Nestor's Wine Cups: Investigating Ceramic Manufacture and Exchange in a Late Bronze Age "Mycenaean" State 0860549933, 9780860549932, 9781407350905

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Nestor's Wine Cups Investigating Ceramic Manufacture and Exchange in a Late Bronze Age "Mycenaean" State

Michael L. Galaty

Drawing by L. McCallum ( 1987)

BAR International Series 7 66 1999

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 766 Nestor's Wine Cups © Michael L. Galaty and the Publisher 1999 COVER IMAGE

Drawing by L. McCallum (1987)

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860549932 paperback ISBN 9781407350905 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860549932 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1999. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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NESTOR 'S WINE CUPS

T ab le o fC on ten t s nd P la te s L i s to fT ab les , F igu re s , a

i iv

D ed ica t ion A cknow ledgm en t s

v i

P reface

V i i

C hap te r O n e

I n t roduc t ion

1 10

C hap te r Two

T he O r ig in so ft h e S ta te i n Ma in land G reece

1 -20

C hap te r T h ree

T heo r e t ica l E xpec ta t ion s

2 1 -32

C hap te r F ou r

Me thodo logy

3 3 -4 1

C hap te r F i ve

R e su l t s a nd A s se s smen t

4 2 -74

C hap te r S i x

Mode l s o f Mycenaean P o l i t ica l -Economy

7 5 -82

C hap te r S even

C onc lu s ion a nd F u tu re R e sea rch D irec t ion s

8 3 -84

B ib l iog raphy

8 5 -97

A ppend ice s

9 8

A ppend ix 1

S i te C e ram i c E co logy

9 9 -116

A ppend ix 2

R aw C hem i ca l D a ta

17 125

A ppend ix 3

P e t rog raph i c F ab r ic D e sc r ip t ion s

1 26 133

NESTOR 'S W INE CUPS L i s t o fT ab le s , F igure s , a nd P ho tom icrograph s T ab le 1 . 1

A egean c h rono logy

5

T ab le 3 . 1

T ypo logy o fc raf t s p ec ia l iza t ion

2 2

T ab le 3 .2

P rodu c t ion t y pe s a nd t h eo re t ica l e xpec ta t ion s

2 9

T ab le 4 . 1

I n fo rma t ion p er ta in ing t oc e ram ic s amp le s

3 4

T ab le 4 .2

S umma ry d e sc r ip t ion o fc l ay a nd s o i l s amp le s

3 6

T ab le 5 . 1

P e t rog raph ic d a ta

5 0 -52

T ab le 5 .2

F ab r ic c l a s s c ha rac te r i s t ic s

5 3

F igu re 1 . 1

Map o ft h e A egean w i th s i te s m en t ioned i nt h e t e x t

2

F igu r e 1 . 2

Map o f Me s sen ia

3

F igu re 1 . 3

K y l ix m o rpho logy

4

F igu re 1 . 4

I c onog raph ic r ep re sen ta t ion o fr i tua l ized d r ink ing , w i th l c y l ike s

9

F igu re 2 . 1

P lan— A no E ng l iano s , t h e " Pa la ce o fN es to r "

1 6

F igu r e 3 . 1

D iag ram o fp o t tery e xchange r e la t ion sh ip s

2 1

F igu re 3 .2

P y lo s k i ln

2 6

F igu re 4 . 1

Map o fs i te s f r om w h ich c eram ic s amp le s w ere s e lec ted

3 3

F igu re 4 .2

Map o fl o ca t ion s w he re c l ay a nd s o i l s amp le s w e re t a k en

3 5

F igu re 5 . 1

S ca t te rp lo to fc l ay c ompo s i t iona ld a ta

4 2

F igu r e 5 .2

T erna ry p l o to fc l ay p e t rograph ic d a ta

4 2

F igu r e 5 .3

S ca t te rp lo t s t ron t ium v e r su s t i t an ium f o r a l l c eram ic a nd c l ay s amp le s

4 3

F igu re 5 .4

S ca t te rp lo tt i t an ium v e r su sz i nc f o r c oa r sewa re f a b r ics l aa nd l b , i n c lud ing " ha rd -f i red " s amp le s

4 3

F igu re 5 .5

S ca t te rp lo t s t ron t ium v e r su s t i t an ium f o ru t i l i ta r ian w a re s a nd c l ay s , e x c lud ing " ha rd -f i red " s amp le s

4 4

F igu re 5 .6

S ca t te rp lo t s t ron t ium v e r su s t i t an ium f o r a l l f i newa re s

4 4

F igu re 5 .7

S ca t te rp lo t s t ron t ium v e r su s t i t an ium f o r a l l k y l ik e s , b o th f i ne a nd c oa r se , i n c lud ing c l ay s

4 5

R o ta t ing s c a t te rp lo to ff i r s tt h ree p r inc ipa l c omponen tf a c to r s ,

4 6

F igu r e5 . 8

a l c e ram ic s amp le s

NESTOR 'S WINE CUPS F i gu re 5 . 9

R o ta t ing s c a t te rp lo to fs e cond t h ree p r inc ipa lc omponen tf a c to r s , a l lc e ram ic s amp le s

4 6

F i gu re 5 . 10

H i s tog ram o fl c y l ix s t em d i ame te r s

4 8

F i gu re 5 . 11

H i s tog ram o fc oa r se -a nd f i newa re c ompo s i t iona l d a ta

4 8

F i gu re 5 . 12

T erna ry p l o t m ean p a s te p o in t c oun t s f o r f i ne - v e r su s c oa r sewa re s

4 9

F i gu re 5 . 13

T erna ry p l o to fm ean p a s t e p o in tc oun t s

6 1

F igu re 5 . 14

T erna ry p l o to fm ean b ody p o in tc oun t s

6 1

F igu re 5 . 15

F ab r ic d i s t r ibu t ion m ap s

6 3

F igu re 5 . 16

S ca t terp lo t s t ron t ium v e r su s t i t an ium f o r s t i rrup j a r s

7 2

P ho tom ic rog raph 1

N a tu ra lm ine ra li n c lu s ion si nt h in s e c t ion ( Fab r ic l a , s amp le J C65 )

5 4

P ho tom ic rog raph 2

N a tu ra lm ine ra l i n c lu s ion s i nt h in s e c t ion ( Fab r ic 2 ,s amp le MG 132 )

5 4

P ho tom ic rog r aph 3

C a lc i te g r i t( Fab r ic l a , s amp le J C186 )

5 5

P ho tom ic rog raph 4

H igh t empe ra tu re ,d i s soc ia ted c a lc i te ( Fab r ic l c ,s amp le J C44 )

5 6

P ho tom ic rog raph 5

C a l iche , s e conda r i ly d epo s i ted c a lc i te ( Fab r ic 2 ,s amp le J C 120 )

5 6

P ho tom ic rog raph 6

O paque s( F ab r ic l b , s amp le J C 11)

5 7

P ho tom ic rog raph 7

E a r thy A rg i la ceou s Ma te r ia l s( EAMs ; i . e . r ed o ch re ) ( Fab r ic l a ,s amp le J C60 )

5 8

P ho tom ic rog raph 8

C lay a nd m ud s tone s( Fab r ic l a , s amp le J C37 )

5 8

P ho tom ic rog raph 9

S i l ta nd s a nd s tone s( Fab r ic l b , s amp le J C3 )

5 9

P ho tom ic rog raph 1 0

C a lca reou ss a nd s tone ( Fab r ic l b , s amp le J C35 )

6 0

C lay s tone o rT ex tu ra lC oncen t ra t ion F ea tu re ( TCF )

6 0

P ho tom ic rog raph 1

( Fab r ic l b ,s amp le J C76 ) P ho tom ic rog raph 1 2

L ime s tone /ma r li n c lu s ion ( Fab r ic 2 ,s amp le MG75)

6 2

P ho tom ic rog raph 1 3

Me tamo rph ic R ock F ragmen t( MRF )

6 2

( Fab r ic 1 a ,s amp le J C59 ) P ho tom ic rog raph 1 4

R ed s ha le a nd s t r ia ted b f ab r ic ( Fab r ic l a , s amp le J C178 )

6 4

P ho tom ic rog raph 1 5

D is soc ia t ion p roce s ss t ep 1( Fab r ic 2 ,s amp le MG29 )

6 4

P ho tom ic rog raph 1 6

D i s soc ia t ion p roce s ss t ep 2( Fab r ic 2 ,s amp le MG36 )

6 5

1 1

NESTOR 'S W INE CUPS P ho tom ic rog raph 1 7

P a ra l le lo r ien ta t ion o fm ica l a th s ( Fab r ic 2 ,s amp le MG69 )

6 6

P ho tom ic rog raph 1 8

A ppea rance o fs l ip i np e t rog raph ic t h in s e c t ion ( Fab r ic 2 ,s amp le J C51)

6 6

P ho tom ic rog raph 1 9

F ab r ic c l a s s 1a( s amp le J C12 1)

6 7

P ho tom ic rog raph 2 0

F ab r ic c l a s s l b( s amp le J C5 )

6 8

P ho tom ic rog raph 2 1

F ab r ic c l a s s 1 c( s amp le J C16 1)

6 8

P ho tom ic rog raph 2 2

F ab r ic c l a s s 2( s amp le MG58 )

6 9

P ho to C red i t s F igure 1 . 2 i st h e w o rk o fR o sema ry R ober t son a nd i su sed w i th t h e p erm i s s ion o fJ ack D av i s . F igure 1 . 4 ( ap o r t ion o fw h ich i sa l so u sed o n t h e c ove r ) i sr ep r in ted w i th t h ep erm i s s ion o fL uc inda McCa l lum . F igure s 2 . 1 a nd 3 .2 a r e r ep r in ted w i th t h e p erm i s s ion o ft h e U n ive r s i ty o fC in c inna t i D epa r tmen t o fC la s s ics .

i v

NESTOR 'S WINE CUPS

D ed ica t ion

I nh ono r a nd m emory o f my f a ther

V

NESTOR 'S W INE CUPS

A cknow ledgmen t s Is hou ld l i ke f i r s tt ot h ank my w if e , T anya , w ho h ad t op u tu pw i th m e d u r ing t h e w r i t ing o ft h i s b ook . S he c ooked d inne r a nd m ade c of f ee w h i le Iw ro te . S he a l so p rof e s s iona l ly e d i ted s eve ra l d ra f t s . My mo ther d e se rves t h ank s a sw e l l , f o r s t eadf a s t ly e n cou rag ing m e t of i n i sh my " pape r ." Iw ou ld a l so l i k e t oa cknow ledge , w i th a pp rec ia t ion , t h e c on s tan th e lp a nd a dv ice o ft h e f a cu l ty a nd s t a f fo ft h e D epa r tmen t o f A n th ropo logy a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o fW i scon s in—Mad i son : H en ry B unn , C ha i ro ft h e D epa r tmen t ; Ma rk K enoyer , w ho t a ugh t m e t oa pprec ia t e t h e c omp lex i ty o f a r cha ic s t a te s ; J im B u r ton , who w en t a bove a nd b eyond t h e c a l l o fd u ty i nh e lp ing m e w i th c e ram ic c hem i s try a nd x ray d i f f rac t ion ; a nd t h e d epa r tmen ta l s e c re ta r ie s , A l ice A nn R occa , Magg ie B randenbu rg , S and ra Au s t in , L o r iC u r ley , a nd C a ro lyn H age r . S pec ia l t h ank s a r e d ue D oug P r ice , my p r ima ry a dv i so r , w ho , a l ong w i th t h e o ther m embe r so f my d i s ser ta t ion c omm i t tee— John B enne t ( UW C la s s ic s ) , G a ry F e inman , J im S t o l tman , a nd V ance H o l l iday ( UW G eog raphy )—gu ided m e s a f e ly a nd q u ick ly t h rough t h e c ha l lenge s o fg radua t e s t udy . T o my c o l leagu e s a tM i s s i s s ipp i S t a te U n ive r s i ty a nd a tt h e C obb I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy Ia m a l so g ra te fu l . Wh i le a t MSU Imanaged t op u tt h e f i n i sh ing t ouche s o n t h i sb ook a nd g e t i tt op re s s . T h i s r e sea rch w ou ld n o th ave b een p o s s ib le w i thou tt h el o g i s t ica l s uppor to ft h e P y lo s R eg iona l A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t . Iw ou ld l i k e t ot h ank t h ed i rec to r s o f PRAP : J a ck D av i s , S u e A lco ck , Y ianno s L o bs , C yn th ia S he lme rd ine , E be rha rd Z angge r , a nd , e spec ia l ly , J ohn B enn e t , who i sb o th ag ood f r iend a nd ar e spec ted c o l league . PRAP i sf unded b y m a jo r g ran t s f r om t h e N a t iona l E ndowm en t f o rt h e Human i t ie s ( R0 -22441-92 ; RK20170 -95 ) , t h e I n s t i tu te f o r A egean P reh i s to ry , a nd t h e N a t iona l G eog raph ic S oc ie ty ( 4798 -92 , 5 004 -93 , 5 227 -94 ) . R e sea rch a nd t r ave lw e re s uppo r ted b yg r an t s f r om t h e UW D epa r tmen to f An th ropo logy , t h e UW D epa r tmen t o fC la s s ic s , t h e U n ive r s i ty o f W i scon s in— Wa sh ing ton C oun ty , t h e P y lo s R eg iona l A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t , t h e A rcha eo log ica l I n s t i tu te o f Ame r ica , a nd t h eN a t iona lS c ience F ounda t ion ( D i s se r ta t ion I mp rovemen tG ran t , R ef . N o . S BR -971243 1 ) . Iw ou ld l i k e t ot h ank t h e r ev iew e r so fm y N SF P ro jec tP ropo sa l f o rt h e i rc on s t ruc t ive c r i t ic i sm : P rudence R ice , J ohn Y e l len , R i ck Y e rk e s , a nd o ne o t her who w i shed t or ema in a nonymou s . A rcha eo log ica l m a ter ia l sw e re r emoved f r om G reece b yp e rm i s s ion o ft h e 7 t h E pho re ia o fP reh i s tor ic a nd C las s ica l A n t iqu i t ie s a tO lymp ia a nd t h eC en t ra l A rchaeo log ica l C ounc i l o fG reece ( p e rm i t n o . Y 11 110 /EYNT /044 /177 /4688 ) . S amp le s w e re a l so g rac iou s ly g i ven t om e f o r a na ly s i s b yJ oan C a ro the r s , w ho i na dd i t ion o f f ered a dv ice r ega rd ing Me s sen ian p e t rog raphy , n o t t om en t ion b ook s f r om h er p e r sona l c o l lec t ion . F ina l ly , t h ere a r e p l en ty o fo the r p eop le ( s ome o fw hom Ia mp robab ly f o rge t t ing ) who h ave h e lped m e t h roughou t t h ey ea r s i nb ig a nd s ma l lw ay s : B i l lA lexand er , Emme t tB enn e t t , P e t e rD ay , J ohn C her ry , P au l H a l s tead , D eb i H a r lan , N ick K a rdu l ia s , J ohn K i l len , Wayne L ee , F reder ick Ma t son , J oann e Mu rphy , B i l l P a rk in son , R ob S chon , T om T a r ta ron , M ike T imp son , I an Wh i tb read , a nd t h e m ember s o ft h e B ee r C u l t ( who s ha l l r ema in u nnamed ) . O fc ou r se , t h e e r ro r s t h a ts u re ly e x i s ti nt h e f o l low ing a r e e n t i re ly my o wn .

v i

NESTOR 'S W INE CUPS

P reface T h is b ook p r e sen t s t h e r e su l t s o f my d i s se r ta t ion r e sea rch , c omp le ted o ve r t h e c ou r se o fs i x y ea r s o fg radua te s t udy i nt h e D epar tmen to fA n th ropo logy a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o fW i scon s in . H e r ew i th , Id e sc r ibe t h ep e t rog raph ic a nd c hem ica l a na ly s i s o fa l a rge s amp le o f Mycena ean p o t she rd s . When If i r s te ncoun t e red t h e Mycenaean s , Iw a sn o tp a r t icu la r ly i n te re s ted i nt h e i rp o t te ry . Wha tc augh tm ya t ten t ion w a st h eu n ique p o ten t ia l f o r as ma l l , b ounded , r e la t ive ly w e l l -unde r s tood a nd w e l l s tud ied s t a te s uch a sP y los t ot e l lu s s ome th ing g ene ra l ly , i n ac ompa ra t ive f r amewo rk , a bou tt h eo rgan iza t ion a nd o r ig in o fe a r ly s t a te s y s tem s . I nves t iga t ion o ft h e p o t t ing i n du s t ry p r ov ided , t h e ref o r e , am ean st oa vo id a n o ve r re l iance , a l t oo c ommon i nG reece , o n t h e h i s tor ica ld a ta ;t u rn ing t op o t te ry a nd a r chaeome t ry r e p r e sen ted , o n my p a r t , a na r chaeo log ica l f l ank ing maneuve r , aw ay t og e t a tq ue s t ion so fe conomy w i thou tp r iv i l eg ing L inea r Bt e x t sa nd t h o se w ho w ro te t h em . I ti smy b e l ief t h a tt a rge ted a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch p r o je c t s , s uch a s Ia t t emp t ed a nd w h ich a r ei n d eed b ecom ing mo re c ommon i nG reece , s hou ld b e u nde r taken e ven mo re f r equen t ly i fw e a r e t ot r u ly u nde r s tand t h e Mycenaean s a nd e xp la in t h e i r a f o remen t ioned u n ique b ehav io r . O fc ou r se , t h e a r chaeo log ica lr e co rd c anno ta nd s hou ld n o tb ee xpec t ed t or e p lace t h eh i s to r ica lr e co rd ; r a the r , i nt h ec a se o f Mycenaean s t a tes a tl e a s t , a r cha eo logy may s e rve t oa ugmen ta nd t os ha rpen o u ra l r eady v e ry c omp lex , l a rge ly t e x t -ba sed t h eo re t ica l mode l s . I f , h owever , Mycenaean e conom ic h i s to ry d oe sn o tb ecome mo r e f i rm ly g rounded i ne conom ic a n th ropo logy ,w er i sk p roduc ing r e if ied d e sc r ip t ion s o f Mycenaean s t a te s t h a t b ea r l i t t le o r n o r e la t ion sh ip t ot h e p a s t , t h e v e rac i ty o f w h ich c an n eve r b e a s cer ta ined . T h i s b ook i s ,a tb a se , ar e sea rch r e po r t . Ih ave n o t s ough tt op rov ide a n e xhau s t ive b ib l iog raphy n o rt o make a ny a b so lu te o r d ef in i t ive s t a t emen t ( s )w i th r e ga rd t o Mycenaean s t a t e s . F o rm e , a r chaeo logy ( a nd h i s to ry , f o rt h a t ma t te r ) i sa n o pen -ended a nd c umu la t ive e ndeavo r . A s J ohn C he r ry a nd J a ck D av i s ( i np r e s s )h ave w r i t ten , i nt h e c onc lu s ion t o av o lume Ie d i ted w i th B i l l P a rk in son :

We n eed t o b e r em inded t h a t o u r k now ledge i ss i tua t iona l ly c ons t i tu ted , a nd t h a t o u r e xp lana t ion s a nd u nd e r s tand ing h ave as pec if ied c on tex t t h a t r e la te s t ot h e h i s to ry o fa l l p rev iou s a t temp t s t ou nde r s tand . . . I ti s ,n one the le s s , t h i s d ynam ic p roce s s o fd eve lop ing e xp lana t ion st h a ti st h ea im o fr e sea r ch , r a the rt h an a t temp t sa tc l o su re b y s e t t l ing o n s ome c u r ren t ly p l au s ib le , a nd c omf or tab le . . .o r thodoxy .

T h is i sg ood a dv ice t h a t It h ink w ew ou ld a l ld ow e l lt oh eed , my se lf i n c luded . I np ub l i sh ing t h is b ook , t h en , Ih ave m ade r e ad i ly a va i lab le n ew a r chaeome t r ic d a ta o n Mycenaean p o t te ry f r om P y lo s . A l l c hem ica ld a ta h ave b een p rov ided i na na ppend ix ,a sh ave s umma r ized p e t rog raph ic d a ta .

I nt h e f u tu r e , Ip l an t op l a ce r e su l t s

i nd ig i ta lf o rm o nt h eI n te rne tw ebpag eo ft h eP y lo sR eg iona lA rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t , i n c lud ing h and samp le a nd p e t rog raph ic d e scr ip t ion so fe ach p o t she rd . I nt h i sw ay , s t uden t so rs c ho la r s i n te re s ted i ne va lua t ing my c onc lus ions o rr e -ana lyz ing t h e d a ta m ay d os o ,a nd t ho se a r chaeo log i s t sw o rk ing w i th Mycenaean p o t t e ry i no t he rr e g ion sc an c ompa re t h e i rr e su l t sw i th m ine . I fy ou w ou ld l i ke a c ce ss t od a ta i na dvance o f my p o s t ing t h em o nt h e I n te rne t , p l ea se f e e l f r ee t oc on ta c tm e .

M ichae lL .G a la ty Ma rch 1 8 , 1 999

v i i

I NTRODUCT ION i n he ren t i na l l a r cha ic s t a te s y s tem s . T hu s , t h e t h eo re t ica l

C hap ter One . I n troduc t ion

f r amewo rk t h a t d om ina t e s t h e s t udy o ft h e Mycenaean s t a te s i s i n crea s ing ly a t o dd s w i th t h e e vo lv ing a n th ropo log ica l p o s i t ion .

Ih o ld i nm yh and s t h e c h ipped s herd o f ak y l ix , b roken o na l ls i de s , t he s h ip -wr ecked r emnan to ff ea s ter s , s uch a s ag a l ef rom D iony so s o f ten c a s t sf or th u pon t h es hor e so f Wan tonne s s . ep ic p oe t C ho ir i lo s , a sq uo ted i nS a f lund ( 1 980 :238 )

F o r t h e mo s tp a r t , p a s td e sc r ip t ion s o f Mycenaean P y lo s h ave r e l ied h eav i ly o n t h e i n t e rp re ta t ion o ft e x t -ba sed e v idence , a s i sp rov ided b y t h e " L in ea r B " t a b le t s t h a t w e re r e cove red f r om t h e s t a t e 's c en te r , A no E ng l iano s ( F igu re s 1 . 1 a nd 1 . 2 ) . Y e t , t h e se a dm in i s t ra t iv ed ocumen t sh ave t h e p o ten t ia l , i fn o t r e ad w i th c a r e , t op rodu ce ar a the rb i a sed i mage o ft h e P y l ian s t a te a s aw ho le , e sp ec ia l ly w i th r ega rd t oe l i te c on t ro l o ft h e

T h ing sf a l la par t . . . -N iger ian p oe ta nd a u thor , C h inua A chebe ( 1 958 )

e conomy ( Benne t 1 988a , 1 995 ; G a la ty a nd P a rk in son i n p res s ; K i l len 1 985 ) . T he L inea r Bt e x t s r e cord o n ly t h e c once rn s o ft h e s t a te 's b u reauc ra t ic c en te ra nd a s ar e su l t s hed

T he R e sear ch A genda T he r e sea rch p ro jec t t h a t Id e sc r ibe i nt h i s v o lume c oncern s

l i t t le l i gh t o n t h e f u nc t ion ing o f l o ca l , a s o ppo sed t o a dm in i s te red , s y s tem s o f e conomy ( Ha ls tead 1 992 ) . C a ro the r s ( 1992 :5 ) w r i t e s :

t h e Mycenaean s t a te o f P y lo s , l o ca t ed i n t h e modern -day c oun try o f G reece , i n t h e s ou thwe s te rn c or n er o f t h e . . the p a lace [ a t A no E ng l iano s ] h ad d i f f eren t

P e loponn e se , t h ep rov in ce o f Me s sen ia ( F igu re s 1 . 1 a nd 1 . 2 ) . I n r epor t ing t h e r e su l t s , m y p r ima ry i n ten t i st o i mp rove

d egree s o f i n te r e s t i nd i f f e ren t d i s t r ic t s . . , i tw a s mo re c on ce rn ed w i th c er ta in t ype s o f f un c t iona r ie s a nd p rodu c t s t h an w i th o t he r s . . . n o t a l l a r ea s w e r e e qua l ly w e l l i n teg ra ted i n to t h e p a lace c en te red n e two rk .

a n thropo log ica l u nder s tand ing o f t h e s t ruc tu re o f t h i s e a r ly s t a te s y s tem . T he m ean s t o t h i s e nd i s p rov ided b y a r chaeo log ica l r econ s truc t ion o ft h e L a te B ronze A ge ( c irca 1 300 -1200 B .C .) r eg iona l c e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd e xchange s y s tem , u s ing m e thod so fp e t rog raph ic a nd c hem ica l a na ly s i s .

I ndeed , a s S t e in ( 1 994a :12 ) n o te s w i th r ega rd t o Me sopo tam ian t e x tua lm a te r ia l , " . . the a b sen ce o f ap a r t icu la r

T heo re t i ca l m ode ls o f Mycenaean s t a t e s a r e i n va r iab ly b u i l t f r om t h e t o p d own , a s sum ing n ea r t o ta l c on t ro l o fa l f a ce t s o fs oc ie ty o n t h e p a r t o ft h e e l i te ( e .g . , F in ley 1 957 ; K i l len 1 985 ; R en f rew 1 972 ; V en t r i s a nd C hadw ick 1 973 ) . S uch mode l s e nv i s ion ac en t ra l a u tho r i ty t h a t p ro jec t s i n d i spu tab le

g roup o r i n s t i tu t ion f r om t h e w r i t ten r e co rd b ea r s l i t t le r e la t ion t o i t s s t and ing w i th in . . . s oc ie ty ." Many s cho la r s s t udy ing e a r ly G reek ( b o th M inoan a nd Mycenaean ) s t a te s h ave y e t t oa cknow ledge S t e in 's o b serva t ion , d ue a tl e a s t i n p a r t t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd i s o n ly s econda r i ly c on su l ted . T hu s , p h i lo log i s t J ohn K i l len ( 1985 :255 ) c ou ld w r i te :

c ommand o ve r t he r eg iona l e conomy a nd e n sna re s t h e c oun t rys id e i n ar ep re s s ive t a ng le o fb u reauc racy . I n f a c t , t h i s t r ad i t iona l v iew s hape s mo s t c u r ren t r e sea rch i n to Mycenaean p o l i t ica l -economy . H oweve r , w hen t h e o rgan iza t iona l d ynam ic s o f aMycen a ean s t a te , i nt h i s c a se P y los , a r ea pp roached f r om t h eb o t tom u p , f r om t h e d i rec t ion o f t h e c e ram ic i ndu s t ry , f o r i n s tan ce , t h e re i s much l e s s c er ta in ty a s t o h ow t h e s y s tem m igh t h ave f un c t ioned i n a c tua l i ty . A s S t e in ( 1994a :13 ) r ema rk s , w i th r e f e ren ce t ot h e

. . i t b ecome s . . . e x t reme ly d i ff icu l t t oa vo id t h e c on c lu s ion t h a t t h e r o le w h ich t h e p a la ce s p l ayed i n t h e e conomy o f Mycenaean s t a te s w a s n o t m e re ly s i gn if ican t , b u t c en t ra l a nd d om inan t . . . i t i ss u re ly d i ff i cu l t t o e l eva te a ny . . . n on -pa lace ,

N ea r E a s t ,

l o ca l o rp r iva te a c t iv i ty t ot h e p reva i l ing p a t te r n o fe conomy .

. . in s tead o f v i ew ing s t a te s a s a l l -power fu l , h omogenou s e n t i t ie s , i t i s p robab ly mo re a ccu ra t e t o c ha rac te r ize t h em a s o rgan iza t ion s

B enne t ( 1988a :510 ) , i n d e sc r ib ing n ew a pp roache s t o t h e i nve s t iga t ion o f Mycenaean s t a te s , r ema rk s t h a t " ..fu l l

o p e ra t ing w i th in as o c ia l e nv i ronmen t t h a t , f o r a v a r ie ty o fr ea son s , t h ey o n ly p a r t ia l ly c on t ro l .

i n teg ra t ion o ft h e t e x tua l d a ta w i th t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd i sb o th v a luab le a nd f e a s ib le . I no rde rt oa ch ieve t h i s l e ve l o f I n a dd i t ion , S t e in r ecen t ly— in ad i s t ingu i shed l e c tu re t ot h e

i n teg ra t ion , h oweve r , i ti si mpor tan t t ou nde r s tand b o th s e t s

Amer ican

( Ph i lade lph ia ,

o fd a ta i nt h e i r o wn c on tex tb efo re au sefu l c omb ina t ion c an

D ecemb e r 5 , 1 998 )— r ef e r red t o t h e a ppea rance o f an ew

b e m ade ." T h i s v o lume a t temp t s , t h e refo re , t op rov ide n ew a nd c on tex tua l ized a r chaeo log ica l d a ta , u n t i l r e cen t ly s ca rce

A n th ropo log ica l

A s so c ia t ion

m e thodo log ica l " pa rad igm " f o r i n ve s t iga t ing p r eh i s to r ic s t a tes , o n et h a t , f o r i n s tance , a pp rec ia t e s t h e " h e te rogene i ty "

i n Me s sen ia , t h a t c an b e p rof i tab ly c omb ined w i th L inea r B t a b le t i n fo rma t ion , t h e reby a low ing e x i s t ing mode l s o f t h e 1

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F igure 1 . 1 Map o ft h eA egean w i th s i t es m en t ioned i nt h e t e x t . Adap t ed f r om B enne ta nd G a la ty ( 1997 :76 , F igu re 1 ) .

P y l ian s t a te s y s tem , d i scu s sed i n mo re d e ta i l b e low , t ob e e nhanced .

r eg iona l s e t t lemen t d a ta c o l lec ted b y s u rvey p ro jec t s i n G reece s t rong ly e ncou rage c ompa r i son o f Mycenaean t oo t he r

I na dd i t ion t oi t sp r ima ry g oa l , t h er e sea rch p ro jec t d e sc r ibed

a r cha ic s t a te s , c ompa r i son t h a t i so fa n th ropo log ica l i mpo r t . A s ar e su l t , r e a sonab le p a ra l le l s a re d r awn w heneve rp o s s ib le

i nt h i sv o lume e ncompa s se s s e ve ra l s e conda ry g oa l s . F i r s t o f

a nd g ene ra l q ue s t ion s o f s t a te o r ig in s a nd o rgan iza t ion a r e

a l l , Myc ena ean s t a te s p rov ide i d ea l , t h ough r a re ly e xp lo i ted , a na logue s t ow h ich o t he r e a r ly s t a te s , i no t he r p ar t s o f t h e

a dd re s sed .

w o r ld , m ay b e c ompa red .

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A egean p r eh i s tory , p o s se s se s f o r s eve ra l r eg ion s ad e ta i led

i n ter e s t ing a nd i n fo rma t ive i na nd o fi t s e l f , a nd r e su l t s c an b e

a nd c on s tan t ly g row ing b ody o f c a refu l ly c o l lec ted a r chaeo log ica l d a ta . E spec ia l ly r e levan t a r e d a ta g a thered b y

c ompa r ed t oc e ram ic manu f a c tu re a nd e x change a so rgan ized i no the r p ar t s o ft h e wo r ld , a td i f f e r en t t ime s a nd l e ve l s o f s oc ia l c omp lex i ty . F o r t h i s r e sea rch a s amp le o f L a te

i n ten s ive s u r f ace s u rvey st h a td ocumen td i ach ron ic c hange i n e nv i ronm en ta nd s e t t lemen ti ns e vera lp a r t so ft h e Mycenaean

H e l lad ic I IB ( "Pa lace " p ha se , c i r ca 1 300 -1200 B .C . ; s e e T ab le 1 . 1) p o t sh e rd s a r e a na lyzed b ym e thod s o fp e t rog raphy

w o r ld ( s ee R u t t e r 1 993 f o r at h o rough l i s t ) . O n e o ft h e se , t h e P y lo s R eg iona l A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t ( PRAP ) , u nder t h e

( a s s ugge s ted b y S to l tman 1 989 , 1 99 1 a nd Wh i tb read 1 989 , 1 995 ) a nd i n duc t ive ly c oup led p la sma ( I CP ) s pec t ro scopy

d i rec t ion o f D r . J ack D av i s , B iegen P rof e s so r o f G reek

( f o l low ing p ro cedu re s d e sc r ibed b y B u r ton a nd S imon 1 993 ) .

A rchaeo logy a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o f C inc inna t i , p rov ided t h e i mpe tu s f o r t h i s r e sea r ch ( mo s t r e cen t ly , D av i s , e d . 1 998 ;

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o f p a t tern s o fc e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion . I nt h i s w ay t h e s t ru c tu re , s c a le , a nd i n ten s i ty o f t h e Mycena ean c e ram ic i n du s t ry c an b ee xam in ed . O ft h e s h e rd sc o l le c ted a nd a na lyz ed , a pp rox ima te ly o n e th i rd

a r e f r om k y l ike s , s t emmed a nd h and led d r ink ing c up s p robab ly u s ed i nt h er i tu a lc on t ex to ff e a s t s ( F igu re 1 . 3 ) , a nd m o s t o f t h e r ema ind e r a r e f r om u t i l i ta r ian v e s se l s , s u ch a s j a r s ,j ug s , a nd b ow l s ( s ee T ou rnav i tou 1 992 f o r ad e sc r ip t ion o f Mycenaean c e ram ic f o rm a nd f u n c t ion ) . T h i s r e sea rch t h u s s h ed s l i gh to nt h ed i f f e ren t ia l t r ea tm en t a f fo rded d i s t in c t

3

I NTRODUCT ION c e ram ic t y p e s b y b o th t h e P y l ian s t a t e a nd l o ca l e conom i e s . I na dd i t ion , b a s ed o nt h er e su l t s o fa r chaeome t r ic a na ly s i s , i t i s c l ea r t h a t d i f f e ren t s c a le s o f c e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion f u nc t ion ed s imu l tan eou s ly i n LH I IB P y lo s . H oweve r , g i ven t h e o rgan iza t ion o f t h e s t a te e conomy a s r e vea led b y d ocumen ta ry e v idence , i ti sn o t c l ea r w hy t h i s s hou ld h ave b een t h e c a se .

d eve lopmen ta l h i s to ry o f c l a s s ica l a r cha eo logy v i s -à -v i s a n th ropo log ica l a r cha eo logy , e spec ia l ly a s p ra c t iced i nt h e Am e r ica s ( I . Mor r i s 1 994 ) . T he f o l low ing s e c t ion b r ief ly d e sc r ib e st h e e vo lu t ion o f Mycena ean a r chaeo logy , p rov id ing t h e c on tex t f o r a c on s ide ra t ion o f c u r ren t m od e l s o f Mycena ean s t a te f o rma t ion a nd o rgan iza t ion , t h e i r s t r eng th s a nd w eakn e s se s .

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T h i rd ly , t h i s r e sea r ch i n vo lve s t h e c omb in ed a pp l i ca t ion a nd s y s tema t i c c ompa r i son o ft wo d i f f e ren t m e thod s o fc e ram ic a na ly s i s . S u ch a c ompa r i son h a s , f o r e xamp le , b een a t temp ted b y S t o l tman e ta l . ( 1 992 ) . H oweve r , a sS t o l tm an e ta l . ( 1 992 :86 ) p o in t o u t , " Becau se o ft h e s ma l l s i ze o ft h e c e ram i c s amp le a na lyzed ( t h i r ty v e s se l s f r om t wo s i t e s ) , a ny c onc lu s ion s m u s t n ece s sa r i ly b e t e n ta t ive ." D u e t o am uch l a rge r s amp le s i ze ( 3 10 s amp le s ) , t h i s r e sea rch a low s f o r m o re r obu s t c on c lu s ion s c on cer n ing t h e c omb ina t ion o f p e t rog raph i c a nd c hem ica l a na ly se s . S t o l tm a n e t a l . ( 1 992 :92 ) a l so s ugge s t t h a t " The t wo a pp roa ch e s ( p e t rog raph ic a nd c hem i ca l ) p rov ided d i f f e ren t p e r spec t ive s o n t h e s ame d a ta se t , p e r sp ec t ive s t h a tp roved t ob e m u tua l ly c omp lem en ta ry a nd r i che r i nt h e c on tex t o f t h e o t h e r t h an e i the rw a sa l on e ." I n d eed , m y w o rk w i th al a rge , c on t ro l led d a ta se t a l so d emon s t ra t e s t h a t t h e e xp l ic i t i n teg ra t ion o f s e ve ra l d i v e r se m e thodo log ie s i sv i ta l t o c e ram i c r e sea rch a imed a tg en e ra t ing d a ta p e r t in en tt ot h e s t udy o f ac omp lex , s t a te lev e l e conomy . I n a dd i t ion , b o th a pp roa ch e s a r e m u tu a l ly r e in f o rc ing , i np a r tb ecau se e a ch i s o la t e sf o ra na ly s i s ad if e r en tc e ram i cc ompon en t : p e t rog raphy c on ce rn s , f o rt h e m o s t p a r t , c oun t ing a nd d e sc r ip t ion o f m in e ra l i n c lu s ion s ; w he r ea s I CP s p ec t ro scopy g en e ra te s c l ay c h em ica l c ompo s i t ion a ld a ta . C on sequ en t ly , w h en u s ed i nc on junc t ion t h e r e su l t so fo n em e thod m ay s e rve t oc on f i rm t h e r e su l t s o f t h e o t h e r , a nd v i ce v e r sa .

O r ig in s a nd D eve lopmen t S t udy o ft h eB ronz e A g e A egean b egan i nt h e l a t e 1 800 sw i th H e in r ich S ch l iemann 's ( 1 875 , 1 878 , 1 8 86 ) " d i scov e ry " a nd e x cava t ion , g u id ed b y c l o se r e ad ing s o ft h e I l iad , o ft h e s i t e s o f T roy , Mycenae , a nd T i ryn s ( F igu r e 1 . 1 ; s e e McDona ld a nd T homa s 1 990 , t h ough c f . A l len 1 99 5 a nd E a s ton 1 991 ) . S ch l iemann w a s p r ima r i ly c on cern ed w i th s ub s tan t ia t ing t h e h i s to r ica l a c cu ra cy o f t h e H ome r ic e p ic s . T hu s , f r om t h e b eg inn ing a r chaeo log i s t s w o rk ing i n t h e A eg ean o f t en c l u tched a b ook i n o n e h and a nd a t r owe l i n t h e o t he r . H oweve r , t h e u nc r i t ica l c omb ina t ion o f h i s to ry a nd a r chaeo logy t h a t c ha ra c t e r ized S ch l iemann 's w o rk w a s q u i ck ly o ve r come a nd d i sca rd ed b ys c ho la r s , s u ch a sW i lh e lm D ö rpf e ld ( 1 894 , 1 902 ) a t T roy a nd C h r i s to s T soun ta s ( T soun ta s a nd Mana t t 1 897 ) a t Mycen a e , w ho f o rmu la t ed a nd d eba ted m o r es oph i s t ica t ed t h eo r i e s c on c e rn ing , f o ri n s t ance , t h e o r ig in s a nd n a tu re o ft h e " He ro ic " A ge ( McDon a ld a nd T homa s 1 990 ) . A t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry t h e s i t e o f K no s so s , l o ca t ed o nt h e i s l and o fC r e t e ( F igu re 1 . 1 ) , w a s e x cava t ed b y S i r A r thu r E van s ( p ub l i shed i n f o u r v o lume s 1 92 1 , 1 928 , 1 930 , 1 935 ) , r e vea l ing E u rope 's o l de s t c i v i l iza t ion , t h e M inoan . A t K no s so s , E van s u n cov e r ed c l ay t a b l e t s t h a t r e co rded i n f o rma t ion u t i l iz ing t h r ee d if e r en tw r i t ing s y s t em s : r e f e r r ed t oa sh i e rog lyph ic , L inea rA , a nd L in ea r B . I n t h e o p in ion o f E van s ( 1 909 ) , t h e t a b le t s w e re a l w r i t t en i nt h e s am e n on -G r eek l a nguage . T he M inoan t a b le t s , t h ough u ndec iphe red a t t h e t im e , t h e ref o re e ncou raged E van s ' c on t rov e r s ia l c on c lu s ion t h a t t h e m a in land Mycenaean t r ad i t ion sw e r ei nf a c tt h ep roduc to ft h e M inoan c i v i l iza t ion , b o th c u l tu re sb e ing o b l i te ra ted b y al a t e r i n va s ion o fG r eek s p eak ing " A cha ean s ." E van s ' t h eo r ie s w e re t e s ted i n 1 939 w h en C a r l B l egen ( B legen e ta l . 1 9 73 ; B l egen a nd R aw son 1 966 ) e x cava t ed t h e Mycena ean c en t e r o f P y lo s ( Ano E ng l iano s ) , i n s o d o ing r e t r i ev ing t h eP y l ia nc o rpu so fL inea r Bt a b le t s . T h e s et a b le t s w e r e f i r s t s t ud ied a nd t r an sc r ibed , f o l low ing Wo r ld Wa r I , b y Emme t t L . B enne t t , J r . , n ow e m e r i tu s p ro f e s so r a tt h e U n iv e r s i ty o fW i scon s in ( e ven tua l ly p ub l i shed b y B enn e t t a nd O l iv ie r i nt wo v o lume s 1 973 , 1 976 ) . H oweve r , t h ey w e re d ec iphe r ed n o t b y a n e xper t i na n c ien t l a nguage s , b u t b y a y oung a r ch i t ec t a nd a ma t eu r p h i lo log i s t n amed M icha e l V en t r i s , w ho i n1 9 52 , w o rk ing i n dep end en t ly w i th p ho to sa nd n o te s p rov id ed b y B enn e t t , d e t e rm in ed t h a t L in ea r Bi nf a c t

F ina l ly , i ti si nr e sea r ch s u ch a st h a td e sc r ibed i nt h i s v o lum e t h a t " c la s s i ca l " a pp roa ch e s t o O ld Wo r ld a r cha eo logy— t rad i t iona l ly h i s to r ica l—can b e i n teg ra t ed w i th " an th ropo log ica l " a pp roa ch e s t o t h e s t udy o f c omp lex s o c ie t ie s( Benn e ta nd G a la ty 1 9 97 ; C h e r ry a nd D av i si np r e s s ; G a la ty a nd P a rk in son i n p r e s s ) . T h i s d i sc ip l ina ry d i cho tomy—C la s s ic sv e r su sa n th ropo logy— ex i s t s f o r av a r i e ty o fr e a son s( s e e D av i s 1 994 ) , t h ough i te x i s t s i nn o s ma l l p a r t a s a d i rec t r e su l t o f t h e v e ry d i f f e ren t o r ig in a nd

4

I NTRODUCT ION

MA INLAND

CRETE

CYCLADES

Who le R eg ion RO MAN

3 1 BC—AD 3 37

HELLEN IST IC

3 23 -31 BC

CLASS ICAL

4 80323 BC

ARCHA IC

7 00-480 BC

DARK AGE

100-700 BC

BRONZE AGE

H e l lad ic

M inoan

C yc lad ic

< > L a te B ronze I I

1 4 151100 BC

1 4051100 BC

1 4051100 BC

L a te B ronze I — I I

1 6801415 BC

1 6501405 BC

1 6001405 BC

M idd le

2 0001680 BC

2 0001650 BC

1 9001600 BC

E a r ly

3 100-2000 BC

3 100-2000 BC

3 1001900 BC

F ina l

4 5003200 BC

4 000-3100 BC

4 500-3100 BC

L a te

5 300-4500 BC

4 500-3500 BC

M idd le

5 800-5300 BC

5 000-4500 BC

E a r ly

6 500-5800 BC

6 500-5000 BC

A ce ram ic

6 800-6500 BC

7 000-6500 BC

MESOL ITH IC

9 500-8000 B P

[ F ranch th i ]

H ia tu s?

NEOL ITH IC

P ALAEOL ITH IC

2 5 ,00011 ,000 B P

T ab le 1 . 1 O u t l ine o fG reek c h rono logy f r om e a r l ie s tp reh i s to ry t h rough h i s to r ic p e r iod s . D a te sa r e a pp rox ima t ion so n ly . A dap ted f r om B enne ta nd G a la ty ( 1997 :76 , T ab le 1 ) .

r e cord ed a n a r cha ic f o rm o fG reek ( Chadw ick 1 967 ) . T he h i erog lyph s a nd L inea r A , s t i l l u ndec iphe red ( s ee D uhoux 1 989 ; O l iv i e r 1 989 ) , a pp ea rt or e co rd an on -G reek s c r ip t a nd R en f rew ( 1 998 )h a sr e cen t ly s ugge s ted as ou thwe s t A na to l ian

A s i lu s t ra ted b yt h ep rev iou s s ho r t s umm a ry , A egean B ronze A ge a r chaeo logy h a s i t s o r ig in s i nt h e d i sc ip l ine s o fa nc ien t h i s to ry a sw e l l a sp h i lo logy a nd , t os ome e x ten t , a r th i s to ry , a s o ppo sed t oa n th ropo logy ( I . Mo r r i s 1 994 ) .

A s ar e su l t ,

a n ces to r f o rt h e "M inoan " l a nguage .

s i nce i t s i n cep t ion Mycena ean a r chaeo logy h a s i n va r iab ly f i l led a r o le i n s uppor t o f h i s to r ica l o r a r t -h i s to r ica l

T he d ec iph e rmen to fL inea r Be s tab l i sh ed , c on t ra ry t oE van s '

o b jec t ive s , s uch a s i n h e lp ing t o e s tab l i sh t h e v e rac i ty o f

e xp ec ta t ion s , t h e n on -M inoan o r ig in o ft h e Mycen aean ( i . e . ,

a n c ien tt e x t s o rt ot r a ce t h ed eve lopmen t o fc er ta in a r t s t y le s .

ma in land G reek ) c u l tu re s . M inoan K no s so s w a s a ppa ren t ly o ccup ied b y Mycenaean s w ho a dap ted t h e e a r l ie r L inea r A

R ecen t ly ,

h oweve r ,

t h e

f i e ld ,

a l ong w i th t h e

r e s t o f

s c r ip tt ot h e i ro wn G reek l a nguage , t h e reby i n ven t ing L in ea r

" c la s s ica l" a r chaeo logy , f i nd s i t se lf i n t h e m id s t o f a s ome t ime sp a in fu ly e tf o rt h em o s tp a r th ea l thy t r an sfo rma t ion

Ba nd t r an s f er r ing w r i t ing t e chno logy t ot h e m a in land . T he

( t hough D av i s 1 994 m igh t a rgue t o t h e c on t ra ry t h a t t h i s

d ec ipherm en t o f L inea r Bt h u s p aved t h e w ay f o r t h e n ex t

" t ran sfo rma t ion " h a s b een a nd w i l l c on t inue t ob e ad i f f icu l t

g enera t ion o fA egean a r chaeo log i s t s t ot a ke u p t h e i s su e o f wha t e xa c t ly c on s t i tu ted aMycenaean s t a te .

o ne ; s e e a l so B enne ta nd G a la ty 1 997 ; D onohu e 1 985 ; D y son 1 985 , 1 989 , 1 993 ; R en f rew 1 980 ; S nodg ra s s 1 985 , 1 987 ) .

5

I NTRODUCT ION G ene ra l ly s p e ak ing , A egean p r eh i s to r ic a r chaeo logy i si nt h e p ro ce s s o f e xpand ing t o i n c lud e g oa l s t i ed n o t o n ly t o d e scr ip t ion o f t h e a r cha eo log i ca l r e co rd , b u t a l so t o e xp lana t ion o fp a s t h uman b ehav io r ( s ee T r igge r 1 989 f o r a g en e ra ld i scu s s ion o ft h e d i s t in c t ion b e tween d e sc r ip t ion a nd e xp lan a t ion ) . ( A s im i la r t r an sf o rma t ion i st a k ing p l a ce , i t s e em s , i n Me sopo tam ian a r cha eo logy [ S t e in a nd R o thm an , e d s . 1 994 ] a nd E gyp to logy [ Wenk e 1 99 1 ] . )

o ft h et a b le t st h a tw e r eb e ing k ep tb y s c r ib a l a u tho r i t ie s a tt h e mom en to fc on f lag ra t ion ( Benn e t 1 995 ; K i l len 1 985 ; P a la ima 1 984 ) . C on s equen t ly , i mpo r tan t p i ece s o ft h e b u reau c ra t ic p uzz le m ay b e m i s s ing .

T h i s t r an sf o rma t ion h a s r e qu i red t h e g row th o f A egean a r cha eo logy t oi n c lude a n th ropo log i ca l m e thod s , y e tw i thou t a bandon ing t h e d e ta i l a va i lab le i nh i s to r ica l d ocum en t s , s u ch a s t h e L in ea r Bt e x t s . I n 1 972 C o l in R en f rew w ro t e T he Emer g enc eo fC i v i l i sa t ion , i nw h i ch h ei n t rodu ced s om eo ft h e a pp roa ch e s o ft h e N ew A rchaeo logy t oA egean p r eh i s to ry , m o s ti mpor tan t ly a s p ec t so fs o c ia l a n th ropo logy a nd t h e v a lu e o f t h eo ry -bu i ld ing . S i n ce t h en , A egean p reh i s to r ian s h av e b ecom e m uch m o r e r i go rou s i n t h e i r a pp l ica t ion o f t h e s c ien t if i cm e thod , p a r t i cu la r ly t oq u e s t ion so fs t a t eo r ig in sa nd mode l s o f Mycen a e an s o c io -po l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion . H ypo th e s i s t e s t ing i sn ow t h en o rm r a th e rt h an t h e e xcep t ion . A tt h e s am et i m e , A eg ean p r eh i s to r ian sa r e a tt h ef o r e f ron to f a t temp t s t o i n t eg ra t e p r ima ry d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s w i th c omp lex a r cha eo log ica l d a ta , a na pp roa ch c u r ren t ly o fg r ea t i n te re s ti ns e v e ra l r e g ion so ft h ew o r ld , s u ch a s Me soame r i ca a nd C h ina ( s e e K epec s a nd K o lb , e d s . 1 997 ) .

I ti sa l so a ppa ren t t h a t t h e t a b le t s i n co rpo ra t e i d en t i f iab le b i a se s , m any p rodu ced b y t h e m ann e r i n w h ich s c r ibe s r e spond ed t ot h e p a la t ia l b u reaucra t s ' n e ed f o r i n f o rma t ion . A sm en t ion ed a bove , L in ea r Bd o cum en t sr e co rd t h ec on c e rn s o f t h e s t a te c en te r , A no E ng l iano s , m ak ing l i t t le o r n o m en t ion o ft h o se i n du s t r ie s a nd a c t iv i t ie sn o to fd i rec t i n t e re s t t ot h ee l i t e a dm in i s t ra to r s o ft h e s t a t ee c onomy ( Benn e t 1 995 ; H a l s t ead 1 992 , i np r e s s ; K i l len 1 985 ) . I ng en e ra l , s c r ibe s a ppea r t o h ave f o cu sed o n t h e p r e s t ig e e conomy t o t h e e xc lu s ion o f u t i l i ta r ian o r s t ap le g ood s ( s ee e s pec ia l ly H a l s tead 1 992 ) . F o r e xamp le , t h e r e a r e n o r e f e ren ce s t o f l in t -knapp ing o r , t oa ny g r ea t e x t en t , p o t t ing . I na dd i t ion , i n d iv idua l r e co rd s a r e s t ru c tu red f o l low ing a s y s tem o f a dm in i s t ra t iv el o g ic t h a t o f ten r ema in s i n a cce s s ib le t oL in ea r B s cho la r s . A s ar e su l t , i n te rp re ta t ion o f t h e t a b le t s b y p h i lo log i s t s f r equen t ly r e l ie s o n c a lcu la t ed g u e s swo rk a nd s ome t ime s w eak i n f e ren ce .

a r chaeo logy t o a dd d ep th a nd p e r sp e c t ive t o t h e a l ready i n t r igu ing , s ome t im e s i d io syn c ra t ic , i n f o rma t ion p rov ided b y t h eL in ea r Br e co rd s . F u r th e rmo re , i th a sb e en s ugg e s t ed t h a t d e s t ru c t ion o ft h e c en t ra l a r ch ive o n ly p a r t ia l ly p r e se rved a l

A g ood e xamp le o f t h e c ha l lenge s f a ced b y L in ea r B s p ec ia l i s t s i sp rov ided b y t a b le tJ n 8 29 , w h i ch d e sc r ib e s t h e c o l le c t ion o fb r onze . T h i st a b le tc an b er e ga rd ed a s ar ou t in e r e co rd o fs t a t e spon so r ed b ronze -wo rk ing ( Sm i th 1 992 -93 ) o r a se v iden ce f o r ak i ngdom -w id e s t a t eo fe me rgen cy r e qu i r ing s m i th s a nd t emp le s t o p rov ide m e ta l f o r t h e m ak ing o f w eapon s ( Baumbach 1 983 ) , t wo v e ry d i f f e r en t c on c lu s ion s d rawn f r om i d en t ica l d a ta se t s . A r ch a eo logy c an p l ay a s i gn if i can t r o le i n s upp ly ing t h e m ean s w he r eby t h e i n terp re ta t ion s o f p h i lo log i s t s m igh t b e c l a r if i ed . F o r i n s tan ce , A eg ean p r eh i s to r ian sc an p rov id es p a t ia l a na ly se s o f a r t if a c t s f r om Mycena ean s e t t lemen t s a nd r e g ion s , t h e r eby a low ing t h e e xpec ta t ion s o fL in ea r Bs p e c ia l i s t s w i th r e ga rd t oc en t ra l ized v e r su s d ecen t ra l ized e conom i c a c t iv i ty t ob e t e s ted , a sw a s a t temp t ed b y H o l ly J . Mo r r i s ( 1 986 ) f o r t h e p rodu c t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fb ronze i n LH I IB Me s sen ia , s p ec if i ca l ly a tN icho r ia .

Me thod a nd T h eo ry T he f i r s tm od e l so f Myc ena ean s o c i e ty w e re c on s t ru c t ed p r io r t o t h e a f o rem en t ion ed t r an s f o rma t ion o f C la s s i ca l a r cha eo logy , a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly f r om L inea r B t a b le t i n fo rma t ion ( a l though c f . T hom son 1 949 ) . B a sed o n t h e i r r e ad ing o f t h e d ocum en t s , V en t r i s a nd C hadw i ck ( 1 973 ) c on ce ived o ft h e Mycena ean w o r ld a sb e ing s im i la r i nm any r e spe c t s t o f e uda l E u rope . T hu s , i n t h e i r t r an s la t ion t h e w anax , o rp a ramoun t l e ad e r , i sr e f e r r ed t oa s ak i ng . T h e k i ng 's m en , h i s e qe ta , a r e c a l led k n igh t s . F in ley ( 1 957 ) , o n t h e o t h e r h and , p r e f e r r ed a na log ie s t oN ea r E a s t e rn s t a t e s . T hu s t h e s t a t e c en t e r i s ap a lac e , i t sm a in f un c t ion b e ing t o f a c i l i ta te m a s s ive r e d i s t r ibu t ion o fp rodu c t s a nd f o od s tu f f s . W i thou t d oub t t h e se e a r ly mod e l s o f Mycenaean p o l i t i ca l e conomy a r e s t i l l i nu s e t o day , b u t t h ey a r e n ow m o r e o p en t o e va lua t ion a nd r e in t e rp re ta t ion ( Ga la ty a nd P a rk in son i n

I ti sa l so v e ry d i ff i cu l t t o a t ta ch L in ea r Bp l a ce -nam e s t o a r cha eo log ica l ly -known s i t e s . T hu s , t h e g eog raph ica l s t ruc tu re o ft h e k i ngdom a sr e vea led b y t h e t a b le t s d o e s n o t i na ny s t ra igh t -f o rwa rd m ann e rc o r r e spond t ot h e s e t t lem en t s y s tem a s e s tab l i shed b y f u l l -cove rag e , p ed e s t r ian s u rv ey . H oweve r , n ume rou s p r eh i s to r ian s h av e s t rugg led w i th t h i s d i f f icu l t i s su e a nd g r ea t p rog re s s h a s b een m ad e . F o r

p r e s s ) . I nf a c t , t h ey d oi n co rpo ra t e i n con s i s t en c ie st h a th ave b een m ad e a l t h e m o r e a ppa ren t b y r e cen t a r cha eo log ica l r e sea r ch . S eve ra l o ft h e p rob lem s w i th t h e se m od e l s s t em d i rec t ly f r om d i ff i cu l t ie s i ni n te rp re t ing t h e L in ea r Bt a b le t s t h em se lve s ( a s n o t ed b y B enn e t 1 988a , 1 995 , i np r e s s a ; K i l len 1 985 ) . F o r e xamp le , t h e P y l ian t a b le t s r e co rd at h in s l ice o ft i m e i nt h e l i f e a nd o pe ra t ion o ft h e s t a t e . H av ing b een m ad e , i ns om ec a s e sh a s t i ly , o fu nbak ed c l ay , i ti sl i k e ly t h a t t h ey w e r e f r equ en t ly p u lped a nd t h e c l ay r e u sed ( Chadw i ck 1 9 58 , 1 972 ) . A s ar e su l t , w ha t w a s c e r ta in ly a d ynam ic , e ve r -chang ing , a nd o rgan ic s y s tem i sm od e led o n t h e b a s i s o f s yn ch ron ic d a ta a l on e . I ti st h u s t h e t a sk o f

e xamp le , J ohn C h e r ry ( 1 977 ) u sed mu l t i -d im en s iona l s c a l ing t o a t temp t r e con s t ru c t ion o f t h e p o l i t i ca l s t ru c tu r e o f t h e P y l ian s t a te . J oan C a ro the r s ( 1 992 ) a pp l i ed m e thod s o f l o ca t iona l g eog raphy a nd r a nk s ize a na ly s i s t o m o r e f u l ly d e sc r ibe s e t t lemen t p a t t er n s . Mo r e r e cen t ly , J ohn B enn e t ( 1995 , i np r e s s a ;s e e a l so 1 988b ) h a s c omb ined n ew , f i n e -

6

I NTRODUCT ION s c a le a r cha eo log ica l d a ta w i th L in ea r B i n f o rma t ion t o p rov id e i n s igh t s i n to P y l ian s t a te f o rma t ion a nd e vo lu t ion . P rob lem sm ay a l so r e su l tf r om t h ew ay si nw h ich p h i lo log i s t s a nd a r cha eo log i s t sc hoo se t ou s e L in ea r Bt a b le t i n fo rma t ion . F o re xamp le , d a ta f r om d o cumen t s c o l lec ted a tt wo o rm o re d i f f e ren tl o ca t ion sm ay s om e t ime sb e c omb ined . I nt h e m o s t c ommon e xamp le o f t h i s p ra c t ice , d a ta f r om t h e e x ten s ive a r ch ive s a tK no s so s , l o ca t ed o n C r e t e , a r e l ump ed t o ge the r w i th t h o se f r om P y lo s . T h ej o in ing o fL in ea r Br e co rd s f r om s e v e ra ld i f f e r en t a r ch iv e s d epend s o nt h e a s sump t ion t h a t a l Mycenaean s t a te s f un c t ion ed s im i la r ly , a n u np roved h ypo th es i s ( Pa rk in son i np r e s s ) . T hu s , t h e c omb ina t ion o f L in ea r B d a t a se t s m igh t p o t en t ia l ly l e ad t o i n co r r ec t c on c lu s ion s a bou tt h eo r gan i za t ion a nd f u n c t ion ing o fs p ec i f ic My cen aean p o l i t ie s , a sw e l la s My c en a ean p o l i t ie s i ng en e r a l . Mode l ing o ft h e P y l ian s t a te a l so s u f f e r sp rob lem su n re la ted t o t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o f L in ea r B r e co rd s ; p rob lem s a r e c r ea t ed , f o r e xamp le , b y t h e i n app rop r ia te d r aw ing o f a na log ie s b e tween Mycenaean s t a te s a nd o t h e r c omp lex s o c ie t i es , s u ch a sN ea r E a s te rn s t a t e s ( Ga la ty a nd P a rk in son i np r e s s ; t h ough c f . C h e r ry a nd D av i s i np r e s s a nd K i l len i n p re s s b ) . T he r e i sa n i m men se d i f f e ren ce i nt h e s i ze a nd o rgan iza t ion a l s c a le o f Mycenaean v e r su s N ea r E a s t ern s t a t e c en te r s . Mo s t N ea r E a s t ern c en t e r sw e r e much l a rge r . F o r e xamp le , d u r ing t h e LH I IB p ha s e A no E ng l iano s g r ew t oa m ax imum s i ze o f 2 1 h ec ta re s ( Dav i s e ta l . 1 997 ) . O n t h e o t h e rh and , f o rc ompa r i son , b y 3 100 B .C . U ruk c ove red 1 00 h ec ta r e s . B yt h e E a r ly D yn a s t ic p e r iod t h e c i ty e n compa s sed 4 00 h ec ta re s , w i th ap o s s ib le p opu la t ion o f 5 0 ,000 p eop le . N ea rE a s t e rn s t a t e sm ob i l ized p rodu c t ion a nd r e d i s t r ibu t ion o f g ood st o ad eg r ee n ev e ra temp t ed b y Mycen a ean s t a te s . F o r i n s tan ce , t h e r e i sr e la t ive ly l i t t le s p a ce—no t e ven a s i ng le g r ana ry— a tA no E ng l iano s d evo t ed t ot h e l a rge sca le s t o rage o fs t ap le s f o r s t a t e -w id e r e d i s t r ibu t ion ( Mo r r i s 1 986 ) . T hu s m ode l s t h a t e nv i s ion Mycena ean s t a t e c en te r s p l ay ing r o le s s im i la r t ot h o s e o f t h e N ea r E a s t er n t emp le s a r e p o s s ib ly m i s lead ing . A n th ropo log i s t s c an p e rhap s b eg in t os ugge s t m o r ea pp rop r ia t ea na logu e st ow h ich Mycena ean s t a t e sc an b e c ompa red , s u ch a s Me soame r ican p o l i t ie s , f o r e xamp le .

f a c t , t h eA egean c h rono logy i sc on s id e r ed s ow e l l -con s t ru c t ed t h a t s ome s cho la r s d oub t t h e u s efu ln e s s o fr a d io ca rbon a nd d end ro ch rono log ica l r e su l t st h a t c a l l i n to q u e s t ion t h e t im ing o fc e r ta in e ven t s i nA egean p r eh i s to ry ( Muh ly 1 99 1 ; Wa r ren a nd H ank ey 1 989 ) . A g ood e xamp le i s t h e c u r r en t c on t rov e r sy o v e rt h er e -da t ing o ft h eT h e ran v o l can i ce r up t ion ( F igu re 1 . 1 ) , n ow a s s ign ed t o1 6 28 B .C . b y t h ed a t ing o fa s h i ni c e c o r e s f r om G reen land ( s ee e s pec ia l ly K un iho lm e ta l . 1 996 ; Mann ing 1 988 , 1 989 , 1 9 9 1 , 1 992 , 1 995 ) , at ime m u ch e a r l i e r t h an m any A egean p r eh i s to r ian s w ou ld l i k e . A egean p r eh i s to r ian s h ave a l so b een a t t h e f o r ef ron t o f m e thodo log i ca l a nd t h eo re t ica l a dvan ce s i nr e g iona l s t ud ie s a nd s u rvey i nt h e Med i t e r ran ean b a s in ( s e e B enn e ta nd G a la ty 1 997 ; K a rdu l ia s , e d . 1 994 ) . I n Me s sen ia , f o r e xamp le , McDona ld a nd h i s c o l leagu e s f r om t h e U n ive r s i ty o f M inn e so ta c ondu c t ed amu l t id i sc ip l ina ry e xp ed i t ion i n1 9 72 t or e con s t ru c tt h eB ronz eA ge P y l ian e nv i ronm en t( McDona ld a nd R app , e d s . 1 972 ) . T h i s e a r ly w o rk h a s b een b u i l t u pon b y t h a t o fP RAP ( Benn e t i np r e s s b ;D av i s , e d . 1 998 ; D av i s e ta l . 1 997 ; Z angge re ta l . 1 997 ) . I nt h r ee y ea r so ff i e ldwo rk P RAP f l e shed o u t B ronze A ge s e t t lem en t p a t t er n s a nd d e t erm in ed mo re p r ec i se ly t h e a r ea l l i m i t s o fm any B ron ze A ge s i t e s v i a s y s t ema t ic c omp le te s i t e c o l l ec t ion . F ina l ly , A egean p r eh i s to r ian s p i on ee r ed t h e a pp l ica t ion o f s e v e ra l a r cha eom e t r ic m e thod so fa na ly s i s . G r eece c on t inue s t ob e as t rongho ld o fs c ien t if i c a pp roa ch e s t oa r cha eo log i ca l q ue s t ion s ( s ee s umma ry b y McGover n 1 995 ) . A eg ean p reh i s to r ian s h ave a pp l ied m e thod s o f c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i st ot h e s t udy o fG r eek c e ram i c i n du s t r ie s w i th v e ry g ood r e su l t s ( e .g . , C a ro the r s 1 992 ; C a t l ing e ta l . 1 963 ; C a t l ing e t a l . 1 980 ; D ay 1 988 , 1 989 ; J on e s 1 986 ; K napp a nd C h er ry 1 994 ; R i ley 1 981 , 1 983 ; V aughan 1 99 1 ; Wh i tb read 1 995 ) . H en c e , m yr e sea r ch b u i ld su pon av i b ran t t r ad i t ion o fA egean c e ram ic a na ly s i s .

A l t e rna t ive st ot h e T rad i t iona l Mod e lo f Mycenaean S t a t e s Wha tc an b ed on e t oi mp rove m od e l s o ft h e P y l ian s t a te ? I f i n d eed L in ea r B -ba sed i n t e rp r e ta t ion s a r e l a ck ing i n c omp lex i ty , w ha t mo r e c an b e d on e t o e nhan ce t h em ? P rob lem s a nd i n con s i s t en c ie s a s id e , t h e L inea r Bt a b le t s r e p re sen t a n i n d i spen sab le a nd i n va luab le g l imp se i n to t h e w o rk ing so f Mycen a ean s t a t e s . L in ea r Bs c ho la r sh ave m ade i mp r e s s ive s t r id e s i nu nde r s tand ing a nd i n t e rp re t ing t h em . T he k ey t om o r e a ccu ra t e ly m od e l ing t h e P y l ian s t a t e t h u s i n vo lve s c on s t ruc t ing a t h eo re t ica l f r amewo rk i n w h ich m od e l s a r e c a refu l ly e va lua t ed w i th r e f e ren ce t o b o th t h e L in ea r Bt a b le t sa nd t h ea r cha eo log i ca le v id en ce ( a ss ugge s t ed b y B enn e t 1 988a , s e e a l so B enn e t 1 988b , 1 995 , i np r e s s a ) . S u ch a na pp roa ch w a sa dop t ed b yJ oan C a ro th e r s ( 1 992 ) a nd H o l ly J . Mo r r i s ( 1 986 ) ; h oweve r , b o th s c ho la r s l a ck ed e x ten s iv e a r chaeo log ica l d a ta ( s u ch a s t h o s e p roduced b y P RAP ) a nd , t h e r efo re , r e l ied h eav i ly o n t h e d o cumen ta ry r e co rd a tt h e e xpen se o f a r chaeo logy . T h e c e ram ic d a ta

O fc ou r se , A egean p r eh i s to r ian s h av e , e s p ec ia l ly i nt h e l a s t f ew d ecade s , d on e m u ch t o e nhan ce t e x t -ba sed mod e l s o f Mycena ean s t a t e s . F o ri n s tan ce , c l a s s i ca la r cha eo log i s t sh av e a lway s d on e as upe rb j o b o fr e co rd ing a r chaeo log ica l d a ta . A rcha eo log i s t se x cava t ing Mycen a ean s i t e se a r l ie ri nt h e2 0 th c en tu ry , s u ch a s a tP y lo s , k ep t d e ta i led r e co rd s o f a r t i f a c t p roven ien ce a nd s t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le s . A s ar e su l t , t o day t h e r ee x i s t sa na c cu ra t ea nd h i gh ly r efmed c a ta log o fA egean m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e , p a r t icu la r ly c e ram ic s . A eg ean c e ram i c s e r ia t ion s , e s pec ia l ly Mycen a ean , a r e a mong t h em o s tc omp lex e ve rd e s ign ed , a nd p o t sr e p r e sen ti mpo r t an t c h rono log i ca l m a rk e r s ( Fununa rk 1 9 4 1 ; Moun t joy 1 986 ) . I n m o s t c a s e s c e ram ic c h rono log ie s h av e b een c o r r e la ted w i th E gyp t ian d yna s t ic r e co rd s , t h e r eby p rov id ing a b so lu t e , i n a dd i t ion t or e la t ive , d a t e s ( Wa r r en a nd H ankey 1 989 ) . I n

7

I NTRODUCT ION o ve r v i l lage s i n t h e s u r round ing c oun t ry s ide i n o rde r t o g a in a cce s s t o t h e s u rp lu s l a bo r , a g r icu l tu ra l g ood s , a nd p a s to ra l p rodu c t s w h ich w e r e c r i t ica l f o r t h e s u rv iva l a nd s o c ia l r e p roduc t ion o f Me sopo tam ian e l i te s . .Uruk e l i t e sa tS u sa c en t ra l ized c e ram ic p rodu c t ion a sa w ay t ob r eak t h e e conom ic a u tonomy o fv i l lage s o n t h e S u s iana p l a in , t h e reby d r aw ing t h e l a t t e r i n to u rban -ba sed e x change n e two rk s .

c o l le c ted f o r t h i s r e sea r ch m ay a low a mo re b a lan ced a pp roa ch t om od e l ing t h e P y l ian s t a t e . A egean p r eh i s to r ian s a sw e l l a ss c ho la r s o fL in ea r Ba r e n ow w i l l ing t oa cknow ledge t h a t My cena ean s t a t e s e n compa s sed b o th " p a la t ia l " s t a t e spon so red e conom i cs t ru c tu re si na dd i t ion t o o l d e r l o ca l n e two rk s o f p rodu c t ion a nd e x change ( s ee S he lm e rd in e 1 997 :570 ; K i l len i np r e s s b ) . F u r thermo re , a r chaeo log ica l a nd e t hnoh i s to r ica l w o rk d on e i n t h e Med i ter ran ean a nd e l sewh e re s u gge s t s t h a t t h e Mycen a ean s t a t e sc e r ta in ly m u s th ave i n co rpo ra t ed s e ve ra lo t h e rf o rm s o f e conom ic a c t iv i ty n o t s p ec if i ca l ly r e co rd ed i n L in ea r B d ocum en t s a nd h e re to f o re l e f t , f o r t h e mo s t p a r t , u n i nve s t iga t ed b yA eg ean a r cha eo log i s t s : f o re xamp le , s ma l l s ca le m od e s o f c r af t s p ec ia l iza t ion , s u ch a s h ou seho ld ( a s o ppo sed t op a la t ia l ) i n du s t r ia l p rodu c t ion a nd d i sp e r sed ( a s o ppo sed t o c en t ra l ized ) w o rk shopp ing ( s ee Mo r r i s 1 986 ) ; c omm e r c ia l m anu f a c tu r e a nd m a rk e t ing o fg ood s ( s ee a ga in Mo r r i s 1 986 ) ; a nd af r e e a nd i n d ep end en tm e r chan tc l a s s ( s ee K napp a nd C he r ry 1 994 ) . S tudy o f t h e Mycenaean c e ram ic s y s tem t o uche s , a tl e a s t s up e rf i c ia l ly , o ne a ch o ft h e se e conom ic a c t iv i t ie s , a sw e l l a s s ev e ra l o t h e r s . ( By " c e ram ic s y s t em " i sm ean t ar e g iona l n e two rk o fp roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion t h a t s upp l ie s i t em s o f f i red c l ay t o ac e r ta in i d en t if i ab le c on sum e rp opu la t ion . ) F o r e xamp le , t h e c e ram ic i n du s t ry h a s i t sd eve lopmen ta l r oo t s i n t h ee a r l ie rN eo l i th ic p e r iod , w e l lp r io rt ot h eb i r th o ft h e s t a te i nG reece . I tr e p r e sen t s t h e ref o r e al o ca l i n du s t ry t h a t w a s d eep ly e mb edd ed i nt h e i n d igenou sp r e s ta t e e conomy . N ew i n du s t r ie s , o f t en c ha ra c te r ized b y i n t roduced a nd c omp lex t e chno log ie s , s u ch a s t h e b ronz e i n du s t ry , m ay h ave b een mo re e a s i ly i n co rpo ra t ed i n to t h e y oung L a te B ron ze A ge s t a te s , w he rea s o t h e r c r af t i n du s t r ie s p ra c t iced b y l o ca l p eop l e , s u ch a sp o t t ing a nd f l i n t Im app ing ( Ka rdu l ia s i np r e s s ; P a rk in son 1 997 , i n p r e s s ) , w ou ld h av e r e s i s ted f o rc ib le i n teg ra t ion w i th t h e s t a t e 's e conomy . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t t h e p a la ce p ra c t iced a s t ra t egy o f s e lec t ive i n co rpo ra t ion , a pp rop r ia t ing o n ly t h o se l o ca l i n du s t r ie s t h a t o pe ra ted a t s u f f i c ien t i n ten s i t i e s ( s ee , f o r e xamp le , H a l s tead 1 995 w i th r e ga rd t oa g r icu l tu ra l s p ec ia l iza t ion o np a la t ia l e s ta t e s ) . G iven t h a tt h e c e ram ic i n du s t ry e x i s t ed p r io rt oa nd p e rhap s t h e re f o re o u t s id e t h e c on t ro l o ft h e s t a t e , p o t s m ay s e rve t o m a rk t h em anu f a c tu r ea nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fg ood s i nt h e a b sen ce o ft h es t a t e 's i nf lu en c e , t h e reby o p en ing u pt oa r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion t h e " t o ta l " Mycenaean e conomy . F ur the rmo re , g i ven t h e t r a jec to r ie s o f d eve lopm en t e s tab l i sh ed f o r o t he r s t a te s e l sewhe re i nt h e w o r ld , i tm ay b e t h a t P y l ian e l i te s w e re f o r t h e f i r s t t i me d u r ing t h e L a t e H e l lad ic I IB i na p o s i t ion t o d om ina t e i n d igenou s i n du s t r i e s a nd a t temp t i n teg ra t ion o ft h e s t a t e a nd l o ca l e conom ie s . F o r i n s tan ce , s u ch ap roce s s e v en tua l ly o ccu r red i nt h e N ea r E a s t , a sS t e in ( 1 994a :14 ) d e sc r ibe s :

. .cen t ra l ized i n s t i tu t ion s a temp t ed t o e x t end a dm in i s t ra t iv e , p o l i t ica l , a nd e conom ic c on t ro l

C on t ro l o ve r l o ca l i n du s t r ie s d i d n o t t a k e p l a ce w ho le sa le ; r a th e r , t h e s t a t e m ay h ave a tf i r s t o n ly s ub t ly i n t ruded o nt h e l o ca ls y s t em . F o re xamp le , d u r ing t h e L H I IB p ha se I c y l ik e s ( F igu re 1 . 3 ) a ppea r t oh ave b een u s ed i nt h e p o l i t ica l a nd r e l ig iou s c on tex t o f a n ima l s a c r if i ce a nd f e a s t ing , w h ich i n c lud ed t h er i tua l ized d r ink ing o fa l coho l ic b eve rage s , m o s t p robab ly w in e ( F igu re 1 . 4 ; s e e K i l len 1 994 ; S a f lund 1 980 ) . I n t h e e t hnog raph i c r e co rd , r i tua l o f ten s e rve s t oi n teg ra t e s ma l l sca le , s om e t ime s v e ry u n s tab le , s o c ie t ie s ( Be l l 1 992 ) . P y l i an e l i t e sm ay h ave u t i l ized r i tua la c t iv i t ie s , s u ch a sf e a s t s , t o e xp lo i t e x t an t , a ga in l o ca l , m o r e a nc ien t , s y s tem s o f i n te ra c t ion— tho se l i nked t ok in sh ip n e two rk s a nd m a r r iage e xchange—w i th t h e g oa l o f b u i ld ing a l ian ce s a nd d raw ing i n d ig enou sp o l i t ica l -e conom ie s a nd a u to ch thonou s l e ad e r si n to t h e s t a t e 's o r b i t( c f . D av i sa nd B enn e ti np r e s s ) . E v id enc e f o r t h e se d ecen t ra l ized p o l i t ica l s y s tem s i sr e co rd ed i nL inea rB t e x t s , w h ich a pp ea rt op r e serve r e f e r en ce s t ol o ca l ( i . e . , n on s t a te ) o f f ic ia l s ( s uch a s t h e b a s i l eu s ; s e e d i scu s s ion s i n P a la ima 1 995 a nd R en f r ew 1 998 ) . K y l i l c e s m ay s ymbo l ica l ly r e p r e sen t s u ch s t a t e spon so red m echan ism s o f r e g iona l i n teg ra t ion d u e t o t h e i r r i tua l u s e s , b o th i n f e a s t ing a nd c e r emon i e so fl i ba t ion ( Brum f ie l a nd E a r l e [ 1 987 :5 ; s e e a l so S t e in 1 994a :14 ] r e f e r t o s u ch i t em s a s " po l i t ica l ly c ha rged c ommod i t ie s " ) , a nd a s s u ch t h ey m ay h ave b een t r ea ted d i f f e r en t ly f r om o t he r , mo re mundan e , c e ram ic c l a s se s . ( The r e i s b o th e t hnog raph ic [ e .g . , A rno ld 1 985 ] a nd a r ch a eo log ica le v id en ce [ e .g . , S t e in a nd B la ckman 1 993 ] f o r t h e s p e c ia lt r ea tm en to fc e r ta in c e ram i ct y p e sd u e t or e l ig iou s a t tachm en t s . ) A s ar e su l t , g i ven t h e d a ta c o l lec t ed f o r t h i s r e sea r ch , s t a t e a u tho r i t ie s a ppea r t oh ave t a k en m o re o f a n i n te r e s t i nI c y l ix m anu f ac tu re a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , p e rhap s a sa p r e lud et om o r e a c t iv e a pp rop r ia t ion o ft h e f i newa r e c e ram ic i n du s t ry . C h em ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta f u r th e r s u gge s tt h e e x i s t en ce i n LH I IB P y lo s o fa tl e a s t t wo d i f f e r en t mod e s o fc e ram ic p rodu c t ion , f u nc t ion ing a td i f f e ren tl e ve l so fi n t en s i ty . S om e w a re t y pe s a ppea r t oh ave b een m anu f a c tu red i nd i spe r sed c on t ex t s , s u ch a ss ma l l w o rk shop s , w he r ea s o t he r s i n d ica te n u c lea t ed , p e rhap s mo re c omm e r c ia l ized , m anu f ac tu r e ( " comm e rc ia l " i su s ed h e re in t o r e f e r t o e ngagemen t i n c omm e r ce , t h a t i sp roduc t ion f o r a nd d i s t r ibu t ion t o am a s s m a rk e t , o f t en w i th t h e i n ten t t o m o r e e ff ic ien t ly m ax im ize p rof i t ) . T he e xa c t m e thod w he r eby p o t s w e r e d i s t r ibu t ed r ema in su nk nown . D u r ing e a r ly h i s to r i cp e r iod s , s om eG r eek p o t t e r sw e r e i t ne ran tc r a f t sm en w ho t r ave led f r om v i l lage t o v i l lage m ak ing p o t s a nd h awk ing t h e i r w a re s ( Voya t zog lou

8

I NTRODUCT ION

3 0

4 5c m

F igure 1 . 4 I c onog raph ic r e p r e sen ta t ion o fr i tua l iz ed d r ink ing ( s o -ca l l ed " t oa s t ing " c e r emony ) w i th k y l ike s , a sr e con s t ruc t ed b y McCa l lum ( 1 987 :68 -141 ) . F rom af r e sco r e cove r ed i nt h et h ron er oom o ft h ep a lace a t A no E ng l iano s . N o t e a l so t h et r u s sed s a c r if i c ia lb u l la nd t h e l y r e -p lay ing " b a rd . " I ts hou ld a l so b ep o in t ed o u t t h a t t h e t o a s t ing w i th k y l ik e s i n t h i s f r e sco w a s e n t i r e ly r e s to r ed b a sed o n o t h e r k nown p a ra l le l s . I lu s t ra t ion b ya nd r e p r in t ed w i th t h ep e rm i s s ion o fL . McCa l lum .

m e thod so fs t ap le f man ce , p e rhap sd u et oh i gh t r an spo r tc o s t s . S u ch b e ing t h e c a se , t h e Mycenaean e l i t e m ay h ave n o t y e t p e r ce ived t h e n eed o rd i dn o tc a re t oe x t end c on t ro lo ve rt h e r e g ion 's s t ap le c ommod i ty p roduc t ion ; t h u s , a sr e co rd ed i n L in ea rB ,t h ed up l ica t ion o fm any l o ca l e c onom ic a c t iv i t ie s i n m in ia tu re i n t h e v i c in i ty o f A no E ng l iano s , s u ch a s t h e g row ing o f g ra in , t e nd ing o f o r cha rd s , a nd t h e r a i s ing o f l i ve s tock . S u ch d up l ica t ion o fe conom i c a c t iv i t ie s a l so t o ok p l ace a ts om e N ea r E a s ter n c i ty s ta t e s ( S te in 1 994a :13 14 ; S t e in a nd B la ckman 1 993 ) . L ik ew i se , Mycena ean a dm in i s t ra to r s m ay h ave i g no r ed l o ca l p roduc t ion o f n on w ea l th i t em s , s u ch a sc e ram ic c oa r sewa r e s a nd c he r tl i t h ic s , a nd f o cu sed i n s tead o n i n c rea s ing c on t ro l o fi t em s d eem ed p o t en t ia l ly i mpo r t an tt ot h e s t a te , s u ch a sk y l ik e s a nd p e rhap s t o al e s se r e x t en t o b s id ian b l ade s ( Ka rdu l ia s i n p r e s s ; P a rk in son 1 997 , i np re s s ) . ( M s . S u sann e H o f s t ra [ p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ] , o ft h e U n ive r s i ty o fT exa s , i sc u r ren t ly i n t h ep roc e s so fr e s tudy ing a l o fB l egen 's s ma l lf i nd sf r om t h e P a la ce o f N e s to r e xcava t ion s , m any o f w h i ch , s u ch a st h e m a jo r i ty o f l i t h ic s , w e re n eve r p ub l i shed . S h e e xpec t s t o s o on h ave a n i n ven to ry o fl i t h ic a r t if a c t s a nd t h e i r f md spo t s , i n f o rma t ion w h ich w i l l c on t r ibu te s i gn if i can t ly t o o u r

1 974 ) . I nI b e r ia a nd N o r th A f r i ca p o t s w e re d i s t r ibu ted n o t b y p o t te r s t h em se lve s , b u t b y i n dep enden t m e rchan t m idd l em en , m any o fw hom o p e ra t ed d onk ey c a ravan s a nd , i n m o re m oder nt ime s , t h e i r o wn t r u ck s ( Ba lf e t 1 965 ; V o s sen 1 984 ) . Wha t eve r t h e c a se , i nL a t e H e l lad ic I IB P y lo s t h e s t a te c en t e r d oe s n o t a ppea r t o h ave c en t ra l ized a nd a dm in i s t e r ed t h ep rodu c t ion a nd r e d i s t r ibu t ion o fp o t s ; r a th e r , a s w i l l b e mo re f u l ly d e sc r ibed b e low , p a t te rn s o fc e ram ic d i s t r ibu t ion s ugge s t l o ca l ized e xchange s o f c oa r sewa r e p o t tery , p e rhap s i nt h e c on t ex t o f as y s t em o fr e c ip roca l o r m a rk e t e xchange s , a nd t h e p ro f e s s iona l m e rchand i s ing o f f i n ewa r e s . G iven t h e r e su l t s o b ta in ed i nt h i s r e sea rch , t h e h egemon i c i mp re s s ion p rov ided b y t h e L in ea r Bt a b le t s o f t h e P y l ian s t a te , o f a n e n t i ty t h a t d om ina t ed a l a s pec t s o f r e g iona l e conomy , mu s t b e d i sca rd ed , o r a tl e a s t a mended . I ti sn o l o nge r t e nab le t od e sc r ibe Mycen a ean s t a te s a s c on t ro l l ing c omp l e t e ly r e g iona l e c onom i e s . F o re xamp le , an ew r e ad ing o ft h ec omb in ed d o cum en ta ry a nd a r ch a eo log ica l e v id en ce b y H a l s t ead ( 1 992 ) s ugge s t s t h a t Myc ena ean a dm in i s t ra to r s o p e ra t ed ar e g iona l s y s tem o fw ea l th f i nan ce , n eg lec t ing

9

I NTRODUCT ION u nd e r s tand ing o fs t on et o o lu s e a nd p o s s ib l ep rodu c t ion a tt h e p a la ce . )

i n c lud ed a p o t te r ; s e e S he lm e rd in e i n p r e s s ) . P e rhap s p r ef e ren t ia lt r ea tm en tg r an t ed ap a r t i cu la rP y l ian p o t te rm a rk s t h e e x ten to ft h e s t a t e 's i n te r e s t i nt h e c e ram ic i n du s t ry .

F ur th e rmo r e , t h e r e sea rch r e su l t s p r e sen ted i nt h i s v o lum e h e lp t o e xp la in w hy s ome i n du s t r ie s a r e r e co rd ed i n t h e L in ea r Bt a b le t s w h e r ea s o t h e r sa r en o t , a sw e l l a sw hy s ome i n du s t r ie s w e r e c en t ra l ized a t t h e p a la ce o r a ts e conda ry c en t e r s , b u to t h e r s w e r en o t . T he t a b le t s m ak e l i t t le m en t ion o fc e ram ic sb ecau se t h e s t a t ee x e r c i sed n od i r ec t c on t ro l o ve r t h e c e ram ic i n du s t ry ( s ee D ay a nd W i l son 1 998 w i th r e ga rd t oa t t a ched v e r su s i n depend en t p roduc t ion o fK ama re s w a re o n p r o topa la t ia l C re te ) , a n i n du s t ry i n w h ich t h e s t a te b u r eau c ra t st o ok o n ly p a r t ia l i n t e re s t . T h e LH I IB s t a t e d i d n o t f o r c ib ly c en t ra l ize c e ram ic p roduc t ion , a sd i dt a k e p l a ce e l sewh e r e , s u ch a si nt h e I n ka Emp i re w he r e w ho l e p o t t ing v i l lage s w e re m oved t ot h e c ap i ta l o fC uzco ( D 'A l t roy a nd B i shop 1 990 ) . T he L inea r Bd ocumen t s ( t ab le t E o 3 7 1 ) d o m ak e m en t ion o f al a nd g ran t t o as o -ca l led " r oya l " p o t t e r , n am ed B r i thawon ( r oya l , e i th e r b ecau se t h e g r an tw a s m ade i nt h en am eo ft h e " k ing " o rb ecau se t h e r o ya lh ou s eho ld s t a f f

I n a c tua l i ty , t h e r u le r o f P y lo s a ppea r s t oh ave b een n o t s o mu ch ak i ng a sh ew a s ap a ramoun tc h ie fo rh ead b u reau c ra t , l e ad e ro f av o la t i le a nd c on s tan t ly s h i f t ing n e two rk o fr e g iona l a l ian ce s . C e r ta in i n d iv idua l s , s u ch a st h e r oya l p o t te r , w e re e n t iced t ot a k ep a r ti nt h i sn e two rk . U n l ik e o t he r e a r ly s t a te s s u ch a s t h e A z t ec a nd t h e Maya , t h e s y s t em w a s n o t h e ld t o ge the r b y o ver t f o r ce ; t h e re i sv e ry l i t t l e a r cha eo log ica l e v id enc e f o ri n t en se v i o len ce ( a l though c f . A ch e son [ i np r e s s ] a nd D av i s a nd B enn e t [ i np r e s s ] ; i nb o th a r t ic le s a na rgumen t i sm ade f o rt h ep o s s ib le i mpo r tan ce o fw a r f a r e t o Mycenaean s t a te f o rma t ion ) . I n s tead , t h e s o c ia l a nd p o l i t ica l t i e t h a t b ound Mycena ean P y lo s t o g e the r , a nd e ven tua l ly r i pped i t a pa r t , m ay h ave b een g r eed , t h e d e s i re f o r e xo t ic i t em s o r r i tua l ly -cha rged g ood s , t h o se t h ing s t h a t l e nd m en p owe r— econom ic , p o l i t ica l , o rm ag ica l—ov e r o t he r s .

1 0

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IG INS O F THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE 1 994 :200 ) . F o re xamp le , o ft h e s e ven c er ta in N eo l i th ic s i t e s k nown f r om Me s sen ia , f o u ro ft h em a r ec ave s i t e s ( McDona ld a nd H ope S imp son 1 972 :130 ) .

C hap t e r Two . B ackground I n forma t ion : T he O r ig in so ft he S ta te i n Ma in land G reece

Many a r cha eo log i s t sf r am et h eo r ig in so fs o c ia l c omp lex i ty i n G reece i n t e rm s o f t h e s o -ca l led " s oc ia l s t o rage " m ode l , d eve lop ed b y P au l H a l s t ead a nd J ohn O 'Sh ea ( 1 982 ; a l though s e e t h e r e cen t c r i t iqu e b y S t ra s se r 1 997 , w i th r e p ly b y H a l s tead 1 997 ) . I n deed , t h e s o c ia l s t o rage mode l h e lp s t o e xp la in n o t o n ly t h e r i se o f b u reauc ra t ic i n s t i tu t ion s i n g ene ra l , b u t a l so t h e d i v e rg en t p a th s t o s o c ia l c omp lex i ty f o l lowed b yn o r th v e r su s s o u th G re ec e ( Ha l s tead 1 994 ) . T h e

I nt h i sc hap t e r , t h ee vo lu t ion o ft h e My c en a ean s t a t e i st r a ced , b eg inn ing w i th t h e o r ig in s o f s o c ia l c omp lex i ty i n t h e N eo l i th ic a n d E a r ly B ronze A g e , f o l lowed b y i n c r ea sed c ompe t i t ion a nd c oa le scen ce i nt h e M idd le B ronze A ge a nd t h ee a r ly M y c enaean p e r iod , a nd f i n a l ly f u l l i n t eg ra t ion i nt h e s o -ca l l ed " P a la ce " p ha se ( Tab le 1 . 1 ) . S p ec if i cr e f e r en ce s a r e m ade t h roughou t t o Me s sen ia a nd t o c hange s i n t h e o r gan i za t ion o ft h ec e ram i c i n du s t ry . T h e c hap t e rc l o se sw i th a d e scr ip t ion o f P y lo s ' LH I IB p o l i t ica l -economy , e mpha s i z ing d ocumen ta ry a nd a r cha eo log ica l e v id en ce f o r t r an s i t ion a nd i n s tab i l i ty l e ad ing t oe v en tua lc o l lap se .

m od e l e n compa s se s b o th s u b s i s t en ce -ba sed e co log ica l l im i t s t o d ev e lopm en t a s w e l l a s t h e p o s s ib le s o c io -cu l tu ra l r e spon se st ot h e se r e s t ra in t s . T h ep r ima ry l i m i tt oa g r icu l tu r ei nG r eece i sr a in f a l l ; n o to n ly i si ts c a r ce , b u ti ti sa l so u np r ed ic tab l e . S ome y ea r s t h e r a in s c om e a nd s om ey ea r st h ey d on o t . Wh en t h e r a in s d o c om e , t h ey m ay d o s o i n t h e f o rm o f d e s t ruc t ive f l a sh f l ood s , m ak ing t h e p r ac t ice o f i r r iga t ion d i ff i cu l t ( Ha l s tead 1 994 ) . F u r th e rmo r e , r a in f a l ll e ve l s d r op f r om t h en or th o fG reece t o t h e s ou th a nd e a s t( a ss u ch , t h e r e a r ea l so d i f f e ren ce sb e tween e a s t er na nd w e s te rn G r eece d u r ing t h e N eo l i th ic , w h ich Id o n o td i scu s sh e r e ) . E sp ec ia l ly i ns ou th G reece , t h e r em ay e x i s t a nnua l ly a nd m ic ro r eg iona l ly a w ide v a r ia t ion i n c r op p rodu c t ion ; o n e v a l ley m igh t e xpe r ien ce ab ump e r h a rve s t , a no the rn e ighbo r ing v a l l ey m igh ts u f f e r ap a r t ia l , a l be i tr a r e ly c omp le t e , f a i lu r e ( Ha l s t ead 1 994 ) .

T he N eo l i th ic I n G r ee c e , t h e e vo lu t ion o f t h e s t a t e b egan d u r ing t h e N eo l i th i c p e r iod ( c ir ca 6 500 -3200 B .C . ; T ab le 1 . 1 ) . A g r icu l tu r e a nd N eo l i th ic l i f eway s a pp ea rt oh ave a r r ived i n n o r the rn G r e ece f r om e l sewhe r e , p e rhap s A na to l ia , a s i s d ocum en t ed a t" t e l l " s i t e s( i . e . , m agou l e s ) , s u ch a sS e s Ido a nd D im in i i nT h e s sa ly ( Demou le a nd P e rr ä s 1 993 ; T h eocha re s 1 973 ; s e e F i gu re 1 . 1 ) . A s t h e p r eced ing Me so l i th ic o ccupa t ion w a s s pa r se a nd i ns om e p a r t s o fG reece , s u ch a s Me ssen ia , n on -ex i s ten t ( Runn e l s 1 9 95 ; f o r Me s sen ia s e e D av i s , e d . 1 998 ; D av i s e t a l . 1 997 ) , N eo l i th ic c o lon i s t s i nf i l t ra ted ar e la t ive ly e mp ty l a nd scap e . T he se f i r s t G reek f a rme r s b r ough t w i th t h em ac omp le t e a g r icu l tu ra l p a ckage c on s i s t ing o fw hea t , b a r ley , o a t s , s h eep , g oa t s , p i g s , a nd c a t t le ( B roodbank a nd S t ra s se r 1 99 1 ; H a l s tead 1 994 ) . I n s ome c a se s , a s a tF ranch th i C av e , l o ca t ed i nt h e n or thea s t P e loponn e s e , i n d igenou s p opu la t ion s a pp ea rt oh ave a dop ted d ome s t i ca t ed p roduc t sa nd i n co rpo ra t ed a g r icu l tu r ei n to ap r e e x i s t ing s u b s i s t en ce f r amewo rk ( J a cob sen a nd F a r rand 1 987 ; v an A nd e la nd S u t ton 1 987 ) .

A cco rd ing t o t h e s o c ia l s t o rage m ode l , G r eek f a rm e r s—mod er n a s w e l l a s a nc ien t— re spond t o c l ima t ic u n ce r ta in ty i nt h r ee w ay s : o v e rp rodu c t ion ; s t o rage o fs u rp lu s ; a nd s h a r ing w i th n e ighbo r s i nt ime s o fn eed ( s ee a l so F o rbe s 1 992 ) . T he n eed t oo ve rp roduce , a nd t h e ref o re t h en eed f o r l a rge f a rm ing f am i l ie s , a c coun t s f o r t h e s l ow a nd s t eady g row th o fp opu la t ion t h roughou t t h e N eo l i th ic a nd i n to t h e B ronze A ge s ( Ha l s t ead 1 994 ) . A s f am i ly s i ze g r ew a nd t h e l a nd scap ef i l l ed , f a rm e r so p en ed u pm a rg ina lz on e s , a nd t h e se z on e s r e qu i r ed e v en m o r e o ve rp roduc t ion , s t o rage , a nd s h a r ing ( t h e r eby c r ea t ing a p o s i t ive f e edba ck l o op t h a t a mp l if i ed t h rough t im e t h e a l r eady e x i s t ing s y s tem ic c ompon en t s ) . E ven tua l ly , i n t h e c on tex t o f t h e a ge -o ld s y s tem o f s h a r ing , t h o se f a rme r s l i v ing o n ma rg ina l l a nd s b ecame i n d eb ted t ot h e i r m o re p ro spe rou s n e ighbo r s ( s een a r chaeo log ica l ly i nt h e a ppea ran ce o f ar e g iona l s e t t lemen t h i era r chy a nd , p e rhap s , i nt h e d i spa r i ty o f l a te r N eo l i th ic h ou se s iz e s ) . I na dd i t ion , a s Mo r r i s ( 1 986 ) a r gue s , s y s tem s o fd eb t m ay h ave b een r e in f o rced o ve r t ime b y n e two rk s o f m a r r iag ee x chang e i nw h ich t h o se l i n eage sw i th l e s si n f lu en ce w ou ld h ave p a id s t eep b r id e p r ice s t o t h o se l i n eage s w i th m o r e .

I n ten s if i ed p r oduc t ion o fa g r i cu l tu ra l s u rp lu se sm ay h ave a l so s uppor t ed t h e v ery b eg inn ing s o fc r a f t s p ec ia l i za t ion a nd a n i n c rea se i nl o ng -d i s tan ce t r ad e ( Runn e l sa nd v an A nd e l 1 988 ) . I nt h i s c on t ex t , t h et r an s i t ion t of a rm ing i nG reece w a s l i k e ly d r iven b yi n c r ea sed s o c ia l s t ra t if i ca t ion , i na dvance o ft h e s o c a l led " N eo l i th ic R evo lu t ion ," a nd a n a c company ing d e s i re f o r " c a sh c r op s ," s u ch a sg r a in s , w h i ch c ou ld b ee a s i ly s t o red a nd s h ipp ed a nd w h i ch p rov id ed t h e f o unda t ion s f o r a n " i ndu s t r ia l " a so ppo sed t o as ub s i s t en c e a g r icu l tu ra l e conomy ( Runne l s a n dv an A nd e l 1 988 :102 ) . S oon a f t e r t h e N eo l i th ic b egan e vo lu t iona ry t r a jec to r ie s i n n o r th a nd s o u th G r eece d i ve rged ( f i r s t n o t ed b y R en f r ew 1 972 ; s e e a l so H a l s t ead 1 994 ) . Wh e rea s t h e N eo l i th ic i n T he s sa ly i sc ha rac te r i zed b y n um e rou s s ma l l , t i gh t ly -pack ed v i l lag e s , i nt h e s ou th s e t t lemen ti sd i f f u se a nd o f ten r e s t r ic ted t oc ave s , c on t inu ing at r end f i r s ts e en a tF ran ch th i ( Ha l s t ead

A cco rd ing t oH a l s tead ( 1 994 ) , u n l ik eo t he rp a r t so ft h ew o r ld w he re o ve rba lan ced s y s tem s o f d eb t c r ea ted i n s tab i l i ty a nd s i tua t ion s o f e ndem i c r a id ing , t h e G reek r e spon se w a s " s oc ia l " s t o rage . G roup s o f f a rme r s b anded t o ge the r ,

1

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IG INS O F THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE t h rough r e c ip ro ca le xch ange s ( Cu l len 1 9 85 ; P e r le s 1 992 :129 , 1 3 1 ; c f . J a cob s en 1 984 ; V i te l l i 1 993a ) .

" bank ing " t h e i r s u rp lu s a t ac en t ra l p l ace ( t h i s a l so a c coun t s f o r t h e i n ven t ion o f s e a l ing t e chno logy , w h ich p robab ly o ccu r r ed s ome t ime d u r ing t h e L a t e o r F ina l N eo l i th ic , t o s e cu r e a nd r e co rd t r an sa c t ion s [ Pu l len 1 994a ] ) .

T he E ar ly B ron ze A ge N o r thern G reece n eve r t o ok t h e s t ep t o s o c ia l s t o rage , a s s u ch , b ecau se l e ve l so fi n equa l i ty b e tween f am i l i e so ff a rm e r s w e re r a r e ly s u s ta in ed . H a l s t ead ( 1 994 ) e xp la in s t h e' n o r th s ou th d i ve rgen ce e co log ica l ly , n o t ing t h a t s ou th er nG reece , i n c lud ing C re t e , r e p re sen t s ah e t e rogen eou s e nv i ronm en tt h a t e n cou rage s r i sk b u f f e r ing , w he r ea s n o r the rn G r eece e n compa s se s a mu ch m o r e u n i fo rm t e r ra in i n w h ich

I tw a s d u r ing t h e E a r ly B ronze A ge ( EBA ; c i r ca 3 100 -2000 B .C .) t h a t s o c ia l s t o rage w a s f i r s t t r an sfo rm ed f r om a r e spon se t or i sk o n t h e p a r t o f f a rm ing c ommun i t ie s i n to a s o c io -po l i t ica l s y s t em d e s ign ed t ob en e f i tt h e n on -p roduc ing f ew , t h e a dm in i s t ra to r s o ft h e s y s tem a n dt h e i rd epend en t s , a t t h ee xp en se o ft h em any . I nt h e E BA , s o c ia ls t o rag ep r opped u p as y s t em o ff i nance t h a t a l lowed t h e e l i te t ou nd erw r i te c omme r c ia la nd i n du s t r ia l v en tu re s t h a tr e in fo r ced t h e i ro wn g row ing p ow e r . A cco rd ing t oH a l s t ead ( 1 994 ) , f a rm e r s t o ok p a r ti nt h i ss y s t em i no rd e rt os u rv iv e t h ed ange r s i n he ren t i n a n a g r icu l tu ra l s y s tem t h a t w a s m o r e o f t en s u b jec t t o e nv i ronmen t a l d eg rada t ion , r e sou rc e d ep le t ion , a nd o ve r p opu la t ion .

s e t t lem en tc ou ld e xpand e v en ly , w i thou tm a rked v a r ia t ion s i n r eg ion a l a g r icu l tu ra l p rodu c t ion . T hu s , a sn o ted b y V i te l l i ( 1 993b ) , d i f f e r en t k i nd s o fv e s se l s a r e b e ing p roduced a nd u s ed i ns ou th er nv e r su sn o r the rn G r eek N eo l i th i c s i t e sa nd , a s ar e su l t , p o t t e ry m ay h av eb e en i n t rodu ced i ne ach r e g ion f o r d i f f e ren tr e a son s . A s s oc ia l s t o rage e vo lved , t h e s y s tem b egan t oe xp e r i en ce v a r iou s i n e ff i c ien c ie s t h a t r e qu i r ed b u r eau c ra t i c s o lu t ion s . F o re xamp l e , i ti sl i k e ly t h a tm embe r s o ft h e e l i te— so -ca l led " b ig m en "— ev en t ua l ly b egan t oa dm in i s te rt h e c o l lec t ion a nd d i spe r sa l o fa g r icu l tu ra l a lo tmen t s , t h e r eby e ncou rag ing t h e n eed f o r r e co rd -k eep ing s y s tem s . I n a dd i t ion , a s f a rm e r s b ecam e m o r e d epend en t o n s o c ia l s t o rage , t h e r e g iona l t r an spor t o fb u lky s t ap le g ood s , e s pec ia l ly i nt h e a b sen ce o f r o ad s , b ecam eb u rd en som e . T h el o g ica l r e spon se , a c co rd ing t oH a l s tead ( 1 992 , 1 994 ) , w a s t h e s ub s t i tu t ion o fh i gh -va lue c r af ti t em s ( Ha l s t ead [ 1 994 ] c a l l s s u ch o b jec t s " t ok en s " ) f o r s t ap le p roduc t s . S u ch i t em s e n cou rage r educed t r an spo r t c o s t sb ecau se t h e r a t io o ft h e i rw e igh tt ot h e i r i n h e r en tv a lue i s much l owe r t h an t h a t o f s t ap le s , e s pec ia l ly a g r i cu l tu ra l p rodu c t s . A s ar e su l t , f ann e r sc ou ld b ank c r af ti t em s o rr aw m a t e r ia l s , i n s t ead o fs upp ly ing s u rp lu s a g r icu l tu ra lp rodu c t s .

C ra f ti t em s c e a sed t of i l l ap u re ly e conom ic r o le a nd i n s t ead s e rved i na n i n c rea s ing ly i mpor tan t s o c io -po l i t ica l c on tex t . E BA e l i te b egan i n ve s t ing manuf a c tu r ed g ood s o u t s id e t h e l o ca lr e g ion , t h e r eby a cqu i r ing e xo t i c i t em s a nd t e chno log ie s n o t o r ig ina l ly a va i lab le t o t h em , s u ch a s , f o r e xamp le , c oppe r , t i n , a nd t h e t e chno logy f o r b r onz e s me l t ing . A s a r gu ed b y H e lm s ( 1 993 ) , s u ch i t em sh o ld v a lue n o t s om uch a s ar e su l to ft h e i ru t i l i ty o r a ppea ran ce p e r s e , b u t b ecau se t h ey o r ig in a t e o u t s ide t h e k nown w o r ld a nd t h e r e f o re r e p r e sen ts p e c ia lk now ledge a nd g r ea t e rp ow e r o nt h ep a r t o f t h e i n d iv idua l s w i th t h e w he rew i tha l t oa cqu i re t h em . I ti s l i ke ly t h a t m o s t p eop le t o ok p a r t i nt h e s e n ew s y s t em s o f e xchange f o r aw ide v a r ie ty o fr ea son s . L oca l l e ad e r s m ay h ave d e s i r ed e xo t ic i t em s , s u ch a sb ron z e a x e s a nd r a zo r s , t o b e u s ed s ymbo l ica l ly , a se v idence o ft h e i r n ew -f ound s t a tu s ( Na l cou 1 995 ) . A s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e w o r ld s u ch a s Me soam e r ica ( B lan ton e ta l . 1 993 ) a nd S hang C h ina ( Chang 1 983 ) , e xo t i c i t em s m ay h ave b een i n co rpo ra ted i n to n ew r e l ig iou s p ra c t ice s a nd p eop le may h av e b een o b l iga t ed t o p o s se ss t h e se i t em s i n o rd e r t o f u l ly p a r t i c ipa te i n r i tua l o b se rvan ce s .

E ven tua l ly , t h e s o c ia l s t o rag e s y s t em t o ok o n al i f e o f i t s o wn , e x i s t ing n o t o n ly t ob u f f e r t h e r i sk s i n he ren t i nG reek f a rm ing , b u t a l so a s am ean s o fs uppo r t f o r s egmen t s o ft h e s o c ie ty t h a t w e r e b ecom ing i n c r ea s ing ly d i vo r ced f r om t r ad i t iona l f o rm s o f s e lf su ff ic i en cy . E l i te a dm in i s t ra to r s b e cam ed ep end en to nt h e s o c ia ls t o rag e s y s t em i t s e l f , w h e r ea s p oo r f a rm e r s , l a ck ing a c ce s s t oh i gh -qua l i ty l a nd , m ay h ave b e com ep a r t t im ec r af ts p ec ia l i s t st os upp lem en tt h e i ri n com e .

C ra f t ed i t em st h a th ad h e ld ac er ta in a moun to fp re s t ig ev a lue d u r ing t h e N eo l i th ic , s u ch a s f i n e p a in t ed p o t tery ( P e r le s 1 992 ; V i te l l i 1 993a ) , a c tua l ly l o s t v a lu e i n t h e n ew E BA p o l i t i ca l -economy . P o t sn ol o nge r s e rved a sm a rk e r so fr a nk , o n ly a s n eed ed t o o l s ( t he se a r t ic le s a r e r e f er r ed t o a s " u t i l i ta r ian " a so ppo sed t o " wea l th " g ood s ; J ohn son [ 1 973 ] r e f e r s t o s u ch i t em s a s " s ub s i s ten ce " g ood s ; s e e G a la ty i n p r e s s ) . E v en am a t e r ia lt h a th ad a lway so r ig in a ted o u t s id et h e s y s t em , s u ch a so b s id ian f r om t h e i s land o f Me lo s ( s e e F i gu re 1 . 1 ) , a nd t h a t t h e refo r e m ay h ave h e ld ac e r ta in d eg r ee o f v a lu e d u r ing t h e N eo l i th ic o r a s e a r ly a s t h e U ppe r P a leo l i t h ic , n o l o nge r p o s se s sed t h e e c onom i c c a ch e t i th ad o n ce k nown ( Ka rdu l ia s i np r e s s ; P a rk in son 1 997 , i np r e s s ) . F u r th e rmo r e , a nd p e rhap s mo re i mpo r tan t ly , g ood s m anu f a c tu r ed b y a nd f o rl o ca lp eop le c ou ld n o t b e c on t ro l led

I n t h e e a r ly N eo l i th ic , c e ram ic s a ppea r t o h av e b een m anu f a c tu r ed i nd om e s t ic c on t ex t s , f o ra ni n d iv idua l f am i ly 's c on sump t ion , a nd d i s t r ibu t ed a c co rd ing t o p a t te rn s t h a t s ugge s t r e c ip ro ca l t r an sac t ion s ( P e r le s 1 992 :127 ; s im i la r p a t t ern s h ave b een d o cumen ted f o r o t he r p a r t s o f Med i te r ran ean E u rope ; s e e , f o r e xamp le , C hapman 1 988 ) . H owev e r , b y M idd le a nd L a t eN eo l i th ic t im e s c e r ta in r e g ion s b egan e xp e r imen t ing w i th p a r t t im e s p ec ia l iz ed c e ram ic p rodu c t ion . I n d iv idua lp o t t e ry s p ec ia l i s t sa pp ea rt oh ave b een q u i t e d i spe r sed ( o n e p e rv i l lage ) a nd t oh ave d i s t r ibu t ed p o t s p r ima r i ly , b u t n o t e xc lu s ive ly , i n l o ca l c on tex t s , a ga in

1 2

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IG INS OF THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE b y t h e n ew ly e s tab l i shed e l i te , a s c ou ld i mpor ted ma te r ia l s r equ i r ing t e chno log ica l ly c omp lex m anu f ac to ry p roce s ses , s uch a s b ronz e . N eo l i th ic s y s t em s o f p roduc t ion a nd

t o h ave b een s eve re s oc ia l d i srup t ion , c ha rac te r ized b y d e s truc t ion l e ve l s a ts e ve ra l EH I s i t e s . S u rvey d a ta i n d ica te ad rop i nt h e n umbe r o f s e t t lemen t s a nd t h e i n t roduc t ion o f n ew c e ram ic a s semb lage s ( Ru t ter 1 993 ) . T rad i t iona l ly , t h e

e x change d i dn o tc ea se t oe x i s tw i th t h ec om ing o ft h e B ronze A ge s ; t h ey s imp ly d id n o t a t t rac t a ny a ten t ion , a tl e a s t u n t i l

t r an s i t ion t o EH I I h a s b een i n te rp re ted a s a n i n va s ion ,

t h e L a te B ron z eA ge a nd t h ee s tab l i shm en t o ft h e Mycenaean

p erhap s

s t a t es .

H owever ,

T he G reek E a r ly B ronze A ge i s ap e r iod o ft ime ma rked b y

b y

t h e

s eve ra l

f i r s t

G reek

s cho la r s

s peak er s

n ow

( Ca skey

q ue s t ion t h e

1 960 ) . i n va s ion

e xp lana t ion , r e f e r r ing i n s tead t o t h e e f f ec t s o f m ig ra t ion , A t s eve ra l s i te s i n

e nv i ronmen ta l d eg rada t ion , s uch a s l a rge sca le e p i sode s o f s o i l e ro s ion ( v an A nd e l a nd Z angge r 1 990a , 1 990b ) , o r

s ou the r n G reece monumen ta l b u i ld ing s k nown a s " co r r ido r

i n c rea sed t r ade t oa c coun t f o r c hange s i ns oc ia l o rgan iza t ion

h ou ses " w e r e c on s truc ted ( Shaw 1 987 ) .

a nd i n tru s ive a r t if a c t a s semb lage s ( s ee R u t ter 1 993 f o r a

m any c hange s i n s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion .

O ne o f t h e se

b u i ld ing s h a s b een e x cava ted a t t h e s i te o f A kov i t ika i n

s umma ry o fc u r ren t l i t e ra tu re ) .

Me ssen ia ( Th eme l i s 1 984 ; F igu re 1 . 1 ) . P e rhap s t h e b es t k nown c o r r ido rh ou se i st h e " Hou se o ft h e T i le s " a tt h e s i te

F o r s8n ( 1992 ) , i n at h o rough a na ly s i so ft h e i s sue , s t re s se st h e c on t inu i t ie s f r om EH I t o EH I I , a sw e l l a sf r om t h e E a r ly

o fL erna i nt h eA rgo l id ( s ee F igu re 1 . 1 ) . C o r r ido rh ou se sa r e e l onga ted , r e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re s t h a t a r e o cca s iona l ly

B ronze A ge t ot h e M idd le B ronze A ge ( MBA ; c i rca 2 000 1 680 B .C . ) , n o t ing t h a t mo s tn ew m a te r ia l ma rke r s ( a p s ida l

f o r t if ied a nd a ppea r t o h ave f unc t ioned a s r e s idence s a s o pposed t oc ommun i ty h a l l s o r b u r ia l s i t e s ( Ha l s tead 1 994 ;

h ou se s ,

s ha f t -ho le

h amme r -axe s ,

t umu l i ,

n ew

c e ram ic

P u l len 1 985 , 1 994b ; R u t te r 1 993 ) . I na dd i t ion , s ome E BA monumen ta l b u i ld ing s , s uch a s t h e s o -ca l led " Rundbau " a t T i ryn s , i n co rpo ra te l a rge s t o rage f e a tu re s ( Ru t t er 1 993 :761 ) .

a s semb lage s , i n t ramu ra lb u r ia l s )a c tua l ly p reda te t h e s uppo sed w ave so fi n va s ion . T h e s o c ia l a nd m a te r ia lc hange s t h a tm a rk

T he u se o f s e a l s a nd s ea l ing t e chno logy b ecomes mo re a ppa ren td u r ing t h e E BA , f o re xamp le a tL erna , p robab ly t o t r ack a nd s e cu re t h e i n f lux a nd r emova l o f g ood s f r om t h e c o r r idor h ou se s t h em se lve s ( Pu l len 1 994a ; f o r L erna s pec if ica l ly , s e e We inga r ten 1 997 ; f o r n ew e v idence f r om L akon ia , s e e C rouwe l e ta l . 1 996 ) . F u r the rmo r e , a sR u t te r ( 1993 :770 ) n o t e s , i tw a s d u r ing t h e E BA t h a t c er ta in e xo t ic r aw ma te r ia l s ( s uch a sm e ta l o re s ) a nd f i n i shed g ood s ( s uch a sa nde s i t e m i l l s tone s [ Runne l s 1 985 ] ) w e re f o r t h e f i r s t t ime w ide ly e xchanged . A s i n t h e e a r l i e r N eo l i th ic , c e ram ic p roduc t ion r ema ined r e la t ive ly s ma l l sca le a nd t h e e xchange o fp o t s l o ca l ized .

a td i f f e ren t t ime s i nd i f f e ren t p l ace s , t oe r ec t s t a te l e ve l s o f i n teg ra t ion a nd o rgan iza t ion ( Benne ta nd G a la ty 1 997 ) . G iven t h e e xpec ta t ion s o f t h e s o c ia l s t o rage mode l a nd t h e e vo lu t iona ry t r a jec to ry e s tab l i sh ed d u r ing t h e N eo l i th ic , s uch a n e xp lana t ion s e em s e n t i re ly p l au s ib le . F ur the rmo re , t h e c hange s i nG reek s o c ie ty d u r ing t h e MBA a l low r e t rod ic t ion o f wha t may h ave o ccu r red d u r ing t h e f i na l c en tu r ie s o ft h e E BA : a t ta inm en to fc r i t ica l m a s sb yt h e s o c ia l s t o rage s y s tem

t h e t r an s i t ion f o rm EH I t o EH I I c an p e rhap s b e b e t te r e xp la in ed i nt e rm s o fa n a t temp t o nt h e p a r t o fG reek e l i te s ,

f o l lowed b y a p e r iod o f r eg iona l d es tab i l iza t ion a nd d ecen t ra l iza t ion , i n s tead o fs o c ia l a nd p o l i t ica lt r an sf orma t ion .

T he M idd le B ron ze A ge U t i l iz ing n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s ( NAA ) , A t ta s e t a l . ( 1 987 ) d e term ined t h a t i n t h e A rgo l id d u r ing t h e E BA , c e ram ics w e re p roduced a t mo s t s e t t lemen t s a nd f i newa re s

T he M idd le B ronze A ge i sc ha rac te r ized b y ma rked s h if t s i n s e t t lemen t p a t te rn ing . F o r e xamp le , d u r ing t h e MBA t h e A egean 's l a rge s t c en t ra l p l ace i sl o ca ted i nt h e e a s t o n t h e i s land o f A eg ina , t h e s i te o f K o lonna ( F igu re 1 . 1 ; R u t te r

w e r e t r aded a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly w i th n ea re s t n e ighbo r s . I ti s s t i l l u nc lea r w he the r m anuf ac tu re w a s s pec ia l ized , b u t t h e h igh d eg ree o f s t y l i s t ic s im i la r i ty a nd l a ck o f e xchange

1 993 :776 ) . F u r thermo re , m any r eg ion s a nd i n d iv idua l s e t t lemen t s t h a t w e re a bandoned i nt h e EBA w ere r e se t t led ,

d i rec t iona l i ty s ugge s t s t o R u t te r ( 1 993 :772 ) t h a t p o t s w ere t r aded l e s s f o r e conom ic t h an f o r s o c ia l r e a son s , p e rhap s t o

a tl e a s t b y l a te MBA t ime s ( Ru t te r 1 993 :781 ) .

p roduce a s en se o f s o c ie ta l c oh e s ion ( s ee a l so C hapman

Me s sen ian MBA p opu la t ion a nd s i te s i ze g rew c on s iderab ly

1 988 ) .

c e r ta in ly b e s uppor ted b y e t hnog raph ic s t ud ie s o f p o t tery

( McDona ld a nd H ope S imp son 1 972 :133 ; B enne t i np re ss a &b ; D av i s , e d . 1 998 ; D av i s e ta l . 1 997 ) a nd s h if ted i n land ,

p roduc t ion i ns o -ca l led " t rad i t iona l " s o c ie t ie s , s uch a si nt h e

w i th s e t t lemen t s , s u ch a st h e f o r t if i ed s i te o f Ma l th i ( Va lm in

P h i l ipp in e s ( s ee G rave s 1 99 1 ; L onga c r e 1 99 1 ) , w he re c er ta in

1 938 ) , l o ca ted i n t h e n or th o f Me s sen ia , o f t en b u i l t a t op d ef en s ib le h i l l s . Many s e t t lemen t s i n co rpo ra ted i n t ramu ra l

T h i s h ypo the s i s , t h ough d i ff i cu l t t o p rove , may

D u r ing t h e

l e ve ls o fs t y l i s t ic s im i la r i ty a r e m a in ta ined g i ven r e c ip roca l e xchange s o f p o t tery b e tween r e la t ive s a nd n e ighbo r s .

b u r ia l s a nd t e r r i to r ie s w e re m a rked b y t h e c on s truc t ion o f

U n for tuna te ly , a s Id i scu s s i n mo re d e ta i l b e low , t h e re i sn o t

l a rge t umu l i , s u ch a st h a tc on s t ruc t ed a tt h e Me s sen ian s i te o f

y e t e nough d a ta o n E BA p o t te ry f r om P y lo s t o make

V o idhok i l ia ( Benn e t i np re s s b ;K or re s 1 990 ) .

s y s tema t ic c ompa r i son w i th t h e A rgo l id p o s s ib le . Mo r r i s( 1 986 :67 )s ugge s t st h a tb y M idd le B ronze t ime s P y l ian s o c ia l o rgan iza t ion h ad e vo lved t ot h e t r ibu te s t a te l e ve l , b u t

T he t r an s i t ion o n t h e m a in land f r om E a r ly H e l lad ic I t o E a r ly H e l lad i cI I ( s ee T ab le 1 . 1) i sm a rked b y w ha ta ppea r s

s u ch as c ena r io r ema in s q ue s t ionab le . I ti s mo re l i ke ly t h a t

1 3 '

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IGINS O F THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE t h e MBA w a s m a rk ed b y " c h i ef dom c yc l ing ," i n w h ich n ume rou s s ma l l p o l i t ie s c ompe t e f o r t h e c on t ro l o fp o l i t i ca l a nd e conom ic p owe r ( K i l ian 1 988 ; Wr igh t 1 995a ) . S uch d i s loca t ion a s o ccu r red d u r ing t h e MBA o f t en f o l low s t h e d evo lu t ion o f c omp lex s o c ie t ie s a nd i s a te s ted a r chaeo log ica l ly i nm any p a r t s o ft h e w o r ld , s u ch a si np re d yna s t ic U ruk ( S t e in a nd R o thman , e d s . 1 994 ) a nd M i s s i s s ipp ian E a s te rn N o r th Ame r ica ( S t epona i t i s 1 99 1 ) . I nt h eA rgo l id d u r ing t h e MBA a nd i n to t h ee a r ly L a te B ron ze A ge ( LBA ; 1 680 1100 B .C . ) , p rodu c t ion o f " M inyan " f i newa re s w a s c en t ra l i zed a tt wo w o rk shop s , T i ryn s -A s in e a nd My cen ae -Be rba t i ( Momm sen e ta l . 1 994 ; f o r B e rba t i s p ec if i ca l ly , s e e Ä k e r s t röm 1 968 ) . ( "M inyan " w a r e s a r e t y p ica l ly b u rn i sh ed a nd o f t en w e re t h rown o nt h e f a s tw hee l . T hey f i r s t a pp ea r d u r ing EH I I t i me s i n t h e n or thea s t P e loponn e se , a ts i t e s s u ch a s L e rna , a nd c om e i n s e ve ra l s t y le s : G rey , Y e l low , a nd D a rk M inyan , f o r e xamp le . E xce l len t d e sc r ip t ion s a r e g i ven i nL ew i s [ 1 983 ] ; s e e a l so R u t te r [ 1 983 ] . ) I na dd i t ion , t e chno log i ca l a na ly se sb y L ew i s ( 1983 ) s uppo r t s t h e h ypo th e s i s t h a t d u r ing t h e e a r ly L a te B ron ze A g e P e loponn e s ian c e ram i cp rodu c t ion w a s r e s t r ic ted t o al im i ted n umbe r o fp o t t ing v i l lage s . F o r t h e f i r s t t ime c e r ta in c e ram ic w a r e s , s u ch a s t h e s o -ca l led " Go ld M ica " w a r em anu f a c tu r ed a tK o lonna , a r et r ad ed o ve rl o ng d i s tan ce s i nl a rg en umb e r s( Ru t t e r 1 993 :775 -777 ; T .T a r ta ron , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion , h a s i d en t if i ed GM W a tt h e s i t e o fK i r rha , i n P hok i s ) . H oweve r , i ti sn o t c l ea r t ow ha te x ten tB ronze A ge c e ram ic i n du s t r ie s w e re i n teg ra t ed , i fa ta l , i n to r e g iona l p o l i t ica l e conom i e s . F o ri n s t an c e , t h e r e i sn oa r cha eo log ica l e v id en ce t o i n d ica t e w he th e r o r n o t p o t t ing v i l lage s o pe ra ted i n d ep end en t ly a nd i fi n d e ed p o t sw e r et r ad ed e x t ra reg iona l ly o u t s id e t h e p u rv iew o f MBA s o c io -po l i t i ca l e n t i t ie s . Mo r r i s ( 1986 ) s ugge s t s t h a t MBA e l i t e s w ou ld n o t h ave a lowed i n dep end en ta c to r s , s u ch a sp o t t e r s , t ot r ad e o u t s ide t h e l o ca l c on tex tb ecau se t h i s w ou ld h ave c on s t i tu t ed ad i rec tt h rea tt o e l i te s ou rce s o f p owe r . I tm ay b e , f o r e xamp le , t h a t K o lonna 's " Go ld M i ca " w a r e w a st r aded o ve r l o ng d i s tan ce s b ye l i te s , n o tb yp o t t e r s .

m onum en ta l t omb s ( t ho lo i ) a ta s cendan tc en t ra lp l a ce s , s u ch a s A no E ng l iano s , a nd t h e c o r re spond ing a bandonmen t o f s im i la r t omb s a t o t he r , w an ing o r p o l i t ica l ly d om ina t ed c en te r s , s u ch a sN icho r ia ( Mo r r i s 1 9 86 :70 ; B enn e t 1 995 , i n p re s s a& b ) . S om e t im e d u r ing t h e L a t e B ronz e A ge ( c ir ca 1 400 B .C . ) , t h e s i te o fA no E ng l iano s b ecam e t h e p r ima ry c en te r f o r a tl e a s t t h e w e s tern p o r t ion o f Me s sen ia . E a s ter n a nd w e s t er n Me s sen ia , w h i ch a r ed i v id ed b y am oun t a in r a nge ( A iga leon ) , w e re e ven tua l ly ( c ir ca 1 300 B .C . ) c on so l ida ted a s a s i ng le e conom ic a nd p o l i t i ca l u n i t , t h e s o -ca l led " K ingdom o fP y lo s " ( s ee B enne t 1 9 95 , i np re s s a& b ,w i th r e ga rd t ot h i sp roce s s ) .

T he O r ig in so fC eram ic S pec ia l i za t ion i n Me s sen ia U n l ik e t h e n o r th ea s t P e loponnese ( f o re xamp le , t h ew o rk b y J e r emy R u t t e r [ 1 995 ] a tL e rna ) a nd C r e t e( s ee , a mong o t h e r s , a r t ic le s b y D av id W i l son , P e te r D ay , T odd Wh i t e law , a nd c o l leagu e s [ f o r e xamp le , D ay e ta l . 1 997 ; Wh i t e law e ta l . 1 997 ; W i l son a nd D ay 1 994 ; D ay a nd W i l son 1 998 ] ) , i n t en s iv e a r ch a eo log ica li n ve s t iga t ion o f Me s sen ian N eo l i th ic a nd p r e -Pa la t ia l B ronze A ge p o t t ery h a s y e tt ob ep e r f o rmed ( a l though s e e McDona ld a nd Wi lk i e , e d s . [ 1 992 ] f o rg en e ra l d e sc r ip t ion s a nd C a ro the r s [ 1 992 ] f o r s t y l i s t ic a nd p e t rog raph ic a n a ly s i so f LH I IB p o t t e ry ; p re -pa la t ia lp o t t ery f r om A no E ng l iano s i sc u r ren t ly b e ing s t ud ied a nd w i l l s oon b e p ub l i shed b y S ha ron S t ocker ; s e e L o bs [ 1 987 ] f o r t h e e a r ly L BA ) ; c on sequen t ly , l i t t le i sk nown s pec if i ca l ly a bou t t h e e vo lu t ion o f t h e Me s sen ian c e ram ic i n du s t ry . I f d eve lopm en t si no t he rp a r t so ft h e A egean a r e a ny i n d ica t ion , e a r ly N eo l i th ic p o t t e ry p roduc t ion w a s ad ome s t ic a f f a i r . P o t sw e re e x changed i ns o c ia l c on t ex t s , p e rhap s a st h e r e su l t o f i n fo rma l c on tac t s b e tween n e ighbo r s , r a th e r t h an a s c omm e r c ia l a c t iv i ty . H owev e r , b yt h el a t e r N eo l i th i ca nd t h e i n i t ia lE BA , s om ei n d iv idua l s may h av eb egun t om anu f a c tu r e e xce s s p o t te r y f o r s a le o r t r ade . F o r e xamp le , t h e re a r e i n d ica t ion s f r om t h e s i t e o f N icho r ia ( s ee F igu r e 1 . 2 ) t h a t s ome F ina l N eo l i th ic p o t te r s t o ok t h e i rd eco ra t ive c u e s f r om o t h e rP e loponn e s ian c e ram i ca s semb lag e s , s u ch a st h o se f r om L erna ( How e l l 1 992a ) , p e rhap s i na na temp tt op rodu ce a nd m a rk e t amo r e a t t rac t ive p roduc t .

A t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e L a t e B ronze A ge , d u r ing w ha t i s c ommon ly r e f e r red t oa st h e " Sha f t G rave " e r a , t h e c yc l ica l r i se a nd f a l l o f M idd le B ron ze A ge c h ief s g ave w ay , a t c e r ta in s i te s , t o p a ramoun t l e ade r s ( K i l ian 1 988 ; Wr igh t 1 995a ) . T o ac e r ta in d eg r ee , t h i s p roce s s m ay h ave b een e n cou raged b y c on ta c t a nd t r ad e w i th t h e n ea rby M inoan s t a t e s , l o ca t ed t ot h e s o u th o nt h e i s l and o fC r e te ( Hägg 1 982 ; K o r r e s 1 983 ; Wr igh t 1 995a ) . I n d iv idua l s a ts e ve ra l c en t ra l p l ace s , s u ch a s Mycena e , a pp ea rt oh ave a ma s sed i n c r ed ib le w ea l th a nd c on s ide rab le p o l i t ica l p owe r , e spec ia l ly w hen c ompa r ed t ot h ee a r l i e r MBA , a sn o t ed b y R u t t e r( 1 993 :789 ) .

A s t h e s o c ia l s t o rage s y s t em d eve lop ed a nd a s p opu la t ion e xpand ed , c e r ta in i n d iv idua l sa nd p e rhap sw ho le v i l lage s m ay h ave e l ec ted t om anu f a c tu re p o t s o n am o re n ea r ly f u l l t ime b a s i s . I n te r e s t ing ly , i tm ay h av e b een c hang e s i n t h e t e chno logy o fc e ram ic p roduc t ion t h a t d rove t h i s t r an s i t ion . F o r e xamp le , t h e i n t roduc t ion o ft h e f a s tw h ee l t oM e s sen ia d u r ing t h e E BA o re a r ly MBA wou ld h av e a l lowed , f o r t h e f i r s t t ime , f o r t h e m a s s p roduc t ion o f p o t te ry , w i th a n a t tendan t r e du c t ion i n m anu fa c tu r ing c o s t s ( s ee D av i s a nd L ew i s 1 985 ; L ew i s 1 983 :106 ) . F u r th e rmo re , i th a s b een s hown e t hnog raph ica l ly t h a t t u rn ing t os p ec ia l iz ed c e ram ic p roduc t ion i so f t en a n e f f ic ien t r e spon se t o r e g iona l l a nd s hor tage s o nt h e p a r t o fd i sen f ranch i s ed s u b s i s ten ce f a rme r s ( M . S t a rk 1 99 1 ) .

B y t h e e a r ly L a t e B ronze A ge , s e v e ra l c ompe t ing c en te r s e x i s ted i n Me s sen ia . T h i sp e r iod o fr i va l ry a nd c ompe t i t ion i s r e cogn ized a r cha eo log ica l ly i n t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f

1 4

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IG INS OF THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE s e a t o f a dm in i s t ra t ion P a la ima , e d s . 1 984 ) .

I ti sf a i r ly c e r ta in t h a t d u r ing t h e p re -pa la t ia l B ronze A ge s i nd iv idua l c r af t speop le ( g o ld sm i th s , f o r e xamp le ) w e re

( Ba rbe r

1 992 ;

S he lme rd ine

a nd

w o rk ing i nt h e s e rv ice o fr e g iona l c h ief s , b u t t h e re i ss t i l l n o

A s a l luded t o a bove , " pa lace " i s ar a the r i mp rec i se a nd

e v iden ce t h a tp o t te r sw e r e a t tached s p ec ia l i s t s . A ga in , g i ven

p e rhap s s omewha tm i s lead ing t e rm ( s ee r e f lec t ion sb yB enne t t

t h e i n t ere s t o nt h e p a r t o ft h e e l i te i ni t em s o fa n e xo t ic a nd p re s t ig iou s n a tu re , l e ade r s m ay h ave a dop ted al a i s se z -f a ire

k ind o f r oya l c ou r t , t h e reby s ugge s t ing t h a t P y lo s w a s

e conom ic a t i tude a sr ega rd st h e c e ram ic i n du s t ry . E l i te , a nd

o rgan ized a s ak ingdom , as oc io -po l i t ica l s t ruc tu re i nw h ich

i np re s s ) . T he w o rd i mp l ie s t h e h ou s ing o f ak ing a nd s ome

p e rhap s n on -e l i te , h ou seho ld sp robab ly a cqu i red t h e i r p o t tery

a b so lu te p owe r f l ow s o u twa rd s f r om a t i tu la r h ead .

f r om ap ro f e s s iona l p o t t e r , t h a t p o t t e r w ho o f f e red t h e b e s t p r ice o rw i th w hom t h ey h ad at r ad i t iona l , p e rhap sk i n -ba sed ,

k ingdom , t h ek ing 's r i gh tt or u le i su nque s t ion ed a nd m ay b e

r e la t ion sh ip . E ven tua l ly , c ompe t i t ion b e tween p o t t ing v i l lage s

b e ing l i t e ra l ly t h a t o f ag od , a s , f o r e xamp le , t h e E gyp t ian

w ou ld h ave r educed t h e i r n umbe r , s ot h a tb yt h e e a r ly L BA t h e re e x i s t ed ar e s t r ic ted n umber o fe s tab l i shmen t s s upp ly ing

p ha raoh , o rh i s o f i ce b e ing manda ted b y h eaven , a sw i th t h e C h in e se e mpe ro r .

I n a

d e r ived f r om h i s s uppo sed ly d iv in e n a tu re , e i the rh i sp e r son

a l l o ft h e P e loponne se , i n c lud ing t h e r eg ion o f Me s sen ia ( a s a rgued b y L ew i s 1 983 ) .

T he re i si nf a c t s ome d eba te a mong s t A egean a r cha eo log i s t s

H oweve r , a sa l ready m en t ion ed , t h er e sea r ch Ip re sen tb e low

a st ow he the r Mycenaean " k ing s " w e re i n deed d i v in e ( Dabney a nd Wr igh t 1 990 ; K i l ian 1 988 ; P a la ima 1 995 ; S he lme rd ine 1 997 , i np re ss ; T homa s 1 976 ; Wa lco t 1 967 ) . H owever , t h e

i n d ica t es t h a tw i th t h e c om ing o ft h e s t a te t h e re s t i l l e x i s ted i n Me ssen ia s eve ra l d i f f e ren t mode s o f p o t tery m anu f a c tu re , e ach i n teg ra ted i n to t h e e l i t e spon so r ed e conomy t og r ea te ro r l e s se rd eg re e , p rodu c ing p o t s o fw ide ly v a ry ing q ua l i ty f r om

t i t le s o fr eg iona l o ff i c ia l s a nd t h e d e sc r ip t ion so ft h e i r v a r iou s r o les i n t h e o pe ra t ion o f t h e s t a te 's a dm in i s t ra t ion ( s ee C a ro the r s 1 992 ; H ooker 1 987 ) , a s r e co rd ed i n L in ea r B , s ugge s tt h a tt h e P y lo s p o l i ty w a s n o t ak i ngdom , a sd ef ined i n t h e p rev iou s p a rag raph , a nd t h a t t h e p a ramoun t l e ade r , t h e w anax , a nd h i s s ubo rd ina te s d i d n o t ma in ta in a b so lu te p o l i t ica l c on t ro l o ve r t h e e n t i re r eg ion . O n t h e c on t ra ry , t h e c omp lex s y s tem o f g overnance r e co rded b y t h e t a b le t s

s evera l d i f f e ren t c l ay t y pe s . A rchaeome t r ic d a ta r evea l t h e g rea tc omp lex i ty i n he ren ti nt h e Me s sen ian c e ram ic i n du s t ry , i t se lf o n ly o n es ma l l s egmen to ft h eo ve ra l l r e g iona l e conomy ( s ee D ay a nd W i l son 1 998 f o r av e ry s im i la r a r gumen t w i th r ega rd t oB ronze A ge C re te ) .

s ugge s t s t h a t r eg iona l p owe r h i e ra rch ie s w e re d e s igned t o a ccommoda te a nd mo l l ify s eve ra l n e s ted i n te re s t s , t h a t p o l i t ica l p owe r w a s i n f a c t d ecen t ra l ized ( a s a l so n o ted b y Mor r i s 1 986 :52 ; c on t ra K i l len 1 985 ) , a nd t h a t mo s t r e g iona l s t a te o ff i c ia l s s e rved o ne o vera rch ing p u rpo se : t o mob i l ize

I nl a te rc hap te r s , t h e LH I IB ( Pa lac e P ha se ) c e ram ic i n du s t ry a sr evea l ed b yp e t rog raph ic a nd c hem ica l a na ly s i s i sd i scu s sed i n mo re d e ta i l . T he r ema inde r o fC hap te r 2d ea l s w i th t h e s t ruc tu re o ft h e P y l ian s t a t e , w i th s p ec if i c a t ten t ion g i ven t o t h e e v iden ce , b o th a r chaeo log ica l a nd d ocumen ta ry , f o r i t s p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic o rgan iza t ion . Wha t f o l low s i sn o t a

r aw m a ter ia l s a nd p re s t ige i t em s f o r e ven tua l t r an spo r tt ot h e s t a te 's c en te r . ( However , a sr e cen t ly p o in t ed o u t t om e b y J ack D av i s , p er sona l c o mmun ica t ion , t h e w anax m ay h ave w ie lded d i rec t , t h ough d ecen t ra l ized , p ower o ve rt h ed amo s ,

f o rma l mod e lo f Mycena ean p o l i t ica l -economy p e rs e ; r a the r , i tp re sen t sa na ma lgam o fc u r ren t r e sea rch a nd o f f e r s av i ew o f t h e P y l ian s t a te a s i tm ay h ave t h eo re t ica l ly f unc t ioned .

t h e " p eop le ," t h rough r eg iona l of i c ia l s a nd b yb r eak ing d own t h e c l an s y s tem , a sd id C le i s thene s t a k e c on t ro l o ft h e A t t ic

T he f o l low ing r e l ie sh eav i ly o nt h ew o rk o fJ ohn B enn e t , P au l H a l s tead , J ohn K i l len , H o l ly Mo r r i s , a nd J im Wr igh t .

d eme s i n t h e 5 th c en tu ry B .C . ; s e e B u ry a nd Me igg s 1 975 :136 -138 .)

T he P a lace P ha se

C on sequen t ly , t h e r e spon s ib i l i t ie s o f P y l ian o ff i c ia l s , i na l l l e ve l s o ft h e s t a te 's h i e ra rchy , a r eo f ten d up l ica ted , a lmo s t a s

S oc io -Po l i t ica l O rgan iza t ion

t h ough as upe r f luou s l a ye r o fg ove rnance h ad a ts ome p o in t b een f o rced u pon a n a l ready e x i s t ing s oc io -po l i t ica l s y s tem .

O nt h e r i dg en ow k nown a sA no E ng l iano s , a tt h e s t a r to ft h e

F o re xamp le , t h e re a r e l o ca l of i c ia l s— the k o -re te -r ea nd t h e

L a te H e l lad ic I IB p ha se ( c irca 1 300 B .C .) , am onumen ta l

p o -ro -ko -r e te -r e—who a pp ea rt oh ave f un c t ioned s im i la r ly t o

s t ruc tu re c ommon ly r e f er red t oa s a" pa la ce ," i nt h i s c a se t h e

s o -ca l led p rov in c ia l of i c ia l s— the q a s i -r e -u a nd t h ed u -ma te .

" Pa la ce o fN e s to r ," w a s c on s truc ted ( F igu re 2 . 1 ) . I t mo s t p robab ly c oncea l s ap redece s so r , a n e a r l ie r b u i ld ing . C a r l

T here a r e t wo p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion s f o r s uch d up l ica t ion o f r eg iona l a dm in i s t ra t ion a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a tb o th t a k en t o ge the r

B iegen , t h e p a lace 's e xcava to r , m en t ion s t r ace s o fa n MBA

c an b es t a ccoun t f o r t h e c omp lex i ty o f t h e P y l ian p o l i t ica l

o r e a r ly Mycenaean r u in u pon w h ich t h e l a te r f ounda t ion 's s t one s w e re l a id ( B iegen a nd R aw son 1 966 ; r e cen t ly c onf i rmed b y r e -excava t ion , s e e C ooper 1 994 ; d i scu s s ion i n

s y s tem .

T he s t ruc tu re a ppa ren t ly s e rved

F i r s to fa l , J ohn son ( 1973 :8 ) h a s s ugge s ted t h a t s t a te s i nt h e p roce s s o f v er t ica l ly e xpand ing l e ve l s o f p o l i t ica l a nd

m any f un c t ion s : s a c red p l ac e , w o rk shop , c en te ro ft r ade , a nd

s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy m ay a l low d up l ica t ion o f d u t ie s u n t i l

S he lme rd in e 1 997 :545 ) .

s uch t ime a s t h e n ew s y s tem h a s b een f u l ly e s tab l i shed .

1 5

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IG INS OF THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE

A rch ive R ooms

• 1 0

2 0

3 0m

. . .• . . F igure 2 . 1 P lan o ft h e " Pa lace o fN e s to r " a tA no E ng l iano s . N o te t h e l o ca t ion s o fH a l l s 6 4 -65 a nd C ou r t 6 3 , f r om wh ich w e re e xcava t ed t hou sand s o fk y l ix f r agmen t s , a nd R oom s 6 7 -68 a nd 1 8 -22 , t h e p o t t ery s t o re s ( t he s o -ca l led " pan t r ie s" ) . Adap ted f r om B iegen a nd R aw son ( 1966 ) a nd u sed w i th t h ep e rm i ss ion o f t h e Un ive r s i ty o fC inc inna t iD epa r tm en to fC la s s ic s . t h em se lve s t o ad ua l s y s tem o f g overnm en t .

( Expan s ion o f r eg iona l h i e ra rchy w ou ld a ppea r t o r e ce ive s uppo r t i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd ; c hanges i n L BA s e t t lemen t p a t tern s a nd s i te s i ze h ave b een d ocumen ted b y P RAP , s e e D av i s , e d . [ 1 998 ] ; D av i s e ta l . [ 1 997 ] ; a nd B enne t [ 1 995 , i np r e s s a& b ] . ) O nce t h e n ew s y s tem i se s tab l i shed ,

A s im i la r

s i t ua t ion o r ig ina ted i nS cand inav ia w i th t h e c oa le scen ce o ft h e V ik ing s t a te ( T . T hu r s ton , p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . I n Me s sen ia , t h ere i se v idence f r om t h e t a b le t s— in t h e f o rm o f L inea r B w o rd s a nd n ame s t h a t d o n o t a ppea r t o b e

i n eff i c ien c ie s a r e s l ow ly i r oned o u t . S u ch m ay h ave b een t h e c a se i n H awa i i , a s t h e i s land 's a dm in i s t ra t ive h i e ra rchy

G reek— t ha t t h e s t a te s y s tem i n teg ra t ed b o th " G reek " a nd " non -G reek " ( i .e . " Pe la sg ian " ) s oc io -econom ic s y s tem s ( J . B enn e t , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ; V en t r is a nd C hadw ick

e vo lved f r om t wo l e ve l s t o t h ree , p e rhap s i nd ica t ing t h a t H awa i ian s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion w a s t r an sfo rm ing i t se lf i n to a

1 973 ) , t h e refo re r equ i r ing a t r an s i t iona l p o l i t ica l s y s tem .

" c en t ra l iz ed " c h iefdom o r a" c rude" s t a te ( J ohn son 1 973 :8 ) . T h i s k i nd o fr e g iona l p o l i t ica l t r an sforma t ion a ppea r s t oh ave t a k en p l a ce i nM inoan C re te , whe re s o -ca l led " v i l la s " ( m in i -

( Howeve r , R en f rew [ 1 998 ] a rgue s t h a t n on -G reek wo rd s a nd n ame s w e re l o an ed t o Mycenaean G reek f r om t h e M inoan

p a lace s ) w e re c on s tru c ted i nt h ev i c in i ty o fK no s so s , p robab ly

l a nguage .)

t of a c i l i ta te f u r the r c on t ro l o ft h e r eg iona l e conomy ( Ga la ty N .D . ) .

F ina l N eo l i th ic , Me s sen ian s o c ie ty m ay h ave b een d i v ided b y t h e f un c t ion ing o ft h e s oc ia l s t o rage s y s t em i n to c on t ingen t s

F u r thermo re , a s a rgued a bove , a s e a r ly a s t h e

o f n on -e l i te s ( t ho se w ho o wed d eb t s ) a nd e l i te s ( t ho se t o S econd ly , t r an s i t iona l p o l i t ica l s ys tem s a r e o f ten a t te s ted

w hom d eb t s— food , c r af t ed i t em s , b r id e -p r ice , a nd e ven tua l ly

e t hnog raph ica l ly

l a nd—we re o wed ) . I nt h e E BA a nd a ga in i nt h e MBA , t h e se s y s tem s o f d eb t g ave w ay t o s ha rp ly s t ra t if ied c h ie f ly

i n

c o lon ia l

s i tua t ion s ,

i n

w h ich

r ep re sen ta t ive s o f t h e d om inan t p ower a r e a ppo in t ed t o m ed ia t e b e tween i n d igenou s ( t r iba l ) a nd f o re ign ( s ta te )

s o c ie t ie s , c u lm ina t ing i nt h e e a r ly Mycena ean " Shaf tG rave "

l e ade r s . F o re xamp le , S pan i sh o ff i c ia l sc r ea ted s hadow t r iba l

c u l tu re s .

c ounc i l s , c omp le te w i th S pan i sh n ame s f o r t h e n ew o ff i c ia l s , a ts eve ra l p ueb lo s i nt h e s ou thwe s te r n Un i ted S t a te s ( Doz ie r

p rox ima te c au se s ,

1 970 ) . T h en ew s y s tem p e r f ec t ly r ep l ica ted t h e o ld ( a nd s t i l l d oe s t o day ) . I n s tead o f a t temp t ing r emova l o f t h e n ew c ounc i l—of t en c on s i s t ing o fb o th l o ca l s ( Pueb lo i n d ian s ) a nd

c oa s to ft h e U n i ted S t a te s , a nd o t her s ( s ee J ohn son a nd E a r le

o u t s ide r s ( Span i sh c o lon i s t s )— the P ueb lo s oc ie t ie s r e s ign ed

i n equa l i t ie s .

S im i la r e vo lu t iona ry p roce s se s , w i th d i f f e r ing h ave b een d emon s t ra ted f o r s eve ra l

r eg ion s , s uch a s P o lyne s ia , t h e T rob r iand s , t h e N or thwe s t 1 987 ) . T he p o l i t ica l s y s tem t h a tc ha ra c t e r ize st h e P y l ian s t a t e m ay

1 6

h ave

i n f a c t

e xace rba ted

t h e se

a l ready

e x i s t ing

N o t o n ly d i d l o ca l o ff ic ia l s t o lera te t h e n ew

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IG INS OF THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE s y s tem , b u t s ome may h ave w e lcomed i t ,f o r i tl i ke ly a dded an ew m ean s t o g ar n e r i n f luen ce , b u i ld a l l iance s , a nd , i n

I mpo r tan t ly , h oweve r , t h e v a s t m a jo r i ty o fl a nd g ran t s m ade

g en era l , c r ea te w ea l th a nd p owe r .

b y s t a te o ff i c ia l s w e re l o ca ted i nt h e r eg ion a d jacen t t ot h e s t a te c en te r ( Ca ro th e r s 1 992 :280 1 ; H a l s t ead 1 992 ; c f . K i l len

T he s t ru c tu r e o ft h e P y l ian p o l i t ica l s y s tem , a s r evea led b y

i np re s s b ; as ma l l n umbe r o fl a nd g ran t s d o a ppea r t oh ave b een m ade b yt h ep a la ce t ol o ca l o ff i c ia l s i no u t ly ing d i s t r ic t s ,

t h e L inea r Bt a b le t s , r ep re sen t s t h e n eed s o f as ma l l , n ew ly i n teg ra ted , a nd u n s tab le s t a te . LH I IB P y lo sa pp ea r s t oh ave a t temp ted t oe xpand p o l i t ica l d om ina t ion a tt h e s ame t ime i t

a sa t te s ted o n L inea r Bt a b le tA n 8 30 ) . I ti st h e refo re l i ke ly t h a tt h e s t a te c on t ro l led l a nd i nt h e v i c in i ty o fA no E ng l iano s ,

s ough tt oi n t eg ra t e s eve ra l c on f l ic t ing r e g iona l f a c t ion s : l o ca l

b u tn o t e l sewh e re i nt h e r e s to ft h e s t a te ( c on t r a K i l len 1 985 ) .

a nd s t a te l e ade r s ; e l i te s a nd n on -e l i te s ; a nd i n d igenou s a nd i n tru s ive " G r eek " p opu la t ion s . I n a r cha ic s t a te s s uch a s

T he l a nd a nd p eop le f ound i nt h e P y lo s d i s t r ic t i t se lf m ay h ave g i ven o ft h e i r t im e a nd e ne rgy t os uppo r tt h e s t a te c en te r

P y lo s , p owe r a tf i r s t r ema in s d i spe r s ed a nd i st yp ica l ly n o t

t h a t h ad g rown i n t h e i r m id s t , a nd m ay h ave b enef i ted e conom ica l ly a s ar e su l t . O n ly i nt h e P y lo s d i s t r ic t , t h en , b y

m an if e s t ed i nt h e s oc ia l , r e l ig iou s , m i l i ta ry , e conom ic o r

t h e LH I IB p ha se , c an as y s tem o fl a rge sca le r ed i s t r ibu t ion

p o l i t ica l r e a lm a l one ; r a ther , i ti se xp lo i ted i n a l l r ea lm s n ea r ly e qua l ly . A s ar e su l t , a s d e sc r ibed i nL inea r B , t h e

( and s t ap le f i nan ce )h ave t r u ly f unc t ioned , a tl e a s t a sd ef ined b y P o lany i ( 1969 ) . F o r e xamp le , H a l s tead ( 1992 ) c on tend s

w anax e mbod ie s ah o s to fr e spon s ib i l i t i e s : h e i s al a ndho ld e r , as e rvan t o ft h e g od s , a n a rb i te r o fj u s t ice— s imu l taneou s ly .

t h a t , a tK no s so s , t h e s heep a nnua l ly c u l led f r om s t a te -owned f l ock s ( numbe r ing i nt h e t e n s o f t hou sand s ) w ere p robab ly

G iven t h e o r gan iza t ion o ft h e s t a te 's p o l i t ica l -economy ( s ee b e low ) , i t i s n o t s u rp r i s ing t h a t P y lo s p rac t iced " i nd iv idua l iz ing " r a the r t h an " c o rpo ra te " s t ra teg ie s f o r m a in ta in ing p owe r .

u sed t o s uppo r t t h e l o ca l l a bo r f o rce s r e spon s ib le f o r a g r icu l tu ra l w o rk o n s t a te l a nd s t h a t w e re w ide ly l o ca ted i n t h e v i c in i ty o ft h e c en te r . O u t s id et h e P y lo sd i s t r ic t , t h e s t a te i n te ra c t ed d i f f e ren t ly w i th t h e n on -pa la t ia l , d ecen t ra l ized r eg iona l e conom ie s ( s ee e spec ia l ly H a l s tead 1 992 ) . P e rhap s f a l l ing b ack o n p re e x i s t ing e xchange n e two rk s , t h o se t h a t r e su l t ed f r om e a r l ie r r eg iona l s y s tem s o f s oc ia l s t o rage , s t a te o ff i c ia l s s y s tema t ica l ly c o l lec t ed s i xd i f f e ren t ma te r ia l s f r om w ha t a r e c ommon ly r e f er red t oa s " t axa t ion " d i s t r ic t s . T he s y s tem o f t a xa t ion i sr e co rded i nt h e Ma s e r ie s o fL inea r Bt a b le t s a nd t h e s y s tem 's s t ruc tu re w a s f i r s t d educed b y S he lmerd ine ( 1973 , 1 989 ; s e e a l so C a ro the r s 1 992 ; K i l len 1 984a ) . T he s i x t a xed m a te r ia l s , c o l lec ted f r om t h e v a r iou s d i s t r ic t s i n d i f f e ren ta moun t s t h ough a lway s i na n i d en t ica l r a t io , a ppea r t o h ave b een p re s t ige g ood s o r w e re n eces sa ry t o t h e manu f a c tu re o f p re s t ige g ood s : t e x t i le s , w o rked h ide s , b ee swax , a nd h oney . H oweve r , t wo o ft h e s i x t a x ma te r ia l s a r e r ep re sen ted b y i d eog ram s w ho se m ean ing h a s n o t b een

E conom i c O rgan iza t ion I n te re s t ing ly , a nd n o t e n t i re ly u nexpec t ed ly , t h e s t ruc tu re o f t h e r eg iona l e conom ic s y s tem p a ra l le l s t h a t o f t h e p o l i t ica l s y s tem . A sa l ready a l luded t o , ac omp lex l o ca le conomy w i th r oo t s r e a ch ing b a ck t oN eo l i th ic t ime s e x i s ted n o t i ns p i te o f , b u t a l ong s id e t h e s t a te o r " pa la t ia l " e conomy . I n f a c t , t h e s t a te c en t e r , A no E ng l iano s , m ay h ave d epend ed o n t h e l o ca l e conomy t os u pp ly t ho se i t em s i td i dn o to rc ou ld n o tp roduce f o r i t se lf , s u ch a s p o t te ry , s t on e t o o l s , a nd p erhap s c er ta in a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t s . T he c en te r m ay h ave " pu rcha sed " s u ch i t em so rr e ce ived t h em i nt h e f o rm o fa nu n reco rded t a x o r t i the . A l terna t ive ly , t h e s t a te m ay h ave p o s se s sed t h e m ean s t of o r c ib ly t ake w ha t i tn eeded f r om l o ca l e conom ie s , a sd id t h ep a t ro l l ing O t toman a rmy w h en i tr e supp l ied i t se lf f r om G r eek v i l lage s ( J . D av i s , p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . H oweve r , a s Id e scr ibe mo re f u l ly b e low , If i nd t h i s l a t te r p o ss ib i l i ty l e s s l i ke ly t h an t h e f o rme r .

d ec iphe red a nd t h e re i s , a s y e t , n o m ean s t o m ea su re t h e e xac t v a lue o ft h e t a xed g ood s , s oi tc anno t b e e s tab l i shed i f t h e t a x b u rden w a s h eavy o r l i gh t .

A cco rd ing t o t h e L inea r B t a b le t s , t h e s t a te may h ave r eproduc ed a tt h e c en te r , a s w e l l a s a ts eve ra l s ubo rd ina te

Add i t iona l g ood s w e re a l so c o l lec ted b y t h e s t a te , s uch a s l i n en , b ronze , g o ld , f u rn i tu re , d ee r , o xen , a nd v e s se l s ( mo s t ly

c en te r s ,

me ta l ) , b u t n o t—w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o f b ronze— in s t anda rd ized a moun t s a si nt h e t a xa t ion t a b le t s ( Mo r r i s 1 986 ) .

i n du s t r ia l

a c t iv i t ie s t h a t m u s t a l so h ave b een

u nder tak en a ts ma l l t own s a nd h am le t s t h roughou t t h e e n t i re r eg ion , s u ch a s , woodcu t t ing , b a ske tma l c ing , s hepherd ing ,

Wha t i sn o t c l ea r i sw hy t h e v a r iou s r eg ion s o f t h e P y l ian

f u l l ing a nd m any o t her a c t iv i t ie s ( s ee C a ro the r s 1 992 :278 -280

s t a te , w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o ft h e P y lo s r eg ion i t se lf ,

f o r a mo re c omp le te l i s t ) . H owever , t h e m a jo r i ty o f t h e se a c t iv i t ies h ave y e t t o b e a t te s ted a r chaeo log ica l ly a t A no

c on t r ibu ted t h e se g ood s a t a l l .

E ng l iano s i t s e lf w i th a ny d eg ree o fc e r ta in ty ( a s h ave t e x t i le w o rk ing a nd p e r fume mak ing ) a nd p roduc t ion q uo ta s a r e n o t

N eed t h ey h ave r e ce ived a ny th ing a ta l l?

q uan t if ied i nt h e L inea r Bt a b le t s .

H a l s t ead ( 1992 ) t h ink s i tl i k e ly t h a t w i th c on t inued p opu la t ion

Wha t d i d t a x -pay ing

c ommun i t ie s a nd i n d iv idua l s r e ce ive f r om t h e s t a te i nr e tu rn ?

Wha teve r t h e c a se , t h e

s t a te a pp ea r s t o h ave e mp loyed p eop le t o p e rform n eeded

g row th a nd s c a rc i ty o fl a nd , l o ca lp opu la t ion sw ou ld h ave h ad

t a sk s , a nd m any o f t h em a r e r e co rd ed a s r e ce iv ing f ood r a t ion s a nd l a nd g ran t s f o r d o ing s o ( K r iga s 1 987 ; P a lmer

t od ea l w i th s t a te o ff i c ia l s , i fo n ly t oe n su re s ub s i s tence r e l ief i nt ime s o fn eed . O fc ou r se , i ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t t h e s t a te p rov ided s e rv ice s s u ch a s r eg iona l d ef en se , p e rhap s a s

1 989 ) .

1 7

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IG INS OF THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE a t te s t ed b y t h e o -ka o r " coa s tgua rd " t a b le t s , w h ich m ay r e co rd t h e mob i l iza t ion o ft h e s t a te 's m i l i ta ry s y s t em ( Uch i te l 1 984 ) , o rs imp ly n eeded m anpowe r . L ikew i se , t h e m i l i ta ry ,

p a lace f r e sco e s , t h a t f e a s t s s e rved a sv eh ic le s f o r r e in fo rc ing t h e p owe r o ft h e e l i te b y a c t ing a sb a ckd rop s f o r t h e d i sp lay o f c oe rc ive i mage s a nd t h e p erfo rman ce o fo ra l " Home r ic "

a c t ing a sr e p re sen ta t ive so ft h ep a la ce , m ay h ave e n f o rced t h e

p oe t ry ( s ee F igu re 1 . 4 ) . A s e xp la in ed i n mo re d e ta i l b e low ,

c o l lec t ion o ft a xe s .

P y l ian f e s t iva l s , a sw i th E u ropean s ty le f e a s t ing i ng en era l , a ppea r t o h ave a l so i n vo lved t h e r i tua l ized d r ink ing o f

I n f a c t , " t axa t ion ," a s w i th " pa la ce" a nd " k ingdom ," i sa m i s lead ing

t e rm .

A

mo re

a ccu ra te

d e sc r ip t ive

a l coho l ic b everage s (W r igh t 1 995b ) .

i s F in i shed p re s t ige g ood s w e re manu f a c tu red u nde rt h e s t a te 's

" mob i l iza t ion ," a s u sed b y H a l s tead ( 1992 , i n p re s s ) t o d e scr ib e t h ee conom ic a c t iv i ty r e co rded i nt h e Ma t a b le t s ( s ee

d i rec t ion v i a w ha t i s o f ten r e f er red t o a s a" wo rk shop "

a l so D 'A l t roy a nd E a r le 1 985 ; a so ppo sed t o" poo l ing ," t h e

s y s tem , c omb in ing t h e t a -ra -s i ja ( Ca ro th er s 1 992 ) a nd 0 -pa

p ro ce s sw he reby t h es t a te a ma s sed g ood s f o rc on sump t ion a nd r ed i s t r ibu t ion i ns uppor t o f i t s o wn i mmed ia t e o pe ra t ion , a s

s ys tem s ( K i l len i np re s s a ; Mor r i s 1 986 ) .

i nt h ee x amp le o f mu t ton , a bove ) .

r aw m a te r ia l s w e re d i sbu r sed t oc ra f t sm en ( e .g . , B ronze a t

T he s t a te mob i l ized r aw m a te r ia l sb y e n t ic ing r e g iona l e l i te s

w e re e xpec ted t op roduce ac er ta in n umbe ro ff i n i sh ed i t em s . I n t h e 0 -pa s y s tem w o rke r s a ppea r t oh av e b een r e spon s ib le

A s r e co rded i n

L inea r Bb y t h e s t a te 's 3 3 s c r ibe s , i nt h e t a -ra -s i ja s y s tem P y lo s , w oo l a tK no s so s ) , a nd f r om t h e se d i sbu r semen t s t h ey

t ob ecom e i n vo lved i nt h e s t a te ( p a la t ia l ) e conomy ( t he m a in p r em i se o f Mo r r i s ' [ 1 986 ] d i s ser ta t ion ) . L oca l a nd p rov in c ia l

f o r f m i sh ing c er ta in p roduc t s , e spec ia l ly c ha r io t s ( K i l len i n p res s a ) . U pon d e l ivery , t h ey w e re g r an ted e i the r l a nd ( o r

l e ad e r s , t h o se d e sc r ibed a bove , n ego t ia ted t h et r an sf e ro fr aw ma te r ia l s a nd t h e c o r re spond ing r e tu rn o f ap or t ion o f t h e

a cce s s t ol a nd ) o rf ood s tu f f s .

p re s t ige i t em sp roduced b y t h e s t a te ( i .e . w ea l th f i nan ce , s e e b e low ; c f . K i l len i np re s s b ,w ho p o in t so u tt h a tt h e re i ss c an t

I t i s n o t c l ea r w he the r h i red c raf t sm en r e ta in ed s ome p ercen tage o ft h e i t em s t h ey p rodu ced o nb eha lf o ft h e s t a te f o rt h e i ro wn s ub sequen t s a le ( K i l len i np r e ss b ) . I ft h ey d i d ,

L inea r Be v idence t h a t r eg iona l o ff ic ia l s r e ce ived f i n i shed w ea l th g ood s f r om t h e s t a te ) . T he se p re s t ige g ood s w ou ld h ave b een s ub sequen t ly c i rcu la ted b e tween r e g iona l e l i te s i n

t h en d ea ls w i th t h e s t a te m ay h ave g i ven c er ta in i n d iv idua ls a nd v i l lage s a ne conom ic a dvan tage , f u r th er e ncou rag ing t h e c on t inued o pe ra t ion o f t h e s t a te 's p o l i t i ca l -economy . I n

as y s tem o f r e c ip roca l g i f t e xchange s ( Ren f rew 1 975 ) a nd w ou ld h ave e ven tua l ly t r ick led d own , t h rough t h e t i e r s o ft h e p o l i t ica l s y s tem , g a in ing mo re a nd mo re v a lue a st h ey s l ow ly r each ed t h e l owe r l e ve l s o ft h e s oc ia l h i e ra rchy ( t hough c f . C her ry a nd D av i s i np re s s , w ho a rgue t h a t " wha t g oe s u p , g en era l ly s t ay su p " ) . F o re xamp le , K i l len ( 1984b , 1 985 ) h a s s ugge s ted t h e e x i s tence o f v a r iou s q ua l i t ie s o f c l o th , b o th woo l a nd l i nen , t h a t w e re f i n i shed a tt h e s t a te c en te r ( L inea r

a dd i t ion , t h e t a b le t s i n d ica te t h a t t h o se c raf t speop le w ho r ece ived l a nd a nd r aw m a ter ia ls f r om t h e s t a te a l so f i l led p o l i t ica l p o s i t ion s ( Ca ro ther s 1 992 ) a nd may h ave b een i ndependen t " en t rep reneu r s " ( K i l len 1 995 ) . F ina l ly , s ome p re s t ige i n du s t r ie s , s u ch a st h ep er fume i n du s t ry ( Sh e lm e rd in e 1 984 , 1 985 ) , w e re c en t ra l ized a t A no E ng l iano s i t se lf ,

Bt a b le t s a tP y lo s r e co rd t h e e x i s tence o f 5 -600 d ep enden t w omen w ho d eco ra ted c l o th , s ome p e rhap s s l ave s f r om A s ia M ino r ) . D if f eren t s t y le s o fc l o th m ay h ave b een g ran ted t o

whe rea s o t h e r s , s uch a s b ronzewo rkl i ig ( Sm i th 1 992 -93 ) , w ere d ecen t ra l ized ; s t i l l o t her s , s uch a st h e manu f ac tu re o f c lo th ( K i l len 1 984b , 1 985 ) , w ere c a r r ied o u t i ns t ep s ( i n i t ia l

r eg iona l e l i te t o s e rve a s m a rke r s o f r ank ( a t te s ted f o r

p roduc t ion a ts ubo rd ina te c en ter s a nd f i n i sh ing a tt h e p r ima ry

K no s so s i nL ine ar B a nd a s sumed , b y K i l len [ 1 984b ] t oh ave o ccur red i nP y lo s ) , as y s tem s im i la rt ot h a tw h ich a ppea r s t o h ave o pe ra ted i n t h e I nka Emp i re ( Ha l s tead 1 992 ; Mo r r i s

c en te r ) .

1 986 :59 ) . T he r eg iona l mob i l iza t ion o f p r e s t ige g ood s c r ea ted a s y s tem o f p a t ronage t h a t r e in fo rced s oc ia l

Mode l ing S t a te -L eve l P o l i t ica l -Econom ic T ran sfo rma t ion s

i n equa l i ty , a t t h e s ame t ime d r iv ing t h e e conomy a nd r eproduc ing p o l i t ica l h i era rch ie s .

Mor r i s ( 1 986 ) r e f e r s t ot h e P y l ian s y s t em a s a" t r ibu te" s t a te ,

R eg iona l e l i te w ou ld h ave a l so e xp lo i ted r i tua l a c t iv i t ie s t o

o r g i f t -exchange , a si np rev iou s p er iod s ; r a ther , h i s p owe r i s

r e af i rm t h e i rp owe r ( Dabn ey a nd Wr igh t 1 990 ; K i l len 1 994 ; Mor r i s 1 986 ; S a f lund 1 980 ) . F o re xamp le , i nm any s o c ie t ie s

d e term ined b y t h e s ubo rd ina t e c h ief s

i ti sf r equen t ly a c h ief 's r e spon s ib i l i ty t o p e r iod ica l ly h o s t f e a s t s a tw h ich s ub s tan t ia l a moun t s o f p rodu ce , e spec ia l ly

h i s d om inan ce o f r i tua l a c t iv i t ie s s u ch a s f e a s t ing ( Mor r i s

F r iedman a nd R ow land s ' ( 1 977 ) " a s ia t i c " s t a te . I n at r ibu te s t a te , t h ep a ramoun tl e ade rm a in ta in sp owe rn o tt h rough w i f e c on t ro l h e e xe r c i ses d i rec t ly o ve r ( Mo r r i s 1 986 :48 -50 ) , o f ten v i a

man ipu la t ion o fr eg iona l e conom ic r e la t ion sh ip s , a sw e l l a s

m ea t , a sw e l la s al im i ted n umb e ro fp re s t ige i t em s , a r e g i ven

1 986 :50 ) . A so ppo sed t oe a r l ier p e r iod so fs o c ia lc omp lex i ty ,

a way , af o rm o f r e s t ra ined r ed i s t r ibu t ion .

I n s t a te leve l

i n t h e t r ibu t e s t a te r eg iona l l e ade r s m u s t g a in p owe r b y

s oc ie t ie s , s uch a s P y lo s , f e a s t s b ecome much m o re r e gu la r , p e rhap s l e s s s pon taneou s , o ve r t ime , b u t s t i l l o pe ra te t o

a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e p a ramoun t l i neage ; t h ey h ave l i t t le r oom t o maneuve r o n t h e i r o wn .

p laca t e d i sg run t led c i t izen ry a nd i n teg ra te u n s tab le s oc io p o l i t ica l s y s tem s ( Mor r i s 1 986 ) .

B enne t a nd D av i s ( N .D .)

Mo s t i mpor tan t ly , Mo r r i s ( 1986 ) r e cogn ize s ( and Ih ave

h ave a l so s ugge s ted , b a sed o n t h e r e con s t ruc t ion o fv a r iou s

a l ready e mpha s ized ) t h a t t h e s t a te 's e conomy d oe s n o t

1 8

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IG INS O F THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE s uperf i c ia l ly , s uppor t s Mo r r i s ' ( 1 986 ) t r ibu te s t a te mode l . F u r the rmo re , Mor r i s ' a na ly s i s o f t h e t e x tua l a nd

n ece s sa r i ly c o r r e spond t oo r i n te rac t w i th t h e l o ca l e conomy . A s ar e su l t , s h e p ropo se s s eve ra l f o rm s o f i n d epend en t e conom ic a c t ion o n t h e p a r t o ft h e c ommon p eop le , s u ch a s ma rke te x change s a nd d om e s t ic mode so fp roduc t ion ( Mor r i s

a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s t a te o f P y lo s w a s p e rhap s u nde rgo ing ap e r iod o f t r an s i t ion , f r om t h e t r ibu te

1 986 :53 -54 ) . T he s o le p u rpo se o f Mo r r i s ' t r ibu te s t a te , a s o u t l ined a bove , i s t h e mob i l iza t ion o f r aw m a t e r ia l s a nd

b y F r iedman a nd R ow land s 1 977 ) .

f i n i shed p roduc t s f o r u se a nd d i spo sa l b y t h e r u l ing e l i te ( i n

p a ramoun t c h ief s u cceed s i nt r an sf orm ing t h e n a tu re o fh i s

t h e c a se o f P y lo s ,

w o rk shopp ing , a nd c en t ra l ized i n du s t r ia l p roduc t ion ) .

r e la t ion sh ip t o r eg iona l e l i te s , w ho , t h rough s h if t s i n m a r r iage a l l iance s , b ecom e m embe r s o f t h e p a ramoun t l i neage ( o f ten r e f e r red t o a s a" s egmen ta ry" s t a te [ S te in

T he P y l i an s t a te a ppea r s t o h ave f i nanced i t s e conom ic

1 994b ] ) .

s t a te t ot h e " p re s t ig e g ood s /dua l i s t ic s t a te " ( PODS ; a sd ef in ed

b y mob i l iza t ion o f r aw m a te r ia l s ,

I n t h e PGDS , t h e

a c t iv i t ies t h rough t h ed i sbu r sem en to fw ea l th i t em s , k nown a s " wea lt h -f in an c ing " ( D 'A l t roy a nd E a r le 1 985 ; H a l s tead 1 992 , i np re s s ) . I n aw ea l th -f inanced e conom ic s y s tem e l i t e s " pay "

B rumf ie l a nd E a r le ( 1987 :7 ) a l so m ak e au sefu l d i s t in c t ion b e tween s t ra t if ied s oc ie t ie s ( e .g . , M i s s i s s ipp ian c h iefdom s ,

f o r o r " und e rw r i te" t h e s t a te spon so red e conomy w i th h i gh -

C oppe r A ge I b e r ia ) i nw h ich " i t i st h e u n ive r sa l p rodu c t ion a nd u se o f w ea l th . . . t h a t m ak e i tas t ra teg ic r e sou rce f o r

v a lue , e a s i ly t ran spor tab le p re s t ige g ood s . L oca l e conom ie s i n te r sec t w i th t h e s t a te 's r eg iona l , w ea l th -f inanced s y s tem o n ly p a r t ia l ly a nd o n ly i n i n s tance s b enef i c ia l t ot h e e l i te .

ma in ta in ing n on ega l i ta r ian r e la t ion sh ip s " a nd t h o se ( e .g . , N o rd ic B ronze A ge ) i nw h ich " t he p roduc t ion o f w ea l th i s p a r t ly o re n t i re ly i nt h eh and s o fa t tached s pec ia l i s t s " a nd f o r w h ich " wea l th i ss p ec if i ca l ly a n e l i te g ood a nd i t s c i rcu la t ion i sr e s t r ic ted ." D o cumen ta ry e v idence a nd a r chaeo log ica l d a ta ( s uch a s c hange s i n t h e a r ch i tec tu ra l l a you t o f t h e p a lace i n d ica t ing i n c rea sed c en t ra l iza t ion o f p re s t ige g ood s m anu f a c tu re ; s e e Wr igh t 1 984 ) i n d ica te t h a t at r an s i t ion f r om f r ee t or e s t r ic ted c i rcu la t ion o fw ea l th g ood s w a s t a k ing p l ace i n LH I IB P y lo s .

C on t ra ry t o Mo r r i s ' ( 1986 :87 ) a s ser t ion s , t h e s t a te d o e s n o t o pe ra te ar e g iona l s y s tem o f " s tap le " f i nan ce ( s ee H a l s tead 1 992 ) . I n as t ap le -f inanced e conomy e l i t e sp ay f o rg ood s a nd s e rv ice s w i th s t ap le o ru t i l i ta r ian g ood s . Wea l th - a nd s t ap le f i nance a r e u sua l ly c omb ined t o e ff i c ien t ly f u lf i l l as t a te 's d i spa ra te e conom ic n eed s ( D 'A l t roy a nd E a r le 1 985 ) . O n ly i nt h e P y lo sd i s t r ic t i t se lf w a s i tc o s t -ef f ec t ive f o r t h e s t a te t o u nderwr i t e t h e p a la t ia l e conomy b y e x chang ing b u lky s t ap le g ood s . P u rpo se ly l o cked o u to ft h e r e g iona lw ea l th f inanced e conomy , i tw a s s o le ly i nt h e a r ena o fc i rcum sc r ibed l o ca l e conom ie s , t h o se t ha t t yp ica l ly p rodu ced u t i l i ta r ian g ood s , t h a t c ommon e r s a nd i n d igenou s ( non s ta te ) l e ad e r s h ad a ny

B lan ton e t a l . ( 1 996 ) d e sc r ibe s im i la r p roce s se s i n Me soame r ica , m ak ing a m ean ingfu l d i s t inc t ion b e tween " n e two rk " a nd " c o rpo ra te " p o l i t ica l -econom ie s . T he i r mode l a l low se l uc ida t ion o ft h et r ibu t e s t a t e /PGDS t r an s i t ion ( Mo r r i s 1 986 ) a nd i n co rpo ra te s s y s tem s o f w ea l th v e r su s s t ap le f i nan ce ( D 'A l t roy a nd E a r le 1 985 ) a nd f r ee v er su s r e s t r ic ted c i rcu la t ion o fp re s t ige g ood s ( Bn im f ie l a nd E a r le 1 987 ) . I n a" n e two rk " s y s tem , i n d iv idua l s m a in ta in p o l i t ica l -econom ic

o ppor tun i ty f o rg a rne r ing i n c rea sed w ea l th , a nd w i th i ts o c ia l a nd p o l i t ica l p res t ige . A s ar e su l t ,, l o ca l ized e conom ic a c t iv i ty ( e spec ia l ly i n t h e f o rm o f m a rke t e x change s ) e ven tua l ly b ecame a c ha l lenge t o t h e s t a te 's e conomy i mpo s s ib le f o r t h e p a ramoun t t oi g no re ( Mor r i s 1 986 ) . F o r e xamp le , t h e d a ta p re sen ted b e low s ugge s t t h a t t h e c en t ra l p owe r s m ay h ave t aken a ni n c rea s ing ly a c t ive i n t e re s t i nt h e

p owe r b y e xc lud ing c ompe t i to r s ' a cces s t o e xchange r e la t ion sh ip s , w he reby p re s t ige g ood s a r e mob i l ized a nd s ymbo l ic k now ledge i s s ha red ( B lan ton e t a l . 1 996 :3 ) .

c e ram ic i n du s t ry a nd c e ram ic e xchang e d u r ing t h e LH I IB ,

B lan ton e t a l . ( 1996 :3 ) s t a te t h a t , " Exc lu s iona ry p ower s t ra teg ie s w e re p r inc ipa l ly a s soc ia ted w i th c ompa ra t ive ly s ma l l , a u tonomou s p o l i t ie s l i nked b y t r ade , w a r , a nd t h e

a so ppo s ed t oe a r l ie rp ha se s . F o rt h e m o s tp a r t , Mo r r i s ' ( 1986 ) mod e l o fP y l ian e conomy i su sefu la nd a c cu ra te . H oweve r , mod e l s—a s Mo r r i s( 1 986 :1 3 ) r ead i ly a dm i t s—a re h eu r i s t ic d ev ice s , n ece s sa r i ly o ve rs imp l if i ed v er s ion s o fr e a l i ty . A s m en t ioned b r ie f ly i n

s t ra teg ic ma r r iage s o f r u le r s . . ." N e two rk ed s y s tem s t h eo re t ica l ly l i nk ed t h e l e ade r s o f i n d iv idua l Mycenaean

C hap ter 1 , Mo r r i s a t temp t s t ov e r ify t h e i mp l ica t ion s o ft h e

n e two rked e xchange s a s " pee r -po l i ty i n te rac t ion ."

s t a te s .

R en f rew a nd C her ry ( 1986 ) h ave d e scr ibed s uch

t r ibu t e s t a te m ode l b o th a r chaeo log ica l ly a nd t e x tua l ly . D ue " Corpo ra te"

t ot h e a f o r emen t ioned p rob lem sw i th t h eL in ea r Bd o cumen t s , a nd t h rough n o f au l t o f h er o wn , h e r t e x tua l a na ly s i s f a l l s

c ha rac te r ized

s hor t ,

c o r re spond ing

s uppor t ing

b u t

n o t

v a l ida t ing

t e s t

i mp l ica t ion s .

s y s tem s , b y

a g r icu l tu ra l g ood s " v o lume

a dd r e s se s

f r om

i n

h and ,

r eg iona l

" pa t r imon ia l

o f ten

s ca le

r he tor ic ,

a nd

a r e a

w h ich

a pp rop r ia t ion o fs u rp lu ses o fp r ima ry p roduc t ion , e spec ia l ly

s t rong ly s uppo r ted b y t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd . i n t h i s

i n c rea se s

s h if t

o t he r

" cogn i t ive r e s truc tu r ing " t h a t " a l low s t h e i n co rpo ra t ion o f d i spa ra te e t hn ica l ly d ef ined s ubg roup s " a nd " l eg i t ima te s t h e

a r t ifac tua l s amp le f r om N icho r ia ) , i mp l ica t ion s a r e n o t

r e sea r ch p resen ted

t h e

e mpha s izes t h e c on t ro l l ing r o le s o fp a r t icu la r i n d iv idua l s " t o

L ikew i se , d u et o al a ck o fe x ten s ive a r chaeo log ica l e v idence ( s pa t ia l a na ly s i s o f t h e p a lace 's a r ch i tec tu re a nd a l im i ted

T he

o n

t h e

( i .e .

s t ap le f i nance ;

B lan ton e t a l .

1 996 :6 ) . Wherea s n e two rk s t ra teg ie s t e nd t ob e " vo la t i le " a nd " l aden w i th p o t en t ia l f o rc onf l ic t ," t h e c o rpo ra te s t ra tegy

i mp l ica t ion so ft h e c u r ren tu nde r s tand ing o fP y l ian p o l i t ica l e conomy , a s l a id o u t i n t h i s c hap te r , a nd , a t l e a s t

" empha s ize s . . . s o l ida r i ty o f s o c ie ty a s a n i n teg ra ted w ho le ,

1 9

BACKGROUND I NFORMAT ION : THE OR IG INS OF THE S TATE I N MA INLAND GREECE b a sed o n an a tu ra l , f i xed , a nd i mmu tab le i n terdependence b e tween s ubg roup s . . ." ( B lan ton e ta l . 1 996 :4 , 6 ) .

C onc lus ion

I n t h i s

l i gh t , B lan ton e ta l . ( 1996 ) c ompa re t h e L ow land Maya s t a te s

A s

t h e p rev iou s d i scu s s ion

i n d ica te s ,

t h e

P y l ian s t a te

i n teg ra ted , t o g rea te r o r l e sse r d eg ree , s eve ra l t y pe s o f

t oT eo t ihuacan .

r eg iona l e xchange , a l lowed f o r v a r iou s s ca le s o fe n te rp r i se Mycenaean s t a te s , s u ch a sP y lo s , a ppea rt oh ave emp loyed a

a nd

n e two rk s y s tem o f p o l i t ica l e conomy ( empha s iz ing w ea l th f i nan ce a nd t h e i n crea s ing ly r e s t r ic ted c i rcu la t ion o fp re s t ige

O rgan iza t ion o ft h e manuf ac tu re , e xchange , a nd c on sump t ion

f i nance ,

a nd

s e rved

mu l t ip le

n e s ted

f unc t ion s .

o fp o t tery i n LH I IB P y lo s r e f lec t s t h e o vera l l s t ru c tu re o f t h e r eg iona l p o l i t ica l e conomy ( s ee K e swan i [ 1991 :97 ] w i th

g ood s ) , f o r t h e mo s t p a r t d i sm i s s ing t h e c o rpo ra t e o p t ion . T he t r an s i t ion f r om t h e t r ibu te s t a te t ot h e PGDS t h u s m a rk s

r ega rd t o t h e a s ser t ion t h a t c eram ic i n du s t r ie s r e ac t t o

t h e i n t en s if i ca t ion o fe xc lu s iona ry p owe r s t ra teg ie s .

I n LH

I IB P y lo s , t h ew anax m ay h ave s ough tt os o l id if y c on t ro l b y ,

p o l i t ica l -econom ic c hange ) . F u r th e rmo re , s t udy o f t h e r eg iona l c eram ic s y s tem c an s e rve t oc l a r ify t h e p o in t s a t

f o re xamp le , i n c rea s ing r i tua l a c t iv i ty , as ome t ime s c o rpo ra te

wh ich t h e i n terp re ta t ion o f t ex tua l e v id en ce d epa r t s f r om

s t ra tegy ; h oweve r , mo s t c o rpo ra te s t ra teg ie s , s uch a s t h e

e t hnog raph ic a nd a r chaeo log ica l e xpec ta t ion s . F ina l ly , c ha rac te r iza t ion o f t h e c e ram ic i n du s t ry c an i mp rove t h e

a pp rop r ia t ion o fs t ap le g ood s p roduc t ion , w e re n o t e mp loyed a nd t h e s t a te 's p o l i t ica l -economy , s t re tched t o t h e l im i t , f i na l ly f a l tered ( Pa rk in son i np re s s ; c f . C he r ry a nd D av i s i n

mode l s t h a t h ave b een p ropo sed t o e xp la in Mycenaean p o l i t ica l -economy b y s e rv ing t ov e r if y t h et e s t i mp l ica t ion s o f

p res s ) .

t h o se mode l s .

A t temp t s

t o e x tend

v er t ica l

h i era rchy

l i k e ly

e xace rba ted i n s tab i l i ty . I n an e twork s y s tem , s uch a s t h a t w h ich l i nked t h eC la s s ic Maya , w h en o ne p o l i ty c o l lap se s , t h e r e s t f o l low s u i t . A s ar e su l t , w hen o ne Mycenaean s t a te

I n C hap te r 3 , t h eo re t ica l e xpec ta t ion s a r e d er ived f r om t h e e t hnog raph ic , e t lu ioa rchaeo log ica l , a nd a r cha eo log ica l

d i s in teg ra ted , t h e r e s t t o pp led a sw e l l . C omp e t ing f a c t ion s o f Mycenaean e l i te , s e ek ing t oc on t ro l r eg iona l n e two rk s o f p o l i t ica l e conomy , e ven tua l ly p roduced a " f ragmen ted m acro reg iona l p o l i t ica l l a nd scape " ( B lan ton e ta l . 1 996 :5 ) . I ns u ch ac l ima t e , t h e c en te r ( s )c ou ld n o th o ld a nd t h e s y s tem d evo lved .

l i t e ra tu r e o nc e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd m anuf ac tu re i ns o c ie t ie s t h a t a pp rox ima te t h e Mycenaean s t a te o fP y lo s , a si th a s b een mod e led a bove . I ft h e mode l o fP y l ian p o l i t ica l -economy t h a t h a s b een s e t o u t i sa ccu ra te , t h en t h e r e su l ts o ft h i s r e sea rch w i l l s uppo r t t h e t h eo re t ica l e xpec ta t ion s . I ft h e m ode l i s f l awed , r e su l t s c an b e e xpec ted t oi n suf f i c ien t ly s uppor t t ho se e xpec ta t ion s .

2 0

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS

C hap t er T hree . T heore t ica lE xpec ta t ion s

C o s t in 's ( 1991 ) t y po logy f o rc r af tp roduc t ion mu s tb e f u r the r c omb ined w i th a f r amewo rk f o r t h e i d en t if i ca t ion a nd c l a s s if i ca t ion

P o t te ry P r oduc t ion a nd D i s t r ibu t ion : T ypo log ica lF ramewo rk s

o f d i s t r ibu t ion .

T rad i t iona l ly ,

r e c ip roc i ty , r ed i s t r ibu t ion , a nd m a rk e t e xchange i n c a tego r iz ing s y s tem s o f d i s t r ibu t ion o r " t rade ." Ma rk e t

O n e o ft h e f i r s t a r chaeo log i s t s t ou nde r take s y s tema t ic s t udy

e xchange d i f f e r s f r om r e c ip roc i ty a nd r ed i s t r ibu t ion p r ima r i ly

o fs pec ia l i z ed p o t te ry p rodu c t ion w a s S ande rv an d e r L eeuw ( 1977 ) a nd s i n ce t h en s eve ra l s cho la r sh ave s ugge s ted g ene ra l

i n t h a t a ny s ymbo l ic o r r i tua l ized c onno ta t ion i sr emoved f r om t h e t r an sac t ion ( R ice 1 987 :192 ) . T he v a lue o fa n i t em

f r amewo rk s f o r t h e c a tego r iza t ion o f c raf t s pec ia l iza t ion , i n c lud ing p o t t ing ( e .g . , F ranke l 1 988 ; P eacock 1 982 ; R ice

i s d e te rm ined n o t a s a r e su l t o f s o c ia l c once r n s a nd i mp l ica t ion s ; r a ther , i ti ss e t i mper sona l ly b y t h e l aw o f

1 984a ; S an t ley e ta l . 1 989 ) . C o s t in ( 1 991 ) , f o r e xamp le , h a s c on s truc t ed a ne i gh t -par t t y po logy o fc r af tp roduc t ion , b a sed

s upp ly a nd d emand . F ur thermo re , m a rke t e xchange m ay c onno te t h e e x i s tence o f l o ca t ion s—ma rk e t s—where

o nf ou rv a r iab le sf o rp rodu c t ion o rgan i za t ion ( b a sed i np a r to n v an d e r L e euw 's e a r l ier w o rk [ 1 977 ] , a sd i ag ramed i nT ab le 3 . 1 ) .

o f t ype s

a n th ropo log i s t s r e ly o n P o lany i 's ( 1969 ) d e l inea t ion o f

m anuf ac tu red g ood s a r e b ough t a nd s o ld .

P roduc t ion t ype s d i f f e r i nt e rm s o ft h e p a rame te r s o f

p roduc t ion o r gan iza t ion , w h ich a r e i nt u rn d e term in ed b y t h e r eg iona l s o c ia l , e conom ic , p o l i t ica l , a nd e nv i ronmen ta l s e t t ing : c on t ex t ( a t tached v e r su s i n dependen t ) ; c oncen t ra t ion

R ec ip roc i ty , r ed i s t r ibu t ion , a nd ma rke t e x change c an b e d i v ided i n to f i ve b a s ic t r ade a r rangemen t s , b a sed o n t h e m echan ic s o f t h e a c tua l t r an sac t ion ( R enf r ew 1 975 ; R ice

( nu c lea ted v e r su s d i spe r sed ) ; s c a le ( l abo r v er su s k i n -ba sed ) ; a nd i n ten s i ty ( p ar t - v e r su s f u l l t ime ) . C o s t in 's p roduc t ion t y pes a r e i n d iv idua l , d i spe r sed w o rk shop , c ommun i ty , n uc lea ted w o rk shop , d i spe r sed c orvee , i n d iv idua l r e ta in e r , n uc lea t ed c o r vee , a nd r e ta in e rw o rk shop . T he e i gh t t y pe s o f p roduc t ion c an b eo ppo sed t on on sp ec ia l ized o rt h e d ome s t ic mode o f p roduc t ion ( DMP ) , i n w h ich a h ou seho ld o r i n d iv idua l p roduces t of u lf i l l h ou seho ld o r i n d iv idua l n eed s o n ly ( Co s t in 1 991 :3 ) . H ypo the t ica l ly , C o s t in 's p a rame te r s c an b e r e cogn ized i n t h e a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd a nd

1 987 :192 -4 ; s e e F igu re 3 . 1 b e low ) :

s pec ia l iza t ion i na ny g i ven i n du s t ry a s se s sed . F u r the rmo re , as oc ie ty 's l e ve l o fs oc io -econom ic c omp lex i ty m ay i n d ica t e t h e e xpec ted t y pe ( s ) ( o r d eg ree ) o fc r af t s pec ia l iza t ion , a nd v i ce v e r sa ( C la rk a nd P a r ry 1 990 ) . C o s t in 's ( 1 99 1 ) f r amewo rk c an b e r e ad i ly a pp l ied t o t h e o rgan iza t ion o fc e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd i nf a c t many o fh e r e t hnog raph ic a nd e t hnoa rchaeo log ica l e xamp le s a r e d rawn f r om t h e l i t e ra tu re o n p o t te ry manuf a c tu re . A s ar e su l t , a t o ne e nd o f t h e s pec t rum , p o t s m ay b e p roduced b y a h ou seho ld f o rt h a th ou seho ld 's u se o n ly ( t he DMP ) , w h i le a t t h e o t her e nd o ft h e s pec t rum , p o t te r sm ay b e a t tached , f u l l -

a )

C on sume r t r ave l s t o t h e p o t te r ( p roduc t ion o n c on s ignmen t ) .

b )

P o t te r t r ave l s t ot h e c on sume r ( i t ine ran t v end ing ) .

c )

P o t te r a nd c on sume rt r ave l t o ap r ea r ranged l o ca t ion ( ma rke t ing ) .

d )

P o t s a r e d i s t r ibu ted b y at h i rd p a r ty ( me rchan t e xchange ) .

e )

P o t s a r e t u rned o ve r t o ac en t ra l a u tho r i ty f o r s ub sequen t d i s t r ibu t ion ( i dea l ized r ed i s t r ibu t ion ) .

•

0

a

o

t ime s pec ia l i s t s w o rk ing s t r ic t ly f o r a n e l i te o r g overnmen t i n s t i tu t ion ( s ee a l so v an d e rl e euw 1 977 ) . H oweve r , i nr e a l i ty t h e v a r iou st y pe s o fp rodu c t ion o f t en c o -ex i s t a nd s ome t ime s

0

•

• 0 ü P o t te r C on sume r M idd leman L oca t ion o f E xchange

c omp e t e ( P ea co ck 1 982 ) , a sm ay h ave b een t h ec a se i nP y lo s . T he t ype o fc e ram ic p roduc t ion g en e ra te s ac o r re spond ing

F igure 3 . 1 D iag ram o fp o t te ry e xchange r e la t ion sh ips . B a sed o n ad raw ing f r om R ice ( 1987 :193 ) .

d eg ree o f v a r iab i l i ty i n t h e f i n i shed p roduc t , am ea su re r e f e r red t oa ss t anda rd iza t ion ( s ee , f o re xamp le , F e inman e t a l . 1 98 1 ; F e inman 1 985 ; L ongac re 1 99 1) , s uch t h a t s t udy o f t h e p rodu c t i t s e lf s erve s t o i n d ica te t y po log ica l c a tego r ie s

R ice ( 1987 :195 -97 ) mak e s s evera l i mpo r tan t p o in t s w i th

( Co s t in 1 99 1 :32 ; G rave s 1 99 1 :136 ; R i ce 1 987 :171 ) . I ti st h i s v a r iab i l i t y t h a t i sd efm ed c hem ica l ly a nd p e t rograph i ca l ly .

r ega rd t o t h i s d i s t r ibu t iona l t y po logy .

F i r s t , i n a ny g iven

r e g ion a l l f i ve t r ade a r rangemen t s may f un c t ion , t o ac er ta in

F o ri n s tan ce , p o t tery t h a t i sp roduced b y as i ng le c o l lec t ive o f

d eg ree , a to nce ( s ee a l so F rank e l 1 988 :32 ; K ramer 1 99 1) .

a t ta ch ed s p ec ia l i s t s wou ld b e mo re s t anda rd ized t h an p o t tery

F o r i n s tance , m e rchan t m idd lemen m ay p u rcha se p o t s a t r eg iona l ma rke t s f o r f u r the r d i s t r ibu t ion ( Peacock 1 982 ;

m anu f ac tu r ed b y v a r iou s p a r t t ime , i n dependen t , a nd n on s p ec ia l ized p roducer s .

K ram e r 1 99 1 ) . H oweve r , R ice ( 1 987 :195 ) c au t ion st h a t , w i th

2 1

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS

C on tex t A t tached

C oncen t ra t ion

I ndependen t

N uc lea ted

D ispe r sed

I nd iv idua l

X

X

D i spe r sed

X

X

I n ten s i ty

S ca le L abo r

K in -based X

P ar t -

F u l l t ime

( X )

( X )

X

X

w o rk shop C ommun i ty

X

( X )

( X )

N uc lea ted

X

w o rk shop D i spe r sed

( X )

X

c orvee I nd iv idua l

( X )

X

r e ta ine r Nu c lea ted c orv ee

X

R e ta in e r w o rk shop

( X )

X

T ab le 3 . 1 T ypo logy o fs pec ia l ized c ra f tp roduc t ion b a sed o nt h e p a rame te r s t h a t c ha rac te r ize t h e o rgan iza t ion o f p roduc t ion . A dap ted t o Me s sen ia f r om C o s t in ( 1 991 :10 ) .

af ew p o s s ib le e xcep t ion s ( e .g . , t h e I nka ) , e xchange t ype n umbe r f i ve— la rge sca le r ed i s t r ibu t ion o fp o t s— rece ive s n o

i nd i s t ingu i shab le p a t te r n s o f c e ram ic d i s t r ibu t ion ( R ice 1 987 :198 ) . L ikew i se , s eve ra l i ndepend en t p o t te r s , u t i l iz ing t h e s ame c l ay s ou rce a nd s ha r ing a k i ln , m igh t p roduce c hem ica l ly a nd p e t rog raph ica l ly s im i la r p o t s , t h e reby l e ad ing

d i rec t c onf i rma t ion i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l o r e t hnog raph ic r e co rd s . S econd , e xchange o f ten s e rve s s o c ia l , p o l i t ica l , a nd r i tua l f un c t ion s i na dd i t ion t ot ho se d i c ta ted b y t h e e conomy

t om i s id en t if i ca t ion o ft h et y pe o fp roduc t ion , a sw o rk shop o r c ommun i ty m anu f ac tu re ( Peacock 1 982 ) . I n a dd i t ion , F e inman ( i np r e s s )p o in t so u tt h a t s ca le c an b ee a s i ly c on fu sed i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd w i th i n ten s i ty . F o r e xamp le , a n

( s ee G rave s 1 991 ) . T hu s , p o t tery e xchange s hou ld n o t b e ( and i sn o t i nt h i s v o lume ) c on s ide red i n ap u re ly e conom ic c on tex t . F ina l ly , c en t ra l ized a u tho r i t ie s o r p ower fu l i nd iv idua l s a nd t h e i r a gen t s d o h ave t h e a b i l i ty t oi n f luence

i nd iv idua l h ou seho ld m igh t manuf ac tu re p o t tery i n ten s ive ly , l e ad ing t ot h e i n co r rec t i mp re s s ion , g i ven f ab r ic q uan t i ty a nd

mode so fe x change ( a sa r gued i nt h e c a se o fP y lo s b y Mo r r i s 1 986 ) . A s ar e su l t , c hange s i n p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic i n s t i tu t ion s a r e o f t en m i r ro red b y c hange s i nr eg iona l mode s

d i s t r ibu t ion , t h a t al a rge w o rk shop h ad o nce o pe ra ted i nt h e s t udy r eg ion .

o fc e ram ic e xchange ( Ke swan i 1 99 1 :97 ; K napp e ta l . 1 988 ) . R ice ( 1 987 :196 -7 )c i te st h ee xamp le o ft h ep och teca , A z tecan

T h i s p rob lem o fe qu i f ina l i ty c an , h owev er , b e a l lev ia t ed b y

m erchan t s

c a refu l c on s ide ra t ion o f t h e g eo log ica l , g eog raph ica l , a nd

w ho

c omp le te ly

monopo l ized

l o ng -d i s tance

e xchange .

e nv i ronmen ta l a t t r ibu te s o f t h e r eg ion u nde r s t udy . I nt h i s way , mu l t ip le p roduc t ive a nd d i s t r ibu t iona l e xp lana t ion s f o r

I ti sa l so i mpor tan t t o n o te , a s d oe s R ice ( 1987 :198 ) , t h a t r e sea r ch d e s ign ed t od e t erm ine t h e s c a le a nd m ode o fr eg iona l

p a t te r n s i n t h e c eram ic d a ta c an b e w e ighed a ga in s t t h e

p o t te ry p roduc t ion , a s w e l l a s e xchange , o f ten s u f f er s

p roduc t ion /d i s t r ibu t ion s hown t o p o s se s s mo re e xp lana to ry w e igh t t h an o t he r s . T h i s a pp roach t o u nder s tand ing t h e

r eg iona l

p rob lem so fe qu i f ina l i ty ( ap rob lem i na r cha eo logy g ene ra l ly ,

c on tex tua l

i n fo rma t ion ,

a nd

o ne

t y pe

o f

f i r s t d esc r ibed i n d e ta i l b y I an H odde r a nd C l ive O r ton [ 1976 ] ) . T ha t i s , t h e d i f f e ren t t y pe s o f p rodu c t ion a nd

o rgan iza t ion o f ac e ram ic i ndu s t ry i so f ten r e f e r red t o a s

e xchange m ay p roduce i d en t ica lp a t t e rn so fp roduc tv a r iab i l i ty

a l so Knapp e ta l . 1 988 ; K o lb , e d . 1 988 ; K o lb a nd L ackey ,

a nd d i s t r ibu t ion . F o r e xamp le , r e c ip roc i ty a nd m a rke t ing , a l be i tv ery d i f f e ren t m echan i sm s o fe xchange , c an p roduce

e d s . 1 988 ; N ick l in 1 979 ; P oo l 1 992 :307 -311 ; R ice 1 984a ,

" ceram ic e co logy " ( Ar no ld 1 985 ; Ma t son 1 965 , 1 972 ; s e e

1 987 ; v an d e r L eeuw 1 977 ) .

2 2

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS p o t s , a l be i t a tv a ry ing d eg ree s o fi n ten s i ty , t h rough h i s to r ic t ime s .

T heor e t ica l E xpec ta t ions f or t h e O rgan i za t ion o f P o t t er y P roduc t ion a nd D i s t r ibu t ion i nt h eP y l ian S t a te C hap te r s 1a nd 2p re sen ted amode l o fP y lo s ' LH I IB ( Pa lace

T he p rodu c t ion o fp o t t ery r equ i re s c er ta in k ey r aw ma te r ia l s s uch a sc l ay ( s ) , f u e l , w a te r , a nd t empe r . C e r ta in Mes sen ian

P ha se )

m ic ro reg ion sp rov ide m o r e o p t ima l a cce s s t ot h e se r e sou rce s

e conomy t h a t i s b a sed u pon b o th t e x tua l a nd T he mode l w a s c on s truc ted w i th

t h an d o o the r s , b u t p e rhap s t h e o ver r id ing c once r n w ou ld

r e f e rence t o t h e s cho la r ly w o rk o f s eve ra l A egean p r eh i s to r ian sa nd , g iven t h e d ocumen ta ry a nd a r cha eo log ica l d a ta c u r r en t ly a va i lab le , i ts ugge s t st h a tt h e P y l i an p o l i ty w a s ,

h ave b een a cce s s t og ood -qua l i ty c l ay ( N ick l in 1 979 ) . Mo s t

a r chaeo log ica l e v idence .

Mes sen ian s i te s a r e s u r round ed e i the r b y w e l l -deve loped P l e i s tocen er ed s o i l s ( t e r ra -ro s sa A lf i so l s )o r , w he re t h e se r ed b ed s h ave e roded , s o i l s d e r ived f r om t h e C -ho r izon , as i l ty

a tt h et ime o fi t sd e s truc t ion , i n as t a te o ft r an sf o rma t ion . I t h a s b een f u r the r s ugge s ted t h a t t h e s t ru c tu re o f t h e P y l ian

P l iocene ma r l ( Za ngge r e ta l . 1 997 ) .

C lay s epa ra ted f r om

b o th o f t h e se s o i l s i sp oo r b u t f un c t iona l f o r t h e mak ing o f

r e g iona l ( t o ta l ) e conomy s hou ld b e r e f lec ted i n t h e o rgan iza t ion o f t h e c eram ic i n du s t ry , a nd t h a t t h e c e ram ic

p o t s . O nt h ec on t ra ry , t h e r eg ion 's g ray a nd y e l low m a r ine d epo s i ted c l ay s r equ i re n o l e v iga t ion , n o t empe r ing , a nd a r e

i n du s t ry w a s n ece s sa r i ly i n f lu enced b y t h e o ngo ing s h if t s i n P y lo s ' e conom ic s y s tem .

e a s i ly wo rked , b u t t h ey o u tc rop r a re ly a nd i n r e s t r ic ted d epo s i t s . T hu s , g ood c l ay s—ma r ine c l ay s— rep resen t a

T he r ema inde ro ft h i s c hap te rp re sen t s ah ypo th e t ica l v i s ion

" pa tchy" r eg iona l r e sou rce .

o f t h e w ay i n w h ich P y lo s ' c e ram ic i n du s t ry m ay h ave f unc t ion ed , c on s truc ted w i th r ega rd t o t h e t y po log ica l

Anyone i np reh i s to r ic Me s sen ia i n te re s ted i n mak ing ap o t a nd p o s se s s ing t h e n ece s sa ry s k i l l s c ou ld h ave d one s o— the ma te r ia l sw e re r e ad i ly a va i lab le—bu tc er ta in i n d iv idua l s , t h o se w i th a cce s s t o t h e b e t t er c l ay s , c ou ld h ave m ade s t ronge r ,

f r amewo rk sf o rp roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion s e to u t a bove a nd r ef ined i nt h e c on tex t o f Me s sen ia 's c e ram ic e co logy . T h i s c hap t e re nd sw i th ad e ta i led d i scu s s ion o f Mycena ean c e ram ic f o rm a nd u se -f unc t ion , e spec ia l ly i nr i tua l c on tex t s , a st h e se v a r iab les a l so i nf luence p o t tery p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion .

f i ne r p o t s a nd p roduced t h em mo re e ff i c ien t ly ( s ee Ar no ld 1 985 ; C o s t in 1 991 :14 ) . A s ar e su l t , s ome Mes sen ian h ou seho ld s m ay h ave f o und i tn a tu ra l t o manu f ac tu re s u rp lu s p o t tery f o r u se i nb udd ing N eo l i th ic e xchange s y s tem s . I n l a te rt im e s , p o t te ry w o rk shop s , p e rhap s p o t t ing c ommun i t ie s , w ou ld h ave c on t ro l led t h e se s ou rce s o fg ood c l ay ( s ee C h i ld s [ 1 988 ] w i th r ega rd t om onopo l iza t ion o fc l ay r e sou rce s ) , a nd d u r ing t h e P a lace P ha se m any p o t s d o a ppea r t oh ave b een made f r om t h e se s upe r io r c l ay s . T he DMP w ou ld h ave c on t inued t of un c t ion , b u t m o s t o ft h e p o t tery p roduced i na d ome s t ic c on tex t , f o r d ome s t ic c on sump t ion o n ly , w a s l i ke ly manuf ac tu red f r om i n f e r io r c l ay s .

T he DMP a nd I nd iv idua l S pec ia l iza t ion T he f i r s t o fC o s t in 's ( 1991 :8 ) i d ea l ized p roduc t ion t ype s i s i n d iv idua ls p ec ia l iza t ion , d ef in ed a s " au tonomou s i nd iv idua l s o rh ou seho ld sp roduc ing f o ru n re s t r i c t ed l o ca l c on sump t ion ." A t t h i s l e ve l , p o t ter s f unc t ion i n dependen t ly , f r ee f r om t h e c on s t ra in t s o f b u reaucra t ic o ve r s igh t . P roduc t ion l o c i a r e d i spe r sed a nd t h e p roduc t ion u n i t i s k i n -ba sed .

T he

e t hnog raph ic r e co rd i nd ica te s t h a t mo s t p o t ter s , e spec ia l ly i n d iv idua l s , r a re ly wo rk f u l l t ime ( Pea cock 1 982 ; R ice 1 987 :181 ) . P o t t ing i st yp ica l ly as ea sona l a f f a i r ( a s i ti si n

R ice ( 1987 :186 ) a nd P eacock ( 1 982 ) b o th n o te t h a t i n many i n s tance s d ome s t ic p roduc t ion c oex i s t s w i th w o rk shop , e ven

G reece t o day ) a nd many i n dependen t p o t te r s c on t inue t o m a in ta in a g r icu l tu ra l f i e ld s ( Peaco ck 1 982 ) . H oweve r , a s

s t a te spon so red , p roduc t ion . T hey a l so c au t ion t h a t p o t tery m anu f ac tu red a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e DMP t e nd s t ob e i n v i s ib le i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd o fc omp lex s oc ie t ie s , o ve rwhe lmed

n o ted a bove , t h e e t hnograph ic r e co rd s how s t h a t i n d iv idua l s p ec ia l i s tp o t te r sa r eo f t en d i sen f ran ch i s ed s ub s i s t en ce f a rme r s

a nd e r a sed b y o t he r f o rm s o fp roduc t ion . A s ar e su l t , wh i le d ome s t ic p roduc t ion o fp o t s p robab ly c on t inued t h roughou t t h e LH I IB ( Mo r r i s 1 986 ) , i ti sd if i cu l tt od e t e rm in ew he the r

( M . S ta rk 1 99 1)— inva r iab ly w omen , s ome t ime s w idow s ( P eaco ck 1 982 ; R ice 1 984a :257 , 1 987 :83 )—who h ave t u rned t op o t t ing a s as ou rce o fn eeded i n come ( s ee F e inm a ne ta l .

i t s p re sence i n Me s sen ia i si n deed r evea led b y t h e r e su l t s o f c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s .

1 992 :240 o n p o t t ing i n t h e T la co lu la a rm o f t h e v a l ley o f O axaca a s ar e spon se t oe conom ic s t re s s ) . I ti sl i k e ly t h a tt h e f i r s t Me s sen ia nc e ram i c s p ec ia l i s t sw o rked

T he s ame c oncern s a l so e x tend t o i n d iv idua l /hou seho ld s pec ia l iza t ion . I ti sa s sumed t h a t t h i s t ype o f p roduc t ion c on t inued t o f un c t ion d u r ing t h e P a lace P ha se , a s d i d t h e

d u r ing t h eN eo l i th ic . T hey a lmo s tc e r ta in ly w e r e i n dependen t a nd p a r t t ime p roduce r s . I ng ene ra l , G reek N eo l i th ic p o t tery h a s , w i th v e ry f ew e xcep t ion s ( Ur f i rn i s Wa r e , f o r e xamp le ) , al im i ted r ange o fd i s t r ibu t ion a round n ume rou s p roduc t ion l o c i ( Per le s 1 992 ) . Me s sen ia 's N eo l i th ic p o t tery , e spec ia l ly

DMP , b u t p robab ly a t av e ry l ow l e ve l o f i n ten s i ty a nd p erhap s o n ly i n r emo te p l ace s , s uch a s i n s ma l l moun ta in v a l ley s ( a s s ugge s ted b y Ma t son 1 972 ) . Wi th t h e a dven t o f

o ft h e p a in ted v a r ie ty , a ppea r s t of i tt h i s m ode l ( s ee H owe l l

t h e B ronze A ge s , i n d iv idua l c e ram ic s pec ia l i s t s m ay h ave

1 992a ) . H oweve r , t h eb u lk o fN eo l i th i cp o t t e ry , i np ar t icu la r p l a inwa re , w a s p robab ly manu f ac tu red v i a ad ome s t ic mode

b een d r iven o u t o f b u s in e s s .

o fp roduc t ion a nd t h e DMP w a s l i k e ly a ni mpor tan t s ou rce o f

n ew a nd much mo re e ff i c ien t p o t tery w o rk shop s , t h e i n dependen tp o t te ri nm o s tp a r t so f Me s sen ia m ay h ave c ea sed

C u t o f f f r om t h e b e s t c l ay s ,

t h o se s u i tab le t om a s s -p roduc t ion , u nab le t oc ompe te w i th t h e

2 3

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS t oe x i s t . A sw i th t h e DMP , i fi n d iv idua l s p ec ia l i s t s c on t inued

Aq ue s t ion o fg ene ra l i n te res t t ot h i s d i scu ss ion c once r n s t h e

t o o pe ra te , t h e i r p re sence i s p o ten t ia l ly o b scu red i n t h e

w ay i nw h ich p o t s w e re t r an spor ted i n LH I IB Mes sen ia . P o t s

c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta .

m ay

h ave b een d i s t r ibu ted b y

i nd iv idua l p o t te r s

t h em se lve s , b u t i fs o , h ow d id t h ey c onvey t h e i r w a re s? W i th r e ga rd t oc e ram ic d i s t r ibu t ion , s eve ra l o ft h e f i ve t y pe s

L ikew i se , p o t s m ay h ave b een p u r cha sed b y m idd lemen a nd

o f e x change m igh t h ypo the t ica l ly b e a pp l ied t o i n d iv idua l

c a r r ied t ot h e c on sum e r ( me rchan te xchange ; s e e F igu re 3 . 1 ) ,

s pec ia l iza t ion .

b u t a ga in , h ow m igh t t h i s h ave b een a ccomp l i shed?

A s a l ready m en t ioned , t h e c o l lec t ion a nd

F rom

MBA -LBA C re te , t h e re e x i s t a r t i s t ic r ender ing s o fd onkey s

r eg ion -w ide r ed i s t r ibu t ion o fp o t s b yp o l i t ica l e l i te s p robab ly d id n o t o ccu r i nt h e c on tex t o f a ny o ft h e p roduc t ion t y pe s , l e a s t o fa l i n d iv idua l p roduc t ion ( F igu re 3 . 1 ) . I ti sp o s s ib le

b e ing u sed a s p ack a n ima l s ( Ga l laghe r 1 988 :104 ) , a nd t h e b one s o f e qu id s o ccu r i n B ron ze A ge ma in land f auna l

t h a t s ome p o t sw e re u n sy s tema t ica l ly r ed i s t r ibu ted a l ong w i th

a s semb lage s ( Ha l s tead 1 994 :201 ) . L ikew i se , mode l s o fc ar t s

t h e a g r icu l tu ra l d i sbu r semen t s a t te s ted , p r ima r i ly f o r t h e P y lo sd i s t r ic t , i nt h e L in ea r Br e co rd s ; h oweve r , i ti se qua l ly

e x i s t f r om t h e B ronze A ge ( Crouwe l 1 981) a nd McDona ld ( 1964 ) a r gue s c onv inc ing ly f o rt h eu se o fw agon s a nd c ha r io t s

l i ke ly t h a t a g r icu l tu ra l p aymen t s o fg ood s s uch a sd r ied f i g s

d u r ing LH I I f o rt h e t r an spor to fp eop le a nd g ood s . F ina l ly ,

w ere m ade i nt h e a b sence o fc l ay c on ta ine r s . T he re i sn o t , f o r i n s tance , ar e cogn izab le Mycenaean c l a s s o f p o t tery a s s ign ed t or a t ion d i sbu r semen t , s u ch a se x i s t s i nt h e S u s iana

t h e L in ea r B t a b le t s r e co rd l i ve s tock , s uch a s o xen a nd

( a nd e l sewhe re i nt h e N ea r E a s t ) i nt h e f o rm o fb eve l -r immed b ow l s ( J ohn son 1 973 ) . I n s ho r t , t h e r ed i s t r ibu t ion o f p o t s

e spec ia l ly m e r chan t m idd lemen t r an spor ted p o t s f o r s a le f r om v i l lage t ov i l lage b y d onkey c a ravan , a sd id h i s to r ic p o t tery

n ever o ccu r red i n P y lo s , i n t h e c on tex t o f a ny o f t h e p rodu c t ion t y p e s , t o ad eg ree d e t ec tab le i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l

m idd lem en i nI b e r ia ( Vo s sen 1 984 ) a nd N or th A f r ica ( Ba lf e t 1 965 ) , p e rhap sb y w hee led c ar t , a sd op ea san tp o t t e r s i nr u ra l I nd ia ( R ice 1 987 :193 ) , o r b y f oo t , a s i n h i s to r ic A nd ro s

h or ses , t h a t w e re u sed f o r p urpo se s o f t r ac t ion ( Ha l s tead 1 994 ) . T hu s , i ti sp o s s ib le t ha t s ome i n d iv idua l p o t te r s a nd

d a ta .

( B i rm ingham 1 967 ; s e e a l so N ic ld in 1 979 :443 -4 f o r many I fi n d iv idua l s pec ia l i s t s d id c on t inue t oo pe ra te i n LH I IB P y lo s , t h ey p robab ly d i dn o tp rodu ce p o t te ry f o rc on sump t ion

mo re e t hnog raph ic e xamp le s ) . I na dd i t ion , G a l laghe r ( 1988 ) h a s s ugge s ted t h a tt h e L in ea r Bt e rm o -no , u sed i nt h e c on tex t o f p a la t ia l p aymen t s a nd e xchange , m ean s " a s s" i n Mycena ean G reek a nd d e s igna te s ad onk ey load 's w o r th o f

i nt h e w ider r eg iona l e conomy ; r a the r , t h ey e xchanged p o t s i n mo re c i rcum sc r ibed l o ca l c on tex t s ( Co s t in 1 991) . F o r i n s tan ce , c on sume r s m ay h ave t r ave led t ot h el o ca l p o t te r a nd o rde r ed p o t sm ad e ( c on s ignmen t ; s e e F igu re 3 . 1) . E xchange i n t h i s i n s tance w a s l i ke ly r e c ip roca l , t r an sac ted d ue t o k in sh ip o b l iga t ion s o r a s p aymen t i n k ind . A s m igh t b e e xpec ted , i ns i tua t ion s t h a t c omb in e i n d iv idua l s pec ia l iza t ion

t h e m a te r ia l t ow h ich t h e p ar t icu la r t a b le t r e f e r s . H oweve r , t h i s i n te rp re ta t ion o fo -no h a s b een g en e ra l ly r u led o u t ( s ee K i l len 1 995 ) .

a nd p roduc t ion o n c on s ignmen t , a sw e l l a s i nt h e d ome s t ic mode o fp roduc t ion , p o t s a r e a lmo s t a lway s h and -bu i l t a nd

s t i l l b e ing d eba ted b y A egean a r chaeo log i s t s ( s ee K napp a nd C he r ry 1 994 ) , i np a r t b ecau se m idd lemen r e ce ive n o d i rec t m en t ion i nt h e L inea r Bt a b le t s . U n l ike t h e N ea r E a s t , t h e re

T he p o s s ib le e x i s tence o f Mycena ean m e rchan t m idd lemen i s

o p en -f i red ( L ew i s 1 983 :42 ; R ice 1 987 ) . I na dd i t ion , p o t t ery p rodu ced i nf u l ly d ome s t ic c on tex t s , b yn on spec ia l i s tp o t te r s ,

i sn o e v iden ce t h a t c er ta in i nd iv idua l s w e re g ran ted o ff ic ia l

m igh t t h eo re t ica l ly a l so b e e xchanged . F o r e xamp le , L ongac re ( 1991 :109 -110 ; s e e a l so G rave s 1 991 ; Z ub row

p erm i ss ion t oa c t a st r ade i n termed ia r ie s . Whe rea s t h e re i s d rama t ic e v idence f o r i n ter -reg iona l t r ade , p robab ly b y m e rchan t s , i nt h e f o rm o f B ronze A ge s h ipw reck s , s uch a s

1 988 )e s t ima te s t h a t4 0% o fh ou seho ld s i nh i s r u ra l F i l ip ino s t udy r eg ion o b ta ined mo re t h an h a lf t h e i r p o t s t h rough

t h e U lu B u run w reck ( Ba ss 1 99 1 ) , t h e re i s l i t t le o r n o e v iden ce f o r i n t ra reg iona l m e rchan t a c t iv i ty , e i the r o ver land

b a r te r ing o r g if t ing w i th o t he r h ou seho ld s . O f t h e 1 000 e xchanged p o t s s t ud ied b y L ongac re ( 199 1 :110 ) , mo re t h an 8 0% w e re t r an sf er red f r om o ne v i l lage t oa no the r b e tween

o r b y s e a ( s ee McDona ld [ 1964 ] f o r e v iden ce o f p o s s ib le Mycenaean r oad s ) .

e x tend ed k in . F ina l ly , i n d iv idua l p o t te r s may h ave t a k en p o t s t or eg iona l A dd i t iona l ly , i n d iv idua l p o t t er s m ay h ave t r ave led f r om

ma rke t s f o r s a le o r b a r te r ( s ee F igu re 3 . 1 ) , a l though , i n g ene ra l , ma rke t ing o f p o t tery i su sua l ly a s soc ia ted i n t h e

v i l lag et ov i l lage ( i t ine ran t v end ing ; s e e F igu re 3 . 1 ) , mak ing p o t tery a s t h ey w en t . I n h i s to r ic p e r iod s G reek p o t te r s , v endemaro i , p rac t iced a n i t i ne ran t l i f e s ty le ; h oweve r , t h ey

e t hnog raph ic

p rodu ced o n ly s pec ia l ized w a re s , s u ch a sl a rge s t o rage j a r s ,

d e sc r ib ed e a r l ie r , f ew s cho la r s h ave a dd re ssed t h e p o s s ib i l i ty

a nd t y p ica l ly d id s oo n the spo t ( Voya tzog lou 1 974 ; s e e a l so e xamp le si nC o s t in 1 99 1 :14 ) . S uch as c ena r io o f manu f ac tu re

o f r eg iona l m a rke t s y s tem s i n Mycenaean G reece .

may a pp ly i n LH I IB P y lo st op i tho i ( a nd p e rhap sc ookpo t s ) , f o re xamp le , b u tp robab ly n o tt oo t he r c l a s se s o fp o t tery ( s ee

c on junc t ion w i th " f e s t iva l" d ay s ( ac ommon p a t te r ni n many p a r t s o f t h e w o r ld [ B lan ton 1 985 ] ) , b u t c ou ld f i nd l i t t le

C a ro the r s 1 992 ) . T he i n te re s t ing p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t h eavy LH

c on c re te e v iden ce f o rt h em i nh e r a r chaeo log ica l a nd t e x tua l

I IB p i tho i w e re p roduced o n the spo tb y i n d iv idua l i t in eran t s pec ia l i s t si se xp lo r ed mo re f u l ly b e low i nC hap ter s 5a nd 6 .

a na ly se s . A s i n mo s tp a r t s o ft h e w o r ld , modern -day G reek

r e co rd

w i th

n uc lea ted

a s

o ppo sed

t o

i ndependen t , d i sper sed p roduc t ion ( Co s t in 1 99 1 :13 -14 ) . A s

( 1986 )

t h ink s

i t l i ke ly

t h a t

t h ey

e x i s ted ,

Mor r i s

p e rhap s

i n

ma rke t s c on t inue t oe x i s t . I n Me s sen ia t h ey t y p ica l ly s h if t f r om v i l lage t ov i l lage d epend ing o n t h e d ay o f t h e w eek .

2 4

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS P roduc t ion A gg rega te s : P o t tery Wo rk shop s a nd C ommun i t ie s

V o s sen ( 1 984 :362 -4 ) a rgue sp e r sua s ive ly t h a t t h e s pa t ia l a nd t empo ra lo rgan iza t ion o fr e g iona l m a rk e t sy s tem s f r equen t ly C on sequen t ly , i tm ay b e

C o s t in ( 1991 ) d esc r ibe s s eve ra l i n d ependen t s pec ia l ized

t h a tt h e ma rk e t t r ad i t ion c an b e c a r r ied b ack i n to Me s sen ia 's

p roduc t ion t y pe s t h a t f unc t ion a t as ca le a nd i n ten s i ty g rea te r

r emo te B ronze A ge p a s t .

t h an t h a t o fi n d iv idua lp roduc t ion : w o rk shop s ( d i spe r sed a nd n uc lea ted ) a nd c ommun i t ie s . G en e ra l ly s peak ing , ap o t t ing

I n a n a na ly s i s o f e a r ly m a rke t s , B lan ton ( 1985 ) c onc lude s

c o mmun i ty c an b e e qua ted w i th a n uc lea ted w o rk shop

t h a t , c ompa red t oC h ina a nd Me soame r ica , E u rop eh ad al e s s d eve loped ma rke t s y s tem a s a r e su l t o f l e s s in ten s ive a g r icu l tu ra l p rac t ice s , a nd c o r re spond ing ly mo re s e lf -

d i sper sed

h ave " c en tu r ie s -o ld " p recu r so r s .

( Peacock 1 982 ; R ice 1 987 ) . Whe rea s i n d iv idua l p o t te r s a nd

s u ff i c ien cy o nt h ep ar to fp ea san t s . H e f u r the r c on tend s t h a t i n Med i t er ranean c oun t r ie s , t h e E u ropean t e nd ency t owa rd

w o rk shop p roduc t ion i su sua l ly c on cen t ra ted i nt h e h and s o f m en r a ther t h an w omen ( Peacock 1 982 ; R ice 1 987 :184 ) . F u r thermo re , w he rea s i n d iv idua lp o t te r s t y p ica l ly i n ve s t l i t t le c ap i ta l i n t h e i r o pe ra t ion , d i spe r sed w o rk shop s r ep re sen t s i gn if i can tc ap i ta l i n ve s tmen t a nd p o t te r s m ay r e ly o np o t te ry s a le s f o r al a rge rp o r t ion o ft h e i r i n come ( P eacock 1 982 ; R ice 1 987 :184 ) . T hey m ay p rac t ice " r ud imen ta ry" f o rm s o f s y s tema t ic p roduc t ma rke t ing ( R ice 1 987 :184 ) . A s ar e su l t , p o t s p roduced b y d i sper sed wo rk shop s m igh t b e e xpec ted t o b e mo re w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted w i th in t h e l o ca l m a rke t t h an p o t s p roduced b y i n d iv idua l s .

t h e d a ta , p o t s s hou ld b e :

3 )

Made e xc lu s ive ly f r om a bundan t , p r ima r i ly i l i t ic ( s ee b e low ) , c l ay s .

4 )

L oca l ly d i s t r ibu ted , w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o f

P eacock ( 1982 ; R ice 1 987 :184 ) r e f e r s t ot h e a gg lome ra t ion o f p o t te r s i nc ommun i t ie s a nd n uc lea ted w o rk shop s a s" c lu s te red i n du s t r ia l c omp lexe s ." S uch p o t t ing c omp lexe s e xh ib i t s evera l t r a i t s t h a t d i f f e ren t ia te t h em f r om d i spe r sed w o rk shop s . I ndu s t r ia l p o t t ing c omp lexe s o pe ra te a t amuch l a rge r s ca le o f p roduc t ion t h an d o d i spe r sed w o rk shop s . T he re i su sua l ly aw e l l c lefmed d i v i s ion o fl a bo r a nd p o t s a r e o f t en m anu f ac tu red i n" a s semb ly l in e " f a sh ion ( Pea co ck 1 982 ; R ice 1 987 :184 ) . I n a dd i t ion , d i spe r sed w o rk shop s c on t inu e

s ome s pec ia l ized w a re s , s uch a sp i tho i . 5 )

l o ca l

A d i spe r sed w o rk shop o f ten c on s i s t s o f ap o t te r a nd a n a s s i s tan t o r a pp ren t ice . A s o ppo sed t o i n d iv idua l p o t t ing ,

I n t h e f ma l a na ly s i s , a l though i t i s c once ivab le t h a t i n dependen t p o t tery s pec ia l i s t s u t i l ized av a r ie ty o fm e thod s t o d i s t r ibu te t h e i r w a re s ( s ee P eacock 1 982 ) , e x change m e thod o n e ( c on s ignmen t ) r ema in st h em o s tl i ke ly p o s s ib i l i ty . H owev er , a sa rgued a bove ,p o t te ry p rodu ced b yt h e DMP a nd b y i n d iv idua l /hou seho ld s pec ia l i s t s m ay , i na ny c a se , r ema in i n v i s ib le i nt h ec hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta , i fi ti sp r e sen t a ta l . I fe v iden ce f o rs ma l l sca le c e ram ic i n du s t r ie s e x i s t s i n

L ow -f i red .

u n re s t r ic ted

b roade r d i s t r ibu t ion t h an t ho se p roduced b y i n d iv idua l s o r d i spe r sed wo rk shop s .

d eg ree o nm a rke t st h an d i do t h e rp a r t so fE u rope , b u tp e rhap s l e s s s ot h an d i d Me soam e r i ca o rC h ina . C on sequ en t ly , b a sed o n B lan ton 's ( 1985 :406 ) e t hnoh i s to r ica l d a ta , i f Mycenaean ma rke t s d i d e x i s t , t h ey l i k e ly f o l lowed af i ve - t os even -day p er iod ic i ty a nd s e rved o n a verage a 1 00 s qua re k i lome te r t e r r i to ry .

2 )

f o r

t e r r i tory ( Peacock 1 982 ) . A s ar e su l t , p o t s p roduced b y a c ommun i ty o rn uc lea ted w o rk shop c an b e e xpec ted t oh ave a

v ine c u l t iva t ion . T hu s , G reece m ay h ave r e l ied t o ag r ea te r

H and -bu i l t .

p roduce

c on sump t ion ( Co s t in 1 991 ) . C oope ra t ing p o t t er s p o s se s s t h e p roduc t ive e f f ic iency n ece s sa ry t om ee t t h e n eed s o f aw ide r

h ou seho ld s e lf suf f ic iency w a s b a lanced b y t h e t ime c on s t ra in t s i n he ren t i nt h e c omb ina t ion o fg ra in , o l ive , a nd

1 )

wo rk shop s

c on sump t ion , l a rge n uc lea ted w o rk shop s a nd s pec ia l ized p o t t ing c ommun i t ie s b o th p roduce f o r u n re s t r ic ted r eg iona l

t o emp loy p r im i t ive manuf ac tu r ing t e chn ique s , w he rea s i n du s t r ia l c omp lexe s i n ve s t i n e qu ipmen t t h a t b oo s t s p roduc t ive e ff ic iency , s uch a s f a s t w hee l s a nd l a rge r , h o t te r

Mo re o f ten t h an n o t , u t i l i ta r ian ( Co s t in 1 99 1 :11 ) .

k i ln s ( Peacock 1 982 ) . P o t ss e em ing ly m ade b y i n d iv idua l s pec ia l i s t s w e re p robab ly e xchanged v i a c on s ignmen t a nd t h u s s hou ld d emon s t ra te a

F a s t whee l s a pp ea r t o h ave b een i n t roduced t o m a in land G reece f r om t h e C yc lade s s ome t ime d u r ing t h e l a te E a r ly

v e ry r e s t r ic t ed l o ca ld i s t r ibu t ion . P o t sw i th as im i la r o rw ide r

B ronze A ge ( Dav i s a nd L ew i s 1 985 ) . A s d e sc r ibed a bove , i t

s ca le o fd i s t r ibu t ion m ay h ave b een e xchanged v i a i t in e ran t

i sd u r ing t h e EBA a nd MBA t h a t G reek p o t te r s a ppea r t o

v end ing , a l though , e xcep t i n t h e c a se o f p i tho i , i t in e ran t

h ave

e xchange i su n l ike ly .

F ina l ly , i n d iv idua l ly -p roduced p o t s

d i s t r ibu t ion o fc er ta in w a re s . L ew i s ( 1 983 ) s ugge s t s t h a tb y

w i th a w ide d i s t r ibu t ion may h ave b een s o ld a t m a rk e t

t h e e a r ly L a te B ron ze A ge , ar e s t r ic t ed n umb e ro fw o rk shop s

( uncommon , b u tn o tu nhea rd o f , i nt h e e t hnog raph ic r e co rd ) o r b y m e rchan t m idd lemen , a l though m idd lemen , i ft h ey

w ere s upp ly ing p o t s t o t h e e n t i re P e loponne se . C ap i ta l i n ves tmen t i nt ime - a nd l a bo r sav ing d ev ice s a nd t e chn ique s

e x i s ted , m ay h ave f ound i tmo re e ff ic ien tt op u rcha se i nb u lk f r om l a rge r sca le p rodu cer s ( K rame r 1 99 1 ; P ea cock 1 982 ) .

( s uch a s t h e f a s t whee l a nd t h e d i v i s ion o f l a bo r ) p robab ly d rove t h e t r an s i t ion t ow o rk shop p rodu c t ion o nt h e m a in land .

2 5

b egun

s pec ia l iz ing

i n t h e

p roduc t ion

a nd

w id e

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS A s m en t ioned e a r l ie r i nt h i s c hap t e r , t h i s t r an s i t ion m ay h ave

s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e p roduc t s o f a t l e a s t t wo d i f f e ren t

a l so b een l i nked i n Me s sen ia t oc on t ro l o fc l ay _ d epo s i t s .

w o rk shop s w e re s t o red i ns epa ra te p a r t s o ft h e p a lace . F o r e xamp le , t h o se p o t s f ound i n t h e p an t r ie s ( r oom s 1 8 -20 ) , wh ich o pen t oc our t 6 3 v i a c ou r t 8 8 , a r e v e ry d i f f e ren t f r om

I n ac l ima te o fe conom ic c omp e t i t ion , t h en , t h o se w o rk shop s t h a t o p t im ized p roduc t ion ( and d i s t r ibu t ion ) w ou ld h ave

t ho se f ound i nr oom 6 0 , wh ich o pen s b o th t o t h e p a lace 's

d r iven t h e i r i n eff i c ien t c oho r t s o u t o f b u s ine s s . I ns uch a n e nv i ronmen t , d i sp e r sed w o rk shopp ing , s pec ia l ized i n d iv idua l

e x te r io ra nd t oc our t 6 3 ( s ee b e low , F igu re 2 . 1 ) . A cco rd ing

p roduc t ion , a nd t h e DMP w e re l i ke ly c u r ta i led , t h ough t h ey

c ha rac t er ized b y af a b r ic t h a t i sc oa r se r a nd d a rk er t h an t h a t

n ever c omp le te ly c ea sed o pe ra t ion . F ina l ly , i ti s q u i te p o s s ib le t h a td u r ing t h e LH I IB , i n du s tr ia lp o t t ing c omp lexe s

f ound i nt h e p an t r ie s ( s ee a l so , Wr igh t 1 984 :23 ) . R oom 6 0 ,

s upp l ied Mycenaean c en ter s w i th n eeded p o t tery . T he r eg iona l p o t te r w ho r e ce ived ap a la t ia l " con t rac t " m ay h ave

s pec ia l ized n a tu re . T hu s , s t o rage o f p o t te ry i n t h e p a lace a ppea r s t o d i f f e ren t ia te t wo b road w a re t y pe s ( s ee Wr igh t

t o B legen a nd R aw son ( 1966 :352 ) p o t s f r om R oom 6 0 a r e

a sc ompa red t ot h e p an t r ie s , a l so h e ld p o t tery o f amuch l e s s

g a ined a ne conom ic e dge o ve r c ompe t ing w o rk shop s .

1 984 :23 ) , w h ich a cco rd sw e l l w i th t h e r e su l t so fc hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s ( s ee C hap te r5 ) . F u r th e rmo re , d if e r en t w a re s a ppea r t o h ave b een s t o red a tt h e p a lace i n s im i la r

Un l ik e t h e DMP a nd i n d iv idua l p roduc t ion , w o rk shop p roduc t ion o f p o t tery c an o f t en b e r e cogn ized i n t h e

p ropo r t ion s t ot h o se i d en t if ied c hem ica l ly .

a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd ( N ic ld in 1 979 ; B . S t a rk 1 985 ) . I nf a c t , t h e m o s ts imp le m ean so fp rov ing a gg rega t ed p roduc t ion i st o

I na dd i t ion , aL inea r Bt a b le t ( T n 9 96 ) r e covered i nr oom 2 0

f i nd a w o rk shop ( e .g . S inopo l i 1 991 ; S t e in a nd B lackman 1 993 ; T ou rnav i tou 1 988 ; Wh i tb read 1 995 ) . Un l ike o t he r

m ay r ep re sen t a n i n ven to ry o f s ome o f t h e v e s se ls f ound t h er e . Wr igh t ( 1984 :23 ) a rgue s t h a t t h i s t a b le t d emon s t ra te s t h a t " i nd iv idua l p o t t e r s ' s hop s w h ich c on t r ibu t e t ot h e p a la t ia l

r eg ion s o fG reece ( e .g . , B erba t i , i nt h e A rgo l id [ Aker s t röm 1 968 ] ; My r to s , i n C re te [ Wa r ren 1 972 ; Wh i te law e t a l . 1 997 ] ) , n oc e r ta in B ronze A ge p o t tery w o rk shop h a s y e tb een l o ca t ed o r e xcava ted i n Me s sen ia . B legen ( B legen e t a l . 1 973 :19 -20 ) u ncove red as ma l l u pd ra f t k i ln ( c a . 2m e t er s i n d i am e ter ) a tt h e n o r thea s tern e nd o ft h e P y lo s a c ropo l i s ( s ee

e conomy . . . a r e c on t ro l led b y t h e p a lace b u reauc racy ." H oweve r , g i ven c u r ren t a n th ropo log ica l u nde r s tand ing o ft h e o p e ra t ion o fc e ram ic i n du s t r ie s i ns t a te leve l s o c ie t ie s , T n 9 96 m igh t a s e a s i ly r ep re sen t a" pu rcha se o rd e r " o r " de l ivery r e ce ip t " a si td oe sb u reauc ra t ic 'c on t ro l o fp o t te r s . T he t a b le t r e co rd s t h e a cqu is i t ion , o r i n tended a cqu i s i t ion , o f o n ly

F igu re 3 .2 , l a you t o f P y lo s k i ln ) , t o w h ich h e a t tach ed a n u nconf i rmed d a te o fE a r ly Mycenaean ( Lew s i 1 983 :170 ) . H e

t we lve , v ery s pec ia l ized c e ram ic f o rm s , a mong t h em " t h ree

a s ser t s t h a t , a l though n o e v idence f o r LH I IB p o t tery p roduc t ion w a s f ound a tt h e p a lace i t se lf , w o rk shop s , w h ich s t ock ed t h eb u i ld ing 's l a rge p an t r ie s , mu s t h ave b een l o ca ted n ea rby ( B legen e ta l . 1 973 :20 ) . A cco rd ing t oB legen ( B legen

d ra inab le t u b s f o r b a th -wa te r " ( Ven t r i s a nd C hadw ick 1 973 :338 ) a nd t h u s w ou ld h a rd ly a ppea r t o c on s t i tu te e v idence f o rp a la t ia l c on t ro l o ft h e c e ram ic i n du s try .

e ta l . 1 973 :20 ) , " Va r ia t ion s f r om p an t ry t op an t ry i nm a te r ia l , c ha rac te r , a nd t y pe s o f w a re s d ef in i te ly i mp ly t h a t t wo o r

H a l s tead ( 1992 ) i so ft h e o p in ion t h a t t a b le t s s uch a sT n 9 96 r e co rd v ery i r regu la r e conom ic t r an sac t ion s . C on sequen t ly ,

t h ree , i fn o t mo re , p o t te r ie s w e re a t wo rk i nt h e e r a o f t h e p a lace ."

t a b le t T n 9 96 r ep re sen t s at empo ra ry , s oon t ob e d i spo sed o f , n o te , i n tended t o r em ind a n a dm in i s t ra to r t h a t t h e p a lace r equ i r ed p o t sa nd t h a tt h ey h ad b een o rd e r ed a nd /o rc o l lec t ed . S uch t r an sa c t ion s , b ecau se t h ey o ccu r r ed s o r a re ly , w e re s e em ing ly h and led i n eff i c ien t ly , e spec ia l ly w h en c ompa red t o t h e s t ream l ined c o l lec t ion o f r eg iona l " t axe s " ( a s i nt h e Ma t a b le t s ) o rt h e r egu la ra loca t ion o fr aw m a t e r ia l s i nt h e t a -ra s i ja s y s tem ( a s i n t h e J n b ronze t a b le t s ) .

T he p a lace

b u reau c ra t s s om ehow a nnounced , p e rhap st h rough s e conda ry r eg iona l e l i te s , t h e c en te r 's n eed f o r c e ram ic i t em s , wh ich w ere e i ther s en t o r c o l lec ted . im

2 rp

3 tp

I n t h i s w ay , t h e e xpen se o f

t r an spo r t ing p o t t e ry w a st r an sf e r red b y t h e p a lace t or eg iona l

4m

s ub -cen te r s o r i n d iv idua l m e rchan t s .

A l terna t ive ly , t h e

L inea r Bn o t e m ay h ave b een i n tended f o rt h e " r oya l " p o t te r ,

F igure 3 . 2P lan o f ak i ln e xcava ted b yB legen ( B legen e ta l . 1 973 :19 -20 )a t Ano E ng l iano s . R epr in t ed w i th t h e p e rm i s s ion o ft h e Un ive r s i ty o fC inc inna t iD epa r tm en to f C la s s ics .

l e t t ing h im k now w ha t v e s se ls w e re n eed ed b y t h e p a lace . C hem i ca l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly se s ( s ee C hap t e r5 )d o i n deed i mp ly t h e e x i s tence o fs evera l l a rge w o rk shop s o pera t ing i n

B legen 's i mp re s s ion r e ce ive sp a r t ia l c onf i rma t ion i n Wr igh t 's ( 1 984 )s t udy o ft h ep o t te ry s t o red i nr oom s 1 8 -20 , 6 0 , a nd 6 7 -

P y l ian s t a te t e r r i to ry d u r ing t h e LH I IB . A s e xpec ted , t h e w a re s p roduced b y t h e se wo rk shop s e xh ib i t af a i r ly w ide

6 8 o ft h e p a lace ( s ee a l so d i scu s s ion i nD av i s a nd B enne t i n

r eg iona ld i s t r ibu t ion . I ng ene ra l , d i s t r ibu t ion a ppea r s t oh ave

p r e s s ) . A cco rd ing t o Wr igh t , t h e re e x i s t s s y s tema t ic v a r ia t ion i nw a r et y pe s , v e s se l s hap e s a nd m e thod o fm anuf a c tu re ( s uch

b een d i c ta ted b yt h ep hy s iog raph ic f e a tu re s o ft h e Me s sen ian

a s h and le a t ta chmen t ) f r om r oom t o r oom s t ud ied , t h e reby

p a r to ft h e p a lace . F o re xamp le , h ad a l p o t te ry b een s h ipped

l a nd scape r a ther t h an b y c on t ro l o fp o t tery e xchange o n t h e

2 6

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS f r om w o rk shop s t ot h e p a lace f o r s ub s equen t r ed i s t r ibu t ion , r e g iona l ized f a l l -o f fp a t t e rn s w ou ld h av eb een o b l i tera ted . I n

t ype s c a tego r ize f u l l t ime a t tached p roduc t ion : i nd iv idua l

f a c t , p a t tern s o f r eg iona l d i s t r ibu t ion s ugges t m erchan t o r

a b sen ce o fd i r ec te v idence , i ti sd i ff i cu l tt or e cogn ize a t ta ched

m a rk e t e x change o f p o t tery , a s o ppo sed t o c en t ra l ized

p rodu c t ion i nt h e a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd . A s C o s t in ( 1991 :25 )

c o l lec t ion

m any

e xp la in s , " The w o rk shop s o fa t tached s pec ia l i s t s mo s t o f t en

e t hnog raph ic a nd e t hnoh i s to r ic e xamp les o f m idd leman p u r cha se a nd r e sa le o f w ork shop -p roduced p o t tery ( e .g .

a r e p hy s ica l ly a s soc ia ted w i th e l i te d ome s t ic s t ruc tu re s o r

a nd

d i sper sa l .

Whe rea s

t h e re

a r e

r e ta ine r a nd r e ta ine r w o rk shop .

g ove rnmen t f a c i l i t ie s ."

G ene ra l ly s p eak ing , i nt h e

T he Me s sen ian p er fume i ndu s t ry ,

B a lf e t 1 965 ; K rame r 1 99 1 ; P eaco ck 1 982 ; V o s sen 1 984 ) ,

a ppa ren t ly h eadqua r te red a tt h ep a la ce i t s e lf , p rov ides ag ood

t h e r e a r e f ew—R ice ( 1987 :195 ) s ay s n o—known e xamp le s o f s y s t ema t ic s t a te spon so red c o l lec t ion a nd r eg iona l

e xamp le o f d i rec t a r chaeo log ica l c onf i rma t ion o f a t ta ched s pec ia l i s t p roduc t ion ( She lme rd ine 1 984 , 1 985 ) . A s o fy e t ,

r ed i s t r ibu t ion o f p o t tery ( p erhap s t h e I nka [ D 'A l t roy a nd

t h e re i sn oe xamp le o fa n LH I IB p o t t ing f a c i l i ty a t tached t o e l i te P y l ian s t ruc tu re s , p a lace o r o t herw i se .

B i shop 1 990 ] a nd t h e U ruk p er iod S u s iana P la in [ J ohn son 1 973 ] ) .

D i sp e r sed c orvie l a bo re r s a r ep re s sed i n to s e rv ice b y r eg iona l W i th r ega rd t o i ndu s t r ia l ized p roduc t ion ,

t h en ,

v e s se l s

e l i te t os e rve s ome n eed o n t h e p a r to fl o ca l ized b u reauc ra t ic

m anu f a c tu r ed a tn uc lea t ed w o rk shop s o rp o t t ing c ommun i t ie s

i n s t i tu t ion s . T hey m ay w o rk o u t o ft h e i r h ou ses o r t oge the r i n ac ommun i ty s e t t ing . N uc lea ted c o rv6e l a bo rer s , o n t h e o t he r h and , s e rve i na n a dm in i s te r ed s e t t ing , s uch a s a tt h e

a r e e xpec t ed t ob e :

s t a te c en te r . C or y& l a bo r m ay b e c oe rced o r g i ven v o lun ta r i ly , i nr e tu rn f o r r a t ion s o ra cce s s t ol a nd .

1 )

Wh ee lmade .

2 )

H igh ly s t anda rd ized .

3 )

Made a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly f r om s uper io r c l ay s .

4 )

We l l -f i red .

5 )

W ide ly d i s t r ibu ted .

6 )

Mo re o f t en t h an n o t , f m e a s o ppo sed t o c oa r se w a re s .

B a sed o n t h e L inea r Bt a b le t i n f o rma t ion , P y lo s a ppea r s t o h ave r e cru i ted c o rv6e l a bo rf o r av a r ie ty o ft a sk s . Howeve r , a s Mo r r i s ( 1986 :121) n o te s , t h e t a b le t s d o n o t make ac l ea r d i s t in c t ion b e tween w o rk e r sw ho a r e f u l l t ime a nd d ependen t ( r e ta ine r s )a nd t h o se w ho s upp ly t empo ra ry , p e rhap s s e a sona l , l a bo r . F o r e xamp le , t h e d ocumen t s i mp ly , a nd mo s t L in ea r Bs pec ia l i s t s a rgue , t h a t t h e p a lace e xe rc i sed t i gh t c on t ro l o ve r b ronze a l loca t ion a nd w o rk ing ( Sm i th 1 992 -1993 ) . C er ta in s m i th s a r e r e co rded b y n am e a sn o th av ing at a -ra s i j a , t h a t i s , n o t r e ce iv ing b ronze f r om t h e p a lace ( Mo r r i s 1 986 :119 ) . A ga in , a sw i th t h e p o t t ing e xamp le c i ted a bove ( T n 9 96 ) , s u ch L inea r Br e f e rence s m igh t i n d ica te t h a t t h e p a la ce c on t rac ted w i th s ome s m i th s a tt h e e xpen se o fo t he r s , r a the r t h an t h a t t h e p a lace t i gh t ly c on t ro l led a l l b ron zewo rk ing , p u rpo se ly l e av ing o u t s ome s m i th s .

D i spe r sed w o rk shop s c an b e e xp ec t ed t o h ave g ene ra ted p o t t e ry t h a t , i na ppea r an ce a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , i ss im i la r t ob o th i n du s t r ia l ly - a nd i nd iv idua l ly -p roduced w a res , d epend ing o n t h e s i tua t ion . A s ar e su l t , d i spe r sed w o rk shop s , i ft h ey e x i s ted i n LH I IB P y lo s , m ay n o tb ee a s i ly i d en t if iab le i nt h e c h em ica la nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta ( s ee S h e r idan 1 99 1 ) . F o r t h i s

E thnog raph ic

d e sc r ip t ion s

o f m e ta lwo rk ing

i n A f r ican

r e a son , R ice ( 1987 :186 ) a s ser t s t h a t " . . .ra the r t h an a c on t inuum o ff i ve o r mo re c a tego r ie s , t h e re a r e b a s ica l ly t wo

k i ngdom si n d ica te t h a t , o fa l c r a f t sm en , s m i th sw e re t y p ica l ly t h e mo s t f r ee f r om b u reauc ra t ic c on t ro l s . T hey w e re o f t en e ndowed w i th s haman i s t ic p ower s a nd i n many r eg ion s l i ved

k i nd s o fp rodu c t ion a r rangemen t s , h ou seho ld a nd w o rk shop ." Wh e ther o rn o t ag iven " p roduc t ion a r rangemen t " i sv i s ib le

a pa r t a s as epa ra te c l a s s ( Row land s 1 972 ) . T he re i ss ome L in ea r Be v id en ce t h a t t h i s m ay h ave b een t h e c a se i nP y lo s .

i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l d a ta i s af un c t ion o fs ca le a nd i n ten s i ty o fp rodu c t ion ( Fe inman i np re s s ) . T ho se Me s sen ian p o t ter ie s

Sm i th s a r e i nm any c a se se xemp ted f r om " t r ibu te " o b l iga t ion s ( r eco rded i n t h e Ma a nd N a s e r ie s o f t a b le t s ; s e e Mor r i s 1 986 :120 ) .

t h a t manu f a c tu red o n al a rge s ca le a nd w i th ah i gh d eg ree o f i n ten s i ty c an t h erefo re b e e xpec t ed t o h ave m ade a mo re d e tec tab le i mpa c to nt h ea r chaeo log ica lr e co rd t h an t ho se t h a t

B u reauc ra t ic s t a te i n s t i tu t ion s m ay a l so r e ta in i nd iv idua l a r t i san s a nd w ho le w o rk shop s ( s uch a s w i th t h e p e rfum e

o p e ra ted w i th l e ss i n ten s i ty a nd f o r l o ca l ized ma rke t s .

e xamp le , c i ted a bove ) .

A s d e sc r ibed i n C hap te r 2 , t wo

w o rk shop s y s tem s f unc t ioned i nP y lo s , t h e t a -ra -s i ja a nd 0 A t tached S pec ia l ized P roduc t ion

p a s y s tem s .

I n t h e t a -ra s i ja s y s tem , c r af t smen w e re

p rov ided r aw m a te r ia l s a nd w e re e xpec ted t or e tu rn ac er ta in C o s t in ( 199 1) d escr ibe s f ou r i d ea l ized p roduc t ion t ype s i n w h ich l a bo r i s c on t ro l led f u l ly o r i n p a r t b y e l i te o r

n umbe ro ff i n i shed i t em st ot h e p a la ce , a" p roduc t ion q uo ta ."

g overnm en t i n s t i tu t ion s . Two o ft h e se c a tego r ize s i tua t ion s i nw h ich l a bo ri sc on sc r ip ted o n ap a r t t ime o rs e a sona lb a s i s :

i t em s ( s ee K i l len i np r e s s a ) . C raf t sm en i nb o th s y s tem s m ay h ave b een p a id i nl a nd o r f ood s tu f f s , o r t h ey may h ave k ep t

d i spe r sed a nd n uc lea ted c orv6e p roduc t ion .

ac e r ta in p er cen tage o ft h e g ood s p roduced . B r it hawon , t h e

I n t h e 0 -pa s y s tem , w o rke r s f i n i shed a l ready manuf ac tu red

T he o the r t wo

2 7

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS " roya l" p o t t er , w ho d o e sn o ta pp ea rt oh ave f unc t ion ed i nt h e

1 )

Wh ee lmade .

work shop s y s tem , m ay h av eb een a n " e n t rep reneur " a nd b een g ran ted o wne r sh ip o r a c ce s s t op a la t ia l l a nd i np aymen t f o r

2 )

V e ry h igh ly s t anda rd ized .

h i s s e rv ice s ( s ee K i l len 1 995 ; S h e lme rd ine i np re s s ) . T he g ran t ing o fl a nd b y t h e s t a te t op o t te r s a nd o the r c r af t smen

3 )

Made e xc lu s ive ly f r om s upe r io rc l ay s .

4 )

We l l -f i red .

s ugge s ted t oV en t r i s a nd C hadw ick ( 1 973 :134 , 2 53 )t h a tt h e se i nd iv idua l s w e r e f r ee a nd i n dependen t m e rchan t s w i th w hom t h e b u r eauc ra t sc on t rac ted , r a the rt h an c orvee l a bo re r s w hom 5 )

t h e p a lace c on t ro l led .

V a r iab ly d i s t r ibu ted , d epend ing o n t h e d eg ree o f c omme rc ia l iza t ion .

G iven t h el o ng h i s to ry o fi n dependen t p o t tery p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion i nP y lo s , i ti su n l ike ly t h a tp o t te r s w e re f o rced t o p rov ide d i spe r sed o r n uc lea ted c o rvee l a bo r i ns e rv ice t ot h e

6 )

s t a te . S uch a na r rangem en tw ou ld h ave b een v ery c o s t ly a nd

7 )

F in e , a so ppo sed t oc oa r se , w a re . Many s hape s , b u t c omme rc ia l iz ed a t tached p roduc t ion c an b e e xpec ted t of o cu s o n ap a r t icu la r

r ece ive s n o c onf i rma t ion i nt h e L inea r Bd ocumen t s . T he mo s tc o s t -ef f ec t ive m e thod f o rp rocu r ing p o t te ry w ou ld h ave b een t oc on t rac t w i th as pec ia l i s t , s uch a sB r i thawon , o r t o

p o t t ery t y pe ( Peacock 1 982 ) .

a t tach a n i n d iv idua l o r w o rk shop t ot h e p a la ce i t se lf . G iven t he e conom ic t r an sfo rma t ion d e sc r ibed i nC hap te r 2 ,i tm ay b e t h a td u r ing LH I IB , i no rd e r t om ee t i t s n eed f o rp o t tery ,

T he s ca le a nd i n t en s i ty o fd i spe r sed c o rve e p roduc t ion c an b e

t h e

p roduc t ion . I fr e g iona l e l i te p re s sed l o ca lp o t te r s i n to s e rv ice ( a ga in , t h i s i sh i gh ly u n l ike ly ) , p a t ter n s o fd i s t r ibu t ion ( t ho se c r ea ted b y c o rvee l a bor v e r su s d i spe r sed w o rk shop s ) w ou ld b e d i ff icu l t t od i f f e ren t ia te , a l though r eg iona l a r chaeo log ica l

r ea sonab ly

s t a t e w a s a bandon ing c on t rac tua l a r rangemen t s a nd

mov ing t owa rd s d i rec t a t ta chmen t ( s ee C hap te r 5 ) . P eacock ( 1 982 )p rov ide s ag ood e xamp le o fa t tached p o t tery p roduc t ion f r om R oman t ime s : w o rk shop s a t ta ched t o i nd iv idua l e s ta te s . A cco rd ing t oP ea cock ( 1982 :10 ) , m any

e qua ted

w i th

t ha t

o f

d i spe r sed

w o rk shop

c on tex t m igh ta l low o ne t ob e d i s t ingu i sh ed f r om t h e o t he r . T o s um u p , Me s sen ia 's r eg iona l LH I IB e conomy l i k e ly i n co rpo ra ted s eve ra l t ype s o f c e ram ic manuf ac tu re a nd

s e lf -con ta in ed R oman e s ta te s o pe ra ted s l ave -ba sed p o t tery work shop s t o a vo id t h e e xpen se o f p u rcha s ing a nd t r an spo r t ing p o t s . I n s ome i n s tance s , R oman e s ta te p roduc t ion o f p o t tery a s sumed a c omme rc ia l r o le . R ice ( 1996 ) d e sc r ibe s as im i la r s i tua t ion a tp o s t -co lon ia l P eruv ian

d i s t r ibu t ion . E ach t ype p roduced p o t s o f s l igh t ly d i f f e ren t c ha rac te r a nd c an t h erefo re b e e xpec t ed t o i n f luen ce , t o g rea t e r o r l e s ser d eg ree d epend ing o nt h e s ca le a nd i n ten s i ty o f t h e p rodu c t ion t ype , t h e c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta c o l lec ted f o r t h i s r e sea rch . T heo re t ica l e xpec ta t ion s ,

w ine a nd b randy h a c ienda ( i . e . , e s ta te ) s i t e s ( c a l led b od ega s ) , many o fw h ich m anuf ac tu red s t o rage p o t s , a ga in i no rd er t o

o rgan ized b y p roduc t ion t ype , a re a s semb led i nT ab le 3 .2 . F u r thermo re , t h e p a lace a ppea r s t o h ave i n te rac t ed w i th

a vo id p u rcha se a nd t r an spor t c o s t s . T he p a lace , l i ke m any l a rge R oman e s ta te s a nd t h e P eruv ian b odega s , m ay h ave d e term in ed t h a t i nt h e l o ng t e rm , i tw a s mo re c o s t e f f ec t ive

r eg iona l s y s t em s o fc eram ic p roduc t ion v a r iab ly , a sa t te s ted i nb o th t h e a r cha eo log ica l a nd t h e t e x tua l r e co rd s , d epend ing

t o manu f ac tu re u t i l i ta r ian g ood s , s u ch a s p o t tery , t h an t o p u rcha se t h em . Wo rk ing d u r ing t h e LH I IB t oc emen t i t s

o n t h e t ype o fv e s se l n eeded a nd i t s i mpor tan ce t op a la t ia l a c t iv i t ie s . T he f o l low ing s e c t ion d i scu s ses i n m o re d e ta i l Mycenaean c e ram ic f orm a nd u se -func t ion , f o cu s ing o no n e

c on t ro lo ft h ep roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fw ea l th i t em s , t h e p a lace m ay h ave b egun t or e cogn ize t h ea dvan tage s , e conom i c a nd p o l i t ica l , o f d i rec t i n vo lvemen t i n t h e manu f ac tu re o f

p a r t icu la r p o t t ery t ype , l c y l ike s ( w in e c up s ) .

u t i l i ta r ian ( s tap le ) p roduc t s . Mycenaean

P o t tery m ay h ave b een p roduced a tt h e p a la ce i t se lf b y a n i nd iv idua l r e ta in e r o r b y a n a t tached w o rk shop f o r t h e

C eram ic

F orm

a nd F unc t ion :

T he

R i tua l

C onnec t ion

p a lace 's o wn c on sump t ion . I fs u ch w e r et h ec a se , d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h i sw a re m igh tb e f a i r ly l o ca l ized . I f , o nt h e o t he rh and ,

I t i s g ene ra l ly a ccep ted i n c eram ic s t ud ie s t h a t c e ram ic

t he p a lace w ere p rodu c ing p o t te ry c omme rc ia l ly , t h e w a re m igh tb ee xp ec t ed t oh ave aw id e r r eg iona l d i s t r ibu t ion . T he

f o rm s—bow l s ,

p a lace w a s t h e o n ly LH I IB s i te s urveyed t h a t i sd i rec t ly

s t anda rd ized s e to f mo rpho log ica l p a rame t e rs r e la t ing t ou se .

a s so c ia ted w i th av i s ib le o u tc rop o f ma r ine c l ay . T h e refo re , h ad p a la ce o ff i c ia l s w an ted t o m a s s -p roduce p o t te ry , t h ey

F ur thermo re , i n e t hnog raph ic c on tex t s b o th p o t t e r s a nd c on sume r s r e cogn ize t h e c onnec t ion b e tween f o rm a nd

c er ta in ly h ad t h e r aw m a te r ia l s a th and .

f un c t ion , a nd n ame t h e i rp o t te ry a cco rd ing ly ( Hen r ick son a nd

c up s ,

j ug s ,

j a r s ,

e t c .—co r re spond

t o

i d en t if iab le f un c t ion s a nd t ha t f o rm i s d e term ined b y a

McDona ld 1 983 ) . H oweve r , c e ram ic s t y le s ( i nc lud ing f o rm ) a r en o ts imp ly d i c ta ted b y f un c t iona l c on s t ra in t s ; t h ey a r e a l so

G iven t h e p reced ing , p o t te ry manu f ac tu red a tt h e p a lace b y a t tached s p ec ia l i s t s s hou ld b e :

i n f luenced b y " cu l tura l c ho ice" ( Hodd e r 1 981 ; s e e a l so Ar no ld 1 985 :159 -165 ; C hapman 1 988 ; P eacock 1 982 ) . A s H odde r ( 1981 :219 ) c on tend s ,

2 8

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS C onc .

C ons . D i s t .

S tand .

Me thod D i s t .

RM

T ech .

S pec .

T emp .

DMP

D i spe r sed

D ome s t ic

V e ry L ow

k i n

AC lay

V e ry L ow

N i l

L ow

I nd iv idua l

D i spe r sed

L oca l

V e ry L ow

k i n

AC lay

L ow

V e ry L ow

L ow

Med ium

S pec ia l iza t ion

c on s ign i t i ne ran t?

D i spe r sed Wo rk shop

D i spe r sed

L oca l

L ow

k i n m a rke t

AC lay M ix

Med ium

L ow

C ommun i ty

N uc lea ted

R eg ion a l ized

Med ium

k i n m a rke t m e r chan t

K ao

H igh

M id -H igh

H igh

Nuc lea ted Wo rk shop

N uc lea ted

R eg ion a l iz ed

H igh

m e r chan t m a rke t

K ao

H igh

M id -H igh

H igh

A t tached S pec ia l iza t ion

N uc lea ted

V a r iab le

V e ry H igh

r e d i s t? g if t ing?

K ao

H igh

H igh

H igh

C onc . ( Concen t ra t ion ) : m ea su re sa gg r ega t ion o fp roduc t ive u n i t s . C ons . /D i s t . ( Con sump t ion /D i s t r ibu t ion ) : d e sc r ibe sc on tex ti nw h ich p o t sa r e d i s t r ibu ted /con sumed . I n as i tua t ion o fa t ta ched s pec ia l iza t ion ,c on sump t ion /d i s t r ibu t ion v a r ie s d epend ing o n s t ra teg ie sf o rc on t ro l . S tand . ( Deg ree o fS t anda rd iza t ion ) :g i ven ar eg iona lp e r spec t ive ,t h ed eg ree t ow h ich ap roduc t ive u n i tc ons i s ten t ly c r ea te s p o t te ry s t anda rd iz ed i nc ompo s i t ion a nd f o rm . Me thod D i s t . ( Me thod o fD i s t r ibu t ion ) : m ean sw he reby p o t s a r ed i s t r ibu ted . RM ( Raw Ma te r ia l ) : c l ay t ype , a luv ia l( i l l i te )v e r sus k ao l in i te ,u sed . C lay sm igh ta l so b em ixed . T ech . ( Leve lo fT echno logy ) : m ea su r eo ft e chno log ica lk now ledge a nd e qu ipmen te mp loyed ( i . e . , o pen f i r e v s . k i ln ,h and -bu i l t v s . w hee l th rown ) . A l so m a rk s l e ve lo ff i nanc ia l i n ve s tmen to nt h ep a r to ft h ep o t te r . S pec . ( Deg r ee o fS pec ia l iza t ion ) : d eg ree t ow h ich u n i tc oncen t ra te s o np roduc t ion o fs pec ia l ized f o rms . T emp . ( F i r ing T empe ra tu re ) :t empe r a tu re a t wh ich p o t i sf i red ,b a sed o nf a b r ic c o lo r .

T ab le 3 . 2 T heo r e t ica lp a rame te r sf o rt h ec l a s s if ica t ion o fP y l ian c e ram ic p roduc t ion . D e s igned t oc onnec tp a t te rned d a ta t o h ypo the t ica lp roduc t ion t y pe s .

a t ten t ion t o t h e r i tua l r o le o f p o t tery ( f o r e xamp le , Man tzou ran i 1 995 ) , e spec ia l ly i n b u r ia l s ( We inbe rg 1 965 ; Z e rn e r 1 990 ) .

. .va r ia t ion m ay p ar t ly r e la te t o t h e s ymbo l i sm a s soc ia ted w i th f ood a nd d r ink a nd t o whe the r c onsumab le s a nd e a t ing a r e g i ven s ymbo l ic s i gn if icance .

T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween p o t tery

I nr e cen ty ea r s , A egean p r eh i s to r ian sh ave m ade g rea t s t r ide s

s t y le a nd t h e c omp lex i ty o f s o c ie ty a nd o f t h e o rgan iza t ion o f p roduc t ion d epend s o n t h e

i ni d en t if y ing t h e m a t e r ia lc o r re la te st or i tua l a c t ion , i n c lud ing p o t tery ( s ee F ren ch 1 981 ; H ägg a nd Ma r ina to s , e d s . 1 981 ;

c oncep tua l a nd s ymbo l ic f r amewo rk t h a t i ss e t u p

H ägg a nd N o rdqu i s t , e d s . 1 990 ; Mo r r i s 1 986 ; S he lmerd ine 1 997 ; Wa r r en 1 986 ; Wr igh t 1 994 ; v a r iou s a r t ic le s i nF rench

i ne ach c u l tu ra l c on tex t .

a nd Wa rd le , e d s . 1 988 ) . F o r e xamp le , t h e s o -ca l led " t h rone r oom " i nt h e p a lace a tP y lo s c an b e i n terp r e ted a s ar i tua l s pace (W r igh t 1 994 ) i n w h ich s a c r if i ce s m ay h ave b een

P o t s f un c t ion a s b o th " t oo l s " ( e .g . , B raun 1 983 ; C hapman 1 988 ) a nd s ymbo l s ( e .g . , C hapman 1 988 ; K enoye r 1 995 ) .

o f e r ed ( McCa l lum 1 987 ) a nd l i ba t ion s p ou r ed ( Hägg 1 990 ) .

T he i rp roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion a r ei n f luenced b y e conom ic

I t i s a l so q u i te p o s s ib le t h a t s uch a c t iv i ty t o ok p l ace i n

a sw e l l a ss o c iopo l i t ica l a nd r e l ig iou s f a c to r s ( A rno ld 1 985 ) .

c on junc t ion w i th f e a s t ing ( K i l len 1 994 ; S a f lund 1 980 ) a nd t h a t t h e se f e a s t sw e re h e ld i nt h e l a rge c our tya rd ( numbe r 6 3 ) a nd

Mycenaean p o t tery i st y p ica l ly c a t ego r ized b y f o rm a nd p robab le f unc t ion ( e .g . , F un ima rk 1 941 ; Moun t joy 1 986 ;

t h e " ha l l s o f s t a te " ( r oom s 6 4 -65 ; B legen , e ta l . 1 973 :426 ; Mo r r i s 1 986 ) l o ca ted t ot h e w es t o f t h e p a lace p rope r ( s ee

T ou rnav i tou 1 992 ) , o f t en d e term in ed b ya na logy t ot h ek nown u se s o f p o t tery i n C la s s ica l t ime s (We inberg 1 965 ) .

F igu re 2 . 1 , p l an o f t h e p a lace ) . I n te re s t ing ly , t h e p a lace 's a r ch i tec tu ra l l a you t a ppea r s t oh ave b een mod if i ed l a te i ni t s

H oweve r , Mycena ean c e ram ic s p ec ia l i s t s h ave a l so p a id c l o se

2 9

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS e x i s tence i n o rde r t o make t h e p o t t ery p an t r ie s d i rec t ly a cces s ib le t oc our tya rd 6 3 a nd r oom s 6 4 -65 ( Mo r r i s 1 986 ) .

r i tua l ized f e a s t ing a nd g if t e xchange , b ecame i n deb ted t o

N ear ly 100 k y l ix ( s temmed w ine c up ) f r agmen t s w ere

T he c hange s a ppa ren t i nP y lo s ' p o l i t ica l -economy a tt h e e nd

r e cove red f r om t h e f l oo r so fr oom s6 4 -65 ( Mor r i s 1 986 :130 ) .

o f t h e LH I IB h ave a l ready b een p l aced i n ac on tex t o f

P y lo s ' p a ramoun t l e ade r , t h e w anax .

A cco rd ing t o Mo r r i s ( 1986 :138 ) , at o ta lo f9 0 .6 m2 o fp a lace

s t ruc tu ra l t r an s i t ion a nd t r an sfo rma t ion ( s ee C hap ter 2 ) .

s pace ( ou t o fa n a pp rox ima te t o ta l o f2 000 m2)w a s d evo ted t ot h e s t o rage o fp o t tery , a nd t h e t o ta l n umbe r o fp o t s f o und

p a la t ia l e l i t e sw e re i n d eed s o l id ify ing t h e i rc on t ro l o fr eg iona l

I f

i n s t o rage m ay h ave e xceeded 8 000 . O f t h e se 8 000 p o t s , n ea r ly 5 0% w ere k y l ike s ( Mo r r i s 1 986 :141) , 2 853 f r om

h i e ra rchy , t h en s t a te -w ide s y s tem s o f r i tua l ly sanc t ioned

R oom 1 9 a l one ( Saf lund 1 980 :238 ) .

t o mo l l i fy n o t o n ly s ub -ch ief s , b u t t h e g en e ra l p opu lace a s

e conomy , a nd p e rhap s a dd ing an ew l e ve lo fr e g iona l p o l i t ica l f e a s t ing a nd g i f t e xchange m ay h ave b een i n c rea sed i no rd e r

T he o the r 5 0% o ft h e

p o t s i n s t o rage w e re p r ima r i ly b ow l s , c up s a nd d i ppe r s ( Mor r i s 1 986 :141-2 ) . G iven s uch e v idence , i tb ecome s

w e l l . I f , a s Mor r i s ( 1986 ) c on tend s , P y lo s w a s b ecom ing a

i mpo s s ib le t oa vo id t h e c onc lu s ion t h a t p a la t ia l e l i te s w ere

t h e c h ief ly l i ne t h rough t h e s t ra teg ic e xchang e o fb r ide s— then

h o s t ing t h e i r f e a s t s i nc omb ina t ion w i th m a s s ive a moun t s o f d r ink ing , mo s tl i ke ly o fw ine ( W r igh t 1 995b ) , a nd t h a tp o t te ry

r i tua l a c t iv i ty m ay h ave b een t h e p r ima ry m ean s o fh o ld ing

s e rve s t o ma rk t h e l o ca t ion o f s u ch r i tua l ized a c t ion .

may o r m ay n o t h ave h appened i nP y lo s ( Ache son i np re s s ;

s egmen ta ry s t a te— if c er ta in l i neage s w e re b e ing l o ck ed o u t o f

t h e c en ter ( s ee Wr igh t 1 994 ) , s hor t o fg o ing t ow a r , w h ich

A s

B aumba ch 1 983 ) .

H omer d e sc r ibe s :

. when t h ey h ad b u rned t h e t h igh p i ece s a nd

P o t s , wh ich w e re c er ta in ly u sed b y t h e Mycenaean s i nr i tua l c on tex t s , c an s e rve a s i n d ica to r s o f r eg iona l p o l i t ica l ,

t a s ted t h e v i ta l s [ o f t h e s a c r if i ced a n ima l ] , t h ey f e a s ted , n o r w a s a ny m an 's h unge r d en ied af a i r p o r t ion . B u tw hen t h ey h ad p u t a way t h e i r d e s i re

e conom ic , a nd r i tua l a c t iv i ty ( Knapp e ta l . 1 988 ) . O the r i t em s t h a t c i rcu la ted i nt h e s t a te 's e conomy—b ronze , c l o th , w ine—a re n o ta m enab le t od i rec t a r cha eo log i ca l i n ve s t iga t ion ;

f o r e a t ing a nd d r ink ing , t h ey oung m en f i l led t h e m ix ing b ow l sw i th p u re w in e , p a s s ing ap o r t ion t o a l l , t h en t h ey o f f e red d r ink i nt h e g ob le t s ( t he I l iad , 1 . 473 , q uo ted i n Mor r i s 1 986 :131 ) .

t h ey h ave n o ts u rv ived i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd . P o t tery f r agmen t s a r e u b iqu i tou s o n LH I IB P y l ian s i te s , a nd o fa l f r agmen t s t h e m o s t c ommon ly c o l lec ted a r e t h o se o fk y l ike s , Mycenaean w ine c up s . T o ac e r ta in e x t en t , k y l ike s t e nd t os ur v ive i n , o n a nd a round a r chaeo log ica l s i te s d ue t o t h e i r f o rm ( s ee F igu re 1 . 3 ,

A s p rev iou s ly s ugge s ted ( Chap te r 2 ) , f e a s t ing a nd c ompe t i t ive , r i tua l ized d r ink ing s e rve t o i n teg ra te u n s tab le s oc io -po l i t ica l s y s tem s b y p rov id ing t h e s e t t ing f o r l im i ted

k y l ike s ) . T he w e l l -bu i l t " s tem " a nd " f oo t ," i np ar t icu la r , w i th s tand d ecompo s i t ion . F ur thermo re , l c y l ix f r agmen t s a r e e a s i ly r e cogn ized b y s u rveyo r s a nd e xcava to r s a nd m ay f o r

f o rm s o fr ed i s t r ibu t ion ( t he p a lace s ha r ing i t s w ea l th i nt h e f o rm o fm ea t a nd w ine ) . I nt h i s w ay , r eg iona l l e ade r s m ay

t h i s r e a son b e s e lec t ive ly f ound , s aved , a nd c a ta logued . Howeve r , t h e b i a sed c o l lec t ion o f l c y l ix f r agmen t s i sn o t

h ave b een i n t roduced t o a nd i n c luded i nt h e s t a t e s y s tem . T ho se r eg iona l l e ader s—be t h ey t h e h ypo the s ized " na t ive" ( i .e . P e la sg ian ) c h ief s ( s ee C hap ter 2 ) o r m embe r s o f t h e

s imp ly af un c t ion o fd i f f e ren t ia l s urv iva l a nd i d en t if ica t ion . T h ey w e re f o und b y P RAP i nv e ry l a rge n umbe r s ( s om e t ime s

Mycenaean c u l tu ra l e l i te—who c ho se t o t a ke p a r t i n s t a te s pon so red r i tua l s a nd b anque t s m ay h ave b een g ran ted mo re d i rec t a cce s s t o t h e s t a te 's n e two rked p o l i t ica l ( wea l th )

6 0% o r mo r e o ft o ta l c a ta logued p o t tery ) o n many LH I IB s i te s , s i gn if i can t ly t ho se s i te s t h a t a pp ea r t o h ave b een s econda ry c en te r s , s i te s— fo r e xamp le , N icho r ia , O rd ine s ,

e conomy .

Mou r ia tadha— tha t i nr ank -o rde r o f s i ze w e re i nt h e s e cond t i e r b e low t h e c en te r , A no E ng l iano s . T he l c y l ix 's

I ti si n tere s t ing t on o te t h a t , b e s ide s b ronze , t h e m a jo r i ty o f

d om inan ce o f LH I IB p o t te ry a s semb lage s , a sa tt h e p a lace ,

wh ich i s a l loca ted t o s m i th s ( Sm i th 1 992 -1993 ) , a no the r

m ay b e d ue t ot h e i r mo re i n ten s ive s t o rage a nd u se a tt h e se s e t t lemen t s r e la t ive t oa l o t he r p o t tery t y pes , a ga in a sa tt h e

ma jo rr eg iona lp a la t ia l d i sbu r sem en t , a sr e co rded i nL inea r B ( t ab le t V n 2 0 ) , i sw ine ( Mo r r i s 1 986 :200 ; P a lme r 1 994 ) .

p a lace . I fk y l ik e s c an i n deed b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e d r ink ing

T h i sw in ew a sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly g o ing t or e g iona l l e ade r s w ho

o f w ine i nr i tua l c on tex t s ( W r igh t 1 995b ) , s u ch a s a tf e a s t s

h ad d ec ided t oa l ly t h em se lve s w i th t h e p a lace . T hey w e re

( Saf lund 1 980 ) , t h en f e a s t s m ay h ave t a k en p l ace n o t o n ly a t t h e p a la ce , b u t i no t he r s e t t lemen t s a sw e l l . T he re a r e v ery

l i k e ly g ran ted a c ce s s t oo t he rp a lace -p roduced w ea l th o b jec t s a sw e l l , s u ch a sc l o th a nd p er fumed o i l ( a l so am a jo rp a la t ia l

g ood a r chaeo log ica l p a ra l le l s f o r t h i s k ind o f d ecen t ra l ized

a l loca t ion ) .

p o l i t ica l a c t iv i ty , s uch a s i se v idenced i nI nka r eg iona l s ub -

C en t ra l ly -con t ro l led r ed i s t r ibu t ion o f w ea l th

i t em s , s u ch a st h a tw h ich t o ok p l ace o nt h e n or thwe s tc oa s to f

c en te r s

t h e U n i ted S t a te s , t h e s o -ca l led " po t la tch ," c r ea ted a v ery

p re l im ina ry a na ly s i s o f t h e f auna l a s semb lage f r om as ma l l

( s ee

C o s t in

a nd

E a r le

1 989 ) .

F u r thermo re ,

p ub l ic , e a s i ly l e ve raged , s y s tem o f d eb t s ( s ee Mau s s 1 990

s h r in e a tT zoung i za , aMycenaean s e t t lemen ta s soc ia ted w i th

[ 1950 ] f o r an ow c l a s s ic e t hnog raph ic d e scr ip t ion o fs uch a s y s tem ) . R eg iona l e l i te s , b y t a k ing p a r t a t t h e p a la ce i n

t h e p a la t ia l c en te r o f Mycena e , a ppea r s t oi n d ica te r ema in s c on s i s ten t w i th f e a s t ing ( W r igh t 1 990 , 1 994 :69 ) .

3 0

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS S evera l A egean p o t tery s pec ia l i s t s h ave a rgued t h a t k y l ike s

i n ex t r icab ly " embedded " w i th in t h e o t her a c t iv i t ie s o fd a i ly l i f e . I n a dd i t ion t o f unc t ion ing a s t a b lewa re , k y l ike s m ay

c on s t i tu t e e ve ryday t a b lewa re , c ommon ly u s ed b y Mycenaean f o lk , b o th e l i t e sa nd c ommon e r s , f o rt h ed r ink ing o fw in e a nd w a ter

( Shea r

1 987 :67 ,

7 3 ;

C .

S he lme rd ine ,

h ave a l so s ymbo l ized e l i te p ower i nt h a t t h ey r e ca l led t h e

p er sona l

r i tua l ized d r ink ing o fw ine ( s ee F igu re 1 . 4 , a n i c onog raph ic

c ommun ica t ion ; T ou rnav i tou 1 992 ) . T hey d o n o t d i spu te t h e

d ep ic t ion o f aMycena ean " t oa s t ing " c e remony ) , a nd t h e refo re

p o s s ib le u se o fk y l ike s i nr i tua la c t iv i ty , a nd y e td o n o t a t tach

p roce s s ion s , s a c r if i ce s , f e a s t ing , a nd t h e d i spen sa t ion o f

s ymbo l ic i mpor tance t o k y l ike s t h em se lve s .

w ea l th ( s ee Wr igh t 1 994 , 1 995b ) .

T ou rnav i tou

F ur the rmo re , t h ey a r e

( 1 992 :205 )d e s c r ib e st h ep l a ce se t t ing o f Mycenaean d om e s t ic t a b lewa re , i n c lud ing k y l ik e s , b a sed o nt h e p o t tery e xcava ted

f r equen t ly f ound i n l o ca t ion s o f s u spec ted d ome s t ic c u l t

a t" hou se s " l o ca ted i n Mycena e 's L owe rT own : t h e H ou se o f

u pended r e cep tac le v e s se l w e re e xcava ted , p robab ly o n ce u sed f o r r i tua l l i ba t ion s (W r igh t 1 994 :65 ) . I n f a c t , H ägg ( 1990 ) i d en t if ie s t h e k y l ix , a sw e l l a sm in ia tu re k y l ike s ( s ee

a c t iv i ty , a s i nH ou se G a tA s ine , i n wh ich a k y l ix a nd a n

S h ie ld s ; t h e H ou se o f t h e O i l Mer chan t ; t h e H ou se o f t h e S ph inx e s ; a nd t h e We s t H ou se . H owev e r , Iw ou ld a rgue t h a t t h ese h ou se s— f rom wh ich w e re r e cove red L inea r Bt a b le t

a l so Wr igh t 1 994 ) , a st h e v e s se l mo s t c ommon ly u sed i nb o th

f r agmen t s , f o re ign t r ade g ood s , f r e sco f r agmen t s ( i n s hor t ,

p ub l ic a nd p r iva te

a r t i fa c t s s ugg e s t ing t h ee l i te c ha rac t e ro ft h e se s t ruc tu re s )—do n o t r ep re sen t a verage d ome s t ic c on tex t s . I nf a c t , t h e re h ave

R e l ig iou s f i gu r in e s , f ound i nb o th p ub l ic a nd d ome s t ic r i tua l c on t ex t s , a r e o f t en d ep ic ted r a i s ing ag ob le t o rk y l ix (W r igh t

Mycenaean c e remon ie s o f l i ba t ion .

b een v ery f ew e xcava t ion s o f s ma l l Mycenaean s e t t lemen t s ( s ee D av i s 1 988 ) , a nd w he re s uch s i t e sh ave b een e xcava ted ( s uch a s a t N icho r ia [ McDona ld a nd W i lk ie , e d s . 1 992 ] )

1 994 :65 ) . K y l ik e s m ay h ave " ma rked t h e a t ta inmen t o f s t a tu s " a nd b een g i ven t oy oung Mycenaean m en " a sp a r t o f a n i n i t ia t ion i n to m anhood " (W r igh t 1 995b :12 ) . A s Wr igh t

h ou se f l oo r s h ave r a re ly b een p re served i ns i tu d ue t od eep p low ing . T hu s , p o t tery e xcava ted a tt h e se s i te s c anno t w i th c e r ta in ty b e s a id t ob e o f ad ome s t ic c ha rac te r .

( 1994 :72 ) c on tend s , i t" . .may w e l l b e [ t ha t ] t h e r emnan t s o f Mycenaean b e l ief [ a re ] man if e s ted i nt h e mo s t a cce ss ib le ,

E ven i fk y l ik e s w e re c ommon ly u sed i nd ome s t ic c on tex t s , t h is d oe s n o t e xc lude t h em f r om s ymbo l ic a t tachmen t s . Ma te r ia lo b jec t s o f ten u sed f o r s e em ing ly mundane p u rpo se s m ay s t i l lb eg r an ted d eep s ymbo l ic a nd r i tua l s i gn if i cance ( s ee A rno ld 1 985 :159 -165 ) . A s K enoye r ( 1995 :12 ) d esc r ibe s , w i th r ega rd t oP ak i s tan 's H a rapp a np e r iod p o t tery ,

I ti so f c ou r se p o s s ib le t h a t i c onog raph ic r ep re sen ta t ion s o f Mycena ean ( s ee a ga in F igu re 1 . 4 ) a nd M inoan ( s uch a so nt h e

h umb le a nd t r ad i t iona l f o rm s o fs ymbo l a nd a c t ion ."

" Ch ief ta in " c up a nd t h e " Camp s too l " f r e sco ) d r ink ing r i tua l s d ep ic t " t oa s t ing " n o t w i th c l ay , b u t w i th m e ta l v e s se l s . H oweve r , u se o fm e ta l k y l ik e s a tc e remon ia l g a the r ing s , s uch a st h o se a s soc ia ted w i th t h ep a lace , n eed n o t d e t rac t f r om t h e f o rego ing a rgum en t . I n f a c t , t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t c eram ic k y l ike s w e re u sed b y s e conda ry e l i te s a nd c ommone r s i n i m i ta t ion o f t h o se w ho c ou ld a f fo rd p rec iou s m e ta l s m igh t h e lp t oe xp la in t h e i rw id e d i s t r ibu t ion . I fa ny th ing , p roce s se s o fe mu la t ion w ou ld h ave e nhanced t h e s ymbo l ic i mpo r tance

T he f a c t t ha t r ed s l ipped a nd b l ack p a in ted c e ram ic s b ecome t h e d i agno s t ic f o rm o fp a in ted p o t te ry d u r ing t h e I ndu s s t a te w ou ld i n d ica te t h a t a nyon e d es i r ing t oe mu la te , a f f i l ia te o r i n teg ra te

o fc e ram ic k y l ike s , mak ing t h e i r c omme rc ia l ized p roduc t ion a nd c on t ro l led r e g iona l e x change t h a t much mo re m ean ingfu l a nd p o ten t ia l ly p rof i tab le .

t ot h i ss oc ia l -r i tua l -po l i t ica l s y s t em w ou ld a cqu i re a nd v i s ib ly d i sp lay s u ch c e ram i c s . S uch c e ram ic s w e re n o tu sed o n ly i nt h ed om e s t ic c on tex tb u ta r e f ound s e t a l ong t h e p ub l ic r oad i n f r on t o f

T he refo re , a s ar e su l t o f t h e i r r i tua l i mpor tance , i tc an b e p red ic ted t h a t , i nc on t ra s t t o mo s t o t he r f o rm s o f p o t tery , k y l ike s w ou ld h av e b een o fi n te re s tt os t a te b u reauc ra t s i nt h e e conom ic c l ima te o f t h e LH I IB . I ft h e s t a te w a s i n deed

h ou s e s . . .

T op rov id ea no ther e xamp le , i nh i s to r ic p er iod s Hud son B ay

t i gh ten ing c on t ro l o fw ea l th g ood s ( o f " po l i t ica l ly c ha rged "

woo l b l ank e t s w ere d i s t r ibu ted a tp o t la tches b y n or thwes t c oa s t I nd ian c h ief s ( Mau s s 1 990 [ 1 950 ] ) . I n a nd o f

i t em s ) , i ff o rt h ef i r s tt ime c on t ro lw a sb e ing e x tended t ol o ca l i ndu s t r ie s a nd t ot h e p roduc t ion o f u t i l i ta r ian g ood s , a nd i f

t h em se lve s , w oo l b l anke t s w e re n o t o ver t ly s pec ia l .

r i tua lw a s b e ing u sed mo re f r equen t ly a nd mo re i n ten s ive ly t o

T hey

m igh t b e c ommon ly f ound i nd ome s t ic c on tex t s . H owever ,

i n teg ra t e d if e ren ts egmen t s o fs o c ie ty , t h en k y l ike s may h ave

i nt h ec on t ex to f ap o t la tch , b l anke t s a cqu i red g rea t s ymbo l ic m ean ing , r e p re sen t ing t h e d i spen sa t ion o fp o l i t ica l c ap i ta l o n

b een al o g ica l t a rge tf o rp a la t ia l a dm in i s t ra t ion . O ft h e 3 00 + p o t she rd s c o l lec ted f o r a na ly s i s i n t h i s r e sea rch ,

t h ep a r to f ac h ief a nd t h e s imu l tan eou sa cqu i s i t ion o fd eb t o n

a pp rox ima te ly o n e th i rd a r e f r om k y l ik e s . I nt h e i rp roduc t ion

t h e p a r t o ft h o se n ow p l edged t os uppo r t h im .

a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , a sr e vea led i nt h e c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic

C h ief s h ad

g ood r e a son t oc o l lec ta nd c on t ro lt h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fb l anke t s ;

d a ta ,

b lanke t s

Mycenaean p o t te ry .

s t o red

a ccumu la ted

c ap i ta l ,

d e sp i te

t yp ica l ly

k y l ike s

a ppea r

t o d i f f e r

f r om

o t her

c l a s se s

o f

f unc t ion ing i nd ome s t ic c on tex t s . K y l ike s m ay h ave f unc t ioned i nd ome s t ic c on tex t s .

A sa l r eady a r gued , t h ep a lace p robab ly p rocu red p o t te ry f r om s evera l r e g iona l w o rk shop s . O ne o r mo re m ay h ave b een

E very

Mycenaean h ou seho ld m ay h ave p o s se s sed a k y l ix o r t wo . Howeve r , a sR enf rew ( 1994 :47 ) n o t e s , c u l t a c t iv i ty i so f ten

3 1

THEORET ICAL EXPECTAT IONS a wa rded p re f e ren t ia l s t a te c on t ra c t s . T he w o rk shop t i ed mo s t c l o se ly t ot h ep a lace ( p e rhap s B r i thawon 's c on ce rn ) m ay h ave p rov id ed , f o re xamp le , t h em a jo r i ty o ft h e c en te r 's f i newa re s , s uch

a s

k y l ik e s .

T h i s

f i t s

e t hnog raph ic

C onc lu s ion T h is c hap te r h a s p re sen ted a d e ta i led f r amewo rk f o r d e scr ib ing a nd c a tego r iz ing t h e s e v e ra l p o s s ib le f o rm s o f

a nd

e thnoa rchaeo log ica l e xpec ta t ion s , a s d e sc r ibed b y P eacock ( 1982 ) .

Mycenaean c e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion .

T he

L a rge n uc lea ted w o rk shop s m ay i ns ome i n s tance s

i n teg ra t ion o f t h i s f r amewo rk w i th t h e mode l o f P y l ian

s pec ia l ize i nt h e ma s s p roduc t ion o f ac e r ta in h igh ly -va lued

p o l i t ica l -economy p rov ided i nC hap t e r 2h a s a l lowed f o r t h e g ene ra t ion o ft h eo re t ica l e xpec ta t ion s f o r t h e o rgan iza t ion o f

c eram ic t ype . Whe rea s t h e p a lace a ppea r s t oh ave r e ce ived mo s to fi t sk y l ike s f r om o n e w o rk shop , c oa r sewa re s s e em t o h ave b een p rocu red f r om s eve ra l . I tm ay b e t h a t , a sw i th

t h e LH I IB c e ram ic i n du s t ry ( s ee T ab le 3 .2 ) . F ur the rmo re , g i ven t h e p o s tu la ted s t ruc tu ra l t r an sf o rma t ion s t ak ing p l ace i n

R oman e s ta te s ( Peacock 1 982 ) a nd P eruv ian b odega s ( R ice

P y lo s ' e conomy a nd t h e h ypo the s ized r o le o f r i t ua l i n

1 996 ) , t h ep a lace w a s , a tt h e t im e o fi t sc o l lap se , i nt h e m id s t

m ed ia t ing t h e se t r an sfo rma t ion s , i th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h e p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f k y l ik e s d i f f e red f r om t h a t o f

o fa t tach ing t h e i n du s t r ia lp rodu c t ion a nd r eg iona ld i s t r ibu t ion o f k y l ike s ( and p e rhap s o t her f i n ewa re p o t tery t ype s ) mo re

u t i l i ta r ian w a re s . O the r c eram ic t y pe s s uch a s p i tho i a nd c oo l cpo t sm ay h ave b een o f as im i la r , a l be i ts t r ic t ly e conom ic ,

c l o se ly t ot h e s t a te 's c en te r . C oa r se u t i l i ta r ian w a re s , o nt h e o ther h and , c on t inued t o b e p roduced o u t s ide t h e d i rec t

i n tere s t t ot h e p a lace . C hap ter 4 d e sc r ibe s t h e m e thod s t h a t w ere u sed t o o b ta in t h e c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta

i n te re s ta nd o vera rch ing c on t ro l o ft h e p a lace .

a na lyzed i nt h i s r e sea rch . C hap te r 5p r e sen t s ad i scu s s ion o f t h e r e su l t s a nd t h e u t i l i ty o ft h e me thod s .

3 2

METHODOLOGY

C hap ter F our . Me thodo logy

t empe red s t o rage j a r s—and 1 0 o r mo re c ook ing p o t s . A p o r t ion o f t h e u t i l i ta r ian w a re s c an b e v e ry g ene ra l ly c l a s s if i ed a s " f ine " w a re s , t h e m a jo r i ty o f wh ich a r e a l so u t i l i ta r ian p o t s , s uch a sb ow l s a nd j a r s . H oweve r , o ft h e 1 96 " u t i l i ta r ian " w a re s , 2a r e a ppa ren t ly f r om s ma l l c up s , 5a r e

C eram ic S amp le S e lec t ion

f r om s t i r rup j a r s ( on e ap robab le A rgo l id i mpor t ) , a nd 6a r e

T he f ounda t ion s f o r t h i s r e sea rch w e re l a id i nt h ree s e a son s

f r om s ma l l a ngu la r b ow l s .

o f w o rk w i th a l a rge sca le Me s sen ian s urvey , t h e P y lo s R eg iona l A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t ( Dav i s , e d . 1 998 ; D av i s e t

T he l a ck o f o ve r ly e xac t c l a s s if i ca t ion r e f lec ted i n t h e

a l . 1 997 ; Z angge r e t a l . 1 997 ) .

f o rego ing

Mo r e t h an 3 00 c e ram ic

i s d ue

i n p a r t

( s ee K napp e ta l . 1 988 ; P ea cock 1 982 ) .

w ere s e lec ted ( s ee F igu re 4 . 1 , am ap o ft h e se s i te s ; T ab le

t o t h e

i n he ren t

F o r t h e mo s t p a r t ,

t h e se t e rm s h ave n o t b een q uan t if i ed b y A egean c e ram ic

4 . 1 , as umma ry d e sc r ip t ion o fs amp le s ) , w i th t h e h e lp o fD r . C yn th ia S he lme rd ine a nd D r . J oan C a ro the r s , f o r c hem ica l

s pec ia l i s t s , s ot h a t t h e d i f f e ren ce b e tween c oa r se a nd f i ne i s s ub jec t ive ly d e term ined . A s ar e su l t , many o ft h e u t i l i ta r ian

a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s . I ts hou ld b e p o in t ed o u t , t h ough , t h a t o f t h e 3 10 s herd s s amp led , 9 7% a r e f r om n i ne s i te s

s herd s r e f er red t o a bove a s f i ne a r e " l igh t ly" t empe red a s o ppo sed t o " heav i ly " t empe red , t h ough t h ey a r e f unc t iona l ly a nd f o rma l ly i d en t ica l t ot h e mo re c oa r se u t i l i ta r ian w a re s . I ns ome c a se s , t h ough , t h e d i s t in c t ion b e tween " coa r se " a nd

( Tab le 4 . 1 ) . T he p a lace i t s e lf a ccoun t s f o r 8 4 s h e rd s , o r2 7% o f t h e t o ta l ( Tab le 4 . 1 ) .

d e sc r ip t ion

i mp rec i s ion o f t h e d i s t in c t ion b e tween " coa r se " a nd " f ine "

s amp les f r om e i gh teen 1 3 th c en tu ry B .C . Me s sen ian s i te s

T he re i s d i rec t p ropo r t iona l

c o r re spond ence b e tween t h e s i ze o f as i t e a nd t h e n umbe r o f s h e rd s i tc on t r ibu ted t ot h et o ta l s amp le ( Tab le 4 . 1 ; i . e . , t h e

" f in e " u t i l i ta r ian w a re s may m a rk r eg iona l p roduc t ion d i f f e rence s a nd p e rhap s t e chn ica l o r s t y l i s t ic p ref e rence s o n t h e p a r t o f t wo d i f f eren t w o rk shop s . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t o

s ma l le s t s i t e s p rov ided t h e f ewe s t s h e rd s , t h e l a rge s t s i te s p rov id ed t h e mo s t ) .

d i scu s s t h e p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fs pec ia l ized f o rm s , s uch a s p i tho i a nd c ookpo t s , a l though t h e s amp le o f t h e se w a re s i ss omewha t r e s t r ic ted .

O ft h e 3 10 s amp le s , 14 a r e w i thou t d oub t f r om k y l ike s a nd 1 96 a r e f r om v a r iou s o t he r c eram ic t y pe s . O f t h e se 1 96 , mo s tc an b e i d en t if ied a su t i l i tar ian w a r e s , m any o fw h ich a r e c oa r se , i n c lud ing p e rhap s a s many a s 9p i tho i— la rge , h eav i ly -

T he s amp le s s e lec ted f r om t h e P RAP c o l lec t ion s ( t o ta l ing 13 a nd p ref ixed i n my c a ta logue a s "MG " f o l lowed b y a n i d en t if i ca t ion n umbe r ) w e re r e t r ieved b y P RAP t e am s i nt h e c ou r se o ff i e ld s u rvey . T hey h ave a l l b een d a ted t ot h e LH I IB ( o r i ns ome c a se s LH I IA -B ) , b a sed o n f o rm a nd f a b r ic , b y t h e PRAP mu seum s t a f f . F ive o ft h e se ( f rom t h e s i tes o f K a s t rak i a nd K a lop sana ) a r e b ody s h e rd s , o n ly p o s s ib ly f r om k y l ike s . T he r e s t a r e w i th c e r ta in ty f r om k y l ike s , a s t h ey c omp r i se f e e t , b ow l s , o r s t em s ( s ee F igu re 1 . 3 , l c y l ix ) . F o r t h e m o s tp a r t , k y l ike s s amp led a ppea rt ob e o ft h e u npa in ted v a r ie ty , p l a in a nd a ppa ren t ly m a s s -p roduced . O ne o f t h e PRAP s he rd s i s ap a in ted b ody f r agmen t f r om as ma l l s t i r rup j a r , f ound a tt h ep a lace , p robab ly u sed t oh o ld p er fume . I ti s a lmo s tc er ta in ly a ni mpor tf r om t h e A rgo l id ( C . S he lme rd ine , p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . T h i s s he rd w a s i n c luded i nt h e s amp le i n o rde r t o l o ok f o r p o s s ib le c hem ica l a nd /o r p e t rog raph ic d i f f e rence s b e tween i ta nd l o ca l w a re s . 1 98 s amp le s w e re g rac iou s ly g i ven t om e f o r a na ly s i sb y D r . J oan C a ro the r s ( i den t if ica t ion n umbe r s f o r t h ese s amp le s a r e p ref ixed b y " JC" ) . T hey w e re s t ud ied a nd d e sc r ibed i nt h e c on tex t o f h e r P h .D . r e sea rch a nd f o rmed t h e b a s i s f o r C hap te r 8o fh er d i s ser ta t ion ( Ca ro ther s 1 992 ) .

T h i s i n i t ia l

p e t rog raph ic w o rk i se va lua ted a nd r e f e r red t o b e low i n C hap te r 5 . T he se s amp le s w e re s e lec ted b y D r . C a ro the r s f r om s i x e xcava ted Me s sen ian s i te s ( Kou l couna ra , Mou r ia tadha , N icho r ia , P e r i s te r ia , V o idhok i l ia , a nd A no

F igure 4 . 1 Map o f Me s sen ia i nd ica t ing s i te sf r om wh ich c e ram i c s amp le sw e re c o l lec ted . L oca t ion sa r ea pp rox ima te . E xac ts i t el o ca t ion sa r ea va i lab le a tt h eP y lo sR eg iona l A rchaeo log ica lP ro jec th omepage .

E ng l ia no s ) .

T he se s i te s w e re , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h e

p a lace , n o t i n c luded i nt h e P RAP s u rvey p erm i t . A s t h e se s amp les w e re s e lec ted b y D r . C a ro the r s , h e r p o t tery t y pe i d en t if i ca t ion s , p roven ience r e co rd s , a nd d a t ing h ave b een r e l ied u pon . O n t h e w ho le , t h e g roup i sp erhap s s omewha t

3

METHODOLOGY

I D

S i te

PRAP

C a ro the r s '

Numbe ro fS he rd s

N umbe ro fS he rd s

E s t . s i ze ( h a ) ( 4 , 5 )

R omanou

1 4

6

3. 4

Mega sK ampo s

D 2

4

1 . 6

P i gad ia

G 3

1

1

B ey le rbe i

I

1 6

1 2

K a lop sana

A 2

1

6 . 9

K ou t souve r i

LI

1

1 . 5

O rd ine s

K 1

2 0

4 . 6

P o r te s

1 3

1 6

0 . 1

L agou

1 2 1

2

1

K a s t rak i

K 3

4

2 . 1

A g ia S o t i r a

K 2

1

0 . 8

K ana lo s

D1

1

E pano E ng l iano s

B 7

N icho r ia

L inea r Bp l ace n ame

a ke r e -wa ( 1 )

p e to -no ( 1 )

0 . 5

3 9

4 5

2 1

p u ro ( 2 )

1 00

3 3

5 -6

t i -m i to a -ke -e ( 1 , 3 )

V o idhok i l ia

8

2 5

K oukouna ra

3 5

5 9

P e r i s te r ia

2 00

2 1

Mou r ia tadha

2 01

2 5

TOTAL

12

GRAND TOTAL

3 10

( 1 )D av is e ta l . 1 997 :426 ( 2 )C hadw ick 1 972 :10 1 ( 3 ) S he lme rd ine 1 98 1

. 8m in

r o -u so ( 6 )

1 98

( 4 ) P RAP I n te rne tE d i t ion @ h t tp : / / c l a s s ics . l sa .um ich .edu /PRAP /h t rn l /PRAP .h tm l ( 5 ) McDona ld a nd R app , e d s . 1 972 ( 6 ) B enne t i np r e s sa

T ab le 4 . 1 LH I IB s i te sf r om w h ich c e ram ic s amp le sw e re t a ken a nd i n f o rma t ion p er ta in ing t ot ho se s amp le s .

Work U nder taken i nt h e F ie ld

more d i ve r se t h an w ou ld b e i d ea l , b u t n ever the le s s d oe s p rov id eg ood m a te r ia l w i th w h ich t oc ompa re k y l ike s .

I np repa r ing t h i sp ro jec t , P RAP 's c ompu te r d a ta a nd s u rvey l o g s w e re s ea r ched f o r e v idence o fo n - a nd o f f s i te c e ram ic

O ne m ean so fi mp rov ing t h e o ve ra l l s t a t i s t ica l q ua l i ty o ft h i s

p roduc t ion , i n c lud ing r e f e ren ce s t o c e ram ic w a s te r s , s l ag , o t her k i ln d eb r i s , p o t tery a nv i l s , mo ld s , a nd l e n se s o f a sh

r e sea rch m igh th ave i n vo lved s imp ly r e t r iev ing mo re c e ram ic s amp le s . C hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s a r e r e la t ive ly c o s t -ef f ec t ive m e thod s a nd w ou ld n o th ave i n h ib i ted , u p t oa

( Fe inman 1 985 ; N ick l in 1 979 ; P oo l 1 992 ; S t a rk 1 985 ) , w i th

c er ta in p o in t , a ni n c rea se i ns amp le s i ze . H oweve r , t h e r e a r e

l i t t le s ucce s s . A s ar e su l t , e ve ry PRAP s i t e f r om w h ich L a te

s evera l o f t h e s ma l le r s i te s , e spec ia l ly t ho se l e s s t h an o ne h ec ta re i na r ea , t h a t p rodu ced f ew d i agno s t ic p o t she rd s . I t

B ronze A ge p o t t e ry w a s c o l lec ted wa s r e su rveyed ( s ee m ap ,

w a s n o t , a s ar e su l t , p o s s ib le t oi n crea se s amp le s ize a tt h e se

e v iden ce f o ro n s i te c eram i c m anu f ac tu r e , a ga in w i th l i t t le o r

s i te s . F u r th e rmo re , t h e r e a r el im i t st ot h e n umb er o fc e ram ic

n o s ucce s s .

s amp le st h a tt h eG reek g ove rnmen ta nd P RAP w ou ld a low t o

PRAP s u rvey p e rm i t ( Koukouna ra , Mou r ia tadha , N icho r ia ,

F igu re 4 . 1) , w i th t h e g oa l o f i d en t ify ing a r chaeo log ica l U n fo r tuna te ly , t h o se s i te s n o t i n c luded i nt h e

b e d e s t royed . A s ar e su l t , t h e a s semb led s amp le i sc ompo sed

P e r i s te r ia , a nd V o idhok i l ia ) c ou ld n o t b e s u rveyed f o r

o f t h e o p t imum n umbe r o f s herd s , b a lanc ing t im e , money ,

e v idence o fp o t t e ry p roduc t ion .

s t a t i s t ica l s i gn if ican ce , modern -day G reece .

s i te s w e re c o l lec ted b y D r . C a ro ther s .

a nd t h e r ea l i t ie s o f w o rk ing i n

3 4

C lay s a na lyzed f r om t h e se

METHODOLOGY T he LH I IB s i t e sr e su rveyed v a ry i ns i z ea sw e l l a sr e g iona l l o ca t ion a nd m i c ro -env i ronmen ta nd w e r ec ompa red b a sed o n d i f f e ren ce s i nc e ram ic e co logy ( Arno ld 1 985 ; K napp e ta l .

I l i t ic c l ay , s epa ra ted f r om r ed s o i l b y l e v iga t ion ( t he m ix ing o fc l ay o r s o i l w i th w a te r t oa l low c oa r se r p a r t ic le s t ow a sh

1 988 ; Ma t son 1 965 , 1 972 ; McGovern 1 995 ; N ick l in 1 979 ;

a nd s e t t le o u t o f t h e s u spen s ion [ R ice 1 987 :118 ] ) , w a s

P oo l 1 992 :307 -311 ; R ice 1 984a , 1 987 ; v an d e r L eeuw 1 977 ) .

s ub jec ted t ov a r iou s e xpe r imen ta lp ro cedu res ( f o l low ing R ice

S i te sw e r ee va lua ted i nt e rm so ft h e i rc e ram ic r e sou rce s , s u ch

1 987 ; V i te l l i 1 984 ) t ot e s tp l a s t ic i ty , s h r inkage , s t reng th , a nd wo rkab i l i ty , a nd w a s f ound t o b e l e s s t h an i d ea l f o r t h e

a s t h e a va i lab i l i ty o f w a te r , f u e l , c l ay , a nd t empe r .

R e -

g en e ra l p roduc t ion o fp o t te ry . Ma r l s w e r e f ound t ob e n ea r ly

s u rvey w a s c omb ined w i th i n ten s ive a nd s y s tema t ic c l ay a nd t empe r c o l l ec t ion i n t h e v i c in i ty o f e ach s i te ( Knapp e ta l .

u nu sab le .

1 988 ; N ef fe ta l . 1 992 ; S he r idan 1 99 1 ; T a lbo t t 1 984 ) . T h i s p rocedu re a lowed f o r a mo re c omp le te d ef in i t ion o f t h e r eg ion 's p o t en t ia l f o r c e ram ic m anu f ac tu re ; a nd t h i s

Howeve r , t h e r e g ion 's g ray a nd y e l low m a r ine c l ay s r equ i red

i n forma t ion , p rov ided i n A ppend ix 1 ,b ecome s c ruc ia l i n i n te rp r e t ing t h ei n terp lay b e tween p e t rog raph ic a nd c hem ica l

c ompa red v e ry w e l l t o ac on t ro l c l ay s amp le p rov ided b y t h e V ouna r ia p o t te r , w ho s t i l l m in ed h i s o wn c l ay f r om al o ca l

d a ta a nd t h et h eo re t ica l e xpec ta t ion s s e to u ta bove , i nC hap te r

s ou rce . S eve ra l o f t h e se c l ay s , i n c lud ing t h e s amp le f r om V ouna r ia , w e re a l so s ub jec ted t oX ray d i f f rac t ion a na ly s i s

n o l e v iga t ion , n o t empe r ing , a nd w e re e a s i ly w o rked . T hey

3( s ee D ay 1 989 ) . C e ram ic e co log ica l i n fo rma t ion f o r s i t e s n o t s u rv eyed w a s g a the red f r om p r ev iou s s u rvey a nd e xcava t ion r e por t s ( Ca ro ther s 1 992 ; H ope S imp son 1 981 ;

a nd a r e k ao l in i te s .

T he r e la t ive ly r a re Me ssen ian k ao l in i te

b ed s a r e p r ima ry c l ay m ine ra l d epo s i t s , f o rmed i n al ow e nergy , p robab ly ma r in e , e nv i ronmen t .

McDona ld a nd R app , e d s . 1 972 ; R app a nd A schenb renne r , e d s . 1 978 ) .

I na l l , s i x teen Me s sen ian c l ay s amp le s w e re c o l lec ted , s ome f r om p r ima ry k ao l in i te b ed s , s ome ( i l l i te s ) f r om r ed b ed s ( s ee F igu re 4 .2 , am ap o fc l ay a nd s o i l c o l lec t ion l o ca t ion s , a nd T ab le 4 .2 , as umma ry d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e se s amp les ) . F ive o f t h ese s amp le s w e re c o l lec ted f r om r ed , i l i t ic s o i ls . O ne s amp le i sf r om ma r l . A no the r s amp le , f r om P e r i s te r ia , i sa

T rad i t iona l Me s sen ian p o t ter s w e re a l so h e lpfu l i nd ef in ing t h e s t udy r e g ion 's c e ram ic e co logy ( s ee B a lf e t 1 965 ; B i rm ingham 1 967 ; D ay 1 988 , 1 989 ; H e lm s ley 1 99 1 ; Ma t son 1 972 , 1 973 ; V oya tzog lou 1 974 ) . Two t r ad i t iona lp o t te r sw e re i n terv iewed : o ne f r om V ouna r ia , l o ca ted t o t h e s ou thea s t q u i te ad i s tan ce o u t s ide t h e P RAP s t udy r eg ion ; a nd o ne f r om

p o s s ib le n a tu ra l m ix o fc l ay m in e ra l s a nd s o i l s . T he o the r

S ka la , n ea rK a lama ta , a ga in i n Me s sen ia b u t f a r o u t s ide t h e s t udy r e g ion ( s ee map , F igu re 1 . 2 ) . T hey b o th a g reed t h a t workab le c l ay e x i s t s n ea r P y lo s , mo s t ly i n r i ve r v a l ley s . L oca l v i l lage r s c onf i rmed t h i s , d i rec t ing m e t o s e ve ra l r eg iona l c l ay ( r ef e r red t ol o ca l ly a sg l ina ) s ou rce s . Ma t son ( 1 972 :200 ) b eg in s h i s c on t r ibu t ion t ot h e M inne so ta Me s sen ia E xped i t ion w i th t h e s t a tem en t , " Ava i lab i l i ty o fc l ay h a s n eve rb een ap rob lem i nt h i s r eg ion ." On t h e c on t ra ry , e ven w i th t h eh e lp o fp o t t e r s a nd v i l lag e r s , w o rkab le c l ay w a s v ery d i ff i cu l t t o l o ca te . A s d e sc r ib ed i n C hap te r 3 , mo s t

P i rgo s

B ronze A g es i te s a r e s u r rounded e i th e rb yw e l l -deve lop ed r e d s o i l s , te r r ar o s sa A lf i so l s , o r , whe re t h e se h ave e roded , s i l ty ,

I K

u n s tab le s o i l s d er ived f r om t h e r e g ion 's ma r l C -ho r izon ( Zangge re ta l . 1 997 ) . T he se p oo r ly -deve loped , m a r ly s o i l s

D ia l i skar i

V romoner i

a re p rodu ced p r ima r i ly b y t h e p l ow ing a c t iv i t ie s o f moder n f a rm e r s a nd , a s ar e su l t , i ft h ey w e re u sed d u r ing t h e B ron ze A ge a s as ou rce o fp o t t ing o r t empe r ing ma te r ia l , mu s th ave

K„ am

z ••

7

K

Me taxada A no E ng l iano s Kab irova 7

IK oukounara

b een m in ed . T he i n ta c t r ed s o i l s a r e f a i r ly h i gh i n c l ay c on ten t , a s much a s 2 0 -30% , w he rea s ma r l s o i l s , h av ing s ca rce ly u nde rgon e p edogene s i s , c on ta in s ub s tan t ia l ly l e s s c l ay ( M . T imp son , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . T he r ed b ed s f o rmed f r om ma r ine t e r race s ed imen t s , a s w e l l a s f r om c o l luv ium f r om s im i la r m a ter ia l e roded a th ighe r e l eva t ion s ( Zangge r e t a l .

1 997 :628 ) .

X ray d i f f rac t ion a na ly s i s ,

F igure 4 . 2 Map o f Me s sen ia i n d ica t ing t ype a nd l o ca t ion o fc l ay s amp le st a ken .

u nd er tak en i nt h e D epa r tmen to fG eo logy a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o f W i scon s in—Mad i son ( w i th t h e h e lp o f D r . J ame s B u r ton ) , i nd ica t e s t h a t t h i s s o i l 's p r ima ry c l ay m ine ra l c on s t i tuen t i s i l i te . I l i te s w e re l i k e ly i n c luded i n c o l luv ia l o r a luv ia l d epo s i t s e r oded t ol owe r e l eva t ion s f r om b ed rock s ou rce s i n t h e u p land s . 35

METHODOLOGY

D e scr ip t ion

Loca t ion

7 00 d egree s C

Raw Munse l l

Mou r ia tadha

r ed , i l i t ic

5 YR 5 / 4 r edd ish b rown

Koukouna ra

r ed , i l i t ic

5 YR 5 / 6y e l low ish r ed

5 YR 5 7 8 y e l low i sh r e d

D ia leska r i

i l i te ( XR D )

2 . 5YR 4 /6 r ed

2 . 5YR 4 /8 r ed

Noza ina R ed

r ed , i l i t ic

2 . 5YR 5 / 6r ea-

2 . 5YR 5 / 8r ed

P e r is ter ia

p oss m ix?

7 . 5YR 7 / 3 p ink

L . Go rge

r ed , i l i t ic

1 0YR 8 / 4 v e ry p a le b rown

L . Go rge R d .

ma r l -de r ived

1 0YR 7 / 2 l i gh tg rey

Ano E ng l iano s

k aohn i t e ( XRD )

5 GY 6 / 1 g reen ish g rey

7 . 5YR 7 / 4p ink

K ab i rova

k ao l in i te

1 0YR 7 /2 l i gh tg rey

7 . 5YR 7 / 4p ink

Me taxada

k aohn i te

1 0YR 6 / 2 l i gh tb rown i sh g rey

k ao l in i te ( XRD )

Noza ina G rey Noza ina Y e l low

-k ao l in i te

( XRD )

7 . 5YR

2 . 5Y 7 /6 y e l low

-k ao l in i te

1 0YR 7 / 2 l i gh tg rey

V romone r i

-k ao l in i te

2 . 5YR 5 /0 g rey

Vouna r ia

-k ao l in i te

P i rgos

6 / 6r edd ish y e l low

1 0YR 7 /6 y e l low

k ao l in i te

N oza ina ,r ema

1 0YR 7 / 4 v ery p a le b r own

2 . 5YR 5 / 0g rey

( XRD )

M ix

2 . 5Y 6 /4 l i gh ty e l low ish b rown

7 . 5YR 7 / 4 p ink

1 0YR 6 / 3 p a le b rown

5 YR 5 / 6y e l low ish r ed

Ano E ng l ianos ,p i tf i red

S OY 6 / 1 g reen ish g r ey

M ix , p i tf i red

1 0YR 6 / 3-p a le b rown

D e scr ip t ion

L oca t ion

100 d egree s C

9 00 d egree s C

Mou r ia tadha

r ed , i l i t ic

Koukouna ra

r ed , i l i t ic

5 YR 5 / 8 y e l low ish r ed

2 . 5YR 4 /8 r ed

D ia leska r i

i l i te ( XRD )

2 . 5YR 4 /8 r ed

2 . 5YR 3 / 4d kr edd ish b rown

Noza ina R ed

r ed , i l i t ic

2 . 5YR 5 / 8r ed

2 . 5YR 4 /6 r e d

P e r is ter ia

p os sm ix?

7 . 5YR 74 p ink

1 0YR 7 / 4 v e ry p a le b rown

L . Go rge

r ed , i l i t ic

L . Go rge R d .

ma r l -de r ived

Ano Ing l ianos

k ao l in i te ( XRD )

K ab i rova

k ao l in i te

Me taxada

k ao l in i te

Noza ina G rey

k ao li n i te ( XRD )

Nozama Y e l low

k ao l in i te ( XRD )

N oza ina , r ema

k ao l in i te

P i rgos

k aohn i te

V romoner i V ouna r ia M ix

1 0YR 7 / 4v e ry p a le b rown

' 7 .5YR 76 r edd i sh y e l low

2 . 5Y 8 / 4 p a le y e l low

1 0YR 8 / 4v e ry p a le b rown

2 . 5Y 8 / 6y e l low

3YR 5 /6 y e l low ish r ed

-k ao l in i te

k ao l in i te ( XRD )

T . 5YR 7 T 6r edd i sh y e l low

1 0YR 8 / 3 v e ry p a le b rown

5YR 5 /6 y e l low ish r ed

2 . 5YR 4 /6 r e d

T ab le 4 . 2 D esc r ip t ions o fr eg iona lc l ay s amp les , i n c lud ing r aw a nd f i red Munse l l s . n ine a r ek ao l in i t e s , i n c lud ing t h e c on t ro l s amp le p rov ided b y

t h a t LH I IB p o t te r sm ixed c l ay t y pe s , a sd ot r ad i t iona lp o t te r s

t h e V ouna r ia p o t ter .

o n C ypru s ( He lm s ley 1 991) .

T he p roper t ie s o f t h e se v a r iou s c l ays

I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t ha t p o t te r s

a nd t h e i mpac t c l ay c ha rac ter is t ic s h ave o n c hem ica l a nd

c o l lec ted c l ay s t h a tw ere " p re -m ixed " n a tu ra l ly , s uch a s i na n

p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i sa r ed i scu s sed i n mo re d e ta i lb e low . T he

e s tua ry o r r i ver mou th e nv i ronmen t .

c l ay s t h em se lve s wou ld h ave p l aced c er ta in i d en t if iab le r e s t ra in t so nB ronze A ge p o t t ing , a nd r e spon se so n t h ep ar to f

Documen ta ry s ou rce s w ere a l so c on s ide red i n t r y ing t o

P y l ian p o t te r s , s u ch a sc l ay m ix ing , t ot h e t e chn ica l l im i t s o f

i d en t ify

t h e i r c raf t mu s t a l so b e c on s idered i ni n terp re t ing t h e r e su l t s

manuf ac tu re .

o fc hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na lys is . I ti sv ery p robab le

( 1967 )

3 6

l o ca t ion s

o f

B ronze

Age

Me s sen ian

p o t tery

F o r e xamp le , G eorgaca s a nd McDona ld 's

monumen ta l

P lace N ames

o f t h e S ou thwe s tern

METHODOLOGY P e loponne se , i nw h ich t h e a u tho r s l i s t t o ponym s t r ad i t iona l ly

s amp le o f L inea r Bi n sc r ib ed s t i rrup j a r s ( u sed t ot r an spor t

a pp l ied t o t h e P e loponne s ian l a nd scape , w a s c on su l ted .

p er fumed o i l ) , d emon s t ra t ing t h e w e s t C re tan o r ig in o ft h e se w a re s . T h i s e a r ly w o rk s ough t t o r e con s t ruc t p a t tern s o f

C ommon p l a ce n ame sm igh tp o ten t ia l ly i n d ica te p a s tl o ca t ion s o fp o t tery m anu f ac tu re . F o r i n s tance , s eve ra l s ma l l v i l lage s

i n te r r eg iona l l ong -d i s tance t r ade t h rough d i scovery o fe xac t

i n Me s sen ia a r ek nown b yt h et o ponym ic t ok am i n i , G reek f o r

c l ay p rovenance .

" t he k i ln ." O n e o ft h e se v i l lage s , P apou l ia , i sl o ca ted q u i te n ea r t o t h e p a la ce ; h oweve r t h e t oponym ic , t ok am i n i , w a s

c hem ica l w o rk i nt h e A egean , i n c lud ing n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s ( NAA ) , h a s f o r t h e m o s t p a r t a s p i red t ot h e se t wo v ery a dm i rab le g oa ls : d e te rm in ing e xac t p rovenance a nd

p robab ly a pp l ied t ot h i s p l ace d ue t ot h e p re sence o fs eve ra l l a rge L BA t h o lo st omb s , w h ich , w h en i nr u in s , d o l o ok q u i te a b i t

l i k e

c o l lap sed

l imek i ln s

( J .

B enne t ,

E ve r s i nce a nd u p t o t h e p re sen t d ay ,

r evea l ing i n te r na t iona l t r ade c onnec t ion s ( s ee b i b l iog raph ies

p er sona l

i nJ one s 1 986 ; K napp a nd C he r ry 1 994 ) . Mo re r a re ly h ave m e thod s o f c hem ica l a na ly s i s b een a pp l ied t o q ue s t ion s o f i n t ra reg iona l e xchange a nd t h e o rgan iza t ion o f c e ram ic

c ommun ica t ion ) . T he t o ponym a ppa ren t ly d oes n o t r e la te t o c e ram ic k i ln s . A no the r c u r iou s t o ponym , a pp l ied t o at own i n f a r n or th er n Me s sen ia , i s op i lä s , t h e w o rd f o r " c lay " ( d if f e ren t , d u e t oa ccen t a nd s pe l l ing , f r om t h e n ame g i ven

p roduc t ion ( Day 1 989 ) . R ef e r r ing t o t h e w o rk o f R ice ( 1984a ) , K napp e ta l . ( 1988 :66 ) d e sc r ibe t h e se d i f f e ren t ia l

t h e B ronze A ge s i te a nd mode r n -day t own o f P y lo s ) .

g oa l s a se s tab l i sh ing " mac ro " v e r su s " m ic rop roven ience ."

U n fo r tuna te ly , t h e re w a s n o t e nough t ime t ov i s i tt h i sp l ace , w h ich i ss i tua t ed f a r o u t s ide t h e s t udy a r ea . O ne o t he r Me ssen ian p l ace n ame , n o ted b y D r . J a ck D av i s ( p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) , may r e f e r t o p o t t ing . A p l ace n ame ,

T o ac er ta in e x ten t a r chaeo log i s t s h ave a vo id ed p rog ram s o f i n t ra reg iona l i n ve s t iga t ion ( m ic rop roven ien c ing ) b ecau se c ompo s i t iona l s t ud ie s t e nd t o b e c on founded i n r e s t r ic ted g eog raph ica l a r ea s ( Day 1 989 ; K napp e ta l . 1 988 ; S her idan 1 991 ) . T h i sp rob lem i sr e levan t i no t h e rp a r t s o ft h e w o r ld a s

T souka lad ika , a l ong t h e m a in r oad t o K a lama ta , n ea r t h e v i l lage o fS ka la , i sd e r ived f r om t h e w o rd f o r " cookpo t s ," t o t s oukä l i . T h i st own may h ave b een ap o t t ing v i l lage , p e rhap s i nh i s tor ic t ime s , t hough D av i s w a s n o t a b le t oc onf i rm t h i s i d en t if ica t ion . I n t h e e nd , t h en , n o t o ponym ic c l ue s t ot h e p o s s ib le l o ca t ion o f p a s t c eram ic m anu f ac tu re w i th in t h e b ounda r ie s o ft h e s t udy r eg ion w e re f ound .

w e l l , a nd r e su l t s i np a r t f r om t h e i mp l ic i t d e s i re o n t h e p a r t o fs ome a r cha eome t r i s t s t oa na ly t ica l ly e qua te c e ram ic s w i th g eo log ica l s amp le s . H oweve r , a se mpha s i zed b y B u r ton a nd S imon ( 1996 ) , " A p o t i sn o t ar o ck !" G eo log ica l s amp le s , e spec ia l ly m in e ra l s , c an o f t en b e a s s igned a ne xac t s ou rce ( a s w i th Me l ian o b s id ian ) , p a r t icu la r ly w hen t h e s c a le o fa na ly s i s a nd c ompa r i son i sv ery w ide . P o t she rd s , t h ough , a r e n o t s imp ly a na logou s t os ed imen ta ry o r l ow -g rad e m e tamorph ic r o ck s . P o t she rd s e ncod e s i gn if i can tb ehav io ra l i n fo rma t ion , w he r ea sr o ck s d on o t . I ti sp rec i se ly f o rt h i s r e a son t h a t t h ey a r e o fi n te re s t i nt h e f i r s tp l ace t oa r cha eo log i s t s .

A no ther d ocumen ta ry s ou rce c on su l ted , a g ove rnmen t c omm i s s ion ed e conom ic c en su s o f Me s sen ian d i s t r ic t s , w a s w r i t ten i n1 8 53 b y I .R . R agav i ( k ind ly made a va i lab le t om e b y Wayn e L ee a nd B i l l A lexande r ) . R agav i d e scr ibe s r eg iona l i n du s t r ie s , b u t make s n o m en t ion o f p o t te ry p rodu c t ion . I tm ay b et h a t , a l ready b y t h e m id -19 th c en tu ry ,

P o t t e r s d on o t s imp ly d i gc l ay o u to ft h e g round , m ake ap o t , a nd f i re i t . T hey a lmo s t a lway s e mp loy e l abo ra te r e c ipe s ,

mo s t c e ram i cp roduc t s , i n c lud ing t i l e sa nd b r ick s , w e re b e ing i mpo r ted f r om o u t s ide t h e g ene ra l v i c in i ty o f P y lo s . E ven t oday , t i l e s , b r ick s , a nd p o t tery a r e t r u cked i n f r om t h e v i c in i ty o fK a lama ta , Me s sen ia 's c ap i ta l .

c omb in ing d i f f eren t k i nd s o f c l ay a nd o t her s ed imen t s , s ome t ime s o rgan ic m a t e r ia l , o f t en e xo t ic l i qu id s , s uch a s

U l t ima te ly , l i t t le o r n o d i rec t a r chaeo log ica l e v idence c ou ld b e f ound i n t h e s t udy r eg ion f o r Mycenaean p o t tery

s e awa te r ( e ven m i lk ) , a nd i n nume rab le m in e ra l t emper s ( s ee B a r low a nd I d z iak 1 989 ; D ay 1 988 , 1 989 ; H e lm s ley 1 991 ; Man ia t i s a nd T i te 1 978 ; R ice 1 987 ) . P u r if i ca t ion o f c l ay s

p roduc t ion . N o L a t e B ronze A ge p o t tery w o rk shop s w ere d i scove r ed a nd n on e h ave b een e xcava ted . T h e l a nd scap e o r

( i .e . , s i ev ing , w a sh ing , e t c . ) a nd t h e a c t o f f i r ing , o f ten a t v a r iab le t empe ra tu re s i nu ncon t ro l led k i ln a tmo sphe re s , t e nd t of u r the r c omp l ica te c hem ica l s i gna tu re s ( K i l ikog lou e ta l .

a r t if ac tua l—of aB ron ze A ge r eg iona lc e ram ic i n du s t ry . E ven t r ad i t iona l Me s sen ian p o t ter s , s u ch a s t ho se v i s i ted a t

c au sed b y t h e a c t ion s a nd b ehav io r o fp o t t e r s m ay n o t a f f ec t

i t se lf

r e co rd s

n o

t r ace— toponym ic ,

a r ch i tec tu ra l ,

1 988 ; S he r idan 1 991 ) .

V ouna r ia a nd S ka la , a r e ad y ing b reed . I n f e rence s a st ot h e

V a r ia t ion s i n c ompo s i t iona l d a ta

t h e c ompa r i son o f c eram ic s m anu f ac tu r ed i nv ery d i f f e ren t g eo log ica l r eg ime s ( i .e . , C ypru s o r C re te v s . t h e

o rgan iza t ion o f t h e P y l ian LH I IB c e ram ic i n du s t ry mu s t t h er ef o re b e made i n d i rec t ly , b y a r gu ing f r om t h e p o t tery

P e loponne se ) . Howeve r , t h i s s e em ing ly r a ndom n o i se make s

i t se lf ( s ee C o s t in 1 991 ) .

p roven ienc ing c hem ica l ly s im i la r , l o ca l ly -p roduced w a re s v ery d i ff icu l t , i fn o t i n s ome c a se s i mpo s s ib le ( Sher idan 1 99 1 ) .

C hem ica lA na ly s i s I na pp ly ing c hem ica l a na ly s i s t oP y l ian L BA c e ram ic s amp le s T he c hem ica l a na ly s i s o f c eram ic s h a s i n f luenced A egean a r cha eo logy p erhap s mo re i n ten se ly t h an a ny o th er r eg ion i n

my g oa l i sn o t t h e d i scove ry o f e xa c t m ic ro reg iona l c l ay c e ram ic p rovenance . I ndeed , i tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t o a t tach

t h ew o r ld ( Day 1 989 :139 ) . S em ina l r e sea rch w a s c onduc ted

w i th c e r ta in ty a ny c e ram ic s amp le t oa n i d en t if i ed r eg iona l

b yC a t l ing e ta l . ( 1 963 ; s e e a l so , C a t l ing e ta l . 1 980 ) . O p t ica l em i s s ion s p ec t ro scopy ( OES )w a se mp loyed t oa na lyze al a rge

c l ay s ou rce ( s ee S her idan [ 199 1 ] f o r ad i scu s s ion o f t h e d i ff icu l t ie s i n he ren t i n m icrop roven ien c ing ) . R a the r , t h i s

3 7

METHODOLOGY f o l low ing t h e s ame p rocedu res . R aw c ompo s i t iona l d a ta a r e

r e sea rch h a s mo re i nc ommon w i th p rogram s o fs t y l i s t ic a nd f o rma l a na lys i s ( wha t K napp e ta l . [ 1 988 :66 ] r e f er t o a s a " s ea rch f o r v a r iance " ) .

p re sen ted i nA ppend ix 2 .

C hem i s t ry r e vea l s , a sd o s t y le a nd

f o rm , v a r ia t ion s i nt h e s t anda rd ized m anuf ac tu re o fp o t tery ,

B u r ton a nd S imon ( 1993 , 1 996 ) d eve loped WAE a s as a f e

v a r ia t ion s c r ea ted b y t h e a f o remen t ioned p ropen s i ty o n t h e p a r t o fd i f f e ren t p o t te r s t ou se n o t o n ly d i f f e ren t c l ay s , b u t

a l terna t ive t oc omp le te a c id e x t rac t ion , w h ich u t i l ize s v ery t o x ic c hem ica l s .

d i f f eren t p o t tery r e c ipe s a s w e l l .

P a t tern ed v a r ia t ion s i n

w eak a c id b a th s r emove f r om e ach s h e rd e nough e l emen ta l

c e ram ic c hem i s t ry , t a k en i ni s o la t ion , c an b e v ery d i ff i cu l t t o

i n fo rma t ion t op rov ide n ea r ly a s a ccu ra te ac hem ica l p i ctu re

i n te rp re t ( Rand s a nd W iem e r 1 992 ; S her idan 1 991) . B u t , c hem i s t ry d oe s p rov ide , b y m ea su r ing s t anda rd iza t ion , a n

a s s t rong a c id e x t rac t ion .

i mpor tan t

c ompa r i son r e la t ive ly e xpen s ive .

b a se l ine

f o r

t h e

r e con s t ruc t ion

o f

A cco rd ing t o B u r ton a nd S imon ( 1993 ) ,

W AE a l so p rov ide s al ow -co s t

a l te rna t ive t on eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s ( NAA ) , w h ich i si n

c e ram ic

i n du s t r ie s , a nd f o rt h e m idd le range c onnec t ion o ft h eo re t ica l R ecen t ly WAE h a s b een a t ta cked i np r in t , p r ima r i ly b y t ho se

f r amewo rk s ( ou t l ined i n C hap te r s 2a nd 3 a bove ) t o r aw a r chaeo log ica l d a ta ( s ee e spec ia l ly G rave s 1 991 :136 -7 ) .

d o ing NAA . N ef fe ta l . ( 1996 ; s e e a l so T r iadan e ta l . 1 997 ) c l a im t h a t WAE i s , f o r e xamp le , o ve r ly s en s i t ive t o t h e

When c on s idered t o ge the r w i th p e t rog raph ic , L inea r B ,

e f f ec t s o f f i r ing , a nd t h u s p a t te r n s i n c hem ica l d a ta a r e

e t hnog raph ic , a nd e co log ica l /env i ronmen ta l i n forma t ion , c h em ica l ly iden t if i ed c ompo s i t iona l g roup s c an b e a t tached t o

o b scu red t ot h e p o in t o fb e ing =in terp r e tab le . B ur ton a nd S imon h ave c ompa red t h e i rp rocedu re t oo t her m e thod s , s uch a sp e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s ( s ee S to l tman e ta l . 1 992 ) , a nd a rgue

h ypo the t ica l p roduc t ion t y pe s , f unc t ion ing a t d i f f e ren t e conom i c s c a le s . T op rov ide av e ry s imp le e xamp le , a l 3 10

t h a t t h e i r r e su l t s a nd i n terp re ta t ion s a c co rd w e l l w i th t h o se p roduced b y i n dependen t t e chn ique s .

LH I IB p o t sa na lyzed m igh th ypo the t ica l ly h ave h ad t h e s ame c hem ica l s i gna tu re ( t hey d i d n o t ) . T h i s m igh t b e c au sed b y t h e u se o f o ne w id e ly -bedded h omogenou s r eg iona l c l ay s ou rce b y a l B ronze A ge p o t te r s ( d i sp roved i na c tua l i ty b y

T h e " p rob lem s " w i th WAE m ay i nf a c te x i s t ; t h e m e thod m ay i n d eed b e s u scep t ib le t o , f o r e xamp le , t h e e f f ec t s o fv a r iab le f i r ing t empe ra tu re s . H owever , t h e d eba te o ve r t h e e f ec t iv ene s so f WAE s t em sd i rec t ly f r om d i sag reemen t , a l so d e sc r ibed a bove , a st ow ha t s hou ld c omp r i se t h e a pp rop r ia te

c o l lec t ion a nd a na ly s i s o fr e g iona l c l ay s ) . O r , s uch ap a t tern i nt h ec hem ica ld a ta m igh t i n d ica te c en t ra l ized p roduc t ion a nd i n t ra r eg iona l d i s t r ibu t ion o f a l l p o t te ry t ype s b y o ne l a rge

g oa l s o f c e ram ic c hem ica l a na ly s i s . Wh e rea s , t h o se d o ing NAA t y p ica l ly a sp i re t oe xa c tp rovenan ce , t h o se d o ing WAE

p o t t ing f a c i l i ty ( a s i tt ur n s o u t , h igh ly u n l ike ly ; s e e C hap te r 5 ) . I nr e a l i ty , t h ec h em ica ld a ta c o l lec ted i nt h i s r e sea rch d o n o t a b so lu te ly d i sp rove a c omp le te ly c en t ra l ized c e ram ic i n du s t ry—due t o t h e a f o remen t ioned e f f ec t s o f

h ave p r ima r i ly u sed c hem ica l a na ly s i s a s as t ar t ing p o in t f o r mo re c omp lex i n ve s t iga t ion s o fr eg iona l c e ram ic i n du s t r ie s , r ega rd le s s o f p roven ience " r e so lu t ion " ( s ee R and s a nd W iem er 1 992 ) . B u r ton a nd S imon ( 1996 ) m ak e t h e p o in tt h a t

e qu if ina l i ty—bu tt h ey d om ak e i mag in ing s uch as y s tem v ery d i f f icu l t . I t c an t h u s b e s a id w i th a h igh d eg ree o f p robab i l i ty , b a sed o n c e ram ic c hem i s t ry c on s ide red i n c omb ina t ion w i th o t he r l i ne s o f e v idence , t h a t t h e e n t i re

w h i le f i r ing t empe ra tu re may m ake d i ff i cu l t m ic rop roven i enc ing , i ti sp o ten t ia l ly av a r iab le c ruc ia l t ot h e

P y l ian LH I IB c e ram ic i n du s t ry w a s n o t l o ca ted a t a nd c on t ro l led b yt h ep a la ce . I mpor tan t ly , e s tab l i sh ing e xa c t c l ay

u nde r s tand ing o fr e g iona l t e chno log ica l d i f f e rence s i np o t tery manuf ac tu re , a nd t hu s n o t " no i se" a s N ef f e t a l . ( 1996 ;

p rovenance , a s o ppo sed t ow ha t m igh t b e c a l led " r e la t ive" p rovenan ce ( P . D ay , p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ; s e e a l so R and s

T r iadan e ta l . 1 997 ) c on tend .

a nd W ieme r 1 992 :32 ) , w a s n o t c ruc ia l t ot h i s a rgumen t .

A s ar e su l t o f t h i s d eba te , o ne g oa l o f t h i s r e sea rch i st o g auge t h eu t i l i ty o f WAE w h en c omb in ed w i th a nd c ompa red

T he s pec if i c t y pe o f c hem ica l a na ly s i s emp loyed i n t h i s

t ot h e r e su l t s o fp e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s . S t o l tman e ta l . ( 1992 )

r e sea rch i s w eak a c id e x t rac t ion (WAE ) ,

c ompa red b o th m e thod s , b u tw i th af a i r ly s ma l l d a ta se t ( t h i r ty

f o l lowed b y

i n duc t ive ly c oup led p l a sma s p ec t ro scopy ( ICP ; s e eB u r ton a nd S imon 1 993 , 1 996 ) . Ap or t ion o fe ach s herd w a s c l ean ed o f

v e s se l s f r om t wo s i tes ) .

T h i s r e sea rch t h e refo re p rov ide s ,

e ncru s ta t ion s , s l ip , a nd /o r p a in t a nd g round w i th a n a ga te mo r ta ra nd p e s t le . 2 000 mg o ff me p owde r f r om e ach s he rd

t h e t e chn ique .

w a s t h en d i s so lved i n1 % m o la r d i lu t e h yd roch lo r ic a c id o ve r

d ocumen ta ry , e co log ica l , p e t rograph ic , a nd mo re g ene ra l

ap e r iod o ft wo w eek s . Af t e rt wo w eek s t h e a c id w a s p ou red

a r chaeo log ica l i n fo rma t ion ( c f . R and s a nd We ime r 1 992 ;

o f f i n to d i spo sab le t e s t t u be s a nd s ub jec ted t os pec t ro scop ic

S he r idan 1 991 ) .

d u e t o amuch l a rge r d a ta se t , amo re a ccu ra te a s se s smen to f I th a s a l so a l lowed f o r t h e g ene ra t ion o f

g u ide l in e s f o r t h e e ff ic ien t i n teg ra t ion o fc hem ica l d a ta w i th

a na ly s i s i na nI CP s p ec t rom e te r , l o ca ted i nt h e L abo ra to ry o f A rchaeo log ica l C hem i s t ry a t t h e U n ive r s i ty o f W i scon s in—Mad i son . S pec t ro scopy m ea su red t h e a moun t s o f

P e t rograph ic A na l y s i s

t we lve e l emen t s p re sen t i ne a ch s herd : a l um inum , b a r ium , c a lc ium , i r on , m angane se , magne s ium , p ho spho rou s ,

A s w i th c hem ica l a na ly s i s , t h e p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s o f

p o ta ss ium , s od ium , s t ron t ium , t i t an ium , a nd z i nc .

F i red

c e ram ic s h a s b een u sed w i th g rea t s ucce s s i nG reece ( f o r

( 800.C ) a nd u nf i red c l ay s amp le s w ere a l so a na lyzed

e xamp le , C a ro th e r s 1 992 ; D ay 1 988 , 1 989 ; R i ley 1 981 , 1 983 ; V aughan 1 99 1 ; Wh i tb read 1 995 ; s e e a l so McGover n

3 8

METHODOLOGY 1 995 :115 -117 f o r ag ood r e v iew o f c u r ren t r e sea rch ) a nd ,

S t o l tman 's m e thod m ake s ad i s t in c t ion b e tween c l ay b ody a nd c l ay p a s te . Ac l ay b ody i sd efmed a s " t he b u lk c ompo s i t ion

d epend ing o n o ne 's r e sea rch a genda , m ay b e a pp l ied f o r s evera l d i f f e ren t r ea son s ( McGovern

o f ac e ram ic v e s se l , i n c lud ing c l ay s , l a rge rm ine ra l i n c lu s ion s i nt h e s i l t , s and , a nd g rave l r ange s , a nd t empe r " ( S to l tm a n

1 995 :111 -115 ) : t o

d i scr im ina te c e ram ic t y pe s a nd e s tab l i sh c l ay o r t empe r p roven ience , t h e u l t ima te g oa l b e ing t o a s cer ta in e xac t

1 991 :109 ) .

A c l ay p a s te i s " t he a gg rega te o f n a tu ra l

p roven ience ; t oi n fo rm a st ot h et e chno logy o fa n c ien tp o t te ry

m a te r ia l s , i . e . , c l ay s a nd l a rger m ine ra l i n c lu s ion s , t ow h ich

p roduc t ion ; a nd , t o r ef ine t h e r e so lu t ion o f o t he r a na ly se s ,

t emper w a s l a te r a dded t op roduce t h e b ody f r om w h ich a v e s se li sm ade " ( S to l tman 1 99 1 :109 -110 ) . T he mo re i n fo rma l

e spec ia l ly c hem ica l , b u ta l so s t y l i s t ic . H oweve r , a sd e sc r ib ed a bove f o rc hem ica l a na ly s i s , p e t rog raphy i so f ten d i rec ted t o

t e rm sw a re a nd t y pe ( a si n my d i s t in c t ion b e tween c oa r se - a nd

s t ud ie s o f i n te rna t iona l t r ade a s o ppo sed t o i n t ra reg iona l p rodu c t ion a nd e xchange ( Day 1 989 ; Z ub row e ta l . 1 988 ) , a s

f i newa re ) a r eu sed t od i s t ingu i sh b road c a tegor ica l d if e ren ce s o f c ompo s i t ion ,

manu f ac tu r ing

t e chno logy ,

o r

s u r f ace

i nR i ley 's ( 1 981 , 1 983 ) s t udy o fB ronze A ge s t i rr up j a r s a nd Wh i tb read 's ( 1995 ) i n ve s t iga t ion o fC la s s ica l a mpho rae .

t r ea tmen t ( R ice 1 987 :286 -87 ) . T he p ropor t ion s o f m a t r ix t emper sand a r e p o in t -coun ted f o r av e s se l 's c l ay b ody a nd m a t r ix s i l t sand f o r av e s se l 's p a s te . T he se p ropor t ion s , w hen

I n t h i s r e sea rch , p e t rog raphy s e rve s t h ree b road p u rpo se s . F i rs t , p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s p rov ide s , i n a nd o f i t s e lf , a

t r i -g raphed , a l low d i f f eren t c e ram ic f a b r ic s t ob e d e l inea ted a nd c ompa red . D if f e ren t ia t ion c an a l so b e b a sed o nv a r ia t ion

p owerfu l m ean s t o d i f f e ren t ia te r eg iona l c e ram ic t yp e s .

i nt empe r a nd s and s i ze s , mea su red o n a n o rd ina l s ca le o f 1 ( f ine . 0 625 .249 mm ) t o 5( g rave l >2 .0 mm ) .

Q ua l i ta t ive a nd q uan t i ta t ive d i s t in c t ion s m ade b e tween f a b r ic s c an b e r e co rded s uch t h a t t h ey a r e r e cogn ized b y o t he r c e ram ic s pec ia l i s t s wo rk ing w i th s im i la r ma te r ia l s . S econd , p e t rog raphy s uppor t sa nd i ns ome c a se s s e r ve st oc l a r if yt h o se c ompo s i t iona l g roup s a l ready e s tab l i shed t h rough c hem ica l a na ly s i s . I ta l so p rov ide sa na c cep ted m e thod t ow h ich WAE

T he d i s t inc t ion b e tween p a s te a nd b ody i sa n i mpor tan t o ne , f o r i tr e cogn ize st h e i n dependen to r ig in so ft h et empe ra nd t h e n a tu ra l p a s te w i th w h ich a p o t t er w o rked ( S to l tman 1 989 , 1 991 ; s e e a l so Ar no ld 1 985 ; Z ub row e ta l . 1 988 ) , t h e reby

c an b e c ompa red ( s ee S t o l tm a n e t a l . 1 992 ) . F ina l ly , a s d i scu s sed a bove , t h e t e chno log ica l d ec i s ion s m ade , o f ten i n r e spon se t om a te r ia l l im i ta t ion s , b yp o t te r s ( s uch a sw hen t o m ix c l ay s a nd t empe r , a nd i nw ha t p ropor t ion s ) f unc t ion t o c rea te d i sce r n ib le v a r iab i l i ty i nc e ram ic c ompon en t s ( Lew i s 1 983 ) . T h i s v a r iab i l i ty i sa l so d e tec ted b y WAE , b u tc an i n many i n s tan ce s b e f u r the r e xp la ined t h rough c a refu l a pp l ica t ion o f p e t rograph ic a na ly s i s ( s ee V aughn 1 99 1 ; Z ub row e ta l . 1 988 ) .

s harpen ing i n ve s t iga t ion o f i n t ra reg iona l p roduc t ion a nd e xchange . A s ar e su l t , b ecau se q uan t i ta t ive p e t rog raphy d i s t ingu i she s b e tween t h e d i f f e ren t c omponen t s o f ap o t te r 's r e c ipe , p e t rog raph ic d a ta c an b e e spec ia l ly m ean ingfu l w hen c omb in ed w i th t h e c ompo s i t iona l d a ta g ene ra t ed b y c hem ica l a na ly s i s ( She r idan 1 991 ; S to l tman e t a l . 1 992 ; Wh i tb read 1 995 ; Z ub row e ta l . 1 988 ) . F u r thermo re , b ecau se n a tu ra l m ine ra l i n c lu s ion s a r e d if e ren t ia ted f r om i n ten t iona l ly a dded t empe r , q uan t i ta t ive p e t rog raphy h a s t h e p o t en t ia l t or evea l t h e t e chno log ica l a nd f un c t iona l n eed s a dd re s sed b yt h ep o t te r i nm anufa c tu r ing ap o t . F o r e xamp le , c er ta in m ine ra l g r i t s , i d en t if i ed p e t rog raph ica l ly , m igh t b e a dded t oc ookpo t s o n ly

G en e ra l ly s p eak ing , t wo t y p e s o fp e t rog raphy , q ua l i ta t ive a nd q uan t i ta t ive , h ave b een a pp l ied t o a r chaeo log ica l c e ram ic s ( s ee M idd le ton a nd F ree s tone , e d s . 1 99 1 f o r a g ood

i no rde rt oi mp rove t h e i rr e s i s tance t ot h e rma l s t re s s ( Arno ld 1 985 :25 ; R ice 1 987 :228 -9 ) .

d i scu s s ion o f c u r ren t m e thodo log ica l i s su e s ) . Q ua l i ta t ive p e t rog raphy a im s t oi d en t if y t h e m ine ra l s p re sen t i n ag i ven

S to l tman 's ( 1989 , 1 99 1) m e thod d epend s u pon t h e a b i l i ty o f

s herd . T o ac e r ta in e x ten t , m in e ra log ica l d i f f e rence s a l one may s e rve t o d e l inea te c e ram ic t ype s a nd e s tab l i sh

t h e p e t rog raphe r t o d i s t ingu i sh n a tu ra l f r om i n ten t iona l

p rovenan ce ; h oweve r , o t he r c ha rac te r i s t ic s , s u ch a s t h e a ppea ran ce o f t h e c l ay m a t r ix ( f o r e xamp le , i s o t rop ic v s .

( t emper ) i n c lu s ion s . I n g ene ra l , r ock t empe r g ra in s a r e l a rge r , o f ten p o lym in e ra l l ic , a nd i n va r iab ly m o re a ngu la rt h an a r e n a tu ra l i n c lu s ion s . A s ar e su l t , t h e a dd i t ion o ft empe r t o

a n i so t rop ic , p o rou s v s . n on -po rou s ) , m ay a l so a i d i n t h i s p roce s s . R ecen t ly , Wh i tb read ( 1 989 , 1 995 ) h a s c on s t ruc ted

ac l ay p a s te c an b e s ub s tan t ia ted b y i d en t if y ing ab imoda l s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion o f m ine ra l i n c lu s ion s (Wh i tb read 1 995 ;

as oph i s t ica ted f r amewo rk f o r t h e c l a s s if i ca t ion o fc e ram ic s b a sed o n t h e m icromo rpho log ica l d e scr ip t ion o f s o i l s a nd

Z ubrow e t a l . 1 988 ; v a r iou s a u tho r s i n M idd le ton a nd F ree s tone , e d s . 1 991) . S he rd s c an a l so b e c ompa red t o a

s ed imen ta ry r o ck s ( s ee C hap te r5 ) . H i s s y s tem i sa dhe red t o a s c l o se ly a sp o s s ib le i nt h i s r e sea rch ( s ee V aughn 1 99 1 f o r

r ange o f c o l lec ted c l ay s a nd c l ay s o i l s t o d e term ine t h e a ppea rance o f n a tu ra l ly -occu r r ing m in e ra l i n c lu s ion s

a n e xamp le o ft h e a pp l ica t ion o ft h i s s y s tem ) .

( Sher idan 1 99 1 ; S to l tm a n 1 989 , 1 99 1 ; Wh i tb read 1 995 ; Quan t i ta t ive p e t rog raphy , o n t h e o t he r h and , s e ek s a mo re o b jec t ive c o l lec t ion o f p e t rog raph ic d a ta . I n m o s t c a se s ,

Z ub row e ta l . 1 988 ) . O fi mpor tance t ot h i s r e sea rch , P y l ian p o t te r s d o n o t a ppea r t o h ave a dded s he l l o r g rog t ot h e i r c l ay , b o th r ead i ly i d en t if iab le t empe r i n c lu s ion s . More

s herd s a r e " po in t -coun ted ," t h a t i sm ine ra l i n c lu s ion s ( a nd v o id s pace ) a r e s y s tema t ica l ly t a l l ied a nd r e co rded a cco rd ing

d e ta i led p e t rog raph ic d escr ip t ion s o f P y l ia n c e ram ic s a r e p rov ided i nA ppend ix 3a nd i nC hap te r 5 .

t o s i ze a nd s hape ( s ee C hap t e r 5 ) . I n t h i s r e sea rch , t h e me thod sd eve loped b y S t o l tm a n( 1 989 , 1 991 ) f o r q uan t i ta t ive p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s a r e a pp l ied .

P r io rt oa na ly s i s , a l 3 10 LH I IB s h e rd s w e re t h in s e c t ioned , moun ted o ng l a s s s l ide s , a nd g round t o ap r e sc r ib ed t h ickne s s

3 9

METHODOLOGY o fh ue s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e b u lk o f LH I IB s herd s a na lyzed

( . 02 .03 mm ) . T h e se t h in s e c t ion s w ere t h en a na lyzed u nde r

i nt h i s r e sea rch . H owev e r , d i f f e ren ce s i nt h e c o lo r o fp o t s d o

ap o la r iz ing l i gh tm ic ro scope . O ft h e 3 10 s amp le s , at o ta l o f 1 58 c ou ld b e a nd w ere p o in t c oun ted . Emp loymen t o f a m echan ica l s t age ( ad ev ice t h a t move s at h in s e c t ion a s e t

n o t a ppea r t ob e l i nked t os pec if ic c e ram ic f unc t iona l t y pe s , n o r a r e t h ey t h e r e su l t o f r eg iona l d i f f e rence s i n c e ram ic

d i s tance a nd d i r ec t ion w i th t h e t u rn o f ak nob ) f a c i l i ta ted

p roduc t ion . S he lme rd in e ( p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ; s e e a l so

p o in t -coun t ing , a nd c oun t s w e re made a t1 -mm i n terva l s , a s

D av i s

s ugge s ted b y S to l tman ( 1 989 , 1 99 1 ) . I nt h i s w ay , a sm any a s 1 50 , b u tn eve r f ewe r t h an 1 00 , p o in t s w e re c oun ted p e r t h in

p red ic tab ly i nc on junc t ion w i th t r an s i t ion s f r om s ubpha se t o

e t a l .

1 997 )

c on tend s

t h a t f abr ic

c o lo r v a r ie s

s e c t ion . T oe n su re o b jec t iv i ty s l id e s w ere c oun ted i ng roup s

ma rk t ime i n l e ng th s o f f i f ty y ea r s o r l e s s .

o fm ix ed t y pe a nd t a bu la ted u pon c omp le t ion o fp e t rog raph ic

Me s sen ian c l ay s a r e s u scep t ib le t o c hange s i n c o lo r i n

a na ly s i s ( S to l tman 1 989 , 1 99 1) .

r e spon se t ok i ln f i r ing t empera tu re ( a s w e l l a s a tmo sphe re ) ,

C on tro l led F ir ing E xper imen t s

c e ram ic sc an b eb e s ta ccoun ted f o rb y s l igh to sc i l la t ion si nt h e p a r t icu la r s o fc e ram ic p roduc t ion o ve r v ery s hor t p er iod s o f

Ap rog ram o fc on t ro l led f i r ing o fr eg iona l P y l ian c l ay s w a s

t ime . I n C hap te r 5c o lo r d i f f e ren ce s a r e l i nked mo re e xp l ic i t ly t oi d en t if ied c hem ica l /pe t rog raph ic g roup s .

s ubpha se o ft h e L a t e H e l lad ic . T he se s ubpha ses t h eo r e t ica l ly B ecau se

i ti sl i k e ly t h a t t h e r ange o f c o lo r s r ep re sen ted b y LH I IB

a l so u nd er taken t od e term in e c hange s i nc o lo r a s soc ia ted w i th d i f f eren t k i ln t empe ra tu re s ( s ee T ab le 4 .2 ) . E igh t o f t h e

Ano the rc l ay p roper ty l i nked t oa nd r evea led b y f i r ing i st h e

c o l lec ted c l ay s amp le s ( a nd o ne w h ich w a s am ix tu re o f v a r iou s c l ay s ) w ere f i red i na n e l ec t r ic k i ln , i na n o x id iz ing a tmo sphe re , a tt empe ra tu re s o f 7 00 , 9 00 , a nd 100°C , f o r

p ropen s i ty f o r p a r t icu la r c l ay p a s te s t o " l ime -pop ," t h a t i s ,

i n c luded i na n o pen -p i t f i r ing : o ne r ed i l i t ic , o ne k ao l in i te , o ne am ix . Ap rog ram o fc on t ro l led f i r ing w a su nd er taken b y

" s pa l l" o r " c rumb le" d ue t o t h e b reakdown o f c a lc i te i n c lu s ion s ( s ee Ar no ld 1 985 :26 -28 f o r ad e scr ip t ion o ft h i s p roce s s ) . D epend ing o n t h e c l ay , c a lc i te d i s soc ia t ion m ay o ccu r a t t empe ra tu re s a s l ow a s 6 20°C a nd b ecome s p a r t i cu la r ly r a p id a f t e r 9 00 °C ( A rno ld 1 985 :26 ) . I r on ica l ly ,

Ma t son ( 1 972 ) , b u ti ti su n c lea re xac t ly wh ich Me s sen ian c l ay t y pe sh e f i red a nd w he ther h i s r e su l t s a r e i nf a c t c ompa rab le

t h ough , c a lc i t e a l so h appen s t ob e t h e m a te r ia l b e s t s u i t ed t o t h e t emper ing o fc ook ing p o t s , a s ar e su l t o fv a r iou s t h e rma l

t ot h o se c o l lec ted i nt h i s r e sea rch .

p roper t ie s , a nd i so f t en s e lec ted b y p o t t er s f o r i n c lu s ion i n t h e i r c l ay b ody r e c ipe s ( Ar no ld 1 985 :27 ) . T o a l lev ia te t h e p rob lem o fl ime -popp ing , p o t ter s s ome t imes a dd s a l t ( u sua l ly

t wo h ou r s a te a ch t empe ra tu re .

T h ree s amp le s w e re a l so

F i r ing i n d ica te s t h a t t h e d i f f e ren t r eg iona l P y l ian c l ay s u nd e rgo c o lo r c hange s a s t empe ra tu re i n c rea se s ( s ee T ab le 4 .2 ) . G ene ra l ly s peak ing , t h e r ed c l ay s ma in ta in t h e i r c o lo r

i nt h e f o rm o fs eawa te r ) t ot h e i r c l ay s ( A rno ld 1 985 :26 -27 ) . T he a dd i t ion o fs a l ta pp ea r s t or a i se t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu r e a t wh ich c a lc i te d ecompo se s .

u n t i l a pp rox ima te ly 100 d eg ree s , a tw h ich p o in t c o lo r s h if t s t od a rk b rown . T h i s s h if to ccu r sj u s tp r io rt ov i t r if i ca t ion a nd r e su l t s i n a" g la s sy " f a b r ic , a nd i ti sc au sed w hen v i t r if i ca t ion i n h ib i t sc on t inued i r on o x ida t ion ( R ice 1 987 :335 -36 ) . T he re i so n ly o n e s ma l lc e ram ic g roup c ompo sed o fp o t sm ade f r om r ed c l ay f i red t oh igh t empera tu re s ( s ee C hap ter 5 ) .

P y l ian c l ay s a nd c l ay s o i l s , e spec ia l ly t h o se o r ig ina l ly d e r ived f r om t h e e ro s ion o f ma r l o r l ime s tone b ed rock s , a r e , n o t u n exp ec ted ly , h igh i nc a lc i te . Two o ft h e f i red c l ay s amp le s ( Koukouna ra a nd K ab i rova ) s uf f e red e x t reme c a lc i te d ecompo s i t ion , s uch t h a t t h e t e s t t i les , e spec ia l ly t h o se f i red

R aw k ao l in i te s a r e v a r iou s s hade s o f g rey o r , mo re r a re ly , y e l low . A t7 00 °C t h e se c l ay sb ecome l i gh t p ink . A t 9 00 °C t h ey a r e p ink t ol i gh t y e l low i sh r ed . And b y 100°C t h ey

t o9 00 a nd 100 °C , c rumb led c omp le te ly a f te r c oo l ing . I ti s n o tc l ea rt ow ha te x ten ta dd i t ion o fs e awa te r m igh t a m e l io ra te

h ave t u rn ed t h e b uf f -wh i te t o a lmo s t g reen i sh c o lo r o f t en a s soc ia ted w i th s o ca l led " pa la ce " w a re b y Me s sen ian c e ram i c

s amp le s

t h i s p ro ce s s .

H oweve r , i ti sn o tewor thy t h a t t h e o t he r c l ay

f i red

s uf f er ed

v ery

l i t t le

f r om

l ime -popp ing ,

e spec ia l ly t h o se k ao l in i t ic c l ay s t h a t e rode o u t o f t h e

s p ec ia l i s t s ( e .g . , D av i s e ta l . 1 997 :448 ) . T he m ixed t e s tt i l e

Me s sen ian c oa s t( a s , f o re xamp le , a tN oza ina ) , a nd t h a t h ave

b eg in s r ed a nd s t ay s r ed t h roughou t t h e f u l l r ange o f t empe ra tu re .

b een o r w e re i n t h e p a s t c on t inuou s ly b a thed i n s e awa t e r . A ga in , a s ar e su l t o ft h e p o s s ib i l i ty f o r c a lc i te d i s soc ia t ion , c e r ta in c l ay s w ou ld h ave b een b e t t er s u i ted t op roduc t ion o f

T he t e s t t i l es s ub jec ted t o t h e l ow t empera tu re p i t f i r ing

p o t tery t h an o t he r s .

t u rned s im i la r c o lo r s t ot h o se f i red a t7 00°C i nt h e e l ec t r ic k i ln .

T he r ed t i l e t u rned a d a rk e r s hade o f r ed , t h e g rey

t u rn ed l i gh tp ink , a nd t h e m ixed t i l e l i kew i se t u rned as had e o f l i gh t p ink . H oweve r , d ue t of l uc tua t ion s i nt empera tu re

C onc lu s ion

a nd p e rhap si n comp le te o x ida t ion , c o lo rc hange sw e re p a tchy .

T he m e thod s a pp l ied i n t h i s r e sea rch a nd o u t l ined i n t h i s

T he t e s t t i l e s a r e a l so ma rked b y f i rec loud s a nd s ome

c hap te r f unc t ion t o d e l inea te s eve ra l d i f f e ren t Me s sen ian

s mudge s .

c eram ic t y pe s . F u r the rmo re , t h e c omb ina t ion o fc hem ica l

E xac t c o lo r c hange s v a ry d epend ing o n t h e s pec if i c c l ay

t h e d i f f e rence s b e tween c e ram ic t ype s a nd t o t i e t h e se

s amp le , a nd i nt h e i rv a r ie ty c ove rn ea r ly t h e c omp le te r ange

d i f f e rence s t o h ypo the t ica l LH I IB p rodu c t ion u n i t s .

a na ly s i s , p e t rog raphy , a nd c e ram ic e co logy w o rk s t oe xp la in

4 0

I n

METHODOLOGY C hap te r 5t h e r e su l t s o f t h i s r e sea rch a r e p re sen ted a nd d i scu s sed i nr e la t ion t ot h et h eo re t ica l e xp ec ta t ion s d eve loped

c hem i s t ry a nd p e t rog raphy , t wo v ery d i f f e ren t m e thod s o f

i nC hap t e r 3 . T he u t i l i ty o f WAE s p ec if i ca l ly i sa dd re s sed ,

r e la t ed t ot h e mod e l o f LH I IB p o l i t ica l -economy o u t l ined i n C hap te r 2 .

c eram ic a na ly s i s , a r e c omb ined .

a si s , m o re g en era l ly , t h e e a se w i th wh ich d a ta g enera ted b y

4 1

I n C hap te r 6 , r e su l t s a r e

R ESULTS AND ASSESSMENT 1 00% S ILT

K aoUn i t e : *K ab i rova Mi t e :

C hap ter F ive . R e su l t s a nd A s se s smen t

• K oukouna ra +D ia l i ska r i o N oza ina o P er i s t er ia o Mou r ia tad ha

T he C hem ica lA na ly s i s P re l im ina ry w o rk w i th al im i ted n umber o fs h e rd s a sw e l l a s w i th a l s i x t een r eg iona l c l ay / so i l s amp le s d emon s t ra ted t h a t

K aof in i t e

P y l ian p o t te ry a nd c l ay s ( bo th f i red a nd u nf i red ) d o i n deed d i f f er i n e l emen ta l a nd m ine ra l c on ten t ( Ga la ty i n p re s s ) .

1 00% MATRD C

Me ssen ian k ao l in i te s w e re f ound t ob e e a s i ly d i s t ingu i shed f r om i l i te s b y WAE ICP s p ec t ro scopy ( F igu re 5 . 1 ) , a sw e l l a sb y p e t rog raphy ( F igu re 5 .2 ) . I ng ene ra l , k ao l in i t ic c l ay s

1 00% S AND

F igure 5 . 2 T r i -g raph d ep ic t ing s and s i l t -ma t r ix r a t io sf o r r eg iona lc l ay s . N o te t h em a rked p e t rog r aph i c d i f f e rence s b e tween t h el o ne k ao l in i te f r om K ab i rova a nd t h e f i ve i l i t ic s amp le s .

a ppea rt oc on ta in h i ghe rl e ve l s o f mo s to ft h e t we lve e l emen t s e x t ra c ted ( s ee A ppend ix 2 f o r r aw c hem ica l d a ta ) . S im i la r d i s t inc t ion s b e tween d i f f er en t c l ay t y pe s h ave b een m ade i n

One c hem ica l g roup i d en t if ied b y I CP s p ec t ro scopy ( numbe r ing e i gh teen s h e rd s a nd r e f e r red t o a s t h e " ha rd -

o the rr e g ion s ( s ee K napp e ta l . 1 988 f o rJ o rdan ; Man ia t i s a nd T i te 1 978 f o rt h e C yc lade s ) . I na dd i t ion , d i f f e ren tc l ay t y pe s

f i red " g roup ) i sc ompo sed o fs amp le s t h a t a r e s hade s o fd a rk o range ( c ir ca 5YR 7 /6 r edd i sh -ye l low ) t ob rown ( c ir ca 2 .5

m igh t a l so b e m ixed , d epend ing o n t h e n eed s o ft h e p o t ter , t h e d emand s o ft h e c on sume r , a nd t h e f unc t ion o ft h e v e s se l ( Ba r low a nd I d z iak 1 989 ; D ruc a nd Gwyn 1 998 ; H e lm s ley

YR 5 /4 r edd i sh -b rown ) a nd a re c ha ra c te r iz ed b y e x t reme ly h a rd f a b r ic s ( s ee F igu re s 5 . 3 a nd 5 .4 ) . T he s amp le s a r e a l l

1 99 1 ) .

f r om u t i l i ta r ian p o t s , s ome a r e t empe r ed , a nd af ew e xh ib i t e x t reme ly d eep w hee l m a rk s , b o th o n i n ner a nd o u te r s u r f a ce s . I n te res t ing ly , t h e se p o t s a r e a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly

S eve ra l c e ram ic " compo s i t iona l g roup s " w e re i d en t if i ed c hem ica l ly a nd e ach d i sp layed s ome d eg ree o fr eg iona l ized

f r om t h e s i t e so fA no E ng l iano s ( t he p a lac e ) a nd K oukouna ra ; o ne s h e rd i sf r om N icho r ia ( s ee F igu re 4 . 1 ) . T hey a ppea rt o h ave b een m anu f ac tu red f r om r ed i l i t ic s o i l s a nd , a sw i th t h e f i red t e s t t i l e s o fi l i t ic c l ay , t oh ave r e a ched as t a te o fn ea r v i t r i f ica t ion i n ah igh tempe ra tu re k i ln f i r ing a ts ome p o in t

d i s t r ibu t ion ( i .e . , n o c ompo s i t iona l g roup w a s f ound t o b e c omp le t e ly s i t e sp ec if i c ) , t h e reby s ugge s t ing t h e mov emen t o f p o t t e ry . G en e ra l ly s p eak ing , c hem ica ld a ta r e vea li d en t if iab le d i f f e rence s i nt h e p roduc t ion , d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd c on sump t ion o f P y l ian u t i l i ta r ian c e ram ic s , e spec ia l ly c oa r sewa re s , i n c ompa r i son t o l c y l ike s a nd o t he r f mewa re s . F inewa re s r ep re sen t f a rf ewe rc ompo s i t iona l g roup s a nd amuch h ighe r d eg re e o fe l emen ta lh omogene i ty r e la t ive t oc oa r se u t i l i ta r ian

p r io r t o 100 ° C , t hu s t h e ir d i s t in c t ive c o lo ra t ion . C on sequen t ly , t h e h a rd -f i red s amp le s a r e a l so v e ry l ow i n t h e i rm ea su red e l emen ta l c on ten t ( F igu r e 5 . 4 ; s e e C hap te r4 ) .

w a re s ( s ee F igu re s 5 . 3 -5 .7 ) .

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F igure 5 . 1 S ca t te rp lo tl o gs t ron t ium v e r su sl o g t i t an ium f o ra l lc l ay s amp le s . No te t h e s t rong c ompo s i t iona l d i f f e rence sb e tween k ao l in i te sa nd i l i t e s .

4 2

RESULTS AND A SSESS MENT

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F igure 5 . 3 S ca t te rp lo tl o gs t ron t ium v e r su sl o gt i t an ium f o ra l lc e ram ic a nd c l ay s amp le s . F abr ic t y pe sh ave b een i n d ica ted . N o te t h el o ca t ion o ft h es o -ca l led " ha rd f i red " g roup .

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F igure 5 . 4 S ca t te rp lo tl o gt i t an ium v e r su s l o gz i nc f o rc oa r sewa re F ab r ic s l aa nd l b , i n c lud ing " ha rd f i red " s amp le s .

4

3

RESULTS AND ASSESSMENT

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F igure 5 . 5S ca t te rp lo tl o gs t ron t ium v e r su sl o gt i t an ium f o ra l l c l ay s amp le s a nd a l lu t i l i ty w a re s ,b o th c oa r se a nd f i ne .

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F igure 5 . 6 S ca t te rp lo tl o g s t ron t ium v e r su sl og t i t an ium f o ra l lf m ewa re s amp le s . No te t h a t k y l ike s a r ei n te r spe r sed w i th o the rf mewa re st of o rm t h e " m ega -g roup ."

4 4

RESULTS AND ASSESS MENT T he r e a r es e v e r a lo t her s h e rd s ( a s m any a st h ir teen ) t h a t m ay a l so b e long t ot h i s g roup ; h oweve r , t h ey a r e f r om s eve ra l

w a s c ruc ia l t o mak ing f i na l d i s t inc t ion s b e tween c hem ica l

d i f f e ren t k i nd s o f p o t s a nd v a r iou s s i t e s , a nd b ea r n o

c ompo s i t iona l g roup s ( a s a l so d e sc r ibed b y K napp e t a l . 1 988 ) . F o r e xamp le , g i ven t h e g en e ra l , m ac ro scop ic

r e semb lan ce i nh and s pec imen t o t h e e i gh teen p o t s f i rm ly

a ppea rance o ft h e f a b r ic a nd i n i t ia l i n t e rp r e ta t ion s o fc h em ica l

p l aced i nt h e a f o remen t ion ed g roup .

d a ta , i ts e emed t h a t t h e h a rd -f i red g roup m igh t r ep re sen t a d i s t in c t , t h eo re t ica l ly i mpo r tan t , f a b r ic . O ft h e t e np r inc ipa l

A l l t h ir teen a ppea r t o

h ave b een b u rned , t hough , w h ich m ay a ccoun t f o r t h e i r r e la t ive ly l ow m ea su red e l emen ta l c on ten ta nd s l igh t c hem ica l

c ompon en t s , t h e f i r s t c ompon en t , w h ich a ccoun t s f o r 5 7 .2%

s im i la r i ty t ot h eh a rd -f i red s he rd g roup .

o ft h e t o ta l v a r ian ce i nt h e w ho le s amp le , c o r re spond s t ot h e h a rd f i red g roup a nd t h e e f f ec t s o f h a rd -f i r ing ( s ee F igu re

S ome i l i t ic c l ay s , e spec ia l ly t h o se f r om K oukouna ra , s uf f e r

5 .8 , ar o ta t ing p lo t o ft h e f i r s t t h ree p r inc ipa l c omponen t s ) .

f r om t h e e f f ec t s o f l ime -popp ing .

I tm ay b e t h a t p o t te r s

A r o ta t ing p lo t o f t h e s e cond , t h i rd , a nd f ou r th p r inc ipa l

e xp er im en t ed w i th h igh f i r ing t empe ra tu re s i na n a t temp t t o a l lev ia te p rob lem s w i th l ime spa l l ing ( Arno ld 1 985 ; R ice

c omponen t s a vo ided t h e e f f ec t s o f f i r ing , r ep re sen ted b y c omponen t o ne , a nd s p l i t t h e h a rd f i red g roup i n to t wo

1 987 ; a ppa r en t ly ac ommon p rac t ice o nt h ep a r to fH a rappan

s epa ra te g roup s , wh ich c ou ld t h en b e f u r the r a s soc ia ted w i th

p o t t e r s , H . M i l le r , p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . F u r the rmo re ,

t wo d if e ren t , l a rge rc ompo s i t iona l g roup s ( F igu re 5 .9 ) . T h i s s p l i t w a s l a te r c onf i rmed p e t rog raph ica l ly .

i tm ay b et h a tt h e s o i l s f r om wh ich i l i te sa r e d e r ived , u n l ike k ao l in i te s , c on ta in ma te r ia l s , s uch a s i r on o x ide ( FeO ) o r m ica , t h a ta c ta sf l uxe s , t h ereby l owe r ing t h e t empe ra tu re a t w h i ch v i t r if i ca t ion c an o ccu r ( R ice 1 987 :94 ) a nd l im i t ing t h e a b i l i ty o f WAE t om ea su re c hem ica l c on ten t .

T he c eram ic c hem ica l d a ta a r e e spec ia l ly i n te re s t ing w hen c on s ide red t o ge the rw i th t h e r e su l t s p roduced b yt h e a na ly s i s o fr eg iona l Me s sen ian c l ay s / so i l s ( s ee F igu re s 5 .3 , 5 .5 , a nd 5 .7 ) . I ns hor t , many p o t s a ppea rt oh ave b een m anu f ac tu red

S evera l d i f f e r en t s t a t i s t ica l t e chn ique s w ere emp loyed i nt h e a na ly s i s o fc h em ica l r e su l t s . C omp le t e l ink c l u s te r ing a nd s c a t te rp lo t so fl o g t r an sf o rmed e l emen ta l d a ta w e re e sp ec ia l ly u sefu l i nt h e i n i t ia l , e xp lo ra tory p ha se s o fs t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s . H oweve r , i tw a s p r inc ipa l c ompon en t sa na ly s i s ( PCA ) t h a t

f r om k ao l in i te s o r am ix o fk ao l in i t ic a nd i l i t ic c l ay s ( w i th ma r l a s ap o s s ib le a dd i t iona l i n c lu s ion ) , w he rea s as ub se t c o r re spond s s t r ik ing ly t ot h o se c l ay s o b ta ined s t r ic t ly f r om r ed b ed , i l i t ic d epo s i t s . T he se s h e rd s—a f ew l c y l ike s a nd t h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e c oa r se u t i l i ta r ian w a re s—a re c ha rac te r ized b y

•

K ao l in i t e s I

0

0 2 .4

.

•

0 00

0

c . Mega -G roup

2 .0

L og S t ron t ium 1 . 6

•

W I '

•

0

1 . 2

M i t e s

•

u nf i r ed c l ay f i red c l ay k y l ik e s

1 . 5

2 . 0

2 .5

3 .0

L og T i tan ium

F igure 5 . 7 S ca t te rp lo t l o g s t ron t ium v e r su s l o g t i t an ium f o r a l l l c y l ike s , b o th c oa r se a nd f me , a nd a l l c l ay s amp le s .

4 5

RESULTS AND ASSESS MENT l c y l ike s a nd s eve ra l a r e " ha rd -f i red " ) t h a t a r e b r igh t r ed a nd o range i n h and s amp le . T hey a r e e spec ia l ly h i gh i n p o ta s s ium , ac ha ra c te r i s t ic p ar t icu la rt oM i tes ( R ice 1 987 :49 ) . F ab r ic l b ( numbe r ing 6 5 s amp le s , o fw h ich t e n a r e l c y l i l ce s a nd s eve ra l a r e " ha rd -f i red ") d i f f e r s c hem ica l ly f r om l a i n t h a t i tc on ta in s , o n a ve rage , mor e o fs e ve ra l e l emen t s , s uch a si r on a nd a l um inum . At h i rd c ompo s i t iona l g roup ( Fab r ic l c ; n umbe r ing 4 7 s amp le s , o f wh ich s i xa r e k y l ik e s ) , r e f e r red t o a s t h e " m ixed " g roup , a ppea r s t oc omb ine t h e c hem ica l f e a tu res o fs eve ra l c l ay t y pes ( s ee F igu re 5 .3 ; s e e D ruc a nd Gwyn 1 998 f o r ad i scu s s ion o fc l ay m ix ing a nd m e thod s f o r i d en t ify ing m ixed s amp le s ) . T he se s amp le s f i re t os hade s o f r ed a nd o range , a s d o F abr ics l a a nd l b , b u t a t h i gh t emp e ra tu r e st u rn as had e o fg rey i n s tead o fb rown . I n many

o " hard -f i red "s amp l e s x a l lo ther s amp l e s

i n s tan ce s , t h ey a l so p o s se s s ac a lca r eou s g roundma s s ( wh ich a ppea r s t o a ccoun t f o r t h e g rey c o lo r o f t h e f a b r ic a th igh f i r ing t empera tu re s ) t h a t t h e o t he r t wo f a b r ic s l a ck . I n te re s t ing ly , t h e s o -ca l led " ha rd -f i r ed " s amp le s c an b e n ea r ly

F igure 5 . 8 R o ta t ing s ca t t e rp lo to ft h ef i r s t t h ree p r inc ipa lc omponen t s . F ac to r 1( U I) c o r re spond st ot h eh a rd -f i red s amp le s .

e qua l ly d i v ided b e tween f a br ic g roup s l a a nd l b . A s d e sc r ibed f u r the r b e low , a l l t h ree c ompo s i t iona l g roup s ( Fab r ic s l a , l b , a nd l c ) a l so d i sp lay s t rong p e t rog raph ic d i f f e ren ce s . I n a dd i t ion , t h ere i ss om e c hem ica l o ve r lap

ar edd i sh -o range f ab r ic ( t he r e su l t o fl ow tempe ra tu re f i r ing

b e tween g roup s l a , l b , a nd l c . T h i so v e r lap i so f t en m a rked b y c ookwa r e s a nd p i tho i a nd i s d i scu s sed i n mo re d e ta i l b e low .

o fi l i te s ) a nd n ume rou s s ed imen ta ry r ock i n c lu s ion s . T ho se s amp le s a ppa ren t ly made e xc lu s ive ly f r om r e d i l i t ic c l ay s c an b e f u r the r d i v ided i n to t wo b road c ompo s i t iona l g roup s , F ab r ic s l a a nd l b ( F igu re 5 .4 ) . F ab r ic l a i s c ompo sed o fs h e rd s ( number ing 4 6 , o fw h ich t h ree a r e

O ft h e u t i l i ta r ian s amp le s a n a lyzed , o n e t h i rd o r mo re c an b e a p t ly d e sc r ib ed a sf m ewa re s ( F igu re 5 . 5 ) . T heo re t ica l ly , f me a nd c oa r se u t i l i ta r ian w a re s w ou ld h ave b een p u t t oi d en t ica l

o " hard -f i red "s amp l e s x a l lo ther s amp l e s

F igure 5 . 9R o ta t ing s ca t terp lo to ft h e s e cond t h ree p r in c ipa lc omponen t s . R emova l o f F ac to r 1a vo id st h ee f f ec t so fh a rd f i r ing a nd s p l i t st h eh a rd -f i r ed g roup .

4 6

RESULTS AND ASSESS MENT u s e s ; h owev e r , i tm ay b et h a t f i ne u t i l i ta r ian w a re sw ere l e ss f r iab le—a s t h ey c on ta in f ewer " i n app rop r ia t e " c oa r se

c on ten t . T ak en a s aw ho le , f mewa re s a r e s o s im i la r c hem ica l ly t h a t s t rong d i f f e rence s i n f i r ing t empe ra tu re ,

i n c lu s ion s—and

ma rked b y c o lo r , d o n o t c r ea te s t a t i s t ica l ly d i s t in c t a nd p red ic tab le c ompo s i t iona l g roup s , a sm igh tb e e xpec ted w i th

t h e refo re

w e re

l e s s e a s i ly

b roken

a nd

c on sequen t ly mo re v a luab le ( Arno ld 1 985 :153 ) . I na dd i t ion , f i ne u t i l i ta r ian p o t s , t ho se m ade f r om Me s sen ian k ao l in i tes ,

WAE .

I n a l l p robab i l i ty , f mewa re s w e re p roduced a to ne

w o rk shop w i th c l ay s m ined f r om as i ng le c l ay b ed a nd f i r ing

m ay h ave b een l e s sc o s t ly t op roduce i nl a rge n umbe r s . R ed c l ay s , b e ing v e ry c oa r se , d on o tl e nd t h em se lve st ot e chn iqu e s

t emp e ra tu re s i n c r ea sed s l ow ly o ve rt h e c ou r se o f LH I IB ( a s a rgued

f o r ma s s p roduc t ion , s u ch a s b e ing t u rned o n af a s t whee l . T here a r e a f ew e xamp le s o f f i n e v e s se l s t h a t w e re m anu fac tu red f r om r ed c l ay s . I ns u ch c a se s , t h e c l ay wou ld

b y

C .

S he lme rd ine ,

p e r sona l

c ommun ica t ion ) ,

p robab ly i nr e spon se t os h if t s i nc on sume r d emand o r a s a r e su l t o ft e chno log ica l i n nova t ion .

h ave r equ i red c l ean ing b y s i eve o r l e v iga t ion p r io r t ou se , a s e em ing ly v ery c o s t ly , t ime -con sum ing p roce s s .

A dd i t iona l e v idence s uppor t s t h i s o ne w o rk shop h ypo the s i s . Ah i s tog ram o fk y l ix s t em d i ame te r ( s ee F igu re 5 . 10 ) s how s

I t i s t h e refo re n o t s u rp r i s ing t h a t t h e m a jo r i ty o f f i ne u t i l i tar ian w a re s a ppea r t oh ave b een p roduced a tt h e s ame

t h a t t h e m a jo r i ty o f s t em s a r e a pp rox ima te ly 2 c en t ime te r s w ide . S t em s l a rg e rt h an 2 . 5 c en t ime te r s a r e f o rt h e mo s tp a r t

f a c i l i ty , o r f a c i l i t ie s , r e spon s ib le f o r p roduc ing f i n e k y l ike s ( F igu re 5 .6 ) . S ome o f t h e se f i n e u t i l i ta r ian s amp le s ,

f r om c oa r se k y l ik e s . We re k y l ike s p roduced a t s eve ra l d if e r en tw o rk shop s , t h e re w ou ld l i ke ly b e mo re v a r ia t ion i n

p r ima r i ly b ody s herd s , w e re i d en t if i ed b y C a ro the r s a s p robab ly c om ing f r om u t i l i ta r ian p o t s , b u tt h ey m ay i nf a c tb e f r om n on -u t i l i ta r ian v e s se l s s uch a sk y l ike s ( s ee C hap ter 4 ) .

k y l ix s t em d i ame te r a nd af l a t te r h i s tog ram . K y l ike s a ppea r t oh ave b een m anu f ac tu red i n as e r ie s o fs t ep s , t h e f oo t a nd s t em m ade b y s t re tch ing t h ec l ay " of t h eh ump " a nd t h eb ow l b e ing a t tached l a te r . I nd iv idua l p o t te r s w ou ld t e nd t o make s t em s o f v a ry ing d i ame te r , d epend ing o n t e chn ique a nd

I na dd i t ion , t h e re a r e a tl e a s ts i xs ma l l f i n e a ngu la rb ow l s a nd t wo s ma l l s t ir rup j a r s , wh ich l i ke ly d i d n o t h ave a s t r ic t ly

e xpe r ience . T hu s , k y l ix s t em s p roduced b y as i ng le p o t te r o pera t ing o u t o fo ne w o rk shop w ou ld t e nd t oh ave i d en t ica l d i ame te r s . F u r the rmo re , h i s tog ram s o fc oa r sewa re ( Fab r ic s l a lc ) c ompo s i t ion ( F igu re 5 . 11) t e nd t ob e b i - o rn ea r ly t r i moda l , mod e s c o r r e spond ing t o t h e v a r iou s c oa r se c ompo s i t iona l g roup s . H i s tog ram s o ff m ewa re c ompo s i t ion a r e a lway s b e l l shaped ( F igu re 5 . 11 ) , i n d ica t ing n o m a rked v a r ia t ion i n c hem i s t ry— fu r the r e v idence t h a t f mewa r e s , e sp ec ia l ly k y l ik e s , m ay h ave b een p roduced a to n e w o rk shop .

u t i l i tar ian f unc t ion . F o r t h e p u rpo se s o ft h i s r e sea rch , o n ly t h o se s amp le s t h a t d i sp lay u nden iab le k y l ix c ha rac te r i s t ic s , s uch a s t h e r ema in s o f ab ow l , s t em , o r f oo t , h ave b een d efmed a sk y l ikes ( at o ta l o f 14 ) . F inewa re s , i n c lud ing u t i l i ta r ian p o t te ry a nd k y l ik e s , a sw e l l a so the r f o rm s , s uch a ss ma l l a ngu la rb ow l s a nd s t i r rup j a r s , c ompo se w ha t c an b e r e f e r red t oa s ac ompo s i t iona l " mega g roup" ( F igu re s 5 .3 , 5 .6 , a nd 5 .7 ) . ( Th e re i sp receden t f o r t h i s a pp roach t of i newa re c e ram ic c hem i s try a nd f o r u se o f

A sd e sc r ib ed i n mo re d e ta i l b e low , t h e c ompo s i t iona l g roup s c omp r i sed o f p o t s m ade f r om i l i t ic c l ay s ( Fab r ic s l a -lc ) ,

s im i la r t e rm ino logy ; s e e R and s a nd W ieme r [ 1 992 ] , w ho r e f e r t o a" mac ro -g roup ." ) T h i s l a rge a nd c hem ica l ly v ery h omogen eou ss e ti n c lud e sp o t sm ade p r ima r i ly f r om k ao l in i te s o r m ix tu re s o f k ao l in i te w i th w ha t m ay b e m a r l o r ma r l -

b o th k y l ike s a nd u t i l i ta r ian w a re s , p o s se s s s t rong ly a nd s i gn if i can t ly p a t ter n ed r eg iona l d i s t r ibu t ion s . O n t h e o t he r h and , f mewa re st h a tc ompo se t h e s o -ca l led " mega -g roup " a r e f ound a tn ea r ly a l o ft h e LH I IB s i t e s s amp led . S p l i t t ing t h e m ega -g roup i n to c hem ica l ly -def ined s ub -g roup s d oe s n o t

d e r ived s o i l ( s ee b e low ) . R e su l t so fc hem ica l a na ly s i s d o n o t a l low t h i s m ega -g roup t o b e f u r th e r s ubd iv ided w i th a ny c er ta in ty , s t rong ly i n d ica t ing t h a t f i newa re s w e re i n deed

p roduce s i gn if i can t p a t ter n s o f r eg iona l d i s t r ibu t ion . T he re fo r e , t a k en t o ge th e r , t h ec hem ica l d a ta p rov ide e v idence f o rt wo o rm o r e s c a le so fp roduc t ion o p era t ing i nL a te B ronze A ge Me s sen ia : o ne l o ca l a nd s ma l l sca le , p e rhap s d i spe r sed

manufac tu r ed a t as i ng le l a rge r eg iona l f a c i l i ty . H oweve r , t h ere a r e s ome s ub t le c hem ica l d i f f e rence s b e tween f mewa re s , i n c lud ing k y l ike s , w h ich m ay s ugge s t t h e p o s s ib le e x i s tence o fs ma l le r c ompo s i t iona l g roup s , p e rhap s a s many c ompo s i t iona l g roup s , s e e K napp e ta l . 1 988 , S ab lof f e ta l .

wo rk shopp ing ; t h e o t he r p roduc ing f o r al a rge r r eg iona l ma rk e t , l i ke ly a n uc lea ted w o rk shop ( s ee C o s t in 1 991 ;

1 982 , a nd S t e in a nd B la ckman 1 993 .)

P eacock 1 982 ) .

V a r ia t ion s i nf mewa re c hem i s t ry m igh tt h eo re t ica l ly p rov ide

T he f o rego ing d e sc r ibe s g enera l p a t tern s a nd t r end s i nt h e

a s s even .

( For s im i la r p rob lem s d iv id ing f i ne c eram ic

e v idence f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f p o t s b y s eve ra l d i f f e ren t

d a ta g a the red b y c hem ica l a na ly s i s . T o r e i te ra te ( s ee C hap t e r

work shop s f r om s im i la r c l ay s g a the red a t d i s t inc t c l ay

4 ) , t h e r e su l t s o f c hem ica l a na ly s i s p rov ide a n e xce l len t

s ou r ce s ; o r i tmay b e t h a tt h e se v a r ia t ion sw e re p roduced b y o sc i l la t ion s i n me thod s o f m anu f a c tu re a t as i ng le l a rge

s t a r t ing p o in t f o rt h e i n ve s t iga t ion o fc e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , b u ta r ee a s i ly o ve r i n te rp re t ed . T he n ex t s e c t ion

work shop ,

f i r ing

p resen t s a nd d e sc r ibe s t h e r e su l t s o f p e t rograph ic a na ly s i s .

F o r e xamp le ,

E ven tua l ly , d a ta g en e ra ted b yb o th m e thod s a r e c omb ined a nd s ub jec ted t o mo re c omp lex i n terp re ta t ion . T he r e su l t s o f

s uch

a s c l ay p repa ra t ion a nd v e s se l

t empera tu re , o ver s ho r t p e r iod s o f t ime .

f mewa r e c o lo r , wh ich v a r ie s a s ar e su l to fd i f f e ren t ia l f i r ing t empe ra tu re s ( s ee a bove ) a nd r ange s f r om al ow -f i red s hade

c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s a r e t h en j o ined w i th o the r l i ne s o f e v idence a nd t h i s i n forma t ion , when t h eo re t ica l ly

o fp ink t ot h e h igh -f i red , y e l low -g r een " Pa lace Wa re ," d oe s n o t c or re la te s ys tema t ica l ly w i th v a r ia t ion s i n c hem ica l

f r am ed ( s ee C hap t e r 3 ) , i su sed t oc on s t ruc t amo re c omp lex 4 7

RESULTS AND ASSESS MENT

I T o ta l= 9 1

4 0

3 5

3 0

2 5

2 0 •• • •

1 5

1 0

5

0 < 0

0 -0 .5

05 1

1 1 .5

1 . 5 -2

2 -2 .5

2 .5 -3

3 -3 .5

> 35

K y l ix S t em D iame t er ( cms ) F igure 5 . 10 H is tog ram o fk y l ix s t em d i ame ter s . No te t h a tt h e ma jo r i ty o ft h e s t em s a r eb e tween 1 . 5 a nd 2 . 5 c en t ime te r s i n d i ame ter . I n f a c t , t h ir ty a r e e xac t ly t wo c en t ime te r s w ide . T ho se a bove 2 . 5 a r e p r imar i ly c oa r se k y l i l ce s .

a . 4 0-

1 5 -

n o . o fs amp l es

n o . o fs amp le s

2 0

1 0

1 . 5

20

25

3 02 01 0

3 .0

2 .25

L og T i tan ium

b .

2 .625

3 .0

3 .375

L og T i tan ium

d . 2 0

3 0

2 0

c ; 1 0

1 3

1 9

25

1 . 65

L og S t ron t ium

1 . 95

2 .25

2 .55

L og S t ron t ium

F igure 5 . 11 a -b H i s tog ram s o ft i t an ium a nd s t ron t ium l e ve l s ( l og t r an sformed ) f o r c oa r sewa res . No te t h e b imoda l d i s t r ibu t ion s . 5 . 11 c -d H i s tog ram s o f t i an ium a nd s t ron t ium l e ve l s ( l og t r an sformed ) f o r f mewa re s . No te t h eu n imoda l d i s t r ibu t ion s .

4 8

R ESULTS AND A SSESS MENT mode l o ft h e P y l ian c e ram ic i n du s t ry .

F ina l ly , C hap te r 5

c l o se s w i th a s se s smen t a nd c ompa r i son o f c hem ica l v er su s

S evera l t e x t s w ere e spec ia l ly h e lpfu l i n m ak ing m in era l

p e t rog raph ic m e thod s a nd p rov id es a f r amewo rk f o r t h e i r

i d en t if ica t ion s a nd i n terp re t ing p e t rog raph ic d e ta i l s : A dam s , MacKen z ie , a nd Gu i lfo rd ( 1984 ) ; MacKenz ie , D ona ld son ,

p rof i tab le c omb ina t ion . I nC hap te r6 ,s ugge s t ion s a r e m ade

a nd G u i lfo rd ( 1982 ) ; MacKenz ie a nd G u i lfo rd ( 1980 ) ; K le in

f o r s e lec ted r ev i s ion st ot h ec u r ren t mode lo f Mycena ean s t a te

a nd H u r lbu t ( 1993 ) ; N e s se ( 199 1) ; R ice ( 1987 ) ; S cho l le

o rgan iza t ion , b a sed o nt h e c onc lu s ion s d rawn i nC hap te r 5 .

( 1 978 , 1 979 ) ; Y a rd ley ( 1 989 ) ; V aughn ( 1 99 1 ) ; a nd Wh i tb read ( 1 995 ) .

5 0% S ILT

Ano E ng l iano sf i n e Ano E ng l iano sc oa r se K oukoun a ra f i n e K oukoun a ra c oa r se N icho r ia f i n e N icho r ia c oa r se Mou r ia tadha f i ne Mou r ia tadha c oar se P e r is te r ia f i n e P e r is te r ia c oa rse Vo idhok i l ia f i n e V o idhok i l ia c oar se

1 00% MATR IX

5 0% S AND

F igure 5 . 12 T e rna ry p lo t o f f i ne a nd c oa r se p a s t e s ( mean v a lue s o f a l l s amp le s ) b y s i te . F inewa re s ( i nc lud ing k y l ike s ) c an b e e a s i ly d i s t ingu i shed f r om c oa r sewa re s b a sed o n t h e amoun t o f n a tu ra l s and i n c lu s ion sp o in tc oun ted . T hu s ac oa r sewa re m ay b e d ef ined a sa ny w a re h av ing o n a ve rage mo r e t h an 6% s and a nd l e s s t h an 9 0% m a t r ix . O the r c ha rac t e r i s t ic s , d i scu s sed i nt h e t e x t , a i d i n mak ing t h i s d i s t inc t ion . F o re xamp le , f m ewa re sa r en eve rt empe r ed w i th r ed a ngu la rs ha le o r mud s tone .

T he P e trograph ic A na ly s i s

F o rt h e mo s tp a r t , p e t rog raph ic r e su l t s a cco rd w e l l w i th t h o se o f c hem ica l a na ly s i s . P e t rog raph ic f a b r ic c l a s se s , i n i t ia l ly d ef ined w i thou t r e f e rence t oc hem ica l d a ta , m a tch ed c l o se ly t h e c ompo s i t iona l g roup s d e scr ibed a bove . P o in t -coun t ing e a s i ly d i s t ingu i shes b e tween k ao l in i t ic a nd i l i t ic c l ay s ( s ee a bove , F igu re 5 .2 , at e rna ry p lo t o fp o in t -coun ted r aw c l ay

T h ree f o rm s o fp e t rog raph ic i n fo rma t ion c on t r ibu ted t ot h e d e l inea t ion o f c e ram ic f a b r ic c l a s se s : p o in t -coun t s ( 1 58 s amp le s ) , e spec ia l ly o ft empe r i n c lu s ion s ; r ock a nd m ine ra l i d en t if i ca t ion s ( a l l 3 10 s amp le s ) ; a nd g roundma s sd e scr ip t ion s ( a l l 3 10 s amp le s ) . A s e xp la in ed i n C hap te r 4 , S to l tman 's ( 1 989 , 1 991) m e thod s o f p o in t -coun t ing a nd Wh i tb read 's

p a s te s ) . L ikew i se , p o in t -coun t ing r e ad i ly d i sc r im ina te s b e tween c oa r sewa re s manuf ac tu red f r om r ed i l i t ic c l ays a nd k ao l in i t ic f mewa re s ( s ee F igu re 5 . 12 ) . A s ar e su l t , a

( 1 989 , 1 995 ) s y s tem o f p e t rog raph ic d e sc r ip t ion w e re u t i l i zed . D a ta p er ta in ing t o t h e v a r iou s i d en t if ied f a b r ic c l a s se s ,

i n c lud ing

p o in t

c oun t

a verage s

a nd

Me s sen ian c e ram ic s amp le c an b e l a be led c oa r sewa re i fi t

g en e ra l

p o s se s se s o n a ve rage mo re t h an 6% s and a nd l e s s t h an 9 0% ma t r ix ( u sua l ly i l i te ) a nd /o r d i sp lay s i n ten t iona l t emper ing .

d e sc r ip t ive i n fo rma t ion , a r ep r e sen ted i nA ppend ix 3 ,a sw e l l a s i n s umma ry f o rm i n T ab les 5 . 1 a nd 5 .2 .

A s m igh t b e e xpec ted , p o in t -coun t ing mak e s n o s y s tema t ic d i s t in c t ion b e tween s amp le s t h a tc ompo se t h e f m e f a b r ic c l a s s

P ho tom icrog raph s o fe a ch f a b r ic ( Pho tom icrog raph s 1 9 -22 ) a nd o fv a r iou sp e t rog raph ic c ha ra c ter i s t ic s( Pho tom ic rog raph s

( Fab r ic 2 ) . On ly i n s ome i n s tance s d oe s p o in t -coun t ing a l one—w i thou t r e f e rence t o q ua l i ta t ive a t t r ibu te s— re so lve

1 18 ) a r e l o ca ted t h roughou tt h e b ody o ft h e c hap te r . T hey w er e s ho t t h rough a n O lympu s BH 2p o la r iz ing m ic ro scop e

F ab r ic s l aa nd l b .

w i th a na t tached PM -10AK a u toma t ic e xpo su re p ho to s y s tem . U n les s o t herw i se s t a ted , t h e f i e ld o f v i ew i sa pp rox ima te ly t wo m i l l ime ter s . T ak en t o ge the r , t h e i n f o rma t ion f r om A pp end ix 3 ,T ab le s 5 . 1 , a nd 5 .2 , a nd t h e p ho tom ic rog raph s

G ene ra l P e t rog raph ic C ha rac ter i s t ic s

s hou ld a l low i n dependen t i d en t if i ca t ion o f Me s sen ian f a b r ic c l a s se sb yo t he rp e t rog raphe r sw o rk ing w i th s im i la rm a t e r ia l .

N ea r ly a l l s amp le s , f i ne a nd c oa r se , w e re f ound t oc on ta in i n c lu s ion s o f q uar tz , c her t , c ha lcedony , mu scov i te m ica ,

4 9

R ESULTS AND ASSESSMENT

***

PASTE

* ***

* ***

% Ma t

%S and

%S i l t

% Ma t

BODY

***

%S and %Temp

Ano E ng l iano s

A ve rage

8 9 .2

4 . 25

6 . 55

8 4 .62

4 .62

1 0 .77

TOTAL =4 0

S td . D ev .

6 . 43

3 . 06

5 . 04

5 . 64

2 . 6

6 . 31

F INE

A ve rage

9 3 .33

1 . 67

5

( 6 )

S td .D ev .

2 . 25

0 . 82

2 . 76

COARSE

A ve rage

8 .47

4 . 71

6 . 82

8 4 .62

4 .62

1 0 .77

( 34 )

S td .D ev .

6 . 68

3 . 1

5 . 33

5 . 64

2 .6

6 31

FABR IC l a

A ve rage

8 5 .67

5 . 94

8 . 39

8 3 .1

5 . 43

1 .43

( 18 )

S td .D ev .

5 . 84

2 . 88

5 . 84

5 . 55

2 .07

5 . 56

FABR IC l b

A ve rage

8 5 .5

5 . 4

9 . 1

8 7 .67

4 . 3

8

( 4 )

S td .D ev .

8 . 06

2 . 12

9 . 96

1 . 15

1 . 53

2 . 65

FABR IC l c

A ve rage

9 3 .67

2 . 62

3 . 72

8 5

3

1 2

( 12 )

S td . D ev .

4 . 21

2 . 69

2 . 5

8 . 67

4 . 36

1 .14

***

PASTE

***

* ***

BODY

* ***

% Ma t

%S and

%S i l t

% Ma t

%S and %Temp

Koukounara

Ave rage

8 6 .81

6 . 87

6 . 31

8 3 .56

6 . 83

9 . 61

TOTAL =4 7

S td . D ev .

6 . 47

5 . 21

3 . 6

7 . 29

4 . 76

6 . 42

F INE

A ve rage

9 2 .14

1 . 71

6 . 14

( 7)

S td .D ev .

3 . 53

1 . 49

3 . 62

COARSE

A ve rage

8 5 .69

7 . 8

6 . 51

8 3 .94

6 . 88

9 . 8

( 40 )

S td .D ev .

6 . 4

5 . 17

3 . 54

7 . 33

4 . 9

6 . 34

FABR IC l a

A ve rage

8 6 .6

7 . 9

5 . 5

8 2 .57

6 . 71

1 0 .7 1

( 10 )

S td . D ev .

7 . 0 1

5 . 28

4 . 79

6 . 9

4 . 5

5 . 6

FABR IC l b

A ve rage

8 5 .30

7 . 88

6 . 79

8 3 .3

7 . 1

9 . 6

( 24 )

S td . D ev .

6 . 69

5 . 40

3 . 43

7 . 62

5 . 34

7 . 04

FABR IC l c

A ve rage

8 6 .83

7 . 17

6 . 00

9 3

5

2

( 6 )

S td . D ev .

5 . 04

4 .22

2 . 28

o ta lo f1 58 T ab le 5 . 1 S umma ry s t a t i s t ic sp er ta in ing t op e t rog raph ic p o in tc oun t s , a r ranged b ys i te . At s amp le sw e re p o in tc oun ted .

c h lo r i te , a nd , t o al e s se r d eg ree , b o th a l ka l i a nd p l ag ioc la se f e ld spa r s ( s ee P ho tom ic rog raph s 1a nd 2 ) , u sua l ly i nt h e s i l t

o ther t wo f o rm s o fc a lc i te , j u s t d e scr ibed . O ther m ine ra l s ,

a nd f me s and r ange . T h e se i n c lu s ion s a r e n a tu ra l ly -o ccu r r ing

d e t r i ta l g ra in s .

p or t ion s o f t h e c l ay p a s te . f o rm s :

v ery

r a re ly

s u ch a sp y roxene a nd e p ido te , o ccu r o n ly v e ry r a re ly a sf i ne

S amp le s c on ta in c a lc i te i nt wo

a s l a rge ,

a ngu la r

g r i t s

( p robab ly

S evera l o t he r i n c lu s ion s o ccu r n a tu ra l ly i nM es sen ian c l ay p a s te s . F o re xamp le , mo s t s amp le s , e spec ia l ly c oa r sewa re s ,

i n t en t iona l ly -added t empe r ; s e eP ho tom ic rog raph 3 )a nd m o re o f t en a sa mo rphou s , r e cry s ta l l ized g ra in s ( p robab ly p roduced

c on ta in o paque m inera ls ( Pho tom ic rograph 6 ) . T hese c ou ld n o tb e i d en t if i ed w i th c er ta in ty , b u t a r ep robab ly f o r t h e mo s t

a s a r e su l t o f t h e t r an s forma t ion o f c a lc i te a t h i gh t empe ra tu re s ; s e e b e low a nd P ho tom icrog raph 4 ) . C a lc ium c a rbona te i sa l so p re sen t i n many s amp le s a s ar e su l t o f

p a r th ema t i te a nd l e s s o f ten m agne t i te ( Ca ro th e r s 1 992 :310 ) . I n g en e ra l , o paques i nc oa r sewa re s a r e l a rge r t h an t ho se i n

s econda ry r e cry s ta l l iza t ion , o f t en r e f e r red t o a s " ca l iche" ( Pho tom ic rog raph 5 ) . C a l ich ei se a s i ly d i s t ingu i shed f r om t h e

b ecome p ar t ia l ly d ecompo sed a nd c hange s h ade , t h ereby

f i newa re s .

5 0

I na dd i t ion , a th i gh t empera tu re s , o paqu es m ay

R ESULTS AND ASSESSMENT ****

PASTE

***

***

BODY

***

% Ma t

%S and

%S i l t

% Ma t

N ichor ia

A ve rage

9 0 .62

3 . 58

5 . 79

8 4 .82

4 . 45

1 ( 5 .7

TOTAL = 2 4

S td . D ev .

4 . 59

3 . 59

3 . 58

7 . 76

3 . 7

8 . 82

F INE

A ve rage

9 2 .78

1 . 10

6 . 10

9 4

0

6

( 9)

S td . D ev .

3 . 23

1 . 69

3 . 22

COARSE

A ve rage

8 9 .3

5 . 07

5 . 6

8 3 .9

4 . 9

1 .2

( 1 5 )

S td . D ev .

4 . 88

3 . 63

3 . 87

7 . 54

3 . 57

9 . 15

F ABR IC 1a

A ve r age

8 8

7 . 5

4 . 5

8 6 .5

6 . 5

7

( 2 )

S td . D ev .

2 . 82

2 . 12

4 . 95

5 . 5

2 . 12

5 . 66

F ABR IC l b

A ve rage

9 0 .56

4 . 56

4 . 89

8 3 .57

5

1 .43

( 9)

S td .D ev .

3 . 09

3 . 88

3 . 18

8 . 33

3 . 88

1 0 .33

F ABR IC 1c

A ve rage

8 7 .25

5

7 . 75

8 1

( 4 )

S td . D ev .

8 . 46

3 . 92

5 . 12

***

PASTE

***

***

% Ma t

%S and

%S i l t

% Ma t

%S and %Temp

1

BODY

1 8

***

%S and %Temp

Mour ia tadha

A ve rage

8 8 .18

4 . 59

7 . 23

8 9 .3

5 . 2

5 . 5

TOTAL = 2 3

S td .D ev .

6 . 28

3 . 39

5 . 09

6 . 29

2 . 62

5 . 93

F INE

A ve rage

9 2

2 . 67

5 . 33

9 5 .3

3

1 . 67

( 6 )

S td .D ev .

4 . 9

2 . 88

2 . 73

1 . 7

2

0 . 58

COARSE

A ve rage

8 6 .75

5 . 31

7 . 93

8 6 .7

6 . 14

7 . 14

( 1 7 )

S td . D ev .

6 . 27

3 . 36

5 . 63

5 . 75

2 . 34

6 . 49

FABR IC 1a

A ve rage

8 0

3 . 5

1 6 .5

7 9 .5

7

1 3 .5

( 2 )

S td . D ev .

1 2 .73

3 . 54

9 . 19

5 . 5

2 . 83

1 0 .6

F ABR IC l b

A ve rage

8 9 .29

4 . 71

6

8 9 .75

5 . 5

4 . 75

( 7)

S td . D ev .

6 . 02

3 . 15

4 . 65

2 . 49

2 . 65

2 . 99

F ABR IC l c

A ve rage

8 6 .14

6 . 42

7 . 43

8 9

7

4

( 8)

S td . D ev .

3 . 44

3 . 65

3 . 82

T ab le 5 . 1 c on t ' S umma ry s t a t i s t ic sp er ta in ing t op e t rog raph i cp o in tc oun t s , a r ranged b ys i t e . At o ta lo f1 58 s amp les w e re p o in tc oun t ed . f ur the r

o b s cu r ing

t h e i r

i d en t i ty

a nd

p re sen ce

w h i le

( Wh i tb read 1 995 :387 ) , t h e i rs i ze a nd n umb e rb e ing d ependen t

c on t r ibu t ing t os h if t s i ns he rd c o lo r ( R ice 1 987 :336 ) .

o n t h e d eg ree t ow h ich r ed c l ay s w e re c ru shed a nd m ixed p r io rt ov e s se l f o rm ing . A s ar e su l t , EAM s t y p ica l ly c on ta in

Ano the r c ommon n a tu ra l i n c lu s ion , f ound p r ima r i ly i nt h e

s i l t a nd f i ne s and i n c lu s ion s i n p ropo r t ion s s im i la r t o t h e

c oa r sewa r e s , a re r ound , o f ten b r igh t r ed , a mo rphou s c l a s t s ,

s u r round ing g roundma s s , a nd t h e i rb ounda r ie s a r e p red ic tab ly

r ef er r ed t ob y C a ro ther s ( 1992 :313 ) a s " ea r thy a rg i la ceou s

i nd i s t inc t .

ma ter ia l " ( EA Ms ) o r " r ed o ch re " ( Pho tom icrog raph 7 ) .

I n

s omewha t s y s tema t ica l ly i nt h e s i ze a nd n umbe r o f EAM s .

Wh i tb r ead 's ( 1989 , 1 995 :386 -387 ) s y s tem , EAMs m igh t b e v a r iou s ly c l a s s if i ed a s " amo rphou s c oncen t ra t ion f e a tu re s "

O na ve rage , F ab r ic l bc on ta in s t h e m o s t EAM s ( 6 7% o ft o ta l

( ACF s ) , a sa r e o paque s , o r " t ex tu ra l c oncen t ra t ion f e a tu re s "

t o ta l , r e pec t ive ly ) a nd 2( 27% o ft o t a l ) . I ng enera l , t h e mo re

( TCF s ) . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t EAM s , a so ppo sed t oi n ten t iona l ly -

f i ne a f a b r ic i s , t h e f ewer a nd s ma l le r a r e i t s EA M s . I n f i n ewa re s , e spec ia l ly k y l ike s , EAMs a r e f o r a l l p rac t ica l

F ab r ic c l a sse s ( l a -lc a nd 2 ) d o a ppea r t ov a ry

i nf a b r ic c l a s s ) , a so ppo sed t o l a a nd l c( 48% a nd 4 5% o f

a dded t empe r , a r e r emnan t s o ft h e c l ay p repa ra t ion p roce s s

p u rpo se s n on -ex i s ten t .

5 1

RESULTS AND ASSESSMENT

***

PASTE

***

* ***

BODY

***

% Ma t

%S and

%S i l t

% Ma t

%S and

%Temp

P er i s ter ia

Ave rage

8 9 .56

6 . 03

4 . 41

8 5

6 . 67

8 . 3

TOTAL = 1 6

S td . D ev .

7 . 03

5 . 42

3 . 07

8 . 97

7 . 47

5 . 6

F INE

Ave rage

9 2 .3

3 . 42

4 . 25

( 6 )

S td . D ev .

4 . 5

3 . 14

2 . 14

COARSE

A ve rage

8 7 .9

7 . 6

4 . 5

8 5

6 . 67

8 . 3

( 10 )

S td . D ev .

7 . 93

6 . 02

3 . 63

8 . 97

7 . 47

5 . 65

FABR IC l a

Ave rage

8

8 . 8

3 . 17

8 2 .6

7 . 8

9 . 6

( 6 )

S td . D ev .

9 . 61

7 . 36

3 . 76

7 . 57

7 . 76

5 . 27

FABR IC l b

A ve rage

9 2

3 . 5

4 . 5

9 7

1

2

( 2 )

S td .D ev .

5 . 66

3 . 53

2 . 12

FABR IC l c

A ve rage

8 3 .5

8

8 . 5

( 2 )

S td . D ev .

0 . 7

0

0 . 71

***

PASTE

* ***

***

% Ma t

%S and

%S i l t

% Ma t

V o idhok i l ia

A ve rage

9 3 .13

3 . 125

3 . 75

TOTAL = 8

S td .D ev .

5 . 46

4 . 7

2 . 6

F INE

A ve rage

9 5 .25

0 . 5

4 . 25

( 4 )

S td . D ev .

3 . 4

1

2 . 63

COARSE

A ve rage

9 1

5 . 75

3 . 25

( 4 )

S td . D ev .

6 . 78

5 . 68

2 . 87

FABR IC l a

A ve rage

8 5 .5

9 . 5

5

( 2 )

S td .D ev .

3 . 53

6 . 36

2 . 83

FABR IC l c

A ve rage

9 6 .5

2

1 . 5

( 2 )

S td . D ev .

2 . 12

0

2 . 12

BODY

* ***

%S and %Temp

T ab le 5 . 1 c on t ' S umma ry s t a t i s t ic sp e r ta in ing t op e t rog raph ic p o in tc oun t s , a r ranged b ys i te . At o ta lo f1 58 s amp le sw e re p o in tc oun ted .

I na dd i t ion t on a tu ra l i n c lu s ion s , s e ve ra l t yp e s o fs ed imen ta ry

I ti sl i k e ly t h a t c l ay s tone w a s i t se lf g round a nd u sed a s a

r ock f r agmen t ( SRF ) a ppea rt oh ave b een a dded t o Me s sen ian

s ou rce o fr aw m a te r ia l f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fc oa r sewa re s , o r w a s t h e p r ima ry g eo log ica l s ou rce o fi l i t ic c l ay s ( K le in a nd

c oa r se p o t te ry a s t empe r ( Ca ro the r s 1 992 :311 -12 ) .

T he se

g r i t s a r e t y p ica l ly a ngu la r a nd a r e u sua l ly o ft h e m ed ium - t o

Hu r lbu t 1 993 :5 14 ) . I ns uch s amp les , c l ay s ton e g r i t s b ea r a

g rave l -s ize r ange . Many o ft h e se S RF s c an b e c l a s s if i ed a s

s t rong r e semb lance t o t h e s u r round ing g roundma s s ( Pho tom ic rog raph 1 ) a nd , i n Wh i tb r ead 's ( 1995 :386 )

" c lay s ton e " o r " mud s ton e " ( i .e . , s ha le ; P ho tom ic rog raph 8 ) , o r , w hen t h eg r i t 's c l ay c on s t i tuen t i sc emen t ing t oge the r s i l t

s y s tem , m igh t b e c l a s s if ied a s TCF s .

I n t h in s e c t ion ,

o r s and g ra in s , " s i l t s ton e" o r " s and s ton e" ( Pho tom ic rog raph

c l ay s ton e s c an l o ok v ery s im i la r t og rog t emp e r , b u t i nh and

9 ) . I ns ome s amp le s , s and s ton e f r agm en t s e xh ib i tc a lca reou s

s amp le i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h ey a r e n o t c eram ic i n c lu s ion s .

c em en t s ( Pho tom ic rog raph 1 0 ) . I na dd i t ion , c her t s a ppea r t o

f a c t , i td oe s n o t s e em t h a t Me s sen ian p o t t e r s u sed g rog t empe r s a ta l l ( a s a l so a rgued b y C a ro th e r s 1 992 :294 , a nd

h ave a l so b een a dded t om any t empe red s amp le s , e i th e r a s c ru shed g r i to r c oa r se s and .

5 2

I n

RESULTS AND ASSESS MENT

COARSE FABR IC l a

F i r ing

A ve rage

T empe r

T empe r

T emp

S and S ize

S ize

T ype

A c t iv i ty

B fab r ic

s ha le

H IGH

s t r ia l

1 . 22

L ow n= 3 9

n =3 9

3 .83

S ca le / D is t r ibu t ion W IDE ma rke t?

n=2 3

t o ta l =4 6

L ocus NORTHA no E ng l ianos?

I n tens i ty D ispe rsed Wo rkshop?

( ea r ly )

k y l ix =3

C lay t ype : I LL ITE P la tes 1 ,3 ,9 ,1 3 , 1 4 , 1 9

F i r ing

A ve rage

T empe r

T empe r

COARSE

T emp

S and S ize

S i ze

T ype

A c t iv i ty

B fab r ic

D is t r ibu t ion

L ocus

I n tens i ty

FABR IC l b

L ow t o

c l ays tone

H IGH

s peck led

VERY W IDE

SOUTH

D ispe rsed

ma rke t?

K oukouna ra?

Wo rkshop?

n= 5 7

M id

1 . 09 n=4 0

3 .9 1

S ca le /

n=2 5

( l a te )

t o ta l =6 5 k y l ix =1 0

C lay t ype : I LL ITE P la tes 6 ,7 ,8 ,1 0 , 1, 2 0

F i r ing M IX • FABR IC I c n=3 8

T emp

A ve rage S and S ize

S ize

S ca le /

T empe r T ype

a re SRFs 3 .66 r

1 . 24

M id t o H igh

T empe r

I n tens i ty

A c t iv i ty

B fab r ic

D is t r ibu t ion

S L IGHT

c r ys ta l l i t ic

VERY W IDE

CENTRAL

D ispe rsed

ma rke t?

A no E ng l ianos?

wo rkshop?

n=6

n=2 8

L ocus

( l a te )

t o ta l =4 7 k y l ix =6

C lay t ype : KAOL IN ITE , I LL ITE , MARL M IX? P la tes 4 ,2 1

F INE FABR IC 2 n=2 6

S ca le /

F i r ing

A ve rage

T empe r

T empe r

T emp

S and S ize

S ize

T ype

A c t iv i ty

B fab r ic

D is t r ibu t ion

L ocus

v ery r a re

S L IGHT

c r ys ta l l i t ic

UNRESTR ICTED

UNKNO WN

0 .57

M id t o H igh

n= 2 6

3 .68

me rchan t?

n=4

I n tens i ty N uc lea ted Wo rkshop

t o ta l =1 52 k y l ix =9 5

C lay t ype : KAOL IN ITE P la tes 2 ,5 ,1 2 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 2

T ab le 5 . 2 S ummary d escr ip t ion o ff abr ic c l a sse s . n= n umbe ro ft h in -sec t ion sp o in tc oun ted ; t o ta l =t o ta l n umber o fs amp les i n c l a s s ; k y l ix = n umbe ro fk y l ikes i nc l a ss .

5 3

P ho tom icrograph 1 F ab r ic l a , s amp le J C65 .

C ro s sed

p o la r s . N a tu ra l m ine ra l i n c lu s ion s . T he b r igh t s ub -angu la r i n c lu s ion s a r e q uar tz . T he g ra in t o t h e r i gh t o f c en te r i s p ho spha t ic f e ld spa r .

P ho tom icrograph 2 F ab r ic 2 , s amp le MG132 .

C ro s sed

p o la r s . N a t u ra lm ine ra l i n c lu s ion s . T he m a jo r i ty o fs i l t a nd s and g ra in sa r e q u a r tz . T h ev e ry s ma l l s t r eak s i ng roundma s s a r e mu scov i te m ica l a th s .

RESULTS AND ASSESS MENT

P ho tom icrograph 3 F ab r ic l a , s amp le J C186 . C ro s sed p o la r s . L a rge a ngu la rc a lc i te g r i t s i nb i re f r ingen tg oundma s s .

p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) ; n o rd i dt h ey u s e a st empe r o rgan ic m a ter ia l s , s uch a sc ha f f , o r s h e l l ( Ca ro the r s 1 992 :294 ) .

C a ro the r s , i sl i ke ly v ery l a te M idd le H e l lad ic o re a r ly L a te H e l lad ic a s o ppo sed t o L a te H e l lad ic I IB ( S . S tock e r , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . I ti si d en t ica l i nh and s amp le t oa c l a s s o ff a b r ic s i d en t if ied b y P RAP , p r ima r i ly a tt h e p a lace , wh ich m ay b er e la ted t oM idd le H e l lad ic " Go ld M ica " w a re s

O ther S RF sf o und i n Me s sen ian p o t s a r e c a lca reou s , s uch a s l imes tone g r i t sa nd c l a s t s o f ma r l . I ns amp le s t h a ta r e h i gh i n c a lc ium i ti sn o tu ncommon t of i nd s u ch c a lca reou s i n c lu s ion s ( Pho tom ic rog raph 1 2 ) . S ome o ft h e se i n c lu s ion s—go lden i n c o lor , s ub -angu la r , a nd l i ke ly d e r ived f r om m a r l— re semb le t h e r ed o ch re EAMs , d e sc r ibed a bove , a nd may a l so b e

( GM W s ) , s uch a sw e re p roduced a tt h e s i te o fK o lonna , o n A eg ina ( s ee a bove ) . H oweve r , P y l ian GM W c on ta in s v ery l a rge mu scov i te l a the s , whe rea sA eg in e t an GM W f r om K i r rha c on ta in s f i ne l a the s o f b io t i te ( T . T a r ta ron , p e r sona l

r emnan t so ft h e c l ay p repa ra t ion p roce s s . I ns ome s amp le s , c a lca reou s r o ck f r agmen t s i n c lude o r a r e a s so c ia ted w i th m ic rofo s s i l s , s uch a s b i va lve o r mo l lu scan s he l l f r agm en t s a nd v a r iou su n iden t if iab le b i oc la s t s ( Adam s , MacKenz ie , a nd

c ommun ica t ion ) . P y l ian GM W m ay b e r e la ted t ot h e " r ed m ica ceou sp o t t ery w i th d i s t inc t ive t h ick r im s " w h ich H owe l l ( quo ted i nL ew i s 1 983 :163 ) b e l ieve s " wa s ap roduc t o f t h e S ou thern P e loponne se ." I n a dd i t ion , a no the r s amp le , a ga in

G u i lfo rd 1 984 ) . Howeve r , f o s s i l if e rou s i n c lu s ion s d o n o t a ppea r t om a rk f a b r ic c l a s sd i f f e ren ce s .

f r om t h e p a la ce a nd c o l lec ted b y C a ro the r s , b ea r s as t rong r e semb lance t oc oa r se s and tempe red w a re s n ow c on s ide red

S ome

E a r ly H e l lad ic b yP RAP ( i .e . , " Noza ina " w a re ) . T h i s s amp le w a s l e f t i nt h e o vera l l a na ly s i s , a s i ti sn o t c er ta in ly o f EH

s amp le s ,

e spec ia l ly

c oo l cwa r e s ,

a l so

c on ta in

m e tamo rph ic r ock f r agmen t s ( MRF s ) , p r ima r i ly " s t re tched " p o lym in e ra l l ic q ua r tz a nd q ua r tz -m ica s ch i s t s ( Pho tom ic rog raph 1 3 ) .

d a te .

I gneou s r o ck f r agmen t s a r e r a re t o

n on -ex i s ten t , d ue t o t h e f a c t t h a t Me s sen ia r ep re sen t s a

F ab r ic D if f e rence s

s ed imen ta ry g eo log ica l e nv i ronmen t . C a ro the r s ( 1992 : 3 14 ) a ppar en t ly i d en t if i ed a nd r e co rded as ma l l n umbe ro fi g neou s

A s w a s t h e c a se w i th c hem ica l a na ly s i s , p e t rog raphy a l low s

r ock

f i n e - a nd c oa r sewa re s t ob e r ead i ly d i s t ingu i shed ( s ee a bove ,

f r agmen t s ,

t r adewa r e s .

w h ich

s he

a s soc ia ted

H oweve r , Id i d n o t

w i th

p o s s ib le

r e cogn ize a ny i g neou s

F igu re

i n c lu s ion s i nt h e c ou r se o fp e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s .

5 . 12 ) .

F u r thermo re ,

p o in t c oun t s a s w e l l a s

q ua l i ta t ive c ha rac ter i s t ics a l low d i sc r im ina t ion o f f a b r ic c l a s se s l a -lc a nd 2( r ef e rt oT ab le s 5 . 1 a nd 5 .2 a nd A pp end ix

A tl e a s to ne s amp le , c on ta in ing c oa r se mu scov i te m ica l a th s , w a s r emoved f r om t h e p ro jec t f o l low ing p e t rog raph ic

3 ) . F o re xamp le , m ean p a s te ( ma t r ix , s i l t , s and )p o in tc oun t s

a na ly s i s . T h i s s amp le , c o l lec ted f r om t h e p a lace b y

m en t ioned a bove , n o f a b r ic w a s f ound t ob e s i t e

f r om a l l s i te s t a ken t o ge ther ( numbe r ing 1 58 s amp le s )—a s

5 5

R ESULTS AND A SSESSMENT

P ho tom icrograph 4 F ab r ic l c , s amp le J C44 .

C ro s sed

p o la r s . H igh t empe ra tu re , d i s soc ia ted c a lc i te . ( S tep 3 i n d i ssoc ia t ion p roce s s .) T he q uar tz g ra in n ea r c en te r i n. 2 25 m i l l ime t e r s a c ro s s . C a lc i te , w h ich a ppea r s a s e l onga ted s mea r s , h a s r e cry s ta l l ized f i l l ing v o id s pace .

P ho tom icrograph 5 F ab r ic 2 , s amp le J C120 . p o la r s . C a l iche , s e conda r i ly d epo s i ted c a lc i te .

C ro s sed

5 6

R ESULTS AND ASSESS MENT

P ho tom icrograph 6 F ab r ic l b , s amp le J C11 . C ro s sed p o la r s . O paque s a re b l ack s ub -angu la rg ra in s i ns p eck led b f a b r ic . P robab ly h ema t i te .

s pec if i c—d i f f e ren t ia te F ab r ic s l a -lc a nd 2( s ee t e rna ry p l o t ,

a fo remen t ioned o ve r lap , a nd i sd i scu s sed i n mo re d e ta i l b e low .

F igu r e5 . 13 ) . F ab r ic 2( f in ewa re s , i n c lud ing t h e m a jo r i ty o f l c y l ike s ) i so na verage c ompo sed o f9 4% m a t r ix a nd l e ss t h an

D if f e ren ce s i ng roundma s s , i d en t if i ed p e t rog raph ica l ly , w e re a l so f ound t ob e h i gh ly s i gn if i can t i nd i s t ingu i sh ing c e ram ic f ab r ic t ype s ( s ee A ppend ix 3a nd T ab le 5 .2 ) . F o r i n s tance , F ab r ic l a i sh igh ly b i ref r ingen t ( i .e . , o p t ica l ly a c t ive a nd

3% s and . C oa r se f ab r ics l a -lc , a so ppo sed t oF ab r ic 2 ,a r e c on s i s t en t ly t empered ( s ee t e rna ry p l o t o f m ean b ody p o in t c oun t s , F igu re 5 .14 ) . F ab r ic l c i so n a ve rage 9 0% m a t r ix a nd a pp rox ima te ly 5% s and . F ab r ic s l a a nd l b , n o t e a s i ly d i sc r im ina ted t h rough p o in t -coun t ing a l on e , a r e b o th s i l ie r (>5% ) a nd s and ier (> 6% ) t h an F ab r ic s 2a nd l c .

s ome t ime sp l eo ch ro ic w i th r o ta t ion o ft h e m ic ro scop e 's s t ag e ; Wh i tb read [ 1 995 :382 -383 ] ) . B i r ef r ingen t f a b r ic s ( b -f ab r ic s ) i n s amp le s o f F ab r ic l a a r e f r equen t ly c ry s ta l l i t ic , o f t en s t r ia ted ( c ompo sed o f e l onga ted s t reak s ; Wh i tb read [ 1995 :383 ] ; P ho tom ic rog raph 1 4 ) . F ab r ic l b a l so c on ta in s a bundan t b f ab r ic , b u t d i sp lay s a" s peck led " d i s t r ibu t ion

Wherea s p o in t c oun t ing o f s amp le p a s t e s d id n o t s t rong ly d i s t ingu i sh s amp les o f c oa r se f a b r ic l a f r om l b , t y pe o f t emp e r i n c lu s ion o f ten d id ( s ee A ppend ix 3 ,T ab le s 5 . 1 a nd 5 .2 , a nd t e rna ry p lo t s , F igu re s 5 . 13 a nd 5 . 14 ) . S amp le s o f

( r andom b i ref r ingen t z on e s o f af ew m icron s i n s i ze ; Wh i tb read [ 1 995 :383 ] ) . F ab r i c l ci so n ly s l igh t ly a c t ive a nd

f ab r ic c l a s s l a a re mo s t o f t en t emp e red w i th at yp e o f r ed s ha le ( Pho tom icrog raph 1 4 ) . T he se s ha le g r i t s a r e q u i te

c on ta in s l e s s b f ab r ic o ve ra l l .

F ina l ly , t h e f i newa re s a r e

a ngu la ra nd c oa r se ( of t en i nt h eg r av e l s ize r ange ) a nd r a re ly

t yp ica l ly i n ac t ive a nd i s o t rop ic , a nd w hen o p t ica l ly a c t ive

c on ta in a ny i n c lu s ion s o f t h e i r o wn .

o x id a t ion , t h ey may t u rn s hade so fg r ey o rb l ack . S amp le s o f

u sua l ly d i sp lay c ry s ta l l i t i c , s ome t ime s s t r ia ted , c a lc ic b f a b r ic s .

f a b r ic c l a s s l b , o n t h e o the r h and , a r e t y p ica l ly t empe red w i th c l ay s tone g r i t s . I nm any c a se s , t h e se c l ay s tone s c on ta in

Wh i tbread ( 1995 :382 ) a rgu e s t h a t t h e d eg ree o f o p t ica l

W i th i n comp le te

i n c lu s ion so fs i l ta nd /o r f i ne s and ( mak ing t h em s i l t - o rs and -

a c t iv i ty a nd b i ref r ingen ce i nc e ram ic s , a sw i th s o i l s , r e la te s

s t on e s ) ,

t o o r ien ta t ion o fc l ay p l a t e le t s i ng roundma s s , p e rhap s a s a

a s

w e l l

a s

f m e

mu scov i te

m ica

l a th s

( s ee

r e su l t o fc l ay p repa ra t ion t e chn ique s s u ch a sr o l l ing . T he se

P ho tom ic rog raph s 9a nd 1 ) . T h i s t emp e r d i s t in c t ion i sn o t c omp le te ly p e rf ec t , a nd w hen l aa nd l b s amp le s o ve r lap i n

c ha rac te r i s t ic s a r e a l so l i nk ed t of i r ing t empe ra tu re ( Vaughn 1 991 :350 ) , a nd f i r ing t emp e ra tu re l i ke ly e xp la in s t h e

t e rm so ft empe r , a st h ey a l so d oc h em ica l ly ( s ee a bove ) , t h ey

d i f f eren ce s i n o p t ica l a c t iv i ty a nd b f ab r ic s n o ted a bove .

a re i nm any c a ses c oo l cwa re s o r p i tho i . T he s epa ra t ion o f c oa r se f a b r ic sb y t empe r t ype i sv e ry s i gn if ican t , a si st h e

F ab r i c s l aa nd l ba r ei n va r iab ly l ow -f i red ; t h erefo re t h ey a r e mo re a c t ive a nd c on ta in ag r ea t e rp ercen tage o fb f ab r ic .

5 7

R ESULTS AND ASSESSMENT

P ho tom icrograph 7 F ab r ic l a , s amp le J C60 . C ro s sed p o la r s . E a r thy A rg i l l iceou s Ma te r ia l s ( EAM s ; i . e . , r ed o chre ) . R ounded a mo rphou so paqu em a te r ia l . I n lcu s ion s a r e q ua r tz a nd m ica .

P ho tom icrograph 8 F ab r ic l a , J C37 .

C ro ssed p o la r s .

L a rge c l ay - a nd mud s tone s i n a s t r ia ted , g roundma s s .

b i ref r ingen t

5 8

R ESULTS AND ASSESS MENT

P ho tom icrograph 9 F ab r ic l b , s amp le J C3 . c ro s sed . L a rge s i l t s tone i n s peck led , g roundma s s .

F ab r ic

l c a nd

f m ewa re s t e nd t o b e

N icho l s n o t b i ref r ingen t

f i red t o h ighe r

f i red t o t empe ra tu re s a t o r i n e xce s s o f 1 000° C T hey c on ta in " t ran sfo rmed " c a lc i te , d i ff i cu l t t o i d en t ify w i th c er ta in ty , b u tp e rhap sw o l la s ton i te ( Pho tom ic rog raph 4 ) . A s R ice ( 1987 :103 ) n o te s , t h i s c o lo r c hange i s t y p ica l o f c a lca reou s c l ay s f i red t o h igh t empe ra tu re s ( s ee a l so H e lm s ley 1 991) . T he se h igh -f i red p o t s w ou ld n o t h ave s uf e red l ime -popp ing o rs p a l l ing , a sv i t r if i ca t ion w ou ld h ave

t emp e ra tu re sa nd c on sequ en t ly a r e mo re o f t en i s o t rop ic ; t h a t i st o s ay , v ery l i t t le l i gh t p a s se s t h rough t h em . I s o t ropy r e su l t s f r om i n c rea sed v i t r if ica t ion o f t h e c l ay b ody 's g roundm a s s . I na dd i t ion , f m ewa re so f ten c on ta in c rys ta l l i t ic b -f ab r ic i n g roundma s s , d ue t o h i gh l e ve l s o f c a lc i te i n Me s sen ia 's k ao l in i te a sw e l l a si nt h e m any s o i l s t h a t a ppea r t o h ave s ome t ime s b een a dded t o k ao l in i te s d u r ing c l ay

s ea led p o re s pace , d i sa l low ing f o rma t ion o fq u ick l ime . A s d escr ibed mo re f u l ly b e low , i tm ay b e t h a t s ub t le c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d if e r ence s i nf mew a r e s r e la te i np a r t t ot h e p r e sen ce o fc a lc ium c a rbona t e a nd t h ep ro ce s so fd i s soc ia t ion .

p repa ra t ion . A ppea rance o f c ry s ta l l i t ic , c a lc ic b f ab r ic s i n F ab r ic 2 f i newa re s ( a nd s ome t ime s c oa r se F ab r ic l c ) i sl i nked t ot h e d i s soc ia t ion o fc a lc i te w i th i n c rea se s i nf i r ing t empera tu re . A s d e scr ibed a bove , c a lc i t e u nde rgoe s as e r ie s o f s t ep l ike t r an sf orma t ion s a s t empe ra tu re r i se s ( K le in a nd Hu r lbu t

O the r p e t rog raph ic c ha rac te r i s t ics , s u ch a s v o id s pace a nd g ra in d i s t r ibu t ion , ma rk f a b r ic d i f f e r en ce so n ly v ery o b tu se ly

A t

( s ee A ppend ix 3 ) . F o r e xamp le , n ea r ly a l s amp le s p o s se s s s ome v o id s , mo s t o f ten v ugh s ( r e la t ive ly l a rge , i r regu la r

o r b efo re t empera tu re s o f 8 70° C ( e xp er t s d i sag ree o n t h e e xa c t t empe ra tu re ) , c a lc ium c a rbona te ( CaCO3 ) d i s soc ia te s

h ave mo re v o id s pace t h an d o f m ewa re s . F ab r ic l cc on ta in s

t ol im e ( CaO ) a nd c a rbon d i ox ide ( CO2 ) . A tt empe ra tu re so f

mo re " p lana r " v o id s ( v o id s l i n ea r i nt h in s e c t ion b u tp l ana r i n

9 50 ° C , C aO r e ac t sw i th c l ay t of o rm c a lc ium s i l ica tes , s u ch

t h ree d imen s ion s ; Wh i tb read [ 1 995 :380 ] ) t h an d o o the r

1 993 :407 ; R ice 1 987 :102 -104 ; Y a rd ley 1 993 :126 -128 ) .

v o id s ; Wh i tb read [ 1 995 :380 ] ) .

I n g ene ra l , c oa r se f a b r ic s

a sw o l la s ton i te , o rc a lc ium f e r ro s i l ica te s . W i th c oo l ing , l ime

f a b r ic s , p o s s ib ly a s ar e su l t o ft h e m ix ing o fv ery d i f f e ren t

c omb in e s w i th w a t e r t o f o rm

E xpan s ion w i th t h e a dd i t ion o fw a te rc au se s " l ime -popp ing ,"

c l ay s ( s ee D ruc a nd Gwyn 1 998 ) . Me s sen ian c oa r sewa re s mo r e o f ten d i sp lay c l o se -o r s i ng le spa ced g ra in d i s t r ibu t ion ,

a sd e sc r ibed e a r l ie r .

w herea s f mewa re s t e nd t o d i sp lay o pen - o r d oub le spa ced

" qu ick l ime "

( Ca [OH ]2 ) .

g ra in d i s t r ibu t ion (Wh i tb read 1 995 :38 1 ) . I n t e re s t ing ly , t h e s t ep s i nt h i s p roce s s c an b e v i ewed i nt h in f m ewa r e s , a nd c an b ec o r re la ted w i th c hange s i ns h e rd c o lo r .

F ina l ly , i ti ss ome t ime s p o s s ib le t or e cogn ize i nt h in s e c t ion c e r ta in f e a tu re s o fc l ay p repa ra t ion , v e s se l b u i ld ing , a nd p o t

F o r e xamp le , y e l low -g reen " Pa lace Wa re s " w e re p robab ly

d eco ra t ion . F o r e xamp le , i ti sr e ad i ly a ppa ren t t h a tk y l ix

s e c t ion ( s ee P ho tom ic rog raph s

1 5 -16 , 4 ) , e spec ia l ly i n

5 9

P ho tom icrograph 1 F ab r ic l b , s amp le J C76 .

C ro s sed

p o la r s . C lay s tone o rT ex t ura l C oncen t ra t ion F ea tu r e ( TCF ) , s im i la r i na ppea rance t os u r round ing g roundma s s .

R ESULTS AND ASSESSMENT

5 0% S ILT

o F abr ic l ac oa r se o

F ab r ic l b c oa r se

+

F ab r ic l c m ix

x

F abr ic 2f i n e

5 0% S AND

1 00% MATR IX

F igure 5 . 13 Mean p a s t ec ompo s i t ion b y f a b r ic , d i s t ingu i sh ing t h e f ou ri d en t if i ed c l a s se s . F inewa re s ( Fab r ic 2 ;i n c lud ing k y l ik es ) d i sp lay 9 4% o r mo re ma t r ix a nd o n a ve rage l e s s t h an a bou t 3% s and . F ab r ic s l a a nd l b a r e d i s t ingu i shed f r om o ne a no the r n o t b y p a s te c ompo s i t ion , b u t b y c on s i s t en t d i f f e r ence s i n g r ound rna s s c ha rac ter i s t ic s ( s ee t e x t ) , a sw e l l a sb y c hem i s t ry . F ab r ic l c( t he " m ixed " s amp le ) s i t s m idway b e tween F abr ic s 2a nd l a -b . I tc an b e d efmed a s h av ing o n a ve rage 9 0% m a t r ix a nd a pp rox ima te ly 5% s a nd . I ti sa l so d i s t ingu i shed f r om o t he rf a b r ic sb yh and samp le a nd g roundma s sc ha rac te r i s t ic s ( s ee t e x t ) .

5 0% TEMPER

o

F abr ic l ac oa r se

O

F abr ic l bc oar se

+

F abr ic l c!n ix

X

F abr ic 2f i n e

5 0% S AND

1 00% MATR IX

F igure 5 . 14 C oa r se , t empe red s amp le s a r e n o t e a s i ly d i s t ingu i shab le b y b ody c ompo s i t ion ; r a the r , t h ey a r e d i f f e ren t ia ted b y t empe r t y pe a nd , t o al e s se r d eg ree , s i ze ( s ee t e x t ) . F inewa re s a lmo s t n eve r c on ta in i d en t if iab le t empe r s a nd , when t h ey d o , t empe r i n c lu s ion s a r e av e ry s ma l l p e r cen tage o f b u lk b ody c o mpos i t ion .

6 1

R ESULTS AND ASSESS MENT

P ho tom icrograph 1 2 F ab r ic 2 , s amp le MG75 .

C ro s sed

p o la r s . L ime s tone /ma r l i n c lu s ion , e n te r ing f i r s t s t age o f c a lc i t e d i s so c ia t ion .

P ho tom icrograph 1 3 F ab r ic l a , s amp le J C59 . p o la r s .

A pp rox ima te ly

1 . 25 -1 .5

C ro s sed

m i l l ime ter s

l o ng .

Me tamo rph ic R ock F ragmen t ( MRF ) , p robab ly q ua r tz -m ica s ch i s t .

6 2

R ESULTS AND ASSESS MENT

F abr ic l b

F ab r ic l a 1 0 \ P er i s ter ia

2 \ • •

P er i s t er ia Mou r ia tadha 2

3 O rd ine s •

2 0 A no E ng l iano s •

1 V o idhok i l ia

A n 5 oE ng l iano s • • a : • 711 -Zo r ia 9 3V o idhok i l i 0 K oukounara

1R omano iBe i lerbe i 1

F abr ic 2

F abr ic l c 1\ P er i s t er ia 1 O rd ine s

•K a s t rak i

1 5 A no E ng l iano s 6 1 P on e s.. N ichor ia 6 V o idhok i l ia b• K oukounara 7 4 B e i l erbe i 2

K a lop sana 1

1 P or t e s

• N ichor ia 2 K oukounara 1

•• 7 3 Mour ia tadha

• 7 • Mour ia tadha

3 2

\

P er i s t er ia

• a • Mour ia tadha

1 7 O rd ine s K a s t rak i 1 1 ( *: .K ou t souver i A y ia S o t i ra • L a g o u 2 4 1 4 1K ana lo s A no E ng l iano s Mega sK ampo s • • 1P igad ia • • N ichor ia 1 7 V o idhok i l ia K o u k o u n a r a 1 0 7 4 1 Be i l erbe i R omanou 1 3 1 4P or t e s

' q v

F igure 5 . 15 R eg iona lp a t te rn so fd i s t r ibu t ion f o ra l lf ou ri d en t if i ed f a b r ic s .

s t em s w e re " s queezed " a nd " pu l led " o nt h e f a s t w hee l p r io r t o b e ing a t tached t ot h e b ow l .

C hem ica la nd P e t rograph ic D a ta i nC omb ina t ion

A s ar e su l t , t h in s e c t ion s o f

s t em s d i sp lay n on random g ra in d i s t r ibu t ion a nd o r ien ta t ion .

C oa r sewa re s : F ab r ic s l aa nd l b

I nl c y l ix s t em s t ha tc on ta in m ica , l a th s a r e d i s t r ibu ted e ven ly a nd a r e o r ien ted p a ra l le l t o t h e s he rd e dge ( s ee

C hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta c omb ine t o c onv inc ing ly

P ho tom i c rog raph 1 7 ; V aughn 1 99 1 :349 ) . I nt h in s e c t ion , i t i s a l so p o s s ib le t o i d en t ify s l ip s , wh ich a ppea r a s t h in ,

d e l inea te a tl e a s t f ou r b road P y l ian f a b r ic c l a s ses , l a -lc a nd 2( Pho tom ic rog raph s 1 9 -22 ) . T h e r e ad e r i sd i rec ted t oT ab le 5 .2 , as umma ry d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e se f a b r ic c l a s se s , a nd F igu re

s ome t ime s h igh ly b i ref r ingen t , l a ye r s a l ong s he rd e dge s ( Pho tom ic rograph 1 8 ; V aughn 1 99 1 :349 ) .

5 . 15 , d i s t r ibu t ion map s . T he se s uppo r t t h e f o l low ing , mo re

6 3

P ho tom i crograph 1 4 F ab r ic l a , s amp le J C178 .

C ro s sed

p o la r s . R ed s ha le f r agmen t s i n as t r ia ted b -f ab r ic .

P ho tom icrograph 1 5 F ab r ic 2 , MG29 .

C ro s sed p o la r s .

C a lc i te d i s so c ia t ion , s t ep 1 . C a lca reou s f a b r ic r e p re sen ted b y b r igh t , f u zzy p a tche s .

RESULTS AND ASSESS MENT

P ho tom icrograph 1 6 F ab r ic 2 , s amp le MG36 . C ro s sed p o la r s . C a lc i te d i s soc ia t ion , s t ep 2 . C a lc i t e b eg inn ing t o r e crys ta l l ize i nv ugh s .

l ime s tone s , a nd s ha le s ) t h a t o ve r lay Me s sen ia 's d om inan t l ime s ton e b ed rock s ( Ca ro the r s 1 992 :312 ) . I ti sl i k e ly t h a t t h e

d e ta i led , d i scu s s ion o f f a b r ic c l a s s d i f f e ren ce s a nd t h e i r s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion .

c l ay su sed t op roduce F ab r ic l aw e re c o l lec ted d i rec t ly f r om " Red B ed " d epo s i t s . S u ch b e ing t h e c a se , t h ey w ou ld h ave a t l e a s t r equ i red s i ev ing a nd , g i ven t h e i r a ppea ran ce i n t h in s e c t ion , s ome l e v iga t ion a sw e l l . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t i l i t ic c l ay s w ere m in ed f r om n a tu ra l ly c l ean mud s tone d epo s i t s , p e rhap s i n te rbedded w i th t h e s ha le s t h a t c omp r i se t h e i r d om inan t t empe r t ype . I fs o , t h i s c l ay s ou rce h a s y e t t ob e l o ca ted .

F ab r ic s l aa nd l b a r e c l ea r ly a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e p roduc t ion o fu t i l i ta r ian w a re s , m any o ft h em h eav i ly t empered . T hey a r e e a s i ly d i s t ingu i shed f r om F ab r ic s l c a nd 2 , b o th c hem ica l ly a nd p e t rog raph ica l ly . T hey a r e l e s s e a s i ly d i s t ingu i shed f r om o n e a no the r . F ab r ic l a d i f f er s c hem ica l ly f r om l b i n t h a t , g enera l ly s peak ing , i tc on ta in s m o r e p o t a s s i um , z i nc , b a r ium , a nd

F ab r ic l b , l i k e l a , w a s p r ima r i ly f i red a tl ow t empe ra tu re s ,

s od ium . I t sa ppea ran ce i nt h in -sec t ion i sv e ry d i f f e ren t f r om a l l o t he r f a b r ic s a nd i s r ead i ly r e cogn ized ( c ompa re P ho tom ic rog raph s 1 4 a nd 1 9t o2 0 -22 ) . T he c o lo ro ft h e c l ay

b u t , g i ven t h a t c o lo r i nh and s amp le t e nd s t o b rown , m ay h ave o cca s iona l ly b een f i red t o mod e ra te ly h i gh t empe ra tu re s .

m a t r ix u nd e rc ro s sed p o la r si so f t en " g o ld en " a nd g roundma s s i so p t ica l ly a c t ive a nd h igh ly b i ref r ingen t . B -f ab r ic s a r e i n

B o th F ab r ic s l a a nd l b p roduced s amp le s o f t h e s o -ca l led " h igh -f i red " c l a s s ( s ee a bove ) , s oi ti sl i ke ly t h a t c oa r sewa re

many

v e s se l s w e re s po rad ica l ly s ub jec tt ot empe ra tu re s i ne xce s s o f

c a se s

s t r ia ted

( Pho tom ic rog raph

1 4 ) .

T he se

c ha rac t e r i s t ic s l i ke ly ma rk l ow a ve rage f i r ing t empera tu re s .

1 000 ° C I n te re s t ing ly , t h ough , " ha rd -f i red " s amp le s w e re

B a sed o nt h er e su l t so ff i r ing e xp e r imen t s ( s ee a bove ) a nd t h e a ppea ran ce o fs he rd si nh and s amp le , F ab r ic l aw a sp robab ly

f ound i nl a rge n umber s o n ly a tt h e p a lace a nd K oukouna ra ; p erhap s t h ey w e re h i gh ly v a lued . F ab r ic l b i so p t ica l ly

f i red a tt emp e ra tu r e sn o te x ceed ing 8 00 ° C . F ab r ic l ai sa l so

a c t ive , b u t , u n l ik e F ab r ic l a , b f ab r ic s a r ep r ima r i ly s p eck led a s o ppo sed t o s t r ia ted ( Pho tom icrog raph 2 0 ) .

s l igh t ly s and ier t h an l b .

A ga in ,

o p t ica l ly a c t ive g roundma s se s t y p ica l ly i n d ica te l ow f i r ing T he c l ay s u sed t om ake v e sse l s o fF ab r ic l a a r e a ppa ren t ly

t empe ra tu re s .

a l luv ia l ly - o r c o l luv ia l ly -depo s i ted i l i te s . I l i te i st h e c h ief c on s t i tu en ti n many s ha le s ( K le in a nd Hu r lbu t 1 993 :514 ) , b u t

F abr ic l b i so f t en t empe red w i th c l ay - a nd s i l t s tone g r i t s ( Pho tom ic rog raph s 8 9 , 1 , 2 0 ) . T he se i n c lu s ion s , u n l ik e t h e

may a l so r e su l t f r om t h e a l te ra t ion o f k ao l in i te ( R ice 1 987 :49 ) . P y l ian i l i te s p robab ly f o rmed d ue t ot h e e ro s ion

s ha le f ound i nF ab r ic l a ( Pho tom ic rog raph 1 4 ) , a r e l i gh t ly m icaceou s . A s e xp la ined a bove , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e i l i t ic

o fr e g iona l f i y sch d epo s i t s ( i n te rbedded s and s tone s ,

6 5

RESULTS AND ASSESSMENT

P ho tom icrograph 1 7 F ab r ic 2 , s amp le MG69 . C ro s sed p o la r s . H igh m agn if i ca t ion . P a ra l le l o r ien ta t ion o f m ica l a th s . Mu scov i t e l a th s a r e l i gh t s t reak s i ng roundma s s .

P ho tom icrograph 1 8 F ab r ic 2 ,s amp le 5 1 . C ro s sed p o la r s . H igh m agn if i ca t ion . A ppea rance o fs l ip i np e t rog raph ic t h in s e c t ion . T he s l ip i st h e d a rk , n a r row l a yer a tt h e s u r f ace o f t h e t h in s e c t ion .

6 6

R ESULTS AND A SSESSMENT

P ho tom icrograph 1 9 S amp le J C12 1 . F ab r ic c l a s s l a . C ro ssed p o la r s . N o te s t r ia t ion s i ng roundma s s , v ery t yp ica l o fF ab r ic l a .

c l ay u sed t op roduce F ab r ic l b w a s p rocu red b y m in ing a nd c ru sh ing t h e s ed imen ta ry r ock w i th w h ich i t w a s a l so t empe red .

i nv a r iou s LH I IB c oo l cwa re s r e p re sen t b and s o f i t i ne ran t s pec ia l i s t s w ho t o ok t o t h e r oadway s d u r ing t h e s umme r mon th s . When n o t t r ave l ing , C re tan v endemaro i , r ov ing p o t te r s , o pera ted s ma l l c e ram ic w o rk shop s i n t h e i r h ome v i l lage , T h rap sano ( Voya tzog lou 1 974 :24 ) . Wh i le s eden ta ry , T h rap sano 's p o t te r s p roduced a g en e ra l ized r eper to i re o f u t i l i ta r ian v e s se l s . P e rhap s t h e mak er s o f P y l ian LH I IB u t i l i ta r ian w a re s , r ep re sen ted b y F ab r ic s l a a nd l b , a l so t r ave led a tc er ta in t im e s o f t h e y ea r f r om t own t ov i l lage , u s ing u b iqu i tou s r ed c l ay s a s t h ey w en t , t empe r ing t h e i r

C ookwa r e s A s m en t ion ed p rev iou s ly , F ab r ic s l a a nd l b d o o ve r lap c hem ica l ly a nd p e t rog raph ica l ly . I n tere s t ing ly , t h e v e s se l s t h a ta ccoun tf o rt h i so ve r lap a r eo f t en c oo l cwa re sa nd , i ns ome c a ses , p i tho i , t wo v ery s pec ia l ized c e ram ic f o rm s .

c oo l cwa re s a nd p i tho i w i th w ha teve r m a te r ia l w a s a th and o r w a s f a vo red b y c on sume r s .

C oo l cwa re s i np a r t icu la r m ay c on ta in u nu sua l t empe r s , s uch a s , i no n ec a se , v ery c oa r se c a lc i t e g r i t ( s ee P ho tom ic rog raph 3 ) . I nf a c t , s im i la rp a s te , y e t s l igh t ly d i f f eren tb ody , r e c ipe s

" M ix ed " Wa re : F ab r ic l c

a ppea r t oc ha rac ter ize mo s t c ook ing wa re s a nd s ome p i tho i ( a s a l so s ugg e s ted b yC a ro the r s 1 992 :315 , 3 24 ) . T h i s m ay b e t h e r e su l to fp o tf un c t ion ; f o re xamp l e , p o t te r sm ay h ave u sed

F ab r ic

d if e ren tt y p e so ft emp e rd ep end ing o nt h e e xa c tu se t o wh ich t h e v e s se l w a s t ob e p u t . O r i tm ay b e t h a t c oo l cwa re s ( and

i n termed ia te t o b o th c oa r se ( Fab r ic l a a nd l b ) a nd f me

l c , t h e s o -ca l led " m ixed " f a b r ic , i s c hem ica l ly

p i tho i ) , p roduced f o r as p ec ia l ized m a rke t , w ere t h em se lve s

( Fab r ic 2 )w a re s ( s ee F igu re 5 . 3 ) . G iven i t s a ppea rance i n t h in s e c t ion , i tm ay b e t h a t t h i s f a b r ic r ep r e sen t s t h e m ix ing

made b y s pec ia l i s t s , p o t ter s w ho u t i l ized r e ad i ly a va i lab le

o ft wo o r mo re t y pe s o fc l ay , a si sc ommon , f o r e xamp le , i n

c l ay s , b u te c cen t r ic t empe r s . I na dd i t ion , b o th p o t tery t ype s ,

C ypru s ( He lm s ley 1 99 1 ) . M ix ing o fc l ay s w i th v a r iou s s o i l s

e spec ia l ly p i tho i , w ou ld h ave b een h and -bu i l t , t h e p o t te r

m ay i mp rove c e r ta in c l ay p rope r t ie s , s u ch a sp l a s t ic i ty a nd d ry ing s t reng th ( He lm s ley 1 99 1 :2 15 ) . I nt h in s e c t ion , F ab r ic

s om e t ime s e mp loy ing as l ow -whee lo rt u rn tab le .

l c m ay d i sp lay z one s o f h igh a nd l ow o p t ica l a c t iv i ty a nd I ne a r ly mod ern G ree ce , s p ec ia l i s t m ake r so fl a rge w a ter j a r s w e re i t i ne ran t c raf t smen w ho t r ave led t o t h e c on sume r ,

b i ref r ingence ( s ee P ho tom ic rog raph 2 1 ) .

T h is z on ing m ay

c on s tru c ted t h e v e s se l , a nd f i red i to nt h e s po t ( Voya tzog lou

a dd i t ion , a th i gh t emp e ra tu re s F ab r ic l ct u rn s as hade o fg r ey w h ich i ss im i la r , y e tn o t i d en t ica l , t ot h e c o lo r f mewa re s t ur n

a l so p roduce mu l t ip le , s ome t ime s i n ver ted , c a rbon c o re s . I n

1 974 ) . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e m any d i f f e ren t t emper s i d en t if ied

6 7

P ho tom i crograph 2 1 S amp le J C16 1 . F ab r ic c l a s s l c . C ro s s ed p o la r s . N o te p a t chy , c a lca reou s f a b r i c , c on s t ru ed a s e v id en ce o fc l ay m ix ing .

R ESULTS AND ASSESS MENT

P ho tom icrograph 2 2 S amp le MG58 .

F ab r ic c l a s s 2 .

C ro ssed p o la r s . V ery f i n e , o n ly s i l t s ized i n c lu s ion s . G roundma s s t ot h e l ef ti sc a lcareou s . a s ar e su l to fh i gh f i r ing .

t oh ave f i red t h e i r v es se l s t ol ow , s ome t ime s m ed ium , a nd o n ly s po rad ica l ly h i gh , t empe ra tu re s . T h ey d o n o t a ppea r t o

F ina l ly , F ab r i c l cc on ta in s q u i te ab i to fc a lc i te a nd , i ns ome

h ave s pec ia l ized i na ny o ne c e ram ic f o rm , w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o fc oo l cwa re s a nd p i tho i .

i n s tance s , a ppea r s t ou nde rgo t h e s ame d i s soc ia t ion s t ep s a s d o f i newa re s . Howeve r , i nF ab r ic l c , c a lc i te d i ssoc ia te s i n p a tche s , t h e reby c on t r ibu t ing t ot h e z on ing d e sc r ibed a bove .

F ab r ic l ai sd i s t r ibu ted w ide ly t h roughou tt h e s t udy a r ea ( s ee a l so T ab le 5 .2 ) , b u t a ppea r s t oh ave amo re n or the r ly l o cu s . I ti sf ound i nl a rge n umbe r s a tb o th t h e p a la ce ( n =2 0 ) a nd P e r i s te r ia ( n = 1 0 ) . I ti sw e l l rep re sen ted a tK oukouna ra ( n = 1 ) , b u t i sa lmo s t n on -ex i s ten t a to t he r l a rge s i te s s uch a s

F o r t h e se r e a son s , i t a ppea r s p robab le t h a t F ab r ic l c r epre sen t s t h e m ix ing o f i l i te s a nd k ao l in i te s . D ruc a nd Gwyn ( 1 998 )h ave h ad s ome s u cce s sd i s t ingu i sh ing p o t s m ade b y mode rn p o t te r s f r om am ix o fr aw m a te r ia l s f r om t h o se

Vo idhok i l ia , Mou r ia tadha , a nd N icho r ia . T he l o ca t ion o f F ab r ic l a 's m anu f ac tu r e m ay l i e s om ewhe re n ea r t h e p a lace , p e rhap s t ot h e n o r th . T he p a lace s i t s u pon ar i dge o f ma ny f l y sch ( Ca ro the r s 1 992 :302 ) , b u t r e ds ha le o ft h et y p e u sed t o

p o t sc ompo sed o fh omogen eou sp a s t e s . C h em ica l ly ( i nt e rm s o ft r a ce e l emen tc ompo s i t ion )a nd p e t rog raph ica l ly ( e sp ec ia l ly i nt e rm s o fg ranu lome t ry ) , m ixed f a b r ic sc omb ined f e a tu re s o fr eg iona l ly a va iab le r aw m a t er ia l s , t h o se u sed b y t r ad i t iona l p o t te r s . M ixed f a b r ic s c ou ld a l so b e r e cogn ized i n

t empe r F ab r ic l a u sua l ly o u tc rop s o n ly i nt h e moun ta in s ,

a r cha eo log ica l s amp le s .

s u ch a si nt h eu p land v a l ley o f Ma rye l i a nd a l ong t h e r oad t o C la s s ica l Me s sene ( c f . Ma t son 1 972 ) .

F ab r ic s l a -lc : D i s t r ibu t ion

F ab r ic l b i ss omewha t mo re w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted t h an i sl a ( F igu re 5 . 15 ; s e e a l so T ab le 5 .2 ) , b e ing f ound a ta l l l a rge

W i th r e f e rence t ot h ef a b r ic d i s t r ibu t ion m ap s ( F igu re 5 . 15 ) , i ta ppea r s l i ke ly , g i ven t h e b read th o f d i s t r ibu t ion a nd t h e

s i te s a s w e l l a s as i gn if i can t n umbe r o f s ma l le r s i te s . Whe r ea s F ab r ic l ad i sp lay s an or the r ly l o cu s , l b i ss t rong ly

c ha rac t e r i s t ics o f m anu f ac tu re , t h a t t h e b u lk o f u t i l i ta r ian v es se l s w e re p roduced b y a tl e a s tt h ree d i f f e ren t c ra f t smen ,

a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s ou the r n p o r t ion o f t h e s t udy a r ea . T h ir ty two s amp le sw e re c o l lec ted a tK oukouna ra a nd n i ne a t

wo rk shop s , o r c ommun i t ie s .

N icho r ia , b u t o n ly f i ve a tt h e p a la ce .

R e f er r ing b a ck t o C hap te r 3

I ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e

( s ee T ab le 3 .2 ) , am ode l o fd i sp e r s ed w o rk shopp ing s e em s t o

s ou rce o fF ab r ic l b l i e s s omewhe re t ot h e s ou th , p e rhap s i n

b e s t a ccoun t f o r t h e r e su l t s o f p e t rog raph ic a nd c hem ica l a na ly s i s o f c oa r sewa re s . I l i t ic c l ay s , a nd p e rhap s c l ay

t h e v i c in i ty o f K oukouna ra .

A cco rd ing t o C a ro the r s

( 1992 :304 ) , K oukouna ra i sl o ca ted i na n a r ea d om ina ted b y ma r l s a nd s and s tone s . C on sequen t ly , t h e c l ay s a nd t empe r s

m ixe s , w e re u sed b yt h em ak e r so fc oa r sewa r e s . T h ey a ppea r

u sed t o m anu f ac tu re F ab r ic

6 9

l b v e s se l s w e re p robab ly

RESULTS AND ASSESSMENT c o l lec ted i nK oukouna ra 's h in ter land s , r a the r t han a tt h e s i te

Mou r ia tadha .

i t se lf .

f ound i n s ma l l n umbe r s f r om P e r i s te r ia , b u t a r e w e l l r ep re sen ted a t Mour ia tadha . I fi n deed B enne t 's a s ser t ion s a r e

F ab r ic s l b a nd l c , o n t h e o t h e r h and , a r e

F ab r ic l c i sf ound a ta l l l a rge s i t e s i nt h e s t udy r eg ion a nd

c o r rec t , t h en F ab r ic l am igh t b e t h e e a r ly man if e s ta t ion o fa

many o ft h e s ma l ler s i te s ( s ee F igu re 5 . 15 a nd T ab le 5 .2 ) .

r eg iona l c oa r sewa re i n du s try , l o ca ted t o t h e n o r th o f t h e

T he l o ca t ion o f manu f a c tu re w a s l i ke ly c en t ra l , p e rhap s , a s w i th F ab r ic l a , n ea r t o t h e p a la ce . I fi n deed F ab r ic l c r ep re sen t sc l ay m ix ing , p o t ter s w o rk ing i nt h e v i c in i ty o ft h e

p a la ce , t h a t e ven tua l ly e vo lved i n to , o r w a s s upe r seded b y ,

p a lace w ou ld h ave h ad t h e n ece s sa ry m a ter ia l s a th and . T he

b ecame mo re c l o se ly i n teg ra ted l a te r i nt h e p ha se , t h en l a te

p a lace s i t sn ea rt h ec ong ruen ce o fs e ve ra l g eo log ica l f e a tu re s , i n c lud ing ma r ly O l igocen e f l y sch a nd E ocene l ime s tone s

f ab r ic t y pe s s u ch a s l b a nd l c s hou ld h ave aw ide r r eg iona l d i s t r ibu t ion , w h ich i nf a c t t h ey d o ( s ee F igu re 5 . 15 ) . T he

( Ca ro the r s 1 992 :303 -304 ) . I na dd i t ion , t h er av ine b enea th t h e

i s sue o f c h rono logy i sd i scu ssed a ga in , i n mo re d e ta i l , i n

p a lace e xpo se s s evera l b ed s o f s e conda r i ly -depo s i ted , g r ey

C hap ter 6 .

F abr ic l c . U nd e r t h i s s c ena r io , F ab r ic l b w ou ld a l so b e a l a te r m an i f e s ta t ion .

F u r thermo re , i f t h e LH I IB s t a te

k ao l in i te . G iven t h e s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa l t h ree f ab r ic s , i tm ay b e t h a t s eve ra l m echan i sm s f o r t h e movemen t o f u t i l i ta r ian

F inewa r e s : F ab r ic 2 ,i n c lud ing mo s tl c y l ik e s

w a r e s o pe ra ted

I IB .

Whe rea s d a ta g enera ted b y t h e c hem ica l a na ly s i s o fc oa r se

C once ivab ly , b o th k i n -ba sed e xchange s a s w e l l a s ma rke t t r an sac t ion s m igh t a ccoun t f o r t h e w ide sp read d i spe r sa l o f c oa r sewa re s . A s d e sc r ibed a bove , t h ree manu fac tu r ing l o c i

u t i l i ta r ian w a re s a r e w e l l s t ruc tu red , t h o se p roduced b y a na ly s i s o ft h e f mewa re s , b o th u t i l i ta r ian v e s se l s a nd k y l ike s , a r e l e ss r ead i ly i n terp re ted . I n a dd i t ion , f ew o f t h e f i n e

a r e s ugg e s ted b y t h e d en s i ty d i s t r ibu t ion s o f F abr ic s l a -lc :

u t i l i ta r ian s amp le s , a nd e ven f ewe r l c y l ike s , c ou ld b e p o in t c oun ted , s o t h e re i ss can t p e t rog raph ic e v iden ce t os ugges t v a r ia t ion . A s w a s e xp la in ed a bove , i ti sl i ke ly t h a t F ab r ic 2

i n t h e

s t udy r e g ion d u r ing

LH

n o r th -cen t ra l( l a ) , s ou th ( l b ) , a nd c en t ra l ( l c ) . T he se b road r eg iona lp a t t ern so fd i s t r ibu t ion m ay a l so s ugge s tt h e a c t iv i ty o f m e rchan t s .

r ep re sen t st h eo u tpu to fo n e l a rge r eg iona l f a c i l i ty . H oweve r , d ue t ot h e e f f ec t s o f e qu i f ina l i ty , t h i s h ypo the s i s c anno t b e c omp le te ly p roven . F or i n s tance , j u s t a sf m ewa re s a r e v ery

Merchand i s ing o f p o t tery b y i ndependen t

m idd lem en m ay e xp la in t h es p read o f , f o re xamp le , F ab r ic l b v e s se l s n o r th t o Mou r ia tadha f r om t h e s ou th . I n a dd i t ion , r eg iona l ized p o t tery d i s t r ibu t ion s a nd t h e p o s s ib le i nvo lvemen t o f m e rchan t s m ay i n d ica te t h e o pera t ion o f p o t tery c o l lec t ive s t h a t w e re l e s s l i k e d i sper sed wo rk shop s

s im i la r c hem ica l ly ( F igu re s 5 .3 , 5 .5 -5 .7 ) , s o a r e t h e Me s sen ian k ao l in i te s s amp led a nd a na lyzed b y WAE ICP ( F igu re 5 . 1 ) . I ti st hu s t h eo re t ica l ly p o s s ib le t h a t s eve ra l

a nd mo re l i k ep o t t ing c ommun i t ie s . F ina l ly , a sm en t ioned i n C hap te r 3 , F e inman ( i n p re s s ) h a s a rgued t h a t e ven s ma l l -

w o rk shop s , u s i ng c hem ica l ly s im i la r c l ay s , p roduced c l o se ly s im i la rc e ram i c s . Wh i le t h e re a r e h in t s o fp o s s ib le c hem ica l

s ca le o pe ra t ion s , s uch a s c raf t -p roduc ing h ou seho ld s , c an manuf ac tu re g ood s a t a n i n ten s i ty m a tch ing t h a t o f

a nd p e t rog raph ic d i f f e rence s b e tween f i n ewa re s amp le s , a s w a s a rgued a bove , t h ese v a r ia t ion s a r e p erhap s mo re p a r s imon iou s ly a ccoun ted f o r b y f a c to r s r e la t ing t oc hange s i np o t te ry manuf ac tu re o ve r t h e c ou r se o ft h e LH I IB , a s w e l l a sb y i r regu la r i t ie s i nt h e s t ruc tu re a nd c ompo s i t ion o f

n on re s iden t ia l

w o rk shop s .

T hu s ,

h ou seho ld

s c a le

manu f a c tu re c anno tb e r u led o u tf o rp roduc t ion a nd e xchange o fF ab r ic s l a -lc .

c l ay b ed s . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le , a l be i t d i ff icu l t t o p rove , t h a t t empo ra l S eve ra l a c t ion s o nt h e p a r t o fp o t ter s m igh t c au se t h e s ub t le

f a c to r s h ave i nf luenced t h e r e su l t s o f c oa r sewa re a na ly s i s . T he LH I IB p ha se l a s ted u pwa rd s o f 1 00 y ea r s .

d i f f e rence s

i n f mewa re s

r e cogn ized

c hem ica l ly .

F o r

C on ce ivab ly , t h a ti se nough t ime f o ra n i n du s t ry—even g i ven t h e s uppo sed c on serva t i sm o fp o t t e r s ( s ee R ice 1 984b )— to

e xamp le , a s m en t ioned a bove , k ao l in i te s m ay h ave b een

c hange .

s amp l ing o f LH I IB a r chaeo log ica l l e ve l s , s uch a s w a s

A s w i th F ab r ic l c , e v idence f o r m ix ing i sa ppa ren t i nt h in s ec t ion s o fF ab r ic 2s amp le s ( s ee P ho tom i c rog raph 2 2 ) . I n

a ppa ren t ly u t i l ized b y C a ro the r s ( 1992 ) , m igh t c er ta in ly b e

many f mewa re s , i n c lu s ion s o f a rg i l l iceou s ma te r ia l a r e

e xpec ted t os pan t h e who le l e ng th o ft h ep ha se . A s ar e su l t , d if e rence sb e tween F ab r i c l aa nd l c , f o re xamp le , wh ich d o

v i s ib le , b u t u n l ike t h e EAM s i n c oa r se s h e rd s , t h o se i n

m ixed w i th i l i t ic c l ay s i nt h e p roduc t ion o fs ome f mewa re s .

A l so , c eram ic m a ter ia l s c o l lec ted b y r andom

f m ewa re sa r ec a lc ic a nd h igh ly b i ref r ingen t( Pho tom ic rog raph

d i sp lay s im i la rd i s t r ibu t iona l p a t tern s , m igh tb e t h e r e su l t o f

1 2 ) . I ti sl i k e ly t h a t t h e se i n c lu s ion s a re c l a s t s o fm a n ly s o i l

o ne o r mo re w o rk shop s r emoved n o t i ns pace , b u t i nt ime .

t h a t h ave b een p oo r ly i n teg ra ted w i th k ao l in i te d u r ing c l ay p repa ra t ion .

Me s sen ian k ao l in i tes a re n a tu ra l ly h igh i n

Me s sen ia 's r e g iona l a r cha eo log ica lr e co rd c ou ld t h eo re t ica l ly

c a lc ium , a nd t h e a dd i t ion o f ma r l wou ld h av e i n crea sed t h i s

b e u sed t o b o l s te r t h e c h rono log ica l e xp lana t ion .

1 998 :20 -21)

e l emen t . T he d i f f icu l t ie s o fw o rk ing w i th c a lca reou s c l ay s may h ave e ncou r aged t h e mak e r s o f f m ewa r e s t o i n c rea se

c on s ide r sP er i s ter ia t oh ave b een a c t ive p r io rt oa nd e a r ly i n

a verage f i r ing t empe ra tu re s i no rder t o a vo id t h e e f f ec t s o f

t h e LH I IB a nd t o h ave b een e ven tua l ly e c l ip sed b y t h e

l ime -popp ing .

n ea rby s i t eo f Mou r ia tadha ( s ee m ap , F igu re 4 . 1) . F abr ic l a

i n crea sed f i r ing t empe ra tu res , m ay p ar t ia l ly a c coun t f o rt h e

( pe r sona l

c ommun ica t ion s ,

1 995 :12 -13 ,

B enn e t

i sr ep re sen ted b y t e n s amp le s a tP e r i s te r ia a nd o n ly t wo a t

7 0

T he

a dd i t ion o f ma r l ,

c omb in ed w i th

R ESULTS AND ASSESSMENT s l igh t c hem ica l d i f f e rences i nf i n ewa re s , e spec ia l ly i fs h if t s

G iven t h e r e su l t s o f c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s , i t

o ccu r red t h roughou tt h e c ou r se o ft h e LH I IB .

a ppea r sp o s s ib le t h a t o ne w o rk shop p roduced ag ood p o r t ion

A l so i nr e spon se t op rob lem s w i th l ime -popp ing , p o t ter s a r e

o f Me s sen ia 's f i newa re s , i n c lud ing k y l ike s , d u r ing LH I IB . R ef e r r ing t oT ab le s 3 .2 a nd 5 .2 a nd F igu r e 5 . 15 , f i newa re s w e re p robab ly manuf ac tu red a t ac ommun i ty , p e rhap s a

k nown t oa dd s a l tt ot h e i rc l ay s , o f t en i nt h ef o rm o fs e awa te r ( A rno ld 1 985 :26 -27 ; R ice 1 987 :98 ) . A dd ed t oc l ay b y P y l ian

" po t t ing v i l lage ," o r a t al a rge n u c lea ted w o rk shop t h a t emp loyed m e thod s o f ma s s , i ndu s t r ia l ized p roduc t ion .

p o t t e r s , s eawa te r m igh t i n f luence c hem i s t ry e nough t oc au se t h e s l igh tv a r ia t ion s n o t iced f o r f i newa re s ( R ice 1 987 :423 ) .

F inewa re s w e re p roduced w i th s oph i s t ica ted t e chno log ie s : h igh f i r ing k i ln s ; f a s tw h ee l s ( a l low ing s moo th , t h in b od ie s ) ;

I ff i n ewa re sw e re p rodu ced a to ne l a rge f a c i l i ty , t h e k ao l in i te

a nd s t ep -w i se a s semb ly , o f , f o r i n s tan ce , k y l ike s . F inewa re s

u s ed i nt h e i rm anu f ac tu re m ay h ave b een c on t inuou s ly m ined

a re a l so h i gh ly s t anda rd ized , e spec ia l ly c hem ica l ly a nd p e t rog raph ica l ly . T hey a r e f ound a tn ea r ly a l l s i t e s i nt h e

f r om as i ng le d epo s i t . T he V ouna r ia p o t t e r , i n te rv iewed f o r t h i s r e sea rch ( s ee a bove ) , m in ed a l l o f h i s k ao l in i te ( a s

s t udy a r ea a nd m ay h ave b een d i s t r ibu ted b y p ro f e s s iona l

i d en t if ied b y XRD a na ly s i s ) f r om o ne s ou rce ( t he l o ca t ion o f w h ich h e k ep t as e cre t ) a nd a ppa ren t ly d i d l i t t le e x t ra t o

m e rchan t s , p e rhap s b y d onkey c a ravan o rw agon . I ti sa l so p o ss ib le , a l though c on s ide red u n l ike ly , t h a t t h e p a lace w a s

p repa re o r r ef ine i t( s ee Ma t son 1 972 , w ho v i s i ted t h e s ame p o t te r2 5y ea r sa go ) . I th a sn o ty e tb een e s tab l i sh ed w i th a ny

s omehow d i rec t ly i n vo lved d i s t r ibu t ion o ff m ewa re s .

c e r ta in ty t o w ha t d eg ree a s i ng le c l ay b ed m igh t v a ry c h em ica l ly i nv e r t ica l , l e t a l on eh o r izon ta l , c ro s s sec t ion ( M .

i n

t h e

manu f ac tu re

a nd

I n C hap te r 3i tw a s a rgued t h a t t h e manuf a c tu re o fk y l ike s m igh t l o g ica l ly b e a t tached t o t h e p a lace , a s t h ey w e r e

T imp son , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ; R and s a nd W ieme r 1 992 :32 ; R ice 1 987 :420 -21 ; S ab lo f fe ta l . 1 982 :273 ) . I ti s q u i te p o s s ib le t h a tb ed s o fk ao l in i te , p rec ip i ta ted i n ama r ine

o bv iou s ly c on sumed t h ere i n l a rge q uan t i t ie s . I f l c y l ix p roduc t ion a l one h ad b een u nder taken b y a t tached p a la t ia l s pec ia l i s t s , t h e re s hou ld b e mo re c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic

o r l a cu s t r in e e nv i ronmen t , v a ry c h em ica l ly t h roughou t . A s ar e su l t , i fp o t te r s w ere t om ine c l ay f r om d i f f e ren tp or t ion s o f al o ca lb ed t h rough t ime , s l igh tc ompo s i t iona l d i f f e rence s m igh t b e m ade e v iden t b y c hem ica l a na ly s i s o ft h e p o t tery . A t t h e s ame t ime , t h e c ompo s i t ion o f t h e e n t i re s u i te o f f i n ished p roduc t s m igh tb e ma rked b y o ve ra l l h omogene i ty .

h omogene i ty o n t h e p ar t o f k y l ike s w hen c ompa red t o a l o t he r f mewa r e s . S uch i sn o t t h e c a se ( F igu re s 5 . 5 -5 .7 ) . H oweve r , t h e h ypo the s ized f i newa re w o rk shop m igh t s t i l l h ave b een o pe ra ted u nde r t h e d i rec t ion o fs t a te b u reauc ra t s , s uch a st h e a f o r emen t ion ed " r oya l " p o t te r . T h i sp o s s ib i l i ty i s e xp lo red i n mo re d e ta i l i nC hap te r 6 .

T h i s m igh ta l so a ccoun t f o rs ma l l v a r ia t ion s i nt h e o t herw i se c hem ica l ly h omogeneou s P y l ian f i n ewa re .

O n e o t h e r i n t e r e s t ing p o in t c on ce rn ing k y l ik e s i st h a tt h ey a r e C lay b ed s a l so v a ry i n t h e d eg ree t o w h ich t h ey c on ta in n a tu ra l i n c lu s ion s s uch a s f i ne s and a nd s i l t . G ra in s i ze

n o t e xc lu s ive ly made f r om f i ne k ao l in i te s . T he re a r e t h ree e xamp le s m ade f r om F ab r ic l a , t e n f r om F ab r ic l b , a nd s i x

d i f f e ren ce sb e tween f m ewa re sc ou ld ma rk t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f d i f f eren t s ou rce s o r , a s w i th s l igh t c hem ica l d i f f erence s , m igh ti n d ica t et h e u se t h rough t ime o fd i f f e ren tp or t ion s o fa s i ng le c l ay s ou rce . P y l ian f i newa re s a ppea r t o v a ry

f r om F ab r ic l c( s ee T ab le 5 .2 a nd F igu re 5 . 7 ) . Why w e r e s o f ew k y l ike s—o r a ny a t a l l—made b y t h e w o rk shop s r e spon s ib le f o r p roduc ing r eg iona l c oa r sewa re s? P e rhap s t h e se w o rk shop s s ough t t o e n t er a n ew a nd b u rgeon ing c e ram ic m a rk e t , al u c ra t ive ma rke t a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s t a te a nd a ppa ren t ly c orn e red b y o ne r eg iona l f a c i l i ty t o t h e

s omewha ti nt h e q uan t i ty a nd s i ze o fn a tu ra l i n c lu s ion s ; s ome s amp le s a r e more o r l e s s s i l ty t h an o the r s . T h i s may b e f u r ther e v idence f o r t h e u se o f o ne k ao l in i te b ed , t h rough

e xc lu s ion o fa l o ther s . T he i mp l ica t ion s o ft h i s p o s s ib i l i ty a r e a l so a dd re s sed i nC hap te r 6 .

t ime , b y as i ng le wo rk shop . Af i na l f a c to rt h a tm ay h ave i n f lu en ced f m ewa re c hem i s t ry i s

F ina l ly , a t l e a s t t wo f mewa re s amp le s may r ep re sen t t r ad ewa re s . T he se a r et wo b ody she rd s f r om v ery f i n e , s ma l l p a in t ed s t i r rup j a r s . O ne w a s c o l lec ted b y C a ro the r s ; t h e

b u r ia l e nv i ronmen t ( s ee K napp e ta l . 1 988 ; R ice 1 987 :421 ) . C er ta in p roce s se s a c t ive i nt h e g round m igh tp o t en t ia l ly a l ter c eram ic c ompo s i t ion a nd c r ea te v a r ia t ion u n re la ted t oc e ram ic p rodu c t ion a nd e xchange . H oweve r , a r chaeome t r i s t s

o the r , p o s s ib ly a n A rgo l id i mpor t , c ha rac te r iza t ion b y C . S he lme rd ine .

w a s s ubm i t ted f o r O n e o f t h e se ( JC75 ,

c on t inu et od eba te t h ed eg ree t ow h ich a l te ra t ion , s u ch a s may r e su l t f r om t h e l e ech ing o fe l emen t s o u to ft h ep o t sherd a nd

s amp led b y C a ro the r s f r om ap o t tery f r agmen t h ou sed i nt h e

i n to t h e

m igh t i mpac t c ompo s i t iona l

c eram ic s amp le s a nd f r om a l l o t he r s t i rrup j a r s a sw e l l ( s ee

I ti sl i ke ly t h a t d epo s i t iona l r e g ime i n f luenced

F igu r e 5 . 16 , a c hem ica l s c a t te rp lo t o f s t i rrup j a r s ) . P e t rog raph ica l ly , i t sg roundma s s i sa l so d i s t in c t , b ea r ing l i t t le

a na ly se s .

s u r round ing s o i l ,

P y l ian f i n ewa re , a sw e l l a s c oa r sewa re , c ompo s i t ion .

Ho ra mu seum ) i sc hem ica l ly v ery d i f f eren t f r om a l o t h e r

F o r

e xamp le , a s d e sc r ibed a bove , c er ta in s amp le s d ef in i te ly a bso rbed s e conda ry c a lc i te ( c a l iche ; P ho tom ic rog raph 5 ) . Howeve r ,

k now ing

t h i s ,

i t w a s

p o s s ib le

t o

r e semb lan ce t oo t he r f mewa re s . T he p o s s ib le A rgo l id i mpor t ( MG 151 ) i sl e s s d i f f e ren t f r om a l l o t he r s amp le s t h an i s J C75 , a nd i nf a c t f a l l s w i th in t h e r ange o fn o rma l f m ewa re

c heck

c ompo s i t iona l g roup s f o r t h e e f f ec t s o fc a l iche , b o th i nt h in s e c t ion a nd b y r unn ing s t a t i s t ica l a na ly se s s u ch a sP CA , w i th

( Fab r ic 2 )v a r ia t ion . I ti ss im i la r t os amp le J C189 , al a rge , v ery f i ne s t i rrup j a r ( s ee F igu re 5 . 16 ) . T he re i sn o o ver t

a nd w i thou t i n c lud ing c a lc ium .

c hem ica lo rp e t rog raph ic r e a son t ob e l ieve t h a t MG151 i sa n

7 1

R ESULTS AND ASSESSMENT

•

0

K ao l in i t e

0

2 .4

0c

0

• ••

•

CO

00

• •

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e sx

• 1 / 1G151

J C . 189

X

2 .0

J C75

J C 185

L og S t ron t ium 1 . 6

1 . 2

X

•

••

0 0

I l i t e

0 1 . 5

•

f i red c l ay

o

r aw c lay

X

s t i r rup j ar s

0 2 . 5

2 . 0

3 .0

L og T i tan ium

F igure 5 . 16 S ca t te rp lo tl o g s t ron t ium v e r su s l o gt i t an ium f o rs t i r rup j a r sa nd r eg iona lc l ay s .

i mpo r t . H oweve r , i ti sa l so p o ss ib le t h a t t h e A rgo l id 's f i ne

s im i la rp o t t ery ( s ee , f o r e xamp le , N ef f , e d . 1 992 ; S ab lo f fe t

c l ay s a r e c hem ica l ly a nd p e t rog raph ica l ly s im i la rt ot ho se o f Me s sen ia .

a l . 1 982 ) . U n fo r tuna te ly , d i s t inc t ion s r e cogn ized b y m o s t c e ram ic s p ec ia l i s t s , i n c lud ing m any who w o rk i nt h e A eg ean , d o n o t n eces sa r i ly c o inc ide w i th c a tego r ie s d e term in ed b y c hem i s t ry a nd p e t rography . F o r e xamp le , t h e c oa r se /f ine d i cho tomy , w h i le p e rhap s as uperf ic ia l ly m ean ingfu l o ne ,

A s se s smen to f Me thod s

s u re ly m a sk s c on s iderab le d iver s i ty , e spec ia l ly f o r c oa r sewa re s , w h ich , b e ing p l a in , a re o f t en l umped t oge th e r , w e ighed , a nd s e t a s ide ( a s l amen ted b y P eacock 1 982 ) .

T he r ema ind e ro ft h i sc hap t e r i sd evo ted t o ab r ief d i scu s s ion a nd c ompa r i son o ft h e s c ien t if i c m e thod s emp loyed i nt h i s r e sea rch p ro jec t . It u rn f i r s t t o t h e d i ff i cu l t ie s o f c eram ic c l a s s if i ca t ion g ene ra l ly a nd , mo re s p ec if i ca l ly , i nt h e A egean

B ronze A ge c oa r sewa re s a r e s ome t ime s r e f er red t o c o l lec t ive ly a s " oa tmea l " w a re , a p rac t ice— to w h i ch

r eg ion a nd t h en t ot h e p rob lem s o fg a the r ing a nd manag ing c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta . Ia l so c r i t ique WAE ICP ,

c er ta in ly c on t r ibu te s t ot h e v i ew t ha t a l l c oa r sewa res a r e t h e

i d en t ify ing t h e m e thod 's s t reng th s a nd w eakn e s se s , p ay ing

s ame a nd a r e d evo id o fb ehav io ra l ly i mpo r tan t i n fo rma t ion .

s pec ia l a t ten t ion t o t h e c r i t ica l r o le p l ayed b y s t a t i s t ica l

F abr ic c o lo r i sa no the r a t t r ibu t e t h a t s hou ld b eu sed w i th c a r e

a na ly se s i nt h e i n te rp re ta t ion o fc ompo s i t iona l r e su l t s . I nt h e c on t ex to ft h i sc r i t ique , v e ry g en e ra lg u ide l ine s c an b e i s sued

c h rono log ica l m ean ing b u ta ppea r s t oh o ld l i t t le o rn o s pa t ia l

S he lme rd ine ( p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) , f o ro n e , o b jec t s— tha t

i n c l a s s if y ing Mycenaean p o t tery .

C o lo r may e ncod e

f o r t h e u se o f WAE ICP a nd a r chaeome t r ic m e thod s o f

s i gn if i cance . T hu s , t h e t e rm " Pa lace Wa re " ( s ee a bove ) , i f

a na lyz ing p o t tery , i ng ene ra l .

u sed i n ag eog raph ica l c apac i ty , i sm i s lead ing , i mp ly ing a n

F ina l ly , ac a l l i s made f o r

mor e s oph i s t ica ted m idd le -range t h eo ry , i mp rovemen t s i n w h ich m ay h e lp u s t ob e t te r c onnec t a r chaeo log ica l d a ta t o

a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e s i te o fA no E ng l iano s t h a t may o r m ay n o tb e a pp l icab le .

p a t tern s o fp a s th uman b ehav io r , a nd v i ce v er sa . T he p o in t h e re i s n o t t o d i spa rage Mycenaean p o t te r y T he

t yp e

o f a na ly t ica l e ndeavo r d e sc r ibed a bove— the

s pec ia l i s t s , w ho h ave s u cceeded i nc on s truc t ing a ne x t reme ly

a s s igna t ion o f c e ram ic s amp le s t o s t a t i s t ica l ly , a s w e l l a s

s oph i s t ica ted

c u l tu ra l ly , m ean ingfu l f a b r ic t ype s— i s ac ha l leng ing o ne .

c h rono logy ; r a th e r , i ti st o empha s ize t h e i mpo r tan t r o le t h a t

A rchaeo log i s t s c on t inue t o d eba te j u s t h ow t o g o a bou t d i v id ing u p a nd c l a ss if y ing l a rge c o l lec t ion s o fb road ly

mu l t i -f ace ted c l a s s if ica t ion .

7 2

a nd

a r cha eo log ica l ly

a pp roache s

h ave

t o

m ean ingfu l p l ay

i n

c e ram i c c eram ic

I f i n deed p o t te ry i s t o c on t r ibu te t o t h e

RESULTS AND A SSESS MENT m ode l ing o f Mycenaean s t a te s y s tem s , A egean p reh i s to r ian s mu s tb eg in t oi d en t ify n o tj u s t c h rono log ica l b u ta l so s o c ia l ,

e xamp le , t wo th i rd so ft h e s amp le su sed i nt h i s r e sea rch w e re

s pa t ia l , a nd t e chno log ica l t r end s i n c e ram ic p rodu c t ion , d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd c on sump t ion . T h i s r equ i re s ac omm i tm en t o nt h e p a r to fA egean a r chaeo logy , e spe c ia l ly i nt h e c on tex t

p ro jec t . T h i s s e t , o s t en s ib ly u t i l i ta r ian w a r e s , i sn ever the le s s q u i te d i ve r se , i n c lud ing c oo l cwa re s , p i tho i ,j ug s , d eep b ow l s , c up s , k y l ike s , a nd s t i rrup j a r s , a mong s eve ra l o ther f o rm s .

o fl a rge e xcava t ion o r s u rvey p ro jec t s , t ot h e c o l lec t ion a nd

G iven o ne m a jo rg oa lo ft h i sr e sea rch— to c ompa re p roduc t ion

i n teg ra t ion o fm u l t ip le l i n e s o fc e ram ic e v idence . S uch h a s

a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f as pec ia l ized f o rm , k y l ik e s , t o o ther p o t te ry t y p e s— i t m igh th ave b een mo r e s a t i sf y ing t oh ave h ad

s e lec ted b y C a ro the r s ( 1992 ) w e l l b ef o r e t h e a dven t o f t h e

b een t h e a pp roa ch t aken i nt h i s r e sea rch , a sw a s e n cou raged

a t l e a s t o ne l a rge s e t o f as i ng le , i d en t if iab le " u t i l i ta r ian "

f r om t h e s t a r t b y t h e d i rec to r s o f t h e P y lo s R eg iona l A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t ( s ee D av i s , e d . 1 998 ; D av i s e ta l .

f o rm , s uch a sc ookwa re s , w i th w h ich t oc on t ra s t k y like s .

1 997 ) . A r chaeo log i s t s , e spec ia l ly t ho se d o ing c hem ica l wo rk , o f t en d eba te t h e i mpo r tan ce o f s amp le s i ze ( s ee , f o r e xamp le ,

T he c omb ina t ion o f a pp roa che s a nd t h e i n teg ra t ion o f

L emo ine 1 982 ; P log a nd U pham 1 989 , a mong many o ther s ) . When i s as amp le t o o s ma l l t ob e s t a t i s t ica l ly mean ingfu l?

m u l t ip le l i n e s o fe v iden ce g en e ra te w ha t R and s a nd W ieme r ( 1992 :34 ) r e f e r t o a s " i n fo rma t ion a l f e edba ck ." C e ram ic e co log ica lv a r iab le s r e f ine p e t rog raph ic i n te rp re ta t ion st h a t i n

T h i s i s a s su red ly a n i mpo r tan t c on cern , a nd t h e k ey t o a n swer ing i ts e em s t ob e l e a rn ing t od o mo re , a nd t od o i t w e l l , w i th l e s s , r a the r t h an s imp ly e xpand ing s amp le s i ze

t u rn a d ju s tc h em ica l r e f e rence u n i t s . A n a na logou s a pp roach i st a ken b y L in ea r Bs p ec ia l i s t s ( e .g . , B enne t 1 988 , 1 995 , 1 998 ; H a l s tead 1 992 ; K i l len 1 985 )w ho s h if tb ack a nd f o r th b e tween a r cha eo logy a nd t e x t , t h e r eby e n l igh ten ing b o th .

b e a pp l i ed f i r s t , w i th p e t rog raphy u sed t o r e f ine t h e c ompo s i t iona l u n i t s i n i t ia l ly i d en t if i ed ( Rand s a nd W ieme r

i n def in i te ly . T he d i scu ss ion o f s amp le s e lec t ion b ea r s d i rec t ly o n t h e i s sue o f s amp le s i ze . S e lec t ing l i ke f o rm s f r om t i gh t ly c on t ro l led c h rono log ica l u n i t s a nd c a refu l ly c on s t ruc t ing ar e sea rch a genda m ay m ake t h e i s sue o fs amp le s i ze a tl e a s t al i t t le l e s s u rgen t . Mo s t a r chaeo log i s t s a nd a r chaeo log ica l p ro jec t s c an o n ly s uppor t t h e a na lys i s o f a r e s t r ic ted n umbe r o f c e ram ic s amp le s , d ue t o c on s t ra in t s i mpo sed b y l a ck o f b o th t ime a nd money . NAA o f many s amp le s c an b e v ery e xpen s ive . (WAE ICP w a s d eve loped b y B u r ton a nd S imon [ 1 993 , 1 996 ] f o r j u s t t h i s r ea son . ) Me thod s s uch a s p o in t c oun t ing a r e v e ry t ime -con sum ing . F o r t h e se r ea son s , t h e re m ay e x i s t f o r a ny g iven p ro jec t a m ax imum n umbe ro fc e ram ic s amp le s t h a tc an b e r e a l i s t ica l ly i n c luded i n ap rog ram o f a r chaeome t r ic a na ly s i s . C a refu l s amp le s e lec t ion c omb ined w i th w e l l -def ined r e sea rch q ue s t ion s a nd at h o rough c on s ide ra t ion o f m e thod s o f d a ta a na ly s i s ( s ee b e low ) c an e n cou rage t h e o p t im iza t ion o f r e s t r ic ted d a ta se t s . I na dd i t ion , v ery l a rge d a ta se t s r un t h e r i sk o f o verwhe lm ing t h e i n ve s t iga to r , e spec ia l ly d u r ing

1 992 ) . D e s c r ip t ion o f s amp le s i nt h in s e c t ion p rov ide s t h e b e s t m ean s f o r i n terp r e t ing c hem i ca l v a r ia t ion— e spec ia l ly v a r ia t ion r e la ted t o t h e t e chno logy o f c e ram ic

c ompa r i son o fq ua l i ta t ive a t t r ibu te s , s u ch a si np e t rog raphy . A w e l l -con s t ruc ted d a taba se c an g o al o ng w ay t owa rd a me l io ra t ing t h i s p rob lem , b u t c anno t e n t i re ly s o lve i t .

I nt h i s r e sea r ch , c hem i s t ry , s pec i f ica l ly WAE ICP , h a s b een c omb ined w i th p e t rog raphy t oa low t h e d iv i s ion o f LH I IB P y l ian p o t te ry i n to s eve ra l d i f f e ren t c e ram ic c l a s se s . T h i s w a s d on e w i th t h e h ope o fi d en t ify ing s i gn if i can tp a t tern s i n r eg iona l p o t t ery m anu f ac tu re a nd e xchange , f r om w h ich m igh t t h en b ei n f er red i mpo r tan t f a c to r s i nP y l ian e conom ic s t ruc tu re a nd o rgan iza t ion . I nt h i sr e ga rd , t h e m e thodo logy h a s p e rf o rmed r ea sonab ly w e l l . WAE ICP a nd p e t rog raphy p roduced c omp lemen ta ry r e su l t s t h a t i nn ow ay c l a shed . A sw a s a l so f o und b y S t o l tman e ta l . ( 1 992 ) , c hem i ca l a na ly s i s g ene ra ted r aw d a ta t h a t w e re mo re n uanced , p e rhap s mo re c omp lex , t h an t h o se p roduced b y p e t rog raphy . A s ar e su l t , c hem ica l a na ly s i s s hou ld p e rhap s

m anuf a c tu re— in l a rge d a ta se t s ( Wh i tb read 1 995 ) . O the r m e thod sf o rd e scr ib ing p o t t ery c l a s s e s— fo re xamp le , r ef i r ing

O ne d i s t in c t a dvan tage o f NAA o ver WAE i st h a t NAA i s

o fs he rd s( e .g . , E dwa rd s 1 992 ; R and s a nd W ieme r 1 992 ) o r

v ery a menab le , g i ven p roper l a bo ra to ry c on t ro l s , t o t h e c omb ina t ion o f r e su l t s . T hu s , a r chaeome t r i s t s u s ing NAA

c ompa r i son o f h and s pec imen a t t r ibu te s ( e .g . , C a ro the r s 1 992 )—may l a ck t h e r equ i red r e so lu t ion a nd p rec i s ion n eces sa ry

t o t h e

e va lua t ion

o f c hem ica l

c an p oo l i n fo rma t ion , f o rm ing l a rge c o l lec t ion s o f c ompo s i t iona l d a ta , o f t en f r om g eog raph ica l ly r emoved

d i f f e rence s .

r eg ion s . Ag ood e xamp le o f t h i s a pp roa ch i sp rov ided b y K napp a nd C her ry 's ( 1994 ) i mp re s s ive w o rk w i th C yp r io t

C on sequ en t ly , a r cha eo log i s t s mu s t c a refu l ly d e f ine t h e s cope o fi n tend ed r e sea rch p r io rt ob eg inn ing ap rog ram o fc e ram ic c ha ra c t er iza t ion . T h i s s hou ld i n c lude a c l ea r s t a temen t o f

c e ram ic s ( a nd m e ta l s ) . A s ar e su l t , NAA , l i ke p e t rog raphy , e ncou rage s l o ng term p ro jec t s i n w h ich l a rge n umbe r s o f

t h eo re t ica l o b jec t ive s : Wha t q u e s t ion s a r e t ob e a n swe red? C an t h ey b e a dd re s sed g i ven t h e o pe ra t ive m e thodo logy? O therw i s e , i ti sl i k e ly t h a tt ime a nd m oney w i l lb ew a s ted a nd

s amp le s a r e c omb in ed o ver s evera l y ea r s o r d ecade s ( f o r e xamp le , t h e Maya F ine P a s te C e ram ic s P ro jec t , S ab lo f fe t

d a ta p roduced t h a t a r e i n compa t ib le a nd t h a t c anno t b e p rope r ly i n tegra ted . I ti si mpe ra t ive t h a t t h e se d ec i s ion s b e

p rob lem i n s ome r eg ion s ,

made p r io rt ot h e s t a r to fe xcava t ion o r s u rvey .

c i rcum s tance s .

a l . 1 982 ) .

a nd m e thod s o f s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s .

b u t w i l l n o t d o s o i n a l l

I na dd i t ion t ot h e p rob lem o fd a ta i n compa t ib i l i ty , WAE h a s b een c r i t ic ized f o r i t s s u scep t ib i l i ty t o f i r ing t empera tu re s

No l e s s i mpor tan t a r e c on s id e ra t ion s o f s amp le s e lec t ion , s amp le s i ze ,

T h i s p o s s ib i l i ty m igh t s o lve t h e s amp le s i ze

F o r

7 3

R ESULTS AND ASSESS MENT ( Nef fe ta l . 1 996 ; T r iadan e ta l . 1 997 ) . A s d e sc r ibed a bove , t h is i sa s much a t e chn ica l l im i ta t ion a s i ti st h e r e su l t o f

e co log ica l , a rchaeo log ica l , a nd d o cum en ta ry c on tex t s w i th in

d i f f e r ing a r chaeo log ica l g oa l s , f o r e xamp le m ac ro - v e r su s

f r amed .

m ic ro -p roven ienc ing . I ti sc l ea rt h a t WAE i si n deed a f f ec ted b y f i r ing t emp e ra tu re ; B u r ton a nd S imon ( 1993 , 1 996 ) r e ad i ly

i n te rp re ta t ion st h a t a r e s t a t i s t ica l ly p l ea s ing b u t w h ich , g iven t h e

a dm i tt h i s . T h ec ompo s i t iona ld a ta p roduced f o rt h i s r e sea rch

a n th ropo log ica l v e r i ty .

c ou ld b ep a r t ia l ly c o r re la ted w i th t empe ra tu re c hange , g i ven

t r ad i t iona l p o t te r s , s uch a s , f o r e xamp le , Ar no ld ( 1 985 ) a nd

w h ich r e su l t s o ft h e s c ien t if ic a na ly se s m igh t b e t h eo re t ica l ly S uch a n a pp roach e xpo se s t h ose a r chaeome tr ic

p a rame ter s

o f

p l au s ib le

h uman

b ehav io r ,

l a ck

E thnoa r chaeo log i s t s w o rk ing w i th

t h e p red ic tab le v a r ia t ion s i nc o lo r o n t h e p a r t o f Me s sen ian

L onga c re ( 199 1 ; a nd L ongac re , e d . 1 99 1 ) , c on t inu et oc o l lec t

c l ay s , e spec ia l ly k ao l in i te s . I ns ome c a se s , a si nr e la t ing t h e

d a ta t h a t s e rve t o c on s t ruc t m idd le range l i nk s b e tween

t e chno logy o f P y l ian c e ram ic m anu f ac tu re t o d i f f eren t

s c ien t if i c a nd a r chaeo log ica l d a ta .

c ompo s i t iona l

g roup s ,

g enera l

i n d ica t ion s

o f

f i r ing

t empe ra tu re w e re c ruc ia l t o a r chaeo log ica l i n terp re ta t ion s .

T h e re a r e s eve ra l o the r a s sump t ion s i mp l ic i t i nt h i s r e sea rch

O the r t ime s , a s i n t h e c a se o f t h e h a rd -f i red s amp le s , t h e e f f ec t s o f f i r ing c ou ld b e f i l te red o u t , u s ing , i n t h i s c a se ,

t h a t n eed t ob e a dd re s sed . F o r e xamp le , i ti so f ten a s sumed t h a t h uman b e ing s , i n c lud ing p o t te r s , w i l l t y p ica l ly make

p r in c ipa lc omponen t s a n a ly s i s . F ina l ly , t h e re w e r e o cca s ion s

r a t iona l e conom ic d ec i s ion s , a nd d i d s o i n t h e p a s t ( t he

w hen t empe ra tu re m ay h ave c on founded i n terp re ta t ion , a si n

p o s i t ion a dop ted b y " f o rma l i s t " e conom i s t s , s e e T r igge r 1 989 :24 -25 ) . I ft h i s i st r ue , r egu la r p a t tern s o f c e ram ic

t h e c a se o ff i newa re F ab r ic 2 . A s d e sc r ib ed a bove , i ti sn o t c l ea r w ha t a ccoun t s f o r s ub t le c hem ica l d i f f e rence s a mong

e xchange c an b e e xp la in ed b y s o -ca l led " grav i ty " mode l s ( F ranke l 1 988 :30 ; R and sa nd W ieme r 1 992 :33 ) . S u ch mode l s p red ic t t h a t b u lky , l ow -va lu e i t em s s u ch a s p o t tery s hou ld

s amp le s i nt h ef i n ewa re m ega -g roup . F i r ing t emp e ra tu re m ay h ave p l ayed ap a r ti np roduc ing t h e se c hem ica l v a r ia t ion s , b u t i ti sn o t c l ea r t ow ha t e x ten t . I nt h e e nd , i f WAE i su sed ,

move o n ly ac er ta in d i s tance f r om t h e s i t e o f manu f a c tu re , a nd t h a t a bundance s hou ld d ec rea se w i th d i s tance ( R en f rew 1 975 ) . D i s tance a nd q uan t i ty c an b e r e la t ed b y p lo t t ing wha t

a r cha eo log i s t s mu s tb e c ogn izan to ft h e e f ec t s o ft empe ra tu re a nd p repa red t oa ccoun tf o r t h em . T h i s w ou ld n o t a ppea r t o b e e n t i re ly p o s s ib le w i thou t r e f e rence t o s amp le s i n t h in

i sr e f er red t oa s a" f a l l -of fc urve ." C urve s d i f f e r i nr e spon se t o t h e c a tego ry o f e xchange ( i .e . , d own the l ine t r ade v s . r ed i s t r ibu t ion ) . I nf a c t , g rav i ty mode l s a nd f a l l -of fc u rve s , a s

s e c t ion .

a pp l ied t o c e ram ic s , h ave b een s uppo r ted b y e t hnoa rchaeo log ica l w o rk , b y K rame r ( 1 99 1 :224 -225 ) , f o r e xamp le , i n I nd ia . H owever , f a l l -o f f c u rve s s hou ld t h eo re t ica l ly r e la te t o ah o s t o fi s sue s c o r re spond ing t os ca le

A pp l ica t ion o f d i f f e ren t f o rm s o f s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s , o f v a ry ing p owe r , c an a l so a f ec tc e ram ic c ompo s i t iona lc l a s se s . I np a r t , a pp l ica t ion o fs t a t i s t ica l t e chn ique s c an a l so e xp la in i n cong ru en tr e su l t sg en e ra ted b y NAA a nd WAE f o ri d en t ica l d a ta se t s ( Bu r ton a nd S imon 1 996 ; N ef f e ta l . 1 996 ) . F o r e xamp le , m any a r chaeome t r i s t s e mp loy as t a t i s t ica l t e chn ique

a nd i n ten s i ty o fp rodu c t ion , r e g iona l g eog raphy , a nd p a t tern s o fc on sump t ion , a mong m any p o ten t ia l o t h e r s . Ano the r g oa l o f t h i s r e sea rch , t h e refo r e , h a s b een t o c ompa r e t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o ft wo s im i la rp roduc t s—u t i l i ta r ian w a re s v e r su s

r e f e r r ed t oa s" g room ing " ( Rand s a nd W ieme r 1 992 :38 ) ; t h a t i s , t h e s e lec t ive t r i mm ing o f d a ta f r om t h e o ve ra l l s e t f o r p u rpo se so fc l a r if i ca t ion o rt of o rm d i s t inc t a nd r ep roduc ib le c hem ica l c ompo s i t iona l u n i t s . When NAA a nd WAE w e re

l c y l ik e s— tha t d i f f e r i ns ymbo l ic a t tachm en t , a nd t hu sp e rhap s v a lue . A re t h ea s sump t ion s m ade c on ce rn ing c eram ic f a l l -of f c o r rec t? T ha t i s , d o P y l ian c e ram ic f a b r i c g roup s a nd t h e i r

c ompa red , N ef f e ta l . ( 1996 ) g roomed t h e i r d a ta , w h erea s

d i s t r ibu t ion make a r cha eo log ica l s en se g i v en t h e e xp ec ta t ion s o f g rav i ty mode l ing ? T he se i s sue s a r e e xp lo red mo re t ho rough ly b e low .

B ur ton a nd S imon ( 1996 )d i dn o t . T h i sc r ea te st h e i mp r e s s ion t h a t WAE g en e ra t e s " no i sy ," p e rhap si n co r rec t , c ompo s i t iona l d a ta .

G room ing s e rves al e g i t ima te s t a t i s t ica l p u rpo se ( s ee

a ga in , R and s a nd W iemer 1 992 :38 ) , b u t m ay a l so r emove f r om c on s ide ra t ion v i ta l i n forma t ion . A ga in , s u ch s amp le s , C onc lu s ion

b efore b e ing t r immed , mu s t b e e va lua ted b y o t he r m ean s , s uch a sp e t rog raphy , a sw a sd one i nt h i sr e sea rch w i th t h e s o c a l led " ha rd -f i red " g roup .

T h i s c hap ter h a s p re sen ted t h e r e su l t s o f c hem ica l a nd

C hem ica l d a ta d o n o t n eces sa r i ly i n teg ra te w i th a nd i n f orm

p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s . D a ta h ave b een c on s id e red w i th r e ga rd t o t h e t h eo re t ica l f r amewo rk s d eve loped i nC hap te r 3 , a nd

t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd , a nd i n mo s t c a se s m idd le range

l e s s s o C hap te r 2 .

t h eo r ie sh ave y e tt os a t i s f ac to r i ly b r idge t h eg ap t h a ts e pa ra te s p a t tern s p roduced b y c hem ica l a na ly s i s f r om p a s t h uman

a dd re s sed , w i th r e f e rence t o C hap te r 4 . I n C hap te r 6 , Mycenaean e conomy i sa dd re s sed mo re d i rec t ly , w i th mo re

b ehav io r s .

c omp le te c on s id e ra t ion o ft h e mode l c on s t ru c ted i nC hap te r

b a lance

T hu s , mo s t a r chaeome t r i s t s s t r ik e ap reca r iou s b e tween

o ver in terpre t ing

t h e i r

u nderwh e lm ing t h e i r a r chaeo log ica l a ud ience .

r e su l t s

2 .

a nd

Me thodo log ica l i s sue s h ave a l so b een

C hap te r 7c onc lud e s t h i s v o lume w i th e xpec ta t ion s f o r

f u tu re r e sea rch i n to Mycenaean c eram ic s y s tem s a nd t h e

O n e g oa l o f

o rgan iza t iona l d ynam ic s o fL a te B ronze A ge a r cha ic s t a te s .

t h i s r e sea rch , t h e refo re , h a sb een t op rov ide e t hnog raph ic ,

7 4

MODELS OF MYCENAEAN POL IT ICAL -ECONOMY i n l o ca l c on tex t s b y p a r t t ime , i n d iv idua l s pec ia l i s t s .

C hap ter S ix . D i scu s s ion : Mode l s o f Mycenaean P o l i t ica l -Economy

T h i s

r e la t ive ly s t ab le , s e lf regu la t ing s y s tem f a ced a tl e a s t t h ree ma jo r p er tu rba t ion s p r io r t oa nd d u r ing t h e LH I IB p ha se : ma s s p roduc t ion ; c omm e rc ia l iza t ion ; a nd t h e r i se o f t h e p a lace spon so red p o l i t ica l -economy .

I nC hap te r2 , am ode l o f Mycenaean p o l i t ica l -economy w a s c on s t ruc ted

w i th

r e f e rence

t o t h e

a r chaeo log ica l

a nd

Ma s s P roduc t ion

d ocumen t a ry r e co rd s . C hap te r 6i n teg ra te s c e ram ic d a ta , a s p r e sen ted i nC hap te r 5 ,w i th t h a t p o l i t ica l -econom ic mode l .

I ti sv ery l i ke ly t h a t Me s sen ian k ao l in i te s w ere n o t e xp lo i ted p r io r t o t h e

T he ma jo r i ty o f f mewa re s ( Fab r ic 2 ) a ppea r t o h ave b een m a ss p rodu ced o n f a s t w hee l s f r om n a tu ra l ly c l ean P y l ian k ao l in i te s , a tv e ry f ew ( p e rhap s o n e ) l a rg ep o t tery w o rk shop s o r c ommun i t i e s . One s u ch i n du s t r ia l ized a gg rega te m igh t

r e su l t ing i nl ime p opp ing a nd s inn ing . T he f i r s t m ake r s o f Me s sen ian p o t tery— typ ica l ly c oa r se , h and -bu i l t , a nd f i red a t

t h e b u lk o ft h e k y l ikes c on sumed b yt h e s t a te . I ti st h i s k i nd o f o pe ra t ion t h a t t h e p a la ce b u reauc ra t s m igh t c once ivab ly

l ow t empera tu re s—had n o r e a son t ou se s uch c l ay s , w h ich w e re s c a t te red u neven ly a c ro s s t h e l a nd scape , a nd d id n o t

h ave s ough t t oa t tach . L inea r Bd ocum en t s i n d ica te t h a t a t l e a s t o ne p o t te r , B r i thawon , t h e " r oya l " p o t te r , h ad b een

p o s se s s t h e m ean s t oc on t ro l c a lc i te d i s soc ia t ion , s uch a st h e p l anned v i t r if i ca t ion o f c l ay p a s te s . A na lyzed s amp le s o f P y l ian E a r ly H e l lad ic ( Noza ina w a re ) a nd M idd le H e l lad ic ( Go ld M ica w a re , p o s s ib ly al o ca l i m i ta t ion o fe x t ra -reg iona l m ica ceou s w a re s ) p o t te ry , a dm i t ted ly s ma l l ( twen ty th ree a nd

i n co rpo r a ted i n to t h ep a la t ia l s y s tem o rw a s am embe r o ft h e r oya l h ou seho ld s t af f , r e ce iv ing l a nd i nr e tu rn f o rh i s s e rv ice . I ndu s t r ie s a pp ea r t o h ave b een p u l led i n to t h e p a lace 's w o rk shopp ing s y s tem w hen t h e i t em p roduced w a s o fp r e s t ige o rr i tua l v a lu ea nd /o ru s ed i ng rea ta moun t s a nd r e gu la r ly b y c en t ra l e l i t e s ( Ha l s tead 1 992 , i n p r e s s ) . O f a l p o t te ry c l a s se s , f m ewa r e s , mo s tn o tab ly k y l ik e s , f i tt h e se e xpec ta t ion s b e s t .

e i gh t r e spec t ive ly ) , a ppea r t o h ave b een p roduced s t r ic t ly f r om i l i t ic c l ay s . T h e f i r s t " f ine " Me s sen ian p o t t e ry , s o -ca l led " M inyan " w a re , s e em st oh ave b een c on s i s t en t ly m anu f ac tu r ed d u r ing t h ee a r ly s t age s o f t h e M idd le H e l lad ic p e r iod ( Howe l l 1 992b :43 ) . M inyan f a b r ic sw e re i n i t ia l ly i n t roduced t o Me s sen ia f r om t h e n o r thea s tb u t , a tl e a s ta tN i cho r ia , n eve rr e p laced l o ca l f a b r ic s

C oa r sewa r e s ( Fab r ic s l a -lc ) d i sp lay amuch g rea te r d eg ree o f v a r iab i l i ty i n c hem ica l c on t en t a nd r eg iona l d i s t r ibu t ion t han f i n ewa re s . C lay r e c ipe s a r e much l e s s s t anda rd ized . T he d a ta t h u s a cco rd w e l l w i th c e ram ic e v iden ce f r om t h e

( Howe l l 1 992b :43 ) . H owe l l ( 1 992b :43 -44 )n o te s t h a t M inyan w a re f r om N icho r ia c an o n ly r a re ly b e c l a s s if i ed a st r u ly f i ne a nd may r ep re sen t l o ca l a t temp t s t oc opy s t y le s c u rren t i n o the r p ar t s o f t h e P e loponn e se . T he i n t roduc t ion a nd i m i ta t ion o f M inyan s ty le p o t t ery a t N icho r ia t h eore t ica l ly s i gna l t h e b eg inn ing s o f c e ram ic m a s s p roduc t ion ( a nd c omme rc ia l iza t ion ) i n Me s sen ia . Ma s s p roduc t ion , w h ich a l lowed l a rge r sca le c e ram ic p roduc t ion u n i t s , w a s made p rof i tab le b y t h e i n t rodu c t ion o f t e chno log ie s t h a t , w hen

T he t r an sac t ion s

r e co rded i nt a b le t T n 9 96 , wh ich a ppea r t oh ave t a k en p l ace b e tween t h e p a lace a nd ar eg iona l p o t te r ( o r p o t te r s ) , w e re i n forma l a nd i r regu la r , a nd t h e w o rk shop s t h a t p roduced u t i l i ta r ian p o t te ry h ad n o t y e t b een d rawn m o re t h an s upe rf i c ia l ly i n to t h e p a lace 's b u reau c ra t ized e conom ic s y s tem .

c omb ined w i th e xp lo i ta t ion o fk ao l in i te s , i n c rea sed e ff ic iency

I ti sv e ry l i ke ly t h a tc oa r se p o t s ( b o th k y l ik e s a nd u t i l i ta r ian w a res ) w e r e manu f a c tu red l o ca l ly b y p o t te r s d evo ted t ot h e p roduc t ion o fc e ram ic s f r om i n f e r io r , a l be i t v e ry a bundan t , s ou rce s o f c l ay .

wh i le a l low ing a n o s ten s ib ly m o re a t t rac t ive , s t ronge r , a nd l onge r la s t ing p roduc t . I n a dd i t ion , w i th m a s s p roduc t ion p re sumab ly o ccu r r ing i n w o rk shop r a the r t h an h ou seho ld

T he s ma l le r s c a le o f t h e se h ypo the s ized

c on tex t s , m en l i ke ly b ecame i n vo lved i nt h e c r af to n amo re n ea r ly f u l l t ime b a s i s ( A rno ld 1 985 ) .

e s tab l i shmen t s ( l ike ly d i sper sed w o rk shop s ) a ccoun t s f o r t h e l im i t s o f t h e i r r eg iona l d i s t r ibu t ion , r e la t ive t o f i newa re s . F u r th e rmo re , t h e t im ei n ve s ted i nt h e m anuf ac tu r e o fp o t tery f r om r e d c l ays w ou ld h ave b een g r ea t .

A s d esc r ibed i nC hap ter 2 , i tw a s d u r ing t h e E a r ly B ronze

O n t h e c on t ra ry ,

A ge t h a t s oc ia l c omp lex i ty i nG reece f i r s t a pp roached s t a te -

p o t t ery , e spec ia l ly k y l ike s , made f r om t h e n a tu ra l ly c l ean

l e ve l o rgan iza t ion .

k ao l in i t i c c l ays , c ou ld b e ma s s p roduced u s ing f a s t w hee l s . I l i t ic c l ay s wou ld n o t h ave b een a menab le t o f a s t -wh ee l

e conom ic

c on s ide ra t ion s

w ou ld

h ave ,

F o l low ing t h e d i s rup t ion s a tt h e e nd o f

t h i sp e r iod , E BA p o l i t ie s a ppea rt oh ave d evo lved i n to s ma l l , c ompe t ing c h iefdom s . MBA e l i t e v i ed w i th o n e a no ther f o r

p roduc t ion g i ven t h e c oa r sene s s o ft h e m a te r ia l . T hu s ,

a nd h i gh

s uff i c ien t ly h i gh t empe ra tu re s , s u f f er c a lc i te d i s soc ia t ion ,

h ave p o ten t ia l ly s upp l ied a l o ft h ep a la c e 's k y l ik e s , a sw e l l a s

p a lace ( a s d e sc r ibed b y Wr igh t 1 984 ) .

i n t roduc t ion o f t h e f a s t w hee l

t empera tu re k i ln s t o t h e r eg ion . A s d e scr ibed a bove , t h e k ao l in i te s a r e t yp ica l ly c a lca reou s a nd , w hen f i red t o

c on t ro l o f t h e manu f ac tu re a nd t r ade o f p re s t ige g ood s , i n s ome c a se s—e spec ia l ly Me s sen ia a nd L akon ia— fo rg ing t i e s

i n p a r t ,

w i th M inoan p a la t ia l s y s tem s . D u r ing t h e M idd le H e l lad ic ( s ee T ab le 1 . 1 ) , p o t te ry , s u ch a sM inoan s ty le v a se s , M inyan

d e term in ed t h e e vo lu t ion a nd s t ruc tu re o ft h e P y l ian c eram ic s y s t em . C raf t ed w i th s imp le t e chno log ie sy e t r equ i red b y a l l p eop le ,p o t sw e re f o rm i l lenn ia m anuf ac tu red a nd d i s t r ibu ted

w a re f r om t h e A rgo l id , a nd G o ld M ica w a re f r om A eg ina , w a s f o rt h e f i r s t t ime t r ad ed o ve r l o ng d i s tance s . E xchange

7 5

MODELS OF MYCENAEAN P OL IT ICAL -ECONOMY o fp o t s e n cou raged t h e s p read o fi n nova t ive t e chno log ie s a nd

t h e B ronze A ge .

s t y les , s imu l tan eou s ly p u sh ing p o t t e r st oa dop tn ew t e chn ique s o r r i sk g o ing o u t o f b u s ines s . A t l e a s t s ome Me s sen ian

m igh t b e p a r t i t ioned i n to ma rke t u n i t s ( a n a rea o f 1 00 km2)

T h i s l e aves a pp rox ima te ly 6 00 l an2 t h a t

b a sed o n B lan ton 's ( 1985 ) e thnoh i s to r ic d a ta ( s ee a bove ) .

p o t ter s o pen ed u p k ao l i iü te b ed s a nd b egan t h e d i ff i cu l t t a sk

A l low ing f o r Me s sen ia 's g eog raphy , am a jor m a rk e t m igh t

o fl e a rn ing e n t i re ly n ew , v a s t ly d i f f e ren t m e thod s f o r m ak ing p o t tery , ar i sky e ndeavo r ( Arno ld 1 985 :228 -229 ) .

t h eo re t ica l ly b e l o ca ted i nt h e v i c in i ty o f N icho r ia , al a rge

A s urp r i s ing ly s im i la r s i tua t ion f a ce s t r ad i t iona l Me s sen ian

am a rke t m ay h ave d rawn g ood s a nd c on sume r s f r om b o th

p o t ter s t o day . W i th in t h e l a s t f ew d ecade s , t h e S ka la p o t te r

e a s ter n ( no t i n c luded i n t h e s t udy ) a nd w e s tern Me s sen ia .

Y iann i sK om i sh a sp u rcha sed al a rge e l ec t r ic k i ln a nd e l ec t r ic

K oukouna ra w ou ld a l so h ave h o s ted a ma jo r ma rke t ,

w hee l s , b egun i mpor t ing r aw c l ay f r om I t a ly a nd C re te , a nd h a s s h if t ed p roduc t ion a lmo s t e n t i re ly t o t o u r i s t w a re s .

e spec ia l ly g i ven i t s p o s i t ion a long t h e e a s t -we s t r oad ( Dav i s

t own a t t h e b o rder o f t h e H i the r a nd F ur the r P rov ince s ( McDona ld a nd W i lk ie , e d s . 1 992 ; S h e lme rd ine 1 98 1 ) . S uch

A l though K om i s , w hen i n t erv iewed , d id n o t h ave a n a pp ren t ice ( as i tua t ion h e c ompa red t o " go ing e x t inc t " ) , h i s

e ta l . 1 997 ; McDona ld 1 964 ; s ee b e low ) . T h i s m a rke t may h ave s e rv iced p o r t ion s o f Me s sen ia t ot h e s ou th ( no t i n c luded i nt h e s t udy ) , a sw e l l a sw e s tt ot h e B ay o fN ava r ino a nd e a s t

b u s in e s sa ppea r ed p rof i tab le . A ppa ren t ly , h eh ad s ucce s sfu l ly

t o N icho r ia .

n ego t ia ted t h e t r an s i t ion t o amo re c o s t -eff i c ien t , l a rge r s ca le

I IB s e t t lemen t , w a s l i ke ly d om ina ted b y t h e a s cendan t A no E ng l iano s . T he s t a te 's l a rges t m a rk e t may h ave b een

o fc e ram ic p roduc t ion . O nt h eo t he rh and , a tt h e t ime h e w a s i n terv iewed , t h e V ouna r ia p o t ter w a s p repa r ing h i s a nc ien t mud -b r ick k i ln f o r i t s f i na l f i r ing . H i s s on w a s u n in te re s ted

T he P y l ian h ear t land , t h e a r ea o f d en se s t LH

e s tab l i shed a to r n ea r t h e p a lace .

I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t a

ma rke t w a s l o ca ted n or th a nd w e s t o ft h e p a lace a l ong t h e c oa s t , p erhap s a tO rd ine s . F ina l ly , t h e f a r n or the rn s i te s o f

i nc on t inu ing t h e c r af t . T he h eavy k i ck w hee l s n o l o nge r t u rned . H av ing n eve r u pg raded h i s e qu ipmen t , s t i l l f o cu sed

P e r i s te r ia a nd Mou r ia tadha wou ld h ave c e r ta in ly h o s ted a m a jo rm a rke t , o n e t h a t , a sw i th N icho r ia , l i ke ly d rew g ood s

o n t h e m anuf ac tu re o f t r ad i t iona l v e s se l f o rm s made f r om l o ca l ly m ined c l ay s , t ime a nd t h e e conomy h ad p a s sed t h e V ouna r ia p o t te rb y .

a nd c on sume r s f r om b o th t h e e a s t a nd t h e w e s t a s w e l l a s f r om t h e n o r th , o u t s ide t h e b ound s o f t h e P y l ian s t a te . P e r i s t e r ia a nd Mou r ia tadha w e re l i k e ly p l ugg ed i n to t h ew ide r

C ommerc ia l i za t ion

r eg iona l e conomy b y t r ade r ou tes s ou th t oO rd ine s a l ong t h e c oa s ta sw e l l a s , i nt h e e a s t , s ou th a c ro s st h e Me s sen ian P la in t oN i cho r ia .

W i th g rea te r c ap i ta l i n ve s tmen t o n t h e p a r t o fs ome B ronze G iven t h a t m a rk e t s a nd m a rke t ing b egan i n t h e E a r ly a nd M idd le H e l lad ic p e r iod s a nd e xpanded i nt h e L a te H e l lad ic

A ge p o t te r s— in f a s t w hee l s , h o t k i ln s , n ew m e thod s o f p repa r ing c l ay a nd f o rm ing i t— the i n du s t ry n ece s sa r i ly b ecame mo re c ompe t i t ive . W i th c ompe t i t ion , f o rme r ly

( a sa l so a rgu ed b y Mo rr i s 1 986 ) , LH I IB c e ram ic f a b r ic c l a s s d en s i ty d i s t r ibu t ion s ( F igu re 5 . 16 ) s hou ld c or re spond a tl e a s t i n p a r t t o h ypo the t ica l ma rke t d iv i s ion s . Un for tuna te ly ,

r e s t r ic ted m a rke t s e xpanded . E ven tua l ly , o n ly o ne i n du s t r ia l ized c on cern g ene ra ted a l l o f Me s sen ia 's ma s s p rodu ced f i n ewa re s , i n c lud ing k y l ik e s ( r ep re sen ted b y F ab r ic

s amp le so fc oa r se u t i l i ta r ian w a res w e re n o tt a ken f r om m any o f t h e m id s ized a nd s ma l ler s i tes , s u ch a s O rd in e s a nd R omanou , s o t h a t d en s i ty d i s t r ibu t ion s o fF ab r ics l a -lc a r e

2 ; c f . L ew i s 1 983 ) . C oa r sewa re p o t tery c on t inued t o b e manu f ac tu red , b u t a t n o mo re t h an t h ree w o rk shop s ( r ep re sen ted b y F ab r ic s l a -lc ) a nd o n as ma l le r s ca le r e la t ive t o f i newa res . I n LH I IB Me s sen ia , mo s t c oa r se p o t s w e re l i k e ly s o ld o r t r aded a tm a rke t .

a pp rox ima te . G iven t h e p a t te rn s o fi t s e xchange , F ab r ic l a ( p e rhap s ac h rono log ica l ly e a r ly man if e s ta t ion ; s e e a bove ) a ppea r s t o h ave b een d i s t r ibu ted w i th in a ma rke t r e g ion

C omme rc ia l ized p o t te ry p rodu c t ion w ou ld h ave c r ea ted an ew

a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p a lace . F ab r ic l c ( pe rhap s a c h rono log ica l ly l a te man if e s ta t ion ; s ee a bove ) , c ompa red t o

n i che f o r m idd lemen t r ade r s . A s d esc r ibed a bove ( Chap te r 3 ) , i ti sn o t e n t i re ly c l ea r h ow g ood s w e re t r an spor ted i n

t h e p a la ce .

B ronze A ge G r eece . T he re a r e m any e t hnog raph ic e xamp le s

p o s s ib ly d i s t r ibu ted f r om t h e h ypo the t i ca l K oukouna ran

o fp o t te ry c a r r ied t om a rk e ti nn e to rr ope b ag s o r i nw ooden c a r ry ing f r ame s , m o s t o f ten b y t h e p o t ter s t h em se lves ( s ee

m a rk e t .

l a , h a s as im i la ry e tw ide rd i s t r ibu t ion , a ga in a s soc ia ted w i th

d ocumen ta ry

e v idence

( Crouwe l

1 981 ;

I tw a s

Un l ik e F ab r ic l a , a nd t o al e s s e r e x ten t l c , i ti s

f ound i n l a rge n umbe r s a t N icho r ia . F ina l ly , F ab r ic 2— f inewa re s t h a t h ave b een l i nked b y c hem i s t ry a nd

A rno ld 1 985 :111113 ) . I fp rof e s s iona lm e rchan t sw e re a c t ive i nB ronze A ge Me s sen ia , t h ey m ay h ave emp loyed d onk ey c a ravan s o r w agon s , f o r w h ich t h e re i ss ome a r chaeo log ica l a nd

F ab r ic l b i sf o cu sed o n K oukouna ra .

p e t rog raphy t o t h e h ighe s t l e ve ls o f m a s s p roduc t ion a nd c omme rc ia l iza t ion— i s f ound a tn ea r ly a l s i t es i n t h e s t udy

G a l lagher

r eg ion , w i th n o c l ea r i nd ica t ion o f ap o s s ib le s ou rce .

1 988 :104 ; H a l s tead 1 994 :201 ; McDona ld 1 964 ) .

d i s t in c t

f ab r ic

c l a s se s

w e re

d i s t r ibu t ion w i th P e r i s te r ia , Ar ough e s t ima te o ft h e s i ze o ft h e s t udy r eg ion , e x tend ing f r om mode r n -day P y lo s i nt h e w e s t t oN icho r ia i nt h e e a s t ,

a s soc ia ted b y Mou r ia tadha ,

N o

d en s i ty

o f

N icho r ia ,

o r

O rd in es .

a nd n o r th t oP e r i s t e r ia a nd Mou r ia tadha ( s ee F igu re s 1 . 2 a nd

R ice ( 1 987 :194 ) n o te s t h a tp o t te ry h a s b een r e por ted t ot r ave l

4 .1) , i s 1 000 s qua re k i lome te r s . O f t h i s , a s much a s o ne t h ird , i fn o t mo re , w a s r e la t ive ly u n inhab i ted u p land d u r ing

b y t r ad i t iona l m ean s i ne xce s s o f 1 50 m i le s , i fi ti so fh ighe s t q ua l i ty . S t udy ing c e ram ic i n du s t r ie s i nI n d ia , K ramer ( 199 1 )

7 6

MODELS OF MYCENAEAN P OL IT ICAL -ECONOMY f ound t ha t m e rchan t s f r equen t ly moved p o t te ry t om a rke t i n e xce s s o f5 0k i lome te r s , o f t en b yo x -ca r t . P o t tery c a r r ied o n f oo t t oo the rv i l lages b y d ome s t ic K a l inga p o t te r s a nd g i ven t ok i n a nd n e ighbo r s t h e reby o f t en t r ave led l o ng d i s tance s a s

I t i s o f t en r ema rked b y e t hnoa rchaeo log i s t s t h a t , o f a l c e ram ic f o rm s , c ookwa re s , i na dd i t ion t ow a ter a nd s t o rage j a r s , a r e t h e l e a s t l i ke ly t oc hange i na ny w ay t h rough t ime ;

w e l l ( Grave s 1 99 1) . T hu s , r e f e r r ing t ot h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f c oa r se f ab r ic c l a s ses i n LH I IB Me s sen ia , i tm ay b e t h a t p r ima ry d i s t r ibu t ion t ook p l ace b y p o t te r s t h em se lve s a t

p eop le g row a ccu s tomed t ot h e t a s te o ff ood c ooked o rw a te r

m a rke t , whe r ea s o n ly s e conda ry d i s t r ibu t ion w a s f a c i l i ta ted

b i b l iog raph ic r e f e ren ce s t ot h i s p henomenon ) . F u r the rmo re ,

b y m erchan t s . ( Howeve r , a sR ice [ 1 987 :194 ] r i gh t ly p o in t s o u t , me rcan t i le a c t iv i ty a nd d own the l ine t r an sf e r s c ou ld

c ookwa re m ade f r om c e r ta in g r i t ty c l ay s w ou ld h ave s e rved

c on ce ivab ly

r ep re sen t f un c t iona l t ype s t h a t , u n l ik e mo s t o t he r s ( s erv ing p o t s , t a b lewa re , e t c . ) , c ou ld n o t b e e ff i c ien t ly o r p rof i tab ly

g enera te

i d en t ica l

p a t te rn s

o f

s t o red i n ap a r t icu la r t ype o fp o t , a nd w i l l n o t b uy a ny th ing e l se

( s ee Ar no ld

1 985

t o r educe t h e rma l s hock .

s e conda ry

e xchange .) T hu s , s econda ry m e rchand i s ing , ac ommon ly n o ted p henom enon ( K rame r 1 99 1) , w ou ld e xp la in t h e s p read

f o r a g ood d i scu s s ion o f a nd

T hu s , b o th c ookwa re a nd p i tho i

ma s s -p roduced . A s ar e su l t , s uch f o rm s w e re c on s i s ten t ly h andmade , e ven i n to mode r nt ime s . I n f a c t , t h e l a s t l i v ing

o f f a br ic s , i ns ma l l n umbe r s , f r om i n d iv idua l l o c i t od i s tan t

Me s sen ian m a s te r o f p i tho s -mak ing o n ly r e cen t ly d i ed i n

p o r t ion s o f t h e s t a te , s uch a s f r om K oukouna ra t o Mou r ia tadha . T heo re t ica l ly , t h e b u lk o f ap a r t icu la r f a b r ic

K a lama ta .

w ou ld h ave b een d i rec t ly e xchanged b y p o t te r s i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o f ama rke t , w o rk shop , o r c en t ra l p l ace . Me rchan ta c t iv i ty wou ld h ave s ub sequen t ly p roduced d end r i t ic

T he P a lace

p a t tern s o f s e conda ry e xchange , e x t end ing o u t f r om t h e p r imary m a rke t s . A s im i la r p a t te r n h a s b een i d en t if i ed b y

G iven t h e d a ta a l ready p re sen ted , i ta ppea r s u n l ike ly t h a t t h e P y l ian s t a te t i gh t ly c on t ro l led t h e manuf ac tu re a nd r eg iona l e xchange o f p o t tery , a s t h ey m ay h ave d on e f o r c er ta in t e x t i le s ( K i l len 1 984b ) , p e r fume ( She lmerd in e 1 984 , 1 985 ) , t o ad eg ree f o r b ronze ( Sm i th 1 992 -1993 ) , a nd p e rhap s f o r s e ve ra l o t he rp roduc t s . C e r ta in ly , i fo n ly b ecau se o fi t s l a rge s i ze a nd p opu la t ion , A no E ng l iano s , t h e s t a te 's c en t ra l p l ace , mu s t , t os ome e x ten t , h ave i n f luenced t h e o rgan iza t ion a nd o pera t ion o f t h e r eg iona l c e ram ic i n du s t ry . C omme rc ia l e s tab l i shmen t s m ay h ave e x i s ted i n t h e v i c in i ty o f A no E ng l iano s t os upp ly t h e ma rke t s uppo r ted b y t h e p a lace a nd p a la t ia l a c t iv i t ie s , s uch a sf e a s t ing .

P a rk in son ( 1 997 , i np re s s ) f o r d i s t r ibu t ion o fo b s id ian b l ade s f r om t h e s i te o fR omanou . F inewa re s ( Fabr ic 2 ) , i n c lud ing k y l ike s , w e re l i ke ly d i s t r ibu ted i n amann e r d i f f e ren t f r om t h a t o f c oa r sewa re s ( Fabr ic s l a lc ) . F ine p o t s—ma s s p roduced a t as i ng le l a rge w ork shop o rb y ap o t t ing c ommun i ty—we re p robab ly m ade a va i lab le o n t h e o pen m a rke t ; b u t , m idd lemen t r ade r s mu s t h ave a l so b een r e spon s ib le f o r much o f t h e i r p r ima ry d i sper sa l . F ab r ic 2w a s r ep re sen ted a tn ea r ly a l l s i tes i nt h e s t udy r eg ion ; g i ven t h e e xpec ta t ion s o f t h e a f o remen t ioned g rav i ty mode l , t h e b read th a nd u n ifo rm i ty o fi t s d i s t r ibu t ion

A s a rgued a bove , d u r ing t h e LH I IB p ha se , c oa r sewa r e s , e spec ia l ly t h o se f o rm s n o t a menab le t o m a s s p roduc t ion ,

c anno t s o le ly b e t h e r e su l t o ft r an sf e r f r om as i ng le n ode o f e xchange . U n l ike c oa r sewa re s , w h ich w e re m ade a va i lab le a tt wo o r m o re r eg iona l ma rke t s ( w i th m e rchan t s p l ay ing a p er iphe ra lo rs e conda ry r o le i nd i s t r ibu t ion ) , f mewa re s w e re r e ta i led b y m idd lemen d i rec t ly t ot h e c on sume r . Ano ther a l terna t ive— th ep roduc t ion a nd r ed i s t r ibu t ion o ff i newa re s b y t h e s t a te— i s d i scu s sed b e low .

c on t inued t o b e manuf a c tu red a nd d i s t r ibu ted a t as ma l le r s ca le t h an f i newa re s . F o r s eve ra l r e a son s a l ready o u t l ined a bove , i tw ou ld n o t h ave b een p rof i tab le ( and n eve r b ecame p rof i tab le ) t os ca le u p m a s s p roduc t ion o fc oa r se u t i l i ta r ian w a re s . T hey w e re p robab ly ma rk e ted l o ca l ly b y p o t t e r s

F ina l ly , c e r ta in s pec ia l ized f o rm s a pp ea r t o h ave b een

t h em se lve s , b u t m ay a l so h ave b een b ough t a nd r e so ld b y v endo r s , k nown i nG ua tema la a sr ega tone s ( R ice 1 987 :194 ) . F ab r ics l a -lc f i t t h i s p a t te r n , w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o f c ookwa re s a nd p i tho i , w h ich m ay h ave b een p rodu ced b y i n d iv idua l , p e rhap s i t ine ran t , p o t te r s .

manu f ac tu red a nd d i s t r ibu ted u nde r as y s tem c omp le te ly d i f f e ren tf r om t ho se j u s td e sc r ibed . C ookwa re s a nd p i tho i , a s e xp la ined i nC hap te r 5 , a r e i d io syn cra t ic i nt h a t t h ey o f t en c on ta in e c cen t r ic t empe r s y e t d i sp lay s im i la r c hem ica l c ompo s i t ion s .

F inewa re s ,

P erhap s s im i la r c hem i s t ry i st h e r e su l t o f

o n

t h e

o t he r

h and ,

a ppea r

t o h ave b een

m anu f ac tu red a t as i ng le , r eg iona l f a c to ry . E xchange w a sn o t

i d en t ica l f u n c t ion , b u t mo re l i ke ly i ti n d ica t e s e xp lo i ta t ion o f

l o ca l ized ; r a the r , F ab r ic 2i sf ound e ven ly s p read t h roughou t

r e la ted c l ay s . A s a rgued a bove , i tm ay b e t h a t t h e se f o rm s w ere b u i l t b y i t ineran t c r af t smen o r t h a t t h ey w e re made a t many s ma l l e s tab l i shmen t s , e ach o f w h ich u t i l ized s l igh t ly

t h ee n t i r e s t udy r eg ion . Two mode so fd i s t r ibu t ion h ave b een s ugge s ted t o a ccoun t f o r t h e d i sper sa l o f f i newa re s :

d i f f eren t

p ro f e s s iona l m e rchan t a c t iv i ty o rr ed i s t r ibu t ion b y t h e p a lace .

p a s te

r e c ipe s ,

i n d iv idua l

p o t te r s

c ompo s ing

v a r ia t ion so n ac ommon c e ram ic t h eme . LH I IB c ookwa r e s a nd p i tho i—cer ta in ly h and -bu i l t a nd o f a l t y pe s t h e mo s t

A tt h e l e ve l o ff a c to ry o rc ommun i ty -ba sed p roduc t ion , t h i rd -

c oa r se a nd l ow f i red— rep re sen t h o ldove r s f r om Me s sen ia 's e conom ic p a s t , s ma l l sca le e n te rp r i se st h a tr e s i s ted t h e g row th

p a r ty o pe ra t ive s a lmo s t a lway s b ecome i n vo lved i n t h e p r ima ry d i s t r ibu t ion o ff i n i shed p o t tery , o f ten t ot h e p o in t o f

a nd i n t en s if i ca t ion o fp o t t ing i n du s t r ie so ve rt h e c ou r se o ft h e

d om ina t ing o r monopo l iz ing t r ade i n t h e p roduc t .

B ronze A ge s .

G ua tema la s uch m e rchan t s , w ho t r ave l w ide a r ea s , a r e

7 7

I n

MODELS OF MYCENAEAN POL IT ICAL -ECONO MY r e f e r red t o a s c omerc ian te s ( R ice 1 987 :194 ) . S ome t ime s t h e se m e rchan t se x tend c r ed i t t op o t te r s f o rp u rcha se o fs uch

H oweve r , a sd e sc r ibed a bove , c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta

t h ing s a s s ca rce f i rewood , t h e reby f u r th er c on t ro l l ing t h e

d o n o t a b so lu te ly d i scoun t t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e p a lace w a s i n vo lved i nt h em anu f ac tu re a nd e x change o fp o t s . D ue t ot h e

i n du s t ry , a s i n t h e ( i n )famou s c a se o f D on A sunc ión i n

e f f ec t s o fe qu ifma l i ty , a t tached a nd c orvee p roduc t ion h ave

Mex ico ( Papou sek 1 98 1 ) . Me rchan t s h ave a l so b een k nown

n o tb een c omp le te ly r u led o u t . T h e refo re , i nw ha t s i tua t ion s

t op l ay p o t t ing c ommun i t ie s a ga in s t o ne a no ther i no rder t o

a nd f o r w ha t r e a son s m igh t t h e s t a te i nvo lve i t s e lf i n t h e

s e cu re c heape r p u rcha se p r ice s , t ot h e p o in t t h a t i tb ecome s n eces sa ry f o r t h e v i l lage s t or e loca te a nd c en t ra l ize ( Vo s sen

c e ram ic i n du s t ry? I th a sb een a r gued i nC hap ter 2t h a t t h e LH I IB P y l ian s t a te

1 984 :346 ) .

w a su nd e rgo ing , a tt h e t im e o fi t s d e s truc t ion , ap o l i t ica l a nd T he t h i rd -pa r ty a gen t i n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f Me s sen ian

e conom ic t r an sf o rma t ion ( s ee Mo r r i s 1 986 ) . B o th s e t t lemen t

f i n ewa re sc ou ld i n deed h ave b een ap rof e s s iona l m erchan t o r c a r te l . T heo re t ica l ly , i tc ou ld a l so b e t h a t p a lace o ff ic ia l s

a nd g ov er n an ce a ppea rt oh ave b een i nt h em id s to fe xpand ing

f unc t ioned a s m idd lemen . c on t rac ted

w i th ,

l e ve l s o f h i e ra rchy ( c f . J ohn son 1 973 ; s e e B enne t 1 995 , i n p re s s a& b ) . T he s t a te may h ave a l so s ough t t os egmen t

P e rhap s t h e s t a te d i rec ted , o r

t h e p o t te r s

w ho p roduced

c h ief ly o r k ing ly l i neages ( c f .

f i newa re s ,

S t e in

1 994b ) .

I n t h i s

a tmo sphe re , w ea lt h o b jec t s w e re n o l onger a lowed t o

i n c lud ing l c y l ik e s . H oweve r , t h e re i sn oi d en t if iab le r e f e ren ce t o m e rcan t i le a c t iv i ty i n t h e L inea r B t a b le t s ( p roduc t s c o l lec ted o r m ade b y t h e p a la ce a ppea r t oh ave r ema ined a t

c i rcu la te f r ee ly ; r a ther , t h ey wou ld h ave b een b e s towed a s ma rk s o fp a t ronage ( c f . B rumf i e l a nd E a r le 1 987 ) . T he s t a te s ho red u p c on t ro l o f w ea l th p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion b y mo re c omp le te ly c en t ra l iz ing c er ta in i n du s t r ie s a tt h e p a lace ( W r igh t 1 984 ) a nd b y mo re i n ten se ly m on i to r ing d ecen t ra l ized

t h e p a lace o r , l e s so f t en , t oh ave b een t r an s f er red t or e l ig iou s p rec inc t s ) , n o r i st h e re d ocumen ta ry e v iden ce f o r c a refu l t r ack ing o fp o t tery c o l lec t ion a nd r e a l loca t ion , a s e x i s t s f o r o ther g ood s . O fc ou r se , i tm ay b e c hance o r c i rcum s tance t h a ta c coun t sf o rm i s s ing r e co rd s o f as t a te -ope ra ted c eram ic

" pa la t ia l " i n du s t r ie s , s uch a s b ronze -mak ing ( Sm i th 1 992 1 993 ) . Mo r r i s ( 1 986 ) d e sc r ibes t h i s t r an s i t ion a sb e ing f r om t h a t o f at r ibu te s t a te t o ap res t ige g ood s /dua l i s t ic s t a te . I n t e rm s o f t h e b ehav io ra l mode l d ev i sed b y B lan ton e t a l . ( 1996 ) , P y lo s w a s e n fo rc ing e xc lu s iona ry p owe r s t ra teg ie s a nd c omm i t t ing t on e two rk , a so ppo sed t oc o rpo ra te , p a t tern s

i n du s t ry . P o t t ing m ay h ave b een a s ea sona l a f f a i r , n o t r e co rded i n t h e o f f sea son , t hu s p erhap s a b sen t f r om t h e L inea r Bt a b le t s d ue t ot h e t ime o ft h e y ea r t h a t t h e p a lace w a s d e s t royed . H oweve r , B r i thawon , t h e " r oya l " p o t te r , w a s g ran ted l a nd b y t h e p a la t ia l a dm in i s t ra to r s , p re sumab ly f o r p rov id ing much -needed p o t tery . M igh t h e h ave b een t h e s c ion o ft h e l u c ra t ive Me s sen ian p o t t ing i n du s t ry , a n i n du s t ry w i th l o ca l r oo t s s t re tch ing b ack t oN eo l i th ic t ime s?

o fp o l i t ica l -economy . S uch a s y s tem w ou ld h ave b red f i nan c ia l i n secu r i ty a nd r eg iona l i n s tab i l i ty . Howeve r , g iven t h e s i tua t ion , p a la t ia l o ff i c ia l s a ppea r t oh ave a vo ided m ea su r e s t h a t m igh t h ave

T he re e x i s t s eve ra l c ompe l l ing r ea son s f o r w h ich t h e p a lace p robab ly d id n o t—o r c ho se n o t t o—d i rec t ly c on t ro l f i newa re ma s s -p roduc t ion a nd e xchange . F i r s t o fa l l , t h e o n ly l e ng thy r e f e ren ce t op o t tery , L inea r Bt a b le t T n 9 96 , c oncern s w ha t

e a sed t h i s p e r iod o f s oc io -po l i t ica l t r an s i t ion . T hey s hou ld h ave d i ve r s if i ed t h e i ri n ve s tmen t s a nd s ough tt oo pen m a rk e t s ;

w e re mo s t l i k e ly c oa r se u t i l i ta r ian w a re s , manuf ac tu red i n d ecen t ra l ized , f a i r ly s ma l l sca le e conom ic c on tex t s , c er ta in ly n o t e a s i ly c on t ro l led . T he se p o t s w e re a ppa ren t ly c o l lec ted

c on t ro l o fs t ap le g ood s , a nd p roduc t ion a nd c i rcu la t ion o f w ea l th g ood s p erm i t ted t h e I nka s t a te t om ee t i t s d i spa ra te

b yt h ep a lace i n f requen t ly . T n 9 96 r e co rd st h e a cqu i s i t ion , o r i n t ended a cqu i s i t ion , o fo n ly t we lve , v e ry s p ec ia l ized c eram ic

i t a l i c s a dded ) . Wh i le s e ek ing t oe xpand p o l i t ica l d om inance , t h e P y l ian s t a te p romo ted d amag ing e conom ic p o l ic ie s a tt h e

f o rm s , a mong t h em " t h ree d ra inab le t u b s f o r b a th -wa te r " ( Ven t r i s a nd C hadw ick 1 973 :338 ) . A ga in , t h i s t a b le t wou ld

mo s t i n oppor tune o ft imes .

h a rd ly c on s t i tu te e v id en ce f o rc on t ro l o ft h ec e ram ic i n du s t ry .

R oman e s ta te s ( Peacock 1 982 ) a nd P eruv ian b odega s ( R ice

I fa ny th ing , l a ck o fd e ta i led L inea r Bd o cumen t s r ega rd ing c eram ic s w ou ld a ppea r t o a rgue f o r t h e i n dependence o f

1 996 ) i n co rpo ra ted p o t t ing i n du s t r ies i no rde r t o , i nt h e f i r s t i n s tan ce , i n ter n a l ly s upp ly a n a l ready much -needed c e ram ic

B r i thawon , w ho m ay h ave b a rga in ed f o ra nd r e ce ived l a nd i n r e tur nf o rh i sp o t te ry .

v e s se l , o ne t h a t m ay h ave b een e xpen s ive o ri n conven ien t t o

i n s tead , t h ey f o cu sed mo re i n ten s ive ly o n a l ready d i srup t ive e conom ic t a c t ic s . " A m ixed s t ra tegy o f l a bo r t a xa t ion ,

e conom ic r equ i remen t s " ( D 'A l t roy a nd E a r le 1 985 :196 ;

a cqu i r e t h rough l o ca l c hanne l s . T here i sn oe v idence t h a tt h e p a lace p rodu ced i t s o wn p o t tery ; t h ere i s , f o r e xamp le , n o

S econd o fa l l , p o t te ry i s ar e la t ive ly l ow -va lue c ommod i ty ,

e v idence—a t l e a s t n o t y e t— fo r a n LH I IB p o t tery w o rk shop

u n l ike t h ep roduc t st h ep a lace i sk nown t oh ave manu f ac tu red . C lay i sn o t a n e xo t ic ma t e r ia l ; i ti sc omp le te ly mundane .

p o t tery t y pe s d i d n o t e xceed i t s a b i l i ty t o a cqu i re t h em ,

a tA no E ng l iano s . A ppa ren t ly , t h e p a lace 's n eed f o r c er ta in

E ven i ft h e p a lace g a ined c on t ro l o f t h e f i newa re i n du s t ry ,

h owever i n ef f ic ien t ly a nd i n f requen t ly , f r om i ndependen t p o t te r s , a s i n d ica ted b y L inea r B t a b le t T n 9 96 . H av ing

c on sume r s c ou ld a cqu i r e s e rv iceab le , a l be i t c oa r se , p o t te ry e l sewhe re . T hey p robab ly c ou ld h ave made i tt h em se lve s i f

a t tached a p o t t ing w o rk shop , t h e e s ta t e o r b odega m igh t e ven tua l ly b eg in t h e c omme rc ia l p roduc t ion o fc e ram ic s , a s

n ece s sa ry . I n s ho r t , i tm ade l i t t le e conom ic s en se f o r t h e s t a te t ot a rge tc eram ics .

w a s a l so p rac t i ced b y t h e I nka s ( D ' A l t roy a nd B i shop 1 990 ) . A ga in , t h e p a la ce f o cu sed o n t h e manu f a c tu re o f p re s t ige

7 8

MODELS O F MYCENAEAN POL IT ICAL -ECONOMY g ood s , t ot h e n ea r ly c omp le te e xc lu s ion o fs t ap le , u t i l i ta r ian

p e rhap s s e t k y l ike s a pa r t f r om o t her LH I IB c e ram ic t y pe s .

p roduc t s .

A s d e sc r ibed a bove , mo s tu t i l i ta r ian t y pes ( e xcep t c oo l cwa re s a nd p i tho i ) a r e d up l ica ted i nb o th c oa r se a nd f i ne f a b r ic s , i n n ea r ly e qua l n umbe r s . F o r i n s tance , t h e re a r e s e rv ing b ow l s

T he P y l ian p a la t ia l e conomy w a s e n t i re ly w ea l th -f in anced ( w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o ft h e P y lo s d i s t r ic t i t s e l f ) i na

made o f F ab r ic s l a -lc a sw e l l a sF ab r ic 2 . T he a dm i t ted ly

r e g iona l e conom ic s y s tem w he re t h ec i r cu la t ion o fw ea l th w a s

s ma l l n umbe r o f s pec ia l ized c e ram ic s a na lyzed o t he r t h an

b ecom ing m o r ea nd mo re s t r ic t ly c on t ro l led . A s ar e su l t , t h e

k y l ike s , s uch a sl a rge s t i r rup j a r s , a r e a l so made f r om b o th

s t a te s hou ld h ave i n crea sed i n ve s tm en t i ns y s tem s o fs t ap le f i nance i no rd e rt om ee tr e g iona l e conom i c o b l iga t ion s , w h ich

c oa r se a nd f i ne f ab r ic t y pe s , a ga in i nn ea r ly e qua l n umbe r s ( F igu re 5 . 16 ) . ( Two l a rge s t i r rup j a r s , J C185 a nd J C187 , a r e

i td id n o td o . H av ing a t ta ched p o t tery p roduc t ion , t h ep a lace m igh t h ave b egun p ay ing f o r n eeded g ood s a nd s e rv ice s

F ab r ic l c ; J C189 i sF ab r ic 2 . ) L ikew i se , a l though t h e re a r e k y l ike s m ade o f b o th c oa r se a nd f i ne f ab r ic s , t h e

t h rough t h e e xchange o f f i n ewa re s .

Mo re p l au s ib ly , t h e

o verwhe lm ing ma jo r i ty o f k y l ike s a r e f me ( 16 c oa r se , 9 8

p a lace m igh th ave a l so i n crea sed a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t ion a nd

f i ne ; 1 4% v s . 8 6%) a nd m ade o f F ab r ic 2 , t hu s p roduced

f i nanced t h e r eg iona l e conomy b y t r an sac t ing e xchange s i n

( t heo re t ica l ly ) a t as i ng le w o rk shop ( s ee F igu re 5 .6 ) . T h i s i s n o t s imp ly as amp l ing b i a s ; k y l ike s r a re ly a ppea r i nc oa r se

g ra in , f o r e xamp le . Howeve r , a g r icu l tu ra l s t o rage s pace a t t h e p a la ce a c tua l ly d ec l ine s d u r ing LH I IB , r ep la ced b y

f a b r ic s .

w o rk shop sd evo ted t ot h e c en t ra l i zed m anuf ac tu re o fp re s t ige g ood s ( Mo r r i s 1 986 ) .

C oa r se k y l ik e s a r ec l un l cy , p oo r ly made , l ow -f i red i m i ta t ion s o f f i ne k y l ik e s . S t em d i ame t er s f o r c oa r se k y l ike s a r e

R e jec t ing s y s tem s o f s t ap le f i nance , c ed ing c on t ro l o f t h e f mewa r ec e ram ic i ndu s t ry ( t he mo s tl i k e ly p o t tery e n te rp r i se

c on s i s ten t ly t h ick e r— in t h e 2 .2 t o2 .8 c en t ime ter r ange— than t h o se f o r f i ne k y l ike s ( s ee F igu r e 5 . 10 ) . A s d e sc r ibed b r ie f ly

t ob e a t ta ch ed )t op rof e s s iona l m e r chan t s , s u ch a sB r i thawon , t h ep a lace a pp ea r st oh ave t u rn ed i n s t ead t or e l ig ion a nd r i tua l

a bove , i tm ay b e t h a t s ma l le r , d i sper sed w ork shop s , i n m ak ing c oa r se k y l ike s , s ough t t oe n te r am a rke t c or n e red b y as i ng le w o rk shop a nd p e rhap s c on t ro l led b y t h e p a lace . K y l ix f o rm s d eve loped f r om e a r ly Mycenaean g ob le t s b u t , g ene ra l ly s peak ing , t h ey m a rk av es se l i n ven ted d u r ing t h e

i no rde rt ol e g i t ima te i n c rea sed p o l i t i ca ld om ina t ion a nd mo re f u l ly i n teg ra te t h e p o l i ty . S t a te o ff i c ia l s m igh t a l so h ave r e so r ted t ov i o lence ( c f . A che son i np re ss ; D av i s a nd B enne t i np re s s ) , b u t , a s a rgued a bove , t h e re i sl i t t le a r cha eo log ica l e v iden ce ( v e ry l i t t le s ke le ta le v id en ce f o rt r auma t i c i n ju ry a nd d ea th ; t h ough s e e A che son [ i np re s s ] ) f o r as c a le a nd i n t en s i ty •o f v io lence c ompa rab le t oo t he r a r cha ic s t a te s , s uch a s f o r e xamp le , t h e Maya o r S hang C h in e se . T he re i sf r om t h e p a la ce , a sD av i s a nd B enne t( i np r e s s ) d e sc r ib e , e v id ence f o r

LH I I . F rom e t hnog raph i c e v iden ce , A rno ld ( 1985 :220 -224 ) a rgue s t h a t i ti st y p ica l ly o n ly l a rge m echan ized p o t tery w o rk shop st h a t r i sk i n nova t ion . Sma l l w o rk shop s m igh t a l so i n nova te , b u to n ly b ecau se t h ey h ave l i t t le t ol o se i nd o ing s o . M id s ize w o rk shop s , s u ch a st h o se t h a t p roduced F ab r ic s l a l c , a lmo s t n eve r i mp rov i se ; i ti st o o f i nanc ia l ly r i sky a nd t ime con sum ing . K y l ik e s , i n ven t ed , p roduced , a nd m a rke ted b yt h e l a rge s tr eg iona l w o rk shop , p e rhap s a tt h e i n s t iga t ion o f t h e s t a te , r ep re sen t a n o bv iou s ly s ucce s sfu l LH I IB c e ram ic f o rm . I tm ay b e t h a t s ma l le r w o rk shop s , i n manu f ac tu r ing i m i ta t ion s , w o rked i n v a in t o e n te r ac l o sed ma rk e t . I f

a tl e a s to n e f r e sco , f r om H a l l6 4 , w h ich may h ave d ep ic ted a b a t t le b e tween Mycenaean s a nd " non " -Mycenaean s . Howev e r , a ni c onog raph ic d ep ic t ion o fw a rn eed n o t i n d ica te t h a tv i o lence w a s ac ommon ly e mp loy ed Mycenaean p o l i t ica l s t ra tegy . B e s ides , t h e s ugge s t ion o f v io len ce w a s much c heap e r t h an a c tua l ly d o ing v i o len ce a nyway . A s d e sc r ibed i nd e ta i l a bove , t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idence ( n o t t om en t ion t h a t p rov ided b y Home r ) f o r f e a s t ing a nd d r ink ing i nr i tua l c on tex t s a tt h e p a lace i si n con t rover t ib le .

k y l ik e sw e re s ymbo l ica l ly c ha rged o b jec t s , s ome t im e su s ed i n p ub l ic c e remon ie so fl i ba t ion ( s ee a bove ) , i tw ou ld h ave b een i mp e ra t ive t h a to n ly a u th en t ic k y l ike s b eu sed . T hu s , s ma l le r w o rk shop s mu s th ave h ad v e ry l i t t le m a rk e t i n cen t ive t ob eg in

S ince t h e s t a te 's o ff ic ia l s a ppea r t o h ave i n c rea sed r i tua l

a nd c on t inue manuf ac tu r ing k y l ike s . I tm ay b e t h a t i ft h e re w e re am a rke ta ta l f o rc oa r se k y l ike s , i t s e x i s tence r e su l ted

d u r ing LH I IB , t h ey m ay h ave , i n a dd i t ion t o l im i t ing g enera l a cce s s t o w ea l th g ood s , s ough t t o c on t ro l r i tua l

f r om t h e d e s i r e o nt h ep a r to fs ome i n d iv idua l s t oc i rcumven t t h e e s tab l i shed m ean s f o r a cqu i r ing s uch v es se l s .

a ccou t remen t sa sw e l l . A sh a sb een s u gge s ted , k y l ike sa ppea r t om a rk l o ca t ion s whe re r i tua l a c t iv i ty , s uch a sf e a s t ing , t ook

A l though a f ew c oa r se k y l ike s w e re c o l lec ted f r om t h e

p l ace , a nd t h ey may h ave b een s ymbo l ica l ly a s soc ia ted w i th

p a lace , t h ey a r e e spec ia l ly w e l l -rep re sen ted f r om s ma l le r ( 2nd - a nd 3 rd -o rde r ) s i t e s . F ou r o u t o f s i x teen a r e f r om

r i tua l a c t ion . A s ar e su l t , s uch s p ec ia l ized c e ram ic f o rm s a s k y l ik e s , u n l ike u t i l i ta r ian w a re s , w ou ld h ave b een p roduced a nd c i r cu la ted i nr e s t r ic ted c on tex t s .

O rd ine s ( s ee m ap , F igu r e4 . 1) , a2 nd -o rde r s i te i d en t if i ed b y D av i s e ta l . ( 1997 :426 -427 ; s e e a l so , B enne t i np re s s a )a s

T he r e su l t s o f c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s d o n o t

b e ing t h ep o s s ib le l o ca t ion o ft h ep l ace r e f e r red t oa sp e to -no i n t h e L inea r Bt a b le t s , p erhap s t h e c ap i ta l o f at a xa t ion

r evea l a ny r ecogn izab le f a b r ic d i f f e rence s b e tween f i ne k y l ike s a nd a l l o ther f i newa re s ( s ee e spec ia l ly F igu re 5 .6 ) .

d i s t r ic t . B a sed o nL inea r Br e f e rence st ot h e s i te , D av i se ta l .

I ng en e ra l , t h e wo rk shop r e spon s ib le f o rf m ewa r e sa pp ea r s t o

n ew" a nd , f u r thermo r e , t h a t t h i s i mp re s s ion " f ind s s ome

h av e a l so p roduced t h e m a jor i ty o fk y l ike s . H oweve r , t h e re i so ne v e ry i n teres t ing p a t tern r e vea led b y t h e d a ta t h a t m ay

s uppo r t i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd o f O rd ine s , w h ich d oub les i ns i ze . . . b e tween LH I I I a nd LH I I ." G iven t h e

( 1997 :427 ) f u r th e ra rgu e t h a t " pe to -no 's s t a tu sw a s r e la t iv e ly

7 9

MODELS O F MYCENAEAN POL IT ICAL -ECONOMY p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic t r an s fo rma t ion st a k ing p l a ce d u r ing t h e LH I IB , p e to -no m ay h ave b een ar i va l t ot h e p a lace , b u t mo re p robab ly g row th a t t h e s e t t lemen t r e p re sen t s t h e

p r ima r i ly a tm a rke t ( p e rhap s s econda r i ly b y m erchan t s ) , t h en

e x ten s ion o fp a la t ia l i n f luence o rd om inan ce .

p o s i t ion a l ong t h e ma in r oad , i sa l so ap r ime l o ca t ion f o r a

A no E ng l iano s , b e ing t h e s t a te c en te r , w a s al og ica l l o ca t ion f o r o ne o f t h ese ma rke t s . r eg iona l m a rke t .

T ho se l i v ing a tp e to -no m ay h ave c ho sen o r b een f o rced t o

Koukouna ra , g i ven i t s s t ra teg ic

I n tere s t ing ly , B enn e t ( 1995 , i np r e s s a )

t e n ta t ive ly a s soc ia te s K oukouna ra w i th t h e L in ea r B p l acename r o -u so . G iven t h e f r equen cy w i th wh ich r o -u -so

o b ta in k y l ik e s f r om o ne s ou rce ( Fabr ic 2 ) o r t h e o t he r s ( Fab r ic s l a lc ) , d epend ing o nt h e d eg ree t ow h ich t h ey w e re

i sm en t ion ed i nt h e L inea r Bt ab le t s , i tw a s a s su red ly av ery

a ff i l ia ted w i th t h e s t a te . F o r e xamp le , r eg iona l c en te r s i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e I nka e mp i re a r ek nown t oh ave s u f f e red

i mpo r tan t 2 nd -o rde r e conom ic c en te r .

t r emendou s d i s loca t ion .

S oc ia l r o le s w e re r edef ined a nd i n

T o s um u p , c e ram ic f a b r ic d i s tr ibu t ion s i n d ica te : ( 1 ) as t rong

s ome c a se s r eve r sed a s i n d iv idua l s j o ckeyed f o r p o s i t ion i n t h e n ew p o l i t ica l o rde r ( Co s t in a nd E a r le 1 989 ) . Of t en

a s soc ia t ion b e tween K oukouna ra a nd t h e p a lace , p e rhap s i nd ica t ing al e ng thy a nd t r ad i t iona l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e t wo ; ( 2 ) ao nce s t rong l i nk b e tween t h ep a lace a nd P e r i s te r ia ,

a ff i l ia t ion a nd n ew -found r ank w e re b roadca s tt h rough d i sp lay

w i th w ha t m igh tb e c on s trued a s al a te r s h if tt o Mou r ia tadha ;

o f p re s t ige i t em s , i t em s c on t ro l led a nd d i spen sed b y r epre sen ta t ive s o f t h e I nka . A s im i la r p roce s s m ay h ave

a nd ( 3 ) t h e i n co rpora t ion o f N icho r ia i n to t h e s t a te , a ga in o s ten s ib ly l a t e , r ep re sen ted b y a n i n c rea sed c onnec t ion t ot h e

o ccu r red i n Mycenaean Mes sen ia , a l be i t o n amuch s ma l le r s c a le , a sO rd ine s a nd o t he r s i t e so fr eg iona l i mpor tance w e re

c en te r v i a K oukouna ra , p e rhap s b y r oad .

i n teg ra ted i n to t h e s t a te s y s tem . K y l ike s m ay s i gna l t h i s p roce s s o f a ff i l ia t ion a nd g radua l i n teg ra t ion , a s d o , mo re O ther A rcha ic S t a te S y s tem s

d rama t ica l ly , t h e b u i ld ing a nd a bandonmen t o ft h o lo s t omb s ( s ee B enn e t 1 995 , i np re s s a& b ) .

O cca s iona l ly , a nd s ome t ime s r a ther o b l iqu e ly , t h e P y l ian s t a te a nd i t sr e g iona l c e ram ic s y s tem h ave b een c on t ra s ted t oo t he r s t a te s y s tem s , s uch a s t h e I nka emp i re , amuch l a rge r a nd

P y l ian c e ram ic s a l so p re sen t o t he r , l e s s a b s t rac t , i n d ica t ion s o f i n crea s ing i n teg ra t ion d u r ing t h e c ou r se o f LH I I . A s a rgued

a bove ,

F ab r ic

l a

m ay

r ep re sen t

a n

mo re c omp lex p o l i ty . T h i s c hap te r f i n i she sb y c ompa r ing t h e p o l i t ica l -econom ic s t ruc tu r e a nd t h e c e ram ic i ndu s t ry o ft h e LH I IB P y l i an s t a te t oo t h e r , p e rhap s m o re n ea r ly a na logou s ,

e a r l ie r

m an i f e s ta t ion o ft h e r e g iona l c oa r sewa re i n du s t ry . I ti sf ound i nl a rge n umbe r s a tP er i s te r ia , a n i mp re s s ive s e t t lemen t t h a t w a sa ppa ren t ly a c t ive i nt h ee a r ly p a r to ft h ep ha se , o n ly t ob e r ep laced b y Mou r ia tadha , ac l o se n e ighbo r ( s ee m ap , F igu re

a r cha ic s t a te s .

4 .1) . B enne t ( 1995 :12 13 , i n p re s s a ) s ugge s t s t h a t Mour ia tadha g rew b ecau se o f i t s a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e s t a te

P e l la

s y s tem c en te red f a r t o t h e s ou th a tA no E ng l iano s ( F igu re 4 . 1) . F ab r ic s l b ( conn ec ted w i th K oukouna ra ) a nd l c ( c onnec ted w i th A no E ng l iano s ) a r e f ound i n o n ly s ma l l a moun t s a tP e r i s te r ia , b u t i nl a rge a moun t s a t Mou r ia tadha , a s w e l l a s a t N icho r ia . N icho r ia a ppea r s t o h ave b een i n co rpo ra ted , p e rhap s f o rc ib ly , i n to t h e P y l ian s t a te s y s tem

R e su l t s p roduced b y c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s o f p o t tery r e cove red p r ima r i ly f r om t h e M idd le B ronze A ge ( c irca 2 200 -1600 BC ) l e ve l s o f t h e P e l la t e l l , l o ca t ed i n J o rdan ( s ee E dwa rd s 1 992 ; K napp e ta l . 1 988 ) , a r e i n t e r e s t ing f o r s eve ra l r e a son s . C ompa r i son o ff i ne a nd c oa r se v e s se l s w i th r e g iona lc l ay ss ugge s t st h a tc oa r sewa re sw e re mad ef r om

s ome t ime j u s t p r io r t o LH I IB ( Benne t 1 995 , i np re s s a ; McDona ld a nd W i lk ie , e d s . 1 992 ) . I ti sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e L inea r Bp l acename t i -m i to a -ke -e ( s ee B enne t 1 995 , i np re s s

l o ca l m a te r ia l s— tho se f ound i nt h e v i c in i ty o fP e l la—whe rea s f i newa re s w e r e m ade a to ne w o rk shop , f r om v ery d i f f e ren t c l ay s , o u t s ide t h e g enera l v i c in i ty o f t h e t e l l . K napp e ta l . ( 1988 :93 ) t e n ta t ive ly i d en t if y t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e f mewa re

a ;S he lm e rd ine 1 98 1) . C oa r sewa re d i s t r ibu t ion s ( s ee F igu re 5 . 16 ) t hu s a ppea rt oc or robo ra te B enne t 's ( 1995 , i np r es s a )

i ndu s t ry a t as ma l ler r eg iona l c en ter , T e l l e l -Hayya t , w he re

a s ser t ion s , i n d ica t ing i n crea sed i n teg ra t ion l a te r i n LH I IB .

e v idence f o r c e ram ic p roduc t ion h a s b een e x cava ted .

T h i s

T h e c e ram ic l i nk sb e tween N icho r ia a nd t h e r e s to ft h e s t udy r eg ion , e spec ia l ly K oukouna ra a nd A no E ng l iano s , a r e a l so

p a t ter ni sr em in i scen t o ft h e P y l ian d a ta .

v e ry i n t e r e s t ing . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t ap reh i s to r ic r oad c onnec ted N icho r ia a nd t h e " Fu r the r P rov in ce " ( t he p or t ion

T ak ing ac e ram ic -eco log ica l a pp roach , K napp e ta l . ( 1 988 )

o f t h e s t a te t o t h e e a s t o f t h e A iga leon r ange ; s e e m ap s , F igu re s 1 . 2a nd 4 . 1 )w i th t h e " H i th e rP rov in ce " ( t ot h ew e s t ) ,

p o l i t ica l i n teg ra t ion t h roughou t t h e c ou r se o ft h e MBA a nd

i n c lud ing A no E ng l iano s , v i a t h e s i te s— se t t lemen t s a nd

p o t te r s , c u lm ina t ing i n f u l l t ime , s pec ia l ized p roduc t ion o f

t omb s—a t K oukouna ra .

f i newa re s , p re sumab ly b y t h e v i l lage o f T e l l e l -Hayya t .

a rgue t h a t i n c rea sed p opu la t ion ( perhap s a5 0% g row th ) a nd i n to L B If o rced i nnova t ion a nd c ompe t i t ion o n t h e p a r t o f

A ppa ren t ly , McDona ld ( 1 964 ) w a s

F inewa re s w e r e t h en i mpor ted i n to t h e c en te r a t P e l la , a s

a b le t o l o ca te s eve ra l s egmen t s o f t h i s r oadway ( s ee a l so , B enne t 1 995 , i np re s s a ;D av i s e ta l . 1 997 ) . F ab r ic s l aa nd

w e re l o ca l ly m ad e c oa r sewa re s . A ga in , t h i s t u rn o fe ven t s i s

l cc an b et i ed b y d en s i ty o fd i s t r ibu t ion t ot h e v i c in i ty o ft h e

s t r ik ing ly s im i la r t ot h a t a t te s ted f o r P y lo s .

p a la ce . F ab r ic l b c an b e t i ed t o K oukouna ra . A s a rgued a bove , i fm a rk e t se x i s ted a nd i fc oa r sewa re s w e re d i s t r ibu ted

8 0

MODELS O F MYCENAEAN POL IT ICAL -ECONOMY . .ce ram ic sh ad l o s t w ha tever e a r l ie r s t a tu s t h ey

F ina l ly , K napp e t a l . ( 1988 :99 ) d e sc r ibe " an a s so c ia t ion b e tween i n ten s if i ed c e ram ic p rodu c t ion a nd r i tua l o r

m igh t h ave

c e remon ia lb ehav iou r " t h a t " may h ave i n vo lved as pon tan eou s

Me sopo tam ian w o r ld .

a ccep tance o fn ew e l i te s , c e remon ie s , o rb e l ief s y s tem s t h a t

c on tex t s i nw h ich c e ram ic s r e ta ined s ome v a lue

n eces s i ta t ed n ew t r ea tmen t o f s pec ia l ized c e ram ic s , o r t h e manuf a c tu re o fi m i ta t ion s a si n d ica t ive o fa s soc ia t ion w i th a

s phere .

h ad a s p re s t ige

g ood s

i n t h e

A ppa ren t ly , t h e o n ly

a sp re s t ige o rh i gh s ta tu s i t em s w e re i nt h e r i tua l

mo re p r e s t ig iou s g roup ." J o rdan ian s p ec ia l ized f mewa re c e ram ic s a ppea r t o h ave p l ayed a n i mpo r tan t r o le i n t h e

S ome s uppor t f o r t h i s i n terp re ta t ion

c ome s f r om Ma r i . . , w he re i n la id f r ieze s f r om t h e D agan t emp le s how p r ie s t s h o ld ing v e s se l s t and s . . . w h i le of i c ia t ing a t as acr if ice . W i th

i n teg ra t ion o ft h e L BA J o rdan ian s t a te , o n e s im i la r t ot h a t a s c r ibed a bove t oP y l ian l c y l ike s .

t h e e xcep t ion o ft h i s o ne , s pec ia l -purpo se v e s se l f orm , t h e p reponde rance o f t h e N or th Me sopo tam ian c e ram ic e v idence i sc on s i s ten t

E a r ly Me sopo tam ia

w i th t h e e xpec ta t ion s f o r u t i l i ta r ian c r af t g ood s .

B a sed o n t h e w o rk o f S t e in a nd B lackman ( 1993 ) , d a ta c o l lec t ed f r om Me sopo tam ia ( t he s i te o fL e i Ian , c i rca 3 200 2 200 B C )a l so p rov id e e v idence f o rp a t tern s o fe conomy a nd

A ga in , a si nJ o rdan , t h e e v idence f r om e a r ly Me sopo tam ia i s s t r ik ing ly s im i la r t ot h a t f r om P y lo s .

p roduc t ion s im i la r t o t h o se i d en t if i ed f o r LH I IB P y lo s . S t e in a nd B lackman ( 1993 :31) b eg in b y s t a t ing : O axaca S eve ra l r e sea rche r s h ave s ugge s ted t h a t s p ec ia l ized c e ram ic p roduc t ion i n Me sopo tam ian c i ty s ta t e sw a sa dm in i s te red b ye l i t e i n s t i tu t ion s , s u ch a st h ep a la ce a nd t emp le s . We s ugge s tt h a t t h e a va i lab le e v idence d oe s n o t s uppor t t h i s v i ew o f Me sopo tam ian p o l i t ica l e conomy .

F e inman ( 1985 ) w a s a b le t ot a ke aq uan t if i ed , v ery d e ta i led , d i ach ron ic a pp roach t o q ue s t ion s o f e conom ic o rgan iza t ion a nd c eram ic p roduc t ion , o ne n o t y e t p o s s ib le i nP y lo s . H e f ound v a r ia t ion s t h rough t ime i nt h e d eg ree t ow h ich r eg iona l s i te s h ad a cce s s t o av a r ie ty o fc e ram ic p roduc t s . L eve l o f a cce s s v a r ied i n ve r se ly w i th i n teg ra t ion o f a s i te i n to a dm in i s t ra t ive n e two rk s . C omb in ing t h i s i n fo rma t ion w i th e v idence f o r r eg iona l v a r ia t ion s i na g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t iv i ty , F e inman ( 1 985 :208 ) c on c lude s t h a t " c e ram ic s m ay h ave b een e xchanged a l ong w i th a g r icu l tu ra l p roduce t h rough a dm in i s te red e xchange n e two rk s ." O axaca managed t o i n corpo ra te s y s tem s o f s t ap le f i nance i n to a n a dm in i s tered e conomy . A s d e sc r ibed a bove , g i ven t h e r e su l t s o b ta ined f o r LH I IB P y lo s , t h e c e ram ic i n du s t ry—a lbe i t s uff ic ien t ly c omp lex—wa s n eve r d rawn mo re t h an p e r iphe ra l ly i n to t h e

F u r the rmo re , t h e " r e su l t s o fb o th c ompo s i t iona l a nd m e t r ic a na ly se s o f t h e L e i Ian c e ram ic s s ugge s t t h a t p o t te ry p roduc t ion . . . w a s c a r r ied o u t b y m u l t ip le w o rk shop s o f i n depend en tc r af ts p ec ia l i s t s " ( S te in a nd B lackman 1 993 :33 ) . Wo rk w i th P y l ian c e ram ic s a l so i n d ica t e s t h e o pe ra t ion o f l o ca l c e ram ic i n du s t r ie so u t s ide t h ep u r v iew o fs t a te o ff i c ia l s . S t e in a nd B lackman ( 1993 :46 ) c on t inu e b y d e sc r ib ing as h if t

s t a te 's e conomy b y p a la t ia l a dm in i s t ra to r s , a nd t h en o n ly t o c on t ro l t h e s upp ly o f as pec ia l iz ed r i tua l v e s se l .

i nf m ewa r em anu f a c tu re f r om " an e mpha s i s o nd eco ra t ion t o af o cu s o nf unc t ion ."

C onc lus ion F inewa re s w e re o f ten f i red t o t h e p o in t o f p a r t ia l v i t r if i ca t ion ; t h i s m ake s f o r ah a rde r ,

T h e p o in to ft h e p r ev iou s s e c t ion h a sb een t od emon s t ra t e t h a t

l e s sp o rou sa nd , t h e refo re , m o re d u rab le v e s se l .

t h e c on c lu s ion s d rawn w i th r ega rd t o t h e P y l ian c e ram ic i ndu s try , b a sed o n t h e r e su l t s o fc hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic

. . ceram ic m anu f ac tu re i nt h e L e i Ian a r ea h ad s h if t ed t oe mpha s ize f un c t iona l c on s ide ra t ion s

a na ly s i s , a r e b road ly c ompa rab le t o t h o se d rawn b y a r cha eo log i s t s f o r a r cha ic s t a te s i no t he r p a r t s o ft h e w o r ld .

s u ch a ss t ackab i l i ty , d u rab i l i ty , a nd s t ab i l i ty . . .

A s s t a te s y s tem s b ecome mo re o rl e s s p o l i t ica l ly i n teg ra ted , t h e re a pp ea rt oo ccu ri d en t if iab le s h if t si nc e ram ic p roduc t ion , A ni d en t i ca ls h i f ti sa ppa ren t i nP y lo s w i th t h e move t om a s s p rodu c t ion o f f i n ewa re s ,

d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd c on sump t ion , a nd , mo re g enera l ly , c hange s i ni n t ra reg iona l e conom ic r e la t ion sh ip s .

w h ich a r e v ery s t anda rd ized ,

c h em i ca l ly h omog en eou s , p l a in , f unc t iona l v e s se l s ( s ee a l so , F e inman 1 992 , f o rc ommerc ia l iza t ion a nd s t anda rd iza t ion o f

R eg iona l c eram ic i n du s t r ie s may a ts ome p o in t g a in e nough

p o t tery m anuf ac tu r e i nO axaca ) .

momen tum t oo ve rcome t h e " r egu la to ry e f f ec t s " t h a t h inde r a ny " dev ia t ion " f r om s ma l l sca le mode s o f manu f ac tu re a nd

I na dd i t ion , a cco rd ing t o

S t e in a nd B lackman ( 1993 :46 -48 , i t a l ic s a dded ) ,

d i s t r ibu t ion ( s ee A rno ld 1 985 ) .

T h i s l e ap— f rom p a r t t ime

manu f ac tu re t of u l l t ime m a s s p roduc t ion a nd f r om l o ca l t o r eg iona l m a rke t ing—may o ccu r a st h e r e su l t o f , f o r e xamp le ,

8 1

MODELS O F MYCENAEAN P OL IT ICAL -ECONO MY t h e i n t roduc t ion o fn ew t e chno log ie s ( s ee a ga in A rno ld 1 985 ) ;

c ou ld n o t ) . T he f a i lu re o r i n ab i l i ty o n t h e p a r t o fP y lo s t o

i tc an a lmo s t a lway s b e c o r re la ted w i th c hange s i n s oc io p o l i t ica l c omp lex i ty . I nP y lo s , t h e LH I IB p o t tery i n du s t ry

s c a le u pt h ee conomy , s ugge s ted i nb u tn o tp roven b y a na ly s i s o ft h e c e ram ic s y s tem , m ay h ave c on t r ibu ted t oi t s d rama t ic

w a s n o t c on t ro l led b y a nd d i dn o te x i s t s o le ly b ecau se o ft h e

d em i se a tt h e c l o se o ft h e Mycenaean a ge .

p a lace , b u t i td i d a t ta in n ew s c a le s o fe conomy o r l e ve l s o f i n ten s i ty i nr e spon se t oo ppo r tun i t ie sm ade a va i lab le , p robab ly

l a nd scape , o n ce h eav i ly s e t t led , i sn ea r ly a bandoned d u r ing

T he Me s sen ian

t h e LH I 1C p ha se ( Dav i s e ta l . 1 997 ) a nd t h e p a lace i sg iven o ve r t o aD a rk A ge " s qua t te r " o ccupa t ion . T he c o l lap se o f

i n adver ten t ly , b y t h e s t a t e .

P y lo s a ppea r s t oh ave c ome s udd en ly , a ccompan ied b y t h e T he P y l i an s t a te a nd i t sr e g iona l c e ram ic i n du s t ry p rog re s sed

b u rn ing o ft h e p a lace . P e rhap s t h ere r e a l ly w a s a n i n va s ion o r p opu la r u p r i s ing , f o l lowed b y m a s s m ig ra t ion s o r

t h rough e vo lu t iona ry ' s t ep s s im i la r t ot ho se e v iden t i nm any , p e rhap s a l l , o the r a r cha ic s t a te s ( s ee a l so , w i th r ega rd t o C re te , D ay a nd W i l son 1 998 ) .

p rec ip i tou s p opu la t ion d ec l ine .

H oweve r , w he rea s s eve ra l

H oweve r , w e s hou ld n o t

u nde re s t ima te t h e p owe r o f s l ow , s t eady p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic d ecay . T he s t a t e 's e nd d i d c ome d rama t ica l ly , b u t

p o l i t ie s m o re f u l ly i n teg ra ted s t ap le /u t i l i ta r ian s y s tem s o f f i nan ce a nd l o ca l e conomy ( i .e . , t h e I nka , O axaca , s ome

n o tw i thou t w ar n ing .

Me sopo tam i an c i ty s ta te s ) , P y lo s n eve r d id ( a nd p e rhap s

8 2

CONCLUS IONS AND F UTURE R ESEARCH D IRECT IONS I ti sa l so e v id en tt h a t ac ompa ra t ive a pp roa ch , r a re ly t a ken b y A egean p reh i s to r ian s , h a s mu ch t oa dd t oi n t e rp re ta t ion o ft h e

C hap ter S even . C onc lu s ion a nd F u tu re R esearch D irec t ion s

Mycenaean a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd . Much mo re wo rk n eed s t ob e d one i no rde r t or e la te G reek B ron ze A ge s t a te s , a nd t h e i r e vo lu t ion , t ot h e l a rge b ody o f a n th ropo log ica l t h eo ry d evo ted t o a r cha ic s t a te s i n g en e ra l .

I nc l o s ing , t h i s r e sea rch h a s , i fa ny th ing , p rov ided at e l l ing g l imp se o f t h e c omp lex i ty o f a r cha ic s t a t e p o l i t ica l -

Me soame r ican

s ucceeded

i n s k e tch ing

p a r t icu la r ly

F i r s t o f

a l l , s amp le s o fc oa r sewa re w e re n o tc o l lec ted f r om t h e s ma l l s e t t lemen t s i t e s s u rveyed b y P RAP . T ho se c oa r sewa re s u sed

a

w e re s e lec ted b y C a ro the r s ( 1 992 ) f r om s t ra t if ied d epo s i t s a t

c omp l i ca t ed a nd p rovoca t ive i mage o ft h e Mycenaean w o r ld .

s i xe xcava ted LH I I s i te s ( s ee T ab le 4 . 1) . U nfo r tuna te ly , i t i ss t i l l v e ry d i ff i cu l t , i fn o t i mpo s s ib le , t og ran t c h rono log ica l

T h is r e sea rch s imp ly a dd s t ot h a to ngo ing e f for t , r eweav ing af ew m o r e s t rand s i nt h e u nde r s tandab ly f r ayed t a pe s t ry t h a t

d e s igna t ion s t o c oa r se , u ndeco ra t ed p o t t ery f r om s u rf ace s u rveys . Wo rk mu s t b e d on e t os e na te—pe rhap s b a sed o n t emp e r i n c lu s ion s o rg roundma s s c ha rac te r i s t ic s—coa r sewa re s e x cava t ed f r om ad eep ly s t ra t if i ed B ronze A ge Me s sen ian s i te

i st h e G r eek p a s t .

F u tur eR e sear ch

( s ee H agg i s a nd Mook 1 993 , f o r C re te ) . U n t i l t h is i sd one , c e ram ic s pec ia l i s t s w i l l b e f o rced t o c on s i s ten t ly i g no re a l a rge b ody o fp o ten t ia l ly f a sc ina t ing a r cha eo log ica l d a ta .

T he re a r e s eve ra l d i rec t ion s t h a t c e ram ic s t ud ie s m igh t t a ke i nP y lo s i nt h e f u tu re . A s m en t ioned a bove , al a rge sca le , d i a ch ron i c i n ve s t iga t ion o f t h e e vo lu t ion o f t h e r eg iona l p reh i s to r ic c e ram ic i ndu s t ry h a s n o t y e t b een a t t emp ted i n

S econd o fa l l , s i te s i nt h e F u r the r P rov in ce , t h a t p or t ion o f t h e P y l ian s t a te l o ca ted t o t h e e a s t o f t h e A iga leon r ange , w e re n o t—w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fN icho r ia a nd ( d epend ing o n w he re o ne d raw s t h e p rov inc ia l b ounda ry ) P e r i s te r ia a nd /o r Mou r ia tadha ( Benne t 1 995 , i n p re s s a )— inc luded i n t h e p ro jec t ; n o r w e re s i t e s , f o r e xamp le , i ns ou the r n Me s sen ia . I f , a s B enne t ( 1995 , i np re s s a& b ; s e e a l so D av i s e ta l . 1 997 ) h ypo the s ize s , t h e F u r the r P rov ince w a s f o rc ib ly i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e P y l ian s t a te u nde r t h e d om in ion o fA no E ng l iano s , i tw ou ld b e i n tere s t ing t ok now w he the r F u r the r P rov ince t own s a nd v i l lage s— such a st h e n om ina l c ap i ta l o f t h e F u r the r P rov in ce r e -u -ko to -ro ( wh ich B enne t [ i np re s s a ] i d en t if ie s w i th t h e C la s s ica l s i t e o f T hou r ia )—became

Me s sen ia ( a sw a sd one b y F e inman [ 1 985 ] i nO axaca ) . W i th t h e w o rk o fP RAP ( s ee D av i s , e d . 1 998 ; D av i s e ta l . 1 997 ) n ow c omp le te , s uch r e sea rch m igh t p rove f e a s ib le . I f u nd er tak en , i tw ou ld l i ke ly b e p o s s ib le t o mo re f u l ly e xp la in t h e o r ig in so fs p ec ia l ized p o t te ry p rodu c t ion i n Me s sen ia a nd l i nk c hange s i nt h e i ndu s t ry t ot h o se c hange s r e cogn ized b y P RAP i n , f o ri n s tance , s e t t lemen tp a t te rn s( c f . F e inman 1 985 , 1 992 ) . I tw ou ld b e e spec ia l ly i n te re s t ing t o i n ve s t iga te c hang e si nt h ec e ram ic s y s tem f o l low ing t h ed e s t ruc t ion o ft h e p a lace a nd t h e d i smembe rmen t o f t h e s t a te spon so red e conomy .

i n teg ra ted i n to t h e c e ram ic e x change n e two rk i n LH I IB , a s d i d Mou r ia tadha a nd N icho r ia . I na dd i t ion , B enne t ( i np re s s

O n eg r ea ta dvan tage o fa r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch i n to LH I IB e conomy—o f ten n o ta va i lab le i no t h e rp a r t s o ft h e w o r ld—ha s b een t h e a cce ss ib i l i ty o fd o cumen ta ry e v id ence . I nC hap te r 1 ,t h e w eakne s se s a nd s t reng th s i n he r en t i nL inea r B -ba sed

a ; p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) h a s a l so made t h e c ompe l l ing a rgumen t , b a sed o n i n con s i s ten c ie s i n t h e L inea r Bt a b le t r eco rd s , t h a t t h e A l c r i ta s P en in su la ( s ee m ap , F igu re s 1 . 2 )

i n te rp re ta t ion s o f Mycenaean p o l i t ica l e conomy w e re n o ted ,

w a s a n i n dependen t , a l though t r ibu te -ow ing , e n t i ty ( p e rhap s a ne n c lave o fe t hn ic " Pe la sg ian s " ) d u r ing t h e LH I IB . We re s i t e so n t h e A k r i ta s P en in su la i n teg ra ted i n to t h e Mycenaean

e spec ia l ly t h e p o ten t ia l f o r b i a sed r e con s t ruc t ion s o fp a lace h in t e r land i n te rac t ion . F o r e xamp le , a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion make s c l ea r t h e f unc t ion ing o f ac omp lex

p o t te ry n e two rk ?

p a ra l le le conomy t h a tt h e s t a te d id n o tc on t ro l a nd y e t d id , t o s ome e x t en t , d epend o n ( s ee H a l s t ead 1 992 , i n p re s s ) .

T h i rd , w i th r ega rd t o t h e f i n ewa re " mega -g roup ," s eve ra l

H owev e r , i ti sa l so c l ea rt h a t many o ft h e c on c lu s ion s d rawn

r e sea rch p ro jec t s m igh t w o rk t of u r the r d e l inea te f i newa re

i nt h i sw o rk w ou ld n o th ave b een p o s s ib le w i thou t r e f e ren ce

s ub -g roup s , w i th p o ten t ia l a r chaeo log ica l i mpor tance ( c f .

t o t h e t h ough t -p rovok ing t h eo r ie s o f L in ea r Bs p ec ia l i s t s , n o tab ly B enne t , K i l len , a nd S he lme rd in e , a nd o t he r s .

C ompa r i son w i th t o b e

s ha rpen t h e r e su l t s a nd c onc lu s ion s o ft h i s p ro jec t .

f un c t ion ing o ft h e s t a te o fP y lo s . A egean p reh i s to r ian s a nd h ave

a ppea r

Mo re s pec if i ca l ly , s eve ra l o t he r r e sea rch i n i t ia t ive s m igh t

g en era ted c on tex tua l ized a nd r obu s t a r chaeo log ica l d a ta r e levan t t o mo re f u l ly e xp la in ing t h e e vo lu t ion a nd B s pec ia l i s t s

w ou ld

p rom i s ing ( s ee , f o r e xamp le , Ma r cu s 1 989 ; Sma l l i np re s s ) .

e conom i e s . Af o cu s o n t h e r eg iona l c e ram ic s y s tem—one s ma l l c omponen t o f a much l a rge r e n t i ty—ha s n ever the le s s

L in ea r

s t a te s

R and s a nd W ieme r 1 992 , w ho u sed o pa l p hy to l i th d en s i ty t o

A s a

a dd re s s as im i la rp rob lem ) . F o r e xamp le , t h e c hem ica l a nd

r e su l t , t h i s r e sea rch ( l ike t h a t o f H o l ly Mo r r i s [ 1 986 ] a nd J oan C a ro the r s [ 1 992 ] , n o t t o m en t ion P RAP [ Dav i s , e d .

p e t rog raph ic c ha rac ter iza t ion o f a Mes sen ian k ao l in i te b ed wou ld g enera te d a ta a pp l icab le t o p o s s ib le p a r t i t ion o f

1 998 ; D av i s e t a l . 1 997 ] ) make s e v iden t t h e n ece s s i ty o f

f i newa re s .

c a refu l ly c on s idered c omb ina t ion s o f t h e d ocumen ta ry a nd a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd s , t ot h e s ub sequen tb enef i to fb o th .

I fk ao l in i te c l ay b ed s d o v a ry h or izon ta l ly a nd

v er t ica l ly i nc hem i s t ry a nd g ra in s ize , s uch v a r ian ce m igh t e xp la in b o th t h e s ub t le d i f f e ren ce s i n f i newa re s a s w e l l a s t h e i r o ve ra l l h omogene i ty .

8 3

L ikew i se , r ef i r ing o f f i newa re s

CONCLUS IONS AND F UTURE RESEARCH D IRECT IONS m igh t b e e xpec ted t o c l a r ify p o s s ib le d iv i s ion s b y e r a s ing

t os uch c hange i sc on s t ra ined b yc u l tu ra l b ounda r ie s ( B lan ton

t ho se c o lo r d i f f e rences o r ig ina l ly p roduced b y d i f f e ren t ia l

e t a l . 1 996 :2 ) . I n O axaca , t h e s t a te i n co rpo ra ted t h e e xchange o f p o t s i n to a s y s tem t h a t , i n P e r iod I , r e l ied

f i r ing t empe ra tu r e s a nd c ond i t ion s ( c f . E dwa rd s 1 992 ) .

p r ima r i ly o n s t ap le f mance ( Fe imnan 1 985 ) .

I nP y lo s , t h i s

F ina l ly ,j u s ta sl c y l ik e s w e re a rgued t or ep r e sen t as pec ia l ized

d oe s n o t a ppea r t o h ave o ccu r red .

I n t h i s w ay , s t udy o f

c e ram ic p roduc to fe spec ia l i mpo r tance t ot h e LH I IB s t a te , s o m igh t o t he r s p ec ia l ized p o t te ry t ype s h ave w a r ran ted t h e

c e ram ic s a sb ehav io ra l ma rker s i n fo rm s a st ot h e n a tu re a nd f unc t ion ing o fs t a te leve l p o l i t ie s .

i n t e re s to fp a la t ia l a dm in i s t ra to r s . F o r i n s tan ce , Mycena ean S econd ly , t h i s r e sea rch a l so c on t r ibu te s s pec if i ca l ly t o t h e

p a in ted v a se s—e labo ra te ly d eco ra ted , o f ten p i c to r ia l , w o rk so f a r t—wou ld c e r ta in ly h av e f un c t ioned a sp re s t ige i t em s , i fo n ly

mod e l ing o f Mycenaean s t a te s y s tem s . T h e Mycen aean s t a t e s

c f . K enoye r 1 995 f o r t h e r i tua l i mpor tance o fs uch w a re s a t

d o n o t a ppea r t o h ave t i gh t ly c on t ro l led l o ca l i n du s t r ie s ; r a the r , t h ey i mp lemen ted s eve ra l d i f f e ren t s t ra teg ie s f o r

H a rappa

mob i l iz ing u t i l i ta r ian g ood s

b ecau se o ft h et im er equ i red t oc r ea te t h em ( Moun t joy 1 986 ; i n

P ak i s tan ) .

A

p rog ram

o f

c hem ica l

( Ha l s tead

1 992 ,

i n p re s s ) .

A rchaeo log ica l s t udy o f s uch p roduc t s , r a re ly m en t ioned i n

c ha rac ter iza t ion o f s uch v a se s w ou ld u ndoub ted ly g ene ra te i n te re s t ing r e su l t s ( c f . D ay a nd W i l son 's [ 1998 ] w o rk w i th K ama r e s w a re o nC re te ) .

t h e L in ea r Bt a b le t s , s e rve s t or evea l t h e c omp lex i n te rac t ion o f b u reauc ra t ic " pa la t ia l " s ys tem s w i th a w ide r r eg iona l

C onc lu s ion

h in te r land . T he a pp roach t a ken i nt h i s r e sea r ch d emon s t ra te s t h a t mu ch c an b e g a ined f r om i n ve s t iga t ion o fs u ch s e em ing ly mundane a r t if ac t s a sc oa r sewa re p o t tery .

T he r e sea rch d e sc r ib ed i nt h i s v o lum e c on t r ibu te s t ot h e b ody

T h i rd ly ,

o f a rchaeo log ica l m e thod a nd t h eo ry i n s eve ra l i mpor tan t w ay s . F i r s to fa l , i tc on t r ibu t e s g en e ra l ly t oe xp lana t ion s f o r

p e t rography a r e i n deed c ompa t ib le m e thod s . I nC hap te r 5 , s ugge s t ion s w e re made f o r t h e i r c omb in ed u se . When eve r

t h ee vo lu t ion o fc omp lex p o l i t ica l -econom i e s i na r cha ic s t a t e s . P roce s se s o fc hange a nd d eve lopmen t i nP y lo s— such a s , t h e e xpan s ion o f p o l i t ica l a nd s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy a nd t h e i mp lemen ta t ion o fn e two rk s y s tem s a nd e xc lu s iona ry p ower s t ra teg i e s—can b e a pp roa ch ed f r om s eve ra l d i r ec t ion s : L inea r

p o s s ib le , c hem ica l a nd p e t rog raph ic d a ta s hou ld b e i n teg ra ted ( a s a ccomp l i shed b y S to l tman e ta l . 1 992 ; Wh i tb read 1 995 ) . Mu l t ip le l i ne s o f a r chaeome t r ic e v idence m ak e c l ea re r p o s s ib le c au se s f o r v a r ia t ion i n c eram ic c ompo s i t ion a nd s t anda rd iza t ion . I na dd i t ion , ac eram ic e co log ica l a pp roach ,

B d ocumen t s ; a r chaeo log ica l s u rvey d a ta ; a nd i n ten s ive i n ve s t iga t ion o fe conom ica l ly i mpo r tan t a r t if ac tc l a s se s , s u ch

i n c lud ing e t hnoa rchaeo logy w i th l i v ing p o t te r s , p rov ided c on tex t sw i th in wh ich a r chaeome t r ic d a ta c ou ld b e e va lua ted .

a sc e ram ic s . T he c a refu l c omb ina t ion o ft h e se d a ta p roduce s mode l so f Mycena ean p o l i t ica l -econom ic o rgan iza t ion t h a tc an b e c ompa red t o o the r s t a te s y s tem s . C ompa r i son

F ina l ly , a s A egean p reh i s tory b ecome s mo re f am i l ia r t o

t h i s

r e sea rch

i nd ica te s

t h a t

WAE ICP

a nd

a r chaeo log i s t s wo rk ing i n o the r p a r t s o f t h e w o r ld , d a ta

d emon s t ra te st h a t , w h i le i n d iv idua l r e g iona l s y s tem s e vo lve i n r e spon se t o s pec if ic , h i s to r ica l ly -de term in ed t r a jec to r ie s ,

p er ta in ing t o Mycenaean s t a tes , g a thered t oa n swe r g ene ra l

g en era l p roce s se s o f s oc io -econom ic c hange c ro s s -cu t i d io syn c ra s ie s . F o r e xamp le , c e ram ic s y s tem s a ppea r t o c hange t h rough t ime i n r e spon se t o f a c to r s , s u ch a s

q ue s t ion s , c an b e made a va i lab le t o aw ider a n th ropo log ica l a ud ience ( s ee PRAP 's I n terne t E d i t ion @ h t tp : / c la s s ic s. l s a. um ich .e du /PRAP .h tm l ) . T h i s v o lume p rov ide s s uch d a ta , s pec if i c t ot h e A egean y e t a pp l icab le t o

t e chno log ica l l im i t s t o t h e s ca le a nd i n ten s i ty o f ma s s p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , t h a t o pe ra ted i nt h e p a s t i na l l

b roade rc ompa r i son s . A s s im i la r d a ta se t s a r e g a the red f r om o the r Mycenaean s t a te s , r e su l t s c an b e c omb ined a nd t h e

r eg ion s( s ee A rno ld 1 985 ) ; h oweve r , a dm in i s t ra t ive r e ac t ion

G reek p a s t n o t o n ly d e scr ibed , b u t e ven tua l ly e xp la ined .

8 4

B IBL IOGRAPHY L inea r Bt a b le t s . I nR e s My cenaea ,e d s .A . H eubeck & G .N eumann . G o t t ingen , p p . 2 8 -40 .

B ib l iography

B e l l ,C . , 1 992 .R i tua lT heo ry , R i tua lP rac t i ce . O xf o rd : O xf o rd U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

A chebe ,C . , 1 958 . T h ing sF a l lA pa r t . L ondon : H e inemann .

B enne t , J . , 1 988a . App roache s t ot h e p rob lem o fc omb in ing

A che son , P . , N .D . T he r o le o ff o r ce i nt h e d eve lopmen t o f

L inea r Bt e x tua l d a ta a nd a r chaeo log ica l d a ta i nt h e

e a r ly My cena ean p o l i t ie s . I nP o lemo s : W arf a re i nt h e A egean B ron ze A ge , e d . R . l ' Un ive r s i te d eL iege , i np re s s .

L af f ineu r .

L BA A egean . I n P rob lem s i n G reek P reh i s to ry . P roceed ing s o f t h e B SA C en tenary C onf erence ,

L iege :

Manche s ter , 1 418 A pr i l 1 986 ,e d s .E .B . F rench & K . Wa rd le . B r is to l : B r i s to l C la s s ica l P r e s s , p p . 5 09-518 .

A dams , A . , W . Ma cKenz ie , & C . G u i lf o rd , 1 984 . A t la s o f S ed imen ta ry R ock s U nd er t h e M icro scope . E s sex :

A ke r s t röm ,A . , 1 968 . A Mycena ean p o t te r 's f a c to ry a tB e rba t i

B enne t , J . , 1 988b . " Ou t s ide i n t h e d i s tance " : p rob lem s i n u nde r s tand ing t h ee conom ic g eog raphy o f Mycenaean p a la t ia l t e r r i to r ie s . I n T ex t s , T ab le t s a nd S cr ibe s :

n ea r Mycenae . A t t i e Memor ie d e l IC ong re s so I n te rna z iona le d i M iceno log ia , R oma 1 96 7 . I n cunabu la G raeca 2 5 :48 -53 .

P rob l em si n Mycenaean E p ig raphy a nd E conomy ,e d s . J . -P . O l iv ie r&T .G . P a la ima , M ino s S upp lemen t 1 0 . S a lamanca : Un ive r s idad d e S a lamanca ,p p . 1 9-4 1 .

A l len , S . , 1 995 . I nS ch l iemann 's s hadow : F rank C a lve r t , t h e u nhe ra lded d i scove re r o f T roy . A rchaeo logy May -

B enne t ,J . ,1 995 . S pa ce t h rough t ime : d i a ch ron ic p e r spec t ive s o n t h e s pa t ia l o rgan iza t ion o f t h e P y l ian s t a te . I n POLITE IA . S oc ie ty a nd S ta te i nt h e A egean B ron ze

L ongman .

J une :50 -57 .

A ge , e d s . W .D . N ieme ie r &R . L af f ineu r , A egaeum 1 3 . L iege : U n ive r s i te d e l i ta t ä L iege /Au s t in : U n ive r s i ty o f T exa s a tA u s t in P rog ram i n A egean S c r ip t sa nd P reh i s to ry , p p . 5 87-602 .

A rno ld , D . , 1 985 . C e ram ic T heory a nd C u l tura l P roce s s . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s . A t ta s , M . , J .F o s sey , & L . Y af f e , 1 987 . A n a r cha eome t r ic s t udy o f E BA p o t te ry p roduc t ion a nd e xchange i n A rgo l i s a nd K o r in th ia , G r eece . J ourna l o f F ie ld

B enne t , J . ,N .D .a T he Mycenaean c oncep tua l iza t ion o fs pa ce o r P y l ian g eog raphy . . .ye t a ga in . I n F lorean t S tud ia Mycenaea . A k ten d e s 1 0 . Mykeno log i schen K o l loqu iums 1 995 , S a l zburg , e d s . S .D ege r Ja lko tzy , S .H i l le r ,0 . P anag l , &G .N igh t inga le .Ö s te r r e ich i sche A kadem ie d e rW i s sen schaf ten , i np r e s s .

A rchaeo logy 1 4 :77 -90 . B a lf e t ,H . , 1 965 .E thnog raph ica lo b se rva t ion s i nN or th A f r ica a nd a r cha eo log ica l i n te rp re ta t ion : t h e p o t te ry o ft h e Magh r eb . I n C e ram ic s a nd Man , e d . F . Ma t son . C h icago : V ik ing F und P ub l ica t ions i nA rchaeo logy , p p . 1 6 1177 .

B enne t , J .N .D .b P y lo s : t h e E xpan s ion o f a Mycenaean p a la t ia l c en te r . I n R e th ink ing Mycenaean P a lace s : N ew I n t erpre ta t ion so fa nO ld I d ea , e d s . M . G a la ty & W . P a rk in son . Monog raph # 4 1 . L o sA nge le s : UCLA

B a rbe r , R . , 1 992 . T he o r ig ins o ft h e Mycenaean p a lace . I n F ILOLAK WN .L akon ian S t ud ie si nH onou ro fH ec tor

I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy , i np r e s s .

C a t l ing ,e d .J .S ande r s . L ondon : T he B r i t i sh S choo la t A then s ,p p . 1 -23 .

B enne t , J . & M . G a la ty , 1 997 . A nc ien t G reece : r e cen t d eve lopmen t s i n A egean a r chaeo logy a nd r eg iona l s t ud ie s .J ourna lo fA rchaeo log i ca lR e sea rch 5 ( 1) :75 -

B a r low , J .& P . I d z iak , 1 989 . S e lec t ive u se o f c l ay s a ta

1 20 .

M idd le B ronz eA ge s i te i nC yp ru s .A rchaeome t ry 3 1 : 6 6 -76 . B a s s ,

G . ,

B enne t t , J r . , E . , N .D . P o s t sc r ip t . I nR e th ink ing Mycenaean P a lace s : N ew I n te rp re ta t ion s o fa n O ld I d ea , e d s . M .

1 99 1 . E v idence o f t r ade f r om B ronze A ge

s h ipw reck s .

I n

B ronze

A ge

T rad e

i n

G a la ty & W .

t h e

P a rk in son . Monog raph

# 4 1 .

L o s

A nge le s : UCLA I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy , i np re s s .

Med i ter ranean . P ape r s P re sen ted a tt h e C onf e rence H e ld a tR ew ley H ou se , O xf o rd , i nD ecembe r1 989 ,e d . N .H .G a le ,S t ud ie si n Med i te r ranean A r chaeo logy 9 0 .

B enne t t , J r . , E . & J . -P .O l iv ie r , 1 973 . T he P y lo s T ab l e t s T ran scr ibed P a r tI .T ex ta nd N o te s . R ome : E d iz ion i

J ons e red : P au lA s t rom s F ö r lag ,p p . 6 9-82 .

d e l l 'A teneo .

B aumbach , L . , 1 983 . A n e xam ina t ion o ft h e e v idence f o r a s t a te o f e me rgency a t P y lo s c . 1 200 BC f r om t h e

8 5

B IBL IOGRAPHY C a ro the r s ,J . , 1 992 . T he P y l ian K ingd om : AC a se S tud yo fa n E a r ly S ta te . P h .D . d i s se r ta t ion , U n ive r s i ty o f

B enne t t , J r . , E . & J . -P . O l iv ie r , 1 976 . T he P y lo s T ab le t s T ran scr ibed . P a r tI . Hand s , C oncordance s , I nd ice s .

C a l if o rn ia , L o s A nge le s . A nn A rbo r : U n ive r s i ty

R ome : E d iz ion i d e l l 'A teneo .

M ic rof i lms I n terna t iona l . B irm ingham , J . , 1 967 . P o t te ry mak ing i n A nd ro s . C a skey , J . , 1 960 . T he E a r ly H e l lad ic p e r iod i nt h e A rgo l id .

E xped i t ion 1 0 ( 1) :33 -39 .

H e spe r ia 2 9 :285 -303 . B lan ton ,R . , 1 985 . Ac ompa r i son o fe a r ly ma rke ts y s tem s . I n Marke t s a nd Ma rke t ing , e d . S .P la t tne r . N ew Y o rk :

C a t l ing ,H . ,E .R icha rd s , &A . B l in -S toy le , 1 963 . C o r re la t ion s b e tween c ompos i t ion a nd p rovenance o f Mycenaean

U n ive r s i ty P re s so f Ame r ica ,p p . 3 99 -415 .

a nd M inoan p o t te ry . A nnua l o ft h eB r i t i sh S choo lo f A rchaeo logy i nA thens 5 8 :94 115 .

B lan ton ,R . ,G . F e i runan ,S .K owa le sk i ,&P .P e reg r ine , 1 996 . A d ua l -p roce s sua l t h eo ry f o r t h e e vo lu t ion o f t h e

C a t l ing ,H . ,J .C he r ry ,R .J one s , &J .K i l len , 1 980 . T he L inea r

Me soame r ican c i v i l iza t ion . C ur ren t A n thropo logy

Bi n sc r ibed s t ir rup j a r s a nd w e s tC r e te .A nnua lo ft h e

3 7 ( 1) :114 .

B r i t i sh S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nA then s7 5 :49 113 . B lan ton , R . , S .K owa lew sk i , G . F e inman , &J .A ppe l , 1 993 . A nc ien t Me soame r i ca : AC ompa r i son o fC hang e i n

C hadw ick ,J . , 1 958 . T he Mycena ean f i l ing s y s tem . B u l l e t in o f t h e I n s t i tu te o fC la s s ica lS tud ie s o ft h e U n ive r s i ty o f

T hree R eg ion s , ( 2nd e d i t ion ) . C amb r idge : C amb r idge

L ondon 5 : 1-5 .

U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

C hadw ick , J . , 1 967 . T he D ec iphe rmen t o fL inea r B , ( 2nd

B legen ,C . &M .R aw son , 1 966 . T he P a lace o fN e s to ra tP y lo s i n W e s te rn Me s sen ia , V o lume I :T he B u i ld ing s a nd

e d i t ion ) . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

t h e i rC on ten t s . P r ince ton : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P re s s . C hadw ick , J . , 1 972 . T he Mycenaean d ocumen t s . I n T he M inne so ta Me ssen ia E xped i t ion : R econ s t ruc t ing a B ronze A ge E nv i ronmen t , e d s . W . McDona ld & G .

B iegen , C . , M . R aw son , W . T ay lou r & W . D onovan , 1 973 . T he P a lace o fN e s to ra tP y lo s i n W e s tern Me s sen ia , V o lume I I : A c ropo l i sa nd L ower T own , T ho lo ia nd G ra ve C i rc le , C hambe r T ombs , D i scove r ie s O u t s id e t h eC i tad e l . P r ince ton : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

R app ,J r .M inneapo l i s : U n ive r s i ty o fM inne so ta P re s s , p p . 1 00 116 . C hang , K .C . , 1 983 . A r t , My th , a nd R i tua l : T he P a th t o P o l i t i ca lA u thor i ty i nA nc ien tC h ina .C amb r idge , MA : H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty P re ss .

B raun , D . , 1 983 . P o t s a st oo l s . I nA rchaeo log ica l Hammer s a nd T heor ie s , e d . J . Moo re . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P re s s ,p p . 1 07 134 .

C hapman , J . , 1 988 . C e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd s oc ia l d i f f e ren t ia t ion : t h e D a lma t ian N eo l i th ic a nd t h e w es ter n Med i ter ranean . J ourna l o f Med i te r ranean

B roodbank , C .&T .S t ra s se r , 1 99 1 . M ig ran tf a rme r sa nd t h e N eo l i th ic c o lon iza t ion o fC r e t e .A n t iqu i ty 6 5 :233 -245 .

A rchaeo logy 1 ( 2 ) :3 -25 . B rumf i e l , E .&T .E a r le , 1 987 . S pec ia l iza t ion , e xchange , a nd c omp lex s oc ie t ie s : a n i n t roduc t ion . I n P roduc t ion ,

C he r ry , J . , 1 977 . I nves t iga t ing t h e p o l i t ica l g eog raphy o fa n

E xchange a nd C omp l ex S oc ie t ie s, e d s . E .B rumf ie l& T .E a r le .C amb r idge :C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s ,p p . 1 9 .

t a b le td a ta . I n Mycenaean G eog raphy , e d . J .B in t l if f .

B u r ton ,J .& A . S imon , 1 993 . A c id e x t rac t ion a s as imp le a nd

C he r ry , J .& J .D av i s , N .D . A n a r chaeo log ica l h om i ly . I n

i n expen s ive m e thod f o rc ompo s i t iona lc ha rac te r iz a t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l c e ram ic s . Ame r ican A n t iqu i ty

R e th ink ing Mycenaean P a lace s : N ew I n terp re ta t ion s

5 8 ( 1) :45 -59 .

Monog raph # 41 . L o s A nge le s : UCLA I n s t i tu te o f

e a r ly s t a te b y mu l t id imen s iona l s c a l ing o fL inea r B C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s , p p . 7 6 -83 .

o fa n O ld I d ea , e d s . M . G a la ty & W . P a rk in son . A rchaeo logy , i np re s s .

B ur ton , J .& A . S imon , 1 996 . Ap o t i sn o t ar ock : ar e p ly t o N ef f , G la scock , B i shop , a nd B lackman . Ame r i can

C h i ld s , S . , 1 988 . C lay r e sou rce s pec ia l iza t ion i n a nc ien t

A n t iqu i ty 6 1(2 ) :405 -4 13 .

T anzan ia :

i mp l ica t ion s

f o r

c u l tu ra l

p roce s s .

I n

C e ram i cE co logy R ev i s i ted 1 987 : T he T echno logy a nd B ury , J .& R . Me igg s , 1 975 . AH i s tory o fG reece : T o t h e D ea th o fA lexand e r t h e G rea t , ( 4 th e d i t ion ) .

S oc ioeconom ic s o f P o t te ry , e d . C . K o lb . O xf o rd :

N ew

B r i t ish A r chaeo log ica l R epor t s I n ter na t iona l S e r ie s

Y o rk : S t . Ma r t in 's P re s s .

4 36 ( i ) , p p . 1 31 .

8 6

B IBL IOGRAPHY A rea , e d . P .N . K a rdu l ia s . L anham , MD : U n ive r s i ty

C la rk , J .& W . P a r ry , 1 990 . C raf ts pec ia l iza t ion a nd c u l tu ra l

P re s so f Ame r ica ,p p . 3 89 -405 .

c omp lex i ty . R e sea rch i n E conom ic A n thropo logy 1 2 :289 -346 .

D av i s , J . ,e d . , 1 998 . S and yP y lo s : A nA chaeo log ica lH i s tory f rom N e s tor t o Na va r ino . A u s t in : U n ive r s i ty o fT exa s

C oope r , F . , 1 994 . "M inne so ta a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r che s a t P y los ,

1991 1 99 3

s easons"

a t

P re s s .

h t tp : / /ma rwp .c la .umn .edu / . D av i s , J . ,S .A lcock , J .B enne t , Y . L o bs , &C . S he lme rd ine , C o s t in , C . , 1 991 . C raf t s p ec ia l iza t ion : i s sue s i n d ef in ing ,

1 997 .T he P y lo sR eg iona lA r cha eo log ica lP ro jec t , P a r t

d ocumen t ing ; a nd e xp la in ing t h e o rgan iza t ion o f p roduc t ion . T n A rchaeo log i ca l M e thod a nd T heo ry ,

I :o verv iew a nd t h e a r chaeo log ica l s urvey . H e spe r ia 6 6 :391-494 .

V o l . 3 , e d . M .B . S ch if f e r . T uc son : U n ive r s i ty o f A r izona P res s ,p p . 1 56 . C os t in ,

D av i s , J .& J .B enne t , N .D . Mak ing Mycenaean s : w a rf a re , t e r r i to r ia le xpan s ion , a nd r ep re sen ta t ion s o ft h eO the r i nt h e P y l ian k i ngdom . I n P o lemo s : Wa rf a re i nt h e

C . & T . E a r le , 1 989 . S t a tu s d i s t inc t ion a nd l e g i t ima t ion o fp owe ra sr e f lec ted i nc hang ing p a t ter n s

A egean B ron ze A ge , e d . R . l ' Un ive r s i te d e L iege , i np re s s .

o fc on sump t ion i nL a te P r eh i span ic P eru . Ame r ican A n t iqu i ty 5 4 (4 ) :69 1-714 .

L aff ineu r .

L iege :

D av i s , J . & H . L ew i s , 1 985 . Mechan iza t ion o f p o t te ry p roduc t ion : ac a se s t udy f r om t h e C yc lad ic i s land s . I n P reh i s to r ic P roduc t ion a nd E xchange , e d s . A . K napp

C rouwe l , J . , 1 981 . C har io t s a nd O the r Mean s o f L and T ran spor ti nB ron ze A ge G reece . Am s te rdam : A l la rd P i e r son Mu seum .

& T . S t ech . UCLA I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy , Monog raph # 25 . L o s A nge le s : U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if or n ia , p p . 7 9 -92 .

C rouwe l , J . , M . P ren t , S . MacVeagh T ho rne , G J . v an W i jngaa rden , N . B rod ie , a nd J .d e Wae le , 1 996 . G e rak i : a n a c ropo l i s s i te i n L akon ia . P r e l im ina ry r e po r to nt h e s e cond s ea son .P haro s4 : 89 120 .

D ay , P . , 1 988 . T he p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fs t o rage j a r s i nn eopa la t ia lC r e te . I nP rob lem si nG reek P reh i s to ry : P roceed ing s o f t h e B SA C en tena ry C onf e rence , Manche s te r , 1 418 A pr i l 1 986 , e d s . E .F rench & K . Wa rd le . B r i s to l : B r is to l C la s s ica l P re s s , p p . 4 99 -508 .

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a n

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i n t h e

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McDona ld & N . W i lk ie . M inneapo l i s : U n ive r s i ty o f M inne so ta P re s s , p p . 4 3 -204 . J a cob sen ,T . , 1 984 . S ea sona lp a s to ra l i sm i ns ou the rn G r eece :

K i l ikog lou , V . , Y . Man ia t i s&A . G r iman is , 1 988 . T he e f f ec t o fp u r if ica t ion a nd f i r ing o fc l ay s o n t r ace e l emen t

ac ons ide ra t ion o ft h e e co logy o fN eo l i th ic U rf i rn is p o t te ry . I nP o t s a nd P o t ter s : C ur ren tA pproache s i n C e ram ic A rchaeo logy , e d . P .R ice , UCLA I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy , Monog raph # 24 . L o s A nge le s : U n ive r s i ty o fC a l if o rn ia P re s s , p p . 2 7 -43 .

p rovenance s t ud ie s .A rchaeome t ry 3 0 ( 1) :37 -46 . K i l len , J . , 1 984a . L a s t y ea r 's d eb t s o n t h e P y lo s Ma t a b le t s . S tud iM icene ie dE geo -Ana to l ic i2 5 :173 188 .

J acob sen , T . & W . F a r rand , 1 987 . F ranch th i Ca ve a nd P a ra l ia : Map s , P lan s , a nd S ec t ion s , E xcava t ion s a t

K i l len ,J . ,1 984b . T he t e x t i le i n du s t r ie sa tP y lo s a nd K no s so s . I nP y lo sC ome sA l ive : I ndu s t ry a nd Adm in i s t ra t ion i n

F ranch th i C ave , G reece 1 . B loom ing ton : I nd iana U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

a Mycenaean P a lace , e d s . C . S he lme rd ine a nd T . P a la ima . N ew Y o rk : A r cha eo log ica l I n s t i tu te o f Ame r ica ,p p . 4 9 -64 .

J ohnson , A . & T . E a r le , 1 987 . T he E vo lu t ion o fH uman S oc ie t ie s : F rom F o rag ing G roup t o Ag rar ian S ta te . S t anf o rd : S t anf o rd U n ive r s i ty P re ss . J ohnson ,

G . ,

1 973 .

L oca l E xchange

K i l len , J . , 1 985 . T he L inea r Bt a b le t s a nd t he Mycenaean e conomy . I n L inea r B : A 1 984 S ur vey , e d s . A . Morpu rgo D av ie s & Y . D uhoux . B ib l io theque d e s C ah ie r s d e l ' I ns t i tu t d e L ingu i s t ique d e L ouva in 2 6 .

a nd E a r ly S ta te

D eve lopmen t i nS ou thwe s te rn I ran . A n th ropo log ica l P ape r s , Museum o f A n th ropo logy , U n ive r s i ty o f M ich igan ,N o . 5 1 .A nn A rbo r : U n ive r s i ty o fM ich igan

L ouva in la -Neuve : C abay ,p p .2 4 1-305 . K i l len , J . , 1 994 . T hebe s s e a l ing s , K no s so s t a b le t s a nd

P re s s .

Mycenaean s t a te b anque t s .B u l le t in o ft h eI n s t i tu te o f C la s s ica l S tud ie s

J ones , R . , 1 986 . G reek a nd C ypr io t P o t tery : AR ev iew o f

o f t h e

U n ive r s i ty

o f L ondon

3 9 :67-84 .

S c ien t if i c S tud ie s . B r i t ish S choo l a t A then s , F i t ch L abo ra to ry O cca s iona lP ape r1 .A then s : B r i t i sh S choo l

K i l len , J . , 1 995 . S ome f u r the r t h ough t s o n ' c o l lec to r s ' . I n

a tA then s .

POLITE IA . S oc ie ty a nd S ta te i nt h e A egean B ron ze

9 0

B IBL IOGRAPHY A ge , e d s . W . N ieme ie r&R .L af f ineu r , A egaeum 1 3 , L i eg e :U n ive r s i t e d e l t ta t äL i ege /Au s t in : U n ive r s i ty

K r iga s , E . , 1 987 . T he l a nd r e g i s t ry : as u rvey o ft h e E a -Eb -Ed E p t a b le t s o ft h e P y l ian A r ch ive . S tud i M icene i e d E geo -Ana to l ic i 2 6 :23 -34 .

o f T exa s a tA u s t in P rog ram i nA egean S c r ip t s a nd P r eh is to ry ,p p . 2 13 -226 .

K un ihohn , P . , B . K rome r , S . Mann ing , M .N ew ton , C . L a t in i K i l len ,J . ,N .D .a Mycenaean 0pa . I nS t ud ia Mycenaea : A k ten

& M . B ruce , 1 996 . A na to l ian t r ee r i ng s a nd t h e

d e s 1 0 My l ceno log i schen K o l loqu ium s 1 995 , S a l zbu rg , e d s . S . D ege r Ja lko t sky , S .H i l le r , O . P anag l & G .

a b so lu te c h rono logy o f t h e e a s te rn Med i ter ranean , 2 220 -718 BC .N a tu re 3 81 :780 -783 .

N igh t inga le .

Ö s te r re ich i sche

A kadem ie

d e r L emo ine , C . , S . Wa lke r&M . P i con , 1 982 . A rchaeo log ica l ,

W i s sen schaf t en , i np re s s .

g eochem ica l , a nd s t a t i s t ica l m e thod s i n c e ram ic K i l len , J .N .D .b A v i ew f r om t h e t a b le t s . I n R e th ink ing Mycenaean P a lace s : N ew I n te rp re ta t ion s o fa n O ld

p rovenance s t ud ie s . I nA r chaeo log ica lC eram ic s , e d s . J .O l in & A . F rank l in . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : Sm i th son ian

I d ea , e d s . M . G a la ty & W . P a rk in son . Monog raph

I n s t i tu t ion P r e s s ,p p . 5 7 -64

# 4 1 .L o sA ng e le s : UCLA I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy , i n p r e s s .

L ew is , H . , 1 983 . T he Manuf ac tu re o f E a r ly Mycenaean P o t te ry . P h .D . d i s se r ta t ion , U n ive r s i ty o fM inneso ta , Ann A rbo r : U n ive r s i ty M ic rof i lm s I n te rna t iona l .

K le in , C . &C . H u r lbu t , 1 993 . Manua l o fM inera logy , ( 2 1s t E d i t ion ) .N ew Y o rk : J ohn W i ley a nd S on s , I n c . L o bs ,

Y . ,

1 987 .

T he L a t e H e l lad i c IP o t te ry o f t h e

K napp ,A . ,P .D ue rden ,R . Wr igh t , &P .G rave , 1 988 . C e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd s oc ia l c hange : a r chaeome t r ic a na ly s i s o f B ronze A ge p o t te ry f r om J o rdan . J ourna l o f Med i ter ranean A rchaeo log y 1 ( 2 ) :57 113 .

S ou thwe s tern P e loponne so s a nd i t s L oca l C ha rac te r i s t i c s ,( 2v o lume s ) . S t ud ie si n Med i te r ranean

K napp ,A . &J .C he r ry , 1 994 .P rovenance S t ud ie sa nd B ron ze A ge C yp ru s : P roduc t ion , E xchang e , a nd P o l i t ico E conom ic C hange . Mad i son : P reh i s to ry P re s s .

L ongac r e , W . , 1 99 1 . S ou r ce so fc e ram ic v a r iab i l i ty a mong t h e K a l inga o f n o r the rn L uzon . I n C eram ic E thnoa rchaeo logy , e d . W . L ongac re . T uc son : U n ive r s i ty o fA r izona P re s s ,p p . 9 5 -111 .

A rchaeo logy

a nd

L i te ra tu re ,

P ocke t -book

5 0 .

G ö tebo rg .

K o lb , C . , e d . , 1 988 . C eram ic E co logy R ev i s i ted : T he T echno logy a nd S oc ioeconom ic s o fP o t te ry . O xf o rd : B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epor t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 4 36 , ia nd i .

L ongac r e , W . ,e d . , 1 99 1 .C e ram ic E thnoa rchaeo log y .T uc son : U n ive r s i ty o fA r izona P re s s . MacKenz ie , W . &C .G u i lf o rd , 1 980 .A t la so fR ock -Fo rm ing M inera l s i nT h in S ec t ion . E s sex : L ongman .

K o lb , C . & L . L a ckey , e d s . , 1 988 . AP o tf or A l l R ea son s : C e ram ic E co logy R ev i s i ted . C e ram ica d e C u l tu ra Maya , P h i lade lph ia .

MacKenz ie , W . , D . D ona ld son & C .G u i lf o rd , 1 982 .A t la so f I gneou sR ock sa nd T he i r T ex ture s . E s sex : L ongman .

K or re s , G . , 1 983 . T he r e la t ion sb e tween C r e te a nd Me s sen ia i nt h el a te M idd le H e l lad ic a nd t h ee a r ly L a te H e l lad ic p e r iod . I n T he M inoan T ha la s soc racy : My th a nd

Man ia t is , Y . & M . T i te , 1 978 . C e ram ic t e chno logy i nt h e A egean w o r ld d u r ing t h e B ronze A ge . I n T hera a nd

R ea l i ty . P roceed ing s o f t h e T h i rd I n terna t iona l S ympo s ium a t t h e S w ed i sh I n s t i tu te i n A then s , 3 1

t h e A egean W or ld I ,e d . C . D ouma s . L ondon : T he T he ra F ounda t ion ,p p .4 83 -492 .

May-5 J une , 1 982 , e d s . R . H ägg & N . Ma r ina to s . S tockho lm : S ven ska I n s t i tu te t iA then ,p p . 1 4 1-152 .

Mann ing , S . , 1 988 . T he B ronze A ge e r up t ion o f T he ra : a b so lu te d a t ing , A egean c h rono logy a nd Med i t e r ranean c u l tu ra l i n te r re la t ion s . J ourna l o f

Kor re s , G . , 1 990 . E xcava t ion s i nt h e r e g ion o f P y lo s . I n EYMOUS IA . C eram ic a nd I conog raph ic S tud ie s i n

Med i te rranean A rchaeo logy 1 : 17-82 .

Honor o fA . C amb i tog lou , e d . J . -P . D e scoeud re s , Mann ing , S . , 1 989 . T he S an to r in i e r up t ion : a n u p -da te .

S ydney ,p p . 1 11 .

J ou rna lo f Med i ter ranean A rchaeo logy 2 : 303-313 . K rame r , C . , 1 991 . C e ram ic s i nt wo I nd ian c i t ie s . I nC eram ic E thnoarchaeo logy , e d . W . L ongac re . U n ive r s i ty o fA r izona P r e s s , p p . 2 05 -230 .

Mann ing , S . , 1 99 1 . R e sponse t oJ .D . Muh ly o n p rob lem s o f

T ucson :

c h rono logy i nt h e A egean L a te B ronze A ge .J ourna l o f Med i te r ranean A rchaeo logy 4 : 249-262 .

9 1

B IBL IOGRAPHY McDona ld & G . R app , J r . M inneapo l i s : U n ive r s i ty o f

Mann ing , S . , 1 992 . S an to r in i , i c e -co re s a nd t r ee r ing s : r e so lu t ion o ft h e 1 645 o r 1 628 B .C . d eba te? N e s tor

M inne so ta P re s s ,p p . 17 -147 .

1 9 :2511-2512 . McDona ld , W . & G . R app , J r . , e d s . , 1 972 . T he M inne so ta Mann ing , S . , 1 995 . T he A b so lu te C hrono logy o ft h eA egean

Me s sen ia E xped i t ion : R econ s t ruc t ing a B ron ze A ge

E ar ly B ronze A g e : A rchaeo logy , R ad ioca rbon a nd

E nv i ronmen t . M inneapo l i s : U n ive r s i ty o fM inne so ta

H i s to ry . Monog raph s i n Med i te r ranean A r chaeo logy

P re s s .

1 .S heff ie ld : S heff i e ld U n ive r s i ty P re s s . McDona ld , W . a nd T homa s ,C . , 1 990 .P rog re s s i n to t h eP a s t : T he R ed i scove ry o f t he Mycenaean C iv i l i sa t ion .

Man tzou ran i , E . , 1 995 . N o te s o n t h e d ep ic t ion o f v a r iou s

B loom ing ton : I nd iana Un ive r s i ty P re s s .

t ype so fv a se sa nd v e s se l si nA egean w a l lp a in t ing . I n K lado s : E s say s i nH ono r o fJ .N . C o ld s t ream , e d . C . Mor r i s . B u l le t in o ft h e I n s t i tu te o fC la s s ica l S t ud ies ,

McDona ld , W . & N . W i lk ie , e d s . , 1 992 . E xca va t ion s a t

S upp lemen t6 3 . L ondon : I n s t i tu te o fC la s s ica l S t ud ie s ,

N icho r ia i nS ou thwe s tG reece . V o lume I : T he B ron ze

p p . 1 23 14 1 .

A ge

O ccupa t ion .

M inneapo l i s :

U n ive r s i ty

o f

M inne so ta P res s . Ma rcu s , J . , 1 989 . F rom c en t ra l iz ed s y s tems t o c i ty s ta te : p o s s ib le mode l s f o r t h e E p ic la s s ic . I n Me soame r ica a f t e rt h eD ec l ine o fT eo t ihuacan A .D . 7 00 -900 , e d s . R . D ieh l &J .B e r lo . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : D umba r ton O ak s ,

McGove rn , P . , 1 995 . S c ience i n a r chaeo logy : ar e v iew .

p p . 2 0 1-208 .

M idd le ton , A . & I . F rees tone , e d s . , 1 99 1 . R ecen t D eve lopmen t si nC e ram ic P e t ro logy . B r i t ish Mu seum

Ame r ican J ourna lo fA rchaeo log y9 9 :79 142 .

Ma t son ,F . , 1 965 . C e ram ic e co logy : a n a pp roach t ot h e s t udy

O cca s iona l P ape r No . 8 1 . L ondon : B r i t i sh Mu seum .

o ft h e e a r ly c u l tu re s o fN ea r E a s t . I n C e ram ic s a nd Man , e d . F . Ma t son . C h icago : V ik ing F und

Mommsen , H . , T . B e ie r , D . H e ime rmann , A . H e in , D . I tame ie r & C . P odzuwe i t , 1 994 . N eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s o f s e lec ted s he rd s f r om P roph i t i s I l ia s ,

P ub l ica t ions i nA r chaeo logy , p p . 1 6 1177 .

A rgo l id , G reece : ac l o sed L a te H e l lad ic I s e t t lemen t c on tex t . J ourna l o fA rchaeo log ica l S c ience 2 1 :163 1 7 1 .

Ma t son , F . , 1 972 . C e ram ic s t ud ie s . I n T he U n iver s i ty o f M inne so ta Me s sen ia E xped i t ion : R econ s t ruc t ing a B ronze A ge E nv i ronmen t , e d s . W . McDona ld & G . R app ,J r .M inneapo l i s : U n ive r s i ty o fM inne so ta P re s s , p p . 2 00 -244 .

Mo r r i s ,H . , 1 986 .A nE conom i c Mod e lo ft h eL a te My cenaean K ingdom o fP y lo s , P h .D . d i s ser ta t ion , U n ive r s i ty o f

Ma t son , F . , 1 973 . T he p o t te r so fC ha lk i s . I nC la s s i c sa nd t h e C la s s ica l Wo r ld , e d s . E . B o rza & R . C a r ruba . P enn sy lvan ia S t a t eU n ive r s i ty , p p . 17 142 .

M inne so ta . Mo r r i s , I . , 1 994 . A rchaeo log ie s o f G r eece . I n C la s s ica l

Mau s s ,M . , 1 990 [ 1 950 ] . T he G if t : T he F orm a nd R ea son f or

G reece :A nc ien tH i s to r ie sa nd Mod e rn A rcha eo log ie s , e d . I .Mo r r i s .C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P r e s s ,

E xchange i nA rcha ic S oc ie t ie s . N ew Y o rk : N o r ton . T ran s la ted b yH a l l s , W .

p p . 8 -47 .

McCa l lum , L . , 1 987 . D ecora t ive P rog ram i nt h e Mycenaean

Moun t joy , P . , 1 986 . Mycenaean Deco ra ted P o t tery : AG u id e t oI d en t if i ca t ion . G ö tebo rg : P au lÄ s t röms F ö r lag .

P a lace o f P y lo s : T he Mega ron F re scoe s , P h .D . d i s se r ta t ion , U n ive r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia .

Muh ly , J . , 1 99 1 . E gyp t , t h e A egean a nd L a te B ronze A ge c h rono logy i n t h e e a s te rn Med i te r ranean : ar ev iew

McDona ld , W . , 1 964 . O ve r land c ommun ica t ion i nG reece

a r t ic le .

d u r ing LH I I , w i th s pec ia l r e f e rence t o s ou thwe s t

J ourna l

o f Med i ter ranean

A rchaeo logy

4 : 235-247 .

P e loponne se . I n My cenaean S tud ie s : P roceed ing s o f t h e T h i rd I n terna t iona l C o l loqu ium f or My cenaean S tud ie sH e ld a t " W ing spread ," S ep tembe r4 -8 , 1 961 ,

N akou , G . , 1 995 . T he c u t t ing e dge : an ew l o ok a te a r ly A egean

m e ta l lu rgy .

J ourna l

o f Med i te r ranean

A rchaeo logy 8 (2 ) :1 32 .

e d . E . B enne t t . Mad i son : U n ive r s i ty o f W i scon s in P re s s ,p p . 2 17 -40 .

N ef f , H . , e d . , 1 992 . C hem ica l C harac ter i za t ion o fC e ram ic McDona ld , W . &H ope S imp son , R . , 1 972 . A r chaeo log ica l

P a s te s i nA rchaeo logy . Mad i son : P r eh i s tory P r e s s .

e xp lo ra t ion . I n T he M inne so ta Me s sen ia E xped i t ion : R econ s t ruc t ing a B ron ze A ge E nv i ronmen t , e d s . W .

N ef f , H . , F .B ove , B . L ou & M . P i echow sk i . 1 992 . C e ram ic r aw m a te r ia l ss u rvey i nP ac if i c C oa s ta l G ua tema la . I n

9 2

B IBL IOGRAPHY C hem ica l C ha rac ter i za t ion o f C e ram ic P a s te s i n A rcha eo logy ,e d . H .N ef f , Mad i son : P reh i s to ry P r e s s ,

P ea cock , D . ,

p p . 5 9 -84 .

1 982 . P o t te ry i n t h e R oman

W or ld : A n

E thnoa rchaeo log ica lA pproach . L ondon : L ongman .

N ef f ,H . ,M .G la s scock , R .B i shop & M . B lackman , 1 996 . A n

P e r le s , C . , 1 992 . S y s tems o fe xchange a nd o rgan iza t ion o f

a s se s smen t o f t h e a c id -ex t ra c t ion a pp roach t o c ompo s i t iona l c ha rac te r iza t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l

p roduc t ion i n N eo l i th ic G reece . J ou rna l Med i ter ranean A rchaeo logy 5 : 115-164 .

o f

c e ram ic s . Ame r i can A n t iqu i ty 6 1(2 ) :389 -404 . P log , F . & S . U pham , a r chaeome t ry ,

N e s se , W . , 1 99 1 . I n t roduc t ion t oO p t i ca l M inera logy , ( 2nd E d i t ion ) ,O xf o rd : O xf o rd U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

1 989 . P roduc t ive s pec ia l iza t ion ,

a nd

i n terp r e ta t ion .

I n

P o t te ry

T echno logy , e d . G . B ron i t sky . B ou lde r : We s tv iew P re s s , p p . 2 07 -216 .

N ick l in , K . , 1 979 . T he l o ca t ion o fp o t te ry m anuf ac tu re . Man 1 4 :436 -458 .

P o lany i ,K . , 1 969 .P r im i t ive , A rcha ic a nd Mod e rn E conom ie s , e d i ted b yG . D a l ton . B o s ton : B ea con P re ss .

O l iv ie r , J -P . , 1 989 . T he p o s s ib le m e thod s i nd ec iphe r ing t h e p i c tog raph ic C r e tan s c r ip t . I n P rob lem s i n D ec iphe rmen t , e d s . Y . D uhoux , T . P a la ima & J . B enne t . B ib l io theque d e s c ah ie r s d e l ' I n s t i tu t d e

P oo l ,

L ingu i s t ique d e L ouva in 4 9 . L ouva in -La -Neuve , B e lg ium : P ee te r s ,p p . 3 9 -58 .

C . , 1 992 . I n teg ra t ing c e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion . I nC eram i cP roduc t ion a nd D i s t r ibu t ion : A n I n teg ra ted A pproach , e d s . G . B ey & C . P oo l . B ou lde r : We s tv iew P r es s , p p . 2 75 -313 .

P u l len , D . , 1 985 . S oc ia l O rgan i za t ion i nE a r ly B ron ze A g e P a la ima ,T . , 1 984 . S c r iba lo rgan iza t ion a nd p a la t ia la c t iv i ty . I n P y lo s C ome sA l ive : I nd u s t ry a nd Adm in i s t ra t ion i na Mycenaean P a la ce ,e d sC .S he lme rd ine & T .P a la ima . N ew Y o rk : A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te o f Ame r ica , p p .

G reece : A Mu l t i -d imen s iona l A pp roach , P h .D . d i s ser ta t ion , I nd iana U n ive r s i ty , B loom ing ton . P u l len , D . , 1 994a . A l e ad s e a l f r om T soung iza , A nc ien t N emea , a nd E a r ly B ronze A ge s e a l ing s y s t em s . Ame r ican J ourna lo fA rchaeo logy 9 8 :35 -52 .

3 1-39 . P a la ima ,T . , 1 995 .T he n a tu re o ft h e Mycenaean w anax : n on I ndo -Eu ropean o r ig ins a nd p r ie s t ly f unc t ions . I nT he R o le o f t h e R u le r i n t h e P reh i s tor ic A egean : P roceed ing s o f aP ane lD i scu s s ion p re sen ted a tt h e A nnua l Mee t ing o ft h e A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te o f

P u l len ,D . , 1 994b . Mode l ing mo r t ua ry b ehav io ro n ar e g iona l s c a le : ac a se s t udy f r om ma in land G reece i nt h eE a r ly B ronze A ge . I nB eyond t h eS i te : R eg iona lS tud ie s i n t h e A egean A rea , e d . P .N . K a rdu l ia s . L anham , MD : U n ive r s i ty P re s s o f Ame r ica , p p . 13 -136 .

Ame r ica N ew O r lean s , L ou i s iana 2 8D ecember 1 992 , W i th Add i t ion s , e d . P . R ehak . A egaeum 1 . L iege : U n ive r s i te d el ' ü ta t äL iege , p p . 19-139 .

R and s , R . &M . We ime r , 1 992 . I n teg ra t ive a pp roache s i nt h e c ompo s i t iona l c ha rac te r iza t ion o fc e ram ic p a s t e s . I n

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I CP : Wh i te Moun ta in R edwa re a s ac a se s t udy . J ourna lo fA rchaeo log ica lS c ience 2 4 :997 1002 .

E xcava t ions a tF ranch th i C ave , G reece , F a sc ic le 8 . B loom ing ton a nd I nd ianapo l i s : I nd iana U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

T r igge r , B . , 1 989 . A H i s to ry o fA rchaeo log ica l T hough t . V o ssen , R . , 1 984 . T owa rd s b u i ld ing mode ls o f t r ad i t iona l

C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

t r ade i n c e ram ic s : c a se s t ud ie s f r om S pa in a nd T soun ta s ,C . &J . Mana t t , 1 897 . T he Mycenaean A ge : AS tud y

Mo rocco . I n T he Many D imen s ion s o f P o t te ry :

o f t h e Monumen t s a nd C u l ture o f P re -Home r ic

C eram ic s i nA rchaeo logy a nd A n th ropo logy , e d s . S .

G reece . B o s ton .

v an d e rL eeuw & A .P r i t cha rd . Am s t e rdam : U n iv e r s i ty o f Am s te rdam P r e s s , p p . 3 41-397 .

U ch i te l , A . , 1 984 . O n t h e ' m i l i ta ry ' c ha rac te r o f t h e o ka V oya tzog lou ,M . , 1 974 . T he j a r make r so fT h rap sano i nC r e te .

t a b le t s .K admo s2 3 :136 -63 .

E xped i t ion 1 6 (2 ) :18 -24 . V a lm in , M . , 1 938 . T he S wed i sh Me s sen ia E xped i t ion . L und : Wa lco t , P . , 1 967 . T he d i v in i ty o ft he Mycenaean k ing .S tud i

C .W .K . G leerup P re s s .

M icene ie dE geo -Ana to l ic i2 :53 -62 .

9 6

B IBL IOGRAPHY Wa r r en , P . , 1 972 . My r to s . A nE a r ly B ron ze A g eS e t t lemen to n

Wr igh t ,J . ,1 990 . A ne a r ly Mycenaean h am le to nT zoung iza a t a nc ien t N emea . I n L 'Hab i ta t ä gjen p räh i s to r ique .

C re te . L ondon : T hame sa nd H ud son .

A c te sd el aT ab le R ond e i n te rna t iona le o rgan i s&p a r Wa r ren ,

P . ,

1 986 . M inoan R e l ig ion a s R i tua l A c t ion .

l e C en t re N a t iona l d e l a R eche rche S c ien t if ique ,

G o tebu rg .

l 'Un ive r sW d eP a r i s Ie tI tco le f ranga i se d 'A th& ie s , A thjne s , 2 3-25 j u in 1 987 ) , e d s . P . D a rcque & R .

Wa r ren , P . & V . H ankey ,

1 989 . A eg ean B ron ze A ge

T reu i l . B u l le t in d e C o r re spondance H e l len ique , S upp lemen t 1 9 . P a r is : Lo le f r anca i se d 'A thene s , p p .

C hrono logy .B r i s to l : B r i s to lC la s s ica l P re s s .

3 45 -357 . We inbe rg , S . , 1 965 . C e ram ics a nd t h e s upe rna tu ra l : c u l ta nd b u r ia le v idenCe i nt h eA egean w o r ld . I nC e ram ic sa nd

Wr igh t , J . , 1 994 . T he s pa t ia l c onf igu ra t ion o f b e l ief : t h e

Man ,e d . F . Ma t son . C h icago : A ld ine ,p p . 1 87 -20 1 .

a r chaeo logy o f Mycenaean r e l ig ion . I nP lac ing t h e G od s : S anc tua r ie s a nd S ac red S pace i n A nc ien t G reece , e d s . S . A lcock & R . O sbo rne . O xf o rd :

We inga r ten , J . , 1 997 . A no the r l o ok a t L ema : a n EH I IB t r ad ing p o s t? 1 6 :147 166 .

O xf ord J ou rna l

o f A rchaeo log y

C la rendon P re s s ,p p . 3 7 -78 . Wr igh t , J . , 1 995a . F rom c h ief t ok ing i n Mycenaean G reece . I n T he R o le o ft h e R u ler i nt h e P reh i s tor ic A egean :

Wenke ,R . , 1 99 1 .T he e vo lu t ion o fe a r ly E gyp t ian c i v i l iza t ion : i s sue s a nd e v idence . J ourna l o f W o r ld P reh i s tory

P roceed ing s o f aP ane l D i scu s s ion p r e sen ted a tt h e A nnua l Mee t ing o ft h e A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te o f Ame r ica N ew O r l ean s , L ou i s iana 2 8D ecembe r 1 992 , W i th Add i t ion s , e d . P . R ehak . A egaeum 1 . L iege :

5 ( 3 ) :279 -329 . Wh i tb r ead ,I . ,1 989 . Ap ropo sa lf o rt h es y s tema t ic d e sc r ip t ion o ft h in s e c t ion st owa rd st h e s t udy o fa nc ien t c e ram ic

U n ive r s i te d e P ü ta t äL i 4,e ,p p . 6 3-80 .

t e chno logy .I nA r chaeome try :P roceed ing so ft h e2 5 th I n te rna t iona l S ympo s ium , e d . Y . Man ia t i s . Am s te rdam : E l sev ie r ,p p . 1 27 138 .

Wr igh t ,J . ,1 995b . Emp ty c up sa nd e mp ty j ug s : t h e s oc ia l r o le o fw ine i nM inoan a nd Mycenaean s o c ie t ie s . I n T he O r ig in s a nd A nc ien t H i s to iy o f W ine , e d s . P .

Wh i tb read , I . , 1 995 . G reek T ran spor t Ampho rae : A P e t ro log i ca la nd A rchaeo log ica lS t ud y . B r i t i sh S choo l a tA then s ,F i tch L abo ra to ry O cca s iona lP ape r4 .

McGove rn , S .F l em ing & S .K a tz . T he U n ive r s i ty o f P ennsy lvan ia Mu seum . o f A rchaeo logy a nd A n th ropo logy . P h i lade lph ia : G o rdon a nd B reach P ub l i she r s , p p . 2 82 -309 .

Wh i te law ,T . ,P .D ay ,E .K i r ia tz i ,V .K i l ikog lou ,&D .W i l son , 1 997 . C e ram ic t r ad i t ions a t EM IB Myr to s , F ou rnou K o r if i . T EHN I . C raf t smen , C raf t swomen a nd C raf t sman sh ip i n t h e A eg ean B ron ze A ge : P roceed ing s o f t h e 6 t h I n te rna t iona l A egean C onf e rence , P h i lad e lph ia , T emp le U n ive r s i ty , 1 8 -21 A pr i l 1 996 . A egaeum 1 6 , e d s . R . L aff ineu r & P . .B e tancou r t . U n ive r s i te d e L iege , H i s to i re d e P a r t e t

Y a rd ley ,B . , 1 989 .A nI n t roduc t ion t oM e tamo rph i cP e t ro logy . E s sex : L ongman . Z angge r , E . , M . T imp son , S . Y azvenko , F . K uhnke , & J . K naus s , 1 997 . T he P y lo s R eg iona l A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t , P a r t I : l a nd scape e vo lu t ion p re serva t ion . H e spe r ia 6 6 (4 ) :549 -64 1 .

a r cheo log ie d e l aG rece a n t ique ;U n ive r s i ty o fT exa s a tA u s t in ,P rog ram i nA egean S c r ip t sa nd P reh i s to ry ,

a nd

s i te

Z eme r ,C . , 1 988 . C e ram ic sa nd c e remony : p o t te ry a nd b u r ia l s f r om L ema i nt h eM idd le a nd e a r ly L a t eB ronze A ge s . I nC e lebra t ion s o fD ea th a nd D iv in i ty i nt h e B ron ze

p p . 2 65 -274 . W i l son , D . &P .D ay . 1 994 . C e ram ic r e g iona l i sm i np r epa la t ia l c en t r a lC re te :t h e Me sa ra i mpo r t sa t EM I to EM I A

A ge A rgo l id : P roceed ing s o ft h e S i x th I n terna t iona l

K no s so s ( w i th a c on t r ibu t ion b y V . K i l ikog lou ) .

J une , 1 988 ,e d s .R .H ägg & G .N o rdqu i s t . S tockho lm : S venska I n s t i tu te t iA then , p p .2 3 -34 .

S ympo s ium a tt h eS wed i sh I n s t i tu te i nA then s , 113

A nnua lo ft h eB r i t i sh S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nA then s 8 9 :1-87 .

Z ub row , E . , J .F oun ta in , A . P e lc in , K . A l len , P . B ush , K . Wr igh t ,J . , 1 984 . C hange s i nf o rm a nd f unc t ion o ft h ep a lace a t P y lo s .

I n P y lo s C ome s A l ive :

B a r to lo t ta , &L . H un t , 1 988 . P r eh i s to r ic d i s t r ibu t ion n e two rk s o f d omes t ic c e ram ic s i n S o r sogon ,

I ndu s t ry a nd

S he lme rd ine & T .P a la ima .N ew Y o rk :A r cha eo log ica l

P h i l l ip ine s : a n a r chaeome t r ic s t udy . I n C e ram ic E co logy R ev i s i ted 1 987 : T he T echno logy a nd

I n s t i t u te o f Ame r ica ,p p . 1 9 -30 .

S oc ioeconom i c s o f P o t te ry , e d . C . K o lb . O xf o rd :

A dm in i s t ra t ion i n a Mycenaean P a lace , e d s . C .

B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 4 36 ( i ) , p p . 3 3 -56 .

9 7

APPEND ICES

A ppend ix 1 . S i te C eram ic E co logy A ppend ix 1p resen t s d a ta c o l lec ted d u r ing t h e r e survey o f LH I IB s i te s i nt h e s t udy r eg ion .

T h i s i n forma t ion w a s u sed i n

u nd er s tand ing t h e i n terp lay o f Me s sen ia 's s e t t lemen t s y s tem a nd i t s c eram ic r e sou rce s . T he a ppend ix i sa r ranged b y s i te a s a s e r i e so ff o rm s . F orm sw e re s t a r ted i nt h e f i e ld a nd f i n i shed w i th r e f e ren ce t oP RAP 's s i t e c a ta logue ( s ee D av i s , e d . 1 998 ; D av i s e ta l . 1 997 ; s e e a l so t h e P RAP I n te rne t E d i t ion ) , a sw e l l a st o McDona ld a nd R app , e d s . ( 1972 ) a nd H ope S imp son ( 1981) . I n a dd i t ion t o ag enera l s i te d e sc r ip t ion , e ach f o rm r e co rd s d a ta t h a t r e la te d i rec t ly t o as e t t lemen t 's p o ten t ia l a b i l i ty t os u s ta in a p o t t ing i n du s t ry . N o ie t h a t e s t ima te s o fs i te s i ze a r e , i ns ome i n s tance s , p robab ly u nde r - a so ppo sed t oo vere s t ima ted .

A ppend ix 2 . Raw Chem ica lD a ta A ppend ix 2p rov ide s t h e r aw c hem ica l d a ta f o r a l l c e ram ic s amp le s a nd f o r f i red ( 800° C ) a nd u nf i red c l ay s . C on cen t ra t ion l e ve l s a r e g i ven i np a r t s p e r m i l l ion f o r a l l t we lve e l emen t s a na lyzed b y WAE I CP .

A ppend ix 3 . D e scr ip t ion o fF abr ic C las se s A ppend ix 3p rov ide s p e t rog raph ic d e sc r ip t ion s f o r F ab r ic s l a -lc a nd 2 . Q uan t i ta t ive d a ta , s uch a sp o in t c oun t s , a r e p re sen ted a sm ean v a lue s . Q ua l i ta t ive i n fo rma t ion , o f ad e sc r ip t ive n a tu re , p er t inen t t oe ach f a b r ic i sa l so p rov ided . T ho se i n tere s ted i n c omp le te p e t rog raph ic a nd h and s amp le d e sc r ip t ion s o fa l l i n d iv idua l s amp le s a r e i n v i ted t oc on tac t t h e a u tho r .

9 8

APPEND IX ONE : C ERAM IC E COLOGY

S i te

N ame

K as t rak iv a i ta

S i te S ize

Date

0 7 /04 /95

P RAP POS I N o .

2 . 13 h a

UMME N o .

K 3 5 9

D escr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E leva t ion

c a 5 00

S i te i sl o ca ted o nt wo k no l ls c onnec ted b y af l a t a ccess ib le s add le . K no l ls a re macqu is -cove red . W . s i de h as as t one -bu i l t wa l l a l ong t op .

P e r iods o fO ccupa t ion MH , L H I I , L H IA -B?

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou r ce /D is tance

A bove D h ipo toma R .a nd L angouva rdos G o rge . 5 0m E .

M ic roc l ima te ( e sp . w ind c ond i t ions )

W ind c u tb yw a l ls o fg o rge . H o t . V e ry d ry . P robab ly C lass I V . O l ives t oday .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

L o ts o fc yp ress , b rush , s ma l l t r ees i nL .G o rge .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

S econda ry b y l a nd , 4k m f r om s ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

S ty l ianos ( A3 ) ; S ka rm inga ( A4 ) ; K a lopsana ( 2 ) ( A5 ) .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

L imes tone c ong lome ra te . D eep l a ye rs o fs i l ty ma r l c ove red b y t h in l a ye ro fd a rke rt op s o i l . S u r rounded b y r i ve rs ys tem o fd eep L .g o rge . " D issec ted K ampos . "

D escr ip t ion o f c lay / temper r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex tu re , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

L i t t le o rn o u sab le c l ay o n s i te . Mos ts ed imen t l i gh tt an ma r l . V e ry s i l ty . N on -p las t ic . N o s amp les t aken .

Th ickness /Ex tent o f Amount

S amp led

Depos it c l ay

t empe r

s amp le n umbe r (s )

9

APPEND IX ONE : CERA M IC ECOLOGY

S i te

N ame

O rd ines Garga l ian i

S i te S ize

D ate

7 /4 /95

P RAP P OS I N o .

4 .6 h a

UMME N o .

K 1 5 7

D escr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E l eva t ion

5 0 100 m

L oca ted o n r i dge N .o f Ga rga l ian i , n ea rv i l lage o fK ou tsouve r i . A pp rox . m idway b e tween s ea n or th o f Ma ra thoupo l is a nd L angouva rdos Go rge i n land . A cco rd ing t o UMME , s p r ing 6 00 mE .a l ong h i ghway n ea rg o rge . L and mass s l opes g en t ly u p f r om s ea t or i dge a nd i sc u l t iva ted , mos t ly o l ives . R idge a t i n te r face o ft wo ma r ine t e r races? E roded l i mes tone . S ome c u t t ings p resen t . P ro t iv er yv i s ib le t o SW .

P e r iods o fO ccupa t ion N ? , ( EH ) , MH , L H I -I I B

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance

S p r ing 6 00 m t oE . C lose t os ea, < 1 k m . L angouva rdos R .t oN .

M ic roc l ima te ( e sp . w ind c ond i t ions )

L i gh tw ind f r om s ea . P o ten t ia l ly s t rong u ps lope . P robab ly C lass Ia nd I .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

Macqu is a l ong r i dge . L o ts i nr ema t o Na nd g o rge t oE .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

I s o la ted b y l a nd , f a i rb y s ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

K 2 a nd M3 i n te rv is ib le , K 3n o tv i s ib le .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

•

P e rhaps i n te r face o ft wo ma r ine t e r races . L imes tone r i dge . R ema t oN . V e ry s t eep d rop t or ema b o t tom . S i te d om ina ted t oE .b y L . G o rge a nd G a rg . r i dge .

D escr ip t ion o f c lay / temper r esources :

c l ass ,c o lo r , t ex tu re , p las t ic i ty , e t c .

T empe rr e sou rces s l im . B ed rock = l i mes tone . S and t owa rds a nd a tc oas t . S ur face s o i l a ts i te i sd a rk r e d /b rown , s andy s i l t /c lay l o am . V e ry h omogenous a c ross s i te . L i t t le o rn o p l as t ic i ty . S o i l b ecomes mo re s andy t owa rds c oas t , p e rhaps mo re c l ay ( ? ) . S ome p a tchy l i gh tt a n ma r ly s i l t /c lay t owa rds c oas t , s t i l lv e ry s andy . A lso p a tches o fl a rge -g ra ined s and . P oss . mo re w o rkab le ma te r ia l b enea th s u r face ( s ee s amp le # 1) . S amp le # 1 f r om a n ima l b u r row a tN .e nd o f s i te . Wa lked r ema f r om K ou tsouve r i u p . A l ls ed imen tv e ry s i l ty . N o tw o rkab le . T h ickness /Ex tent o f Amount S amp led s amp le n umbe r (s )

D epos it c l ay

u nknown

S amp le = 2 00 g 7 . 5 YR 3 /2 d k b rown

1 00

t empe r

APPEND IX ONE : C ERA M IC E COLOGY

S i te

N ame

A y ia S o t i ra

S i te S ize

Ga rga l ian i

Date PRAP

. 8 1 h a

POS I

UMME

7 /4 /95 No .

No .

K 2 1 6

D escr ip t ion o f s i te l ocat ion : E leva t ion

c a 1 20 m

S i te s i ts d i rec t ly o n t op o fl i mes tone k no l l /ou tc rop . S u r rounded b ys teep b lu f fs . V ery l i m i ted t op s o i l o n s i te . S ome p oss . wa l l (s ) N . o fc hu rch . Ove rg rown w i th h eavy macqu is . S ome o l ives a nd c a r ib . M idway u ps lope b e tween K 1 a nd M3 , n ea re r t os p r ing . D is tance f r om s ea . N o te : v e ry s teep w i th b l ufs o n W . a nd NW . Much l e ss s teep f r om E .a nd S .

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion ( N ) , MH , L H I I A -B

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance

S p r ing e n t rance t og o rge . S ea a pp rox . 2 km .

M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions )

Good b reeze , s im i la rt o O rd ines .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

C lass I ,s u r rounded b y k ampos .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

I B rush / t rees g o rge a nd r i dge .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

I s o la ted b y l a nd , f a i r b y s ea . M3 a nd K 1 v i s ib le , K 3 n o t .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

L ims tone o u tc rop . E x tens ion o fr i dge . S o r rounded b y p la ins . A t i n te rsec t ion o f r ed b ed a nd ma r l .

D escr ipt ion

o f c lay / temper

r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex tu re , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

V ery l i m i ted . Ma r l a tb ase o fs i te s ufe rs f r om p oo rp l as t ic i ty . Much l e ss s andy t han r ed b e low . Occupan ts mos t l i ke ly d id n o t p o t d i rec t ly o n s i te , p e rhaps b e low . T o E . , s o i l b ecomes mo re r ed . N o s amp les t aken .

Th ickness/Ex tent Amount

S a mp led

o f

Depos it c l ay

t emper

s amp le n umbe r (s )

1 0 1

APPEND IX ONE : C ERAM IC E COLOGY

S i te N ame

K ana los

S i te S ize

Ga rga l ian i

Date PRAP

c a . 4 5 h a

POS I

UMME No .

7 /6 /95 No .

D 1 1 5

D escr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E leva t ion

S i te i sl o ca ted a top af l a t topped k no l l , a pp rox . 3 00 m . S . f r om Megas K ampos ( D2 ) . R ough ly r e c tangu la r i ns hape . R ocky e roded l i mes tone . L i t t le t opso i l . S u r rounded b y r ed b eds a nd s ome e xposed ma r l . S ed imen tv e ry s i l ty . P oo rv i ew i na lmos t a l d i rec t ions . Megas K ampos ( D2 ) =l o okou t? L i t t le v i ew o f s ea .

c a 1 00 m

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion N ,( EH ) , MH , L H I I , L H I IA -B

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te rS ou rce /D is tance

Sma l ls p r ing o n S . 2k mt os ea .

M ic roc l ima te ( e sp . w ind c ond i t ions )

N ow ind . V e ry h o t . E xce l len t l a nd o n p l a in . C lass I .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

L o ts o fc yp ress t oN .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

Ma in l ine b y l a nd? S ea f a i r .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

M . K ampos ( D2 ) . V e ry n ea r .

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

L imes tone k no l l . H eav i ly e roded . S pa rse t opso i l . S u r rounded b y

ma r l a nd s i l ty r ed b eds .

D escr ip t ion o f c lay / temper r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex tu re , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

V e ry p oo r . S ed imen t i sv e ry s i l ty , n o p l as t ic i ty . S ome s and i np ocke ts n ea rt he s i te t ha t m igh t s e rve a st empe r . N os amp le t aken .

T h ickness /Ex ten t Amount S a mp led s amp le n umbe r (s )

o f

Depos i t c l ay

t empe r

1 02

A PPEND IX ONE : C ERA M IC ECOLOGY

S ite

N a me

Megas K ampos Garga l ian i

S i te S ize

D ate P RAP POS I

1 . 62 h a

7 /6 /95 N o .

D 2

UMME N o . Descr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E leva t ion

1 04 m

NOTE : S i te i s MK # 1, n o tt o b e c on fused w i th h i s to r ic MK # 2 .S i te s i ts a top a n o va l / rec tangu la r l i mes tone r i dge /kno l l w h ich r i ses u pf r om t he p la in b e low t he Ga rga l iano i r i dge l ine . E xce l len tv i ew o u t o ve r p la in . A c ross l a rge s add le f r om K ana los ( D1 ) .

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion MH I ILH I ,L H I I , L H IA -B

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions )

,G ood

b reeze . T op o fk no l l d ry a nd e xposed .

E xce l len t .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

C lass I .

L g . c yp ress g rove t o S .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty/Type

Ma in l ine b yl a nd . F a i r b y s ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

K ana los ( D 1) j us t s ou th .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

Good s p r ing a t K ana los . S ea 2 km .

S e t t ing :

E roded l i mes tone . S u r rounded b y r ed s o i ls . V iew e as t d om ina ted b y Ga rga l iano i r i dge .

Descr ip t ion

o f c lay / temper r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex ture , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

S o i l d om ina ted b yf i ne s and a nd s i l t . L ow c l ay c on ten t . N o p l as t ic i ty . N o s amp le t aken .

Th ickness/Ex tent Amount

S a mp led

o f

Depos it c l ay

t emper

s amp le n umbe r (s )

1 03

APPEND IX ONE : C ERAM IC E COLOGY

S i te

P igad ia V romoner i

N ame S i te S ize

Date PRAP

7 .2 h a

POS I

UMME

7 /6/95 No .

G3

No .

D escr ip t ion o f s i te l ocat ion : l ow

E leva t ion

S i te s i ts d own o n c oas ta l p l a in b e low D-1a nd D2 t o SW . R ed s ed imen t o ve rs ea -wo rn l i mes tone . S l igh t r i se w i th ag ood v i ew b ack t owa rds D l a nd D 2 .

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion MH

I , MH -LH , L H

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ource /D is tance

C lose t o s ea .

M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions )

N ow ind . V e ry wa rm , b u t l u sh a nd we l l -wa te red . L ooks g ood . C lass I .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

B rush i nr emas .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

A long o rb e low ma in l ine? Good a ccess t os ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

A pp rox . 2 -3 k m f r om D1a nd D 2 .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S et t ing :

D escr ipt ion

o f c lay / te mper

S i ts o n f i r s t ma r ine s he l f c l ose t os ea . B ed rock o u tcrops a re s ea -wo rn l i mes tone . S ed imen t n o t r ocky b u t s o mewha t s andy .

r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex ture , p las t ic i ty , e t c .

T he s o i l i se x t reme ly s andy . N o t p las t ic . P oo rc l ay c on ten t . N o s amp le t aken .

T h ickness/Ex tent Amount

S a mp led

o f

Depos it c l ay

t emper

s amp le n umbe r (s )

1 04

A PPEND IX ONE : C ERAM IC E COLOGY

S ite

N ame

L agou Ambe lo fy to

S i te S ize

D ate P RAP

7 ?

7 /12/95

POS I N o .

UMME N o .

1 2 1 1 9

Descr ip t ion o f s i te l ocat ion : E leva t ion

c a 1 -200 m

S i te l o ca ted j us t o f f h i ghway t o E . b e tween P i rgos a nd Ambe lo fy to . Sma l l h i l lock a bove g rape v i nes . V ery l i t le a r t i fac tua l ma te r ia l . V iew b ack t owa rds H o ra , s omewha t r e s t r ic ted . UMME e s t s i te s i ze a t 1h a , PRAP c ou ld n o t make

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion

e s t .

MH 1 -LH I ,L H I 1A -B

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance

N ea rs p r ing . 9 km t os ea . V ery sma l l r i ve rb e low s i te .

M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions )

L i t t le w ind . S i te i sn es t led i n to h i l ls a bove H o ra . E xce l len t l a nd .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

L i t t le n a tu ra l f ue l i nv i c in i ty . N o macqu is . S ome t r ees n ea r r i ve r .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

P oss . ma in l ine . D is tance t os ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

H o ra b e low .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

Sma l l ma r ly h i l lock /spu ro ve r look ing H o ra . N o b edrock o u tc ropp ing . I n tens ive ly c u l t iva ted .

Descr ip t ion o f c lay / temper r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex ture , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

P oo rc l ay r esou rces . A l l ma r l i nv i c in i ty o fs i te . N o c l ay f ound i nr i ve rb o t tom . N o s amp le .

Th ickness /Ex tent Amount

S a mp led

o f

Depos it c l ay

t empe r

s amp le n umbe r (s )

1 0 5

APPEND IX ONE : C ERAM IC E COLOGY

S i te N ame

R omanou Romanou

S i te S ize

Date

[ 7 /13 /95

P RAP POS I N o .

3 8 .07 h a

UMME N o .

1 4 4 00

D esc r ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : L oca ted o n v e ry f l a tg round j u s tt oN . a nd E . o f mode rn t own . V iew r e s t r ic ted i na l d i rec t ions e xcep t E .t owa rds K o raphas ion . S hor t wa lk t os ea . P oss . n ea rE Z 's " po r t . " P lan ted i no l ives a nd v i nes . S e las R .t oN . Wa te ry ea ra round . N o te t ha tt he s i ze i n h ec ta res i st ha to ft he h i s to r ic ( Roman ) s i te . BA p robab ly much

l ow

E leva t ion

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion ( EH ) , ( MH? ) , L H I I B

sma l le r .

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance

S e las R . S ea q u i te c l ose . S p r ing n ea rB ey le rbe i ( 1) .

M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions )

L i t t le w ind . P e rhaps mo re i na f te rnoon f r om s ea? E xce l len t .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

Many l g . t r ees i nr i ve r . D r if tw ood p l en t i fu l o n b each .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

O n ma in l ine P a lace t op o r t . G ood b ys ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

1 6 , 1 3 , 1 , e t c .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

Ma ny b edrock o u tc rops i nr i ve r . L i gh t r ed s t ab le s o i ls . V e ry s andy . D unes i nv i c in i ty , e sp . n ea rb each , b u t a l so n ea rt own .

D escr ip t ion o f c lay / temper r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex tu re , p las t ic i ty , e t c .

P oo rc l ay d ue t ow ind b l own s ands . P oss . wo rkab le w i th t r ea tmen t , e sp . l e v iga t ion . R ive ri s v e ry s i l ty ma r l . L o ts o fs and i nv a r ious s i ze r anges . N o te e x is tence o fm icaceous s ands tone t o E . o ft own c o l lec ted i n1 994 .

T h ickness /Ex ten t Amoun t

S a mp led

o f

Depos i t c l ay

t empe r

s amp le n umbe r (s )

1 06

A PPEND IX ONE : C ERAM IC E COLOGY

S ite

N ame

P o r tes K o ry fas io

S i te S ize

Date PRAP

1 .06 h a

POS I

UMME

No .

7 / 13 /95 No .

1 3 3

D escr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : p l a in

E leva t ion

S i te b i sec ted b y mode rn r oad t oP y los . S i ts o n sma l l k no l l . P la in b e low K o ry fas ion . Q u i te w a rm a nd s t i l l . N ov i ew o fp l a in o r s ea . V e ry f l a t . A cco rd . t o UMME may b e sm . manu fac tu r ing c en te r .

P e r iods o fO ccupa t ion MH -LH I 1 1 , L H I 1A -B , ( LH IC )

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance

S p r ing a t B ey le rbe i . S ea d i s tan t b u t a ccess ib le .

M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions )

L i gh tw ind . Good . C lass I .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

P oo r . T oday a l o l ives .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

Ma in l ine . 3 km . t os ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

T ragana V o rou l ia ( 03 ) ; R omanou

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

Ma r l s o i ls o n p l a in b e low p a lace .

D escr ip t ion o f c lay / temper r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex tu re , p l as t ic i ty , e t c .

P oo r . A l l s i l ty ma r l . N ot empe rv i s ib le .

T h ickness /Ex ten t Amount

S a mp led

o f

Depos i t c l ay

t empe r

s amp le n umbe r (s )

1 07

A PPEND IX ONE : CERA M IC E COLOGY

S i te N ame

K a lopsana Metaxada

S i te S i ze

D ate

7 /17 /95

P RAP POS I N o .

6 .88 h a

A 2 2 2

UMME N o . D escr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E l eva t ion

>4 00 m

S i te l o ca ted i n Me taxada V a l ley , wes ts l ope , o n e roded c ong lome ra te o u tc rop . S p i l ls o ve r i n to sma l l v a l ley , g ua rded b y as e r ies o fc heck d ams . G ood c ommand o fv a l ley . May h ave b een o ne i n as e r ies o f" bo rde rt owns " ( c f . K ou tsouve r i ) .

P e r iods o fO ccupa t ion MH , L H I I , L H I I A -B??

A N"

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te rS ou r ce /D is tance

R i ve ri nm a in v a l ley 3 00m E ,S p r ing 4 00m E -NE .

M ic roc l ima te ( e sp . w ind c ond i t ions )

G ood b r eeze . P oss . m o re r a in t h an p l a ins? M os t ly C lass I l ,s ome C l ass I .

L and C l ass /Ag P o ten t ia l

L o ts o fw ood , e sp . o ak .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

O f l ine a nd i s o la ted . N oa ccess t os ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

K ou tsouve r i ( L i) n ex tv a l ley o ve r . C ho ra o ve rm oun ta ins t oW .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

A iga leon s l ope t o E as t , Wes ts l ope o fv a l ley . Cong lome ra te l i mes tone b ed rock . S teep s l ope t ov a l ley f l oo r . N ow h eav i ly t e r raced . E ros ion p roduces r e d /b rown s andy -s tony s o i l .

D escr ip t ion o f c lay / temper r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex tu re , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

N o tv e ry g ood o n s i te . S o i l v e ry s andy /s tony . D i f f icu l to ri mposs ib le t o wo rk . P e rhaps w i th l e v iga t ion . A sw i th L i t he re may b e mo re c l ays b e low . O ne g ood c l ay s ou rce f ound a long ma in r oad n ea rt u rnof t o Me taxada v i l lage a tS . e nd o ft he v a l ley ( Samp le # 1) .

T h ickness /Ex ten t Amount S amp led s amp le n umbe r (s )

o f

Depos i t c l ay

A t l e as t2 00 m t o av i s isb le d ep th o f5 10 f ee t .

S amp le # 1 3 00 g 1 0 YR 6 /2 l i gh t b rown ish

1 08

t empe r

g r i tf r om c ong lome ra te?

APPEND IX ONE : C ERA M IC E COLOGY

S i te

N ame

K ou tsouve r i M a r ye l i

S i te S i ze

D ate

7 /17 /95

P RAP P OS I N o .

1 . 56 h a

UMME N o .

L i 16

Descr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E leva t ion

c a 4 -500 m

S i te s i ts v ery h i gh a top a l i mes tone k no l l t ha t o ver looks t he mode rn v i l lage o f Ma rye l i . T he v a l ley i st he s econd o ne o ve r t he A iga leon R ange . T hus , f a r r emoved f r om p a lace a nd ma in l ine c ommun ica t ions . P oss . b o rde r p os t / town b e tween H i the r a nd F ur ther p rov inces . E xce l len t v i ew o u t o ve rv a l ley .

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion MH , MH I ILH I I , ( LH IA -B )

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou r ce /D is tance

R i ve ri nv a l ley . S p r ing 3 00 m S -SE .

M ic roc l ima te ( e sp . w ind c ond i t ions )

P oss . o fl o nge r r a iny s eason i nm ts? N o t al o to fw ind . F a i r ly g ood . C lass lo rI l .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

E xce l len t . M any t r ees .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

I s o la ted b y l a nd , 1 7 k m t os ea . O f l ine , c omm . o ve r m ts .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

K a lopsana ( A2 ) i nM e taxada .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

Descr ip t ion

o f c lay / te mper

S i te o n c ommand ing l i mes tone k no l l . Ove r look ing m id -s ize mn t v a l ley . L imes tone b ed rock .

r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex ture , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

P oo rc l ay r esou rces o n s i te . C lay may b e mo re p l en t i fu l o n v a l ley f l oo r . Mos t s o i l d e r ived f r om ma r l . S i l ty , l ow c l ay c on ten t . R ock t empe rp oss . S and a nd g rave l e xposed i nr oad c u t . * *A lso , n o te p resence o fv e ins o f r ed /b roen s ha le i nb ed rock o fr oad t o Ma rye l i .* * * Wayne L ee a nd B i l l A lexande r i n terv iewed aman w ho h as c o l lec ted " wh i te s o i l " ( i . e . , g l ina ) i nt he r i ve r b ed n ea rt he monas te ry . U sed t o p l as te rf l oo rs a nd wa l ls , w i th a dd i t ion o f wa te r . P robab ly l i me a s i ti sl o ca ted n ea r al i me k i ln . Th ickness/Ex ten t Amount

Sa mp led

o f

Depos it c l ay

t emper

s amp le n umbe r (s )

1 09

APPEND IX ONE : CERAM IC E COLOGY

S i te

N ame

B ey le rbe i K o ry fas io

S i te S ize

Date

7 /13 /95

P RAP POS I N o .

1 2 h a

UMME N o .

I 1 4

D escr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : l ow

E leva t ion

S i te s i ts a l ong as e r ies o fh i l locks u ps lope a nd d own , n ow t e r raced a nd p l an ted w i th o l ives . B enea th t he mode rn t own o f K o ry fas ion . S ome a r t i fac tu ra l ma te r ia l p resen t . Good v i ew d own t o P y los a nd e sp . R omanou , b u t s omewha t o bscu red b y o l ive t r ees .

P e r iods o fO ccupa t ion ( N ) , MH , L H I 1 , L H IA -B

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance

S p r ing 5 0m . E .

M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions )

S ome w ind , b u t n o t b r isk . E xce l len t C lass 1 .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

P oo r . S ome t r ees i nK o ry fas ion .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

N ea r ma in l ine . A ccess t os ea .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

1 3 . N o tt oo f a rf r om R omanou .

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

Ma r ly s o i l o ve r ma r l b ed rock . V e ry s i l ty .

D escr ip t ion o f c lay / temper r esources :

T h ickness /Ex tent Amount

S amp led

o f

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex tu re , p las t ic i ty , e t c .

D epos it c l ay

t empe r

s amp le n umbe r (s )

10

A PPEND IX ONE : C ERAM IC E COLOGY

S ite

N ame

A no E ng l ianos Chora

S i te S ize

D ate

7 /29 /95

P RAP POS I N o .

a pp rox 2 1 h a

UMME N o .

B 7 0 01

Descr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E leva t ion

c a 1 -200 m

S i te ( hab i ta t ion a nd c eme te ry , 3t ho lo i ) i sl o ca ted o n a p romon to ry o fl a nd , b e tween t wo d eep ly c u t r i ve r v a l leys . T he " Pa lace " c an t hus b e s een f r om v a r ious d i rec t ions , e i the rf r om b e low o ra bove . T he v i ew f r om t he P a lace i n c ludes t he B ay a nd p roduc t ive l a nd . T he " Lowe rT own " i ss i tua ted t ot he S . a nd W . a long t he r i dge t ha t s t re tches away f r om t he P a lace .

P er iods o fO ccupa t ion MH , L H I l l , L H I IA -B

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance

S p r ing 1k m NE . Wa te ri nr ema y ea r r ound . 9 km t os ea .

M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions )

Good b reeze u p r i dge b u ts t i f led i nr ema . C lass I .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

L o ts i nr emas , e sp c yp ress a nd o ak .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

Ma in l ine b y l a nd .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

P or tes? B ey le rbe i?

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S et t ing :

D eep ly e roded ma r l d epos i t . N o Ao r Bh o r izon s o i ls r ema in . S ome o u tc ropped c ong lome ra te .

Descr ip t ion o f c lay / te mper

r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex ture , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

Ma r l p oo rf o r p o t t ing . M igh t p e rhaps b e u sed w i th t ime -consum ing p repa ra t ion . Good d epos i ts o fg rey ma r ine c l ay w e re l o ca ted w i th in t he N . r ema , e rod ing f r om t he s ca rp . E xce l len t p o t t ing c l ay , s im i la rt ot ha tf r om t he c oas t .

Th ickness/Ex tent Amount

S a mp led

s amp le n umbe r (s )

o f

D epos it c l ay

A long w ho le o fr ema , e sp b e low P a lace .

6 00 g

t emper

5 GY 6 / 1 g reen ish -g rey

1 1

A PPEND IX ONE : C ERAM IC E COLOGY

S ite

N a me

N icho r ia R izom i lo

S i te S i ze

D ate

0 0 /00 /00

P RAP P OS I N o .

5 -6 h a

UMME N o .

1 00

D escr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E l eva t ion

8 0 m

L oca ted o n h i gh r i dge o r ien ted NW -SE . C ross roads b e tween p rov inces . C ommands p ass E t ow es te rn Messen ia . Good h a rbo rc a . 4k m SE , 2k mt on ea res tp o in to nc oas t . L oca l " cap i ta l " i nL H p e r iod , p e rhaps L H IB t i -m i to a -ke -e .

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion MH -LH I I C

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te rS ou rce /D is tance

C op ious s p r ing 8 00 m NW , K a r ia a nd V e l ika R sp e renn ia lf l ow .

M ic roc l ima te ( e sp . w ind c ond i t ions ) E xce l len t .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

C ross roads , h a rbo r 4k m d i s tan t .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

S eve ra l v e r ys m L H s i tes i nv i c in i ty .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

R idge f o rmed o fP l iocene d epos i ts , c h ie f ly c ong lome ra te a nd ma r l , a d jo in ing a n a rea o fl i mes tone o u tc ropp ings o n h i ghe r s l opes t o NW . R idge 5 00 m i nl e ng th , 1 00 m b road max . D eep g u l l ies o n b o th f l anks .

D escr ip t ion o f c lay / temper r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex tu re , p las t ic i ty , e t c .

Ma tson ( 1972 ) a ppa ren t ly f ound s eve ra l d i fe ren tc l ay t ypes i nr eg ion , s ome o f" ma r ine " c ha rac te r . On ly o ne was d eemed g ood f o rp o t t ing .

T h ickness /Ex ten t Amount

Sa mp led

o f

Depos i t c l ay

t empe r

s amp le n umbe r (s )

12

APPEND IX ONE : CERA M IC ECOLOGY

S i te

N ame

K oukouna ra Ka ta r rach i

S i te S ize

Date PRAP

. 8h a m in imum

POS I

0 0 /00 /00 No .

UMME No .

3 5

D escr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E leva t ion

8 00 m NE o fK oukouna ra v i l lage . S ur rounded b y ad eep r av ine o n a l s i des b u tt oN . L H I Io ccupa t ion i n c ludes a n a ps ida l " mega ron . " C eram ic s amp les a re f r om b o th t he s e t t lemen t ( Ka ta r rach i ) a nd t ho los t ombs ( Gouva la r i , P h i t ies , A kona ) . S u rp r is ing ly l a rge n umbe ro f" r oya l " b ur ia ls .

c a . 3 -400 m

Per iods o f Occupa t ion MH , L H I 1 1 1C

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance

F a i rs p r ing a t Ef oo t , s t ream i mmed . a d jacen t .

M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions ) Good .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

Ma in l ine b y l a nd , 6k m t os ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

L i ne o fL H I IB s i tes c a . 2 0 k m b e tween O smanaga a nd N icho r ia .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

Se t t ing :

Descr ip t ion

o f c lay / te mper r esources :

P l iocene t e r race , d epos i t iona l e x tens ion o f k a mpos ( p la in ) .

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex ture , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

S amp le c o l lec ted b yC a ro the rs i s ar ed a luv ia l s o i l , f a i r ly h i gh i nc l ay c on ten t . P re t ty g ood p o t t ing ma te r ia l .

Th ickness/Extent Amount

S a mp led

s amp le n umbe r (s )

o f

Depos it c l ay

Ca ro the rs a luv ia l s o i l

13

t emper

APPEND IX ONE : CERA M IC E COLOGY

S i te N ame

P e r is te r ia m i rou

S i te S i ze

D ate

0 0 /00 /00

P RAP POS I N o .

a pp rox 2 h a

UMME N o .

2 00

Descr ip t ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E l eva t ion

c a . 2 00 m

F or t i f ied a c ropo l is , c a . 1 . 5 k m No fM i rou . S teep a nd r ocky t oN , b u t g en t le s l ope t oS . S eve ra l t ombs , b u t p robab ly n o t i nu se d u r ing L H I l . P e rhaps s upe rceded a s l o ca l c ap i ta l b y Mour ia tadha . S t ra teg ic i mpor tance d ue t oc on t ro l o f ma in r ou te

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion

Et oS ou l ima v a l ley .

MH , L H I I IB

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te rS ou rce /D is tance

C op ious s p r ing a tf o o t , p e renn ia l r i ve r .

M ic roc l ima te ( e sp . w ind c ond i t ions ) G ood .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

M a in l ine b yl a nd , 5k mt os ea . C on t ro l led ma jo r E -W r o u te .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

M ou r ia tadha < 2 k m .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

Se t t ing :

H i l l l a nd , d i ssec ted P l iocene s i l ty s ed imen ts a nd r o l l ing s ur faces o fs ha ley f l ysch .

Descr ip t ion o f c lay / te mper r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex ture , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

S o i l s amp le p rov ided b y Ca ro the rs v ery c oa rse , b rown . P oss ib ly m ix ( g iven c hem is t ry ) o fr ed a luv ium a nd ma r l o rp e rhaps ma r ine c l ays?? Co l lec ted n ea rs ea .

Th ickness /Ex tent Amount

Sa mp led

s amp le n umbe r (s )

o f

Depos it c l ay

One s amp le f r om Ca ro the rs .

1 14

t emper

A PPEND IX ONE : CERA M IC E COLOGY

S i te

Na me

Mour ia tadha E l l in iko

S i te S ize

Date PRAP

a pp rox 3 h a

POS I

UMME

No .

0 0 /00 /00 No .

2 0 1

D escr ipt ion o f s i te l oca t ion : E leva t ion

c a . 3 -400 m

1 . 5 km E o f Mou r ia tadha . F or t i f ied a c ropo l is h i l l , Nf l ank o f K ypa r iss ia moun ta in . F oss r ema ins o f" mega ron . " F oss c on t ro l led r ou te t o E , s upe rced ing P e r is te r ia d ur ing L H I IB , a s we l l a s p asses b e tween W a nd E c ha ins o fK ypa r iss ia m ts .

P e r iods o f Occupa t ion L H IB

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance M ic roc l ima te ( esp . w ind c ond i t ions ) F a i rt o P oo r .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l F ue l A va i lab i l i ty /Type

Ma in l ine b y l a nd , 7 km t os ea .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

P e r is te r ia < 2 km

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

Se t t ing :

D escr ipt ion

o f c lay / te mper

B ounda ry b e tween h i l l l a nds ( see P e r is te r ia ) a nd r i dge l a nds , e longa ted , s teep - s i ded h i l ls e roded f r om P l iocene c ong lomera tes .

r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex tu re , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

C a ro the rs ' s amp le v ery s andy , p oo r ma te r ia l .

T h ickness/Ex tent Amount

S a mp led

o f

Depos it c l ay

S o i l s amp le , C a ro the rs .

s amp le n umbe r (s )

Hs

t emper

APPEND IX ONE : CERA M IC ECOLOGY

S i te

N ame

V o idhok i l ia Pe t rochor i

Date PRAP

S i te S ize

POS I

0 0 /00 /00 No .

0 08

UMME No .

Descr ip t ion o f s i te l ocat ion : c oas ta l

E leva t ion

Sma l l t ho los t omb e xcava ted b y Mar ina tos . L oca ted a t Se nd o f h ead land N o fN ava r ino B ay .

P e r iods o f O ccupa t ion L H I I B

T ypes (s ) o f Wa te r S ou rce /D is tance

N ex tt os ea . N o s p r ing .

M ic roc l ima te ( e sp . w ind c ond i t ions )

Of ten q u i te w indy . N on -ex is ten t .

L and C lass /Ag P o ten t ia l

P oo r , s ome s c rub a l ong c oas t .

F ue l A va i lab i l i ty/Type

Good a ccess t os ea , s econda ry l a nd r ou te .

P os i t ion i nE xchange S ys tem

O smanaga a nd C ave o fN es to r ( c lose ) , B ey le rbe i , P o r tes < 5 km .

N ea res t N e ighbo r (s )

Geo log ica l

S e t t ing :

D escr ip t ion

o f c lay / te mper

T ho los b u i l t o n l i mes tone b ed rock a long c oas t , n ea r B ay o f N ava r ino . A rea o f" s t ruc tu ra l ly a l igned r i dges o f mode ra te r e l ie f . "

r esources :

c l ass , c o lo r , t ex ture , p las t ic i ty , e tc .

V e ry p oo r . N o ma r ine c l ay o u tc rops a l ong t h is s t re tch o fc oas t . A l luv ia l c l ays a va i lab le i n land .

Th ickness /Ex ten t Amount

S a mp led

o f

Depos i t c l ay

t emper

s amp le n umbe r (s )

T ook s and f r om b each . •

16

APPEND IX TWO : CHEM ICAL DATA

UNFIRED REG IONAL CLAYS

L oca t ion

A l

C a

F e

Mn

T i

Z n

Mou r ia tadha

6 936 .08

8 4 .55

6 67 1 .79

9 9 14 .53

7 07 .46

1 635 .78

2 163 .52

1 79 .99

5 08 .52

1 8 .36

1 2 .65

7 2 .08

K ab i rova

1108 .8

5 8 .11

128 10

2 0038 .8

8 88 .95

6 9 1 .6

6 4 1 .8

2 31 .53

3 38 .25

1 62 .6

8 1 .15

5 3 .5

K ouko tma ra

3 151 .8 1

2 5 .43

1 0439

5 700 .36

4 33 .7 1

5 28 .66

3 31 .83

1 2 1 .8

5 9 .92

1 .05

4 7 .49

7 . 54

P er i s ter ia

3 776 .54

4 6 .32

8 4758 .9

4 365 .75

4 75 .31

2 050 .59

5 28 .89

2 40

1 49 .22

1 45 .08

6 7 .92

2 1 .39

P a lace

1 0828 .4

4 1 .73

9 1313 .7

2 2848 .9

9 6 1 .0 1

1 4876 .3

6 57 .02

2 33 .94

4 28 .78

2 29 .37

1 05 .28

6 1 .97

P i rgo s

1 3354 .1

3 5 .26

8 3425 .6

2 6242 .6

9 49 .42

1 4669 .4

6 75 .6

2 15 .96

4 44 .0 1

1 78 .13

9 7 .82

6 7 .42

V romone r i

1 3850 .9

2 1 .54

1 07793

2 3096 .5

1 274 .6

1 6808 .2

5 70 .82

5 79 .9

3 72 .4

4 31 .08

7 9 .53

7 5 .36

L . G o rge

9 325 .59

5 4 .3

1 08582

1 2086 .2

7 05 .1

5 735 .2 1

4 59 .91

2 27 .65

2 19 .18

1 29 .81

4 4 .07

3 0 .97

L . G o rge R d .

1 2384 .7

6 1 .6

8 6588 .2

2 6593 .3

8 24

1 7379 .9

6 07 .77

1 88 .56

3 57 .94

1 80 .24

9 5 .07

6 1 .88

D ia le ska r i

8 435 .62

8 7

2 732 .63

1 8665 .4

6 54 .45

6 38 .84

1 200 .69

1 52 .57

7 1 .82

8 . 56

1 55 .12

1 2 .59

V ouna r ia

6 493 .37

3 6 .31

1 36960

1803 .3

9 00 .49

6 027 .87

3 34 .78

4 17 .51

3 10 .78

2 50 .82

3 1 .56

3 7 .97

N oza ina G rey

6 993 .16

17 .9

9 1052 .4

2 7124 .8

9 43 .4 1

1 9868 .8

6 72 .02

2 200 .9

5 77 .24

3 13 .86

12 .4 1

7 7 .79

N oza ina R ed

9 085 .6 1

3 3 .23

9 73 .63

1 0 168 .2

9 79 .18

1 586 .42

6 83 .47

7 35 .59

5 8 .92

7 . 9 1

13 .71

1 3 .9

N oza ina Y e l low

9 335 .31

4 2 .81

6 5770 .7

2 3153 .8

5 96 .23

1 0723 .6

7 25 .87

1 531 .2

4 94 .34

1 50 .44

9 4 .76

6 2 .79

N oza ina R ema

1 2802 .4

3 2 .8

8 1899 .5

2 0809

9 19 .8

1 3498 .5

7 11 .74

6 694 .2

4 07 .15

2 88 .43

6 3 .25

6 7 .66

Me taxada

1 5095 .9

4 9 .13

6 1936 .8

2 9866 .2

102 .5

1 5937 .4

7 34 .82

2 24 .99

4 51 .19

1 5 1 .0 1

9 4 .73

7 6 .67

Mn

Na

S r

T i

Z n

,

F IRED REG IONAL CLAYS ( 800 ° C )

L oca t ion

A l

Mou r ia tadha

1 5825 .4

6 7 .58

4 732 .35

5 930 .23

3 4 17 .85

3 579 .2

1 478

4 36 .98

5 86 .1

2 2 .35

6 6 .84

6 4

K ab i rova

1 9275 .6

9 8 .47

1 33979

1 9072 .9

3 966 .28

1 2525 .8

7 0 1 .65

162 .93

4 69 .17

1 97 .03

1 96 .38

5 3 .17

K oukouna ra

1 966 1 .4

3 4 .35

15 18

3 786 .46

1 737 .82

1 497 .9

3 42 .82

2 75 .4

1 5 1 .72

2 1 .9

6 4 .94

2 2 .38

P e r i s te r ia

1 2 16 1 .5

5 3 .37

7 7009 .9

3 444 .44

1 360 .04

2 250 .23

4 83 .07

3 78 .35

1 90 .42

1 38 .25

7 6 .2

1 6 .78

P a lace

1 6560 .1

8 9 .09

1 02 118

2 12 19 .7

4 572 .37

1 6435

6 93 .4

1 536 .52

5 00 .69

2 60 .09

2 70 .07

5 6 .1

P i rgo s

2 6956

7 6

1 06023

2 3370 .7

4 6 13 .51

1 66 15 .9

7 89 .76

1 42 1 .37

5 31 .86

2 26 .07

2 52 .19

6 2 .49

V romon e r i

3 6979 .6

1 06 .49

1 34676

2 9764 .9

8 840 .34

2 4354 .2

7 27 .59

2 987 .19

5 63 .56

5 32 .93

4 74 .29

9 1 .29

L . G o rge

4 1551 .7

1 60 .16

2 27 166

2 0692

5 516 .07

1 3372 .4

80 .73

1 881 .11

7 18 .93

2 86 .72

3 0 1 .92

7 0 .09

3 1366

9 6 .25

9 6473 .7

1 9303 .3

4 247 .99

1 7897 .3

6 4 1 .55

1 356 .77

4 65 .83

1 88 .66

2 52 .17

5 6 .39

D ia le ska r i

3 2731 .9

7 7 .06

3 232 .28

6 047 .33

3 483 .3

2 813 .17

7 85 .15

5 26 .86

1 69 .59

3 5

1 02 .95

4 2 .9 1

V o tma r ia

3 2799

1 05 .1

1 63705

1 4392 .6

5 137 .88

1 0352 .1

3 99 .7

1 681 .55

4 70 .4

2 90 .11

2 95 .9 1

6 2 .84

N oza ina G r ey

4 0460 .6

1 54 .73

1 0 177 1

3 6 448 .2

1 0546 .7

2 9631 .6

7 68 .27

4 638 .18

7 48 .26

3 46 .63

6 56 .85

9 8 .29

N oza ina R ed

3 6450 .5

4 8 .58

149 .34

3 579 .06

2 703 .13

2 692 .71

5 19 .86

8 50 .39

1 99 .58

2 3 .11

7 7 .96

2 5 .52

N oza ina Y e l low

2 1222 .9

9 7 .02

7 6784 .3

1 8439 .8

4 724 .06

1 3 166 .2

7 27 .18

2 381 .69

6 93 .97

1 60 .07

39 .74

7 2 .2

5 2946

1 85 .47

9 2793 .7

3 8359 .7

1 2724 .5

2 0239 .5

8 15 .73

8 56 1 .84

6 97 .43

3 27 .84

1 077 .87

7 6 .7

4 5544 .1

9 2 .77

7 0752 .9

2 0596 .7

4 272 .82

1 4637 .2

7 27 .37

1 804 .16

5 71 .67

1 59 .0 1

3 22 .24

5 7 .8 1

L . G o rge R d .

N oza ina R ema Me taxada

17

,

APPEND IX TWO : CHEM ICAL DATA A l

B a

C a

F e

Mn

Na

S r

T i

Z n

J C

8 8

5 2822 .3

2 17 .67

3 5699 .2

1 8317 .5

3 543 .73

5 490 .4 1

2 14 .44

4 098 .32

2 540 .24

1 47 .23

5 35 .16

3 9 .1

j c

9 8

4 0598 .5

1 44 .15

2 3749 .3

1 7895 .4

1 510 .19

5 357 .72

4 49 .32

9 52 .73

1 711 .39

9 9 .86

3 27 .02

4 8 .9

2 07 .64

2 729 .77

1 933 .68

1 08 .93

3 34 .48

2 6 .67

MG

6 9

3 7306 .3

1 88 .26

3 7168 .3

1 2007

2 497 .84

3 497 .0 1

MG

7 0

4 2873 .8

1 82 .78

7 3118 .8

1 9428 .7

3 886 .9 1

7 530 .93

3 62 .64

182 .77

2 052 .0 1

1 52 .73

4 53 .09

5 7 .32

MG

7 1

4 8221 .7

1 80 .12

2 9 185 .3

1 9872 .8

2 760 .59

8 368 .86

4 44

1 6 13 .94

1 709 .41

8 7 .4 1

4 33 .98

4 5 .52

MG

7 2

4 5393 .7

1 57 .7

7 5694 .3

2 2278 .4

2 825 .72

8 962 .7

4 08 .37

1 00 1 .19

3 327 .96

1 30 .37

5 08 .3

4 6 .04

MG

7 3

5 4607 .8

3 49 .59

4 4 187 .7

2 9682 .3

2 39 1 .65

9 528 .68

5 08 .4

1 287 .06

2 073 .54

1 94 .07

6 38 .05

4 7 .35

MG

7 4

4 6515 .7

2 05 .78

6 7243 .8

2 1346 .2

2 776 .11

6 000 .58

3 99 .9 1

2 164 .58

2 692 .07

1 59 .14

5 60 .65

4 2 .32

MG

8 6

4 5362 .2

4 24 .35

4 0434 .6

2 3221 .6

3 149 .28

6 639 .87

5 02 .67

1 727 .09

7 574 .8

1 65 .26

4 98 .92

4 4 .32

MG

8 7

4 4 103 .4

3 11 .33

3 0947 .5

2 1878 .6

2 750 .08

8 727 .92

4 57 .88

2 230 .6

9 510 .65

1 35 .45

5 07 .14

5 4 .4

MG

9 0

2 8779 .1

2 98 .96

2 14 19 .6

1 0 194 .1

2 744 .1

2 943 .62

3 29 .0 1

1 451 .22

8 667 .11

1 39 .73

2 19 .69

3 4 .1

MG

8 9

4 8690 .6

3 54 .42

3 7120 .1

1 5535

3 07 1 .26

3 555 .64

3 19 .26

4 131 .05

8 240 .28

1 99 .46

8 40 .49

4 1 .02

MG

8 8

5 7792 .6

6 0 1 .37

3 8042 .4

2 2247 .8

1 72 1 .99

4 727 .34

2 95 .42

4 6 12 .23

2 1196 .1

1 92 .48

1 234 .79

4 2 .28

MG

5 3

4 76 13 .5

3 4 1 .77

3 5804 .2

2 24 11 .2

3 363 .75

5 252 .65

1 067 .11

5 245 .76

1 622 .1

2 31 .9

6 63 .08

4 3 .93

MG

5 4

5 7327 .5 ' 3 18 .32

4 8127 .4

2 0455 .6

5 750 .32

1 0836 .1

5 45 .36

4 173 .1

9 59 .56

2 32 .82

5 97 .11

3 9 .08

MG

5 5

4 3748 .2

2 02 .5

3 46 12 .9

1 5630 .5

3 569 .86

5 863 .29

4 42 .02

2 945 .21

'9 28 .86

1 55 .0 1

4 99 .11

4 0 .4 1

MG

5 6

4 3008 .5

1 83 .59

3 8528 .3

1 89 13 .3

2 452 .2 1

4 934 .24

4 9 1 .62

3 396 .84

8 43 .53

2 04 .18

4 97 .29

3 2 .33

MG

5 7

3 7133 .4

17 .11

2 9403 .8

1 2149 .4

1 258 .15

2 889 .21

3 49 .26

3 488 .72

6 34 .52

1 32 .17

6 34 .32

2 2 .94

MG

5 8

4 3929 .5

1 56 .02

4 4352 .9

1 0078 .1

3 084 .55

3 059 .86

2 85 .26

3 355 .82

7 79 .29

2 13 .92

5 19 .24

3 0 .2

MG

1 25

3 0653 .8

1 30 .32

7 534 .65

2 1280 .2

1 76 1 .56

4 0 10 .64

4 15 .8

5 19 .97

7 52 .83

3 2 .57

2 2 1 .26

2 8 .0 1

MG

1 26

4 9335 .5

1 29 .4 1

2 7006 .3

1 8711 .9

2 351 .1

4 438 .44

3 17 .89

2 254 .17

4 523 .84

7 2 .59

5 24 .12

2 5 .38

MG

1 27

5367 .9

2 33 .69

4 2979 .9

2 2557 .3

2 905 .9 1

5 750 .33

5 11 .46

3 565 .27

1 523 .2

1 92 .51

157 .3

4 6 .28

MG

1 28

2 6926 .3

1 30 .04

'6 510 .64

5 253 .77

1 922 .47

1 077 .88

7 23 .47

2 46 .88

3 6 1 .68

3 2 .6

1 45 .98

1 6

MG

1 29

5 8123

1 90 .05

4 7744 .4

3 3740 .2

2 558 .87

1 26 12

8 67 .83

10 1 .7 1

1 7 13 .55

19 .89

8 92 .81

6 9 .19

MG

1 30

4 6883

1 21 .65

19 12 .4

2 9032 .8

182 .72

2 646 .03

3 07 .54

2 96 .37

7 7 1 .44

4 7 .8 1

2 53 .1

2 6 .58

MG

1 3 1

4 9833 .5

2 40 .03

4 4862 .9

2 6 185 .2

1 532 .38

5 985 .95

4 10 .36

2 865 .03

2 886 .67

2 14 .96

1 006 .22

3 6 .62

MG

2 2

4 8859 .3

1 87 .57

4 7602 .6

1 4533

2 463 .97

1 786 .43

2 37 .47

3 872 .78

4 77 .14

2 08 .08

198 .63

3 5 .28

MG

2 3

5 9827 .9

1 75 .73

4 2967 .3

1 9099 .5

2 6 17 .12

1 480 .2

2 33 .75

3 709 .9

5 18 .75

' 2 12 .94

2 251 .82

3 3 .15

MG

2 4

4 82 12 .6

1 64 .0 1

3 3560 .2

1 7196 .5

1 852 .6

3 732 .57

2 27 .17

3 029 .5

6 77 .54

1 63 .58

6 64 .75

2 2 .1

MG

2 5

5 0262 .1

2 30 .79

4 1997 .8

1 8432 .6

3 255 .85

5 598 .95

3 89 .43

3 054 .69

6 06 .15

3 40 .09

6 23 .75

4 5 .85

MG

3 6

5 54 14 .2

2 39 .58

4 3194 .5

1 6635

2 577 .15

327 .33

2 98 .04

5 504 .19

1 380 .03

2 38 .25

8 65 .05

3 .42

MG

4 1

5 0 100 .2

2 2 1 .83

'5 8656 .8

3 0388 .2

3 115 .88

8 545 .15

5 6 1 .11

1 086 .8

1 823 .0 1

1 70 .62

7 37 .57

5 4 .96 '

MG

4 2

3 6448 .1

2 08 .0 1

6 4858 .4

1 664 1

4 2 15 .1

4 2 12 .92

3 92 .9 1

2 495 .23

1 227 .48

1 77 .69

5 29 .88

4 5 .69

MG

3 8

3 7355 .5

2 03 .95

3 7609 .5

1 7436 .1

3 484 .8

4 430 .82

3 55 .7

2 307 .88

1 065 .6

17 .24

3 99 .54

4 5 .6

MG

3 9

5 2299 .3

1 56 .49

5 3896 .2

2 4809 .7

3 959 .22

9 774 .63

5 19 .05

1 421 .72

1 259 .06

1 21 .4 1

6 32 .14

6 4 .88

MG

4 0

4 8677 .7

2 17 .89

3 8972 .7

2 0540 .2

3 278 .21

5 164 .16

4 18 .12

3 184 .17 ' 9 6 1 .07

1 59 .88

5 63 .4

4 0 .54

_ l c

1 55

4 8112 .5

1 59 .42

5 3557 .3

1 4733 .3

4 637 .0 1

4 7 11 .6 1

4 11 .22

2 784 .0 1

5 92 .73

2 0 1 .22

4 54 .57

3 4 .78

j c

1 59

2 2026 .4

7 2 .3

3 4066 .2

8 983 .56

5 71 .86

4 6 12 .29

1 34 .53

8 72 .3

6 03 .57

7 6 .95

2 47 .72

2 8 .7 1

J C

1 60

1 8604 .7

1 04 .51

5 221 .99

1 49 15 .1

2 092 .72

4 932 .69

4 76 .04

5 00 .2

6 0 .03

2 7 .72

7 7 .48

5 1 .58

J C

1 62

8 155 .43

5 9 .26

7 390 .52

3 674 .69

10 1 .47

1 497 .27

1 02 .28

5 15 .92

1 62 .29

2 5 .35

7 6 .3 1

9 .42

JC

1 77

3 3457 .8

2 98 .73

4 4069 .4

1 5194 .6

2 659 .24

2 504 .31

5 35 .06

4 4 1 .43

1 36 .65

1 98 .67

5 8 .62

4 3 .68

J C

1 88

2 3252 .2

18 .62

4 8804 .4

5 489 .2

1 5 19 .9 1

6 388 .43

8 6 .97

6 55 .08

5 77 .7

1 00 .59

1 98 .93

1 6 .08

,

,

,

1

, ,

4

18

APPEND IX TWO : CHE M ICAL DATA A l

B a

C a

F e

Mn

N a

S r

T i

Z n

j c

1 90

4 38 12 .2

1 36 .3 1

3 2774 .6

1276 .9

2 690 .95

1 923

5 5 .38

2 2 19 .13

2 0 1 .38

1 60 .86

2 27 .12

1 2 .76

J C

1 9 1

2 1202 .5

7 5 .87

6 035 .96

1 6268 .8

3 181 .49

5 256 .53

5 27 .11

8 89 .4

1 44 .98

4 3 .08

7 4 .95

4 9 .7

J C

11

4 1445 .6

2 77 .35

3456 .1

8 178 .35

1 978 .97

2 240 .63

2 0 1 .54

2 727 .2 1

3 39 .55

14 .79

1 79 .6 1

1 8 .29 '

J C

13

4 5034 .6

1 2 1 .67

2 3090

1 0862 .4

1 234 .36

3 152 .27

2 47 .38

8 68 .26

3 64 .33

6 6 .37

2 99 .49

1 7 .39

J C

15

6 0643 .5

2 30 .67

4 2284 .2

1 8984 .4

4 729 .48

7 815 .19

3 67 .86

2 4 16 .42

7 39 .87

1 56 .4 1 '6 24 .26

3 .85

J C

18

5 7790 .?

2 99 .97

4 80 15 .2

1 5057

2 864 .78

6 275 .86

3 87 .51

5 267 .36

4 70 .23

1 70 .9 1 '5 09 .77

3 4 .79

J C

1 20

6 1705 :4

3 49 .83

8 4753 .6

2 9846 .5

5 64 1 .11

1 20 17 .9

6 92 .39

1 644 .36

6 84 .55

2 0 1 .99

5 43 .35

7 7 .69

J C

1 22

4 1320 .7

2 20 .7

2 8985 .6

1 4402 .6

2 144 .75

4 627 .18

3 89 .98

2 522 .84

5 25 .63

1 24 .11

3 76 .43

2 9 .9 1

J C

1 24

5 110 1 .9

2 03 .53

6 5168 .3

2 9827 .4

2 142 .25 ' 9 279

5 65 .63

3 27 .73

9 02 .85

7 4 .18

J C

1 27

5 3729

2 99 .24

3 8407 .3

2 1116 .9

2 814 .31

6 396 .65

6 8 1 .64

2 514 .24

6 50 .1

1 46 .78

4 52 .88

3 8 .83

J C

1 34

3 2480 .6

3 96 .36

4 860 .63

2 1366 .9

2 323 .62

3 0 14 .87

5 13 .38

3 99 .13

1 37 .59

5 8 .7 1

1 40 .52

5 .79

J C

1 38

5 9481 .8

2 17 .69

4 6555 .3

2 2232 .3

338 .47

7 958 .86

4 78 .77

3 078 .54

7 82 .78

1 83 .45 ' 8 30 .6

4 2 .88

J C

1 40

6 2332 .4

2 68 .84

4 6465 .2

1 6286 .3

4 340 .44

5 89 1 .45

9 14 .77

2 764 .23

7 05 .7

1 8 1 .24

5 47 .04

4 4 .57

J C

1 50

3 4667 .6

4 34 .28

4 681 .52

2 2286 .5

2 235 .58

2 934 .47

7 43 .09

3 9 1 .48

1 76 .78

6 0 .14

1 66 .63

5 8 .07

i c

1 53

4 0630 .8

1 67 .0 1

3 4537 .3

1 0604 .7

1 358 .62

3 177 .9 1

3 57 .48

1 627 .05

3 82 .16

1 08 .36

35 .87

2 1 .09

J C

6 2

4

3 4576 .5

1 7033 .4

2 049 .97

9 506 .72

2 83 .85

4 524 .34

1 806 .76

1 57 .0 1

4 30 .93

2 5 .16

J C

9 1

4 06-

2 47 17 .4

8 993 .33

1 300 .03

3 455 .05

2 25 .2 1

1 047 .76

1 534 .95

8 2 .79

2 38 .99

2 7 .49

J C

1 02

5 3519 .6

2 78 .7

4 49 ,;3

2 9896 .3

4 202 .44

8 686 .9 1

8 99 .95

7 29 .06

2 317 .63

9 9 .0 1

4 19 .56

8 7 .62

j c

6 4

4 596 1 .4

1 4 1 .24

3 7726 .2

2 1271 .3

1 508 .89

1 0749 .3

2 97 .48

4 026 .57

1 032 .44

1 54 .43

6 25 .9

3 .47

J C

6 6

4 4680 .7

1 75 .3

2 568 1 .5

1788 .2

2 070 .26

5 335 .26

2 09 .95

3 793 .88

5 4 1 .19

3 69 .64

3 82 .72

1 4 .05

J C

6 7

4 4712

1 67 .37

1 8 134 .9

2 1365 .2

1 693 .31

8 939 .54

5 09 .49

1 46 1 .88

6 87 .71

10 .48

3 18 .22

3 0 .53

J C

6 9

' '

. , .45

1 4578 .7

3 5849 .6

2 9 44 .73

2 092 .27

6 22 .06

114 .42

6 462

9 7 .2

1 7 5 .8

6 2 .74

J C

'

1 42 .32

1 97 15 .8 • 9 884 .6 1

1 208 .62

3 589 .1

2 47 .9

2 735 .4 1

4 31 .68

1 80 .65

2 77 .51

1 .7

+ v287 .4

2 02 .46

6 0629 .6

2 4399

3 127 .45

7 885 .2 1

33 .98

1 4 14 .52

8 37 .6

1 67 .46

3 26 .88

4 8 .18

J C

i9.09

' ;

me m i rd P.

,

1

. _ .

M I

M

.21

'4 48 .37 ' 7 8 .19

Mi

j c

5 8

130 .66

1 3 .95

8 11 .9

1 5 14 .65

2 53 .98

1 75 .27

7 1 .53

1 94 .18

3 7 .83

6 .04

1 9 .06

4 . 37

j c

5 7

4 2307

1 84 .23

2 4042 .5

1 0436 .9

2 293 .24

2 581 .48

2 36 .35

2 679 .13

4 4 1 .4

9 6 .15

2 93 .66

1 7 .03

J C

5 4

4 6997 .4

1 42 .05

3 5995 .9

1 09 11 .7

3 024 .75

4 074 .1

2 31 .1

3 924 .84

5 00 .13

1 78 .31

2 98 .6 1

2 9 .72 '

J C

3 6

6 1284 .8

1 06 .74

1 4 172 .1

3 6353 .7

2 123 .63

5 969 .99

3 78 .06

3 82 .23

4 99 .4 1

3 4

5 76 .15

5 7 .43

J C

3 2

5 6748 .4

5 8 .22

3 4 10 .7 1

4 5459 .9

199 .76

6 89 .74

2 09 .64

1 68 .19

5 09 .43

1 4 .88

3 14 .52

3 4 .2 1

J C

3 0

3 8472 .9

3 72 .45

1 4 155

2 2988 .7

4 233 .45

3 662 .9

1 636 .74

1 251 .3

9 554 .65

1 97 .45

1 93 .84

5 3 .69

J C

2 4

3 4368 .6

2 56 .63

3 2324 .2

1 7486 .1

2 356 .26

4 153 .06

5 75 .84

1 340 .2 1

4 75 .1

18 .74

2 45 .97

3 2 .64

J C

1 9

7 3694 .5

11 .78

4 471 .82

2 1481 .8

2 668 .37

4 260 .47

1 54 1 .48

3 37 .35

4 510 .95

1 6 .7

3 94

7 9 .87

j c

7 7

5 4487

2 18 .58

2 8 153 .2

1 6894 .8

2 677 .98

9 7 17 .69

4 24 .44

3 781 .98

1 377 .34

1 4 1 .6

3 28 .29

2 4 .87

J C

7 8

4 8063 .1

2 63 .16

2 8659 .3

2 2564 .4

1 4 12 .47

2 1823 .2

5 4 1 .87

2 510 .27

2 148 .66

1 47 .3

5 84 .48

3 6 .42

j c

7 9

5 2258

1 31 .68

1 5322 .1

2 9980 .2

2 20 1 .48

6 389 .44

7 92 .9

4 13 .48

3 851 .29

4 3 .36

4 28 .13

7 0 .88

J C

8 0

3 2933 .6

1 04 .47

1 4 448 .5

6 260 .4

8 77 .33

1 646 .94

1 48 .68

2 745 .94

3 874 .42

5 8 .15

2 69

J C

8 4

2 6088 .2

1 83 .32

1 77 19 .3

1 0492 .7

1 439 .29

1 476 .78

1 80 .51

175 .6

9 20 .14

6 4 .78

1 88 .6 1

1 9 .3

J C

8 6

3 7454

2 10 .28

6 949 .63

2 4269 .3

2 780 .33

5 225 .65

5 26 .8 1

3 65 .63

1 9 14 .48

3 8 .5

7 3 .94

7 7 .18

1 0 .51 '

MG

1

4 9328 .1

7 8 .69

1360 .7

1 7659 .7

56 .14

3 525 .4

2 87 .93

4 55 .08

2 981 .6 1

3 9 .49

5 32 .17

2 1

MG

6

5 0223 .9

2 30 .09

3 6969 .6

3 062 1 .8

3 17 1 .57

7 682 .56

6 64 .85

1 336 .62

2 076 .66

1 53 .96

5 39 .14

3 6 .82

MG

7

4 1752 .5

1 56 .84

2 8754 .1

1 5835 .6

2 777 .08

5 393 .53

3 25 .17

1 453 .86

1 4 19

14 .0 1

3 32 .2

-1 . 6

r

19

APPEND IX TWO : CHE M ICAL DATA I D

A l

B a

C a

F e

S r

T i

Z n

1 78 .39

4 7505 .5

2 2584 .6

2 313 .05

5 446 .88

4 25 .12

2 6 11 .14

1 598 .78

1 63 .4 1

6 34 .52

4 5 .12

Mg

MG

8

4 7840 .2

MG

9

3 3313 .8

2 84 .38

1 3366 .6

1 3904 .2

9 88 .53

1 856 .28

2 04 .62

5 2 1 .79

3 44 .08

9 6 .66

3 85 .76

1 8 .03

MG

1 0

4 7052 .7

1 90 .7 1

3 8495 .9

2 2402 .8

4 656 .96

5 8 16 .86

4 36 .84

1 954 .76

7 52 .66

1 27 .85

4 89 .04

4 2 .73

MG

1

4 9625 .3

1 56 .31

4 4868

2 1318 .6

2 576 .87

7 135 .2 1

3 43 .4

3 151 .0 1

7 19 .0 1

1 46 .33

6 42 .31

4 5 .62

MG

1 2

3 4948 .4

1 20 .96

2 0632 .3

1 04 11 .7

7 74 .45

2 184 .25

3 15 .53

2 773 .2 1

1 289 .6 1

6 7 .14

4 12 .89

1 0 .78

MG

1 3

5 5339 .6

1 89 .75

3 192 1 .8

1 9045

2 734 .32

7 465 .64

2 96 .17

2 759 .28

9 59 .07

1 29 .18

4 22 .06

4 1 .69

MG

1 4

5 4 173A

2 04 .42

3 9682

2 6800 .9

2 49 1 .22

6 489 .52

4 19 .02

1 8 19 .44

2 393 .07

1 34 .59

5 74 .4

3 3 .42

MG

1 5

5 8119

2 46 .57

4 0584 .3

2 6227 .8

4 268 .16

1 0595 .8

4 67 .12

3 520 .44

2 387 .13

1 86 .52

5 97 .94

4 5 .68

MG

1 6

5 59 18 .9

1 93 .0 1

4 5430

2 3278 .8

192 .54

4 0 18 .44

4 78 .48

1 882 .73

6 805 .1

2 90 .88

1 398 .3

3 8 .98

MG

1 7

5 4785

1 57 .62

3 8836 .7

2 4938 .6

3 375 .16

9 495 .98

5 38 .23

1 512 .13

1 220 .15

1 20 .76

6 13 .8

5 0 .83

MG

1 8

5 0778 .6

1 36 .8 1

4 4684 .5

1 4 183 .5

2 272 .94

2 123 .08

2 25 .25

3 456 .51

8 66 .86

2 00 .85

1 04 1 .2

3 4 .11

MG

1 9

3 3936 .7

2 00 .74

9 076 .2

3 0486 .6

1849 .4

9 557 .21

5 37 .28

5 86 .77

8 88 .85

4 5 .45

2 34 .2

9 0 .27

MG

2 0

4 8508 .3

1 97 .64

5 0883 .2

1 3349 .1

3 4 17 .4 1

4 720 .68

1 40 .28

3 621 .07

8 05 .46

1 98 .55

5 21 .38

2 7 .26

MG

2 1

5 9623 .6

1 78 .39

5 2328 .5

3 10 19 .3

2 090 .75

1090 .8

5 92 .46

199 .22

1 810 .31

1 4 1 .87

7 17 .81

5 9 .98

MG

2 6

4 9985 .4

2 48 .31

3 9922 .9

2 2656 .8

2 730 .46

6 0 16 .35

3 00 .06

3 2 18 .54

2 9 12 .77

1 64 .3

6 20 .03

2 9 .16

5 1243 .5

2 19 .16

4 8711 .6

2 3084 .3

2 216 .72

7 296 .84

4 16 .71

2 870 .4

14 1 .54

1 65 .19

6 20 .62

4 4 .86

MG

' 4

2 7

. 1

e

V

1

1

1

1

i

MG

2 8

5 3100 .9

1 85 .31

5 1580 .9

2 2546 .5

4 394 .64

9 472 .95

3 49 .09

1 435 .96

2 627 .47

1 32 .27

5 37 .32

5 5 .3

MG

2 9

4 3050 .9

2 32 .73

4 60 17 .7

1 4877

3 008 .28

3 644 .14

2 15 .64

3 387 .9

1 358 .84

1 88 .19

5 44 .4

3 .32

MG

3 0

4 2995 .3

2 64 .2

7 7535 .7

2 5648 .9

4 374 .02

9 656 .07

5 24 .28

1 263 .62

2 950 .34

2 07 .35

4 85 .04

6 5 .48

MG

3 1

6 0538 .7

2 36 .0 1

4 0407 .5

2 9900 .9

5 807 .11

1959 .1

6 11

9 99 .8 1

2 559 .86

1 53 .99

4 02 .86

7 5 .4

MG

3 2

4 3460 .7

2 09 .69

5 7533 .6

1 7372 .6

5 379 .93

6 283 .53

3 89 .76

1 783 .23

1 79 1 .51

1 52 .71

4 00 .61

4 6 .9

MG

3 3

4 8540 .7

1 48 .11

5 7744 .9

2 9609 .2

2 727 .39

8 623 .77

5 16 .13

8 9 1 .47

3 206 .35

1 05 .17

5 47 .84

5 5 .46

MG

3 4

5 3785 .1

1 25 .67

2 9875 .8

2 7289 .4

4 513 .21

8 920 .48

4 87 .29

8 83 .88

1 4 14 .58

7 7 .35

5 88 .03

6 1 .2

MG

3 5

5 0095 .6

2 08 .76

4 6873 .6

2 8528 .9

2 518 .02

7 826 .45

6 81 .11

1 390 .6

2 878 .51

1 35 .87

5 4 1 .93

4 2 .11

MG

3 7

4 8473 .1

2 35 .82

4 6732 .9

2 4465 .9

3 6 14 .8

7 16 1 .88

4 96 .85

1 760 .08

2 196 .4

1 50 .12

5 4 1 .92

5 8 .63

MG

4 3

4 0889 .9

1 86 .22

4 3976 .3

1 8743 .2

3 389 .42

5 429 .19

3 00 .53

1 879 .92

1 034 .35

1 35 .5

3 96 .51

4 7 .57

MG

4 4

5 0632 .9

1 23 .98

3 0519 .5

3 54 11

2 856 .52

8 784 .47

5 47 .75

2 27 .54

9 83 .9 1

5 0 .99

5 63 .57

6 3 .9 1

MG

4 5

4 6780 .9

2 37 .79

5 0508 .2

1 6942 .9

3 342 .32

4 423 .6 1

3 31 .06

3 172 .96

9 730 .47

2 00 .87

5 26 .11

4 9 .99

MG

4 6

5 9 112 .8

3 88 .74

4 5188 .6

2 5280 .5

1 3009 .4

9 323 .76

8 52 .21

2 040 .52

3 50 1 .02

2 25 .39

4 38 .8

5 0 .99

MG

4 7

5 0 187 .5

2 08 .92

2 4032 .7

2 4888 .6

196 .7 1

8 667 .71

6 50 .74

147 .63

1 5200 .5

5 8 .49

5 55 .99

6 2 .6

MG

4 8

4 6 107 .5

2 45 .11

2 3735 .5

1 9277 .3

3 778 .97

4 460 .13

6 14 .28

2 179 .85

159 1 .3

7 9 .58

4 24 .02

4 4 .66

MG

4 9

4 5197 .7

2 59 .36

3 1605 .8

2 1054 .5

3 296 .0 1

4 363 .58

3 90 .66

2 540 .44

7 233 .91

1 36 .63

5 94 .4

4 2 .85

MG

5 0

5 7 182 .1

1 90 .69

3 2092 .5

2 7118 .3

1 608 .04

7 836 .29

4 59 .46

1 499 .89

1 0 147 .3

9 1 .32

7 49 .75

3 5 .95

MG ' 5 2

5 5297 .4

2 15 .33

3 6000 .3

1 84 14 .1

3 6 19 .87

5 199 .9 1

2 88 .52

3 451 .25

7 137 .18

1 78 .0 1

5 79 .8

3 9 .02

MG

9 '5

5 0032 .1

1 83 .5

2054 .3 3 9988 .5 ' 2

3 172 .86

8 328 .64

4 7 1 .44

1 762 .06

1 495 .28

1 29

4 88 .36

5 8 .6

MG

6 0

4 8039 .8

2 50 .72

3 7430 .8

2 0600 .7

2 963 .85

5 212 .92

7 49 .04

3 434 .24

1 974 .74

1 83 .19

6 58 .95

2 7 .1

MG

6 1

4 9943 .4

2 54 .29

4 2760 .1

2 1490 .1

7 000 .76

7 596 .2

6 93 .21

2 556 .67

1 653 .81

2 31 .81

4 62 .85

6 0 .39

MG

6 2

3 4702

1 86 .31

1 70 18 .6

8 636 .67

2 66 1 .84

2 539 .42

4 39 .34

6 27 .12

8 69 .08

8 2 .54

1 80 .62

3 0 .6 1

MG

6 3

5 5207 .8

2 31 .47

4 5333 .9

2 4693 .4

2 960 .27

7 599 .98

5 98 .96

2 960 .93

1 325 .88

1 84 .31

6 94 .16

5 1 .24

MG

6 4

4 6 116

2 87 .36

5 2351 .2

2 4084 .6

7 884 .9

7 578 .74

6 03 .13

1 902 .78

2 485 .87

1 87 .89

5 33 .72

5 0 .24

MG

6 5

5 4702 .8

2 77 .96

3 9704 .5

34 1 .8 1 3 5403 .4 _ 6

8 170 .24

8 4 1 .4

7 50 .11

1 650 .27

1 56 .7

5 2 1 .7

7 5 .72

4

1 20

e

APPEND IX TWO : CHE M ICAL DATA I D

A l

B a

C a

F e

Mn

Na

S r

T i

2 3 1 .18

3 9447 .1

2 5070 .9

3 226 .75

6 545 .93

5 65 .86

1 869 .02

1 738 .0 1

1 62 .33

6 38 .45

4 8 .75

1 2 1 .76

3 03 14 .8

1 030 1 .1

2 107 .78

9 079 .31

3 06 .16

3 542 .32

7 03 .19

1 24 .84

3 4 1 .03

2 0 .93

2 52 .84

5 6005 .9

2 0 114 .7

5 287 .77

7 828 .39

7 30 .51

2 183 .18

136 .73

1 85 .24

4 34 .16

6 4 .04

MG

6 6

5 3027 .9

MG

6 7

3 094 1

MG

6 8

4 3037

MG

7 5

4 7350 .1

2 90 .09

3 9 144 .4

2 4269 .5

7 227 .16

6 562 .83

5 2 1 .05

2 0 44 .82

2 084 .57

1 66 .71

4 9 1 .7

6 5 .79

MG

7 6

5 40 15

2 16 .2

7 5924 .3

2 3006 .4

1 670 .14

5 770 .88

4 27 .6

3 26 1 .19

2 858 .19

2 79 .9

1 092 .45

3 7 .55

MG

7

5 2103 .8

1 85 .68

6 8627 .3

3 1198 .3

2 6 12 .1

9 126 .14

7 98 .74

8 73 .3

3 899 .3

1 39 .88

6 37 .4 1

5 7 .43

MG

7 8

4 8865 .9

2 38 .29

6 0353 .2

2 1039 .8

2 921 .08

7 539 .9 1

6 98 .25

2 705 .29

2 175 .7

1 76 .96

5 57 .32

4 9 .47

MG

7 9

4 6803 .7

2 56 .03

4 60 10 .9

1 9407 .7

1 688 .23

4 397 .48

4 57 .89

3 226 .59

3 22 1 .66

2 16 .17

6 43 .33

2 8 .85

MG

g o

4 8484

2 89 .74

4 0503 .6

2 4218 .1

6 59 1 .36

7 132 .85

5 09 .75

1 98 1 .66

2 086 .93

1 63 .75

5 09 .78

7 2 .63

MG

8 1

5 2951 .9

2 74 .71

4 4817 .8

2 4825 .9

1 370 .24

4 887 .24

5 14 .45

'2 409 .9 1

3 393 .33

2 09 .54

7 68 .36

2 7 .37

MG

8 2

5 2285 .2

1 96 .32

5 2433 .7

2 5115 .1

2 483 .82

7 180 .5

3 6 1 .05

2 234 .44

3 576 .51

1 49 .75

r7 52 .51

4 0 .99

MG

8 3

4 1092

2 43 .31

7 1906 .9

2 4 189 .7

3 639 .06

6 662 .54

6 65 .37

7 99

2 851 .59

1 32 .82

3 97 .29

7 0 .4

MG

8 4

3 6960 .3

18 .81

6 7 11 .3 1

2 8160 .4

1 59 1 .19

2 600 .39

3 45 .16

1 50 .93

1 007 .75

3 0 .85

2 15 .44

4 1 .33

MG

10

4 7795 .7

1 48 .32

4 0217 .5

2 8646 .9

5 323 .9 1

7 435 .58

5 98 .17

147 .36

4 04 1 .44

1 35 .04

4 52 .57

5 1 .34

MG

1 1

5 6999 .1

8 4 .82

3 4736 .8

3 0765 .3

2 6 19 .4

1 0 112 .1

5 58 .8 1

3 72 .59

3 18 1 .88

5 2 .38

6 69 .84

5 0 .94

MG

16

6 0812 .4

2 02 .16

3 1909 .2

2 9259 .2

3 158 .26

8 865 .33

3 77 .76

1 322 .16

1 238 .55

1 54 .69

5 63 .2

4 7 .06

MG

17

5 2583 .6

2 33 .07

4 3950 .3

2 3080

2 906 .08

6 884 .24

4 55 .46

3 168 .8

3 705 .76

2 17 .02

7 17 .95

4 0 .03

MG

18

5 4517 .4

1 03 .57

2 7536 .4

3 560 1 .4

1 899 .19

1202 .8

7 11 .1

5 20 .76

2 682 .75

4 8 .6

5 60 .6

5 2 .6

, MG

19

6 1568 .6

2 77 .05

3 80 18 .5

2 6518 .4

2 952 .24

7 424 .32

5 35 .84

1 834 .81

4 654 .5

1 68 .23

6 96 .85

4 6 .4 1

MG

1 20

6 3382 .7

2 33 .66

4 5069 .4

3 4595 .7

2 071 .26

1 5113 .7

8 67 .72

1 039 .83

4 524 .03

1 4 1 .06

5 52 .35

7 5 .85

MG

1 2 1

4 6229 .4

2 26 .22

2 8114 .8

2 1855 .8

3 032 .59

8 813 .81

4 45 .08

1 281 .9 1

1 673 .33

1 21 .8

4 05 .9 1

6 3 .84

MG

1 22

6 3831 .2

2 46 .05

4 2709 .5

2 4989 .8

2 603 .8

8 602 .33

5 59 .47

3 444 .1

5 829 .04

1 84 .86

8 32 .9

3 0 .33

MG

1 23

5 4664 .1

2 83 .4

3 7266 .2

2 732 1 .9

2 492 .98

4 96 .8

2 090 .19

190 .62

1 42 .3

6 12 .2

5 2 .3

MG

1 2 ,

5 9691 .5

2 38 .27

4 1800 .9

2 4563 .3

2 855 .05

1 09 12

6 7 1 .65

2 824 .17

2 0 40 .24 '1 79 .84

6 19 .46

5 7 .74

MG

1 .

'6 56 16 .6

2 59 .48

4 6392

3 1239 .3

3 0 11 .69

9 746 .05

6 51 .39

2 325 .55

7 626 .22

1 77 .39

8 46

5 4 .38

MG

1 33

2 7325 .9

9 2 .68

9 651 .36

1047 .7

7 66 .34

3 417 .75

4 57 .96

162 .17

1 75 1 .73

3 8 .52

2 73 .7 1

1 9 .26

MG

1 34

5 0420

1 85 .94

2 9444 .3 ,

2 8718 .8

2 706 .53

6 206 .16

3 97 .13

1 3 16 .35

2 889 .5

13 .28

4 76 .95

5 9 .9

MG

1 35

5 9080 .4

1 56 .55

3 0775 .2

3 9431 .7

2 421 .64

1606 .1

9 6 1 .82

5 39 .7 1

8 135 .48

7 0 .49

5 55 .59

8 4 .64

MG

1 36

4 8427 .7

2 57 .33

3 7989 .5

2 1424 .3

1 376 .15

4 451 .16

4 54 .69

4 8 10 .18

6 715 .37

1 86 .57

7 68 .17

4 0 .99

MG

1 37

5 4 446 .6

3 00 .55

5 5565 .4

1 4860 .5

1 628 .88

1 950 .72

2 04 .34

2 802 .98

5 54 .54

1 96 .22

1 307 .08

3 0 .75

MG

1 38

4 2511 .7

3 97 .85

5 4274 .2

1 7471 .3

1 946 .83

4 755 .68

3 28 .78

2 625 .6 1

5 49 .78

1 24 .79

4 30 .4 1

2 7 .2

MG

1 39

3 4630 .3

4 74 .37

4 4719 .4

1 4357 .2

1 762 .14

4 308 .79

2 62 .02

2 172 .93

4 43 .08

1 05 .06

3 54 .69

2 5 .26

MG

1 40

4 1550 .7

3 9 2 .51

'8 8007 .1

2 7262 .1

1 855

3 46 .85 ' 6 48 .39

6 69 .24

1 58 .1

4 64 .99

3 0 .99

MG

1 4 1

5 8327 .7

2 54 .98

3 6284 .8

3 1377

1 672 .2

9 153 .38

7 15 .19

6 82 .3

2 1963 .6

10 .79

6 6 1 .47

8 7 .84

MG

1 5 1

6 1102 .4

2 50 .4 1

5 5198 .3

1 7109 .3

3 773 .73

8 358 .17

3 37 .9

6 759 .5

169 .42

3 07 .62

7 79 .2

3 8 .3

J C

1

5 8444 .5

1 38 .4 1

2 9 170 .2

2 28 18

1 659 .43

5 849 .35

2 69 .4

2 6 18 .4

3 003 .15

1 57 .66

1 258 .24

3 3 .45

J C

2

5 6254 .6

1 29 .86

1 737 .04

4 4 138

2 257 .68

7 339 .6

9 88 .45

1 66 .84

1 822 .81

1 3 .16

3 99 .11

6 3 .58

J C

3

4 7 109 .9

1 2 1 .54

2 207 .45

2 5510 .3

2 565 .39

3 406 .78

3 96 .23

2 31 .2 1

2 6 15 .53

1 4 .87

2 03 .73

5 4 .5

J C

4

6 2557 .2

1 28 .88

2 2842 .8

2 0876 .1

136 .53

5 260 .37

3 10 .57

1 893 .69

5 289 .15

9 9 .62

9 37 .83

3 4 .52

J C

5

5 4223 .8

5 2 .35

2 930 .58

1 6365 .2

1 532 .17

3 068 .3

2 69 .51

16 .07

1 850 .57

1 .19

3 25 .38

3 9 .37

J C

6

5 3847 .3

15 .97

2 4279 .7

2 8874 .1

6 16 .84

6 105 .36

6 92 .14

3 08 .65

4 844 .16

5 4 .33

6 11 .51

2 7 .55

,

k

.

'8 514 .31

'6 559 .67

1 21

,

,

APPEND IX TWO : CHEM ICAL DATA A l

B a

C a

F e

T i

Z n

J C

7

3 6 196 .9

5 8 .29

4 196 .35

1 869 1

5 22 .66

3 451 .5

14 .62

2 19 .53

6 30 .6 1

1 7 .98

2 51 .22

1 6 .46

J C

8

5 7734 .7

1 03 .5

8 390 .81

3 6348 .2

19 1 .32

4 89 1 .64

3 48 .57

1 4 1 .72

2 685 .43

3 2 .16

4 23 .57

5 8 .27

J C

9

6 3122 .3

4 3 .79

2 0040 .4

2 8582 .3

3 06 .05

8 644 .25

3 9 1 .69

2 05 .36

4 477 .81

2 2 .52

7 16 .7 1

4 0 .82

J C

1 0

5 5819 .1

1 28 .19

7 135 .53

3 5440 .3

1 5 16 .75

1 983 .99

3 06 .81

1 06 .84

1 382 .62

3 8 .15

2 86 .23

5 3 .34

J C

1

5 9621 .1

4 5 .99

2 048 .76

4 1394 .8

6 88 .29

4 838 .19

9 26 .22

7 5 .83

3 095 .33

8 . 15

5 40 .05

5 9 .47

J C

1 2

5 2211 .2

2 22 .95

4 527 .29

4 1713 .2

5 163 .54

6 227 .9

1 037 .08

2 59 .99

3 627 .56

3 1 .05

3 14 .9

1 26 .45

J C

1 3

4 5381 , . 1

1 99 .31

3 733 .2

2 7092

2 268 .39

2 577 .19

3 47 .26

1 70 .56

3 0 15 .38

2 4 .83

19 .82

7 1 .94

J C

1 4

1 379 1 .7

2 3 .26

9 54

6 079 .55

14 .2

3 32 .84

1 .2

6 0 .37

5 7 1 .67

6 . 76

1 55 .36

1 0 .13

J C

1 5

7 6 139 .8

7 7 .12

5 1436 .5

4 3681 .1

9 49 .6

1 739 1 .3

9 12 .22

3 02 .84

3 162 .67

5 1 .79

7 48 .65

5 3 .49

J C

1 6

3 1937 .7

1 63 .59

4 299 .2

1 9081 .5

2 0 16 .16

2 447 .7 1

3 85 .39

2 20 .33

147 .26

2 9 .64

4 3 .49

6 4 .31

J C

1 7

1187 .6

3 1 .06

1 5 16 .3

4 547 .95

1 39 .47

4 58 .98

5 3 .72

2 0 1 .88

4 60 .57

9 .66

2 19 .33

6 . 15

J C

1 8

5 3800 .7

1 4 1 .3

5 527 .47

3 7043

1 580 .76

1 552 .5 1

1 90 .62

1 22 .84

131

2 8 .85

1 89 .22

3 5 .9

J C

2 0

1 5654 .1

2 8 .92

1 350 .67

7 815 .39

1 90 .38

9 08 .94

4 7 .2 1

11 .39

6 65 .94

7 . 85

1 89 .2 1

5 . 15

J C

2 1

4 1576 .4

7 0 .93

2 766 .09

1 20 17 .3

1 5 11 .62

2 0 12 .69

8 9 .66

15 .72

1 717 .18

1 .88

1 58 .12

3 0 .18

J C

2 2

6 0098

1 02 .0 1

2 3074 .4

3 1818 .5

5 67 .33

6 540 .57

5 33 .8

4 57 .26

7 772 .04

3 6 .59

9 27 .49

2 4 .51

J C

2 3

3 6225 .3

3 44 .8

5 343 .93

4 5209

2 539 .1

5 57 1 .32

2 489 .39

2 78 .12

1 0 10 .49

3 9 .19

1 20 .16

8 5 .04

J C

2 5

5 4519 .4

3 7 .59

6 82 .14

4 1308 .5

1 089 .27

1 628 .72

1 32 .51

1 03 .7 1

3 65 .69

5 . 8

4 08 .56

3 4 .86

J C

2 6

2 6207 .7

1 37 .74

3 70 1 .09

2 1674 .6

1 687 .77

2 488 .73

4 46 .13

2 86 .44

1 7 1 .44

2 5 .04

6 7 .78

4 2 .72

J C

2 7

5 3771 .7

1 28 .63

4 4847 .3

1 3094 .1

1 905 .7

2 057 .43

9 5 .44

2 831 .97

6 30

2 69 .37

1 208

4 4 .8 1

J C

2 8

2 1855 .4

1 79 .58

6 958 .27

2 7686 .3

1 8 19 .54

6 74 1 .06

1 052 .28

2 26 .16

2 98 .9

2 8 .13

3 .26

5 8 .78

J C

2 9

4 5592 .1

3 27 .55

3 5596 .6

2 1397 .8

1 489

4 142 .97

5 82 .88

3 485 .94 - 6 771 .49

1 74 .7

6 04 .08

3 9 .06

J C

3 1

6 808 .25

9 5 .8 1

2 221 .65

5 521 .66

2 83 .46

1 47 .95

2 39 .63

2 9 .1

1 07 .59

1 3 .49

j c

3 3

2 9973 .5

4 02 .37

9 906 :71

1 2517 .6

1 802 .15

1 845 .67

1 09 .86

5 53 .24 ' 5 339 .22

1 3 1 .44

9 4 .8

2 7 .63

J C

3 4

4 8722 .3

1 42 .51

8 862 .95

3 0079 .3

8 26 .96

7 488 .13

5 80 .17

6 35 .77

4 27 .2

5 0 .49

4 83 .94

3 2 .7 1

j c

3 5

5 9459 .3

1 25 .39

1 5492 .3

4 2569 .9

1 499 .89

6 168 .12

7 20 .37

2 26 .45

8 75 .49

5 1 .92

4 66 .23

5 0 .96

j c

3 7

4 0484 .7

2 73 .27

7 5 10 .4

4 1984 .5

3 084 .87

7 35 1 .55

2 0 17 .71

2 78 .04

9 10 .1

3 9 .2

1 75 .9

14 .46

J C

3 8

6 6869 .5

3 9 .56

3 1708 .7

3 8722 .9

4 73 .1

1835 .9

2 94 .0 1

2 25

6 35 .04

3 8 .78

8 94 .88

4 6 .48

j c

3 9

6 68 15 .5

4 1 .11

3 314 1 .2

3 9304 .5

2 65 .82

16 12 .1

3 25 .85

2 17 .32

7 9 1 .73

4 0 .28

9 58 .38

4 7

J C

4 0

3 8 142 .3

8 8 .73

5 9 15 .5

2 6816 .9

3 84 .51

4 360 .49

3 93 .94

1 34 .2

2 65 .55

1 8 .46

4 94 .14

2 2 .72

J C

4 1

4 7317 .8

2 16 .62

5 3258 .4

1 9865 .1

3 935 .93

6 743 .55

3 68 .62

3 893 .87

7 35 .31

4 34 .08

6 15 .98

4 5 .6 1

J C

4 2

2 7649 .9

11 .66

3 0362 .1

1 5649 .4

3 674 .66

3 731 .15

2 23 .47

2 008 .17

5 2 1 .7

2 28 .86

2 46 .4 1

3 0 .42

J C

4 3

2 4249 .7

1 28 .2 1

3 5823 .4

1 2564 .9

2 39 1 .53

3 063 .78

2 49 .2

111 .55

2 50 .9

2 10 .14

1 87 .7

2 5 .51

j c

4 4

2 9693 .4

6 1 .7

2 9 168 .3

4 627 .35

1 360 .23

1 029 .25

1 26 .04

2 221 .32

2 14 .92

1 46 .85

3 18 .92

1 8 .78

J C

4 5

4 5333 .5

1 51 .44

7 0029 .6

2 0 104 .2

9 108 .59

1749 .6

6 48 .67

2 772 .92

5 99 .74

2 82 .34

3 93 .2 1

7 0 .04

J C

4 6

2 736 .95

2 7 .48

9 75 .98

171 .23

9 80 .11

4 64 .78

1 63 .22

2 83 .23

7 0 .69

1 5 .09

2 8 .31

4 .0 1

J C

4 7

4 897 .9 1

4 2 .35

3 173 .4 1

2 108 .96

1 343 .17

9 06 .55

6 8 .23

6 00 .87

1 29 .77

3 9 .22

4 1 .33

7 . 16

J C

4 8

4 7090 .6

1 9 1 .45

4 6635 .8

2 0 126 .9

4 192 .73

5 40 1 .76

3 68 .59

3 28 1 .72

7 75 .77

3 69 .36

4 86 .66

4 1 .88

J C

4 9

1 9771 .1

6 7 .28

2 1702

6 316 .32

1 2 12 .52

1 3 17 .06

6 7 .77

9 22 .04

4 64 .0 1

1 28 .4 1

1 24 .59

9 . 88

J C

5 0

1 9908

1 03 .59

1 2066 .3

2 3194 .1

2 323 .05

7 020 .4

1 079 .75

1 089 .16

2 49 .68

1 22 .87

4 3 .29

6 5 .25

J C

5 1

4 0683 .6

1 60 .54

7 1330 .1

1 8 189 .9

5 827 .99

6 690 .84

4 22 .83

3 136 .53

5 74 .39

3 15 .1

4 65 .82

4 9 .15

J C

5 2

4 4396 .8

1 98 .45

4 2195 .2

1 7948 .3

4 854 .11

7 5 10 .1

4 95 .88

3 332 .16

6 7 1 .47

2 90 .35

4 40 .68

5 2 .96

I D

,

,

' 6 32 .03

1 22

1 734 .5

,

,

1

,

,

_

APPEND IX TWO : CHEM ICAL DATA I D

A l

B a

C a

F e

Mn

N a

S r

T i

Z n

J C

5 3

6 446 .7

3 7 .11

4 812 .27

2 834 .24

3 6 1 .74

1 502 .46

6 3 .97

6 40 .9 1

1 6 5 .43

2 2 .86

1 05 .37

6 .75

J C

5

4 6705 .1

2 14 .14

7 7390 .9

2 3497 .8

9 516 .23

9 566 .23

6 48 .31

3 153

7 50 .31

4 24 .72

4 70 .3

5 7 .66

J C

5 6

4 4414 .9

1 98 .51

8 6778 .8

2 3740 .1

7 036 .38

6 420

4 08 .35

3 292 .9 1

7 2 1 .45

3 95 .37

4 72 .44

4 8 .31

J C

5 9

1 380 .64

2 0 .46

1 825 .4 1

4 47 .04

6 25 .75

2 60 .6

2 4 .25

2 29 .77

5 6 .13

9 . 37

1 8 .69

3 .05

J C

6 0

1 8130 .8

8 5 .74

4 6 19 .09

1 4730 .9

2 832 .67

3 953 .08

4 18 .03

9 75 .8

9 5 .5

1 7 1 .51

4 8 .82

4 9 .34

J C

6 1

5 8996 .8

1 9 1 .54

4 000 1

1 9982 .8

2 588 .06

4 526 .8 1

2 94 .2

4 138 .81

7 72 .93

1 9 1 .02

1 093 .42

3 6 .06

J C

6 3

6 06343

2 32 .6 1

4 8687 .8

3 1834 .6

2 6 16 .9

7 776 .52

4 03 .79

2 699 .46

1 369 .3

1 73 .7

8 46 .87

2 9 .26

J C

6 5

2 6077 .6

1 33 .39

5 047 .3

7 326 .09

2 862 .07

3 495 .33

5 52 .25

7 09 .94

1 55 .96

3 1 .29

1 39 .99

2 5 .07

J C

6 8

3 6 100 .2

1 30 .65

2 5048 .1

9 49 1 .75

180 .76

2 2 11 .44

1 89 .36

3 499 .9

5 26 .16

2 48 .37

3 97 .84

1 .1

J C

7 0

6 2808 .6

2 18 .68

5 9898 .4

3798 .6

2 449 .87

1466 .8

6 14 .72

2 862 .74

117 .7

2 27 .27

9 78 .0 1

4 8 .58

7 3

5 4569 .6

1 48 .6 1

1 3473 .5

4 287 1 .4

1 465 .79

1839 .6

9 46 .77

7 66 .83

2 189 .98

3 5 .88

5 64 .64

5 9 .45

J C

7 4

5 6319 .9

2 24 .92

3 5307 .5

2 0459 .3

2 44 1 .7 1

6 450 .57

4 26 .38

4 559 .05

9 6 1 .74

15 .19

6 18 .68

2 2 .43

j c

7 5

6 5654 .2

2 60 .65 ' 3 10 17 .9

3 60 15 .6

1 672 .39

1 62 12 .9

'4 83 .29

4 39 .65

7 995 .2

9 9 .77

5 02 .14

1 44 .26

J C

7 6

4 6640 .3

1 28 .56

8 09 1 .37

2 2138 .5

1 895 .36

5 058 .88

3 44 .4 1

3 19 .7

3 368 .3

3 5 .33

3 11 .78

4 6 .27

J C

8 1

3 8168 .2

1 20 .67

6 783 .19

1 5315 .4

3 245 .48

4 685 .48

9 14 .4

3 12 .79

2 93 1 .74

3 4 .9

1 82 .02

4 9 .31

J C

8 2

5 5267 .6

1 84 .1

3 2 195

1 694 1 .4

2 875 .96

4 146 .44

2 27 .98

3 476 .88

2 34 1 .39

1 07 .72

5 52 .55

2 7 .02

J C

8 3

4 9972 .9

1 76 .82

3 4066 .4

2 4539 .4

2 095 .9 1

1 2 174 .7

5 06 .73

1 358 .49

2 247 .65

1 05 .76

6 72 .52

3 1 .56

j c

8 5

3 0409 .2

17 .63

5 705 .53

1 0673 .8

1 768 .98

1 40 1 .13

2 90 .5

2 48 .78

1 539 .91

3 .6

1 40 .53

4 8 .45

J C

8 7

3 3587

2 92 .34

2 426 .97

1 590 .63

1 0 1 .5 1

3 60 .23

2 3 .42

J C

8 9

5 9 138 .2

3 24 .29

4 5423 .4

2 5449 .2

2 503 .99

6 7 15 .03

2 78 .57

2 509 .23

7 046 .26

1 92 .88

6 19 .28

6 9 .78

JC

9 0

6 4480 .5

2 54 .33

4 9226 .1

3 0505 .9

2 0 18 .64

8 844 .24

5 16 .2

1 856 .87

5 855 .8

2 22 .13

9 50 .4

3 8 .74

J C

9 2

3 3942

2 22 .22

7 928 .04

2 0997 .1

2 203 .2

3 282 .44

9 68 .44

2 85 .22

9 53 .52

3 5 .53

8 0 .33

8 4 .76

j c

9 3

4 9588 .5

14 .1

2 3205

1158 .2

1 472 .0 1

3 664 .93

2 45 .97

2 643 .68

1 547 .24

1 25 .52

4 70 .4 1

2 7 .77

J C

) 4

1 7114 .1

6 3 .48

7 575 .06

4 687 .79

3 75 .69

6 92 .42

1 359 .47

5 86 .16

1 409 .16

2 9 .78

2 62 .17

1 0 .17

j c

9 5

6 3712 .6

3 17 .32

5 1385 .4

2 182 1 .6

3 483 .98

7 530 .76

2 32 .2

4 207 .4 1

2 0 17 .42

2 05 .67

7 23 .77

5 0 .42

J C

9 6

4 0646 .1

1 49 .05

1 8786 .7

1 5456 .2

1 04 1 .72

2 502 .94

3 51 .76

5 50 .95

3 4 17 .27

6 4 .05

4 09 .35

3 1 .65

j c

9 7

2 9887 .3

9 8 .74

1 77 10 .8

4 656 .85

1 09 1 .22

1 276 .38

2 80 .44

2 265 .15

2 890 .25

7 8 .39

1 79 .37

1 0 .53

j c

9

5 7703 .8

2 31 .85

4 5798 .6

2 4372 .2

2 243 .22

5 902 .22

3 46 .35

3 859 .82

2 60 1 .25

1 98 .75

104 .33

3 6 .98

j c

1 00

4 2292 .2

1 64 .72

2 3694 .7

2 0676 .8

1 357 .17

5 522 .63

4 03 .3

1 420 .38

2 654 .18

15 .34

4 25 .35

5 9

J C

1 0 1

5 9653 .4

2 02 .6 1

4 0 195 .4

2 4831 .1

3 538 .59

8 608 .7 1

3 85 .07

4 374 .96

2 317 .21

1 53

6 08 .8

4 4 .38

J C

1 0 3

5 5366 .6

1 88 .32

4 7208 .3

2 5784

2 780 .9 1

9 853 .14

5 19 .67

1 652 .62

2 447 .93

12 .44

5 9 1 .66

5 1 .57

J C

1 04

3 9505 .2

2 11 .66

1 6519 .2

2 1782 .2

9 43 .0 1

2 280 .18

5 50 .77

4 11 .2 1

1 7 14

5 3 .54

2 97 .7

3 1 .6 1

J C

4 05

5 2820 .8

2 12 .06

3 4225 .7

2 2285 .6

2 160 .73

8 490 .63

4 66 .13

3 197 .83

1 738 .11

14 .08

4 89 .17

6 0 .15

J C

1 06

5 1142

3 56 .65

2 6578

1 9978 .6

2 130 .37

6 805 .6 1

6 18 .38

1 899 .13

2 58 1 .74

1 9 1 .7 1

4 15 .47

4 5 .8

J C

1 07

5 0522

1 82 .43

2 7640 .6

2 2947 .4

2 779 .37

5 449 .97

2 75 .44

3 156 .07

2 524 .77

1 03 .77

6 7 1 .75

3 5 .34

J C

1 08

5 3459 .7

1 57 .05

3 9443 .8

3 0 134

2 172 .51

1 0246 .6

4 . 09 .44

1 655 .43

3 365 .64

18 .79

8 24 .38

4 0 .73

J C

1 09

2 0080

1 53 .26

1 277 1 .4

1 4844 .4

7 30 .76

3 636 .59

2 00 .22

6 82 .7

5 46 .73

4 5 .75

2 9 1 .35

1 8 .03

J C

10

3 3671 .1

2 97 .51

8 387 .17

3 5633

3 199 .18

7 683 .26

7 00 .46

4 10 .29

1 05 1 .83

3 7 .85

1 42 .02

6 9 .58

J C

12

4 4580 .5

2 15 .57

3 1578 .6

1 86 18 .7

2 056 .4 1

5 353 .29

3 58 .32

1 026 .67

8 36 .06

9 8 .05

3 39 .17

4 0 .28

J C

14

6 6607 .9

2 28 .16

5 9498 .1

3 7218 .5

1 340 .92

1 6200 .9

6 74 .94

8 84 .21

1 824 .07

1 42 .06

8 06 .93

5 9 .86

J C

16

5 5504 .5

1 87 .52

2 302 1 .4

3 3725 .4

1 303 .6 1

8 775 .8 1

6 35 .21

5 15 .94

3 000 .42

5 8 .77

8 05 .1

5 6 .39

j c

-

. 9

1 75

. 7 1

2 4547

. 1

1 0850

. 3

1 369

. 5 6

3 0 14

1 23

. 2 9

-

1

i

APPEND IX TWO : CHE M ICAL DATA I D

A l

B a

C a

F e

Mn

Na

S r

T i

1 86 .07

2 3851 .2

3 3404 .1

1 406 .55

8 453 .03

6 95 .17

6 23 .49

2 895 .59

6 3 .64

8 18 .33

5 6 .57

J C

17

5 7193 .5

J C

19

4 6328 .7

3 02 .0 1

3 20 14 .4

2 2777 .9

2 736 .1

8 378 .98

4 49 .63

3 286 .46

6 16 .9 1

1 34 .9 1

4 90 .79

4 2 .9

J C

1 2 1

2 9948

2 98 .71

6 942 .55

2 1489 .9

3 526 .54

4 204 .6 1

4 59 .88

3 50 .53

1 00 .94

2 7 .19

9 6 .5

7 1 .02

J C

1 23

6 0703

1 24 .69

5 3038 .8

1 96 18 .2

2 98 .19

5 944 .57

4 8 1 .19

8 37 .18

3 693 .83

2 31 .38

1 654 .9 1

3 0 .14

J C

1 25

7 1885 .5

1 53 .73

5 0596 .4

3 7572

1 370 .7 1

1 8321 .3

7 23 .42

7 49 .88

4 984 .98

8 6

7 42 .83

6 1 .39

J C

1 26

2 49 .36

6 8529 .3

4 3842

2 948 .81

1244 .7

9 97 .93

3 4 1 .27

3 437 .16

1 25 .29

6 58 .15

9 2 .77

J C

1 28

2 16769

2 08 .83

1 2383

1 7654 .7

1 455 .68

2 775 .16

1 44 .95

3 32 .66

1 49 .35

3 8 .12

1 64 .2 1

2 4 .8

J C

1 29

3 3932 .7

2 26 .39

3 2332

1 0626 .4

2 366 .3

2 097 .48

2 22 .6

2 279 .22

2 92 .6 1

1 03 .04

1 85 .53

2 6 .23

J C

1 30

2 5365 .3

1 27 .74

1887 .9

8 2 14 .4

8 62 .7

2 6 15 .89

1 7 1

7 59 .19

3 68 .35

4 6 .04

2 85 .46

1 3 .22

J C

1 3 1

4 8360 .8

2 17 .5

3 9624 .5

2 5248 .9

1 719 .6

1 3562 .6

6 04 .69

3 404 .07

1 28 1 .79

1 27 .22

9 46 .22

6 0 .74

J C

1 32

4 7537 .1

1 86 .57

3 6779 .5

1 0932 .5

3 896 .12

4 4 13 .96

2 26 .62

1 955 .04

4 19 .58

1 36 .38

4 84 .05

2 4 .1

J C

1 33

2 84 14

4 9 .64

1 64 16 .9

7 4 19 .15

7 17 .95

9 39 .06

8 8 .33

1 030 .16

5 4 1 .33

5 8 .32

3 77 .34

6 .94

j c

1 35

6 0804 .2

2 93 .83

2 6926 .6

1 6679 .4

3 520 .57

6 132 .37

1 945 .83

6 65 .88

1 308 .25

1 04 .57

4 12 .33

8 3 .32

J C

1 36

5 9226 .2

2 07 .56

4 4060

1 3422 .1

3 393 .11

9 388 .84

2 33 .93

6 958 .89

7 07 .17

2 38 .5 1

7 08 .95

3 .74

j c

1 37

5 3194 .9

2 29 .05

3 6904 .2

3 0682 .8

3 183 .9

8 146 .66

7 23 .56

1 40 1 .34

1 262 .51

1 43 .43

6 39 .99

5 5 .55

j c

1 39

3 4772 .2

2 65 .24

7 063 .9 1

2 6864 .9

4 927 .93

6 642 .86

3 55 .72

8 83 .97

3 .36

1 53 .2

8 4 .09

J C

1 4 1

5 8503 .6

3 08 .69

5 2776 .9

2 8584 .1

3 325 .84

9 776 .77

7 54 .7 1

2 254 .59

2 696 .87

2 05 .69

8 94 .74

5 8 .25

J C

1 42

3 5025 .8

1 85 .67

6 840 .56

1 9249 .8

2 273 .38

1 886 .31

1 9 13 .69

3 12 .6

4 42 .43

3 6 .94

1 59 .98

5 1 .9

J C

1 43

5 136 1 .6

2 52 .7

3 1679 .5

2 5934 .9

3 084 .9 1

8 0 16 .16

5 71 .39

2 136 .59

1 332 .6

1 35 .52

6 40 .9 1

4 6 .69

j c

1 44

5 9 165 .7

2 9 1 .34

2 3277 .5

1 7748

2 993 .54

5 835 .9 1

1 833 .33

5 75 .64

1 350 .81

8 8 .5

4 32 .52

7 7 .0 1

J C

1 45

3 3966 .4

2 35 .6

5 52 1 .18

2 8323 .8

9 435 .45

8 195 .43

2 189 .35

5 54 .25

4 57 .92

2 6 .27

1 82 .56

9 4 .73

J C

1 46

3 1679 .4

2 37 .58

1157 .4

3 2208 .4

2 624 .6 1

2 972 .51

6 54 .29

2 03 .14

9 92 .55

3 .72

1 35 .05

6 3 .29

' J C

1 47

2 3484 .7

1 78 .68

4 553 .83

2 2 110 .1

2 305 .22

3 597 .89

8 81 .46

3 15 .78

4 81 .2 1

2 2

4 8 .99

6 0 .87

J C

1 48

3 6367 .1

2 98 .11

2 4652 .6

2 5481 .4

4 192 .66

4 460 .37

7 56 .67

3 07 .17

'9 29 .45

8 3 .64

1 20 .3 1

5 7 .23

J C

1 49

3 5726 .7

3 98 .59

8 7735 .7

2 1767 .7

5 69 1 .88

6 090 .12

8 0 1 .2 1

4 77 .8 1

5 66 .47

1 70 .88

1 78 .16

7 6 .15

J C

1 5 1

3 9668 .4

2 66 .56

7 136 .81

2 4487 .3

4 385 .16

2 54 1 .86

4 9 1 .94

3 21 .62

7 89 .03

4 1 .73

6 1 .2

7 8 .4

J C

1 52

5 8820 .4

1 45 .54

4 3830

1 00 14

2 175 .13

2 204 .59

2 37 .54

3 103 .76

3 15 .39

1 96 .77

8 67 .96

3 5 .35

j c

1 55

7 1531 .5

1 74 .12

5 1098 .4

3 1289 .3

5 958 .44

1 8323 .6

3 9 2 .44

4 090 .39

4 30 .4 1

2 11 .8 1

5 65 .65

8 2 .59

J C

1 54

4 1377 .1

2 57 .51

5 6 160 .3

1 8058 .1

6 677 .3

6 176 .37

5 11 .6 1

2 583 .36

1 044 .56

1 89 .39

4 17 .65

4 9 .07

, J C

1 56

3 58 14 .4

1 08 .8

2 9629 .8

2 0680 .8

4 182 .56

7 262 .11

1 77 .4

1 20 1 .43

2 39 .57

9 8 .42

8 6 .99

4 0 .05

J C

1 57

8 422 .8

J C

1 58

J C

,

,

6 0324 .

4

4

4

r1 073 .18

3 9 .1

4

2 464 .08

4 575 .83

1 884 .56

2 472 .05

1 57 .4 1

4 10 .75

7 7 .37

1 4 .97

6 2 .51

1 4 .7

3 023 .5

1 7 .48

4

5 347 .06

2 90 1 .94

5 07 .7 1

7 9 1 .44

3 3 .02

3 47 .08

1 33 .12

1 5 .2 1

4 5 .59

3 . 73

1 6 1

3 0384 .2

1 3 1 .2

7 5048 .7

1 4785 .1

3 298 .19

7 980 .46

3 46 .3

1 311 .99

2 0 1 .38

2 64 .96

2 72 .53

4 3 .93

J C

1 63

2 855 .17 - 3 0 .04

9 33 .08

9 06 .97

8 63 .3

4 77 .08

6 7 .97

2 0 1 .88

'3 7 .82

7 . 74

2 7 .12

J C

1 64

1782 .9

7 2 .64

1 0073 .5

'1 0552 .8

9 58 .43

2 609 .88

1 69 .67

5 93 .37

3 81 .31

3 2 .1

1 35 .68

1 6 .15

J C

1 65

3 7062 .4

2 58 .88

1368 .1

1 5674 .5

2 8 15 .53

2 027 .54

7 65 .47

8 20 .62

6 18 .58

7 7 .2 1

6 2 .41

5 5 .18

J C

1 66

4 694 1 .5

2 96 .0 1

5 6660 .7

2 3236 .1

5 626 .86

8 895 .75

7 12 .56

2 038 .51

2 034 .67

1 85 .86

3 11 .75

6 5 .02

J C

1 67

2 835 .74

2 4 .9 1

1 256 .76

2 507 .98

9 57 .27

4 81 .6 1

7 0 .37

2 24 .42

3 3 .18

6 . 87

3 7 .32

4 . 15

J C

1 68

2 110 .7

2 0 .81

6 52 .47

6 14 .7

7 55 .32

3 84 .9

9 5 .93

1 99 .16

4 0 .4 1

5 . 54

1 7 .29

2 .6

J C

1 69

1 7

8 7 .88

5 318 .03

1 7377

1 756 .84

5 085 .55

6 49 .38

3 73 .33

6 4 .07

2 3 .39

6 8 .78

5 2 .3

J C

1 70

1 7898 .8

1 2 1 .62

4 7 17 .4

1 7536 .3

1 794 .39

5 096 .92

5 46 .75

3 56 .99

5 0 .3 1

2 1 .78

7 9 .85

5 4 .53

07 3 . 7

4

1 24

4

3 . 13

i

APPEND IX TWO : CHE M ICAL DATA A l

B a

C a

F e

1 6 1 .3

3 7990

1 259 1 .6

3 511 .18

Mn

N a

6 27 1 .77

2 63 .12

3 674 .75

_

S r

T i

Z n

1 29 1 .6

1 48 .68

2 95 .36

3 1 .18

J C

1 7 1

4 1240 .8

J C

1 72

4 4 186 .6;

1 56 .51

5 7592 .4

1 5116 .1

2 370 .72

4 470 .73

2 09 .42

4 085 .58

3 7 1 .24

3 08 .44

5 14 .67

3 1 .53

j c .

1 73

2 6516 .7 ; 2 26 .16

8 575 .76

1 6335 .9

2 327 .9

2 864 .51

8 32 .38

4 17 .13

6 7 .48

3 9 .99

1 06 .23

4 6 .81

J C

1 74

3 1487

.2 98 .24

1024 .5

1 3996 .9

3 797 .55

4 163 .17

5 05 .43

5 51 .93

1 90 .62

6 2 .19

7 8 .55

6 2 .66

j c

1 7 5

4 4385 .8

1 5 7 .04

8 3994 .6

2 6238 .2

4 316 .14

8 538 .95

5 78 .53

149 .68

5 59 .53

1 81 .2

5 27 .0 1

6 0 .12

1 76

! 9 154 .32 " 9 0 .1

5 197 .83

7 180 .42

8 83 .15

1 874 .59

1 39 .08

3 06 .3

1 37 .0 1

2 3 .8 1

16 .9

9 .02

J C

1 78

0 1 .39 2 8631 .4 , 2

1897

1 9246 .4

2 609 .13

2 151 .38

175 .86

4 18 .38

7 19

4 5 .52

1 27 .81 ' 5 2 .9

J C

3 178

2 2221 .4 ' 1 68 .88

9 930 .52

1 7375 .6

2 986 .48

2 486 .95

6 6 1 .47

3 04 .87

8 94 .75

3 2 .53

6 0 .51

7 1 .64

jc

1 79

3 8550 .5

2 0 3 .45

1 02300

2 3088 .1

3 845 .26

9 076 .78

4 88 .43

7 77 .55

5 42 .78

1 6 1 .78

4 38 .82

5 8 .25

J C

1 80

3 9686 .7

1 48 .7

5 9 180 .2

1 4287 .4

2 737 .83

3 755 .1

2 27 .9 1

3 4 14 .58

4 74 .37

1 89 .05

5 17 .73

3 8 .23

J C

1 8 1

4 3386 .1 ' 2 59 .19

6 8935 .8

1 7663

2 998 .82

6 543 .43

3 75 .56

2 723 .1

5 09 .05

1 77 .76

5 30 .43

5 5 .25

J C

1 82

3 7371 .5

2 54 .09

6 9488 .9

2 2932 .2

5 107 .7 1

7 864 .21

6 33 .47

7 88 .45

5 32 .18

1 38 .03

2 88 .51

7 8 .97

J C

1 8 3

4 3203 .5

2 27 .73

6 507 1 .9

2 6 148

5 278 .6 1

9 59 1 .11

4 47 .57

1 858 .1

6 83 .52

1 79 .9

4 70 .38

5 8 .65

1 84

3 0074 .8

3 06 .26

9 605 .59

2 7058 .7

1 629 .15

1 751 .69

7 0 .43

4 44 .18

2 07 .02

5 2 .04

9 0 .56

3 6 .73

J C

1 85

4 0632 .1

1 58 .51

4 2927 .8

1 5215 .3

3 24 1 .7

4 505 .15

2 77 .54

3 476 .04

4 82 .76

1 52 .2

3 89 .33

3 3 .67

J C

1 86

3996 .2

2 58 .22

9 6364 .1

2 499 1

2 545 .4

2 066 .13

1 00 1 .23

4 00 .26

3 69 .56

2 94 .18

6 1 .05

5 1 .2

J C

1 87

3 7844 .7

1 75 .37

4 4246 .8

1 509 1 .1

3 103 .4 1

4 334 .76

2 87 .57

3 292 .43

4 81 .88

1 55 .12

3 58 .35

2 8 .13

J C

1 89

4 6086 .6 '2 06 .34

6 7653 .1

2 3585 .2

7 162 .29

6 375 .97

3 78 .85

3 899 .37

5 88 .5

2 0 1 .23

6 88 .39

4 8 .39

J C

1 92

8 056 .99

3 7 .81

4 857 .14

3 227 .84

9 96 .02

1 609 .33

1 84

2 35 .12

8 7 .34

2 4 .22

5 7 .36

9 .85

j c

1 93

2 2083 .7

8 2 .76

2 3643 .9

1 5228 .1

3 473 .98

4 210 .34

2 83 .45

'170 .58

5 92 .13

6 0 .4 1

1 4 1 .5

2 9 .67

J C

1 94

43 76 .35

2 13 .56

2 530 .87

32 .95 3 76 .92 '1

3 25 .34

2 2 .27

j c

1 95

4 3659 .9

1 37 .08

4 1320 .4

1 0653 .1

1 750 .85

4 446 .32

2 14

2 5 10 .97

3 80 .78

1 34 .22

3 34 .81

2 2 .52

J C

1 96

2 720 .08

1 5 .74

4 032 .85

2 871 .16

3 54 .09

3 50 .98

4 2 .28

2 0 1 .25

5 3 .3 1

1 .75

4 8 .99

2 .87

j c

,1 97

4 0659 .1

1 8 1 .7

4 7196 .3

3 3195

6 545

7 733 .59

5 05 .15

1 29 1 .42

4 02 .85

1 94 .18

1 34 .66

6 9 .42

J C

1 98

2 426 1 .6

1 57 .23

6 521 .97

2 2447 .6

1 898 .37

3 738 .24

6 86 .64

3 21 .23

8 2 .49

3 0 .28

8 4 .45

5 5 .43

J C

J C

I l

4 3323

1 34

. 6 3

4 2059

. 9

1 0507

1 76

9 .9 1

1 25

4

,

APPEND IX THREE : P ETROGRAPH IC CHARACTER IST ICS

1

F abr ic C lass

Photo m icrograph(s) :

P la tes 1 ,3 , 9 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 9

a

s ub-C lass

S ITES 3 3 E l D D

A y ia S o t ira B ey lerbe i E pano E ng l ianos K a lopsana K ana los

oKastraki

E lK oukouna ra D K ou tsouve r i D L ag ou

TOTALS

Nu mber

E g j Quar tz K -spa r M ic roc l ine P lag ioc lase B io t i te Muscov i te E lC her t E i Opaques E p ido te P y roxene D Amph ibo le E l Ga rne t E lC ha lcedony 3Z i rcon

0 E l E l g i D D

Ch lo r i te Ca lc i te D o lom i te S ch is t Mud /C lays tone mi cr i te R u t i le r g iS ha le S i l ts tone M ic ro foss i l 0 S e rpen t ine e Sandstone N IL imes tone E l EAMs

2 3

6 .6 1 0 .6

% t e mp

1 00

1 .44

M inera l D escr ip t ion

T e mpered :

3 9

8 2 .8

1 00 I ndex

( pas te ) .

5 .03

VOIDS

% ma t + s i lt

6 .675

TOTAL

OTHER :

Po in t -Counted

7 .25

% s i l t

D E l E g j D

Nu mber

4 6

w /T empe r =B ODY :

8 6 .075

% s and

S ize

To ta l n u mber i n F abr ic C lass :

w /ou tT empe r =P ASTE :

% ma t

S and

E l Megas K am p os • Mour ia tadha ▪ N icho r ia 0 O rd ines E l P e r is te r ia D P igad ia D P or tes D Romanou V o idhok i l ia

T e mper

S ize

I ndex

3 .83

CO M MENTS :

F ab r ic 1ai sc oa rse , o bv ious ly l ow f i red , p robab ly made f r om a luv ia l ly -depos i ted i l i tes . S i l t a nd f i ne -sands a re q uar tz a nd c her t , s ome t imes p l ag ioc lase , r a re ly m ic roc l ine o rc ha lcedony . E p ido te a nd p y roxene f o und o n ly a s sma l l , d e t r i ta l g ra ins e x t reme ly r a re . B r igh t r ed , a ngu la rs ha le g r i ts mos t o f ten s e rve a st empe r . O the r SRFs a re a l so t empe r i n c lus ions , e spec ia l ly s and , s i l t , a nd l i mes tones . EAMs a nd o paques a re v e ry c ommon , o f ten b r igh t r ed , s ome t imes v e ry l a rge .

a ug i te?

1 26

APPEND IX THREE : PETROGRAPH IC CHARACTER IST ICS

GENERAL

DESCR IPT ION

M ICROSTRUCTURE : ughs V o id d esc r ip t ions V G ra in d i s t r ibu t ion

D oub le -spaced H a l f a s many a re s i ng le -spaced ; n o p re fe r red o r ien ta t ion

P re fe r red o r ien ta t ion

GROUND I V IASS : A c t ive

Op t ica l s ta te

B i re f r ingen t f ab r ics H omogene i ty

S t r ia ted

G roundmass n ea r ly a lways a c t ive , b fab r ic o f ten s t r ia ted , b u t a l so s peck led o r l e ss o f ten c rys ta l l i t ic

COLOR : P lane p o la r ised l i gh t C rossed p o la rs TEXTURAL

S hades o fb rown B r igh t r ed -b rown , o f ten o rang ish o rg o lden

CONCENTRAT ION

F EATURES :

V e r y r a re , a nd w hen p resen t may i nf ac t b e s i l ts tones o r EAMs

CRYSTALL INE

CONCENTRAT ION

FEATURES :

O ccas iona l c a l iche a round v o id r i ms

' AMORPHOUS

CONCENTRAT ION

FEATURES :

A bundan t , d a rk r ed o paques , s ome v e ry l a rge a nd r ound ; E AMs may a l so i n s ome c ases b e v e ry l a rge , b r igh t r e d

1 27

APPEND IX THREE : P ETROGRAPH IC CHARACTER IST ICS

F abr ic C lass

1

P hoto m icrograph(s) :

P la tes 6 , 7 ,8 , 1 0 , 1, 2 0

s ub -C lass

S ITES

D Ay ia S o t i ra

D Megas Kam p os

B ey lerbe i E pano E ng l ianos E lK a lopsana K ana los Kas tr ak i E lK oukouna ra O Koutsouver i DL agou

Mour ia tadha E lN icho r ia MO rd ines P e r is te r ia OP igad ia gP or tes E l R omanou g Vo idhok i l ia

TOTALS

Po in t -Counted

Nu mber

6 .34

" Y o s i l t

6 .49

TOTAL

1 00 I ndex

( pas te ) :

T e mpered .

6 5 5 7 2 5

4 .87

VO I DS

w /T empe r =B ODY :

8 7 .17

% s and

S ize

Nu mber

w /ou tT empe r = PASTE :

% ma t

S and

T o ta l n u mber i n F abr ic C lass .

8 5 .48

%ma t + s i l t

5 .68 8 .84

` / ) 0 t e mp

1 00

1 .56

T e mper

S ize

I ndex

3 .91

M ine ra l D escr ip t ion

CO M MENTS :

g Quar tz

F ab r ic l b i sc oa rse a nd c omposed o fi l i t ic c lays , w h ich

D C h lo r i te K -spa r E l Ca lc i te DM ic roc l ine D o lom i te gP lag ioc lase E lS ch is t DB io t i te JMud /C lays tone I g Muscov i te DM ic r i te C he r t D Rut i le E l Opaques E lS ha le E p ido te E lS i l ts tone E lP y roxene E lM icro foss i l O Amph ibo le D Serpent ine E l Ga rne t E lS ands tone E lC ha lcedony 2 3L imes tone Z i rcon EAMs

may b e d e r ived f r om t he s ha le a nd s i l ts tones t ha t a re u sed a s t empe r . T hese SRFs may s ome t i mes c l ose ly r esemb le t he g roundmass , e spec ia l ly i nn umbe ra nd k i nd o fi n c lus ion , s uch a s v ery f i ne muscov i te l a ths . V ery r a re ly o the r SRFs ( l imes tone a nd s ands tone ) s e rve a s t empe r , i no ne c ase s ch is t . S i l t a nd f i ne s and f r ac t ion mos t ly q uar tz a nd c her ts , s ome v ery r a re f e ldspa r . Ac oup le o fs amp les c on ta in g a rne t a nd p y roxene p henoc rys ts , w h ich a re v e ry r a re a nd sma l l . EAMs a re f a ir ly c ommon , b e ing f ound i nh a l f o ft he s amp les .

OTHER :

1 28

APPEND IX THREE : PETROGRAPH IC CHARACTER IST ICS

GENERAL

DESCR IPT ION

M ICR OSTRUCTURE : ughs V o id d esc r ip t ions V ing le - a nd d oub le -spaced G ra in d is t r ibu t ion S N o p re fe r red o r ien ta t ion

P re fe r red o r ien ta t ion

GROUNDMASS : A c t ive

Op t ica l s ta te

B i re f r ingen t f ab r ics H omogene i ty

S peck led

G roundmass n o rma l ly a c t ive w i th s peck led b fab r ic , c rys ta l l i t ic b fab r ic may ma rk l ow f i r ing t emps , a s d oes i nac t iv i ty , w h ich i sf a i r ly r a re

COLOR : P lane p o la r ised l i gh t C rossed p o la rs TEXTURAL

T an t ob rown Go lden -b rown t ob r igh t r ed t od a rk b rown / tan , o r i fr educed b l ack

CONCENTRAT ION

F EATURES :

SRFs e spec ia l ly s i l ts tone , muds tones , a nd s ha le c an r e semb le TCFs ; l i ke ly t ha tc l ays a re g round c l ays tones t ha ta re a l so u sed a st empe r

CRYSTALL INE

CONCENTRAT ION

FEATURES :

C a l iche f i l s m any v o ids ; c r ys ta l l i t ic b-f a b r ic may ma rk l ow f i r ed s amp les

' AMORPHOUS '

CONCENTRAT ION

FEATURES :

E AMs q u i te c ommon , a s a re i r ons ta ins a nd b l ebs ; EAMs may b e b l ack d epend ing o n f i r ing t emp a nd a tmosphe re , o f ten d ep le ted ; o paques sma l l s ub -angu la rg ra ins

1 29

APPEND IX THREE : P ETROGRAPH IC CHARACTER IST ICS

1

F abr ic C lass

Photo m icrograph(s ) :

sub-C lass

S ITES DA y ia S o t ira B ey le rbe i I g iE pano E ng l ianos D Ka lopsana K ana los K as t rak i g Koukounara K ou tsouve r i

OL agou TOTALS

oMegas

K ampos Mour ia tadha N icho r ia g lO rd ines I Z IP e r is te r ia DP igad ia E lP o r tes R omanou V o idhok i l ia

Number

Po in t-Counted

Nu mber

5 .35

TOTAL

1 00

M inera l D escr ip t ion E l Quar tz I g lK -spa r M icroc l ine gP lag ioc lase DB io t i te g Muscov i te C her t I S Opaques D E p ido te P y roxene O Amph ibo le I S Ga rne t E l Cha lcedony DZ i rcon

D Ch lo r i te g Ca lc i te D Do lom i te DS ch is t

oMud/Claystone DM ic r i te DR u t i le

E lS ha le I S IS i l ts tone M ic ro foss i l D Serpent ine I S jS ands tone E lL imes tone g EAMs

Te mpered :

3 8 6

8 6 .33

%ma t + s i l t

I

3 .67 1 0

% t e mp

1 00

1 .68

I ndex

( pas te ) :

4 7

4 .36

VOIDS

5 . 1

% s i l t

OTHER:

To ta l n u mber i n F abr ic C lass .

w /T empe r =B ODY :

8 9 .55

% s and

S ize

a tes 4 ,2 1

w /ou tT empe r = PASTE :

c ' / 0 ma t

S and

r

T e mper

S ize

I ndex

3 .66

CO M MENTS :

F ab r ic 1 c i s mos t l i ke ly " m ixed , " k ao l in i te a nd i l i te . T h is m ix ing man i fes ts i t se l f i ns t reaks a nd p a tches o f c a lc i te d i ssoc ia t ion , o ccas iona l p lana rv o ids , a nd a g rey t ob lack c o lo r , c rossed p o la rs , w i th h i gh f i r ing t empe ra tu re . S i l t a nd f i ne s and i nc lus ions a re p r ima r i ly q uar tz a nd c her t , r a re ly f e ldspa rs . C a lc i te i s d i ssoc ia ted c rys ta ls . Muscov i te i sf ound i n a pp rox ima te ly h a l f o ft he s amp les . V e ry r a re ly t he re a re d e t r i ta l p henocrys ts o fp y roxene a nd i ns amp le J C94 , l i ke ly EH , o l iv ine . Two s amp les may c on ta in g a rne t . V ery f ew s amp les a re t e mpe red , e xc lus ive ly w i th SRFs : s ha le , s i l ts tone , s ands tone , a nd s ome l i mes tone . Ma r ls may a l so b e p resen t , i n t roduced w i th k ao l in i te . E AMs may b e l a rge a nd , i nh i gh f i red o r p oo r ly o x id ized s amp les , g rey t o b lack . Opaques c ons is t o f sma l l t o med ium -g ra ined r ound t o s ub -angu la rg ra ins , p robab ly h ema t i te .

o l iv ine

1 30

APPEND IX THREE : P ETROGRAPH IC CHARACTER IST ICS

GENERAL

DESCR IPT ION

M ICROSTRUCTURE : ughs V o id d esc r ip t ions V ing le - o r d oub le -spaced G ra in d i s t r ibu t ion S E ven ly d i v ided b e tween s i ng le - a nd d oub le -spac ing , v o ids a re v ugh ish a nd o ccas iona l ly p l ana r , n o p re fe r red o r ien ta t ion

P re fer red o r ien ta t ion

GROUND I V IASS : A c t ive

O p t ica l s t a te

B i re f r ingen t f abr ics H omogene i ty

S peck led

Mos t s amp les a re a c t ive w i th s peck led b fab r ics , s ome h i gh f i red s amp les ( g rey o r b lack ) a re i n ac t ive w i th c rys ta l l i t ic o rs t r ia l c a lca reous b fab r ics

COLOR : P l ane p o la r ised l i gh t C rossed p o la rs T EXTURAL

B rown R ed -b rown t ob l ack o rg rey , s ome t imes w i th g o lden s t reaks

CONCENTRAT ION

F EATURES :

V e ry r a re a nd e as i ly c on fused w i th t he o ccas iona l s i l ts tone

CRYSTALL INE

CONCENTRAT ION

F EATURES :

S ome c a l iche a l ong s he rd e dge a nd i nv o ids ; mos t CCFs r e la te t o d i ssoc ia t ion o fc a lc i te , may o ccu ri ns t reaks

' AMORPHOUS '

CONCENTRAT ION

FEATURES :

O paques a nd E AMs a re f a i r ly c ommon , s ome t imes l a rge a nd d a rk r ed

1 31

APPEND IX THREE : P ETROGRAPH IC CHARACTER IST ICS

F abr ic C lass

2

P hoto m icrograph(s ) :

P la tes 2 , 5 , 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 2

s ub-C lass

S ITES A y ia S o t i ra E lB ey lerbe i E lE pano E ng l ianos K a lopsana E lK ana los DK as t rak i E gK oukouna ra K ou tsouve r i E lL agou

o

TOTALS

E l Megas K am p os Mour ia tadha E l N icho r ia r g iO rd ines E l P er is te r ia E l P igad ia [ 8 ]P or tes E l R omanou E lV o idhok i l ia

9 2 .82

` ) / 0 s and

1 .86

' 3 / 0 s i l t

5 .32

TOTAL

1 00

S ize

I ndex

1 .23

M ine ra l D escr ip t ion E l Quar tz

D Ch lo r i te

E lK -spa r M ic roc l ine 1 2P lag ioc lase

E l Ca lc i te 0 D o lom i te E lS ch is t

1 2B io t i te E l Muscov i te E lC her t 1 : g Opaques E p ido te DP y roxene D Amph ibo le D Garne t

Mud /C lays tone E lM ic r i te DR u t i le E l Sha le E lS i l ts tone E lM ic ro foss i l E lS erpen t ine E lS ands tone

g Cha lcedony E lL imes tone DZ i rcon E l EAMs OTHER:

Number

Po int -Counted

Nu mber

( pas te ) :

Te mpered .

1 52 2 6 4

4 .525

VOIDS

w /ou tT empe r =P ASTE :

` ) / 0 ma t

S and

T o ta l n u mber i n F abr ic C lass .

w /T empe r = BODY :

9 5

%ma t + s i l t

2 .25 2 .75

% t e mp

1 00 T e mper S ize

I ndex

3 .68

CO M MENTS :

S amp les o fF ab r ic 2a re v e ry f i ne . Na tu ra l i n c lus ions c ons is to fs i l t o rv e ry f i ne s and wh ich i sq uar tz a nd c her t , v e ry r a re ly f e ldspa rs o rc ha lcedony . Muscov i te i sc ommon , b u td ens i ty v a r ies a nd i sd i f icu l tt o measu re d ue t og roundmass i n ac t iv i ty a nd c a lc i te d i ssoc ia t ion . O paques a re c ommon a nd a re t yp ica l ly sma l l , r ed b l ebs o ri r ons ta ins , p e rhaps h ema t i te . EAMs a re n o ta bundan t a nd w hen p resen ta re sma l l a nd r ounded . C a lc i te e x is ts i ns amp les t h a t h ave b een h i gh f i red a nd i n wh ich d i ssoc ia t ion h as t aken p l ace . On ly f ou rs amp les c on ta ined a ny t empe r , SRFs a nd i no ne s amp le s ome s ch is t . K y l ikes e spec ia l ly may c on ta in m ic ro foss i ls , mos tc ommon ly s he l lf r agmen ts . Many s amp les a l so c on ta in ma r l f r agmen ts t ha t m ay b e c on fused f o r TCFs a st hey b l end w i th t he m a t r ix , e spec ia l ly when c a lca reous .

APPEND IX THREE : PETROGRAPH IC CHARACTER IST ICS

GENERAL

DESCR IPT ION

M ICROSTRUCTURE : ughs V o id d esc r ip t ions V G ra in d i s t r ibu t ion

D oub le -spaced S ome t imes m ica l a ths p a ra l le l t os he rd e dge

P re fe r red o r ien ta t ion

GROUNDMASS : B o th

Op t ica l s ta te

B i re f r ingen t f ab r ics H omogene i ty

S peck led

G roundmass a c t ive o r i nac t ive d epend ing o n f i r ing t empe ra tu re ; b fab r ics a re u sua l ly s peck led , s ome t imes p a tchy o r s t reaky ; r e la tes t o c a lc i te d i ssoc ia t ion

COLOR : P lane p o la r ised l i gh t C rossed p o la rs TEXTURAL

Mos t o f ten b rown R ed -b rown t ob rown t ob l ack o ro l ive g reen , d epend ing o n f i r ing t emp

CONCENTRAT ION

FEATURES :

V e ry r a re , r ound c l ay p e l le ts , p e rhaps r emnan ts o fc l ay p repa ra t ion p rocess

CRYSTALL INE

CONCENTRAT ION

FEATURES :

C a l iche f a i r ly c ommon a l ong s he rd e dges , p a tches o fc r ys ta l l i t ic f ab r ic r e la te t oc a lc i te d i ssoc ia t ion

' A MORPHOUS '

CONCENTRAT ION

FEATURES :

Sma l l , amo rphous i r ons ta ins a nd b l ebs c ommon , p oss ib ly h ema t i te , o ccas iona l E AMs

1 3 3