?nekhu? I became startled, afraid, or anxious. COMPOSED OF: .atu?nek- plus t-

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cislocative, move away from, become startled, become shocked, -hudistributive. .atu?nektAni-/.atu?nektA- plus tcislocative, v.a. startle someone. thakwatu ?nektA·nihe? he keeps startling me, teskwatu ?nektA·nihe? you're always startling me. taskwatu ?nektA? you startled me, takuyatu ?nektA? k.A. Did I startle you? COMPOSED OF: .atu?nek- plus tcislocative, move away from, become startled, become shocked, -ht- causative, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atu?nektAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, .atu?nektA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atu?se-/-atu?s- v.a. have an effect, have enough of. yakotu·se it has an effect on her. ukwa·tu·se? it had an effect on me, I had enough of it (so that I don't want anymore, I'm tired or bored with it), Ayako·tu·se? it will have an effect on her.

•Ne· onuhkwa?t Ayako·tu·se? thik.A yeksa· ta·t Ahayu ?kutho? n y a ·l ehkwe?. For the medicine to have an effect on the little girl (for it to work), he will have to burn tobacco for now. (M7) COMPOSED OF: -atu- be possible, come about, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atu?se- occurs in the stative aspect, -atu?s- occurs in the punctual aspect. The? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atu?weskwa?t- v.s. have fun, have a good time. wakatu ?weskwa·tu I'm having fun, I'm having a good time, lotu ?weskwa·tu he's having a good time, yakotu ?weskwa·tu she's hav-

ing a good time. With n- partitive: nihonatu ?weskwa·tu they (m.) are having so much fun, na ?akwatu ?weskwahte? we (excl.) had so much fun. Aspect class: E. • Nihonatu ?weskwa·tu thik.A otsi ?fAha ?shuha el6k shatiti?. Those birds are having so much fun flying around. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -u?weskwa?t- be pleasant, be enjoyable. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .atwa?kAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. deny. tehatwa ?k.Anyehse? he denies it. tewakatwa ?k.Ani I have denied it. wa ?fkatwa ?kA"ni- I denied it. Aspect class: E4. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atwa?nik- v.a. shut up. lotwa?niku he has shut up. wahatwa·rzike? he shut up, wa ?utwa·nike? she shut up, wa ?akyatwa·nike? we two (excl.) shut up. satwa·nik Shut up! tsyatwa·nik You two, shut up! NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atwAnahtu- v.a. lose one's voice. wakatwAnahtu·u I have lost my voice, yakotwAnahtu·u she has lost her voice, lotwAnahtu·u he has lost his voice. wa ?utwAnahtu? she lost her voice, AkatwAnahtu? I will lose my voice, i·welhe? ahatwAnahtu? he's losing his voice, he's hoarse (literally, it wants him to lose his

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voice). With y- translocative: yekatwAnahtuhse? I lose my voice. Aspect class: C3. COMPOSED OF: -wAn- voice, word, -ah tu-/-a tya ?tahtu -/-at-N -ah tuget lost, vanish, disappear. -atwAnakalatat- v.a. interpret. latwAnakala-tats he interprets. kuyatwAnakalatatu I have interpreted for you.

wa ?kuyatwAnakala-tate? I interpreted for you, wahiyatwAnakala·tate? I interpreted for him. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -wAn- voice, word, -halatat-/ -kalatat- raise up, lift up. -atwAnalahkw- v.a. obey, pay attention, listen. katwAnalakhwa? I pay attention, I listen. wakatwAnalahkwA I'm obedient, yakotwAnalahkwA she's obedient, lotwAnalahkwA he's obedient. wahatwA ·nalahkwe? he listened, AkatwA·nalahkwe? I will obey, AyutwA"nalahkwe? she or someone will pay attention. With te?- negative: yah te?katwAnalakhwa? I don't attend to it, I don't listen, yah tehotwAnalahkwA he didn't listen. With te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te ?tsyutwAnalakhwa? she or someone doesn't listen anymore, yah te ?tsitwatwAnalakhwa? we (incl.) don't listen anymore. With thcontrastive: yah thakatwA ·nalahkwe? I won't listen. With thusa- contrastive and repetitive: yah thusayutwA ·nalahkwe? she won't listen anymore. Aspect class: Dl.

• "Tahnu· ise· snilf·wa? tsi? th6 niyaw.. N potato salad. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnana?t- potato, -eku-/-eku?u-/-ku1-ku?u- taste good, -st- causative, -u stative. kahnekaku? V > N pop, soda, KoolAid. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -eku-/-eku?u-/ -ku-/-ku?u- taste good,-? stative. kahnekanho·tu· V > N dam. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnek-liquid, liquor, -nhotu- close or lock (a door), -? stative. kahne·k6· V > N well, water in puddles. With tsi? particle and tcislocative: tsi? tkahne·k6· at the well.

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COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, -? stative.

kahnek6ni? V > N wells, puddles. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, -nyudistributive, -? stative. .kahnl(e)- plus te- dualic, v.s. look at. tekka·nle? I'm looking at it, I'm fixing my sight on it, teska·nle? you're looking at it, tehaka·nle? he's looking at it, tekuka·nle? I'm looking at you, tehika·nle? I'm looking at him, tekheka ·nle? I'm looking at her or them, teyakoka·nle? she's looking at it, teyutatka·nle? she's looking at her. Pre-pausal: teyutatka·nele?. teska·nlak Look! tesheka·nlak Look at her! Habitual past: tehika·nlahkwe? I was looking at him, tekheka·nlahkwe? I was looking at her. Future stative: tAkka·nlake? I will be looking at it, tAkheka·nlake? I will be watching her or them. With t- cislocative: tethaka ·nle? he looks back. Aspect class: B. • A ?e· nukwa· tyohahute? nale? ya ?tha ·tane? nale? tethaka·nle? k.A· Way over there at the road he stopped again, and again he looked back. (M6) DERIVED BASES: .atatkahnle- plus te- dualic, look at one another. NOTE: See also tekaluhyakahnela? stork. An alternant without the final vowel occurs in the expanded aspects. The h of the hnl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. 0

-kahsl- n. tear. okahsla? tear. Prepausal: okahsla?. DERIVED BASES: .kahslot- plus t-

cislocative, for one's eyes to water, become teary-eyed.

.kahslot- plus t- cislocative, v.a. for one's eyes to water, become tearyeyed. twakkahslote? my eyes are watering (e.g., when I'm chopping onions), I'm teary-eyed, thokahslote? he's teary-eyed, tyakokahslote? she's teary-eyed. tukkahslo·t.A· I got teary-eyed, tahokahslo·t.A· he got teary-eyed. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -kahsl- tear, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. kahsuhtaku yuteka ?takhwa? fireplace. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hsuht- wall, -ku locative suffix; and yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ateka?tahkw- use to make a fire with, -ha? habitual. -kahti?klukw- v.a. for one's eye to twitch. wakkahti ?klukwas my eye is twitching, sakahti?klukwas your eye is twitching, yakokahti ?klukwas her eye is twitching, lokahti ?klukwas his eye is twitching. wa ?akokahti ?klu·k6· her eye twitched (just once). NOTE: May include the root -kaheye; but the composition is unclear. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .kahtlu?ni- plus te- dualic, v.s. see everything. tewakkahtlu·ni I see everything, I don't miss anything, tehokahtlu·ni he sees everything, teyakokahtlu·ni she sees everything. Stative past: tehokahtlu ?nf-ne? he used to see everything. Future stative: tAhokahtlu ?n{hake? he will see everything. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefi

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and possibly the root -kah- eye; but the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kahtsyo?t- n. crusty dried mucus in the eyes. okahtsy6·ta? crusty dried mucus in the eyes that comes from sleeping. DERIVED BASES: .kahtsyo?tes- plus te- dualic, have large crusty dried mucus in the eyes. NOTE: May include the root -kaheye; but the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .kahtsyo?tes- plus te- dualic, v.s. have large crusty dried mucus in the eyes. tewakkahtsy6·tes I have large crusty sleep in my eyes, tesakahtsy6·tes you have large crusty sleep in your eyes, tehokahtsy6·tes he has large crusty sleep in his eyes, teyakokahtsy6·tes she has large crusty sleep in her eyes. With npartitive: na ?tehokahtsy6·tes he has such crusty sleep. Aspect class: A. • N a ?fehokahtsy6·tes we·ne tsi? elhu·wa? wahatketsko?. He really has that crusty stuff in his eyes, he must have just now gotten up. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kahtsyo?t- crusty dried mucus in the eyes, -es-1-us- be long. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -N-kahtu- v.s. be raw. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in ohtehlakahtu? radish; onlahtakahtu? lettuce; and o?wahlakahtu? raw meat. kahuk N wild goose. NOTE: See also onahsakAlatk6· I

nahsakAlatk6·, other forms for 'wild goose'. kahwa·eks V > N combine. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hwa ?ek-1-hwa ?e-1-a ?ek-1-a ?estrike, bat, thrash, -s habitual. kahwista?ekta? V > N clock. akhwista ?ekta? my clock. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hwista?ek-1-hwista?e- be the time or hour, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: In possessed forms the kaneuter agent prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes . kahyatuhslatokA.hti V > N Bible. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, and a verbal component -tokAhti -,which occurs also in yawAtatokA.hti I yawAtatokA.htu Sunday. ka·ka? N crow. kakAhani·yute? V > N curtain. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -nyut-1 -niyut- suspend, hang, -e? stative. NOTE: Also refers to any strung-up fabric, e.g., a blanket which is strung up. kakAhatA.sha V > N cotton. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, and the verb base -tAs- be thick; but it is not clear what the ending is. kakhwaksA.ska V > N junk food. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -khw- food, and the verb base -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be; but it's not clear what the ending is.

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kakhwawist6tha? plus te- dualic, V > N refrigerator. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -khw- food, -wistoht- cool something, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'refrigerator' is kawist6tha?. -kal- n. value, worth. o·ka[e? value. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: niyoka·la· the value or cost. DERIVED BASES: .kalaht- plus npartitive, cost a certain amount; -kalakweny- afford; -kalayA- have value, have worth; -kalotani-/ -kalothahs- give credit to someone; -kalya?k- pay, spend; .atkalahkwplus te- dualic, get credit; -atkalayAtahkw- pawn; .atkali?seplus te- dualic, be in debt; -atkalotowe; -atkalowanA- owe lots. -kal- n. story. oka-la· story. With -ahluk- hear about: wakkalahluku I have heard the story, Ahakala·luke? he will hear the story. With-es-/ -us- be long, and n- partitive: nikaka·les the length of the story, niwakka·les the length of my story. With -N-iyo- be good, te?- negative, and secondary habitual: yah te?kakali·y6·se? there aren't any good stories. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tahotikali·y6·se? their (m.) stories were amusing. With -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of: wakkalaka·te? I have many stories, lokalaka·te? he has many stories, lotikalaka·te? they (m.) have many stories. And te?negative: yah te?wakkalaka·te? I don't have many stories. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikakal6·tA the kind of story it is, niwakkal6·tA the kind of story I have, niyakokal6·tA the kind of

story she has. And secondary habitual: nihotikal6·tAhse? the kinds of stories they (m.) have. And future stative: nAwakkalo ?fAhake? the kind of story I will have. And stative past: niwakkalo?tA-hne· ne? th6·ne? that's the kind of story I had at that time. And te?- negative (replacing npartitive): yah th6 te?kakal6·tA it's not the kind of story (I was expecting). With .N-o?tA- plus tsha?tecoincident and dualic, be the same kind of: tsha ?fekakal6·tA it's the same kind of story. DERIVED BASES: -kalatu- tell a story; -atkaluni-/-atkaluny- make up a story.

-kal- for a noise to sound. See -lakal-/ -1 aka Ie 1-/-1 aka Iehl-/-kal-/- kal el-/ -kalehl-. k N lacrosse. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hla?- for something to land, -se? habitual. .kalaht- plus n- partitive, v.a. cost a certain amount. niyokalahtu such was the cost. nAkaka·lahte? it will cost. • T6· nAkaka ·lahte?. How much will it cost? Th6 niku ka ?ikLi nAkaka·lahte?. It will cost this much. NOTE: Includes the n- partitive prefix and probably the noun base -kal- value, worth; otherwise the composition is unclear. -kalakweny- v.a. afford. kkalakwenyehse? I can afford it. lokalakweni he affords it. wahakalakwe·nf- he afforded it, wa ?ekalakwe·ni· she afforded it, Akkalakwe·ni· I will afford it. With th- contrastive: yah thakkalakwe·nf- I can't afford it,

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yah thaskalakwe·ni· you can't afford it, yah thahakalakwe·ni- he can't afford it. Aspect class: E4 . • Kal6· tsi? ahsA niyohslake nil wa ?ekalakwe·ni- aknulhti· wa ?uthyatuhslanA ·takte ?, tahnu· tsi? na?knu·wene? kwah. It must have been about three years before my mother could afford to wallpaper, and so then I really liked it. (01) COMPOSED OF: -kal- value, worth, -kweny-/-kwenyA-1-kwenye- be able to, beat at. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -kalatat- raise up, lift up. See -hal a tat-/- kala tat-. -kalatu- v.a. tell a story. kka·latuhe? I'm telling a story, latika·latuhe? they (m.) tell stories. wakkalatu I have told a story. wahaka·latu? he told a story, wahatika·latu? they (m.) told stories, Akka·latu? I will tell a story, Ahaka·ltitu? he will tell a story, akka-latu? I should tell a story, ahaka·latu? he should tell a story, ahnika·latu? the two (m.) should tell a story. skala·tri Tell a story! With s- repetitive: Asekka·latu? I will tell another story again, usahatika·latu? they (m.) should tell stories again. With te?negative: yah tehatika·latuhe? they (m.) don't tell stories. With tsh- coincident: tshiyeka·latuhe? when she's telling the story. Aspect class: Al. • Wakkalaka·te? akka·latu? kwah tsi? ok nikakal6·tA ta·t iswelhe? akwaka·latuhse?. I have all kinds of stories to tell if you want me to tell you a story.

COMPOSED OF: -kal- story, -N-atuconstruct out of something. DERIVED BASES: -kalatuni-/ -kalatu?se-/-kalatu?s- tell someone a story; -kalatunyu- tell stories. -kalatuni-/-kalatu?se-1-kalatu?s- v.a. tell someone a story. khekalatu-nihe? or khekalatu ·sehe? I'm telling them a story. yukkalatuni she has told me a story. wa ?ukka·latuhse? she told me a story, Akuka·latuhse? I will tell you a story, akuka·latuhse? I should tell you a story, akwaka·ltituhse? I should tell you all a story, a·huwatika·latuhse? someone should tell them (m.) stories. Aspect class: Al. • Ne· ka?ikil tsi? nahte? i-kelhe? a·kka·latu? aknulhti· yukkalatuni ka ?ikil. The story that I want to tell you is a story my mother told me. (Ml) COMPOSED OF: -kalatu- tell a story, -ni-/-?s- or -?se-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: Both -kalatuni- and -kalatu?se- are attested in the habitual aspect. The ? of the ?s cluster of -kalatu?se- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -kalatuni- occurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -kalatu?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -kalatunyu- v.a. tell stories. latikalatunyuhe? they (m.) are telling stories. wahatikalatuni? they (m.) told stories, Ahatikalatuni? they (m.) will tell stories. • Th6 nil kohsla ?ke·ne nil tu ·ske? wahatikalatuni? thikil lotikstAhokuha. In the wintertime the old

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people told stories. {Pl) COMPOSED OF: -kalatu- tell a story, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -kalatuni- before a final ?. -kalayA- v.s. have value, have worth. yoka·layA? it has value or worth. With t- cislocative: tyoka-layA? it's the most value. Aspect class: B. • Nahte? uhte kwah tyoka·layA ? a·kathlolyani!- What would be of the greatest value for me to talk about. {Gl) COMPOSED OF: -kal- value, worth, -yA-1-yAt- lay down, place, have. -kalehl- for a noise to sound. See -l akal-/-lakalel-/-lakal ehl-/-kal-/ -kalel-1-kalehl-. -kalel- for a noise to sound. See -lakal/-1 akalel-/ -lakalehl-/-kal-/- kale 1/-kalehl-. -kaleny-1-ya?takaleny- v.a. get and carry away, hau.l, transport. kkalenyehse? I'm picking things up and carrying them away, and then I'm coming back to pick up more things and carry them away, lakalenyehse? he's transporting things, tekheya ?takalenyehse? I transport them. lokaleni he has gotten and carried them away. wa ?kkale·ni- I transported things, Akkale·n{· I will transport things, Ahakale·nf· he will transport things, wa ?kheya ?takale·ni- I transported them, Akwaya ?takale·nf- I will transport you all. With -hnekliquid, liquor: wa ?ehnekakale·nf· she carried water. With -nu?t- milk, breast: lanu ?takalenyehse? he's carrying milk back and forth. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: layAtakalenyehse? he carries wood, loyAtakaleni he has carried away

the wood. Aspect class: E4. DERIVED BASES:

yakoya ?takalenyehse? bus. NOTE: The alternant -ya?takalenyoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of both alternants plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of both alternants is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .kalenya?t- plus te- dualic, distribute. See .alenya?t-/.kalenya?t- plus tedualic. -kalewaht- v.a. cause trouble, cause distress. lakalewatha? he causes trouble, he's responsible for some awful event, khekalewatha? I'm causing trouble or distress for someone. shakokalewahtu he has caused trouble or distress for someone. wa ?khekale·wahte? I caused trouble or distress for someone. Aspect class: El. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

-kalAhlakw- v.a. turn in, turn a corner. wa ?kkalAhla·k6· I turned in, wahakalAhla·k6· he turned in. skalAhla·k6 Turn in! With n- partitive: nikkalAhlakwas how or where I turn, na ?kkalAhla·k6· how or where I turned. • KAh nu· nikka!Ahlakwas kwah tsi? niku astehtsi?. This is where I tum in every morning. COMPOSED OF: -ya?takalAhl(e)-/ -akalAhl(e)-/-kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: -kalAhlakwa?stum on one, get away on one; -atkalAhlakw- be at the corner of. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

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-kalAhlakwa?s- v.a. tum on one, get away on one. ukkalAhlakwahse? it turned on me, it got away on me (e.g., that's how my car ended up in the ditch). COMPOSED OF: -kalAhlakw- turn in, turn a corner, -?s- benefactive. NOTE: The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. See -ya ?takalAhl(e)-/-akalAhl(e)-/ -kalAhl(e)-. .kalAhlu- plus te- dualic, v.a. rock, teeter. tekhekalA·luhe? I'm rocking her, tekkalA·luhe? I'm rocking her (z.) or it. teyokalA·lu? it's rocking. wa ?tyokalA·lu? it rocked or teetered (without anyone touching it). With -huwey- I -huw- black ash, boat: teyohuwakalA·luhe? the boat is rocking. With -nakt- bed, place, space: tehanaktakalA·luhe? he rocks the bed, teyonaktakalA·luhe? it's rocking the bed, the bed is rocking, wa ?thanaktakalA·lu? he rocked the bed, wa ?fkanaktakalA·lu? she (z.) rocked the bed. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES: .atkalAhlu- plus tedualic, swing, rock; .nAtshakalAhluplus te- dualic, shake hands. NOTE: Probably related to -ya ?takalAhl (e)-/-akalAhl (e)-/ -kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. kalhakuha N hawk. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -lhwoods, -ku locative suffix, -ha diminutive clitic. -kalhateny- v.a. empty. kkalhatenyehse? I'm emptying it (from one container into another), I'm

pouring it out, lakalhatenyehse? he's emptying it. lokalhateni he has emptied it. wa ?kkalhate·ni· I emptied it, wa ?aknikalhate·ni· we two (excl.) emptied it, Atnikalhate·ni- you and I (incl.) will empty it. kA·tho skalhate·n[ Empty or pour it in here! Aspect class: E4. • Khtile? onA wa ?ka-nane? yukyateksahele? wahA·lu? "n6k Awa·tu· oya· Atnikalhate·ni· oya· pan th6 nukwa· Atsitnetane ?, " nA ki? ale? wiwa ?aknikalhate·ni· uska. And when we had the dish filled up (with porridge), he said "now we have to empty it and put some into another pan," and so we emptied one. (Cl) DERIVED BASES: .kalhateny- plus te- dualic, turn something or someone around; -kalhatenya?t- make something roll. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

.kalhateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. turn something or someone around. tekkalhatenyehse? I'm turning it around, tehakalhatenyehse? he's turning it around. tewakkalhateni I have turned it around. wa ?tekkalhate·ni· I turned it around, wa ?fekhekalhate·ni· I turned her around, wa ?twakkalhate·ni· it (e.g., the wind) turned me around. With srepetitive: tusakkalhate·ni· I turned it around again, tusakhekalhate·niI turned her around again. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kalhateny- empty. DERIVED BASES: .atkalhateny- plus te- dualic, turn around. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative

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aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -kalhatenya?t- v.a. make something roll. kkalhatenya·tha? I keep rolling it (e.g., a tire). wakkalhatenya·tu I'm rolling it. wa ?kkalhatenyahte? I rolled it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -kalhateny- empty, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: -atkalhatenya?t-/ -atya?takalhatenya?t- roll; -kalhatenya?tuhatye- roll along. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -kalhatenya?tuhatye- v.m. roll along. yokalhatenya ?tuhati? it's rolling. COMPOSED OF: -kalhatenya?t- make something roll, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -kalhatenya?tuhati- before a final ?. -kalhatho- v.a. turn or knock over something low, plow. kkalhathos I'm plowing, lakalhathos he's plowing. lokalhathu he has plowed. wa ?kkalhatho? I turned it over, wahakalhatho? he turned it over, Askalhtitho? you will turn it over. skalhatho Turn it over! With srepetiti~: Ashakalhatho? he will plow again. With t- cislocative: tahakalhatho? he plowed there. With -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wa ?kna ?fsyakalhtitho? I turned over the pot or pail (so that the contents spilled out). With -nuto?tsl- box: wa ?knuto ?tslakalhtitho? I turned over the box. Aspect class: E2. • Wa ?kkalhatho? akwatlahti ?. I

turned my socks inside out. DERIVED BASES: -kalhathohsluturn over several; -atkalhatho- turn over, roll over, tip over, flip over; yekalhath6·tha? plow, egg turner, spatula; yekalhatho?takhwa? egg turner, spatula. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -kalhathohslu- v.a. turn over several. kkalhath6hsluhe? I'm turning over several things. Askalhath6hslu? you will turn over several things. COMPOSED OF: -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow, -hslu- distributive. kalhu? N cradleboard. kalihwiy6stak V > N Christianity. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, the verb base -lihwiyost- be a Christian, be religious, and the continuative suffix -k(see, for example, note under the Future stative/Optative stative suffix -ke?). kalistakA·late? V > N tin. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -list- piece of iron, possibly a verb root -kAlat- be white, and -e? stative suffix. See note under onahsakA-late?/nahsakA-late? goose. kalistakhwa·tslote? V > N steps, stairs. NOTE: May be composed of the kaneuter agent prefix, the noun base -list- piece of iron, the alternant .hkw- of the verb base .hkw-/.ehkw/.ya?tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up (but without the te- dualic prefix in this word), -ha? habitual (and hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?), a nominalizer suffix -tsl-, the alternant

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-ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have, and -e? stative.

kalistatati? V > N railroad tracks. With t- cisloca tive: tkalistatati? the railroad tracks there. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -list- piece of iron, -N-atatye- be extended along, -? stative. kalistatsi? V > N iron, ironwork. • Khale? n.A kalistatsi? ukyo·t.A·, yah ki? n6k thau-tu· kwah k.A· ahahyatuhslayAtelihake? ne? th6·ne ?. And then I worked in iron, you didn't have to have an education at that time. (Cl) NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix, and the noun base -list- piece of iron; otherwise the composition is unclear. kal6· Temporal and locative particle: before, this side of. • Kal6· tsi? yo·le· nu· tshihatitahk6·ne? k.A· 6khna? wah.A·lu? n Kastes, ne· kwf· wahA-lu? thik.A, "utasknutsistahawfhtA? k6skos onu·tsf." Just before he's going to get out, just then Kastes said, he said, "you bring me a pig head." (M3) kaloktehk.A· Adverbial particle: hurriedly. -kalotani-/-kalothahs- v.a. give credit to someone. khekalota·nfhe? I give credit to her or them. khekalotanf I have given her or them credit (and so she or they owe me), kukalotanf I have given you credit. Akhekal6thahse? I will give her or them credit. takkal6thas Give me credit! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -kal- value, worth, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -ni- I -hahs- benefactive.

NOTE: The alternant -kalotanioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -kalothahs- occurs in the punctual aspect.

kaluhya·ke N sky, in the sky, heaven. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -luhy- sky, blue, -?ke locative suffix. kaluhyawiskla? N light blue. Prepausal: kaluhyawiskela?. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -luhy- sky, blue, -wiskl- white, -a? noun suffix. kalu·t6te? V > N Christmas concert. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -Iutot- be a tree, standing, be a Christmas concert, -e? stative. -kaly- v.a. bite. khekalyas I bite her, shakokalyas he keeps biting her. khekali I have bitten her or someone, wakkali it's biting me. wa ?ka-li- I bit it, wa ?kheka·li· I bit her, wahoka.zr. he bit him, wahaka.zr. he bit her (z.) or it, wa ?shakoka·li- he bit her, wahuwaka·li· she bit him, wa ?utatka·li· she bit her, Awakka·li· it will bite me, Asaka·li· it will bite you, Asheka.zi- you will bite her or someone. Aspect class: ES. DERIVED BASES: .atelyA?takalyplus te- dualic, become frustrated, irritated, or disgusted; okalyahta·ne? mosquito. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -kalyahse? v.s. have lice. wakkalyahse? I have lice, lokalyahse? he has lice, yakokalyahse? she has lice, lotikalyahse? they (m.) have lice.

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-kalya?k- v.a. pay, spend. lakalya ?ks he pays, latikalya ?ks they (m.) pay. lokalya·ku he has paid. wa ?kkalyahke? I paid, wahakalyahke? he paid. With npartitive: t6· na?ekalyahke? How much did she pay? Aspect class: E2. • Ne· ni· thik.A tyotyel.Ah tu teyuknuhklistu £· wa?kalyahke?. That was the first time I got a perm (and) I was the one who paid for it. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -kal- value, worth, -ya?k- detach, sever, break, cut. DERIVED BASES: -kalya?kAni-/ -kalya?ks- pay someone, pay off for someone, get somewhere. NOTE: The? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -kalya?kAni-/-kalya?ks- v.a. pay someone, pay off for someone, get somewhere. wakkalya ?kA ·nihe? it keeps paying me to do it. skkalya ?kAni you paid me. ukkalya?kse? it paid me (to do something), I got somewhere (by doing it), Akukalya ?kse? I will pay you, aesakalya ?kse? it would pay off for you to do it, you should prosper. With s- repetitive: sakhekalya ?kse? I paid her back, I got back at her. With t- cislocative: Atyukkalya ?kse? they will pay me for it there. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -kalya?k- pay, spend, -Ani- I -hs- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: -atkalya?kAni-/ -atkalya?ks- get paid. NOTE: The altemant -kalya?kAnioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -kalya?ks- occurs in the punctual aspect.

-kalyA?t- n. carcass. okaly.A·fa? carcass. With -shuha collective eli tic: okalyA ?fa ?shuha dead things, carcasses. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. kalyo? V > N wild animal. With kuti- feminine-zoic plural agent in place of ka- feminine-zoic singular agent: kutflyo? wild animals. And -shuha collective clitic: kutilyo ?shuha animals. COMPOSED OF: ka- feminine-zoic singular agent, -lyo-/-liyo- beat, kill, -? noun suffix. Kanaktano·lu: proper name. A Precious Place. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nakt- bed, place, space, -nolu- be expensive, -? stative. NOTE: The name of an Oneida hymn. Kanatahele? proper name. St. Thomas. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nat- town, village, place, -hel-l-hiset on top of, place on, -e? stative. kana·talok bread, cake. See -na?tal-. kanata?kekha? N sparrow. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nat- town, village, place, -a? noun suffix, -ke locative clitic, -kha? characterizer clitic. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: Atakahla ?shuha? (ACH). kanathalho? V > N comb. aknathtilho? my comb. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, .nathalho- plus te- dualic, comb someone's hair,-? noun suffix. NOTE: This word does not have the te- dualic prefix, which is required of

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the component base. In possessed forms the ka- neuter agent prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes. kana·w.A· N butterfly. kanAh.A·ta? N dried kernels of com. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix and the noun base -nAh- seed, grain, oats; otherwise the composition is unclear. kanAna.-ke fall, autumn. With tshcoincident: tshikanA.na·ke last fall. DERIVED BASES: kanAna?ke·ne fall time. NOTE: The underlying form of this word is kanAna ?ke, and the ? is replaced by length after accented vowels.

kanAyalihtu V > N brick house. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nAy- stone, -liht- boil something, -u stative. NOTE: The composition is tentative. kanA?tu·sa? N pine, hemlock. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix and a noun root -nA?t-. Otherwise the composition is unknown. The root -nA ?t- is attested otherwise in our sources only in tekanA?takw.AhtA? cedar, but in Wisconsin it also occurs in on.A·ta? evergreen, cedar, hemlock; kanA. ?f.tf·sa tamarack; and anA. ?f.tf·sa balsam, tamarack, cedar (ACH). Cf. Mohawk: onen:ta? evergreen; and kanen:ten ?s tamarack, jack pine (GM).

kanAna?ke·ne falltime. • KanA.na ?ke·ne kwf thik.A nale? tutayakyatahsawA.? sayakyatayahte?. It was in the fall that we started to go to school again. (G1) NOTE: Composed of kanAna?ke, which is the underlying form of kanAnci·ke fall, autumn, and the -'·ne locative clitic.

ka·nhi? bat. See ka·nhyA? I ka·nhi?.

kanAst6hale V > N cornbread. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nAst- com, -nohale-/-ya?tohale-/ -ohale- wash.

ka·nhyA? I ka·nhi? N bat. Pre-pausal: ka·nhi?. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker.

kan.Astote? V > N rafters. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, a noun root -nAst-, the altemant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-1-ot- stand something upright, have, and -e? stative aspect. The noun root is identified by some speakers as -nAst- com, but alternatively it may be cognate with Mohawk -nahst- rafters. See also tsi? tkanAstihale? ceiling; and yenAstaliha?takhwa? or yonAstaliha ?takhwa? stove.

kanike? Locative particle: wherever.

kanhke Interrogative particle: when, whenever. kanhiaksA V > N sexuallytransmitted disease. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nhl- disease, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be.

kanikwAhtalawiskla? N pink. Prepausal: kanikwA.htalawiskeJa?. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nikwAhtal- red, -wiskl- white, -a? noun suffix. kanlu? N white ash (tree). NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: ka·nlo (ACH); Mohawk: kaneron (GM); Seneca: kanph (Chafe 1967:1355).

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kanohaleni? I kanohalenyu? V > N laundry. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nohalenyu-/-ohalenyu- wash several, -? stative. kanohalenyu?takhwa? V > N washing machine. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nohalenyu-/-ohalenyu- wash several, -?t- causative, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. -kanol-/-kanole- rain. See -kAnol-/ -kAnole-1-kanol-/-kanole-. kanuhsataliha?takhwa? V > N furnace. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nuhs- house, building, -liha?t-/ -taliha?t- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'furnace' is watnuhsataliha?takhwa?. kanuhsate?k6· V > N school, high school. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nuhs- house, building, -N-te- exist, -? stative, -k6· augmentative clitic. NOTE: This is an older word for 'school'. The more common word is yu tatlihuny Ani-tha?. Kanuhseshne V > N Longhouse. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nuhses- be of the Longhouse tradition, -ne locative clitic. -kanut- v.a. lick. laka·nuts he's licking it. wahaka·nute? he licked it. DERIVED BASES: -kanuthu-lick repeatedly; .atskanuthu- plus tedualic, smack one's lips, drool. kanu:tat V > N milk cow. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent,

-nu?t- milk, breast, -at-1-t-/-et- be in. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: kuwanu ?tatahkwas (ACH). -kanuthu- v.a. lick repeatedly. lakanuthuhe? he's licking it several times or several things at the same time, kakanuthuhe? she (z.) or it is licking it. yokanuthu? she (z.) or it has licked it. wahakanuthu? he licked it. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -kanut- lick, -hudistributive. kanu?tathe-tu V > N buttermilk. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nu?tathe?t- chum butter, -u stative. kany6· Temporal particles: if so, when. • AkahtA ·ti· Atakta? Leamington yAhA·ke·, kany6· n£ Awakatkalya ?kse?. I'm leaving on Saturday to go to Leamington, as soon as I get paid. (Cl) -kap-1-kapsl-/-tikapsl- n. cup. kap cup. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skakapslat or skatikapslat one cup. With .N-keplus te- dualic, be two of: tekakapslake or tekatikapslake two cups. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: ahSA nikakapslake or ahSA nikatikapslake three cups. • Takniha skakapslat othe-tsheli?. Lend me a cup of flour. NOTE: The alternants -kapsl- and -tikapsl-, with the -hsl- nominalizer suffix (and deletion of the h of the suffix), are both attested as incorporating forms. kasehtaklahse? V > N bedbug. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -sehtu-/-seht- tick, -akla?-/-kla?smell, stink, -se? habitual. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin:

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kasestaklahse? 'syrup smells' (ACH). kastath N dryer. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -statha?t-1-at-N-statha?t- dry something, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'dryer' is kastatha?takhwa?. kastatha?takhwa? V > N dryer. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -statha?t-1-at-N-statha?t- dry something, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'dryer' is kastatha ·tha?.

katsihko·tu: V > N ovenbread, kunjun. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hnyotu-/-otu- for several to be standing upright, -? stative. katsi?nkwalahu:tsi? V > N orange. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -tsi?nkwal- yellow, orange, -hu?tsibe black, -? stative. NOTE: A relatively recent word for the colour orange. Some people use the word otsfnkwala? for orange as well as yellow. -kaw- like or enjoy the taste of. See -eka?-/-ekaw-1-ka?-/-kaw-.

Katli·n proper name. Katherine, Kathryn.

kawa?yatslaku? V > N tasty pie. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, an incorporated element -wa?yatsl-, the alternant -ku- of the verb base -eku-/-eku?u-1-ku-/-ku?utaste good, and -? stative. The element -wa?yatsl- is related to wa·yat pie, and probably includes the -hslnominalizer suffix (with deletion of the h of the suffix).

katsha? Interrogative particle: where. • Katsha? wahse?. Where are you going?

kawe·lit V > N balloon. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -wei- air, wind, -N-it-/-ya?tit- be in.

katsha? ka·y.A· which place. • Katsha? ka·y£· yutyalakehtakhwa? Ahseta·ne? ka?i·k£. Which one of these backpacks will you put this in?

-kawe?t- v. > n. fin of a fish, webbed feet. okawe-ta ? fin of a fish, webbed feet (of a duck). laokawe·ta? his fin. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -kawe- and the -?t- causative suffix. The root -kawe- is given with the meaning 'paddle' in ACH and also in Mohawk (GM) and Seneca (Chafe 1967:950). It occurs also in .atenyAhtatkawe- plus te- dualic, channel, force one's way through snow; and yekawe?takhwa? oar. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

kasto·wa· N man's headdress. NOTE: Possibly composed of the kaneuter agent prefix, a root -stow- and the noun suffix -a?. See also ostowa?k6· turtle shell rattle. kati? Particle which links clauses: moreover, consequently, thus, then.

katsha? nu: where, somewhere. katsha? ok somewhere. katsha? ok nu: somewhere. katsihk6hal N safety pin. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -ohal- put over the tip of, insert the tip.

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kawAnalha? V > N computer. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -wAn- voice, word, -1- be in or on, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'computer' is ka ?nikuh1a16·1oks. kawist6tha? V > N refrigerator. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -wistoht- cool something, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'refrigerator' is kakhwawist6tha?. kay N stuffing for fowl. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -ya?t- body, -ku locative suffix; and w- neuter agent, -ateta?- get to be in, put into a container for oneself, -stcausative, -ha? habitual. kaya·ta1e? V > N picture. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -ya?t- body, -1- be in or on, -e? stative. kaya?kwahe1e? V > N dinosaur. NOTE: Probably composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, a noun root -ya?kw-, the alternant -hel- of the verb base -he1-l-h1- set on top of, place on, and -e? stative aspect. The noun root -ya?kw- is otherwise not attested in our sources but it is attested in two stems in ACH: -ya?kwahle?nawa?ku- hug around the waist, and -ya?kwalanhakwrap around a waist. kaya?tak1ahse? V > N goat. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -ya?tak1a?- have a smelly body odor, -se? habitual. kaya?talha? V > N camera. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -ya?tal-1-ya?talu- draw pictures, take pictures, -ha? habitual.

kaye I kayeli Numeral particle: four. Pre-pausal: kaye-. NOTE: The form kaye results historically from the loss of the final syllable of earlier *kayelf (cf. Mohawk: kayhi), which is still attested in kayelihahi·thne fourth, kayelihatu?t Thursday, and kayelishu? four at a time, four each. See also kaye na?teyotakwa1u·te· . square, baseball diamond. kaye na?teyotakwa1u·te· square, baseball diamond. NoTE: Composed of kaye four; and na ?te- partitive and dualic prefixes, yo- neuter patient, a verbal component -atakwalute-, and -? stative. See also ahsA na?teyotakwa1u·te· triangle; and -ya?takwa1ut(e)- be lying on one's side. kaye niwashA forty. COMPOSED OF: kaye four; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. kaye silu fifty cents. kaye tewA?nyawe1u? four hundred. kaye yawA·1e· fourteen. kayelihatu:thne fourth. COMPOSED OF: kaye I kayeli four, -hatu:thne ordinal number. kayelihatu?t Thursday. Pre-pausal: kayelihatuht. With oyti· another, and nya?tes- partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive: oyti· nya ?teskayelfhatu ?t next Thursday. With tsh- coincident: tshikayelihatu ?t last Thursday. COMPOSED OF: kaye I kayeli four, -hatu?t day of the week. kayeHshu? four at a time, four each. COMPOSED OF: kaye I kayeli four, -shu? collective clitic.

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KayA?keha·ka· N Mohawk. NOTE: Includes the -a·ka·/-ha·ka· populative clitic; otherwise the composition is unclear. kayu·kwile? N arrow. ·ka?- like or enjoy the taste of. See -eka?-/-ekaw-1-ka?-/-kaw-. ka?nhehsatA.sha V > N silk, taffeta. NOTE: A slightly different form, ka?nheksatA.sha, is also attested. It has been suggested that ka?nhehsatA.sha refers to silk, while ka?nheksatA.sha refers to taffeta. Both forms include the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -?nheks-/ -?nhehs- ribbon, strap, and the verb base -tAs- be thick; but it's not clear what the final -ha is. ka ?nheksatA.sha V > N taffeta. NoTE: See note under ka ?nhehsatA.sha. ka?nhuhs6·lu V > N egg sandwich. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -?nhuhs-/-i?nhuhs- egg, -ohlok-/ -ohl- insert, -u stative. ka?nikuhlal6·loks V > N computer. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -lohlok-/ -lohl- gather, -s habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'computer' is kawAnalha?. ka?nikuhliy6stak V > N spirit. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -?nikuhlmind spirit, the verb base -N-iyo- be good, and a suffix -k (see, for example, note under the Future stative/Optative stative suffix -ke?). ka?nkwilokA N catfish. Pre-pausal: ka ?nkwilo·kA.

ka?nyU.kel V > N moccasin. NOTE: This word was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to everyone. M.D. suggests that it may mean something like 'it's wrinkled at the nose (that is, the toes)' and that it is related to the base -ani?nyuklik-/-ani?nyukliwrinkle up one's nose. ka?slehtes V > N limousine. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -?sleht- vehicle, -es-/-us- be long. -ka?tatye- v.m. have a lot of while going along. With t- cislocative: tyakoka ?tati? she had a lot of things with her there. With n- partitive: niswakka ?ttiti? I have so much with me as I'm going along. With -khwfood, and nis- partitive and repetitive: nitsyuknikhwaka ?ttiti? we two have all this food along with us again. With -hle?n- bundle, and nispartitive and repetitive: nitsyakohle ?naka ?tati? she has such a bundle along with her again. With -itsy- fish, and n- partitive: nisAtsyaka ?ttiti? what a lot of fish you have got with you, nihotsyaka ?tati? he has such a lot of fish with him. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: loy Ataka ?ttiti? he has a lot of wood with him. • Ne· s thikA nA Ashlawe? loy At aka ?ttiti? a ?e· nihohle·na? thikA. When he gets home he has a lot of wood with him, a great big bundle of it. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ka?tati- before a final ?, -ka?t(e)- v.s. be or have a lot of. loka·te? he has lots of, yakoka·te? she has lots of, yukwaka·te? we

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have lots of. With -atAlo- I -atAlo?sl- friend: wakatAlo?slakcHe? I have many friends, yakot11.lo ?slakt:He? she has many friends, lotAlo ?slaka·te? he has many friends. With -atlehal -atle?- I -atle?sl- grandchild: lonatle ?slaka·te? they (m.) have many grandchildren. With -hwistmetal, money, dollar, and n- partitive: tsi? niwakhwistaka·te? I have so much money, tsi? nisahwistaka·te? you have all this money. With -itsyfish: lotsyaka-te? he has lots of fish. With -kal- story: wakkalaka·te? I have many stories, lokalaka·te? he has many stories, lotikalaka·te? they (m.) have many stories. And te?negative: yah te?wakkalaka·te? I don't have many stories. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: yukwak11.haka·te? we have lots of blankets. And t- cislocative: tyukwakAhaka·te? we have so many blankets there. And te?t- negative and cislocative: yah te?tyukwakAhaka·te? we don't have too many blankets there. With -naskw- I -nAskw- domestic animal, pet, slave: lotinaskwaka·te? they (m.) have lots of animals. With -nuhkwis- I -nuhkwisl- hair: yakonuhkwislaka·te? she has lots of hair. With -tsi?tsy- flower: yakotsi ?tsyaka·te? she has lots of flowers. With -wil- baby, offspring: lotiwilaka·te? they (m.) have lots of children. With -ya?tase?tsl- girlfriend: loya ?tase ?tslaka·te? he has a lot of girlfriends. And n- partitive: nihoya ?tase ?tslaka·te? he has so many girlfriends. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: loy11.taka·te? he has lots of wood. And habitual past: loyAtaka·tehkwe? he used to have lots of wood. And future habitual:

AhoyAtaka·teke? he will have lots of wood. With -yo?tAhsl- work: wakyo ?t11.hslaka·te? I have lots of work. Aspect class: B. •NA kwf- astehtsi?nA tu·ske? lotinehlakwA·u yukwaka·te? porridge wa?akwatekhu·ni-. So then in the morning they were really surprised that we had lots of porridge for us to eat. (Cl) DERIVED BASES: -ka?tatye- have a lot of while going along; -ka?tA?- get lots of. NOTE: Also occurs in the particle yotk n. rainwater. okAnolehslakli? rainwater. Prepausal: okAnolehslakeli?. COMPOSED OF: -kAnol-/-kAnole-/ -kanol-/-kanole- rain, -hsl- nominalizer, -N-kli- liquid product. -kAnolehslol- v.s. look like rain. yokAnolehslolu it looks like rain. Pre-pausal: yokAnolehslo·Z:g. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Includes the verb base -kAnol-/-kAnole-/-kanol-/-kanolerain, the -hsl- nominalizer suffix, and possibly the alternant -ol- of the verb base - ?Iholok-/-?Ihol-/-olok-/ -ol- cover up. -kAnoluhatye- v.m. for rain to come or go. yokAnoluhciti? the rain is going by. wa ?okAnoluhati? the rain is going by. With t- cislocative: tayokAnoluhciti? rain is coming this way. With y- translocative: ya ?okAnoluhati? rain is going that way (your way). COMPOSED OF: -kAnol-/-kAnole-/ -kanol-/-kanole- rain, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -kAnoluhati- before a final ?. -kAnyat- v.s. be standing as a group. twak.Anyate? we (incl.) are standing, latik.Anyate? they (m.) are standing. With t- cislocative: thatik.Anyate? there they (m.) are standing. Aspect class: F. •Tsi? tyutAhni·nuhe? ka?ik.A th6 latik.An yate?. They're standing around at the store. (G2)

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DERIVED BASES: -kAnyatutye- be milling around. -kAnyatutye- v.m. be milling around. IatikAnyatutyehse? they (m.) are standing around but not necessarily standing still, they're milling around. Habitual past: IatikAnyatutye ?skwe? they (m.) were milling around. COMPOSED OF: -kAnyat- be standing as a group, -u stative, -tye- progressive. kAs Adverbial particle: normally, usually. • Tahnu· kAs ne- wa ?katya ?fashno·late? n.A kAs ne- s.Aha? yah thakkwe·n{· ahsA niku akh[a·k6· 6nlahte?. So then usually I tried to go faster (but) then usually I couldn't pick up three (tobacco) leaves. (03) NOTE: This particle is very frequently reduced to s. .kASl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic, v.a. peel something. tekk.Aslus I'm peeling it (with an implement, such as a knife). tewakk.Aslu I have peeled it. wa ?fhakA ·sele? he peeled it, tAkkA ·sele? I will peel it. teskA ·sel Peel it! With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: teyuhyak.Aslus she's peeling fruit, tehuhyak.Aslus they (m.) are peeling fruit, wa ?tkahyakA ·sele? I peeled fruit, wa ?fyuhyakA ·sele? she peeled fruit. With -a?nuk-/-?nukslonion: wa ?tke ?nukslakA ·sele? I peeled the onion. With -hnana 7 tpotato: tekhnana ?tak.Aslus I'~ peeling potatoes, teyehnana ?takAs[ us she's peeling potatoes, tewakhnana ?fak.Aslu I have peeled potatoes, teyakohnana ?fak.Aslu she has peeled the potatoes, wa ?fyehnana ?takA ·sele? she peeled potatoes. And s- repetitive:

tusayehnana ?takA ·sele? she started to peel potatoes again. With -htehlroot: wa ?tyehtehlakA ·sele? she peeled carrots. With -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon: wa ?teknu ?uslakA·sele? I peeled the squash. Aspect class: E6. DERIVED BASES: .atkASl-/.atkAselplus te- dualic, peel; .la?wis~akASl-/ .Ia?wistakAsel- plus te- duahc, peel something. NOTE: The alternant .kAsl- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .kAsel- occurs in the punctual aspect. kAtAlu V > N pity. Pre-pausal: kAtA·lu. COMPOSED OF: kA- neuter agent, -itAl- pity someone, -u stative. kA·tho Locative particle: right here. kAtskale? V > N sheet, cover. COMPOSED OF: kA- neuter agent, -itskal-/-itskalu- put down a sheet or cover, -e? stative . kAye·ke watn N fried bread. COMPOSED OF: kA- neuter agent, -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat, -?ke locative suffix; and w- neuter agent, -na?tal- bread, cake, -ate?skut-/ -at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -e? stative. kA? Locative and presentational particle: right here. kA? nahe·ya? a little while. kA? m1he? a little while. kA? na:ye? a little while. kA? niku it's this much, this quantity. Pre-pausal: kA? ni·ku. kA? nikuha there's only this much. • S.Aha? kA? nikuhd wakhwfstayA?

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tsi? nise· ni·y6t. I have less money than you do. kA? niyohAtesha V > N Term for strawberries used in the Opening of the Thanksgiving Address. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hAt- field, garden, .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short. kA? niyo·le· it's so far, it's just that far. kA? n6: right here is where. kA? nukwa: Here it is! (I'm indicating to someone to take it.) There it is! (I found it.). -kA ?sel-/-kA ?sl- v.a. pry or jack up and wedge underneath. lakA ?selha? he's prying it up and placing something underneath it (e.g., he's putting something underneath a table leg to_ make the table even or steady). lokA·slu he has jacked it up and placed something underneath it. wahakA.·sel~? he jacked it up and placed somethmg underneath it. satkA.·sel Put something underneath! (e.g., your head) Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -kA?slahkw- use to wedge underneath. NOTE: The alternant -kA?sel- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -kA?sl- occurs in the stative aspect and before derivational suffixes. The ? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kA?slahkw- v.a. use to wedge underneath. lakA ?slakhwa? he's wedging it underneath it. lokA ?slahkwA he has wedged it underneath something. wahakA.·slahkwe? he wedged it between it. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -kA?sel-/-kA?sl- pry or jack up and wedge underneath,

-hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: -atkA?slahkw- put something under oneself; -lihwakA?slahkw- give an excuse or alibi. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kh- v.m. go to eat. kekhe? I'm here to eat. With -itsy- fish: AtwAtsyakha? we (incl.) will go and eat fish. COMPOSED OF: -k-/-ek-/-ak- eat, -h- dislocative. -N-kh- v.m. go to pick. With -ahy-/ -hi- fruit, berry: kahyakhe? I'm here to pick fruit or berries, yuhyakhehse? she goes to pick berries, wa ?kyahyakha? the two (z.) went to pick berries, Akahyakha? I will ?o to pick berries, Ayuhyakha? she w11l go to pick berries, a-yuhyakha? she or someone should go to pick berries, ahuhyakha? they (m.) should go to pick berries. With -sahe?t- bean: ksahe ?ftikhe? I'm here to pick beans. Aspect class: H. • N A. ki? ale? wi- nya ?kahewe? a·yuhyakha? kA.·, nA kwiwa ?kyahyakha? ki? wah, so.k nu· . o ?slunUaku. Now it came time agam to go pick berries, now indeed the two went to pick berries, somewhere amongst the white people. (M2) COMPOSED OF: -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest, -h- dislocative. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The final -h- is the dislocative suffix, which apparently has fused with the alternant -kw- of the component base -kw-/-ekw-. .khahesu?se? plus na?te- partitive and dualic, v.s. take big steps, stride.

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a?e· na?tehakhahe·su·se? he takes big steps, he has such a long stride, a?e· na?teyekhahe·su·se? she takes big steps. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long, -u stative, and -?se? secondary habitual; otherwise the composition is unknown. The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

. khahsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. separate, divide, share. teyaknikhtihsyus we two (excl.) are separating or dividing it. teyuknikhahsi we have divided it, we have shared it. wa ?tekekhtihsi? I divided it, I separated it in half, wa ?tekhekhahsi? I separated them, wa ?tyaknikhahsi? we two (excl.) shared it, wa ?tyuknikhdhsi? it divided us, taetnikhtihsi? you and I (incl.) should be sharing, ta·yaknikhdhsi? we two (excl.) should be sharing. taetnikhahsi Let's you and I (incl.) share! With -nuhs- house, building: wa ?teknuhsakhahsi? I divided the house (into rooms), tekanuhsakhahsi the room is divided. Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: .khahsyukw- plus te- dualic, separate or divide completely; .atekhahsyu- plus tedualic, come apart, come undone, become unravelled, separate. NOTE: Many speakers have .khahsi- word-finally and before a final ?. .khahsyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. separate or divide completely. tekekhahsyukwas I'm dividing or separating them all. tewakekhahsyukwA I have divided them all up. wa ?tekekhahsyu·k6· I

divided them all up, tAhsekhahsyu·k6· you will separate them all, wa ?tetwakhahsyu·k6· we (incl.) are separating or dividing it all up. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .khahsyu- plus tedualic, separate, divide, share, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .khakahlA- plus te- dualic, v.s. have the knees apart, be bowlegged . tehakhaka·lA? his knees are apart. With n- partitive: na ?tehakhaka·lA? he's sitting with his knees so far apart, na ?teyekhaka·lA? she's sitting with her knees so far apart. Aspect class: B. NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

khale? Particle which links clauses: and. .khanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. piece together. tekekhdnyuhe? I'm piecing it together (e.g., a jigsaw puzzle or a quilt). tewakekhdni? I have pieced it together, tehokhdni? he has pieced it together. tekakhani? it's pieced together. wa ?tkekhani? I pieced it together, wa ?thakhani? he pieced it together, tAkekhani? I will piece it together. With s- repetitive: teskakhdni? it's put back together again. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES: .atekhanyu- plus te- dualic, get pieced together; .hnakhanyu-/.ihnakhanyu- plus tedualic, piece together cloth, quilt; .lihwakhanyu- plus te- dualic, put ideas together; tewahyakhani?

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tomato. NOTE: Many speakers have .khanibefore a final ?.

·kha? clitic. in the ways of. Characterizer eli tic. DERIVED BASES: kanata ?kekha? sparrow; na?kukha? underwear; yoshnole?kekha? Adverbial particle: hurriedly. khe-/khey- pref. I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternant khe- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant khey- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. kheksu·we· N cookie. NOTE: May include the base -shuwe- be a hole, since cookies often have a hole in the centre. khey- pref. I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See khe-/khey-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. .khA-/.khAt- plus te- dualic, v.s. be twins, be part of a set. tetm1chA? you and I (incl.) are twins, teyakm1chA? we two (excl.) are twins, tehm1chA? the two (m.) are twins, teknikhA? twin girls, tehatt1chA? they (m.) are all twins. With n- partitive: ahsA na ?fehatt1chA? triplets. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: teyekhAtakhwa? glue. NOTE: The alternant .khAt- occurs before the -hkw- instrumental suffix.

-khofe-/-khofe?tsl- n. coffee. kh6fe coffee. With -hnekil- I -hnekihldrink: wa ?kekhofe ?fslahneki·la? I drank coffee. NOTE: The alternant -khofe- occurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -khofe?tsl-, with the -?tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. -khuni-/-khuny- v.a. cook. kekhu-nfhe? I'm cooking, sekhu ·nihe? you're cooking, yekhu·nihe? she's cooking, lakhu·nihe? he's cooking. wakekhuni I have prepared it for cooking (and it's cooking), yakokhuni she has cooked, lokhuni he has cooked. wa ?kekhu·ni- I cooked, wa ?ekhu·ni· she cooked, wa ?kutikhu·ni- they (z.) cooked, Akekhu·ni· I will cook, Ayekhu·ni· she will cook, Akutikhu·ni- they (z.) will cook, ayekhu·ni· she should cook. Habitual past: yekhunihahkwe? she used to cook. Stative past: wakekhuni·hne· I have cooked it, yakokhuni·hne· she cooked it. Optative habitual: ayekhuniheke? she should be cooking. Future stative: Ayakokhunihake? she will be cooking. With s- repetitive: skakhuni the food is cooked, tsyakokhuni she has cooked again, sayekhu·ni- she cooked again, usayekhu·ni- she should cook again. And optative stative: usukekhunihake? I should be cooking again. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -khw- food, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: -khunihatye- go along cooking; -khunihe? be a cook; -khunya?n- intend to cook; -khunya?t- use something to cook with; -khunyAni-/-khunyA- cook for someone.

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NOTE: The alternant -khuny- occurs before derivational suffixes.

-khunihatye- v.m. go along cooking. lokhunihdti? he's going along cooking. lokhunihtityehse? he's busy at cooking, he's walking around getting things ready to cook. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -khunihati- before a final ?. -khunihe? v.a. be a cook. lakhu·nz1ze? (he's a) cook, yekhu·nihe? (she's a) cook. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, -he? habitual. -khuny- cook. See -khuni-/-khuny-. -khunya?n- v.m. intend to cook. lakhunya·ne? he's going to cook. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -khunya?t- v.a. use something to cook with. kekhunya·tha? I'm using this to cook with. wakekhunya·tu I have used it to cook with. ayakwakhunyahte? we (excl.) should use it to cook with. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: yekhuny n. liquid product. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -ahyakli- fruit drink; -hnekakli-1-hnekakli?tsl- broth, watery soup; -kAnolehslakli- rainwater; -lutakli- maple sugar or syrup, brown sugar; -nawa?tstakli- muddy water; -na?talakli- soup or broth left after cooking cornbread; -nutakli-1 -nutakli?tsl- sugar; -yu?kwaklitobacco juice. These bases have both nominal and verbal properties: they take the noun prefix o-, but they require the nominalizer suffix when they are incorporated into a verb. klikli N blue jay. Klisti·n proper name. Christine. kn- pref. the two (both females). Third person feminine-zoic dual agent pronominal prefix. See kni-1 kn-lky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. kn- pref. I act on you two, we two act on you or you two. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kni-lkn-lky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. kni-lkn-lky- pref. the two (both females). Third person feminine-zoic dual agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant kni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternant ky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. kni-/kn-lky- pref. I act on you two, we two act on you or you two. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person singular acting on second person dual, first person dual acting on second person

singular or dual. NOTE: The alternant kni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternant ky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. -k6· clitic. big. Augmentative clitic. DERIVED BASES: a?nukk6·leek; elikk6· wild cherry; kanuhsate?k6· school, high school; Kolahk6· King; ohna?kwalohsa?k6· I ohnakwalohsa?k6· elephant; onahsakAlatk6· I nahsakAlatk6· wild goose; olhohte?k6· burdock; ona?kAtk6· badger; onu?usla?k6· pumpkin; otsi?nowAhk6· rat; o?nAhalhk6· grape; shahyese?k6· I sha?yese?k6· I sha·yese?k6· mulberry; tekahsinesk6· crane; teyotskala ?tk6· smartweed; tsikawihsakiha?k6· gorilla; tsiksk6· cicada; wa?kohsesk6· peacock. k6h Presentational particle: Here (take this)! kohkwae N bobwhite, quail. kohsa·tA.s N horse. DERIVED BASES: kohsa·tA.s thotakwalihsya ·tha? bridle; kohsa·tA.s tsi·ks horsefly. NOTE: Composed of ko-, which is a reduced form of the feminine-indefinite singular patient prefix yako-, the verb base -hsatA- ride on the back of a horse, and -s habitual. kohsa ·tA.s thotakwalihsyHha? bridle. COMPOSED OF: kohsa·tA.s horse; and -ho- masculine singular patient, .takwalihsyu-l.takwalihsy- plus tcislocative, straighten out, steer, -?tcausative, -ha? habitual.

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kohsa·tA.s tsi·ks N horsefly. COMPOSED OF: kohsa·tA.s horse; and tsi·ks housefly. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onla·k6k (ACH). kohsla·ke winter. With tsh- coincident: tshikohslcHe last winter. With oya· another, and tshitcoincident and cislocative: oya· tshitkohsla·ke the other year. • Kohsla·ke nf· twaku ?weskwanihe? tsi? niku wakAnhateni?. I like winter best of all the seasons. DERIVED BASES: kohsla?ke·ne wintertime. NOTE: Composed of an anomalous prefix k-, the noun root -ohsl- year, winter, and the locative suffix -?ke. The? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. kohsla?ke·ne wintertime. NOTE: Composed of kohsla?ke, which is the underlying form of kohsta·ke winter, and the -'·ne locative clitic. kok Affirmative particle: just this (dimension, amount). kok kwi· nahe? it was just a little while really. kok nahe? it was just a little while. • Kok nahe? tayo ?talfhA ?. In just a little while it'll warm up. (Gl) kok na·ye? it was just a little while. kok niku it's only that many or that much. Pre-pausal: kok ni·ku. kok niyo·Ie· it's only that far, it's only a little ways. Kolahkowanhne N Canada. NOTE: Used in Wisconsin to refer to Canada and to the Oneidas in Canada, and composed of a component

kola, a variant of -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big, and the -ne locative clitic. See also lakola Indian agent. Kolahk6· N King. NOTE: Composed of a component kola, and the -k6· augmentative clitic. This word is also used to refer to God in traditional hymnbooks. See also lakola Indian agent. -koni?n- v.a. go to get something for someone. wa ?fcukoni-na? I'm going to go get it for you, wah ikon i-na? I'm going to go get it for him. takkonf·na Go get it for me! With -hnek-liquid, liquor: takhnekakonf.na Go get me some water! COMPOSED OF: -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest, -ni- benefactive, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. k6skos N pig. -ko?n- v.m. go to get, fetch. lak6·ne? he's here to pick something up and take it away. lak6·nehse? he keeps going to get it. lok6·nu he has gone to fetch it. wa ?kk6·na? I'm going to get it, wahak6·na? he's on his way to fetch it. sk6·na Go get it! With srepetitive: sask6·na Go get it again! With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: kahyak6·ne? I'm here to fetch the berries. With -atAna 7tsl- groceries, lunch: wahsatAna ?tslak6·na? you're going to get groceries. With -hnana ?t- potato: khnana ?tak6·ne? I'm here to fetch the potatoes. And srepetitive: sakhnana ?tak6·na? I went to go get potatoes again. With -lut- tree, log: aetnilutak6·na? you and I (incl.) should go to get a tree. With -nAst- corn: knAstak6·ne? I'm here to pick up corn. With -sahe?t-

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bean: ksahe?tak6·ne? I'm here to fetch beans. With -ya?tuni-1 -ya ?tunihsl- doll: Ahsya ?tunihslak6·na? you will go to pick up your doll. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: IatiyAtak6·ne? they (m.) came to get wood, wahayAtak6·na? he went to get wood, AhayAtak6·na? he will go to get wood, AhatiyAtak6·na? they (m.) will go to get (cut) wood, ahatiyAtak6·na? they (m.) should get (cut) wood. And s- repetitive: sahatiyAtak6·na? they (m.) went to get wood again. Aspect class: H. • Wahs, sask6·na kaha·lu·. Go, go get those things that are hanging. COMPOSED OF: -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ks- n. dish, plate, bowl. With -?ke locative suffix: kaksd-ke on the outside of the dish. With -ku locative suffix: kdksaku in the dish or bowl, on the plate. With -oku locative suffix: kaksoku under the dish. Prepausal: kakso·ku. With -athel-1 -athl- set down for oneself: yukyateksahele? we have a container set up, wa ?kateksa·lA? I put down the dish, Ahsateksa·lA? you will put down a dish. And future stative: Asateksa·lake? you will have a dish set down for yourself. And n- partitive: niyukyateksahele? where we had containers set up. With -awi- I -u- I -A- give someone something: yukeksawf she has given me a dish. With .a?sA?-I.ya?tA?-1 .A?- plus tcislocative, fall off, fall from a height: takaksAne? the dish fell. With .a?sA?-I.ya?tA?-I.A?- plus ytranslocative: fall in; fall down:

ya ?kaksAne? the dish fell down or in. With -a?sA?se-1 -a?sA?s-1 -A?se-1 -A?sdrop something: ukeksAhse? I dropped the dish. With -hel- I -hlset on top of, place on: kaksahele? the dish is set down. With .hlihtplus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: tehoksahlfhtu he has broken the dishes, wa ?thaksa·lihte? he broke the dish. With .hli?- plus te- dualic, become broken into pieces: teyoksahlf·u the dish is broken, wa ?tkaksa·line? the dish broke. With .hli?s- plus te- dualic, break on someone: wa ?twakeksa ·lihse? the dish broke on me. With -hlunyu- set here and there: keksahlunyuhe? I'm setting the table, wa ?akwaksahluni? we (excl.) set out the dishes. With -N-itahkw-1 -ya?titahkw- take someone or something out, and srepetitive: Ashaksitahko? he will take a dish out again. With -N-ita?1-ya?tita?- give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa ?keksftane? I put dishes in it. With -kwan(A)- I -owan(A)- be big: kaksowanA it's a big dish. With -lakew-1-ya?tokew-1-okew- wipe, wipe off: wa ?kekso·kewe? I wiped the dish. With -lakewanyu- I -okewanyu- wipe several: keksokewanyuhe? I'm wiping dishes, wa ?keksokewani? I wiped the dishes. And t- cislocative: tayeksokewani? she wiped the dishes there. With -lohlok- I -lohlgather: keksal6·loks I'm gathering up dishes, I'm clearing the table, wa ?akwaksal6·loke? we (excl.) gathered up the dishes, wa ?eksal6·loke? she gathered up the dishes. And s- repetitive: sayeksal6·loke? she gathered up the dishes again. And t- cislocative:

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tayakwaksal6·loke? we (excl.) gathered up the dishes there. With -nohale- I -ya ?tohale- I -ohale- wash: wa ?keks6hale? I washed the dish. With -nohalenyu- I -ohalenyu- wash several: keksohalenyuhe? I'm washing dishes, saksohaleni? you have washed the dishes, wa ?eksohaleni? she washed the dishes, Akeksohaleni? I will wash the dishes. And s- repetitive: sayeksohaleni? she or someone washed the dishes again, Atsyeksohaleni? she or someone will wash dishes again, usakutiksohaleni? they (z.) should wash the dishes again. And t- cislocative: tayeksohaleni? there she washed the dishes, Atyeksohaleni? there she will wash the dishes. With -nohale?n-1-ohale?n- go to wash: wa ?keksdhale·na? I'm going to wash the dish. With .N+I.ya?tatplus s- repetitive, be one: sktiksat one dish. With -tat- hand something by extending one's hand, and t- cislocative: s6·tsi? e·nik tayeksatate? she had the dish too high. With -ta?-1 -eta?- put into a container: keksata ?as I'm putting plates in there. With .ya?slunyu-l.?slunyuplus te- dualic, stack several, pile several: wa ?fkeksa ?sluni? I stacked the dishes, tehseksa ?sluni Stack the dishes! DERIVED BASES: yeksayAtakhw-/ yeksayAtakhwa ?tsl- cupboard; yeksokewatha? dishtowel; yuteksahlakhwa? dish. NOTE: Attested only with locative suffixes and as an incorporated root. Compare -atsyA-1-tsyA-, which is never incorporated. -ksa?-/-ksa?t- human n. child. keksa· I'm a child, laksa· boy, yeksa· girl.

Pre-pausal: yeks(. With te- dualic: tekniksa· two girls, tehniksa· two boys, two children. With -shuha collective eli tic: yakwaksa ?shuha we (excl.) children, latiksa ?shuha boys, children, kutiksa ?shuha girls, ukwaksa ?shuha our children. With te?- negative: yah laksa· te·kA he's not a boy, yah tehaksa· he's not a child, he's no child. With tshcoincident: tshikeksa· when I was a child, tshiyeksa· when she was a child. And -shuha collective clitic: tshiyakwaksa ?shuha when we (excl.) were children. With .N-o?tAplus n- partitive, be a kind of: nihaksa ?t6·tA the kind of a child he is, niyeksa ?t6·tA the kind of child she is. And secondary habitual: nihatiksa ?t6·tAhse? the way the children are. • Ne· kwi- tsi? nahte? Helhe? akka·latu ?, aknulhtl· ka ?ik.A yukkalatuni k.A· tshikeks(. The story I want to tell is a story that my mother told me when I was a child. (M8) DERIVED BASES: -ksa?taks(A)- be a bad child; -ksa?tiyo- be a good child. NOTE: The alternant -ksa?t- is the incorporating form, -ksa?- occurs elsewhere. The final ? of -ksa?- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ksa?taksa?t- v.a. spoil a child. shakoksa ?faksa·tha? he's spoiling her, luwaksa ?faksa·tha? she's spoiling him. wa ?shakotiksa ?fciksahte? they (m.) spoiled her, wa ?etshiksa ?ftiksahte? you two or you all spoiled her. • f.nelhe? kwi- s6·tsi? lotiwilan.Aste? k.A·, ne· ala· wa ?shakotiksa ?faksahte?. They thought they treasured their child so much, that's the reason they spoiled her. (M7)

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COMPOSED OF: -ksa?taks(A)- be a bad child, -'t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-ksa?taks(A)- v.s. be a bad child. keksa ?taksA I'm a bad child, yeksa ?ttiksA she's a bad child, laksa ?taksA he's a bad child. Secondary habitual: latiksa ?faksAhse? they (m.) are bad children. With n- partitive: tsi? nikeksa ?faksA I'm such a bad child. Aspect class: A. • Ne· wf- th6 nikayelha? tsi? yakon uhwaktanihe? tsi? s6·tsi? yeksa ?ttiksA. It's happening that she's sick because she's such a bad child. (M7) COMPOSED OF: -ksa?-/-ksa?t- child, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. D:RIVED BASES: -ksa?taksa?t- spoil a child; -ateksa?taksa't- misbehave become a bad child. ' NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -?tcausative suffix. -ksa?tiyo- v.s. be a good child. keksa ?tiy6 I'm a good child, yeksa ?tiy6 she's a good girl, laksa ?tiy6 he's a good boy. Pre~ausal: laksa?ti·yQ.. With n- partitive: niyeksa ?tiy6 she's such a good girl. And optative stative: ahseksa ?tiy6hake? you should be a good child, ayeksa ?tiy6hake? she should be a good girl. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ksa?-/-ksa?t- child -N-iyo- be good. ' DERIVED BASES: -ateksa?tiyostbehave, become a good child.

-kst(e)-/-ya?takste- v.s. be heavy. y6kste? it's heavy, wakya ?ttikste? I'm heavy, loy a ?ttikste? he's heavy, yakoya ?fakste? she's heavy. Habitual past: loya ?fakstehkwe? he was heavy. Future stative: Ahoy a ?ttiksteke? he will be heavy, Ay6ksteke? it will be heavy. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: yokAhakste? it's heavy cloth. With the English noun job and -hslnominalizer: yotsyapslakste? it's heavy or hard work. With -yo 7 tAhsl- work, and te?- negative: yah te ?yo yo ?fAhslakste? the work is not heavy or hard. Aspect class: B. • Yah kwf- th6 te?yoyo ?tAhslakste? tsi? ne· niyohtu ·ne? tshiwahu ·nise ?. Work is not hard like the way it was a long time ago. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -kstA?- become heavy; -lihwakste- be important. NOTE: The alternant -ya?taksteoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. An alternant -kst-, without the final vowel, occurs before the -A?- inchoative suffix. The alternant -ksteoccurs elsewhere. -kstAhal-kstA- human n. older person or animal, spouse. akokstAna old lady, lokst.iha old man, okst.iha old woman, yokstAna she (z.) is old, lotikstAna old men, old men and women, likstAna my old man, my husband, etshekstAna your husband, khekst.iha my old lady, my wife, shekstAha your wife, luwakst.iha her husband. Pre-pausal: khekstA·ha. 6kste? Wife! Husband! With -kidecessive clitic: likstAhkA my late husband. With -oku/ -o·ku: collective clitic: lotikstAhokuha the old men the old men and women. ' • Yokst.iha thik.i e·lhal. That dog

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is old. Ne· kati? wi- ka ?ik.tf lotikst.tfha k.tf· l6na?, se? ki? ok kwi· nu· k.tf·tho Ukwehuwe·ne ne· nihninaklehkwe ?. So then there was this old couple, the two lived someplace here on the Reserve. (M7) DERIVED BASES: -kstAha?- become old. NOTE: The alternant -kstAha is composed of a component -kstA- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The component -kstA-, without the diminutive, occurs before the decessive clitic and in the derived base. This alternant occurs also before the -oku/-o·ku: collective clitic, and the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive eli tic. -kstAha?- v.a. become old. lokstLtha·u he has gotten old. ukekstA·hdne? I got old, wahokstA·hane? he got old, wahotikstA·hdne? they (m.) got old, AhokstA·hdne? he will get old. With y- translocative: yahokstA·hdne? he was (living) over there when he became old. • N A ki? we·ne wahotikstA ·kane? thik.tf lana~ It must be now that the couple is g~tting older. COMPOSED OF: -kstAha/-kstA- older person or animal, spouse, -ha?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .kstAha?sJ- plus tcislocative, become older; -kstAha?uhatye- be getting older. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .kstAha?sl- plus t- cislocative, v.m. become older. tahokstAha·sle? he's getting older. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -kstAha?- become old, -sl- dislocative. NOTE: The? of the ?sl cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -kstAha?uhatye- v.m. be getting older. lokstAha ?uhati? he's getting older, yakokstAha ?uhdti? she's getting older. COMPOSED OF: -kstAha?- become old, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -kstAha?uhati- before a final ?. -kstA?- v.a. become heavy. wa ?6kstAne? it got heavy, Ay6kstAne? it will get heavy. COMPOSED OF: -kst(e)-/-ya?takstebe heavy, -A?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. ku- pref. they (all females). Third person feminine-zoic plural agent pronominal prefix. See kuti-/ku-/ kun-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. ku-/kuy- pref. I act on you. First person singular acting on second person singular. Interactive pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant ku- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant kuy- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -ku suf. in. Locative. -ku- taste good. See -eku-/-eku'u-/-ku1-ku?u-.

-kuhlek- v.a. hit, beat with the fist. laku·leks he's hitting her (z.) or it, loku·leks he's hitting him. lakuhleku he has hit her (z.) or it, lokuhleku he has hit him. wahiku·leke? I hit him,

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wahakku·leke? he hit me, wahyaku·leke? he hit you, wahaku·leke? he hit her (z.) or it, wahoku·leke? he hit him, wa ?shakoku ·leke? he hit her or them, wahuwaku·leke? she or they hit him, Ahaku·leke? he will hit it, ahaku ·leke? he should hit it. laku·lek Let him hit it! Habitual past: laku·lekskwe? he used to hit it, loku·lekskwe? he used to hit him. Stative past: lakuhleku·hne· he hit her (z.) (at one time), lokuhleku·hne· he hit him (at one time). Future habitual: Ahakuhlekseke? he will be hitting it. Optative habitual: ahakuhlekseke? he should have been hitting it. Future stative: Ahakuhlekuhake? he will have hit her (z.) or it. Optative stative: ahakuhle·kuke? he should have hit her (z.) or it, ashakokuhlekuhake? he should have hit her or them. With s- repetitive: sashakoku·leke? he hit her again. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kuhletsh- n. post, pole. okuhzetsha? post, pole. DERIVED BASES: -kuhletshahel- be a post, sitting; -kuhletshay.A- be a post, lying; -kuhletshot- put up a post. -kuhletshahel- v.s. be a post, sitting. kakuhletshahele? a post is sitting or lying up on something. Aspect class:

F. COMPOSED OF: -kuhletsh- post, pole, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. -kuhletshay.A- v.s. be a post, lying. kakuhletshayA? a post is lying there. Aspect class: B.

COMPOSED OF: -kuhletsh- post, pole, -y.A-/-y.At- lay down, place, have. -kuhletshot- v.a. put up a post. kakuhzetshote? (there's) a post standing. wa ?kkuhletsho·t£· I put up a post. COMPOSED OF: -kuhletsh- post, pole, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -kuhs-/-kuks- n. face, mask. okuhsa? face, mask. laokuhsa? his mask. With -ne locative clitic: kuksne on my face, skuksne on your face, lakuksne on his face, yekuksne on her face. With -ate?lholok- I -ate?lhol- I -at-N-olok- I -at-N-olcover up oneself: katkuhso·l6ks I cover my face (e.g., at Hallowe'en), wakatkuhsolu I have my face covered, wa ?katkuhso·l6ke? I covered my face. With -atya ?to hale- I -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself: katkuhs6halehe? I'm washing my face, wakatkuhs6hale I have washed my face, satkuhs6hal!:_ Wash your face! With -atya?tokew1-at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself: wa ?katkuhso·kewe? I wiped my face. With -es- I -us- be long: lakuhses he has a long face. And npartitive: nihakuhses he has such a long face. With -ke?toht- appear, show up, come into sight, arrive, and t- cislocative: thokuhsake ?f6tha? his face keeps appearing, tahokuhsak(Hohte? his face appeared (e.g., if he's looking around a comer). With -ke?tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through: lokuhsake-tote? his face is sticking out. And t- cislocative: thokuhsake·tote? his face is showing through (e.g., an opening). With -lakew-1-ya?tokew-1-okew- wipe,

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"':ipe off: wahikuhso·kewe? I wiped his face. With -nohale- I -ya ?tohale1-ohale- wash: wahikuhs6hale? I washed his face, wa ?khekuhs6hale? I washed her face, wa ?kkuhs6hale? I washed her (z.) or its face. DERIVED BASES: .kuhsota?- plus ytranslocative, fall on one's face; .atkuhsayelunyu- plus te- dualic, make a face; okuhsa?shuha sunflower. NOTE: The altemant -kuks- occurs before the -ne locative clitic, -kuhsoccurs elsewhere. .kuhsota?- plus y- translocative, v.a. fall on one's face. yehakuhso·tti·se? he falls right on his face. y:hokuhsotti·u he has fallen right on his face. yahakuhso·tane? he fell right on his face. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -kuhs-/-kuks- face, mask, -hnyot-/ -ot- stand something upright, have, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -kuks- face, mask. See -kuhs-/-kuks-. kun- pref. they (all females). Third person feminine-zoic plural agent pronominal prefix. See kuti-/ku-/ kun-. . NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin m a vowel other than a. -kustu?lh- n. beard, mustache. okustu·Iha? beard, mustache. With -es- I -us- be long, and te- dualic: tehokustu·lhes he has a long beard. And na?te- partitive and dualic: a?e· na ?tehokustu·lhes he has such a long beard. DERIVED BASES: .kustu?lhal- plus te- dualic, have a beard or mustache; -atkustu?lhya?k- shave.

NOTE: The? of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.kustu?lhal- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a beard or mustache. tewakkustu·lhale? I have a beard or mustache, tehokustu·lhale? he has a beard or mustache. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kustu?lhbeard, mustache, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: .atkustu?lhalatstplus te- dualic, grow a beard or mustache. NOTE: The ? of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .kut- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.a. be taken by, be overcome by something. ya ?thoku·tA· it took him (death, or some other disaster), ya ?tyakoku·tA· it took her. DERIVED BASES: .kutahkw- plus tcislocative or ya?te- translocative and dualic, persist, keep going on; .atkut- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, go or leave for good, pass on. .kutahkw- plus t- cislocative or ya?tetranslocative and dualic, v.a. persist, keep going on. tyekuttikhwa? she keeps persisting. twakkuttihkwA I keep going on, thokuttihkwA he's keeping it up, tyakokuttihkwA she's keeping going. takku ·ttihkwe? I started something ongoing, I kept on with it, tahaku·tahkwe? he kept on with it, ya ?thaku ·tahkwe? he kept on with it, ya ?tyeku-ttihkwe? she kept on with it. tasku·ttik Keep on with it, don't quit! Aspect class: Dl. • "Satketsko! Ise· w£· ihsle? ahsataya ?ta·na ?. Tasku·tak kw£- n11. satayaht!" "Get up! You're the one who wanted to go to school. Well then you keep on going to school!"

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(Gl)

.kut- plus ya?tetranslocative and dualic, be taken by, be overcome by something, -hkwinstrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. The root -kut-, with the t- cislocative and -atsemireflexive, is probably also present in the particle tyotkut always; and a component -kutahkw- occurs also in .atkutahkw- plus y- translocative, keep going on. COMPOSED OF:

kuti-/ku-/kun- pref. they (all females). Third person feminine-zoic plural agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The altemant kuti- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The altemant ku- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a, with loss of the initial a of the base. The alternant kun- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. Both the alternants kuti- and kun- occur with bases that begin in the vowel i, but it is not clear what governs their distribution.

third person feminine-zoic singular. NOTE: The alternant kuwa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The altemant kuw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The altemant kuw A- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant kuwayoccurs with bases that begin in o or u.

kuwati-/kuwAn- pre£. she, someone, or they act on them (all females). Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on third person feminine-zoic non-singular. NOTE: The altemant kuwati- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kuwAn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. kuway- pre£. she, someone, or they act on her or it. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kuwa-/kuw-/kuwA-1 kuway-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru.

kutilyo? wild animals. See kalyo?.

kuwA- pre£. she, someone, or they act on her or it. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kuwa-/kuw-/kuwA-1 kuway-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i.

kuw- pref. she, someone, or they act on her or it. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kuwa-/kuw-/kuwA-1 kuway-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A.

kuwAn- pre£. she, someone, or they act on them (all females). Interactive pronominal prefix. See kuwati-/ kuwAn-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel.

kuwa-/kuw-/kuwA-/kuway- pref. she, someone, or they act on her or it. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on

kuy- pre£. I act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ku-/kuy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i.

kutilu·ta.nunhe? V > N hepatica.

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cu?kwal- n. forehead. oku·kwala? forehead. With -ke locative clitic: kku ?kwala·ke (on) my forehead, sku ?kwala·ke (on) your forehead, laku ?kwala·ke (on) his forehead, yeku ?kwala·ke (on) her forehead. With -atsha?-1-at-N-atsha?- burn: wa ?katku ?kwalatshane? I got a burn on my forehead. With -kwan(A)- I -owan(A)- be big: laku ?kwalowan.< he has a big forehead. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ku?tok- plus te- dualic, v.a. flick one's finger against someone. wa ?fyukku ·toke? she flicked her finger against me, wa ?fhiku·toke? I flicked my finger against him, wa 7tekheku·toke? I flicked my finger against her. NOTE: Motion using either the index finger or middle finger and the thumb, and flipping the finger off the thumb against someone (e.g., their forehead). The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ku?tsl- n. pound. oku·tsla? pound. With .N-t- I .ya?tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skaku·tslat one pound. • Swistohslahninu·na skaku·tslat. Go buy a pound of butter. DERIVED BASES: -ku?tslihal- weigh something; -ku?tsluty- lose weight. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ku?tslihal- v.a. weigh something. kku ?fslihalha? I'm weighing it. yakoku 7tslihale? she has weighed it. wa ?eku 7tsliha·l.1· she weighed it. takku 7tsliha-li_ Weigh me! Aspect class: F.

COMPOSED OF: -ku?tsl- pound, -hal/-ihal- hang up. DERIVED BASES: -atatku?tslihalweigh oneself.

-ku?tsluty- v.a. lose weight. wakku 7tslutyehse? I lose weight, yakoku 7tslutyehse? she loses weight. wakku ?tsluti I have lost weight. ukku ?fslu-tf- I lost weight, wahoku ?fslu·ti· he lost weight, wa ?akoku ?fslu-ti· she lost weight. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -ku?tsl- pound, -aty-/ -uty- lose, leave, disperse. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -ku?u- taste good. See -eku-/-eku?u-/ -ku-/-ku?u-. -kw-/-ekw- v.a. pick, harvest. fkkwas I'm picking, {skwas you're picking, lakwas he's picking, yekwas she's picking, kakwas she (z.) is picking, tn{kwas or tnekwas you and I (incl.) are picking, yaknfkwas or yaknekwas we two (excl.) are picking, snekwas you two are picking, nekwas the two (m.) are picking, knekwas the two (z.) are picking, twakwas we (incl.) are picking, yakwakwas we (excl.) are picking, swakwas you all are picking, latikwas they (m.) are picking, kutikwas they (z.) are picking. wakkwA I have picked, l6kwA he has picked. wa·kko? I picked, wa·sko? you picked, waha·k6· he picked, wetni·k6· you and I (incl.) picked, wa ?akni-k6· we two (excl.) picked, Alcko? I will pick. {sko Pick! Future habitual: Akkwahseke? I will be picking. With y- translocative:

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yAh.Akko? I will pick it over there. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyAye·k6· how or where she will pick it, nyAyakni·k6· how or where we two (excl.) will pick it. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: kahyakwas I'm picking berries, wahyakwas she (z.) is picking berries, tsyahyakwas you two are picking berries, kyahyakwas the two (z.) are picking berries, luhyakwas they (m.) are picking berries, sa·yako Pick the berries! With -anekl-/-Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds: kanekltikwas I'm picking grass, I'm weeding. With -hnana ?t- potato: wahahnana·tako? he picked (or harvested) potatoes, ayakwahnana·tako? we (excl.) should pick potatoes. And s- repetitive: Atsyakwahnana·tako? we (excl.) will pick potatoes again. With -nAst- corn: knAstakwas I'm picking corn. With -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon: knu?uslakwas I'm picking squash. With -skal- flax: latiskalakwas they (m.) are picking or harvesting flax. With -ya?tuni-/ -ya?tunihsl- doll, and ny- partitive and translocative: nyAhsya 7tuni1zslako? over there you will pick up your doll. With -yAtwood, cord of wood: latiyAtakwas they (m.) are harvesting (i.e., cutting) wood, wahayA·tako? he harvested wood, wa ?eyA·tako? she harvested wood, AhayA·tako? he will harvest wood. And n- partitive: tsi? nu· nihatiyAtakwas where they (m.) are cutting wood. And tshcoincident: tshihatiyAtakwas when they are cutting wood. With -yu?kwtobacco: latiyu ?kwakwas they (m.) pick tobacco. Aspect class: D3. • Ne- s thik.A nA kohsla ?ki-ne n.A wahayA"tako?, ne· s kwi- wahatA-

hni·nu·, th6 kwi- ni·y6t tsi? yakyunhe?. In the wintertime he would cut wood, he would sell it and that's the way we lived. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -N-kh- go to pick; -koni?n- go to get something for someone; -ko?n- go to get, fetch; -kwAni-/-kwa?s- pick for someone; -atekhwakw- bite into, take a bite; -yAtakwas be a woodcutter. NOTE: The alternant -ekw- occurs, for some speakers, in the dual of the habitual aspect. The alternant -kwoccurs elsewhere. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect and before the -?n- dislocative and -ni- benefactive suffixes. kw- pre£. I act on you all, we two act on you all, we all act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kwa-/kw-/ yakwA-/ky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. -kw- suf. undo, do something thoroughly. Reversative. Aspect class: D3. NOTE: This suffix is realized as -ko- before the? of the punctual aspect (-ko ?) and word-finally in the imperative. The ? of the punctual aspect is replaced by length when -ko- is accented (-k6·). kwa-/kw-/yakwA-/ky- pre£. I act on you all, we two act on you all, we all act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person singular acting on second person plural, first person dual acting on second person plural, or first person plural acting on second person singular, dual, or plural. NOTE: The alternant kwa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant

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yakw A- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant kyoccurs with bases that begin in o or u. kwah Emphatic particle: quite, just. kwah a?ny6 it seems like. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwa ?ny6. • Kwa ?ny6 wi· yotahyuni kAh nu·. It seems like there's lots of berries growing right here.

kwah kwi· nok so just then, so anyway then. kwah n6k just then. kwah tshikA just really for sure, for certain. kwah tsi? niku every. Pre-pausal: kwah tsi? ni·ku. kwah tsi? ok every, different. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written kwah tsyo ?k.

kwah a?ny6 ok it seems like. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwa ?ny6·k.

kwah tsi? ok nu· just everywhere. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written kwah tsyo ?k nu·.

kwah ikA: just really.

-kwaho- v.s. Wolf clan. lotikwaho (they are the) Wolf clan. Aspect class: A.

kwah kati? wi· just so, just too. kwah kAs just usually, just normally. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwah s. kwah kAs ki? uhte wi· as a matter of fact usually or probably. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written kwah s kyuht wi-. kwah kAs kwi· really just usually or normally. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwah s kwi-. kwah kAs tshikA: just really for sure. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwah s tshikA. kwah ki? ale? wi· as a matter of fact again. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written kwah kyale? wi· or kwah kyele? wi·. kwah kwi· really anyway or indeed. kwah kwi· ikA: really anyway or indeed. kwah kwi· ne· just anyway it's.

kwahotokA: Emphatic particle: for real, really, actually, truly. •Tahnu· ki? ale? wi· ka?ikA kwahotokA th6 niyawA·u ka ?ikA tshiwahu·nise?, ne· s wi- tsi? yah tehuhlukha? kA· ukwehuwe. And actually this is truly the way that it happened a long time ago, it's because the Indians didn't know how to speak (English). (M3) NOTE: See -tokA?- become certain; and -tokA?s- find out about, hear about. -kwaht- v.a. invite. likwatha? I keep inviting him, lakekwatha? he invites me. likwahtu I have invited him, khekwahtu I have invited her or them, shakokwahtu he has invited her or them, etswakwahtu he has invited you all, luwatikwahtu she has invited them (m.). wahikwahte? I invited him, wa ?khekwahte? I invited her or them, wa ?ukekwahte? she invited me, wa ?shuknikwahte? he invited the two of us. Aspect class: El.

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• Ne· wi- n ka ?ik.ti uska utlatste? wa ?khekwahte? utahninat(Ha? k.ti·. So there was this one time I invited the two of them to visit. (M9) NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. Kwaklit proper name. Margaret. -kwal- n. lump. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -kwales- be a big lump; and -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump. kwa·Ial N tree toad. -kwales- v.s. be a big lump. yokwa-les it's a big lump. With n- partitive: niyokwa·les is it ever a big lump. Aspect class: A. • A ?e· niyokwa·les yenAtsha·ke, tahnu· yah fe?yakonuhte? nahte? niyakoya·tawAhse?. She has a big lump on her arm, and so she doesn't know what's wrong with her. COMPOSED OF: -kwal-lump, -es-/ -us- be long. -kwalihsyu- straighten something. See -takwalihsyu-/-kwalihsyu-. kwalohi N owl. Pre-pausal: kwalo·lg. -kwalut- v.s. be a lump, be a hump. yokwa-lute? (it's a) lump or hump. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -kwal- lump, -N-utattach, be attached. DERIVED BASES:

-atkahlo?takwalut- have a boil; -attsihkahkwalut- have a sty on the eye; tsiniskwalakwalu·tu: toad; yo?nowakwa·hite? camel. -kwana?t- v. > n. important, older person. okwana·ta? important, older person. lokwana·ta? older or important person (m.). With -shuha collective clitic: lotikwana ?fa ?shuha older people.

COMPOSED OF: -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)be big, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- v.s. be big. kwan.ti it's big, yekwan.ti she's big, lakwan.ti he's big. Pre-pausal: lakwa·n.ti. With te- dualic: teknikwan.ti the two (z.) are big, the two are the oldest. With s.tihn? more: sAna? yekwan.ti she's bigger. Secondary habitual: kwa·n.ti·se? they are big. With s- repetitive: shakwan.ti he's big again. With tcislocative: tyekwan.ti she's the biggest or oldest, thakwan.ti he's the biggest or oldest. With tsha?te- coincident and dualic: tsha ?tehnikwan.ti when the two (m.) were big, tsha ?teknikwan.ti when the two (z.) were big. With -ahsi?t-1 -ahsi- foot, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: tehahsi ?towa·n.ti·se? he has big feet, teyuhsi ?towa·n.ti·se? she has big feet. And na?te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na ?tehahsi ?towa·n.ti·se? he has such big feet. With -ahuht- ear, tedualic, and secondary habitual: tehahuhtowa·n.ti·se? he has big ears. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry, and secondary habitual: wahyowa-n.ti·se? the berries are big. With -ana?alol-1 -ana?alo?tsl- hat: wan a ?ala ?tslowan.ti it's a big hat. With -atA ?nyot- I -atA ?nyotakslhave a ceremony: watA ?nyotakslowan.ti it's a big ceremony, a big wedding. With -atokwa ?t- I -atokwa ?tsl- spoon: watokwa ?tslowan.ti it's a large spoon, a tablespoon. With -hna?tal-1 -hna?tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: kahna ?tatslowan.ti it's a big

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purse or suitcase. With -hnitshthigh, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: teyehnitshowa·nA·se? she has big thighs. With -hsAn- name, reputation: lahsAnowanA he has a big name, he's well-known, yehsAnowanA she's well-known, latihsAnowanA they (m.) are wellknown. With -hwatsil- family: lahwatsilowanA he has a big family. With -itsy- fish, and npartitive: nikAtsyowanA it's such a big fish. With -ityohkw- group, crowd: kAtyohkowanA it's a large crowd, yukwAtyohkowanA there are a lot of us, swAtyohkowanA there are a lot of you, lonityohkowanA they (m.) are a large crowd. And stative past: kAtyohkowanA·ne? it was a big crowd. And n- partitive: nikAtyohkowanA it's a really large crowd, niyukwAtyohkowanA we're such a large crowd. And tsh- coincident: tshiyukwAtyohkowanA when there were so many of us. With -ksdish, plate, bowl: kaksowanA it's a big dish. With -ku?kwal- forehead: laku ?kwalowanA he has a big forehead. With -lut- tree, log: kalutowanA it's a big tree. And secondary habitual: kalutowa·nA·se? the trees are big. With -nakal- stick: kanakalowanA it's a big stick. With -na ?tsy- pail, pot, kettle: kana ?tsyowanA it's a large pot. With -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth: kenhoskowanA I have a big mouthful, lanhoskowanA he has a big mouthful. With -nuhs- house, building: yonuhsowanA her (z.) house is big, kanuhsowanA it's a big room or house. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tkanuhsowa-nA·se? there are big buildings there. With -nutsi- I -nutsist- head, cabbage: lanutsistowanA he has a big head.

With -yo?tAhsl- work: wakyo ?fAhslowanA I have a big job. And n- partitive, and stative past: nikayo ?fAhslowanA·ne? it was such hard work. With -?sleht- vehicle: lo ?slehtowanA his car is big. Aspect class: A. • Tahnu· yukwanaskwayA? kAs thikA dhal, lakwanA police dog. And we had this pet dog, he was a big police dog. (Cl) DERIVED BASES: -kwana?t- important, older person; -kwanha-/ -kwanhA-1-owanha-/-owanhAbecome big; -atA?nyotakslowanA-atkalowanA- owe lots; -e?towan(A)be a large quantity; -hsakahlowanAhave a big mouth, talk a lot; -hsuhtakahlowanA- be a big window; -lihowan(A)- be a great deed or matter; -luhkwA?tstowanA- have a strong voice; -?nikuhlowanA- have a great mind. NOTE: Can refer to size or age. The alternant -owanA- occurs with incorporated nouns. Alternants without the final vowel occur before derivational suffixes. In addition, -owan-, without the final vowel and with the suffix -e?, occurs in swahyo·wane? apple; and skawilo·wane? turkey. See also Kolahkowanhne Canada; and possibly -atkwanahtAni-/ -atkwanahtA- rape someone; and -wisto?kwanAst- get really cold, freeze. -kw anha -/-kw anhA -/-ow anha-/ -owanhA- v .a. become big. lokwanha·u he has gotten big. wahakwanhA? he got big, wa ?ekwanhA? she got big, AhakwanhA? he will get big. With s- repetitive: sahakwanhA? he got big again. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: uhyowanhA? the berries got

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big. With -hsAn- name, reputation: wahatihsAnowanhA 7 they (m.) became big names or well-known, AhatihsAnowanhA 7 they will become well-known. COMPOSED OF: -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)be big, -ha- I -hA-inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -nutsistowanhA- get a swelled head, become a know-itall. NOTE: The alternants -owanhaand -owanhA- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -kwanha- and -owanha- occur in the stative aspect, -kwanhA- and -owanhA- occur in the punctual aspect. -kwat- v.a. be well-off. wakkwats I'm well-off, I have a lot going for me, lo·kwats he's well-off, yako·kwats she's well-off, loti-kwdts they (m.) are well-off. With n- partitive: tsi 7 nihoti-kwats they (m.) are so well-off. DERIVED BASES: -atkwatakwbecome well-off, prosper. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. -kwatakw- v.a. arrange, prepare. kkwatakwas I'm arranging a matter, yekwatakwas she's preparing it. wakkwatakwA I have prepared it. kakwatakwA it's arranged. wa 7kkwata·k6· I prepared it, wa 7ekwata·k6· she arranged it, Akkwata·k6· I will arrange it. skwata·k6 Arrange it! With t- cislocative: th6 tkakwatakwA it's set up or arranged there. Aspect class: D3. • Akkwata·ko· fsi 7 nu· nAyako·tawe7. I'll prepare a place where she will sleep. KA 7 nukwa· wakkwatakwA ahsatekhu·nf·. Here's something I've prepared for

you to eat. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. Kwate Grandchild! Vocative form of -atleha/-atle?-/-atle?sl- grandchild. -kwatho- v.a. come or go by a route. k£·tho lakwathos he comes here by this way every time. k.tUho lokwathu he has come by this route. k£·tho Ahakwatho 7 he will come by this way. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .kwatho- plus te- dualic, v.a. roll up, hem. tekkwathos I'm rolling it up, I'm hemming it. tewakkwathu I have rolled it, I have hemmed it. wa 7tekkwatho 7 I rolled it, I hemmed it. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: .atlislakwathoplus te- dualic, roll up one's pant legs; .atnAtshakwatho- plus te- dualic, roll up one's sleeves; .kAhakwathoplus te- dualic, hem cloth. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. kwa?ahsutati? all night. •Ne· kwZ. ne· on£ ka7ik£ n£ Ahatinu·nawA 7, 6khna7 wahuwatinhane 7 tehatilihwakhwa 7 th6 Ahuti 7 tAhatili·wahkwe 7, khdle7 tsi 7 s niyohtu·ne 7 tshiwahu·nise 7 kwah kwa7ahsutati7 tAhatili·wahkwe 7 tsyo 7[{ Atkatkdo 7. And so then they would have a Wake, right away they would hire singers who would sit down to sing, and the way it used to be a long time ago they would sing all night until the sun came up. (MlS) NoTE: Includes the noun root -ahsut- night, and probably the -tye-

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progressive suffix; otherwise the composition is unclear. kwa?ahsu·te· last night. With oya· another, and tshit- coincident and cislocative: oya· tshitkwa?ahsu·te· the other night.

• KAtyohkwiyo·hne· kwftehatlihwakhwahkwe? oya· tshitkwa ?ahsu ·te·. It was a good crowd that was singing the other night. NOTE: Includes the noun root -ahsut- night; otherwise the composition is unclear. kwa?ahsute·ke nighttime. With -shu? collective clitic: kwa ?ahsute ?keshu? throughout the nighttime. NoTE: Includes the noun root -ahsut- night; otherwise the composition is unclear. kwa?akAnhe·ke I kwa?akanhe·ke summer, summertime. NOTE: Normally pronounced kwa ?kAnhe·ke or kwa ?kanhe·ke. Both words occur, depending on the speaker. They include the noun root -akAnh-/-akanh- season, spring, summer; otherwise the composition is unclear. kwa? Atati? all day. NOTE: Includes the noun root -Atweek, daylight, and probably the -tye- progressive suffix; otherwise the composition is unclear. Normally pronounced kwA?tafi?. kwa?Ate·ke daytime. NOTE: Includes the noun root -Atweek, daylight; otherwise the composition is unclear. Normally pronounced kwA ?fe·ke. kwa?ny6 it seems like. See kwah a?ny6.

-kwa?s- pick for someone. See -kwAni/-kwa?s-. kwa?y.{ha N rabbit. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: kwa ?ny.tiha (ACH); Seneca: kwa ?y:x? (Chafe 1967:1074). -N-kwek- v.a. close. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in .ahuhtakwek- plus tedualic, go deaf; -atskwek- close one's mouth; .kahkwek- plus te- dualic, go blind; and .?nyukwek- plus te- dualic, get a stuffy nose. -kweku- v.s. be all together. tnikweku you and I (incl.) are together, yaknikweku we two (excl.) are together, snikweku you two are together, nikweku the two (m.) are together, twakweku all of us (incl.) are together, yakwakweku all of us (excl.) are together, swakweku all of you are together, latikweku all of them (m.) are together. Pre-pausal: latikwe·ku. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: ohutsyakwekti the whole world. NOTE: See also akwekti all. kwenis N penny, cent. uska kwenis one cent, wfsk kwenis five cents, oye-Z£· kwenis ten cents. -kweny-/-kwenyA-1-kwenye- v.a. be able to, beat at. lakwenyehse? he's able to do it. lokweni he was able to, he can do it. wa ?kkwe·ni- I'm able to do it (and I did it), wahakwe·nf- he's able, wa ?ekwe·nf- she's able, wahatikwe·nf- they (m.) were able, wa ?kkwe·ni- I beat her (z.) or it at something, wa ?kukwe·nf· I beat you at it, Akkwe·nf· I will be able, Askwe·nf- you will be able, Ahakwe·nf- he will be able, Akakwe·nf· she (z.) or it will be able,

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a·hakwe·nf- he should be able. Optative stative: a-yokwenyuke? it should have been able to. With srepetitive: shotikweni they (m.) were able again, sahuwatikwe·ni· they beat them (m.) back (e.g., in a fight). With n- partitive: nihotikweni how or where they (m.) were able, na ?kkwe·ni- how I was able, I was really able to do it, na ?skwe·nf- how you were able. With th- contrastive: yah tha·kkwe·nf- I can't, yah thahakwe·nf- he can't, yah thayekwe·ni· she can't, yah tha·kakwe·ni· it won't do, yah thahnikwe·ni· the two (m.) can't, yah thaetwakwe·ni· we (incl.) can't, yah thahatikwe·ni- they (m.) can't. Aspect class: E4. • N ..1 lakwenyehse? latkalhathos kA.? nihla~. Now he can turn over, the little one (e.g., a baby). N A kwi· kwah n6k th6 niku shotikweni on.-1 kwah s kwf- n6k wahatihnyani!_. Then they had just enough ability that they could bark. (M8) DERIVED BASES: -atatkwenyAstthink oneself better than others; -atkweny- win; -atkwenyest- be a perfectionist; -kwenya?tsihA- be capable; -kalakweny- afford. NOTE: The alternants -kwenyA- and -kwenye- occur in derived bases before the -st- causative suffix. The alternant -kweny- occurs elsewhere. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of -kweny- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of -kweny- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -kwenya?tsihA- v.s. be capable. lokwenya ?fsihA he's capable, yakokwenya ?fsihA she's capable. Aspect class: A.

NOTE: Includes the alternant -kweny- of the verb base -kweny-/ -kwenyA-/-kwenye- be able to, beat at, and perhaps an ending -?tsihA-. See also -anuhte?tsihA- know unexpectedly; and -athute?tsihAhear unexpectedly.

-N-kwe?niyo-1-ya?takwe?niyo- v.s. be the main one. lay a ?fakwe ?niy6 he's the main one. Pre-pausal: laya?takwe?ni·y!;?. With t- cislocative: thaya ?fakwe ?niy6 he's the main person, tyeya ?fakwe ?niy6 she's the main person. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -nuhsakwe?niyo- be head of the house. NOTE: The alternant -N-kwe?niyooccurs with incorporated nouns, -ya?takwe?niyo- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. -kwe?nuni- wrap into a package or bundle. See -hwe?nuni-/-hwe?nuny-1 -kwe?nuni-. -kwe?tal- cut out a piece or chunk. See -kwe?talu-1-kwe?tal-. -kwe?tala?tsl- v. > n. slice. With .N-t-1 .ya?tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skakwe?tala·tslat one slice (e.g., of bread). With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekakwe ?tala·tslake two slices. COMPOSED OF: -kwe?talu-/ -kwe?tal- cut out a piece or chunk, -?tsl- nominalizer. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated noun with counting verbs. The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kwe?talAni-/-kwe?tala?s- v.a. cut out a piece for someone. kukwe ?talA ·nfhe? I'm cutting out a piece for you. wa ?kukwe·talahse? I

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cut out a piece for you, Akukwe·talahse? I will cut out a piece for you. COMPOSED OF: -kwe?talu-/ -kwe?tal- cut out a piece or chunk, -Ani-1-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -kwe?talAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -kwe?tala?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables.

-kwe?talu-/-kwe?tal- v.a. cut out a piece or chunk. kkwe·talus I'm cutting out chunks or pieces with some implement (e.g., scissors), lakwe-talus he's cutting out pieces. lokwe-talu he has cut out pieces. wahakwe-talu? he cut out pieces, Ahakwe-talu? he will cut out pieces. With -na?tal- bread, cake: sna ?talakwe·tal!:!. Tear or slice up the bread! Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: -kwe?tala?tslslice; -kwe?talAni-/-kwe?tala?s- cut out a piece for someone; -kwe?talukwcut up into pieces or chunks; -atkwe?talu- for a chunk or piece to get removed; -hu?kwakwe?talu- take out tonsils; yekwe?talii:tha? cutter; ye?wahlakwe?tal N flicker, woodpecker. COMPOSED OF: la- masculine singular agent, -lut- tree, log, -sto?okpeck, -s habitual, -ha diminutive eli tic. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: kawyAtesk6 flicker, woodcock; otsistohkwalunyuha woodpecker; AtlekwA·lal woodpecker (ACH); Mohawk: karontakaro ?ks or kwit6:kwito? (GM). -Ian- n. corn soup. ola-na· corn soup. With -atuni- I -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: katlanu·nfhe? I'm making corn soup, twatlanu·n[ Let's all (incl.) make corn soup! With

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-eku-/-eku?u-/-ku-1-ku?u- taste good: kalanaku? it's good-tasting com soup.

-lani-/-lhahs- v.a. serve someone. kula·nfhe? I'm serving you (e.g., I have got a plate and I'm putting something on it for you). kulan{ I have served you. wa ?kulhahse? I served you, Akulhahse? I will serve you. With -hnana?t- potato: wa ?kuhnana ?talhahse? I served you potatoes (e.g., I put potatoes on your plate), takhnana ?talhas Serve me some potatoes! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -1- be in or on, -ni- / -hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The altemant -lani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -lhahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. lanutakli?tsla?nahkwatahkwas Tongue twister: he's getting the sugar right from the bottom of the barrel. COMPOSED OF: Ia- masculine singular agent, -nutakli-1-nutakli?tslsugar,-?nahkw- tub, barrel, drum, -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload, -as habitual. -lanyu- v.a. rub something. klanyuhe? I'm rubbing it. waklanyu ? I have rubbed it. wa ?klani? I rubbed it, Aklani? I will rub it. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES: -atlanyu- rub against. NOTE: Many speakers have -!anibefore a final ?. lao-/law-/la- pref. his. Third person masculine singular possessive. NOTE: The altemant lao- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The altemant law- occurs with bases that begin in e or A. The altemant Ia- occurs with bases that begin in o or u.

laon- pref. theirs (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine non-singular possessive. See laoti-/ laon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. laoti-/laon- pref. theirs (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine non-singular possessive. NOTE: The altemant laoti- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The altemant laon- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. -lat- n. heel. ola·ta· heel. With -e·ne locative clitic: klate·ne (on) my heel, slate·ne (on) your heel, lalate·ne (on) his heel, yelate·ne (on) her heel. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya?tanuhwak- hurt, ache: waklatanu·waks my heel hurts. DERIVED BASES: .latakalAhle- plus te- dualic, be walking on the outside of one's heels; .lates- plus te- dualic, be high heels; -latok- rub the skin raw on one's heel; .latotatye- plus tedualic, go back onto or walk on one's heels. -lat- v.s. have one's foot on something. fklate? I have my foot on it. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: -latatye- have one's feet touch the ground here and there; -lata?- put one's foot on, step onto; .atlatakw- plus t- cislocative, take a step. .latakalAhle- plus te- dualic, v.s. be walking on the outside of one's heels. tehalatakal£·le? he's walking on the outside of his heels (so that his shoes get worn down on the outside), teyelatakal£·le? she's walking on the outside of her heels. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lat- heel,

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-ya ?takalAhl (e)-/-akalAhl (e)-/ -kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -latatye- v.m. have one's feet touch the ground here and there. klatati? my feet are on the ground, I'm stepping here and there. With thcontrastive: yah thahatilatati? their (m.) feet won't be touching the ground. With thy- contrastive and translocative: yah thyahalatati? his feet will not touch the ground, yah thyahatilatafi? their (m.) feet will not touch the ground. COMPOSED OF: -lat- have one's foot on something, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -latatibefore a final ? . -lata?- v.a. put one's foot on, step onto. lala·ta·se? he's placing his feet. waklata·u I have put my foot down on it, lolata·u he has placed his feet. wahala·tane? he placed his feet, Akla·tane? I will step onto it, Ahala·tane? he will place his feet. k.A·tho sla-tan Place your feet here! With n- partitive: kAh nu· na ?sla-tan Move your feet over here, step over here! Aspect class: E3. • OhwAtsya·ke wahala·tane?. He put his feet on the ground. Kanuto ?fsla·ke wahala·tane?. He stepped onto the box. COMPOSED OF: -lat- have one's foot on something,-?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -late- v.m. walk on something high up, climb. kla·te· I'm climbing, lala·te· he's climbing, lola·te· it's

climbing on him. kla-te·se? I have gone to the top and I'm walking around up there, lala-te·se? he's climbing around up there. wahala-te· he's walking or climbing (either vertically or horizontally) going that way. With t- cislocative: thala-te·se? he's climbing around there, tahala-te· he's coming up, climbing this way. With y- translocative: yekla·te·se? I'm up there walking around, yehala·te·se? he's up there walking around. And habitual past: yekla·te·skwe? I was upstairs walking around. And future habitual: yAklate·sheke? I will be up there walking around. With npartitive: nikutila·t{ how or where they (z.) are climbing. • TyotkutahkwA kaluta·ke lala·te·se? tsi? niyo·le· ne· tshahonu·lyahke?. He was constantly climbing around on the tree before he got hurt. Kwah tsi? ok nu· nikutila·te· thik.A tsi?nhutst6khwi?. Those ants are climbing all over the place. .lates- plus te- dualic, v.s. be high heels. tekala·tis high heels. Aspect class: A. • S6·tsi? tekala·tis thik.A ukwahtahkwayA·tane?. The heels are too high on the shoes I got. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lat- heel, -es-1-us- be long. -lathA- v.a. climb up. klathAs I keep climbing up, lalathAs he keeps climbing up. waklathA I have climbed up, lolathA he has climbed up. wa ?klathA? I climbed up, wahalathA? he climbed up, waholathA? it climbed up on him, wahotilathA? it climbed up on them (m.), AklathA? I will climb up, AhslathA? you will climb up. slathA Climb up! With t- cislocative:

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tahalathA? he climbed up (towards me), tayelathA? she climbed up. With y- translocative: yahalathA ? he climbed up (away from me). Aspect class: A2. • Ne·n tayelathA? thik.A aknulha· e·nik se? wi· ka?ik.A i·ke·se?. So then my mother climbed up to where I was. (M8) DERIVED BASES: -lathAhatye- be on one's way climbing up; -lathAst- get something up. -lathAhatye- v.m. be on one's way climbing up. waklathAhtiti? I'm climbing up, lolathAhati? he's climbing up. waholathAhati? he on his way climbing up. COMPOSED OF: -lathA- climb up, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -lathAhati- before a final ? . -lathAst- v.a. get something up. klath.Asta? I'm getting it up (e.g., upstairs). waklath.Astu I have gotten it upstairs. wa ?klathAste? I got it upstairs. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -lathA- climb up, -stcausative. DERIVED BASES: waneklalathA.sta? grain elevator; yelathAstakhwa? ladder. lati-/lu-/lAn-/-hati-/-hu-1-hAn- pref. they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine plural agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants lati-, lu-, and lAn- occur word-initially. The alternants -hati-, -hu-, and -hAn- occur after another prefix. The alternants lati- and -hati- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants lu- and -hu- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a, with loss of the

initial a of the base. The alternants lAn- and -hAn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. Both lati- or -hati-, and lAn- or -hAn-, occur with bases that begin in the vowel i.

latihelayAtakhwa? V > N silo. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -hel- cornstalk, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. latihwa·eks tsi? tehatitA.sta? home plate. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -hwa?ek-/-hwa?e-/ -a?ek-/-a?e- strike, bat, thrash, -s habitual; tsi? particle; and -hatimasculine plural agent, .tAst- plus tedualic, stand someone up, stop someone or something, -ha? habitual. latihwistayAtakhwa? V > N bank. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'bank' is yehwistay Atakhwa?. latiluhya?kehlo·lu: N angels. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -luhy- sky, blue, -?ke locative suffix, -hlonu? /-hlolu? resident clitic. latinata?kehlo·nu· N city people. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -nat- town, village, place, -?ke locative suffix, -hlonu? I -hlolu? resident clitic. latinunha? V > N Wake. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -nun-/-nuhnawA-look after someone, have a Wake, -ha? habitual.

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latihashAtakhwa? V > N council building. With tsi? particle and tcislocative: tsi? thatihashAtakhwa? at the Band Office. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -hashA-/-hashAt- hold council, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. latislanu:wehse? V > N gnats, picnic bugs. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -asl-/-sl- smell, odor, -nuhwe?-like, admire, -sa? secondary habitual. NOTE: These bugs are attracted to food, especially fruit (e.g., the hollow part of raspberries), and people's hair. Latiy.Athos V > N May. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -yAtho- plant, -s habitual. -latok- v.a. rub the skin raw on one's heel. ukla·t6ke? the skin on the back of my heel was rubbed raw, wesala·t6ke? your heel was rubbed raw, wahola·t6ke? his heel was rubbed raw, wa ?akola·t6ke? her heel was rubbed raw. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -lat- heel; otherwise the composition is unclear. .latotatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go back onto or walk on one's heels. teklatotati? I'm walking on my heels, tehalatotati? he's walking on his heels, teyelatotati? she's walking on her heels. With ny- partitive and translocative: kA? nya ?fyelatotati? she went back on her heels. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lat- heel, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -tye- progressive.

NOTE: Many speakers have .latotati- before a final ? . -latskA-/-latskA ?t- n. braid. olatskA? braid. DERIVED BASES: -latskA?tuni- make a braid. NOTE: The alternant -latskA- occurs in the basic noun form, -latskA ?t- is the incorporating form. -latskA?tuni- v.a. make a braid. lilatskA ?fu·nihe? I'm braiding him (his hair). wa ?elatskA ?fu·nf- she braided it (e.g., the corn), wahuwalatskA ?fu·nf- she braided him. COMPOSED OF: -latskA-/-latskA?tbraid, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -latsyu- v.a. tear something. klatsyus I'm tearing it, laltitsyus he's tearing it. lolatsi he has torn it, yolatsi she (z.) has torn it. wa ?klatsi? I tore it, wahalatsi? he tore it, wa ?elatsi? she tore it. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: wa?khyatuhslaltitsi? I tore the paper, shyatuhslalatsi Tear the paper! Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: -latsyukw- tear up; -atlatsyu- tear. NOTE: Many speakers have -latsiword-finally and before a final ?. -latsyukw- v.a. tear up. klatsyukwas I'm tearing it all up. wa ?klatsyu·k6· I tore it all up . COMPOSED OF: -latsyu- tear something, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -latye-/-ya?talatye- v.m. go along, be among, accompany. yeya ?falati? she's with (them). kya ?falatyehse? I'm amongst (them), I'm with (them}, lay a ?falatyehse? he's with them. wa ?kalati? it went along,

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wa ?kya ?falati? I went along (but it wasn't necessarily my intention to go along). With t- cislocative: tekya ?falatyehse? over there I'm along, thaya ?falatyehse? over there he's along. And habitual past: tehsya ?falatye ?skwe? you used to be amongst (them). • Th6 kwi- yeya ?falati? ka ?iki\ aknulha·, we·ne kwf- td·t na? ne· shakotinhd·u ne· ahuwatikhuni? ka ?iki\ latiyAtakwas. My mother was amongst them, evidently the woodcutters had hired her to cook for them. (MS) DERIVED BASES: -latyeht-/ -ya?talatyeht- go along with. NOTE: The alternant -ya?talatyeoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. Many speakers have -lati- and -ya?talatibefore a final ?. -latyeht-/-ya?talatyeht- v.a. go along with. kya ?falatyetha? I go along with (them) (but it's not my intention necessarily), kalatyetha? it goes with it. yolatyehtu it has gone with it. wa ?kya ?faldtyehte? I went along with (them), wa ?kalatyehte? it went along. With t- cislocative: tyolatyehtu it has come with it, takalatyehte? it came with it. With y- translocative: ya ?kalatyehte? it went with it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -latye-/-ya?talatyego along, be among, -ht- causative. NOTE: The alternant -ya ?talatyeht- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The final ht of both alternants becomes t before h. .latyeht- plus te- dualic, v.a. become pale. tewaklatyehtu I'm pale, tesalatyehtu you're pale,

teholatyehtu he's pale, teyakolatyehtu she's pale, tehotilatyehtu they (m.) are pale. wa ?fwaklatyehte? I became pale, wa ?tholatyehte? he became pale. laulau N hummingbird. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: laola6 (ACH); Mohawk: raurau (GM). laulha· he, him. Emphatic pronoun. See -ulha?. law- pref. his. Third person masculine singular possessive. See lao-/law-/ Ia-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A. law- pre£. him, he; she or it acts on him; he acts on him. Third person masculine singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See lo-llaw-/la-/-ho-/-haw1-ha-/-hoy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in e or A. .Ia?nekalu- plus te- dualic, v.a. burst something, explode something. tekla ?ne·kalus I'm exploding it. tewakla ?nekalu I have exploded it. wa ?fekla ?ne·kalu? I exploded it (e.g., a pimple). tehsla ?ne·kal!!. Explode it! Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: .atla?nekal(u)-/ .at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode. -Ia?nAtahsyu- v.a. peel off something. kla ?nAfahsyus I'm peeling it off. wakla ?nAtahsi I have peeled it off. Akla ?nAtahsi? I will peel it off. With s- repetitive: sekla ?nAtahsyus I'm peeling it back off again. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -la?nAtak-/-la?nAt-/ -nAtak-/-nAt- stick something on something, -hsyu- reversative.

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DERIVED BASES: -atla?nAtahsyu-

peel off. NOTE: Many speakers have -la?nAtahsi- word-finally and before a final ?.

-la?nAtak-/-la?nAt-1-nAtak-/-nAt-

v.a. stick something on something. kla ?nA ·taks I'm sticking something on something (e.g., a stamp on an envelope), lala ?nA'taks he's sticking something on something (e.g., he's putting gyp rock on the walls), yola ?nA ·taks it sticks, it's sticky. lola ?nAtaku he has stuck it on it. wa ?kla ?nA ·take? I stuck it on it. With t- cislocative: tyola ?nA ·taks it sticks, it keeps sticking, it's sticky. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: yohyatuhslanAtaku there are papers stuck to it. With -she?lh- dough, paste, cream: yoshe ?lhanA ·taks the dough is sticky. With -?nahkw- tub, barrel, drum: yo ?nahkwanAtaku it's stuck to the pot or tub (e.g., when soup or beans bum onto the bottom of the pot). And t- cislocative: tyo ?nahkwanA·taks the pot keeps sticking (food keeps getting stuck to it), tyo ?nahkwanAtaku it's stuck there on the pot or tub. With -?nuhkw- bottom of a container, and tcislocative: tyo ?nuhkwanA ·taks it sticks to the bottom of it (e.g., the pot). With -?sleht- vehicle: wa ?o ?slehtanA ·take? the cars are stuck really close together (as in the cars of a train). Aspect class: E2. • Kwah tyola ?nA ·taks tsi? niyo ?talihA. It's just so sticky (and) it's so hot DERIVED BASES: -la?nAtahsyu- peel off something; -Ia?nAtakt-/-nAtaktattach, put in close contact with; -itskwanAtak-/-itskwanAt- cling; yo?nukslanAtaku bunion.

NOTE: Refers to attaching something, usually a sticky or clinging object, so that it is in very close contact with another object. The alternants -nAtak- and -nAt- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -la?nAtak- and -la?nAt- are composed of an empty noun root -la?and a verb root -nAtak-/-nAt-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants -la?nAt- and -nAt- occur before the -hsyu- reversative suffix. The alternants -la?nAtak- and -nAtak- occur elsewhere.

-Ia?nAtakt-/-nAtakt- v.a. attach, put

in close contact with. kla ?nAtakta? I'm sticking it on something, I'm attaching it (e.g., I'm putting up notices), lala ?nAtakta? he's sticking or pasting something on. With thcontrastive: thiyakola ?nAtaktu she just had it stuck to it. With -nhohdoor: wahanhohanA·takte? he put the door up against it. •Ne· kAs n.A wa?6·kalawe? n.A wa ?ukwAta·wha? kwah kAs n6k th6 wahanhohanA·takte? lake?n{ha tsi? nu· niyoka·lute?. And then· when it got dark, when we went to bed, my father would just put the door up against where there was a hole. (01) COMPOSED OF: -la?nAtak-/-la?nAt-/ -nAtak-/-nAt- stick something on something, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: -la?nAtaktanyuattach several; -athyatuhslanAtaktput up wallpaper; -atla?nAtaktAni-/ -atla ?nAtaktA- stick close to someone; -ihnanAtakt- patch; -naktanAtakttake to one's bed, become bedridden. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the alternants -la?nAtak- and -nAtak- of the component base, the resulting kht cluster is

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replaced by kt. The alternant -nAtakt- occurs with incorporated nouns. -la?nAtaktanyu- v.a. attach several. lala ?nAtaktanyuhe? he's attaching several things. COMPOSED OF: -la?nAtakt-/-nAtaktattach, put in close contact with, -nyu- distributive. Ia ?nikuhlaksA V > N devil. COMPOSED OF: la- masculine singular agent, -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. -la?wist- n. peelings. ola·wiste? peelings. DERIVED BASES: .la?wistakAsl-/ .Ia?wistakAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something; -Ia?wistotshyu- remove the peel; tekala?wista-Iu birch; tsi?kla?wistal bat. NOTE: The ? of the ?w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .Ia?wistakAsi-/Ja?wistakAsel- plus tedualic, v.a. peel something. tekla ?wistak.t\slus I'm peeling it (with an implement). tewakla ?wistak.t\slu I have peeled it. wa ?tekla ?wistakA ·sele? I peeled it, tAkla ?wistakA ·sele? I will peel it. tehsla ?wist akA ·sel Peel it! Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: -la?wist- peelings, .kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something. NOTE: The alternant .la?wistakAsloccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .la?wistakAsel- occurs in the punctual aspect. -la?wistotshyu- v.a. remove the peel. kla ?wist6tshyus I'm removing the peel or skins from something.

wakla ?wist6tshi I have removed the peel. wa ?kla ?wist6tshi? I removed the peel, Akla ?wist6tshi? I will remove the peel. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -la?wist- peelings, -otshyu-/-otshy- pull out. DERIVED BASES: -atla?wistotshyufor the peel or skin to come off. NOTE: Many speakers have -la?wistotshi- word-finally and before a final ?. -le- v.s. be a distance. yo·le· it's far. With n- partitive: niyo·le· it's that far. t6· niyo·le· how far is it? th6 niyo·le· it's that far. k6k niyo·le· it's just a short distance. a?{ niyo·l{ it's very far. tsi? niyo·l{ until. Habitual past: t6· niyo·lehkwe? how far was it? th6 niyo·lehkwe? it used to be that far. Future stative: t6· nAyo·Ieke? how far will it be? With te?- negative: yah th6 te?yo·Ie· it was never a time. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .atl(e)- plus na?tepartitive and dualic, be between, be so far apart. NOTE: Forms with then- partitive are attested more often. lA- pref. he. Third person masculine singular agent pronominal prefix. See la-/1-/lA -/- ha-/- h-/- hA -/- hl-/ -hla-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel i. .lAhsal-/.lAhsalut- plus te- dualic, v.a . praise someone. tekulAhsalha? I praise you, tekhelAhsalha? I'm praising her, tehilAhsalha? I'm praising him, tehaklAhsalha? he's praising me. wa ?fhakl.t\hsalA? he praised me, wa ?feshakol.t\hsalA? he praised her or them, tAhil.t\hsalA? I will praise him. DERIVED BASES: .lAhsalunyu- plus

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te- dualic, praise someone repeatedly, praise several; .IAhsaiutakwplus te- dualic, take away praise; tekaiA.hsaiA? praise. NOTE: The alternant .lAhsalutoccurs before the -kw- reversative suffix. .IAhsaiunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. praise someone repeatedly, praise several. tekulAhsalunyuhe? I'm praising you over and over, tesklAhsalunyuhe? you're praising me, tehaklAhsalunyuhe? he's praising me, teshakolAhsalunyuhe? he's praising them. wa ?teshakolAhsaluni? he praised them all. COMPOSED OF: .IAhsai-/.IAhsaiutpius te- dualic, praise someone, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .lAhsaluni- before a final ?. .IAhsaiutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. take away praise. tekhelAhsalutakwas I take away the praise I give her (because she no longer deserves it). With s- repetitive: tusakhelAhsaluta·k6· I took away the praise I gave her. COMPOSED OF: .IAhsai-/.IAhsaiutplus te- dualic, praise someone, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -IAn- n. song. kalA·na· song. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be, and n- partitive: tsi? niholAnaksA he has such a bad song. With -N-iyo- be good: lotilAniy6 they (m.) have nice songs. And npartitive: nikalAniy6 it's such a nice song. With -nuhwe?- like, admire: klAnanu·wehse? I like the song. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a

kind of: nikalAn6·tA? the kind of song it is. With .N+/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skalA·nat one song. DERIVED BASES: -IAnakaiei- be the sound of music or singing; .IAnaketskwas plus t- cislocative, be a soprano; -IAnayAhu- be a good singer; -IAnot- be music; -atlAnayA-/ -atlAnayAt- pray; atlA-nayAt prayer; -atlAnot- make music, play a musical instrument, put on the radio, purr. IAn- pre£. they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine plural agent pronominal prefix. See Iati -/I u -/IAn-/-ha ti -I- h u -I- hAn-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -IAnakaiei- v.a. be the sound of music or singing. wa ?o[Ana·kalele? there was the sound of music (e.g., a choir singing). COMPOSED OF: -IAn- song, -Iakai-/ -I aka Iei-/ -I aka I ehi-/-kai-/- kai ei-/ -kaiehi- for a noise to sound. .IAnaketskwas plus t- cislocative, v.a. be a soprano. tyelAnaketskwas (she's a) soprano, tkutilAnakl?tskwas they (z.) are sopranos. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -IAnsong, -ketskw- raise up to a vertical position, put on an affair, -as habitual. -IAnayAhu- v.s. be a good singer. latilAnayi\hu they (m.) are good singers. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -IAn- song, -N-yAhube good at producing a product. -IAnot- v.s. be music. kalA"n6te? it's music, latilA ·note? it's their (m.) music. Habitual past: kalAno·tahkwe? there was music.

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Future stative: AkalAno·take? there will be music. Aspect class: F. •Ne· s ye? ne· thik.i sahAnehya·lane? k.i· tsi? nihonatkanuni·hne· tshiwahu·nfse? khtile? ty6tkut se? s ye? wi- kalA"n6te? k.i· tsi? nu· nihA·ne·se?. It's that they remembered how wealthy they were a long time ago, and that there was always music where they were. (M8) COMPOSED OF: -IAn- song, -hnyot-/ -ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -lAnotatye- go around singing. -lAnotatye- v.m. go around singing. lalAnottiti? he's singing as he's going along. klAnotatyehse? I'm going around singing, lalAnottityehse? he's going around singing, yelAnotatyehse? she's going around singing. Habitual past: lalAnotatye ?skwe? he used to go around singing. • Ne·n tsi? kwf- niwakatshanunf kwah klAnotatyehse? thik.i tsi? niyolihowan.i tsi? nikatyelha? ka ?i ·k.i. I was so happy that I was just singing away, because I was finally doing something worthwhile. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -lAnot- be music, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -lAnotati- before a final ? . -IA?nha- v.s. know how. wak[A?nha·u I know how, yakolA ?nha·u she knows how, lo[A?nhti·u he knows how, lotilA ?nhti·u they (m.) know how. Stative past: lolA?nha?u·ne? he knew how (at one time), yakolA ?nha ?u·ne? she used to know how. Future stative: AsalA ?nha ?uhake? you will know how. With t- cislocative: tyotilA ?nhti·u they (z.) are good at. With n- partitive: tsi? niholA ?nha·u he really knows how. With te?-

negative: yah te?waklA ?nhd·u I don't know how, yah te?salA ?nha·u you don't know how, yah te ?yuknilA ?nhti·u we two don't know how. Aspect class: C. • LolA ?nhd·u aha ?nfkhu?. He knows how to sew. LotilA ?nhti·u tah uta· khetste?. They know how to skate, they're good at skating. DERIVED BASES: .atatlA ?nha- plus te- dualic, become acquainted. -lh- n. woods. With -ku locative suffix: kalhaku in the woods, forest, or bush. Pre-pausal: kalha·ku. •Tshiwahu·nfse? a?e· kAs tyakwanakle? kalhaku. A long time ago we lived way over there in the woods. (Nl) DERIVED BASES: -lhayA-/-lhayAtbe woods; kalhakuha hawk; kelhite? forest, trees. -lh- want, think. See -elh-/-lh-1-el-. -lhahs- serve someone. See -lani-/ -lhahs-. -lhalatstAni-/-lhalatstA- v.a. promise someone. khelhalatstA ·nihe? I keep promising her (but the promise is not binding, I may not follow through), shakolhalatstA·nihe? he keeps promising her. wa ?khelhaldtstA? I promised her, waholhalatstA? he promised him. COMPOSED OF: -lhal(e)- be ready, be expecting, be pregnant, -tst- causative, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lhalatstAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, -lhalatstA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -lhal(e)- v.s. be ready, be expecting, be pregnant. wakelha-le· I'm ready, salha·le· you're ready, lolha·le· he's ready, yakolha·le· she's ready,

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yukwalha·le· we're ready. Habitual past: wakelha·lehkwe? I was ready

for it (but it didn't happen). Future stative: Awakelha·leke? I will be ready, Ayolha·leke? it will be ready. With s- repetitive: tsyakolha-le· she's expecting or waiting again, she's pregnant again, tsyolha·le· it's ready again. With te?- negative: yah tehotilha·le· they (m.) don't expect. Aspect class: B. • Lolha·le· kwf- yusahuwahAle? k£· aknulhti~. He's ready for my mother to call him back. (M6) DERIVED BASES: -lhalatstAni-/ -lhalatstA- promise someone; -atelhalat- get oneself ready. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. -lhayA-/-lhayAt- v.s. be woods. kalhayA? (there are) woods. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lh- woods, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: -lhayAtu- be several woods. NOTE: The alternant -lhayAtoccurs before the -u- distributive suffix. -lhayAtu- v.s. be several woods. kalhayA"tu· (there are) lots of woods. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lhayA-/-lhayAt- be woods, -u- distributive. -lhes- v.s. be long. y6lhes it's long (a flexible object, such as fabric, a dress, or curtains), yotilhes they (z.) are long. Aspect class: A. • S6·tsi? y6lhes akwatya·tawiht. My dress is too long. N£ ki?n{ tu·ske? yotilhes wakyAth6hslu!. They're truly high, all the things I planted.

NOTE: Composed of a noun root -lh-, which occurs only in this base, and the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long. .lhAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. stay up all night. tehalh£tha? he stays up all night. tewakelh£htu I have stayed up all night. wa ?tkelhAhte? I stayed up all night, wa ?fyelhAhte? she stayed up all night. With ytranslocative: ya ?fahatilhAhte? they (m.) should stay awake all night there. Aspect class: El. • Khale? yah on£ th6 te·tsyot thik£ n kwa?ahsutati? ya?fahatilhAhte? tahatili·wahkwe ?. And now it's not that way anymore, that they stay up all night to sing. (M15) DERIVED BASES: .lhAhtanyu- plus te- dualic, stay up all night repeatedly. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a root -lhA-, and the -htcausative suffix. The root -lhA- occurs only with derivational suffixes. See also -lhA?- become daylight, become morning. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. .lhAhtanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. stay up all night repeatedly. tekelhAhtanyuhe? I'm continuously staying up all night. wa ?fkelhAhtani? I stayed up several nights. COMPOSED OF: .lhAht- plus tedualic, stay up all night, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .lhAhtani- before a final ? . -lhA?- v.a. become daylight, become morning. yolh£·u it has become daylight, it's light. wa ?6lhAne? it became morning or daylight, Ay6lhAne? it will be morning, tomor-

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row. With s- repetitive: say6lhAne? it became daylight again, the next day. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusay6lhAne? it became morning there again. With tshyusacoincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusay6lhAne? when it was the next morning. • Tshyusay6lhAne? a ?e· yakA? na ?tekAtst6tsla? yenAtsha·ke. The next morning they say that she had a big package (a bandage) on her arm. (V2)

DERIVED BASES: -lhA ?uhatye- be becoming daylight or morning. NOTE: Composed of a root -lhA- and the-?- inchoative suffix. The root -lhA- occurs only with derivational suffixes. See also .lhAht- plus tedualic, stay up all night. The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -lhA?uhatye- v.m. be becoming daylight or morning. yolhA ?uhfiti? it's just becoming daylight. With tcislocative: tayolhA ?uhati? it's becoming morning. With tshutacoincident and cislocative: tshutayolhA ?uhfiti? when it was becoming morning. COMPOSED OF: -lhA?- become daylight, become morning, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -lhA?uhati- before a final ?. -lho-/-elho- v.a. spread with, cover with. kelhos I'm spreading something with something (e.g., I'm greasing something, I'm putting jam on toast), selhos you're spreading, lalhos he's spreading, yelhos she's spreading, kalhos she (z.) is spreading, tnelhos you and I (incl.) are

spreading, yaknelhos we two (excl.) are spreading, snelhos you two are spreading, nelhos the two (m.) are spreading, knelhos the two (z.) are spreading, twalhos we (incl.) are spreading, yakwalhos we (excl.) are spreading, swalhos you all are spreading, lAnelhos they (m.) are spreading, kunelhos they (z.) are spreading. wakelhu I have spread it, lonelhu they (m.) have spread it. wetnelho? you and I (incl.) spread it, wahAnelho? they (m.) spread it, Akelho? I will spread it. Future habitual: Akelh6hseke? I will be spreading it. Optative habitual: akelh6hseke? I should be spreading it. Future stative: Awakelhoke? I will have spread it, I'll be done spreading it. With -iye- I -yen- oil, grease, fat: wahayenalho? he greased it, wa ?eyenalho? she greased it, wahuwayenalho? she spread oil on him. And t- cislocative, and future stative: Atisayenalhuhake? you will have greased it with oil. With -nawa?tstmud: wa ?knawa ?tstalho? I spread mud, I plastered it (e.g., a nail hole in the wall), wahatinawa ?tstalho? they (m.) spread mud, they plastered it with mud. With -she?lh- dough, paste, cream: keshe ?Jhfilhos I'm spreading paste on it (e.g., glue on old-fashioned wallpaper). With -wistohsl- butter: wahawistohslalho? he spread butter on it. Aspect class: E2. • Wahatinawa ?fstalho? kwf- tsi? na ?tekutluni? tsi? tekaluta ?sluni ?. They spread mud in between the piled-up logs. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -lhohslu-/ -elhohslu- spread or cover with all over; -at-N-lho- spread oneself with; .at-N-lho- plus te- dualic, spread for

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oneself; -lihwalho- accuse; -listalhoiron; -nhJalho- give someone germs, transmit a disease; -nikwAhtalalhoput lipstick on someone; atnAyalho? immense giant, monster. NOTE: The alternant -elho- occurs in the first and second persons singular, the dual, and the third person plural. The alternant -lhooccurs elsewhere. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

-lhohslu-/-elhohslu- v.a. spread or cover with all over. kelh6hsluhe? I'm spreading something all over something. wa ?kelh6hslu? I spread it all over, wahalh6hslu? he spread it all over. With -iye- I -yen- oil, grease, fat: wahayenalh6hslu? he put grease or oil all over it. With -wistohsl- butter: wahawistohslalh6hslu? he buttered them (e.g., all kinds of bread). And te- dualic: wa?thawistohslalh6hslu? he buttered them. COMPOSED OF: -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with, -hslu- distributive. NOTE: For the distribution of alternants, see the component base. -lhyo?lh- elbow. See -hyo?lh-/ -Jhyo?Jh-/-whyo?Jh-. -li- v.a. become ripe, become cooked. yoU it's cooked. Pre-pausal: yo·l[. wa ?ka-lf- it became cooked, Aka.zr. it will cook. Future stative: Ayolthake? it will be cooked. With t- cislocative: Atka·lf· it will get cooked. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: yohyali the berries are ripe. With -na'tal- bread, cake: yomHalali the bread is cooked, wa ?kana ?tala-li· the bread became cooked. With -?wahl- meat: yo ?wa·lali the meat is cooked,

wa ?ka ?wa·lali? the meat became

cooked. • N A ki? yoli sasahe ·to?. Your beans are cooked now. N A kA yohyalf strawberries, tsi? ni· nikahyanu·waks. Are the strawberries ripe yet, I'm so hungry for strawberries. NA ki? wa?ka?wa·lali?, satekhuni o·nA. The meat is cooked now, so eat! DERIVED BASES: -liht- boil something.

li-/liy-1-hi-/-hiy- pre£. I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person singular acting on third person masculine singular. NOTE: The alternants li- and liyoccur word-initially. The alternants -hi- and -hiy- occur after another prefix. The alternants li- and -hioccur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants liy- and -hiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -liha?t-/-taliha?t- v.a. bring to a boil, heat up, warm up. kliha·tha? I warm it up, I bring it to a boil. wakliha·tu I'm heating it up. wa ?klfhahte? I warmed it up, wa ?elfhahte? she warmed it up, Aklihahte? I will warm it up, I will boil it. slihaht Boil it! With srepetitive: sakUhahte? I warmed it up again, I boiled it again. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -lih(A)-/ -ya ?talih(A)-/-talih(A)- boil, come to a boil, get warm, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: -at-N-taliha?theat up, warm up; -ya?tataliha?tget a fever; kanuhsataliha?takhwa? furnace; yehnekataliha ?takhwa? kettle; yeliha?takhwa? cooking pot; yenAstaJiha?takhwa? or yonAstaJiha ?takhwa? stove.

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NOTE: The alternant -taliha?toccurs with incorporated nouns in some of the derived bases. The alternant -liha?t- occurs elsewhere. The? of the ?t cluster of -liha?t- is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -lih(A)-/-ya ?talih(A)-/-talih(A)- v.a. boil, come to a boil, get warm. yolihAhse? it's boiling. yolih.A·u it has boiled. wa ?olfhA? it boiled. With s- repetitive: usahoya 7tataWzA? he got warmed up again. With t- cislocative: tyolihAhse 7 it's boiling, tyolih.A·u it has boiled, tayolihA? it started to boil, AtyolfhA? it will boil. And habitual past: tyolihA ?skwe? it has boiled. And future habitual: Atyolih.A·sheke? it will be boiling. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayoUhA? it should boil again. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: yohnekatalih.A·u the water has boiled, wa ?ohnekatalihA? the water came to a boil. And t- cislocative: tyohnekatalihAhse? the water is boiling, utayohnekatalihA? the water should come to a boil. With -nuhs- house, building: wa 7onuhsatali1zA? the house warmed up. And th- contrastive: yah thayonuhsatalihA? the house wouldn't warm up. Aspect class: C3. • 0 ?k.A·la? nyAsa·ti· tyolihAhse? ohne·kanus. Put ashes in boiling water. (R2) Wahatkatho? thikA owiskla? niwahsohk6·tA a ?nya·nawA? th6 ka·y.A·, nA kwiwa·lelhe? tho yAhatftane? OStuha usahoya 7tatalihA?. He saw the white mitten lying there, so then he thought he would get into it so that he would warm up a little bit. (T3) DERIVED BASES: -liha?t-/-taliha?t-

bring to a boil, heat up, warm up. NOTE: Forms with the t- cislocative are preferred. The alternant -ya?talih(A)- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants, -talih(A)- occurs with incorporated nouns. Alternants without the final vowel occur before the -?tcausative suffix. This base is related to the stative base -a?talih(A)-/ -N-talihA- be hot, be warm. .lihotakw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. come up with or initiate an idea. tyelihotakwas she's the one who comes up with or thinks of ideas. tyakolihotakwA she has come up with an idea. tayelihota·k6· she came up with an idea, tahalihota·k6· he came up with an idea. Ise· taslihota·k6 Youcomeup with an idea! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hnyotakw-/-otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .lihotalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. oppose. tehalihotalhos he just doesn't want to do it or go along with it. tewaklihotalhu I have opposed it. wa 7teklihotalho 7 I oppose it, wa ?thalihotalho? he didn't want to go along with it, he opposed it, wa ?thatilihotalho? they (m.) are in disagreement. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -otalho-/-ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness. DERIVED BASES: .atlihotalho- plus te- dualic, quarrel, have a falling out.

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NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

-lihota?s- v.a. receive word or news. ukliho·tti·se? I received word. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hnyota?se-/-hnyota?s-1-ota?se-/ -ota?s- get stuck with an object. NOTE: The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihowanaht- v.a. announce, make a big issue of. klihowanatha? I announce it, lalihowanatha? he's a person that tells everybody about something that's happening, he's informing people, yelihowanatha? she makes a big issue out of it. lotilihowanahtu they (m.) are making a big issue of it. wa 7kliho·wanahte? I announced it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -lihowan(A)- be a great deed or matter, -ht- causative. NOTE: See also the next two entries. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -lihowanaht- v.a. honour, acknowledge, appreciate. lolihowanatha? he's honouring him, he's praising or acknowledging him. lilihowanrihtu I _have acknowledged him, I appreCiate him. wahiliho·wanahte? I praised him, waholiho·wanahte? he honoured him, Akuwatiliho·wanahte? they will honour them (z.). yethiliho·wanat Let's all of us (incl.) praise them! Aspect class: El. • Oya· kwi- sA· skutekhwahla·ne? ne· kwf· n{ anA AyotiyA·tane? tsi? ka·yA· tyotilA ?nha·u tok nahfe? akunehyahlakhwake? kA· tsi? Akuwatiliho·wanahte?. They're

putting on another dinner so that the good ballplayers will have a little something to be remembered by (because) they appreciate them. COMPOSED OF: -lihowan(A)- be a great deed or matter, -ht- causative. NOTE: This base has the same composition as -lihowanahtannounce, make a big issue of, but it takes interactive prefixes. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -lihowanaht- v.s. savour, prefer. waklihowanahtu I savour it, I prefer something (e.g., some food) over something else, lolihowanahtu he prefers it, yakolihowanahtu she prefers it. With t- cislocative: tyukwalihowanahtu we consider it important there. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -lihowan(A)- be a great deed or matter, -ht- causative. NOTE: This base has the same composition as -lihowanahtannounce, make a big issue of, but it occurs only in the stative aspect. -lihowan(A)- v.s. be a great deed or matter. With n- partitive: niyolihowanA it's such a great deed. Pre-pausal: niyolihowa·ni_. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big. DERIVED BASES: -lihowanahtannounce, make a big issue of; -lihowanaht- honour, acknowledge, appreciate; -lihowanaht- savour prefer. ' NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -htcausative suffix. -liho?ktA- v.a. finish talking on a subject. wa ?klih6·ktA? I finished

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talking on that subject, wahalih6·ktA? he ended discussing it. tnilih6·ktA Let's you and I drop it [ COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -o?kta-/-o?ktA- come to the end of, finish. NOTE: The ? of the ?kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.liho?tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be a lifestyle, custom, the way one lives and thinks. niwaklih6·tA the way I live, what kind of person I am, nisalih6·tA the way you live, niholih6·tA his ways, niyakolih6·tA the way she is, niyukwalih6·tA it's our lifestyle or custom. Stative past: niholiho ?fA·hne· the custom he used to follow, niyukwaliho?tA·hne· the way we used to live, what our custom used to be. Future stative: nAyukwaliho ?lifhake? the way we will act. Optative stative: naesaliho ?t.tfhake? the way you should behave, nahotiliho ?lifhake? the way they (m.) should act. With t- cislocative: nityukwalih6·tA the way we live there. Aspect class: A. • N6k tsi? kwi- nahte? i-kelhe? akathlo.zi- tsi? ni- niyukwalih6·tA kAh nu· niyakwanak[e? yakyukwehuwe. But what I want to tell about is our customs here where we Indians live. (MIS) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -liht- v.a. boil something. klitha? I'm boiling it. waklihtu I have

boiled it. kalaztu it's boiled. wa·klihte? I boiled it, wahslihte? you boiled it, wa ?e-lihte? she boiled it, waha·lihte? he boiled it, .tlhslihte? you will boil it, Aye-lihte? she will boil it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -Ii- become ripe, become cooked, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: -atahyalihtpreserve fruit, can fruit; kanAyalihtu brick house. NOTE: This base is not used by all speakers. The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

-lihuni- v.a. be the reason, be the way. kalihu·nihe? she (z.) or it (e.g., a machine) is thinking of ways to do something. wa ?kalihu·ni- it was the reason why, wahatilihu·ni- it was their (m.) fault, Akalihu·ni- it will be the way. With t- cislocative: Atkalihu-ni- it will be the reason why. • Ya·wet ki? uhte wi- lonulhti· wahatilihu-ni·, wa ?tholihwaks.tl·slu? tsi? latinakeJe?. Like maybe, as for them, it was their fault, they were feuding where they lived. (M8) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -lihunyAni-/-lihunyA- v.a. teach someone. khelihunyA"nihe? I teach them, I'm a teacher, shakolihunyA-nihe? he teaches them, shukwalihunyA·nihe? he teaches us, yukhilihunyA-nihe? she teaches us, our teacher, yakolihunyA·nihe? she (z.) teaches them, shakotilihunyA ·nfhe? they (m.) teach them. kuwalihunyAni she or someone is teaching her (z.). wa ?khelihuni? I taught her or them, wahaklihuni? he taught me, wa ?uklihuni? she or they taught me,

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Ayesalihuni 7 they will teach you. shelihuni Teach them! Aspect class: Al. • Tahnu· ne· ki? laknulhd· Jake luwa·ydts wahaklihuni? aukyo·t.A· utakhenldhtu 7. And it was my uncle, Jake was his name, who taught me how to work handing (tobacco) leaves. (03) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -Ani-f-Abenefactive. DERIVED BASES: -lihunyAnihe? be a teacher; -lihunyAni?n- go to teach someone; -atatlihunyAni-/ -atatlihunyA- teach oneself, study; yutatlihunyAni-tha? school. NOTE: The alternant -lihunyAnioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before derivational suffixes. The alternant -lihunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -lihunibefore a final ?.

-lihunyAnihe? v.a. be a teacher. yakolihunyA ·nihe 7 (she's a) teacher, shakolihunyA·nihe? (he's a) teacher. COMPOSED OF: -lihunyAni-/ -lihunyA- teach someone, -he? habitual. -lihunyAni?n- v.m. go to teach someone. wa ?khelihunyAn{·na 7 I'm going there to teach them. COMPOSED OF: -lihunyAni-/ -lihunyA- teach someone, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihw- n. business, matter, word, affair, news, issue. olf·wa 7 business, matter. aklf·wa 7 my fault, salf·wa 7

your fault, snili·wa 7 your (dual) fault, ukwalf-wa 7 our fault. With -?ke locative suffix: laolihw(He his matter, about him, akolihwd·ke about her. • "Tsi? ndhte? wa ?katkdtho? akeslAhtaku k.A· ka?ik.A akolihwd·ke yetshiyatleha k.A·." "I saw something in my dream about your granddaughter." (M7) DERIVED BASES: .atatlihwastani-/ .atatlihwastA- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, regret; .atlihohlalaksplus te- dualic, come across a problem; .atlihokwaht- plus te- dualic, spread news, gossip; -atlihoiA?- find a way or idea; -atlihut- do a job, carry out official duties, get involved in; .atlihwahkwishlu- plus t- cislocative, really mean something, be serious about; -atlihwahnot- give a sermon; -atlihwahtAty-/ -atlihwahtAtye- get underway; -atlihwakehtat- take over a burden; .atlihwakAny- plus te- dualic, argue; -atlihwakwalihsyu- be honest; -atlihwatahuhsatat- listen to what's going on; .atlihwatenyAni-/ .atlihwatenyA- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, change one's mind; -atlihwate?kw- avoid; .atlihwate?waht- plus s- repetitive, commit a crime or wrongdoing, do something inappropriate; .atlihwatA?tsha?- plus te- dualic, be due payment, reward, or thanks; -atlihwatkweny- win an argument or debate; -atlihwatstahl- be unable to find a word; -atlihwatstelist- take charge of someone's affairs; -atlihwattok- be smart; -atlihwatye?ni- be talkative; .atlihwayest- plus te- dualic, compromise; -atlihwisa?- agree, talk over, consider, commit oneself, date; .lihotakw- plus t- cislocative, come

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up with or initiate an idea; .lihotalho- plus te- dualic, oppose; -lihota?s- receive word or news; -lihowan(A)- be a great deed or matter; -liho?ktA- finish talking on a subject; .liho?tA- plus n- partitive, be a lifestyle, custom, the way one lives and thinks; -lihuni- be the reason, be the way; -lihunyAni-/-lihunyAteach someone; aoli·wa? for some reason, why; olihwakayu old times; olihwiy6 sure, certainly; tehalihwakenhas lawyer; yewatlihwatAnyetha? fax machine; yolihwakayuhneha old ways; and all the bases beginning in -lihw- that follow this one. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the w is deleted before bases that begin in o or u.

.lihwahkw-/.lihwakhw- plus tedualic, v.a. sing. teklihwakhwa 7 I sing, I'm a singer, tehalihwakhwa 7 he sings, teyelihwakhwa 7 she sings, tehatilihwakhwa 7 they (m.) are singers. tewaklihwahkwA I'm singing I have sung, teholihwahkwA he's singing, teyakolihwahkwA she's singing, teyolihwahkwA she (z.) or it is singing, tehotilihwahkwA they (m.) are singing. wa 7fhalf·wahkwe 7 he sang, fAkU·wahkwe 7 I will sing, tAhatili·wahkwe 7 they (m.) will sing, tahaU·wahkwe 7 he should sing, tahatilf·wahkwe 7 they (m.) should sing. Habitual past: tehatilihwakhwahkwe 7 they used to sing. With s- repetitive: tAshatilf·wahkwe 7 they (m.) will sing again. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya?tahkw- plus te-

dualic, pick up. DERIVED BASES: .lihwahkwa?nplus te- dualic, go to sing; .lihwakhwa?se-/.lihwakhwa?splus te- dualic, sing for someone; .lihwahkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, go along singing; .lihwakhwa? plus te- dualic, be a singer; tekalihwahkwA singing. NOTE: The alternant .lihwakhwoccurs before the -?se- I- ?sbenefactive suffix. The alternant .lihwahkw- occurs elsewhere. The h of the hw cluster of .lihwahkw- is replaced by length after accented vowels. In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?.

.lihwahkwa?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to sing. tehalihwahkwa ·ne 7 he's going to sing. teholihwahkwa·nu he has gone to sing. wa 7fhalihwahkwa·na? he's on his way somewhere to sing. COMPOSED OF: .lihwahkw-/ .lihwakhw- plus te- dualic, sing, -?ndisloca tive. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwahkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, v .m. go along singing. tewaklihwahkwAhati 7 I'm going along singing. With s- repetitive: tetsyuknilihwahkwAhtiti 7 we two are singing as we're coming along. With na?tes- partitive, dualic and repetitive: na 7tetsyuknilihwahkwAhati 7 we two are just singing away as we're coming along. • Yah kwi· te7we·ni na7tetsyuknilihwahkwAhati 7 tutayakyahtA ·tftsi 7 nitsyuknikhwaka 7ftiti 7. And it's amazing how we're just singing away

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as we're coming home again with all kinds of food with us. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: .lihwahkw-/ .lihwakhw- plus te- dualic, sing, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .lihwahkwAhati- before a final ?.

-lihwahla?- v.a. get unexpected news, get wind of news. waklihwahla·u I have heard about this news (something enlightening or amazing). uklihwti·lane 7 I heard about some news, I just got wind of this news (something that took me by surprise), waholihwti·lane 7 he heard about it. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hla?- for something to land. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. .lihwahlek-/.lihwahl- plus t- cislocative, v.a. insist. thalihwti·leks he keeps insisting on it. tholihwti·lu he's insisting on it, tholihwahleku he has insisted. tahalihwa·leke 7 he insisted, taklihwti·leke 7 I insisted. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix, the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, etc., and a component -hlek-/-hl-, which is related to the base .hlek- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, push, shove. The alternant .lihwahl- occurs in the stative aspect form tholihwti·lu. The alternant .lihwahlek- occurs elsewhere. Both the stative aspect forms tholihwti·lu and tholihwahleku are attested, with a slight difference in meaning. The h of the hl cluster of

both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-lihwahluk- v.a. hear about, hear of. lolihwahluku he has heard about (the news). wa ?klihwa·luke 7 I heard about it, wahslihwti·luke 7 you heard about it, wahalihwa·luke? he heard about it. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?klihwti·luke 7 when I heard about it. • Y a-wet ki? uhte wi- wa 7twake?nikulha·ZA· tsha?klihwti·luke? tsi? wahatu ·k6hte7. It's like it bothered me when I heard that he had passed on (that he had died). (MlS) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ahluk- hear about. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-lihwahnilat- v.a. approve, agree fully, confirm. klihwahni-lats I approve it, I fully agree. waklihwahnilatu I have fully agreed, lolihwahnilatu he has strengthened his agreement. wa ?klihwahni·late? I'm in full agreement, wahalihwahni-late 7 he confirmed it. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hnilat- tighten. -lihwahseht- v.a. hide facts, keep a secret. klihwahsetha? I hide the facts. waklihwahsehtu I'm keeping it a secret, yukwalihwahsehtu we have hidden the fact. wa ?klihwtihsehte 7 I hid the fact. Aspect class: El. • Yukwalihwahsehtu tsi? niyukwatetshA·u. We hid the fact that we were so scared. (Dl) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business,

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matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ahseht-/-ya?tahseht- hide something or someone. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -lihwahsluni- v.a. negotiate, make a deal. lalihwahslu ·nfhe? he's negotiating, he's making a good deal. lolihwahslun{ he has negotiated. wahalihwahslu·n{· he negotiated. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: .atlihwahsluniplus s- repetitive, make up with one another, come to an agreement. -lihwakalAhlat- v.a. become disparaging, become negative. lalihwakalA·lats he keeps becoming negative in the way he talks. lolihwakalAhlatu he has become disparaging. wahalihwakalA·late? he became negative. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -lihwakalAhl(e)- be disparaging, be negative, -t- causative-inchoative. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwakalAhl(e)- v.s. be disparaging, be negative. yelihwakalA·le? she's very negative when she talks about something or someone, she's disparaging (e.g., if she said about someone "he's better off dead"), lalihwakalA·le? he's negative. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ya ?takalAhl (e)-/ -akalAhl (e)-/ -kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. DERIVED BASES: -lihwakalAhlat-

become disparaging, become negative. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before -t- causative-inchoative suffix. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwaka?tshyu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. report information. shalihwakti-tshyus he reports back (to people) about what has happened or what he has learned. sholihwaka·tshi he has reported. sahalihwaka ·tshi? he reported. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutahalihwakti-tshi? he informed about it there. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ka?tshyu- undo, take apart. NOTE: The ? of the ?tshy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Many speakers have .lihwaka?tshi- word-finally and before a final ?. .lihwake- plus nya?te- partitive, translocative and dualic, v.s. be amusing. nya ?teholf·wake he's amusing, nya ?teyakolf·wake she's amusing. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .N-ke- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic or nya?te- partitive, translocative and dualic, every, different. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwake?tot- plus t- cislocative, v.a. hint at, mention. thalihwake ?t6tha? he doesn't want to come right out and say it, so he hints around at it. tahalihwake ?to·tA· he hinted around at it. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -lihw-

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business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ke?tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through. -lihwakA?slahkw- v.a. give an excuse or alibi. klihwakA ?slakhwa? I give excuses, lalihwakA ?slakhwa? he gives excuses. waklihwakA ?slahkwA I'm using an excuse, lolihwakA ?slahkwA he has made an excuse. wa ?klihwak.A·slahkwe? I gave an excuse, wahalihwak.A·slahkwe? he gave an excuse. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -kA?slahkw- use to wedge underneath. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwakhanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. put ideas together. tehalihwakhtinyuhe? he's putting ideas together. teholihwakhtini? he has put ideas together. wa ?tehalihwakhani? he put ideas together. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .khanyu- plus te- dualic, piece together. NOTE: Many speakers have .lihwakhani- before a final ?. .lihwakhwa? plus te- dualic, v.a. be a singer. teyelihwakhwa? (she's a) singer, tehalihwakhwa? (he's a) singer, teklihwakhwa? (I'm a) singer. COMPOSED OF: .lihwahkw-/ .lihwakhw- plus te- dualic, sing, -ha? habitual.

.lihwakhwa?se-/.lihwakhwa?s- plus te- dualic, v.a. sing for someone. tehaklihwakhwa·sehe? he's singing for me, teshakolihwakhwa·sehe? he's singing for her. wa ?teshakolihwakhwahse? he sang for her, tAkulihwakhwahse? I will sing for you. Habitual past: teshakolihwakhwa ?sehahkwe? he used to sing for her. COMPOSED OF: .lihwahkw-/ .lihwakhw- plus te- dualic, sing, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. DERIVED BASES:

.atatlihwakhwa?se-/ .atatlihwakhwa?s- plus te- dualic, sing for each other. NOTE: The altemant .lihwakhwa?se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The altemant .lihwakhwa ?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .lihwaksA?- plus te- dualic, v.a. feud, argue. tewaklihwaksAhse? I get into arguments. tewaklihwaks.A·u I have gotten into an argument, teyuknilihwaks.A·u we two argued, tehotilihwaks.A·u they (m.) are feuding, they're mad at one another, teyotilihwaks.A·u they (z.) are feuding. wa ?twaklihwaksAne? I argued, wa ?tyuknilihwaksAne? we two feuded, wa ?tyotilihwaksAne? they (z.) feuded. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be,-?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .lihwaksA?slu- plus te- dualic, feud, several. NOTE: The final? of the base is

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replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. lihwaksA?slu- plus te- dualic, v.a. feud, several. wa ?fhotilihwaks.A·slu? they (m.) all feuded amongst themselves. COMPOSED OF: .lihwaksA?- plus tedualic, feud, argue, -slu- distributive. NOTE: The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwakste- v.s. be important. yolihwakste? it's important, it's a weighty matter. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -kst(e)-/-ya ?fakste- be heavy. -lihwaku- v.a. bother with one's business. tsi? niku wa ?kli·waku? I have bothered you with this many things, th6 niku wahali·waku? that's enough of his business, of his talk. • Ta·t n.A ki? uhte wi· th6 niku ka ?ik.A, tsi? niku wa ?kli-waku? th6 ok niku ke·yale? ka?i·k.A. Well that's about it, I've said enough about what I remember. (Pl) NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwakwalihsyu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. mediate, straighten out. teklihwakwalfhsyus I'm a mediator, thalihwakwalfhsyus he's a mediator, he straightens things out, he knows what's right. tholihwakwalfhsi he has mediated. Athalihwakwalfhsi? he will mediate. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -takwalihsyu-/-kwalihsyu-

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straighten something. NOTE: Many speakers have .lihwakwalihsi- word-finally and before a final ?. -lihwakwAhtalho- v.a. set down rules. lalihwakwAhtalhos he sets down the rules, he lays out how it will be, he makes it known. wahalihwakwAhtalho? he set down the rules, wa ?elihwakwAhtalho? she made her message known, she laid down the rules. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalho- lay out flat. -lihwalho- v.a. accuse. laklihwalhos he accuses me, shakolihwalhos he accuses her. laklihwalhu he has accused me. Ashakolihwalho? he will accuse her or them. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -lihwanela?ak-/-lihwanel- v.a. sin, swear, curse. lalihwanela ?aks he swears or curses. lolihwanelu ? he has cursed, he's a sinful man, lotilihwanelu? they (m.) have sinned, they're sinning. wahalihwanela ?ake? he sinned, he cursed, wahslihwanela ?ake? you sinned. Aspect class: C2. DERIVED BASES: -lihwanela?akhusin repeatedly, swear away. NOTE: Composed of the noun base -lihw- business, matter, etc. and a component -nela?ak-/-nel-, which occurs also in .nela?ak-/.nel-/ .ya?tanela?ak-/.ya?tanel- plus te-

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dualic, mistake for another. The alternant -lihwanela?ak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hu- distributive suffix, -lihwanel- occurs in the stative aspect.

-lihwanela?akhu- v.a. sin repeatedly, swear away. lalihwanela ?akhuhe? he's swearing away, he's sinning, yelihwanela ?akhuhe? she's swearing away. COMPOSED OF: -lihwane}a?ak-/ -lihwanel- sin, swear, curse, -hudistributive. -lihwase- v./n. be new news. oli·wase? it's new news. • Ne· kwi· s.A· oli·wase? tsi? yakawAheyu ukyalyeha kA·hne·. What's new too is that my late sister-in-law has died. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ase- be new, be fresh. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwashnye?se-/.lihwashnye?s- plus t- cislocative, v.a. give in to someone. thilihwashnye·sehe? I'm always giving in to him. tahilihwashnyehse? I gave in to him, utahuwalihwashnyehse? she should give in to him. • Khale? kAs nA ne· lonehlakwas ka ?ik.A tsi? yah thau·tu· utahuwalihwashnyehse?. And then he's amazed that she won't give in to him. (G2) NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix, the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, etc., a verb root -shnye-, and the -?se- I- ?s- benefactive suffix. The root -shnye- occurs also in .shnye- plus te- dualic, look

after, nurture. The alternant .lihwashnye?se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .lihwashnye?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

.lihwaskenha- plus te- dualic, v.a. argue, debate, dispute. teklihwaskenhas I debate, I argue a point. tewaklihwaskenhA I'm arguing. tAklihwaskenha? I will debate or argue. With th- contrastive: yah tha?teholihwaskenha? he didn't argue about it. Aspect class: D2.

COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -askenha-/-ya?taskenhafight over, compete for, be greedy. DERIVED BASES: .atatlihwaskenha ?se-/ .atatlihwaskenha?s- plus te- dualic, argue for oneself, defend oneself. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -11. stative suffix.

-lihwast- v.s. be forbidden. yolihwastu it's forbidden. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Includes the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, etc.; otherwise the composition is unclear. .lihwat- plus tsha?- coincident and factual mode, v .s. think the same way. ni- tsha ?olf·wat she (z.) thinks the same way, ne· tsha ?otili·wat they (z.) think the same, they had the same idea, ne· tshahotili·wat they (m.) think the same way. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .t-1

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.ya?tat- plus tsha?- coincident and factual mode, be the same, match. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. lihwathe?t- v.a. explain. tekalihwathe-tha? it explains. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -the?t- pound. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwatshAly- v.a. find out about, find fault, complain. lalihwatsh.Alyehse? he complains, he finds faults all the time. lolihwatsh.Ali he has found out about it, he has found fault with. wa ?klihwatshA H I found out about it, wahalihwatshA·l£· he complained, he found fault with. Facilitative: lolihwatshAlye· tskwA he's always finding fault, no matter what. Aspect class: E4. • Ty6tkut tok ntihte? lolihwatsh.Ali k.A·, tsi? ok nahte·shu? yah te?tkayeli tsi? nihatyelha?. He's always finding fault with something, there were all these things he'd do that weren't right. (Ml) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -tshAly- find. DERIVED BASES: -lihwatshAlya?se/-lihwatshAlya?s- find faults with someone; -atlihwatshAlya?se-/ -atlihwatshAlya?s- find information for someone. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

-lihwatshAlya?se-1-lihwatshAlya?sv.a. find faults with someone. lolihwatshAlyti ·sehe? he finds faults with him. khelihwatshAlyti·se I'm finding faults with her or them. wa ?khelihwatsh.Alyahse? I found faults with her or them. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -lihwatshAly- find out about, find fault, complain, -?se-/ -?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lihwatshAlya ?se- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -lihwatshAlya?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -lihwawi-/-lihwA- v.a. give someone an idea or information. khelihwa·wihe? I'm giving her or them the idea, lolihwa·wihe? he's giving him the idea or the word, he's giving him information. khelihwaw{ I have given her or them the idea. Akheli·wA? I will give her or them the idea. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -awi-1-u-/-A- give someone something. NOTE: The alternant -lihwawioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -lihw A- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwaya?ak- v.a. oppose, disagree, disapprove. klihwtiya ?aks I keep opposing it, not agreeing. wa ?klihwtiya ?ake? I went against it,

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I opposed it, I disapproved it,

wahalihwaya ?ake? he went against it. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ya?ak-/-yA- throw a straight object at.

-lihwayehwa-/-lihwayehwha- v.a. be unable to find a way or reason. lolihwaye·wahse? he can't find a way or reason. waholihwaye·wha? he couldn't find a way, Awaklihwaye·wha? I won't be able to find a way. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yehwa-/-yehwha- be unable to find. NOTE: The alternant -lihwayehwa- occurs in the habitual aspect, -lihwayehwha- occurs in the punctual aspect. The h of the hw cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwayela?t- plus nit- partitive and cislocative, v.a. do something a particular way due to some reasoning or direction. th6 nithatilihwayela·tha? that's the way or reasoning or direction they (m.) use to carry out something. th6 nutahatilihwaye·la·te? they (m.) carried it out according to some reasoning. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .yela?t- plus nit- partitive and cislocative or y- translocative, turn something in a direction, find a way. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwayeli- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be a nice person, be decent, have integrity. teklihwaye-li· I'm a nice

person, I'm decent, I have integrity. Habitual past: teklihwaye-lihkwe? I was a nice person. Future stative: tAklihwaye·lfke? I will be a nice person. With te?- negative: yah te?teklihwaye·li- I'm a malicious person, a bad person, yah te ?tehslihwaye·li· you're a bad person, yah te ?thalihwaye·li· he's a bad person, he has no integrity. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right. .lihwayestahkw- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.a. do two things at once. ya ?tehalihwayestakhwa? he does two things at once, he does something while he's doing something else. ya ?tewaklihwayestahkwA I have done two things at once. ya ?teklihwayestahkwe? I did two things at once. ya ?tehslihwayestak Do something else besides! Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. -lihwayAni-/-lihwayAha?s- v.a. give someone an assignment or part of a job. khelihwayA·nihe? I give her a part of the job, I give her an assignment or responsibility, lolihwayA"nihe? he gives him part of the job. wa ?uklihwayA·hd·se? she left me this assignment. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yA-

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1-yAt- lay down, place, have, -ni-/ -ha?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lihwayAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -lihwayAha?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.lihwayAta?s- plus te- dualic, v.a. make an agreement or appointment. wa ?twaklihwayA·ta·se? I made an appointment (e.g., with a doctor), wa ?tyuknilihwayA·td·se? we two agreed, wa ?thotilihwayA·tti·se? they (m.) agreed. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -?s- benefactive. NOTE: The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwayAteli- v.s. know about a matter. klihwayAtel£ I know about it, slihwayAtel£ you know about it, yelihwayAtelf she knows about it, lalihwayAtelf he knows about it. Pre-pausal: lalihwayAte·l[. Aspect class: A. • Kwtih kati? nise· akweku slihwayAtelf tsi? ni·y6t kA ayutlihwaht Atyehte?. So as for you, you know all about the way things are done? (Pl) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yAteli- know about, be familiar with, have expertise in. -lihwayote- v.s. be working on a matter. waklihwayo·te· I'm working on the matter, salihwayo·te· you're working on the matter, lolihwayo·te· he's working on this matter, yakolihwayo·te· she's working on

this matter. Pre-pausal: yakolihwayo·te·. Aspect class: B. • N tihte? salihwayo·hte·. What are you working on? COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yo?te-/-yo?t-1-yote- be working. -lihwayo?tA-/-lihwayotA- v.a. work on a matter. waklihway6·tAhse? I work on it, I put a lot of time into it. waklihwayo ?tA·u I have worked on it. Awaklihwayo·tA· I will work on it. Aspect class: C3. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yo?tA-/-yotA- work. NOTE: The alternant -lihwayo?tAoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -lihwayotAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -lihwa?nek- v.a. beg or ask for information. klihwa ?nekha? I'm asking about it or for it (e.g., for permission, about information), lilihwa ?nekha? I'm begging or asking him (e.g., I'm praying for something). wa ?klihwa ?ne·kA· I begged or asked for it. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -?nek- beg, ask for. DERIVED BASES: -lihwa?nekAni-/ -lihwa?nekA- beg or ask someone for information. -lihwa?nekAni-/-lihwa?nekA- v.a. beg or ask someone for information. lilihwa ?nekA·nfhe? I'm asking him for something. wahilihwa ?ne·kA· I asked him about something. COMPOSED OF: -lihwa?nek- beg or ask for information, -Ani- I- Abenefactive.

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NOTE: The alternant -lihwa?nekAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -lihwa?nekA- occurs in the punctual aspect.

-lihwa?slakw- v.a. respond, answer. klihwa ?slakwas I'm responding (e.g., to a question, or to a letter). waklihwa ?slakwA I have responded. wa ?klihwa ?sla-k6· I responded. slihwa ?sla·k6 Answer! Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: -lihwa?slakwAni-/ -lihwa?slakwa?s- answer someone, respond to someone. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -lih wa ?slakwAni -/-lihwa ?slakwa ?sv.a. answer someone, respond to someone. kulihwa?slakwA·nfhe? I'm answering you. wa ?kulihwa ?slakwahse? I answered you. COMPOSED OF: -lihwa?slakwrespond, answer, -Ani-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lihwa?slakwAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -lihwa?slakwa?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the final ?s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -lihwA- give someone an idea or information. See -lihwawi-/ -lihwA-. -lihwAht- v.a. make up one's mind, decide. lalihw.itha? he makes up his mind. waklihw.ihtu I have made up my mind. wa ?klf·wAhte? I made up my mind, wahalf·wAhte? he made up his mind. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue,

-N-Aht- drop, let fall. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwAta?- v.a. get wrecked, stop working. kalihwA·ta·se? it's wrecked, it's not in working order anymore. yolihwAta·u it's wrecked. wa ?kalihwA ·fane? it got wrecked. Aspect class: E3. • Wa ?kalihwA·tane? ak6·slet. Her car got wrecked (e.g., it got into a bad accident). COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-Ata?- finish doing. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -lihwinyu?t- v.a. report someone, inform on someone. lihwinyu·tha? I report him, I inform on him (e.g., if I become aware that he's doing something wrong, and I want to notify the authorities). wa ?khelihwinyuhte? I reported her, I informed (someone) about her, wahilihwinyuhte? I reported him. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-inyu?t-1-ya?tinyu?t- bring in. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -lihwisa?- v.a. promise. lalihwisa ?as he keeps promising. wa ?klihwisane? I promised, Aklihwisane? I promise. Aspect class: ES. • Aklihwisane? tsi? .itne? Ay6lhAne?. I promise I'll go with you tomorrow. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business,

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matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hsa?-/-isa?- finish. DERIVED BASES: -lihwisa? Ani-/ -lihwisa?a?s- promise someone. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -lihwisa? Ani-/-lihwisa?a?s- v.a. promise someone. laklihwisa?A. ·nfhe? he promises me (and he is committed to following through on the promise). laklihwisa?Ani he has promised me. wa ?kulihwisa ?ahse? I promised you, wa ?khelihwisa ?ahse? I promised someone, wahaklihwisa ?ahse? he promised me, wa ?utatlihwisa ?ahse? she promised her. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -lihwisa?- promise, -Ani-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lihwisa? Anioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -lihwisa?a?soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -lihwiyost- v.s. be a Christian, be religious. lolihwiy6stu (he's a) Christian, yakolihwiy6stu (she's a) Christian. Stative past: lolihwiyostu·ne? he was Christian. Optative stative: aesalihwiyostuhake? you should be a Christian. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-iyo- be good, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES: kalihwiy6stak Christianity. -lihwiyo?s- v.a. be amusing to someone, find amusing. uklihwi·y6·se? it was amusing to me, wahotilihwi ·y6·se? they (m.) found it amusing.

COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-iyo- be good, -?s- benefactive. NOTE: The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-lil- n. row, line, extended sequence. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skali-ltit one row, one line. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated root with counting verbs and in .lilahlu- plus te- dualic, be a line strung up; Jilatatye- plus te- dualic, be an extended line or row; Jiles- plus te- dualic, be one after another in a line or column; and -atliletst- extend, make longer. Jilahlu- plus te- dualic, v.a. be a line strung up. tekalilti-luhe? the line is hanging up, there's a line across, from one point to another point. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. Includes the noun root -lilrow, line, extended sequence; otherwise the composition is unclear. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Jilatatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be an extended line or row. tekalilatafi? there's a line. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lil- row, line, extended sequence, -N-atatyebe extended along. NOTE: Many speakers have .lilatati- before a final ? . Jiles- plus te- dualic, v.s. be one after another in a line or column. tekali·les things are in a long line or column. With n- partitive: na ?feyakoli·les she has a really long line of something and it's lined up without any gaps (e.g., washing, beads), na ?feholi·les he has a long line or

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column of things strung out one after the other. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lil- row, line, extended sequence, -es-/-us- be long. -lisl- n. pant leg. olfsla? pant leg. With -es-/-us- be long, and na?tepartitive and dualic: a?e· na ?tewaklfsles my pant leg is so long, a ?e· na ?teholfsles his pant leg is so long. With .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short, and te- dualic: kA? na?tewaklislesha my pant leg is so short. DERIVED BASES: .atlislakwathoplus te- dualic, roll up one's pant legs; .atlislAht- plus t- cislocative, roll down one's pant legs. -list- n. piece of iron. ka·liste? piece of iron. With -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up: wa ?elistahla·k6· she took off or lifted up the piece of iron (e.g., a stove lid). DERIVED BASES: -listakal-/ -listakalel-/-listakalehl- for a bell to ring; -listakhwa?tsles- be a long staircase; -listalho- iron; -lista?ke on the railroad tracks; -listi?sle?se? be a surveyor; -atlistayA- set a trap; kalistakA·Iate? tin; kalistakhw n. muddy water. onawa ?fstakli 7 muddy water. Prepausal: onawa 7tstakeli?.

• Yah thau·tu· ayakwakhunyahte? s6·tsi7 onawa7tstakli? ukwahne·kanus. We can't cook with our too muddy water. COMPOSED OF: -nawa?tst- mud, -N-kli- liquid product. -nawa?tstal- v.s. be muddy. lonawa-tstale? he's muddy, yonawa·tstale? she (z.) or it is muddy. With n- partitive: nihonawa·tstale? is he ever muddy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nawa?tst- mud, -1beinoron. DERIVED BASES: -nawa?tstala?- get muddy. NOTE: The? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nawa?tstala?- v.a. get muddy. waknawa·tstalahse? I get all muddy. uknawa·tstalane 7 I got all muddy. COMPOSED OF: -nawa?tstal- be muddy, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The ? of the ?tst cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ? is replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -nawa?tstanolu- v.a. get stuck in mud. uknawa ?fstano·lu· I got stuck in the mud, wahonawa ?fstano·lu· he got

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stuck in the mud, wa ?akonawa ?tstano·lu· she got stuck in the mud. COMPOSED OF: -nawa?tst- mud, -nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time. .nawa?tstaslutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. wade through mud. tewaknawa ?tstaslUti? I'm going through the mud and it's up to my knees or thighs. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -nawa?tst- mud. Otherwise the composition of this base is unclear but it is related to .nyAhtaslutye- plus te- dualic, wade through snow. Many speakers have .nawa?tstasluti- before a final ?. -nawA- get wet. See -na?nawA/-ya?tanawA-1-nawA-. -nawAht- soak something. See -na?nawAht-/-nawAht-. -nawil-/-nawi- n. tooth. onawi·lti· tooth. aknawi-lti· my tooth (which is no longer in my mouth), laonawUti· his tooth (which is no longer in his mouth). With -'·ke locative clitic: knawi-ke my tooth, snawi-ke your tooth, lanawi-ke his tooth, yenawi-ke her tooth. With .atatawi- I .atatu- plus te- dualic, trade with someone, exchange: tAtyatatnawi·lu· you and I (incl.) will trade teeth, tetyatatnawi-lf!. Let's you and I (incl.) trade teeth! With -es-1-us- be long, na?te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na ?tehanawile·su·se? he has such long teeth. With -N-iyo- be good: kanawiliy6 it's a nice tooth. And secondary habitual: lanawili·y6·se? he has nice teeth. And secondary habitual and tedualic: tehanawili·y6·se? he has

such nice teeth. With -N-nuhwak- I -ya?tanuhwak- hurt, ache: waknawilanu·waks I have a toothache. • Th6 kwi- thik.A wakyenawti·ku, th6 tkhawe? onawi·la·, 6khna? wa ?kf-lu? "tsyonftu? tetyatatnawi ·lf!.." So there I'm holding onto it, I'm holding the tooth, and right away I said "beaver, let's trade teeth." (M14) DERIVED BASES: -nawilahslunihe? be a dentist; -nawilanhut- have dentures; -nawilot- have teeth; .nawilutu- plus te- dualic, have teeth; -atnawilanhutakw- take out one's dentures; -atnawilanhuta?- put in one's dentures; .atnawilateny- plus te- dualic, lose one's baby teeth and get new teeth; -atnawilohale- brush one's teeth. NOTE: The altemant -nawi- occurs before the -'·ke locative clitic, -nawil- occurs elsewhere. -nawilahslunihe? v.a. be a dentist. shakonawilahslu-n{he? (he's a) dentist. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawitooth, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone, -he? habitual. NOTE: Another base for 'dentist' is -nawilotakwas . -nawilanhut- v.s. have dentures. lonawiltinhute? he has dentures, yakonawilanhute? she has dentures. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawitooth, -nhut- have in one's mouth. DERIVED BASES: yutnawilanhutakhwa? dentures, false teeth. -nawilot- v.s. have teeth. lanawi·l6te? he has a tooth, he has teeth, snawi ·l6te? you have a tooth,

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yenawi·l6te? she has teeth. Habitual past: lanawilo·tahkwe? he had a tooth. Future stative: Ahanawilo·tcike? he will have his tooth in. Aspect class: F. •N£ ki? ok kwi- tayukhAle?, wa ?f·lu? "ka·ats" wa?f-lu? "katkAhs thik£, nA k£ tu·ske? yo?netskA tsi? snawi·l6te?." So then she called me over to her, she said "Come here" she said "let me take a look, is your tooth really loose?" (M14) COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawitooth, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -nawilotakw- pull someone's tooth; -nawilota?- get a tooth; -nawilotukw- pull all of someone's teeth; -atnawilot- get teeth. -nawilotakw- v.a. pull someone's tooth. wa ?uknawilota·k6· she or someone pulled my tooth, ayuknawilota·k6· she should pull my tooth. • Tahnu· s yah te·kelhe? ayuknawilota-k6·, wa·kelhe? ni- tsi? yonuhwakte ?. Besides I didn't want her to pull my tooth, because I thought it would hurt. (M14) COMPOSED OF: -nawilot- have teeth, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: -atnawilotakwlose one's tooth, pull one's tooth; -nawilotakwas be a dentist. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -nawilotakwas v.a. be a dentist. shakonawilotakwas (he's a) dentist. COMPOSED OF: -nawilotakw- pull someone's tooth, -as habitual. NOTE: The more common base for 'dentist' is -nawilahslunihe?. -nawilota?- v.a. get a tooth. wahanawilo·tane? he (e.g., the

baby) got a tooth. With s- repetitive: Asehsnawilo·tane? you will get another tooth. COMPOSED OF: -nawilot- have teeth, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -nawilotukw- v.a. pull all of someone's teeth. wahuwanawilotu·k6· someone (e.g., the dentist) took all his teeth out. COMPOSED OF: -nawilot- have teeth, -u- distributive, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .nawilutu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have teeth. tekanawilu-tu· it has teeth (e.g., a comb, or a machine). Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nawil-/ -nawi- tooth, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -u- distributive. -naye- v.s. be vain, be bragging, be cocky. kna-yi- I'm cocky or vain, lana·ye· he's cocky, he's vain. Optative stative: ahana·yeke? for him to be vain. With n- partitive: tsi? nihana·yi- he's so cocky. Aspect class: B. • I·welhe? kwi- ahana-yeke?. He's getting to be vain. na?-/na-/ne-/nu- pref. Partitive and factual mode (partitive and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant na- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant ne- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nu- replaces the sequence nawa-,

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where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na?occurs.

na? particle. NOTE: The meaning of this particle is difficult to pin down; it seems to cooccur with expressions of time or place. -na ?aht- n. rib. With -e·ne locative clitic: kna ?ahte·ne my rib(s), lana ?ahte·ne his rib(s). NOTE: See also -htehkal-, which is the more common base for 'rib'.

-na?al- n. head, skull. ona ?a·la· head, skull. With -ku locative suffix: kna ?alaku inside my head, sna ?alaku inside your head, yena ?alaku inside her head, lana ?alaku inside his head. Prepausal: lana?ala·ku. • Yah k£ nahte? te·wat sna?ala·ku. Don't you have anything in your head? (A mother might say this to her child if she's angry with her.) DERIVED BASES: -na?alatsl- insides of the head; .na?alukw- plus tedualic, bump into head first, run into something headlong; -ana?alolok-/ -ana?alol- put on a hat; .atna? alanhak-/.atna? alanh- plus te- dualic, put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief; -atna?aluty-/ -atna?alutye- bump on the head, butt. NOTE: Both the semireflexive alternants -a- and -an- occur before this base. -na?alatsl- n. insides of the head. With -ku locative suffix: ona ?alatslaku the insides of the head. Pre-pausal: ona ?alatsla·ku.

•N6k tsi? n{ ki? thik£ tsi? ka·y£· onutsi wahuskenhani? s thik£ yaweku? yakA? thik£ ona?alatslaku i·wat. But they would fight over the part that was the head, they said it was tasty what was inside the head. (Vl) DERIVED BASES: -na?alatslat- have something inside the head. NOTE: Includes the noun base -na?al- head, skull; but the composition is unclear.

-na?alatslat- v.s. have something inside the head. sana ?a[atslat you have something in your head, you have a mind. With te?- negative: yah te ?sana ?alatslat you don't have a mind. Aspect class: A. • Yah k£ te ?sana ?a[atslat. Don't you have a mind? Don't you have something in that head of yours? (A mother might say this to her child if she's angry with her.) COMPOSED OF: -na?alatsl- insides of the head, -at-1-t-/-et- be in. .na?alukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. bump into head first, run into something headlong. wa ?fwakna ?alu·k6· I ran into something head first, wa ?tyakona ?a[u·k6· she bumped into something, wa ?thana ?a[u·k6· he bumped into something. COMPOSED OF: -na?al- head, skull, .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -na?kal- n. hom. ona·kala? hom. DERIVED BASES: .na?kalahel-/ .na?kalahl- plus te- dualic, be a chief; .na?kalut- plus te- dualic, have a hom, be the devil, be behaving badly. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. .na?kalahel-/.na?kalahl- plus tedualic, v.s. be a chief. tehana 7kalahele 7 (he's a) chief, he has horns on him. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -na?kalhorn, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on DERIVED BASES: .na?kalahlakwplus te- dualic, remove as chief. NOTE: The alternant .na?kalahloccurs before derivational suffixes. .na?kalahlakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. remove as chief. wahuwana 7kalahla·k6· they removed him from being chief. With srepetitive: tusahuwana 7kalahla-k6· they took back again his position as chief. COMPOSED OF: .na?kalahel-/ .na?kalahl- plus te- dualic, be a chief, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .na?kalut- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a hom, be the devil, be behaving badly. tehona·kalute 7 he has a horn, he's the devil. With n- partitive: na 7tehona·kalute 7 he has such a horn, he's really behaving badly. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -na?kalhorn, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: .na?kalutu- plus tedualic, have horns, be the devil. NOTE: The? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .na?kalutu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have horns, be the devil. tehona 7kalu·tu· he has horns, he's the devil. Aspect class: B. • Tehona 7kalu-tu· Ahyaye·na·. The

devil is going to catch you (if you keep misbehaving). COMPOSED OF: .na?kalut- plus tedualic, have a horn, be the devil, be behaving badly, -u- distributive. .na?kelani-/.na?kelA- plus t- cislocative, v.a. imitate, copy someone. tekhena 7kela·nihe 7 I'm imitating her or someone. tekhena 7kelani I have imitated her or someone. takhena 7ke-l£· I imitated her or someone, Atekhena 7ke·l£· I will imitate her or someone. Aspect class: Al. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a verb root -na?kel-, and the -ni- I -A- benefactive suffix. The root -na?kel- occurs also in .atna?kel- plus t- cislocative, be a copycat; and .atAna?kelaht- plus te- dualic, follow a pattern, note how something is done. The alternant .na?kelanioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .na?kelA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -na?khwa?se-/-na?khwa?s- v.a. get mad at someone. luwana 7khwa·se she's mad at him. Akunti-khwahse 7 I will get mad at you, Ayesana·khwahse 7 they will get mad at you. COMPOSED OF: -na?khw(A)- get mad, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The altemant -na?khwa?seoccurs in the stative aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -na ?khwa ?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?khw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

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~na?khw(A)-

v.a. get mad. wakna ?khwA·u I'm mad, Zona ?khwA·u he's mad, yakona?khwA·u she's mad. uknti·khwA? I got mad, wesanti·khwA? you got mad, wahonti·khwA? he got mad, wa ?akonti·khwA? she got mad, AWaknti·khwA? I will get mad, Ahotinti·khwA? they (m.) will get mad. Stative past: wakna?khwA?u·ne? I was mad. Future stative: Awakna ?khwA ?uhake? I will be mad. With n- partitive: niyakona ?khwA·u she's so mad, nihona ?khwA·u he's so mad, nahonti·khwA? he got so mad, na ?akonti·khwA? she got so mad, nayakonti·khwA? she would get so mad. •"SatkA·la?t thikA tsi? uhte nayakonti·khwA? sanulhti· ayesakatktitho? nihsyelha? niyakonAskwanAste? akotp6ny." "Quit that, your mother would get so mad if she should see what you're doing to her pony, she cares for it so much." (01) DERIVED BASES: -na?khwa?se~/ -na?khwa?s- get mad at someone; -na?khwA?uhatye- go along mad. NOTE: Related to the noun base -na?kw- anger, and possibly includes the -hw- causative suffix. An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -?se-/-?s- benefactive suffix. The ? of the ?khw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-na?khwA?uhatye- v.m. go along mad. latina ?khwA ?uhtiti? they (m.) were going along being mad or cross. •N6k tsi? ne· s ne·n tetwake?kashayA th6 kwi- thikA latina ?khwA ?u-

htiti ?, yukwattehtanyuni·ne? kwtih kwi-. But then I was so slow that they would be so cross at me, just giving me heck all the time then. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -na?khw(A)- get mad, -?u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -na?khwA?uhati- before a final?.

-na?kuhsl- n. hill of plants. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekana ?kuhslake two hills of plants. With .N+/.ya?tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skana ?kuhslat one hill of plants. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated component with counting verbs, and possibly composed of a component -na?ku- and the -hsl- nominalizer suffix. See also na:ku under. na?kukha? N underwear. NoTE: Composed of a component -na?ku- and the characterizer clitic -kha?. See also na:ku under. na?kukha? a?nhuskwHha? N underpants. -na?kuni-/~na?kuny-

v.a. make someone mad. kuna?ku·nfhe? I make you mad, lakna?ku·m1ze? he makes me mad. wah ina ?ku·ni· I made him mad, wa?skna?ku·ni· you made me mad, Ashena ?ku ·n{ you will make her or them mad, Ahakna ?ku·ni· he will make me mad. Habitual past: lakna ?kunznahkwe? he used to make me mad. With n- partitive: tsi? nihakna?ku·m1ze? he makes me so mad, tsi? nihona 7ku ·nihe? he really makes him mad. • Tsi? nihakna ?ku·nihe? thikA otsi?nowA khdle? litshd·nihse? sA·. He makes me so mad, that mouse, and yet I'm scared of him too. COMPOSED OF: -na?kw- anger, ~uni-/

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-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: -na?kunya?t- be maddening. NOTE: The alternant -na?kunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -na?kunya?t- v.s. be maddening. yona 7kunya 7t it's maddening. Prepausal: yona 7kunyaht. Stative past: yona 7kunya 7t(t·ne 7 it was maddening. Future stative: Ayona 7kunya 7tuhake 7 it will be maddening. With n- partitive: tsi 7 niyona 7kunya 7t is it ever maddening. Aspect class: A.

• Tsi 7 niyona 7kunya 7t tsi? nukya·tawA?. Is it ever maddening what happened to me. COMPOSED OF: -na ?kuni-/-na?kunymake someone mad, -?t- causative.

-na?kw- n. anger. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -na?kwes- be mad for a long while; .na?kwAta?- plus s- repetitive, get over one's anger; -na?kuni-/ -na?kuny- make someone mad; and -atna?kolyAni-/-atna?kolyA- get angry, become cross, become unruly. See also -na?khw(A)- get mad. The final w of the root is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -na?kwes- v.s. be mad for a long while. yakona·kwes she or someone is mad forever and ever, lona·kwes he's mad for a long time. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -na?kw- anger, -es-/ -us- be long. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .na?kwAta?- plus s- repetitive, v.a. get over one's anger. swakna 7kwAta·u I have gotten over my anger, shona 7kwAta·u he has gotten over his anger. sahona7kwA·tane7 he got over his anger, Ashona7kwA·tane7 he

will get over his anger. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -na?kw- anger, -N-Ata?- finish doing. NOTE: The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -na?nawA-1-ya?tanawA-/-nawA- v.a. get wet. wakya 7fanaw.i I'm wet, yona·nawA it's wet. wa 7kana·nawA 7 it got wet, Akya7tana·w.i· I will get' wet, Akana·nawA 7 it will get wet, ayeya 7tana·w.i· she should get wet. Stative past: yona7nawA·hne· it was wet (but it's dry now). With s- repetitive: Askana·nawA 7 it will get wet again. With n- partitive: na 7akwaya 7fana·w.i· we (excl.) got really wet, niyona·nawA 7 it's so wet. With -hah- I -h-I -wah- road, path: yohahanaw.i the road is wet. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: yohyatuhslanaw.i the paper is wet. With -uhwAtsy- I -uhutsy- I -hwAtsy-1-hutsy-land, ground, earth: yauhwAtsyanawA the ground is wet. With -?sleht- vehicle: yo 7slehtanaw.i the car is wet. DERIVED BASES: -na ?nawAht-/ -nawAht- soak something. NOTE: The alternant -ya?tanawAoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants, -nawAoccurs with incorporated nouns. The alternant -na?nawA- is composed of an empty noun root -na?- and a verb root -nawA-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The ? of the ?n cluster of -na?nawA- is replaced by length after accented vowels. This base may also be a component in -wistanawA- melt, thaw; .AtanawAplus s- repetitive, be unexpectedly mild; and -ahsutanaw Ast- be a cool evening.

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·na?nawAht-/-nawAht- v.a. soak something. kna ?naw.Atha? I'm soaking it. wakna ?naw.Ahtu I have soaked it. wa ?kna·nawAhte? I soaked it, Akna·nawAhte? I will soak it. With -nitstakwal- dirty things: knitstakwalanaw.Atha? I'm soaking dirty clothes. With -sahe?t- bean: wa ?ksahe?tana·w.Ahte? I soaked beans. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -na?nawA-/ -ya?tanawA-/-nawA- get wet, -htcausative. DERIVED BASES: -naktanaw Aht- wet the bed. NOTE: The alternant -nawAhtoccurs with incorporated nouns. The final ht of both alternants becomes t before h, and the? of the ?n cluster of -na?nawAht- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na?sko?kwat- v.a. crawl into bed with. ukna ?sk6·kwate? it crawled in with me (e.g., under the covers, into my sleeping bag), Awakna ?sk6·kwate? it will crawl in with me, Ahotina ?sk6·kwate? it will crawl in with them (m.), Ashakona ?sk6·kwate? he will crawl in with her or them, 11.yukna ?sk6·kwate? she will crawl in with me. COMPOSED OF: -na?skw- curled-up body, -o?kwat- dig, burrow. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na?skw- n. curled-up body. ona·skwa? curled-up body. With -ke locative clitic: yakwana ?skwa·ke on top of us as we (excl.) are lying curled up. •Ne·n wa?6lh11.ne? astehtsi? a?e· nikany.AhtatAs yakwana ?skwa·ke wa ?ukwata ?klo·k6·. The next day in the morning the snow was so deep on

top of us as we were lying all curled up, it had snowed on us. (Cl) DERIVED BASES: -na?skwahel- be lying curled up on something; -na?skwahsluni- get someone ready for bed; -na?skwakehlu- be lying curled up here and there; -na?skwayA- be lying curled up; -na?sko?kwat- crawl into bed with; -atna?skwisa?- settle down to sleep. NOTE: The ? of the ?skw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -na?skwahel- v.s. be lying curled up on something. lana ?skwahele? he's lying up on something (e.g., on the couch), yena ?skwahele? she's lying up on something. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -na ?skw- curled-up body, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. -na?skwahsluni- v.a. get someone ready for bed. wah ina ?skwahslu ·nil got him ready for bed, I bedded him down. COMPOSED OF: -na?skw- curled-up body, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: -atna?skwahsluniget ready for bed. -na?skwakehlu- v.s. be lying curled up here and there. yakwana ?skwake·lu? we (excl.) are scattered around, lying curled up. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -na?skw- curled-up body, -kehlu- put things here and there. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na?skwayA- v.s. be lying curled up. kna·skway11.? I'm lying down curled

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up (rather than stretched out), lana·skwayA 7 he's lying down, he's in bed, yena·skwayA? she's lying down, she's in bed, kana·skwayA 7 she (z.) or it is lying down. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -na?skw- curled-up body, -yA-1-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: -atna?skwayA- lie down, curl up, snuggle under the covers. NOTE: The ? of the ?skw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. na?t-/na?te- pref. Partitive, factual mode and dualic (partitive, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant na?te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise na ?t- occurs. na ?ta-/na ?ta ·-/na ?tae-/na ?tau- pref. Partitive, optative mode and dualic (partitive, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant na?tae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na?tau- replaces the sequence na?taawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na?ta- or na?ta·occur, in free variation.

na?tae- pre£. Partitive, optative mode and dualic. See na?ta-/na?ta·-/ na?tae-/na?tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -na?tal- n. bread, cake. kana·talok bread, cake. akna·talok my bread, akona·talok her cake. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be: kana 7talaksA the bread is bad (e.g., mouldy). With .alenya?t-/ .kalenya?t- plus te- dualic, distribute: tehana7talakalenya·tha 7 he distributes or delivers bread, wa ?thana ?falakalenyahte 7 he distributed bread. With -ase- be new, be fresh: ona·talase? fresh bread. And te?- negative: yah te7yona·talase7 it's not fresh bread. With -astathAbe dry: yona ?falastathA the bread is dry. With -ate?skut- I -at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry: katna 7talutha 7 I bake bread, yutna ?falutha 7 she's baking bread, wakatna·talute 7 I'm baking bread, yakotna·talute 7 she has put the bread in the oven and it's baking, watna·talute 7 the bread is baked or fried, wa 7utna 7falu·til· she baked the bread, wahutna 7falu-til· they (m.) baked bread, wa 7kutna ?falu-til· they (z.) baked bread, Akatna 7talu·til· I will bake bread, Ayutna ?falu-til· she will bake bread, akatna 7talu-til· I should bake bread, satna 7falu ·til Put the bread in the oven! And habitual past: katna 7talu·tahkwe? I have baked bread. And s- repetitive: Askatna 7talu ·til· I will fry bread again, usakatna 7talu·til· I should bake bread again. And t- cislocative:

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tayutna ?falu-t.i· she baked bread there. With -ate?skuta?n-/ -at-N-uta?n- intend to bake, roast, or fry: yutna?falutd·ne? she's going to bake bread. With -ate?skutunyu- I -at-N-utunyu- roast, bake, or fry several: Ahsatna ?falutuni? you will fry several breads. With -atsha? Ani/ -atsha?a?s- I -at-N-atsha? Ani- I -at-N-atsha?a?s- burn on one: ukwatna ?falatsha ?ahse? the bread burned on me. With -atuni- I -atunymake, fix, or prepare for oneself: wa ?katna ?talu·ni- I made bread, wahatna ?falu-n£- he made bread. With -eka?-/ -ekaw-/ -ka?-/ -kawlike or enjoy the taste of: wakna ?fala·ka·se? I like the taste of bread. With .ha-/.haw-/.ya?taha-1 .ya?tahaw- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, take along, bring along: yAkna ?falahawe? I will take the bread. With -hawi-/-ya?tahawicarry in one's hands, take along: kna ?falaha·wi- I'm carrying bread. With .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: tekna ?falahWha? I'm breaking the bread into pieces, I'm cutting up the bread, pie, or cake, tewakna ?falahlihtu I have cut up the bread, wa ?tekna ?tala .zihte? I cut up the bread, tAkna ?fala·lihte? I will cut up the bread. With .hlukwplus s- repetitive, pick up pieces: sahana ?falahlu·k6· he picked up bread crumbs. With -hnil- be hard, be solid: yona ?falahnilu the bread is hard. With -hnilha-/-hnilhAbecome hard: yona ?falahnilha·u the bread has become hard, wa ?ana ?talahnilhA? the bread got hard. With -hninu?n- go to buy, and s- repetitive: Askna ?talahninu ·na? I will go to buy bread again. With -N-itahkw-/-ya?titahkw- take

someone or something out: wahana ?falitahko? he took the

bread out. With -N-ita?-/-ya?tita?give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa ?kna ?talitane? I put bread in it (e.g., a bag, a dish, a cart at the grocery). With -k- I -ek- I -akeat: kna·talaks I'm eating bread, wakna ?falaku I have eaten bread, Akna·talake? I will eat bread. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: nikana·talake that many breads (loaves or cakes). With -khwa- take something away from someone: wahakna ?falakhwa? he took the bread away from me. With -kwe?talu- I -kwe?tal- cut out a piece or chunk: sna ?falakwe·talu Tear or slice up the bread! With -li- become ripe, become cooked: yona·talali the bread is cooked, wa ?kana ?tala·[{ the bread became cooked. With -nut/ -nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth: lina ?falanu·tuhe? I'm feeding him bread, I'm offering him bread, wa?ukna·talanute? she gave me some bread or cake to eat. And t- cislocative: tayukna·talanute? she gave me cake there. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: wakna·talo? I'm boiling bread (e.g., cornbread) or dumplings. With -shw- smell, get a whiff of: wakna ?falashwas I smell bread. With -statha ?t- I -at-N-statha?t- dry something: wakatna ?falastathfdu I have dried the bread, Akatna ?falastathahte? I will dry bread (e.g., to make stuffing). With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skana·talat one loaf of bread, one cake of cornbread. With -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload: kna ?falatahkwas I'm taking bread out of it. With -uni- I -uny- make,

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construct: sna ?talu-nfhe? you're forming the bread. With -unyanyumake sPveral, construct several: ahsna ?falunyani? you should make several breads. With -unyAni-/ -unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something: ahina ?taluni? I should make bread for him. With .ya?k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two: tewakna ?talya·ku I have cut or broken the bread in half, tehsna·talyahk Cut the bread in half! • "Yah thau-tu· usakatna?talu·t.i· oya· n6k Awa-tu· tyutAhni·nuhe? y11h.iske? Askna ?talahninu·na? ayakwatekhu·nf- yo ?kalashu ?. " "I can't even bake any more bread, now I have to go back to the store to go buy bread for us to eat this evening." (Cl) DERIVED BASES: -atna?talisa?finish making bread; -na?talaklisoup or broth left after cooking combread; -na?talunihe? be a baker; kAye·ke watn n. soup or broth left after cooking cornbread. on a ?talakl i? cornbread broth. Pre-pausal: ana ?talakeli?.

COMPOSED OF: -na?tal- bread, cake, -N-kli- liquid product. -na?talunihe? v.a. be a baker. lana?talu·nfhe? (he's a) baker, kna ?talu-nfhe? I'm a baker. COMPOSED OF: -na?tal- bread, cake, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -he? habitual. na?tau- pref. Partitive, optative mode and dualic. See na?ta-/na?ta·-/ na?tae-/na?tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence na7taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. na?te- pref. Partitive and dualic. na?te- pre£. Partitive, factual mode and dualic. See na?t-/na?te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na ?tes-/na ?tets-/na ?tetsi -Ina ?tesepref. Partitive, dualic and repetitive (partitive, dualic and iterative). NOTE: The altemant na7tets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The altemant na7tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na 7tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise na ?tes- occurs. na?tese- pref. Partitive, dualic and repetitive. See na?tes-/na?tets-/ na ?tetsi -Ina ?tese-.

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NOTE:

Occurs before some consonant

clusters. na?tet-/na?teti-/na?tete- pref. Partitive, dualic and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant na?teti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na?tete- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise na ?tet- occurs. na?tete- pref. Partitive, dualic and cislocative. See na ?tet-/na ?teti-/ na?tete-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. na?teti- pref. Partitive, dualic and cislocative. See na?tet-/na?teti-/ na?tete-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na?tets- pref. Partitive, dualic and repetitive. See na ?tes-/na ?tets-/ na ?tetsi-/na ?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. na?tetsi- pref. Partitive, dualic and repetitive. na ?fes-/na ?tets-/ na ?tetsi-/na ?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

and repetitive (partitive, dualic, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant na?tAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant na?tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na ?tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise na?tAs- occurs. na?tAse- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See na?tAs-/ na?tAts-/na?tAtsi-/na?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. na?tAt-/na?tAti-/na?tAte- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant na?tAti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na?tAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise na?tAt- occurs. na?tAte- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See na?tAt-/ na?tAti-/na?tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

na?tA- pref. Partitive, future mode and dualic.

na?tAti- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See na?tAt-/ na?tAti-/na?tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

na ?tAs-/na ?tAts-Ina ?tAtsi-/na ?tAsepref. Partitive, dualic, future mode

na?tAts- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See na?tAs-/

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na ?tAts-Ina ?tAtsi -Ina ?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. na?tAtsi- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See na?tAs-/ na ?tA ts-/na ?tA tsi-/na ?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -na?tsihal- v.a. steam, boil. kna ?fsihalha? I'm steaming or boiling it. wakna ?fsihale? I have steamed it, yakona ?fsihale? she has steamed it. wa ?kna ?tsiha·ZA· I steamed it. Future stative: Akana ?fsiha·lake? it will be steamed. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -na ?tsy- pail, pot, kettle, -hal-/-ihal- hang up. DERIVED BASES: Skana?tsihale? Ten Day Feast. NOTE: Usually used to describe the cooking of leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach or rhubarb). -na?tsl- n. ditch. kana·tsli? ditch. Pre-pausal: kana·tsheli?. With -ku locative suffix: kana·tslaku in the ditch. And -shu? collective clitic: kana ?fslakushu? along the ditches. With -akta? locative suffix: kana ?tslakta? near the ditch. With -aktuti? locative suffix: kana ?fslaktuti? close along the ditch. With .ati- plus na?- partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: k£h na?kana·tslati? it's on this side of the ditch, a?{ na ?kana·tslati? it's way over on the other side of the ditch. With .yahya?k-/ .iya?k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across: wa ?fekna ?fsli·ya·ke? I crossed the ditch, wa?tkana?fsli·ya·ke? she (z.)

or it crossed the ditch. DERIVED BASES: -na?tslatatye- be a ditch, extending; .na?tsles- plus tedualic, be a deep ditch; yena?tsluny;i-tha? spade. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na?tslatatye- v.m. be a ditch, extending. tsi? kana ?fslattiti? (it's) a ditch, extending along. COMPOSED OF: -na?tsl- ditch, -N-atatye- be extended along. NOTE: Many speakers have -na? tsla ta ti- before a final ? . .na?tsles- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a deep ditch. teyona·tsles it's a deep ditch. With n- partitive: tsi? na ?feyona·tsles it's a really deep ditch. Aspect class: A. • Tsi? na ?feyona·tsles thik£ kana ?fslatati?. Is that ditch ever

deep. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -na?tslditch, -es-/-us- be long. NOTE: The? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na?tsy- n. pail, pot, kettle. kana·tsi? pail, pot, kettle. With -?ke locative suffix: kana ?fsya·ke on the pail. With -ku locative suffix: kana·tsyaku in the pail. With -shuha collective clitic: kana ?fsya ?shuha pails. With .at-N-Aht- plus y- translocative, lower something for oneself, and nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakatna·tsyAhte? I lowered the pail back in there again. With -athel- I -athl- set down for oneself: wa ?ufna ?tsya·lA? she put the pot on (the stove), Ahsatna ?fsya·lA? you will put a pot on. And s- repet-

Oneida-English 569

itive: Asehsatna ?fsya·lA? you will put the pot back on (the stove). With -athlunyu- set down several for oneself: yukwatna ?fsyahluni? we have pails set down. And t- cislocative: tayutna ?fsyahluni? she put the pails on there. With -at-N-ik- fill up completely: wahatna·tsike? he filled up the pail. With -atsha?aht1-at-N-atsha?aht- burn something: wa ?katna ?fsyatsha ?ahte? I burned the pot. With -at-N-u?nek- move something out of the way: wa ?katna ?fsyu ·neke? I moved the pail. With .a?sAht-l.ya?tAht-I.Ahtplus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch: tahana·tsyAhte? he brought down the pot. With .a ?sAht- I .Ahtplus y- translocative, lower something: yahana·tsyAhte? he lowered the pot. And nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakna·tsyAhte? I lowered the pail back into it again. With -hawi- I -ya 7tahawi- carry in one's hands, take along: yena ?fsyaha-wfshe's carrying a pail. With -hel-l -hl- set on top of, place on: kana ?tsyahele? the pail is sitting (e.g., on the table or stove), wa ?kna ?fsya·lA? I put the kettle on. With -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up: wa ?kna ?tsyahla·k6· I took the kettle off. With -hlunyu- set here and there, and t- cislocative: tkana ?fsyahluni? the pails are all around there. With -hnyot- I -otstand something upright, have: kana·tsyote? a pail is standing (upright). With -N-ita?-1-ya?tita?give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wakna ?fsftA? I have put the pail in it, wa ?kna ?fsitane? I put the pail in it. With -kalhathoturn or knock over something low,

plow: wa ?kna ?fsyakalhatho? I turned over the pot or pail (so that the contents spilled out). With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekana·tsyake two pails. With -kehlu- put things here and there, and t- cislocative: tkana ?fsyake·lu? pails are lying around there. With .ket- plus te- dualic, scrape back and forth, scratch: tekna ?fsyake·tas I'm scraping the pot, wa ?fekna·tsyakete? I scraped the pot, wa ?fehsna·tsyakete? you scraped the pot. With .ketanyu- plus te- dualic, scrape or scratch repeatedly or several: wa ?fehsna ?fsyaketani? you scraped the pot. With -kwan(A)- I -owan(A)- be big: kana ?fsyowan.A it's a large pot. With -okw- take out of water, and s- repetitive: sakna ?fsyo·k6· I took the pail out of the water again. With -yA-1-yAtlay down, place, have, and t- cislocative: tkana·tsyayA? the pail is lying there. • Ahsatna ?fsya·lA? kana ?fsyowanA kwah ik.A Atyo?talihA?. Youshould

have a big pot on (the stove) that is really hot (with boiling water). (R2) DERIVED BASES: -na?tsihal- steam, boil; teyon;i-tsyes top hat; tsina?tsyakehtu? /tsyona?tsyakehtu? spider. NOTE: The 7 of the 7tsy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final y is deleted before verb bases that begin in i. Most speakers replace the final tsy with tsi before the final ? in the basic noun form. -na?tu- v.a. mention someone's name. lina·tuhe? I mention his name, luwana·tuhe? she's mentioning his name. With th- contrastive: yah thahina·tu? I won't give his name.

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DERIVED BASES: .na?tu- plus ytranslocative, call out to someone, summon someone; -na?tuha?s- show something to someone, reveal; -na?tuhkw- call someone by a name; -na?tuni-/-na?tu?s- show something to someone; -na?tunyu- call several, mention. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .na?tu- plus y- translocative, v.a. call out to someone, summon someone. yehinti-tuhe? I'm calling out to him, I'm summoning him, yehuwana·tuhe? she's calling out to him. yehuwana·tu? she has called out to him. ya ?khena·tu? I summoned her. With s- repetitive: yusahuwantHu? she called over to him again. Aspect class: Bl. • N A kwi- ya ?fyakohA ·Iehte? yusahuwana·tu? ki n Blackie. Then she hollered out, she called over to Blackie again. (M6) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -na?tu- mention someone's name. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na?tuha?s- v.a. show something to someone, reveal. wa ?khena ?fu·ha·se? I showed it to her or them. etshna ?fu ·htihs Show him how!

•Ne·n tshyusa·kewe? thiki, nA kwi· wa?khena?tu·hti·se? aknulha· akya ?funi kA-. So then when I got back home again, I showed my mother my doll. (Mll) COMPOSED OF: -na?tu- mention someone's name, -ha?s- benefactive. NOTE: The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-na?tuhkw- v.a. call someone by a name. latina ?fukhwa? they (m.) call it, kuna ?fukhwa? I call you, yukna ?tukhwa? she calls me, yakhina ?fukhwa? we two or we all (excl.) call her, shakwana ?fukhwa? we all (excl.) call him, Iuwana ?fukhwa? they call him. Ayesana·tuhkwe? they will call you, Ahuwana·tuhkwe? they will call him. Habitual past: Iuwana ?fukhwahkwe? they used to call him, shakotina ?fukhwahkwe? they (m.) used to call her.

• Ne· kati? wi- ka ?iki shaya·tat Kastes Bread kAs Iuwana ?fukhwa? ki· khtile? o·ya· Ta·wet Sumas neluwa·yatskwe?. So then there was this one man, Kastes Bread they used to call him, and another one, Dave Summers was his name. (M3) COMPOSED OF: -na?tu- mention someone's name, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na?tuni-/-na?tu?s- v.a. show something to someone. kuna ?tu-nihe? I'm showing it to you, khena?tu-nfhe? I'm showing it to her or someone, yana ?fu-nfhe? he's showing it to you. kuna ?fun{ I have shown it to you. wa?kuna·tuhse? I showed it to you, wa ?khena·tuhse? I showed it to her or someone, wa ?akona·tuhse? she (z.) showed it to her or them wa ?shakona·tuhse? he showed it to her or them, wa ?utatna·tuhse? she showed it to her, Akuna·tuhse? I will show it to you. etshna·tus Show him! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -na?tu- mention someone's name, -ni- I- ?s- benefactive.

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DERIVED BASES: -na'~tuni?n- go to show someone. NOTE: The alternant -na?tunioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before the -?n- dislocative suffix. The alternant -na?tu?soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

-na?tuni?n- v.m. go to show someone. wa ?khena ?tun i-na? I'm going over there to show her or someone, Akhena ?tuni·na? I will go over and show her or someone. COMPOSED OF: -na?tuni-/-na?tu?sshow something to someone,-?ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na?tunyu- v.a. call several, mention. lana ?tunyuhe? he's calling it, he's mentioning it. lona?tuni? he has mentioned it. wahana ?tuni? he mentioned about things. Aspect class:

Bl. mention someone's name, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -na ?tuni- before a final ?. COMPOSED OF: -na?tu-

na?tusa-/na?tuse-/na?tusu- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive (partitive, dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant na?tuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na?tusu- replaces the sequence na?tusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular

patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na ?tusa- occurs. na ?tusa-/na ?tu ·sa-Ina?tuse-/na ?tu ·se-1 na?tusu-/na?tu·su- pre£. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive (partitive, dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants na?tuse- and na?tu·se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants na?tusu- and na?tu·sureplace the sequences na ?tusawa- and na?tu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na?tusa- and na?tu·sa- occur. na?tuse- pre£. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See na ?tusa-/na ?tuse-/na ?tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na?tuse-/na?tu·se- pre£. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See na?tusa-/na?tu·sa-/na?tuse-/ na?tu·se-/na?tusu-/na?tu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

572 Oneida-English

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na?tusu- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See na?tusa-/na?tuse-/na?tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence na?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. na?tusu-/na?tu·su- pref. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See na?tusa-/na?tu·sa-/na?tuse-/ na?tu·se-/na?tusu-/na?tu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences na?tusawa- and na?tu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. na?tuta-/na?tute-/na?tutu- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative (partitive, dualic, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant na?tute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na?tutu- replaces the sequence na?tutawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na?tuta- occurs. na?tuta-/na?tu·ta-/na?tute-/na?tu·te-1 na?tutu-/na?tu·tu- pref. Partitive,

dualic, optative mode and cislocative (partitive, dualic, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants na?tute- and na?tu·te- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants na?tutu- and na?tu·tureplace the sequences na?tutawa- and na?tu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na?tuta- and na?tu·ta- occur. na?tute- pre£. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See na?tuta-/na?tute-/na?tutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na?tute-/na?tu·te- pre£. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See na?tuta-/na?tu·ta-/na?tute/na?tu·te-/na?tutu-/na?tu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na?tutu- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See na ?tuta-/na ?tute-/na ?tutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence na?tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and

Oneida-English 573

interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. na?tutu-/na?tu·tu- pre£. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See na?tuta-/na?tu·ta-/na?tute/na?tu·te-/na?tutu-/na?tu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences na?tutawa- and na?tu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -na?tu?s- show something to someone. See -na?tuni-/-na?tu?s-. -na?was-/-na?wase-1-na?wasA- n. eyebrow. ona?wa-sa· or ona?wa·s.i· or ona ?wa·se· eyebrow. With -'·ne locative clitic: kna ?wase·ne my eyebrow, yena ?wase·ne her eyebrow, lana ?wase·ne his eyebrow. NOTE: All three basic noun forms are attested.

NOTE: Frequently reduced to ne· s kati? wf·. ne· kAs kwi· well it's normally or usually, indeed it's normally. NOTE: Frequently reduced to ne· s kwf-. ne· kAs wi· it's normally or usually so. NOTE: Frequently reduced to ne· s wf·. ne· kAS wi· tsi? it's because. NOTE: Frequently reduced to ne· s wf- tsi ?. ne· ki? ok wi· so then actually. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written n{ kyo ?k wf-. ne· ki? uhte wi- in fact it's probably or maybe. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written ne· kyuhtwf·. ne· ki? wah yeah, that's right. ne· kwi· it's anyway, it's indeed. ne· kwi- ne· so then it's. ne· kwi· ne· onA. well it's then, at that time.

ne· Assertive particle: it's the case, it's that.

ne· kwi· onA. well it's then, at that time.

ne· ala· that's why. NOTE: Frequently reduced to nala·.

ne· oni? ne· and in addition it's the case that.

ne· kati? wi- so then it's that.

ne· tsi? because.

ne· kAs it's normally, it's usually. NOTE: Frequently reduced to n{ s.

ne· wi· so it's.

ne· kAs kati? kwi- so then it's normally, so then it's usually. NOTE: Frequently reduced to ne· s kati? kwi-. ne· kAS kati? wf· or usually so.

SO

then it's normally

ne· wi· tsi? so because. ne- pre£. Partitive and factual mode. See na?-/na-/ne-/nu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

574 Oneida-English

~ne/-'·ne

clitic. at, on. Locative clitic. The alternant -ne occurs after noun bases that end in hs or ks. The alternant -'·ne occurs after several noun bases that end in a vowel. NOTE:

~nehkwAt-

v.a. blister. yonehkwAte? a blister has formed, there's a blister (e.g., I burned myself and so a blister formed). wa ?kanehkwA ·t.A· a blister formed, AkanehkwA·t.A· a blister will form.

~nehlakohatu~

v.a. become amazed, several. lotinehlakoha·tuhe? they (m.) all are amazed or surprised. wahotinehlakoha·tu· they (m.) all became amazed or surprised. COMPOSED OF: ~nehlakw~/ ~nehlakwA?~

become amazed, become awestruck, become surprised, -hatudistributive.

~nehlakw~/~nehlakwA?-

v.a. become amazed, become awestruck, become surprised. waknehlakwas I keep being amazed, it amazes me, I'm surprised, yakonehlakwas she's sur~ prised, lonehlakwas he's surprised. waknehlakw.A·u or waknehlaku·u I'm shocked, I'm surprised, lonehlaku·u he's amazed, yakonehlaku·u she's amazed, yukwanehlaku ·u we're amazed, lotinehlaku·u they (m.) are amazed. uknehla·k6· I became amazed, wahonehla·k6· he became amazed, Awaknehla·k6· I will be surprised, Ayakonehla·k6· she will be surprised. With s- repetitive: sahotinehla·k6· they (m.) became amazed or awestruck again, Asanehla-k6· you will be surprised again. With n- partitive: nuknehla·k6· I became so surprised, na ?akonehla·k6· she became so surprised, nisanehlaku·u you became so

surprised. Aspect class: E5. •Nale? sahotinehla·k6· k.A· tsi? yah katsha? tehaya ·nale? khale? yah s.A· katsha? te?ka ?slehtayA ?. Then they were awestruck that nowhere were there footprints and nowhere was there a vehicle. (M5) N.A ki? ale? tu·ske? waknehlakw.A·u tsi? ka·y.A· wa?shakotinhane?. I'm surprised at whom they hired. DERIVED BASES: -nehlakohatubecome amazed, several; -nehlakwa?t- be amazing, be awesome, be surprising. NOTE: The alternant -nehlakwoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -nehlakwA?- occurs in the stative aspect. The final w of -nehlakwis replaced by o in the punctual aspect and before the -hatu- distributive suffix. The final? of -nehlakwA?- is replaced by length after accented vowels and normally the resulting sequence WA· is replaced by u· (e.g., waknehlaku·u I'm shocked, I'm surprised). -nehlakwa?t- v.s. be amazing, be awesome, be surprising. yonehlakwa ?t it's awesome. Pre-pausal: yonehlakwaht. Future stative: Ayonehlakwa ?tuhake? it will be surprising. With n- partitive: tsi? niyonehlakwa ?t it's so awesome. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nehlakw-/ -nehlakwA?- become amazed, become awestruck, become surprised, -?tcausative. -nehw- n. pelt. kani?-wa? pelt. With -atAhninu- sell: wahatnehwahni·nu· he sold a pelt. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

Oneida-English 575

.nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode. See .atla?nekal(u)-/.at-N-nekaluplus te- dualic. nekh N hickory. NOTE: This is the more common word for 'hickory'. Another form for 'hickory' is onu·kala?. Cf. Wisconsin: nehka? (ACH). -nekhwa- v.a. bleed. yonekhwa·u she (z.) or it is bleeding, yakonekhwa·u she's bleeding, lonekhwa·u he's bleeding. wa ?kanekhwa? it bled, Akanekhwa? it will bleed. -nekwal- n. curd. one·kwala? curd. DERIVED BASES: yonekwalahnilu or yonekwalatkAhse? cheese. .nekwati- plus s- repetitive, v.s. be the left hand. seknekwatf my left hand, sehsnekwati your left hand, shanekwati his left hand, tsyenekwatf her left hand. Prepausal: tsyenekwa-![. Aspect class: A. NOTE: May include a verb root -ati-, which occurs also in .ati- plus na?- partitive and factual mode, be on one side of. -nel- v.s. be pregnant. yenelu she's pregnant. Pre-pausal: yene.Z.[!_. Stative past: yenelu·ne? she was pregnant. With s- repetitive: tsyenelu she's pregnant again. And future stative: Atsyeneluhake? she will be pregnant again. Aspect class:

E. .nela? ak-/.nel-/. ya ?tanela? ak-/ .ya?tanel- plus te- dualic, v.a. mistake for another. teknela ?aks I mistake it for something else, I keep choosing the wrong one, tehiya ?tanela ?aks I mistake him for someone else. tehonelu? he has mistaken it, tekheya ?tanelu? I have

mistaken her for someone else . wa ?thanela ?ake? he mistook it, he chose the wrong one, wa ?fhiya ?fanela ?ake? I mistook him, I thought it was him but it wasn't him. Aspect class: C2. DERIVED BASES: .atahuhsanela?ak/.atahuhsanel- plus te- dualic, mishear. NOTE: The alternants .ya?tanela?ak- and .ya?tanel- occur with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The alternants .nela?ak- and .ya?tanela?ak- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects, .nel- and .ya ?tanel- occur in the stative aspect. A component -nela?ak- I -nel- occurs without the te- dualic prefix in -lihwanela?ak-/-lihwanel- sin, swear, curse. ne·n so then it's. ne·ne· Assertive particle: that's it. .net- plus te- dualic, be doubled, be insulated. See .hna?net-/.net- plus te- dualic. .neta?- plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double. See .hna?neta?-/.neta?- plus te- dualic. netu Locative particle: there. Prepausal: ne·tU. • N6k tsi? nA kw£- ka ?ikA wa ?fwakahutsyohse? akatkA ?se·na? nahte? nftyot ne·tU. But I wanted to go and see what it was like there. (MlO)

ne? kA. n You mean (whatever)? ne? thO tsi? it's just right. • AhsA niwanitskwahla·tslake lonanitskwahlci-tslayA? ohkwali, swanitskwahla·tslat s6·tsi? yohnilu khale? uska s6·tsi? yo?netskA khale? uska kwah n6k ne? th6 tsi ?. The bears

576 Oneida-English

have three chairs, one chair is too hard and one chair is too soft and one chair is just right. ne? th6·ne? at that time. -ne? suf. Punctual aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases that end in ?

-ne? suf. Intentive past. NOTE: Occurs after the intentive suffix-?, both with and without the factual mode, and indicates that the intention to do something existed, but something interfered with the completion of the action. ne?n Definite particle: the one. -ne?wala?t- v.s. be nauseating. yone·wala ?t it's nauseating. Prepausal: yone·walaht. With npartitive: tsi? niyone·wala ?t is it ever nauseating. Aspect class: A • Tsi? niyone·wala ?t thikA wa ?katkatho? wahatstikani?. It was so sickening, I saw him throw up. DERIVED BASES: -ne?wala?tani-/ -ne?wala?tA- become nauseous. NOTE: The ? of the ?w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ne?wala?tani-/-ne?wala?tA- v.a. become nauseous. wakne ?wala·tanihe? I'm nauseous, I get nauseous. ukne ?wala·tA? I got nauseous, Awakne ?wala·tA? I will get nauseous. With t- cislocative: twakne ?wala·tanihe? I get nauseous, tukne ?wala·tA? I got nauseous, utukne?wala·tA? I should become nauseous, it would make me sick. COMPOSED OF: -ne?wala?t- be nauseating, -ni- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: Forms with the t- cislocative are preferred. The alternant -ne?wala?tani- occurs in the habitual

aspect, -ne?wala?tA- occurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. NA Mother! Vocative form of -nulha? mother, aunt, uncle, mother's brother. nA Temporal particle: now, then. nA ale? then again. NOTE: Frequently reduced to nale ?. nA ki? ale? wi· so now again, so then again. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written nA kyale? wi· or nA kyele? wi·.

nA ki? th6 ni·ku that's all now. nA ki? wah good-bye. nA ki? wi· so then actually. kwi· now indeed, now then, now anyway, then anyway, well then.

nA

nA kwi· ne· now indeed it's, well then it's. nA s6k

now just, then just.

nA uhte ale? wi· so then again maybe. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written nuhtale? wi·. nA- pre£. Partitive and future mode. -nA suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with some bases that end in e. -nAh- n. seed, grain, oats. ka·nAne? seed, pit (of a fruit), grain, oats. With -aty- I -uty- lose, leave, disperse: AyukwanAhu·ti· we will drop in seeds. And n- partitive: th6 nu· na?ukwanAhu·tf- there's where we dispersed the seeds. With .aty- I .atye-l.uty-l.utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: th6 yAsanAhu·ti· you

Oneida-English 577

will throw seeds in there. With . n. boyfriend. akonibthtlA·tsli? her boyfriend. Pre-pausal: akonikAhtlA·tshelP. With -yAta?- get, obtain: uknikAhtlA ?tslayA·ttine? I got a boyfriend. COMPOSED OF: -nikAhtlAha/ -nikAhtlA- be a male adolescent, -?tsl- nominalizer. NOTE: The 7 of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Ni·ki proper name. Amelia, Nellie, Helen. niku Quantity particle: so many. Prepausal: ni·ku. COMPOSED OF: n- partitive, kufeminine-zoic plural agent. nikuti Quantity particle: there are that many of them (z.). Pre-pausal: niku·tf. COMPOSED OF: ku- feminine-zoic plural agent, .ati- plus n- partitive, be that many. -nikwAhs- n. blood. onikwAnsa? blood. With -eka?-/-ekaw-/-ka?-/ -kaw- like or enjoy the taste of: lonikwAhsa-ka·se? he likes the taste of blood, he's a vampire. With -osku- all, most, the majority: onikwAhs6sku? it has blood all over, it's all bloody. DERIVED BASES: -nikwAhsa1- have blood on. -nikwAhsa1- v.s. have blood on. yonikwAhsale? it has blood on it, lonikwAhsale? he has blood on him. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nikwAhs- blood, -1beinoron. -nikwAhta1- n. red. onikwAhtala? red. With -N-iyo- be good: kanikwAhtaliy6 it's a pretty red.

592 Oneida-English

And n- partitive: nikanikwAhtaliy6 it's such a pretty red. With .ukohtplus te- dualic, force through, penetrate: wa ?fhanikwAhtalu·k6hte? he turned red, he blushed, wa ?fyenikwAhtalu ·k6hte? she turned red. DERIVED BASES: -nikwAhtalalhoput lipstick on someone; -atnikwAhtalalho- put on lipstick; kanikwAhtalawiskla? pink; onikwAhtala: cardinal; onikwAhtala? nikahtehl6·tA beet; tewatnikwAhtalya?ks bloodroot. -nikwAhtalalho- v.a. put lipstick on someone. wa ?khenikwAhtalalho? I put lipstick on her. COMPOSED OF: -nikwAhtal- red, -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with. -nikwA?t- n. belly. onikw.A·ta? belly. With -e·ne locative clitic: knikwA ?te·ne my belly, snikwA ?te·ne your belly, lanikwA ?te·ne his belly, yenikwA ?fe·ne her belly, tninikwA ?fe·ne your and my, our (incl.) bellies. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya?tanuhwak- hurt, ache: waknikwA ?fanu·waks I have a bellyache. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. nis-/nits-/nitsi-/nise- pref. Partitive and repetitive (partitive and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nits- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nitsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant

nise- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nis- occurs. nise· you. Emphatic pronoun. nise- pref. Partitive and repetitive. See nis-/nits-/nitsi-/nise-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. .niskuwal- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a dirty face. tewaknisku·wale? I have a dirty face, tehonisku·wale? he has a dirty face, teyakonisku ·wale? she has a dirty face. Habitual past: tehonisku·walahkwe? he had a dirty face. Future stative: tAhonisku ·walake? he will have a dirty face. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .atniskuwaluniplus te- dualic, dirty one's face. niswati Quantity particle: there are that many of you (plural). Prepausal: niswa-.!f COMPOSED OF: sw- second person plural agent, .ati- plus n- partitive, be that many. nit-/niti-/nite- pref. Partitive and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant niti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nite- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nitoccurs. nite- pref. Partitive and cislocative. See nit-/niti-/nite-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. niti- pref. Partitive and cislocative. See nit-/niti-/nite-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent pre-

Oneida-English 593

fixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tits- pref. Partitive and repetitive. See nis-/nits-/nitsi-/nise-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nitsi- pref. Partitive and repetitive. See nis-/nits-/nitsi-/nise-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nitstakwal- n. dirty things. onitsta·kwala? dirty clothes. With -na ?nawAht- I -naw Aht- soak something: knitstakwalanaw.t\tha? I'm soaking dirty clothes. DERIVED BASES: -nitstakwalal- be dirty. NOTE: This base may include a root -nitstakw-, which occurs in -nitstakwalohlok-/-nitstakwalohlgather up dirty laundry.

dirty, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -nitstakwalalho- v.a. get someone dirty. kunitstakwalalhos I get you dirty. kunitstakwalalhu I have gotten you dirty. wa ?kunitstakwalalho? I got you dirty, wa ?khenitstakwalalho? I got her dirty, wahaknitstakwalalho? he got me dirty. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -nitstakwalal- be dirty, -ho- causative. DERIVED BASES: -atnitstakwalalhoget dirty. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

-nitstakwalal- v.s. be dirty. yonitsta·kwalale? it's dirty (e.g., laundry). Habitual past: yonitsta ·kwalalahkwe? it was dirty. Future stative: Ayonitsta·kwalalake? it will be dirty. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nitstakwal- dirty things, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -nitstakwalalhoget someone dirty; -nitstakwalala?get dirty.

-nits takw al ohl o k -I -nits takw al ohlv.a. gather up dirty laundry. yenitstakwal6·loks she's gathering up dirty laundry. yakonitstakwal6·lu she has gathered up dirty laundry. wa ?enitstakwal6·loke? she gathered up the dirty laundry. Aspect class: A2. NOTE: Composed of a root -nitstakw- and the verb base -lohlok/-lohl- gather. A root -nitstakwoccurs also in -nitstakwal- dirty things. The alternant -nitstakwalohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -nitstakwalohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hl cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-nitstakwalala?- v.a. get dirty. uknitsta·kwalalane? I got dirty, wahonitsta·kwalalane? he got dirty, wa ?akonitsta-kwalalane? she got dirty. COMPOSED OF: -nitstakwalal- be

nitwati Quantity particle: there are that many of us (incl.). Pre-pausal: nitwa·tf. COMPOSED OF: tw- first person inclusive plural agent, .ati- plus npartitive, be that many.

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niwahu·nise? how it was a long time ago. See wahu·nise?. niwashA so many tens. See .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive. niyakwati Quantity particle: there are that many of us (excl.). Prepausal: niyakwa·!:[. COMPOSED OF: yakw- first person exclusive plural agent, .ati- plus npartitive, be that many. niyo·le· it's that far. See -le-. Ni·yot Look 'it! COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, .ht- plus n- partitive, be how it is, be a certain way or manner. -niyut- suspend, hang. See -nyut-/ -niyut-. -ni?- v.s. be stingy. wakni-u I'm stingy, lon{·u he's stingy, yakoni-u she's stingy. Aspect class: E. NOTE: The? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. ni?i· I, we, me, us. Emphatic pronoun. -nlaht- n. leaf. 6nlahte? leaf. With -shuha collective clitic: onlahte ?shuha leaves. With -ku locative suffix and -shu? collective eli tic: onlahtakushu? in through the leaves. With -a?sA?-j-A?- fall: yonlaht.A·u the leaves are falling, wa ?kanlahtAne? the leaves fell, akanlahtAne? the leaves should fall. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekanlahtake two leaves. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: ahsA nikanlahtake three leaves. With .N-ke- plus ya ?te- translocative and dualic or nya?te- partitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: nya ?tekanlahtake (there are) all different kinds of leaves. With .te-

plus th- contrastive, be different: thikanlahtate? it's a different leaf. With -?kel-1-?kl-/-ya?ta?kel-/ -ya?ta?kl- float, drift, and y- translocative: yeyonlahta ?kelha? the leaves are floating in it. With -?klunyu- float, several: yonlahta ?klunyuhe? leaves are floating. DERIVED BASES: .nlahtawi-/ .nlahtu- plus t- cislocative, hand someone (tobacco) leaves; -nlahtutbe leaves, attached; .anlahtanekaluplus te- dualic, for leaves to burst open; onlahtakahtu? lettuce; siksik aotinlahte? mullein; yonlahtu·tas poplar. NOTE: The nl cluster of this base is often pronounced with an intrusive t, especially when the accent precedes the cluster. For example, 6nlahte? is pronounced 6ntlahte ?. .nlahtawi-/.nlahtu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. hand someone (tobacco) leaves. tekhenlahta·w{he? I'm handing tobacco leaves to her or them. tahinlahtu? I handed tobacco leaves to him, Atyakhinlahtu? we two or we all (excl.) will hand leaves to her or them, utakhenlahtu? I should hand leaves to someone, utashenlahtu? you should hand leaves to someone, utayakonlahtu? she (z.) should hand leaves to someone. • N .A Akeshwanu·wake? tsi? yah te ?sal A ?nha·u utashenlahtu ?. I have a sore back because you don't know how to hand leaves. (03) COMPOSED OF: -nlaht- leaf, .awi-/ .u-!.A- plus t- cislocative, give or hand something to someone. NOTE: The alternant .nlahtawioccurs in the habitual aspect, .nlahtu- occurs in the punctual aspect.

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nlahtut- v.s. be leaves, attached. yonlahtute? (there are) leaves (on trees). Aspect class: F. •Nale? tu·ske? wahsohkwi·y6·se? yonlahtute? kaluto·tu·. They're truly nice colours, the leaves on the trees. COMPOSED OF: -nlaht- leaf, -N-utattach, be attached. -nlAh- n. worm, intestinal parasite. onl.Aha? worm, intestinal parasite. DERIVED BASES: .nlAhakalel- plus te- dualic, for one's stomach to growl; onliha? yotilyos worm powder. .nlAhakalel- plus te- dualic, v.a. for one's stomach to growl. wa ?tkenLtha·kalele? my stomach growled, wa ?thanlAha·kalele? his stomach growled, wa ?tyenlAha·kalele? her stomach growled. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nlAhworm, intestinal parasite, -lakal-/ -lakalel-/ -lakal e hi-/- kal-/- kale 1-/ -kalehl- for a noise to sound. -nli?tst- n. bellybutton. onli-tsta? bellybutton. With -ke locative clitic: kenli ?tstfz·ke my bellybutton, senli?tstfz·ke your bellybutton, lanli ?tsta·ke his bellybutton, yenli ?tsta·ke her bellybutton. NOTE: The ? of the ?tst cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nohale-/-ya?tohale-1-ohale- v.a. wash. kn6halehe? I'm washing it, liya ?t6halehe? I'm washing him. wakn6hale I have washed it, liya ?t6hale I have washed him. wa ?kn6hale? I washed it, wa ?en6hale? she washed it, wahiya ?t6hale? I washed him, Akn6hale? I will wash it, Ahsn6hale? you will wash it. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot:

wa ?kheyahsi ?t6hale? I washed her feet, wahiyahsi ?t6hale? I washed his feet. With -ahy-1-hi- fruit, berry: wa ?uhy6hale? she washed the fruit. With -atokwa ?t- I -atokwa?tsl- spoon: wa ?utokwa ?tsl6hale? she washed the spoon. With -a?shal- knife, sickle: wa ?u ?shal6hale? she washed the knife. With -hnana?t- potato: wa ?ehnana ?t6hale? she washed the potato. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: wa ?keks6hale? I washed the dish. With -kuhs- I -kuks- face, mask: wahikuhs6hale? I washed his face, wa ?khekuhs6hale? I washed her face, wa ?kkuhs6hale? I washed her (z.) or its face. With -shnuhs-1 -ishnuhs- I -shnu- hand, fingers: wa ?kheshnuhs6hale? I washed her hand. With -shu?kal- board, floor: wa ?keshu ?kal6hale? I washed the floor. With -uhwAtsy-1-uhutsy-1 -hw Atsy- I -hutsy- land, ground, earth, and s- repetitive: Atsyuhutsy6hale? it will clean the earth again. With -wis- ice, glass, window: lawis6halehe? he washes windows, wa ?ewis6hale? she washed the glass. With -?slehtvehicle: ke?sleht6halehe? I wash cars, wa ?ke ?sleht6hale? I washed the car. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: -nohalenyu-/ -ohalenyu- wash several; -nohale?n/-ohale?n- go to wash; -nohale?se-/ -no hale ?s-/-ohale ?se-/-ohale ?swash for someone; -ahtsyohalewash the hands; -atya?tohale-/ -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself; kanAst6hale cornbread; onohaltHha? soap. NOTE: The alternant -ya?tohaleoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The alternant -ohale- occurs with

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incorporated nouns. The alternant -nohale- is composed of an empty noun root-n-and a verb root -ohale-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns.

-nohalenyu-/-ohalenyu- v.a. wash several. knohalenyuhe 7 I'm washing things. waknohaleni 7 I have washed them. kanohaleni 7 they're washed. wahanohaleni 7 he washed them, Aknohaleni 7 I will wash them, Ahsnohaleni 7 you will wash them. snohaleni Wash them! Habitual past: kanohalenyuhahkwe 7 she used to wash. Future habitual: Akanohalenyuhake 7 she (z.) will be washing. Future stative: Akanohalenyuke 7 they will be washed. Optative stative: akanohalenyuke 7 they should be washed. With -atlahti-/ -atlahti?tsl- sock, stocking: yut Iahti 7tsloha!enyuhe 7 she's washing socks. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: keksohalenyuhe 7 I'm washing dishes, saksohaleni 7 you have washed the dishes, wa ?eksohaleni 7 she washed the dishes, Akeksohaleni 7 I will wash the dishes. And s- repetitive: sayeksohaleni 7 she or someone washed the dishes again, Atsyeksohaleni 7 she or someone will wash dishes again, usakutiksohaleni 7 they (z.) should wash the dishes again. And t- cislocative: tayeksohaleni 7 there she washed the dishes, Myeksohaleni 7 there she will wash the dishes. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -nohale-/ -ya?tohale-/-ohale- wash, -nyudistributive. DERIVED BASES: -nohalenyu?n- go to

wash several; -at-N-ohalenyu- wash several for oneself; kanohalt~ni? I kanohalenyu? laundry; kanohalenyu ?takhwa? washing machine; yenohalenyu?takhwa? washtub. NOTE: The alternant -ohalenyuoccurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -nohaleni- and -ohaleni- before a final ? .

-nohalenyu?n- v.m. go to wash several. knohalenyu·ne? I'm going to wash things, kanohalenyu ·ne 7 she (z.) is going to wash them. wa 7knohalenyu·na 7 I'm on my way to wash them. COMPOSED OF: -nohalenyu-/ -ohalenyu- wash several, -?ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nohale?n-/-ohale?n- v.m. go to wash. knohale·nehse 7 I go there to wash something. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: wa7keksohale·na7 I'm going to wash the dish. With -nAst- corn: wa 7knAstohale·na? I'm going to wash corn. With -?sleht- vehicle: la ?slehtohale·ne 7 he's going to wash the car, la 7slehtohale·nehse 7 he goes to wash cars, lo 7slehtohale·nu he has gone to wash the car, waha 7slehtohale·na 7 he's on his way to wash the car. Aspect class: H. • Kanata·ke wahawehtuhati 7 waha 7slehtohale·na 7 la6·slet. He's on his way to town to wash his car. COMPOSED OF: -nohale-/ -ya?tohale-/-ohale- wash, -?ndislocative. DERIVED BASES: -at-N-ohale?n- go to wash something for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -ohale?noccurs with incorporated nouns. The ?

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of the ?n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-nohale?se-/-nohale?s-/-ohale?se-1 -ohale?s- v.a. wash for someone. kunohale·sehe? I wash it for you. wa ?kun6halehse? I washed it for you. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: wa ?kheyahy6halehse? I washed the fruit for her. With -shu?kalboard, floor: wa ?kheshu ?kal6halehse? I washed the floor for her. With -?slehtvehicle: wa ?ku ?sleht6halehse? I washed the car for you, wahi ?sleht6halehse? I washed the car for him. COMPOSED OF: -nohale-/ -ya?tohale-/-ohale- wash, -?se- I- ?sbenefactive. DERIVED BASES: -at-N-ohale?swash for someone. NOTE: The alternants -ohale?seand -ohale?s- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -nohale?se- and -ohale?se- occur in the habitual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternants -nohale?sand -ohale?s- occur in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -nohkw- n. bundle, pouch. kan6hkwa? a small bundle or pouch (e.g., a tobacco pouch). DERIVED BASES: -nohkwanhak-/ -nohkwanh- tie a bundle of cloth. -nohkwanhak-/-nohkwanh- v.a. tie a bundle of cloth. knohkwanhaks I'm tying up the bundle of cloth (e.g., the top of a grain bag). waknohkwanhA I have tied it. kanohkwanhA it's tied. wa ?knohkwanhake? I tied it.

Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: -nohkw- bundle, pouch, -hwanhak-1-hwanh-/-nhak/-nh- tie. NOTE: The alternant -nohkwanhak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -nohkwanhoccurs in the stative aspect.

n6k Affirmative particle: just then, exactly then. NOTE: Often occurs with temporal expressions. n6k tsi? but. -nol- n. cornhusk. ono·la· mat, cornhusk mat or rug. DERIVED BASES: -nolotshyu- husk com. -nolotshyu- v.a. husk corn. latinol6tshyus they (m.) are husking corn. wa ?knol6tshi? I husked corn. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyehatinol6tshyus they (m.) are husking corn there. • Ke·yale? n a ?e· s.1· Dutton n{ nyehatinol6tshyus, katsyapslanakle? s latinol6tshyus olihwakayu. I remember too they were husking com in Dutton, there were a lot of jobs husking corn a long time ago. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: -nol- cornhusk, -otshyu-/-otshy- pull out. DERIVED BASES: -nolotshyu?n- go to husk corn. NOTE: Many speakers have -nolotshi- before a final ?. -nolotshyu?n- v.m. go to husk com. wa ?knolutshyu·na? I'm going to go husk corn, Aknolotshyu·na? I will go to husk corn. COMPOSED OF: -nolotshyu- husk com, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. -nolu- v.s. be expensive. kano·lu· it's expensive. Secondary habitual: kano·lu·se7 they're expensive. With n- partitive: nikano·lu· it costs so much, it's so expensive. And secondary habitual: nikano·lu·se 7 it's all so expensive. With -hna?tal-/ -hna?tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: kahna 7tatslano·lu· the purse or suitcase is expensive. With -nuhshouse, building: kanuhsano·lu· the house is expensive. With -?slehtvehicle: ka7slehtano·lu· the car is expensive. Aspect class: B. • T6· nikanoiu·. How much does it cost? 56·tsi7 kano·lu· ka7i·k.1. This costs too much. DERIVED BASES: -noluhkw- love someone; Kanaktano·lu: A Precious Place; ohwistano·lu: gold, silver. -nolu- v.a. get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time. wakno·luhe7 I'm getting stuck, I have a hard time doing something, I can't do it. ukno·lu· I got stuck, I couldn't quite make it, it got me down, wahono·lu· he couldn't quite make it, wa 7ono·lu· she (z.) or it couldn't quite make it. With t- cislocative: tayukwano·lu· we were short (something), we didn't quite make it. • N AkA wesano·lu·. Did it get you down? DERNED BASES: -noluhslu?ne- go along getting stuck; -nolu?se-/-nolu?sbe lazy, tire of, become done in; -atAnolustAni-/-atAnolustA- be in a bind; -nawa?tstanolu- get stuck in mud; -nyAhtanolu- get stuck in snow; tyono·luhe? before. -nolu- kin term. stepparent, stepchild. yuknolu my stepmother, khenolu my

stepdaughter, linolu my stepson. Prepausal: lino·Zg. -noluhkw- v.a. love someone. kunolukhwa 7 I love you, linolukhwa 7 I love him, khenolukhwa 7 I love her, knolukhwa 7 I love her (z.) or it, yuknolukhwa 7 she loves me, lonolukhwa 7 she (z.) loves him, shakwanolukhwa 7 we (excl.) love him, shukwanolukhwa 7 he loves us. Ahino·luhkwe7 I will love him. Habitual past: linolukhwahkwe 7 I used to love him. Future habitual: Ahinolukhwake 7 I will be loving him. COMPOSED OF: -nolu- be expensive, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: -nolukhwahsllove. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. -noluhslu?ne- v.m. go along getting stuck. waknoluhslu·ne7 I'm going along but I keep getting stuck, I'm unable to do things. wahonoluhslu·ne7 he's going away getting stuck. COMPOSED OF: -nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time, -hslu- distributive, -?neambulative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nolukhwahsl- v. > n. love. kanolukhwahsla 7 love. COMPOSED OF: -noluhkw-love someone, -ha? habitual, -hslnominalizer. -nolu?se-/-nolu?s- v.a. be lazy, tire of, become done in. waknolu·sehe7 I'm lazy, I'm feeling lazy,

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yak~nolu·sehe?

she's feeling lazy, shes lazy (a lazy person), lonolu ·sehe? he's lazy, lotinolu·sehe? they (m.) are lazy. ukno·lu·se? I got tired of it, I got bored, wa 7akono·lu·se? it got her down, she ~ot tire~ of it, wahono·lu·se? he got t:red of ~t, wa?ukwano·lu·se? we got hred of 1t, Awakno·lu·se? I will get lazy. Habitual past: waknolu ?sehahkwe? I used to be lazy. Stative past: waknolu ?se·hne· I was lazy. Future habitual: AU:aknolu ?seheke? I will be lazy. With n- partitive: tsi? niwaknolu·sehe? I'm so lazy, niyotinolu·sehe? they (z.) are so lazy, nAsano·lu·se? where or when you will get that tired or that lazy. •Nil ki? i·welhe? Awakano·lu·se?. I'm getting lazy (literally, it wants me to get lazy). COMPOSED OF: -nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time, -?se-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -nolu?seoccurs in the habitual aspect, -nolu?soccurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.no 7 kal- plus te- dualic, v.a. grind one's teeth. tekn6~kalhe? I'm grinding my teeth, tehsno·kalhe? you're grinding your teeth, tehan6·kalhe? he's grinding his teeth, teyen6·kalhe? she's grinding her teeth. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. nu· Classificatory particle: place. . NOTE: Must occur with an expresSI?n place or time. For example, tst 7 nu· where, wherever, whenever, katsha? nu· where, somewhere, kAh

o!

nu· over here, here is where, th6 nu· that's where or when, sok nu· someplace. nu- pre£. Partitive and factual mode. See na?-/na-/ne-/nu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person femi.nine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nu suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with some motion verb bases that end in e. -nuhake? suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -nu. The future stative/ optative stative ending replaces the stative suffix. According to Lounsbury (1953), it is composed of a stative aspect component -nu, a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-, called the continuative, and the punctual aspect suffix -e?. .nuhelatu-/.nuhwelatu- plus te- dualic, v.a. greet someone, thank someone. wa 7tkunuhela·tu· I greet you, I thank you, wa ?teshakonuhela·tu· he thanked her or them. DERIVED BASES: .nuhelatukhwa? /.nuhwelatukhwa? plus te- dualic, be an aunt, father's sister· TehutAnuhela·tuhe? November. NOTE: Both alternants occur depending on the speaker. ' .nuhelatukhwa? /.nuhwelatukhwa? plus te- dualic, v.a. be an aunt father's sister. teyuknuhelatCtkhwa? my aunt, tekhenuhelatukhwa? my niece, I'm her aunt.

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COMPOSED OF: .nuhelatu-/ .nuhwelatu- plus te- dualic, greet someone, thank someone, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. M.D. recalls that her aunt used to introduce her as kheyAha tekhenuhelatukhwa? 'my daughter, I greet her'.

.nuhkli-/.nuhklik- plus te- dualic, v.s. have curly hair. teyakonuhkli she has curly hair. Pre-pausal: teyakonuhkel£. Stative past: teyakonuhkli·hne· her hair was curly. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .nuhklikhu- plus te- dualic, have curly hair all over; .nuhklist- plus te- dualic, curl someone's hair. NOTE: The alternant .nuhkli- occurs in the stative aspect and before the -st- causative suffix. The alternant .nuhklik- occurs before the -hudistributive suffix. .nuhklikhu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have curly hair all over. teyakonuhklfkhu? her hair is really curly, full of tight little curls (generally said only if someone has short hair), tehonuhklfkhu? his hair is curly. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .nuhkli-/.nuhklikplus te- dualic, have curly hair, -hudistributive. .nuhklist- plus te- dualic, v.a. curl someone's hair. tekunuhklista? I'm curling your hair. tekunuhklistu I have curled your hair, tekhenuhklfstu I have curled her hair, teyuknuhklistu she or someone has curled my hair. wa ?fyuknuhkliste? she or someone curled my hair, wa ?fekhenuhkliste? I curled her hair, tAkunuhkliste? I

will curl your hair. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .nuhkli-/.nuhklikplus te- dualic, have curly hair, -stcausative. DERIVED BASES: .nuhklista? plus tedualic, be a hairdresser; .atatnuhklist- plus te- dualic, curl one's hair; teyutatnuhklistakhwa? beauty salon .

.nuhklista? plus te- dualic, v.a. be a hairdresser. teyakonuhklfsta? (she's a) hairdresser, tekhenuhklista? I'm a hairdresser, teshakonuhklfsta? (he's a) hairdresser. With tsh- coincident, and habitual past: oyeH niyohslake tsha ?fekhenuhklfs tahkwe? for ten years I was a hairdresser . COMPOSED OF: .nuhklist- plus tedualic, curl someone's hair, -ha? habitual. -nuhkwale?tes- v.s. have long hair . waknuhkwale-tes I have long hair, lonuhkwale-tes he has long hair, yakonuhkwale-tes she has long hair. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long; otherwise the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuhkwalu- v.a. cut someone's hair. lonuhkwalus he or she (z.) cut his hair. lonuhkwalu he has cut his hair. wahaknuhkwalu? he cut my hair. Aspect class: A2. -nuhkwa?t-/-nuhkwa?tsl- v. > n. medicine, pepper. onuhkwa ?t medicine, pepper. Pre-pausal: onuhkwaht. akonuhkwa ?f her medicine, ukwanuhkwa ?f our medicine. With .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around: tekatnuhkwa ?fslokwatha? I'm

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always putting medicine around (e.g., the house), tewakatnuhkwa ?tslokwahtu I have put medicine around, tAkatnuhkwa ?tsl6kwahte? I will put medicine around. With -hninu?n- go to buy: lanuhkwa ?tslahninu ·nehse? he goes to buy medicine. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikanuhkwa ?tsl6·tA the kind of medicine it is. With -?shatste- I -?shatstA- be strong, be forceful: kanuhkwa ?tsla ?shatste? it's strong medicine or pepper. • Inu lanuhkwa ?tslahninu·nehse? tsi? nikanuhkwa ?tsl6·tA Iatsta?. He goes a long ways to buy the kind of medicine that he uses. DERIVED BASES: yenuhkwa ?tslahikhwa? pepper shaker. NOTE: The alternant -nuhkwa?toccurs in the basic noun form and the possessed forms, -nuhkwa?tsl- is the incorporating form.

-nuhkwis-/-nuhkwisl- n. hair. onuhkwis hair. aknuhkwis my hair, sanuhkwis your hair, akonuhkwis her hair, laonuhkwis his hair, ukninuhkwis our (dual) hair, sninuhkwis your (dual) hair, ukwanuhkwis our (plural) hair, swanuhkwis your (plural) hair, laotinuhkwis their (m.) hair, aotinuhkwis their (z.) hair. With -es- I -us- be long: yakonuhkwisles she has long hair, lonuhkwisles he has long hair. And n- partitive: niyakonuhkwisles she has such long hair, nikanuhkwisles it's such long hair. With .eshal .usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short: kA? nihonuhkwislesha he has short hair. With -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of: yakonuhkwislaka·te? she has

lots of hair. DERIVED BASES: -nuhkwislot- have hair; -nuhkwisluty- lose one's hair; -atnuhkwislAht- for one's hair to fall out; onhehta? omihkwis porcupine quills. NOTE: The alternant -nuhkwisoccurs in the basic noun form and the possessed forms, -nuhkwisl- is the incorporating form.

-nuhkwislot- v.s. have hair. yonuhkwislote? she (z.) or it has hair, yakonuhkwislote? she has hair, lonuhkwislote? he has hair. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuhkwis-/ -nuhkwisl- hair, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -nuhkwisluty- v.a. lose one's hair. lonuhkwislutyehse? he's losing his hair. wahonuhkwislu·ti· he lost his hair. COMPOSED OF: -nuhkwis-/ -nuhkwisl- hair, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -nuhkyAnhe- v.s. be shaky. waknuhkyA.nhe? I'm shaky, lonuhkyA.nhe? he's shaky, yakonuhkyA.nhe? she's shaky. Aspect class: B. NOTE: This base is not familiar to all speakers. -nuhlya?k- v.a. get hurt, hurt someone. waknu·lya ?ks it hurts me, lonu·lya ?ks he keeps getting hurt, laknu·lya ?ks he keeps hurting me. waknuhlya·ku it has hurt me, I was hurt, lonuhlya·ku he has gotten hurt, laknuhlya·ku he has hurt me. uknu·lyahke? I got hurt, wahonu·lyahke? he got hurt, wahaknu·lyahke? he hurt me,

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wahinzUyahke? I hurt him, Ahon u ·lyahke? he will get hurt. Habitual past: lonu·lya ?kskwe? he used to get hurt (now and again). Stative past: lonuhlya ?ku·ne? he was hurt (but he's better now). With t- cislocative: the·t.A· thonuhlycHu yesterday he got hurt. With te?negative: yah fe?yukwanuhlya·ku we weren't hurt. With tsh- coincident: tshahonu·lyahke? when he got hurt. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: lohsi ?fanuhlya·ku he hurt his foot. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: lonAtshanuhlya·ku he hurt his arm. Aspect class: E2. • N6k tsi? yah kwf· ne· te ?yukwanuhlya·ku, yah se? s6·tsi? te ?yoshnolati? yukwa·sele?. But we didn't get hurt, we weren't driving too fast. (01) DERIVED BASES:

-?nikuhlanuhlya?k- hurt someone's feelings; -atatnuhlya?k- hurt oneself. NOTE: The h of the hly cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -nuhnawA- look after someone, have a Wake. See -nun-/-nuhnawA-. -nuhne? suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -nu. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -nu and a component -hne?, which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -nuhne? is always realized as -nu·hne·.

-nuhs- n. house, building. kanuhsa? house, building. aknuhsa? my house, laonuhsa? his house, akonuhsa? her house, aonuhsa? her (z.) or its house. With -?ke locative suffix: kanuhsa·ke on the house. With -ku locative suffix: kanusku inside the house. And -shu? collective clitic: kanuskushu? all through the house. With -akta? locative suffix: kanuhsakta? near the house. With -aktuti? locative suffix: akonuhsaktuti? near around her house. With -oku locative suffix: kanuhsoku under the house. Prepausal: kanuhso·ku. With -k.-\ decessive clitic: laonuhsa ?k£ his former house. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: nikanuhsa? the house is such a size. And secondary habitual: nihotinuhsahse? their (m.) houses are that big. With .ahkwatase- I .at-N-tase- plus tedualic, go completely around: tewatnuhsata·sehe? she (z.) or it is going around the house, wa ?fkatnuhsata-se· I went around the house, wa ?fhatnuhsata·se· he went around the house. With .ahkwatasehatye- I .at-N-tasehatye- plus te- dualic, be going completely around: teyakotnuhsatasehati? she's going around the house. With -akayu- be old: onuhsakayu old house. And tshcoincident: tshiyonuhsakayu when it was an old house. With -N-aks(A)be bad, be not the way it should be, and t- cislocative: tyukwanuhsaksA our house there is bad. And n- partitive: niyukwanuhsaksA we have such a bad house. With .anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, be dirty: teyakonuhsanu·yanit her house is dirty. With -atAhninu- sell: wa ?katnuhsahni·nu· I sold a house.

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With -atAhninuni- I -atAhninu ?s- sell for or to someone: wahiyatnuhsahni·nu·se? I sold him a house, wa ?kheyatnuhsahni·nu·se? I sold her a house. With -athol(e)- be cold, and t- cislocative: tyonuhsatho·lt?- the building there is cold, tyukwanuhsatho·le· our house there is cold. With .ati- plus na?partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kL1h na ?kanuhsati? it's on this side of the house, a ?e· na ?kanuhsati? it's on the other side of the house. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end: tsi? yotnuhsate? it's at the end of the house. With -atuni- I -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: latnuhsu·nfhe? he's building a house, lonatnuhsun[ they (m.) have built the house, wahatnuhsu·n{ he built a house. And t- cislocative: thutnuhsu·nfhe? they (m.) are building houses there. And tshuta- coincident and cislocative: tshutahutnuhsu-nf· when they (m.) were building the building there. And te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te ?shotnuhsun{ he was no longer building the house. With -es- I -us- be long: kanuhses it's a long house. With -halatat- I -kala tat- raise up, lift up: wa?knuhsakala·tate? I raised up the house. With -hnil- be hard, be solid, and n- partitive: tsi? niyonuhsahnilu it's a good solid house. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wahinuhsahni·mi· I bought a house from him, wa ?khenuhsahni·nu· I bought a house from her. With -hninu ?se- I -hninu ?s- buy for someone: wahinuhsahni·nu·se? I bought him a house. With -N-iyo- be good: kanuhsiy6 it's a nice house. And stative past: kanuhsiyo·hne· it was a nice house at one time. And secondary habitual: lotinuhsi·y6·se? they (m.)

have nice houses. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: tsi? nikanuhsi·y6·se? they're such nice houses. And nit- partitive and cislocative: tsi? nithotinuhsiy6 they (m.) have such a nice building there. With .N-iyo- I .ya?tiyo- plus tsha?tecoincident and dualic, be half of: tsha ?fekanuhsiy6 in the middle of the house, one half of the house. With -N-iyo?- become good, and tcislocative: tahonuhsi·y6ne? he got the best house. With -ka?tshyuundo, take apart: latinuhsaka·tshyus they (m.) are tearing down the building. And t- cislocative: thotinuhsaka·tshi they (m.) have torn down the building there. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekanuhsake two houses. With .khahsyu- plus te- dualic, separate, divide, share: wa ?tekn uhsakhahsi? I divided the house (into rooms), tekanuhsakhahsi the room is divided. With -kwan(A)-1 -owan(A)be big: yonuhsowanA her (z.) house is big, kanuhsowanA it's a big room or house. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tkanuhsowa·nL1·se? there are big buildings there. With -lih(A )-I -ya ?talih(A )-I -talih(A )boil, come to a boil, get warm: wa ?onuhsatalz11A? the house warmed up. And th- contrastive: yah thayonuhsatalfhA? the house wouldn't warm up. With -nakl(e)live, dwell, reside, be plentiful: kanuhsanakle? there are a lot of houses to be had. With -nolu- be expensive: kanuhsano·lu· the house is expensive. With .N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of: nikanuhs6·tA the kind of house it is, nihonuhs6·tA the kind of house he has. With .N-o?tA- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, be the same kind of:

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tsha ?tekanuhs6·tA it's the same kind of house. With .N-t-l.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skanuhsat on~ house. With .ukw- plus te- duahc, bump, bump into: wa?twaknuhsu-~6· I ran or bumped into the house. With -uni- 1-uny- make, construct, t- cislocative, and stative past: tkanuhsuni·hne· there or then the house was built. With -unyanyumake severat construct several: wahatinuhsunytini? they (m.) built several houses. With -yehwa- I -yehwha- be unable to fin~: . waknuhsaye·wahse? I cant fmd a place to live, uknuhsaye:wha? ~ couldn't find a place to hve. With -yA- 1-yAt- lay down, place, have: waknuhsayA? I have a house. • Tahnu· w£· watkathohsliy6 akonuhsaktuti? tsi? niyakoteyA ?tuti?. And is it ever nice-looking aro~d her house since she's going around fixing it up. DERIVED BASES: -nuhsahel- have a roof; -nuhsakwe?niyo- be head of the house; -nuhses- be of the Longhouse tradition; -nuhsisa?- finish building a house; -nuhsot- be a house or building, standing; -nuhsunihe? be a carpenter; -nuhsut- have a room; .anuhsanekA- plus te- dualic, be neighbours, live side by side; -anuhsanun-/-anuhsanuhnawA- be left home by oneself; -atnuhsik- fill a tobacco kiln; kanuhsataliha ?takhwa? furnace; kanuhsate?k6· schoot high school; tsi? tyotnuhsakalAhlakwA at the corner of the house; watnuhsataliha?takhwa? furnace; yonuhsawA-Iats ante-ante-over. NOTE: Both the semireflexive alternants -at- and -a- occur with this base.

-nuhsahel- v.s. have a roof. kanuhstihele? it has a roof. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -hel-/-hl- set on top ot place on. -nuhsakwe?niyo- v.s. be head of the house. lanuhsakwe ?niy6 he's the head of the house, yenuhsakwe ?niy6 she's the head of the house. Prepausal: yenuhsakwe?ni·y£. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -N-kwe?niyo-/ -ya?takwe?niyo- be the main one. -nuhses- v.s. be of the Longhouse tradition. lonuhses he's Longhouse. Stative past: lonuhsesu·ne? he used to be Longhouse. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -es-/-us- be long. DERIVED BASES: Kanuhseshne Longhouse. -nuhsisa?- v.a. finish building a house. lanuhsfsa ?as he's putting the finishing touches on the house, he's just on the verge of finishing building the house. lonuhsfsu? he has finished building the house. kanuhsfsu? the house is finished. wahanuhsfsane? he finished building the house, Ahan uhs{sane? he will finish building the house. Future stative: kanuhsisu ?uhake? the house will be finished. With t- cislocative: tkanuhsfsu? there or then the house was finished. And future stative: Atkanuhsisu ?uhake? there the house will be finished. And stative past: tkanuhsisu ?u·ne? there the house was finished. Aspect class: E5. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -hsa?-/-isa?- finish. . NOTE: The final ? of the base IS

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deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?.

-nuhsot- v.s. be a house or building, standing. kanuhsote? (it's a) house, waknuhsote? I have a house, my house, lonuhsote? his house, yonuhsote? she (z.) or it has a house. Future stative: Akanuhso·ttike? there will be a house. With t- cislocative: tkanuhsote? there's a building there, tsi? tkanuhsote? at the house, ohAtu tsi? tkanuhsote? in front of the house, thonuhsote? his house is there, tyonuhsote? her or its (z.) house is there, thotinuhsote? their (m.) house is there. And habitual past: tkanuhso·ttihkwe? the house used to stand there, thonuhso·tahkwe? his house used to stand there, tyukwanuhso·ttihkwe? our house used to stand there. With n- partitive: nikanuhsote? where the house or building is standing, tsi? niyukwanuhsote? at our house. With te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te ?skanuhsote? the house isn't there anymore. Aspect class: F. • Tsi? niknu·wehse? lonuhsote?. I really like his house. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -nuhsotu- be several houses or buildings, standing; -atnuhsot- put the top up. -nuhsotu- v.s. be several houses or buildings, standing. kanuhso·tu· houses are standing, yukwanuhso·tu· our houses are standing, lotinuhso·tu· they (m.) have houses standing. With t- cislocative: tkanuhso·tu· there are several buildings standing there. Aspect class: B.

COMPOSED OF: -nuhsot- be a house or building, standing, -u- distributive.

-nuhsunihe? v.a. be a carpenter. lanuhsu·nfhe? (he's a) carpenter. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -he? habitual. -nuhsut- v.s. have a room. yonuhsute? it has a room. Aspect class: F. • Nok tsi? ne· thik£ uska yonuhsute?. But there was just one room. (MlO) COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: -nuhsutu- have rooms. -nuhsutu- v.s. have rooms. yonuhsu·tu· it has rooms. Aspect class: B. • Ne· kwf· thik£ tho ni·yot yonuhsu·tu·, we·ne tsi? tho s nu· nihunuhwetstakhwa?. There were rooms there, it must have been where they slept. (MlO) COMPOSED OF: -nuhsut- have a room, -u- distributive. -nuhtu?k- v.a. tire of or give up waiting, become impatient. waknuhtu ?ks I'm getting tired of waiting, I'm getting impatient. waknuhtu·ku I have given up waiting. uknuhtuhke? I gave up waiting, I became impatient, wahonuhtuhke? he gave up waiting, Aknuhtuhke? I will give up waiting, ahonuhtuhke? he should give up waiting. Aspect class: E2. • N A kwZ. wahonuhtuhke? ka ?ik£ utayutkatho? sok yahatya?tu·tf·. So then he got tired of waiting for her to look, so then he reached out for her. (G2) NOTE: This base also occurs as a stative verb. The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented

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vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -nuhtu?k- v.s. be taking a long time. yonuhtu ?k it's taking a long time. Pre-pausal: yonuhtuhk. With te?negative: yah te?yonuhtu ?k it's not that long a time. Aspect class: A. • KAs kwf· yah nahte? fe?yonuhfu?k ne· ki? ne·n Simon a?e· 1973 kwf· ne·n thaWAhe·yE_. It doesn't seem that long ago, actually, that Simon, way back in 1973, died. (Pl) NOTE: This base also occurs as an active verb -N-nuhwak-/-ya?tanuhwak- v.a. hurt, ache. wakya ?tanu·waks my body aches, loya?tanu·waks his body aches, yakoya ?tanu·waks her body aches. Ahoya ?fan u ·wake? his body will ache. Habitual past: loy a ?fanu·wakskwe? his body was aching. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: wakahsi?tanu·waks my feet hurt. With -ahuht- ear: wakahuhtanu·waks I have an earache. With -ahyakwil- I -ahyakwitoe: wakahyakwilanu·waks my toe hurts. With -hnAhs- I -hnAksshoulder: wakhnAhsanu·waks my shoulder hurts, lohnAhsanu·waks he has sore shoulders. With -hnitshthigh: lohnitshanu·waks he has sore thighs. With -hsin- leg: waksinanu·waks my leg hurts. With -hsiniko?t- ankle: waksiniko ?fanu·waks my ankle hurts. With -hu?kw- throat: wakhu ?kwanu·waks I have a sore throat. With -hyAht- gums: wakhyAhtanu·waks my gums are sore. With -kahl- eye, hole: sakahlanu·waks your eye hurts. With -lat- heel: waklatanu·waks my heel hurts. With -nawil- I -nawitooth: waknawilanu·waks I have a

toothache. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: waknAtshanu·waks mv arm hurts. With -nhuskal- hip: wakenhuskalanu·waks I have a pain in my hips. With -nikw A?t- belly: waknikwA ?fanu·waks I have a bellyache. With -nutsi- I -nutsisthead, cabbage: waknutsistanu·waks have a headache. With -nyal- neck: wakenyalanu·waks I have a sore neck, yakonyalanu·waks her neck hurts. With -shnuhs- I -ishnuhs- I -shnu- hand, fingers: loshnuhsanu·waks his hand is hurting. With -shw-1-shwA-/-shuback: wakeshwanu·waks my back hurts, Akeshwanu·wake? I will have a sore back. And th- contrastive: yah thayakoshwanu ·wake? she or someone won't have a sore back. With -utsh- knee: yakautshanu·waks her knees are aching. With -?nyuhs-1 -?nyu- I -i?nyuhs- I -i?nyu- nose: lo ?nyuhsanu·waks his nose hurts. DERIVED BASES: -?nikuhlanuhwakfeel bothered by something, feel worried or disturbed. NOTE: The alternant -N-nuhwakoccurs with incorporated nouns, -ya?tanuhwak- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. A component -nuhwakoccurs also in -nuhwakt(e)- pain, hurt. The h of the hw cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuhwaktani-/-nuhwaktA- v.a. become sick. waknuhwaktanihe? I'm sick, lonuhwaktanihe? he's sick. uknuhwaktA? I got sick, wesanuhwaktA? you got sick, wahonuhwaktA? he got sick, wa ?akonuhwaktA? she got sick, AwaknuhwaktA? I will get sick, auknuhwaktA? I should get sick.

Oneida-English 607

Habitual past: lonuhwaktanihahkwe? he was sick (but he's better now). Stative past: lonuhwaktani·ne? he had gotten sick (and he still could be). With srepetitive: tsyakonuhwaktanihe? she's sick again. With n- partitive: nihonuhwaktanihe? he's so sick, na ?akonuhwaktA? she became so sick. With tsh- coincident: tshihonuhwaktanihe? when he was sick. • Ne· thikA. tsi? niyawA.·u lake?nfha wahonuhwaktA?. It's thus how it happened that my father got sick. (Vl)

COMPOSED OF: -nuhwakt(e)- pain, hurt, -ni- I -A- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: SWAhni?tatshu? .nuhwaktani- plus s- repetitive, menstruate. NOTE: The alternant -nuhwaktanioccurs in the habitual aspect, -nuhwaktA- occurs in the punctual aspect.

-nuhwakt(e)- v.s. pain, hurt. yonuhwakte? it hurts. Habitual past: yonuhwaktehkwe? it was hurting (but it's not anymore). Future stative: Ayonuhwakteke? it will hurt. With n- partitive: tsi? niyonuhwakte? does it ever hurt. Aspect class: B. • Katsha? nu· niyonuhwakte ?. Where does it hurt? DERIVED BASES: -nuhwaktani-/ -nuhwaktA- become sick. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -nuhwak- and probably the -htcausative suffix (with deletion of the h of the suffix). The root -nuhwakoccurs also in -N-nuhwak-/ -ya?tanuhwak- hurt, ache. An alternant without the final vowel

occurs before the -ni- I -A- benefactive suffix.

.nuhwelatu- plus te- dualic, greet someone, thank someone. See .nuhelatu-/.nuhwelatu- plus tedualic. .nuhwelatukhwa? plus te- dualic, be an aunt, father's sister. See .nuhelatukhwa? /.nuhwelatukhwa? plus te- dualic. -nuhwe?- v.a. like, admire. knu·wehse? I like it, linu·wehse? I like him, I admire him. waknuhwe·u I liked it, it's what I liked. wa ?knu·wene? I liked it, wa ?khenu·wene? I liked her, I liked something about her (e.g., I liked the way she did things), I admired her, wahsnu·wene? you liked it, wa ?shakonu·wene? he liked or admired her or someone, Aknu·wene? I will like it, ahonu·wene? he should like him, ashakonu·wene? he should like her or them, ayutatnu·wene? she should like her or them. Stative past: waknuhwe ?u ·ne? I used to like it. With n- partitive: tsi? niknu ·wehse? I really like it, nihuwanu ·wehse? they really like him. With te?- negative: yah te ?knu ·wehse? I don't like it, yah tehotinuhwe·u they (m.) don't like it. With -ahsohkw- colour, and npartitive: nikahsohkwanu·wehse? I really like that colour. With -hsAnname, reputation: ksAnanu·wehse? I like the name, wa?ksAnanu·wene? I liked that name. With -lAn- song: klAnanu·wehse? I like the song. Aspect class: E3. • Yah ni- te?knu·wehse? thikA. s6·tsi? yakonuhkwisles. I don't like it, her hair is too long. DERIVED BASES: latislami-wehse?

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gnats, picnic bugs. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -nuhwe?Ih- n. fuzz, furry hair, wool, cotton batting. onuhwe·lha? fuzz, furry hair, wool, cotton batting. DERIVED BASES: -nuhwe?lhot- be covered in fuzz, be mouldy; -atnuhwe?lhAht- shed fur. NOTE: The ? of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuhwe?Ihot- v.s. be covered in fuzz, be mouldy. yonuhwe·lhote? it's covered in fuzz, it's mouldy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuhwe?lh- fuzz, furry hair, wool, cotton batting, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: yonuhwe-lhote? kahik peach. NOTE: The ? of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuhy- n. sinew. onu·ya? sinew. NOTE: The h of the hy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Another expression for 'sinew' is otsinuhyahta? ahsli·ye·. See also -tsinuhyaht- vein. .nuhyanik- plus te- dualic, v.a. save for later use. tewaknuhya·niks I'm saving it to use later on. wa ?twaknuhya·nike? I put it aside to use at some future point, wa ?tkunuhya·nike? I saved it for you to use some other time, wa ?thaknuhya·nike? he saved it for me, tAwaknuhya·nike? I will save it.

nukwa· Classificatory particle: direction where. -nulha? kin term. mother, aunt, uncle, mother's brother. aknulha· my mother, yuknulhri· my aunt, laknulhri· my uncle, sanulhri· your mother, yesanulhri· your aunt, yanulha· your uncle, lonulhri· his mother, onulhri· her mother, yukhinulha· our mother(s), lotinulha· their (m.) mother(s). Prepausal: aknulha~ my mother. N£ Mother! With -ki decessive clitic: onulha ?k£ her late mother, lonulha ?k£ his late mother. With -ke·ne locative clitic: lonulha ?ke·ne at his mother's place. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nun-/-nuhnawA- v.a. look after someone, have a Wake. khenunha? I'm looking after her. wa ?khenu·nawA? I looked after her, Ahatinu·nawA? they (m.) will have a Wake, Akhenu·nawA? I will look after her, ahatinu·nawA? they (m.) should have a Wake. Habitual p~st: khenunhahkwe? I was looking after her. Future habitual: Akhenunhake? I will have looked after her. DERIVED BASES: -anuhsanun-/ -anuhsanuhnawA- be left home by oneself; -atwilanun-/ -atwilanuhnawA- baby-sit; latinunha? Wake . NOTE: The altemant -nun- occurs in the habitual aspect. The altemant -nuhnawA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuny- n. dance. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated

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root in -atnunyolyAni-/-atnunyolyAfeellike dancing; .nunyahkw- plus te- dualic, dance; and -nunyo?kta-/ -nunyo?ktA- finish dancing. .nunyahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. dance. wa ?feknunyahkwe? I danced, wa ?fhatinunyahkwe? they (m.) danced. tehsnunyak Dance! With th- contrastive: yah tha ?faknunyahkwe? I wouldn't dance. COMPOSED OF: -nuny- dance, .hkw-/ .ehkw-/.ya?tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. NOTE: This base occurs only in the punctual aspect and the imperative. Compare .atkw- plus te- dualic, which occurs only in the habitual and stative aspects. In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. -nunyo?kta-/-nunyo?ktA- v.a. finish dancing. waknunyo ?kta·u I have finished dancing. wa ?knuny6·ktA? I finished dancing. COMPOSED OF: -nuny- dance, -o?kta/-o?ktA- come to the end of, finish. NOTE: The alternant -nunyo?ktaoccurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -nunyo?ktA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nunyo?kw- n. pill, small round object. onuny6·kwa? pills. With -shuha collective clitic: onunyo ?kwa ?shuha a bunch of pills. DERIVED BASES: .nunyo?kwayA- plus te- dualic, play pool. NOTE: Possibly includes a component -o?kw- round object. The? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .nunyo?kwayA- plus te- dualic, v.a. play pool. tehanuny6·kwayAhe?

he's playing pool. wa 7teknuny6·kwayA? I played pool. COMPOSED OF: -nunyo?kw- pill, small round object, .yA- plus tedualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game. DERIVED BASES: .nunyo?kwayAhnplus te- dualic, go to play pool. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .nunyo?kwayAhn- plus te- dualic, v.a. go to play pool. teyakonunyo?kwayA·hnu· she has gone to play pool. wa ?teknunyo ?kwayA·hna· I'm on my way to play pool. COMPOSED OF: .nunyo?kwayA- plus te- dualic, play pool, -hn- dislocative. nusa-/nuse-/nusu- pre£. Partitive, factual mode and repetitive (partitive, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nusu- replaces the sequence nusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nusa- occurs. nusa-/nu·sa-/nuse-/nu·se-/nusu-/nu·supref. Partitive, optative mode and repetitive (partitive, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants nuse- and nu·se- occur

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before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants nusu- and nu·sureplace the sequences nusawa- and nu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nusa- and nu·sa- occur. .nusayA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be squatting close to the ground. teknu·sayA? I'm squatting, tehanu·sayA? he's squatting, teyenu·sayA? she's squatting. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .atnusayA- plus tedualic, squat close to the ground. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a noun root -nus-, and the verb base -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. The root -nus- occurs also in .nusot- plus te- dualic, be squatting, be crouching, and its derivatives.

he's being disruptive, he's throwing a tantrum. waknuskali I have raised heck, lonuskali he's really disruptive. wahanuska-lf· he raised heck, Aknuska·li· I will cause trouble. Aspect class: ES. • Jake kA? i-leskwe? wahanuska·Jf.. Jake came in here and he raised heck (he swore, or he threw a tantrum). NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -nuskwal- n. unripe, green fruit. onuskwali? unripe, green fruit. DERIVED BASES: -nuskwalut- be unripe or green fruit, attached. -nuskwalut- v.s. be unripe or green fruit, attached. yonuskwalute? (it's) unripe fruit, still attached to the branch or vine. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuskwal- unripe, green fruit, -N-ut- attach, be attached.

nuse-/nu·se- pref. Partitive, optative mode and repetitive. See nusa-/ nu·sa-/nuse-/nu·se-/nusu-/nu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

.nusot- plus te- dualic, v.s. be squatting, be crouching. teknu·s6te? I'm squatting, tehanu·s6te? he's squatting, teyenu·s6te? she's squatting. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .nusotatye- plus tetdualic and cislocative, go along crouched down; .nusota?n- plus tedualic, go to the bathroom; .atnusotplus te- dualic, squat, crouch. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a noun root -nus-, and the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. The root -nus- occurs also in .nusayA- plus te- dualic, be squatting close to the ground.

-nuskaly- v.a. act in a disruptive manner, be really upset. lanuskalyas

.nusotatye- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.m. go along crouched down.

nuse- pre£. Partitive, factual mode and repetitive. See nusa-/nuse-/nusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

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tutahanusottiti? he's going along crouched down. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, .nusotplus te- dualic, be squatting, be crouching, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .nusotati- before a final ?, M.D. reports that she has heard the form applied to a particular person who was very short and who therefore looked like someone crouching. .nusota?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to the bathroom. tetyanusota·na Let's you and I (incl.) go squat down, let's go to the bathroom! COMPOSED OF: .nusot- plus tedualic, be squatting, be crouching, -?ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. nusu- pre£. Partitive, factual mode and repetitive. See nusa-/nuse-/nusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nusu-/nu·su- pref. Partitive, optative mode and repetitive. See nusa-/ nu·sa-/nuse-/nu·se-/nusu-/nu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences nusawa- and nu·sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nut- n. hill, little hill, mound. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated

root in -anutahla?- go uphill; -nutahal- hill; -nutahel- be a hill; -nute- be a little hill or mound; .nutiyo- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, be the middle of the hill; -nutot- be a little hill or mound, standing; Onuta?keha·ka: Onondaga; Yonutiy6 Queen. -nut-/-nutu- v.a. feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth. linu-tuhe? I'm feeding him (e.g., I'm feeding an invalid or a baby, I'm giving him something to put in his mouth, such as food or medicine). linutu I have fed him, khenutu I have fed her or them, I have given her or them something to eat, yuknutu she has fed me. wahi·nute? I fed him, wa·knute? I fed her (z.) or it, wa ?khe·nute? I fed her or them, waho·nute? he fed him, wa ?utatnute? she fed her, Ayuknute? she will feed me. ttiknut Feed it to me, give it to me to eat! takni·nut Give it to the two of us to eat! takwa·nut Give it to us all to eat! With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: Ashukwa·yanute? he will give us fruit to eat. With -na?tal- bread, cake: lina ?talanu·tuhe? I'm feeding him bread, I'm offering him bread, wa ?ukna·talanute? she gave me some bread or cake to eat. And t- cislocative: tayukna·talanute? she gave me cake there. With -?nhuhs-/ -i?nhuhs- egg: wahi?nhuhsanute? I gave him eggs to eat, I fed him eggs. Aspect class: Al. • T6· ki? ok uhte wi· nahte? wa ?uttitnute? ka ?ikA ohs6tha kA·, wa ?f·lu? ye? Mack "ya·wfi." So she probably gave her grandmother something to eat, Mack said "thank you." (M4) K6k niwa?slati? tayukna·talanute?. It was this narrow, this (slice of) cake she gave

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me there. -nutu?n- go to feed; -atatnut-/-atatnutu- feed oneself, put something into one's mouth; -hnekanut-/-hnekanutu- water, give someone something to drink; -khwanut-/-khwanutu- feed someone, give someone food. NOTE: The alternant -nutu- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before the -?n- dislocative suffix, -nut- occurs in the punctual aspect. DERIVED BASES:

nuta-/nute-/nutu- pref. Partitive, factual mode and cislocative (partitive, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant nute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nutu- replaces the sequence nutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nuta- occurs. nuta-/nu·ta-/nute-/nu·te-/nutu-/nu·tupref. Partitive, optative mode and cislocative (partitive, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants nute- and nu·te- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants nutu- and nu·tureplace the sequences nutawa- and nu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third

person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nuta- and nu·ta- occur. -nutahal- n. hill. With -?ke locative suffix: onutahala·ke on top of the hill. With -akta? locative suffix: onutahalakta? near the hill. With -oku locative suffix: onutahaloku down at the bottom of the hill. Prepausal: onutahalo·ku. DERIVED BASES: -nutahalot- be a hill, standing; -anutahalolAht- go downhill. NoTE: Includes the noun root -nuthill, little hill, mound; otherwise the composition is unclear. -nutahalot- v.s. be a hill, standing. yonutahalote? (there's) a hill. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nutahal- hill, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -nutahel- v.s. be a hill. yonutahele? (there's) a hill. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nut- hill, little hill, mound, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on.

-nutakli-/-nutakli?tsl- v. > n. sugar. onutakli? sugar. Pre-pausal: onutakeli?. With .aty-/.atye-/.uty-1 .utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yahuknutakli?tslu-ti· I put sugar on it, I sweetened it. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wa ?knutakli ?tslahni·nu· I bought sugar. DERIVED BASES: .nutakli?tslal- plus te- dualic, be sweet; teskyanutakli ?tslatyelA. sugar substitute; yenutakli?tslalakhwa? sugar bowl; lanutakli ?tsla ?nahkwatahkwas Tongue twister: he's getting the sugar

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right from the bottom of the barrel. NOTE: The alternant -nutaklioccurs in the basic noun form. It is composed of a noun root -nut-, and -N-kli- liquid product. The alternant -nutakli?tsl-, with the -?tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form.

.nutakli?tslal- plus te- dualic, v.s. be sweet. teyonutaklf-tslale? it's sweet. Habitual past: teyonutakli-tslalahkwe? it used to be sweet. Future stative: L1yonutakl£-tslalake? it will be sweet. With t- cislocative: ne· tetyonutakli-tslale? it's the sweetest. With n- partitive: tsi? na ?teyonutakli·tslale? it's so sweet. , . , Aspect class: F. • S6·tsi? teyonutaklz·tslale? thzkA wa·yat. That pie is too sweet. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nutakli-/ -nutakli?tsl- sugar, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: teyonutaklHslale? sweets. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nute- v.s. be a little hill or mound. yonu·te· (it's) a little hill, a little mound (e.g., the little mound that one makes when planting something). With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tyonu·ti· there at that mound. Aspect class: B. . . COMPOSED OF: -nut- hill, httle hill, mound, -N-e- exist. DERIVED BASES: -nutenyu- be several little hills or mounds. nute- pref. Partitive, factual mode and cislocative. See nuta-/nute-/nutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

nute-/nu·te- pref. Partitive, optative mode and cislocative. See nuta-/ nu·ta-/nute-/nu·te-/nutu-/nu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nutek- v.a. cover with a lid. knu·tiks I'm closing it. waknuteku I have covered it. wa?knu·tike? I closed it, Aknu·tike? I will close it. snu·tik Cover it! With te?- negative: yah te ?kanuteku it has no cover on it. Aspect class: E2. •Snu·tek tsi? tshaka·lute?. Shut your mouth! DERIVED BASES: -nutekh- go to cover with a lid; -nutekhu- cover several; -nuteksyu-/-nuteksy- take the lid off, uncover; -atnutek- be covered; yutnuh~kta? lid, cover. -nutekh- v.m. go to cover with a lid. knutikhe? I'm going to close it. wa ?knutikha? I'm on my way to cover it. Stative past: waknutekhu·hne· I went to cover it. With s- repetitive: saknutikha? I'm going to close it again. • Knutikhe? tkatshe?to·tu· watahyalfhtu. I'm going to put the lid on the jar of preserves. COMPOSED OF: -nutek- cover with a lid, -h- dislocative. -nutekhu- v.a. cover several. waknutikhu? I have closed them, yakonutikhu? she or someone has covered them. • Uhka? ok k£ yakonutikhu? tkana ?tsyahluni~. Did someone cover the pails?

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COMPOSED OF: -nutek- cover with a lid, -hu- distributive.

mound, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have.

-nuteksyu-/-nuteksy- v.a. take the lid off, uncover. knuteksyus I'm taking the lid off, I'm opening it. lonuteksi he has opened it. kanuteksi it's coverless. 11knuteksi? I will open it. K6h, snuteksi ka ?i ·kA Here, open this! Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -nutek- cover with a lid, -hsyu- reversative. DERIVED BASES: yenuteksy;i:tha? bottle opener. NOTE: When the -hsyu- reversative suffix is added to the component base, the resulting khsy cluster is replaced by ksy. The alternant -nuteksy- occurs before the -?tcausative suffix. Many speakers have -nuteksi- in place of -nuteksyu- wordfinally and before a final ?.

-nuto?tsl- n. box. kanut6·tsli? box. Prepausal: kanut6·tsheli?. With -?ke locative suffix: kanuto ?tsla·ke on the box. With -ku locative suffix: kanut6·tslaku in the box. With -shuha collective clitic: laonuto ?fsli ?shuha his boxes. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: a?{ nikanut6·tsla? it's a great big box. With -atehsakh- I -at-N-isakhgo to look for something for oneself: wa ?katnuto ?fslisakha? I'm going to look for a box. With .ati- plus na?partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kAh na '?kanut6·tslati '? it's on this side of the box. With -at-N-ikfill up completely: wahatnut6·tslike? he filled up the box (e.g., picking berries). With .atilut-l.ya?tatilutplus t- cislocative, pull: taknuto '?fslatilu-tA· I pulled the box, I pulled out the drawer. With -atkehtat- put a burden on one's back: wahatnuto ?fslakehtate '? he put a box on his back. With -atunyanyu- make several for oneself, and th- contrastive: thihotnuto '?fslunyani '? he just made boxes. With .a? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small: k11? nikanuto ?fsla· it's a small box. With .a?sAht- I .ya?tAht- I .Aht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch: tahanut6·tsl11hte? he brought down the box. With .a?sAht-I.Ahtplus y- translocative, lower something: yehanuto '?fslAtha '? he's lowering the box. With -halatat-1 -kalatat- raise up, lift up: wa '?knuto ?fslakala·tate '? I raised up the box. With -hel-1-hl- set on top of, place on, and nya?te- partitive, translocative and dualic:

-nutenyu- v.s. be several little hills or mounds. yonuteni? (there are) a lot of little hills or mounds. Aspect class:

B. CoMPOSED OF: -nute- be a little hill or mound, -nyu- distributive. NoTE: Many speakers have -nutenibefore a final ?. .nutiyo- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, v.s. be the middle of the hill. tsha ?feyonutiy6 (it's) the middle of the hill. Pre-pausal: tsha 7teyonuti·y£. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nut- hill, little hill, mound, .N-iyo-/.ya?tiyo- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, be half of. -nutot- v.s. be a little hill or mound, standing. yonu·t6te? (it's) a small hill or mound (e.g., an anthill). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nut- hill, little hill,

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nya 7tekanuto ?tslahele? where there are boxes sitting all over. With -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up, and y- translocative: ya ?snuto ?tslahla·k6 Take down that box! With .htohlalak- I .ya ?tohlalak- I .ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash: wa 7teknuto ?tsl6·lalake? I squished the box. With -N-inyu?t-1 -ya 7 tinyu?t- bring in, and t- cislocative: tahanuto ?fslinyuhte? he brought in boxes. With -N-inyu?tanyu- bring in several, and t- cislocative: tahanuto ?fslinyu ?fani? he brought in all the boxes. With -N-ita?-1-ya?tita?- give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa 7knuto ?fslitane? I put the box in it. With -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow: wa 7knuto ?fslakalhatho? I turned over the box. With -ka?tshyu- undo, take apart: knuto ?fslaka ·tshyus I'm tearing the box apart, wa 7knuto ?fslaka·tshi? I took the box apart, snuto ?fslaka·tshi Open the box! With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekanut6·tslake two boxes. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: t6· nikanut6·tslake how many boxes are there? With -kehlu- put things here and there, and t- cislocative: tkanuto ?fslake·lu? there are boxes lying around there. With .otshya?t- plus t- cislocative, yank out: taknuto ?tsl6tshyahte? I yanked out the box. With -otshyu- 1 -ots~y- pull out: knuto ?tsl6tshyus I'm pullmg out the box. With .N-t- I .ya 7 tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skanut6·tslat one box. With -yA- 1 -yAt- lay down, place, have: kanut6·tslayA? the box is lying. And t- cislocative: tkanut6·tslayA? the box is lying there.

DERIVED BASES: -nuto?tslut- have a drawer; .atnuto?tslakAny- plus tedualic, have a Box Social. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels .

-nuto?tslut- v.s. have a drawer. yonut6·tslute? it has a drawer. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuto?tsl- box, -N-utattach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: -nuto?tslutu- have drawers. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuto?tslutu- v.s. have drawers. yonuto ?fslu·tu· it has drawers. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nuto?tslut- have a drawer, -u- distributive. -nutsi-/-nutsist- n. head, cabbage. onutsf head, cabbage. Pre-pausal: onu·tsi With -'·ne locative clitic: knutsf-ne my head, snutsf-ne your head, lanutsf-ne his head, yenutsf-ne her head. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end, and y- translocative: tsi? yehotnutsistate? it's at the end of his head. With .ha- I .haw- 1 .ya 7 taha-l.ya?tahaw- plus y- translo~ative or t- cislocative, take along, brmg along: yAknutsistahawe? I will take the (pig) head. With .hawiht1. ya 7 tahawiht- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, bring along, take along: yAknutsistaha·wihte? I will take the (pig) head along. With .hawihtAni- I .hawihtA- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, bring along, take along for someone: tahaknutsistahawihtA? he brought me a (pig) head, takunutsistahawihtA? I brought you

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a head, tasknutsistahawihtA? you brought me a head, AtkunutsistahawihtA? I will bring you a head, AtesknutsistahawihtA? you will bring me a head, utasknutsistahawihtA? you should bring me a head. With -kwan(A)- I -owan(A)- be big: lanutsistowan.A he has a big head. With -N-nuhwak- I -ya?tanuhwak- hurt, ache: waknutsistanu·waks I have a headache. With .N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of: nihonutsist6·tA the kind of head he has (usually referring to hair colour), nahotinutsist6·tA? their (m.) heads are that kind (e.g., hair colour). With .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into: wa ?fwaknutsistu·k6· I bumped my head. DERIVED BASES: -nutsistawistoskget a cold head; -nutsistowanhA- get a swelled head, become a know-itall; -nutsistut- have a head. NOTE: The alternant -nutsi- occurs in the basic noun form and before the -'·ne locative clitic, -nutsist- is the incorporating form.

-nutsistawistosk- v.a. get a cold head. wa ?knutsistawistoske? my head got cold, wahanutsistawistoske? his head got cold. COMPOSED OF: -nutsi-/-nutsisthead, cabbage, -wisto-/-wistoskbecome cold. -nutsistowanhA- v.a. get a swelled head, become a know-it-all. wahonutsistowanhA? he got a swelled head, he's a know-it-all. COMPOSED OF: -nutsi-/-nutsisthead, cabbage, -kwanha-1-kwanhA/-owanha-/-owanhA- become big. -nutsistut- v.s. have a head. lonutsistute? he has a head (imply-

ing that he's still alive). With thycontrastive and translocative: th6 thyehonutsistute? he still has a head attached (contrary to what you might expect). Aspect class: F.

• 6khna? ne· th6 thyehonutsistute? t hi ·k.A. Then it (the squirrel) would still have its head attached. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -nutsi-/-nutsisthead, cabbage, -N-ut- attach, be attached. ' -nutste- n. a bald head. 6nutste? a bald head. aknutsfe? (I'm a) bald head, la6nutste? (he's a) bald head, ak6nutste? she's bald, ukninutste? we two are bald, laotinutste? they (m.) are bald, aotinutste? they (z.) are bald.

nutu- pref. Partitive, factual mode and cislocative. See nuta-/nute-/nutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nutu-/nu·tu- pref. Partitive, optative mode and cislocative. See nuta-/ nu·ta-/nute-/nu·te-/nutu-/nu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences nutawa- and nu·tawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nutu?n- v.m. go to feed. khenutu·ne? I'm going to feed her or them. khenutu·nehse? I go to feed her or them. wa?khenutu·na? I'm on my way to feed her or them,

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wa?shakonutu·na? he's going to feed her or them. COMPOSED OF: -nut-/-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuw- n. murky water, murkiness. With -ku locative suffix: kanu·waku murky water, murkiness. DERIVED BASES: -atnuwayA- settle to the bottom, become murky; .atnuwa?- plus te- dualic, become murky. -nuwak- v.a. have a craving for. knu·waks I'm hungry for something, I crave it. wa?knu·wake? I got hungry for it, wahanu·wake? he got hungry for it, wa ?enu ·wake? she craved it, Ahanu·wake? he will be hungry for it. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wa ?kahyanu ·wake? I got a craving for fruit. And n- partitive: tsi? nikahyanu·waks I'm so hungry for berries or fruit. With -hlohkwcigarette: khlohkwanu-waks I'm craving tobacco. With -hnana?tpotato: wa ?khnana ?fanu ·wake? I got a craving for potatoes. With -khwfood: lakhwanu-waks he's wishing for food, wahakhwanu·wtike? he wished for food. -nuwakAtst- v.a. strain, drain. knuwakA'tsta? I'm straining or draining it. waknuwakA'tstu I have strained it. wa?knu·wtikAtste? I strained it, Ahsnu·wakAtste? you will strain it. Aspect class: El. • N A AyonAsta ?netskane? th6 nA Ahsnu·wtikAtsfe? th6 nA Ahsn6hale?. Once the corn is tender, then you'll drain it (and) wash it. (Rl)

-nuwal-/-luwal- n. nail, wire, needle, pin. kanu-wale? or kalu ·wale 7 nail, wire, needle, pin. With -shuha collective clitic: kaluwale ?sh uha nails, wires, needles, pins. With -es- I -us- be long: kanu·wtiles it's a long needle. DERIVED BASES: -luwalahlunyu- for wires to be attached here and there; -nuwalot- drive in a nail or pin; tekanuwalotalhu chain; teyeluwalya·kta? pliers. NOTE: The objects that this base refers to can be described as long, thin, metal objects used as a tool. Both alternants occur, perhaps in free variation. -nuwalot- v.a. drive in a nail or pin. knuwal6tha 7 I'm driving (hammering) a nail in there. kanu·walote? it has a nail or pin in it. wa ?knuwalo·tA'· I drove a nail in there, I put a pin in there (e.g., pinning up drapes). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuwal-/-luwalnail, wire, needle, pin, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -nuwalotakw- take out a nail or pin; -nuwalotu- be several nails or pins; -nuwalotunyu- drive in nails or pins. -nuwalotakw- v.a. take out a nail or pin. lonuwalottikwA he has pulled the nails out. Ahanuwalota·k6· he will take the nails out. COMPOSED OF: -nuwalot- drive in a nail or pin, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: -nuwalotakwahttake out a nail or pin with something. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -nuwalotakwaht- v.a. take out a nail or pin with something. lanuwalotakwatha? he's pulling

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nails out with something (e.g., with the claw end of a hammer). lonuwalotakwahtu he has pulled nails out with it. Ahanuwalottikwahte? he will pull nails out with it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -nuwalotakw- take out a nail or pin, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

-nuwalotu- v.s. be several nails or pins. kanuwalo·tu· it has nails or pins in it. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nuwalot- drive in a nail or pin, -u- distributive. -nuwalotunyu- v.a. drive in nails or pins. knuwalotunyuhe? I'm putting nails or pins in all over the place. wa ?knuwalotuni? I put nails or pins in. COMPOSED OF: -nuwalot- drive in a nail or pin, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nuwalotuni- before a final ?. .nuwayAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. trade, deal, swap. teknuway.Atha? I deal, I trade. tewaknuway.Ahtu I have swapped. wa?feknu-wayAhte? I dealt, I traded, wa ?fhanu-wayAhte? he traded, tAyenu·wayAhte? she will swap. tetninu-wayAt Let's you and I (incl.) swap! With tsh- coincident: tsha ?feknuway.Atha? when I'm dealing there. Aspect class: El. • Ne· tsi? ne· yotka·te? n.A kwah n6k tsi? fAyenu·wayAhfe? nahfe? tsi? Ayuta ?ahslahni·nu·. Often she would just make trades with the baskets she had for sale. (Gl) NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. nu·wa? Temporal particle: now, then. NOTE: Probably a reduced form of nA.u·wa?.

.nuwileht- plus y- translocative, v.a. go out of sight, disappear. yehonuwilehtu he has gone out of sight, he's out of sight. yahonuwi·lehte? he went out of sight, he disappeared, ya ?akonuwi·lehte? she went out of sight, ya ?onuwi·lehte? she (z.) went out of sight, it disappeared. With npartitive: nyahonuwi-lehte? that's how or where he disappeared. '

-nu?kehla?t- v.a. breast-feed. khenu ?kehla·tu I'm breast-feeding her. wa ?khenu ?ke·lahte? I breastfed her, wahinu ?ke-lahte? I breastfed him. COMPOSED OF: -nu?kel-/-nu?kehlsuck milk, nurse, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nu?kel-/-nu?kehl- v.a. suck milk, nurse. lanu ?kelha? he's sucking milk. lonu ?ke-Iu he has sucked milk. wahanu ?ke·la? he got milk by sucking, Ahanu ?ke·la? he will suck milk. DERIVED BASES: -nu?kehla?tbreast-feed. NOTE: The alternant -nu?kel- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -nu?kehl- occurs in the stative and punctual aspects and before the -?tcausative suffix, and the h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nu?t- n. milk, breast. onu·ta? milk. With -ke locative clitic: knu ?fa·ke my breast, snu ?fti·ke your breast, yenu ?fa·ke her breast. With .alenya ?t- I .kalenya ?t- plus te- dual-

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ic, distribute: tehanu '?takaleny1Hha '? he distributes the milk, wa '?fhanu '?fakalenyahte '? he distributed milk. With -ase- be new, be fresh: omHase '? fresh milk. With -ateyA ?tu- I -at-N-ateyA ?tu- I -atewyA?tu-1 -at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of: yakotnu '?tatewy.A·tu she put away the milk, she saved the milk for herself. With -atkA- rot, spoil: yonu '?tatkAhse '? the milk is going bad (sour). With -ato?kta- I -ato?ktA- run out of, end: wa '?katnu '?t6·ktA '? I ran out of milk. With .aty-l.atye-l.utyl.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yahuknu '?tu-ti- I put milk on it. With -hnekil-1-hnekihl- drink: lanu '?tahnekilha '? he's drinking milk, wahanu '?tahnek£-la '? he drank milk. With -kaleny-/-ya?takalenyget and carry away, haul, transport: lanu '?taka!enyehse '? he's carrying milk back and forth. DERIVED BASES: -nu?tatahkw- milk (a cow); -nu?tathe?t- churn butter; kamHat milk cow; tehanu ?takalenya ·tha? milkman; teyonu?tahy6·tsis sour milk; teyutnu?tohlalakta? bra. NOTE: The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nu?tatahkw- v.a. milk (a cow). lanu ?fatahkwas he's milking. waknu ?tatahkwA I have milked, lonu ?tatahkwA he has milked. wa ?knu ?tatahko? I milked, Ahanu ?tatahko? he will milk. With te?- negative: yah te ?waknu ?tatahkwA I haven't milked. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -nu?t- milk, breast, -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a

container, unload. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -nu?tathe?t- v.a. churn butter. knu ?fathi-tha? I'm churning butter, yenu ?tathe-tha? she's churning butter. waknu ?tathe-tu I have churned the butter. wa '?enu '?tathehte '? she churned the butter. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -nu?t- milk, breast, -the?t- pound. DERIVED BASES: kanu?tathe·tu buttermilk; yenu?tathe?takhwa? butter churn. NOTE: The? of the final ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -nu?uhl- n. lawn, sod, scalp. onu ?u·la? lawn, sod, scalp. With -?ke locative suffix: onu ?ulzla·ke on the lawn. With -at-N-iyost- make something good for oneself: lonatnu ?ulzliy6stu they (m.) have made their lawns nice. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nu?usl- n. squash, cucumber, melon. onu '?usla '? or onu '?Usli '? squash, cucumber, melon. Pre-pausal: onu ?usela '? or onu ?useli?. With -shuha collective clitic: onu '?usla '?slzuha melons, squashes. With -eka?-1-ekaw-1 -ka?-1-kaw- like or enjoy the taste of: waknu '?usla-ka·se '? I like squash, etc. With -hel- I -hl- set on top of, place on: knu '?uslahelha '? I'm putting the squash, etc. down. With .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: teknu ?uslahlitha? I'm cutting squash, cucumber, or melon into

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pieces. With -N-ita?-/-ya?tita?give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa ?knu ?uslitane? I put cucumbers in it. With -k-/-ek-1-akeat: knu ?uslaks I'm eating squash, waknu ?uslaku I have eaten squash, Aknu ?us lake? I will eat squash. With .kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something: wa ?feknu ?uslakA ·sele? I peeled the squash. With -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest: knu ?uslakwas I'm picking squash. With -shw- smell, get a whiff of: waknu '?uslashwas I smell squash. With -tahkw-/-etahkwtake out of a container, unload: knu ?uslatahkwas I'm taking squash out of it. With .ya?k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two: teknu ?(tslya ?ks I'm cutting the squash in half, tAknu ?(tslyahke? I will cut the squash. DERIVED BASES:

.atnu?uslahyo?tsist- plus te- dualic, make salt or brine pickles; onu?usla?ko· pumpkin; teyonu?uslahyo·tsis salt pickles, brine pickles; yonu?uslake·tote? squash. nya-/nya·-/nyae-/nyau- pref. Partitive, translocative and optative mode (partitive, translocative and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant nyae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nyau- replaces the sequence nyaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

Otherwise nya- or nya·- occur, in free variation. nya- pref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode. See nya?-/nya-/ nyahe-/nyahu-/nyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. nyae- pref. Partitive, translocative and optative mode. See nya-/nya·-/ nyae-/nyau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nyaha- pref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode. See nya?-/nya/nyahe-/nyahu-/nyaha-. NOTE: Replaces nya?- or nya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyahe- pref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode. See nya?-/nya-/ nyahe-/nyahu-/nyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nyahes- v.a. depend on, count on. kenyahes£ I can count on it, lanyahes£ he can count on it, kunyahes£ I can count on you (you're dependable), linyahes£ I depend on him. Pre-pausal: linyahe·s£. wa '?kenyahese '? I counted on her (z.) or it, wa ?khenyahese '? I counted on her, wahinyahese? I counted on him, ahuwanyahese '? someone should count on him. Future habitual: Akenyahes£hake? I will count on it.

Oneida-English 621

-nyahtA- v.s. Turtle clan. latinyahtA (they are the) Turtle clan. Aspect class: A. nyahu- pref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode. See nya?-/nya-/ nyahe-/nyahu-/nyaha-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nyahawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nyak- v.a. get married. l6nyaks he's getting married. lonyaku ? he has gotten married, yakonyaku ? she has gotten married, lotinyaku? they (m.) have gotten married, yotinyaku? they (z.) have gotten married. wa ?ak6nyake? she or someone got married, wahotfnyake? they (m.) got married, Ah6nyake? he will get married, Asninyake? you two will get married. With s- repetitive: shonyaku ? he has gotten married again, sah6nyake? he got married again. • Th6 nA lo ?niha oya· sah6nyake?. Then his father got married again. (02) DERIVED BASES: -nyaktAni-/-naktAmarry, perform a marriage; yakonyakta? wedding cake. -nyaktAni-/-naktA- v.a. marry, perform a marriage. shakonyaktA ·nfhe? he's marrying them, he's performing the marriage ceremony. shakonyaktAni he has married them. wahuwatinyaktA? someone married them (m.). Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -nyak- get married, -ht- causative, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the component base,

the resulting kht cluster is replaced by kt. The altemant -nyaktAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -nyaktA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -nyal- n. neck. onya·la· neck. With -ke locative clitic: kenyala·ke my neck, senyala·ke your neck, yenyala·ke her neck, lanyala·ke his neck. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya?tanuhwak- hurt, ache: wakenyalanu·waks I have a sore neck, yakonyalanu ·waks her neck hurts. DERIVED BASES: -nyalya?k- cut off or sever the neck; tekutenyalotalhos violet. nya·lehkwe? Temporal particle: for now. -nyalya?k- v.a. cut off or sever the neck. kenyalya ?ks I severed its neck, I cut if off at the neck (e.g., killing a chicken). wakenyalya·ku I have cut it off at the neck. wa ?kenyalyahke? I cut it off at the neck. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -nyal- neck, -ya?kdetach, sever, break, cut. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -nyatal- n. lake. With -?ke locative suffix: kanyatala·ke lake. With -ku locative suffix: kanya·talaku in the lake. With .ati- plus na?- partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kilh na ?kanya·talati? it's on this side of the lake, elil na ?kanya·ttilati? it's across on the other side of the lake, a ?e· na ?kanya·talati? it's way on the other side of the lake, e·nik tsi? na ?kanya·talati? it's over the lake.

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DERIVED BASES: -nyatalayA- be a lake. -nyatalayA- v.s. be a lake. kanya·talayA? (there's) a lake. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nyatal- lake, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. nyau- pre£. Partitive, translocative and optative mode. See nya-/nya·-/ nyae-/nyau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nyaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nya?-fnya-/nyahe-/nyahu-/nyahapref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode (partitive, translocative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant nya- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant nyahe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nyahu- replaces the sequence nyahawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. The alternant nya?- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternant nyaha- occurs in place of nya?- and nya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. -nya?kw- n. Adam's apple. onya·kwa? Adam's apple. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. See also .nya?kwaht- plus tcislocative, burp. .nya?kwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. burp. twa kenya ?kwatha? I burp, thonya ?kwatha? he keeps burping. tukenya·kwahte? I burped, tahonya·kwahte? he burped, tayakonya·kwahte? she burped, Athonya·kwahte? he will burp. NOTE: Includes the t- cislocative prefix and probably the noun base -nya?kw- Adam's apple; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Nya?snAwA.hslay~

Slang: Oh be quiet! NOTE: Composed of the nya?partitive and translocative prefixes, s- second person singular agent, a component -nAwAhsl-, and the alternant -yA- of the verb base -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have. A component -nAwAhsl- occurs also in -nAwAhslalyo- whip someone, beat someone up. See also SatnAwA.hslay~ Oh be quiet!

nya?t-/nya?te- pref. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and dualic (partitive, translocative, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant nya?te- occurs before most consonant dusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise nya ?t- occurs. nya ?ta-/nya ?ta ·-/nya ?tae-/nya ?taupref. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and dualic (partitive, translocative, indefinite tense and dualic).

Oneida-English 623

NOTE: The alternant nya?taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nya?taureplaces the sequence nya?taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nya?ta- or nya?ta·- occur, in free variation.

nya?tae- pref. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See n ya ?ta-/nya ?ta ·-/nya ?tae-/nya ?tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nya?tathA- v.a. become thirsty. wakenya ?tathAhse? I'm thirsty. ukenya ?tathA? I got thirsty, Awakenya ?tfithA? I will get thirsty. Habitual past: wakenya ?tathAskwe? I was thirsty. NOTE: Probably composed of a root -nya?t- and a component -athA-, which is related to -astathA- become dry. The root -nya?t- occurs also in .nya?tolA- plus te- dualic, have heartburn; and .nya?thala?- plus tedualic, choke, have food go down the wrong tube. nya?tau- pref. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See nya ?ta-/nya ?ta ·-/nya ?tae-/nya ?tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nya?taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third

person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nya?te- pref. Partitive, translocative and dualic. nya?te- pref. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and dualic. See nya?t-/ nya?te-. NoTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nya ?tes-/nya ?tets-/nya ?tetsi-/ nya ?tese- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive (partitive, translocative, dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nya?tetsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nya ?tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nya?tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nya ?tes- occurs. nya?tese- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive. See nya?tes-/nya?tets-/nya?tetsi-/ nya?tese-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. nya?tets- pre£. Partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive. See nya ?tes-/nya ?tets-/nya ?tetsi-/ nya?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nya?tetsi- pre£. Partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive. See

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n ya ?tes-/n ya ?tets-/nya ?tetsi -I nya?tese-. NoTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nya?tA- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic and future mode. nya?tAs-/nya?tAts-/nya?tAtsi-/ nya?tAse- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, dualic, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nya?tAtsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nya?tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nya?tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nya?tAs- occurs. nya?tAse- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See nya?tAs-/nya?tAts-/ nya?tAtsi-/nya?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. nya?tAts- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See nya ?tAs-/nya ?tAts-/ nya ?tAtsi-/nya ?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nya?tAtsi- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See nya?tAs-/nya?tAts-/ nya ?tAtsi-/nya ?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. .nya?thala?- plus te- dualic, v.a. choke, have food go down the wrong tube. tewakenya ?fha-la·se? I choke, tehonya ?fha-la·se? he keeps choking. tewakenya ?fhala·u I have choked, tehonya ?fhala·u he has choked, he's choking. wa ?fwakenya ?fha·lane? it went down the wrong way, I choked, wa ?fhonya ?fha·lane? he choked, wa ?tyakonya ?fha-lane? she choked. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Probably composed of a component -nya?thal- and the-?inchoative suffix. See note under -nya?tathA- become thirsty; and teyakonya?thalahta:ne? chokecherry. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .nya?tolA- plus te- dualic, v.a. have heartburn. tewakenya ?fo·ZL1s I have heartburn, tehonya ?fo·l.As he has heartburn, teyakonya ?fo·l.As she has heartburn. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a root -nya?t-, and the alternant .olA- of the verb base .olA-/ .ya?tolA- plus te- dualic, split. See note under -nya?tathA- become thirsty. nya?tusa-/nya?tuse-/nya?tusu- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, factual mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nya?tuseoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nya?tusu-

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replaces the sequence nya?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nya?tusa- occurs.

nya ?tu ·sa-/nya ?tuse-/nya ?fu ·se-/ nya ?tusu-/nya ?tu ·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

n ya ?tusa-/nya ?tu ·sa-/nya ?fuse-/ nya?tu·se-/nya?tusu-/nya?fu·su- pre£. Partitive, translocative, dualic, optative mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants nya?tuse- and nya?tu·seoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants nya?tusu- and nya?tu·su- replace the sequences nya?tusawa- and nya?tu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nya?tusa- and nya?tu·sa- occur.

nya?fusu- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See nya ?tusa-/nya ?fuse-/ nya?tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nya?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

nya?fuse- pre£. Partitive, translocative, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See nya?tusa-/nya?tuse-/ nya?tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nya ?tuse-/nya ?fu ·se- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See nya?tusa-/

nya?fusu-/nya?fu·su- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See nya?fusa-/ n ya ?fu ·sa-/nya ?fuse-/nya ?fu ·se-/ nya ?fusu-/nya?tu ·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences nya?tusawa- and nya?tu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nye-/nyehe- pre£. Partitive and translocative. NOTE: The alternant nyehe- occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise nye- occurs. nyehe- pre£. Partitive and translocative. See nye-/nyehe-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules.

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nyehes- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets/nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/nyehets-. NOTE: Replaces nyes- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyehets- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets-/ nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/nyehets-. NOTE: Replaces nyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. .nyeht- plus y- translocative, v.a. send with someone. yekunyetha? I'm always sending it with you. yekunyehtu I have sent it with you. ya ?kenyehte? I sent it with her (z.), yAkunyehte? I will send it with you. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: .atAnyeht- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, send. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. nyes-/nyets-/nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-1 nyehets- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive (partitive, translocative and iterative). NOTE: The altemant nyets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The altemant nyetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant nyese- occurs before some consonant clusters. The altemant nyes- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants nyehesand nyehets- occur in place of nyesand nyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyese- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets-/

nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/nyehets-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. nyets- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets-/ n yetsi -/n yese-/n yehes-/n yehets-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nyetsi- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets-/ nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/nyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nyey- n. snow (on the ground). NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in .nyeyahkw- plus te- dualic, for snow to go away; and -nyeyA-/ -nyeyAt- for snow to get to be on the ground. .nyeyahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for snow to go away. tekanyeyakhwa 7 the snow keeps going away. wa ?tkanye·yahkwe? the snow disappeared or went away. With s- rep~t­ itive: teskanyeyakhwa? the snow IS going away (every day there's less and less snow), tetsyonyeyahkwA the snow is all gone, tusakanye·yahkwe? the snow disappeared or went away again. Aspect class: 01. COMPOSED OF: -nyey- snow (on the ground), .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya?tahkwplus te- dualic, pick up. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. -nyeyA-/-nyeyAt- v.a. for sno~ to get to be on the ground. kanye·yA" there's snow on the ground.

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wa ?kanye·yA.· it snowed so that the snow stayed on the ground, Akanye·yA.· it will snow so that there's snow on the ground. Habitual past: kanyeyA·ttihkwe? there was snow on the ground. Future stative: AkanyeyA·take? there will be snow on the ground. With t- cislocative: tkanye·yA.· there's snow on the ground there. With n- partitive: tsi? ok nu· nikanye·yA.· all over the place there's snow. With te?- negative: yah te?kanye·yA.· there's no snow on the ground. •NA kwi- khale? e·s6· sA.· tkanye·yA.·, yah s kwi- thau-tu· ahayo ?tA.hsa? lake?nfha kanata·ke wiyehoy6·tAhse ?. And there was lots of snow on the ground, so my father couldn't go to work in town where he worked. (MlO) DERIVED BASES: -nyeyAtu- for snow to get to be on the ground all over. NOTE: Includes the noun root -nyeysnow (on the ground); otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -nyeyAt- occurs in the expanded aspects and before the -u- distributive suffix. -nyeyAtu- v.s. for snow to get to be on the ground all over. kanyeyA"tu· there's snow lying all about. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nyeyA-/-nyeyAt- for snow to get to be on the ground, -udistributive. ny A-/ny AhA- pref. Partitive, translocative and future mode. NOTE: The alternant nyAhA- occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise nyA- occurs. nyAhA- pref. Partitive, translocative and future mode. See nyA-/nyAhA-.

NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyAhAs- pref. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs/ny Ats-/ny Atsi-/ny Ase-/ny AhAS-/ nyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces nyAs- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyAhAts- pref. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs-/nyAts-/nyAtsi-/nyASe-1 nyAhAs-/nyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces nyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. -nyAht- n. snow. 6nyAhte? snow. With -?ke locative suffix: onyAhta·ke on the snow. With -ku locative suffix and -shu? collective eli tic: onyAhtakushu? in through the snow. With .at-N-inyu?t- plus tcislocative, bring in with oneself: tahatenyAhtfnyuhte? he came in all snowy, he tracked in snow. With .at-N-okw- I .atya ?tokw- plus tedualic, scatter, disperse: wa ?fwatenyAhto·k6· the snow just went flying. And s- repetitive: tusutenyAhto·k6· the snow flew all over again. With .at-N-okwahtplus te- dualic, scatter something around: tekatenyAhtokwatha? I'm scattering snow around, tewakatenyAhtokwahtu I have scattered snow around, wa ?tkatenyAht6kwahte? I scattered snow around. With .hkw- I .ehkw- I .ya?tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up: tekenyAhtakhwa? I'm picking up snow (either in my hand or with a shovel), tehonyAhtahkwA he has picked up the snow,

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wa ?thanyAhtahkwe? he picked up the snow. With -N-inyu7t-/ -ya7tinyu7t- bring in, and t- cislocative: takanyAhtinyuhte? the snow came in. With -N-it-/-ya?tit- be in: kanyAhtit there's snow in it. With -tAs- be thick, and n- partitive: nikanyAhtatAs the snow is so thick (e.g., on the car).

•Tsi?nyu·ktile? tahate·sle? onyAhtakushu ?. A mole came crawling in through the snow. (T3) DERIVED BASES: -nyAhtahel- have snow lying on; -nyAhtahnotes- be deep snow; -nyAhtal- have snow in or on; -nyAhtanolu- get stuck in snow; .nyAhtaslutye- plus te- dualic, wade through snow; -nyAhtAht- get snow off someone; .atenyAhtatkawe- plus te- dualic, channel, force one's way through snow; .atenyAhtohtalhoplus te- dualic, clear away snow, shovel snow; tewatenyAhtokwatha? snowblower; yonyAhtal6·lu snowdrift. -nyAhtahel- v.s. have snow lying on. kanyAhttihele? it has snow lying on it. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, -hel-/ -hi- set on top of, place on. -nyAhtahnotes- v.s. be deep snow. yonyAhtahno·tes it's deep snow. Aspect class: A.

• Kwa ?ny6 wi· yonyAhtahno·tes, we·ne nA e·s6· utaklo·k6·. Is the snow ever deep, it must have snowed lots. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, -ahnotes- be deep liquid. -nyAhtal- v.s. have snow in or on. kanyAhtale? there's snow in it, lonyA1ztale? he has snow on him. With te?- negative: yah te?yonyAhtale? there wasn't any snow on it. Aspect class: F.

COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, -1- be in or on.

-nyAhtanolu- v.a. get stuck in snow. wakenyAhtano·luhe? I keep getting stuck in the snow. ukenyAhtano·lu· I got stuck in the snow, wahonyAhtano·lu· he got stuck in the snow. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, -noluget stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time. .nyAhtaslutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. wade through snow. tewakenyAhtasluti? I'm going through the snow and it's up to my knees or thighs. With nya?te- partitive, translocative and dualic: nya ?tewakenyAhtasluti? I waded up to my knees through this deep snow. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -nyAht- snow. Otherwise the composition of this base is unclear but it is related to .nawa?tstaslutye- plus te- dualic, wade through mud. Many speakers have .nyAhtasluti- before a final ?. -nyAhtAht- v.a. get snow off someone. linyAhtAtha? I'm getting the snow off of him (e.g., his jacket). linyAhtA1ztu I have gotten the snow offofhim. wa?kunyAhtAhte? Igot the snow off of you, wahinyA1ztAhte? I got the snow off of him. etshenyA1ztAt Get the snow off of him! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, -N-Aht- drop, let fall. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t beforehand word-finally. ny As-/ny Ats-/nyAtsi-/nyAse-/ny AhAs/nyAhAts- pref. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, future tense and iterative).

Oneida-English 629

NOTE: The alternant ny Ats- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nyAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nyAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant nyAs- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants nyAhAsand nyAhAts- occur in place of nyAsand nyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules.

nyAse- pre£. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs/n y Ats-/ny Atsi -/ny Ase-/ny AhAs-/ nyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. -nyAt- n. shin. onyA"tti· shin. With -ke locative clitic: kenyAta·ke (on) my shin, senyAtti·ke (on) your shin, yenyAta·ke (on) her shin, lanyAta·ke (on) his shin. nyAts- pre£. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs/ny Ats-/ny Atsi -/ny Ase-/ny AhAs-/ nyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nyAtsi- pre£. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs/n y Ats-/n y Atsi -/n y Ase-/ny AhAs-/ nyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nyota?a·ka· be Oneida. kenyota?a·ka· I'm Oneida, yakninyota ?a·ka· we

two (excl.) are Oneidas. NOTE: For the composition of this base, see Onyota?a·ka· People of the Standing Stone, Oneida. .nyo?kwatase- plus te- dualic, v.a. swirl snow, blizzard. teyonyo ?kwatase it's swirling snow, it's a blizzard. Pre-pausal: teyonyo ?kwata·se. wa ?fkanyo ?kwata·se· there's a snowstorm. NOTE: Includes the alternant .taseof the verb base .hwatase-/.taseplus te- dualic, wind around, whirl, and possibly a component -o?kwround object. -nyu- suf. several. Distributive. Aspect class: Bl. NOTE: This suffix is realized by many speakers as -ni- before the final ? of the stative and punctual aspects. nyusa-/nyuse-/nyusu- pre£. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nyuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nyusu- replaces the sequence nyusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nyusa- occurs. nyusa-/nyu·sa-/nyuse-/nyu·se-/nyusu/nyu·su- pre£. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels

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are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants nyuse- and nyu·se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants nyusu- and nyu·sureplace the sequences nyusawa- and nyu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nyusa- and nyu·sa- occur.

nyuse- pre£. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See nyusa-/nyuse-/nyusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nyuse-/nyu·se- pre£. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See nyusa-/nyu·sa-/nyuse-/ nyu·se-/nyusu-/nyu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nyusu- pre£. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See nyusa-/nyuse-/nyusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nyusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

nyusu-/nyu·su- pre£. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See nyusa-/nyu·sa-/nyuse-/ nyu ·se-/nyusu-/nyu ·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences nyusawa- and nyu·sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nyut-/-niyut- v.a. suspend, hang. kenyutha? I'm attaching it so that it's suspended or hanging. kani·yute? it's hanging. wa?kenyu·tA· I suspended it. With -hna?tal-/-hna?tatslpurse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: kahna ?tatslani ·yute? the purse or suitcase is hanging. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: kakAhani·yute? curtains are hanging. With -nhoh- door: kanhohani·yute? the door is hanging, wahanhohanyu-t.A· he hung the door. With -?sleht- vehicle: ke ?slehtanyutha? I'm attaching a car (e.g., with a chain to another car). Aspect class: F. • We·ne uhka? ok tsye-tlu? tsi? kakAhan i ·yute?. It must be that somebody is living there because there are curtains hanging. DERIVED BASES: -nyutatye- go along suspended or hanging; -nyutu- for several to be suspended or hanging; -at-N-nyut-1-at-N-niyut- suspend for oneself, hang for oneself; -?nowanyut/-?nowaniyut- attach a padlock; kakAhani·yute? curtain; yekAhanyutakhwa? curtain rod. NOTE: Refers to attaching an object with something like a strap or cable so that the object is suspended no

Oneida-English 631

higher than about eye level. The alternant -nyut- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -niyut- occurs in the stative aspect. -nyutatye- v.m. go along suspended or hanging. kanyutati? it's going along hanging. With -7sleht- vehicle: ka ?slehtanyutati? a car is going along hanging. • KA? utu ·k6hte? tow truck kwah ka ?slehtanyutati_!. A tow truck went by here a while ago with a car hanging on it.

COMPOSED OF: -nyut-/-niyutsuspend, hang, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nyutati- before a final 7. -nyutu- v.s. for several to be suspended or hanging. kanyu-tu· several are suspended or hanging. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: kakAhanyu·tu· there's material (e.g., curtains) hanging in several places (e.g., on several windows). Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nyut-/-niyutsuspend, hang, -u- distributive.

0 -N-o- v.a. be in water, cook in water, boil. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: waka·yo? I have cooked the fruit, wa ?ka·yo? I cooked the fruit. With -hnana 7t- potato: wa ?khnana·to? I put potatoes in water to cook, shnana·to Cook potatoes! With -itsy- fish: wakftsyo? I'm boiling fish, wa ?kftsyo? I cooked fish. With -na ?tal- bread, cake: wakna·talo? I'm boiling bread (e.g., cornbread) or dumplings. With -sahe7t- bean: ksahe-tohe? I boil beans, waksahe-to ? I'm boiling or I have boiled beans, wa ?ksahe·to? I just put the beans on to boil, Aksahe-to ? I will boil beans. With -7nhuhs-/-i7nhuhsegg: wa ?ke ?nhUhso? I boiled an egg, se?nhuhso Boil an egg! With -?wahl- meat: wa?e?wa·lo? she boiled meat. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES: -at-N-o- swell; -?skoht- immerse in water, baptize someone; -?skohw- put in water, drown something; .?skokw- plus srepetitive, retrieve someone out of

water; -?sko?- fall in water, drown; kahne·k6· well, water in puddles; kahnek6ni? wells, puddles; kaml:talok bread, cake; owel6hkwa? floater; yehnana?t6khwa? potato pot; yehnekotsyAhtakhwa? dipper. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns (including the empty noun root -7sk-) and in the base -okw- take out of water. -o- pref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/yaw-/ya-/yoy-1-o-/ -aw-/-a-1-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i after the wa7factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. ohaka-ta? N candle. -ohal- v.a. put over the tip of, insert the tip. kohalha? I'm attaching it to something (e.g., I'm putting in a light bulb), I'm hooking it over it (e.g., a

632 Oneida-English

loop of rope over a nail). wak6hale? I have hooked it. y6hale? it's hooked onto it. wa ?kohaL{· I hooked it, Akoha·ZA· I will hook it. With s- repetitive: oya· sasoha-li_ Attach a different one! (e.g., put in a new light bulb). Aspect class: F. • Kana ?tsya·ke y6hale? yeyenasta?. The handle is hooked onto the pot. DERIVED BASES: -ohalakw- unhook, take off; -N-ohala?- get a sliver; -hsliye?tohal- thread a needle; katsihk6hal safety pin. NOTE: Refers to attaching two objects, or putting two objects in close contact, so that one of the objects is put over the other object, usually a longish and thin-ish one, or one object is inserted into the other one. -ohalakw- v.a. unhook, take off. wa ?kohala-k6· I took it off (e.g., a light bulb from a lamp). COMPOSED OF: -ohal- put over the tip of, insert the tip, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: .ohalakw- plus tcislocative, take the end off, shorten; .ohalakwaht- plus t- cislocative, take or grab off quickly. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. . ohalakw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. take the end off, shorten. tkohalakwas I'm taking the end off of it, I'm shortening it (e.g., a dress or skirt). twakohalakwA I have cut the end off of it. takohala·k6· I took the end off of it, I shortened it. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -ohalakw- unhook, take off. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

.ohalakwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. take or grab off quickly. takohalakwahte? I took or grabbed it off quickly (e.g., my hat off a hook). COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -ohalakw- unhook, take off, -htcausative. ohalan.A·ta? N purple. -N-ohala?- v.a. get a sliver. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: lahsi ?toha·la·se? he keeps getting a sliver in his foot, lohsi ?tohala·u he has gotten a sliver in his foot, wa ?kahsi ?toha-lane? I got a sliver in my foot. With -shnuhs- I -ishnuhs- I -shnu- hand, fingers: wa ?keshnuhsoha·lane? I got a sliver in my hand. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -N- incorporated noun, -ohal- put over the tip of, insert the tip, -?- inchoative. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -ohale- wash. See -nohale-/ -ya ?tohale-/-ohale-. -ohalenyu- wash several. See -nohalenyu-/-ohalenyu-. -ohale?n- go to wash. See -nohale?n-/ -ohale?n-. -ohale?se-/-ohale?s- wash for someone. See -nohale?se-/-nohale?s1-ohale?se-/-ohale?s-. ohAtaktishu? meadow. See -hAt-. ohAtti Locative particle: in front, ahead. Pre-pausal: ohA"hi. DERIVED BASES: ohAttishu? several at the head. NOTE: Probably from the verb base -hAte- go first, lead, go ahead.

Oneida-English 633

ohAtushu? Locative particle: several at the head. COMPOSED OF: ohAtU in front_ ahead, -shu? collective clitic.

.ohlalak- plus te- dualic, squeeze, squash. See .htohlalak-/ .ya?tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic.

ohki·we· V > N Dead Feast. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, a component -ahkiwe-, and-? noun suffix. The component -ahkiweoccurs also in .atahkiwe- plus tedualic, perform a Dead Feast.

-ohlok-/-ohl- v.a. insert. k6·loks I'm inserting it, I'm sticking something between something. wak6·lu I have inserted it, I have stuck it in. y6·lu it's stuck, it's inserted (e.g., keys in the ignition). wa '?k6·loke '? I inserted it, I stuck it in, Ak6·loke '? I will insert it. Stative past: wakohlu ·ne '? I had it stuck in there, yohlu ·ne '? it was stuck in. Future stative: Ayohluhake '? it will be stuck in. With -itahs- I -itaks- tail: 1Atahs6·lu his tail is stuck (e.g., in the ice). And t- cislocative: th6 thAtahs6·lu there his tail is stuck. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: -anishnuhsohlok-/ -anishnuhsohl- put on a ring; .ani?nyuhsohlok-/.ani?nyuhsohlplus y- translocative, stick one's nose into someone else's business, interfere; .atohlok-/.atohl- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, insert oneself; -atya?tohlok-/-atya?tohl- carry someone under one's arm; -?nohlokinsert one's penis, copulate; ka?nhuhs6·1u egg sandwich; ka?wah16·1u meat sandwich. NOTE: The alternant -ohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -ohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hl cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

ohkwali N bear. Pre-pausal: ohkwa ·li DERIVED BASES: Ohkwalihne· Strathroy; Ohkwalihne·ke Bear clan. NOTE: Our sources do not include examples which would let us determine the stem of ohkwali. However, the text at the end of Lounsbury (1953) gives several forms which indicate that the incorporating form is -ahkwali?t-. For example, sentence (66) includes the form yusuhkwali ?takw£htalahne the bear landed sprawled out flat on it. Cf. Mohawk: wahkwari '?tara:ken polar bear (white bear) (GM). Ohkwalihne· proper name. Strathroy. COMPOSED OF: ohkwali bear, -ne· locative clitic. Ohkwalihne·ke N Bear clan. • Ohkwalihne·ke nuki '?tal6·tA ?. I'm of the Bear clan. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: ohkwali bear, -hne·ke locative clitic. NOTE: Another base for 'Bear clan' is -sklewak-. ohkwe·sA- N grouse, partridge. NOTE: Includes a root -ahkwes-, which is found in the Mohawk place name Akwesasne 'where the partridge drums'. -ohl- insert. See -ohlok-/-ohl-.

ohnahte? Interrogative particle: what. • Th6 s kwi· ne· ni·y6t tsi? wa ?akwayAtehtane? ohnahte? ayukwayo. t £· tshiyakwaksa ?s h uha. This is how we learned how to work when we were children. (Gl) ohnak.Ahsa? N leather, hide.

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ohna·kA? Locative particle: behind, in back of.

(ACH); Mohawk: oh6sera? (GM); Seneca: ?o:sce? (Chafe 1967:646).

ohnakw.Ahsa? N white birch.

ohsawe·ta? N chalk dust.

ohna?kwalohsa?k6· I ohnakwalohsa?k6· V > N elephant. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -hna?kwalohs-/-hnakwalohs- be naked from the waist up, -a? noun suffix, -k6· augmentative clitic. NOTE: Both forms are attested.

-ohsl- n. year, winter. With -ase- be new, be fresh: ohsla·se· it's a new year. With .N-es- plus tsi? particle and n- partitive, be a duration in time: tsi? niy6hsles during the year. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: teyohslake two years. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: wfsk niyohslake five years. With .N-ke- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic or nya?te- partitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: nya ?teyohslake every year. With -o?kta-/-o?ktA- come to the end of, finish: wa ?kohsl6·kt11? I ended the year. And s- repetitive: sakohsl6·kt11? I ended the year again. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: tsy6hslat one year. With .N-tkA. plus s- repetitive, be one (period of time) ago: tsyohslatkA. one year ago. DERIVED BASES: -ohslat- become winter; -ohslate- be a particular year; -ohsliya?k- last someone through the winter, spend the winter; .ohsliya?k- plus te- dualic, be an age, have a birthday; kohsla·ke winter; yohslashe·tas the count-year; yohslateni one year after the other; Tsha?tekohselha? Midwinter, February. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated root and in several temporal expressions.

ohnehta? N evergreen, pine. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, a root -hneht-, and the -a? noun suffix. The noun root -hneht- is found in the place name Schenectady, NY, which is Skahnehtati in Mohawk. It means 'beyond the pines', and was used by the Mohawks to refer to Albany, NY. ohne·kanus N water. ukwahne·kanus our water. NOTE: Includes the o- noun prefix and the noun base -hnek-liquid, liquor; otherwise the composition is unclear. In possessed forms the o- noun prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes. ohol6·ta? wat1An6tha? wind instrument. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -holo?t- cylinder, pipe, -a? noun suffix; and w- neuter agent, -atlAnotmake music, play a musical instrument, put on the radio, purr, -ha? habitual. NOTE: For example, a trombone. oholo?ta?shuha N macaroni. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -holo?t- cylinder, pipe, -a? noun suffix, -shuha collective clitic. oho·sela? N basswood. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: oh6sle?

-ohslat- v.a. become winter. 11y6hslate? it will become winter, a-y6hslate? it would be winter. With s- repetitive: say6hslate? it became winter again. • N ale? tu·ske? tayotholati? atsy6k

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ok 6khna? Ay6hslate?. Truly the cold is coming again (and) soon it will be winter. NOTE: Includes the noun root -ohslyear, winter; otherwise the composition is unclear. -ohslate- v.s. be a particular year. ka ?ik;( yohsla·t{ this year. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ohsl- year, winter, -N-te- exist. -ohsliya?k- v.a. last someone through the winter, spend the winter. ukohsli·ya·ke? it lasted me the winter, Awakohsli·ya·ke? it will last me the winter, Ahonohsli·ya·ke? it will last them (m.) the winter, ayakyohsli·ya·ke? we (excl.) should spend the winter. • Th6 ne· niku Ahatiy ;\tho? lonulha· kwf· ne· Ahonohsli·ya·ke? sA-. They would plant enough themselves to last them through the winter. (Vl) NOTE: Composed of the noun root -ohsl- year, winter, and a verbal component -iya?k-, which occurs otherwise with the te- dualic as the incorporating alternant of .yahya?k/.iya?k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across. The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ohsliya?k- plus te- dualic, v.a. be an age, have a birthday. tewakohsliya·ku it's my age, tesohsliya·ku it's your age, tekni tewakohsliya·ku I'm two years old. wa ?fkohsli·ya·ke? I had a birthday, tayakohsli·ya·ke? she should reach that age. With s- repetitive: teshaohsliya·ku it's his birthday again, tetsyakaohsliya·ku it's her birthday again, tusakohsli·ya·ke? I

had a birthday again, tusayakohsli·ya·ke? she had a birthday again, tusahlohsli·ya·ke? he had a birthday again, t Askohsl i ·ya ·ke? I will have a birthday again. With ya?tusatranslocative, dualic and repetitive; and optative stative: ya ?fusesohsliya ?kuhake? you should be that age. With n- partitive: th6 na ?fewakohsliya·ku that's the age I am, oye.zr. na?fewakohsliya·ku I'm ten years old, na ?fyakohsli·ya·ke? she turned this age, na ?fhlohsli·ya·ke? he turned this age. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?fewakohsliya·ku when I was that age, t6· tsha ?fesohsliya·ku how old were you then? With tsha?tusacoincident, dualic and repetitive: tsha ?fusakohsli·ya·ke? when it was my birthday again. With th- contrastive: yah tha ?fewakohsliya ·ku I'm not that age. • Shakotsi ?fsya·wihe? kwah tsi? niku tusayakohsli·ya·ke?. He keeps giving her flowers on her birthday. N;\ kaye yawA·le· na?tyakohsli·y a·ke?. She's fourteen today. COMPOSED OF: -ohsl- year, winter, .yahya?k-/.iya?k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels . -ohslukw-/-ya?tohslukw- v.a. rub (a part of the body). kohslukwas I'm rubbing (e.g., my arm, my leg), lohslukwas he's rubbing, yakohslukwas she's rubbing, yohslukwas she (z.) is rubbing. wa ?kohslu·k6· I rubbed (myself), wahiya ?fohslu·k6· I rubbed him. NOTE: The alternant -ya?tohslukwoccurs with pronominal prefixes that

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refer to animate patient participants. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .ohtalho- plus te- dualic, v.s. be tidy, be neat. teyohtcilhu it's neat, it's tidy. With t- cislocative: ne· tetyohtdlhu it's the neatest. Aspect class: E. DERIVED BASES: .atohtalho- plus tedualic, tidy up. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. See also -ya?tohtalho- leave someone out, exclude someone. ohtehlakahtu? V > N radish. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -htehl- root, -N-kahtu- be raw,-? noun suffix. ohutsyakayu:ke V > N the old country, Europe. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-1-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy- land, ground, earth, -akayube old, -'·ke locative clitic. ohutsyaku N basement. Pre-pausal: ohutsya·ku. •S6·tsi? kana·nu thik.A ohutsya·ku. That basement is too full. Yo·y.A· ohutsya·ku. It (the house) has a basement. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -uhw Atsy-/-uhutsy-/-hw Atsy-/ -hutsy-land, ground, earth, -ku locative suffix. ohutsyakweku V > N the whole world. Pre-pausal: ohutsyakwe·ku. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -uhw Atsy-1-uhutsy-/-hw11.tsy-/ -hutsy-land, ground, earth, -kwekube all together. ohwask/1.? N comhusk. ohwA.lya? N frothy substance, phlegm.

ohwistano·lu· V > N gold, silver. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -nolube expensive, -? stative . ohy6tsli? N string bean, July. Prepausal: ohy6tsheli?. ohyu·kwala? N thistle. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: kahyu·kwale? thistle, thorn (ACH), and Mohawk: ohny6n:wara? thistle, bramble (GM). ok Affirmative particle: definitely, only. okahkwilo?6kta? V > N eyelid. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, a component -kahkwilo?ok-, the -ht- causative suffix (with deletion of the h of the suffix), and -ha? habitual. See also .atkahkwilo?okplus te- dualic, blink. okahsl6·ta? N baked green corn mush. okalanA.·ta? N lizard. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: kAtsyahle·nas (ACH). okalyahta·ne? V > N mosquito. • Okalyahta·ne? tahothalati?, sahathlolya ·na? tsi? niwakhnekihlu·ne?. A mosquito is talking as he's coming this way, he's on his way to tell that I was drinking. (A song) COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -kalybite, -ht- causative, -?ne- ambulative, -? intentive. -oka?t- v.s. be rough. yao·ka·t it's rough. Pre-pausal: yao·kaht. With n- partitive: tsi? niyao·ka·t it's so rough. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -yAnoka?t- be rough, have a rough manner; -?slehtoka?t- be a rough car, be a rough ride. NoTE: May also be a component in

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tsistoka?ta·ne? firefly, lightning bug. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. 6·ke· Exclamation. Oh me! Oh my! Gee whiz! NOTE: This expression is used when someone is kind of disgusted or disappointed, or when something has gone wrong. It has a characteristic intonational contour: both vowels are long and both have a relatively high pitch, but the first vowel has the higher pitch. 6·ke· s.Ah Exclamation. Oh me! Oh my! Gee whiz! -okew- get wiped off, fade, disappear. See -atlakew-1-at-N-okew-. -okew- wipe, wipe off. See -lakew-/ -ya?tokew-/-okew-. -okewanyu- wipe several. See -lakewanyu-/-okewanyu-. 6khale? Conjunction: and. 6khna? Adverbial particle: right away, immediately, already, then. -N -oklik-/-N -okli -/- N-klik-/-N-kliv.a. get wrinkled, get scrunched up. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants -N-oklikand -N-klik- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects, -N-okli- and -N-kli- occur in the stative aspect and before the nominalizer suffix. Bases that include -N-oklik-/ -N-okli- are .athnAhsoklikhu- plus t- cislocative, shrug one's shoulders; -atkahloklik- wink; -atokli?tslal- be wrinkled; .atokli?tslo?tA- plus npartitive, look wrinkled; -atshinoklik- draw up one's legs; and -attoklikhu- be wrinkled, be crushed. The alternants -N-klik- I -N-kli-

occur in -ani?nyuklik-/-ani?nyukliwrinkle up one's nose. 6ksa? Adverbial particle: right away, right now. 6ksa? ok just right away. 6kste? Wife! Husband! Pre-pausal: 6kste?. Vocative form of -kstAha/ -kstA- older person or animal, spouse. 6kta? N eggshell. -oku suf. under. Locative. DERIVED BASES: -ahsi?toku soles of the feet. -oku/-o·ku: clitic. several. Collective eli tic. NOTE: Usually occurs after nouns designating animate beings. The alternant -oku occurs when the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -o·ku: occurs word-finally. okuhsa?shuha N sunflower. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -kuhs/-kuks- face, mask, -a? noun suffix, -shuha collective clitic. NOTE: Another word for 'sunflower' is okuhsyu:ta?. okuhsy6·ta? N sunflower. NOTE: Another word for 'sunflower' is okuhsa?shuha. Cf. Wisconsin: okohsy .Ahta? (ACH). -okw- v.a. take out of water. k6kwas I'm taking something out of the water. la6kwA he has taken it out of the water. wa ?ko·k6· I took it out of the water. With -itsy- fish: kitsy6kwas I'm taking the fish out of the water, lotsy6kwA he has taken the fish out of the water, wahAtsyo·k6· he took the fish out of the water. With -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle, and s- repetitive:

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sakna ?tsyo·k6· I took the pail out of the water again. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: -atokwa?t-/ -atokwa?tsl- spoon. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -obe in water, and the -kw- reversative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .okw- plus te- dualic, scatter, disperse. See .at-N-okw-/.atya?tokw- plus tedualic. okwaha16hsa? N something dripping wet. .okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around. See .at-N-okwahtplus te- dualic. okw.Ahtala? N blue baby. -ol- cover up. See -?lholok-/-?lhol-/ -olok-/-ol-. olahsote? N snowshoe. NOTE: This base is not familiar to all speakers. olakwahta? N sole of a shoe. NOTE: See also yolakwahtale? callus. Olatsku? uhte Exclamation. Darn it! .olA-/.ya?tolA- plus te- dualic, v.a. split. teko·lAs I'm splitting it. tewakolA I have split it. wa ?tko·lA· I split it, wa ?thuwaya ?to·lA· she split him open. Aspect class: A2.

• 6khna? nA ki? ale? thikA wa ?en6hale? 6khna? n{ wa ?thuwaya?to·lA· wa?etahko? ki? wah. Right away she would wash it (the squirrel) and then split his body in half to take out his insides. (Vl) DERIVED BASES: .olAhslu- plus tedualic, split several; .atolA- plus te-

dualic, get split; .a?kAshlolA- plus te- dualic, harrow; .nya?tolA- plus tedualic, have heartburn. NOTE: The alternant .ya?tolAoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. .olAhslu- plus te- dualic, v.a. split several. tekolAhsluhe? I'm splitting several things. tewakolAhslu? I have split several things. wa ?tekolAhslu? I split several things, L1.hsolAhslu? you will split several things. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: .olA-/.ya?tolA- plus te- dualic, split, -hslu- distributive. -N-olA ?.f-at-N-olA ?-/-ya?tolA?- v.a . find, discover. wa ?kheya ?to·lAne? I found her, wahiya ?to·lAne? I found him, wa ?utatya ?to· lAne? she found her, wahuwaya?to·lAne? she found him. With s- repetitive: sahuwaya ?to· lAne? she found him again, sayukya ?to·lAne? they found me again. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyahuwaya ?to·lAne? how they found him there. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wahathwisto·lAne? he found some money. With -lut- tree, log: wahatluto·lAne? he found a tree. With -nahkw- marriage, mate: yakonahkolA·u she has found a mate, wa?enahko·lAne? she found a mate, aknahko·lAne? I should find a mate. With -naskw-/-nAskwdomestic animal, pet, slave: wa ?katnasko·ZAne? I found a pet. With -nakt- bed, place, space: knakto·ZA·se? I (always) find room, I keep finding room, waknaktolA·u I have found room, wa?knakto·ZAne? I found room. With -nha?tsl- hired work: kenha?tslo·lA·se? I keep finding someone to work, wakenha ?tslolA·u I have found work,

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I have found someone to work, wa ?kenha ?fsloL{ne? I found work, I

found someone to work, wa ?katenha ?fsloL{ne? I found somebody to work or hire. With -wAnvoice, word: latwAno·l.A·se? he's always finding words, lotwAnol.A·u he has found a word (for something), wahatwAno·lAne? he found a word. With -ya ?tase?tsl- girlfriend: latya ?fase ?fslo·lA·se? he's always finding a girlfriend, lotya ?fase ?fslol.A·u he has found a girlfriend. And s- repetitive: sakatya ?fase ?fslo·l.Ane? I found another girlfriend. Aspect class: E3. • NC.n th6 ne· nyahuwaya ?fo·l.Ane? Atilu kalhaku thik£. And then they found this raccoon in the woods. (Cl) Ne· s kwi- nA wahatluto·l.Ane? kalutiy6, o?nu·mi·, ne· s kwitashakolutahawihtA? lohs6tha. Whenever he found a good tree, a black ash, he would bring his grandmother the logs. (Gl) "N.A ki? ale? wf- oya· sakatya ?fase ?fslo·l.Ane?." "So now again I found another girlfriend." (G2) DERIVED BASES: -atA?nikuhlolA?discover a way; -atliholA?- find a way or idea. NOTE: The alternant -ya?tolA?occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. Both -N-olA?- and -at-N-olA?-, with the semireflexive, are attested with incorporated nouns, although the latter is attested more often. The -at- of -at-N-olA?- is replaced by a semireflexive alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ? of all the alternants is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels.

6lhohte? N burr. DERIVED BASES: olhohte?k6· burdock. olhohte?k6· N burdock. COMPOSED OF: 6lhohte? burr, -k6· augmentative clitic. olhy6hkwala? V > N bobbin. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -alhyohkw- sinker, ring, hoop, -1- be in or on, -a? noun suffix. -N-oli-1-N-oly- v.a. drive. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns, or the semireflexive, or both. See -atahsa?ka?tslolyAni-/ -atahsa?ka?tslolyA- get a coughing attack; -atna ?kol y Ani-/-atna ?kolyAget angry, become cross, become unruly; -atnunyolyAni-/-atnunyolyAfeel like dancing; -atoli-1-atolydrive, drive away; -slAhtoli- keep someone awake, get woken up; -?nikuhloli-/-?nikuhloly- amuse, entertain; wathAto·Hhe? scarecrow; and possibly -ateshwa?tolyAni-/ -ateshwa?tolyA- get into a playful mood. olihwakayu old times. Pre-pausal: olihwaka·yQ. . COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -hhwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -akayu- be old. olihwiy6 Emphatic particle: sure, certainly. Pre-pausal: olihwi·yf2. • "Olihwiy6 kwZ. ka ?ik£ tsi? yah tewaku ?weskwanihe? tsi? nahfe? n6k Awa-tu· n.Akyele?, n6k Awa·tu· Akhe ?fanAwAhslali? yethiyatleha." "I sure don't like having to do what I have to do, to give our granddaughter a whipping." (M7) COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-iyo- be good.

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-olishA- v.a. be out of breath, pant. wakolishA·u I'm out of breath, I'm panting, laolishA·u he's out of breath, yakaolishA·u she's out of breath. ukolfshA? I panted, I got out of breath. DERIVED BASES: -atolishA-1 -atolishAt- rest. oli ·te· N pigeon. -olok- cover up. See -?lholok-1-?lhol-1 -olok-1-ol-. -olokt- use to cover up with. See -?lholokt-1-olokt-. -N-oly- drive. See -N-oli-1-N-oly-. -on- pre£. them, they. Third person feminine-zoic non-singular patient pronominal prefix. See yoti-1-yon-1 -oti-1-on-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. onahsakA·late? I nahsakA·late? V > N goose. NOTE: Both forms occur, depending on the speaker. M.D. suggests that these forms are related to the word oya?takA·Iate? lard, animal fat, since geese are very fatty. A similar word in Mohawk is o ?nashaken:ra swan, which is composed of the onoun prefix, -?nash- feather, plume, quill, and -kenra- be white (GM). See also kalistakA-late? tin; and onahsakAlatk6· I nahsakAlatk6· wild goose. Another word for 'goose' is kahuk. onahsakAlatk6· I nahsakAlatk6· V > N wild goose. NOTE: The final -k6· is the augmentative clitic. See note under onahsakA-late? I nahsakA-late?

goose. Another word for 'wild goose' is kahuk. onahw.\tskli? N wood shavings. ona·kAt N groundhog. DERIVED BASES: ona?kAtk6· badger. NOTE: The underlying form of this word is ona?kAt, and the? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after the accented vowel. ona?kAtk6· N badger. COMPOSED OF: ona·kAt groundhog, -k6· augmentative clitic. onekl.\·ta? N morel. NOTE: In Wisconsin, glossed 'tripe' (ACH). oneshu? N hell. NOTE: See note under -anishuhlolu? devil. onA Temporal particle: now, then. Prepausal: o·ni_. onAh6tste? N mandrake, May apple. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: ono76tste? (ACH). OfiAstase? V > N August. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nAstcorn, -ase- be new, be fresh,-? stative. onhehta? N porcupine. DERIVED BASES: onhehta? onuhkwis porcupine quills. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onhi-fa? (ACH), and Seneca: kahe?ta? (Chafe 1967:558). onhehta? onuhkwis porcupine quills. COMPOSED OF: onhehta? porcupine; and o- noun prefix, -nuhkwis-1 -nuhkwisl- hair. onhwala·ne? N caterpillar. NOTE: Includes the o- noun prefix and the noun base -nhwal- fur; otherwise the composition is unclear. Cf.

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Wisconsin: onhwalalonhwalane? (ACH). onik6·lha? N wampum. onikwAhtala· N cardinal. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, the noun base -nikwAhtalred, and possibly an alternant of the verb base .a? plus kA? particle and npartitive, be small, but without the kA? particle and n- partitive. Cf. Wisconsin: tsyotakuk6 (ACH). onikwA.htala? nikahtehl6·tA V > N beet. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nikwAhtal- red, -a? noun suffix; and ka- neuter agent, -htehl- root, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. onikwAn6·ta? N gizzard. onikwHsya? N crotch. onishuhlo·lu· V > N devil, evil snake. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -anishuhlolu? devil. Onista? Exclamation. Oh boy! Oh darn! • Onfsta? tsi? na ?ukwatetshA ?. Oh boy did we ever get scared. (V3) NOTE: It has been suggested to us that onfsta? originally referred to a species of snake. Onista? uhte Exclamation. Oh boy! Oh darn! onitshehwA.·ta? N milkweed. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onitsehwJC·ku I onitsehw. N lettuce. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nlaht- leaf, -N-kahtu- be raw, -? noun suffix. onlA.ha? yotilyos worm powder. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nlAhworm, intestinal parasite, -a? noun suffix; and yoti- feminine-zoic nonsingular patient, -lyo-/-liyo- beat, kill, -s habitual. onohaltHha? V > N soap. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nohale-/-ya ?tohale-/-ohale- wash, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. ono?6khwa? N ground corn. onu·kala? N hickory. NOTE: The more common form for 'hickory' is nekh. onu·k6t N weasel. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onu-k6te? (ACH); Mohawk: on6n:kote? (GM); and Seneca: han::xko:t (Chafe 1967:1245). onulha· they, them (z.). Emphatic pronoun. See -ulha?. onuno·li· N sweet flag. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onuno·lu· (ACH). onu·tala? N thick soup, mush. Onuta?keha·ka· N Onondaga. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nuthill, little hill, mound, -?ke locative

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suffix, -a·ka· I -ha·ka· populative eli tic. onu?usla?k6· N pumpkin. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon, -a? noun suffix, -k6· augmentative clitic. Onyota?a·ka· V > N People of the Standing Stone, Oneida. With te?negative: yah nf· Onyota ?a·ka· te·kA I'm not Oneida. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, a reduced form -ny- of the noun base -nAy- stone, the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -e? stative aspect (with assimilation of the vowel e to the vowel of the following syllable), and -a·ka· I -ha·ka· populative clitic. See also -nyota?a·ka· be Oneida. osahe·ta? ohnekakli? bean soup. Prep a usal: osahe-ta? ohnekakeli?. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -sahe?t- bean, -a? noun suffix; and anoun prefix, -hnekakli-/ -hnekakli?tsl- broth, watery soup,-? noun suffix. osekwa·lha? N cornmeal mush. Oshwe·kk N Ohsweken. NOTE: See also -shoka?a·ka· person from Six Nations. oskanAha Adverbial particle: quietly. oskanA ?shuha Adverbial particle: slowly. oskanhe Adverbial particle: together. • Oskanhe nu· nukwa· tyukyatukohtahkwA. We're together on the same side or the same team. oskanu·tu· I oskAnu·tu· N deer. NOTE: Both forms are attested. Both forms are also given in ACH. Cf.

Mohawk: osken6n:ton or ensken6n-ton (GM). -osku- v.ln. all, most, the majority. a6sku? the majority, most of it, a6sku? kahik the majority of it is fruit, it's mostly fruit. With -ahtsi?kl- cloud: ohtsi?kl6sku? it's all cloudy. With -a?kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: o ?kAhl6sku? it has dirt, sand, or ashes all in it. With -a?swA?t- black: o?swA?t6sku? it's all black. With -nawa?tst- mud: onawa ?tst6sku? it's all muddy. With -nAy- stone: onAy6sku? it's all stone (e.g., talking about a stone house). With -nikw Ahs- blood: onikwAhs6sku? it has blood all over, it's all bloody. With -skA ?lh- rust: oskA ?lh6sku? it's all rusty. With -wiskl- white: owiskl6sku? it's all white. •Shaya·tat o?swA?t6sku? nihaya?t6·tA khtile? shaya·tat owfskla? ne· nihaya ?t6·tA. One of them (dogs) was all black and the other was white. (M6) NOTE: This base has both verbal and nominal properties. It occurs with incorporated nouns, which suggests it is a verb. However, it always occurs with nominal prefixes, either with the neuter nominal possessive prefix in the form a6sku ?, or with the anoun prefix in forms with incorporated nouns. ostawina?shuha N celery. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -stawin- stalk, -a? noun suffix, -shuha collective clitic. otsinuhyahta? ahsli·ye· sinew. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -tsinuhyaht- vein, -a? noun suffix; and -ahsliye-/-ahsliye?t-1-hsliye?tstring, thread, yarn,-? noun suffix.

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NOTE: See also -nuhy-, another base for 'sinew'. Ostohlonu.-ke N United States, America. DERIVED BASES: Ostohlonu?keha·ka· American. NOTE: Composed of an element osto-, which is a borrowing of 'Boston' from English, the alternant-hlonu? of the resident clitic -hlonu? I -hlolu?, and -ke locative clitic. The final ? of the resident clitic is replaced by length after accented vowels. Ostohlonu?keha·ka· N American. COMPOSED OF: Ostohlonu.-ke United States, America, -a·ka.- I -ha·ka· populative clitic. ostowa?k6· N turtle shell rattle. NOTE: Possibly composed of the anoun prefix, a root -stow-, the noun suffix -a?, and the augmentative clitic -k6·. See also kasto·wa· man's headdress. ostuha Adverbial particle: a little bit. ostuha ok a little bit, just a small amount. -ot- stand something upright, have. See -hnyot-/-ot-. otahalhu? right in the sun. • Otahtilhu? yey{tlu ?. She's sitting right in the sun. NOTE: Includes the noun root -atahal- sun; otherwise the composition is unknown. -otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up. See -hn yotakw-/-otakw-. .otakwaht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, pull out in a hurry, grab. See .hnyotakwaht-/

.otakwaht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative. -otalho-/-ya?totalho- v.a. drape over, hook, harness. kottilhos I'm attaching it so that it's draped or hooked over something, kya ?fotalhos I'm harnessing her (z.) or it. wakottilhu I have draped or hooked it over. yotalhu it's draped or hooked over. wa ?kottilho? I draped it, wa ?kheya ?fottilho? I harnessed them (e.g., a team of horses), wa ?akoya ?fotalho? she (z.) harnessed her or them. Aspect class: E2. • W a ?akoya ?tottilho? n akotshe·n.A·

ponyha wa ?akwatitane ?. She harnessed up her (mother's) pet pony (and) we got in. (01) DERIVED BASES: .alahsi?totalhoplus t- cislocative, trip someone; -hi?kalotalho- put in gear; .lihotalho- plus te- dualic, oppose; .nAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, for something to be hooked over one's arm; .ya?kalotalho- plus te- dualic, be draped over, be leaning over; .?nyotalho- plus te- dualic, drape or hook a stick over; atya?totalh6sta? harness; tekanuwalotalhu chain; tekutenyalotalhos violet; tewatotalhos hook. NOTE: The alternant -ya?totalhooccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The alternant -otalho- is composed of a verb root -otal- and the -ho- causative suffix. The root -otal- occurs also in -otalihsyu- unhook. The final o of both alternants is deleted before the -u stative suffix . -otalihsyu- v.a. unhook. kotalihsyus I'm unhooking it. Akotalihsi? I will unhook it. With s- repetitive: skotaWzsyus I'm unhooking it again,

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sakotalfhsi? I unhooked it again, AskotaUhsi? I will unhook it again. Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: -atotalihsyu- get loose, get out of a situation; .?nyotalihsyu- plus te- dualic, remove a stick from it's being hooked over. NOTE: Composed of a component -otali- and the -hsyu- reversative suffix. See also -otalho-/ -ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness. Forms with the s- repetitive are preferred. Many speakers have -otalihsi- before a final ? . -ota?se-/-ota?s- get stuck with an object. See -hnyota?se-/-hnyota?s-/ -ota ?se-/-ota ?s-. othahyuni wolf. See thahyuni I othahyuni. Othetki\:ta? uhte Exclamation. Oh shucks! COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -atsemireflexive, -hetkA?t- ugliness, -a? noun suffix; and uhte maybe. othole·ke N north. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -athol(e)- be cold, -?ke locative eli tic. otholyahsla? N a cold. NOTE: See also -atholyahslu?se-/ -atholyahslu?s- catch a cold. -oti- pref. them, they. Third person feminine-zoic non-singular patient pronominal prefix. See yoti-/-yon-/ -oti-/-on-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. 6tkuhte Exclamation. Oh gosh! Darn! NOTE: A contraction of 6tku? snake

(see -atku-/-atku?sl-) and the particle uhte maybe. otkutahkwA Temporal particle: all the time, it keeps happening. NOTE: Reduced form of tyotkutahkwA. 6·tshe· Exclamation. Oh dear me! .otshya?t- plus t- cislocative, v.a. yank out. tkotshya·tha? I'm yanking it out. twakotshya·tu I have yanked it out. tak6tshyahte? I yanked it out. With -nuto?tsl- box: taknuto ?tsl6tshyahte? I yanked out the box. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -otshyu-/-otshy- pull out, -?tcausative. NOTE: The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -otshyu-/-otshy- v.a. pull out. k6tshyus I'm pulling it out. wak6tshyu I have pulled it out. wa ?k6tshi? I pulled it out, Ak6tshi? I will pull it out. With s- repetitive: sak6tshi? I pulled it back out again, yah thau·tu· usak6tshi? I can't pull it back out again. With -anekl-/ -Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds: kanekl6tshyus I'm pulling weeds, wakanekl6tshi I have weeded, wahanekl6tshi? he weeded, Ahsanekl6tshi? you will weed, sanekl6tshi Weed! With -nuto?tslbox: knuto ?tsl6tshyus I'm pulling out the box. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -hsyu- I -hsy- reversative. DERIVED BASES: .otshya?t- plus tcislocative, yank out; -otshyukwpull out all; -at-N-otshyu-/ -at-N-otshy- pull out a part of one's

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body; -la?wistotshyu- remove the peel; -nolotshyu- husk corn. NOTE: When the -hsyu-/-hsyreversative suffix is added to the alternant -ot- of the component base, the resulting thsy cluster is replaced by tshy. The alternant -otshy- occurs before the -?t- causative suffix. Many speakers have -otshi- instead of -otshyu- word-finally and before a final ?. -otshyukw- v.a. pull out all. kotshyukwas I'm pulling all of them out. wa ?kotshyu·k6· I pulled all of them out. With s- repetitive: sakotshyu·k6· I pulled them all back out again. COMPOSED OF: -otshyu-/-otshypull out, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. otsilanA.·ta? N pig's foot. otsi·nkwala? nikahtehl6·tA V > N carrot. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -tsi?nkwal- yellow, orange, -a? noun suffix; and ka- neuter agent, -htehlroot, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. otsi·nkwala? niwahy6·tA V > N orange. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -tsi?nkwal- yellow, orange, -a? noun suffix; and w- neuter agent, -ahy-/ -hi- fruit, berry, .N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of. otsistohkwa· N clown. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, the noun base -tsistohkw- dot, print, star, and possibly an alternant of the verb base .a? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small, but without the kA? particle and n- partitive.

otsi?nehkwala? N buds. otsi?nehtala? N small beads, nits. NOTE: Includes the o- noun prefix and probably -?nehtal- fish eggs, gravel; otherwise the composition is unclear. otsi?nkwala· N goldfinch. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, the noun base -tsi?nkwalyellow, orange, and possibly an alternant of the verb base .a? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small, but without the kA? particle and npartitive. Cf. Wisconsin: otsi ?nkwtilha? (ACH). otsi?nowA. N mouse. Pre-pausal: otsi ?no·w£. DERIVED BASES: otsi?nowAhk6· rat. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -?now- hump shape, dome shape. otsi?nowAhk6· N rat. COMPOSED OF: otsi?nowA. mouse, -k6· augmentative clitic. otsi?nuwahe·ta? N earthworm. NOTE: Includes the o- noun prefix and the noun base -tsi?nuw- bug, worm; otherwise the composition is unclear. otstahlu·wa· N marrow. NOTE: This word was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. otst6khwi? N blueberry. -otu- for several to be standing upright. See -hnyotu-1-otu-. -otunyu- stand several upright. See -hnyotunyu-/-otunyu-. 6tyahke? Quantity particle: some of them.

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-otyak- v.a. raise a child, bring up a child. wa ?khey6tyake? I raised her, wahuway6tyake? she or they raised him, wa ?esay6tyake? she raised you, wahak6tyake? he raised me, wa ?shakoy6tyake? he raised her, wahoy6tyake? he raised him, wa ?ethiy6tyake? you and I (incl.) raised her, wa ?ukhiy6tyake? she raised us, wa ?akoy6tyake? she (z.) raised them. • Ne·ne· yahoya ?fahawe? ne·n€wahuway6tyake?. It was she who took him, it was she who brought him up. (02) DERIVED BASES: -atotyak-/-atotygrowup. -owan(A)- be big. See -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)-. -owanha-/-owanhA- become big. See -kwanha-/-kwanhA-1-owanha-/ -owanhA-. owel6hkwa? V > N floater. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -weiair, wind, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, -hkw- instrumental, -a? noun suffix. NOTE: A floater is an object used for fishing. owist6·kwa? N something frozen. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -wisto- be cold; but the composition is unclear. -oy- pref. she or it acts on her. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/ y a w-/ya -/yoy-1-o-/-a w-/-a -1-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. oya· Quantity particle: another, more. Also functions as an indefinite pronoun: another one, the other one.

• Tahnu· oya· tekahu-wake tututayahte? n.A ki? ale? wfsayakwahwanhake?. And then two more boats would come in and we would tie (the tobacco leaves) again. (03)

DERIVED BASES: oya·shu? others. oya· plus nya?tes- partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive, or yAs- translocative, future and repetitive, next (day of the week). With teknihatu ?f Tuesday: oya· nya ?feskmnatu ?f next Tuesday. With ahs.Ahatu ?f Wednesday: oya· nya ?feswahs.Ahatu ?f next Wednesday. With kayelihatu ?f Thursday: oya· nya ?teskayelihatu ?t next Thursday. With yawAtAta·u Monday: oya· yAswAtA·tane? next Monday. With wiskhatu ?f Friday: oya· yAswiskhatu ?f next Friday. With Atakta? Saturday: oya· yAswAtakta? next Saturday. With yau tatok.Ahti/yautatok.Ah t u Sunday: oya· yAswAtatok.Ahti or YASWAtatok.Ahtu next Sunday. oya· plus tshit- coincident and cislocative, the other (time). With the·t.A· yesterday: oya· tshithe·t.A· the other day, kwah oya· tshithe·t.A· the day before yesterday, the day before the other day. With kwa ?ahsu·te· last night: oya· tshitkwa ?ahsu·te· the other night. With astehtsi? in the morning: oya· tshitwastehtsi? the other morning. With -a?kala-/ -a ?kalaw- get dark, black out: oya· tshity6·kalas the other night. With kohsla·ke winter: oya· tshitkohsla·ke the other year. oya·n N A donut doll given to children by their aunts on New Year's Day. DERIVED BASES: .athoya?n-/ .athoya?nht- plus te- dualic, get

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oya·n. NOTE: The underlying form of this word is oya?n, and the? is replaced by length after accented vowels. oya:shu? Quantity particle: others. COMPOSED OF: oya: another, -shu? collective clitic. -oya?ak-/-oyA- v.a. throw something straight at something. k6ya ?aks I'm throwing it straight at it. wak6yA? I have thrown it. wa ?k6ya ?ake? I threw it, wahl6ya ?ake? he threw it. With t- cislocative: tahl6ya ?ake? he threw it this way. With y- translocative: yahl6ya ?ake? he threw it the other way. Aspect class: B2. DERIVED BASES: .oya?ak-/.oyA- plus te- dualic, throw something straight at something. NOTE: The alternant -oya?akoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -oyA- occurs in the stative aspect. .oya?ak-/.oyA- plus te- dualic, v.a. throw something straight at something. wa ?thl6ya ?ake? he threw it straight at it. With t- cislocative: tutahl6ya ?ake? he threw it this way. With y- translocative: ya ?thl6ya ?ake? he threw it that way. With ny- partitive and translocative: nya ?thl6ya ?ake? how or where he threw it. • As6k lolha·le· ohne·kanus si· tahowi·su·, "kwah n6k tehsatskalaw," a?{ nya ?thl6ya ?ake? l a h sa ·ku. All of a sudden he was ready to hand him a glass of cold water, "just open your mouth," (and) over there he threw it (a worm) into his mouth. (VI) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -oya?ak-/ -oyA- throw something straight at something.

DERIVED BASES: .oyAht- plus tedualic, throw down, slam down; .atahaloya? ak-/.atahaloy A- plus tedualic, for the sun to shine on something. NOTE: It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the component base, which does not have the dualic. The alternant .oya?ak- occurs in the punctual aspect, .oyA- occurs before the -ht- causative suffix and in the second derived base. oya?takA·l.ite? V > N lard, animal fat. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, the noun base -ya?t- body, possibly a verb root -kAlat- be white, and -e? noun suffix. See note under onahsakA·l.ite? I nahsakA·l.ite? goose. oye·li· Numeral particle: ten. oye·li- tewA?ny.iwelu? one thousand. -oyA- throw something straight at something. See -oya?ak-/-oyA-. .oyA- plus te- dualic, throw something straight at something. See .oya?ak-/ .oyA- plus te- dualic. .oyAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. throw down, slam down. wa?tko·yAnte? I slammed it down, wa ?thlo·yihte? he threw it down, wa ?tyako·yihte? she slammed it down. With s- repetitive: th6 tusahlo·yihte? there he slammed it down again. • 6khna? kwah se? wi· th6 tusahlo ·y ih te? ki· ka ?iki countertsla·ke Kastes. Immediately Kastes slammed it (the pig head) down again on the counter. (M3) COMPOSED OF: .oya?ak-/.oyA- plus te- dualic, throw something straight at something, -ht- causative.

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NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. oyu?kwa?uwe N Indian tobacco, sacred tobacco. Pre-pausal: oyu ?kwa ?u ·w1_. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -yu?kw- tobacco, -a? noun suffix, -uwe authentic clitic. -o?kta-/-o?ktA- v.a. come to the end of, finish. wako ?kta·u I have finished it. wa ?k6·ktA? I finished it, Ak6·ktA? I will come to the end of it. With -Ahnisl- I -ahnisl- day, weather: wa ?kAhnisl6·ktA? I ended the day. And s- repetitive: sakAhnisl6·ktA? I ended another day. With -At- week, daylight: wa?kAt6·ktA? I ended the week. And s- repetitive: sakAt6·ktA? I ended another week. With -ohslyear, winter: wa?kohsl6·ktA? I ended the year. And s- repetitive: sakohsl6·ktA? I ended the year again. • Wa ?k6·ktA? tsi? mihe? akheyata ?niku·lalA?. I finished looking after them. N£ ki? sakAt6·ktA? sakyo·tA·. I ended the week working. DERIVED BASES: .o?kta-/.o?ktA- plus te- dualic, come to the end of, finish off; -ato?kta-/-ato?ktA- run out of, end; -liho?ktA- finish talking on a subject; -nunyo ?kta-/-nunyo ?ktAfinish dancing. NOTE: The alternant -o?kta- occurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -o?ktA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .o?kta-/.o?ktA- plus te- dualic, v.a. come to the end of, finish off. wa ?fk6·ktA? I finished it, I ended it. With y- translocative: ya ?fk6·ktA? I came to the end of it there, I finished it out. • N A kwi- th6 ki? ni- wi· ni-

nyahukyo·tA· thik£, kwah ya?fk6·kfA? fsi? na·ye? tho ukyo·t£· tomato season ki? wah. So then I worked there, I finished out working the whole tomato season. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -o?kta-/ -o?ktA- come to the end of, finish. NOTE: It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the component base and what meaning the tedualic adds; it may be that it adds an element of definiteness or thoroughness. It is attested only in the punctual aspect, where the ? of .o?ktA- is replaced by vowel length after accented vowels. -o ?kw- round object. NOTE: Attested in several noun bases that signify round objects. See -hso?kw- nut; -kahlo?kw- eyeball; -nho?kw- cheek; -nunyo?kw- pill, small round object; and -stalo?kwnecklace, string of beads. It may also occur as a component in the verb base .nyo?kwatase- plus te- dualic, swirl snow, blizzard. -o?kwat- dig, burrow. NOTE: Attested as a verbal component in -atathna?tatslo?kwat- dig around in one's pocket; -ato?kwat- dig up, burrow; and -na?sko?kwat- crawl into bed with. o?nehsahihkwa? N sand. o?ne·yal N beech. o?nJ\hal N vine. DERIVED BASES: o?nAhalhk6· grape. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: o ?nAnale? (ACH). o?nAhalhk6· N grape. COMPOSED OF: o?nJ\hal vine, -k6· augmentative clitic.

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)?niku:Ia? uhte Exclamation. Gee! COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -a? noun suffix; and uhte maybe. NOTE: This expression is used when someone is surprised. ,?no·wa· wahsliye?tatati? string instrument. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -?nowhump shape, dome shape, -a? noun suffix; and w- neuter agent, -ahsliye1-ahsliye?t-/-hsliye?t- string, thread, yarn, -N-atatye- be extended along, -? stative. NOTE: For example, a violin or guitar. o?nowa?shuha N ladybug. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -?nowhump shape, dome shape, -a? noun suffix, -shuha collective clitic. o?nuwa·tsiste? N bread crust. o?sluni?keha N white people's ways. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -a?sluni-/-a?sluni?t- white person,-? noun suffix, -keha characterizer eli tic. o?sluni?ke·ne N English language. • Yuhlukha? o ?sluni ?ke·ne. She speaks English. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -a?sluni-/-a?sluni?t- white person,-? noun suffix, -ke·ne locative clitic. .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be a kind of. With -ahsohkw- colour: niwahsohko·tA the kind of colour it is, kwah tsi? ok niwahsohko·tA they're all different colours. And secondary habitual: niwahsohko·tAhse? the kinds of colours they are. And stative past: niwahsohko ?fA ·hne· it was that kind of colour. With -ahsut- night: tho niwahsuto·tA it's such a night.

With -aht-1-ahtahkw- shoe, and secondary habitual: niwahtahko·tAhse? the kind of shoes they are, niwakahtahko·tAhse? I have that kind of shoes. With -ahy- I -hi- fruit, berry: niwahyo·tA the kind of fruit or berry it is. With -asl-1-sl- smell, odor: niwaslo·tA the kind of smell it has. With te?s- negative and repetitive (replacing n- partitive): yah tho te ?swaslo·tA it's not that smell anymore. With -Ahnisl-1 -ahnisl- day, weather: niwAhnislo·tA the kind of day it is. With -hsAn- name, reputation: niwaksAn6·tA my name is, nisahsAn6·tA your name is, nihohsAno·tA his name is, niyohsAno·tA her (z.) or its name is. With -htehl- root: nikahtehlo·tA the kind of root it is. And secondary habitual: na ?kahtehlo·tAhse? the kinds (species) of roots they are. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: nikahyatuhslo·tA the kind of paper or book it is. With -itahs- I -itakstail: nikAtahso·tA the kind of tail it is, nihAtahso·tA the kind of tail he has. With -kal- story: nikakalo·tA the kind of story it is, niwakkalo·tA the kind of story I have, niyakokalo·tA the kind of story she has. And secondary habitual: nihotikalo·tAhse? the kinds of stories they (m.) have. And future stative: nAwakkalo ?fAhake? the kind of story I will have. And stative past: niwakkalo ?tA ·hn{ ne? tho·ne? that's the kind of story I had at that time. And te?- negative (replacing npartitive): yah th6 te?kakalo·tA it's not the kind of story (I was expecting). With -khw- food: nikakho·tA the kind of food it is. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tsi? nitwakh6·tAhse? the kind of foods

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we (incl.) have. And te?- negative (replacing n- partitive): yah th6 te 7kakh6·tA it's not the kind of food. With -ksa?-/-ksa?t- child: nihaksa ?t6·tA the kind of a child he is, niyeksa 7t6·tA the kind of child she is. And secondary habitual: nihatiksa 7t6·tAhse 7 the way the children are. With -kwil- twig, whip: nikakwil6·tA the kind of whip it is. With -Lm- song: nikalAn6·tA? the kind of song it is. With -lut- tree, log: nikalut6·tA the kind of tree it is, na 7kalut6·tA? the species of tree it is. With -nho?kwcheek, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: na7teyenho7k6·tAhse7 the kind of cheeks she has. With -nuhkwa?t-/-nuhkwa?tsl- medicine, pepper: nikanuhkwa 7tsl6·tA the kind of medicine it is. With -nuhshouse, building: nikanuhs6·tA the kind of house it is, nihonuhs6·tA the kind of house he has. With -nutsi-/ -nutsist- head, cabbage: nihonutsist6·tA the kind of head he has (usually referring to hair colour), nahotinutsist6·tA? their (m.) heads are that kind (e.g., hair colour). With -tsi?tA- I -tsi?tAhsl- bird: nikatsi 7tAhsl6·tA kfi What kind of a bird is it? na ?katsi 7tAhsl6·tA? the species of bird it is. And te?- negative (replacing n- partitive): yah th6 te ?katsi 7tAhsl6·tA it's not that kind of bird. With -wAn- voice, word: tsi? nikwAn6·tA the kind of voice I have. With -yelu?t- corpse, body, figure: nihayelu ?t6·tA the kind of body or figure he has. With -yo?tAhsl- work: nihoyo 7tAhsl6·tA the kind of job he has, na ?kayo 7tAhsl6·tA? the type of work it is. With -?sleht- vehicle: niho 7sleht6·tA he has that kind of car. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .ahkwAnyo?tA- plus

n- partitive, have on a kind of outfit, uniform, or suit; .atokli?tslo?tA- plus n- partitive, look wrinkled; .eku?uhslo?tA- plus n- partitive, be the kind of taste; .i?talo?tA- plus npartitive, be one's clan; .liho?tA- plus n- partitive, be a lifestyle, custom, the way one lives and thinks; .wAno?tA- plus n- partitive, be one's language; .ya?to?tA- plus n- partitive, be the way someone looks; .?nikuhlo?tA- plus n- partitive, be the state of one's mind, have a view or opinion; onikwA.htala? nikahtehl6·tA beet; otsi·nkwala? nikahtehl6·tA carrot; otsi·nkwala? niwahy6·tA orange; tsi? niwAhnisl6·tAhse? weather. NOTE: Composed of the n- partitive prefix and a root -o?tA-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes and incorporated nouns. See also .N-o?tA- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, be the same kind of. With a zero stative aspect suffix (i.e., no overt marking), this base means 'be a kind of'. With the na?- partitive and factual prefixes and the suffix -?, it refers to a species. The root -o?tAmay occur without an incorporated noun in the expressions nah6·tA? what, and tsi? ok nah6·tA? and tsi? ok nah6·tAhse? all kinds of things. The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .N-o?tA- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, v.s. be the same kind of. With -ahsohkw- colour: tsha 7tewahsohk6·tA it's the same colour. With -kal- story: tsha 7tekakal6·tA it's the same kind of story. With -lut- tree, log: tsha 7tekalut6·tA it's the same kind of tree. With -nuhs- house, building: tsha 7tekanuhs6·tA it's the same kind

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of house. With -tsi?tsy- flower: tsha ?tekatsi ?tsy6·tA it's the same kind of flower. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .ahkwAnyo?tA- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, have on the same kind of outfit; .ya?to?tAplus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, look alike, resemble. NOTE: Composed of the tsha?tecoincident and dualic prefixes and a root -o?tA-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes and incorporated nouns. See also .N-o?tAplus n- partitive be a kind of. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-o?thiy(e)- be sharp, be pointy. See -hyo ?thiy(e)-/-o ?thiy(e)-. -o?tsilek- v.a. sip. lo ?tsi·leks he's sipping it. wa ?ko ?tsi-leke? I sipped it, wahl a ?tsi·leke? he sipped it, wa ?aka ?tsi·leke? she sipped it. o?wahlakahtu? V > N raw meat. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -?wahl- meat, -N-kahtu- be raw,-? noun suffix. o?wa·tsiste? N bark. o ?whahsa? N hood.

s s-/ts-/tsi-/se- pre£. again, back again. Repetitive (iterative). NOTE: The alternant ts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant se- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise s- occurs. s-/se-/ts-/t-1-hs-/-hse- pref. you. Second person singular agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: Word-initially the distribution of alternants is as follows: The alternants- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel, or in the consonants n, 1, w, t, k, or h. The alternant seoccurs with bases that begin in? and most consonant clusters. The alternant ts- occurs with bases that begin in y or i, except that s- occurs in the imperative of bases that begin in i. The

alternant t- occurs with bases that begin ins and hs (and ths is replaced by tsh). After another prefix, the distribution is as follows: The alternant -hs- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel, or in the consonants n, 1, w, or y. The alternants- occurs with bases that begin in k, t, or h. The alternant -hse- occurs with bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters. The alternant t- occurs with bases that begin ins and hs (and ths is replaced by tsh). Bases that begin in h plus another consonant (other than hs) take s- after the wa?- factual prefix, and -hs- after other prefixes. s- pref. you; she or it acts on you. Second person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix; second person singular possessive. See sa-/sA-/s-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i.

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-s suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs mostly with bases that end in the vowels u, o, a, or A; or in a vowel plus k, ?k, or t. s Reduced form of the adverbial particle kAs normally, usually. sa-/se-/su- pref. Repetitive and factual mode (iterative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant se- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant su- replaces the sequence sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise sa- occurs. sa-/sA-/s- pref. you; she or it acts on you; your. Second person singular patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on second person singular. Also, second person singular possessive. NOTE: The alternant sa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant SA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant soccurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -sahe?t- n. bean. osahe·ta? bean. With -shuha collective clitic: osahe ?fa ?shuha beans. With -aty- I -uty- lose, leave, disperse: losahe ?futyehse? he drops in beans (e.g., when planting), waksahe ?futi I have dropped in beans, uksahe?tu·tf·

I dropped in beans, 11waksahe ?tu-tf· I will drop in beans, Ayukwasahe ?tu-tf· we will drop in beans. And n- partitive: tsi? nu· nyukwasahe?tu·ti· where we dispersed beans. With .aty- I .atye- I .uty-l.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yahuksahe?fu-ti- I put beans in, I added beans. With -N-kh- go to pick: ksahe ?fakhe? I'm here to pick beans. With -ko?n- go to get, fetch: ksahe ?fak6·ne? I'm here to fetch beans. With -kwAni-1-kwa?s- pick for someone: laksahe ?fakwA ·nihe? he's picking beans for me. With -na?nawAht-1-nawAht- soak something: wa ?ksahe ?fana-w£hte? I soaked beans. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: ksahe-tohe? I boil beans, waksahe· to? I'm boiling or I have boiled beans, wa ?ksahe-to? I just put the beans on to boil, Aksahe·to? I will boil beans. DERIVED BASES: osahe·ta? ohnekakli? bean soup; teyotshahe?takwe?nuni pea. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. SH proper name. Sara. SatnAwAhslay~

Slang: Oh be quiet! NOTE: Composed of the s- second person singular agent prefix, the -atsemireflexive, a component -nAwAhsl-, and the alternant -yA- of the verb base -yA-1-yAt- lay down, place, have. A component -nAwAhsloccurs also in the base -nAwAhslalyowhip someone, beat someone up. See also Nya?snAwAhslay~ Oh be quiet!

Satnutli?tathi Slang: Get the heck out of the way!

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NOTE: Composed of the s- second person singular agent prefix, the noun base -atnutli?t- the crack in one's behind, anus, and a component -athi-, which occurs also in .athi- plus t- cislocative, get away from somewhere. pre£. again, back again. Repetitive. See s-/ts-/tsi-/se-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

!-

se- pre£. Repetitive and factual mode. See sa-/se-/su-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. se- pre£. you. Second person singular agent pronominal prefix. See s-/se-/ ts-/t-/- hs-/-hse-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters. -seht- tick. See -sehtu-/ -seht-. -sehtal- v.s. have bedbugs. lotisehtale? they (m.) are infested with bedbugs. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -sehtu-/-seht- tick, -1- be in or on. -sehtu-/-seht- n. tick. osehtu? tick. DERIVED BASES: -sehtal- have bedbugs; kasehtaklahse? bedbug. NOTE: The altemant -sehtu- occurs in the basic noun form, -seht- is the incorporating form. sekk6· N water lily. NOTE: Glossed 'snake root' in ACH. setsya·kA. 'Bye, keep it up! COMPOSED OF: se- second person singular agent, -tsyakA- work hard to exceed or better oneself. se? Emphatic particle: sure, surely.

-se? suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases that end in ?.

sA.· Adverbial particle: too, also. sA- pre£. you; she or it acts on you. Second person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix; second person singular possessive. See sa-/sA-/s-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. sA.ha? Adverbial particle: more. •NA ki? ale? wi· s.1ha? wa?katya ?tashno·late?. So then I'd do it faster. (03) shahyese?k6·/sha?yese?k6·/ sha·yese?k6· N mulberry. COMPOSED OF: sha·yese? thimbleberry, blackberry, -k6· augmentative clitic. NOTE: All three forms are attested. shaka- pref. he acts on her or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shako-/shakaw-/shaka-/shakoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru. shakaw- pref. he acts on her or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shako-/shakaw-/shaka-/shakoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A. shakn- pref. we two (he and I, she and I, someone and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakni-/ shakn-/shaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. shakni-/shakn-/shaky- pref. we two (he and I, she and I, someone and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person exclusive dual acting on third person masculine

654 Oneida-English

singular. NOTE: The alternant shakni- occurs

with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant shakn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternant shaky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. shako-/shakaw-/shaka-/shakoypref. he acts on her or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person masculine singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternant shako- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternant shakawoccurs with bases that begin in e or A. The alternant shaka-, according to Table 6 in Lounsbury (1953), occurs with bases that begin in o or u. However, in our sources, shakoy- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. shakon- pref. they (all males, or males and females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakoti-/shakon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. shakoti-/shakon- pref. they (all males, or males and females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person masculine non-singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternant shakotioccurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant shakonoccurs with bases that begin in a vowel. shakoti·sko?s V > N Baptists. COMPOSED OF: shakoti- masculine non-singular acting on feminine-

indefinite singular or third person non-singular, -?sko?- fall in water, drown, -s habitual. shakotk.A·sehe? V > N seer, dreamer, fortuneteller. COMPOSED OF: shako- masculine singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular, -atkA ?se-/-atkA ?s- examine, look to find out, tell the future, -he? habitual. shakoy- pref. he acts on her or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shako-/shakaw-/shaka-/shakoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru. shakw- pref. we (they and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakwa-/shakw-/shakwA-1 shaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. shakw a-/shakw-/shakw A-/shakypref. we (they and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person exclusive plural acting on third person masculine singular. NOTE: The alternant shakwaoccurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant shakwoccurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant shakwA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant shaky- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. shakwA- pref. we (they and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakwa-/shakw-/shakwA-1 shaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i.

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haky- pref. we two (he and I, she and I, someone and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakni-1 shakn-lshaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. haky- pref. we (they and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakwa-lshakw-lshakwA-1 shaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -shat- v.s. be lying back, be leaning back. keshate? I'm lying (on my) back, I'm leaning back, lashate? he's lying back, yeshate? she's lying back. Habitual past: yesha·tahkwe? she was lying back. Future stative: Ayesha·tcike? she will be lying back. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: -shatatye- be falling back; -shata?- fall backwards, fall on one's back; -ateshatho- lean back. -shatatye- v.m. be falling back. lashatati? he's falling back (accidentally, perhaps bracing himself not to fall but he does fall), yeshatati? she's falling back. COMPOSED OF: -shat- be lying back, be leaning back, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -shatati- before a final ?. -shata?- v.a. fall backwards, fall on one's back. loshata·u he has fallen backwards. wa ?kesha- tane? I fell flat on my back (unintentionally), wahasha·tane? he fell back. With t- cislocative: takesha·tane? I fell backwards, flat on my back, th6 tahasha·tane? there is where he fell back. With y- translocative: yahasha·tane? he's over there (facing me) and he fell back that

way. • Th6 tahasha·tane? onyAhta·ke. He fell on his back in the snow. COMPOSED OF: -shat- be lying back, be leaning back, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. sha:yese? V > N thimbleberry, blackberry. DERIVED BASES: shahyese?k6· I sha?yese?k6· I sha·yese?k6· mulberry. NOTE: Composed of the s- repetitive prefix, an anomalous prefix h-, the noun base -ahy-1-hi- fruit, berry, the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-1-us- be long, and a suffix -e?. she-1-shey- pref. you act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. Second person singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternant she- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant shey- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -sheke? suf. Future habitual/Optative habitual. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix -se?. The future habitual/ optative habitual ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -she-, a component -k-, which is called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e?. She·ko I She·ku peace. NOTE: Used also as a greeting. Both forms are attested.

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shek6 I sheku Adverbial particle: still, yet. NOTE: Both forms are attested. Shek6lih Greeting: Hello! She·ku peace. See She·ko I She·ku. sheku Adverbial particle: still, yet. See shek6 I sheku. -shes-1-shest- n. syrup, gum, sap. 6shes syrup, gum, sap, honey. With -aty- I -uty- lose, leave, disperse: ukeshestu-ti- I lost my gum. With .aty-l.atye-l.uty-l.utye- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yewakeshestuti I have poured or added the syrup, yahukeshestu-ti· I added the syrup, I sweetened it with syrup. With -eku-1-eku?u-1-ku-1-ku?u- taste good: kashesttiku? it's good-tasting syrup. With -N-it- I -ya?tit- be in: kashestit there's syrup in it. With -nahn- fill: kashestanti·nu it's full of syrup, gum or wax, kashestanti·nu kahuhtti·ke my ears are full of wax. DERIVED BASES: -shestal- be sticky, be syrupy, be gummy. NOTE: The substances this base refers to can be described as sticky substances. The alternant -shesoccurs in the basic noun form, -shestis the incorporating form. -shestal- v.s. be sticky, be syrupy, be gummy. yoshestale? it's gummy, syrupy or sticky. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -shes-1-shest- syrup, gum, sap, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -shestala?- become sticky, syrupy, or gummy. -shestala?- v.a. become sticky, syrupy, or gummy. wa?oshestalane? it got sticky, syrupy, or gummy. COMPOSED OF: -shestal- be sticky, be syrupy, be gummy,-?- inchoative.

NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. shey- pref. you act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See she-1-shey-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin a vowel other than i. -she?lh- n. dough, paste, cream. oshe·lha? dough, paste, cream. With -atuni- I -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: Akateshe ?[hu·niI will make the dough. With -la?nAtak-1 -la?nAt- I -nAtak-1 -nAtstick something on something: yoshe ?[hanA·ttiks the dough is sticky. With -lho- I -elho- spread with, cover with: keshe?lhalhos I'm spreading paste on it (e.g., glue on old-fashioned wallpaper). With -?lholokt- I -olokt- use to cover up with: yakoshe ?[hol6ktu she has covered it with dough (e.g., she put the pie crust on), wa ?keshe ?[ho·l6kte? I covered it with dough. DERIVED BASES: .she?IhakwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, roll out dough; -she?Ihal- be doughy; teyeshe?IhakwAhtalh6·tha? rolling pin; yoshe?lhawisto ice cream. NOTE: The ? of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .she?IhakwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. roll out dough. tekeshe ?[hakwAhtiftha? I'm rolling out the dough. tAhseshe ?[hakwifhtAhte? you will roll out the dough. COMPOSED OF: -she?lh- dough, paste, cream, .takwAhtAht-1 .akwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, flatten.

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NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -she?Ihal- v.s. be doughy. yoshe-lhale? it's all doughy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -she?lh- dough, paste, cream, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -she?lhala?become doughy. NOTE: The ? of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -she?lhala?- v.a. become doughy. wa ?oshe·lhalane? it got doughy. COMPOSED OF: -she?lhal- be doughy,-?- inchoative. NOTE: The ? of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ? is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -sh.A · clitic. several. Collective clitic. NOTE: Occurs with some kin terms. .shliha?t- plus te- dualic, v.s. be urgent, be impatient. tewakeshlfha ?f I'm impatient, tehoshlfha ?f he's impatient, teyakoshliha ?t she's impatient, teyoshliha ?t it's urgent. Pre-pausal: teyoshlfhaht. Stative past: teyoshliha?tu·ne? it was urgent. Future stative: L1 yoshliha ?tuhake? it will be urgent. With t- cislocative: ne· tetyoshlzna ?t it's the most urgent. With n- partitive: tsi? ~a ?teyoshliha ?f it's really urgent or Important. Aspect class: A. • Tsi? na ?feyoshliha ?f yusahsat N violet. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, ku- feminine-zoic plural agent, -ate- semireflexive, -nyal- neck, -otalho-/ -ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness, -s habitual. tekutiyahsutha? V > N nuns. COMPOSED OF: kuti- feminine-zoic plural agent, .yahsut- plus te- dualic, make a cross, -ha? habitual. .tenihA- plus te- dualic, v.a. shake. tewaktenihA I have shaken it, tehuwatenihA she has shaken him (e.g., he has fallen asleep, and she shakes him). wa ?fektemnA? I shook it, wa ?fyetenihA? she shook it, wa ?fhitenihA? I shook him, tAstenznA? you will shake it. •N6k tsi? n6k Awa·tu· tAstenznA? thikA kwa?yAha ohsi·ta?, nA Awa·tu· th6 nAya·wA· nahte? Ahsat/Anh a hte?. But you will have to shake the rabbit's foot, then whatever you wish for will happen. (Nl) DERIVED BASES: .attenihA- plus tedualic, flap; .kAhatenihA- plus tedualic, unfurl cloth. .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. change something. tektenyehse? I'm changing it, tehatenyehse? he changes it. tewakteni I have changed it, tehoteni he has changed it. wa ?tekte·ni- I changed it, I'm changing it, wa ?fhate·ni· he changed

it, he's changing it, tAkte·ni- I will change it. With s- repetitive: tusakte·ni- I changed it again, tusahate·ni- he changed it again, tAtsitwate·ni- we (incl.) will change it again. Aspect class: E4. DERIVED BASES: .tenyukw- plus tedualic, change all; .tenyu?n- plus tedualic, go to change something; .atlihwateny Ani-/ .atlihwatenyAplus tes- dualic and repetitive, change one's mind; .atslunyahkwateny- plus te- dualic, change one's clothes; .atteny-/ .attenyu- plus te- dualic, change; .hnakwalateny- plus te- dualic, change a tire; .yenateny- plus tedualic, change the oil. NOTE: The alternant .tenyu- occurs before the -kw- reversative and -?ndislocative suffixes, .teny- occurs elsewhere. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of .teny- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of .teny- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. A component -teny- I -tenyu- occurs without the dualic prefix probably in -ani?teny-/-ani?tenyu- fart, and -atya?tase?tslateny- change girlfriends. .tenyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. change all. tehatenyukwas he's changing all of them. tehotenyukwA he has changed them all. wa ?fhatenyu·k6· he changed them all. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .tenyu?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to change something. tehatenyu·ne? he's going to change it.

688 Oneida-English

wa ?thatenyu·na? he's on his way someplace to change it. COMPOSED OF: .teny-/.tenyu~ plus te- dualic, change something, -?ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. tes-/tets-/tetsi-/tese- pre£. Dualic and repetitive (dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tes- occurs. tese- pref. Dualic and repetitive. See tes-/tets-/tetsi-/tese-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. teskyanutakli?tslatyelA. V > N sugar substitute. Pre-pausal: teskyanutakli ?tslatye·li_. COMPOSED OF: ky- feminine-zoic dual agent, -a- semireflexive, -nutakli-/-nutakli?tsl- sugar, .atyelA- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, resemble, look alike. tet-/teti-/tete- pref. Dualic and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant teti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tete- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tetoccurs. tete- pre£. Dualic and cislocative. See tet-/teti -/tete-.

NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tethutkA.nyehse? V > N fair. tsi? tethutk.t\nyehse? at the fair. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -humasculine plural agent, .atkAny-/ .atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair, -e?se? habitual. tethutkAnye·tha? V > N fairgrounds. tsi? tethutkAnye-tha? at the fairgrounds. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -humasculine plural agent, .atkAny-/ .atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. teti- pref. Dualic and cislocative. See tet-/teti-/tete-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tets- pref. Dualic and repetitive. See tes-/tets-/tetsi-/tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tetsi- pref. Dualic and repetitive. See tes-/tets-/tetsi-/tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tetsyalu Quantity particle: both. Prepausal: tetsya-lQ. NOTE: From .tsyalu- plus te- dualic, be both. tetsyaluhkwA nukwa· both sides. tetwa?sA.tha? V > N waterfalls, Niagara Falls. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, w- neuter

Oneida-English 689

agent, .a?sAht-/.ya?tAht-/.Aht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch, -ha? habitual. :etyuhtu?takhwa? V > N eraser. COMPOSED OF: tet- dualic and cislocative, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahtu?t- make disappear, erase, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'eraser' is yohtu?takhwa?. tewahsu·h~Ie?

V > N joint. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, .ahsutel-/.ahsutl- plus te- dualic, connect, join, plug in, -e? stative.

tewahuhtes V > N donkey. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, w- neuter agent, -ahuht- ear, -es-/-us- be long. tewahyakhani? V > N tomato. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, .khanyu- plus te- dualic, piece together, -? stative. tewanekl6·lalaks V > N baler. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, .aneklohlalak- plus te- dualic, bale, -s habitual. tewashA Numeral: twenty. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or npartitive, be ten of. tewatenyAhtohtalhos V > N snowplow. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, .atenyAhtohtalho- plus te- dualic, clear away snow, shovel snow, -s habitual. tewatenyAhtokwatha? V > N snowblower. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -nyAht- snow, .at-N-okwaht- plus te-

dualic, scatter something around, -ha? habitual. tewatluhyayelunyuhe? V > N Northern Lights. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -luhy- sky, blue, .atyelunyu- plus tedualic, put on a show, entertain, -he? habitual. tewatnikwAhtalya?ks V > N bloodroot. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -nikwAhtal- red, .atya?k- plus tedualic, become broken, -s habitual. tewatotalhos V > N hook. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, w- neuter agent, -at- semireflexive, -otalho-/ -ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness, -s habitual. tewatyu?kwalokwasha· V > N puffball. NOTE: A puffball is a kind of plant (mushroom?) that people used to eat at one time. It was cut into pieces and fried in butter. The form includes the te- dualic prefix, w- neuter agent, the -at- semireflexive, and the noun base -yu?kwal- smoke; otherwise the composition is unclear. tewa?kAhlahlihtakhwa? V > N disk. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, .a?kAhlahliht- plus te- dualic, break up the ground, disk, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. TewAhnislya?ks V > N March. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather, .ya?k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -s habitual. tewA?nyawelu? hundred. NOTE: Occurs after the numbers one through ten to form numbers one hundred, two hundred, etc. Possibly

690 Oneida-English

from *tewa ?nyawelu ?, composed of the te- dualic prefix, w- neuter agent, a noun root -a?ny- hand, the verb base -awelu- spill, pour out, and-? stative aspect. See also -a?nyanawA-/ -a?nyanawA?tsl- glove, mitten. Teyakohuhtya?ks V > N January. COMPOSED OF: yako- feminineindefinite singular patient, .ahuhtya?k- plus te- dualic, get freezing cold ears, -s habitual. teyakonya?thalahta:ne? V > N chokecherry. NOTE: This word was provided by someone who is knowledgeable about plants. However M.D., as well as several other speakers we consulted, are not familiar with it. It may be composed of the te- dualic prefix, yako- feminine-indefinite singular patient, a component -nya?thal-, the -ht- causative suffix, -?ne- ambulative suffix, and -? intentive suffix. The component -nya?thal- occurs also in .nya?thala?- plus te- dualic, choke, have food go down the wrong tube. teyawelyakhwa? V > N pulse. COMPOSED OF: yaw- neuter patient, .elyahkw- plus te- dualic, for the heart to beat, -ha? habitual. teyehnana?tahlihtakhwa? V > N potato masher. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnana?tpotato, .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyehna?tatslatilutha? V > N accordion. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hna?tal-/ -hna?tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase,

pocket, .atilut- plus te- dualic, stretch something, -ha? habitual. teyehso?kwahlihtakhwa? V > N nutcracker. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hso?kw- nut, .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyekhAtakhwa? V > N glue. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-mdefinite singular agent, .khA-/ .khAtplus te- dualic, be twins, be part of a set, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyelutya·kta? V > N cross-cut or long saw. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -lut- tree, log, .ya?k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. teyelutya?khukhwa? V > N cross-cut or long saw. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -lut- tree, log, .ya?khu- plus te- dualic, break up, cut up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyeluwalya·kta? V > N pliers. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nuwal-/-luwalnail, wire, needle, pin, .ya?k- plus tedualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. teyenAstaliha?takhwa?tslahu?tsistalathe?takhwa? V > N black stove polish (a tongue twister). NOTE: This expression is said to be the longest word in Oneida, and a challenge to say! It includes the tedualic prefix, yenAstaliha?takhwa? stove, the -?tsl- nominalizer suffix,

Oneida-English 691

the verb base -hu?tsi- be black, the verb base .stalathe?t- plus te- dualic, shine something, the -hkw- instrumental suffix, and -ha? habitual. teyeshe?lhakwAhtalh6·tha? V > N rolling pin. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yefeminine-indefinite singular agent, -she?lh- dough, paste, cream, -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalho- lay out flat, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. teyeshu?kalya:kta? V > N sawhorse. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -shu?kal- board, floor, .ya?k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. teyestalathe?takhwa? V > N polish. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .stalathe?t- plus te- dualic, shine something, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. teyeyestanyu?takhwa? atsi? V > N mixing bowl. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .yestanyu- plus te- dualic, mix together, -?t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual; and -atsyA-/-tsyA- dish, plate, bowl, -? noun suffix. teye?wahlahlihtakhwa? V > N meat grinder. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -?wahl- meat, .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyohaha·sle? V > N crossroads. Prepausal: teyohahd·seJe?. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tetyohahd·sle? at the crossroads. NOTE: Includes the yo- neuter

patient prefix and the alternant -hah- of the noun base -hah-/-h-/ -wah- road, path; otherwise the composition is unclear. teyohsHute? a?nhuskwa-Iha? long johns. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, .ahsi?tut- plus te- dualic, have feet, -e? stative; and -a?nhuskwa?lhpants, trousers, -a? noun suffix. teyohyahy6·tsis V > N lemon. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, -hyo?tsis-/-hyo?tsist- salt. teyona·tsyes V > N top hat. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle, -es-/-us- be long. teyonutaklHslale? V > N sweets. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, .nutakli?tslal- plus te- dualic, be sweet, -e? stative. teyonu?tahy6·tsis V > N sour milk. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -nu?t- milk, breast, -hyo?tsis-/-hyo?tsist- salt. teyonu?uslahy6·tsis V > N salt pickles, brine pickles. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon, -hyo?tsis-/-hyo?tsist- salt. teyostawinahy6·tsis V > N rhubarb. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -stawin- stalk, -hyo?tsis-/ -hyo?tsist- salt. teyotahya·ktu V > N banana. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, .atsha?kt-/ .a tsha ?ket-/.a t- N -a ?kt-/ .at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked, -u stative.

692 Oneida-English

teyothahok..i V > N fork in the road. Pre-pausal: teyothaho·k.i. tsi? teyothahok.i at the fork. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, yo- neuter patient, the alternant -hah- of the noun base -hah-/ -h-/-wah- road, path, and a verb root -okA-, which occurs also in tekalA ?tokA ginseng. teyothuta·ktu V > N blackcap, black raspberry. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hut- leaves and stems of a plant, .atsha ?kt-/.atsha ?ket-/.a t-N -a ?kt-/ .at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked, -u stative. teyothwalanekalakwA V > N pussy willow. NOTE: Another word for 'pussy willow' is yokwilahkaliy6. teyotnakala·ktu V > N hockey stick. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nakal- stick, .atsha?kt-/.atsha?ket/.at-N-a?kt-/.at-N-a?ket- plus tedualic, bend over, become crooked, -u stative. teyotshahe?takwe?nuni V > N pea. Pre-pausal: teyotshahe ?takwe ?n u ·n[. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -sahe?t- bean, .athwe?nuni-/ .at-N-kwe?nuni- plus te- dualic, be round, be a circle. teyotsho?kwakwe?nuni V > N walnut. Pre-pausal: teyotsho ?kwakwe ?nu ·n[. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hso?kw- nut, .athwe?nuni-/ .at-N-kwe?nuni- plus te- dualic, be round, be a circle. teyotskala ?tk6· V > N smartweed. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, .atskala?t- plus te- dualic, be bitter, be strong-tasting, be sour, -k6· augmentative clitic.

NOTE: One of our consultants suggested that this is also the word for 'horseradish'. Cf. Wisconsin: yotskalatk6 (ACH). teyowAta·lu V > N dawn. teyo?wahlahy6·tsis V > N salt pork. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -?wahl- meat, -hyo?tsis-/ -hyo?tsist- salt. teyulahsi?tahlakhwa? V > N footstool. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -alsemireflexive, -ahsi?t-/-ahsi- foot, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyushalanye?takhwa? V > N scrub board, washboard. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .ashalanye- plus te- dualic, rub something together, scrub, -?t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyutatahtu·tha? V > N hide-andseek. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atatreflexive, -ahtu?t- make disappear, erase, -ha? habitual. teyutateshnye·tha? V > N hospital. COMPOSED OF: yutat- feminineindefinite singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular, .shnye- plus te- dualic, look after, nurture, -?tcausative, -ha? habitual. teyutatnuhklistakhwa? V > N beauty salon. With tsi? particle and tcislocative: tsi? tetyutatnuhklistakhwa? at the beauty salon . COMPOSED OF: yutat- feminineindefinite singular acting on femi-

Oneida-English 693

nine-indefinite singular, .nuhklistplus te- dualic, curl someone's hair, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyute?slehtahlakhwa? V > N sled. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .ate?slehtahel-/ .ate?slehtahl- plus te- dualic, go downhill in a sled, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyute?washalutakhwa? V > N earring. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atesemireflexive, -?washal- earring, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. teyuthnekutakhwa? V > N saucer. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atsemireflexive, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: In earlier times people would drink tea from a saucer, rather than from a cup. teyutkalAhlukhwa? V > N rocking chair, swing, hammock. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .atkalAhlu- plus te- dualic, swing, rock, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyutkAhaneta?asta? V > N bedspread, comforter, blanket. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, .hna?neta?-/.neta?- plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double, -st- causative, -ha? habitual. teyutna?alanhasta? V > N headband, bandanna, kerchief. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indef-

inite singular agent, .atna?alanhak-/ .atna?alanh- plus te- dualic, put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief, -stcausative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'headband, bandanna, kerchief' is atna?alanhasta? . teyutnAtshanhasta? V > N bracelet. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, .hwanhak-/ .hwanh-/.nhak-/.nh- plus te- dualic, tie completely, get into a circle, -stcausative, -ha? habitual. teyutnu?tohlalakta? V > N bra. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -nu?t- milk, breast, .htohlalak-/ .ya?tohlalak-/ .ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. teyutwisutakhwa? V > N eyeglasses. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .atwisut- plus tedualic, put on glasses, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. teyutya?tohlalakta? V > N girdle. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, .htohlalak-/.ya?tohlalak-/ .ohlalak- plus te- dualic, squeeze, squash, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. teyuwAlye?takhwa? V > N ladle. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .awAlye- plus tedualic, stir, -?t- causative, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. teyu?kAhlahkwa-tha? V > N dustpan. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -a?kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil, .hkw-/.ehkw-/

694 Oneida-English

.ya?tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. te?-fte- pre£. not. Negative.

NOTE: The altemant te- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. Otherwise te?- occurs. te?s-/te?ts-/te?tsi-/te?se- pref. Negative and repetitive (negative and iterative). NOTE: The altemant te?ts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The altemant te?tsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant te?se- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise te?s- occurs. te?se- pref. Negative and repetitive. See te? s-Ite ?ts-/te ?tsi -/te? se-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. te?t-/te?ti-/te?te- pref. Negative and cislocative. NOTE: The altemant te?ti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant te?te- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise te?t- occurs. te?te- pref. Negative and cislocative. See te?t-/te?ti-/te?te-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. te?ti- pref. Negative and cislocative. See te?t-/te?ti-/te?te-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. te?ts- pref. Negative and repetitive. See te?s-/te?ts-/te?tsi-/te?se-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. te?tsi- pref. Negative and repetitive. See te?s-/te?ts-/te?tsi-/te?se-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. .tA-!.itA- plus te- dualic, v.a. fly. teki-ti\he? I fly, teha·ti\he? he flies, teka·ti\he? she (z.) or it flies, tehati-ti\he? they (m.) fly. tewaki·ti\· I have flown, teho·ti\· he has flown, teyako·ti\· she has flown, teyo·tA· she (z.) or it has flown. wa ?tki·tA· I flew, wa ?tha·ti\· he flew, wa ?tye·ti\· she flew, wa ?tka·ti\· she (z.) or it flew, wa ?tetni·tA· you and I (incl.) flew, wa ?thati-tA· they (m.) flew, tAki-ti\· I will fly, tAha·ti\· he will fly, tAka-ti\· she (z.) or it will fly, tAtwa-tA· we (incl.) will fly, tAyakwa·ti\· we (excl.) will fly, tAhati-ti\· they (m.) will fly, tahati·tA· they (m.) should fly. Habitual past: tekati\hahkwe? she (z.) or it used to fly. Aspect class: Bl. • N A kwi· th6 kAs yakA? kwa ?ny6 wahutkwe·ni- tsi? ka·yi\· tehati·tA1ze?. So then it seems, they say, that the ones that fly were winning. (RC) DERIVED BASES: teka·tA.he? airplane. NOTE: The altemant .itA- occurs in the first person singular, .tA- occurs elsewhere. tA- pref. Dualic and future mode.

Oneida-English 695

-tA.s- v.s. be thick. ka-t.t\s it's thick. Stative past: katAsA·ne? it was thick. Future stative: AkatAsAhake? it will be thick. With n- partitive: nika·t.t\s it's so thick. With -ahsliye- I -ahsliye7t- I -hsliye7tstring, thread, yarn: wahsliye·tatAs it's thick thread. With -ahta?nawA1-ahta ?naw A7tsl- ball, and n- partitive: k6k niwahfa?naw.t\·tslatAs the ball is this thick. And nis- partitive and repetitive: k6k niswahta ?naw.t\·tslatAs the ball is only this thick. With -hyatuhslpaper, book, letter, and n- partitive: nikahyatuhslatAs the book is so thick. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: kak.t\hatAs it's thick material, cotton. And n- partitive: tsi? nikak.t\hatAs it's such a thick blanket. With -nyAht- snow, and npartitive: nikany.t\htatAs the snow is so thick (e.g., on the car). With -shu7kal- board, floor: kashu·kalatAs the board is thick. Aspect class: A.

• A ?e· nikahyatuhslatAs tsi? niku i·y.t\lhe? akwAnahno·t.t\·. Thebookis so thick that she wants me to read. DERIVED BASES: .tAsha plus kA 7 particle and n- partitive, be not thick; -tAsha?- become thick; kakAhat.Asha cotton; ka?nhehsatA.sha silk, taffeta; ka?nheksatA.sha taffeta. tAs-/tAts-/tAtsi-/tAse- pref. Dualic, future mode and repetitive (dualic, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant

tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tAs- occurs. tAse- pref. Dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tAs-/tAts-/tAtsi-/ tAse-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. .tAsha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, v.s. be not thick. kA? nikat.t\sha it's not thick. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -tAs- be thick, .ha plus kA 7 particle and n- partitive, be smaller in some dimension. -tAsha?- v.a. become thick. ut.t\shane? it got thick, Akat.t\shane? it will become thick. COMPOSED OF: -tAs- be thick, -ha?inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .tAst- plus te- dualic, v.a. stand someone up, stop someone or something. tekt.t\sta? I make it stop, tekut.t\sta? I stand you up, I stop you, tekhet.t\sta? I'm stopping her or them. tekut.t\stu I have stood you up, I have stopped you. wa?thati·t.t\ste? they (m.) stopped doing it, wa ?fku·t.t\ste? I stood you up, I stopped you, wa ?fhi-t.t\ste? I made him stop, I stopped him, I made him stand up, wa ?fyuktAste? they stood me up. testAst Make it stop! Aspect class: El. • Kwah s kanut6·tslayA? th6

wa ?fyuktAste? nA nf· u·tu· wa ?fkahyakA ·seJe?. There was just a box there that they stood me up on so that I could peel fruit (tomatoes). (Vl) TestAst. Make it stop! (e.g., I'm telling you to turn off the radio). DERIVED BASES: .tAsta?tsy- plus tuta- cislocative and dualic, jump up

696 Oneida-English

quickly from a sitting position; latihwa·eks tsi? tehatitA.sta? home plate. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker.

dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tAtoccurs.

.tAsta?tsy- plus tuta- cislocative and dualic, v.a. jump up quickly from a sitting position. tutaktAsttHsi 7 I got up quickly, tutahatAsttHsi? he got up quickly, tutaknitAstti-tsi7 the two (z.) got up quickly. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, .lAstplus te- dualic, stand someone up, stop someone or something, -?tsy- accelerative. DERIVED BASES: .tAsta?tsyaht- plus tuta- cislocative and dualic, jump up quickly from a sitting position. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

tAte- pre£. Dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tAt-/tAti-/tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

.tAsta?tsyaht- plus tuta- cislocative and dualic, v.a. jump up quickly from a sitting position. tutaktAsttHsyahte7 I jumped up, tutahatAstti-tsyahte 7 he jumped up.

tAtsi- pre£. Dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tAs-/tA ts-/tA tsi -I tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

• Khale 7 ale 7 kwah n6k tutahatAsta·tsyahte? yahaya·kA.ne ?, yah tha ?tehotuhutsyoni ahatahuhsat ate?. And he just jumps up and goes out, he doesn't want to listen. (Al) COMPOSED OF: .tAsta?tsy- plus tutacislocative and dualic, jump up quickly from a sitting position, -htcausative. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. tAt-/tAti-/tAte- pre£. Dualic, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tAti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person

tAti- pre£. Dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tAt-/tAti-/tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tAts- pre£. Dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tAs-/tAts-/tAtsi-/ tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y .

-tA?uhatye-/-etA?uhatye- v.m. put into a container one at a time or bit by bit. waketA ?uhati? I'm adding things one at a time to a container. COMPOSED OF: -ta?-/-eta?- put into a container, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: For the distribution of the alternants, see the component base. Many speakers have -tA?uhati- and -etA ?uhati- before a final ?. tha-/tha·-/thae-/thau- pre£. Contrastive and optative mode (contrastive and indefinite tense).

Oneida-English 697

NOTE: The alternant thae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thau- replaces the sequence thaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha- or tha·- occur, in free variation.

tha- pre£. Contrastive and factual mode. See tha?-/tha-/the-/thu-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. thae- pre£. Contrastive and optative mode. See tha-/tha·-/thae-/thau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thahyuni I othahyuni N wolf. Prepausal: thahyu·n[ or othahyu·n[. NOTE: Both forms occur, depending on the speaker. -thai- v.s. be talking. wakethale? I'm talking, l6thale? he's talking, yak6thale? she's talking. Habitual past: waketha·lahkwe? I have talked. Future stative: Awaketha·lake? I will be talking. With te?- negative: yah te ?yak6thale? she or someone is not talking. Aspect class: F. •Nihatyelha? Ta·wet tsi? nahe? wakethaJe?. What's David doing while I'm talking? DERIVED BASES: .thai- plus tedualic, talk, converse; -thalani-/

-thalhahs- talk to, advise; -thalatye- talk while going along. .thai- plus te- dualic, v.a. talk, converse. tekethalha? I converse, tetnithalha? you and I (incl.) talk every now and then. tewakethale? I'm having a conversation, tesnithale? you two are talking to each other, tehotithale? they (m.) are talking to one other. wa ?fhatha·ZA· he did the talking, wa ?fetnitha-l.t{· you and I (incl.) talked, wa ?tyaknitha·ZA· we two (excl.) talked, tAketha·lA· I will talk, tAyetha·l£· she or someone will talk, tAtnitha-l£· you and I (incl.) will talk, tAyaknitha·l£· we two (excl.) will talk, tAhotitha-l£· the two will talk to each other. Habitual past: tetnithalhahkwe? you and I (incl.) used to talk, teyuknitha·lahkwe? we two used to talk, tehotitha·lahkwe? they (m.) used to talk. Future habitual: tAtnithalhake? you and I (incl.) will be talking from time to time. With srepetitive: tusetnitha·l£· you and I (incl.) talked to each other again. Aspect class: F. •Wahu·nise? k£· mile? tusetnit ha ·IA·. It's been a long time, y'know, since we talked to each other. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -thai- be talking. DERIVED BASES: .thalu plus tedualic, several talk or converse; .thalunyu- plus te- dualic, several talk or converse at once. -thalani-/-thalhahs- v.a. talk to, advise. kuthala·nihe? I'm giving you advice, I tell you what to do or how to behave, lothala-nihe? he's advising him. kuthalanf I have given you advice, shakothalani he has advised her or them.

698 Oneida-English

wa ?kuthalhahse? I advised you, wahuwatithalhahse? she or someone advised them (m.), wa ?shakothalhahse? he advised them, Akuthtilhahse? I will give you advice, Ashakothalhahse? he will advise them. Aspect class: Al. • Khale? Ashakothalhahse? s£· tsi? ka·y£· yakotl6·lu takA? kwZ. s6·tsi? tahutlakaldast. And he would advise those who were watching not to make too much noise. (M15) COMPOSED OF: -thai- be talking, -ni- I -hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -thalanioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -thalhahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. -thaiatye- v.m. talk while going along. lothalati? he's talking as he's going along. Ahothalati? he will talk as he's going along. Habitual past: lothalatyehkwe? he has talked while going along. With el6k all over and s- repetitive: el6k shothalatyehse? he's going around talking all the time, el6k shothalati? he's going around talking. With t- cislocative: tahothalati? he's talking as he's coming this way. • El6k shothalatyehse? tsi? yakonolu ·sehe?. He's going around talking about how she's lazy. COMPOSED OF: -thai- be talking, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -thalati- before a final ? . -thaihahs- talk to, advise. See -thaiani-/-thaihahs-. .thaiu plus te- dualic, v.a. several talk or converse. tehotitha-lu· they (m.) are talking to each other or conversing (one is talking and the others are

listening). wa ?thatitha·lu· they (m.) talked or conversed. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .thai- plus te- dualic, talk, converse, -u- distributive. .thaiunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. several talk or converse at once. tehotithaluni? they (m.) are talking to one other, different groups here and there are talking, or everyone in a single group is talking at once. wa ?tesnithaluni? you two talked or conversed, wa ?thatithaluni? they (m.) all talked at once. COMPOSED OF: .thai- plus te- dualic, talk, converse, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .thaluni- before a final?. thau- pre£. Contrastive and optative mode. See tha-/tha·-/thae-/thau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tha?-/tha-/the-/thu- pre£. Contrastive and factual mode (contrastive and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant tha- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant the- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thu- replaces the sequence tha?wa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the ini-

Oneida-English 699

tial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha7occurs.

tha ?t-/tha ?te- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and dualic (contrastive, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant tha?te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise tha 7t- occurs. tha ?ta-/tha ?ta ·-/tha ?tae-/tha ?taupre£. Contrastive, optative mode and dualic (contrastive, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant tha7taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha7taureplaces the sequence tha7taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha7ta- or tha7ta·- occur, in free variation. tha?tae- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and dualic. See tha?ta-/ tha ?ta ·-/tha ?tae-/tha ?tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha?tau- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and dualic. See tha?ta-/ tha ?ta ·-/tha ?tae-/tha ?tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tha7taawa-, where wa- belongs to

the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tha?te- pref. Contrastive and dualic. tha?te- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and dualic. See tha?t-/tha?te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha ?tes-/tha ?tets-/tha ?tetsi -/ tha?tese- pre£. Contrastive, dualic and repetitive (contrastive, dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tha7tetsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tha7tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha 7tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tha7tes- occurs. tha?tese- pref. Contrastive, dualic and repetitive. See tha?tes-/tha?tets-/ tha ?tetsi-/tha ?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tha ?tet-/tha ?teti-/tha ?tete- pref. Contrastive, dualic and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tha7tetioccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha7tete- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tha7tet- occurs.

700 Oneida-English

tha?tete- pref. Contrastive, dualic and cislocative. See tha ?tet-/tha ?teti -I tha?tete-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tha?teti- pref. Contrastive, dualic and cislocative. See tha ?tet-/tha?teti-/ tha?tete-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha?tets- pref. Contrastive, dualic and repetitive. See tha ?tes-/tha ?tets-/ tha ?tetsi-/tha ?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tha?tetsi- pref. Contrastive, dualic and repetitive. See tha ?tes-/ tha ?tets-/tha ?tetsi -/tha ?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha?tA- pref. Contrastive, future mode and dualic. tha ?tAs-/tha ?tA ts-/tha ?tA tsi -/ tha?tAse- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and repetitive (contrastive, dualic, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tha?tAtsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tha?tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha?tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tha?tAs- occurs.

tha?tAse- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tha ?tAs-/tha ?tA ts-/tha ?tA tsi -/ tha?tAse-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tha?tAt-/tha?tAti-/tha?tAte- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tha?tAtioccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha?tAte- occurs before some consonant dusters. Otherwise tha?tAt- occurs. tha?tAte- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tha?tAt-/tha?tAti-/tha?tAte-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tha?tAti- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tha ?tA t-/tha ?tA ti-/tha ?tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha?tAts- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tha ?tAs-/tha ?tA ts-/tha ?tA tsi -I tha?tAse-. NoTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tha?tAtsi- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tha ?tAs-/tha ?tAts-/tha ?tAtsi-/ tha?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

Oneida-English 701

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha ?tusa-/tha ?tuse-/tha ?tusu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive (contrastive, dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tha?tuseoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha?tusureplaces the sequence tha?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha ?tusa- occurs. tha ?tusa -/tha ?tu · sa-/tha ?tus e-/ tha?tu·se-/tha?tusu-/tha?tu·su- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive (contrastive, dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tha?tuse- and tha?tu·seoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tha?tusu- and tha?tu·su- replace the sequences tha?tusawa- and tha?tu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha?tusa- and tha?tu·sa- occur.

tha?tuse- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tha ?tusa-/tha ?tuse-/tha ?tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha?tuse-/tha?tu·se- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tha?tusa-/tha?tu·sa-/ tha ?tuse-/tha ?tu ·se-/tha ?tusu-/ tha?tu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha?tusu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tha ?tusa-/tha ?tuse-/tha ?tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tha?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tha?tusu-/tha?tu·su- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tha ?tusa-/tha ?tu ·sa-/ tha ?tuse-/tha ?tu ·se-/tha ?tusu-/ tha?tu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tha?tusawa- and tha?tu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

702 Oneida-English

tha ?tuta-/tha?tute-/tha ?tutu- pre f. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative (contrastive, dualic, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant tha?tuteoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha?tutureplaces the sequence tha?tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha?tuta- occurs. tha ?tu ta -/tha ?tu ·ta -/tha ?tu te-/ tha?tu·te-/tha?tutu-/tha?tu·tu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative (contrastive, dualic, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tha?tute- and tha?tu·teoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tha?tutu- and tha?tu·tu- replace the sequences tha?tutawa- and tha?tu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha?tuta- and tha?tu·ta- occur. tha?tute- pre£. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tha ?tuta-/tha ?tute-/tha ?tutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person

inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha?tute-/tha?tu·te- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tha?tuta-/tha?tu·ta-/ tha ?tute-/tha ?tu ·te-/tha ?tutu -I tha?tu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha?tutu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tha ?tuta-/tha ?tu te-/tha ?tutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tha?tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tha?tutu-/tha?tu·tu- pre£. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tha ?tuta-/tha ?tu ·ta-/ tha ?tu te-/tha ?tu ·te-/tha ?tutu-/ tha?tu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tha?tutawa- and tha?tu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. the- pref. Contrastive and factual mode. See tha?-/tha-/the-/thu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

Oneida-English 703

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

the·tk Temporal particle: yesterday. With oya· another, and tsh- coincident: oya· tshitheL{· the other day, kwah oya· tshithe·tA· the day before yesterday, the day before the other day. -the?t- v.a. pound. kethe·tha? I'm pounding (e.g., corn), yethe·tha? she's pounding. yakothe-tu she's pounding, she has pounded. katht-tu it's pounded. wa ?ethehte? she pounded, Akethehte? I will pound. setheht Pound! Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -the?tsl- flour; -lihwathe?t- explain; -nu ?tathe?tchurn butter. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -the?tsl- v. > n. flour. othe·tsli? flour. Pre-pausal: othe·tsheli?. With -atuni- I -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: satethe?tslu·n{he? you're making flour, Ahsatethe '?tslu·ni- you will make flour. With .aty-/.atye-/ .uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: y11sathe ?tslu·ti· you will add flour. With .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item: tekathe ?tslayestu it has flour mixed into it. • Osahe·ta? Ayolihake? Ayolha·leke? nA Atshane? satethe ?tslu ·nihe ?. Beans should be cooked and ready by the time you've finished making flour (corn flour). (R2) COMPOSED OF: -the?t- pound, -hslnominalizer. DERIVED BASES: -the?tslal- have flour or something powdery on.

NOTE: The addition of the -hslnominalizer to the component base results in the cluster ?thsl, which is replaced by ?tsl. The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-the?tslal- v.s. have flour or something powdery on. yothe-tslale? it has flour on it, it has something powdery on it. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -the?tsl- flour, -1- be inoron. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. thA- pre£. Contrastive and future mode. thAs-/thAts-/thAtsi-/thAse- pref. Contrastive, future mode and repetitive (contrastive, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant thAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise thAs- occurs. thAse- pre£. Contrastive and future mode. See thAs-/thAts-/thAtsi-/ thAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thAt-/thAti-/thAte- pref. Contrastive, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant thAti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

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The alternant thAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise thAt- occurs.

thAte- pref. Contrastive, future mode and cislocative. See thAt-/thAti-/ thAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thAti- pref. Contrastive, future mode and cislocative. See thAt-/thAti-/ thAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thAts- pref. Contrastive and future mode. See thAS-/thAts-/thAtsi-/ thAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. thAtsi- pre£. Contrastive and future mode. See thAs-/thAts-/thAtsi-/ thAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thi- pref. even, just. Contrastive. this-/thits-/thitsi-/thise- pref. Contrastive and repetitive (contrastive and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thits- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant thitsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thise- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise this- occurs.

thise- pref. Contrastive and repetitive. See this-/thits-/thitsi-/thise-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thit-/thiti-/thite- pref. Contrastive and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant thiti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thite- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise thit- occurs. thite- pref. Contrastive and cislocative. See thit-/thiti-/thite-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thiti- pref. Contrastive and cislocative. See thit-/thiti-/thite-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thits- pre£. Contrastive and repetitive. See this-/thits-/thitsi -/thise-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. thitsi- pref. Contrastive and repetitive. See this-/thits-/thitsi-/thise-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tho Locative and anaphoric particle: there, that's where. tho kati? nu: so then that's where. tho kati? ok wf· niku so then that's all. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if

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written th6 katyo ?k wf· niku. Prepausal: th6 katyo ?k wf· ni·ku. tho kati? wi· so then that's. tho kAs kwi· well that's usually. NOTE: Frequently reduced to th6 s kwf-. tho ki? ale? wi· so again. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written th6 kyale? w{· or th6 kyele? wf-. tho ki? niku it's actually that much. Pre-pausal: th6 ki? ni·ku. tho ki?

nya·lt~hkwe?

it's all for now.

tho ki? ok it's just that much. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written th6 kyo ?k. tho ki? uhte that's maybe. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written th6 kyuhte. tho kwi· that's anyway or indeed, that's then or there. tho kwi- nu· well that's where or when. tho niku it's that much. Pre-pausal: th6 ni·ku. tho niyo·le· it's that far. tho ni·yot that's the way it is. NOTE: See .ht- plus n- partitive, be the way it is. tho nu· that's where or when. tho nukwa· over there, that direction. tho ok kwi· that's or there's indeed. NOTE: Usually reduced to th6k kwf-. tho ok kwi· ne· niku that's indeed just how much. NOTE: Usually reduced to th6k kwf ne- niku.

tho ok ne· niku that's just how much. NOTE: Usually reduced to th6k ne· niku. thoha Adverbial particle: almost. • Khale? nale? tetyotahsawA? kA ? niwahnislesha ne· Wf tsi? nA th6ha a· y6hs late?. And again it's starting that the days are short because it's almost winter. -thoska? v.s. be young, be small. loth6ska? he's young or small, yoth6ska? she (z.) or it is young, yotith6ska? they (z.) are young, lotith6ska? they (m.) are young. • Kaye nikutf talu ?k6· yotith6ska? yonatawAhati!. The four young ducks are swimming around. thu- pre£. Contrastive and factual mode. See tha?-/tha-/the-/thu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tha?wa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thusa-/thuse-/thusu- pre£. Contrastive, factual mode and repetitive (contrastive, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thusu- replaces the sequence thusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thusa- occurs.

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th usa-/thu ·sa-/th use-/thu ·se-/thusu -/ thu·su- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and repetitive (contrastive, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants thuse- and thu·se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants thusu- and thu·sureplace the sequences thusawa- and thu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thusa- and thu·sa- occur. thuse- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and repetitive. See thusa-/thuse-/ thusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thuse-/thu·se- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and repetitive. See thusa-/thu ·sa-/thuse-/thu ·se-/ thusu-/thu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thusu- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and repetitive. See thusa-/thuse-/ thusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thusawa-, where wa- belongs to the

first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

thusu-/thu·su- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and repetitive. See thusa/thu ·sa-/thuse-/thu·se-/thusu-1 thu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences thusawa- and thu·sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thuta-/thute-/thutu- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and cislocative (contrastive, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant thute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thutu- replaces the sequence thutawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thuta- occurs. thuta-/thu ·ta-/thute-/thu ·te-/thutu-/ thu·tu- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and cislocative (contrastive, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants thute- and thu·te- occur before first person inclusive dual and

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plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants thutu- and thu·tureplace the sequences thutawa- and thu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thuta- and thu·ta- occur.

thute- pre£. Contrastive, factual mode and cislocative. See thuta-/thute-/ thutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thute-/thu·te- pre£. Contrastive, optative mode and cislocative. See thu ta-/thu ·ta -/thute-/thu ·te-l thutu-/thu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thute?slehtayAtakhwa? V > N parking lot. • Kwtih ka ?slehtanti·nu tsi? thute ?slehtayAttikhwa?. The parking lot is filled with cars. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -humasculine plural agent, -ate ?slehtay A-/-ate ?slehtayAtpark, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. thutu- pre£. Contrastive, factual mode and cislocative. See thuta-/thute-/ thutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence

thutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

thutu-/thu·tu- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and cislocative. See thuta-/thu ·ta-/thute-/thu ·te-l thutu-/thu ·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences thutawa- and thu·tawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thya- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode. See thya?-/thya-/ thyahe-/thyahu-/thyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. thya-/thya·-/thyae-/thyau- pre£. Contrastive, translocative, and optative mode (contrastive, translocative and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant thyae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyau- replaces the sequence thyaawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thya- or thya·occur, in free variation. thyae- pref. Contrastive, translocative, and optative mode. See

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thya-/thya ·-/thyae-/thyau -. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyaha- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode. See thya?-/ thya-/thyahe-/thyahu-/thyaha-. NOTE: Replaces thya?- and thyawhen the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyahe- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode. See thya?-/ thya-/thyahe-/thyahu-/thyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyahu- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode. See thya?-/ thya-/thyahe-/thyahu-/thyaha-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thyahawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thyau- pref. Contrastive, translocative, and optative mode. See thya-/thya ·-/thyae-/thyau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thyaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thy a? -/thya-/thyahe-/th yah u-/ thyaha- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode (contrastive,

translocative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant thya- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant thyahe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyahu- replaces the sequence thyahawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. The alternant thya?- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternant thyaha- occurs in place of thya?- and thya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules.

thy a?t-/thya ?te- pref. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and dualic (contrastive, translocative, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant thya?teoccurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise thya?t- occurs. thy a ?ta-/thya ?fa ·-/thy a ?tae-/ thya?tau- pref. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and dualic (contrastive, translocative, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant thya?taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thya?taureplaces the sequence thya?taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person

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singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thya?ta- or thya?ta·- occur, in free variation. thya?tae- pre£. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See thy a ?ta-/thya ?ta ·-/thy a ?tae-/ thya?tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thya?tau- pre£. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See thy a ?ta-/thya ?ta ·-/thya ?tae-/ thya?tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thya?taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thya?te- pre£. Contrastive, translocative and dualic. thya?te- pre£. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and dualic. See thya?t-/thya?te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thya?tA- pre£. Contrastive, translocative, dualic and future mode. thye-/thyehe- pre£. Contrastive and translocative. NOTE: The alternant thyehe- occurs

when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise thye- occurs. thyehe- pre£. Contrastive and translocative. See thye-/thyehe-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyehes- pre£. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-1 thyehets-. NOTE: Replaces thyes- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyehets- pre£. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-1 thyehets-. NOTE: Replaces thyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyes-/thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-1 thyehes-/thyehets- pre£. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive (contrastive, translocative and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thyets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant thyetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyese- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant thyes- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants thyehes- and thyehets- occur in place of thyes- and thyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules.

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thyese- pref. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-1 thyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thyets- pref. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-1 thyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. thyetsi- pref. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-1 thyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyA-/thyAhA- pref. Contrastive, translocative and future mode. NOTE: The alternant thyAhAoccurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise thyA- occurs. thyAhA- pref. Contrastive, translocative and future mode. See thyA-/ thy AhA-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyAhAs- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See thy As-/thy Ats-/thy Atsi -/thy ASe-/ thyAhAs-/thy AhAts-. NOTE: Replaces thyAs- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyAhAts- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See thyAs-/thyAts-/thyAtsi-/

thyASe-/thyAhAs-/thyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces thyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thy As-/thy Ats-/thy Atsi -/thy ASe-/ thyAhAs-/thyAhAts- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive (contrastive, translocative, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thyAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant thyAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant thy As- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants thyAhAs- and thyAhAts- occur in place of thyAs- and thyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyAse- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See th yAs-/thy Ats-/thy Atsi -/thyASe-/ thy AhAs-/thy AhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thyAts- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See thy As-/thy Ats-/thy Atsi -/thyASe-/ thyAhAs-/thyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. thyAtsi- pre£. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See thy As-/thy Ats-/thy Atsi-/thy ASe-/ thy AhAs-/ thy AhA ts-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

Oneida-English 711

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyusa-/thyuse-/thyusu- pref. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive (contrastive, translocative, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thyuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyusu- replaces the sequence thyusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thyusa- occurs. thyusa-/thyu ·sa~/thyuse-/thyu ·se-/ thyusu-/thyu·su- pref. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive (contrastive, translocative, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants thyuse- and thyu·se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants thyusu- and thyu·sureplace the sequences thyusawa- and thyu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thyusa- and thyu·sa- occur. thyuse- pref. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive.

See thyusa-/thyuse-/thyusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyuse-/thyu·se- pre£. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See thyusa-/thyu·sa-/ thyuse-/thyu·se-/thyusu-/thyu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyusu- pref. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See thyusa-/thyuse-/thyusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thyusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thyusu-/thyu·su- pref. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See thyusa-/thyu·sa-/ thyuse-/thyu ·se-/thyusu-/thyu ·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences thyusawa- and thyu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. ti- pref. there, this way. Cislocative. See t-/ti -/te-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

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prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -ti-/-ti?tsl- n. tea. ti tea. With -atuni- I -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: yakotti ?tsluni she has made tea. With -hnekil-/-hnekihldrink: wa ?kti ?tslahneki-la? I drank tea. DERIVED BASES: yeti?tslahikhwa? or yutti?tslalakhwa? tea canister; yutti?tslunyHha? teapot. NOTE: The altemant -ti- occurs in the basic noun form. The altemant -ti?tsl-, with the -?tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. .tiha?t- plus te- dualic, v.a. favour one over the other, treat unequally. tewaktihti-tu I'm favouring one side over the other, I'm favouring someone (e.g., one child over another), I'm not treating them equally, tehotihti-tu he's favouring one over the other, teyakotihti·tu she's favouring one over the other. wa ?tektihahte? I favoured something. COMPOSED OF: .tih(A)- plus tedualic, care, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .tih(A)- plus te- dualic, v.s. care. tewaktihA I care, tehotihA he cares, teyakotfhA she cares. Stative past: tewaktihA"hnt?- I used to care. Future stative: tAwaktih.Ahake? I will care. With th- contrastive: yah tha ?fewaktihA I don't care, yah tha ?fehotitflzA they (m.) don't care. And optative stative: ta·t yah tha ?tauktihake? if I didn't care. With tha?tes- contrastive, dualic and repetitive: yah tha ?feswaktihA I don't care anymore. Aspect class: A.

DERIVED BASES: .tiha?t- plus tedualic, favour one over the other, treat unequally; .attihA- plus tedualic, be different from one another; . ?khalatihA- plus te- dualic, for one's slip to show. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -?tcausative suffix.

tkatsi·tsyat V > N someone who has had a few drinks. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, kafeminine-zoic singular or neuter agent, -tsi?tsy- flower, -at-/-t-1-etbe in. .N-tk.A plus s- repetitive, v.s. be one (period of time) ago. With -Ahni?tmoon, month: swAhni ?tatk.A a month ago. With -At- week, daylight: swAtatk.A a week ago. With -ohslyear, winter: tsyohslatk.A one year ago. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one, -kA. decessive clitic. tn- pre£. you and I. First person inclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See tni-/tn-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. tni-/tn-/ty- pre£. you and I. First person inclusive dual agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant tni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The altemant ty- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternant tn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a.

t6· Interrogative particle: how many, how much. • T6· niku sahwista~. How much money do you have?

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t6· kati? na:ye? so then how long. t6 ki? ok kwi· how exactly. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written t6 kyo ?k kwf-. t6· ki? ok kwi- how many actually. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written t6· kyo ?k kwf-. t6 ki? ok kwi· mihte? something actually. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written t6 kyo ?k kwf- nahte ?. t6· na·ye? how long a time. • yah kwf- te ?wakanuhte? t6· na·ye? n6k tsi? sayeya·kAne? 6khna? yowistanawA·u. I don't know how long it was but when she went out again it was thawed out. (Vl) t6· niku how many. Pre-pausal: t6· ni·ku. t6· niyo·le· how far it is. t6hka? Quantity particle: several, few. t6hka? niku a few. Pre-pausal: t6hka? ni·ku. t6hka? ok just several. tok Affirmative particle: that's how, that's such. tok nahte? something. • Kwah kwf- nya ?tewAhnislake tok nahte? wahaklihuni? tsi? na·kyeJe?. So everyday he taught me something about how I should do it. (03) tok niyo·le· it's so far. to·kah Evidential particle: I don't know. to·k.Aske? Evidential particle: truly, surely, certainly, for sure. • Ne·n to·kAske? tewAhnislake 6khna? th6 fshne? kA·. So then

certainly in two days the two (m.) returned. (M7) NOTE: Often reduced to tu·ske?. -tokA?- v.a. become certain. Akato·kAne? it will become certain or definite, it will become apparent, it will be found out, akato·kAne? it may become certain, it's possible. With ny- partitive and translocative: nya ?kato·kAne? the truth came out. • Tahnu· kwah tsi? nya ?kato·kAne? uhka? ok ne- yutatalu ?ta. rn. And so it seemed the truth came out that someone had shot her. (V2) DERIVED BASES: -tokA?uhatye- for the outcome to be pending. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -tokA- and the-?- inchoative suffix. The root -tokA- is attested only with derivational suffixes, and possibly in the particle kwahotok.A for real, really, actually, truly. See also -tokA?s- find out about, hear about. The final ? of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -tokA?s- v.a. find out about, hear about. ukto·kA·se? I heard or found out about it, wesato·kA·se? you found out about it, wahoto·kA·se? he found out about it, Awakto·kA·se? I will find out about it, aukto·kA·se? I should hear about it, ayakoto·kA·se? she should find out about it. With srepetitive: Aswakto·kA·se? I will hear about it again. • Tewakatuhutyson£ aukto·kA ·se?. I want to know, I'm curious. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -tokA- and the -?s- benefactive suffix. The root -tokA- is attested only with derivational suffixes, and possibly in the particle kwahotok.A for real, really, actually, truly. See also -tokA?- become certain. The? of the ?s

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cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tokA?uhatye- v.m. for the outcome to be pending. yotokA ?uhtiti? the outcome (whether I'll do it or not) is pending, it depends. COMPOSED OF: -tokA?- become certain, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -tokA?uhati- before a final?. to·tis N spring frog. ts- pref. again, back again. Repetitive. See s-/ts-/tsi-/se-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. ts- pref. you. Second person singular agent pronominal prefix. See s-/se-/ ts-/t-/-hs-/-hse-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in y or i. tsha- pref. Coincident and factual mode. See tsha?-/tsha-/tshe-/tshu-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. tsha-/tsha ·-/tshae-/tshau- pre f. Coincident and optative mode (coincident and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant tshae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshau- replaces the sequence tshaawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha- or tsha·occur, in free variation.

tshae- pref. Coincident and optative mode. See tsha-/tsha ·-/tshae-/ tshau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -tshahni-/-tshahnihk- v.a. be scared of, be afraid of. ketshd·nihse? I'm afraid of it, I'm scared, litsha·nihse? I'm afraid of hi~. lotshahnihku he was afraid of it. wahitsha·nihke? I was scared of him, Aketsha·nihke? I will be afraid of it, Ahitsha·nihke? I will be scared of him. With te?negative: yah te?yesatshd·nihse? they are not afraid of you. DERIVED BASES: -atetshahnihtAni-/ -atetshahnihtA- scare someone, frighten someone. NOTE: The alternant -tshahnioccurs in the habitual aspect and before the -ht- causative suffix. The alternant -tshahnihk- occurs in the stative and punctual aspects. The h of the hn cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tshahniht- v.s. be industrious, be energetic, be a hard worker, be smart. waketsha·nit I'm energetic, I'm a hard worker, yakotshd·nit she's a hard worker, lotshd·nit he's a hard worker. Stative past: yakotshahnihtu·ne? she was energetic, a hard worker, lotshahnihtu ·ne? he used to be energetic. Future stative: Ayakotshahnihtuhake? she will be energetic, a hard worker. With npartitive: tsi? niwaketshd·nit I'm so smart, tsi? niyakotsha·nit she's so industrious, tsi? niyotitshd·nit they (z.) are so smart, industrious. With

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tsh- coincident: sheku tshiyakotshti·nit she was still a good worker. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -tshahnihta?become industrious, energetic, a hard worker, smart; -?nikuhlatshahnihtbe strong-willed. NOTE: The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. -tshahnihta?- v.a. become industrious, energetic, a hard worker, smart. wahotshahnfhtane? he became industrious, energetic, or smart, Awaketshahnfhtane? I will become smart. COMPOSED OF: -tshahniht- be industrious, be energetic, be a hard worker, be smart,-?- inchoative. NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. tshau- pre£. Coincident and optative mode. See tsha-/tsha ·-/tshae-/ tshau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsha?-/tsha-/tshe-/tshu- pre£. Coincident and factual mode (coincident and aorist tense). NOTE: The altemant tsha- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The altemant tshe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant tshu- replaces the sequence tsha?wa-,

where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha?- occurs. tsha? nu· someplace, where, about that time. tsha? ok nu· someplace, where, about that time. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsho?k nu·. tsha?t-/tsha?te- pre£. Coincident, factual mode and dualic (coincident, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The altemant tsha?te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise tsha ?t- occurs. tsha? ta-/tsha ?ta ·-/tsha ?tae-/ tsha?tau- pre£. Coincident, optative mode and dualic (coincident, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The altemant tsha?taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant tsha?taureplaces the sequence tsha?taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha?ta- or tsha?ta·- occur, in free variation.

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tsha?tae- pre£. Coincident, optative mode and dualic. See tsha?ta-/ tsha ?ta ·-/tsha ?tae-/tsha ?tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tsha?tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha ?tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tsha?tesoccurs.

tsha?tau- pre£. Coincident, optative mode and dualic. See tsha?ta-/ tsha ?ta ·-/tsha ?tae-/tsha ?tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tsha?taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

tsha?tese- pre£. Coincident, dualic and repetitive. See tsha ?tes-/tsha ?tets-/ tsha ?tetsi-/tsha ?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

tsha?te- pref. Coincident and dualic. tsha?te- pre£. Coincident, factual mode and dualic. See tsha?t-/ tsha?te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tsha ?tet-/tsha ?teti-/tsha ?tete- pre£. Coincident, dualic and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tsha?tetioccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha?teteoccurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tsha ?tet- occurs. tsha?tete- pre£. Coincident, dualic and cislocative. See tsha?tet-/tsha?teti/tsha ?tete-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

Tsha?tekohselha? V > N Midwinter, February. NOTE: Includes the tsha?te- coincident and dualic prefixes, an anomalous prefix k-, and possibly an alternant -ohsel- of the noun base -ohslyear, winter; but the composition is unclear.

tsha?teti- pre£. Coincident, dualic and cislocative. See tsha?tet-/tsha?teti/tsha ?tete-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tsha ?tes-/tsha ?tets-/tsha ?tetsi-/ tsha?tese- pref. Coincident, dualic and repetitive (coincident, dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tsha?tetsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant

tsha?tets- pref. Coincident, dualic and repetitive. See tsha ?tes-/tsha ?tets-/ tsha ?tetsi-/tsha ?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tsha?tetsi- pref. Coincident, dualic and repetitive. See tsha?tes-/

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tsha ?tets-/tsha ?tetsi-/tsha ?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha?tewahsAnA it's in the middle, it's halfway between. See .ahsAnA- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic. tsha?tA- pre£. Coincident, future mode and dualic. tsha ?tAs-/tsha ?tAts-/tsha ?tA tsi-/ tsha?tAse- pre£. Coincident, dualic, future mode and repetitive (coincident, dualic, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tsha?tAtsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tsha?tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha ?tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tsha?tAsoccurs. tsha?tAse- pre£. Coincident, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tsha ?tAs-/tsha ?tAts-/tsha ?tA tsi -I tsha?tAse-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tsha ?tAt-/tsha ?tAti-/tsha?tAte- pre£. Coincident, dualic, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tsha?tAtioccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha?tAte-

occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tsha?tAt- occurs. tsha?tAte- pre£. Coincident, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tsha ?tAt-/tsha ?tA ti-/tsha ?tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tsha?tAti- pre£. Coincident, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tsha ?tAt-/tsha ?tAti -/tsha ?tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha?tAts- pre£. Coincident, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tsha ?tAs-/tsha ?tAts-/tsha ?tAtsi-/ tsha?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tsha?tAtsi- pref. Coincident, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tsha ?tAs-/tsha ?tA ts-/tsha ?tA tsi-/ tsha?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha ?tusa-/tsha ?tuse-/tsha ?tusu- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and repetitive (coincident, dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tsha?tuseoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha?tusureplaces the sequence tsha?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive

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prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha ?tusa- occurs. tsha ?tusa -/tsha ?tu ·sa-/tsha ?tuse-/ tsha?tu·se-/tsha?tusu-/tsha?tu·supref. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and repetitive (coincident, dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tsha?tuse- and tsha?tu·seoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tsha?tusu- and tsha?tu·su- replace the sequences tsha?tusawa- and tsha?tu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha?tusa- and tsha?tu·sa- occur. tsha?tuse- pre£. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tsha ?tusa-/tsha ?tuse-/tsha ?tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha?tuse-/tsha?tu·se- pre£. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tsha?tusa-/ tsha ?tu ·sa-/tsha ?tuse-/tsha ?tu ·se-/ tsha?tusu-/tsha?tu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person

inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha?tusu- pre£. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tsha ?tusa-/tsha ?tuse-/tsha ?tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tsha?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsha?tusu-/tsha?tu·su- pre£. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tsha?tusa-/ tsha ?tu ·sa-/tsha ?tuse-/tsha ?tu ·se-/ tsha?tusu-/tsha?tu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tsha?tusawa- and tsha?tu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsha?tuta-/tsha?tute-/tsha?tutu- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and cislocative (coincident, dualic, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant tsha?tuteoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha?tutureplaces the sequence tsha?tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the

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initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha?tuta- occurs. tsha ?tuta-/tsha ?tu ·ta-/tsha ?tu te-/ tsha?tu·te-/tsha?tutu-/tsha?tu·tupref. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and cislocative (coincident, dualic, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tsha?tute- and tsha?tu·teoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tsha?tutu- and tsha?tu·tu- replace the sequences tsha?tutawa- and tsha?tu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha?tuta- and tsha?tu·ta- occur. tsha?tute- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tsha?tuta-/tsha?tute-/tsha?tutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha?tute-/tsha?tu·te- pref. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tsha?tuta-/ tsha ?tu ·ta-/tsha ?tu te-/tsha ?tu ·te-l tsha ?tutu-/tsha ?tu ·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha?tutu- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tsha ?tuta-/tsha ?tute-/tsha ?tutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tsha?tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsha?tutu-/tsha?tu·tu- pre£. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tsha?tuta-/ tsha ?tu ·ta-/tsha ?tute-/tsha ?tu ·te-l tsha?tutu-/ tsha?tu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tsha?tutawa- and tsha?tu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -tshe-/-tshe?t- n. bottle, jar, quart. katshe? bottle, jar. With -shuha collective clitic: katshe?shuha bottles, jars. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: nikatshe·ta? the size of the jar. With -at-N-kehlu- put things here and there for oneself: yakotetshe ?take-lu? she has jars or bottles spread around. With -hnyot/-ot- stand something upright, have: yakotshe·tote? she has a bottle standing, satshe-tote? you have a jar standing, wa ?etshe ?fo·tA· she stood up the bottle. With -hnyotakw-/ -otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up, andytranslocative: ya-ketshe?tota·k6· I

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should pick up a jar there,

ya ?set she ?fota·k6 Take down the jar over there! With -hnyotu-1-otu- be standing upright, several, and t- cislocative: tkatshe?to·tu· there are jars standing there. With -hnyotunyu- I -otunyu- stand several upright: ketshe?totunyuhe? I'm setting up the jars, wa ?ketshe ?fotuni? I set up the jars, setshe ?fotuni Set up the jars! And y- translocative: ya ?ketshe ?fotuni? I set up the jars over there. With -N-italyu-1 -ya ?titalyu- give several a ride, transport, put several into: wa ?ketshe ?titali? I put the bottles in something, wa ?etshe ?fatali? she put the jars in it. With -N-ita?- I -ya?tita?- give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa ?ketshe ?tftane? I put the bottle or bottles in it. With .N+I.ya?tatplus s- repetitive, be one: skatshe-tat one jar or bottle, one quart.

• Kwah tsi? niku skatshe·tat o·n.Aste? swatokwa·tslat baking soda .Ahsatste?. For each quart of com use one tablespoon of baking soda. (Rl) DERIVED BASES: yotshe?tA·tuhe? pear. NOTE: The altemant -tshe- occurs in the basic noun form. The altemant -tshe?t- is the incorporating form, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. tshe- pref. Coincident and factual mode. See tsha?-/tsha-/tshe-/tshu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -tshenA-1-itshenA- n. domestic animal, pet. katshe·n.A· domestic animal, pet, kutitshe·n.A· several

animals. akitshe·n.A· my animal, satshe·n.A· your animal, akotshe·n.A· her animal, laotshe·n.A· his animal, uknitshe·n.A· our (dual) animal or animals, ukwatshe·n.A· our animal or animals, laotitshe·n.A· their (m.) animals, aotitshe·n.A· their (z.) animals. With -shuha collective clitic: katshenA ?shuha animals, kutitshenA ?shuha a variety of different kinds of animals, livestock, akitshenA ?shuha my animals, laotshenA ?shuha his animals. NOTE: The altemant -itshenAoccurs in the first person singular possessed form, -tshenA- occurs elsewhere. This base is never attested as an incorporated noun. Compare -naskw-1-nAskw-, which is always incorporated. -tshe?t- bottle, jar, quart. See -tshe-/ -tshe?t-. tshA- pref. Coincident and future mode. -tshAly- v.a. find. ketsh.Alyehse? I find. waketsh.Ali I have found it, lotsh.Ali he has found it. wa ?ketshA H I found it, wahatshA H he found it. Stative past: waketshAlyu ·ne? I found it at one time (but it's lost again). With srepetitive: shotsh.Ali he has found it again, saketshAH I found it again, sahatshA H he found it again, usahatshA H he should find it again. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusahatshA.ZZ. he found it there again. With thusacontrastive and repetitive: yah thusaketshA·li· I won't find it anymore, yah thusahatshA H he won't find it anymore. Aspect class: E4.

• Kwah 6ksa? waketsh.Ali thik.A

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tyutAhni·nuhe? tsha?skhlo·lf·. Right away I found the store that you told me about. DERIVED BASES: -tshAlya?se-/ -tshAlya?s- find for someone; -atetshAly- find for oneself, get found; -lihwatshAly- find out about, find fault, complain. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -tshAlya?se-/-tshAlya?s- v.a. find for someone. litshAlya·sehe? I'm finding some things for him. litshAlya·se I'm finding it for him. wahitsh.ilyahse? I found it for him, wa ?khetsh.ilyahse? I found it for her. With the English noun job: shakotsyapslatshAlya·se he finds jobs for them. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -tshAly- find, -?se-/ -?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -tshAlya?seoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -tshAlya?soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. tshAs-/tshA ts-/tshA tsi -/tshAse- pref. Coincident, future mode and repetitive (coincident, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tshAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshAse- occurs before

some consonant clusters. Otherwise tshAs- occurs. tshAse- pref. Coincident, future mode and repetitive. See tshAs-/tshAts-/ tshAtsi-/tshAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshAt-/tshAti-/tshAte- pref. Coincident, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tshAti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tshAt- occurs. tshAte- pref. Coincident, future mode and cislocative. See tshAt-/tshAti-/ tshAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshAti- pref. Coincident, future mode and cislocative. See tshAt-/tshAti-/ tshAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshAts- pref. Coincident, future mode and repetitive. See tshAs-/tshAts-/ tshAtsi-/tshASe-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tshAtsi- pref. Coincident, future mode and repetitive. See tshAs-/tshAts-/ tshAtsi -/tshAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

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tshi- pref. when. Coincident. tshikaha·wi· it's at this time. COMPOSED OF: tsh- coincident, kaneuter agent, -hawi- be the date, time or era, for the time to come,-? stative. tshikwa?akA.nhe? I tshikwa?akanhe? last summer. NOTE: Normally pronounced tshikwa ?kAnhe? or tshikwa ?kanhe ?. Both words occur, depending on the speaker. They include the tsh- coincident prefix and the noun root -akAnh/-akanh- season, spring, summer; otherwise the composition is unclear. tshis-/tshits-/tshi tsi -/tshise- pref. Coincident and repetitive (coincident and iterative). NOTE: The altemant tshits- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The altemant tshitsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant tshise- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tshis- occurs. tshise- pref. Coincident and repetitive. See tshis-/tshits-/tshitsi-/ tshise-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshiskaha·wi- it's at this time again. COMPOSED OF: tshis- coincident and repetitive, ka- neuter agent, -hawibe the date, time or era, for the time to come,-? stative. tshiskale? it's the time when, at that time. COMPOSED OF: tshis- coincident and repetitive, ka- neuter agent, -1- be in or on, -e? stative.

tshit-/tshiti-/tshite- pref. Coincident and cislocative. NOTE: The altemant tshiti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant tshite- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tshit- occurs. tshite- pref. Coincident and cislocative. See tshit-/tshiti -/tshite-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshiti- pref. Coincident and cislocative. See tshit-/tshiti -/tshite-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshits- pref. Coincident and repetitive. See tshis-/tshits-/tshitsi -/ tshise-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tshitsi- pref. Coincident and repetitive. See tshis-/tshits-/tshitsi -/ tshise-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshiwahu·nise? when it was a long time ago. See wahu·nise?. tshiwathawinuti? in those times. COMPOSED OF: tsh- coincident, wneuter agent, -at- semireflexive, -hawi- be the date, time or era, for the time to come, -nu stative, -lyeprogressive, -? intentive.

Oneida-English 723

tshu- pref. Coincident and factual mode. See tsha?-/tsha-/tshe-/tshu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tsha?wa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshusa-/tshuse-/tshusu- pref. Coincident, factual mode and repetitive (coincident, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshusu- replaces the sequence tshusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshusa- occurs. tshusa-/tshu ·sa-/tshuse-/tshu ·se-/ tshusu-/tshu·su- pref. Coincident, optative mode and repetitive (coincident, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tshuse- and tshu·se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tshusu- and tshu·sureplace the sequences tshusawa- and tshu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neu-

ter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshusa- and tshu·sa- occur.

tshuse- pref. Coincident, factual mode and repetitive. See tshusa-/tshuse-/ tshusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshuse-/tshu·se- pref. Coincident, optative mode and repetitive. See tshusa-/tshu ·sa-/tshuse-/tshu ·se-/ tshusu-/tshu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshusu- pref. Coincident, factual mode and repetitive. See tshusa-/tshuse-/ tshusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshusu-/tshu·su- pref. Coincident, optative mode and repetitive. See tsh usa -/tsh u ·sa-/tsh use-/tshu ·se-/ tshusu-/tshu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tshusawa- and tshu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

724 Oneida-English

tshuta-/tshute-/tshutu- pre£. Coincident, factual mode and cislocative (coincident, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant tshute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshutu- replaces the sequence tshutawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshuta- occurs. tshu ta-/tshu ·ta-/tsh ute-/tshu ·te-/ tshutu-/tshu·tu- pre£. Coincident, optative mode and cislocative (coincident, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tshute- and tshu·te- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tshutu- and tshu·tureplace the sequences tshutawa- and tshu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshuta- and tshu·ta- occur. tshute- pre£. Coincident, factual mode and cislocative. See tshuta-/tshute-/ tshutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshute-/tshu·te- pref. Coincident, optative mode and cislocative. See tshuta-/tshu ·ta-/tshu te-/tshu ·te-l tshutu-/tshu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshutu- pre£. Coincident, factual mode and cislocative. See tshuta-/tshute-/ tshutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshutu-/tshu·tu- pref. Coincident, optative mode and cislocative. See tsh u ta-/tsh u ·ta-/tsh u te-/tshu ·te-/ tshutu-/tshu·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tshutawa- and tshu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. .N-tshu? plus s- repetitive, v.s. be one at a time. With -ahsi?t-/-ahsi- foot: tsyohsi ?ftifshu? one foot at a time, each one foot. With -Ahni?t- moon, month: swAhni ?flifshu? every month, monthly. With -shu?kal- board, floor: skashu ?kalatshu? one board at a time. COMPOSED OF: .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus s-

Oneida-English 725

repetitive, be one, -shu? collective eli tic. DERIVED BASES: swAhni?tatshu? .nuhwaktani- plus s- repetitive, menstruate.

tshu?kalolA N jackrabbit. Pre-pausal: tshu ?kalo·l.A. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: otshuhkalo·ZA rabbit ('split lip') (ACH). tshya- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode. See tshya?-/ tshya-/tshyahe-/tshyahu-/ tshyaha-. NoTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. tshya-/tshya·-/tshyae-/tshyau- pref. Coincident, translocative and optative mode (coincident, translocative and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant tshyae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshyau- replaces the sequence tshyaawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshya- or tshya·- occur, in free variation. tshyae- pref. Coincident, translocative and optative mode. See tshya-/ tshya·-/tshyae-/tshyau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tshyaha- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode. See tshya?-/ tshya-/tshyahe-/tshyahu-/ tshyaha- . NOTE: Replaces tshya?- and tshyawhen the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyahe- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode. See tshya?-/ tshya-/tshyahe-/tshyahu-/ tshyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshyahu- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode. See tshya?-f tshya-/tshyahe-/tshyahu-/ tshyaha-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshyahawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Tshyale proper name. Charlie. tshyau- pre£. Coincident, translocative and optative mode. See tshya-/ tshya·-/tshyae-/tshyau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshyaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshy a? -/tshy a-/tsh yahe-/tsh yah u -I tshyaha- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode (coincident, translocative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant tshya- occurs

726 Oneida-English

before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The altemant tshyahe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant tshyahu- replaces the sequence tshyahawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. The alternant tshya?occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternant tshyahaoccurs in place of tshya?- and tshyawhen the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshya?t-/tshya?te- pre£. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and dualic (coincident, translocative, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The altemant tshya?teoccurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise tshya?t- occurs. tshya ?ta-/tshya ?ta ·-/tshya ?tae-/ tshya?tau- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and dualic (coincident, translocative, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant tshya?taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshya?taureplaces the sequence tshya?taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person

feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshya?ta- or tshya?ta·- occur, in free variation. tshya?tae- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See tshya ?ta-/tshya ?ta ·-/tshya ?tae-/ tshya?tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshya?tau- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See tshya ?ta-/tsh ya ?ta ·-/tshya ?tae-/ tshya?tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshya?taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshya?te- pre£. Coincident, translocative and dualic. tshya?te- pre£. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and dualic. See tshya?t-/tshya?te-. NoTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshya?tA- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and dualic. tshye-/tshyehe- pre£. Coincident and transloca ti ve. NOTE: The alternant tshyeheoccurs when the prefix falls within

Oneida-English 727

the domain of the accent rules, otherwise tshye- occurs. tshyehe- pref. Coincident and translocative. See tshye-/tshyehe-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyehes- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/ tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes-/tshyehets-. NOTE: Replaces tshyes- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyehets- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/ tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes-/tshyehets-. NOTE: Replaces tshyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyes-/tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-1 tshyehes-/tshyehets- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive (coincident, translocative and iterative). NOTE: The altemant tshyets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The altemant tshyetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant tshyese- occurs before some consonant clusters. The altemant tshyes- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants tshyehes- and tshyehets- occur in place of tshyes- and tshyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyese- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/

tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes-/tshyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshyets- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/ tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes-/tshyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tshyetsi- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/ tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tsh yehes-/tshyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshyA-/tshyAhA- pref. Coincident, translocative and future mode. NOTE: The alternant tshyAhAoccurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise tshyA- occurs. tshyAhA- pref. Coincident, translocative and future mode. See tshyA-/ tshyAhA-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyAhAs- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See tshyAs-/tshyAts-/tshyAtsi-/ tshy Ase-/tshy AhAs-/tshyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces tshyAs- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyAhAts- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode, repetitive. See tsh y As-/tsh y Ats-/tshy Atsi -/ tshy Ase-/tshy AhAs-/tshy AhAts-. NOTE: Replaces tshyAts- when the

728 Oneida-English

prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshy As-/tshy Ats-/tshy Atsi -/tshyASe-/ tshyAhAs-/tshyAhAts- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive (coincident, translocative, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshyAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tshyAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshyAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant tshy AS- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants tshy AhAs- and tshyAhAts- occur in place of tshyAs- and tshyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyAse- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See tshy As-/tshy Ats-/tshy Atsi-/ tshy Ase-/tshy AhAs-/tshy AhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshyAts- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See tshyAS-/tshyAts-/tshyAtsi-/ tshy Ase-/tshy AhAS-/tshy AhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tshyAtsi- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See tshyAS-/tshyAts-/tshyAtsi-/ tshy Ase-/tshy AhAs-/tshy AhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tshyusa-/tshyuse-/tshyusu- pref. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and repetitive (coincident, translocative, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshyuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshyusu- replaces the sequence tshyusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshyusa- occurs. tshyusa-/tshyu ·sa-/tsh yuse-/tshyu ·se/tshyusu-/tshyu·su- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and repetitive (coincident, translocative, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tshyuse- and tshyu·seoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tshyusu- and tshyu·su- replace the sequences tshyusawa- and tshyu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshyusa- and tshyu·sa- occur. tshyuse- pref. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See tshyusa-/tshyuse-/tshyusu-. NoTE: Occurs before first person

Oneida-English 729

inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshyuse-/tshyu·se- pre£. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See tshyusa-/tshyu·sa-/ tshyuse-/tshyu ·se-/tshyusu-/ tshyu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshyusu- pre£. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See tshyusa-/tshyuse-/tshyusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshyusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshyusu-/tshyu·su- pre£. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See tshyusa-/tshyu·sa-/ tshyuse-/tsh yu ·se-/tshyusu-/ tshyu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tshyusawa- and tshyu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsi- pref. again, back again. Repetitive. See s-/ts-/tsi-/se-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -tsiha kin term. older sibling. aktsfha or yuktsfha my older sister, she's my older sister, laktsfha my older brother, he's my older brother. NOTE: This term is apparently restricted to first person. -tsihalateny- v.a. become dizzy. waktsihalatenyehse? I'm dizzy, lotsihalatenyehse? he's dizzy, yakotsihalatenyehse? she's dizzy. waktsihalateni I was dizzy. uktsihalate·ni- I got dizzy, Awaktsihalate·ni- I will get dizzy. Habitual past: lotsihalatenye ?skwe? he was dizzy. Future habitual: Ahotsihalatenye·sheke? he will be dizzy. Aspect class: E4. • S6·tsi? yoshno·le· wa ?tkatkal.A·lu? uktsihalate·nf·. I swung too fast and I got dizzy. DERIVED BASES: -tsihalatenya?tspin someone. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -tsihalatenya?t- v.a. spin someone. laktsihalatenyti-tha? he makes me spin around. laktsihalatenytHu he has made me spin around. wa ?khetsihalatenyahte? I made her spin around, wa ?uktsihalatenyahte? she made me spin around, she made me dizzy, Akutsihalatenyahte? I will spin you around. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -tsihalateny- become dizzy, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: -attsihalatenya?tspin. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is

730 Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-tsihAstatsi? be a minister, be a preacher. latsih.Astatsi? (he's a) minister, (he's a) preacher.

katsihko·tU· ovenbread, kunjun. NOTE: The objects this base refers to can be described as spherical, bunched-up or coiled objects. The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u.

-tsihkot- v.a. put a button on. ktsihk6tha? I'm putting a button on. wahatsihko·t.A· he put a button on. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -tsihkotunyu- put buttons on, knead dough.

-tsihkwahalot- v.a. pin with a safety pin. ktsihkwahal6tha? I'm putting a safety pin in it, I'm pinning it up with a safety pin, yetsihkwahal6tha? she's pinning it. katsihkwahalote? it's pinned up. wa ?ktsihkwahalo·t.A· I pinned it. stsihkwahalo·t.A Put a safety pin in it! Aspect class: F. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot; and the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have; otherwise the composition is unclear.

-tsihkotunyu- v.a. put buttons on, knead dough. ktsihkotunyuhe? I'm kneading it, I'm putting buttons on. waktsihkotuni? I have kneaded it, I have put buttons on. wahatsihkotuni? he kneaded it. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkot- put a button on, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -tsihkotuni- before a final ? .

-tsihkwakwe?nuni- v.a. make a fist. ktsihkwakwe ?nu-n{he? I'm making a fist. waktsihkwakwe ?nun£ I have made a fist. wa ?ktsihkwakwe ?nu·ni· I made a fist, wahatsihkwakwe ?nu·ni- he made a fist. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hwe?nuni-/ -hwe?nuny-/-kwe?nuni- wrap into a package or bundle.

-tsihkw- n. button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot. otsihkwa? button, fist, knuckle, turnip. DERIVED BASES: -tsihkwahalot- pin with a safety pin; -tsihkwakwe?nuni- make a fist; .tsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, tie a knot; -tsihkwAht- bang one's fist; -tsihkot- be a knot in a tree; -tsihkotput a button on; .attsihkwa?ek-/ .attsihkwa?e- plus te- dualic, play ball; katsihk6hal safety pin;

.tsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, v.a. tie a knot. tektsihkwalutha? I'm tying a knot in it. tewaktsihkwalute? I have tied a knot in it. wa ?tektsihkwalu-t.A· I tied a knot in it. testsihkwalu·t.A Make a knot! Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .tsihkwalutakwplus te- dualic, undo a knot; .attsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, become knotted . NOTE: Includes the te- dualic

-tsihkot- v.s. be a knot in a tree. katsihkote? (it's) a knot in a tree. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have.

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prefix, the noun base -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot; and possibly the verb root -ut- (see -N-utattach, be attached); but the composition is unclear. .tsihkwalutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. undo a knot. tektsihkwalutakwas I'm taking the knot out. tewaktsihkwalutakwA I have taken the knot out. wa 7tektsihkwaluta·k6· I undid the knot, wa 7thatsihkwaluta·k6· he undid the knot, wa 7tyetsihkwaluta·k6 she undid the knot. testsihkwaluta·k6 Undo the knot! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .tsihkwalut- plus tedualic, tie a knot, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -tsihkwAht- v.a. bang one's fist. ktsihkw.titha 7 I'm banging my fist. wa 7ktsfhkwAhte 7 I banged my fist, wahatsfhkwAhte 7 he banged his fist. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -N-Aht- drop, let fall. DERIVED BASES: tsi? thatitsihkw.Atha? at the auction. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. tsikawihsakiha? N monkey. DERIVED BASES: tsikawihsakiha ?ko· gorilla. NOTE: ACH give two forms for 'monkey': tsikawihsakfha 7 and latsi 7nuhtaks ('he eats lice'). Cf. Mohawk: katsi?n6nhtaks (GM). tsikawihsakiha?ko· N gorilla. COMPOSED OF: tsikawihsakiha? monkey, -k6· augmentative clitic.

tsi·ks N housefly. DERIVED BASES: tsiksko· cicada; kohsa·t.As tsi·ks horsefly. tsiksk6· N cicada. COMPOSED OF: tsi·ks housefly, -k6· augmentative clitic . tsiktsile·le· N chickadee. tsikwil.A·tu? I tsyokwil.A·tu? V > N squirrel. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yofeminine-zoic singular patient, -kwil- twig, whip, -hlA?tu-/-A?tu- be attached, hanging, -? stative. NOTE: Both words are attested. The form tsikwil.ti·tu 7 has an initial tsiin place of the s- repetitive and yofeminine-zoic prefixes; an initial tsioccurs in several names of animals. Cf. Wisconsin: tskiwil.ti·ta 7 (ACH). tsilahsal/ tsilahsalu? N ironwood. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: tsilahsalA (ACH). Tsil6·s proper name. Lucy. -tsin- v.s. be aggressive, determined, industrious, cocky, macho, spunky. ke·ts{n I'm industrious, determined, aggressive, se-ts{n you're aggressive, la·ts{n he's cocky, ye·ts{n she's industrious. With te- dualic: tehni-tsin the two (m.) have spunk. Aspect class: A. • Se·tsfn k.ti. Are you with it? Are you good? Can you handle it? DERIVED BASES: -atatetsin- act like one is better than others, act macho; -atattsin- think oneself smart; kitkit la·tsin rooster. -tsina?ahl- n. tree stump. otsina 7a·la 7 tree stump. DERIVED BASES: -tsina?ahlot- be a tree stump, standing. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsina?ahlot- v.s. be a tree stump, standing. katsina ?a·lote? or yotsina ?a·lote? (there's) a tree stump standing upright in the ground. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsina?ahl- tree stump, -hnyot-1-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsina?t- n. smart-looking, handsome, or dapper young man. aktsina·ta? my handsome little man (e.g., a mother talking about her little boy). DERIVED BASES: -tsina?tol- look smart, handsome, or dapper. NOTE: The? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsina?tol- v.s. look smart, handsome, or dapper. yotsina ?tolu he looks smart, handsome, dapper. Prepausal: yotsina ?to·lg. Secondary habitual: yotsina ?to·lu·se? there are several smart-looking boys or young men. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Although the inflected form of this base has the feminine-zoic or neuter patient prefix yo-, it is used to refer to boys or men, e.g., a young man who is wearing a military uniform. The base includes the noun base -tsina?t- smart-looking, handsome, or dapper young man, and possibly the alternant -ol- of the verb base -?Jholok-1-?Jhol-1-olok-1-ol- cover up. tsina?tsyakehtu? I tsyona?tsyakehtu? V > N spider. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yofeminine-zoic singular patient,

-na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle, -keht(e)-1 -keht(u)- have a burden on one's back, -? stative. NOTE: Both words are attested. The form tsina ?tsyakehtu? has an initial tsi- in place of the s- repetitive and yo- feminine-zoic prefixes; an initial tsi- occurs in several names of animals. tsina?tsyakehtu? teyota?a·lute? cobweb. COMPOSED OF: tsina?tsyakehtu? spider; and yo- feminine-zoic patient, .ata?alut- plus te- dualic, trim with lace for oneself, be lacy, a web, -e? stative. tsiniskwalakwalu·tu· N toad. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump; but the composition is unclear. Cf. Wisconsin: tsyoniskwalakwalu·te (ACH). tsinuhnehklis I tsyonuhnehklis N bee. -tsinuhyaht- n. vein. otsinuhyahtu? vein. DERIVED BASES: -tsinuhyahtatenyube full of veins; otsinuhyahta? ahsli·ye· sinew. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -nuhy- sinew. -tsinuhyahtatenyu- v.s. be full of veins. katsinuhyahtateni? veins travelling all over (e.g., in illustrations of the human body in a doctor's office). Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -tsinuhyaht- vein, -N-te- exist, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -tsinuhyahtateni- before a final ? . tsisk6·ko? N robin. -tsist- n. fire, light. o·tsfste? light. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a

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certain size: a ?e· nikatsista? it's a big light. With -at-N-iyost- make something good for oneself: yakottsistiy6stu she has made a good fire, wahattsisti·y6ste? he made a good fire. And t- cislocative: takattsisti ·y6ste? I made a good fire there, tayuttsisti·y6ste? she made a good fire there. And n- partitive: nihottsistiy6stu he's making such a good fire. With -at-N-nyut-/ -at-N-niyut- suspend for oneself, hang for oneself: kattsistanyutha? I'm putting up lights (e.g., Christmas lights). With -N-iyo- be good: katsistiy6 it's a good fire. With -yA/ -y At- lay down, place, have, and te?- negative: yah te?yakotsistayA? she or someone doesn't have a light (e.g., matches). DERIVED BASES: -tsistahla?- for light to land; -tsistot- light, turn on a light; -tsistuthahs- furnish someone with a light or fire; -attsistutfurnish oneself with a light or fire; tsistoka?ta·ne? firefly, lightning bug; wattsistol6kta? lampshade; yetsistalakhwa? lantern. NOTE: Probably a component in -tsistohkw- dot, print, star. -tsistahla?- v.a. for light to land. wa ?katsistti·lane? the light landed on it.

• Th6 wa ?katsista·lane? tsi? yohsuhtaka·lute?. The light landed there on the window. (V3) COMPOSED OF: -tsist- fire, light, -hla?- for something to land. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. tsistalak N grasshopper.

-tsistohkw- n. dot, print, star. otsist6hkwa? stars, dots, printed fabric, calico. With -N-iyo- be good: katsistohkwiy6 it's nice printed fabric. DERIVED BASES: -tsistohkwal- for a star to shine, be a dot; otsistohkwa· clown. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -tsist- fire, light. -tsistohkwal- v.s. for a star to shine, be a dot. yotsist6hkwale? it's starry, the stars are shining, it's spotted, it's polka-dotted fabric. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsistohkw- dot, print, star, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -tsistohkwalu- for stars to shine here and there, be starry, be polka-dotted; -attsistohkwal- have spots, freckles, or moles. -tsistohkwalu- v.s. for stars to shine here and there, be starry, be polkadotted. yotsistohkwa·lu· there are stars out, it's starry, it's polkadotted. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -tsistohkwal- for a star to shine, be a dot, -u- distributive. tsistoka?ta·ne? N firefly, lightning bug. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -tsist- fire, light, and possibly the verb base -oka ?t- be rough, the -?ne- ambulative suffix, and-? intentive. But the composition is unclear. -tsistot- v.a. light, turn on a light. ktsist6tha? I put the lights on, yetsist6tha? she lights it, latsist6tha? he turns on the light. waktsistote? I have lit it, satsistote? you have lit it. katsistote? the light is on, it's lit up. wahatsisto·tif· he

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turned on the light, Aktsisto·tLf· I will light it, Astsisto·tA· you will light it. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsist- fire, light, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -tsistotakhwa?tslayA- have lights, have lamps; -tsistothahs- give someone light; -tsistotunyu- light, turn on several lights; -attsistotlight for oneself, turn on a light for oneself; yetsistotakhwa? lamp. -tsistotakhwa?tslayA- v.s. have lights, have lamps. yukwatsistotakhwa·tslayA? we have lamps. Aspect class: B. • Tshiwahu ·nise? yukwatsistotakhwa·tslayA? kAs kwah kAs th6 niwA·te· tsi? ni·y6t nA?u·wa? wa ?kahewe? yukwattsisto·tzi·. A long time ago we had (oil) lamps, they were just as bright as the lamps we have nowadays. COMPOSED OF: -tsistot- light, turn on a light, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual, -tsl- nominalizer, -yA-/ -y At- lay down, place, have. NOTE: The? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsistothahs- v.a. give someone light. wahuwatsist6thahse? someone gave him some light (e.g., a lamp). COMPOSED OF: -tsistot- light, turn on a light, -hahs- benefactive. -tsistotunyu- v.a. light, turn on several lights. latsistotunyuhe? he's turning on several or different lights. waktsistotuni? I turned on the lights. wahatsistotuni? he turned on the lights. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -tsistot- light, turn on a light, -unyu- distributive.

NOTE: Many speakers have -tsistotuni- before a final ?. -tsistuthahs- v.a. furnish someone with a light or fire. wahuwatsistuthahse? someone gave him a light (e.g., a light from a match to light his cigarette, the light from a flashlight), ahuwatsistuthahse? someone should give him a light. • Wa ?shakoli ?wanu·tu·se? th6 lati?tlu·tu· uhka? ok kLf·, yah kLf uhka? te?yakots{stayA? ahuwatsistuthahse ?, i·lelhe? ahahlo·tA·. He asked those who were sitting around (if) someone didn't have a light to give him, he wanted to smoke. (MS) NOTE: Composed of the noun base -tsist- fire, light, a verb root -ut-, and the -hahs- benefactive suffix. See note under -utho- put into the fire, burn. tsHawis N a crybaby. -tsiyAt- n. beak of a bird. laotsiyA·ta· his beak, aotsiyA·tti· her (z.) or its beak, aktsiyA·ta· my beak. tsi? Subordinative particle: that, such that. tsi? kati? nahte? something moreover. tsi? ka·yA· the one(s) that, which one. COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle; and kaneuter agent, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -? stative. tsi? nahe? during, since. •Wa?khlo·tA· tsi? nahe? kuyatnuhtu·tu. I smoked while I was waiting for you. SwA·tat tsi? nahe? waktsihalateni. I was dizzy for one week. tsi? nahte? something.

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tsi? na·ye? during, since. tsi? niwAhnislo·tAhse? weather. COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle; and wneuter agent, -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of, -?se? secondary habitual. tsi? niyo·le· until, that far. See -le-. tsi? ni·yot the way it is. • We·ne kwi- akwaka·latuhse? tsi? ni·y6t tsi? twakatahsawA? oyu ?kwa·ke wakyo·te·. I guess I should tell you about the way it is that I got started working in tobacco. (03)

NOTE: See .ht- plus n- partitive, be the way it is. tsi? n6: where, wherever, whenever. tsi? nukwa· that direction, whichever direction. tsi? ok naho·tAhse? all kinds of things. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo ?k nah6·tAhse ?. May include a root -o?tA-, and the -?se? secondary habitual suffix. See .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. See also tsi? ok naho·tA?. tsi? ok naho·tA? all kind of things. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo ?k nah6·tA ?. The word nah6-tA? may include a root -o?tA-. See .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. See also tsi? ok naho·tAhse?. tsi? ok nahte·shu? all kinds of things. COMPOSED OF: tsi? ok nahte? all kinds of things, -shu? collective eli tic. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo ?k nahte·shu ?. tsi? ok nahte? all kinds of things. DERIVED BASES: tsi? ok nahte·shu? all kinds of things.

NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo ?k nahte ?. tsi? ok nu: all over the place. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo ?k nu .. tsi? tetwatshA.thos west. tsi? ya ?tewatsh.tthos there at the west. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, .atshAtho- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya?te- translocative and dualic, for the sun to set, -s habitual. tsi? thatitsihkwA.tha? at the auction. • Tsi? niwanitskwahla ?tsli ·y6·se? thonatke-lu? tsi? thatitsihkw.ttha ?. There are real nice chairs for sale at the auction. COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle; and tcislocative, -hati- masculine plural agent, -tsihkwAht- bang one's fist, -ha? habitual. tsi? thotuhutsya·te· at his land. •Ay6lhAne? ne· on.t AyuhtA·tita·thuni? AhahtA·tf· shotuk6htu, th6 s ki? wi- nA yahli·le? tsi? thotuhutsya·te· Shukwaya ?tfsu ?. In the morning she will leave or he will leave, he has passed on, he went to the land of the Creator. (M15) COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle; and tcislocative, -ho- masculine singular patient, -at- semireflexive, -uhwAtsy-1-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy- land, ground, earth, -N-teexist, -? stative. NOTE: An expression for 'heaven', i.e., 'it's the Creator's land'. tsi? tkake·tohse? east. COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle; and kaneuter agent, .ke?to- plus t- cislocative, for the sun to rise, -?se? habitual.

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tsi? tkanAstihale? ceiling. NOTE: Composed of the particle tsi?; and the t- cislocative prefix, kaneuter agent, a noun root -nAst-, the alternant -ihal- of the verb base -hal-/-ihal- hang up, and -e? stative aspect. See note under kanA.stote? rafters. tsi? tyakota?wasta? bedroom. See .ita?wast- plus tsi? particle and tcislocative. tsi? tyeya?tatali? cemetery. COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle; and tcislocative, ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ya?t- body, -talyu-/ -etalyu- put several into containers, -? stative. tsi? tyunuhwetstakhwa? bedroom. See -anuhwetstahkw-. tsi? tyute?slehtunyHha? at the garage. COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle; and tcislocative, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate- semireflexive, -?sleht- vehicle, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. tsi? yeyakotyehtakhwa? dump. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative (replacing y- translocative): tsi7 tyakotyehttikhwa 7 at the dump. COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle; and yako- feminine-indefinite singular patient, .atyehtahkw- plus ytranslocative, where one dumps something, -ha? habitual. tsi? tyotnuhsakalAhlakwA at the corner of the house. COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle; and tcislocative, yo- neuter patient, -nuhshouse, building, -atkalAhlakw- be at the corner of, -A stative.

tsi?kla?wistal N bat. NOTE: Refers to the animal. May include the noun base -la?wist- peelings; but the composition is unclear. Cf. Wisconsin: tsiklawfstal (ACH). .tsi?kwanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. kiss someone. tehuwatsi 7kwani 7 she has kissed him. wa 7thuwatsi 7kwani 7 she kissed him, Ltkhetsi 7kwani 7 I will kiss her .

•Yah ne· tshyaya·w.Ane7 tsi7 tAkhetsi7kwani7 tsyo7le· n.A Awakita·wha7. I'd have to give her a kiss before I went to bed. (Vl) DERIVED BASES: .tsi?kwanyukwplus te- dualic, kiss someone repeatedly. NOTE: Many speakers have .tsi?kwani- before a final ?. .tsi?kwanyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. kiss someone repeatedly. tehuwatsi 7kwanyukwas she's kissing him several times, she's giving him all these little kisses. tekhetsi7kwanyukwA I have given her all these kisses. wa 7tekhetsi7kwanyu·k6· I kissed her repeatedly. Aspect class: 03. COMPOSED OF: .tsi?kwanyu- plus tedualic, kiss someone, -kw- reversalive. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -tsi?nahkw- n. nest. otsi ?nahkwa 7 nest. aotsi 7nahkwa 7 its (z.) nest. With -atuni- I -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: luttsi7nahku·nfhe7 they (m.) are making a nest. NOTE: The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. tsi?nhutst6khwi? I tsi?nhutst6khwa? N ant.

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NOTE: Both forms are attested. Cf. Wisconsin: tsyonhutst6kwi (ACH). -tsi?nkwa1- n. yellow, orange. otsi·nkwal or otsi·nkwala? DERIVED BASES: katsi?nkwa1ahu:tsi? orange; otsi·nkwa1a? nikahteh16·tA carrot; otsi·nkwa1a? niwahy6·tA orange; otsi?nkwalci· goldfinch. NOTE: The ? of the ?nkw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsi?nu-/-tsi?nuht- n. louse, lice. otsi·nu? louse, lice. DERIVED BASES: -tsi?nuhta1- have lice. NOTE: The alternant -tsi?nu- occurs in the basic noun form, and the 7 of the 7n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -tsi?nuht- is the incorporating form. -tsi?nuhtal- v.s. have lice. waktsi ?nuhtale? I have lice, lotsi ?nuhtale 7 he has lice, yakotsi?nuhtale? she has lice. Habitual past: lotsi?nuhtalahkwe? he had lice. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsi?nu-/-tsi?nuhtlouse, lice, -1- be in or on. -tsi?nuw- n. bug, worm. otsi?nu·wa· bug. With -shuha collective clitic: otsi ?nuwa ?shuha bugs. With -es- I -us- be long: katsi?nu·wes it's a long worm. DERIVED BASES: -tsi?nuwa1- have worms; -attsi?nuwat- have a pimple; otsi?nuwahtHa? earthworm. -tsi?nuwal- v.s. have worms. yotsi ?nu·wale? it has worms in it, it's wormy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsi?nuw- bug, worm, -1- be in or on.

-tsi?nyuhk1- n. snot. otsi ?nyuhkla? snot. Pre-pausal: otsi ?nyuhkela ?, With -es- I -us- be long: lotsi ?nyuhkles he has a long stream of snot (coming out of his nose). DERIVED BASES: -tsi?nyuhk1okewwipe someone's nose; -tsi?nyuhklotget a snotty nose, sniffle; -attsi?nyuhklokew- wipe one's nose; -attsi?nyuhkluty- blow one's nose. -tsi?nyuhk1okew- v.a. wipe someone's nose. khetsi ?nyuhkloke·was I'm wiping her nose. khetsi ?nyuhklokewA I wiped her nose. wahitsi ?nyuhklo·kewe 7 I wiped his nose. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -tsi?nyuhk1- snot, -1akew-/-ya?tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off. -tsi?nyuhklot- v .a. get a snotty nose, sniffle. waktsi ?nyuhkl6tha? I keep getting a snotty or runny nose, yakotsi ?nyuhkl6tha? she gets a snotty nose, she's sniffling. waktsi ?nyuhklote? I have a snotty nose, my nose is running, lotsi ?nyuhklote? he has a snotty nose. uktsi ?nyuhklo·tA· my nose got full of snot (e.g., when I have a cold), wahotsi ?nyuhklo·tA· his nose got full of snot. Habitual past: lotsi?nyuhklo·tahkwe? he had a snotty nose. Future stative: Ahotsi ?nyuhklo·take? he will have a snotty nose. With t- cislocative: tyakotsi?nyuhkl6tha? she's over there and she's sniffling, thotsi ?nyuhkl6tha? he's over there and he's sniffling. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsi?nyuhkl- snot, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. tsi?nyu·kale? N mole. NOTE: Probably includes the alter-

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nant -?nyu- of the noun base -?nyuhs-/ -?nyu-/-i?nyuhs-1-i?nyu- nose, but the composition is unclear. -tsi?tahlu- v.s. cry a lot, be a crybaby. waktsi ?tti-lu I'm a crybaby, lotsi?tci-lu he's a crybaby, yakotsi?tti·lu she's a crybaby, yotsi ?tti·lu she (z.) is a crybaby. Stative past: yakotsi?tahlu·hne· she used to cry a lot. Future stative: Ayakotsi ?tahluhake? she will cry a lot. Aspect class: A. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsi?tA-1-tsi?tAhsl- n. bird. otsi ?tAha bird. Pre-pausal: otsi?tA"ha. With -shuha collective clitic: otsi ?tAha ?shuha birds. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikatsi?tAhsl6·tA kA What kind of a bird is it? na ?katsi ?tAhsl6·tA? the species of bird it is. And te?negative (replacing n- partitive): yah th6 te?katsi ?tAhsl6·tA it's not that kind of bird. NOTE: The basic noun form is probably composed of a root -tsi?tA- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -tsi?tAhsl-, without the clitic and with the -hsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. -tsi?tsy- n. flower. otsf-tsi? or otsftsya? flower. Pre-pausal: otsi-tsi?. With -shuha collective clitic: otsi ?tsya ?shuha flowers. With -atuni- grow: yottsi?tsyuni there are flowers growing. With . N butternut. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -hso?kw- nut, -es-t-usbelong. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: okehwa·ta? (ACH); Mohawk: atyehwa:ta? (GM); Seneca: jo:ny6 ?kwe:s (Chafe 1967:636). tsyohso?kwakayu V > N red squirrel. Pre-pa usal: tsyohso ?kwaka ·yQ. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -hso?kw- nut, -akayube old.

tsyohtahkwakayu V > N raspberry. Pre-p a usal: tsyohtahkwaka-y!!_. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -aht-1-ahtahkwshoe, -akayu- be old. tsyohwA.·tstakawe? V > N seagull. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -hwA?tst- foam, -eka?-/-ekaw-1-ka?-/-kaw- like or enjoy the taste of, -e? stative. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: tsyohwi\tstakale (ACH). tsy6·kwalis N bobolink. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: tekana ?ali·sase (ACH). tsyokwilA:tu? squirrel. See tsikwilA-tu? I tsyokwilA.·tu?. tsyolhy6hkwa? N chipmunk. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: tsihly6·kwA or tsyohly6hkwa? (ACH). Probably includes the noun base -alhyohkwsinker, ring, hoop, but the composition is unclear. tsyona?tsyakehtu? spider. See tsina?tsyakehtu?/tsyona?tsyakehtu?. tsyonisklolu V > N snail. Pre-pausal: tsyonisklo ·ZQ. NOTE: Possibly composed of the srepetitive prefix, yo- neuter patient, the noun base -itskl- spit, spittle, saliva, the altemant -ol- of the verb base -?lholok-/-?Ihol-/-olok-1-olcover up, and -u stative. However the noun base for spit includes a 't' which is lacking in the word for 'snail'. Cf. Wisconsin: tsyunisklo.ZZ:i (ACH). tsyonHu? N beaver. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: tsyuni-tu (ACH). tsyonuhnehklis I tsinuhnehklis N bee.

Oneida-English 743

teyoskalya?t V > N green spots on fresh potatoes. NOTE: Refers to green spots which turn bitter if cooked. This word may be related to the base .atskala?t- plus te- dualic, be bitter, be strong-tasting, be sour. tsyotekliya·ku N buffalo. tsyotsya·kawe? V > N mink. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -itsy- fish, -eka?-/ -ekaw-1-ka?-/-kaw- like or enjoy the taste of, -e? stative. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: shotsya·kawe? (ACH). tsyoya·nat V > N a pair. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -yan- track, .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one. tsyo?le· Temporal particle: until. NOTE: Probably reduced from tsi? niyo·le-. See -le- be a distance. tsyo?slehta·kat V > N train. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -?sleht- vehicle, .?kaht- plus te- dualic, be fastmoving. NOTE: The tsy- at the beginning of this word may be the s- repetitive prefix plus yo- neuter patient, or it could also be a reduced form of the tedualic prefix plus yo- neuter patient. tu- pre£. Cislocative and factual mode. See ta-/te-/tu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

tusa-/tuse-/tusu- pre£. Dualic, factual mode and repetitive (dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tusu- replaces the sequence tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tusa- occurs. tusa-/tu ·sa -/tuse-/tu ·se-/tusu -/tu ·s upre£. Dualic, optative mode and repetitive (dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tuse- and tu·se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tusu- and tu·su- replace the sequences tusawa- and tu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tusaand tu·sa- occur. tuse- pre£. Dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tusa-/tuse-/tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

744

Oneida-English

tuse-/tu·se- pref. Dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tusa-/tu·sa/tuse-/tu·se-/tusu-/tu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tu:ske? Evidential particle: truly, surely, certainly, for sure. NOTE: A reduced form of to·kAske?. tusu- pref. Dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tusa-/tuse-/tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tusu-/tu·su- pref. Dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tusa-/tu·sa/tuse-/tu·se-/tusu-/tu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tusawa- and tu·sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tuta-/tute-/tutu- pref. Dualic, factual mode and cislocative (dualic, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant tute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tutu- replaces the sequence tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient

and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tuta- occurs. tu ta-/tu ·ta-/tu te-/tu ·te-/tu tu-/tu ·tupref. Dualic, optative mode and cislocative (dualic, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tute- and tu·te- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tutu- and tu·tu- replace the sequences tutawa- and tu·tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tutaand tu·ta- occur. tute- pref. Dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tuta-/tute-/tutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tute-/tu·te- pref. Dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tuta-/ tu ·ta-/tute-/tu ·te-/tutu-/tu ·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tutu- pref. Dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tuta-/tute-/tutu-.

Oneida-English 745

NOTE: Replaces the sequence tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tutu-/tu·tu- pref. Dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tuta-/ tu ·ta-/tute-/tu ·te-/tutu-/tu ·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tutawa- and tu·tawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Tu·wis proper name. Thomas. tw- pref. you all and I. First person inclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See twa-/tw-/twA-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. twa-/tw-/twA-/ty- pref. you all and I. First person inclusive plural agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The altemant twa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The altemant tw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The altemant twA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The altemant ty- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. twa?kanha? I twa?k.Anha? N Chippewa, non-Oneida Indian. latwa ?kanha? he's a Chippewa, he's a non-Oneida Indian, latitwa ?kanha? they (m.) are Chippewas, kutitwa ?kanha? they (z.) are Chippewas. With -ke loca-

tive clitic: twa?kAnha·ke on the Chippewa side, at the Chippewa reserve on the other side of the river from Oneida-of-the-Thames. NOTE: Both forms occur, depending on the speaker. twA- pref. you all and I. First person inclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See twa-/tw-/twA-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. ty- pref. you and I. First person inclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See tni-/tn-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. ty- pref. you all and I. First person inclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See twa-/tw-/twA-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru. -tye-/-itye- v.m. be flying. kftye? I'm flying, latye? he's flying, katye? she (z.) or it is flying. Pre-pausal: kati!. kityehse? I fly around, latyehse? he flies around, yetyehse? she flies around, katyehse? she (z.) or it flies around, latftyehse? they (m.) fly around, kutftyehse? they (z.) are flying around. wa ?kfti? I'm flying away, wahati? he's flying away, wa ?efi? she's flying away, wa ?kati? she (z.) or it is flying away, wetwati? we (incl.) are flying away. With el6k all over and s- repetitive: el6k shatiti? they (m.) are flying around. With t- cislocative: tahati? he came flying. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutakfti? I flew back again. With nis- partitive and repetitive: nishatye? where he's flying back again. DERIVED BASES: -tyenutye-/ -ityenutye- be flying all over.

746 Oneida-English

NOTE: The altemant -itye- occurs in the first person singular, -tye- occurs elsewhere. Many speakers have -tiand -iti- before a final ?. -tye- suf. going along. Progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -tibefore a final ?. See note under -hatye-. -tyenutye-/-ityenutye- v.m. be flying all over. kutityenuti? they (z.) flew all over. With y- translocative: ya ?kutityenuti? they (z.) went flying all over. • N A ki? ok le· wf· ne· kutityenUti? ne?n o?nu·na· katum1zahkwe?. And then the splints I was using to make (the basket) just went flying all over. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -tye-/-itye- be flying, -nu stative, -tye- progressive. NOTE: For the distribution of the alternants, see the component base. Many speakers have -tyenuti- and -ityenuti- before a final ?. tyetakwalihsya·tha? V > N steering wheel. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .takwalihsyu-/ .takwalihsy- plus t- cislocative, straighten out, steer, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. tyohy6·tsis salt. See -hyo?tsis-/ -hyo?tsist-. tyonhuskwalut N cow. NOTE: May be composed of the t-

cislocative prefix, yo- neuter patient, the noun base -nhoskwal- jowl, and the verb root -ut- (see -N-ut- attach, be attached). However note that this word is consistently pronounced with the vowel u in the second syllable, while the base for 'jowl' has the vowel o. tyono·luhe? before. • Oye.zr. minut tyono·luhe? uska. It's ten minutes to one. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, yoneuter patient, -nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time, -he? habitual. NOTE: Used in telling time. ty6tkut Adverbial particle: always. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix, yo- neuter patient, the -at- semireflexive, and probably a root -kut-. See also .kutahkw- plus tcislocative or ya?te- translocative and dualic, persist, keep going on. tyotkutahkwA Temporal particle: all the time, it keeps happening. tyotyelAhtu first. See .atyelAht- plus t- cislocative. tyutketskwatha? atya-tawi?t V > N housecoat, robe. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .atketskwahtplus t- cislocative, get up quickly, -ha? habitual; and -atya?tawi?t-/ -atya?tawi?tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse.

Oneida-English 747

u .u- plus n- partitive, v.s. be that many.

niyakyu? or niyaki? there are so many of us (excl.). Stative past: niyakyu·hne· there were so many of us (excl.). Future stative: nAyakyuhake? there will be so many of us (excl.). With s- repetitive, and stative past: ahSA nitsyakyu·hne· there used to be three of us. Aspect class: B. • T6hka? ok niyakyu·hne· oya· tshity6·kalas. There were only a few of us the other night. u- pre£. she, it. Factual mode plus

third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent pronominal prefix. See ka-/kA.-/w-/y-/u-1-h-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence wa?wa-, where wa?- is the factual mode, w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -u- pref. she, someone. Third person

feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/y A.-/ya-/-e-1-u-/ -ak-/-A.-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -u- suf. several. Distributive.

-u suf. Stative (perfective) aspect.

NOTE: Occurs mostly with bases that end in a consonant.

-u- give someone something. See -awi1-u-/-A.-.

.u- plus t- cislocative, give or hand

something to someone. See .awi-/ .u-/.A.- plus t- cislocative.

-u- arrive. See -w-/-ew-1-aw-/-u-. .u- plus s- repetitive, arrive home. See .w-/.ew-/.aw-/.u- plus s- repetitive. -uhake? suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -u. The future stative/optative stative ending replaces the stative suffix. According to Lounsbury (1953), it is composed of a stative aspect component -u, a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-, called the continuative, and the punctual aspect suffix -e?. -uhew- v.a. sweep. kuhe·was I'm sweeping, luhe·was he's sweeping. wakuhew.A I have swept. wa ?kuhewe? I swept, wahluhewe? he swept, Akuhewe? I will sweep. suhew Sweep! Aspect class: D3. • Wa ?kuhewe? tehoksahlfhtu. I swept up the dishes he broke. DERIVED BASES: -uhewanyu- sweep all over; -uhewa?t- use to sweep with; -atuhew- sweep. NOTE: It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the derived base -atuhew-. -uhewanyu- v.a. sweep all over. wa ?kuhewani? I swept it all. COMPOSED OF: -uhew- sweep, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -uhewani- before a final?,

748 Oneida-English

-uhewa?t- v.a. use to sweep with. kuhewti·tha? that's what I use to sweep. wa ?kuhe·wti·te? I used it to sweep with. COMPOSED OF: -uhew- sweep, -?tcausative. DERIVED BASES: yakuhew;Hha? broom. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -uhkal-/-uhkalel- v.a. snore. suhkalhe? you're snoring, luhkalhe? he's snoring, yakuhkalhe? she's snoring. wahluhkalele? he started to snore, Ahluhkalele? he will snore. DERIVED BASES: -uhkale?ni- snore loudly. NOTE: The alternant -uhkal- occurs in the habitual aspect, -uhkaleloccurs in the punctual aspect. -uhkale?ni- v.s. snore loudly. kuhkale·ni I snore loudly, luhkale·ni he snores loudly, yakuhkale·ni she snores loudly, lA.nuhkale·ni they (m.) snore loudly. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of the alternant -uhkal- of the base -uhkal-/ -uhkalel- snore, and a component -e?ni-, which occurs in a few bases having to do with loud noises. See also .Ahale?ni- plus te- dualic, be a really loud noise; and -lakale?ni- be a loud noise. The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. uhka? Interrogative particle: who. uhka? naho·tA? who it is. uhka? ncihte? who. •Uhka? ntihte? ka?i·kA. Who is this? uhka? ok someone.

uhka? ok ncihte? someone. -uhne? suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -u when the stative suffix -u is accented in the stative aspect form, and with bases that end in any of the dislocative suffixes, even though in this case the accent is on the penultimate syllable in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -u and a component -hne?, which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -uhne? is always realized as -u·hne·. uhte Evidential particle: maybe, possibly, I guess. •Tahnu· uhte wi· ka?ikA tsi? na?a·wAne? kwah ikA tsi? wa?shakotiksa ?ftiksahte? kA·. And I guess the way it happened was that they really spoiled her badly. (M7) NOTE: This particle is unaccented in most contexts. -uhutsy- land, ground, earth. See -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-1-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy-. -uhwatAha kin term. niece, nephew, aunt, uncle. kheyuhwatAha my niece, liyuhwatAha my nephew, yukuhwatAha my aunt, lakuhwatAha my uncle, sheyuhwatAha your niece, etshuhwatAha your nephew. .uhwAtsishuhkw-/.hutsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. earthquake. wa ?tyauhwAtsishuhkwe? or wa ?tyohutsishuhkwe? there was an earthquake, wa ?tyukwahutsishuhkwe? we had

Oneida-English 749

an earthquake. DERIVED BASES: .uhwAtsishuhkwanyu-/ .hutsishuhkwanyu- plus te- dualic, earthquakes here and there. NOTE: Both alternants are attested. Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the noun base -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth, and a verbal component -ishuhkw-, which occurs also in .elyahsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, for the heart to thump, have a heart attack.

.uhwAtsishuhkwanyu-/ .hutsishuhkwanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. earthquakes here and there. With t- cislocative: tutayohutsishuhkwani? there were earthquakes someplace. COMPOSED OF: .uhwAtsishuhkw-/ .hutsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, earthquake, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Both alternants occur. Many speakers have .uhwAtsishuhkwanior .hutsishuhkwani- before a final ?. -uhwAtsy-1-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/-hutsyn. land, ground, earth. ohwAtsya? or ohwAtsi? or ohutsya? or ohutsi? land, ground. Pre-pausal: ohwAtsi! or ohutsi?. With -?ke locative suffix: ohwAtsya·ke or ohutsya·ke on the ground or earth. With -ku locative suffix, and -shu? collective clitic: ohutsyakushu? along through underneath the ground. With -oku locative suffix: ohutsyoku under the ground. Pre-pausal: ohutsyo·ku. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: tsi? niyohutsya? the land is so big. With -at-N-hsluni-1 -at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up: latuhwAtsyahslu·nihe? he's caring for the field, garden or lawn (making it look real nice). With

-attakwalihsyu- I -at-N-kwalihsyube straight, be level, have good posture: yotuhwAtsyakwalihsi the ground is even or level. With -attebe at the edge, be at the end: tsi? yotuhutsyate? it's at the end of the land, it's a cliff. With -hninu- buy, buy from: lohwAtsyahni·nu· he has bought land. With -na?nawA-1 -ya ?tanaw A- I -naw A- get wet: yauhwAtsyanawA the ground is wet. With -nohale- I -ya?tohale- I -ohalewash, and s- repetitive: Atsyuhutsy6hale? it will clean the earth again . DERIVED BASES: -uhwAtsyakahlutbe a hole in the ground, be a cave or tunnel; .uhwAtsishuhkw-/ .hutsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, earthquake; ohutsyakayu·ke the old country, Europe; ohutsyaku basement; ohutsyakweku the whole world; tsi? thotuhutsya·te· at his land; Ya·ya?k Nihonuhutysake Six Nations; yohutsyake-Iu? continent. NOTE: All four alternants are apparently in free variation. The alternants -uhw Atsy- and -uhutsytake the ya- neuter patient prefix, while the alternants -hwAtsy- and -hutsy- take the yo- neuter patient prefix or o- noun prefix.

-uhwAtsyakahlut- v.s. be a hole in the ground, be a cave or tunnel. yauhwAtsyaka·lute? (it's) a cave, a tunnel. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole. DERIVED BASES: -uhwAtsyakahlutatye- be an extended hole or tunnel in the ground. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is

750 Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels.

-uhwAtsyakahlutatye- v.m. be an extended hole or tunnel in the ground. yauhwAtsyakahlutati? it's an ongoing hole in the ground, an extended tunnel. COMPOSED OF: -uhwAtsyakahlut- be a hole in the ground, be a cave or tunnel, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -uhwAtsyakahlutati- before a final ?

uk- pre£. me, I; she or it acts on me. First person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See wak-/wake-/uk-/uke-1 ukw-. NOTE: Occurs before bases that begin in i, o, or u, and most consonants, and replaces the sequences wa?wakand awak-, where the initial wa?- of wa ?wak- is the factual mode and the initial a- of awak- is part of the optative mode. -uk- pre£. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yuk-/yuke-/yukw-1-uk-/-uke-/ -ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in i, o, or u, and most consonants after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. uke- pre£. me, I; she acts on me. First person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See wak-/wake-/uk-/uke-1 ukw-. NOTE: Occurs before bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters, and replaces the sequences wa ?wakeand awake-, where the initial wa?of wa ?wake- is the factual mode and

the initial a- of awake- is part of the optative mode.

-uke- pre£. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yuk-/yuke-/yukw-1-uk-/-uke-/ -ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -uke? suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -u. The future stative/ optative stative replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -u, a component -k-, called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e?. -ukhi- pre£. she, someone, or they act on us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yukhi-/yukhiy-1-ukhi-/ -ukhiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i after the wa?factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -ukhiy- pre£. she, someone, or they act on us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yukhi-/yukhiy-1-ukhi-/ -ukhiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i after the wa?factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. ukn- pre£. our, the two of us. First person dual possessive. See ukni-/ ukn-/uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -ukn- pre£. us, we two; she or it acts on

the two of us. First person dual

Oneida-English 751

patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukni/yukn-/yuky-1-ukni-/-ukn-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a after the wa7- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. ukni-/ukn-/uky- pre£. our, the two of us. First person dual possessive. NOTE: The alternant ukni- occurs with bases that begin in consonants. The alternant uky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternant ukn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -ukni- pref. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukni/yukn-/yuky-/-ukni-1-ukn-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. .ukoht- plus te- dualic, v.a. force through, penetrate. teyuk6tha? it's coming through (e.g., water is coming through a hole in the roof), tekuk6tha? I'm putting it through something (e.g., clothes through an old-fashioned wringer-washer, liquid through a sieve). tewakuk6htu it has gone through me (e.g., I got soaked by rain). wa ?fku·k6hte? I put it through, I see it carried out, wa ?fyu·k6hte? it went through, wa?fwaku·k6hte? it went through me, Ltku·k6hte? I will put it through. With th- contrastive: yah tha ?fayu·k6hte? it won't come through. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: tekahnekuk6tha? water is coming through, it's leaking. With -nikw Ahtal- red:

wa ?fhanikwAhtalu·k6hte? he turned red, he blushed, wa ?fyenikwAhtalu·k6hte? she turned red. With - wel- air, wind: wa ?tkawelu·k6hte? the wind came through (e.g., the walls), takA? takawelu-k6t the wind shouldn't come through. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: .atya?tukoht- plus te- dualic, get diarrhea. NOTE: The root -ukoht- occurs without the te- dualic prefix in -ahuhsukoht- overhear; and -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on. The final ht of the base becomes t beforehand word-finally. .ukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. bump, bump into. tewakukwas I bump into it. tewakukwA I have bumped into it. wa ?twaku·k6· I bumped into it, tAwaku·k6· I will bump into it. With y- translocative: ya ?tyau·k6· it bumped (landed) there. With -luttree, log: wa?twaklutu·k6· I ran into a tree. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: th6 tehonAtshUkwas he bumps his arm there, wa ?fwaknAtshu·k6· I bumped my arm. With -nuhs- house, building: wa?twaknuhsu·k6· I ran or bumped into the house. With -nutsi- I -nutsist- head, cabbage: wa?twaknutsistu·k6· I bumped my head. With -shnuhs- I -ishnuhs- I -shnu- hand, fingers: wa?twakeshnuhsu·k6· I bumped my hand. With -utsh- knee: wa ?fwakutshu·k6· I bumped my knee. With -?sleht- vehicle: wa ?twake ?slehtu ·k6· I ran into a car. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: .na?alukw- plus tedualic, bump into head first, run into something headlong. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

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ukw- pre£. ours. First person plural possessive. See ukwa-/ukw-/ukwA-1 uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. ukw- pre£. me, I; she acts on me. First person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See wak-/wake-/uk-/uke-1 ukw-. NOTE: Occurs before bases that begin in a, e, or A, and replaces the sequences wa?wakw- and awakw-, where the initial wa?- of wa?wakwis the factual mode and the initial aof awakw- is part of the optative mode. -ukw- pre£. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/yukw A-/yuky-/ -ukwa-/-ukw1-ukwA-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -ukw- pre£. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yuk-/yuke-/yukw-1-uk-/-uke-/ -ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. ukwa-/ukw-/ukwA-/uky- pre£. ours. First person plural possessive. NOTE: The altemant ukwa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The altemant ukw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The altemant ukwA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i

of the base. The altemant uky- occurs with bases that begin in o or u.

-ukwa- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/yukw A-/yuky-/ -ukwa-/-ukw1-ukw A-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factua'l. -ukwe-/-ukwe?t- human n. person. ukwe person. Pre-pausal: u·kwe. lukwe man, yakukwe woman, tyukwe all of us (excl.) persons, lAnukwe men, a group of men and women, kunukwe women. With tedualic: teknukwe two women, tehnukwe two men, a man and a woman. With -oku/ -o·ku· collective clitic: ukweho·ku· people. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: tihsA niyukwe-take three people. DERIVED BASES: Ukwehuwe Native; -ukwe?t- relative; -ukwe?tahtlut- be a scary person; -ukwe?taks(A)- be cross; -ukwe?tase- be a new person; -ukwe?tastelist- be a funny person; .ukwe?tayA- plus s- repetitive, be or have someone left; -ukwe?tiyo- be a good person; -atukwe?talakw- invite someone to be a part of one's surroundings for a time; -atukwe?tatku- have unusual powers, be able to see the future, be a mind reader; -atukwe?tatwekt- be friendly; -atukwe?tisa?- be ready to give birth. NOTE: The altemant -ukwe?t- is the incorporating form, and it occurs with possessive prefixes in the base -ukwe?t- relative. The alternant -ukwe- occurs elsewhere. The? of

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-ukwe?t- is replaced by length after accented vowels.

Ukwehuwe human n. Native. Prepausal: Ukwehu·w!t_. kukwehuwe I'm a Native, lukwehuwe he's a Native, yakukwehuwe she's a Native, yukwehuwe she (z.) is Native, tyukwehuwe we (incl.) are Native. COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, -uwe authentic clitic. DERIVED BASES: Ukwehuwehne·ke Native way, Indian language; Ukwehuwe·ne Reserve; Ukwehuwehneha Native way, Indian language. Ukwehuwehne·ke N Native way, Indian language. • N cih te? nA kati? luwa·yatskwe? Ukwehuwehne·ke. What was his Indian name? (02) COMPOSED OF: Ukwehuwe Native, -hne·ke locative clitic. Ukwehuwe·ne N Reserve. COMPOSED OF: Ukwehuwe Native, -'·ne locative clitic. Ukwehuwehneha N Native way, Indian language. COMPOSED OF: Ukwehuwe Native, -hneha characterizer clitic. -ukwe?t- n. relative. akukwe-ta? my relative, akaukwe·ta? her relative, laukwe·ta? his relative, laonukwe·ta? their (m.) relatives. NOTE: This base occurs with possessive prefixes and is the alternant -ukwe?t- of -ukwe-/-ukwe?t- person. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ukwe?t- person. See -ukwe-/-ukwe?t-. -ukwe?tahtlut- v.s. be a scary person. laukwe ?tcihtlut he's a scary person,

yakaukwe ?tcihtlut she's a scary person. Aspect class: A. • Th6 £-late? laukwe ?tcihtlut kwah teh6tkwA. There he's standing, this scary being, he's just dancing. (D2) COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, -ahtlut- be scary. -ukwe?taks(A)- v.s. be cross. yukwe ?tciksA she's cross, lukwe?taksA he's cross. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: -atukwe?taksa?tmisbehave, act like a brat. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -?tcausative suffix. -ukwe?tase- v./n. be a new person. ukwe·tase? a new person. With -shu? collective clitic: ukwe?tase·shu? new people. COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, -ase- be new, be fresh. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ukwe?tastelist- v.s. be a funny person. laukwe ?taste-list he's a funny person, yakaukwe ?taste·list she's a funny person. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, -stelist- be funny, be amusing. .ukwe?tayA- plus s- repetitive, v.s. be or have someone left. With te?negative: yah uhka? te ?tsyukyukwe·tayA? we don't have anyone left. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, .yA- plus s- repetitive, be or have some left. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels.

-ukwe?tiyo- v.s. be a good person. lukwe 7tiy6 he's a good person, yakukwe 7tiy6 she's a good person, yukwe7tiy6 she (z.) is a good person. Pre-pausal: yukwe?ti·yQ. sukwe ?fiy6hak Be kind! With npartitive: niyukwe?tiy6 she's a really good person. With thcontrastive: thihlukwe7tiy6 he's just such a nice person. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, -N-iyo- be good. ukwA- pref. ours. First person plural possessive. See ukwa-/ukw-/ukwA-1 uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. -ukwA- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/yukw A-/yuky-1-ukwa-/-ukw/-ukwA-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. uky- pref. our, the two of us. First person dual possessive. See ukni-/ ukn-/uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. uky- pref. ours. First person plural possessive. See ukwa-/ukw-/ukwA-/ uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -uky- pref. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukni-

/yukn-/yuky-1-ukni -1-ukn-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -uky- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/yukw A-/yuky-/-ukwa -/-ukw/-ukwA-1-uky-. NOTE: Occurs ~ith bases that begin in o or u after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -ulha? n. Third person emphatic pronoun. laulha· he, him, akaulha· she, her, aulha· she, her (z.), it, lonulha· they, them (m.), onulha· they, them (z.). With te?- negative: yah laulhd· te·kA not him, yah akaulhd· te·kA not her. • Lonulha· kwf- ukwehuwe lonatnuhsu-nf- kAh nu· tshahutnatu·nf.. It was they, the Indians, who built this house when they built the village here. (Gl) NOTE: The? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -ulha?tsi-wa? all by oneself. -ulha?tsl·wa? n. all by oneself. akulha 7tsf-wa? all by myself, laulha 7tsf-wa? all by himself, akaulha 7tsf-wa? all by herself, aulha ?ts£-wa 7 all by herself (z.) or itself, uknulha 7tsi·wa 7 all by ourselves (the two of us), ukyulha 7tsf-wa 7 all by ourselves (all of us), lonulha 7ts£-wa 7 all by themselves (m.), onulha ?tsf-wa? all by themselves (z.). • Akulha ?ts£-wa? s ki-tlu? on.i ka ?ik.i wAhnislateni. I was home all by myself those days. (Cl)

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NOTE: Includes -ulha, the third person emphatic pronoun; otherwise the composition is unclear.

-unh- n. life. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -atunhahel-/-atunhahl- get happy, overjoyed, high-spirited; .atunhateny- plus te- dualic, go through stages of a lifetime; -unhahnil- live forever, outlive, survive; -unhakatste- be durable, be everlasting; and -unhe- live, be alive. -unhahnil- v.s. live forever, outlive, survive. launhahnilu he lives forever (e.g., all kinds of things can happen to him and he survives all of them), yakaunhahnilu she survives. Pre-pausal: yakaunhahni·lE_. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -unh- life, -hnil- be hard, be solid. DERIVED BASES: -atunhahnilatpersevere, stay strong. -unhakatste- v.s. be durable, be everlasting. yakaunhakritste? she's durable, her life is everlasting, launhakritste? he's durable. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Includes the noun root -unhlife; otherwise the composition is unclear. -unhe- v.s. live, be alive. kunhe? I'm alive, I live, lunhe? he's alive, yakunhe? she or someone is alive, tyunhe? we (incl.) are alive, yakyunhe? we (excl.) are alive. Habitual past: lAnunhehkwe? they (m.) used to live. Optative stative: ahlunheke? he should be living, a-yaknunheke? we two (excl.) should live, a·hAnunheke? they (m.) should live. With t- cislocative, and habitual past: thAnunhehkwe? they (m.)

used to live there or then. With tshcoincident: tshikunhe? when I lived, tshihlunhe? when he lived. Aspect class: B. • Wahunise ?k£ thAnunhehkwe? lotitshahnihtu·ne?. A long time ago when they used to live, they were industrious . COMPOSED OF: -unh-life, -N-eexist. DERIVED BASES: -unhehkw- live on; -unhetye- go on living; .atunhet- plus s- repetitive, come back to life; -atunhetsl- soul; yunhe?uwe everlasting. -unhehkw- v.s. live on. kunhehkwA I'm living on it, it keeps me alive, yakyunhehkwA we (excl.) live on it, lAnunhehkwA they (m.) live on it. Stative past: kunhehkw£·ne? I used to live on it, yakyunhehkw£·ne? we (excl.) used to live on it. Future stative: Akunhehkw£hake? I will live on it. Optative stative: ahAnunhehkw£hake? it's what they (m.) will live on, it should keep them alive. With t- cislocative: tyunhehkwA there's where there are things to live on (e.g., a farm market). Aspect class: D. •N{ kwi· ahAnunhehkw£hake?nA ay6hslate ?. It's what should keep them alive when it would become winter. (Hl) COMPOSED OF: -unhe- live, be alive, -hkw- instrumental. -unhen- v.a. groan. wakunhenha? I'm groaning, launhenha? he's groaning, yakaunhenha? she's groaning. -unhetye- v.m. go on living. kunheti? I lived, I went on living, lunheti? he lived, lAnunheti? they (m.) lived. With te- dualic: teyakyunheti? we (excl.) lived, tehAnunheti? they (m.)

756 Oneida-English

lived. COMPOSED OF: -unhe- live, be alive, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -unheti- before a final ?.

-unhAskwakenhe- v.s. mumble. sunhAskwakenhe? you're mumbling, lunhAskwakenhe? he's mumbling, yakunhAskwakenhe? she's mumbling, yunhAskwakenhe? she (z.) is mumbling. Aspect class: B. NOTE: M.D. suggests that this base may include a component that is related to -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth. -uni-/-uny- v.a. make, construct. ku-nfhe? I'm making it, lu ·nfhe? he's making it. wakuni I have made it. yuni it's made. Pre-pausal: yu·n[. Aku·ni- I will make it, Ahlu·ni- he will make it. su·nf Make it! With srepetitive: sahAnu·ni- they (m.) made it again. With -anitskwahlakhw- I -anitskwahla ?tsl- chair: lanitskwahla ?fslu ·nihe? he's making a chair, lonitskwahla ?fsluni he has made a chair, wahanitskwahla ?tslu·ni- he made a chair. With -atAna?tsl- groceries, lunch: latAna ?fslu·nfhe? he's making lunch, watAna ?fsluni lunch is prepared or ready, wa ?katAna ?fslu·ni- I made lunch, AkatAna ?fslu·ni- I will make lunch. With -atA? Ahl- fence: watA?Ahluni the fence is made, wahatA?Ahlu·ni- he made a fence. With -atya ?tawi?t- I -atya ?tawi?tsldress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: satya ?fawi ?fslu·nihe? you're making a dress, yutya?tawi?tslu·nfhe? she makes dresses. With -a?nyanawA-1 -a ?nyanaw A?tsl- glove, mitten: yako ?nyanawA ?fsluni she has made the mitten. With -holo?t- cylinder,

pipe: wa ?kholo ?fu-n{· I made it into a cylinder (e.g., I rolled up the rug). With -itstotsl- parcel, bundle, package: kitstotslu·m1ze? I'm making up a parcel. With -na?tal- bread, cake: sna?talu·m1ze? you're forming the bread. With -nuhs- house, building, t- cislocative, and stative past: tkanuhsuni·hne· there or then the house was built. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: -unyanyu- make several, construct several; -unya?tmake something out of something; -unyAni-/-unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something; .anihnuni- plus s- repetitive, heal over; -anityohkuni-/-anityohkunyform a group; .ani?tunya?t- plus tedualic, mix up, confuse, confound; .ani?tunya?t- plus te- dualic, be a mixed-up situation; -atalhyohkunibe lying down curled up; -atatunimake oneself into something, disguise oneself; -ata?aluni- make lace, crochet; -atekhuni-/-atekhuny- eat a meal; -atelyA?tuni- do on purpose; -ate?shAnuni- take aim; -ate?slehtunihe? be a mechanic; -atAlo?slunyAni-/-atAlo?slunyAmake friends with someone; -athle?nuni- pack; -athnekuni- make a well; -athwatsiluni- have a family; -athwistuni- raise money, make money; -atkaluni-/-atkalunymake up a story; .atniskuwaluni- plus te- dualic, dirty one's face; -atuni-/ -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself; -atuni- grow; -atya?tawi?tslunihe? be a dressmaker; -atyu?kwaluni- become smoky; -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone; -i?tehsluni- flirt; -kAhlunimistreat, abuse someone; -khuni-/ -khuny- cook; -latskA?tuni- make a braid; -lihuni- be the reason, be the way; -lihunyAni-/-lihunyA- teach

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someone; -naskuni- make a slave of, abuse; -na?kuni-/-na?kuny- make someone mad; -na?talunihe? be a baker; -nuhsunihe? be a carpenter; -ya?tuni-/-ya?tunihsl- doll; tsi? tyute?slehtunya·t~a? at the garage; yena?tslunya·tha? spade; yutti?tslunya·tha? teapot. NOTE: The altemant -uny- occurs before derivational suffixes. uni? Adverbial particle: even, also. -uny- make, construct. See -uni-/-uny-. -unyanyu- v.a. make several, construct several. wa ?kunyfmi? I made things. With -na?tal- bread, cake: ahsna ?falunyani? you should make several breads. With -nuhs- house, building: wahatinuhsunyani? they (m.) built several houses.

•TakA? ki? ne· s6-tsi? e·s6· YASahneku·![, AWa·tu· ne· yah thO te?wAto·le· ahsna?talunyani_~. Don't put in too much water, it shouldn't be that difficult to form the (com)bread. (Rl) COMPOSED OF: -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -unyani- before a final?. -unya?t- v.a. make something out of something. yunya·tu it's made out of something. wahlunyahte? he made it out of something. Future stative: Ayunya ?fuhake? it will be made with it.

• Tahnu· siksik 6nhwale? Ayunya ?fuhake?. And besides, it will be made out of sheep's fur (wool) (T3) COMPOSED OF: -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-unyAni-/-unyA- v.a. make something for someone, make someone do something. yukhiyunyA"nihe? she made it for us, she made us do something. wahakuni? he made it for me, wahyayuni? he made it for you, wa ?shakoyuni? he made it for her or them, wa ?ukhiyuni? she made it for us, Akuyuni? I will make it for you, Ayesayuni? she will make it for you. With -atAna?tsl- groceries, lunch: yukhiyatAna ?fslunyA ·nihe? she makes lunch for us, wa ?kheyatAna ?fsluni? I made lunch for her or them, wahotAna ?fsluni? she (z.) made lunch for him, wa ?ukhiyatAna ?tsluni? she made lunch for us. And s- repetitive: AshuwatAna ?fsluni? she will make lunch for him again. With -atslunyakhw- I -atslunyahkwclothes: luwAnatslunyahkunyA ·nihe? she made clothes for them. With -atya?tawi?t- I -atya ?tawi?tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: kheyatya ?fawi ?fslunyA ·nihe? I'm making a dress for her. With -a?nyanawA-1-a?nyanawA?tsl- glove, mitten: ahuwa ?nyanawA ?fsluni? she should make a mitten for him. With -na?tal- bread, cake: ahina?taluni? I should make bread for him.

• Lohs6tha wa ?shak6nhane? ahuwa ?nyanawA ?fsluni!. He told his grandmother that she should make a mitten for him. (T3) COMPOSED OF: -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -Ani- I -A- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: -atenha?tslunyAni/-atenha?tslunyA- make someone work as a hired person. NOTE: The altemant -unyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The altemant -unyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -uni- before a final ?.

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-unyu- suf. several. Distributive. Aspect class: Bl. NOTE: This suffix is realized by many speakers as -uni- before the final ? of the stative and punctual aspects. -us suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with a few bases that end in 1, t, or k. -us- be long. See -es-/-us-. usa-/u ·sa-/use-/u·se-/usu-/u ·su- pref. Optative mode and repetitive (indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants use- and u·se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants usu- and u·su- replace the sequences usawa- and u·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise usa- and u·saoccur. use-/u·se- pref. Optative mode and repetitive. See usa-/u ·sa-/use-/ u·se-/usu-/u·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. .usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short. See .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive. uska Numeral particle: one.

uska tewA?nyawe}u? one hundred. uska yawA-le· eleven. uskatshu? one at a time, each one. • UskcHshu 7 tsi? takdtlate?. I started off with one at a time. NOTE: Composed of the numeral particle uska one, a component -t-, and the collective clitic -shu?. The component -t- is probably the -t- that occurs in .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one. usu-/u·su- pref. Optative mode and repetitive. See usa-/u ·sa-/use-/ u·se-/usu-/u ·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences usawa- and u·sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -N-ut- attach, be attached. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. This root occurs with body parts, parts of plants, and parts of structures which, in their natural state, are attached to their hosts. The root also occurs in several bases which involve putting on particular pieces of clothing. Compare -hnyot-/ -ot- stand something upright, have. See .ahsa?kAslut- plus te- dualic, be frosty; .ahsi?tut- plus te- dualic, have feet; .ahuhtut- plus te- dualic, have an ear; -ashalut- tie someone up; -askut- be a built-on room, a porch or sun porch; .ata?khe?tslut- plus tedualic, put on skates; -ata?kohsutput on a skirt; .atkahlut- plus tedualic, be wearing glasses; .atlahti?tslut- plus te- dualic, put on socks; -atlihut- do a job, carry out

Oneida-English 759

official duties, get involved in; -atwAnutahkw- speak a language; .atwisut- plus te- dualic, put on glasses; -atya?tut- put on a blouse; .a?alut- plus te- dualic, trim with lace; -hahut- be a side road or lane; -hna?tatslut- have a pocket; .hsinutplus te- dualic, have legs; -itahsuthave a tail; -kahkwA?tut- have a wheel; -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole; -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump; .nawilutu- plus te- dualic, have teeth; .na?kalut- plus te- dualic, have a horn, be the devil, be behaving badly; -nAhut- be a bud, attached; .nAtshut- plus te- dualic, have arms or sleeves; -nlahtut- be leaves, attached; -nuhsut- have a room; -nuskwalut- be unripe or green fruit, attached; -nuto?tslut- have a drawer; -nutsistut- have a head; .shnuhsut- plus te- dualic, have hands or fingers; .tsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, tie a knot; -tsi?tsyut- for a flower to bloom; .wisut- plus tedualic, become icy; .yahutshut-/ .wyahutshut- plus te- dualic, have wings; .?nekAhtalutakw- plus tedualic, remove strawberry tops; -?nhahtut- be a branch, attached; -?nyuhsut- have a nose; tehoti?kha·hite? Anglican; teyute?washalut N eclipse. COMPOSED OF: u- factual mode plus neuter agent, -Ahni?t- moon, month, -ah tu -/-a ty a ?tah tu -/-at- N -ah tu-

760 Oneida-English

get lost, vanish, disappear, -? punctual. -utho- v.a. put into the fire, burn. kuthos I put something into the fire to bum, luthos he keeps putting it in the fire. wakuthu I have put it in the fire, suthu you have put it in the fire. wa ?kutho? I put it in the fire, wahsutho? you put it in the fire, wahlutho? he put it in the fire, Akutho? I will put it in the fire. With y- translocative: ya ?sutho Put it in the fire over there! With yusatranslocative and repetitive: yusasutho Put it in the fire again! Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: -yAtutho- put wood into the fire; -yu?kutho- burn tobacco. NOTE: Probably composed of a verb root -ut-, and the -ho- causative suffix. The root -ut- may be a component also in -ate?skut-1-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry; -atate?skuthu- burn oneself; -attsistut- furnish oneself with a light or fire; -tsistuthahs- furnish someone with a light or fire; -?skuta?- get burned; and -?skuthuburn someone. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -utsh- n. knee. utsha? knee. With -ke locative clitic: kutsh{He (on) my knee, sutshd-ke (on) your knee, lutshti·ke (on) his knee, yakutshti·ke (on) her knee. With -ate?lholok-1 -ate?lhol- I -at-N-olok- I -at-N-olcover up oneself, and te- dualic: tekatutsho·l6ks I'm covering my knees (e.g., with hockey pads), tewakatutsholu I have my knees covered, wa ?fkatutsho·l6ke? I covered my knees. With -ate?lholokt- I -at-N-olokt- use to cover up oneself: wa?katutsho·l6kte? I covered up my knees with it. With

.atya?k- plus te- dualic, become broken: wa?thatutshyahke? he broke or skinned his knee. With -N-nuhwak- I -ya ?tanuhwak- hurt, ache: yakautshanu·waks her knees are aching. With -tsi?yoha- be unwell, be sickly: wakutshatsi ?yoha my knee is not right. With .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into: wa ?fwakutshu·k6· I bumped my knee. DERIVED BASES: .utshanekA- plus tedualic, have the knees together; .utshot- plus te- dualic, be kneeling. .utshanekA- plus te- dualic, v.s. have the knees together. tekutshanek£ I have my knees together, tehsutshanek£ you have your knees together, tehlutshanek£ he has his knees together, teyakutshanek£ she has her knees together. Pre-pausal: teyakutshane·k£. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -utsh- knee, and a root -nekA- which occurs also in .anuhsanekA- plus te- dualic, be neighbours, live side by side. .utshot- plus te- dualic, v.s. be kneeling. tekUtshote? I'm kneeling, tehsutshote? you're kneeling, tehlutshote? he's kneeling, teyakutshote? she's kneeling, teyutshote? she (z.) is kneeling. Habitual past: tehlutsho·tahkwe? he was kneeling (but now he's not). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -utshknee, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: .atutshot- plus tedualic, kneel down. -utskwe?n- n. chest. utskwt?-na? chest. With -ke locative clitic: kutskwe?na·ke (on) my chest,

Oneida-English 761

sutskwe?na·ke (on) your chest, lutskwe ?nci·ke (on) his chest, yakutskwe?na·ke (on) her chest. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-utst- use, wear. See -atst-/-utst-. utu-/u·tu- pre£. Optative mode and cislocative. See uta-/u ·ta-/ute-/u ·te-/ utu-/u·tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences utawa- and u·tawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -uty- lose, leave, disperse. See -aty-/ -uty-. .uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add. See .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utyeplus y- translocative or t- cislocative. .uty-/.utye- plus fsi? over there, andytranslocative, throw away, throw out. See .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utyeplus fsi? over there, and y- translocative. .utyehs- plus fsi? over there, and ytranslocative, go to throw away. See .atyehs-/.utyehs- plus fsi? over there, and y- translocative. u·wa? Temporal particle: now, then. -uwe clitic. genuine, authentic. Authentic clitic. DERIVED BASES: oyu?kwa?uwe Indian tobacco, sacred tobacco; Ukwehuwe Native; yunhe?uwe everlasting.

-u?nek-/-ya?tu?nek- v.a. move something out of the way. wa ?ku·neke? I moved it out of the way, wahiya ?tu·neke? I took him out of the way (e.g., a dog). su·nek Move it! With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: wahiyahsi ?tu ·neke? I moved his foot. With -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla?tsl- table: wa ?katekhwahla ?tslu·neke? I moved the table. With -?slehtvehicle: wa ?ke ?slehtu·neke? I moved the car. DERIVED BASES: .atu?nek- plus tcislocative, move away from, become startled, become shocked; -at-N-u?nek- move something out of the way. NOTE: The alternant -ya?tu?nekoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The ? of the ?n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -u?ne? suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -u (other than bases that end in one of the dislocative suffixes) when the accent is on the penultimate syllable in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -u and a component -?ne?, which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -u?ne? is always realized as -u·ne?. -u?weskwani-/-u?weskwA- v.a. enjoy, like, take pleasure in. waku ?weskwanihe? I enjoy it, I take pleasure in it, yakau ?weskwanihe? she enjoys it, lau ?weskwanihe? he enjoys it, lonu ?weskwanihe? they

762 Oneida-English

(m.) enjoy it. waku ?weskwanf-u I'm enjoying it, I'm feeling good, lonu ?weskwanf-u they (m.) are enjoying it. wahonu ?weskwA? they (m.) enjoyed it, Ahonu ?weskwA? they (m.) will enjoy it. Habitual past: lonu ?weskwanihahkwe? they used to enjoy it. With t- cislocative: twaku ?weskwanihe? I enjoy it the most, thau ?weskwanihe? he enjoys it the most, tyakau ?weskwanihe? she e~joys it the most. With n- partitive: ts1? nuku ?weskwA? I really enjoyed it. With te?- negative: yah :eha~ ?weskwanihe? he doesn't enjoy 1t, yah tehau ?weskwani-u he feels bad, he's not enjoying it. Aspect class: Cl.

• Tshiwahu ·nise? lonu ?weskwanihe? ahatiyAtak6·na? k.A·, tahnu· s kwi- kwahotok.A tsi? wahunakla·k6· th6 nyahunaklate? tsi? nu· nihotiyo ?t.Asta?. A long time ago they enjoyed going to cut wood, and they would just pick up and move and live there where they worked. (MS) NoTE: Composed of a verb root -u 7 weskw- and the -ni-/-A- benefactive suffix. The root -u?weskw- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -u?weskwa?t- be

pleasant, be enjoyable. The alternant -u 7 weskwani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -u?weskwAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -u?weskwa?t- v.s. be pleasant, be enjoyable. yau ?weskwa ?t it's pleasant. Often pronounced: ya ?weskwa ?t. Pre-pausal: yau ?weskwaht or ya ?weskwaht. Stative past: yau ?weskwa ?tu·ne? it ~sed t~ be pleasant. With n- partitive: myau ?weskwa ?t it's so nice. With nis- partitive and repetitive: tsi? nitsyau ?weskwa ?t it's so nice again. With te?- negative: yah te ?yau ?weskwa ?t it's not nice, it's unpleasant. Aspect class: A.

• Tsi? niwanitskwahla ?tsliy6 elhu·wa? wakanitskwahla ?tslayAta·u, yau ?weskwa ?t th6 a-yuti? tsi? niyo ?netskA. It's a really nice chair that I recently purchased, it's nice to sit there, it's so soft. DERIVED BASES: -atu?weskwa?thave fun, have a good time. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -u 7 weskw- and the -?t- causative suffix. The root -u?weskw- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See ~lso -u?weskwani-/-u?weskwA- enjoy, hke, take pleasure in.

Oneida-English 763

w -w-/-ew-/-aw-1-u- v.a. arrive. i·kews I keep arriving, i·laws he keeps arriving, i·yuws she keeps arriving. waku I have arrived, isu you have arrived, i·lu he has arrived, yaku she has arrived, iyu she (z.) or it has arrived, yukyu we two have arrived. wa ·kewe ? I arrived, wahsewe ? you arrived, wa·lawe? he arrived, wa·yuwe? she arrived, u·we· she (z.) or it arrived, wetnewe? you and I (incl.) arrived, wa ?aknewe? we two (excl.) arrived, wesnewe? you two arrived, wa·newe? the two (m.) arrived, wa·knewe? the two (z.) arrived, wetwawe? we (incl.) arrived, wa ?akwawe? we (excl.) arrived, weswawe? you all arrived, wahA"newe? they (m.) arrived, wa ?ku ·newe? they (z.) arrived, A·lawe? he will arrive, a·yuwe? she should arrive. Stative past: lu-hn€he had arrived (but left again). With s- repetitive: swaku I have arrived again, ishlu he has arrived again, he's home, tsyaku she has arrived again, sa·kewe? I arrived again, scHawe? he arrived again, sayaknewe? we two (excl.) arrived again, sayakwawe? we (excl.) arrived again, saku·newe? they (z.) have come back, Askewe? I will arrive again. With t- cislocative: tu·we· she (z.) or it arrived there, tahA"newe? they (m.) arrived there, Ateswawe? you all will arrive there. With y- translocative: yehA·news they (m.) keep getting there (one after the other), yehe·lu he already got there, yahti·kewe? I got there, yaha·lawe? he arrived there, ya ?aknewe? we two (excl.) arrived

there, yAhA·kewe? I will get there, yAhAhsewe ? you will get there, yAhA·lawe? he will get there, yAtwawe? we (incl.) will get there, yAhA·newe? they (m.) will get there, ya·kewe? I should get there, yahu·we· she (z.) or it should get there. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyahti·yuwe? how or where she arrived, nyaha·newe? how or where the two (m.) arrived. With tsh- coincident: tshti·kewe? when I arrived, tshti·lawe? when he arrived, tshti·yuwe? when she arrived, tsha·newe? when the two (m.) arrived. With tshy- coincident and translocative: tshyaha·kewe? when I got there, tshyahahsewe? when you got there, tshyaha·lawe? when he got there. With tsha?tutacoincident, dualic and cislocative: tsha ?tutahA·newe? when they (m.) arrived back there. Aspect class: A2. • Wahu-nise? yahu-we· ake·slet s6·tsi? teyo?kasha·y;i. Ittookalong time to get there, my car is so slow. N€- s thikA th6 wa·yuwe? kA·, wa ?utathlo·li· kA· na[e? yo?netskA knawi-ke nA th6 akatnawilota·k6·. So she arrived there, she told her that my tooth is loose and it's close to the time for me to lose my tooth. (M14) DERIVED BASES: .w-/.ew-/.aw-/.uplus s- repetitive, arrive home. NOTE: The alternant -u- occurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -aw- occurs in the third person singular of the habitual and punctual aspects. The alternant -ew- occurs in the dual and the third person plural of the habitual and punctual aspects.

764 Oneida-English

The first and second persons singular of the habitual and punctual aspects are consistent with both of the alternants -w- and -ew-, and the first and second persons plural are consistent with both of the alternants -w- and -aw-. In the third person singular of the stative aspect, this base irregularly takes agent rather than patient prefixes. .w-/.ew-/.aw-/.u- plus s- repetitive, v.a. arrive home. fshlu he's home. sa·kewe? I got home, stHawe? he got home, saytiknewe? we two (excl.) got home again, saytikwawe? we (excl.) got home again, .ishlawe? he will come home, nA th6 usa·kewe? it's just about time for me to get home, nA th6 usti·lawe? it's just about time for him to get home. Future stative: Aswakuhake? I will be home again, Atsisuhake? you will be home again. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutaytikwawe? we (excl.) got home again. With yAs- translocative and repetitive: yAtsfsnewe? you two will arrive home again. With tshyusacoincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusti·lawe? when he got back home again, tshyusa·yuwe? when she got back home again, tshyusti·newe? when the two (m.) came home again, tshyusahA"newe? when they (m.) came home again. • "Nc?- thik.i .itsyatste? k.i·, n.i yAtsfsnewe? Ayetshi?tanAWAhsltili?." "That's what you will use, when you two get home you will whip her." (M7) "Atsy6k ok n.i Aswakuhake? kal6· tsyo ?le· nA Ay6lhAne?." "In just a little while I'll be home again, before morning." (02) COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -w-/ -ew-/-aw-1-u- arrive.

NOTE: For the distribution of the alternants, see the component base.

w- pre£. she, it. Third person femininezoic singular and neuter agent pronominal prefix. See ka-/kA-/w-/y-1 u-/-h-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. wa- pre£. did. Factual mode. See wa?-/wa-/we-/u- . NoTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. -wah- road, path. See -hah-/-h-/ -wah-. -wahaksA- v.s. be a bad road. yowahtiksA the road is bad. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -hah-/-h-/-wahroad, path, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. -wahiyo- v.s. be a good road. yowahiy6 the road is good or nice. Pre-pausal: yowahi·ySJ.. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -hah-/-h-/-wahroad, path, -N-iyo- be good. Wahsakayu·te·se? V > N April. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -ahsakayute- be thundering, -?se? habitual. wahsa?ka?tslaksA V > N tuberculosis. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -ahsa?k- cough, -?tsl- nominalizer, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. wahsutateni one night after the other. NOTE: Includes the w- neuter agent prefix and the noun root -ahsutnight; otherwise the composition is unclear.

Oneida-English 765

Wahsu·tes V > N December. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -ahsut- night, -es-1-us- be long. wahta? N hard maple. wahu·nise? it's a long time ago. With n- partitive: niwahu·nise? how it was a long time ago, tsi? niwahu·nise? it was such a long time ago. With tsh- coincident: tshiwahu·nise? when it was a long time ago.

•Ne· kwi· ne- ka?ik.A th6 ni·y6t tsi? losLthtliksAhsluhe? tsi? yahanitsklu-ti- thik.A s wi- spit6on kAs kwi· latina ?fukhwa? tshiwahu·nise ?. The way he was dreaming was that he spit it out into a spittoon, that's what they used to call it a long time ago. (M9)

wak-lwake-luk-luke-lukw- pre£. me, I; she or it acts on me. First person singular patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on first person singular. NOTE: The altemant wak- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel and most consonants. The alternant wakeoccurs with bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters. The alternants uk-, uke- and ukw- replace the sequences wa?wak-, wa?wake-, and wa?wakw-, where wa?- represents the factual mode. Similarly, auk-, auke-, and aukw- replace the sequences aawak-, aawake-, and aawakw-, where aa- is the optative mode. The altemant uk- occurs before bases that begin in the vowels i, o, and u, and most consonants. The alternant uke- occurs before bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters. The altemant ukw- occurs before

bases that begin in the vowels a, e, or A.

wakanhateni? seasons. See wakAnhateni? I wakanhateni?. wake- pref. me, I; she or it acts on me. First person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See wak-lwake-luk-luke-1 ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters. wakAnhateni? I wakanhateni? seasons. With tsi? particle: tsi? wakAnhateni? such are the seasons. NOTE: Both words occur, depending on the speaker. They include thewneuter agent prefix, and the noun root -akAnh-1-akanh- season, spring, summer; otherwise the composition is unclear. walelA. I walehi N frog. Pre-pausal: wale·l.A or wale·lt1. NOTE: Both forms are attested. Cf. Wisconsin: kwale·le· or wale·le (ACH). WHi proper name. Mary. waneklaksA V > N weeds. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -anekl-1-Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. waneklalathA.sta? V > N grain elevator. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -anekl-1-Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds, -lathAst- get something up, -ha? habitual. Wani?kyA.htes proper name. Long Nellie. NOTE: Long Nellie was a woman who used to wear a black coat with a hood. You would see her only if you

766 Oneida-English

were bad. If you saw her face-to-face, her face would be just a skeleton with empty eye sockets.

semireflexive, -hah-/-h-1-wahroad, path, -ket- scrape, grate, -as habitual.

wask6hu N bridge. NOTE: Includes thew- neuter agent prefix, and the noun base -askwbridge, roof, shanty, hut; otherwise the composition is unclear.

wathAto·lihe? V > N scarecrow. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -atsemireflexive, -hAt- field, garden, -N-oli-1-N-oly- drive, -he? habitual.

watahsatalha? television, movie. See -atahsatalha?.

watlA"nayAhe? V > N praying mantis. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -atlAnay A-/-atlAnay At- pray, -he? habitual.

watahyalihtu V > N preserves. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -atahyaliht- preserve fruit, can fruit, -u stative. wataskwahele? V > N convertible car. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -ataskwahel-/-ataskwahl- put up a roof or shanty, -e? stative. wate·slehse? V > N sleigh, toboggan. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -ate?sle- crawl, -?se? habitual. watAnekli·ya·ks V > N lawnmower, scythe. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -atAnekliya?k- cut the grass, -s habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'lawnmower, scythe' are yutAnekliya·kta? and yunekliya·kta?. watA·nyote? V > N ceremony, wedding. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -atA ?nyot-/-atA ?nyotaksl- have a ceremony, -e? stative. watA? Ahlahlati? V > N railing. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -atA? Ahl- fence, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, -tye- progressive, -? intentive. wathahake·tas V > N road grader. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -at-

watlA-nayA? V > N church service. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -atlAnayA-/-atlAnayAt- pray, -? stative. watliy6 V > N war. Pre-pausal: wa tl i ·YQ· With tsi? particle and tcislocative: tsi? twatliy6 there at the war. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -atliyo- fight. wa·tlu? Numeral particle: nine. Prepausal: wtHeJu?. wa-tlu? niwashA ninety. COMPOSED OF: wa·tlu? nine; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. wa-tlu? tewA?nyawelu? nine hundred. wc.Hlu? yawA-le· nineteen. watna-talute? V > N baked bread. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -na?tal- bread, cake, -ate?skut-/ -at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -e? stative. watnAstatakwas V > N popcorn. COMPOSED OF: neuter agent, -nAst- corn, -attatakw- pop, bounce, ricocl}et, -as habitual.

w-

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watnA?u:kwas V > N rice. NOTE: Composed of thew- neuter agent prefix, the -at- semireflexive, a noun root -nA?-, a verb root -u?kw-, and -as habitual. The root -nA?- is probably also a component in -nA ?utysnow in pellets, and the root -u?kw- is probably also a component in -attu?kwaht- swell, rise. watnuhsataliha?takhwa? V > N furnace. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -nuhs- house, building, -at-N-taliha?t- heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'furnace' is kanuhsataliha ?takhwa?. wattsistol6kta? V > N lampshade. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -tsist- fire, light, -ate?lholokt-/ -at-N-olokt- use to cover up oneself, -ha? habitual. wa·yat V > N pie. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, -at-1-t-/-etbein. NOTE: See also kawa?yatslaku? tasty pie. wa?-/wa-/we-/u- pre£. did. Factual mode (aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant wa- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. According to Table 6 in Lounsbury (1953), wa- also occurs before prefixes beginning in sh- and marked with a superscript h. Our sources have wa?- in this environment. The alternant wa?-, instead of wa-, also occurs in our sources before the second person singular agent altemant s(rather than -hs-) with bases that begins in h plus n, 1, w, or y. The alternant we- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural

agent prefixes, second person dual and plural agent prefixes, and second person singular, dual, and plural patient prefixes. The alternant ureplaces the sequence wa?wa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise wa?- occurs. wa?kohsesk6· V > N peacock COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -a?kohs- skirt, -es-/-us- be long, -k6· augmentative clitic. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: wa 7k6hses (ACH). wa?t-/wa?te- pref. Factual mode and dualic (aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant wa?te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise wa?t- occurs. wa?te- pref. Factual mode and dualic. See wa?t-/wa?te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. wa?tsi·nok Temporal particle: after a while. wa?tsy6k Temporal particle: in a little while, after a while, soon. NOTE: See also atsy6k. we- pref. did. Factual mode. See wa ?-/wa-/we-/u-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent pre-

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fixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -wel- n. air, wind. 6wela? air, wind. With -at-I-t- I -et- be in: kawddt there's air in it (e.g., a tire). With -ateta?- get to be in, put into a container for oneself: yotweldtA.? it has gotten air in it, utweldtane? it got air in it (e.g., a bubble of air when one is putting up wallpaper). With .atot(e)-l.at-N-atote- plus te- dualic, be still, be quiet: teyotwelato·tl?the wind or air is still. With -at-N-tahkw- for something to get out of something: yotwelatdhkwA. the air has come out of it, there's no air in it. With -a?talih(A.)- I -N-talihA.- be hot, be warm: yowelatalihA. it's a warm wind. With -tahkw-1-etahkw- take out of a container, unload: kwelatdhkwas I'm taking the air out of it, I'm deflating it (e.g., a balloon, a tube), wa ?kwelatdhko? I took the air out of it. With -ta?-1-eta?- put into a container: kweldta ?as I'm filling it with air (e.g., I'm blowing up a balloon, putting air into a tire), wakweldtA.? I have filled it with air, wa ?kweldtane? I put air in it, A.kweldtane? I will fill it with air, sweldtan Fill it up with air! With .ukoht- plus te- dualic, force through, penetrate: wa ?fkawelu·k6hte? the wind came through (e.g., the walls), tab? takawelu·k6t the wind shouldn't come through. With -wisto- be cold: yowelawisto it's a cold wind. With -?shatste-1 -?shatstA- be strong, be forceful: kawela ?shatste? it's a strong wind. DERIVED BASES: -welahawi- for winds to come; .welahkw- plus tedualic, for wind to pick up;

.welatase- plus te- dualic, swirl wind, be a tornado; -welut- become windy; -atewelal- get air for oneself; kawe·lit balloon; owel6hkwa? floater; skawilo·wane? turkey; yewelalakhwa? lung. -welahawi- v.m. for winds to come. With t- cislocative: A.tkawelaha·withe winds will come. • Khale? kawelu·te·se?, A.tkawelaha-wi- kawela ?shatste ?. And it will be windy, strong winds will come. (Al) COMPOSED OF: -wei- air, wind, -hawi- be the date, time or era, for the time to come. .welahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for wind to pick up. wa ?fkawelahkwe? the wind picked up. COMPOSED OF: -wei- air, wind, .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya?tahkw- plus tedualic, pick up. .welatase- plus te- dualic, v.a. swirl wind, be a tornado. tekawelata·sehe? the wind keeps swirling around, (it's) a tornado. teyowelatase the air or wind is going around. wa ?fkawelata·se· the wind swirled around. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -wel- air, wind, .hwatase-/.tase- plus te- dualic, wind around, whirl. -welut- v.a. become windy. kawelu·te·se? it gets windy. yowelutu it's windy. wa ?kawelute? the wind started to pick up, A.kawelute? it will get windy. With te?ts- negative and repetitive: yah te ?tsyowelutu it's not blowing wind anymore. Aspect class: E4. • Tsi? nitsyau ?weskwa ?t atste? na ?teyoto·te· kwah yah nahte? te?tsyowelu·tU. It's so nice how it's still outside since the wind is not

Oneida-English 769

blowing any longer. NOTE: Includes the noun base -weiair, wind; otherwise the composition is unclear. we·ni I we·ne Evidential particle: probably, it seems. With te?- negative: yah te?we·ni or yah te?we·ne it's amazing. With th- contrastive: thiwe·ni it shows as. With thitcontrastive and cislocative: thitwe·ni it seems like, it looks like. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. This particle is related to the verb base -e?ni?-f-e?ne?- become evident, show, and note that it can occur with prepronominal prefixes. wAhnislateni one day after the other. NOTE: Includes the w- neuter agent prefix and the noun base -Ahnisl-/ -ahnisl- day, weather; otherwise the composition is unclear. wAhni?tateni one month after the other. NOTE: Includes the w- neuter agent prefix and the noun base -Ahni?tmoon, month; otherwise the composition is unclear. -wAn- n. voice, word. owA"na· word. laowA·na· his word. With -shuha collective eli tic: ow11.na ?shuha words. With -es- I -us- be long: kawA ·nes it's a long word. With -N-iyo- be good: yew11.niy6 she has a good voice. With -N-olA?-/ -at-N-olA?-/-ya?tolA?- find, discover: latwAno·lA·se? he's always finding words, lotwAnol.t\·u he has found a word (for something), wahatwAno·l.t1ne7 he found a word. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: tsi? nikwAn6·tA the kind of voice I have. DERIVED BASES: -wAnahluk- hear of

or about someone; -wAnahnot- read; .wAnake?toht- plus y- translocative, cry out; .wAnala?- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, speak to someone; -wAnanhihs- stutter; -wAnayAtele?recognize someone's voice; -wAnayAteli- know someone's voice; -wAninikA?- speak out finally; -wAnole?tskw- joke, be someone who jokes; .wAno?tA- plus n- partitive, be one's language; -atwAnahtu-lose one's voice; -atwAnakalatatinterpret; -atwAnalahkw- obey, pay attention, listen; -atwAnastohte? be a tenor; -atwAnatakhe- for a call to come; .atwAnata?- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, telephone; .atwAnateny- plus te- dualic, for one's voice to change; -atwAnutahkwspeak a language; kawAnalha? computer. NOTE: Possibly also a component in -atatwAniyo- be free. -wAnahluk- v.a. hear of or about someone. khew11.nahlukha? I hear of or about her. wa ?khewAna·luke? I heard of or about her. COMPOSED OF: -wAn- voice, word, -ahluk- hear about. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -wAnahnot- v.a. read. kw11.nahn6tha? I read, lawAnahn6tha? he reads. wakwAna·note? I'm reading, I have read it, lowAna·nofe? he's reading, he has read it. wahawAnahno·t.t\· he read, AyewAnahno·tA· she will read, akwAnahno·t.ti· I should read. swAnahno·t.t\ Read! Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: -wAnahnotakwread through entirely; -w Anahnotani -/-w Anahnothahsread to someone. NOTE: Composed of the noun base

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-wAn- voice, word, and a verb root -ahnot-, which occurs also in -atlihwahnot- give a sermon. The root -ahnot- is probably related to -ahnotu- flood. The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -wAnahnotakw- v.a. read through entirely. lawAnahnotakwas he finishes what he reads. wahawAnahnota·k6· he read it through entirely. COMPOSED OF: -wAnahnot- read, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -wAnahnotani -/ -w Anahnothahs- v .a. read to someone. kuwAnahnota-n{he? I'm reading to you. kuwAnahnotan{ I have read to you, lakwAnahnotan{ he's reading to me. AhakwAnahn6thahse? he will read to me, akuwAnahn6thahse? I should read to you. Aspect class: Al.

• Ka-ats Gavin akuwAnahn6th a hse?. Come over here Gavin, so that I can to read to you. COMPOSED OF: -WAnahnot- read, -ni- I -hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -w Anahnotani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -w Anahnothahsoccurs in the punctual aspect. .wAnake?toht- plus y- translocative, v.a. cry out. yehowAnake ?t6tha? he cries out (unintentionally). yehowAnake ?t6htu he has cried out. yahukwAnake·tohte? I cried out (I didn't mean for my voice to sound, or maybe I was asleep and dreaming, and I cried out and woke up). Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -wAn- voice, word, -ke?toht- appear,

show up, come into sight, arrive. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .wAnala?- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. speak to someone. thakwA"nlilahse? he speaks to me. thakwAnala·u he was speaking to me. takhewA·nalane? I spoke to her, I answered her, ya ?khewA"nalane? I spoke at or to her, tahakwA·nalane? he spoke to me, yahakwA·nalane? he spoke at or to me. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or ytranslocative, -wAn- voice, word, -1be in or on,-?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -wAnanhihs- v.s. stutter. lowAnanhihse? he stutters, yakowAnlinhihse? she stutters. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Includes the noun base -wAnvoice, word; otherwise the composition is unclear. -wAnayAtele?- v.a. recognize someone's voice. wa ?khewAnayA"telene? recognized her voice. COMPOSED OF: -WAn- voice, word, -yAtele?- acquire knowledge, discover, recognize, become familiar with . NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

-wAnayAteli- v.s. know someone's voice. khewAnayAtelf I know her voice. Pre-pausal: khewAnayAte·l[. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -wAn- voice, word, -yAteli- know about, be familiar with, have expertise in.

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-wAna?t- v.a. give up. lowAna·tha? he gives up, he's giving up. lowAna·tu he has given up. wahowA·nti-te? he gave up. Aspect class: El. •NA ki? wahowA·na·te? n latliyosk6·. The big fighter finally gave up. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -wAninikA?- v.a. speak out finally. lawAninikAhse? he speaks out or up (he has been holding back ar;d, finally, he speaks out). wahawAninikAne? he spoke up, wa ?ewAninikAne? she spoke out. NOTE: Includes the noun base -wAnvoice, word; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final? of the base is replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -wAllole?tskw- v.s. joke, be someone who jokes. lowAnole-tskwA he jokes, he likes to joke, yakowAnale-tskwA she likes to joke. Aspect class: D. NOTE: Includes the noun base -wAnvoice, word, and the facilitative suffix -?tskw A; otherwise the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?tskw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .wAno?tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be one's language. nitwawAn6·tA (it's) our (incl.) language, niyakwawAn6·tA (it's) our (excl.) language. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -wAn- voice, word, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -whyo?lh- elbow. See -hyo?lh-/ -lhyo?lh-/-whyo?lh-.

-whyuhkal- n. thumb, unit of measure. owhyuhkala? thumb. With -ke locative clitic: kewhyuhkala·ke (on) my thumb, sewhyuhkala·ke (on) your thumb, lawhyuhkala·ke (on) his thumb, yewhyuhkala·ke (on) her thumb. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: tsyowhyuhkalat one thumb-measure (an inch). wi· Emphatic particle: so, too. -wihl- n. scar. owi-la? scar. DERIVED BASES: -wihlal- have a scar. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -wihlal- v.s. have a scar. wakwi-lale? I have a scar, sawi-lale? you have a scar, lowi-lale? he has a scar, yakowi-lale? she has a scar. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -wihl- scar, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. wihsu? N plum. -wil- n. baby, offspring. owi·la· baby, offspring. With -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of: lotiwilaka·te? they (m.) have lots of children. With -khwatake something away from someone: wahuwatiwilakhwa? she or someone took their children away from them (m.), Ashakotiwilakhwa? they (m.) will take her children away from her, a·shakowilakhwa? he would take her child away from her, a·shakotiwilakhwa? they (m.) should take her child away from her. With -nAst(e)- treasure, value, care for: lotiwilanAste? they (m.) treasure

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their child. With -yA-1 -yAt- lay down, place, have: lowi-layA? he has a daughter, his little girl. And te- dualic: teyowi·layA? she (z.) has two daughters, tekni teyakowi-layA? she has two children. And n- partitive: kaye niwakwi-layA? I have four children. With -yAta?- get, obtain: wa?akowilayA·tane? she had a child (whether by birth or by adoption), wa ?ukniwilayA·tane? we two had a child or children. And srepetitive: oya· sukwilayA·tane? I got or had another baby. DERIVED BASES: -wilalakhwa? womb; .wihl? plus kA? particle and npartitive, be a baby; -atwilalakwadopt a child; -atwilanun-/ -atwilanuhnawA- baby-sit; .atwilashnye- plus te- dualic, look after one's child; -atwilay A- give birth (an animal). -wilalakhwa? v.a. womb. kwilalakhwa? my womb, swilalakhwa? your womb, yewilalakhwa? her womb. COMPOSED OF: -wil- baby, offspring, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. Wilam proper name. William. .wila? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, v.s. be a baby. kA? nikawila· (it's a) baby. COMPOSED OF: -wil- baby, offspring, .a? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small. Wilo proper name. William. -wis- n. ice, glass, window. o·wfse? ice, glass. With -?ke locative suffix: owisa·ke on the ice, on the window. With -ku locative suffix: owi·saku in the glass. With -at-N-kalatatraise up, lift up for oneself:

yukwatwisakalatatu we have the window raised up, wa ?katwisakala·tate? I raised my window up. With -at-N-ohalenyuwash several for oneself: wa ?utwisohalCni? she washed the windows. And habitual past: yutwisohalenyuhahkwe? she was washing windows. With -atuni- I -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: lutwisu·nz1ze? they (m.) are making ice. With .aty- I .atye- I .uty- I. utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yewakwisuti I have added ice to it (e.g., to a drink). With -a tya ?tohale- I -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself: wa ?utwis6hale? she washed the window. With -atya?tokew-1 -at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself: wa ?katwiso·kewe? I wiped my glasses, I wiped the window. With .awi- I. u- I .A- plus t- cislocative, give or hand something to someone: tahowi·su· he handed him a glass. With .a?sA?-I.ya?tA?-I.A?plus t- cislocative, fall off, fall from a height: takawi·slfne? the glass fell, the window fell. With -a?sA?se1-a?sA?s-1 -A?se-1 -A?s- drop something: wahowi·slf·se? he dropped the glass. With -halatat- I -kala tatraise up, lift up: wakwisakalatatu I have raised up the window, the sheet of glass, wa ?kwisakala·tate? I raised up the window or glass, swisakala·tat Put the window up! With .hli?- plus te- dualic, become broken into pieces: teyowisahlf·u the glass or window is broken. With .hli?s- plus te- dualic, break on someone: wa ?twakwisa·lihse? the glass broke A>n me. With -hnyot- I -ot- stand something upright, have: kawi·s6te? a glass is standing. With -kahlutat-

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make a hole: ahawisakahlu·ttite? he should make a hole in the ice. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekawi-sake two glasses. With .N-kehatye- plus te- dualic, be two at a time: tekawisakehtiti? there are two glasses at a time. With -lakew- I -ya?tokew-1-okew- wipe, wipe off: wa ?kwiso·kewe? I wiped the glass. With -lakewanyu-1-okewanyu- wipe several, and s- repetitive: sayewisokewani? she wiped the windows again. With -nohale-1 -ya ?to hale- I -ohale- wash: lawis6halehe? he washes windows, wa ?ewis6hale? she washed the glass. With .stalath(e)- plus tedualic, be shiny: teyowisastalathe? the glass is shiny. With .N-t-1 .ya?tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skawi·sat one glass. And te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te?skawi·sat it doesn't have any glass any more (e.g., a window where all the glass is broken). With -talyu- I -etalyu- put several into containers: kawisatali? the windows are in. With .yahya?kl.iya?k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across: wa ?fekwisi·ya·ke? I crossed the ice. And ya?tusa- translocative, dualic and repetitive: ya ?fusahawisi·ya·ke? he went back across the ice. With -?klunyu- float, several, and y- translocative: yeyowisa ?klunyuhe? there are pieces of ice floating in it. DERIVED BASES: -wisakwAhtalhoget covered in ice, become icy; -wisalbe icy; -wisanhotu- close a window; .wisAht- plus t- cislocative, lower or close a window; .wisut- plus te- dualic, become icy; -wisuty- freezing rain, hail; .atwisut- plus te- dualic, put on glasses.

-wisakwAhtalho- v.a. get covered in ice, become icy. yowisakwAhtalhu it's covered in ice. wa ?kawisakwAhtalho? it got all icy. COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalholay out flat. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -wisal- v.s. be icy. yowi·sale? it's icy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -wisalu- for several to be icy. -wisalu- v.s. for several to be icy. yowisa-lu· several things are icy . Aspect class: B.

• Kwah s yowisa·lu · yukwatna ?fsyahluni? ohne·kanus tsi? niyotho·le· astehtsi?. So all the water in the pails we had sitting was icy (frozen), it was so cold in the morning. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -wisal- be icy, -udistributive. -wisanhotu- v.a. close a window. kwisanho·tuhe? I'm closing the window. wa ?ewisanho·tu· she closed the window. COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, -nhotu- close or lock (a door). DERIVED BASES: -wisanhotukwopen a window; -wisanhotunyu- close several windows. -wisanhotukw- v.a. open a window. kwisanhotukwas I'm opening the window. wakwisanhotukwA I have opened the window. wa ?kwisanhotu·k6· I opened the window. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -wisanhotu- close a window, -kw- reversative.

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NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -wisanhotunyu- v.a. close several windows. wa ?ewisanhotuni? she closed all the windows (one at a time). COMPOSED OF: -wisanhotu- close a window, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: -wisanhotunyuhatye- close windows one after the other. NOTI:: Many speakers have -wisanhotuni- before a final ?, -wisanhotunyuhatye- v.m. close windows one after the other. yakowisanhotunyuhtiti? she closed the windows one after the other. COMPOSED OF: -wisanhotunyu- close several windows, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -wisanhotunyuhati- before a final ? . .wisAht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. lower or close a window. tekwis£tha? I'm lowering or closing the window. thowis£htu he has closed the window. takwi-sAnte? I closed the window, Atyewi·s£hte? she will close the window. taswi·s£t Close the window! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, .a?sAht-/.ya?tAht-/.Ahtplus t- cislocative, drop somethi~g, bring something down from a he1ght, punch. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t beforehand word-finally. wfsk Numeral particle: five. wfsk niwashA fifty. COMPOSED OF: wfsk five; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. wfsk tewA?nyawelu? five hundred.

wfsk yawA·le· fifteen. wiskhahl:thne fifth. COMPOSED OF: wfsk five, -hatu:thne ordinal number. wfskhatu?t Friday. Pre-pausal: wiskhatuht. With oya· another, and yAs- translocative, future and repetitive: oya· yAswiskhatu ?t next Friday. With tsh- coincident: tshiwfskhatu ?t last Friday. COMPOSED OF: wfsk five, -hatu?t day of the week. -wiskl- n. white. owfskla? white. Pre-pausal: owiskela?. With -N-i~o­ be good: kawiskliy6 it's a nice wh1te colour. With -osku- all, most, the majority: owiskl6sku? it's all white. DERIVED BASES: -atwisklalho- put on face powder; kaluhyawfskla? light blue; kanikwAhtalawfskla? pink. .wiskw- plus te- dualic, v.a. slip . tewakwiskwas I'm slipping. wa ?twakwfsko? I slipped, wa ?tesawfsko? you slipped, wa ?tyakowisko? she slipped. takA ? tAsawfsko Don't slip! • TakA? tAsakwfsko tsi? na ?feyowfskwa ?t atste?. Don't slip, it's really slipperyoutside. DERIVED BASES: .wiskwahtanyuplus te- dualic, wipe something. carelessly; .wiskwa?t- plus te- duahc, be slippery; .atwiskwaht- plus te- dualic, slide. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .wiskwahtanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. wipe something carelessly. tehawiskwahtanyuhe? he's wiping it without effort, he's giving it just a few swipes. wa ?thawiskwahtani? he wiped at it casually, without

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putting any real effort into it. COMPOSED OF: .wiskw- plus tedualic, slip, -ht- causative, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .wiskwahtani- before a final ?. .wiskwa?t- plus te- dualic, v.s. be slippery. teyowfskwa ?f it's slippery. Pre-pausal: teyowfskwaht. With npartitive: tsi? na ?feyowfskwa ?t it's really slippery. With -hah- I -h-I -wah- road, path: teyohahawfskwa ?f the road is slippery. And n- partitive: tsi? na ?feyohahawfskwa ?f the road is very slippery. With -shu?kalboard, floor: teyoshu ?kalawfskwa ?f the board or the floor is slippery. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .wiskw- plus tedualic, slip, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: .wiskwa?ta?- plus te- dualic, become slippery. .wiskwa?ta?- plus te- dualic, v.a. become slippery. teyowiskwti·tahse? it gets slippery. wa ?fyowiskwti·tane? it got slippery.

• Ostuha wa ?tyowiskwti ·tane? tsi? takawfstohte? tahnu· tyokano·l e·skwe?. It got a little slippery since it got cold and also it was raining. COMPOSED OF: .wiskwa?t- plus tedualic, be slippery, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ? of the base is replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -wislat-/-wislatu- v.a. freeze. yowisltitu? it's frozen. wa ?kawfslate? it became frozen, Akawfslate? it will freeze up. With s- repetitive: tsyowisltitu? it froze over again.

•Th6 s kwf- thikA Atye ni·ktile? thikA nA ya?ktihewe? ayakwatekhu·ni- yowisltitu? ne ?n akwatAnti·tsli?. When it was noon and it came time for us to eat, my lunch would be frozen. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -wislatu?uhatyebe freezing up. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -wisl(e)- be icy; otherwise the composition is unclear. The altemant -wislatu- occurs in the stative aspect, -wislat- occurs in the punctual aspect. -wislatu?uhatye- v.m. be freezing up. yowislatu ?uhtiti? it's freezing up. With t- cislocative: tayowislatu ?uhati? it's freezing up. COMPOSED OF: -wislat-/-wislatufreeze, -?u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -wislatu?uhati- before a final ?. -wisl(e)- v.s. be icy. yowfsle? it's icy. Pre-pausal: yowfseJe?. Aspect class:

B. NOTE: An altemant without the final vowel probably occurs in -wislat-/-wislatu- freeze. -wistanawA- v.a. melt, thaw. kawistana·wA·se? it keeps melting. yowistanawA·u it has melted. wa ?kawistana·wA· it melted, Akawistana·wA· it will melt. With s- repetitive: sakawistana·wA· it thawed out again. Aspect class: C3.

• T Ahse ?nhuhsa·lihte? ne? th6·ne? nA nyAsa·tf- yowistanawA·u kA·ye· ta·thuni? owist6hseli?. Break the eggs and then add melted oil or butter. (R4) NOTE: May include the altemant -nawA- of the base -na?nawA-/ -ya?tanawA-/-nawA- get wet; but the composition is unclear.

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-wisto- v.s. be cold. yowfsto it's cold. Facilitative: wakwist6·tskwA I get cold easily, I'm easy to get cold. With -hnana?t- potato: yohnana ?fawfsto the potatoes are cold. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: yohnekawisto the water is cold. With -khw- food: yokhwawfsto the food is cold. With -wel- air, wind: yowelawisto it's a cold wind. With -wistohsl- butter: yowistohslawisto the butter is cold. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -wistohsl- butter; -wistoht- cool something; -wisto?become cold; yoshe?Ihawisto ice cream. NOTE: See also -wisto-/-wistoskbecome cold; -wisto?kwanAst- get really cold, freeze; and owist6·kwa? something frozen. -wisto-/-wistosk- v.a. become cold. kwistohse? I'm cold, yewistohse? she's cold. wa ?kwistoske? I got cold, wahawistoske? he got cold, wa ?ewis toske? she got cold, Akwistoske? I will get cold. Habitual past: kwfstoskwe? I was cold. With n- partitive: nikwfstohse? I'm so cold. With te?negative: yah te ?kwfstohse? I'm not cold. With tsh- coincident: tshikwistohse? when I'm cold. DERIVED BASES: -nutsistawistoskget a cold head; -?nyuhsawistosk- get a cold nose. NOTE: Related to -wisto- be cold; but the composition is unclear. The alternant -wisto- occurs in the habitual aspect, -wistosk- occurs in the punctual aspect. -wistohsl- v. > n. butter. owist6hsli? butter. Pre-pausal: owist6hseli?. With -?ke locative suffix: owistohsla·ke in butter. With .at-N-lho- plus te- dualic, spread for

oneself: wa ?fhatwistohslalho? he buttered it (for himself, e.g., his own bread), tAhatwistohslalho? he will butter it. With -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with: wahawistohslalho? he spread butter on it. With -lhohslu- I -elhohsluspread or cover with all over: wahawistohslalh6hslu? he buttered them (e.g., all kinds of bread). And te- dualic: wa?fhawistohslalh6hslu? he buttered them. With -hnil- be hard, be solid: yowistohslahnilu the butter is hard. With -hninu?n- go to buy: wa?kwistohslahninu·na? I'm on my way to buy butter, swistohslahninu·na Go buy butter! With -wisto- be cold: yowistohslawfsto the butter is cold. COMPOSED OF: -wisto- be cold, -hslnominalizer. -wistoht- v .a. cool something. kwist6tha? I'm cooling it. wakwist6htu I have cooled it. wa ?kwfstohte? I cooled it, Akawfstohte? it will cool off. With s- repetitive: tsyowist6htu it has gotten cool (e.g., the weather), sakawfstohte? it cooled off again. With t- cislocative: Atkawistohte? it will get cool (as a result of something). With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wa ?khnekawfstohte? I cooled the water. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -wisto- be cold, -htcausative. DERIVED BASES: -atwistoht- cool off; kakhwawist6tha? or kawist6tha? refrigerator. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -wisto?- v.a. become cold. wa ?kawistone? it got cold. With -hnana ?t- potato: wa ?kahnana ?fawistone? the

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potatoes got cold. With -hnekliquid, liquor: wa ?kahnekawistone? the water got cold. With -khw- food: wa ?kakhwawistone? the food got cold. COMPOSED OF: -wisto- be cold, _7_ inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -wisto?kwanAst- v.a. get really cold, freeze. lowisto ?kwan.1stu he's all frozen (e.g., a dog). wa ?kwist6·kwanAste? I froze, I'm freezing, wa ?kawist6·kwanAste? she (z.) or it froze, Akawist6·kwanAste? it will freeze, ayakniwist6·kwanAste? we two (excl.) should freeze. With te?nega tive: yah te ?yotiwisto ?kwan.1s tu they (e.g., the flowers) didn't freeze. With -ahsi?t- I -ahsi- foot: wa ?kahsi ?tawist6·kwanAste? my feet froze (e.g., my toes got frostbitten). NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -wisto- be cold, and the verb base -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big, plus the -st- causative suffix; but the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .wisut- plus te- dualic, v.a. become icy. tekawisutha? it's icy. teyowi·sute? it has become icy, it's just a sheet of ice. wa ?tkawisu-t.1· it became icy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -wis- ice, glass, window, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: .wisuta?n- plus tedualic, going to be freezing rain. .wisuta?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. going to be freezing rain. tekawisuta·ne? it's

going to be freezing rain. COMPOSED OF: •wisut- plus tedualic, become icy, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -wisuty- v.a. freezing rain, hail. yowisuti it's freezing rain, it's hailing, it's an ice storm. With s- repetitive: sayowisu·ti· it's hailing again. COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -wyahutsh- wing. See -yahutsh-/ -wyahutsh-. .wyahutshut- plus te- dualic, have wings. See .yahutshut-/ .wyahutshut- plus te- dualic. .wyahutshutu- plus te- dualic, have wings. See .yahutshutu-/ .wyahutshutu- plus te- dualic. .wyenhala?- plus te- dualic, get busy. See .yenhala?-/.wyenhala?- plus tedualic. -wyAnAta?- v.a. get something ready. kewyAnA·tti·se? I'm getting something ready, lawyAnA·tti·se? he's getting something ready. wakewyAnAtti·u I have gotten it ready. wa ?kewyAnA·ttine? I got it ready, AkewyAnA·tane? I will get it ready. Aspect class: E3. DERIVED BASES: -atatewyAnAta?get oneself ready; -atewyAnAta?- get ready. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -N-Ata?- finish doing; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final?

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of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -wyAteht- learn fast, learn easily. See -y Ateht-/-wy Ateht-. -wyAtehtahkw- be one's right hand. See -yAtehtahkw-/-wyAtehtahkw-. -wyAtehta?- learn. See -yAtehta?-/ -wyAtehta?-. -wyAtehta?uhatye- be learning. See -yAtehta?uhatye-/ -wy Atehta ?uhatye-. -wyhuh- n. river. kawyhuha? river. With -aktuti? locative suffix: kawyhuhaktuti? along near the river. With .ati- plus na?- partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: na ?kawyhuhati? it's a side of the river, kAh na ?kawyhuhati? it's on this side of the river, a ?e·

na ?kawyhuhati? it's on the other side of the river. DERIVED BASES: -wyhuhatatye- be a river, extending. NOTE: Although the basic noun form kawyhuha? exists, the usual way of referring to a river is with the derived base.

-wyhuhatatye- v.m. be a river, extending. kawyhuhatati? along the river, (it's) a river, extending along. Habitual past: kawhyuhatatyehkwe? it used to be along the river. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tkawyhuhatati? at the river. COMPOSED OF: -wyhuh- river, -N-atatye- be extended along. NOTE: Many speakers have -wyhuhatati- before a final ?.

y y- pre£. she, it. Third person femininezoic singular and neuter agent pronominal prefix. See ka-/kA-/w-/y-1 u-1-h-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru. y- pre£. the two (two males, or one male and one female). Third person masculine dual agent pronominal prefix. See ni-/n-/y-1-hni-/-hn-/ -hy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel a. y- pre£. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/y-/yA-/yay1- h ya-/- hy-/ -hy A-/ -hyay-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel a.

ya- pref. Translocative and factual mode. See ya?-/ya-/yahe-/yahu-1 yaha-. NoTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. ya-/ya·-/yae-/yau- pref. Translocative and optative mode (translocative and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant yae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant yau- replaces the sequence yaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following

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a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise ya- or ya·- occur, in free variation. ya-/y-/y A-/yay-/- hy a-/- hy-/-hy A-/ -hyay- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person masculine singular acting on second person singular. NOTE: The alternants ya-, y-, yA-, and yay- occur word-initially. The alternants -hya-, -hy-, -hyA-, and -hyay- occur after another prefix. The alternants ya- and -hya- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants y- and -hy- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternants y11.- and -hyA- occur with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yay- and -hyay- occur with bases that begin in e, A, o, or u. ya- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/y A-/ya-/-e-/-u-1-ak-/-A-. NOTE: Occurs with a few bases that begin in i. ya- pref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/yaw-/ya-/yoy-1 -o-/-aw-1-a-/-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru. yae- pref. Translocative and optative mode. See ya-/ya·-/yae-/yau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. yah Negative particle: not.

yah kanike? not anyplace, not anywhere. • Tahnu· kwi- mihte? yah thau·tu· nahte? ayaf-lu?, yah kanike? te?kahyatuhsla~. And she couldn't very well say anything, not anywhere was there a piece of paper. (02) yah katsha? nowhere. yah ki? newAtu never actually. yah nahte? nothing. yah newAtu never. yah oh nah6·tA? nothing. yah se? no way. yah te?we·ni I yah te?we·ne it's amazing. NOTE: See we·ni I we·ne. yah tha?tewa?alya·ku virgin. COMPOSED OF: yah negative particle; and th- contrastive, w- neuter agent, -a?al- net, lace, .ya?k- plus tedualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -u stative. yah thyaya·w.A· tsi? it has to be that, it's necessary. See .A- plus yah negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative. yah thyaya·w.Ane? tsi? it has to be that, it's necessary. See .A?- plus yah negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative. yah thyekaye·li· someone who is silly, makes himself amusing, a jokester, comedian. NOTE: Composed of the yah negative particle and thye- contrastive and translocative prefixes, ka- feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent, a verb root -yeli-, and -? stative. See note under .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right.

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yah uhka? no one. yaha- pre£. Translocative and factual mode. See ya?-/ya-/yahe-/yahu-1 yaha-. NOTE: Replaces ya?- and ya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yahe- pref. Translocative and factual mode. See ya?-/ya-/yahe-/yahu-1 yaha-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. .yahsut- plus te- dualic, v.a. make a cross. tehayahsutha? he's making a cross (e.g., the sign of the cross, or an X for his name). tewakyahsute? I have made the sign of the cross. wa ?thayahsu·tA· he made the sign of the cross, wa ?tyeyahsu·tA· she crossed herself. kA·tho tehsyahsu·tA Put your X on here! Sign your name! Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: tehatiyahsutha? Catholics; tehayahstitha? priest; tekutiyahstitha? nuns. yahtA? Negative particle: not, no way. •Wa?ukli?wanu·tu·se? th6 kA yAhA·ke·, wa?kf-lu? "yahtA?." She asked me if I was going to go there, I said "no way." yahu- pre£. Translocative and factual mode. See ya?-/ya-/yahe-/yahu-1 yaha-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence yahawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

-yahutsh-/-wyahutsh- n. wing. oyahutsha? or owyahUtsha? wing. DERIVED BASES: .yahutshut-/ .wyahutshut- plus te- dualic, have wings. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. .yahutshut-/.wyahutshut- plus tedualic, v.s. have wings. tekayahutshute? it has wings (e.g., a drop-leaf table). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yahutsh/-wyahutsh- wing, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: .yahutshutu-/ .wyahutshutu- plus te- dualic, have wings. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. .yahutshutu-/.wyahutshutu- plus tedualic, v.s. have wings. tehayahutshu·tu· he has wings (on). Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .yahutshut-/ .wyahutshut- plus te- dualic, have wings, -u- distributive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. .yahya?k-/.iya?k- plus te- dualic, v.a. cross, go across. tehaya·ya ?ks he goes across all the time. tehoyahya·ku he has gone across. wa ?thaya·yahke? he went across. With -hAt- field, garden: wa ?thahAti·ya·ke? he crossed the field, wa ?tyehAti·ya·ke? she crossed the field. And s- repetitive: tusahahAti·ya·ke? he crossed the field again. With -na?tsl- ditch: wa ?tekna ?fsli·ya·ke? I crossed the ditch, wa?tkana?tsli·ya·ke? she (z.) or it crossed the ditch. With -wisice, glass, window: wa ?tekwisi·ya·ke? I crossed the ice.

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And ya?tusa- translocative, dualic and repetitive: ya ?tusahawisi·yti·ke? he went back across the ice. Aspect class: E2. • 6h naha·yele? tsi? wa ?thayti ·yahke?. How did he do it to get across? DERIVED BASES: .yahya?kh- plus tedualic, go to cross; .yahya?kuhatyeplus te- dualic, be going across; .ahahiya?k- plus te- dualic, cross a road; .ohsliya?k- plus te- dualic, be an age, have a birthday. NOTE: The numeral ya·ya?k six is probably from this base. The alternant .iya?k- occurs with incorporated nouns. A component -iya?k- without the te- dualic occurs also in -ohsliya?k-last someone through the winter, spend the winter. Note that .ahahiya ?k- plus te- dualic is given as a derived base because of its irregular form; its meaning is regular. The h of the hy cluster of .yahya?k- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The ? of the ?k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. .yahya?kh- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to cross. wa ?thayahyti·kha? he's going to go across (e.g., the border). COMPOSED OF: .yahya?k-/.iya?kplus te- dualic, cross, go across, -hdislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yahya?kuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be going across. tehoyahya ?kuhtiti? he's going across. COMPOSED OF: .yahya?k-/.iya?kplus te- dualic, cross, go across, -u stative, -hatye- progressive.

NOTE: Many speakers have .yahya?kuhati- before a final ?, yak- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/ yak-/y A-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-1-A-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e, A, o, or u. yaka- pref. her, she; she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them. Third person feminine-indefinite singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-1 -ako-1-akaw-/-aka-/-akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru. yakaw- pref. her, she; she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them . Third person feminine-indefinite singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-1 -ako-/-akaw-1-aka-/-akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A. .yakAhta?tsy- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. come or go out quickly. tahayakAhtti·tsi? he came out in a hurry, ya ?kyakAhtti·tsi? I went out quickly, yahayakAhtti·tsi? he went out quickly, ya ?kniyabthtti·tsi? the two (z.) went out quickly. DERIVED BASES: .yakAhta?tsya?tplus y- translocative, go out quickly. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative or y- translocative prefix, a root -yakA-, the -ht- causative suffix, and the -?tsy- accelerative suffix. The root -yakA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -yakA?- go out, come out. The? of the ?tsy cluster is replaced by length

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after accented vowels, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .yakAhta?tsya?t- plus y- translocative, v.s. go out quickly. yehotiyakAhta ?tsycHu they (m.) went out quickly. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: .yakAhta?tsy- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, come or go out quickly, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the final ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. yakA? Evidential particle: so they say, reportedly. • Swatyel£ s 6ni? yakA? t6hka? nahatya ?tase ?tslate·n£· tsi? niwahsu-tes. Sometimes even, they say, he had several girlfriends during the night. (G2) COMPOSED OF: yak- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atu-1-A-/-ihlusay, -? stative. DERIVED BASES: yakA?shuha fiction. -yakA?- v.a. go out, come out. laya·k£·se? he keeps going in and out, he goes out, yeya·k£·se? she goes out, latiya·k£·se? they (m.) keep going out. loyak£·u he has gone out. wa ?kya·k£ne? I went out, wahsya·k£ne? you went out, wahaya·k£ne? he went out, Akya·k£ne? I will go out, Ahsya-k£ne? you will go out, akya·k£ne? I should go out, ahsya·k£ne? you should go out. tsya·k£n Go out! Habitual past: laya·k£·skwe? he used to go out. Stative past: loyakA ?(t ·ne? he has been out. With s- repetitive: shotiyak£·u they (m.) have gone out again, sahaya·k£ne? he went out again, sayeya-k£ne? she went out

again, sahniya-k£ne? the two (m.) went out again, satsya·k£n Go out again! With t- cislocative: tkaya·k£·se? it keeps coming out, takya·k£ne? I came out, Atkaya·k£ne? it will come out. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutakya-k£ne? I came back out again, tutahaya·k£ne? he came back out again, tutetwaya-k£ne? we (incl.) came back out again, tutatsya·k£n Come on back out! With y- translocative: yeya·k£·se? she keeps going out, ya ?kya·k£ne? I went out (from there). With tsh- coincident: tsha ?kutiya·k£ne? when they (z.) came out. With th- contrastive: ahsu thakya-k£ne? I haven't gone out yet. Aspect class: E3. • Loyak£·u k£ ?n ohkwa-1[. Did the bear go out? (Instead of talking about a groundhog on Groundhog Day, Oneidas talk about a bear coming out.) DERIVED BASES: -yakA?sl- intend to go out; -yakA ?uhatye- be going or coming out. NOTE: Composed of a root -yakAand the-?- inchoative suffix. The root -yakA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also .yakAhta?tsy- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, come or go out quickly. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. yakA'shuha N fiction. COMPOSED OF: yakA? so they say, reportedly, -shuha collective clitic. -yakA?sl- v.m. intend to go out. kyak£·sle? I'm going out, latiyak£·sle? they (m.) are going to go out, kutiyak£·sle? they (z.) are going to go out. Pre-pausal: ku tiyak£· sele?.

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• Ku·te· kwi- kutiyakA·sle? ttH Akutkwe·nf·. The girls say they're going to go out if they win. COMPOSED OF: -yakA?- go out, come out, -sl- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yakA?uhatye- v.m. be going or coming out. loyakA ?uhtiti? he's coming out. With t- cislocative: tayoyakA ?uhtiti? she (z.) or it is coming out, tahoyakA ?uhtiti? he's coming out, he's on his way out, tahotiyakA ?uhtiti? they (m.) are coming out. With tshyusa- coincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusayukwayakA ?uhtiti? when we were going back out again. COMPOSED OF: -yakA?- go out, come out, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yakA?uhati- before a final?. yakhi-/yakhiy-1-akhi-/-akhiypref. we (she and I, he and I, or they and I) act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person exclusive non_-s~~lar a:t~g on third person femmme-mdef1rute singula~ or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yakhi- and -akhi- occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yakhiy- and -akhiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yakhiy- pref. we (she and I, he and I, or they and I) act on her, s~meone o~ them. Interactive pronommal prefix. See yakhi-/yakhiy-1-akhi-/

-akhiy-. . NOTE: Occurs with bases that begm in a vowel other than i. yakn- pref. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and 1). First person exclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See yakni-/yakn-/yaky-/-akni-1 -akn-1-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. yakni-/yakn-/yaky-1-akni-/-akn-/ -aky- pref. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and 1). First person exclusive dual agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants yakni- and -akni- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yakyand -aky- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternants yaknand -akn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-1-ako-/ -akaw-1-aka-/-akoy- pref. her, she; she or it acts on her or someone; she acts on them. Third person feminineindefinite singular patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on third person feminineindefinite singular, or third person feminine-zoic singular acting on third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yako- and -ako- occur with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternants yakaw- and -akaw- occur with bases that begin in e or A. The alternants yaka- and -aka- occur with bases

784 Oneida-English

that begin in o or u. Note, however, that yaka- and -aka- are attested in our sources only as a patient prefix. When the prefix expresses an interactive relation, the forms yakoy- and -akoy- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yakohehslalahse? V > N nettles. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: yakoneslalahse? (ACH). yakohA·talahse? I yakohAtalahse?k6· V > N poison ivy. COMPOSED OF: yako- feminineindefinite singular patient, -hAtala?get poison ivy, -se? habitual. NOTE: The alternant yakohAtalahse?k6· has the -k6· augmentative clitic. yakon- pref. they (females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yakoti-/yakon-/ -akoti-/-akon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel.

begin in a vowel. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yakoy- pref. she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/ yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-1-ako-/ -aka w-/ -aka-/ -akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru. yakoya?takalenyehse? V > N bus. COMPOSED OF: yako- neuter acting on feminine-indefinite singular, -kaleny-1-ya?takaleny- get and carry away, haul, transport, -e?se? habitual. yakuhewci-tha? V > N broom. akuhewti·tha? my broom. COMPOSED OF: yak- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -uhewa?t- use to sweep with, -ha? habitual. NOTE: In possessed forms the yakfeminine-indefinite prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes.

yakonyakta? V > N wedding cake. COMPOSED OF: yako- feminineindefinite singular patient, -nyakget married, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual.

yakw- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-1-akwa-/-akw-/ -akwA-1-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A.

yakoti -/y akon -/-akoti -I -akon- pref. they (females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-zoic non-singular acting on third person feminineindefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yakoti- and -akoti- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yakonand -akon- occur with bases that

yakwa-/yakw-/yakwA-/yaky-1 -akwa-/-akw-/-akwA-1-aky- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants yakwa- and -akwa- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yakwand -akw- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternants yakw Aand -akwA- occur with bases that

Oneida-English 785

begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yaky- and -aky- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yakwA- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-1 -akwA-1-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. yakwA- pref. I act on you all, we two act on you all, we all act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kwa-/ kw-/yakwA-/ky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases thatbegin in the vowel i. yaky- pref. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and I). First person exclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See yakni-/yakn-/yaky-1 -akni-1-akn-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. yaky- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-1-akwa-/-akw-/ -akw A-l-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru. -yal- n. bag, sack. ka·yale? bag, sack. With -?ke locative suffix: kayala·ke on the bag, on the tent. With -ku locative suffix: kaya·laku in the bag. With -ate?lholok- I -ate?lhol- I -at-N-olok- I -at-N-ol- cover up oneself: wa ?katyalo·l6ke? I covered up (my head) with a bag (e.g., a paper bag). With -ate?lholokt-1

-at-N-olokt- use to cover up oneself: wa?katyalo·l6kte? I used a bag to cover up (my head) with. With -athel- I -athl- set down for oneself: wahatyala·lA? he put the bag (on his shoulder or on his back). With -athnyot-1-at-N-ot- stand something up for oneself, have on oneself: lotya·l6te? he has a bag standing, wahatyalo·t£· he set the bag down. With -at-N-ik- fill up completely: wahatya·lfke? he filled up the bag. With -atkehtat- put a burden on one's back: latyalakehtats he puts a bag on his back, lotyalakehtatu he has put a bag on his back, wahatyalakehtate? he put a bag on his back. With -atunyanyu- make several for oneself: yakotyalunyani? she has made bags. With -hnyot- I -ot- stand something upright, have, and t- cislocative: tkaya·l6te? there's a bag standing there. With -N-inyu?tanyu- bring in several, and t- cislocative: tahayalinyu ?tani? he brought in several bags. With .N-keplus n- partitive, be three or more of: t6hka? nikaya·lake several bags. With -?lholok- I- ?lhol-1 -olok- I -olcover up: wa ?kyalo·l6ke? I covered it with a bag (e.g., with a plastic bag to protect it). With -?sle- I -i?sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone: layalZ.sle? he's dragging the bag, layalf·slehse? he drags the bag, loyali ?slenu he has dragged the bag, wa ?kyalf·sle? I dragged the bag. And t- cislocative: takyalf·sle? I dragged the sack or bag this way. DERIVED BASES: -atyalot- put up a tent; tehutya·Iatuhe? circus people; yutyalakehhikhwa? backpack. -yan- n. track. oya·na· track. DERIVED BASES: -yanaha-/ -yanahaw- follow, do as someone else

786 Oneida-English

does; -yanahawi- follow, do as someone else does; -yanaksA- walk not right, have a bad walk; .yanal- plus te- dualic, have footprints; -yaniyowalk well; tsyoya·nat a pair. -yanaha-/-yanahaw- v.a. follow, do as someone else does. ne· wa ?kyanahawe 7 that's what I went by or followed, wahetshyanahawe? you went by him, you did as he did, wa ?shakoyanahawe? he followed her or them, Akuyanahawe? I will go by the way you do it, Askwayanahawe? you will do as I do. With t- cislocative: twakyanahA I went by it, tsi 7 tyoyanahA it goes according to the way, Atekyanahawe 7 I follow its track or guide, Atyakwayanahawe? we (excl.) will go by it. • Yah kwi- thyaya-wilne? tsi? wa ?shakoyanahawe? yah se? tehonuhte 7 katsha 7 wa·le?. He has to follow them since he doesn't know where he's going. f· kwf Askwayanahawe? waklA7nha·u ni?f·. You can do as I do because I know how. NoTE: Composed of the noun base -yan- track, and a verb root -ha- I -haw-, which occurs also in .ha-/ . haw-/.ya?taha-/.ya?tahaw- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, take along, bring along. The alternant -yanaha- occurs in the stative aspect, and the final a is deleted before the -A stative aspect. The alternant -yanahaw- occurs in the punctual aspect. -yanahawi- v.m. follow, do as someone else does. kyanaha·wi- I'm following directions or the lead, tsyanaha·wf· you're following directions, shakoyanaha·wf- he's following her or them, he's doing as they say. shakoyanaha-wf-se 7 he

follows her or them, he's following their footsteps. COMPOSED OF: -yan- track, -hawihave someone with one. -yanaksA- v.s. walk not right, have a bad walk. yeyanaksA she has a bad walk, she's not walking right, layanaksA he's not walking right. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -yan- track, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. ' .yanal- plus te- dualic, v.s. have footprints. tekya-nale 7 (it's) my footprint, tehaya·nale? he has footprints, tekaya-nale? she (z.) or it has footprints, teyeya-nale? she or someone has footprints. With thcontrastive: yah katsha? tha 7tehaya·nale 7 he doesn't have footprints anywhere. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yantrack, -I- be in or on. -yaniyo- v.s. walk well. yeyaniy6 she walks well or nicely, layaniy6 he walks well. Pre-pausal: yeyani·y£. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -yan- track, -N-iyobegood . DERIVED BASES: -yaniyo?- walk well again. -yaniyo?- v.a. walk well again. wahayani·y6ne7 he's able to walk well now (e.g., upright). With srepetitive: sakyani·y6ne 7 I started to walk well again, sahayani·y6ne 7 he walks well again. COMPOSED OF: -yaniyo- walk well, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -yanlatye- v.m. be coming or going along well. yoyanlati 7 it's going

Oneida-English 787

along well. With t- cislocative: tayoyanlati? it's coming along pretty well. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayoyanlati? it's getting better, it's improving. COMPOSED OF: -yanle-1-yanl-/ -yanlA- be good, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yanlati- before a final ? . -yanle-/-yanl-1-yanlA- v.s. be good. yoyanle? it's good. Pre-pausal: yoyaneJe?. Future stative: ayoyanleke? it should be nice. With te?- negative: yah te ?yoyanle? it's not nice. With te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te?tsyoyanle? it's no good anymore. Aspect class: B. • Yoyanle? tsi? khehnutlati ?, kwah 6ksa? sakhe ?sko ·k6·. It's good that I followed her, right away I took her out of the water. (T2) DERIVED BASES: -yanlatye- be coming or going along well; -yanlAhsl- law; -yanlA?- get better; -yanlA?s- come out good for one; .yanlA?se- plus t- cislocative, be coming along better; -atyanle- have one's things be nice. NOTE: The alternant -yanle- occurs in the stative aspect, -yanl- occurs before the -tye- progressive suffix, and -yanlA- occurs before derivational suffixes. -yanlAhsl- v. > n. law. kayanlAhsla? law. Pre-pausal: kayanlAhsla?. COMPOSED OF: -yanle-/-yanl-/ -yanlA- be good, -hsl- nominalizer. DERIVED BASES: .yanlAhslahlihtplus te- dualic, break the law; -yanlAhslay A- be laws. .yanlAhslahliht- plus te- dualic, v.a. break the law. tehayanlAhslahlitha? he breaks the law. tehoyanlAhslahlihtu he

has broken the law. wa ?tehsyanlAhslci·lihte? you broke the law. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -yanlAhsl- law, .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yanlAhslayA- v.s. be laws. kayanlAhslayA? there are laws (about that). Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -yanlAhsl- law, -yA/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -yanlA ?. v.a. get better. wa ?oyanlAne? it got better, AyoyanlAne? it will get better. With s- repetitive: AtsyoyanlAne? it will get better again. COMPOSED OF: -yanle-/-yanl-/ -yanlA- be good, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect . -yanlA?s- v.a. come out good for one. ukyanlAhse? it came out good for me, AwakyanlAhse? it will come out good for me, a·hoyanlAhse? it should come out good for him. With n- partitive: na ?ukniyanlAhse? it came out so well for us. • Tehatnu ?uslahyo ?tsfsta? ne?n Dayton, aya·wA· s kwf· a-hoyanlAhse? nA ?u ·wa ?. Dayton is making brine pickles, I hope they turn out well for him this time. COMPOSED OF: -yanle-/-yanl-/ -yanlA- be good, -?s- benefactive. NOTE: The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .yanlA?se- plus t- cislocative, v.a. be coming along better. tayoyanlA·se?

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it's corning along better. NOTE: Includes the t- cislocative prefix and the alternant -yanlA- of the base -yanle-/-yanl-1-yanlA- be good; otherwise the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yashe- plus te- dualic, v.s. be together. tetniyashe you and I (incl.) are together, teyakniyashe we two (excl.) are together, tehniyashe the two (rn.) are together, tekniyashe the two (z.) are together, tetwayashe we (incl.) are together, teyakwayashe we (excl.) are together. Aspect class: A.

• Ne· s wf· n tshiwahu-nfse? ya·wet ki? uhte wf- kA? tshitwaky.iha k.i·, tehniyashe waknAskwayA ·tahkwe? e·lhal. A long time ago, like I guess when I was young, I had these two pet dogs. (M6) DERIVED BASES: .yashe?- plus tedualic, come to be together. NOTE: Possibly composed of a noun root -yash- and -N-e- exist. See also .yashAta?- plus te- dualic, come together, end up together. .yashe?- plus te- dualic, v.a. come to be together. wa ?fyakniyashene? it carne about that we two (excl.) were together, wa ?fyakwayashene? it carne about that we (excl.) were together. COMPOSED OF: .yashe- plus tedualic, be together, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .yashAta?- plus te- dualic, v.a. come together, end up together. teyakniyashA ·ta·se? we two (excl.) keep corning together (e.g., every

weekend she visits). teyukniyashAta·u we two have gotten together. wa ?fyakniyashA ·fane? we two (excl.) ended up together, we got to be together (e.g., she moved in with me). Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Possibly composed of a noun root -yash- and -N-Ata?- finish doing. See also .yashe- plus te- dualic, be together. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -yat- v.a. name, be named. yukyats my name is (literally, they name me), yesa·yats your name is (they name you), luwa·yats his name is, yutatyats her name is, kuwa·yats her (z.) name is, luwati·yats their (rn.) name is, kuwati·yats their (z.) name is. Habitual past: luwa·yatskwe? they used to call him. • Mercy nf- yukyats. My name is Mercy. Karin kuna ?tukhwa? nf- tsi? yesa-yats. Karin is what I call you because that's your name . NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. Ya·ts! Exclamation. Oh! Look 'it! Golly! yau- pre£. Translocative and optative mode. See ya-/ya·-/yae-/yau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence yaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base . yautatokA.hti I yautatokA.htu Sunday. See yawAtatokA.hti/yawAtatokA.htu. yautAta·u Monday. See yawAtAta·u.

Oneida-English 789

yaw- pref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/yaw-/ya-/yoy-1 -o-1-aw-1-a -1-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin ine or A. yawelu?uhati? Oh, never mind it! See -elu?uhatye-. ya·wet Evidential particle: it's like. yaw J.. thank you. Pre-pausal: ya·wi_. yawA-le· Occurs after the numbers one through nine to form the numbers eleven through nineteen. For example: wfsk yawA·le· fifteen. yawAtatoki..hti I yawAtatoki..htu Sunday. With oya· another, and yAs- translocative, future and repetitive: oya· YASWAtatok.Ahti or yAswAtatok.Ahtu next Sunday. With tsh- coincident: tshawAtatok.Ahti or tshawAtatok.Ahtu last Sunday. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker, and often pronounced yautatokAnti or yautatokAntu. Composed of the yawneuter patient prefix, the noun root -At- week, daylight, and a verbal component -tokAhti- or -tokAhtu-, which occurs also in kahyatuhslatokl..hti Bible. yawAtAta·u Monday. With oya· another, and yAs- translocative, future and repetitive: oya· yAswAtA'tane? next Monday. With tsh- coincident: tshawAtA ·tane? or tshautA·tane? last Monday. COMPOSED OF: yaw- neuter patient, -At- week, daylight, -N-Ata?- finish doing, -u stative. NOTE: Often pronounced yautAta·u.

yay- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/y-/yA-1 yay-/-hya-/-hy-1-hy A-/-hyay-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in e, A, o, or u. ya·ya?k Numeral particle: six. Prepausal: ya·yahk. NOTE: Probably from .yahya?k-/ .iya?k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across. Ya·ya?k Nihonuhutysake Six Nations. Pre-pausal: Y a·ya ?k Nihonuhutysa·ke. COMPOSED OF: ya·ya?k six; and nipartitive, -hon- masculine nonsingular patient, -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy1-hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth, .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of. ya·ya?k niwashA sixty. COMPOSED OF: ya·ya?k six; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. ya·ya?k silu seventy-five cents. ya·ya?k tewA?nyawelu? six hundred. ya·ya?k yawA·Ie· sixteen. ya ?-/ya-/yahe-/yahu-/yaha- pref. Translocative and factual mode (translocative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant ya- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant yahe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant yahu- occurs in place of the sequence yahawa-, where the wa- is part of the first person singular patient prefix and interactive prefix, or the third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter prefix plus the

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initial vowel of a base. The alternant ya?- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternant yahaoccurs in place of ya?- and ya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. -ya?ak-/-yA- v.a. throw a straight object at. kheya 7aks I'm throwing it (e.g., a spear, arrow, or snowsnake) at her, laya 7aks he's throwing it, yeya 7aks she's throwing it, latiya 7aks they (m.) are throwing it, kutiya 7aks they (z.) are throwing it, kuya 7aks I'm throwing it at you. wakuyA 7 I have thrown it at you. wa 7kuya 7ake 7 I threw it at you, wahfya 7ake 7 I threw it at him, wahakeya 7ake 7 he threw it at me, wa 7shak6ya 7ake 7 he threw it at her, wah6ya 7ake 7 he threw it at him. Aspect class: B2. DERIVED BASES: -yAht- hit with an object, score; -hlanuhsaya?ak- slap someone in the face; -lihwaya?akoppose, disagree, disapprove; -nhohaya?ak-/-nhohayA- knock at a door; -?nahkwaya?ak-/-?nahkwayAbeata drum. NOTE: The alternant -ya?ak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -yA- occurs in the stative aspect and before the -ht- causative suffix. -ya?k- v.a. detach, sever, break, cut. ikya 7ks I'm detaching it by breaking it off or cutting it, fhsya 7ks you're cutting it, la·ya·ks he's cutting it. wakya·ku I have cut it. wa·kyahke7 I cut it, Akyahke 7 I will cut it. With t- cislocative: takyahke7 I was there and I broke it. With -itahs-1-itakstail: wahuwAtahsyahke 7 she cut off his tail. With -lut- tree, log: kalutya·ku the tree was cut down, wahatilutyahke 7 they (m.) cut down a tree, Ahslutyahke 7 you will cut

down the tree. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: .ya?k- plus tedualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two; -ya?khu- detach, sever, break, cut several; -at-N-ya?k- detach, sever, break, cut for oneself; -anekliya?k-/-Anekliya?k- cut the grass, mow the lawn; -kalya?k- pay, spend; -nahalya?khu- give someone heck; -nyalya?k- cut off or sever the neck. NOTE: The? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .ya?k- plus te- dualic, v.a. detach, sever, break, cut in two. tekya 7ks I keep breaking it, I'm breaking one thing after another, tehsya 7ks you're breaking it, teha·ya·ks he's breaking it. tewakya·ku I have broken it. wa 7tekyahke 7 I broke it, wa 7tha·ya·ke 7 he broke it. takA 7 tAhsyahk Don't break it! With -ahsliye- I -ahsliye?t- I -hsliye?tstring, thread, yarn: wa 7teksliye·tyahke 7 I broke the thread (while I was sewing). With -lut- tree, log: wa 7thalutyahke 7 he cut down the tree. With -na?talbread, cake: tewakna 7talya·ku I have cut or broken the bread in half, tehsna·talyahk Cut the bread in half! With -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon: teknu 7uslya '1/cs I'm cutting the squash in half, tAknu 7uslyahke 7 I will cut the squash. With -styA-1-styA?t- bone: wa 7tekestyA·tyahke 7 I broke a bone (e.g., a wishbone). Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ya?kdetach, sever, break, cut. DERIVED BASES: .ya?khu- plus tedualic, break up, cut up; .ahsi?tya?kplus tet- dualic and cislocative, trip,

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stumble; .ahuhtya?k- plus te- dualic, get freezing cold ears; .athwistya?kplus te- dualic, go broke; .atya?kplus te- dualic, become broken; .atya?k- plus te- dualic, get tired; .a?nikuhlya?k- plus te- dualic, feel sad, feel troubled, give up; .hnya?tsilya?k- plus te- dualic, choke someone; .shnuhsya?k- plus tedualic, get freezing cold hands; Tehati?nhuhsya?ks Easter; TewAhnislya?ks March; teyelutya·kta? cross-cut or long saw; teyeluwalya·kta? pliers; teyeshu?kalya·kta? sawhorse; yah tha?tewa?alya·ku virgin. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ya?kal- n. waist. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in .ya?kales- plus te- dualic, be long-waisted; and .ya?kalotalhoplus te- dualic, be draped over, be leaning over. .ya?kales- plus te- dualic, v.s. be longwaisted. tehaya·kales he's longwaisted, teyeya·kales she's longwaisted. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ya?kalwaist, -es-/-us- be long. DERIVED BASES: .ya?kalesha plus kA? particle and na?te- partitive and dualic, be short-waisted. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ya?kalesha plus kA? particle and na?te- partitive and dualic, v.s. be short-waisted. kA? na ?tyeya ?kalesha she's shortwaisted. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .ya?kales- plus te-

dualic, be long-waisted, .ha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be smaller in some dimension. .ya?kalotalho- plus te- dualic, v.s. be draped over, be leaning over . tekya ?kalotalhu I'm draped or leaning over (it), tehaya ?kalotalhu he's draped over (it), teyeya ?kalotalhu she's draped over (it). Aspect class:

E. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ya?kalwaist, -otalho-/-ya ?totalho- drape over, hook, harness. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

-ya?khu- v.a. detach, sever, break, cut several. latiya·khuhe? they (m.) are cutting them all. wahaya·khu? he broke or cut them, wahatiya·khu? they (m.) cut them all. With -luttree, log: wahatilutya·khu? they (m.) cut down trees. • Ne· kwi- wahatilutya·khu? thik.1 wahutlutahslu-ni·. They cut down the trees, they trimmed them (took the branches off). (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -ya?k- detach, sever, break, cut, -hu- distributive. NOTE: The ? of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ya?khu- plus te- dualic, v.a. break up, cut up. tekya·khuhe? I'm cutting it into several parts. wa ?thaya·khu? he cut them up. COMPOSED OF: .ya?k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -hu- distributive . DERIVED BASES:

teyelutya?khukhwa? cross-cut or long saw. NOTE: The ? of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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.ya?sel-/.ya?slu-f.?sel-/,?slu- plus tedualic, v.a. stack, pile. tehaya 7selha 7 he's stacking or piling things. tehoya·slu 7 he has piled. wa 7thaya·slu 7 he stacked. With -nAy- stone: tehanAya 7selha 7 he stacks stones, he's a bricklayer, wa 7thanAya·slu 7 he piled stones. DERIVED BASES: .ya?slunyu-/ .?slunyu- plus te- dualic, stack several, pile several; .hsina?slu-/ .hsina?sel- plus te- dualic, have one's legs crossed; .nAtsha?slu-/ .nAtsha?sel- plus te- dualic, have one's arms crossed; .nAya?selha? plus te- dualic, be a bricklayer. NOTE: The alternants .?sel- and .?slu- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants .ya?sel- and .ya?sluare composed of an empty noun root -y- and a verb root -?sel-/-?slu-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants .ya?seland .?sel- occur in the habitual aspect. The alternants .ya?slu- and .?slu- occur in the stative and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, and the ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ya?slunyu-/,?slunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. stack several, pile several. tehaya 7slunyuhe 7 he's stacking or piling things on top of one another. tehoya 7sluni 7 he has piled them. wa 7tekya 7sluni 7 I piled them, wa 7tehsya 7sluni 7 you piled them, wa 7thaya 7sluni 7 he piled them. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: wa 7tkeksa 7sluni7 I stacked the dishes, tehseksa 7sluni Stack the dishes! With -lut- tree, log: tekaluta 7sluni 7 the logs are piled up, wa 7thatiluta 7sluni 7 they (m.) put the logs one on top of the other.

Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: .ya?sel-/.ya?slu-/ . ?sel-f.?slu- plus te- dualic, stack, pile, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: The alternant .?slunyuoccurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have .ya?sluni- and .?slunibefore a final ?.

-ya?t- n. body. oya·ta7 body, blouse, shirt. akya·ta 7 my blouse, saya·ta 7 your blouse, laoya·ta 7 his shirt, akoya·ta 7 her blouse, aoya·ta 7 her (z.) or its blouse. With -e·ne locative clitic: kya 7te·ne (on) my body, tsya 7te·ne (on) your body, lay a 7te·ne (on) his body, yeya 7te·ne (on) her body. With -ke locative clitic: kya 7fti·ke on my body, laya 7fti·ke on his body. With -ku locative suffix: laya·taku in his body, kaya·taku in her (z.) or its body. DERIVED BASES:

-atya?takwalihsyu- straighten oneself, stretch; -atya?takwalutat- get onto one's side; -atya?takwAhlalu- be spotted; -atya?tal- join in, participate; -atya?talohlok-/-atya?talohlgather together, congregate; -atya?tase?tslateny- change girlfriends; -atya?tatsha?- burn up, burn to death; -atya?tawakhu- shake; -atya?tawi?t-/-atya?tawi?tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse; .atya?ta?kt-/.atya?ta?ket- plus tedualic, bend to one side -atya ?tohlok-/-atya ?tohl- carry someone under one's arm; .atya?tukoht- plus te- dualic, get diarrhea; -atya?tut- put on a blouse; -atya?tuty- grab at someone, reach out for someone; -atya?tyenAht- make oneself fall over; kay N drill. yehnana?tokhwa? V > N potato pot. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnana?tpotato, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, -hkw- instrumentat -ha? habitual. yehnekataliha?takhwa? V > N kettle. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -liha?t-/-taliha?t- bring to a boit heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumentat -ha? habitual. yehnekihlHha? V > N cup, glass. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnekil-/ -hnekihl- drink, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. yehnekotsyAhtakhwa? V > N dipper. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boit -tsyAht- draw water, -hkw- instrumentat -ha? habitual. -yeht- v.a. wake someone up. liyetha? I'm waking him up. liyehtu I have woken him up. wahi·yehte? I woke him up, wa ?ukyehte? she woke me up. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ye- wake up, -htcausative.

DERIVED BASES: -yehtanyu- wake up several. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. ~yehtanyu-

v.a. wake up several. kheyehtcmyuhe? I'm waking them up. kheyehttini? I have woken them up. wa?kheyehttini? I woke them up, Akheyehtani? I will wake them up, a-kheyehttini? I should wake them up. Aspect class: Bl. • I·kelhe? ta·katlakale·laste? a· kheyeh tan i'!_. I want to make noise so I can wake them up. COMPOSED OF: -yeht- wake someone up, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yehtani- before a final ? .

-yehwa-/-yehwha- v.a. be unable to find. wakye·wahse? I can't find it (because it's not available, or they're out of it), loye·wahse? he can't find it. ukye·wha? I couldn't find it, wa ?akoye·wha? she couldn't find it, Awakye·wha? I won't be able to find it. With -nha?tsl- hired work: wakenha ?tslaye·wahse? I can't find work, Awakenha ?tslaye·wha? I won't find work. With -nuhs- house, building: waknuhsaye·wahse? I can't find a place to live, uknuhsaye·wha? I couldn't find a place to live. With -?wahl- meat: wake ?wahlaye·wahse? I can't find some meat (e.g., they're all out at the store). With -?sleht- vehicle: uke ?slehtaye·wha? I couldn't find a ride. DERIVED BASES: -lihwayehwa-/ -lihwayehwha- be unable to find a way or reason. NOTE: The alternant -yehwaoccurs in the habitual aspect, -yehwha- occurs in the punctual aspect. The h of the hw cluster of

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both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-yehwat- v.s. be an early riser. kye·wate? I'm an early riser, tsye·wate? you're an early riser, yeye·wate? she's an early riser, laye·wate? he's an early riser, l~tiye·wate? they (m.) are early nsers. With tsh- coincident: tshiyeye·wate? when (since) she was an early riser. Aspect class: F. • Ne·n astehtsi? thik.A astehtsi? tshiyeye·wate? thik.A tsi? akaulha· wf. wa ?uteka ?fa·na? astehtsP. So then early in the morning, since she was an early riser, she was the one who went to make the fire in the morning. (Vl) NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. yehwatase·tha? V > N wrench. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hwatase-/ -tase- turn, twist, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. yehwa?ekta? V > N barn, thrasher. With the -ke locative clitic and the o- noun prefix in place of the yefeminine-indefinite singular prefix: ohwa ?ekta·ke at the barn. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hwa?ek-/ -hwa?e-/-a?ek-/-a?e- strike bat thrash, -ht- causative, -ha?' habitual. yehwistayAtakhwa? V > N bank. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkw- instrumental -ha? habitual. ' NOTE: Another word for 'bank' is latihwistay Atakhwa?.

yehyatuhslayAtakhwa? V > N post office. With tsi? particle and tcislocative: tsi? tyehyatuhslayAtakhwa? at the post office. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hyatuhslpaper, book, letter, -yA-1-yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. yehyatukhwa? V > N pencil, pen. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hyatu- write, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yehyo?tsistalakhwa? V > N salt shaker. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hyo?tsis-/ -hyo?tsist- salt, -1- be in or on, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. yekalhath6·tha? V > N plow, egg turner, spatula. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. yekalhatho?takhwa? V > N egg turner, spatula. · COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow, - 7 t- causative, -hkw- instrumental -ha? habitual. ' yekawe?takhwa? V > N oar. NOTE: Composed of the ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix, a verb root -kawe-, the -?t- causative suffix, the -hkw- instrumental suffix, and -ha? habitual. The root -kawe- is given in ACH with the meaning 'paddle', but speakers we have consulted do not recognize it as a base. However, the root -kawe- is a compo-

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nent also in -kawe?t- fin of a fish, webbed feet; and .atenyAhtatkaweplus te- dualic, channel, force one's way through snow. Yekaye·lik Behave! Be serious! NOTE: Composed of the ye- translocative prefix, ka- neuter agent, a verb root -yeli-, and the continuative suffix -k- (see, for example, note under the Future stative/Optative stative suffix -ke?). See note under .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right. yekAhanyut N curtain rod. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -nyut-/-niyutsuspend, hang, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yekA?tehslutyehse? V > N someone who is going around flirting. • Katsha? yekA ?tehslutyehse?. Where's that flirt going around flirting this time? NOTE: Can refer to either a man or a woman. Possibly composed of the kAfeminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix, a verb root -i?te-, the -hslnominalizer suffix, the alternant .uty- of the verb base .aty-/.atye-/ .uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add, and -e?se? habitual. See note under -i?tehsluni- flirt. yekhuny•i-tha? V > N kitchen. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tyekhunya·tha? the kitchen there (e.g., at school). COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -khunya?t- use something to cook with, -ha? habitual.

yekhunya?takhwa? V > N pots, pans. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -khunya?t- use something to cook with, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yeksay Atakhw-/yeksay Atakhwa ?tslV > N cupboard. yeksayAtakhwa? cupboard. With -ku locative suffix: yeksayAtakhwaku or yeksayAtakhwa ?tslaku inside the cupboard. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ks- dish, plate, bowl, -yAtahkw- where one keeps something. NOTE: The form yeksayAtakhwoccurs in yeksayAtakhwa? and in one of the forms with the -ku locative suffix. The ending -khwa? probably comes from -hkw-ha?, instrumental plus habitual aspect. The alternant yeksayAtakhwa?tsl-, with the -?tslnominalizer suffix, occurs in the second form with the -ku locative suffix. yeksokewatha? V > N dishtowel. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ks- dish, plate, bowl, -lakew-1-ya?tokew-/-okewwipe, wipe off, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. yekwe?tala·tha? V > N cutter. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -kwe?talu-/-kwe?tal- cut out a piece or chunk, -?tcausative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Refers to anything that cuts. .yel- plus n- partitive, v.a. do. nikyelha? the way I'm doing it, nihsyelha? the way you're doing it, niyeyelha? the way she's doing it, kA? nihayelha? this is the way he's doing it, nikayelha? the way it's happening, niyakwayelha? the way

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we (excl.) are doing it, nihatiyelha? the way they (m.) are doing it. niyakoyel.tf the way she has done it. mHyele? how I did it, kA? mHyele? this is the way I did it, nahsyele? how you did it, naha-yele? how he did it, na ?e·yele? how she did it, bt? nahati ·yele? this is how they (m.) did it, n.tlkyele? how I will do it, n.tlhsyele? how you will do it, nAye·yele? how she or someone will do it, na·kyele? how I should do it. kA? na·tsyel Do it this way! Habitual past: nihatiyelhahkwe? the way they used to do it. Future stative: nAsaye!Ahake? the way that you will do it, nAkayel.tlhake? the way that it will be done. With tcislocative: kA? nithayelha? he's over here doing it this way. Aspect class: Dl. •Nahte? kati? ni- n.tlkyele? tti·t yah thahutahuhsatate?. But then what can I do if they won't listen. (Al) DERIVED BASES: .yel- plus kA? particle and n- partitive or ny- partitive and translocative, touch; .yelanyuplus kA? particle and n- partitive, do all over, touch all over; .yela?n- plus n- partitive, intend to do; .yela?se-/ .yela?s- plus n- partitive, do to someone; .atyel- plus n- partitive, engage in doing something. NOTE: Composed of then- partitive prefix and a verb root -yel-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or derivational suffixes. See also .yel- plus yah negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative, be unable to help it; -yela?toverdo; .yela?t- plus nit- partitive and cislocative or y- translocative, turn something in a direction, find a way.

.yel- plus kA? particle and n- partitive or ny- partitive and translocative, v.a. touch. kA? nyekyelha? I'm touching it, kA? nyehayelha? he's touching it. kA? nyahti·kyele? I touched it, I gave it a touch (I touched it and then took my hand away again), kA? nyaha-yele? he touched it, kA? nya ?ku-yele? I touched you, kA? nyahi·ye!e? I touched him, kA? nyahtikyele? he touched me, kA? nyAh.tlkyele? I will touch it. takA? kA? nyAh.tfhsyel Don't touch it! Habitual past: kA? nyekyelhahkwe? I was touching it. With t- cislocative: kA? nithakyelha? he keeps touching me (there, as he passes by me), kA? nutahakyele? he touched me (as he went by), kA? nutayukyele? she touched me. With thy- contrastive and translocative (replacing nypartitive and translocative): kA? thya·kyele? I shouldn't touch it. COMPOSED OF: kA? particle, .yetplus n- partitive, do. .yel- plus yah negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative, v.a. be unable to help it. yah thyawakyel.tf I couldn't help it, I had to (do it). yah thya·kyele? I can't help it, yah thyaha-yele? he can't help it. • N A kwi- yah thyawakyelA yaha·ksane? wa?katayahte?. So then I couldn't help but finish going to school. (Gl) Yah thya·kyele? tsi? wa ?khe·tAle?. I can't help but pity her. NOTE: Composed of the yah negative particle, thy- contrastive and translocative prefixes, and a verb root -yel-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or deri-

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vational suffixes. See also .yel- plus n- partitive, do. yehikhwa? V > N container (e.g., a pot or bowl). With -shuha collective eli tic: yelakhwa ?shuha containers. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. .yelanyu- plus kA? particle and npartitive, v.a. do all over, touch all over. b1? na ?kyelani? I'm touching it all over, the way I did it. • Wa ?katna ?falu·ni· thik.tl nA kwah takatey.A·tu ?, kwah waktsihkotuni ?, kwah kA? na ?kyelani? t h i ·k.tl. I really took care making the bread, I kneaded it, doing it like this (demonstrating how). (Cl) COMPOSED OF: kA? particle, .yelplus n- partitive, do, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .yelani- before a final ?. yelathAstakhwa? V > N ladder. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -lathAst- get something up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. .yela?n- plus n- partitive, v.m. intend to do. nihayela·ne? he's going to do it. COMPOSED OF: .yel- plus n- partitive, do, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yela?se-/.yela?s- plus n- partitive, v.a. do to someone. nihakyela·se how he does it to me, what he does to me, how he has done it to me. nukye·la·se? how or what she (z.) or it did to me, na ?ukye·la·se? how or what she did to me.

COMPOSED OF: .yel- plus n- partitive, do, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .yela?seoccurs in the stative aspect, .yela?soccurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yela?t- v.a. overdo. kyela·tha? I overdo it, I push the limit. wakyela·tu I have overdone it. wa ?kye·la·te? I overdid it, wahaye·la·te? he overdid it, wahatiye·la·te? they (m) went too far, Ahsye·la·te? you will go overboard. Aspect class: El. • N A se? uhte wi· ne· ka ?ik.tl lutto·kas k.tl· tsi? wt?-ne se? tsi? s6·tsi? nA wahatiye·la·te? ka ?ik.tl, kwah tsi? niku yo?kala·u khtile? wa?thatihyatuhslayA ?. Then really I guess they perceived that evidently they had gone too far, it was every night they were playing cards. (MS) NOTE: Composed of a verb root -yeland the -?t- causative suffix. The root -yel- is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or derivational suffixes. See .yel- plus n- partitive, do. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yela?t- plus nit- partitive and cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. turn something in a direction, find a way. k.tlh nukwa· nitekyela·tha? I turn it in this direction. nitwakyela·tu I have turned it this way, a ?e· nukwa· yewakyela·tu I have turned it that direction. k.tlh nukwa· nutakye·la·te? I turned it this way, nutayeye·la·te? she turned it this way, she found a way, a?{ nukwa· ya ?kye·la·te? I turned it that way, th6 nutuye·la·te? it's in that position. Aspect class: El. • Th6 s ne· nutayeyda·te? ayako-

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hwistayA ·tane?. That's the way that she found to make money. (Vl) DERIVED BASES: .lihwayela?t- plus nit- partitive and cislocative, do something a particular way due to some reasoning or direction. NOTE: Composed of the nit- partitive and cislocative prefixes or ytranslocative prefix, a verb root -yel-, and the -?t- causative suffix. The root -yel- is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or derivational suffixes. See .yel- plus npartitive, do. A component -yela?toccurs also in .atyela?t- plus n- partitive, turn a direction, face a direction. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yeli- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be right. tkaydi· it's right. Habitual past: tkaydihkwe? it was right. Future stative: tkaye·lfke? it will be right. Optative stative: utakayeHke? it should be right. With te?- negative: yah te?tkaydi· it's not right. With th- contrastive, and optative stative: yah thutakaye·lfke? it won't be right. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .yelit- plus t- cislocative, do right; .yelitst- plus tcislocative, make right, correct; .lihwayeli- plus t- cislocative, be a nice person, be decent, have integrity. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix and a verb root -yeli-, which occurs only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .yeli- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, fit, be enough; .?nikuhlayeli- plus ytranslocative, be serious; and the expressions yah thyekaye·li· someone who is silly, makes himself amusing, a jokester, comedian; and Yekaye·lik Behave! Be serious!

.yeli- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.a. fit, be enough. ya ?fekye.zr. it fits me (e.g., a dress), ya ?fhaye·li· it fits him, ya ?tyeye·l( it fits her. ya ?fAkyeH it will fit me, ya ?fAhsye.zr. k.A will you fit it? th6 ya ?fAkaye.zr. that will be enough (so stop it). DERIVED BASES: .yeli?se-/.yeli?splus ya?te- translocative and dualic, be enough for someone. NOTE: Composed of the ya?tetranslocative and dualic prefixes and a verb root -yeli-, which occurs only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right, and the note under that base. yeliha?takhwa? V > N cooking pot. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminineindefinite singular agent, -liha?t-/ -taliha?t- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yelistalh6·tha? V > N iron. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -listalho- iron, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. .yelit- plus t- cislocative, v.a. do right. tekyeHts I do it right. twakyelitu I have done it right. takydite? I did it right, tahsydfte? you did it right, you're right, AtekyeHte? I will do it right, Atetwaye·lite? we (incl.) will do it right. With te?negative: yah te?tyakniye·lfts we two (excl.) are not doing it right. With th- contrastive: yah thutayakniydfte? we two (excl.) weren't doing it right. Aspect class: E2. • N A ki? tahsye-lite?. Now you did it right. COMPOSED OF: .yeli- plus t- cisloc-

Oneida-English 813

ative, be right, -t- causative-inchoative. .yelitst- plus t- cislocative, v.a. make right, correct. thayelitsta? he's making it right. tahaye-litste? he made it right, he corrected it. COMPOSED OF: .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right, -tst- causative. .yeli?se-/.yeli?s- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, v.a. be enough for someone. th6 ya ?twakyeli·se that was enough for me. th6 ya ?t11wakye·li·se? tsi? niku that will be enough for me. COMPOSED OF: .yeli- plus ya?tetranslocative and dualic, fit, be enough, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .yeli?se- occurs in the stative aspect, .yeli?s- occurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yelu- v.a. deceive someone. kye·luhe? I'm deceiving her (z.) or it, laye·luhe? he's deceiving her (z.) or it, lakye-luhe? he keeps fooling me, shakoye-luhe? he's deceiving them, he's fooling them. DERIVED BASES: -atyelu?s- get fooled, have an accident; .yelunyuplus te- dualic, do something to, fool, trick, decorate. NOTE: See also -yelu- be unreliable. -yelu- v.s. be unreliable. laydu· he's unreliable, yeye·lu· she's unreliable. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Possibly the stative aspect forms of -yelu- deceive someone (i.e., someone who has deceived is unreliable). -yeluni- v.a. show how to do, make known, trace. layelu·nfhe? he's showing the way of doing something,

he's blueprinting what he'll do.

kayelun{ it's shown, there's a trace. Pre-pausal: kayelu·n[. wahayelu·n{· he showed or spoke about how he'll do it, he made it known. With te?snegative and repetitive: yah te ?skayeluni there's no trace anymore. Aspect class: Al.

• Kwah ki? yah katsha? te ?skayeluni kA· tsi? th6 kanuhso·tahkwe?. There isn't any trace that there was once a house standing there. (MlO) DERIVED BASES: -yelunitst- show how to do, show one's intentions, demonstrate. -yelunitst- v.a. show how to do, show one's intentions, demonstrate. layelunitsta? he's showing or demonstrating the way he'll do it. kayelunitstu it shows the way it's done. wahayelu·nitste? he showed how he'll do it. Aspect class: El.

• Wahayelu ·nftste? nahte? nihayela·ne?. He told of the way he's going to do it. COMPOSED OF: -yeluni- show how to do, make known, trace, -tst- causative.

.yelunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. do something to, fool, trick, decorate. tehayelunyuhe? he's doing something to it (e.g., to the room), he's decorating it, tehakyelunyuhe? he keeps tricking me. wa ?tekheyeluni? I fooled or tricked her, wa ?thakyeluni? he tricked me, wa ?tyukwayeluni? it fooled us. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yeludeceive someone, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: .atyelunyu- plus tedualic, put on a show, entertain; .atkuhsayelunyu- plus te- dualic, make a face. NOTE: Many speakers have .yelunibefore a final ?.

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.yelutal- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, v.s. be almost identical, resemble. teskayelu·tale 7 it's almost identical, it's almost a carbon copy. Aspect class: F. -yelu?t- n. corpse, body, figure. oyelzUa 7 corpse. With -N-aks(A)be bad, be not the way it should be: yeyelu ?tliksA she has a bad figure. With -N-aksA?- become bad: Akyelu ?tliksAne 7 I will have a bad figure or shape, akyelu ?taksAne? I should have a bad figure. With -N-iyo- be good: yeyelu 7tiy6 she has a nice figure. And future stative: Akyelu 7tiy6hake? I will have a nice figure. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nihayelu 7t6·tA the kind of body or figure he has. • yah te·kelhe? akyelu ?taksAne?. I don't want to get a bad-looking body, a bad figure. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yen- oil, grease, fat. See -iye-/-yen-. -yena- v.a. take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. kye·nas I take hold of it, wakye·nas it catches up with me, I'm getting fits, loye·nas it catches up with him, he's getting fits. wakyenA I have taken hold of it, I have received it. wa ?kye·na· I grabbed hold of it, I grabbed her (z.), I received it, wahoye·na· he caught him, he arrested him, Ayeye·na· she or someone will receive it, Ashakoye·na· he will hold onto her, Askwaye·na· you all will take hold of me or us, Ahyaye·na· he will take hold of you. tsye·nf! Hold on to it! With -itsyfish: ahAtsyaye·na· he should catch fish. Aspect class: D2.

DERIVED BASES: .yena- plus tedualic, do something together, work as a team; .yena- plus t- cislocative, catch; .yena- plus y- translocative, touch, feel, grab; -yenas be a policeman; .yena?se-/.yena?s- plus tedualic, make a profit; .atatyena- plus te- dualic, wrestle; kitkit yakoye·mis chicken hawk; yeyenasta? handle. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. .yena- plus te- dualic, v.a. do something together, work as a team. tetniye·nas you and I (incl.) are doing it together, teyakniye·nas we two (excl.) are doing it together, tehniye·nas the two (m.) are doing it together, tehatiye·nas they (m.) work together. wa ?fyakniye·na· we two (excl.) worked together, wa ?fhniye·na· the two (m.) worked together.

• N A ne- thikA ne ?n aknulhti· sA· wa ?eyA·tako? wa?thniye·na· khale7 yuta ?ahslu·nihe? sA·. At that time my mother, she also cut wood (and) they (my mother and father) worked together, and she made baskets too. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yenatake hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. .yena- plus t- cislocative, v.a. catch. tekye·nas I'm catching it. twakyenA I have caught it. tyoyenA it was caught (stuck) onto it. Pre-pausal: tyoye·n:f.. takye·na· I caught it, tahaye·na· he caught it. tatsye·nf! Catch it! Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -yenatake hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. DERIVED BASES: .yenas plus t- cislocative, be a catcher.

Oneida-English 815

NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix.

.yena- plus y- translocative, v.a. touch, feel, grab. yekye·nas I touch it, I keep feeling it. yewakyen£ I have touched it. ya ?kye·na· I touched it, I felt it, ya '?shakoye·na· he caught hold of her. ya '?tsye·nf!. Touch it! With n- partitive: nya '?kye·na· how I touched it. Aspect class: D2. • Ne·n kwah ok nf- tha ?katye-1£· n.ikhle'? tok nahte'? nya?kye·na·, takatih.itho '?, So then I was taken aback when I felt something, I jerked it towards me. (MlO) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -yena- take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. NOTE: The final a of the base.is deleted before the -A stative suffix. -yenal- v.s. have gas or oil in, be greasy, be oily. kaye·nale '? there's oil or gas in it, yoye·nale '? it's greasy, it's oily. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat, -I- be in or on. -yenas v .a. be a policeman. shakoye·nas (he's a) policeman, yakoye·nas (she's a) policewoman. COMPOSED OF: -yena- take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest, -s habitual. .yenas plus t- cislocative, v.a. be a catcher. tekye·nas I'm the catcher, tehsye·nas you're catcher, thaye·nas he's catcher, tyeye·nas she's catcher. COMPOSED OF: .yena- plus t- cislocative, catch, -s habitual. .yenateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. change the oil. wa '?thayenate·nf. he changed the oil, he had the oil changed, wa '?thatiyenate·nf- they (m.) changed the oil.

COMPOSED OF: -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat, .teny-/.tenyu- plus tedualic, change something . NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

-yenawa?k- v.s. be holding onto. wakyenawa·ku I'm holding onto it, loyenawa·ku he's holding onto it, kuyenawa·ku I'm holding onto you, liyenawa·ku I'm holding onto him, shakoyenawa·ku he has his arms around her. Stative past: loyenawa '?ku·ne '? he was holding onto it, liyenawa'?ku·ne'? I was holding onto him. Future stative: Ahiyenawa ?kuhake '? I will be holding onto him. Aspect class: E. NOTE: May include a component -awa?k-, which occurs also in -hnya?sawa?k- be holding someone around the neck. The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yenawa?se-/-yenawa?s- v.a. support someone. kuyenawa·se I have supported you (e.g., in an argument), lakyenawa·se he's supporting me. wahakye·ntiwahse '? he supported me, Akuye·nawahse '? I will support you, Ashakoye·nawahse? he will support her, Askye·nawahse? you will support me. takye·nawahs Support me, back me up! NoTE: Possibly composed of a verb root -yenaw- and the -?se- I- ?s- benefactive suffix. See also -atyenawasthold onto, keep, use up. The alternant -yenawa?se- occurs in the stative aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -yenawa?soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

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.yena?se-/.yena?s- plus te- dualic, v.a. make a profit. tewakyencl-se I have made that much profit. wa?twakye·na·se? I made that much profit. With y- translocative: ya ?twakye·na ·se? that's how much I got for it. With ny- partitive and translocative: nya ?thoye·na·se? he received that much in profit there. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yenatake hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest, -?se- I- ?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .yena?seoccurs in the stative aspect, .yena?soccurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. yena?tslunya·tha? V > N spade. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -na?tsl- ditch, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -?tcausative, -ha? habitual. yenAstaliha?takhwa? V > N stove. NOTE: Composed of the ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix, a noun root -nAst-, the alternant -liha?t- of the verb base -liha?t-/ -taliha?t- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, and -ha? habitual. See note under kan.Astote? rafters. Another word for 'stove' is yonAstaliha?takhwa?. See also the tongue twister teyenAstaliha?takhwa?tslahu?tsistalathe?takhwa? black stove polish. .yenhala?-/.wyenhala?- plus te- dualic, v.a. get busy. tekeyenha·la·se? I get busy. tewakeyenhala·u I'm busy, teyakoyenhala·u she's busy, tehoyenhala·u he's busy, teyukniyenhala·u we two are busy. wa ?tkeyenha·lane? I got busy. With n- partitive: na ?teyukwayenhala ·u

we're so busy. Aspect class: E3. • N ah te? tehoyenhala·u ka ?ikA WAhnislatenih. What's he busy at these days? NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -yenhusa? kin term. in-law of different generations. yukyenhusa? my mother-in-law, Z9kyenhusa? my father-in-law, kheyenhusa? my daughter-in-law, liyenhusa? my sonin-law, yesayenhusa? your motherin-law, yayenhusa? your father-inlaw, luwayenhusa? his mother-inlaw, or both his in-laws. yenohalenyu?takhwa? V > N washtub. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nohalenyu-/ -ohalenyu- wash several, -?t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yenuhkwa?tslalakhwa? V > N pepper shaker. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nuhkwa?t-/ -nuhkwa?tsl- medicine, pepper, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yenutakli?tslalakhwa? V > N sugar bowl. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nutakli-/ -nutakli?tsl- sugar, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yenuteksya·tha? V > N bottle opener. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nuteksyu-/ -nuteksy- take the lid off, uncover, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual.

Oneida-English 817

yenu?tathe?takhwa? V > N butter chum. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nu?tathe?tchum butter, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yes-/yets-/yetsi -/yese-/yehes-/ yehets- pref. Translocative and repetitive (translocative and iterative). NOTE: The altemant yets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The altemant yetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant yese- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternal).t yesoccurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants yehes- and yehets- occur in place of yes- and yets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yes- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-1-esa-/ -es-/-esA-1-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. yes a -/yes-/ye sA -/yesa y -/-esa -1-es-1 -esA-/-esay- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminineindefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on second person singular. NOTE: The alternants yesa- and -esa- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yes- and -es- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternants yesA- and -esAoccur with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of

the base. The alternants yesay- and -esay- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -yesaht- v.a. put someone down. shakoyesatha? he puts or calls her down. liyesahtu I have called him down. wahiye·sahte? I called him down. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -yesahtanyu- put someone down now and again. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -yesand the -ht- causative suffix. The root -yes- may be the same root that occurs in -atyes(A)- be cheap, be available, be willing. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -yesahtanyu- v.a. put someone down now and again. shakoyesahtanyuhe? he keeps putting her down. wahiyesahtani? I called him down (on different occasions), wahyayesahtani? he called you down. COMPOSED OF: -yesaht- put someone down, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yesahtani- before a final ?, yesay- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-1-esa-/ -es-/-esA-1-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin inooru. yese- pref. Translocative and repetitive. See yes-/yets-/yetsi-/yese-1 yehes-/yehets-. NoTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. yesA- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix.

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See yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-1-esa-/ -es-1-esA-/-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. -yeshu- v.a. smile, laugh. wakyeshuhe? I'm smiling, yukniyeshuhe? we two are smiling, sniyeshuhe? you two are smiling. ukyeshu ? I smiled, wa ?ukwayeshu? we laughed, wahotiyeshu? they (m.) laughed. With t- cislocative, and -k6· augmentative clitic: tahoyeshu ?k6· he had a big laugh there. yeskAha Adverbial particle: the last one, the last time. Pre-pausal:

yeskA·ha. .yest- plus te- dualic, v.a. mix, add in an item. tekyesta? I'm adding it in, I'm mixing it. teyakoyestu she has mixed it. wa ?tekyeste? I mixed it, t.ihsyeste? you will mix it. t.ihsyest Mix it! With y- translocative: ya ?fA'hsyeste? you will mix them together and add them to something. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wa ?fekhne·kayeste? I mixed the fluids together. With -the?tsl- flour: tekathe ?fslayestu it has flour mixed into it. Aspect class: El.

• Kwah ik.i yohnekatalfhA .ihsatste? t.ihsyeste? osahe·ta? khale? othe-tsheli?. Use really hot water (and) mix it into the beans and flour. (R2) DERIVED BASES: .yestanyu- plus tedualic, mix together; .yestAni- plus te- dualic, put a charm or bad medicine on someone; .athwatsilayestplus te- dualic, mix families, get married; .atlihwayest- plus te- dualic, compromise; .lihwayestahkwplus ya?te- translocative and dualic, do two things at once.

.yestanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. mix together. wa ?fekyestani? I mixed it all together. With na?tAs- partitive, dualic and repetitive: na ?fAsehsyestani? how or when you will mix everything together again.

• Th6 nA ASehsatna ?tsya·lA? ale? th6 nA na ?fAsehsyestani? ka ?ik.i o·n.iste? osahe-ta? khale? o ?wa·lu ?. Then put the pot back (on the stove) again, and then mix in com, beans, and meat. (Rl) COMPOSED OF: .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: teyeyestanyu?takhwa? atsi? mixing bowl. NOTE: Many speakers have .yestani- before a final ?. .yestAni- plus te- dualic, v.s. put a charm or bad medicine on someone. teyutatyestAni someone has put a charm on her, she put some bad medicine on her, tehuwayestAni someone has put a hex on him. Prepausal: tehuwayestA·n[. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item, -Ani- benefactive. NOTE: M.D. remarks that she also used to hear this when someone had a spouse or partner who was abusive or not good to them; then it was presumed that the spouse or partner put some sort of hold on them, perhaps as if mixing a potion for them. yethi -/yethi y-/ -ethi -/ -ethi y- pref. you and I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person inclusive non-singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yethi- and

Oneida-English 819

-ethi- occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yethiyand -ethiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yethiy- pref. you and I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yethi-/yethiy-/ -ethi-1-ethiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. yeti?tslalakhwa? V > N tea canister. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ti-/-ti?tsl- tea, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'tea canister' is yutti?tslalakhwa?. yets- pref. Translocative and repetitive. See yes-/yets-/yetsi-/yese-1 yehes-/yehets-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. ye tshi -/yetshi y -/-etshi -/-etshi ypref. you two or you all act on her, someone or them; she, someone, or they act on you two or you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. Second person non-singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular, and third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on second person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yetshi- and -etshi- occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yetshiy- and -etshiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. Alternants without initial y

occur after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yetshiy- pref. you two or you all act on her, someone or them; she, someone, or they act on you two or you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yets hi -/yetshi y-/-etshi -/- etshi y-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. yetsi- pref. Translocative and repetitive. See yes-/yets-/yetsi -/yese-/ yehes-/yehets-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. yetsistalakhwa? V > N lantern. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -tsist- fire, light, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yetsistotakhwa? V > N lamp. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -tsistot- light, turn on a light, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yetsyAhtakhwa? V > N pail. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -tsyAht- draw water, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yewatlihwatAnyetha? V > N fax machine. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -atsemireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .atAnyeht- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, send, -ha? habitual. yewelalakhwa? V > N lung. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indef-

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inite singular agent, -wei- air, wind, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yeyenasta? V > N handle. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -yena- take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest, -st- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Refers to anything used to hold onto something. YeyAthokwas V > N September. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -yAthokwharvest, pick plants, -as habitual. ye? Emphatic particle: really. NOTE: Frequently occurs after a factual form of the base -atu- I -A- I -ihlu- say, and before direct speech (e.g., wahA·lu? ye? he said really). ye?nikhukhwa? V > N sewing machine, sewing needle. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -?nikhu- sew, stitch, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. ye?nikhukhwa? anishnuhsohlokta? thimble. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -?nikhu- sew, stitch, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual; and anishnuhsohlokta? ring. ye?wahlakwe?tala-tha? V > N butcher knife. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -?wahl- meat, -kwe?talu-/-kwe?tal- cut out a piece or chunk, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. .ye?wAta?- plus s- repetitive, v.a. get better, recover from an illness. tsyeye?wA·ta·se? she gets better.

shoye ?wAfa·u he's all better. sakye?wA·tane? I got better. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -N-Ata?- finish doing. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -yA-/-yAt- v.a. lay down, place, have. fkyAhe? I'm laying or putting it down (e.g., on the floor), la-yAhe? he's putting it down. wakyA? or waki? I have it in my possession, yako·yA· she has it, yo·yA· she (z.) or it has it, yukni·yA· we two have it, yukwa·yA· we have it, loti·yA· they (m.) have it. ka·yA· it's lying there. wa·kyA? I laid it down, waha-yA· he put it down, wa ?e·yA· she put it down. {hsi Put it down! Habitual past: kayA·tahkwe? it was (lying) there, loyA"tahkwe? he used to have possessions, yakoyA ·tahkwe? she or someone used to have possessions. Future stative: AsayA"take? you will have it. Optative stative: ayukwayA·take? we should have it. With t- cislocative: taha-yA- he put it down there, tka·yA· it's lying there. With n- partitive: nika-yA· how or where it's placed, na ?e·yA· how or where she put it down. With te?- negative: yah fe?ka·yA· it's not there, it's not available, yah te ?yo·yA· it doesn't have it, yah te?yukwa·yA· we don't have it, yah tehoti·yA· they (m.) don't have it. With tsh- coincident: tshiyukwa-yA· when we had it. With tshit- coincident and cislocative: tshitho·yA· when he had it there. With -ahsohkw- colour: yakohs6hkwayA? she has colours or paints. With -ani tskw ahlakh w- I -anitskwahla ?tsl- chair: lonanitskwahla·tslayA? they (m.)

Oneida-English 821

have chairs. With -ashe?nut- I -ashe?nutsl- basket: sashe?nutslayA? you have a basket. With -atehAhslshame, and te?- negative: yah kA te?satehAhsla·yA· don't you have any shame? With -atAlo- I -atAlo?slfriend: wakatAl6·slayA? I have a friend. And optative stative: aesatAlo ?slay A" take? you should have a friend. With -atlehal -atle?1-atle?sl- grandchild: lonatl{slayA? they (m.) have a grandchild. With -atnutekt- I -atnutekta ?tsl- lid, cover: yotnutektti·tslayA? it has a cover or lid that goes with it. With -atya?tawi?t- I -atya?tawi?tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: wakatya ?fawf-tslayA? I have a dress. With -a?nyanawA-1 -a?nyanawA?tsl- glove, mitten: sa ?nyanawA·tslayA? you have a mitten, lo?nyanawA·tslayA? he has a mitten. With -hsAn- name, reputation, and te?- negative: yah te?waksA·nayA? I don't have a name. With -hul- gun: wakhu-layA? I have a gun. With -hwatsil- family: kahwatsi·layA? (there's) a family, yakwahwatsi·layA? we (excl.) are a family, lotihwatsi·layA? they (m.) have a family. And tsh- coincident: tshiwakhwatsi·layA? when I had a family. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wakhwistayA? I have money, yakohwistayA? she or someone has money. And te?- negative: yah te ?wakhwistayA? I don't have any money. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: kahyatuhslayA? the paper is lying (e.g., on the floor). And te?- negative: yah te ?wakhyatuhslayA? I don't have papers, yah kanike? te ?kahyatuhslayA? there's no paper anywhere. With -ityohkw- group, crowd, and n- partitive: t6hka?

nikAty6hkwayA? there are several groups. With -naskw- I -nAskwdomestic animal, pet, slave: wakntiskwayA? I have a pet, sanaskwayA? you have a pet, lonaskwayA? he has a pet, yakonaskwayA? she has a pet, yukwanaskwayA? we have a pet, lotinaskwayA? they (m.) have a pet. And habitual past: waknAskwayA·tahkwe? I used to have a pet. And optative stative: ahotinAskwayA"take? they (m.) should have animals. And te?- negative: yah tehotinAskwayA? they (m.) don't have any animals. With -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle, and t- cislocative: tkana·tsyayA? the pail is lying there. With -nuhs- house, building: waknuhsayA? I have a house. With -nuto?tsl- box: kanut6·tslayA? the box is lying. And t- cislocative: tkanut6·tslayA? the box is lying there. With -tsist- fire, light, and te?- negative: yah te ?yakotsistayA? she or someone doesn't have a light (e.g., matches). With -wil- baby, offspring: lowi·layA? he has a daughter, his little girl. And te- dualic: teyowi·layA? she (z.) has two daughters, tekni teyakowi·layA? she has two children. And n- partitive: kaye niwakwi·layA? I have four children. With -ya?tuni-1 -ya?tunihsl- doll: kaya?tunihslayA? the doll is lying there. And future stative: Akaya ?tunihslayA ·take? the doll will be lying there. And habitual past: kay a ?funihslayA ·tahkwe? the doll was lying there. With -?slehtvehicle: ka?slehtayA? it's a vehicle, yako ?slehtayA? she has a vehicle, loti?slehtayA? they (m.) owned a car. And te?- negative: yah

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te ?wake ?slehtayA 7 I don't have a car or ride, yah te7ka ?slehtayA? there's no car. And te?s- negative and repetitive: te7tsyukni?slehtayA? we two (excl.) don't have a car any more. Aspect class: Bl. • Tahnu· s nt?-n tekyatahnu·tele? yako ?slehtayA 7 k.As buggy khale? ponyha yakon.AskwayA?. And besides her sister had a vehicle, a buggy, and a pet pony. (01) DERIVED BASES: .yA- plus s- repetitive, be or have some left; .yA- plus te- dualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game; -yAhn- take somewhere, deliver; -yAtahkw- where one keeps something; -yAtatye-/ -ya?tayAtatye- have along, bring along; -yAta?- get, obtain; -yAta?land; -yAtu- have several; -yA?ttake inside, bring inside; -ahsa?kAslayA-/ -ahsa?kAslayAtget a frost; -anityohkwayAht- gang up on, attack; -ani?tayA- have a bowel movement; -ate?shAnayAhave a chance; -atkalayAtahkwpawn; -atla?swayA- guarantee fortune or good luck; -atlAnay A-/-atlAnay At- pray; -atnaktayA- be a bed or place set up; -atnutli?tayA- Slang: sit on it, shut up; -atnuwayA- settle to the bottom, become murky; .atshatayA-/ .atshatayAt- plus te- dualic, become foggy; -attokAhslayA- have sensations; -atwilayA- give birth (an animal); -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store; -ehkwayA-/-ehwayAt- be a small pond or island; -hetkA?tayA- Slang: never mind; -hAtayA- be a field, be a garden; -hlako?tayA- Slang: never mind, shut up; -hle?nayA- be a bundle, lying; -i?tsyuhkwayA- be lying curled up in a ball; -kalayAhave value, have worth;

-kuhletshayA- be a post, lying; -lhayA-/-lhayAt- be woods; -lihwayAni-/-lihwayAha?s- give someone an assignment or part of a job; .lihwayAta?s- plus te- dualic, make an agreement or appointment; -lutayA- be a tree or log, lying; -naktayA- be a bed; -natayA- be a town; -nawayA- be a swamp; -na?skwayA- be lying curled up; -nAyayA- be a stone, lying; -nhlayAhave a disease; .nusayA- plus tedualic, be squatting close to the ground; -nyatalayA- be a lake; -skawayA- be brush, bush, or scrub; -tsistotakhwa?tslayA- have lights, have lamps; -yanlAhslayA- be laws; .yu?kwalayA- plus te- dualic, be hazy; -?slehtayA- be parked in a vehicle; atslunyahkwayAtakhwa? dresser; latihelayAtakhwa? silo; yehyatuhslayAtakhwa? post office; yehwistayAtakhwa? or latihwistayAtakhwa? bank. NOTE: In the meaning 'lay down' or 'place', the affected object must be in a horizontal position; compare -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. In the stative aspect, with non-neuter (i.e., animate) pronominal prefixes, the base also indicates possession. The alternant -yA- occurs in the basic aspects and before the -hn- dislocative, -ni- I -ha?s- benefactive, -ht- causative, and -?t- causative suffixes. The alternant -yAt- occurs in the expanded aspects and before the -?inchoative, -hkw- instrumental, -udistributive, -?s- benefactive, and -tye- progressive suffixes. See also tsi? ka·y.A· the one(s) that, which one; and the expressions Nya?snAw.Ahslay~ and SatnAw.Ahslay~ Oh be quiet!

Oneida-English 823

.yA- plus s- repetitive, v.s. be or have some left. ska-yA· there's some left, tsyukwa·yA· we have some left. With te?- negative: yah te?ska·yA· there isn't any left, yah nahte? te?tsyukwa·yA· we don't have any left. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar, and te?- negative: yah mihte? te ?tsyukwahwistayA? we don't have any money left. Aspect class: B. • Tahnu· kwak k6k niku ska·yA· thikA othtHsli? kwah n6k tsi? uska Akateshe ?lhu·ni- tsi? ok niku ska·yA·. And there's just enough flour left so that I can make dough this one time, there's just enough left. (Cl) COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: .ukwe?tayA- plus srepetitive, be or have someone left. .yA- plus te- dualic, v.a. gamble, bet on the outcome of a game. tekyAhe? I'm gambling, tehsyAhe? you're gambling, tehni·yAhe? the two (m.) are betting. tehoti·yA· they (m.) are gambling. wa ?thati·yA· they (m.) bet on the game. Aspect class: Bl. • KwahotokA tsi? tehoti·yA· kA·, tsi? ka·yA· Aho·ti· ne· kwi· n6k Awa-tu· AhayAtak6·na? ta·thuni? AhatsyA·na? ta·thuni? tsi? ok winahte?, tAhayAta·lihte? SA·. Certainly they were gambling, the one who lost was the one who had to get wood or go to get water or all kinds of things, split wood too. (MS) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: .yAhn- plus tedualic, go to gamble; .atlahwAhtayA- plus te- dualic, play the snowsnake; .hyatuhslayA- plus te- dualic, play cards; .nunyo?kw~yA­ plus te- dualic, play pool; teka·yAgambling.

yA-/yAhA- pref. Translocative and future mode. NOTE: The alternant yAhA- occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise yA- occurs. yA- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/y A-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-1-A-. NOTE: Occurs with a few bases that begin in e. yA- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/y-/yA-1 yay-/- h ya-/- hy-/-hyA-1-hyay-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel i. -yA- throw a straight object at. See -ya? ak-/-y A-. -yAha kin term. child. liyAna my son, I have him as a son, kheyAna my daughter, etshyAna your son, , sheyAha your daughter, luwayAha her son, utatyAha her daughter, kuwayAha her daughter (z.), loyAha his son, shakoyAha his daughter. lakyAha my father, he's a father to me. With s- repetitive: tsyutatyAha again her daughter (her daughter's daughter), shoyAna again his son (his son's son). With -oku/-o·ku· collective clitic: kheyo ?okuha my children, sheyo ?okuha your children, akoyo ?okuha her (z.) children, luwatiyo ?okuha her children, shakoyo ?okuha his children, yethiyo ?okuha our children. , • Khey Aha khale? ne· tsyutatyAha. My daughter and then again her daughter. DERIVED BASES: .yAha/.yA- plus kA 7 particle and nit- partitive and cislocative, young person; -atatyAha parent-child relation.

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NOTE: Composed of a component -yA- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -oku of the collective clitic -oku/ -o·ku· occurs between the component -yA- and the diminutive clitic, and the vowel of -yA- assimilates to the initial vowel of the collective clitic. .yAha/.yA- plus kA? particle and nitpartitive and cislocative, v.s. young person. kA? nithoyAna young man, kA? nityakoyAna young woman, kA? nithotiyAna young men. Secondary habitual: kA? nitisniy.A·sa? you two young ones, kA? nithotiy.A·sa? several young men or young people. With tshit- coincident and cislocative (replacing nit- partitive and cislocative): kA? tshitwaky.Aha when I was a young person, kA? tshithoyAna when he was a young man, kA? tshityakoy.Aha when she was a young woman. And habitual past: kA? nityakoyA?.Askwa? she was the youngest. Aspect class: A. • Lole ?sA ·hne· thik.A lukwe s.Aha? kA? tshithoy.Aha. He was fat, that man, when he was younger. COMPOSED OF: kA? particle and nitpartitive and cislocative, -yAha child. NOTE: Refers to a person who is approximately 25-30 years of age. The alternant .yAha probably includes the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant .yA-, without the diminutive, occurs in the secondary habitual and habitual past. yAhA- pref. Translocative and future mode. See yA-/yAhA-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules.

y AhAs- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAs-/yAts-/ y Atsi -/y ASe-/y AhAs-/y AhA ts-. NOTE: Replaces yAs- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yAhAts- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAs-/yAts-/ y Atsi-/y ASe-/y AhAs-/y AhA ts- . NOTE: Replaces yAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. -yAhn- v.m. take somewhere, deliver. layA·hne· he's here and he brought it. layA-hne·se? he takes it over there, he delivers it. loyA·hnu· he has gone to take it over there. wahayA·hna· he's on his way over to deliver it, AhayA·hna· he will take it over. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wahahnekayA·hna· he's delivering water. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wahakAhayA·hna· he's taking a blanket over. With -yAtwood, cord of wood: AhayAtayA-hna· he will deliver wood. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt-lay down, place, have, -hn- dislocative. DERIVED BASES: .yAhn- plus srepetitive, take back, return. .yAhn- plus s- repetitive, v.a. take back, return. sekyA·hne· I'm here to return it. sakyA·hna· I'm on my way to take it back, AsekyA-hna· I will take it back, usahsyA·hna· you should take it back. satsyA-hnfi Bring it back! Stative past: swakyAhnu·hne· I have taken it back. • Kwtih kA? na·ye? nA wah.A·lu? "Ta·wet" wah.A·lu? "a·kunhane ?" wah.A·lu? "usahsyA ·hna· ka ?ik.A yah tha ?tewakatuhutsyoni s6·tsi?

Oneida-English 825

kano·lu·". In just a little while he said "Dave", he said, "I would hire you," he said, "to take it back, I don't want it, it's too expensive." (M3) COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -yAhntake somewhere, deliver.

.yAhn- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to gamble. tekyA·hne·se? I go to gamble (e.g., to the bingo). tehoyA·hnu· he has gone to gamble. wa?tekyA·hna· I'm on my way to gamble. Stative past: tewakyAhnu-hne· I went to gamble. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: .yA- plus te- dualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game, -hn- dislocative. -yAht- v.a. hit with an object, score. liy£tha? I hit him with it. waha·y£hte? he scored (e.g., in hockey), wahi ·y £hte? I hit him with it, waho·y£hte? he hit him with it, wa ?shako·y£hte? he hit her with it, aho·y£hte? he should hit him with it. With s- repetitive: sahi·y£hte? I hit him with it again. COMPOSED OF: -ya?ak-/-yA- throw a straight object at, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: -yAhtanyu- hit repeatedly with something; .atatyAht- plus te- dualic, hit one another with an object. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -yAhtanyu- v.a. hit repeatedly with something. liyAhtdnyuhe? I keep hitting him with it over and over. wahiyAhtani? I hit him with it more than once, wa ?shakoyAhtdni? he hit her several times with it. COMPOSED OF: -yAht- hit with an object, score, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yAhtani- before a final ?.

-N-yAhu- v.s. be good at producing a product. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -atAlo?slayAhu- be friendly; -khwayAhu- be a good cook; and -lAnayAhu- be a good singer . -yAniyo- v.s. keep things nice or spotless, be a good housekeeper. yeyAniy6 she's a clean person, she's spotless, she has good habits (cleaning), she's a good housekeeper, layAniy6 he's clean. Pre-pausal: layAni·yf2. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of a noun root -yAn-, and the base -N-iyo- be good. The root -yAn- occurs also in -yAnoka?t- be rough, have a rough manner. -yAnoka?t- v.s. be rough, have a rough manner. wakyAno·ka·t I'm rough (e.g., when I play with my toys), loyAno·ka·t he's rough, yakoyAno·ka·t she's rough. Prepausal: yakoyAno·kaht. Aspect class: A. NoTE: Composed of a noun root -yAn-, and the verb base -oka?t- be rough. The root -yAn- occurs also in -yAni yo- keep things nice or spotless, be a good housekeeper. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. y As-/y Ats-/y Atsi -/y Ase-/y AhAs-/ yAhAts- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive (translocative, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant yAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant yAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant yAse- occurs before

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some consonant clusters. The altemant yAs- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants yAhAsand yAhAts- occur in place of yAs- and yAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yAse- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAs-/yAts-/ yAtsi-/yAse-/yAhAs-/yAhAtS-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. -yAsl-/-yASel- v.a. skin something. shakoy.Aslus he's skinning them. shakoy.Aslu he has skinned them. wahayA·sele? he skinned it, wa ?shakoyA ·sele? he skinned them, wahoyA·sele? he skinned him. Aspect class: E6. •Ale? lake?nfha wahoyA·sele? thik.A Atilu, wahatnehwahni·nu·. And my father skinned that raccoon, (and) he sold the pelt. (Cl) NOTE: The alternant -yAsl- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -yASel- occurs in the punctual aspect. -yAt- n. wood, cord of wood. o·y.Ate? wood. With -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store: katyA·tayAhe? I'm storing wood. With .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: tAhayAta·lihte? he will cut wood, he will make kindling, tahayAta·lihte? he should cut wood. With -N-inyu?t-/-ya?tinyu?t- bring in: AkyAtinyuhte? I will bring wood in. With -N-itahkw-/-ya?titahkwtake someone or something out, and srepetitive: AshayAtitahko? he will take the wood out again. With -kaleny- I -ya ?takaleny- get and carry away, haul, transport: layAtakalenyehse? he carries wood, loyAtakaleni he has carried away

the wood. With -ka?tatye- have a lot of while going along: loy Ataka ?ttiti? he has a lot of wood with him. With -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of: loyAtaka·te? he has lots of wood. And habitual past: loyAtakti-tehkwe? he used to have lots of wood. And future habitual: Ahoy At aka· teke? he will have lots of wood. With -ko?n- go to get, fetch: latiyAtak6·ne? they (m.) came to get wood, wahayAtak6·na? he went to get wood, AhayAtak6·na? he will go to get wood, AhatiyAtak6·na? they (m.) will go to get (cut) wood, ahatiyAtak6·na? they (m.) should get (cut) wood. And s- repetitive: sahatiyAtak6·na? they (m.) went to get wood again. With -kw-/-ekwpick, harvest: latiyAtakwas they (m.) are harvesting (i.e., cutting) wood, wahayA ·taka ? he harvested wood, wa ?eyA"tako? she harvested wood, AhayA·tako? he will harvest wood. And n- partitive: tsi? nu· nihatiyAtakwas where they (m.) are cutting wood. And tsh- coincident: tshihatiyAtakwas when they are cutting wood. With .N-t-/.ya?tatplus s- repetitive, be one: skayA·tat one cord of wood. With -tstenyes- be piled up, be heaped up: yoyAtatstenyes there's a real heaping pile of wood. With -yAhntake somewhere, deliver: AhayAtayA·hna· he will deliver wood. DERIVED BASES: -yAtakwas be a woodcutter; .yAtot- plus te- dualic, pile wood; -yAtutho- put wood into the fire. -yAt- lay down, place, have. See -yA-/ -yAt-. -yAtahkw- v.a. where one keeps something. tsi? kyAtakhwa? where I

Oneida-English 827

keep it. Future stative: tsi? AkyAtakhwake? where I will keep it. With n- partitive: tsi? nu· niyakwayAttikhwa? where we (excl.) keep or store it. • Ni- ya ?tiknewe? kwi· yutatlihunyAni-tha? ostuha ne· tyonuhsatho·lt- wi· tsi? nu· niyakwayAttikhwa? ukwatAnti·tsheJi?. Then we would get to school (and) it would be quite cold in the room where we kept our lunch. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt-lay down, place, have, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: yeksayAtakhw-/ yeksayAtakhwa ?tsl- cupboard. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. -yAtakwas v.a. be a woodcutter. layAttikwas (he's a) woodcutter, latiyAttikwas (they are) woodcutters. •Th6 kwf· nu· yehoyo·te· lake?nfha layAttikwas. There's where he worked, my father, cutting wood. (Nl) COMPOSED OF: -yAt- wood, cord of wood, -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest, -as habitual. NOTE: Although the literal meaning of this base is 'pick wood', the implied meaning is 'cut wood'. -yAtatye-/-ya?tayAtatye- v.m. have along, bring along. loyAttiti? he has it along, he brings it along, loy a ?fayAttiti? he has someone along with him. With nis- partitive and repetitive: t6hka? nishoya ?tayAttiti? he brought back several with him. • A ·Ie· laks6tha wahatoltitha ?, ne· ki? thikA t6hka? nishoya?tayAttiti? tsikwil.A·tu ?, Sometimes my grandfather would go hunting, he would

bring back several squirrels. (Vl) COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt-lay down, place, have, -tye- progressive. NOTE: The alternant -ya?tayAtatye- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. Many speakers have -yAtati- and -ya?tayAtati- before a final ?. -yAta?- v.a. get, obtain. wakyA'tti·se? I keep getting it, I keep obtaining it. wakyAtti·u I have gotten it. ukyA·ttine? I got it, wahoyA·ttine? he got it, wa ?akoyA"ttine? she got it, wahotiyA·ttine? they (m.) got it, AwakyA·ttine? I will get it, AhotiyA·ttine? they (m.) will get it, AyotiyA·ttine? they (z.) will get it, aukyA·ttine? I should get it. With srepetitive: AswakyA·ttine? I will get it again, usayukwayA·ttine? we should get it again. With n- partitive: nukyA'ttine? how or where I got it. With -aht- I -ahtahkw- shoe: wakahtahkwayA·tti·se? I keep getting shoes, ukwahtahkwayA ·ttine? I got shoes (e.g., I got them given to me, or bought them myself). And s- repetitive: sukwahtahkwayA ·ttine? I got shoes again (I got new shoes). With -anitskwahlakhw- I -ani tskw ahla? tsl- chair: wakanitskwahla ?tslayAta·u I got a chair. And s- repetitive: Aswakanitskwahla ?tslayA ·ttine? I will get a chair again. With -atAlo- I -atAlo?sl- friend: ukwatA[o?slayA'ttine? I got or made a friend, wahotAlo?slayA·ttine? he got or made a friend, wa?akotAlo?slayA'ttine? she got or made a friend. With -atlahti- I -atlahti?tsl- sock, stocking, and srepetitive: Ashotlahti ?fslayA ·ttine? he will get (new) socks again. With

828 Oneida-English

-atla?sw- luck, fortune: Atsyatla?swayA·ttine? you two will get luck. With -hsAn- name, reputation: lohsAnayA·tti·se? he gets a name, lohsAnayAta·u he has gotten a name, wahohsAnayA·ttine? he got a name. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: AwakhwistayA·tane? I will get money, Asahwistay A"ttine? you will get money, AhotihwistayA·tane? they (m.) will receive money, aesahwistayA"ttine? you should get money, ayakohwistayA·ttine? she should get money. And s- repetitive: AshotihwistayA·ttine? they (m.) will receive money again. And n- partitive: nukhwistayA"ttine? how I got money. With -nikAhtlA?tslboyfriend: uknikAhtlA ?fslayA"ttine? I got a boyfriend. With -wil- baby, offspring: wa?akowilayA·ttine? she had a child (whether by birth or by adoption), wa ?ukniwilayA ·tane? we two had a child or children. And srepetitive: oyti· sukwilayA ·tane? I got or had another baby. With -ya ?tase?tsl- girlfriend: wahoya ?fase?tslayA·ttine? he got a girlfriend. With -ya ?tuni- I -ya ?tunihsl- doll: ukya?tunihslayA"ttine? I got a doll. With -?sleht- vehicle, and s- repetitive: sayako?slehtayA·ttine? she got another car. Aspect class: E3. • S6·tsi? kwa·n.A·se? akwahta? n6k Awa·tu· a·se· AswakyA·ttine?. My shoes are too big, so I'll have to get new ones. Kaye niku nukyA·ttine?. I got four points (in a game). COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt-lay down, place, have, _?_ inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -yAta?s}- be going to get; -yAta?uhatye- go along getting; -ate?shAnayAta?- get a chance; .kahlayAta?- plus te- dualic, catch sight of, focus on something distant;

-?nikuhlayAta?- understand, grasp. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -yAta?- v.a. land. kayA·tti·se? it keeps landing. wa ?kayA·ttine? it landed, AkayA ·tane? it will land. With y- translocative: ya ?kayA·ttine? it landed there. With -lut- tree, log: wa ?kalutayA ·tane? the tree landed. With -?sleht- vehicle: wa ?ka ?slehtayA·tane? the car landed. COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt-lay down, place, have, -?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .itskwayAta?- plus te- dualic, land sitting. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -yAta?sl- v.m. be going to get. wakyAtti·sle? I'm going to get it. Prepausal: wakyAta·seJe?. COMPOSED OF: -yAta?- get, obtain, -sl- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yAta?uhatye- v.m. go along getting. loyAta ?uhtiti? he's going along getting things. COMPOSED OF: -yAta?- get, obtain, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yAta?uhati- before a final?. -yAteht-/-wyAteht- v.s. learn fast, learn easily. kyA"tet or kewyA·tet I learn fast, tsyA"tet you learn fast, you're smart, layA·tet he learns fast, yeyA·tet she learns fast, latiyA·tet they (m.) catch on easily. With te?negative: yah tehatiyA·tet it's hard for them to learn. Aspect class: A.

Oneida-English 829

DERIVED BASES: -yAtehtahkw-/ -wyAtehtahkw- be one's right hand; -yAtehta?-/-wyAtehta?- learn; -atey Ateht-/-atewy Ateht- practice. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. -y Atehtahkw-/-wy Atehtahkw- v.s. be one's right hand. keyAtehtahkwA my right hand, seyAtehtahkwA your right hand, layAtehtahkwA his right hand, yeyAtehtahkwA her right hand. Aspect class: D. COMPOSED OF: -yAteht-/-wyAtehtlearn fast, learn easily, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. -yAtehta?-/-wyAtehta?- v.a. learn. latiyAtehta ?as they (m.) learn. wakyAtehta·u I have learned. wa ?eyAtehtane? she or someone learned, wa ?akniyAtehtane? we two (excl.) learned, wa ?akwayAtehtane? we (excl.) learned, wahatiyAtehtane? they (m.) learned, AhsewyAtehtane? you will learn, ahatiyAtehtane? they (m.) should learn. With n- partitive: th6 nu · na ?eyAtehfane? right there she learned it. Aspect class: ES. • Tsi? ne- s6k Awa·tu· Ayesahlo·li· fsi? niyo·[e· AhSeWyAtehfane? nahfe? nihsatyelha ?. You have to be told before you will learn how to do something. (03) COMPOSED OF: -yAteht-/-wyAtehtlearn fast, learn easily, -?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -yAtehta?uhatye-/ -wyAtehta?uhatye- be learning. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the

post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -y Atehta ?uhatye-/-wyAtehta ?uhatyev.m. be learning. waky Atehta ?uhati? I'm learning, sayAtehta ?uhtiti? you're learning, lotiyAtehta ?uhati? they (m.) are learning. COMPOSED OF: -yAtehta?-/ -wyAtehta?- learn, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have -yAtehta?uhati- or -wyAtehta ?uhati- before a final ? . -yAtele?- v.a. acquire knowledge, discover, recognize, become familiar with. wakyAtele·u I recognize it, it's familiar to me. wa ?kyA ·telene? I recognize it, I got this knowledge, I discovered, wa ?kheyA·telene? I recognized her, AkyA·telene? I will recognize, AkuyA"telene? I will recognize you, AskyA"telene? you will recognize me, akheyA·telene? I should recognize her or someone. tsyA·telen Learn! Know it! sniyA"telen You two discover! • A ?e· uhka? ok ta-yA·, yah ki? kwahotokA 6ksa? ok te?yotu akheyA·telene? uhka? naho·tA?. Way over there someone was coming this way, actually it wasn't immediately possible for me to recognize who it was. (Nl) DERIVED BASES: -hyatuhslayAtele?become educated; -wAnayAtele?recognize someone's voice. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect.

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-yAteli- v.s. know about, be familiar with, have expertise in. kyAteli I know about it, I'm familiar with it I know the feeling, tsyAtelf you kno.:.V about it, yeyAtelf she knows about it, layAtelf he knows about it, liyAtelf I know of him, etshyAtelf you know of him, yukhiyAtelf they know of us. Pre-_rausal: yukhiyAte·l[. Secondary habitual: yukhiyAte·lf·se? they, all kinds of people, knew of us. Habitual past: yeyAtelihahkwe? she used to be the kind of person who knows, who can see into the future. Stative past: kyAteli·hne· I was able to sense (at one time), I used to be familiar with it, tsyAteli·hne· you were familiar with it, layAteli·hne· he was able to sense it, latiyAteli·hne· they (m.) used to be familiar with it yayAteli·hne· he knew yo~. Aky Atelihake? I will be able to sense it, I will be familiar with it. With te?- negative: yah tehatiyAtelf they (m.) don't know about it. With te?snegative and repetitive: yah te 7tsitwayAtelf we (incl.) don't know about it any longer. Aspect class: A. • Nahte? s uhte ne· ni·y6t thik.A tsi? latiyAteli·hne· tsiwahu·nise ?, akf-lu ?, ahuwAnatkAhse?. I wonder how they knew a long time ago, I'd say, to tell their fortune. (02) DERIVED BASES: -hyatuhslayAtelihave an education, be educated; -lihwayAteli- know about a matter -wAnayAteli- know someone's voice~ -yAtelu- v.s. have acquired knowledge, have recognized. wakyAtelu? I have recognized, I have some knowledge, liyAtelu? I knew of him. With te?- negative: yah te?kheyAtelu? I didn't know her, I didn't make her acquaintance. Aspect class: B.

DERIVED BASES: -hyatuhslayAteluhave acquired education.

-yAtho- v.a. plant. latiy.Athos they (m.) plant. loy.Athu he has planted lotiy.Athu they (m.) have planted. ' kay.Athu it's planted. wa 7akway.Atho? we (excl.) planted, Ahsy.Atho? you will plant, Ayak~ay.Atho? we (excl.) will plant, AhattyAtho? they (m.) will plant, ayakway.Atho? we (excl.) should plant. tsy.Atho Plant! Stative past: loyAthu·ne? he had planted. Future habitual: AhayAth6hseke? he will be planting. Optative habitual: ahatiyAth6hseke? they (m.) should be planting. With n- partitive: nAyakway.Atho? how or where we (excl.) will plant. With te?- negative: yah tehay.Athos he's not planting. With -hnana?t- potato: wahahnana ?tay.Atho? he planted potatoes. And s- repetitive: sayakwahnana ?tay.Atho? we (excl.) planted potatoes again. With -luttree, log: salutay.Athu you have planted a tree. With -nAst- corn: lanAstay.Athos he's planting corn, kanAstay.Athu the corn is planted. And t- cislocative: thanAstay.Athos he's planting corn there. And ytranslocative: yehanAstay.Athos he's planting corn over there. And npartitive: nAhanAstay.Atho? how or where he will plant corn. And te?negative: yah tehanAstay.Athos he's not planting corn. With -tsi?tsyflower: waktsi?tsyay.Athu I have planted flowers. With -yu?kwtobacco: latiyu ?kway.Athos they (m.) plant tobacco. Aspect class: E2. • Lu·te· ne· ala· e·s6· lohutsyahni·nu· Awa·tz1· kati? e·s6· Ahayath6hseke?. They say that's why he bought lots of land, so he can

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plant. DERIVED BASES: -yAthohsl-/ -yAthohs- go to plant; -yAthohsluplant several; -yAthokw- harvest, pick plants; LatiyA.thos May. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -yAthohsl-1-yAthohs- v.m. go to plant. tsyAth6hsle? you're going to plant. layAth6hslehse? he goes to plant. loyAth6hsu he has gone to plant. wahay Ath6hsla? or wahayAth6hsa? he's on his way to plant. With -nAst- corn: wahanAstayAth6hsa? he's on his way to plant corn, snAstayAth6h~ Go plant the corn! Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -yAtho- plant, -hsl-/ -hs- dislocative. NOTE: Both alternants of the dislocative are attested in inflected forms of this base. -yAthohslu- v.a. plant several. yukwayAth6hslu? we planted things. AhatiyAth6hslu? they (m.) will plant things. With srepetitive: usayakwayAth6hslu? we (excl.) should plant things again. With n- partitive: tsi? nu· niyukwayAth6hslu? where we (excl.) have planted things. With -luttree, log, and s- repetitive: sholutayAth6hslu? he planted trees again. • Ne· yakyunhehkwA tsi? mihte? yukwayAth6hslu? tshikwa?ak.inhe?. We lived on what we planted last summer. COMPOSED OF: -yAtho- plant, -hsludistributive. -yAthokw- v.a. harvest, pick plants. kyAth6kwas I'm picking or harvesting. wakyAth6kwA I have picked. wahakyAtho·k6· he picked. Aspect

class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -yAtho- plant, -kwreversative. DERIVED BASES: YeyAthokwas September. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .yAtot- plus te- dualic, v.a. pile wood. tehayAt6tha? he's piling wood. wa ?thayAto·t.i· he piled wood, tahayAto·tA· he should pile wood. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yAtwood, cord of wood, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. yAts- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAs-/yAts-/ y Atsi -/y Ase-/y AhAs-/y AhAtS-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. yAtsi- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAS-/yAts-/ yAtsi-/yAse-/yAhAs-/yAhAtS-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -yAtu- v.s. have several. wakyA·tu· I have several of them. With -?slehtvehicle: loti?slehtayA·tu· they (m.) all have cars. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt-lay down, place, have, -u- distributive. -yAtutho- v.a. put wood into the fire. wa?kyAtutho? I put wood into the fire. tsyAtutho Put wood into the fire! COMPOSED OF: -yAt- wood, cord of wood, -utho- put into the fire, burn. -yA?t- v.a. take inside, bring inside. ky.i·tha? I take it inside. waky.i·tu I have taken it inside. wa·kyAhte? I took it inside, .ikyAhte? I will take

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it inside. With t- cislocative: teky.tf·tha? I bring it inside, twaky.tf·tu I have brought it inside, takyAhte? I brought it inside, taha·y.tf·te? he brought it inside. With y- translocative: yeky.tf·tha? I take it inside there, yehay .tf·tha? he's taking it inside there, yehoy.tf·tu he has taken it inside there, yaha·kyAhte? I took it inside there. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, and y- translocative: yekhyatuhslay.tf·tha? I take in the paper. With -khw- food, and ytranslocative: yekekhway.tf·tha? I take the food in. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt-lay down, place, have, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: -yA?tanyu- take inside several, bring inside several. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -yA?tanyu- v.a. take inside several, bring inside several. wa ?kyA ?t£ini? I took them all inside, wahayA ?t£ini? he took them all inside. With srepetitive: sahayA ?fani? he took them inside again. With t- cislocative: takyA ?t£ini? I brought them all inside. With tsh- coincident: tshihayA ?t£inyuhe? while he was taking it inside. • Wa ?fhaksa·lihte? tshihayA ?tanyuhe?. He broke the dish while he was taking it inside. SahayA ?fani? laowAshuha tsyo ?li· n£ tsha?okA·n6Je?. He took his things inside again before it started to rain. COMPOSED OF: -yA?t- take inside, bring inside, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yA?tani- before a final?.

yo-/y aw-/y a-/yoy-/ -o-/-a w-1 -a-/ -oypref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on feminine-zoic singular. NOTE: The alternants yo- and -ooccur with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternants yawand -aw- occur with bases that begin in e or A. The alternants ya- and -aoccur with bases that begin in o or u. Note, however, that ya- and -a- are attested in our sources only as a patient prefix. When the prefix expresses an interactive relation, the forms yoy- and -oy- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yohna?tatsles V > N kangaroo. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hna?tal-/-hna?tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket, -es-/-us- be long. yohslashe·tas V > N the count-year. • Nahte? yohslashe·tas sanakla·tU. What year were you born? COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -ohsl- year, winter, -ashet- count, figure out an amount, -as habitual. yohslah~ni

one year after the other. NOTE: Includes the y- neuter agent prefix and the noun root -ohsl- year, winter; otherwise the composition is unclear.

yohsuhtaka-Iute? window. See -hsuhtakahlut-. yohtehlah~ni?

V > N tree root. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient,

Oneida-English 833

-htehl- root, -N-te- exist, -nyudistributive, -? stative. yohtu?ta.khwa? V > N eraser. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -ahtu?t- make disappear, erase, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'eraser' is tetyuhtu?takhwa?. yohutsyake-Iu? V > N continent. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-1-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy- land, ground, earth, -kehluput things here and there, -? stative. y6klote? N com silk. yokwilahkaliy6 V > N pussy willow. Pre-pausal: yokwilahkali·yf2. NOTE: Includes the yo- neuter patient prefix and the noun base -kwil- twig, whip; otherwise the composition is unclear. Another word for 'pussy willow' is teyothwalanekalakwA. yokwHan it's cold. NOTE: This is an old word and not familiar to most speakers. yolakwahtale? V > N callus. NOTE: M.D. suggests that this word may be related to olakwahta? sole of a shoe. A possible composition is yoneuter patient, a noun root -lakwaht-, the verb base -1- be in or on, and -e? stative. yolihwakayuhneha V > N old ways. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -akayu- be old, -hneha characterizer clitic. yon- pref. them, they. Third person feminine-zoic non-singular patient pronominal prefix. See yoti-/-yon-/ -oti-/-on-.

NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. yonahsa?kA.slale? V > N spruce. COMPOSED OF: yon- feminine-zoic non-singular patient, -ahsa?kASlalhave frost on, -e? stative. yona?talastathA V > N cracker. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -na?tal- bread, cake, -astathA- be dry. yoneklahetshute? V > N handle. yonekwalahnihi V > N cheese. Prepausal: yonekwalahni·ZQ. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nekwal- curd, -hnil- be hard, be solid, -u stative. NOTE: Another word for 'cheese' is yonekwalatkAhse?. yonekwalatkAhse? V > N cheese. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nekwal- curd, -atkA- rot, spoil, -?se? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'cheese' is yonekwalahnihi. yon.AStaliha?takhwa? V > N stove. NOTE: Composed of the yo- neuter patient prefix, a noun root -nAst-, the altemant -liha?t- of the verb base -liha?t-/-taliha?t- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, and -ha? habitual. See note under kanA.stote? rafters. Another word for 'stove' is yenAstaliha?takhwa?. yonhokHute? doorway. See -nhokahlut-. yonlahtu·tas N poplar. NOTE: Includes the yo- neuter patient prefix and the noun base -nlaht- leaf; otherwise the composition is unknown. Cf. Wisconsin:

834 Oneida-English

onlahtu-tas (ACH); Mohawk: oneraht6n:ta? (GM). yonuhsawA-lats V > N ante-ante-over. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nuhs- house, building, .awAhlatplus te- dualic, put something over something, -s habitual. NOTE: Ante-ante-over is a children's game which involves throwing a ball over a house. This word does not have the te- dualic, which is required of the component base .aw Ahlat- plus te- dualic. yonUhsute? room. See -nuhsut-. yonuhwe·lhote? kahik V > N peach. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nuhwe?Ihot- be covered in fuzz, be mouldy, -e? stative; and kahik fruit, berry. Yonutiy6 V > N Queen. Pre-pausal:

Yonuti·y£. COMPOSED OF: yo- feminine-zoic singular patient, -nut- hill, little hill, mound, -N-iyo- be good. yonu?uslake-tote? V > N squash. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon, -ke?tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through, -e? stative. yonyAhtal6·lu V > N snowdrift. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nyAht- snow, -lohlok-/-lohlgather, -u stative. yoshe?Ihawisto V > N ice cream. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -she?Ih- dough, paste, cream, -wistobe cold. yoshnole?kekha? Adverbial particle: hurriedly. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -shnol(e)- be fast, -e? stative suffix,

-ke locative clitic, -kha? characterizer clitic. y6skute? porch, sun porch. See -askut-. yostyA?t6ta? V > N guinea hen. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -styA-/-styA?t- bone, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have, -a? noun suffix or -ha? habitual. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: ostyA ?f6ta (ACH). yotahala·nu it's shady. NOTE: Probably includes the noun root -atahal- sun; but the composition is unclear. -yote- be working. See -yo?te-1-yo?t-/ -yote-. -yotA- work. See -yo?tA-/-yotA-. yotA?AhlakHute? V > N gate. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -atA? Ahl- fence, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole, -e? stative. yothnekahtAti V > N stream. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -at- semireflexive, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go away. yothnekatase V > N whirlpool. Prepa usal: yothnekata-se. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -athwatase-/ -at-N-tase- get twisted. yoti-/-yon-/-oti-1-on- pref. them, they. Third person feminine-zoic nonsingular patient (objective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants yoti- and -oti- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yon- and -on- occur with bases that begin in a vowel. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?- factual prefix or

Oneida-English 835

prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yotka·te? Temporal particle: often. • Yotka·te? kAs wf- ne· wakathloli ne· uhka? ok a·huwatika·ltituhse? latiksa ?shuha. I'm often talking about how people should tell these stories to the children. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -at- semireflexive, -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of, -? stative. yotle?siA-tuhe? V > N greatgrandchild. COMPOSED OF: yo- feminine-zoic singular patient, -atleha/-atle?-/ -atle?sl- grandchild, -hlA ?tu-/-A ?tube attached, hanging, -he? habitual. yotnakalatase V > N blue birch. Prepausal: yotnakalata·se. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nakal- stick, -athwatase-/ -at-N-tase- get twisted. Y6ts Exclamation. Look out! Watch it! NOTE: You might use this word if you bumped into someone. yotshe?tA·tuhe? V > N pear. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -tshe-/-tshe?t- bottle, jar, quart, -hlA?tu-/-A?tu- be attached, hanging, -he? habitual. yotuk6htu it's past. With tsh- coincident: tshiyotuk6htu when it's past. • Oye.zi. minut yotuk6htu uska. It's ten minutes past one. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on, -u stative. NOTE: Used in telling time. yoy- pref. she or it acts on her. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/ ya w-/y a -/yoy-/ -o-1 -a w-/ -a-/ -oy-.

NOTE:

Occurs with bases that begin

inooru. yo?awi N dew. yo?nowakwa·lute? V > N camel. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -?now- hump shape, dome shape, -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump, -e? stative. yo ?nukslanAtaku V > N bunion. Prepausal: yo ?nukslanAta·ku. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -a?nuk-/-?nuksl- onion, -Ja?nAtak-/ -Ia?nAt-/-nAtak-/-nAt- stick something on something, -u stative. yo?slehtA?ru·ne? V > N tow truck. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -?sleht- vehicle, -hlA ?tu ?ne-/ -A?tu?ne- tag along, follow around,-? intentive. -yo?t- be working. See -yo?te-/-yo?t-/ -yote-. -yo?tat- v.a. be a bother. tsy6·tats you're a bother, lay6·tats he's a bother, he's a bothersome person, yey6·tats she's a bother. Ahay6·tate? he will be a bother. NOTE: Related to -yo?tati- be bothersome, hold one back; but the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yo?tati- v.a. be bothersome, hold one back. wakyo ?ta·tihe? it's bothering me, it's bothersome to me, it's holding me back, say a ?ta·tfhe? it's bothersome to you, it's holding you back. •Nahte? sayo?ta-tihe?. What's holding you back, what's stopping you? NOTE: Related to -yo?tat- be a bother; but the composition is unclear.

836 Oneida-English

-yo?tatye- v.m. go along working. ayakoyo ?ftiti? she should go along working. With el6k all over and srepetitive: el6k swakyo ?t£ityehse? I'm working all over, in different places, elok swakyo ?ftiti? I worked all over. With t- cislocative: tukyo ?ttfti? I worked as I was coming. •Tukyo?tati? tsi?nA ta·ke?. I worked along the way as I was coming this way. COMPOSED OF: -yo?te-1-yo?t-/-yotebe working, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yo?tati- before a final?, -yo?te-1-yo?t-1-yote- v.s. be working. wakyo·te· I'm working, yakoyo·te· she's working, loyo·te· he's working, yukwayo·te· we're working, swayo·t{ you all are working, yotiyo·te· they (z.) are working. Prepausal: wakyo·te· I'm working. Habitual past: waky6·tehkwe? I was working, yukniy6·tehkwe? we two were working. Optative stative: auky6·teke? I would be working. With t- cislocative: twakyo·te· I'm working there. With y- translocative: yehoyo·te· he's working over there. With n- partitive: sok nu· nihoyo·t{ he's working someplace. With ny- partitive and transloc- · ative: nyeyukwayo·te· how we're working over there, nyehotiyo·te· how they (m.) are working over there. With te?- negative: yah te ?wakyo·te· I'm not working, yah tehoyo·te· he's not working. With tsh- coincident: tshiwakyo·te· when I'm working. Aspect class: B.

•Oyu·kwa? yukwayo·te· a?e· Simcoe akta!- We were working in tobacco, way over near Simcoe. (Cl) LatkA ?se·ne? nahte? ni·y6t tsi? yotiyo·te·. He came to see how they

were working. (M2) DERIVED BASES: -yo ?tatye- go along working; -yo?tenyu- be working, several or all over; -lihwayote- be working on a matter. NOTE: Related to the active base -yo?tA-/-yotA- work. The alternant -yote- occurs in the stative aspect, -yo?te- occurs in the expanded aspects and before the -nyu- distributive suffix, and -yo?t- occurs before the -tye- progressive suffix. The ? of the ?t cluster of -yo?te- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yo?tenyu- v.s. be working, several or all over. lotiyo ?teni? they (m.) are working all around. With te?- negative: yah tehotiyo ?ifni? they (m.) all are not working. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -yo?te-/-yo?t-/-yotebe working, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yo?teni- before a final?. -yo?tA-1-yotA- v.a. work. waky6·tAhse? I work. wakyo ?t.A·u I have worked, loy a ?t.A·u he has worked. ukyo·tA· I worked, wa ?ukwayo·t.A· we worked, AWakyo·t.A· I will work, Asayo·t.A· you will work, aukyo·t.A· I should work, aesayo·t.A· you should work, ahoyo·t.A· he should work, ayukniyo·t.A· we two should work, ayukwayo·t.A· we should work, ahotiyo·t.A· they (m.) should work. sniyo·t.A You two work! Habitual past: waky6·tA ?skwe? I was working. Future habitual: Asayo ?t.A·sheke? you should be working. Optative habitual: ahotiyo ?t.A·sheke? they (m.) should be working. Optative stative: aukyo ?t.A·uke? I should have work~d. With s- repetitive: Aswakyo·t.A· I will work again, Atsyukwayo·t.A· we will work again.

Oneida-English 837

With y- translocative: yehoy6·tAhse? he's working over there, yewakyo ?t.rf·u I was working over there, yahukyo·t.i· I worked over there. With n- partitive: nukwayo·t.i· how I worked. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyahukyo·t.i· how I worked there. With nyusu- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusukyo·tA· how I worked there again. With te?- negative, and habitual past: yah tehotiy6·tAskwe? they didn't used to work. With te?s- negative and repetitive: yah te?shoy6·tAhse? he doesn't work anymore. With thcontrastive: yah thahotiyo·tA· they (m.) won't work. Aspect class: C3. • Aswakyo·tA· kwah n6k n.i Askata ?kali-tate?. I will work again as soon as I am well. DERIVED BASES: -yo ?tAhse-/ -yo?tAhs- work for someone; -yo?tAhsl-1-yo?tA.hs- go to work; -yo?tA.hsl- work; -yo?tAst- make something work, make something start; .yo?tAst- plus t- cislocative, ytranslocative, or n- partitive, where one works; -lihwayo?tA-/ -lihwayotA- work on a matter. NOTE: Related to the stative base -yo?te-/-yo?t-1-yote· be working. The alternant -yotA- occurs in the punctual aspect. The alternant -yo?tAoccurs elsewhere, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ·yo?tAhse-/-yo?tAhs- v.a. work for someone. kuyo ?tAnsehe? I'm working for you, liyo ?fAnsehe? I'm working for him. wa ?kuy6·tAhse? I worked for you, wa ?khey6·tAhse? I worked for her or them, wa ?uky6·tAhse? she or they worked for me, Akuy6·tAhse? I will work for you. With t- cisloca-

tive: tashakoy6·tAhse? he worked for them there. Withy- translocative: yeshakoyo ?t.ihsehe? he's working for them there, ya ?shakoy6·tAhse? he worked for them while he was there. COMPOSED OF: -yo?tA·/-yotA· work, -hse- I -hs- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: -atatyo?tAhse-/ -atatyo?tAhs- work for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -yo?tAhseoccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -yo?tAhs- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yo?tAhsl-/-yo?tA.hs- v.m. go to work. wakyo ?t.ihse? I'm here to work, saya ?tAnsle? you're here to work. wakyo ?f.ihslehse? I go there to work, sayo ?fAnslehse? you go to work, loy a ?t£hslehse? he goes to work. wakyo ?fAnsu I have gone to work, loya ?fAnsu he has gone to work. ukyo ?fAnsa? I'm going to work, I'm on my way to work, wahoyo ?t.ihsa? he's on his way to work, wa ?akoyo ?t.ihsa? she's going to work, wahotiyo ?fAhsa? they (m.) went there to work, Awakyo ?tAnsa? I will go to work, Ahoyo ?tAnsa? he will go to work, aukyo ?t.ihsa? I should go to work, ahoy a ?tAnsa? he should go to work, ahotiyo ?t.ihsa? they (m.) should go to work. Intentive past: wakyo ?t.ihslene? I was going to work. Stative past: wakyo ?tAhsu·hne· I was gone to work, sayo?fAhsu-hnf!- you were gone to work, loyo ?tAhsu·hne· he was gone to work. Future stative: Awakyo ?fAhsuhake? I will have gone to work. With s- repetitive: sukyo ?tAnsa? I went back to work. With t- cislocative:

838 Oneida-English

twakyo ?t.Ahslehse? I keep coming to work, Atwakyo ?fAns a? I will come to work. With tsh- coincident: tshiwakyo ?fAnsu when I was gone to work. Aspect class: H. • Tshiwahu ·nise? s wilonu ?weskwanihe? ukwehuwe kwah kwi- tsi? nahte? niyotyel.A tho kwiwahotiyo ?f.Ahsa?. A long time ago, native people used to enjoy going to work at just whatever was going on, there they went to work. (M2) COMPOSED OF: -yo?tA-/-yotA- work, -hsl- I -hs- dislocative. NOTE: Both alternants of the dislocative are attested in the inflected forms of this base. -yo?tAhsl- v. > n. work. akyo?tAnsla? my work, sayo ?fAnsla? your work. With -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of: wakyo ?fAhslaka·te? I have lots of work. With -kst(e)-1-ya?takste- be heavy, and te?- negative: yah te ?yoyo ?fAhslakste? the work is not heavy. With -kwan(A)- I -owan(A)be big: wakyo ?fAhslowan.A I have a big job. And n- partitive, and stative past: nikayo ?fAhslowan.A·ne? it was such hard work. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nihoyo ?fAhsl6·tA the kind of job he has, na ?kayo ?fAhsl6·tA? the type of work it is. • Tsi? ne· nikayo ?fAhslowan.A·ne? tsi? ni· nikaha·wi· tshiyakwaksa?shuha. There was such a lot of work at the time when we were children. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -yo?tA-/-yotA- work, -hsl- nominalizer. -yo?tAst- v.a. make something work, make something start. kyo ?f.Asta? I'm making it start, I'm trying to start it up, layo ?f.Asta? he's making it start. wakyo ?f.Astu I have started it.

wa ?ky6·tAste? I started it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -yo?tA-/-yotA- work, -st- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yo?tAst- plus t- cislocative, y- translocative, or n- partitive, v.a. where one works. tsi? twakyo ?f.Asta? where I work, tsi? nu· yehotiyo ?f.Asta? wherever they (m.) work, kAh nu· niwakyo ?f.Asta? this is where I work. Habitual past: tsi? twakyo ?f.Astahkwe? where I worked. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, ytranslocative, or n- partitive, -yo?tA/-yotA- work, -st- causative. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. yu- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/y A-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-1-A-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a.

yuhkwatsta? V > N covering, shawl. NOTE: Refers to any covering on the body, such as a shawl, and probably composed of the yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix, a root -ahkw-, the -tst- causative suffix, and -ha? habitual. See note under -ahkwahsyu- take the covers off oneself. yuhlyohkawine?takhwa? V > N fishing pole. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahlyohkawinefish, -?t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yuhs6khwa? V > N colour, paint. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indef-

Oneida-English 839

inite singular agent, -ahso-/ -ahsohw- colour, paint, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. yuhtsyohale?takhwa? V > N wash basin. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahtsyohalewash the hands, -?t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yuhtsyokewatha? V > N hand towel. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahtsyokewwipe the hands, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. yuk -/yuke-/yukw-1-uk-/-uke-1-ukwpre£. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on first person singular. NOTE: The alternants yuk- and -ukoccur with bases that begin in the vowels i, o, or u, and most consonants. The alternants yuke- and -uke- occur with bases that begin in? and most consonant clusters. The alternants yukw- and -ukw- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yuke- pre£. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yuk-/yuke-/yukw-1-uk-/-uke-/ -ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters. yukhi-/yukhiy-1-ukhi-/-ukhiy- pre£. she, someone, or they act on us. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on first person non-singular.

NOTE: The alternants yukhi- and -ukhi- occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yukhiy- and -ukhiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?factual.

yukn- pre£. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukni/yukn-/yuky-1-ukni -/-ukn-1-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. yukni -/yukn-/yuky-1-ukni -/-ukn-/ -uky- pre£. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on first person dual. NOTE: The alternants yukni- and -ukni- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yukn- and -ukn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternants yuky- and -uky- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yukw- pre£. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix N doormat. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahsi?t-/-ahsifoot, -atya?tokew-1-at-N-okewwipe oneself, wipe for oneself, -htcausative, -ha? habitual. yulahsi?tokewa?takhwa? V > N doormat. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahsi?t-/-ahsifoot, -atya?tokew-1-at-N-okewwipe oneself, wipe for oneself, -?tcausative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yuneklalohl6kta? V > N rake. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -anekl-/ -Aneklgrass, straw, hay, weeds, -lohlok-/ -lohl- gather, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. yunekliya·kta? V > N lawnmower, scythe. · COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -anekliya?k-/ -Anekliya?k- cut the grass, mow the lawn, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'lawnmower, scythe' are watAnekli·ya·ks and yutAnekliya·kta?. yunhe?uwe V > N everlasting. Prepausal: yunhe?u·w1_. COMPOSED OF: y- neuter agent, -unhe- live, be alive, -? stative, -uwe authentic clitic. yunihtyakta? V > N scarf, tie, necklace. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indef-

Oneida-English 841

inite singular agent, -anihtyak- put on a scarf or tie, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'scarf, tie, necklace' are anihtyakta? and yunihtyasta?. yunihtyasta? V > N scarf, tie, necklace. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -an- semireflexive, -ihty-/-ihtyak- have on a scarf or tie, -st- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'scarf, tie, necklace' are yunihtyakta? and yunihtyasta?. yunitskalakhwa? V > N sheet. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -anitskal-/ -anitskalu- put down a sheet or cover for oneself, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yunitskwakA?slakhwa? V > N cushion, saddle. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on, -atkA?slahkw- put something under oneself, -ha? habitual. yusa-/yuse-/yusu- pref. Translocative, factual mode and repetitive (translocative, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant yuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The altemant yusu- replaces the sequence yusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise yusa- occurs.

yusa-/yu ·sa-/yuse-/yu ·se-/yusu-/yu ·supref. Translocative, optative mode and repetitive (translocative, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants yuse- and yu·se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants yusu- and yu·sureplace the sequences yusawa- and yu·sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise yusa- and yu·sa- occur. yuse- pref. Translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See yusa-/ yuse-/yusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. yuse-/yu·se- pref. Translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See yusa-/ yu ·sa-/yuse-/yu ·se-/yusu-/yu ·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. yusu- pref. Translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See yusa-/ yuse-/yusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence yusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and

842 Oneida-English

interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. yusu-/yu·su- pre£. Translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See yusa-/ yu·sa-/yuse-/yu·se-/yusu-/yu·su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences yusawa- and yu·sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. yu tat-/yu ta te-/-u ta t-/-u tate- pref. she or someone acts on her or someone else. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular. NOTE: The alternants yutat- and -utat- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel and most consonants. The alternants yutate- and -utate- occur with bases that begin in ? and most consonant clusters. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa?factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. yutatenhottikhwa? V > N jail. COMPOSED OF: yutat- feminineindefinite singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular, -nhotu- be in jail, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutatlihunyAnHha? V > N school. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tyutatlihunyAni·tha? at the school. COMPOSED OF: yutat- feminineindefinite singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular, -lihunyAni-

/-lihunyA- teach someone, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: See also kanuhsate?k6· school, high school. yutawAstakhwa? V > N basin, tub. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atawAst- give someone a bath, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutekhunya·tha? V > N restaurant. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tyutekhunytHha? at the restaurant. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atekhuni/-atekhuny- eat a meal, -?tcausative, -ha? habitual. yutekhwahla?tslol6kta? V > N tablecloth. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminineindefinite singular agent, -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla?tsl- table, -?lholokt-/ -olokt- use to cover up with, -ha? habitual. Yutt~khwayAhe?

V > N October. yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -khw-· food, -atyA-1-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store, -he? habitual. COMPOSED OF:

yuteksahlakhwa? V > N dish. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate- semireflexive, -ks- dish, plate, bowl, -hel-l-hiset on top of, place on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yuteshu?kalohale?takhwa? V > N mop. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -shu?kal- board, floor, -atya?tohale-1-at-N-ohalewash oneself, wash for oneself, -?t-

Oneida-English 843

causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutestalo?kwanyakta? V > N necklace. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminineindefinite singular agent, -atestalo?kwanyak- put on a necklace, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. yute?nyAtAstakhwa? V > N measurement. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate?nyAt-/ -ate?nyAtA- try, try out or on, measure, sample, -st- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yute?nyAt.Asta? V > N ruler, tape measure. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate?nyAt-/ -ate?nyAtA- try, try out or on, measure, sample, -st- causative, -ha? habitual. yute?slehtayAtakhwa? V > N garage. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate?slehtayA-/ -ate?slehtayAt- park, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yute?wahlutakhwa? V > N roasting pan. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -?wahl- meat, -ate?skut-1-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutAhni·mihe? V > N store. With tcislocative: tyutAhni·nuhe? the store there. And tsi? particle: tsi? tyutAhni·nuhe? at the store. And -k6· augmentative clitic: tyutAhninuhe?k6· at the big store. • Nya ?tekanuto ?tslahele? thik.A tsi? tyutAhni·nuhe?. There's boxes

scattered all over there at the store. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atAhninu- sell, -he? habitual. yutAnekliya·kta? V > N lawnmower, scythe. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atAnekliya?kcut the grass, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'lawnmower, scythe' are watAnekli·ya·ks and yunekliya·kta?. yuthnekataliha?takhwa? V > N teakettle. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -at-N-taliha?t- heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yuthnyotakhwa? V > N brooch. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -athnyot-/ -at-N-ot- stand something up for oneself, have on oneself, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yuthwa?estakhwa? V > N bandage. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -hwa?est- have on a bandage, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutke?totakhwa? V > N mirror. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atke?tot- bring oneself into sight, look in or out, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutkAhakwAhtalh6·tha? V > N rug, carpet, linoleum. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -kAhakwAhtalho- spread out a rvg or cloth, lay linoleum, -?t- causative, -ha7 habitual.

844

Oneida-English

yutku?shikhwa? N pillow. NOTE: See note under atku?shikhwa?, another word for 'pillow'. yutku?slol6kta? V > N pillowcase. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -?Iholokt-/-olokt- use to cover up with, and -ha? habitual; but the composition is unclear. yutlAnayAtakhwa? V > N church. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi 7 tyutLmayAttikhwa? at church. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atlAnay A-/ -atlAnayAt- pray, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutlistakalehlasta? V > N bell. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminineindefinite singular agent, -atlistakalehlast- ring a bell, -ha? habitual. yutnawilanhutakhwa? V > N dentures, false teeth. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -nawilanhut- have dentures, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutna?talutakhwa? V > N baking dish. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -na?tal- bread, cake, -ate?skut-1-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutnikwAhtalalh6·tha? V > N lipstick. akwatnikwAhtalalh6·tha? my lipstick, satnikwAhtalalh6·tha? your lipstick, akotnikwAhtalalh6·tha? her lipstick. • Ntihte? niwahsohk6·tA thik.A satnikwAhtalalh6·tha? tsi? n ikahsohkwan u·wehse?. What

colour is your lipstick, I really like the colour. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminineindefinite singular agent, -atnikwAhtalalho- put on lipstick, - 7 t- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: In the possessed forms the yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes. V > N lid, cover. yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -nutek- cover with a lid, -htcausative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: See also -atnutekt-/ -atnutekta?tsl-.

yutnuh~kta?

COMPOSED OF:

yutolishAtakhwa? V > N couch. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atolishA-/ -atolishAt- rest, -hkw- instrumental -ha? habitual. ' yutsholya-tha? V > N soup bowl. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atsholi-/ -atsholy- eat something soupy, slurp, - 7 t- causative, -ha? habitual. yutsta?shtiha V > N tools. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atst-/-utst- use, wear, -ha? habitual, -shuha collective clitic. NOTE: Another word for 'tools' is atsta ?shtiha. yutti?tslalakhwa? V > N tea canister. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -ti-/-ti?tsl- tea, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'tea canister' is yeti?tslalakhwa?. yutti?tslunyHha? V > N teapot. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indef-

Oneida-English 845

inite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -ti-/-ti?tsl- tea, -uni-/-unymake, construct, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. yuttsye?elahs6khwa? V > N nail polish. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -tsye?el- fingernail, toenail, claw, -ahso-/-ahsohw- colour, paint, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutwAnata?asta? V > N telephone. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .atwAnata?- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, telephone, -st- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: This word does not have the t- cislocative or y- translocative, one of which always occurs in the component base. yutwisklalh6·tha? V > N face powder. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atwisklalhoput on face powder, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual. yutyalakehtakhwa? V > N backpack. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -yal- bag, sack, -keht(e)-/ -keht(u)- have a burden on one's back, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutya?tawi?tslihalakhwa? V > N coat rack, coat hanger, coat hook. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atya?tawi?t-/ -atya?tawi?tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse, -hal-/-ihal- hang up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yutyAtakhwa? V > N bench, seat. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atyA-/-atyAt-

sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: This word is also reported to mean 'afterbirth'. -yu?kutho- v.a. bum tobacco. layu ?Jcuthos he bums tobacco. loyu ?Jcuthu he has burned tobacco. wahayu ?kutho? he burned tobacco, Ahayu ?kutho? he will burn tobacco, ahayu ?kutho? he should bum tobacco. Aspect class: E2. • N A kw{ ne· nA tshyusa·newe? khale? kwi·, th6 kwi- sA· ni·y6t tsi? luwatihloli kA· tsi? n6k sA· Awa·tu· ahayu ?kutho? thikA tsyo ?le· nA A-latste? thikA n ahsA nikakwi-lake kA· onikwAhtala? nikakwil6·tA. So when they got home again, he told them they will have to bum tobacco before he uses those three red willow whips. (M7) COMPOSED OF: -yu?kw- tobacco, -utho- put into the fire, burn. NOTE: M.D. reminds us that, a long time ago, tobacco was burned as an offering by placing it directly into the fire, but nowadays, with electric stoves, the tobacco is also burned on top of an electric burner in an aluminum pie plate. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -yu?kw- n. tobacco. oyu·kwa? tobacco. With -?ke locative suffix: oyu ?kwti·ke in tobacco (e.g., working in tobacco), on the tobacco. With -ku locative suffix: oyu·kwaku in the tobacco. With -hal-/-ihal- hang up: wahatiyu ?kwiha·ZA· they (m.) hung tobacco. With -kw- I -ekw- pick, harvest: latiyu ?kwtikwas they (m.) pick tobacco. With -yAtho- plant: latiyu ?kwayAthos they (m.) plant tobacco. DERIVED BASES: -yu?kwakli-

846 Oneida-English

tobacco juice; -yu?kwal- smoke; -yu?kwanhak- tie tobacco (leaves); -yu?kwanhut- have tobacco in one's mouth; -yu?kutho- burn tobacco; -atyu?kwanhuta?- put tobacco in one's mouth, chew tobacco; oyu?kwa?uwe Indian tobacco, sacred tobacco. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w is deleted before bases that begin in o or u.

-yu?kwakli- v. > n. tobacco juice. oyu ?kwtikli? tobacco juice. Prepausal: oyu ?kwtikeJi?. • Th6 ne· ni·y6t tsi? wahoslAhttiksA? ka?ikA tsi? sok nu· yahanitsklu-ti- ka ?ikA n oyu ?kwtikeli?. The way he dreamed it was that he spit the tobacco juice someplace. (M9) COMPOSED OF: -yu?kw- tobacco, -N-kli- liquid product. -yu?kwal- n. smoke. oyu·kwala? smoke. DERIVED BASES: .yu?kwalayA- plus te- dualic, be hazy; -yu?kwalot- be smoking, for smoke to rise; -atyu?kwaluni- become smoky; tewatyu?kwalokwasha: puffball. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -yu?kw- tobacco. The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yu?kwalayA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be hazy. teyoyu ?kwala·yA· it's hazy. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yu?kwalsmoke, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have.

-yu?kwalot- v.s. be smoking, for smoke to rise. yoyu·kwalote? it's smoking (and the smoke is going straight up). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -yu?kwal- smoke, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The ? of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yu?kwanhak- v.a. tie tobacco (leaves). kyu ?kwtinhaks I tie tobacco, yeyu ?kwtinhaks she ties tobacco, latiyu ?kwanhaks they (m.) tie tobacco, kutiyu ?kwanhaks they (z.) tie tobacco. wahatiyu ?kwanhake? they (m.) tied tobacco. COMPOSED OF: -yu?kw- tobacco, -hwanhak-1-hwanh-/-nhak-/-nhtie. -yu?kwanhut- v.s. have tobacco in one's mouth. loyu ?kwanhute? he has tobacco in his mouth, yakoyu ?kwanhute? she has tobacco in her mouth. Aspect class: F. • Tahnu · ki? uhte wi- th6 ni·y6t ka ?ikA tshahotti·wha ?, loyu ?kwanhute ?. And so that's the way I guess it actually was when he went to bed, he had a mouthful of tobacco. (M9) COMPOSED OF: -yu?kw- tobacco, -nhut- have in one's mouth. yu?kwatsta? V > N shovel. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -a?kwat- dig, -st- causative, -ha? habitual.

Oneida-English 847

? -'- suf. become. Inchoative. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: The? of the suffix is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels, and it is replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. Because of this, the inchoative is most often realized as h, vowel length, or zero (i.e., no overt marking). -? suf. Punctual aspect. NOTE: Occurs after bases that end in a vowel. The ? of the suffix is replaced by length when it follows an accented vowel. In that case the mark of the punctual aspect is the vowel length. -' suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases than end in a vowel. The ? of the suffix is replaced by length when it follows an accented vowel. In that case the mark of the stative aspect is the vowel length. -?ashA- v.a. stab someone. shako ?as·hAhe? he's stabbing her or them. wahi ?fish A? I stabbed him, wa ?shako ?fish A? he stabbed her or them, wa ?ukwashA? they stabbed me, waho ?fishA? he stabbed him. . ?kaht- plus te- dualic, v.s. be fastmoving. tey6·kat it's fast, tewake·kat I'm fast (e.g., a fast runner), teyak6·kat she's fast, teh6·kat he's fast. Future stative: tAyo ?kahtuhake? it will be fastmoving. With -huwey- I -huw- black ash, boat: teyohuwa·kat it's a fast boat. With -'sleht- vehicle: teyo ?slehta·kat it's a fast-moving

vehicle. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .?kahta?- plus tedualic, become fast-moving; tsyo?slehta:kat train. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. .?kahta?- plus te- dualic, v.a. become fast-moving. wa 7tyo 7kahtane 7 it became faster, it picked up speed, tAyo 7kahtane 7 it will become faster. COMPOSED OF: .?kaht- plus te- dualic, be fast-moving, -?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .?kahta?sl- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, be getting faster. NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. ,?kahta?sl- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.m. be getting faster. tutayo7kahta·sle7 it's becoming faster, it's coming faster. Pre-pausal: tutayo 7kahta·seJe7. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, .?kahta?- plus te- dualic, become fast-moving, -sl- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels . .?kashayA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be slow. tewake 7kashay.A I'm slow, tesa 7kashay.A you're slow, teho 7kashay.A he's slow, teyako 7kashay.A she's slow, teyo 7kashay.A she (z.) or it is slow. Pre-pausal: teyo7kasha·y;i. Future stative: tAyo 7kashay.Ahake 7 it will be slow. With t- cislocative: ne· tetyo 7kashay A it's the slowest, i-

848 Oneida-English

fefwake ?kashay.A I'm the slowest. And stative past: n{ tetyo 7kashayA'hne· it used to be the slowest. With n- partitive: fsi? na ?feyo 7kashay.A she (z.) or it is so slow. Aspect class: A. • Wahu ·nise 7 yahu-we· ake·slef s6·fsi 7 feyo?kasha·yfi. It took a long time to get there, my car is too slow. -?ke suf. on. Locative. NOTE: The ? is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?kel-/-?kl-1-ya?ta?kel-/-ya?ta?klv.a. float, drift. yo ?kelha 7 it's floating, wakya ?fa ?kelha 7 I'm floating, loy a ?fa ?kelha 7 he's floating, yakoya ?fa 7kelha 7 she's floating. Habitual past: yo ?kelhahkwe 7 it was floating. Future habitual: Ayo ?kelhake 7 it will float. With ytranslocative: yeyo 7kelha 7 it's floating there. With -huwey- I -huwblack ash, boat: lohuwa 7kelha 7 he's in a boat and h;;:~'s floating in it. And habitual past: lohuwa 7kelhahkwe 7 he was floating in the boat. With -nlaht- leaf, and y- translocative: yeyonlahta 7kelha 7 the leaves are floating in it. • Tok nahte7 th6 yo7kelha7. Something is floating there (e.g., in my glass). DERIVED BASES: -?k}a?ne-/ -ya?ta?kla?ne- float by, drift by; -?klunyu- float, several; -a tyena ?klahkwAni-/ -atyena?klahkwA- burp a greasy burp. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The alternants -ya?ta?keland -ya?ta?kl- occur with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The alternants -ya?ta?kl- and -?kl- occur before derivational suffixes.

-?kAha/-?kA- kin term. sibling. khe 7k.Aha my younger sister, I have her as a sibling, yuke ?k.Aha my older sister, she has me as a sibling, li ?kAna my younger brother, lake ?k.Aha my older brother, she ?kAna your younger sister, yesa ?k.Aha your older sister, efshe ?kAna your younger brother, ya 7k.Aha your older brother, shako 7k.Aha his younger sister, luwa 7k.Aha her younger brother. With -sh..\ · collective eli tic: wake?kA"sh.A· I have younger siblings. f6· niku sa ?kA'sh.A· how many brothers and sisters do you have? And te- dualic: tekni fewake7kA·sh.A· I have two younger siblings. And npartitive: wisk niho7kA·sh.A· he has five younger siblings. With -oku/ -o·ku: collective eli tic: khe 7ko 7okuha my younger siblings. • Th6 nA fekni tewake 7kA ·sh.A· tehnukwe. Now I have two younger brothers. (Hl) NOTE: The alternant -?kAha is composed of a component -?kA- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -?kA-, without the diminutive, occurs before the -shk collective eli tic. The alternant -?kA- occurs also before the -oku/ -o·ku· collective clitic, and the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive clitic. In that case, the vowel of -?kA- assimilates to the initial vowel of the following collective clitic. -?khal- n. slip, skirt. ka·khale 7 slip, skirt. ake·khale? my slip, sa·khale? your slip, ak6·khale 7 her slip, a6·khale? her (z.) or its slip. DERIVED BASES: .?khalatihA- plus te- dualic, for one's slip to show; -ate?khal- put on a slip or skirt; tehoti?kha·lute? Anglican.

Oneida-English 849

NOTE: The? of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -?tsyu?khal- diaper. ,?khalatihA- plus te- dualic, v.s. for one's slip to show. tesa ?khalatihA your slip is showing, teyako ?khalatihA her slip is showing, teyo ?khalatihA her (z.) slip is showing. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -?khal- slip, skirt, .tih(A)- plus te- dualic, care. -?kl- float, drift. See -?kel-/-?kl-/ -ya?ta ?kel-/-ya?ta?kl-. -?kla?ne-/-ya?ta?kla?ne- v.m. float by, drift by. loya ?ta ?kla·ne? he's floating by, yo ?kla·ne? it's drifting or floating. yo ?kla·nehse? it's floating around, wakya ?ta ?kla ·nehse? I'm floating around. a?{ wa ?o ?klkne? it's floating away from me, a ?e· wahoya ?ta ?kla·ne? he went floating by. COMPOSED OF: -?kel-/-?kl-/ -ya ?fa ?kel-/-ya ?fa ?kl- float, drift, -?ne- ambulative. NOTE: The alternant -ya?ta?kla?ne- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The ? of the ?n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?klunyu- v.a. float, several. yo ?kfunyuhe? several things are floating. With -lut- tree, log: yoluta ?klunyuhe? logs are floating. With -nlaht- leaf: yonlahta ?klunyuhe? leaves are floating. With -tsi?tsy- flower: yotsi ?tsya ?klunyuhe? flowers are floating. With -wis- ice, glass, window, andy- translocative: yeyowisa ?klunyuhe? there are pieces of ice floating in it. COMPOSED OF: -?kel-/-?kl-/

-ya?ta?kel-/-ya?ta?kl- float, drift, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. -?IhenyAht- v.a. knock over something tall. ke ?fhenyAtha? I knock it over. wake ?lhenyAhtu I have knocked it over. wa ?ke ?lhe·nyAhte? I knocked it over. Aspect class: El. NOTE: Composed of an incorporated root -?lheny-, a verb root -A-, and the -ht- causative suffix. The root -?lheny- occurs also in -?IhenyA?- fall over, something tall. See note under -a?sA?-f-A?- fall. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. Note that the ny cluster of this base is treated as a single consonant by the vowel lengthening rules of Oneida. -?lhenyA?- v.a. fall over, something tall. ka ?lhe·nyA·se? it falls over. yo ?lhenyA·u it has fallen over. wa ?ka ?fhe·nyAne? it fell over. Aspect class: E3.

• Yuteshu ?kalohale?takhwa? th6 kana·kalote? n{n wa?ka?lhe·nyAne? th6 ya?tyau·k6·. Amopwasstanding there, so then it fell over, it landed (bumped) there. (Dl) NOTE: Composed of an incorporated root -?lheny-, a verb root -A-, and the -?- inchoative suffix. The root -?lheny- occurs also in -?IhenyAhtknock over something tall. See note under -a?sA?-f-A?- fall. The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. Note that the ny cluster of this base is treated as a single consonant by the vowel lengthening rules of Oneida. -?Iholok-/-?}hol-/-olok-1-ol- v.a. cover up. ke?lho·l6ks I'm covering it up, la ?lho·l6ks he's covering it up, tni?lho·l6ks you and I (incl.) are cov-

850 Oneida-English

ering it up, twa ?lho·l6ks we (incl.) are covering it up, khe?lho·l6ks I'm covering her (from head to toe). wake ?lholu I have covered it up. ka ?lholu it's covered. Pre-pausal: ka ?lho·lu. wa ?ke?lho·l6ke? I covered it up, wa ?shako ?lho·l6ke? he covered her up, wa ?khe ?lho ·l6ke? I covered her up, Ake?lho·l6ke? I will

cover it up. Future habitual: Ake ?lhol6kseke? I will be covering it. With t- cislocative: Atyo ?lho·l6ke? there it will get covered up. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wa ?kkAho·l6ke? I put a blanket over her (z.) or it, wa ?khekAho·l6ke? I covered her with a blanket. And tcislocative: tayekAho·l6ke? there she covered it up with a blanket. With -yal- bag, sack: wa?kyalo·l6ke? I covered it with a bag (e.g., with a plastic bag to protect it). Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: - ?lholoksyu- uncover; -?Iholokt-/-olokt- use to cover up with; -ate?Iholok-/-ate?lhol-/ -at-N-olok-1-at-N-ol- cover up oneself; -a?klol- be covered with snow; .a?nhuskwa?lholok-/ .a?nhuskwa?Ihol- plus te- dualic, put on pants. NOTE: The alternants -olok- and -ol- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -?lholok- and -?lholare composed of an empty noun root -?lh- and a verb root -olok- I -ol-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants -?lholokand -olok- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -?lhol- and -ol- occur in the stative aspect. The alternant -ol- may also be a component in tsyonisklohi snail; -itAhtehslol- look poorly; -kAnolehslol- look like rain; -li?waksAhslol- look angry; and

-tsina?tol-look smart, handsome, or dapper. -?Iholoksyu- v.a. uncover. ke ?lhol6ksyus I'm uncovering it. lo ?Zhol6ksi he has uncovered it. wa ?ke ?lhol6ksi? I uncovered it. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -?lholok-/-?lhol-/ -olok-/-ol- cover up, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: This base is composed of the alternant -?lholok- of the component base plus the -hsyu- reversative suffix and the resulting khsy cluster is replaced by ksy. Many speakers have -?lholoksi- word-finally and before a final ?. -?lholokt-/-olokt- v.a. use to cover up with. ke ?lhol6kta? I use it to cover up something, it's the thing I use to cover something up with. wake ?[hol6ktu I have used it to cover it up. wa ?ke ?lho·l6kte? I used it to cover it up. With -she?lhdough, paste, cream: yakoshe ?lhol6ktu she has covered it with dough (e.g., she put the pie crust on), wa ?keshe ?lho·l6kte? I covered it with dough. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: - ?}holok-f-?lhol-/ -olok-/-ol- cover up, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES:

yutekhwahla?tslol6kta? tablecloth; yutku?slol6kta? pillowcase. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the alternants -?lholok-/-olok- of the component base, the resulting kht cluster is replaced by kt. The alternant -oloktoccurs with incorporated nouns. -?n- n. genitals, vagina, penis. 6·na? genitals. With -ke locative clitic: ke?na·ke my genitals, se?na·ke your genitals, la ?na·ke his genitals,

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ye ?nci·ke her genitals. DERIVED BASES: -?nohlok- insert one's penis, copulate. NOTE: The? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?n- suf. go somewhere to do something, intend to do something. Dislocative (purposive). Aspect class: H. NOTE: The ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. This suffix is replaced by the alternant -hn- in the stative past. -?nahkw- n. tub, barrel, drum. ka ?nfihkwa? tub, barrel, drum (both the container and the musical instrument). With -oku locative suffix: ka ?nahkoku under the barrel, the bottom of the barrel. Pre-pausal: ka ?nahko·ku. With -athel-1-athlset down for oneself: wa?kate?nahkwa·lA? I put the tub on. And t- cislocative: tayute ?nahkwa·lA? she put the tub on there. With -atyA-1-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store: wa ?kate ?ntihkwayA? I put my tub down. With -hnyot- I -ot- stand something upright, have, and tcislocative: tka?nfihkote? there's a barrel standing there. With -hnyotu1-otu- be standing upright, several, and t- cislocative: tka?nahko·tu· there are barrels standing there. With -la?nAtak- I -la?nAt- I -nAtak- I -nAt- stick something on something: yo ?nahkwanAtaku it's stuck to the pot or tub (e.g., when soup or beans burn onto the bottom of the pot). And t- cislocative: tyo ?nahkwanA- taks the pot keeps sticking (food keeps getting stuck to it), tyo ?nahkwanAtaku it's stuck there on the pot or tub. • Th6 kwi- tka ?nahko·tu· Ahayenat ane?. There are barrels standing

there for him to fill in the oil. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -?nahkwaya?ak-/ -?nahkwayA- beat a drum; lanutakli ?tsla ?nahkwahihkwas Tongue twister: he's getting the sugar right from the bottom of the barrel. NOTE: The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -?nahkwaya?ak-/-?nahkwayA- v.a. beat a drum. ke ?nahkwaya ?aks I beat a drum. wake ?nahkwtiyA? I have beaten a drum, lo ?nahkwayA? he has beaten the drum. wa ?ke ?nahkwaya ?ake? I beat the drum, Ake ?nahkwaya ?ake? I will beat the drum. Aspect class: B2. COMPOSED OF: -?nahkw- tub, barrel, drum, -ya?ak-/-yA- throw a straight object at. NOTE: The alternant -?nahkwaya?ak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -?nahkwayA- occurs in the stative aspect. -?ne- suf. going. Ambulative. NOTE: The ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nehtal- n. fish eggs, gravel. o ?nehtala? fish eggs, gravel. NOTE: See also otsi?nehtala? small beads, nits; tehati?nehtawA.lyehe? school of fish. -?nek- v.a. beg, ask for. ke ?nekha? I ask for. wa ?khe ?ne·k.t\· I begged her for it. DERIVED BASES: -lihwa?nek- beg or ask for information. -?nekAhtal- n. eyelash, strawberry top. o ?nek.t\htala? eyelash, strawberry top. With -es- I -us- be long, and te- dualic: tewake ?nek.t\htales I

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have long eyelashes, teho ?nekAhtales he has long eyelashes, teyako ?nekAhtales she has long eyelashes. DERIVED BASES: .?nekAhtalutakwplus te- dualic, remove strawberry tops. .?nekAhtalutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. remove strawberry tops. teha ?nekAhtalutakwas he's removing the strawberry tops. teho ?nekAhtalutakwA he has removed the strawberry tops. wa ?tha ?nekAhtaluta·k6· he removed the strawberry tops. tehse ?nekAhtaluta·k6 Remove the tops from the strawberries! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -?nekAhtal- eyelash, strawberry top, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -?netskaht- v.a. loosen something. ke ?netskatha? I loosen it (e.g., the lid on a jar). wake ?netskahtu I have loosened it. wa ?ke ?netskahte? I loosened it. se?netskat Loosen it! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -?netsk(A)- be loose, be soft, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t beforehand word-finally. -?netska?- v.a. become loose, become soft. wa ?o ?netskane? it became loose or soft. With -hnana?t- potato: wa ?ohnana ?ta ?nets kane? the potatoes became soft (e.g., they're cooked or they're going bad). With -nAst- corn: AyonAsta ?netskane? the corn will become tender (cooked).

• N A ki? wa ?o ?netskane ?, nA ki? Awa·tu· Aknuteksi?. Now it has come

loose, I can open it. Kaye ta·thuni? wisk nAkahwista·eke? kA· tsi? na·ye? AtyolihA? tsi? niyo·le· AyonAsta ?netskane?. It should boil for four or five hours until the corn is tender. (Rl) COMPOSED OF: -?netsk(A)- be loose, be soft, -?- inchoative . NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -?netsk(A)- v.s. be loose, be soft. yo ?netskA it's loose, it's soft. Optative stative: ayo ?netskAhake? it should be soft. With n- partitive: tsi? niyo ?netskA it's so soft. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: yohya ?netskA the fruit is soft. Aspect class: A.

• N A ki? yohya ?netskA nA kati? wi· yo h y a ·1[. The fruit is soft now, so it's ripe. DERIVED BASES: -?netskaht-loosen something; -?netska?- become loose, become soft; -ahkala?netskA- be a softwood; -hneka?netskA- be soft water. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. -?ne? suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that have the stative aspect suffix-? or zero (i.e., no overt marking) and when the accent is on the penultimate syllable in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix -?. This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -?ne? is always realized as -'·ne?. -?nh- suf. go somewhere to do something, intend to do something. Dislocative (purposive). Aspect

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class: H. NOTE: Occurs after a few bases that end in?. The? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-?nhaht- n. branch, limb. 6·nhahte? branch. With -?ke locative suffix: o ?nhahtcHe on the branch. With -a?sA ?-I -A?- fall: wa?ka ?nhahtAne? the limb fell. With -lohlok- I -lohlgather: wa?ke?nhahtal6·loke? I gathered up the branches. DERIVED BASES: -?nhahtot- have a branch; -?nhahtut- be a branch, attached. NOTE: The ? of the ?nh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nhahtot- v.s. have a branch. yo ?nhahtote? it has a branch, ka ?nhahtote? there's a branch (on the tree). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?nhaht- branch, limb, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -?nhahtotu- have branches. -?nhahtotu- v.s. have branches. yo ?nhahto·tu· it has several branches. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -?nhahtot- have a branch, -u- distributive. -?nhahtut- v.s. be a branch, attached. yo ?nhfihtute? the branch (is) attached. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?nhaht- branch, limb, -N-ut- attach, be attached. -?nheks-f-?nhehs- n. ribbon, strap. ka·nheks ribbon, strap. DERIVED BASES: -ate?nheksot- put on a ribbon; .?nheksek- plus tedualic, give someone the strap; -?nheksot- put a ribbon on someone; ka ?nheksatAsha taffeta;

ka ?nhehsatAsha silk, taffeta. NOTE: The alternant -?nhehsoccurs in ka ?nhehsa tAsha silk, taffeta. The alternant -?heks- occurs elsewhere. The? of -?nheks- is replaced by length after accented vowels. .?nheksek- plus te- dualic, v.a. give someone the strap. teshako ?nhekseks he gives her or someone the strap. teshako ?nhekseku he has given her or someone the strap. wa ?fekhe ?nhekseke? I gave her or someone the strap, wa ?teshako ?nhekseke? he gave her or someone the strap. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -?nheks-f-?nhehsribbon, strap; otherwise the composition is unknown. -?nheksot- v.a. put a ribbon on someone. wa ?khe ?nhekso·tL1· I put a ribbon on her. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?nheks-/-?nhehsribbon, strap, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -?nhuhs-/-i?nhuhs- n. egg. o ?nhuhsa? egg. With -shuha collective clitic: o ?nhuhsa ?shuha eggs. With -ate?skut- I -at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry: wa?ufe?nhuhsu·tL1· she fried eggs. With .hliht- plus tedualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: tAhse ?nhuhsa·lihte? you will break the eggs. With -nut-1-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth: wahi ?nhuhsanute? I gave him eggs to eat, I fed him eggs. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: wa?ke?nhuhso? I boiled an egg, se ?nhuh§Q Boil an egg!

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DERIVED BASES: -ani?nhuhso-lay eggs; .ani?nhuhsya?k- plus te- dualic, hatch an egg; ka?nhuhs6·lu egg sandwich; Tehati ?nhuhsya ?ks Easter. NOTE: The altemant -i?nhuhsoccurs after the -an- semireflexive.

-?nhyal- v.s. be a rainbow. y6·nhyale? (it's) a rainbow. Habitual past: y6·nhyalahkwe? there was a rainbow. Aspect class: F. NOTE: The initial ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?niha/-?ni- kin term. father. lake ?nfha my father, ya ?n{ha your father, lo ?nfha his father, shukwa ?nfha our father(s), shako ?nfha their father(s). Lake Father! With -kA. decessive clitic: lake ?nihk£ my late father, lo ?nihk£ his late father. NOTE: The altemant -?niha is composed of a component -?ni- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The altemant -?ni-, without the diminutive, occurs before the decessive ditic. -?nikhu- v.a. sew, stitch. ke?nz1chuhe? I'm sewing. wake ?nz1chu? I have sewed. waha ?nz1chu? he sewed, Ake ?nfkhu? I will sew, aye ?nfkhu? she should sew. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES: •?nikhu- plus srepetitive, get or have stitches; -?nikhu?s- sew for someone; -kAha?nikhu- sew doth; ye?nikhukhwa? sewing machine, sewing needle; ye?nikhukhwa? anishnuhsohl6kta? thimble. .?nikhu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. get or have stitches. tsyuke ?nz1chu? I have stitches, someone has stitched me, shuwa ?nfkhu? he has stitches, shoti?nfkhu? they (m.) have

stitches, they stitched it. ska ?nfkhu? it's stitched. sayuke ?nfkhu? I got stitches. • Shoti ?nfkhu? knAtsha·ke. They've stitched my arm. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -?nikhu- sew, stitch.

-?nikhu?s- v.a. sew for someone. wa ?utate ?nfkhuhse? she sewed for someone, Aku ?nz1chuhse? I will sew for you. COMPOSED OF: -?nikhu- sew, stitch, -?s- benefactive. NOTE: The ? of the ?s duster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -?nikuhketskw- v.a. raise someone's spirits or hopes. lake ?nikuhketskwas he raises my hopes or spirits, he makes me feel good. lake?nikuhketskwA he has lifted up my spirits. wa ?khe ?nikuhketsko? I raised her hopes or spirits, wa ?she ?nikuhketsko? you raised someone's spirits, wahi ?nikuhketsko? I raised his hopes or spirits, wahake?nikuhketsko? he raised my spirits. Aspect class: D3. •Ne· s thik£ n£ yakotla?swaksa·tu 6khna? th6 kwi- wahsehte? wa ?she ?nikuhketsko? kwah tsi? na ?skwe·nf- k£·. So when someone has had misfortune (i.e., when someone they know has died), you will go there to raise their spirits as much as you can. (M15) NOTE: Probably composed of a variant of the noun base -?nikuhlmind, spirit, and the verb base -ketskw- raise up to a vertical position, put on an affair. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

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-?nikuhl- n. mind, spirit. o ?nikzl-la? mind. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: ska?niku·lat one mind. DERIVED BASES: -atate?nikuhlisa?make oneself make up one's mind; -atA?nikuhlakwenyest- be picky, be choosy, be very particular; -atA ?nikuhlattok- be smart, talk like an older person, be precocious; .atA?nikuhlawe?est- plus te- dualic, set one's mind to it; -atA?nikuhlisa?decide; -atA?nikuhlolA?- discover a way; .a?nikuhlokw- plus te- dualic, for one's mind to become scattered, become undecided; .a?nikuhlya?kplus te- dualic, feel sad, feel troubled, give up; ka?nikuhlal6·loks computer; ka?nikuhliy6stak spirit; la?nikuhlaksA devil; the exclamation o?niku:la? uhte Gee!, and probably -atA?nikuhkatstat- make oneself strong mentally. See also most of the bases beginning in -?nikuhl- that follow this one. NOTE: Both the semireflexive alternants -atA- and -a- occur with this base. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nikuhlahtu- v.s. be unconscious. wake ?nikuhlahtu·u I'm unconscious, lo ?nikuhlahtu·u he's unconscious, yako ?nikuhlahtu·u she's unconscious. Aspect class: C. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -ahtu-/-atya?tahtu-/ -at-N-ahtu- get lost, vanish, disappear. .?nikuhlahtuni-/. ?nikuhlahtu ?s- plus y- translocative, v.a. lose consciousness. yeho ?nikuhlahtu·n{he? he keeps losing consciousness. ya ?aka ?nikuhlahtuhse? she lost consciousness, yah a ?nikuhlahtuhse?

he lost consciousness. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, .ahtuni-/.ahtu?s- plus ytranslocative, faint, lose consciousness. NOTE: The alternant .?nikuhlahtuni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .?nikuhlahtu?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -?nikuhlahtu?t- v.a. make someone unconscious. yuke ?nikuhlahtu·tha? they keep putting me under (e.g., they give me an anesthetic before surgery). wa ?uke ?nikuhlahtuhte? they put me under, wahuwa ?nikuhlahtuhte? they put him under. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -ahtu?t- make disappear, erase. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .?nikuhlake- plus te- dualic, v.s. be of two minds, be undecided. teho ?niku·lake he's of two minds, he's undecided. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .?nikuhlakAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. persuade, make up someone's mind . tehake ?nikuhlakilnyehse? he keeps persuading me, he makes up my mind for me. tehake ?nikuhlak.Ani he has persuaded me. wa ?thake ?nikuhlakA. ·nf- he per-

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suaded me, tAku ?nikuhlakA-ni· I will persuade or convince you. Aspect class: E4.

• Tti-thni? u·wa? akkwe·nitAku ?nikuhlakA·nf·. Maybe I can persuade you. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the noun base -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, and a verb root -kAny-, which occurs also in .atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -?nikuhlaksa?t- v.a. make someone feel bad, hurt someone's feelings. lo ?nikuhlakstHha? something comes along to make him feel bad. lake ?nikuhlakstHu he has made me feel bad (intentionally). waho ?nikuhlaksahte? he made him feel bad, he hurt his feelings, wa ?khe ?nikuhlaksahte? I made her feel bad. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be, -?t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -?nikuhlaksA- v.a. grieve, mourn. wake ?nikuhlaksAhse? I'm grieving, I'm in mourning, lo ?nikuhlaksAhse? he's grieving. uke ?nikuhlaksA? I grieved, I was saddened, waho ?nikuhlaksA? he grieved, Ayako ?nikuhlaksA? she or someone will grieve. NOTE: Composed of -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, and a verbal component -aksA-, which occurs also in -slAhtaksA- dream, and may be

related to the stative base -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. -?nikuhlal- v.s. look after, mind, take care. ke?niku·lale? I take care, I'm careful, I'm looking after it, ye?niku·la[e? she's careful, khe ?niku ·laZe? I'm minding or looking after her or them, I'm watching over her or them, li ?nik(l'lale? I'm looking after him, wake ?niku ·laZe? she (z.) is looking after me, yuke ?niku ·!ale? she or someone is looking after me, shako ?niku ·laZe? he's minding her or someone, yakhi ?niku·lale? we (excl.) are looking after her or them. se?niku·lalak Watch out, be careful! Habitual past: khe?niku·lalahkwe? I was looking after her or them. Future stative: Akhe ?niku·lalake? I will be minding her or them. Optative stative: ayuke?niku·lalake? she or someone should be looking after me. Aspect class: F. • W a ?uthlo·lf- kwf- tsi? yakoyo·te·

tahnu· yako·yA· uhka? ayuke?niku·lalake?. She said that she's working and so she has someone who should be looking after me. (Vl)

Se ?niku·lalak thikA kahne·k6· yah te?kanute·ku. Mind the well, it's not covered. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -atA ?nikuhlal- look after someone. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nikuhlanuhlya?k- v.a. hurt someone's feelings. shako ?nikuhlanu·lya ?ks he hurts her or someone's feelings. wahi ?nikuhlanu·lyahke? I hurt his

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feelings. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -nuhlya?k- get hurt, hurt someone. NOTE: The h of the hly cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

-?nikuhlanuhwak- v.a. feel bothered by something, feel worried or disturbed. wake ?nikuhlanu ·waks I'm bothered by something, I'm worried. wake ?nikuhlanuhwaku I have been bothered or worried, lo ?nikuhlanuhwaku he has felt worried or disturbed. uke?nikuhlanu·wake? I got bothered by it, I stewed over it, Awake ?nikuhlanu·wake? I will be bothered by something. Habitual past: wake ?nikuhlanu ·wakskwe? I was bothered or disturbed. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-nuhwak-1-ya?tanuhwakhurt, ache. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nikuhlat- v.s. have brains, be brainy. lo ?niku·lat he has brains, he's brainy, yako ?niku·lat she's brainy. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -at-/-t-1-et- be in. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nikuhlatshahniht- v.s. be strongwilled. wake ?nikuhlatsha·nit I'm strong-willed, lo ?nikuhlatsha·nit he's strong-willed, yako ?nikuhlatsha·nit she's strong-

willed. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -tshahniht- be industrious, be energetic, be a hard worker, be smart. NOTE: The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally.

.?nikuhlawi-/.?nikuhlawA- plus tcislocative, v.a. get an idea. twake ?nikuhla·wihe? I get the idea all the time. twake ?nikuhlaw{ it has given me an idea. tuke ?niku·lawA? it gave me an idea, Atwake?niku·lawA? it will give me an idea. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, .awi-/.u-/.A- plus t- cislocative, give or hand something to someone. NOTE: The alternant .?nikuhlawioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant .?nikuhlaw Aoccurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .?nikuhlayeli- plus y- translocative, v.s. be serious. yeke ?nikuhlaye·li· I'm serious, yeha ?nikuhlaye·li· he's serious, yeye ?nikuhlaye.zr she's serious. Ya ?se ?nikuhlaye·lik Behave! Be serious! Aspect class: B. NOTE: Composed of the y- translocative prefix, the noun base -?nikuhlmind, spirit, and a verb root -yeli-, which occurs only with prepronominal prefixes. See note under .yetiplus t- cislocative, be right. -?nikuhlayAta?- v.a. understand, grasp. wake?nikuhlayA·ta·se? I understand, yako ?nikuhlayA·tti·se? she understands. wake ?nikuhlayAtti·u I have understood it, lo ?nikuhlayAtti·u he has

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understood a lot of things (and so he's a smart guy). uke?nikuhlayA"ttine? I grasped it, Awake ?nikuhlayA"tane? I will understand. Habitual past: wake?nikuhlayA·ta·skwe? I used to understand. Aspect class: E3.

• N A kwi· ne· ka ?ik.A tsyeya·tat tsi? ka·y.A· yako?nikuhlayA"ta·se? n o ?sluni ?ke·ne wa ?f·lu? ye? thik.A, tsyutathlo·lihe? onatA ·16·, "Ya·ts tehanahalaw.Alyehe? thik.A [a?slu·ni·, i-lelhe? ne· a·hatkatho? k.A· tninikwA ?te·ne." So then this one lady who understand English, she said, she's telling her friend, "Geez he's crazy that white man, he wants to see our bellies." (M2) COMPOSED OF: - ?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -yAta?- get, obtain. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .?nikuhlA?- plus t- cislocative, v.s. have low spirits, feel down, feel sad. twake ?nikuhl.A·u I'm sad, my spirits are low, tesa ?nikuhl.A·u you're sad, tho ?nikuhl.A·u his spirit is down, tyako ?nikuhl.A·u her spirit is down. Aspect class: E.

•Nahte? ala· s6·tsi? tesa?nikuhl.A·u. Why are you so sad? (Tl) COMPOSED OF: - ?nikuhl- mind, spirit, .a?sA?-/.ya?tA?-f.A?- plus tcislocative, fall off, fall from a height. NOTE: The final? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.?nikuhliyo- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be satisfied, be content, be pleased. twake ?nikuhliy6 I'm satisfied, I'm content or pleased, tisa ?nikuhliy6 you're satisfied, tho ?nikuhliy6 he's satisfied, tyako ?nikuhliy6 she's satisfied. Pre-pausal:

tyako ?nikuhli·y£. With te?- negative: yah te?twake ?nikuhliy6 I'm not satisfied, yah te ?tis a ?nikuhliy6 you're not content. Aspect class: A. • "A·hetshlo.zi- k.A· tsi? yah te ?tis a ?nikuhliy6 tsi? nahte? y.A·nihe?." "You should tell him that you're not content with how he's calling you down." (Ml) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-iyo- be good. DERIVED BASES: .?nikuhliyo?- plus t- cislocative, become satisfied, become content. -?nikuhliyost- v.s. have a good mind. lo ?nikuhliy6stu he has a good mind, yako ?nikuhliy6stu she has a good mind. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-iyo- be good, -stcausative . . ?nikuhliyo?- plus t- cislocative, v.a. become satisfied, become content. tuke ?nikuhli·y6ne? I became satisfied, tayako ?nikuhli·y6ne? she became satisfied, taho ?nikuhli·y6ne? he became satisfied. With thcontrastive: yah thutayako ?nikuhli·y6ne? she won't become satisfied. COMPOSED OF: •?nikuhliyo- plus tcislocative, be satisfied, be content, be pleased, _7_ inchoative. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -?nikuhloht- v.a. become conscious or aware, come to. lo ?nikuhl6htu he has become conscious or aware (e.g., of the consequences of his actions). uke ?nikzHohte? I became conscious or aware of something, waho ?nikzHohte? he became conscious or aware, he came to (from a

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coma), wa 7ako7niku·lohte7 she became conscious or aware, she came to. With s- repetitive: suke 7niku·lohte? I started to know things, remembering things that were around me. With t- cislocative: twake 7nikuhl6htu I became conscious or aware of things there. With tshcoincident: tshuke7niku·lohte7 when I became aware of it. •Th6 se7 ni· nu· ya·wet twake7nikuhl6htu. As for me, it's where, like, I became aware of my beliefs. (Pl) NOTE: Includes the noun base -?nikuhl- mind, spirit; otherwise the composition is unknown. The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-?nikuhloli-/-?nikuhloly- v.a. amuse, entertain. shako ?nikuhlo·lihe 7 he's amusing her or them, lake 7nikuhlo·lihe 7 he entertains me, shukwa ?nikuhlo·lihe 7 he entertains us. shako 7nikuhloli he has amused her or them, shukwa 7nikuhloli he has entertained us. wa ?shako 7nikuhlo·li· he amused her or them, Aku 7nikuhlo.zi. I will entertain you. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: - ?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-oli-1-N-oly- drive. DERIVED BASES: -?nikuhlolya?t- be amusing, be entertaining; -atate?nikuhloli- amuse oneself, entertain oneself. NOTE: The alternant -?nikuhlolyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -?nikuhlolya?t- v.s. be amusing, be entertaining. lo 7nikuhl6lya 7t he's amusing, yako ?nikuhl6lya 7t she's amusing. Pre-pausal: yako ?nikuhl6lyaht. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhloli-/ -?nikuhloly- amuse, entertain, -?tcausative.

-?nikuhlot- v.s. have something on one's mind. ke7niku·lote7 I have this on my mind, la7niku·lote7 he has something on his mind, ye7niku·lote7 she has something on her mind. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: - ?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nikuhlowanA- v.s. have a great mind. yako 7nikuhlowan.A she has a great mind, she thinks of ways to do things, lo 7nikuhlowan.A he has a great mind. Pre-pausal: lo7nikuhlowa·ni_. Secondary habitual: loti?nikuhlowa·n.A·se? they (m.) have a great mind, the wise men. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: - ?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big. .?nikuhlo?tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be the state of one's mind, have a view or opinion. tsi7 niwake7nikuhl6·tA what my feelings are, the state of my mind, nahte 7 nisa 7nikuhl6·tA what you feel about things, what your view or opinion is. Aspect class: A. • Th6 ki7 nf niwake7nikuhl6·tA ka ?i ·k.A. This is how I feel about it, this is my opinion. COMPOSED OF: -?nikuhl- mind, spirit, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.?nikulhal- plus te- dualic, v.a. bother, pester. teha ?nikulhalha? he's a bothersome person, tewake 7nikulhalha? she (z.) or it bothers me, tekhe ?nikulhalha 7 I

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bother her or them. teho ?niku1ha1e? it's bothering him, teyuke ?niku1ha1e? she's bothering me, tehake ?niku1hale? he's bothering me. wa ?fwake ?nikulha-ZA· it bothered me, wa ?tho ?niku1ha-1.1· it bothered him, wa ?fyuke ?niku1ha·1.1· she or someone bothered me, wa ?fwake ?niku1ha·1.1· she (z.) or it bothered me, tAwake ?niku1ha·1.1· it will bother me, tAhoti?niku1ha-1.1· it will bother them (m.). takA? tAske ?nikulha·1.1 Don't bother me! Habitual past: teyuke ?niku1ha1ahkwe? she has bothered me. Aspect class: F. • N .1 uhte ale? w( ka ?ik.1 n Kastes teho ?nikulhale ?, s6·tsi? wahoneh1a·k6· s6-tsi? kano·1u· ka ?ik.1 n k6skos onu-tsf. Now it seems that it bothered Kastes, it amazed him so much that the pig head was so expensive. (M3) DERIVED BASES: .atate?nikulhalplus te- dualic, bother with, do something about. NoTE: Probably includes the noun base -?nikuhl- mind, spirit; otherwise the composition is unclear.

-?nikulha?t- v.a. cheat. la ?niku1ha·tha? he's a cheat, he's cheating. lo ?nikulha·tu he has cheated. wah a ?nikulhahte? he cheated. Aspect class: El. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -?nikuhl- mind, spirit; otherwise the composition is unclear. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -?nikulhA-/-ya?ta?nikulhA- v.a. forget, leave something behind. liya ?fa ?nikulhAhse? I keep forgetting him, shakoya ?fa ?niku1hAhse? he keeps forgetting her.

uke ?niku1hA? I forgot. takA? Asa ?niku1hA Don't forget! With srepetitive: swake?nikulhAhse? I keep forgetting, swake ?niku1h.1·u I have forgotten, suke ?niku1hA? I forgot, sayukwa ?nikulhA? we forgot, Atsisa ?nikulhA? you will forget, sahiya ?fa ?nikulhA? I forgot him, sashakoya ?ta ?niku1hA? he forgot her, takA? Atsisa ?niku1hA Don't forget! And facilitative: swake ?nikulh.1·tskwA I'm forgetful, sho ?nikulh.1·tskwA he's forgetful, tsyako ?nikulh.1·tskwA she's forgetful. With t- cislocative: twake ?nikulh.1·u I left it there, I forgot it there. Aspect class: C3. • Ostuha uke ?nikulhA? ka ?ik.1 tsi? niwakkal6·tA. I forgot a little bit of my story. (M8) Th6 k.1 tka-y.1· akhna·ta1, th6 uhte i·kelhe? twake 7nikulh.1·u. Is my purse there? I think I left it there. DERIVED BASES: .?nikulhAhslu- plus s- repetitive, forget much or lots; .?nikulhA?se-/. ?nikulhA ?s- plus srepetitive, forgive. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -?nikuhl- mind, spirit; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -ya?ta?nikulhA- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. .?nikulhAhslu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. forget much or lots. swake ?niku1h.1hslu? I have forgotten much. • Tahnu· kAs lotika1aka·te ?, swake ?nikulh.1hslu? s kwi· n( thik.1 nahte? nihotikal6·tAhse?. And they used to have lots of stories, I've forgotten many of those stories that they had. (M9) COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -?nikulhA-/-ya ?ta ?nikulhA- forget,

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leave something behind, -hsludistributive. .?nikulhA?se-f.?nikulhA?s- plus srepetitive, v.a. forgive. seshako ?nikulh£·se he forgives her. sa shako ?nikulhAhse? he forgave her, sahake ?nikulhAhse? he forgave me. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -?nikulhA-/-ya ?ta ?nikulhA- forget, leave something behind, -?se- I- ?sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant .?nikulhA?seoccurs in the stative aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .?nikulhA ?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -?niskw-/-?niskwA?- v.a. be late. lo ?niskwas he's always late. lo ?niskw£·u he's (already) late. uke ?niskwA? or uke ?nisku? I was late, waho ?niskwA? he was late. With t- cislocative: taho ?niskwA? he's over there and he's late. Aspect class: ES. DERIVED BASES: -?niskwA?uhatyebe coming along late; -?niskwahtAnif.?niskwahtA- make someone late; -atA?niskwaht- do late, do slowly, be behind schedule. NOTE: Related to the stative base -?niskwA- be late. The alternant -?niskw- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -?niskwA?- occurs in the stative aspect. The final ? of -?niskwA?- is replaced by length after accented vowels. Many speakers replace the final -WA? in the punctual aspect with -u ?, as in uke ?nisku? I was late.

-?niskwahtAni-/-?niskwahtA- v.a. make someone late. yuke ?niskwahtA ·n[he? she makes me late. wa ?uke ?niskwtihtA? she made me late, uke?niskwtihtA? it made me late. COMPOSED OF: -?niskw-/-?niskwA?be late, -ht- causative, -Ani- I -Abenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -?niskwahtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -?niskwahtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -?niskwA- v.s. be late. yo?niskwA? or yo ?nisku? it's late. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Related to the active base -?niskw-/-?niskwA?- be late. Normally the final -WA? in the stative aspect is replaced by -u ?. -?niskwA?uhatye- v.m. be coming along late. yo ?niskwA ?uhtiti? or yo ?nisku ?uhtiti? it's getting late, lo ?niskwA ?uhtiti? he's late. Aha ?niskwA ?uhtiti? he will come late. With t- cislocative: tuke ?niskwA ?uhtiti? I'm coming late, tayako ?niskwA ?uhtiti? she's coming late, Atwake?niskwA ?uhtiti? I will arrive late, Atho ?niskwA ?uhtiti? he will be late. With n- partitive: niwake ?niskwA ?uhtiti? I was coming along so late. COMPOSED OF: -?niskw-/-?niskwA?be late, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: The sequence skwA? of this base is often pronounced sku?, as in yo ?nisku ?uhtiti? it's getting late. Also, many speakers have -?niskwA?uhati- before a final?. -?nist- n. stem of a plant. o?nista? stem. DERIVED BASES: -?nistot- be a stem of a plant, attached.

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,?nistika?t- plus te- dualic, v.a. tickle. tehake ?nistika·tha? he's tickling me (either physically or by amusing me), tekhe ?nistika·tha? I'm tickling her. wa ?tekhe ?nfstikahte? I tickled her, wa ?thake ?nfstikahte? he tickled me, wa ?twake ?nfstikahte? it tickled me (e.g., I got this sensation when I went over a bump), wa ?tho ?nfstikahte? he tickled him. DERIVED BASES: ,?nistika?tani-/ .?nistika?tA- plus te- dualic, get tickled. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .?nistika?tani-/. ?nistika?tA- plus tedualic, v.a. get tickled. tewake ?nistika·tanihe? it's tickling my funny bone, it gets to me so that I'm tickled. wa ?fwake ?nistika·tA? I got tickled, it tickled my funny bone, wa ?tho ?nistika·tA? he got tickled. • Wa ?tho ?nistika·tA? ohkwalf !a ?nyu·ke ne· tsi? otsi?nowLi th6 !AtskwaheJe?. The bear's nose got tickled because the mouse perched there. (T3) COMPOSED OF: .?nistika?t- plus tedualic, tickle, -ni-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .?nistika?tanioccurs in the habitual aspect, .?nistika?tA- occurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nistot- v.s. be a stem of a plant, attached. ka ?nfstote? there's a stem, still attached (e.g., the stem of an apple), yo?nfstote? it has a stem. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: - ?nist- stem of a plant, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have.

-?nikuhlotakw- v.a. remove someone's spirit. wa ?shako ?nikuhlota·k6· he removed her or someone's spirit, wahuwa ?nikuhlota·k6· they removed his spirit. COMPOSED OF: - ?nikuhl- mind, spirit, -hnyotakw-/-otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up. NOTE: This base is used in the context of someone dying, and people going to the location of the death in order to instruct that person's spirit to leave his or her body so that the spirit will be at rest. This might refer to the situation where someone has died in a car accident. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -?nohlok- v.a. insert one's penis, copulate. i·kelhe? aku ?n6·loke? I want to have sex with you, wa ?shako ?n6·loke? he inserted his penis into her. COMPOSED OF: -?n- genitals, vagina, penis, -ohlok-/-ohl- insert. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?notst- n. scab. o?n6tsta? scab. DERIVED BASES: -?notstal- have a scab. -?notstal- v.s. have a scab. wake ?n6tstale? I have a scab, sa ?n6tstale? you have a scab, yako ?n6tstale? she has a scab, lo ?n6tstale? he has a scab. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?notst- scab,-1- be in or on. -?now- n. hump shape, dome shape. o?no·wa· padlock. DERIVED BASES: -?nowahel-/ -?nowahl- sit stooped, hunched, or

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bent over; -?nowanyut-/-?nowaniyutattach a padlock; .?nowa?kt-/ .?nowa?ket- plus te- dualic, be stooped over; -?noyot- be stooped; a?no·wal turtle; o?no·wa· wahsliye?tatati? string instrument; o?nowa?shuha ladybug; yo?nowakwa·lute? camel. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by y before bases that begin in o or u. See also otsi?nowA. mouse. -?nowahel-/-?nowahl- v.s. sit stooped, hunched, or bent over. kA? ke ?nowahele? here I am sitting bent over it (e.g., the work on my lap), la ?nowahele? he's sitting hunched over, ye ?nowahele? she's sitting bent over. With t- cislocative: tha ?nowahele? he's sitting there hunched over. Withy- translocative: a?{ yeha ?nowahele? he's sitting way over there hunched over. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?now- hump shape, dome shape, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: -ate?nowahl- stoop over, hunch over. NOTE: The alternant -?nowaheloccurs in the stative aspect, -?nowahl- occurs in the derived base. -?nowanyut-/-?nowaniyut- v.a. attach a padlock. ke ?nowanyutha? I'm putting a padlock on it. wake?nowani·yute? I have padlocked it. ka?nowani·yute? it has a padlock on it. wa?ke?nowanyu·tA· I put a padlock on it. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?now- hump shape, dome shape, -nyut-/-niyut- suspend, hang. NOTE: The alternant -?nowanyutoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -?nowaniyut- occurs in the stative aspect.

.?nowa?kt-/.?nowa?ket- plus te- dualic, v.s. be stooped over. teho ?nowa·ktu he's stooped over, teyako ?nowa·ktu she's stooped over. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -?now- hump shape, dome shape, .hsa?kt-/.hsa?ket-/ .a?kt-/.a?ket- plus te- dualic, fold over, bend something. DERIVED BASES: .ate?nowa?kt-/ .ate?nowa?ket- plus te- dualic, stoop over. NOTE: The alternant .?nowa?ktoccurs in the stative aspect, .?nowa?ket- occurs in the derived base. The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?noyot- v.s. be stooped. wake ?no·y6te? I'm stooped (I'm in that position as a result of something that has happened to me, perhaps I was injured), lo ?no·y6te? he's stooped, yako ?no·y6te? she's stooped. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?now- hump shape, dome shape, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -?nuhkw- n. bottom of a container. o ?nuhkwa? bottom of a container (e.g., a basket or barrel). With -oku locative suffix: o ?nuhkoku under the bottom of the container. Pre-pausal: o ?nuhko·kr.i. With -atuni-1 -atunymake, fix, or prepare for oneself: wa?kate?nuhku·n{ I made the bottom (e.g., of the basket), sate?nuhku·ni Make the bottom! With -la?nAtak- I -la?nAt- I -nAtak- I -nAt- stick something on something, and t- cislocative: tyo ?nuhkwanA"tdks it sticks to the bottom of it (e.g., the pot). • 0 ?swA·ta? ni·y6t o ?nuhko·kr.i. It's black underneath it (the pot). NOTE: The final w of the base is

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deleted before the -oku locative suffix and bases that begin in o or u. -?nuksl- onion. See -a?nuk-/-?nuksl-. -?nun- n. black ash splints. o?nu·na· black ash splints. With -es- I -us- be long, n- partitive, and secondary habitual: k6k nika?nune·su·se? they're strips of just such a length, they're short strips. With -N-iyo- be good: ka ?nuniy6 it's a good splint. NOTE: Prepared strips of black ash are used to make splint baskets. -?nutanhak-/-?nutanh- v.a. blame someone, be guilty. ku ?nutanhaks I keep blaming you, khe ?nutanhaks I blame her, shako ?nutanhaks he's blaming her. wake ?nutanhA I'm guilty, lo ?nutanhA he's guilty, shako ?nutanhA he has blamed her. wa ?ku ?nutanhake? I blamed you, wa ?ske ?nutanhake? you blamed me, uke ?nutanhake? it got blamed onto me, wa ?shako ?nutanhake? he blamed her. With te?- negative: yah te ~wake ?nutanhA I'm not guilty. W1th tsh- coincident: tsha ?teyukwa ?nutanhA when we are to blame. Aspect class: 02. • Kwah kati? wf- akweku tsha ?teyukwa ?nutanhA ki? uhte wi· s6·tsi? akweku yukwatk11hla·tu tsi? niyukwaliho ?fA· hne·. Really when we are all to blame, maybe we have completely stopped living according to the way we used to. (M7) DERIVED BASES: -atate?nutanhak-/ -atate?nutanh- blame oneself, admit one's guilt; .atate?nutanhak-/ .atate?nutanh- plus te- dualic, blame one another. NOTE: The alternant -?nutanhakoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -?nutanh- occurs in the stative aspect. This base may include the

base -hwanhak-1-hwanh-/-nhak-/ -nh- tie; but the composition is unclear. -?nyakA?- v.a. run away from. ke?nya-kA·se? I run away from something or somewhere, se?nya-kA·se? you run away from. Ia ?nyakA·u he has run away. wa?ke?nya·kAne? I ran away. With s- repetitive: saha ?nya-kAne? he ran away again, he escaped again. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -?nyakA- and the-?- inchoative suffix. The root -?nyakA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -?nyakA?se-/-?nyakA?s- run away from someone, get away from one, lose control. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -?nyakA?se-/-?nyakA?s- v.a. run away from someone, get away from one, lose control. wake ?nyakA·se she runs away from me or from my control, luwa ?nyakA·se she gets away from him. uke ?nya-kA·se? it got away from me, I lost control of it wa ?aka ?nya-kA·se? it got ~way from her, she lost control of it wahi ?nya·kA·se? I ran a.:Vay from him, I got out from under his control. •Nt-n th6 ne· wa?ako?nya·kA·se? thikA wate·slehse? tahnu· th6 kya ?titakhe ?. So then the sleigh got away on her and there I was riding in it. (Vl) NOTE: Composed of a verb root -?nyakA- and the -?se- I- ?s- benefactive suffix. The root -?nyakA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -?nyakA?- run away from. The alternant -?nyakA?seoccurs in the stative aspect, -?nyakA ?s- occurs in the punctual

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aspect. The ? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.?nyalha?t(e)- plus te- dualic, v.s. touch everything. tewake ?nyalha ·te? I touch everything, teho ?nyalhd·te? he touches everything (e.g., a little child who just can't keep his fingers off things), teyako ?nyalha·te? she touches everything. Stative past: teho ?nyalha ?tu ·ne? he was touching everything, into everything. Future stative: tAho ?nyalha ?tuhake? he will be touching everything. Aspect class: B. • Th6 kati? wi· thikA ne· s kwi· ne·n yeksa· tsi? teyako ?nyalhd·te? khale? tok nahte? i·yelhe? ayakoto·kA·se? nahte? ni·y6t. So there's this little girl who's touching everything (into everything) and she wants to find out about what everything is like. (MlO) NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs in the expanded aspects. The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .?nyotalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. drape or hook a stick over. tetni ?nyotalhos you and I (incl.) are draping or hooking our sticks over something (we're facing off in hockey), tehni?nyotalhos the two (m.) are draping their sticks over, they're facing off. wa ?thni ?nyotalho? the two (m.) faced off. • Tehniyashe tehni?nyotalhos katsha? ka·yJ(· tAhni ?nyotalihsi!The two of them have their sticks draped over (the puck, they're facing off), where one will unwrap the stick (get to the puck first). (Tl) NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a noun root -?ny-, and the

alternant -otalho- of the verb base -otalho-/-ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness. The root -?ny- occurs also in .?nyotalihsyu- plus te- dualic, remove a stick from it's being hooked over.

.?nyotalihsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. remove a stick from it's being hooked over. tehni?nyotalfhsyus the two (m.) are removing their sticks from a position where they're draped over something (e.g., a hockey puck). tAhni ?nyotalihsi? the two (m.) will unwrap the puck. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a noun root -?ny-, and -otalihsyu- unhook The root -?nyoccurs also in .?nyotalho- plus tedualic, drape or hook a stick over. Many speakers have .?nyotalihsibefore a final ?. -'nyu- nose. See -'nyuhs-/-?nyu-/ -i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu-. -?nyuhl- n. chimney, lamp globe, lamp chimney, stovepipe. o ?nyu·la? lamp globe or chimney, stovepipe. With -lakew- I -ya ?tokew- I -okew- wipe, wipe off: wa?ke?nyuhlo·kewe? I wiped the lamp globe, se?nyuhlo·kew Clean the lamp globe! DERIVED BASES: - ?nyuhlot- be a chimney, lamp globe, or stovepipe, standing. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nyuhlot- v.s. be a chimney, lamp globe, or stovepipe, standing. ka ?nyu·lote? (it's a) chimney, lamp globe, stovepipe. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi? tka?nyu·lote? the chimney is there. With te?negative: ahsu te?ka?nyu·lote? it doesn't have a chimney yet. Aspect

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class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?nyuhl- chimney, lamp globe, lamp chimney, stovepipe, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nyuhs-/-?nyu-/-i?nyuhs-1-i ?nyu- n. nose. o ?nyuhsa? nose. With -'·ke locative clitic: ke?nyu·ke my nose, se ?nyu·ke your nose, la ?nyu·ke his nose, ye?nyu·ke her nose. With .atsha?kt- I .atsha?ket- I .at-N-a ?kt- I .at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked: tehote ?nyuhsti·ktu he has a crooked nose. With .atya?k- plus te- dualic, become broken: teyakote?nyuhsyti·ku she broke her nose (e.g., in a car accident), wa ?fhate ?nyuhsyahke? he broke his nose. With -es- I -us- be long: la ?nyuhses he has a long nose. With -hyo?thiy(e)-/-o?thiy(e)- be sharp, be pointy: lo ?nyuhso ?thi·ye· he has a long, pointy nose, yako ?nyuhso ?fhi·ye· she has a long, pointy nose. With -N-luhkwani-/ -N-luhkw 11.-/ -ya?taluhkwani- I -ya?taluhkw11.- get itchy on one's body: wake ?nyuhsaluhkwanihe? my nose is itchy. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya?tanuhwak- hurt, ache: lo ?nyuhsanu·waks his nose hurts. DERIVED BASES: .?nyuhsakahlutplus te- dualic, have nostrils; -?nyuhsawistosk- get a cold nose; -?nyuhsut- have a nose; ska?nyuhsa? moose; .?nyukal- plus te- dualic, snort; .?nyukwek- plus te- dualic, get a stuffy nose; .ani?nyuhsohlok-/ .ani?nyuhsohl- plus y- translocative, stick one's nose into someone else's business, interfere; -ani?nyuklik-/ -ani?nyukli- wrinkle up one's nose.

NOTE: The alternant -?nyuhs- occurs in the basic noun form and in the first four derived bases. The alternant -?nyu- occurs before the -'·ke locative clitic and in the next two bases. It is possibly also a component in ka?nylikel moccasin; tsi?nyu·kale? mole; and .?nyukha- plus te- dualic, have a nosebleed. The alternant -i?nyuhs- occurs after the -ansemireflexive in .ani?nyuhsohlok-/ .ani?nyuhsohl- plus y- translocative. The alternant -i?nyu- occurs after the -an- semireflexive in -ani?nyuklik-/ -ani?nyukli-. .?nyuhsakahlut- plus te- dualic, v.s. have nostrils. teke ?nyuhsakti·lute? my nostrils, tehse ?nyuhsakti·lute? your nostrils, teha?nyuhsakti·lute? his nostrils, teye ?nyuhsakti·lute? her nostrils. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -?nyuhs-/ -?nyu-1-i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole. NOTE: The h of the hl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nyuhsawistosk- v.a. get a cold nose. wa ?ke ?nyuhsaw{stoske? my nose got cold. COMPOSED OF: -?nyuhs-/-?nyu-/ -i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose, -wisto-/ -wistosk- become cold. -?nyuhsut- v.s. have a nose. la ?nyuhsute? he has a nose, ye?nyuhsute? she has a nose. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?nyuhs-/-?nyu-/ -i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose, -N-utattach, be attached . ,?nyukal- plus te- dualic, v.a. snort. teha ?nyu·ktilhe? he's snorting. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -?nyuhs-/ -?nyu-/-i?nyuhs-1-i?nyu- nose,

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-lakal-/ -1 akal e 1-/ -lakal ehl-/- kal-/ -kalel-/-kalehl- for a noise to sound. .?nyukha- plus te- dualic, v.a. have a nosebleed. tewake ?nyukha·u my nose is bleeding, teho ?nyukha·u he has a nosebleed, teyako ?nyukha·u she has a nosebleed. wa ?tha ?nyukha? he got a nosebleed, tAha ?nyukha? his nose will bleed. Stative past: teho?nyukha?u·ne? he had a nosebleed. NOTE: May include the alternant -?nyu- of the base -?nyuhs-/-?nyu-/ -i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose; but the composition is unclear. .?nyukwek- plus te- dualic, v.a. get a stuffy nose. teke?nyu·kweks my nose gets stuffed up or blocked. teke ?nyukweku my nose is stuffed up. wa ?fke ?nyu·kweke? I got a stuffy nose. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -?nyuhs-/ -?nyu-1-i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose, -N-kwek- close. -?s- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See -Ani/- ?s-. NOTE: Alternant that occurs in the punctual aspect. -?s- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See -nil- ?s-. NOTE: Alternant that occurs in the punctual aspect. -?s- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See -?se/-?s-. NOTE: Alternant that occurs in the punctual aspect. -?sa? suf. Secondary habitual. NOTE: The initial ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels, and by h in post-accented syllables.

-?se-/-?s- suf. for, to. Benefactive (dative). Aspect class: Al. NOTE: The alternant -?se- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -?soccurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of -?se- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The ? of-?s- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and by h in post-accented syllables. .?sel- plus te- dualic, stack, pile. See .ya?sel-/.ya?slu-f.?sel-f.?slu- plus tedualic. -?se? suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases that end in u or A, and some bases that end in e. The initial ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels, and by h in post-accented syllables. -?se? suf. Secondary habitual (perfective plural). NOTE: The initial ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels, and by h in post-accented syllables. -?shatste-/-?shatstA- v.s. be strong, be forceful. ke?shatste? I'm strong, la ?shatste? he's strong, ye ?shatste? she's strong, ka?shtitste? she (z.) is strong, yo ?shlitste? it's strong. Habitual past: ke?shatstehkwe? I was strong. Future stative: Ake ?shtitsteke? I will be strong, Aha ?shatsteke? he will be strong. With n- partitive: niha ?shatste? how strong he is, niyo ?shatste? it's so strong. With -asl-/-sl- smell, odor: wasla ?shdtste? it's a strong smell. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: kahneka ?shatste? it's strong liquid (e.g., liquor). With -nuhkwa?t-/ -nuhkwa?tsl- medicine, pepper: kanuhkwa ?fsla ?shtitste? it's strong medicine or pepper. With -wel- air,

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wind: kawela ?shtitste? it's a strong wind. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: - ?shatstAhslutylose one's strength; -?shatstA?become strong; .hwi?shatste- plus tedualic, have willpower. NOTE: The alternant -?shatstAoccurs before derivational suffixes. -?shatstAhsluty- v.a. lose one's strength. yako ?shatsLthslutyehse? she loses her strength. yako ?shatstAhsluti she has lost her strength. wa ?ako ?shatstAhslu·tf· she lost her strength. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: - ?shatste-/-?shatstAbe strong, be forceful, -hsl- nominalizer, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -?shatstA?- v.a. become strong. waha?shtitstAne? he became strong or stronger, Ake ?shatstAne? I will become strong. COMPOSED OF: -?shatste-/-?shatstAbe strong, be forceful,-?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: •?shatstA ?sl- plus tcislocative, be getting stronger. NOTE: The final? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .?shatstA?sl- plus t- cislocative, v.m. be getting stronger. taha ?shatstA·sle? he's becoming strong, taye ?shatstA·sle? she's becoming strong. Pre-pausal:

taye ?shatstA·sele?. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -?shatstA?- become strong, -sl- dislocative.

NOTE: The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-?sheke? suf. Future habitual/ Optative habitual. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix -?se?. The future habitual/ optative habitual ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -?she-, a component -k-, which is called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e?. The initial ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?shAn- n. aim, chance. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ate?shAnawi-/-ate?shAnAgive someone a chance; -ate?shAnayA- have a chance, -ate?shAnayAta?- get a chance; -ate?shAnuni- take aim; -?shAnaksAhave a bad aim; -?shAniyo- have a good aim; and possibly .?shAnayAta?plus te- dualic, reach for, stretch over to reach for. -?shAnaksA- v.s. have a bad aim. la ?shAnaksA he has a bad aim, he's a bad shot. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -?shAn- aim, chance, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: -ate?shAnaks(A)feel uneasy . .?shAnayAta?- plus te- dualic, v.a. reach for, stretch over to reach for. teke?shAnayA·ta·se? I keep reaching for it. tewake?shAnayAta·u I have reached for it. wa?tke?shAnayA·tane? I reached for it. With y- translocative: ya ?fke ?shAnayA·tane? I reached over for it. Aspect class: E3.

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DERIVED BASES: .?shAnayAta?uhatye- plus te- dualic, be reaching for something. NOTE: May include the noun base -?shAn- aim, chance. The final? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .?shAnayAta?uhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be reaching for something. teho ?shAnayAta ?uhtiti? he's reaching for it. COMPOSED OF: .?shAnayAta?- plus te- dualic, reach for, stretch over to reach for, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .?shAnayAta?uhati- before a final ?. -?shAniyo- v.s. have a good aim. la ?shAniy6 he has a good aim, he's a good shot. Pre-pausal: la ?shAni·yf2. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -?shAn- aim, chance, -N-iyo- be good. DERIVED BASES: -ate?shAniyo- be convenient, be opportune. -?skoht- v.a. immerse in water, baptize someone. li?sk6tha? I'm baptizing him. li?sk6htu I have baptized him. wa ?uke·skohte? they baptized me. Aspect class: El. NoTE: Composed of an empty noun root -?sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the -ht- causative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the ? of the ?sk cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?skohw- v.a. put in water, drown something. wa ?ke·skowe? I put it in the water, I drowned it (e.g., a dog), wahti·skowe? he drowned it. DERIVED BASES: -ate?skohw-/ -at-N-ohw- go into water.

NoTE: Composed of an empty noun root -?sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the -hw- causative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. The ? of the ?sk cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the h of the hw cluster is deleted in post-accented syllables . .?skokw- plus s- repetitive, v.a. retrieve someone out of water. sekhe ?sk6kwas I'm retrieving her out of the water. sekhe ?sk6kwA I have retrieved her out of the water. sakhe ?sko·k6· I retrieved her out of the water. Aspect class: 03. NOTE: Composed of the s- repetitive prefix, an empty noun root -?sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the -kw- reversative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. A component -?skokwoccurs without the s- repetitive in -ate?skokw-1-at-N-okw- get out of water. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -?sko?- v.a. fall in water, drown. kC.sko ?s I keep drowning. wa ?ke·skone? I fell in the water, I drowned. With te?- negative: yah te ?yako ?sk6·u she didn't drown. Aspect class: E2. • Sayakyah t A ·ti- i- khtile? Katli·n, yukyatshanunihdti? tsi? yah te ?yako ?sk6·u. The two of us went home again, me and Katlin, we're going along being happy because she didn't drown. (T2) DERIVED BASES: shakoti·sko?s Baptists. NOTE: Composed of an empty noun root -?sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the-?- inchoative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. The? of the ?sk cluster is replaced by length after accented

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vowels, and the final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -?skuta?- v.a. get burned. ke?sku·ta·se? I keep getting burned, la ?sku-ta·se? he keeps getting burned. wake ?skuta·u I have gotten burned, lo ?skuta·u he has gotten burned. wa ?ke ?sku ·ttine? I got burned, waha?sku·ttine? he got burned. Aspect class: E3. NoTE: Composed of an empty noun root -?sk-, a verb root -ut-, and the-?inchoative suffix. See note under -utho- put into the fire, burn. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -?skuthu- v.a. burn someone. li ?sku thus I'm burning him. li?skuthu I have burned him. wahi ?skuthu? I burned him, wahake ?skuthu? he burned me. Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: -atate?skuthu- burn oneself. NOTE: Includes an empty noun root -?sk-, and a verb root -ut-. See note under -utho- put into the fire, burn. -?skwe? suf. Habitual past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix -?se?. The habitual past ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -?s- and a component -kwe?, called the former past in Lounsbury (1953). The initial ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?sle-/-i?sle- v.m. drag, ride, drive, trick someone. la·sle? he's dragging it, wake·sle? I'm driving, l6·sle? it's dragging him, he's (in a car) driving, yuknf-sle? we two are driving,

yukwa·sle? we're driving. Prepausal: yukwa·sele?. ke·slehse? I drag it. wake ?slenu I have dragged it. wa ?ke·sle? I'm dragging it, I'm driving it, wah6·sle? he's tricking him into doing something, he's giving him a ride in something, he's driving it, wa ?ukwa·sle? we rode, wa ?uk{sle? she tricked me into it, she's giving me a ride in something (e.g., a wagon), Ahse·sle? you will drag it, Ahoti·sle? they (m.) will ride. Pre-pausal: Ahoti-seJe?. Stative past: wake?slenu·hne· I had dragged it. With t- cislocative: tye·slehse? she's dragging it around there, take·sle? I'm dragging it this way, tayukwa·sle? we came riding this way. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutaha·sle? he dragged it this way again. With -huwey-/-huwblack ash, boat: wa ?khuwi-sle? I'm riding along in the boat. And t- cislocative: takhuwi-sle? I dragged the boat this way. And y- translocative: ya ?khuwi-sle? I dragged the boat that way. With -nakt- bed, place, space, and el6k all over and s- repetitive: el6k seknakti·sle? I'm dragging the bed all over the place, I'm in the bed and it's going all over the place. With -yal- bag, sack: layali-sle? he's dragging the bag, layali·slehse? he drags the bag, loyali?slenu he has dragged the bag, wa ?kyali·sle? I dragged the bag. And t- cislocative: takyali·sle? I dragged the sack or bag this way. Aspect class: Gl. • Ka·slet buggy tayukwa·sle?, kwah kAs tayonAwAhslalyo? thik.i Audrey ponyha k6k ni-la? k.i·. The buggy is what we came riding in, Audrey would just whip that little pony. (01) Ne· s thik.i n.i wa?kawelute? kwah tsi? uhte el6k ni· seknakti-sele?. So then it got windy

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(and) it seemed like I was in the bed going all over the place. (Pl) DERIVED BASES: -?slehsu- drag several, ride around; - ?slehtvehicle; - ?slenutye-/-i?slenutye- be going along dragging or riding in something; .alahsi?ti?sle- plus tedualic, drag one's feet; -ate?slecrawl; -listi?sle?se? be a surveyor. NOTE: The alternant -i?sle- occurs with incorporated nouns. The ? of the ?sl cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?slehsu- v.a. drag several, ride around. la ?slehsuhe? he's going all over dragging things. waho ?slehsu? he drove about, Aha ?slehsu? he will drag things around. COMPOSED OF: -?s}e-/-i?sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone, -hsudistributive. -?sleht- v. > n. vehicle. ka·slet vehicle, car. ake·slet my vehicle, my car, la6·slet his car, ukwa·slet our car, laoti·slet their (m.) cars. With -?ke locative suffix: ka ?slehta·ke on the car. With -ku locative suffix: ka ?slehtaku in the car. And -shu? collective clitic: ake ?slehtakushu? all over the inside of my car. With -oku locative suffix: ka ?slehtoku under the car. Prepausal: ka?slehto·kzi. With .ahkwatase- I .at-N-tase- plus tedualic, go completely around: wa ?fkate ?slehtata-se· I went around the car. With -akayu- be old: o ?slehtakayu old car. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be: ka ?slehtaksA the car is bad (mechanically). With -N-aksA?- become bad: wa ?ka ?slehtaksAne? the car got worse (mechanically). With

.anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, be dirty, and n- partitive: tsi? na ?teho ?slehtanu ·yanit is his car ever dirty. With -ase- be new, be fresh: o ?slehtase? new car. With -atehsak- I -at-N-isak- look for something for oneself: late?slehti·saks he's looking for a car (to buy, or for a ride). With -atehsakh- I -at-N-isakh- go to look for something for oneself: wa ?kate ?slehtisakha? I'm going to look for a car. With -atAhninu- sell: wa?kate?slehtahni·nu· I sold a car. With -atAhninuni- I -atAhninu?s- sell for or to someone: wahiyate ?slehtahni·nu·se? I sold him a car. With -atAniha- borrow: wa ?kate ?slehtaniha? I borrowed a car. With -atAniha ?se- I -atAniha ?sborrow from: wahiyate ?slehtanihahse? I borrowed a car from him, wa ?kheyate ?slehtanihahse? I borrowed a car from her. With -athel- I -athl- set down for oneself: late ?slehtahele? he has the vehicle sitting up there (e.g., when he's working on a car). With -at-N-ikfill up completely: wahate ?slehtike? he has a earful (e.g., of people). With .atilut-1 .ya?tatilut- plus tcislocative, pull: taha ?slehtatilu-tA· he pulled the car. With .at-N-inyu?t- plus t- cislocative, bring in with oneself: tahate ?slehtinyuhte? he brought in the car (e.g., drove it into the driveway or garage). With -at-N-iyostmake something good for oneself: wa ?kate ?slehti·y6ste? I made my car nice. And t- cislocative: takate ?slehti·y6ste? I made the nicest car. With -atkalhatho- turn over, tip over, flip over: ukwate ?slehtakalhatho? I got

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turned over in the vehicle, the vehicle turned over on me, wa ?ukwate ?slehtakalhatho? we turned over in our vehicle. And tcislocative: tayukwate ?slehtakalhatho? there our vehicle turned over. With -at-N-ohale?n- go to wash something for oneself: wa?kate ?slehtohale·na? I'm going there to wash my car. With -at-N-ohale?s- wash for someone: wahiyate ?sleht6halehse? I washed the car for him. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end: tsi? yote ?slehtate? it's at the end of the car. With -atuni-1-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: kate ?slehtu·nihe? I'm fixing the car. With -at-N-u?nek- move something out of the way: wa ?kate ?slehtu·neke? I moved my car. With -aty-1-utylose, leave, disperse: waho ?slehtu·tihe lost his car. With -atya?tohale- I -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself: kate ?sleht6halehe? I'm washing the car, wa ?ute ?sleht6hale? she washed the car. With -es- I -usbe long: ka ?slehtes it's a long car, a limousine. And n- partitive: a ?e· naka ?slehtes it's a really long car. With -halatat-1-kalatat- raise up, lift up: wa ?ke ?slehtakala·tate? I raised up the car. With .hlek- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, push, shove: yeha?slehta·leks he's pushing the car. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wa?ke?slehtahni·nu· I bought a car, wahi?slehtahni·nu· I bought a car from him. And t- cislocative: tho ?slehtahni·nu· he bought a car there. With -hninu?se-1 -hninu?sbuy for someone: waho ?slehtahni·nu·se? he bought a car for him. With -N-ita?- I -ya?tita?- give someone a ride, transport someone, put into:

wa ?ke ?slehtitane? I put a wagon or car in it (e.g., in a truck or van). With -N-iyo- be good: ka?slehtiy6 a good or nice car, lo ?slehtiy6 his car is good. And secondary habitual: ka ?slehti·y6·se? nice cars. And future stative: Aka ?slehtiy6hake? it will be a good car, Aha ?slehtiy6hake? his car will be nice. And stative past: ka ?slehtiyo·hne· the car was nice, lo ?slehtiyo·hne· his car was nice. And s- repetitive: ska ?slehtiy6 it's a nice car again. And t- cislocative: tka ?slehtiy6 the nicest car, laulhti· tho ?slehtiy6 his car is the nicest. And t- cislocative, and future stative: ne· Atka ?s[ehtiy6hake? it will be the best car. And t- cislocative, and stative past: tho?slehtiyo·hne· he had the best car (at one time). And tcislocative and -k6· augmentative clitic: ne· kwi- tho?slehtiyohk6· he thinks he has the best car. And nparti tive: niwake ?slehtiy6 I have such a nice vehicle. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: niyukwa ?slehti·y6·se? we have such nice cars. With -N-iyo?- become good: Aka ?slehti·y6ne? th~ car will become nice, waho ?slehti-y6ne? his car became nice. And s- repetitive: saho ?slehti ·y6ne? his car became nice again. And t- cislocative: ne· taho ?slehti·y6ne? he had the best car. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: teka ?slehtake two cars. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: ahsA nika ?slehtake three cars. With .N-ke- plus ya?tetranslocative and dualic or nya?tepartitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: nya ?teka ?slehtake (there are) all different kinds of cars. With .N-kehatye- plus te- dualic, be two at a time: teka ?slehtakehtiti? there are two cars at a time. With

Oneida-English 873

-kehlu- put things here and there: ka ?s[ehtake-lu? cars are scattered around. With -khwa- take something away from someone: wa ?shako ?s[ehtakhwa? he took the car away from her or them. With -kwan(A)- I -owan(A)- be big: lo ?slehtowanil his car is big. With -la?nAtak- I -la?nAt- I -nAtak- I -nAtstick something on something: wa ?o ?slehtanA ·take? the cars are stuck really close together (as in the cars of a train). With -nahn- fill: ka ?slehtana·nu it's filled with cars. With -nakl(e)- live, dwell, reside, be plentiful: ka ?slehtanakle? there are lots of cars to be had. And te?- negative: yah te?ka ?slehtanakle? there aren't many cars. With -na?nawA-1 -ya?tanawA-1-nawA- get wet: yo ?slehtanawil the car is wet. With -nAskw- steal, steal from: wa ?ke ?slehtanilsko? I stole the car, wa ?khe ?slehtan..\sko? I stole the car from her. With -niha-lend to someone: wahake ?s[ehtanfha? he lent me a car, wa ?khe ?slehtanfha? I lent her a car. With -nohale-1-ya?tohale-1 -ohale- wash: ke?sleht6halehe? I wash cars, wa ?ke ?s[eht6hale? I washed the car. With -nohale?n- I -ohale?n- go to wash: la ?slehtohale·ne? he's going to wash the car, la ?s[ehtohale·nehse? he goes to wash cars, lo ?s[ehtohale·nu he has gone to wash the car, waha ?slehtohale·na? he's on his way to wash the car. With -nohale?se- I -nohale?s- I -ohale?se- I -ohale?s- wash for someone: wa ?ku ?sleht6halehse? I washed the car for you, wahi ?sleht6halehse? I washed the car for him. With -nolube expensive: ka?slehtano·lu· the car is expensive. With -nyut- I -niyutsuspend, hang: ke ?slehtanyutha? I'm

attaching a car (e.g., with a chain to another car). With -nyutatye- go along suspended or hanging: ka ?slehtanyutati? a car is going along hanging. With .N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of: niho ?s[eht6·tA he has that kind of car. With .N+I.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: ska ?slehtat one car. With .ta?- plus te- dualic, stand up, stop, stand still: wa ?tka ?slehtatane? the car stopped (running). With .te- plus thcontrastive, be different: thika ?slehtate? it's a different car. With .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into: wa?twake?slehtu·k6· I ran into a car. With -u?nek-1 -ya?tu?nekmove something out of the way: wa?ke?slehtu·neke? I moved the car. With -yehwa- I -yehwha- be unable to find: uke?slehtaye·wha? I couldn't find a ride. With -yA-1-yAt- lay down, place, have: ka ?slehtayA? it's a vehicle, yako ?slehtayA? she has a vehicle, loti ?slehtayA? they (m.) owned a car. And te?- negative: yah te ?wake ?slehtayA? I don't have a car or ride, yah te?ka ?slehtayA? there's no car. And te?s- negative and repetitive: te?tsyukni?slehtayA? we two (excl.) don't have a car any more. With -yAta?- get, obtain, and srepetitive: sayako ?slehtayA ·tane? she got another car. With -yAta?land: wa?ka?slehtayA·tane? the car landed. With -yAtu- have several: loti ?slehtayA-tu· they (m.) all have cars. With .?kaht- plus te- dualic, be fast-moving: teyo?slehta·kat it's a fast-moving vehicle. COMPOSED OF: - ?sle-/-i?sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone, -htcausative. DERIVED BASES: -?slehtakalel- be the sound of a vehicle; -?slehtayA- be

874 Oneida-English

parked in a vehicle; -?slehtoka?t- be a rough car, be a rough ride; . ate?slehtahel-/.ate?slehtahl- plus te- dualic, go downhill in a sled; .ate?slehtitakhe- plus t- cislocative, be coming along in a vehicle; -ate?slehtunihe? be a mechanic; ka?slehtes limousine; tsi? tyute?slehtunya·tha? at the garage; tsyo?slehta·kat train; yo?slehtA?tu:ne? tow truck. NOTE: The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base become t word-finally. -?slehtakalel- v.a. be the sound of a vehicle. wa ?o ?slehta·kalele? there was the noise of a car. With t- cislocative: Atyo ?slehta·kalele? the car will make noise, utayo ?slehta·kalele? the car would make a noise. • Tahnu· lonanuhte? ka ?ik£ tsi? kwah yah katsha? tehonathu·te· utayo ?slehta·kelele ?. And besides they knew that they didn't hear any sound of a vehicle. (MS) COMPOSED OF: -?sleht- vehicle, -1 akal-/ -lakalel-/ -lakalehl-/-kal-/ -kalel-/-kalehl- for a noise to sound.

COMPOSED OF: -?sleht- vehicle, -oka?t- be rough . NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?slenutye-/-i?slenutye- v.m. be going along dragging or riding in something. ke?s[enuti? I'm dragging it along, ka?s[enuti? it's dragging along (e.g., there's a bunch of cars going by), loti?slenuti? they (m.) are riding along (in cars). • Ne· na? n kA? wa ?kahewe? kwah loti?slen uti? th6 wahutitahkoha-tu· latiksa ?shuha, tahatitakhenuti ?. Now the time has come when they just come riding along (and) the children all get out, they come running. (M12) COMPOSED OF: -?sle-/-i?sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone, -nu stative, -tye- progressive. NOTE: The alternant -i?slenutyeoccurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -7slenuti- and -i?slenuti- before a final 7. . ?slu- plus te- dualic, stack, pile. See .ya?sel-/.ya?slu-f.?sel-f.?s~u- plus tedualic. .?slunyu- plus te- dualic, stack several, pile several. See .ya?slunyu-/ .?slunyu- plus te- dualic.

-?slehtayA- v.s. be parked in a vehicle. la ?slehtayA? he's parked (he's inside the car and parked), ye ?slehtayA? she's parked. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -?sleht- vehicle, -yA/-yA.t- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: -ate?slehtayA-/ -ate?slehtayAt- park.

-?t- suf. cause, make, use for. Causative (Instrumental I). Aspect class: El. NOTE: The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-?slehtoka?t- v.s. be a rough car, be a rough ride. yo ?slehto·ka·t it's a rough vehicle (e.g., a car or truck), it's rough riding in it. Pre-pausal: yo ?slehto·kaht. Aspect class: A.

-?tala?ek-/-?tala?e- v.a. take too far. lo ?fala·e he has carried things too far. waha ?fala·eke? he went too far (with what he was doing). •Yo?shatste? waha?tala·eke?. He

Oneida-English 875

really took things too far. NOTE: The alternant -?tala?eoccurs in the stative aspect, -?tala?ek- occurs in the punctual aspect. The last ? of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.?tsha?- plus te- dualic, v.a. get beaten, get stumped. tewake-tsha ?as I'm always getting stumped. tewake-tshu? it has beat me, tesni-tshu? you two are stumped, it has you two beat. wa ?twake-tshane? it stumped me. Stative past: tewake ?tshu ?(t·ne? it got me stumped (at one time). Aspect class: ES. DERIVED BASES: .atA?tsha?- plus tedualic, earn, win. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. -?tskwA suf. easily. Facilitative. NOTE: The ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?tsl- suf. Nominalizer. NOTE: Suffixed to verb roots or verb bases to derive a noun base. The ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?tsy- suf. quickly. Accelerative. NOTE: The ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?tsyu?khal- n. diaper. o?tsyu·khale? diaper. DERIVED BASES: .?tsyu?khal-/ .?tsyu?khalu- plus te- dualic, diaper someone.

NOTE: Possibly related to -?khalslip, skirt. The ? of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.?tsyu?khal-/. ?tsyu?khalu- plus tedualic, v.a. diaper someone. tehi ?tsyu ?khalha? I diaper him . tekhe ?fsyu ·khale? I have diapered her. wa?thi?tsyu?kha·lu· Iputa diaper on him, wa ?fekhe ?fsyu ?kha·lu · I diapered her. NOTE: Includes the noun base -?tsyu?khal- diaper; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant .?tsyu?khal- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .?tsyu?khaluoccurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?kh cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?tuhkw- flame. See -i?tuhkw-/ -?tuhkw-. ,?tukhwal- plus te- dualic, be hot. .i?tukhwal-f.?tukhwal- plus tedualic. -?u suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with some bases that end in a vowel. The ? is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?uhake? suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -?u. The future stative/ optative stative ending replaces the stative suffix. According to Lounsbury (1953), it is composed of a stative aspect component -?u, a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-, called the continuative, and the punctual aspect suffix -e?.

876 Oneida-English

-?uke? suf. Future stativeiOptative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -?u. The future stativel optative stative ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -?u, a component -k-, called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e?. -?u?ne? suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -?u and when the accent is on the penultimate syllable in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -?u and a component -?ne?, which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -?u?ne? is always realized as -?u·ne?. -?wahl- n. meat. o?wa·lu? meat. With -ate?skut- I -at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry: wakate ?wa·lute? I'm frying meat, wa ?ute ?wahl u-tA· she fried meat, Akate?wahlu·tA· I will fry meat, sate?wahlu·tA Fry the meat! And tcislocative: tayute?wahlu·tA· she fried meat there. With -ate?skutakw- I -at-N-utakw- take out from roasting, baking, or frying: kate ?wahlutakwas I'm taking meat out of the oven. With -atAhninusell, and t- cislocative: thute ?wahlahni·nuhe? they (m.) sell meat there. With -at-N-hsluni-1 -at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up: kate ?wahlahslu ·nihe? I'm preparing the meat. With -atkA- rot, spoil: yo ?wahlatkAhse? the meat is spoiling, yo ?wahlatkA·u the meat

has spoiled. With -atsha? Ani- I -atsha?a?s- I -at-N-atsha? Ani- I -at-N-atsha?a?s- bum on one: ukwate ?wahlatsha ?ahse? the meat burned on me. With -eku-1-eku?u-1 -ku-1-ku?u- taste good, and n- partitive: tsi? nika?wahlaku? it's really good meat. With .hliht- plus tedualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: teke ?wahlahlitha? I'm cutting up (slicing) the meat, wa ?tha ?wahla·lihte? he ground the meat, tehse ?wahla·lit Slice the meat! With -N-ita?-1-ya?tita?- give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa ?ke ?wahlitane? I put meat in it. With -k- I -ek- I -ak- eat: Atwa ?wa·lake? we (incl.) will eat meat, aetwa ?wa·lake? we (incl.) should eat meat, ayakwa ?wa·lake? we (excl.) should eat meat. With -kwe?talukw- cut up into pieces or chunks: ke?wahlakwe ?talukwas I'm slicing the meat, se?wahlakwe?talu·k6 Slice the meat! With -li- become ripe, become cooked: yo?wa·lali the meat is cooked, wa?ka?wa·lali? the meat became cooked. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: wa ?e ?wa·lo? she boiled meat. With -shw- smell, get a whiff of: Ake ?wahlashwA? I will smell meat. With yehwa-1-yehwha- be unable to find: wake?wahlaye·wahse? I can't find some meat (e.g., they're all out at the store). • N A ki? Ake ?wahlashwA? thikA skawilo·wane?. Now I will start to smell that turkey. DERIVED BASES: atste? wate?w N.

1.18. Food preparation bake See roast, bake, fry boil, bring to a boil, heat up wa ?klfhahte? I warmed it up sa k lih a h te? I warmed it up again, I boiled it again slihaht Boil it! (-liha ?t- I -taliha ?t-)

Nature 1309

boil, come to a boil, get warm tyolihAhse? it's boiling tyolihA·u it has boiled tayolihA? it started to boil (-lih(A )-I -ya ?talih(A )-I -talih(A )-) boil something ka l ihtu it's boiled wa·klihte? Iboiledit (-liht-) boil See also cook in water, boil and steam, boil break into pieces, cut, smash, chop, grind wa ?fekhlihte? I broke it wa ?tkahya·lihte? I cutup fruit wa ?tekna ?fala·lihte? I cut up the bread wa ?fhahnana ?fa ·lihte? he cut potatoes into pieces wa ?thanAsta·lihte? he ground the com (.hliht- plus te- dualic) bury food in the ground wa ?katsha·tu· I buried it in the ground (in order to store or preserve it) satsha·tU Buryit! (-atshatu-) chum butter kn u ?fat h e-tha? I'm churning butter wa ?enu ?ftithehte? she churned the butter

(-nu?tathe?t-) cook kekhu·nihe? I'mcooking wa ?kekhu-nf· I cooked skakhu·nf thefoodiscooked

(-khuni- I -khuny-) cook in water, boil wa ?ka·yo? I cooked the fruit wa ?khnana·to? I put potatoes in water to cook wakna · taJo? I'm boiling bread (e.g., cornbread) or dumplings wa ?ksahe·to? I just put the beans on to boil wa ?kenhuhso? I boiled an egg wa ?e ?wa·Jo? she boiled meat (-N-o-)

1310 Nature

cool something wa ?kwistohte? I cooled it sakwistohte? I cooled it again wa ?khnekawistohte? I cooled the water (-wistoht-) cut or sever the neck wa ?kenyalyahke? (-nyalya ?k-)

I cut it off at the neck (e.g., killing a chicken)

cut out a piece or chunk kkwe-talus I'm cutting out chunks or pieces with some implement (e.g., scissors) wahakwe · taJu? he cut out pieces sna ?talakwe·tal!:!. Tear or slice up the bread! (-kwe?talu- I -kwe?tal-) cut up into pieces wahakwe ?talu ·k6· he cut it up se ?wahlakwe ?talu·k6 Slice the meat! (-kwe?talukw-) dry, go dry, evaporate yostesku it has evaporated, it has gone dry (e.g., when water boils away) usteske? it boiled dry (-astesk-) dry something Akatna ?talastathahte? I will dry bread (e.g., to make stuffing) AhsatnAstathahte? you will dry the corn (-sta tha ?t- I -at- N -statha ?t-) finish preparing a meal w a ?k e k h w is ane? I finished preparing a meal (-khwisa?-) fry See roast, bake, fry heat up, warm up wahathnana ?tatalihahte? he heated up the potatoes wa ?uthnekatalihahte? she heated up the water sakatekhwatalihahte? I heated up the food again (-at- N -taliha ?t-)

Nature 1311

husk com latinol6tshyus they are husking com wa ?knol6tshi? I husked com (-nolotshyu-) knead dough, put on buttons wahatsihkotuni? he kneaded it (-tsihkotunyu-) mix tekyesta? I'm adding it in, I'm mixing it wa ?tekyeste? I mixed it t.Ahsyest Mix it! (.yest- plus te- dualic) mix together wa ?tekyestani,? I mixed it all together (.yestanyu- plus te- dualic) peel, remove the peel kla ?wist6tshyus I'm removing the peel or skins from something wa ?kla ?wist6tshi? I removed the peel (-la ?wistotshyu-) peel something tekk.Aslus I'm peeling it (with an implement, such as a knife) tAkkA·seJe? I will peel it teskA. sel Peel it! Wa ?fyuhyakA ·se]e? she peeled fruit wa ?tyehnana ?takA ·seJe? she peeled potatoes wa ?tyehtehlakA ·seJe? she peeled carrots (.kAsl- I .kAsel- plus te- dualic) peel the peel wa ?tekla ?wistakA ·seJe? I peeled it tehsla ?wistakA·sel Peel it! (.la ?wistakAsl- I .la?wistakAsel- plus te- dualic) pickles, make tehatnu ?uslahyo ?tsista? he's making brine pickles wa ?thatnu ?uslahy6·tsiste? he made brine pickles (.atnu?uslahyo?tsist- plus te- dualic) pound something wa ?ethehte? she pounded (e.g., com) (-the?t-)

1312 Nature

pour, add, throw, drop off yahukhyo ?fsistu·tf· I salted it yahukyenu-tf· I poured oil on it, I added oil yahuknutakli ?tslu ·tf· I put sugar on it, I sweetened it yahuknu ?fu·tf- I put milk on it yahukeshestu·tf- I added the syrup, I sweetened it with syrup yAsathe?tslu·tf· you will add flour (.aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utye- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative) preserve fruit y u t a h y a l f tha? she's preserving or canning fruit wa ?uta·yalihte? she preserved fruit (-a tah yalih t-) remove fish scales Akitstalu·k6· I will remove the fish scales (-itstalukw-) remove guts wa ?kkahlostatahko? I removed the guts ( -kahlostatahkw-) remove strawberry tops wa ?tha ?nekAhtaluta·k6· he removed the strawberry tops (.?nekAhtalutakw- plus te- dualic) roast, bake, fry kate ?skutha? I'm roasting or baking, I'm frying wa ?kate ?sku ·t.A· I baked it, I fried it wa ?utna ?falu-t.A· she baked the bread wa ?ute ?nhuhsu-t.A· she fried eggs wa ?ute?wahlu-t.A· she fried meat (-ate?skut- I -at-N-ut-) roll out dough tekeshe ?[hakwAht.Atha? I'm rolling out the dough tAhseshe ?lhakw.AhtAh te? you will roll out the dough (.she?lhakwAhtAht- plus te- dualic) sift wa ?ka·wake? (-awak-)

I sifted it

singe wahihuhtsf-tAh te? (-huhtsi?tAht-)

I singed the hair or feathers off him (a pig or chicken)

Nature 1313

skin something wa ?shakoyA·seJe? he skinned them (e.g., rabbits) (-yAsl- I -yAsel-) soak something wa ?kna · nawAh te? I soaked it wa ?ksahe ?tan a ·wAh te? I soaked the beans (-na ?naw Aht- I -nawAht-) steam, boil kna ?tsihalha? I'm steaming or boiling it (e.g., rhubarb, spinach) wa ?kna ?tsiha·IA· I steamed it (-na ?tsihal-) stir something tekawAlyehse? I'm stirring it tAhsawAli_! you will stir it tehsaw Ali Stir it! (.awAlye- plus te- dualic) strain, drain knuwakAtsta? I'm straining or draining it Ahsnu·wakAtste? you will strain it (-nuwakAtst-) REMARKS: This list gives some verb forms that have to do with preparing food. At the end of each set of forms, we give the base so that users can look up additional forms, as well as information such as the composition of the base, in the OneidaEnglish dictionary. Additional forms can also be found in the English-Oneida dictionary. Note that when the Oneida base is preceded by a period(.) rather than a dash(-), it will always be followed by "plus" and the name of a prepronominal prefix (such as te- dualic). This means that the base always has that prepronominal prefix. Some of the verbs can occur with incorporated nouns which specify the particular food being handled. When a verb always occurs with an incorporated noun the base includes a capital N, which stands for "incorporated noun." An example is -N-o- cook in water, boil.

1.19. Eating and drinking

bite into, take a bite katekhwakwas I'm taking bites wakatekhwakwA I'm biting into it wahatekhwa·k6· hebitintoit (-atekhwakw-)

1314 Nature

chew tekatska ·huhe? I keep chewing tewakatska·hu? I'm chewing wa ?tkatska·hu? I chewed (.atskahu- plus te- dualic) crave knu·waks I'm hungry for something, I crave it wa ?kn u ·wake? I got hungry for it wa ?kahyanu ·wake? I got a craving for fruit wa ?khnana ?tanu·wake? I got a craving for potatoes wahakhwan u ·wake? he wished for food (-nuwak-) drink k h n e k ilha? I'm drinking wakhneki-lu I have drunk wa ?khnekf.Ja? I drank wahanu ?tahnekf.Ja? he drank milk shnekf.la Drink! ( -hnekil- I -hnekihl-) eat i·ki?ks I'm eating wake·ku Ihaveeaten wa · keke? I ate it ihsek Eat! (-k- I -ek- I -ak-) eat a meal latekhu·nihe? he's eating lotekhu·n[ he has eaten, he's eating wahatekhu·nf· heate satekhu·nf Eat! (-atekhuni- I -atekhuny-) eat something soupy, slurp katsho·lihe? I eat something soupy (e.g., soup, cereal), I'm slurping wakatsho·l[ I'm eating something soupy wah at s h o ·Jf. he ate something soupy satsho·lf Eat it! (-atsholi- I -atshol y-) eat together tehya-tuts the two are eating together wa ?thya·tute? the two ate together

Nature 1315

wa ?thu-tute? they ate together tetya·tut Let's you and I eat together! tetwa-tut Let's all eat together! (.atut- plus te- dualic)

feed oneself katatnu·tuhe? I'm putting it into my mouth wa ?katatnute? I fed myself (-atatnut- I -atatnutu-) feed oneself food katatekhwanu-tuhe? I'm feeding myself, I'm eating wa ?katatekhwanute? I fed myself (-atatekhwanut- I -atatekhwanutu-) feed someone linu-tuhe? I'm feeding him, I'm giving him something to put in his mouth wa ?khe·nute? I fed her or them (-nut- I -nutu-) feed someone food likhwanu·tuhe? I'm feeding him wahikhwanute? I fed him wa ?khekhwanute? I fed her (-khwanut- I -khwanutu-) finish eating yukwakhwAta·u we have finished eating wahatikhwA·tane? they finished eating (-khwAta?-) finish eating, eat up lotekhwisu! he has eaten it up wa ?katekhwisane? I finished eating a meal (-atekhwisa ?-) full, become full, get enough to eat wakah tu? I'm full ukwah tane? I got enough to eat (-ahta?-) hungry, get katuhkalya ?ks latuhkalya ?ks yutuhkalya ?ks

I'm hungry he's hungry she's hungry

1316 Nature

wa ?katuhkalyahke? I got hungry (-atuhkalya?k-)

mouth, have in one's wakenhute? I have something in my mouth (without swallowing it) l6nhute? he has it in his mouth yak6nhute? she has it in her mouth (-nhut-) put into one's mouth latenhuta ?as he's putting it into his mouth wahatenhutane? he put it into his mouth (-atenhuta?-) serve someone kula·nihe? I'm serving you wa ?kulhahse? I served you ( -lani- I -lhahs-) sip lo ?tsi·Uks he's sipping it wa ?ko ?tsi ·leke? I sipped it (-o?tsilek-) suck milk, nurse lonu ?kelha? he's sucking milk wahanu ?ke·Ja? he got milk by sucking (-nu?kel-1 -nu?kehl-) swallow ya ?kahnehkwane? I swallowed yahahnehkwane? he swallowed ya ?uhnehkwane? she swallowed (.ahnehkwanA-I.ahnekwan- plus y- translocative) thirsty, become wakenya ?tathAhse? I'm thirsty ukenya ?tathA? I got thirsty (-nya?tathA-) water something, give someone a drink khnekanu·tuhe? I'm watering it wa ?khehne·kanute? I gave her a drink of water (-hnekanut- I -hnekanutu-)

Nature 1317

1.20. Tastes

bitter, be bitter, be sharp, be sour teyotska·laht it's bitter or sharp (e.g., radishes), it's sour (e.g., a lemon) (.atskala?t- plus te- dualic) salty, be teyohyo ?ts is tale? it's salty tsi? na ?teyohyo ?tsistaJe? it's so salty (.hyo?tsistal- plus te- dualic) strong, taste strong ya-wet it's strong, it tastes strong (-eht-) sweet, be teyon u takli· tslaJe? it's sweet tsi? na?teyonutakli·tslale? it's so sweet (.nutakli?tslal- plus te- dualic) taste, be the kind of tsi? niyaweku ?uhsl6·tA the kinds of tastes nahte? niyaweku ?uhsl6·tA what does it taste like? (.eku?uhslo?tA- plus n- partitive) taste good yaweku_? it tastes good tsi? niyaweku! it tastes so good yah te?yaweku,? it doesn't taste good (-eku-1 -eku?u- I -ku- I -ku?u-) taste, like wake·ka·se? I like the taste of it lawe·ka·se? he likes it yakawe·ka·se? she likes it ukwe·kawe? I liked the taste of it wakahya·ka·se? I like the taste of fruit wakna ?tala·ka·se? I like the taste of bread (-eka?- I -ekaw- I -ka?- I -kaw-)

Appendix 2: People

2.1. Family and kinship aunt, father's sister my aunt teyuknuhelatukhwa? my niece, I'm her aunt tekhenuhelatukhwa? See also mother, aunt, uncle, mother's brother and niece, nephew, aunt, uncle brother-in-law my brother-in-law his or her brother-in-law

ukyaty6ha lonaty6ha

child, son, daughter my son my daughter your son your daughter her son her daughter his son his daughter my children your children

liy iha kheyiha etshyiha sheyiha luwayiha utatyiha loyiha shakoyiha kheyo?okuha sheyo?okuha

cousin my cousin my female cousin your cousin his cousin Cousin!

ukyala·se? yukyala·se? tsyala·se? lonala·se? Kyahse

People 1319

family my family your family his family her family

kahwa·tsfle? akhwa·tsfle? sahwa·tsfle? laohwa ·tsfle? akohwa·tsfle?

family, be descended from I'm descended from his family is from her family is from

takhwa tsila ta ti? tahahw a tsila ta ti? tayehwatsilatati~

family, be from my family is from there her family is from there his family is from there

nitwakathwatsili ·nil nityakothwatsili·nQ ni thothwa tsili ·nil

father my father your father his father our father(s) Father!

lake?nfha ya?nfhalo?nfha shuk-;-a ?nfha Lake

grandchild my granddaughter my grandson your granddaughter your grandson her granddaughter her grandson his granddaughter our granddaughter Grandchild!

kheyatleha liya tleha sheyatleha etshatleha utatatleha luwatleha shakotleha yethiyatleha Kwate

grandparent my grandmother my grandfather your grandmother your grandfather his grandmother her grandmother our grandfather Grandmother! Grandfather!

aks6tha laks6tha sahs6tha yahs6tha lohs6tha ohs6th-;shukwahs6tha Aksot Laksot

great-grandchild

yotle?slA. ·tuhe?

1320 People

in-law of different generations my mother-in-law my father-in-law my daughter-in-law my son-in-law your mother-in-law your father-in-law his mother-in-law

yukyenhusa~ lakyenhusa~ kheyenhusa~ liyenhusa~ yesayenhusa~ yayenhusa~

luwayenhusa~

married couple

16na?

mother, aunt, uncle, mother's brother my mother my aunt my uncle your mother your aunt your uncle his mother her mother Mother!

aknulha· yuknulha: laknulha· sanulha· yesanulha: yanulha: lonulha· onulha·

Ni

niece, nephew, aunt, uncle my niece my nephew my aunt my uncle your niece your nephew

kheyuhwatiha liyuhwatiha yukuhwatiha lakuhwatiha sheyuhwatiha etshuhwatiha

parent-child relation mother and daughter father and son

onatatyiha lonatatyiha

related, be we two are related we all are related two (females) are related two (males, a male and a female) are related relative my relative her relative his relative

yakyatatnuhkwe? yakwatatnuhkwe? kyatatnuhkwe? yatatnuhkwe?

akukwe·ta? akaukwe·ta? laukwe·ta?

People 1321

sibling my younger sister my older sister my younger brother my older brother your younger sister your older sister your younger brother your older brother his younger sister her younger brother

khe?kiha yuke?k,\ha li?kiha lake?kiha she?k,\ha yesa?kiha etshe?k,\ha ya?kiha shako?kiha luwa?kih-;-

sibling, older my older sister my older brother

aktsiha or yuktsiha laktsiha

siblings, different sex my brother, my sister your brother, your sister his sisters my sister, my brother my sisters, my brothers

yakyatAno?siha tsyatAno ?s,\ha lutAno?sAha ukyatAno?siha ukwatAno?sAha

siblings, same sex my sister, my brother your brother, your sister her sister his brother

teyakyatahnu·tele? tetsyatahnu·tele? tekyatahnu·tele? tehyatahnu·tele?

sister-in-law my sister-in-law her sister-in-law his sister-in-law

ukyalyeha onalyeha lonalyeha

spouse, wife, husband

lo·ne·

spouse, old person or animal my old man, my husband your husband my old lady, my wife your wife Wife! Husband!

likstA·ha etsheks tA ·ha khekstA·h;shekstA"ha 6kste?

1322 People

stepparent, stepchild my stepmother my stepdaughter my stepson

yukno·l.Q kheno·lu lino·lu

twins you and I are twins we two are twins the two are twins twin girls

tetn!khA? teyakn!khA? tehn!khA? tekn1khA?

2.2. Generations

baby baby, offspring (it's a) baby

owH:i· kA? nikawila·

child boy girl boys, children girls

laksa· yeksa: latiksa?shUha kutiksa ?shuha

adolescent person in his late teens person in her late teens

lanikAhtlAha yeya ?taseha

young person young man young woman

kA? nithoy Aha kA? nityakoy Aha

person person man woman

u·kwe lu·kwe yaku·kwe

person, old person old lady oldman old woman old men, old men and women

akokstA·ha lokstA·h;okstA"h-;lotikstA ·ha

People 1323

2.3. Designations for or about people and their work

America, United States American Anglican angels artist Baptists baker Bear clan blue baby boyfriend (her) Canada carpenter Catholics ceremony, wedding chief Chippewa, non-Oneida Indian Christianity Christmas concert church service circus people city people clown cold, a cold cook council member crowd crybaby dapper young man dancer dentist devil disease disease, sexually-transmitted doctor

Ostohlomi·ke Ostohlonu7keha·ka· tehoti 7kha ·1 ute7 latiluhya7kehlo·lu· laya7talha7 or yeya7talha7 shakotf·sko7s lana7talu·nfhe7 Ohkwalihne· ke or Lotiskle·waku okwA.tala7 akonikAhtlA. ·tsheli7 Kolahkow anhne lanuhsu ·nfhe 7 tehatiyahsutha7 watA.·nyote7 tehana 7kalahele7 twa7kanha7 or twa7kA.nha7 kalih wi y6s tak kalu·t6te7 watlA·nayA7 tehutya·Lituhe7 latinata 7kehlo·nu· otsistohkwa· otholyahsla7 lakhu·nfhe7 or yekhu·nfhe7 lahashAhe7 kanA.·la7 tsHawis yotsina 7to·lQ tehatkwa7 or teyutkwa7 shakona wilahsl u ·nfhe7 la7nikuhhiksA or onishuhlo·lu· or tehona 7tal u ·tu · kanhla7 kanhlaksA latetsyA 7ts

1324 People

dream driver Easter English language Europe, the old country farmer fireman fisherman flirt gambling ghost giant girlfriend (his) group, crowd happiness hairdresser heaven hell hired work, hired person (her) important person, elder important or older people Indian agent jealousy judge King law lawyer Little People love luck, good fortune mailman marriage (as an institution) mechanic milkman minister, preacher Mohawk Native language

oslA.hta? lat6Iyehse? Tehati?nhuhsya ?ks o?sluni?ke·ne ohutsyakayu· ke lahAta?kehlo·lu· la?swatha? lanitsyato·lats lo?teha or yako?teha teka·~

atyanluhsla? atnAyalho? laoya ?tase·tsheli? kAty6hkwa? a tshan un yahsla? teyakonuhklfsta? kaluhya·ke oneshu? akonha ·tsheli? okwana·ta? or lokwana·ta? lotikwana ?ta ?shuha lako·la atA?kewhahsla? teshakoya?toletha? or tehaya?toletha? kolahk6· kayanlA.hsla? tehalihwakenhas tehotikala ·l uhe? kanolukhwahsla? atla·swa? tehahyatuhslakalenya.tha? kanahkwa? late?slehtu·nfhe? tehanu?takalenya·tha? Ia ti tsihA. s t atsi? KayA?keha·ka· Ukwehuwehne· ke

People 1325

Native person Native way I1l.lT\S

nurse officials Ohsweken Oneida, People of the Standing Stone Onondaga pity policeman, policewoman praise prayer priest Queen scarecrow secretary seer, dreamer, fortuneteller shame shyness singer Six Nations Reserve Six Nations person skeleton soldier soprano soul spirit, mind spirit St. Thomas storekeeper Strathroy surveyor teacher tenor tuberculosis

Ukwehu·we Ukwehuwehneha tekutiyahsutha? teyak6shnyehe? lonatlihu ·tu· Oshwe·kA.· Onyota?a·ka· Onuta?keha·ka· kAtA·lu shakoye·nas or yakoye·nas tekalA.hsalA? atlA·nayAt tehayahsutha? Yonuti·y2 wathAto·lfhe? yehya·tuhe? shakotkA. ·sehe? atehA.hsla? a tsheyalA.hsla? tehalihwakhwa? or teyelihwakhwa? Ya·ya?k Nihonuhutsya·ke oshoka?a·ka· or lashoko?a·ka· or yeshoko?a·ka· yeskAn or laskAn sotcH or lasotcH or yesot