Morgantina Studies, Volume IV: The Protohistoric Settlement on the Cittadella [Course Book ed.] 9781400863341

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Morgantina Studies

IV The Protohistoric Settlement

Morgantina Studies

Volume IV RESULTS OF THE EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED AT MORGANTINA BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA EDITORS

MALCOLM BELL, III CHRISTOPHER MOSS

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY · 1993

The Protohistoric Settlement on the Cittadella

BY

ROBERT LEIGHTON

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

COPYRIGHT © 1 9 9 3 BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CLOTHBOUND EDITIONS OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS BOOKS ARE PRINTED ON ACID-FREE PAPER, AND BINDING MATERIALS ARE CHOSEN FOR STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubkcation Data Leighton, Robert. T h e Protohistoric Settlement on the Cittadella I by Robert Leighton p.

cm.

(Morgantina Studies: v. 4)

Includes bibliographical references (p.

) and index.

ISBN 0-691-04015-X 1. Morgantina (Extinct city) 2. Excavations (Archaeology)—Italy—Morgantina (Extinct City) 3. Iron age—Italy—Morgantina (Extinct City) 4. Sicily (Italy)—Antiquities—Catalogs. DG70.M66M67 vol. 4 937'.8—dc20

93-22547

Contents Editors' Preface

ix

Preface

xi

Abbreviations

xiii

List of Text Figures

xvii

List of Plates

xix

Introduction

3

I. The Excavations 1. AREA III, TRENCH 2 (FARMHOUSE HILL), PROBE A / F

11

2. AREA III, TRENCH Io/lOB

17

3. AREA III, TRENCH 12

21

4. AREA III, TRENCH l6 WEST

21

5. AREA III, TRENCH 29 (1963 AND 1967)

27

6. AREA III, TRENCH 31

37

II. The Finds 1. POTTERY TYPES

49

2. RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF POTTERY

53

3. INCISED POTTERY

57

4. INCISED MARKS

60

5. PAINTED GEOMETRIC POTTERY

61

6. PLUMED WARE

63

7. AMPHORAE

64

8. ASKOI

66

9. BOWLS

67

10. COOKING STANDS AND TUBES

70

11. CUPS

71

12. DOLIA AND OTHER COARSE WARE VESSELS

73

13. JUGS

76

14. PERFORATED VESSELS

77

15. PITHOI AND LARGE JARS

77

16. SPINDLE WHORLS AND LOOMWEIGHTS

80

17. BRONZE ORNAMENTS

81

vi

CONTENTS

18. BRONZE IMPLEMENTS AND WEAPONS

83

19. MILLSTONES

84

2 0 . GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

86

2 1 . STONE MOULDS

87

2 2 . CHIPPED STONE TOOLS

88

2 3 . BONE AND SHELL ARTIFACTS

88

24.

III.

DAUB

89

2 5 . ANIMAL BONES, DAVID S. REESE

91

T H E IRON A G E T O M B S

97

1. TOMB 4

97

2.

98

TOMB

5

3 . TOMB 6

98

4 . T H E FINDS

IV.

100

5. CHRONOLOGY

106

6 . BURIAL RITE

107

CHRONOLOGY

1.

SICILIAN

PROTOHISTORIC

2 . TRENCH 2 (FARMHOUSE HILL), PROBE

CHRONOLOGY A/F

115

4 . TRENCH 12

116

5. TRENCH L6 WEST

116

6 . TRENCH 2 9 (1963)

116

7 . TRENCH 2 9 ( 1 9 6 7 )

118

8. TRENCH 31

119 120

10. RADIOCARBON DATES FROM PROTOHISTORIC CONTEXTS

121

11. CONCLUSIONS

123

T H E PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

1. SITE LOCATION, ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES

VI.

114

3 . TRENCH I O / I O B

9 . RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY

V.

111

127

2. THE AUSONIAN SETTLEMENT: PRESERVATION AND LAYOUT

134

3 . THE AUSONIAN HUTS: CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN

141

4 . THE MATERIAL ASSEMBLAGE: CRAFTS, ECONOMY, AND SUBSISTENCE

146

5. THE LATER IRON AGE SETTLEMENT (PHASE II)

151

6 . THE PROTOHISTORIC SETTLEMENT A N D THE HISTORICAL SOURCES

152

7 . THE CITTADELLA AND THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD IN SICILY

154

CATALOGUE O F THE F I N D S

1. AREA III, TRENCH 2 (FARMHOUSE HILL), PROBE A / F , STRATA 5 - 8

163

2 . AREA III, TRENCHES IO (1957) AND IOB ( 1 9 5 8 ) , STRATA 3 - 6

168

3 . AREA III, TRENCH 12, STRATUM 3

174

CONTENTS

VIl

4. AREA III, TRENCH l6 WEST, STRATA 2 - 4

174

5. AREA III, TRENCH 29 (1963), STRATA 4-6B

179

6. AREA III, TRENCH 29 (1967), STRATA 4 - 6

192

7. AREA HI, TRENCH 31, STRATA 3-4

206

8. AREA HI, NECROPOLIS IV, TOMB 4

220

9. AREA IH, NECROPOLIS IV, TOMB 5

220

10. AREA HI, NECROPOLIS IV, TOMB 6

221

11. FRAGMENTS OUTSIDE TOMB 6

223

12. MATERIAL FROM ARCHAIC LEVELS

223

Table of Relative Proportions of Weighed Pottery

225

Concordance of Inventory and Catalogue Numbers

229

Index

235

Plates

Editors' Preface WHEN Princeton University began archaeological research at Morgantina in 1955, the primary objective was study of the then nameless Hellenistic city on the Serra Orlando ridge. Casual discoveries on the adjacent Cittadella hill had previously indicated the existence of another, pos­ sibly earlier, settlement on that site, and in 1957 the Princeton expedition opened exploratory trenches on the Cittadella. These immediately revealed elements of a substantial town, which, as later excavations would show, was founded in the Late Bronze Age, prospered during the Iron Age, and, under Greek influence, survived until the early fifth century B.C. The Hellenistic city could thus be understood as the refoundation of a much older place. Coinciding with the excavations on the Cittadella was the discovery by the late Kenan T. Erim of the name of Morgantina, which made available the ancient literary tradition concern­ ing the city's legendary foundation by the Sikels—or, more accurately, by the Morgeti, their close cousins. Morgantina offered a pattern of continuous settlement quite unlike that of the Greek cities on the coast. The task was thus to coordinate the literary and archaeological evidence in order to trace the origins of the Greek city back into the pre-colonial phase. Under the direction of Erik Sjoqvist and Richard Stillwell, and later of Hubert L. Allen, excavations were conducted on the Cittadella from 1957 until 1963, and then from 1967 until 1971; and results were described in the series of "Preliminary Reports" appearing in the American Journal of Archaeology. In 1989 excavation of the Iron Age settlement was resumed under the direc­ tion on Robert Leighton, author of the present volume; the results of this more recent research will appear in a supplementary publication. From 1955 until 1968, Morgantina lay within the archaeological Superintendency of Syracuse, and the U.S. excavators benefited greatly from the advice and encouragement of the Superinten­ dent, Luigi Bernabo Brea, whose research had greatly refined our understanding of Sicilian prehis­ tory, and whose excavations at Lipari were even then producing the most important comparanda for the early town on the Cittadella. The Cittadella settlement was always of particular interest to Sjoqvist, who gave an account of it in his book Sicily and the Greeks, and to Allen, who dedicated to it several major articles. With the present volume, the U.S. expedition begins final publication of the results of this research. Further studies dedicated to the Hellenized archaic settlement will follow. For their support of the excavations on the Cittadella the expedition is profoundly indebted to Prof. Bernabo Brea and his successors at Syracuse, Dott.ssa Paola Pelagatti and Dott. Giuseppe Voza, and to Prof. Piero Orlandini, Prof. Ernesto De Miro, and Dott. Graziella Fiorentini, the successive superintende at Agrigento, into whose district Morgantina was transferred in 1968. The new superintendency of Enna, to which the site belongs today, has offered essential assistance during the preparation of this volume, and we are pleased to express the thanks of all concerned to the authorities at Enna, Dott. Giuseppe Lo Iacono and Dott.ssa Enza Cilia.

EDITORS' PREFACE

Publication of this volume has been aided by the Publications Committee of the Department of Art and Archaeology of Princeton University.

Malcolm Bell, III University of Virginia William A. P. Childs Princeton University

Preface THIS REPORT could not have been written without the support of a number of institutions and individuals. First and foremost I wish to thank the Leverhulme Trust (London) for a study abroad grant from 1985-1987, which enabled me to undertake the research. I also received a Dr. M. Aylwin Cotton Fellowship for 1984-1985 and it is a pleasure to recall the interest taken by the late Dr. Molly Cotton in this project. Professor Malcolm Bell encouraged my work at Morgantina from the outset and extended the hospitality of the University of Virginia excavations at the site throughout, while Professor W. A. P. Childs of Princeton University made possible a period of study in the U.S.A. in the spring of 1987 in order to consult the Morgantina archives at Princeton and at the University of Illinois (Champaign-Urbana). I am very grateful to both of them for their generous support and encour­ agement. My warmest thanks go to Dr. Christopher Moss at Princeton for his ready assistance and patience in guiding this report, and its author, through the complex stages of production and publication. In addition, Dr. Linda Klepinger of the University of Illinois, Professor Sheldon Judson 1 Shari Kenfield, Nora Laos, and Mari Marratt at Princeton University were most kind and helpful during my stay in the United States. In Sicily, Dott.ssa G. Fiorentini and Professor E. de Miro of the Superintendency of Agrigento gave their authorisation to study the material and facilitated my research at the site. I am greatly indebted to the former director of the Aidone museum, Dott.ssa Angela Incardona, for her kind­ ness and advice on many occasions, and to the staff for their friendly assistance while working in the pleasant surroundings of the museum. Dott. G. Voza kindly allowed access to material from the Cittadella formerly housed in the Syracuse museum, where Sig.ra Tranchina and Dott.ssa Ciurcina gave me every help during my various visits. Since 1989 my research at the site has continued to enjoy the support of Dott. G. Lo Iacono and Dott.ssa E. Cilia of the Superintendency of Enna, under whose jurisdiction Morgantina now lies. Many participants and members of staff on the excavations helped to make the numerous seasons spent in the field enjoyable and rewarding. The study of the material and the preparation of the text benefited considerably from discussions with Dr. Claire Lyons, while helpful com­ ments on the preliminary draft were also made by David Ridgway of Edinburgh University, whose enduring interest in and encouragement of this study has been much appreciated. Likewise, special thanks are due to Dr. David Reese for his contribution on the faunal remains. I would also express my gratitude to all those who provided me with useful items of informa­ tion and offered valuable insights from their own archaeological experience and research in Sicily and southern Italy. Rosa Maria Albanese, Enrico Procelli, Massimo Frasca, Marco Pacciarelli, Claudio Giardino and Gioacchino Falsone were most kind and helpful in this respect. My first experience of field archaeology in Sicily was with Dott. Falsone, from whom I learned a great

XIl

PREFACE

deal. A seminar on protohistoric Morgantina given at Rome University was especially useful thanks to the stimulating contributions of Professor Renato Peroni, while Dott. Luigi Bernabo Brea kindly gave me a tour of the Lipari museum and the benefit of his views on many aspects of the Ausonian culture and Sicilian prehistory in general, which was most instructive. Needless to say, none of the above are responsible for the opinions or any errors of fact or judgement in the following pages. Finally, on a personal note, my greatest debt is to Celine and Lydia, who were constantly supportive while this project was occupying my attention. Edinburgh, December 1990

Abbreviations

Articles and Monographs Adamesteanu, "Butera"

Adamesteanu, D. "Butera: Piano della Fiera, Consi e Fontana Calda." MonAnt 44 (1958) 205-672.

Albanese Procelli, "Cozzo S. Giuseppe"

Bernabo Brea, L., and Albanese Procelli, R. M. "Calascibetta (Enna). La necropoli di Cozzo S. Giuseppe in contrada Realmese." NSc 36 (1982) 425-632.

Allen, "Per una definizione"

Allen, H. L. "Per una definizione della facies preistorica di Morgan­ tina: L eta del ferro." Kokalos 18-19 (1972-73) 146-60.

Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina"

Allen, H. L. "The Effect of Population Movements and Diffusion on Iron Age Morgantina." Kokalos 22-23 (1976-77) 479-509.

Bernabo Brea, Sicily

Bernabo Brea, L. Sicily before the Greeks. 2nd ed. London, 1966.

Bernabo Brea and Cavalier,

Bernabo Brea, L., and Cavalier, M. Mylai. Novara, 1959.

Mylai

Bernabo Brea, Militello, and La Piana, "Madonna del Piano"

Bernabo Brea, L., Militello, E., and La Piana, S. "La necropoli detta del Molino della Badia: nuove tombe in contrada Madonna del Piano." NSc 23 (1969) 210-76.

Fatta, Sant'Angelo Muxaro

Frasca, "Finocchito"

Fatta, V. La ceramica geometrica di Sant'Angelo Muxaro (Fondazione Whitaker, Studi Monografici 2). Palermo, 1983. Frasca, M. "La necropoli di Monte Finocchito." Contributi alia conoscenza dell'eta del ferro in Sicilia = CronCatania 20 (1981) 13-102.

Il bronzo finale

Atti della XXI Riunione Scientifica dell'Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria. Il bronzo finale in Italia. Firenze 21-23 ottobre 1977. Florence, 1979.

Meligums-Lipara I

Bernabo Brea, L., and Cavalier, M. Meligunis-Lipara, Vol. I, La stazione preistorica della contrada Diana e la necropoli di Lipari nella preistoria. Pa­

lermo, 1960. Meligunis-Lipara III

Bernabo Brea, L., and Cavalier, M. Meligunis-Lipara, Vol. Ill, Stazioni preistoriche delle isole Panarea, Salina e Stromboli. Palermo, 1968.

Meligunis-Lipara IV

Orsi, "Molino della Badia"

Bernabo Brea, L., and Cavalier, M. Meligunis-Lipara, Vol. IV, L'acropoli di Lipari nella preistoria. Palermo, 1980. Orsi, P. "Necropoli al Molino della Badia presso Grammichele." BPI 31 (1905) 96-133.

Orsi, "Necropoli calabresi"

Orsi, P. "Le necropoli preelleniche calabresi di Torre Galli e di Canale, Ianchina, Patariti." MonAnt 31 (1926) 1-376.

Orsi, "Pantalica e Cassibile"

Orsi, P. "Pantalica e Cassibile." MonAnt 11 (1899) 33-146.

ABBREVIATIONS

Orsi, "Pantalica e Dessueri"

Orsi, P. "Pantalica e Dessueri." MonAnt 21 (1912) 301-408.

PR I

Stillwell, R., and SjSqvist, E. "Excavations at Serra Orlando. Prelimi­ nary Report." AJA 61 (1957) 151-59.

PR II

Sjoqvist, E. "Excavations at Serra Orlando (Morgantina). Preliminary Report II." AJA 62 (1958) 155-64.

PR III

Stillwell, R. "Excavations at Serra Orlando 1958. Preliminary Report III." AJA 63 (1959) 167-73.

PR IV

Sjoqvist, E. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1959. Prelimi­ nary Report IV." AJA 64 (1960) 125-35.

PR V

Stillwell, R., "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1960. Pre­ liminary Report V." AJA 65 (1961) 277-81.

PR VI

Sjoqvist, E. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1961. Prelimi­ nary Report VI." AJA 66 (1962) 135-43.

PR VII

Stillwell, R. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1962. Pre­ liminary Report VII." AJA 67 (1963) 163-71.

PR VIII

Sjoqvist, E. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1963. Prelimi­ nary Report VIII." AJA 68 (1964) 137-47.

PR X

Allen, H. L. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1967-1969. Preliminary Report X." AJA 74 (1970) 359-83.

PR XI

Allen, H. L. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1970-1972. Preliminary Report XI." AJA 78 (1974) 361-83.

PR XII

Bell, M. "Excavations at Morgantina, 1980-1985. Preliminary Report XII." AJA 92 (1988) 313-42.

Rizza, "Leontini"

Rizza, G. "Siculi e Greci sui colli di Leontini." CronCatania 1 (1962) 3-27.

Sibaritide I

Bergonzi, G., Cardarelli, A., Guzzo, P. G., Peroni, R., and Vagnetti, L. Ricerche sulla protostoria della Sibaritide, Vol. I (Cahiers du Centre Jean Berard, VII). Naples, 1982.

Sibaritide II

Bergonzi, G., BufFa, V., Cardarelli, A., Giardino, C., Peroni, R., Va­ gnetti, L. Ricerche sulla protostoria della Sibaritide, Vol. II (Cahiers du Centre Jean Berard, VIII). Naples, 1982.

Sibaritide III

Peroni, R., ed. Ricerche sulla protostoria della Sibaritide, Vol. III. Rome, 1984.

Sibaritide: nuove ricerche

Peroni, R., ed. Nuove ricerche sulla protostoria della Sibaritide. Rome, 1984.

Sicilia sud-orientale

P. Pelagatti and G. Voza, eds. Archeologia nella Sicilia sud-orientale (Cen­ tre Jean Berard). Naples, 1973.

Sjoqvist, "I Greci"

Sjoqvist, Ε. "I Greci a Morgantina." Kokalos 8 (1962) 52-68.

Steures, Finoeehito

Steures, D. C. Monte Finocchito Revisited, Part 1: The Evidence. Amster­ dam, 1980.

ABBREVIATIONS

Tusa, La Sicilia

xv

Tusa, S. La Sicilia nella preistoria. Palermo, 1983.

Periodicals and Series AJA

American Journal of Archaeology

Ampurias

Ampurias. Revista de arqueologia, prehistoria γ etnologia

Antiquity

Antiquity. A Quarterly Review of Archaeology

ArchCl

Archeologia classica

ArchStorPugl

Archivio storico pugliese

AttiMGrecia

Atti e memorie della Societa Magna Grecia

BAR

British Archaeological Reports

BCASic

Beni culturali e ambientali, Sicilia

BdA

Bollettino d'arte

BICS

Bulletin. Institute of Classical Studies, University of London

BPI

Bullettino di paletnologia italiana

BSR

Papers of the British School at Rome

CronCatania

Cronache di archeologia e di storia dell'arte, Universita di Catania

DialArch

Dialoghi di archeologia

Klearchos

Klearchos. Bollettino dell'Assoeiazione amici del Museo nazionale di Reggio Calabria

Kokalos

Κώκαλοϊ. Studi pubblicati dall'Istituto di storia antica dellXJniversita di Palermo

Magna Grecia

Magna Grecia. Rassegna di archeologia, storia, arte, attualita

MEFR

Melanges d'arckeologie et dTtistoire de IfEcolefranqaise de Rome

MEFRA

Melanges de IyEcolefranqaise de Rome, Antiquite

MonAnt

Monumenti antichi deU'Accademia dei Lincei

NSc

Notizie degli scavi di antichita

Padusa

Padusa. Bollettino del Centro polesano di studi storici, archeologici ed etnografici, Rovigo

PP

La parola del passato

PPS

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society

Radiocarbon

Radiocarbon. Published by the American Journal of Science

RendLinc

Atti deU'Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti

RivScPr

Rivista di scienze preistoriche

RM

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Romische Abteilung

SicArch

Sicilia archeologica

Sileno

Sileno. Rivista di stusi classici e cristiani

SkrRom

Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Rom

StEtr

Studi etruschi

List of Text Figures Fig. 1

Map of Sicily with location of Morgantina and principal protohistoric sites

5

Fig. 2

Area III, contours with principal Archaic buildings and location of trenches 2 (Farmhouse Hill), 10, 12, 16 West, 29, and 31 and Necropolis IV, tombs 4-6 (after D. Bylund, 1980, 1:1000)

8

Fig. 3

Area III, trench 2, probe A/F, plan (after S. Curcic, 1968, 1:100)

12

Fig. 4

Area III, trench 2, probe A/F, plan (1968, 1:50)

14

Fig. 5

Area III, trench 2, probe A/F, section b-b' (after M. Bell, 1967, circa 1:100)

15

Fig. 6

Area III, trench 10/10B/10C, plan (after Κ. M. Phillips, 1958, 1:100)

16

Fig. 7

Area III, trench 10, section A-A' (1957, 1:50)

17

Fig. 8

Area III, trench 10/10B, section B-B' (after Κ. M. Phillips, 1958, 1:50)

18

Fig. 9

Area III, trench 10/10B, section B'-C (after Κ. M. Phillips, 1958, 1:50)

21

Fig. 10

Area III, trench 16-16 West, plan (after R. Leighton, 1986, 1:100)

22

Fig. 11

Area III, trench 16 West, plan (after R. Leighton, 1986, 1:25)

23

Fig. 12

Area III, trench 16 West, section A-A' (after R. Leighton, 1986, 1:25)

24

Fig. 13

Area III, trench 16 West, east wall prospect (after R. Leighton, 1986, 1:25)

25

Fig. 14

Area III, trench 29 (1963), plan (after C. E. Ostenberg, 1963, 1:100)

29

Fig. 15

Area III, trench 29 (1963 and 1967), plan (after C. E. Ostenberg, 1963, 1:100, and H. Allen, 1967, scale approximate)

32

Area III, trench 29 (1963), sections C-C', A-A', and B-B' (after C. E. 0stenberg, 1963, 1:100)

33

Area III, trench 29 (1967), sections B'-D', D'-D, and D-B (after H. Allen, 1967, 1:50)

35

Fig. 18

Area III, trench 31, plan (after S. Miller, 1967 and 1968, 1:25)

38

Fig. 19

Area III, trench 31, section A-B (after S. Miller, 1967, 1:25)

40

Fig. 20

Area III, trench 31, section C-D (after S. Miller, 1967, 1:25)

41

Fig. 21

Area III, trench 31E, oven section (after S. Miller, 1967)

42

Fig. 22

Area III, trench 31, interior reconstruction of the Ausonian building, room A (R. Leighton, 1990)

45

Fig. 23

Area III, trenches 16 West, 29, and 31, hut floors, cross sections

47

Fig. 24

Principal Ausonian vessel shapes from the Cittadella (not to scale)

52

Fig. 25

Incised designs on pottery from the Cittadella

58

Fig. 26

Daub sample sections from trench 31, stratum 4 (see also Pl. 62)

90

Fig. 16 Fig. 17

XVUl

LIST OF TEXT FIGURES

Fig. 27

Area III, Necropolis IV, tombs 4-6 (after J. Kenfield, 1970, 1:25)

97

Fig. 28

Area III, Necropolis IV, tomb 4 (after J. Kenfield, 1970, circa 1:15)

98

Fig. 29

Area III, Necropolis IV, tomb 5 (after J. Kenfield, 1970, circa 1:15)

99

Fig. 30

Area III, Necropolis IV, tomb 6, stratum 2 (after J. Kenfield, 1970, circa 1:15)

100

Fig. 31

Area HI, Necropolis IV, tomb 6, stratum 3 (after J. Kenfield, 1970, circa 1:15)

101

Fig. 32

Area III, Necropolis IV, tomb 6, cross section (after J. Kenfield, 1970, circa 1:30)

102

Fig. 33

Chronological table: Sicily between the thirteenth and eighth centuries B.C. (southeast Sicily after Bernabo Brea, Sicily; northeast Sicily and Lipari after A. M. Bietti Sestieri, in Il bronzo finale)

112

Fig. 34

Calibrated radiocarbon dates + / - Is

121

Fig. 35

Map of Sicily with the location of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age sites and metal hoards

131

Contour map of the Catania plain and surrounding hills with the main protohistoric sites

133

Contour map of southern Sicily from GeIa to Enna with the main protohistoric and native sites

135

Area III, contours with location of trenches 2 (Farmhouse Hill), 10, 16 West, 29, and 31 and Necropolis IV, tombs 4-6 (after D. Bylund, 1980, 1:1000); for details and location of Archaic buildings, see Fig. 2

137

Examples of Ausonian buildings from the acropolis of Lipari, the Metapiccola hill of Lentini, and the Cittadella (after Meligunh-Lipara IV, fig. 17; Rizza, "Leontini," fig. 1)

144

Fig. 36 Fig. 37 Fig. 38

Fig. 39

List of Plates Pl. 1

Aerial v i e w of the Cittadella and Serra O r l a n d o ridge f r o m the northeast

Pi. 2

Aerial v i e w of the Cittadella f r o m the northeast

Pl. 3

Aerial v i e w of the Cittadella

Pl. 4

Aerial v i e w of the s u m m i t o f the Cittadella w i t h the naiskos revealed ( F a r m h o u s e H i l l , t r e n c h 2)

Pl. 5

V i e w of the Serra O r l a n d o agora (Area I) f r o m the west w i t h the Cittadella (Area III) a n d M o u n t Etna beyond

Pl. 6:a

V i e w of the Cittadella and Serra O r l a n d o ridge across the B e l m o n t i n o valley f r o m the south

Pl. 6:b

V i e w o f the Cittadella (in 1968) across the San Francesco valley, f r o m Serra O r l a n d o Area V, s h o w i n g the locations o f t r e n c h 31 and F a r m h o u s e H i l l t r e n c h 2 (probe A / F )

Pl. 7:a

Area III, t r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e Hill), probe A, section b - b '

Pl. 7:b

Area III, t r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e Hill), probe A / F , w a l l A, s t r a t u m 6A

Pl. 8:a

Area III, t r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e Hill), probe A, wall B

Pl. 8:b

Area III, t r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e Hill), probe A / F , walls A, B, and C, w i t h h e a r t h of s t r a t u m 6A in t o p left c o r n e r

Pl. 9:a

Area III, t r e n c h 10 f r o m the south

Pl. 9:b

Area III, t r e n c h 10 f r o m the east

Pl. 10:a

Area III, t r e n c h 16 W e s t , h u t floor and east w a l l (1961)

Pl. 10:b

Area III, t r e n c h 16 W e s t , h u t floor and east w a l l (1986)

Pl. 1 l:a

Area III, t r e n c h 16 W e s t , h u t floor a n d east w a l l f r o m the south (1986)

Pl. l l : b

Area III, t r e n c h 16 W e s t , h u t floor and cross w a l l w i t h superimposed n o r t h - s o u t h w a l l of A r c h a i c period (1986)

Pl. 12:a

Area III, t r e n c h 16 W e s t , h u t floor w i t h postholes (1986)

Pl. 12:b

Area III, t r e n c h 16 W e s t , postholes o n the west w a l l (1986)

Pl. 12:c

Area III, t r e n c h 16 W e s t , traces o f clay plaster on the east w a l l (1986)

Pl. 13

Area III, t r e n c h 29 d u r i n g the 1967 excavations

Pl. 14:a

Area III, t r e n c h 29 (1963), c o o k i n g stand, no. 256, a n d a m p h o r a , no. 294, d u r i n g excavation o f s t r a t u m 6A

Pl. 14:b

Area III, t r e n c h 29 (1963), south w a l l and s t r a t u m 6A w i t h m a t e r i a l in situ

Pl. 15

Area III, t r e n c h 29 (1963), south w a l l and s t r a t u m 6A w i t h m a t e r i a l in situ

Pl. 16:a

Area III, t r e n c h 29 (1963), s t r a t u m 6A, c o o k i n g stands, nos. 257 a n d 258 in situ

LIST OF PLATES

Pl. 16:b

Area III trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B, south wall and hut floor

Pl. I7:a

Area III trench 29 (1967), wall H and circular rubble platforms (stratum 6) from the east

Pl. 17:b

Area III trench 29 (1967), walls H and H2 from the northwest

Pl. 18:a

Area III trench 29 (1967), wall H and south baulk (section B'-D')

Pl. 18:b

Area III trench 29 (1967) from the northeast

PI. 19

Area III trench 31, hut floor in zones Β, A, E, and F, from the north

Pl. 20

Area III trench 31, hut floor in zones F, Ε, A, B, and C, from the south

PI. 21 :a

Area III trench 31, hut floor in zones E and F

Pl. 21 :b

Area III trench 31, hut floor in zones B, A, and E

PL 22:a

Area III trench 31, hut floor in zones F and G

PL 22:b

Area III trench 31, zone E, east wall of hut with cooking stands 1-2 and oven in situ

PL 23

Area III trench 31, zone E, east wall of hut with cooking stands 1-2 and pottery tube (no. 580) in situ

PL 24

Area III trench 31, zone E, cooking stand 1

PL 25

Area III trench 31, zone E, oven

PL 26:a

Area III trench 31, sherd base A

PL 26:b

Area III trench 31, zone G, antler in situ

PL 27:a

Area III trench 31, zone C, dolium burial

PL 27:b

Area III trench 31, zone C, post 1

PL 28:a

Area III trench 31, zone A, post 8 and spindle whorl, no. 548, in situ

PL 28:b

Area III trench 31, zones A-C, pithoi nos. 552 and 553 in situ

PL 29:a

Area III trench 31, zones A-C, pithoi nos. 552 and 553 in situ

PL 29:b

Area III trench 31, zones A-B, pithoi nos. 552 and 553 in situ

PL 30:a

Area III trench 31, zone A, pithos no. 531 in situ

PL 30:b

Pithoi found in trench 31; back row, left to right: nos. 599, 614, 552, 531, 551; front row, left to right: nos. 554, 532, 562, 563, 564, 553

PL 31

No. 1, jar/dolium; no. 3, bowl; no. 4, bowl; no. 5,jug(?); no. 12, carinated bowl; no. 14, body sherd; no. 17, body sherd; no. 16, body sherd; no. 37, pithos; no. 39, bowl; no. 48, amphora; no. 50, carinated cup; no. 53, bowl; no. 60, grinding stone; no. 61, amphora

PL 32

No. 70, amphora; no. 76, body sherd; no. 79, cup handle (?); no. 80, rim sherd; no. 81, jar/ dolium; no. 82, rim sherd; no. 83, rim sherd; no. 84, handle; no. 90, cup; no. 91, jar; no. 95, pithos; no. 96, jar; no. 99, bowl

PL 33

No. 100, bowl; no. 102, dolium; no. 105, jar; no. 110, jar/dolium; no. 125, grinding stone; no. 130, obsidian blade; no. 131, obsidian point; no. 132, obsidian blade; no. 133, obsidian blade; no. 134, obsidian blade (?); no. 135, obsidian flake; no. 136, obsidian flake; no. 137, obsidian blade (?); no. 138, obsidian flake; no. 139, obsidian debitage; no. 337, grinding stone; no. 663, grinding stone/pestle

LIST OF PLATES

XXl

Pl. 34

No. 140, flint debitage; no. 144, bowl; no. 149, dolium; no. 150, strainer-spout; no. 151,jug(?); no. 152, amphora; no. 159, pithos; no. 160, pithos

Pl. 35

No. 161, jar/jug (?); no. 162, jar; no. 163, dolium; no. 165, jar; no. 166, jar; no. 168, carinated cup

Pl. 36

No. 169, "milk-boiler"; no. 170, jug; no. 171, carinated cup; no. 172, carinated cup; no. 173, carinated cup; no. 174, carinated cup; no. 175, carinated cup

Pl. 37

No. 176, carinated cup; no. 178, askos; no. 179, askos; no. 180, askos; no. 181, askos; no. 182, Jug

Pl. 38

No. 184, amphora; no. 185, amphora; no. 187, amphora; no. 189, carinated bowl; no. 199, axe (?); no. 200, whetstone; no. 202, whetstone; no. 205, jar; no. 208, carinated cup; no. 212, amphora; no. 230, amphora

Pl. 39

No. 204, body sherd; no. 214, bowl; no. 215, bowl; no. 216, bowl; no. 217, bowl; no. 218, body sherd; no. 220, body sherd; no. 221, amphora; no. 222, bowl; no. 223, oinochoe; no. 225, body sherd; no. 226, body sherd; no. 227, rim sherd; no. 228, body sherd; no. 229, jar/amphora

Pl. 40

No. 238, jar/dolium; no. 239, bowl; no. 242, carinated bowl; no. 245, bowl; no. 246, bowl; no. 247, carinated bowl; no. 248, body sherd; no. 250, carinated cup; no. 252, bowl; no. 253, bowl (?); no. 254, body sherd; no. 256, cooking stand

Pl. 41

No. 257, cooking stand; no. 258, cooking stand; no. 260, pithos; no. 261, jar/pithos; no. 263, dolium; no. 265, jar

Pl. 42

No. 266, jar; no. 267, jar; no. 268, jar; no. 269, jar/dolium; no. 272, bowl; no. 273, jar; no. 274, beaker

Pl. 43

No. 276, carinated cup; no. 277, carinated cup; no. 278, carinated cup; no. 279, carinated cup; no. 280, carinated cup; no. 291, bowl

Pl. 44

No. 292, amphora; no. 294, amphora; no. 300, loomweight; no. 301, loomweight; no. 302, ring; no. 303, jar/dolium; no. 310, handle; no. 311, jar; no. 312, body sherd; no. 313, bowl no. 323, loomweight

Pl. 45

No. 126, core; no. 314, carinated cup; no. 317, amphora; no. 334, millstone; no. 336, core/scraper; no. 344, comb; no. 347, bowl; no. 358, pithos (?); no. 359, jar/dolium; no. 494, scraper

Pl. 46

No. 360, body sherd; no. 361, jar/dolium; no. 363, body sherd; no. 364, body sherd; no. 365, carinated cup; no. 366, carinated cup; no. 367, carinated cup; no. 369, bowl; no. 371, bowl; no. 372, body sherd; no. 375, bowl; no. 379, bowl; no. 381, bowl; no. 382, bowl

Pl. 47

No. 377, carinated bowl; no. 378, cup; no. 387, carinated cup; no. 391, amphora; no. 399, amphora; no. 400, rim sherd; no. 401, rim sherd; no. 404, amphora; no. 410, bowl

Pl. 48

No. 408, body sherd; no. 409, body sherd; no. 412, bowl; no. 413, rim sherd; no. 414, amphora; no. 415, rim sherd; no. 421, carinated bowl; no. 422, carinated cup; no. 423, carinated bowl; no. 424, body sherd; no. 428, jar/dolium; no. 429, jar/dolium; no. 437, bowl

Pl. 49

No. 438, base sherd; no. 439, rim sherd; no. 456, bowl; no. 458, bowl; no. 459, base sherd; no. 460, amphora; no. 461, bowl; no. 462, miniature amphora; no. 468, bowl; no. 469, rim sherd

xxii

LIST OF PLATES

Pl. 50

No. 470, carinated bowl; no. 473, body sherd; no. 474, amphora; no. 481, carinated bowl; no. 483, carinated cup; no. 489, sheet fragment; no. 491, hammer; no. 492, dagger; no. 506, striker

Pl. 51

No. 493, mould; no. 515, bowl; no. 531, pithos; no. 532, pithos; no. 534, jar/dolium

Pl. 52

No. 541, carinated cup; no. 547, spindle whorl; no. 548, spindle whorl; no. 552, pithos; no. 553, pithos; no. 554, pithos; no. 611, spindle whorl; no. 612, spindle whorl; no. 632, spindle whorl

Pl. 53

No. 555, beaker; no. 556, dolium; no. 560, carinated bowl; no. 562, pithos; no. 563, pithos; no. 564, pithos

Pl. 54

No. 565, jar/pithos; no. 566, bowl; no. 571, handle; no. 572, bowl; no. 574, jar/dolium; no. 577, carinated bowl; no. 578, tubular object; no. 579, tubular object; no. 580, tubular object; no. 581, jar; no. 583, amphora; no. 587, carinated bowl; no. 601, jar/dolium; no. 606, carinated bowl; no. 607, body sherd

Pl. 55

No. 614, pithos; no. 615, jar/dolium; no. 616, carinated cup; no. 617, amphora; no. 629, carinated cup; no. 650, razor; no. 658, mould (?)

Pl. 56

No. 659, mould; no. 660, mould; no. 661, mould; no. 667, mould; no. 673, axe; no. 664, axe; no. 668, mould

Pl. 57

No. 669, millstone; no. 670, millstone; no. 671, millstone; no. 678, jug; no. 680, bowl; no. 682, bead; no. 688, jug; no. 715, base sherd; no. 716, bowl

Pl. 58

No. 681, fibula; no. 683, bead; no. 684, coil; no. 685, coil; no. 686, coil; no. 687, bead; no. 689, bowl; no. 690, bowl; no. 709, fibula

Pl. 59

No. 691, bowl; no. 692, bowl; no. 693, bowl; no. 694, askos; no. 695, askos; no. 696, askos

Pl. 60

No. 697, jug; no. 698, bowl; no. 699, ring; no. 700, bead; no. 701, chain; no. 702, bead; no. 703, ring; no. 704, pin; no. 705, ring No. 706, ring; no. 707, ring; no. 711, fibula; no. 712, fibula; no. 714, bead; no. 717, fibula; no. 718, body sherd; no. 720, body sherd

Pl. 61 Pl. 62

Semi-baked clay with grain impressions found inside pithos no. 563; daub samples 1-6 (see also Fig. 26)

Pis. 63-70

Line drawings of finds from trench 2 (Farmhouse Hill) probe A/F (nos. 1-60)

Pis. 71-82

Line drawings of finds from trench 10/10B and trench 12 (nos. 61-144)

Pis. 83-92

Line drawings of finds from trench 16 West (nos. 145-202)

Pis. 93-113 Line drawings of finds from trench 29 (1963) (nos. 203-345) Pis. 114-134 Line drawings of finds from trench 29 (1967) (nos. 346-508) Pis. 135-158 Line drawings of finds from trench 31 (nos. 509-676) Pis. 159-163 Line drawings of finds from Necropolis IV, tombs 4, 5, and 6 (nos. 677-716) Pl. 164

Line drawings of finds from Archaic levels (nos. 717-721)

Morgantina Studies

IV The Protohistoric Settlement

Introduction THE REMAINS of the protohistoric settlement on the Cittadella were excavated over a period of fourteen years, between 1957 and 1970, initially under the direction of Richard Stillwell and Erik Sjoqvist, and subsequently of Hubert L. Allen. Although the contributions of many individuals who were associated with the expedition over the years have been mentioned in the preliminary reports and in the first volume of this series, it behoves me to remember those who were most directly involved with the excavations described in this report: the late Kyle M. Phillips and the late Carl Eric Ostenberg, R. Ross Holloway, Donald White, Stephen G. Miller, John Kenfield, and Malcolm Bell. My first visit to the site was in the summer of 1982 when I was concluding a Ph.D. thesis on the Pantalica culture of southeast Sicily in the Department of Archaeology at Edinburgh Univer­ sity. Following an invitation from the field director, Professor Malcolm Bell of the University of Virginia, and Professor William A. P. Childs of Princeton University, the study of the protohis­ toric material was begun in 1983. Most of the writing of this report was carried out in 1985 and 1986, and seasons were spent at Morgantina every summer from 1983 to 1987 in order to study the material in the archaeological museum of Aidone and acquire first-hand knowledge of the site. Many years had passed since any protohistoric contexts had been investigated on the Cittadella and there seemed little prospect of new excavations being undertaken there on a large scale in the immediate future. It was clear, therefore, that the evidence for the protohistoric period which had been revealed by the former excavations should be published in its entirety. Some of the material was already known in part from preliminary reports and articles. Sjoqvist and Stillwell had mentioned some finds from the 1957 to 1963 seasons, while Allen had discussed various aspects of the settlement and the later findings in subsequent articles. 1 However, only a small proportion of the whole had been published and few details had been made available regarding the extent and specific nature of the relevant contexts at the site. A great deal of information is presented here for the first time. Some revision of statements and theories contained in preliminary publications has been re­ quired and some interpretations presented here do not coincide with those of previous authors. Inevitably, not all of the views expressed in the preliminary reports still seem applicable today. In particular, alterations to the relative and absolute chronology of some contexts has been considered necessary, and the identification of Mycenaean sherds has been discounted. 2 Nevertheless, a num­ ber of the ideas and problems of interpretation discussed here were first considered by Sjoqvist and Allen many years ago and I have benefited greatly from reading their notebooks and published works.

1 PR II, 157-58; PR IV, 134; PR VI, 141; PR VII, 171; PR VIII, 146; PR X, 369-75; PR XI, 368-70; Sjoqvist, "I Greci"; Allen, "Per una defmizione"; Allen, "Iron Age

Morgantina." 2 R. Leighton, "Mycenaean pottery at Morgantina," AJA 88 (1984) 389-91. See pp. 62-63 below.

INTRODUCTION

4

It was Sjoqvist who first described the protohistoric material from the Cittadella excavations, which he correctly associated with the Ausonian culture and its peninsular affiliations, known at that time from the very recent discoveries by Luigi Bernabo Brea and Madeleine Cavalier in northeast Sicily at Milazzo and on Lipari. It should also be recorded in this connection that the distinguished Swedish prehistorian, Carl Eric Ostenberg, who participated in various campaigns at the site before 1964, communicated many of his ideas about the prehistoric and protohistoric material to Sj5qvist. Ostenberg himself never published any of the finds from Morgantina, but Sjoqvist and Allen made use of his field notebooks and subsequent communications. In some ways the circumstances of the protohistoric excavations on the Cittadella were not ideal. Remains of Archaic and Hellenistic date are found over almost the entire site and fre­ quently resulted in the partial or complete destruction of earlier layers, creating obvious stratigraphic problems due to later disturbances, infiltrations, and so on. Moreover, the excavations were initiated with the main intention of studying the settlement of the later periods. 3 It is per­ haps not surprising that a number of prehistoric contexts, which were not the primary focus of interest, were left unexplored. Furthermore, although some aspects of the documentation are extensive, it does not always reflect methods of recording that would be practiced today, nor include all of the kinds of infor­ mation that would be obtained with more modern recovery techniques. In fact, the only nonartifactual material collected consisted of the animal bones; flotation

was not attempted and

sieving only rarely. Inevitably, this has acted as a constraint upon the interpretation and discussion of some aspects of the archaeology, particularly with regard to questions about subsistence and environment. Further work at the site should cast more light on such matters by means of a multidisciplinary approach incorporating the relevant technical expertise. Despite these limitations, the evidence recovered for the protohistoric settlement is significant. This is the first substantial habitation site of the period to have been revealed in central Sicily, with evidence for continuity of occupation from the protohistoric to the historic period. In fact, the Iron Age assemblage from the Cittadella complements that of the Lipari acropolis, where the Late Bronze Age period is better represented. Valuable information was obtained regarding the nature of dwellings and burials, and a large quantity and wide range of artifacts were found associated with these. The discovery of the Ausonian huts with much of their structures preserved, containing a variety of artifacts in situ as a result of destruction by fire, has permitted a fairly detailed reconstruction in some cases. It is regrettable of course that there has been such a delay in publication. Nevertheless, albeit long overdue, the presentation of this material occurs at an auspicious moment for the study of Sicilian protohistory. The greatest initiative, needless to say, has already been provided by the extensive work of Luigi Bernabo Brea and Madeleine Cavalier in the Aeolian Islands, and I have turned to the volumes of Meligunis-Lipara on many occasions for illuminating comparisons. Al­ though much remains unpublished in Sicily itself, recent studies of material from Finocchito, Sant'Angelo Muxaro, and Cozzo San Giuseppe (Realmese) by a new generation of scholars have

3

See W. A. P. Childs, "Morgantina, Past and Future," AJA 83 (1979) 377-79.

INTRODUCTION

5

Fig. 1. Map of Sicily with location of Morgantina and principal protohistoric sites

g r e a t l y assisted t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t a n d l e a d o n e t o h o p e t h a t t h i s t r e n d w i l l m a r k t h e b e g i n n i n g o f r e n e w e d interest a n d research in this

field.

SOURCES, METHODOLOGY, AND PRESENTATION I n v i e w o f t h e f a c t t h a t m a n y y e a r s h a v e passed s i n c e m o s t o f t h i s m a t e r i a l first c a m e t o l i g h t , m u c h t i m e a n d effort h a v e been devoted to t h e analysis o f the e x c a v a t i o n archives, w h i c h c o m p r i s e t h e n u m e r o u s site s u p e r v i s o r s ' n o t e b o o k s , a r c h i t e c t u r a l p l a n s , p h o t o g r a p h s , a n d o t h e r d o c u m e n t a t i o n . T h i s has of necessity been a slow and painstaking task a n d inevitably a n u m b e r of difficulties w e r e encountered.

INTRODUCTION

6

On the whole, the documentation was found to be adequate: the basic top plans and section drawings were available, accompanied by photographs and a description of the stratigraphy and various features. One exception is the extension excavation of trench 29 in 1967, where the interpretation of the finds depends upon a rather sketchy account and is severely handicapped by the absence of a detailed top plan. Certain aspects of the documentation for the other trenches are inconsistent, and it has not been possible to include uniformly detailed descriptions of archaeologi­ cal features in all contexts. One of the best examples is the hut of trench 31, where greater care was taken to record the position of features and many artifacts on the plan. Elsewhere it has sometimes been necessary to make reasoned guesses on the basis of scanty data. Overall, the standard of recording was somewhat uneven, partly as a result of changing conditions, excavation techniques, and personnel over the years. Where lacunae are found in the descriptions of the excavations it is due to the absence of information in the original documentation. It has been the intention to include all the relevant and useful descriptive material possible. In addition to the written records, all plans, section drawings, and photographs have been carefully studied and the significant ones have been reproduced. The original plans vary somewhat in quality, detail, and style, and in some cases the scales were rather small. All of them have been redrawn for the sake of clarity and standardization; for the most part they have been copied at the same scales as the originals. The trench photographs, taken in the course of digging, are also an essential source of information, although they vary somewhat in quality and the extent of cover­ age is uneven. Further information about individual plans and photographs is included in the list of figures and plates. The trenches on the site were visited on many occasions by the author. In the 1986 season it was possible to recover a great deal of information by clearing the vegetation and soil accumulated over recent years in the hut of trench 16 West. The top plan, wall prospect, and a section drawing of this trench were completely redrawn. It is hoped that further excavation of this well-preserved structure will be possible in the future. TERMINOLOGY

A number of terms in the text were first used by the excavators with a particular meaning or implication, which is explained below. Only minor changes have been required in order to be consistent. Area: The Serra Orlando ridge was divided into six areas indicated by Roman numerals (Areas I-VI). A map of the site with these areas clearly designated has been published a number of times, most recently in the first volume of this series. 4 All of the protohistoric material presented here was discovered in Area III, which corresponds to the Cittadella hill at the eastern end of the ridge (Fig. 2). Trench: The most extensive protohistoric remains were revealed in six trenches (trenches 2 Farm­ house Hill, 10/10B, 12, 16 West, 29, and 31), each of which was given a number in Arabic numer­ als. The location of each trench is indicated on the contour map of the hill (Fig. 2). Trench 2 is

4

M. Bell, The Terracottas, Morgantina Studies, Vol. I (Princeton, 1981) pi. I.

INTRODUCTION

7

located on the summit of the Cittadella, which was referred to by the excavators as the Farmhouse Hill. Trench 2 in this report is distinct from another trench with the same number located on the platform beneath the summit of the hill in Area III. Zone: In the case of trenches 10/10B and 31, parts of the trench were labeled as zones (i.e., zones A to G), which consist of various artificial divisions of unequal size. Although it would have been preferable to designate real units or loci in the excavations, the original terminology is preserved here in view of the fact that some of the material was recorded by the zone where it was found. Stratum: The stratigraphy is formally designated by strata followed by the relevant Arabic nu­ meral, which maintains the original sequence assigned by the excavator. Stratum 1 always refers to the uppermost layer from the surface of the trench. In the discussions of the stratigraphy this term has sometimes been substituted by that of layer, level, or deposit without necessarily intend­ ing any difference in meaning. It has not been possible to apply any strict criteria retrospectively to the use of the term stratum, which may refer to topsoil, an occupation floor, or a wash layer, depending upon each particular context.

CATALOGUE Another major task has been that of preparing a catalogue of the finds, fully illustrated by line drawings and accompanied by descriptions based on first-hand

knowledge of the material. The

great quantity of pottery necessitated some degree of selection for inclusion in the catalogue. Whereas all the artifacts from the chamber tombs and all small objects of metal, stone, bone, and terracotta are listed, only feature pottery or fragments representative of specific fabrics from habitation levels are included in the catalogue. The rest of the pottery was weighed in separate classes for each layer and the relevant statistics are presented in chapter II and the table on pp. 225-227. Nearly all of the catalogued artifacts are illustrated by measured line drawings (Pis. 63-164); the pottery vessels and sherds appear at one-third actual size, while small artifacts of pottery, metal, stone, shell, glass, and bone appear at one-half actual size, unless otherwise indi­ cated by a scale bar. In addition, selected examples are illustrated in black and white photographs in Plates 31-61. The original artifact drawings were made in the Aidone museum by the author and include all the catalogued objects that could be located. The pottery line drawings show the section on the left and the exterior surface on the right. Features or decoration of note on the interior of a vessel or sherd are shown on the left. Vessel diameters have been reconstructed in the usual manner, where possible, from rim sherds using templates and a diameter chart. In the case of wheelmade wares, the reconstructed measurements are accurate, while in the case of smaller handmade coarse ware rim sherds a certain margin of error, perhaps of up to two centimeters, is possible in some instances. The convention of ruler-drawn lines for the rims of vessels may give the impression that all the pottery is very even in outline. In fact, this is true only of the wheelmade pottery, whereas the handmade wares sometimes have slightly bumpy or undulating rims, as is clear from the photo­ graphs. Painted linear and geometric motifs are indicated by solid black lines, which tend to accentuate the graphic impact of the decoration. This is perhaps more appropriate for some of the later geometric painted ware of the Archaic period. In reality, however, painted decoration fre-

Fig. 2. Area III, contours with location of principal Archaic buildings and trenches 2 (Farmhouse Hill), 10, 16 West, 29, and 31 and Necropolis IV, tombs 4-6 (after D. Bylund, 1980, 1:1000)

INTRODUCTION

10

quently contrasts little with the background and is very worn. In the case of plumed ware, the color intensity of the curved motifs is often quite variable, and this style of decoration is rendered in the line-drawings by dot-stipple. The catalogued finds are arranged in order of context, while artifacts of pottery, metal, stone or bone are listed in separate groups. All measurements are metric and given as proportions of one meter (i.e., 0.001 = 1 millimeter; 0.01 = 1 centimeter; 0.10 = 10 centimeters, etc.). Individual entries are intentionally succinct and the descriptions limited mostly to aspects which are not obvious from the drawing or photograph. Some use has been made of Munsell soil color charts (since these appear to be the best known and most widely available) as an aid in describing vessels with painted decoration, but not for most of the plain or coarse wares. Many of the abbreviations used are similar to those in the first volume of this series and include the following: Inv.

inventory number, Aidone museum. The first two digits record the year of excavation. Examples ending with a letter are not listed in the original excavation inventories and have been added by the author.

HM

handmade

WM

wheelmade

D.

diameter; for pottery, diameter of rim

H.

height, maximum vertical

L.

length

M.

maximum

P.

preserved (e.g., P.H. = preserved height)

T.

thickness

W.

width

This report does not deal directly with questions concerning the foundation of the Hellenized town on the Cittadella in the Archaic period. However, a certain amount of Archaic material has been included in the catalogue from layers just above Iron Age contexts, which could be regarded as transitional in some cases. This material serves to illustrate the different nature of these deposits, but of course represents only a tiny fraction of the huge quantity of pottery recovered in the excavations of the Archaic town, which are to be the subject of studies in future reports in this series. Moreover, the results of excavations and research carried out on the Cittadella by the author in 1989 are not presented in this volume, nor could they be taken into account during the prepara­ tion of the text. Finally, all of the artifacts in the catalogue are housed in the archaeological museum of Aidone, which opened in 1984, and it is a pleasure to note that a representative selection is on perma­ nent display in the rooms on the ground floor. 5

5

On the opening of the museum, see N. Bonaeasa, "Il Museo Archeologico di Aidone. Una rassegna degli aspetti e dei problemi dell'antica Morgantina," BCAStc 5 (1984) 25-30;

G. Fiorentini, "I Musei Archeologici di Marianopoli, Enna e Morgantina (Aidone) e l'Antiquarium di Monte Kronio (Sciacca)," BCASic 5 (1984) 109-10; PR XII, 340.

* IW The Excavations 1. Area III, Farmhouse Hill, Trench 2, Probe A/F THE EXCAVATIONS in 1967 and 1968 on the summit of the Cittadella hill (Farmhouse Hill) brought to light evidence for occupation during the Iron Age, Archaic, and later periods. Trench 2 was lo­ cated close to the summit of the hill, at about 568 meters a.s.l., in the most prominent location of Area III (Figs. 2-5; Pis. 4 and 6:b).' A well-preserved naiskos of the Archaic period (sixth cen­ tury B.C.) was revealed in this trench and a number of probes were made in the vicinity with the intention of tracing the development of the building and dating its construction. The earliest levels beneath the floor of the naiskos were found in probe A/F. In 1967, probe A (about 1.60 χ 2 m.) was opened beneath the floor of the building between lateral walls B and C (Fig. 3). Three earlier phases of occupation were revealed in strata 6, 7, 7A, and 8 (Figs. 4 and 5: section b-b'; Pl. 7:a). In the subsequent year of excavation (1968) probe A was extended to include the area around it on three sides for 5.10 m. from north to south, between walls B and C. This extension was called probe F. On the western side, probe F reached as far as the natural scarp of the hillside. On the northern and southern sides, 0.50 m. were left unexcavated against walls B and C and 0.30 m. were left unexcavated alongside the east wall (Fig. 4). Probe F revealed essentially the same stratigraphic sequence as probe A and they can therefore be treated as one. The only difference in the stratigraphy was the presence in probe F of stratum 6A, a beaten earth floor between strata 6 and 7, which was not identified in the area of probe A. The stratigraphic concordance is as follows: Probe A Strata:

6 7 7A 8

Probe F 6 6A 7 7A 8

The first three layers (strata 1-3) were associated with the foundations of the naiskos and are not discussed here. Stratum 4 was a sandy layer with a high content of ash, containing a large quantity of Siculan geometric pottery, Archaic roof tiles, fragments of Ionic Bl and B2 cups, and Corinthian pottery. Whereas the upper four layers (strata 1-4) were quite level, the lower strata in 1 For preliminary references to the excavations in this trench, see PR X, 375-78; Allen, "Per una definizione," 154-57. "A.s.l." = above sea level.

12

CHAPTER I

Fig. 3. Area III, trench 2, probe A/F, plan (after S. Curcic, 1968, 1:100)

THE EXCAVATIONS

13

the probe sloped down westward to the scarp. Stratum 5 had no architectural remains and con­ sisted of sandy soil about 0.35 m. deep, probably formed as a wash layer. It is dated to the late seventh century B.C. on the basis of imported Ionic type Bl cups. In the upper part of stratum 5, a deposit of gravel was found, perhaps intentionally laid down in order to level or build up a floor. Stratum 6 was a destruction layer, about 0.90 m. beneath the naiskos floor, between strata 5 and 6A, which covered wall A and the floor and contained a large quantity of daub, with individual pieces up to 0.20 m. in diameter. Stratum 6A was the floor of compact, sandy soil beneath stratum 6, to the east and south of wall A. In this floor level were found three circular postholes with the following diameters: a: 0.17 m., b: 0.25 m., c: 0.17 m. (Fig. 4: a, b, c; Pl. 7:b). Wall A was a packing of unworked stones, about 0.70 m. wide, preserved for only one course in height, partly straight in plan and curved at its north end. The southern part was not well preserved and may have been washed away so that the shape of the building to which the wall belonged is uncertain. It was possibly rectangular with curved corners, and similar to the other Ausonian buildings on the Cittadella and elsewhere. 2 The inside of the hut might have been on the west side, although the floor level (stratum 6A) was not identified here. Part of another wall was discovered in the northeast corner of the trench, perhaps related to the same structure, in which case the interior may have been to the east of wall A on the beaten earth surface of stratum 6A. A hearth, about 1.50 m. in diameter, was found to the west of wall A, associated with the occu­ pation phase of stratum 6A (Fig. 4 and Pl. 8:b). This feature consisted of a layer of clay with a flat, cracked surface, baked hard like terracotta, similar to the sherd bases and terracotta hearths in trench 31 (below). Part of a pithos was found nearby, probably in situ, although so close to the scarp that most of the vessel had disappeared due to erosion of the hillside in this area. 3 It was clear that the west side of the hill had been severely eroded through time, as a result of which the western sides of the buildings in the trench had long since vanished. Stratum 7, beneath strata 6 and 6A, contained much daub and evidence for burning, including small fragments of charcoal, large pieces of carbonized wood, and some reddened and blackened earth, which was regarded as the destruction level of an earlier building, represented by wall B (Pi. 8:a). This layer was 0.30-0.40 m. thick and sloped down westward to the scarp above stratum 7A. On both sides of wall B, stratum 7A consisted of slightly undulating, ashy soil about 0.05 m. thick, which was tentatively regarded as a floor level, but was not easily distinguished from stratum 7 above it. Wall B was a substantial construction, but only a small section, about 1.10 m.

2 Ausonian huts with straight walls and rounded corners are also found on Lipari: Meligums-Lipara IV, 30. Allen as­ sumed the buildings in this probe to have been apsidal, al­ though this is not absolutely certain, since only short tracts of wall survived. He also speculated that they could have had a religious function, perhaps as shrines for a pre-Greek chthonic cult, which would imply continuity in the location of a cult place from the Iron Age into the Archaic period, when the naiskos was built. However, there are no obvious indications of a religious function from the material remains associated with these structures, which are not inconsistent

with dwellings. The fact that traces of the Early Bronze Age (Castelluccio) occupation were found near some other cult places of the Archaic or later periods at the site is quite likely to be coincidental, as suggested by M. Torelli: H. L. Allen, "I luoghi sacri di Morgantina," CronCatania 16 (1977) 13435, 178. 3 The pithos was represented by a few body sherds with bands of painted plumes (see catalogue no. 22). It has not been possible to identify all the other fragments reported of this find.

F i g . 4. A r e a III, t r e n c h 2, p r o b e A / F , p l a n (1968, 1:50)

THE EXCAVATIONS

b

15

b'

ιN

CMS

Fig. 5. Area III, trench 2, probe A/F, section b-b' (after M. Bell, 1967, circa 1:100)

wide, was preserved. A low stone bench like those found on the inside walls of the huts in trenches 16 West and 31 ran along its northern side. The wall was aligned approximately north-south, by contrast with walls A and C, and there were traces of daub, perhaps used in its construction, overlying the uppermost stones. Below stratum 7A in the northwestern part of probe F, wall C had an average width of 0.70 m. and was built of smaller stones placed against the natural bedrock, which had been cut back (Fig. 4 and Pl. 8:b). It curved southward from the north edge of the trench in stratum 8, but the preserved portion was not extensive enough to reveal the form of the building. Part of it continued beneath wall B. While the curvature of the wall was pronounced and suggests that it may have been part of a circular hut, it cannot be discounted that it was the rounded corner of a structure with straight sides. The floor level associated with wall C lay on the west side of this wall, about 0.15-0.20 m. beneath the floor of wall B. It consisted of a layer of compressed clayish and sandy soil with inclu­ sions of ash, charcoal, and a little gravel. On the floor was a roughly circular depression in the form of a shallow basin, 0.70 m. in diameter and 0.05 m. deep, lined with baked clay, the purpose of which is unknown (Fig. 4: d). This feature and the floor itself had been cut out of the natural

16

CHAPTER I

5 M.

si

Fig. 6. Area III, trench 10/10B/10C, plan (after K. M. Phillips, 1958, 1:100)

sandy soil typical of this part of the Cittadella hill. Unfortunately, it was apparent that most of wall C had also long since eroded down the hill. SYNOPSIS

In sum, the excavations in this area were not extensive, while the state of preservation of the architectural remains and the quantity of artifacts recovered were not comparable with that from the other contexts described below. Nevertheless, probe A/F is particularly significant for revealing three successive occupation phases associated with buildings beneath the naiskos floor. These

THE EXCAVATIONS

17

A _A' ΠΤΤΤΤΤΊΓΤΓΤΤΤΤΤΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΠΤη

1 M.

Fig. 7. Area III, trench 10, section A-A' (1957, 1:50)

occupation phases date from the later Iron Age (see chapter IV) and document a period of occupa­ tion at the site which succeeded that of the earliest Ausonian strata in trenches 16 West, 29, and 31 and preceded the foundation of the Hellenized town in the sixth century B.C. The stratigraphic sequence in probe A/F may be summarized as follows: Stratum

Description

5

wash layer

6

destruction layer

6A 7

floor associated with wall A destruction layer

7A 8

floor floor

associated with wall B associated with wall C

2. Area III, Trench 10/10B In June 1957 and May 1958, a number of trenches were opened on the northwest slope of the Cittadella beneath the summit of the hill between about 518 and 520 meters a.s.l. (Figs. 2, 6-9). The purpose of the excavations in this area was to investigate a substantial wall and associated buildings of the Archaic settlement (strata 1-3). In the course of excavation, the lower levels (strata 4-6) in trench 10/10B revealed traces of prehistoric occupation at the site for the first time. 4

4 For preliminary references to the excavations in this trench, see PR II, 157-58; PR III, 171. See also E. Sjoqvist, "I Greci," passim. The schematic reconstruction of the stratigra­ phy by Sjoqvist refers essentially to the 1958 excavation in trench 10B. The numbering of the layers is not the same as that followed here, which preserves the terminology of the

original excavation notebooks. Sjoqvist's layer 5, which is described as a prehistoric occupation level with a hearth, equals strata 4A and 6, while the layer he describes as stratum 6, resting upon the bedrock, equals stratum 4B of the 1957 excavations.

CHAPTER I

18

Trenches 10, 10B, and IOC were contiguous and formed a single trench (Fig. 6; Pis. 9:a and 9:b). The west side of trench 10 was aligned with the Archaic wall for 8.25 m., while the north side was 6.75 m. wide. The southeast corner was excavated a year later, in 1958, when it was incor­ porated into the excavation of trench 10B. Trench 10 was divided into four unequal zones: zone 1 (the northwest corner), zone 2 (along the west wall), zone 3 (the wall itself), and zone 4 (the eastern part). Strata 1-3 contained various walls associated with the Archaic settlement (Fig. 6: wall A), while strata 4, 4A, and 4B in trench 10 and stratum 6 in trench 10B were the layers of the prehistoric occupation. In trench 10, zone 1, stratum 4 consisted of gray-brown soil with ash and a few burnt stones, and was not completely separable from stratum 3 (Fig. 7: section A-A'). It was a mixed layer with many sherds of the Archaic period as well as traces of prehistoric material. Beneath stratum 4, stratum 4A contained almost entirely prehistoric pottery in a darker brown soil, and was tenta­ tively distinguished from stratum 4B, which lay above the bedrock. It is not certain whether the difference between strata 4A and 4B in this zone was significant, since little change was observed in the stratigraphy and stratum 4A was not identified as a floor surface here. In the northeast of trench 10 (zone 4 NE), strata 4A and 4B were absent, while stratum 4 lay directly upon the bedrock and there was little evidence of prehistoric occupation. The bedrock beneath stratum 4 sloped down towards the south and strata 4A and 4B lensed out against the bedrock in the northeast of the trench. Strata 4A and 4B were the most significant prehistoric layers in trench 10, and were most consistent in the southern part of the trench (zones 2 and 4 SE). In these zones, stratum 4 lay beneath the level floor of the Archaic settlement (stratum 3) and contained gray-brown soil with inclusions of ash and a few prehistoric sherds. As in zone 1, this was a mixed layer, with material of different periods, probably disturbed by leveling to provide a suitable surface for the overlying floor of the Archaic period. In the same area (zones 2 and 4 SE), stratum 4A lay beneath stratum 4 and was identified as an occupation floor with a scatter of ash, pottery, and hard-packed burnt soil beside a hearth (Fig. 6: c). This compact surface was probably part of the hearth itself: the soil contained much clay that had become red and hard due to the heat of the fire over an area about 1.50 χ 0.80 m. Approxi­ mately two meters away, a millstone (Fig. 6: e and Pl. 9:a) was found on the same surface, and a posthole (Fig. 6: a), 0.25 χ 0.30 m. in diameter and 0.15 m. in depth, penetrated vertically into B B

0

1M Fig. 8. Area III, trench 10/10B, section B-B' (after Κ. M. Phillips, 1958, 1:50)

THE EXCAVATIONS

19

stratum 4B.5 Just to the east of the hearth was a concentration of flat-lying sherds. In the subsequent year of excavation, this occupation floor was seen to extend into zone 1 of trench 1OB, where it was called stratum 6 (see below). Also in the southern part of trench 10 (zones 2 and 4 SE), stratum 4B was identified beneath the earth floor of stratum 4A and above the bedrock. The soil of stratum 4B, distinguished from that of stratum 4A by its darker color and by the absence of ash, may be equated with the same stratum in zone 1. Stratum 4B in zones 1, 2, and 4 SE evidently preceded the occupation floor of stratum 4A. No floor surface was found in stratum 4B and the natural bedrock under this layer did not show traces of alteration by human activity. Two short stretches of a rubble stone wall, one course in height, were identified in the southern part of trench 10 (Fig. 6: b and d). The tops of these were visible in stratum 4A, although the stones were set into the soil of stratum 4B. They are features which, on available evidence, might be associated with either or both of these layers, and they are the only prehistoric architectural remains in the trench. In May 1958, the excavation of trench 10 was extended southward for a further five meters into trench 10B (zone 1). Strata 1-4 in trench 10B were the levels of the Archaic settlement, while stratum 5 contained a few prehistoric sherds mixed with material of the Archaic period. Stratum 6 was the only layer securely associated with the prehistoric occupation (Figs. 8 and 9: sections B-B', B'-C). The few prehistoric sherds mixed with the predominantly Archaic material in strata 3-5 might be explained as residual fragments, the result of disturbance to the earlier layers by later building activity. In fact, the Archaic walls were laid across and partly set into the prehistoric deposits. Underneath strata 4 and 5, stratum 6 was identified as the prehistoric occupation floor, which represented the continuation to the south of stratum 4A in trench 10. It consisted of a hardpacked earth and ash layer. In trench 10/10B the excavation was delimited by the Archaic walls and by the baulks, while the prehistoric deposit was not found on the sloping bedrock of zone 4 northeast. The Archaic layers in trench 10C rested on the natural bedrock. In trench 10B the prehistoric floor level was traced to the south as far as the dotted line (Fig. 6: x). When the finds from the floor surface of stratum 6 had been removed, no further excavation took place beneath this layer. Its exact nature and extent, therefore, remain uncertain. However, the excavator did observe that another prehistoric stratum lay beneath stratum 6, just above the bedrock, as was represented by stratum 4B in trench 10. SYNOPSIS

The discoveries in trench 10/10B may be summarized as follows. A prehistoric occupation surface (strata 4A and 6) was discovered beneath the layers of the Archaic settlement for a maximum extent of 10.25 m., extending from trench 10 zone 1 into trench 10B, zone 1. The original form and size of this floor is unknown. Near the center of the excavated area was a hearth surrounded by a scatter of pottery and a millstone located on the hard-packed earth and ash surface. Despite the presence of two stretches of stone wall, a posthole, and a considerable quantity of daub, 5

See chapter II, n. 114 for this millstone.

CHAPTER I

20

there is not enough evidence to allow any reconstruction of the form of the prehistoric building associated with this occupation floor. It might be assumed that the floor lay within a hut of the same kind as those discovered in trenches 16 West, 29, and 31, but this is not absolutely uncertain. Between the floor and the bedrock was another deposit (stratum 4B) which was excavated in trench 10 but not in trench 10B. This layer indicates that there were at least two phases of prehis­ toric occupation in this trench. More problematic, however, is the fact that the finds from these layers consist of a heteroge­ neous assemblage of varying date. The majority of the material is characteristic of the Ausonian occupation, as represented also by the assemblage in the other trenches described below. However, a few fragments mixed with the latter appear to be of much earlier date. The shape of the relevant sherds points to a date in the late Neolithic or early Copper Age, while the form and chronology of some others are uncertain (e.g., nos. 82, 83, 84, and 91; see chapter IV). These fragments were found in strata 4A and 4B mixed with the protohistoric material and were not in a restricted deposit in the trench. Unfortunately, most of the finds from strata 4A and 4B cannot be separated from each other (i.e., nos. 79-94). It seems likely, therefore, that an earlier prehistoric deposit on this part of the hill was disturbed by building activity during the Ausonian period. While the sherds in question are not numerous, they clearly imply some activity, and perhaps a settlement, on the Cittadella hill in the late Neolithic or early Copper Age. There are no structures or other deposits in Area III that can be dated to such an early period of occupation, although more substantial remains of Copper and Early Bronze Age date have been found on the nearby Serra Orlando ridge. 6 The stratigraphic sequence and concordance for the various zones of trenches 10 and IOB may be summarized as follows: Trench 10,

Trench 10,

Trench 10,

Trench 10,

Trench 10B,

Zone 4 NE

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 4 SE

Zone 1

Stratum 4

Stratum 4

Stratum 4

Stratum 4

Stratum 5

Bedrock

Stratum 4A

Stratum 4A

Stratum 4A

Stratum 6

Stratum 4B

Stratum 4B

Stratum 4B

Unexcavated

Bedrock

Bedrock

Bedrock

Strata 4 and 5: mixed deposit beneath the levels of the Archaic settlement with a small quantity of prehistoric pottery. Strata 4A and 6: floor surface of the Ausonian period associated with a hearth, posthole and mill­ stone, and possibly with two short walls. Stratum 4B: earliest deposit of the Ausonian period beneath stratum 4A, associated possibly with two short walls.

6 The Copper and Early Bronze Age material from Serra Orlando is currently the subject of study by Dr. Enrico Pro-

celli, to whom I am grateful for comments regarding this pottery.

THE EXCAVATIONS

C

B

ο

21

Z

1M

Fig. 9. Area III, trench 10/10B, section B'-C (after Κ. M. Phillips, 1958, 1:50)

3. Area III, Trench 12 In 1958, evidence of protohistoric settlement on the northeast of the Cittadella hill came to light in trench 12, although this was not closely investigated until excavations began in trench 16 West in 1961 (see below).7 Trench 12 lay only a few meters to the northwest of trench 16 West on the upper platform of the hill, and contained extensive remains of the Archaic period in strata 1 and 2 (Fig. 2). In zone 2, a small probe was made beneath the hard-packed sandy floor (stratum 3) of a building of the sixth-century town. This revealed a thin layer of dark soil, 0.10-0.20 m. deep, resting upon the bedrock. The fragments of the plumed vessel (no. 144) were found in this layer. No traces of an associated dwelling were apparent and the superimposed buildings seemed to have practically obliterated remains of the protohistoric occupation here.

4. Area III, Trench 16 West Between 1957 and 1963, several trenches were opened on the upper and lower platforms on the northeast of the Cittadella hill, with the intention of investigating the urban plan of the Archaic settlement. Trench 16 was a long narrow trench, about 40 χ 3 m., the purpose of which was to explore the extent of the settlement across the upper platform of the hill (Fig. 2). Trench 16 West was a continuation of trench 16, aligned approximately northwest-southeast between trenches 16 and 9 at about 567 meters a.s.l. (Fig. 10). It was in this trench in May 1961 and April 1962 that part of an Ausonian hut was excavated, similar to those found in trenches 29 and 31 (Pis. 10-12).8 In June 1986, the vegetation and soil accumulated over the area in the last twenty-four years were removed and the trench was cleaned, thereby allowing much information about the form of the building to be obtained (Fig. 11). However, this relatively well-preserved structure has only been uncovered in part. The remainder continues under the baulks at either side of the trench and only further excavation can reveal its full extent.

7 The excavation in this trench was first mentioned in PR III, 172-73.

8 For the first references to the excavations in this trench, see PR VI, 141; PR VII, 171.

Fig. 10. Area III, trench 16-16 West, plan (after R . Leighton, 1986, 1:100)

THE EXCAVATIONS

23

557 70

Fig. 11. Area III, trench 16 West, plan (after R . Leighton, 1986, 1:25)

During the clearing of the southeast corner of the trench in 1986, an intact archaeological deposit was found adhering to the east wall, covering the low bench on the inside of the hut wall. The excavation of this limited tract was completed within a few hours and a number of finds came to light (nos. 156, 177, 183, 195-197). The soil was the same as that of stratum 3A, described below. Since the deposit was uncontaminated, some wet sieving was undertaken and two soil samples were obtained in the hope of recovering plant remains.9 9

This was carried out under the supervision of the author with the collaboration of Dott.ssa Angela Incardona and Dr. Claire Lyons. The soil sample of six litres was floated

onto a 500 micron mesh for carbonized plant remains by Mr. J. Giorgi, who has kindly provided me with the following information: "Hardly any carbonised or mineralised plant re-

24

CHAPTER I

A A'

—' ^ N V i

ο

1 M.

Fig. 12. Area III, trench 16 West, section A-A' (after R. Leighton, 1986, 1:25)

THE STRATIGRAPHY Six layers (strata 1, 2, 2A, 3, 3A, and 4) were identified in the hut. Beneath the topsoil of stratum 1, 0.30-0.40 m. deep, lay strata 2/2A, 0.25-0.30 m. thick, associated with an L-shaped wall in the south of the trench. The loose brown soil of these layers contained pottery of the Archaic period as well as a small quantity of Iron Age sherds of the type found in the layer below. Some mixing of material had evidently taken place, undoubtedly due to disturbance caused by building activity in the Archaic period. Stratum 3A, 0.25-0.30 m. deep, between strata 2/2A and 4, was associated with the Ausonian hut (Fig. 12: section A-A'). Stratum 3A was delimited by the north and south baulks and by the east wall of the hut and had a considerable quantity of pottery throughout, including many complete vessels, found in fragments and later reconstructed. It was a medium compact burnt layer, covering the floor and internal walls, with the most evident traces of destruction visible in the upper centimeters, partic­ ularly near the east wall. The traces of burning disappeared on the western part of the floor, where the deposit had been disturbed by later buildings of the Archaic period. The layer was distin­ guished as stratum 3 on the western side of the hut, and consisted of brown sandy soil resting above patchy traces of stratum 4 or directly upon the bedrock. The soil of stratum 3A was reddened by the high content of burnt brick-red daub found in small fragments, as well as large chunks up to 0.20 m. in diameter, with wattle impressions. A number of large stones of the east and transverse walls of the hut appeared to be reddened by fire. The layer contained a few stones, some crumbled and slipped from the east wall, fragments of charcoal, and many artifacts throughout its vertical and horizontal extent. Beneath stratum 3A was a thin, very compact layer of light gray fine-grained soil, perhaps with a high content of ash, 0.02-0.06 m. thick, tenaciously adhering to the flat bedrock floor. This was stratum 4, which contained a small number of scattered flat-lying sherds. The layer might be regarded as a beaten earth floor surface or, alternatively, as a special deposit of some kind of floor

mains were retrieved from either the flot or the sorted resi­ due, although the molluscs were saved for future reference. One carbonised grape pip (vitis vinifera) was recovered. It was

more compatible with the wild grape (ssp. sylvestris) on the basis of general morphology and the length not being propor­ tionately greater than the width." See also p. 148.

25

THE EXCAVATIONS

OO

0 φ##4 CLAY FAC I NG

Fig. 13. Area III, trench 16 West, east wall prospect (after R. Leighton, 1986, 1:25)

plaster intentionally laid down and compressed on the bedrock. It seems less likely to have been a natural accumulation, formed gradually by human occupation. 10 The building had been provided with a sunken floor, which was below the exterior ground level on the east side, by cutting a flat shelf out of the bedrock, in the same manner as the huts in trenches 29 and 31 (Fig. 23). Initially, the bedrock may have served as a floor surface, but it was subsequently covered by the compressed deposit of stratum 4. The bedrock inclines naturally down westward on this part of the hill and consists of soft limestone of uneven quality, with a ten­ dency to flake and crumble. A covering of earth or plaster would have helped its preservation. Stratum 3A may be regarded as the destruction layer of the building, formed by the collapse of the superstructure, probably caused by fire. The conflagration was evidently devastating and sud­ den: the timbers burnt, stones cracked and reddened, and the roof and walls collapsed. A variety of complete pottery vessels was preserved within, probably associated for the most part with the last period of use of the hut prior to its destruction. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUT The vertical cut at the edge of the bedrock floor, against the slope on the east side of the build­ ing, was built up with a timber-laced stone wall, which was revealed in excavation for 6.75 m. (Fig. 13; Pis. 10:a-ll:a). This wall disappeared under the baulks at both ends of the trench, but no doubt continued for the whole length of the hut. It was preserved for up to six courses, 0.80 m. in height, and was constructed of stones, mostly between 0.25 and 0.50 m. in length. The stones did not show signs of having been carefully shaped, but were placed with their flattest sides facing inward so as to present a fairly even interior surface. The upper courses were not preserved in the southeast corner of the trench; their absence here may be due to the later construction of an Archaic wall which cut through the hut wall at this point.

10 The distinction between strata 3A and 4 was established in the course of excavation and some of the finds from these

layers and stratum 2 were not separated: i.e. nos. 145-158.

26

CHAPTER I

Traces of a facing of red burnt clay, smoothed flat and adhering to the stones on the interior of the wall, were visible on a small area near its southern end between postholes d and e. The clay had been applied to the faces and interstices of the stones and left to dry, probably acquiring its reddened, fired appearance after exposure to the flames at the time of the destruction of the hut (Fig. 13; Pl. 12:c). This covering may be regarded as a form of wall plaster. Five evenly spaced postholes, about 1.25 m. apart, were found within the wall, four of which were easily identifiable (Figs. 11 and 13: a-d), while the fifth (Figs. 11 and 13: e) was not fully in­ vestigated, and occurred at a point where the wall was not so well-preserved. These postholes consist of holes and slots for timber posts, which had been cut into the bedrock against the slope before the stone wall was completed. Once they were cut, and the timbers were probably in position, the wall would have been built up with stones. A low bench was then constructed with long blocks placed end to end along the bottom of the wall on the inside of the hut. This feature was preserved for the full length of the east wall and resembles those in other Ausonian huts on the Cittadella." On the southern part of the wall, the stones of the bench were placed against a very compact, sandy clay deposit upon which the large loomweights (nos. 195 and 196) were found (Fig. 11: A). In the northeast of the trench, a quadrangular platform, about 1.25 χ 1.15 m. in diameter, had been created out of the natural bedrock floor against the wall. The floor here was at a slightly higher level (about 0.08 m.) than the floor of the hut beside it and was surrounded on all sides by the bedrock, forming walls up to 0.27 m. in height, which were built up with stones, some still in situ. The purpose of the installation and its original form are uncertain. 1 2 The northern edge lay beneath the north baulk and extended westward into the hut for a further 1.40 m., disappearing beneath the baulk around the middle of the trench. The east-west transverse wall (Pl. ll:b) rested on the bedrock floor and extended for 5 m. across the middle of the trench, abutting the east wall and covering the low bench. Its construction differed from that of the exterior walls of the building, consisting of a number of large stones placed end to end, one course in height and width, except at the point nearest the east wall, where it was preserved for two courses, with a few smaller stones still in position above. Some of the stones were reddened by burning, particularly near the midpoint of the wall beside the posthole, 0.45 m. deep (Fig. 11: f). The upper courses may have been of wattle and daub rather than stone. This transverse wall seems to have been an internal division delimiting two areas, evidently erected at a subsequent moment and probably not part of the original design of the building. At its western end the wall terminated close to the external hut wall. It is not certain if its purpose was to create two rooms with an internal doorway allowing passage from one room to another, or whether the hut had two completely separate rooms entered through doorways on the exteri­ or wall. The foundation of the west wall of the hut was uncovered for about 4 m. between the two baulks, parallel to the east wall. The alignment of the postholes and the cut in the bedrock (Pis.

"Compare the east wall of the hut in trench 31, the south wall of the hut in trench 29 (stratum 6A) and wall B in trench 2 (Farmhouse Hill), probe A/F. 12 A similar feature was found in a circular Late Bronze

Age hut of the Pantalica North phase at Sabucina, regarded by the excavator as the base of a hearth: P. Orlandini, "Sabu­ cina. A) Scoperte varie. B) Prima campagna di scavo (1962). Rapporto preliminary" ArchCl 15 (1963) 89, pi. XXX:2.

THE EXCAVATIONS

27

12:a and 12:b) indicates that it was parallel with the east wall and that the hut was probably rectan­ gular. The internal edge of this wall seems to be represented by the four largest postholes (Fig. 11: k, 1, m, and n) cut into a shallow step on the bedrock. The exterior edge of the wall can be identified by a parallel cut and a small hole in the bedrock, which suggests that the construction was up to 1 m. in width. None of the stones or wattle and daub survived here. On the western edge of the trench, beyond the wall of the hut, the bedrock sloped naturally down westward and had been cut by the foundations of buildings of the Archaic town. A number of other small postholes were identified on the hut floor as well as two larger cut­ tings. The heart-shaped feature (Fig. 11: g) in the middle of the floor, 0.36 m. deep with steeply cut sides, might have served as a posthole for a large central timber, although the shape is unusual (Pis. 10 and 12:a). The purpose of this feature could have been as a roof support, aligned with the three large posts directly opposite on the east, west, and cross walls (Fig. 11: b, f, and 1), thereby bisecting the building along two axes. However, alternative interpretations are possible, such as a basin, storage pit, or other installation. The circular feature immediately to the west (Fig. 11: h) was a depression, 0.05 m. deep, perhaps a shallow setting for a post, or even for a large vessel. The re­ maining holes on the western part of the floor were of smaller dimensions and their significance is uncertain. In conclusion, although the hut in this trench was not completely excavated, a number of observations regarding the form of the building are possible. The technique of construction, di­ mensions, and plan correspond fairly closely with those of the other Ausonian structures on the Cittadella. The longest axis was revealed for a maximum of 6.75 m. along the east wall and the short axis extended for 5 m. across the floor between the two walls. From the alignment and curvature of the east wall, it may be imagined that the short southern wall lay not far beyond the baulk (e.g., the conjectural dotted line in Fig. 10) and that the corners may well have been rounded in the manner of some of the Ausonian huts on Lipari.13 The rest of the building continued beneath the north baulk. Its original length might have been around 15 m. or longer, like the hut in trench 31, but this can only be verified by complete excavation.

5. Area III, Trench 29 (1963 and 1967) In May 1963, work began on the lower platform on the eastern side of the Cittadella hill.14 Trench 29 was aligned northwest-southeast for 10 χ 3 m. at about 535 meters a.s.l. and in the course of excavation was extended eastward for an additional 5.25 χ 6.75 m. (Figs. 2, 14-17). Considerable evidence for occupation in the Ausonian period was found in the lowest strata. In 1967, after an interval of four years, the trench was extended to the west and excavations were resumed (Fig. 15; Pl. 13). The subsequent discoveries are described separately below. Seven layers were identified in the 1963 trench (strata 1-5, 6A, and 6B), the upper three of which (strata 1-3) were associated with buildings of the later town, while the bottom layers (strata 6A and 6B) were associated with the Ausonian hut (Fig. 16, sections A-A', B-B', and C-C).

13 14

Cf. supra n. 2 and the discussion in chapter V. For previous discussions of the excavations in trench

29, see PR VIII, 145-46; PR X 369-73; Allen, "Per una definizione," 146-50.

28

CHAPTER I

Stratum 4 lay beneath stratum 3 and was a sandy layer with traces of charcoal and ash, but no structural features. Stratum 5, below stratum 4, consisted of yellow-brown sandy soil, regarded by the excavator as a natural "wash layer," in which little pottery and no structural features were found. Stratum 6A lay beneath stratum 5 and was characterized by dark brown soil with charcoal and ash inclusions and a large quantity of artifacts, associated with postholes, a beaten earth floor, and a hearth. The layer attained a depth of between 0.30 and 0.60 m. At the base of stratum 6A, a beaten earth floor was identified with some complete vessels in situ. The position of many of the finds was recorded on the plan (Fig. 14: 1-45; Pis. 14-16). While the full extent of the floor of stratum 6A was not discovered, it was identified through­ out the central and eastern parts of the trench. The southern edge of the hut was delimited by a timber-laced wall, identified by an alignment of postholes (Fig. 14: a-f) dug into the bedrock at a point where the latter had been cut into a step. This technique of construction was also observed in the huts of trenches 16 West and 31. The horizontal limits of the hut floor to the north and east were not reached and must have been beyond the excavated area. In the 1967 excavations the western edge of the hut was tentatively identified as wall M, although the southwestern corner of the structure seems to be represented by the right-angle cut in the bedrock aound posthole G (see below; Fig. 15: G). While there remains some uncertainty on this point, it may be inferred that the hut in stratum 6A extended for at least 5 m. from north to south and 10 m. from east to west. Stratum 6B was the earliest deposit in the trench, consisting of dark brown soil between stratum 6A and the bedrock, with a maximum thickness of 0.30 m. The floor of the trench below was of soft arenacious bedrock, which had been cut almost level by the first inhabitants in order to create a floor surface. Postholes g, h, j , and k were dug into the bedrock floor and seemed to represent the southern wall of an earlier hut associated with stratum 6B, predating the floor and postholes of stratum 6A (Pl. 16:b). The large, isolated posthole and two central postholes (Fig. 14: n, p, and r) and the central hearth (Fig. 14: y), which covered an area about 0.50 χ 0.80 m. in diameter, were associated with stratum 6A. These postholes may have been for large central timbers to support the roof. An area of ash and traces of burning, about 0.30 χ 0.40 m. in diameter, between posthole k and the south wall, was also tentatively identified as a hearth (Fig. 14: z). Some features of stratum 5G in the 1967 trench were associated with this floor level. These include the sherd platform and posthole (Fig. 15: D and G) at the western end of the hut (see below). No further details are recorded about the three-sided alignment of stones built into the south­ ern wall of the hut surrounding posthole f, illustrated on the top plan (Fig. 14). This installation may have been associated with stratum 6A, but its purpose is uncertain. The remaining postholes in the 1963 trench (Fig. 14: 1, u, t, o, s, v, x, and m) and the rubble wall (Fig. 14: w) cannot be securely associated with buildings in either stratum 6A or 6B, although they were certainly associated with the Ausonian occupation in these layers. It is likely that at least three of the postholes (Fig. 14: 1, t, and u), aligned northwest to southeast, were supports for a partition wall or roof inside the hut of either stratum 6A or 6B. These postholes were of smaller dimensions than those aligned with the cut in the bedrock (Fig. 14: a-f and g-k), perhaps because they were part of a less sturdy internal division.

Fig. 14. Area III, trench 29 (1963), plan (after C. E. Ostenberg, 1963, 1:100); for posthole dimensions and key to find nos. 1 - 4 5 see pp. 30-31

30

CHAPTER I

The dimensions of postholes in the trench are as follows: sthole a b C d

e f g

h j k 1 m η O

P r S t U V X

Diameter

Depth

0.40-0.41 0.41-0.42 0.39-0.40 0.45-0.49 0.38-0.40 0.23-0.25 0.30-0.35 0.35-0.44 0.40-0.47 0.30 0.35 0.20-0.29 0.52-0.57 0.38-0.40 0.32-0.35 0.33-0.40 0.30-0.45 0.38-0.40 0.28-0.30 0.25 0.28

0.36 0.42 0.19 0.59 0.29 0.42 0.60 0.72 0.26 0.38 0.60 0.57 0.51 0.26 0.32 0.70 0.49 0.67 0.54 0.50 0.50

Many of the features in trench 29 (1963) recall those of other Ausonian contexts on the Cittadella. Two phases of occupation were distinguished, represented by strata 6A and 6B, but the differences between these layers and their finds are not marked and the impression gained is of continuity of occupation in this context. Stratum 6B contained a smaller quantity of pottery than stratum 6A and fewer complete vessels, found across the central part of the trench. Stratum 6B probably formed as a gradual accumulation of material during a period of occupancy which came to an end with some restructuring or rebuilding, the precise nature and extent of which is uncer­ tain. This activity is represented by the transition from stratum 6B to 6A. By contrast, the hut of stratum 6A seems to have been destroyed by fire, thereby preserving much of the contents in situ, and then abandoned. The form of the hut in stratum 6B was obscured by the subsequent occupation in stratum 6A. Nevertheless, a number of building features were clear. The floor of the earliest structure (stratum 6B) had been cut out of the bedrock to create a living surface beneath the level of the ground outside (Fig. 23). In the southeast corner of the trench a shallow channel, 0.12 m. wide and 0.25 m. deep, had been cut out of the rock, linking posthole g with the southern wall of the hut. This might have been the foundation of an internal partition. At the edge of the sunken floor, in both strata 6A and 6B, the bedrock had been cut back into a step, against which a series of posts had

31

THE EXCAVATIONS

been placed so as to create a timber-laced wall along the southern side of the hut. There were many deep cracks in the bedrock at right angles to the wall (Pl. 16:b). It is hard to be sure if they were natural or man-made and their significance is uncertain. They may have been created by wooden stakes which were driven into the rock and then soaked, causing expansion and cracking, a process which was possibly brought about unintentionally by rain water. The most conspicuous crack extended across the floor between the postholes and may have provided a foundation for an internal partition (Fig. 14: 1, t, u). The shape of the hut of both phases was probably rectangular and similar in outline to the other huts at the site. Only the numerous postholes in the interior contrast with the smaller number found in the other Ausonian buildings. Moreover, the location of the hearth and mill­ stones (Fig. 14: y, finds 18 and 31) in a central position and the presence of the cooking stands and pithos against the wall in stratum 6A (Fig. 14: finds 4, 10, 12, and 15; Pl. 15) resembles the arrange­ ment in the huts of trenches 10 and 31. Some vessels, such as the globular bowl (Fig. 14: find 30), appear to have been placed directly upon the fire and were found near the cooking stands in an area that was probably for cooking, as in trench 31. The position of the finds in stratum 6A is indicated on the plan (Fig. 14) by numbers 1-35 and in stratum 6B by numbers 36-45. These numbers represent the following artifacts in the find catalogue: 1: 341, bead/button

16: 301, loom weight

32: 276, carinated cup

2: 340, horn

17: 273, jar

33: 328, crucible/mould(?)

3: 292, amphora

18: 335, millstone

34: 268, jar

4: 256, cooking stand

19: 286, base sherd

35: 297, "milk-boiler"(?)

5: 279, carinated cup

20: 294, amphora

36: 321, spindle whorl

6: 298, spindle whorl

21: 342, bone point

37: 330, needle/pin

7: 264, dolium

22: 299, spindle whorl

38: 345, shell bead(?)

8: 267, jar

24: 300, loomweight

39: 312, body sherd

9: 302, pottery ring

25: 259, pithos 26: 280, carinated cup

40: 317, amphora

10: 257, cooking stand 11: 277, carinated cup

27: 329, bronze shaft

42: 313, bowl

12: 258, cooking stand

28: 265, jar 29: 327, bronze fragment

43: 343, handle

30: 272, bowl 31: 334, millstone

45: 323, loomweight

13: 263, dolium 14: 266, jar 15: 260, pithos

41: 344, comb

44: 314, carinated cup

In 1967, the trench was extended for an additional 10 χ 11 m. to the west, and the bedrock cutting along the southern side of the hut was traced as far as posthole G (Fig. 15: G). However, the stratigraphy and features in the rest of the trench differed somewhat from those of the 1963 trench (Figs. 15 and 17: sections B'-D', D'-D, and D-B). Strata 1-4 were layers of the Archaic period and are not further discussed. Stratum 5 was identified over most of the trench and con­ sisted of sandy soil, similar to stratum 5 in the 1963 trench. Beneath stratum 5 in the northern part of the trench (north of wall H), seven successive levels were identified (5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, 5F,

32

CHAPTER I

/ -

H 2'

s

O 1963

Fig. 15. Area III, trench 29 (1963 and 1967), plan (after C. E. Ostenberg, 1963, 1:100, and H. Allen, 1967, scale approximate)

and 5G), which consisted of a series of superimposed floor surfaces and intervening layers.15 Stratum 5A was the uppermost floor, about 0.05 m. thick, with a hard level surface and a high content of light gray plaster, designated a "lime pavement" by the excavator. Stratum 5B was a layer with stones and traces of a packed earth floor beneath stratum 5A, about 0.15 m. thick. This rested directly on stratum 5C, a fill about 0.10 m. thick. The sequence continued beneath stratum 5C with a layer of loose soil and stones, stratum 5D, which was not clearly separated from stratum 5C above, followed by a badly preserved floor of

15 The original terminology is retained in order to avoid alterations to the documentation, but these layers are not to be regarded as subdivisions of the same stratum. It has been noted in the introduction that a detailed reading of the de­ posits in this trench is inhibited by the limited nature of the documentation. The absence of detailed top plans is particu­ larly unfortunate. The position of the features indicated on

the plan (Fig. 15) is therefore approximate. Allen referred to strata 6B (1963) and 6 (1967) as the Morgetian II period and strata 6A (1963) and 5D-G (1967) as the Morgetian IIa pe­ riod: PR X, 369-73. The original section drawings are repro­ duced here, which contrast in a few points of detail with the schematic representation in the preliminary report: PR X, 373, ill. 8.

THE EXCAVATIONS

Fig. 16. Area III, trench 29 (1963), sections C-C', A-A', and B - B ' (after C. E. Ostenberg, 1963, 1:100)

33

34

CHAPTER I

compressed clayish soil, stratum 5E. Stratum 5F was another intervening layer of looser soil, which lay beneath stratum 5E and above the lowest beaten earth floor, stratum 5G. The four floor levels (strata 5A, 5B, 5E, and 5G) and intervening layers (strata 5C, 5D, and 5F) were most clearly distinguished north of wall H. Even here, however, the layers were somewhat uneven and broken and some intrusions are possible. Elsewhere, stratum 5 was either regarded as a single layer resting directly upon stratum 6, or strata 5A-5B and 5D-5G were not easily separable, as a result of which some of the material from these levels has been mixed and can only be broadly assigned to more than one layer. 16 Few architectural remains were associated with strata 5-5G. The first two floor levels, strata 5A and 5B, were delimited by wall H and wall H2. Wall H was aligned approximately east-west and was about eight meters in length (Fig. 15; Pis. 17-18). It appears to have been a loose rubble construction, one course in width, made of rough fieldstones, partly set into the top of stratum 6. Wall H2 was similar to this and joined the western end of wall H at an obtuse angle. The interior of a building probably lay to the north, possibly delimited by wall I, which consisted of a short line of stones, roughly parallel with wall H. However, the form and extent of this structure are unclear and it is unsure if these very fragmented walls originally formed part of a single building. In the northwest of the trench, half a rim of a pithos, which was regarded as a surround for a hearth, was located in stratum 5B. 17 These layers all postdate the Ausonian hut in the 1963 trench. The beaten earth floor of stratum 5E and the layers of loose earth and stones above and below it (strata 5D and 5F) represent an intermediate phase not associated with any building evidence. Below these layers was the hard earth floor of stratum 5G. Near the eastern edge of the trench in this layer, sherds of large vessels had been laid flat forming a circular platform, or sherd base, of the type found in the Ausonian hut in trench 31, interpreted as a hearth (Fig. 15: D). To the south of this feature was a posthole (Fig. 15: G), while the continuation of the southern wall of the Ausonian hut (stratum 6A, 1963) was identified by a cut in the bedrock. This wall seems to have ended with a right-angled cut just south of the sherd base. Stratum 5G, therefore, appears to have joined stratum 6A of the 1963 trench, indicating the continuation of the upper floor level of the Ausonian hut into the 1967 trench. However, the western end of the Ausonian hut was not clearly defined. Despite its fragmented state, it seems possible that wall M formed part of the structure of this building, representing either an internal division or its western limit (Fig. 15: M). Wall M consisted of no more than a short stretch of loose rubble construction, preserved for only one course in height. A floor level continued to the west and south of wall M and was associated with a platform of stones and rubble (Fig. 15: C) of the type described below (Fig. 15: A and B). It is not clear whether this belonged to a contiguous room of the same hut, to a separate building, or perhaps to an open area outside the hut. Stratum 6 was a layer of dark sandy soil with inclusions of ash and clay beneath strata 5 and 5G. It covered the bedrock throughout the trench and was most consistent in the central and western areas, with a maximum depth of 0.80 m. The layer predated stratum 5G and, by implica­ tion, stratum 6A (1963), but it cannot be directly equated with stratum 6B (1963). While stratum

16 The material which cannot be assigned to a single layer with certainty, consists of catalogue nos. 386-405, 459-462,

and 491. 17 It has not been possible to identify this vessel.

THE EXCAVATIONS

Fig. 17. Area III, trench 29 (1967), sections B'-D', D ' - D , and D - B (after H. Allen, 1967, 1:50)

12

CHAPTER I

36

6B (1963) was the earliest floor deposit inside the Ausonian hut, stratum 6 (1967) covered the whole area to the west of that hut and may have been outside the building. Unfortunately, the relationship between strata 6 (1967) and 6B (1963) cannot be defined more precisely. Stratum 6 sloped down following the natural gradient of the bedrock (Fig. 17: section D'-D). No floor levels were found within it, and the bedrock below, by contrast with the 1963 trench, showed no traces of leveling or other alteration. However, in the southwestern part of the trench were found two clusters of unworked stones, between 0.10 and 0.40 m. in diameter, packed together so as to form roughly circular platforms (Fig. 15: A and B; Pl. 17:a). Their purpose is not obvious; perhaps they were working areas of some kind or platforms upon which large vessels or other materials were placed. In the northern part of the trench, a short stretch of stone wall, about 1.75 m. in length, had been built onto the bedrock floor (Fig. 15: N). It was also a loose rubble construction of unworked stones, preserved for only one course in height and partly obscured by the north baulk. No partic­ ular form of building can be inferred from this and it is not associated with any other structural features. It may be concluded from a review of the documentation that stratum 6 represents an accumu­ lation of debris associated with no single phase of building and probably contains material cover­ ing a considerable time period. 18

SYNOPSIS The stratigraphic sequence of the 1963 and 1967 excavations can be summarized as follows: Trench 29 (1963)

Stratum 4

Deposit without structural features, containing some Iron Age pottery, but

Stratum 5

Deposit beneath stratum 4 without structural features, containing some Iron

Stratum 6A

Deposit containing the upper floor level of the Ausonian hut, beneath stratum 5

mainly material of the Archaic period Age and early Archaic material Stratum 6B

Deposit associated with the earliest phase of the Ausonian hut, beneath stratum 6A and above bedrock Trench 29 (1967)

Stratum 5

Layer associated with walls of the early Archaic period

Stratum 5A

Floor surface associated with wall H, beneath stratum 5

Stratum 5B

Deposit with floor surface associated with walls H and H2, beneath stratum 5A

Stratum 5C-D

Fill beneath stratum 5B

Stratum 5E

Floor level beneath stratum 5D

Stratum 5F

Fill beneath stratum 5E

18 Not all the material from stratum 6 can be regarded as closely associated in time or space. However, catalogue nos.

470, 486, 488, 492, 502, 503, 505, and 506 were found close to bedrock in the lower part of this layer.

THE EXCAVATIONS

Stratum 5G

Stratum 6

37

Deposit beneath stratum 5F comprising the upper floor level of the Ausonian hut, associated with the sherd base and posthole, representing the continuation of stratum 6A (1963) The earliest deposit covering the bedrock throughout the trench

6. Area III, Trench 31 Excavations began on the west side of the Cittadella hill in April 1967, around 517 meters a.s.l., at a point where the creation of a track by the Corpo Forestale had partially exposed an archaeologi­ cal deposit with red burnt soil (Fig. 2). 19 Unlike trenches 16 West and 29, the site of trench 31 was on a pronounced slope. It was a long trench of irregular shape, divided into the following contigu­ ous zones from north to south: 31C, 31B, 31A, 31E, 31F, and 31G (Fig. 18; Pis. 19-22). Zone 31D (not illustrated) was an extension eastward of the trench in 1967 and 31G was added to the south of 31F in 1968. The full extent of the completed trench was about 23 m. from north to south and about 6.50 m. from east to west. This area, which narrowly escaped destruction by the creation of the modern track on its western side, provided substantial remains of an Ausonian hut. Throughout trench 31, strata 1 and 2 were associated with structures of the Archaic period. Strata 3 and 3A were not in close association with either the remains of the later settlement in the layers above or with the Ausonian hut in the layers below, and can be regarded as wash deposits of an intermediate phase (phase II, see chapter IV), postdating the Ausonian hut in strata 4 and 4A (Figs. 19 and 20: sections A-B and C-D). Two living areas or rooms were identified in the hut, the largest of which was in the northern part (room A), about 12.5 χ 4.25 m. Next to this room in zones 31F and 31G was a smaller qua­ drangular area (room B), about 4.25 χ 4.75 m., delimited by the hut walls on three sides and by a cutting in the bedrock to the south. Both rooms formed integral parts of a single building. RCXDM A

Stratum 4 lay beneath stratum 3 for between 0.30 and 0.80 m. in depth, following the contours of the hut floor beneath it. This layer was probably formed in the same way as many of the floor deposits in the other huts at the site, as the result of destruction by fire which sealed the contents of the building. It was delimited by a cut in the bedrock and by the hut walls and extended south into room B. The same layer was found overlying the north wall of the hut and lensed out and disappeared near the north baulk in zone 31C. Stratum 4 contained frequent concentrations of clayish soil with small white calcium inclu­ sions, derived from the natural sterile clay deposit on this part of the hill. The latter dries hard in the sun and becomes hard and red in color when exposed to fire. 20 A considerable quantity of

19 For previous discussions of the finds in this trench, see PR X, 373-75; Allen, "Per una definizione," 151-54. 20 I am grateful to Professor SheldonJudson (Dept. of Ge­ ology, Princeton University) for permission to consult his

unpublished manuscript, "Geologic and Geographic Observa­ tions at Morgantina" (1959), and for further information con­ cerning the geology of the site.

IILLSTONE^>

111-31-1967

WOOD

Fig. 18. Area III, trench 31, plan (after S. Miller, 1967 and 1968, 1:25); for key to finds A-W see p. 44

pottery and other artifacts was found, as well as large pieces of burnt timber, some of which had been cut into planks, along with pieces of daub, charcoal, and ash.21 Stratum 4 rested on the floor of the hut, which had been created by cutting a shelf into the hillside, thereby creating a flat sunken surface out of the natural clayish bedrock, below the level of the ground outside. This feature was recurrent in the Ausonian huts on the Cittadella. The difference in elevation between the floor of room A and the external ground surface was greatest to the east, where the hillside sloped upward and had been cut into deeply. Two levels were found on the floor, separated by a step running lengthwise across it, which was best preserved in zones 31A and 31E and became more like a ramp in zone 31F. The east side was at a higher level than

21 Some of the wood is illustrated on the plan, although many more small and badly preserved pieces were found. Unfortunately, this material is no longer available for study. The largest plank visible on the plan is about 1.50 m. in

length (Fig. 18: zone 31B). A very compact mass of burnt material and ash is recorded within stratum 4 beside post 27 (Fig. 19, section A-B).

OVEN

the west, with a difference in elevation of 0.30-0.40 m., although neither was perfectly level. The higher part of the floor on the eastern side, particularly in zones 31A and 3IE, sloped up towards the east wall. A number of interesting features were located on the floor. In the northeast of the trench (zones 31B and 31 A), stones had been laid over an area about 4.0 χ 1.75 m. in diameter, with their flat sides uppermost, forming a pavement, upon which the large pithoi had been placed (Fig. 18: F, Β, H and C; Pl. 19).22 A number of sizeable burnt timbers were also found here (Pis. 28-29). On the lower floor in the center of room A, sherd base A (Pi. 26:a) lay just over two meters to the north of another similar feature, sherd base B. The former consisted of a flat layer of clay,

22 In an Ausonian II hut on Lipari, flagstones were most floor common on the uppermost of the superimposed floors, suggesting that they were taken up and relaid each time a new

was created. Vessels were also found concentrated here: Meligunh-Lipira IV, 594-95.

CHAPTER I

40

A

18

•21 23

·21

•24

/

• ·22/

KMS

Fig. 35. Map of Sicily with the location of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age sites and metal hoards. Sites: 1 Lipari, 2 Milazzo, 3 Motta di Rometta, 4 Pozzo di Gotto, 5 Longane, 6 Piano Cannafe, 7 Pietro Pallio, 8 Fiumedinisi, 9 Cocolonazzo di Mola, 10 Naxos, 11 Paterno, 12 Punta Castelluzzo, 13 Lentini (Metapiccola, Colle San Mauro), 14 Carrubba, 15 Villasmundo, 16 Pantalica, 17 Rivettazzo, 18 Thapsos, 19 Syracuse, 20 Cozzo Pantano, 21 Cassibile, 22 Avola, 23 Noto Antico, 24 Finocchito, 25 Mulino della Badia (Madonna del Piano), 26 Caltagirone, 27 Monte San Mauro, 28 Dessueri, 29 Cittadella-Morgantina, 30 Sabucina, 31 Realmese, Cozzo S. Giuseppe, 32 Carcarella, 33 Castellazzo di Palma, 34 Cannatello, 35 Sant'Angelo Muxaro, 36 Valledolmo, 37 Polizzello, 38 Santa Margherita Belice, 39 Timpone Pontillo, 40 San Ciro, 41 Mokarta, 42 Capodarso, 43 Canicatti, 44 Campobello di Licata, 45 Palma di Montechiaro, 46 Ossini-S. Lio. Hoards: 1 Lipari, 27 Monte San Mauro, 37 Polizello, 47 Malvagna, 48 Gratteri, 49 Niscemi, 50 Vizzini (Tre Canali), 51 Giarratana, 52 Modica (Mulino del Salto), 53 Castelluccio

Nevertheless, other settlements of different size and type are recorded and the reasons for the choice of location clearly differed in various cases. Some sites, with similar material of the Ausonian II period, are located on the eastern coastal plain and are associated with natural harbors, where Middle Bronze Age settlements were previously situated and Greek towns were subse­ quently founded. Final Bronze Age and Early Iron Age settlements are known at Syracuse and

132

CHAPTER V

Thapsos and a little evidence exists in the case of Naxos.14 The cave of Punta Castelluzzo on the east coast was frequented by a group whose material assemblage was almost identical to that of Morgantina.15 In the case of the Cittadella it can be suggested that certain features attracted the founders of the Ausonian settlement, although it is more difficult to list these in order of importance. A combination of various physical characteristics is likely to have influenced the choice of site. A number of these have already been alluded to, such as the availability of fresh water, which must have been an essential requirement. In addition, the natural defences of the Cittadella would have offered a certain degree of security, although the site is not unassailable. Perhaps the defensive advantage was primarily one of deterence, since it is difficult to approach the hilltop without being observed. In this connection it was suggested by Judson that the better defended site where the modern town of Aidone now lies, only two kilometers to the west, was not chosen by the founders of the Archaic town because of distinct local variations in climate. Similar considerations may have applied in the protohistoric period. In fact, Aidone occupies an excellent defensive position with abundant water supplies, but has cooler average temperatures, higher rainfall and is more susceptible to fog and snow in winter. In view of the geographic setting of the Cittadella and its surrounding territory, the site was evidently well placed to benefit from the confluence of contrasting environments. These would have included fertile, cultivable, alluvial river valley soils to the east, good pasture in the sur­ rounding valleys and hills, and more wooded hill country to the west. Sjoqvist suggested that grain, olives, vines, and timber offered advantages to the first Greek settlers (Chalcidians), who would have come from the east coast via the most direct natural line of communication.16 It is perhaps misleading to think of the site as remote or isolated since it is easily reached from the coast across the Catania plain to the east, or from the south coast near Gela. A number of protohistoric sites are recorded on the hills flanking the southern side of the Catania plain (Fig. 36) and a route might have existed leading inland from the east coast, near Punta Castelluzzo for example, along the southern edge of the plain, via Lentini, Ramacca or Mineo (Mulino della Badia) and the Gornalunga river to the Cittadella and beyond. This would have been one of the easiest and most obvious routes inland to the center of the island, facilitating communications between neighboring communities.17 A question arises regarding the position of Morgantina within a hierarchical settlement pat­ tern in this part of Sicily. Central sites or "chiefdoms" with smaller satellite communities in their territory have been inferred on the basis of the cemeteries of the Pantalica culture in southeast Sicily in the Late Bronze Age, but it has yet to be established whether a similar model can be put forward in the case of Ausonian sites.18 No contemporary settlements are recorded within a

14 G. V. Gentili, "Naxos alia luce dei primi scavi," BdA 41 (1956) 329. 15 L. Bernabo Brea, "Xuthia e Hybla e la formazione della facies culturale di Cassibile," in Atti della XIII Riunione Scientifica dell'Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, Siracusa-Malta, 1968 (Florence, 1971) 11-28. The Grotta Chiusazza, which lies a few kilometers from the east coast, contained a small

amount of material of this period: S. Tine, "Gli scavi nella grotta Chiusazza," BPI 74 (1965) 245, fig. 19. 16 Sjoqvist, "I Greci," 64 and 67. "Cf.PR I, 151. 18 L. Bernabo Brea, "Il crepuscolo del Re Hyblon," PP 23 (1968) 161-87; A. M. Bietti Sestieri, "Economy and Society in Italy between the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age," in

Fig. 36. Contour map o f the Catania plain and surrounding hills w i t h the main protohistoric sites

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CHAPTER V

ten-mile radius of the Cittadella, but this apparent vacuum is meaningless at the moment in view of the lack of any topographical research. A greater density of settlements is documented on the north coast of Sicily in the Ausonian I and II periods, particularly in the foothills of the Peloritani mountains, between Milazzo and Basico.19 Monte S. Onofrio has been described as a large fortified village, but this and other sites are not yet known in sufficient detail to enable close comparisons to be made.20 A settlement pattern in this region proposed by P. Genovese envisages sites of a permanent and semi-permanent nature extending from the coast into the nearby hills, concerned with the exploitation of local metal ores as well as transhumance.21 Ausonian sites in central Sicily do not adhere closely to this model, given the absence of metal sources, although transhumance may well have been practiced in this area. Sheep and goat bones are well represented in the faunal sample at the site, while the hills around Aidone were used for grazing and were traversed by transhumance routes until the 1960's. However, the settlement on the Cittadella does not resemble a seasonal camp used by pastoralists, such as those recorded at high altitudes in the Italian Apennines, and there seems no doubt that it was occupied throughout the year, like many other Ausonian sites.22 If transhumance were a regular activity, only certain members of the community are likely to have been involved in it.

2. The Ausonian Settlement: Preservation and Layout Only certain parts of the Ausonian settlement were revealed by excavation, so that the original extent of the habitation site of this period is not immediately apparent or easy to assess. Allen estimated that 19 percent of the surface area of the Cittadella had been excavated (about 31,400 m.2 of a total of about 159,000 m.2) and, therefore, large areas remain unexplored.23 Various circum­ stances and features of the site clearly have had a direct bearing on the archaeological evidence which has been retrieved. Alterations to the morphology of the area due to natural causes, such as

G. Barker and R. Hodges, eds., Archaeology and Italian Society:

46/47 (1981) 111-21; G. V. Gentili (supra n. 14). For Au-

Prehistoric, Roman and Medieval Studies, BAR International Se­

sonian finds in the area of Mount Etna: V. La Rosa, "Un

ries 102, (1981) 152; R. Leighton, "Evidence, Extent and Ef­

cinerario nella zona etnea," in ΑΠΑΡΧΑΙ. Nuove ricerche e

fects of Mycenaean Contacts with South East Sicily during

studi sulla Magna Creeia e Ia Sicilia antiea in onore di P. Enrico

the Late Bronze Age," in C. Malone and S. Stoddart, eds.,

Arias, I (Pisa, 1982) 51-52, (and bibliography).

Patterns in Protohistory, Papers in Italian Archaeology IV, iii, BAR International Series 245 (1985) 406; Tusa, La Sicilia, 480. " Bernabo Brea and Cavalier, Mylai; P. Genovese, "Testi-

20

P. Genovese (supra n. 19, 1977) 45; but the fortification

walls at Monte S. Onofrio were recently dated to the fifth century

B.C.:

G. Voza, "L'attivita della Soprintendenza alle

monianze archeologiche e paletnologiche nel bacino del Lon-

Antichita della Sicilia orientale. Barcellona, Monte S. Ono-

gano," SicArch 10, no. 33 (1977) 9-53; idem, "Testimonianze

frio," Kokalos 22-23 (1976-77) 579-81.

protostoriche nel territorio dei comuni di Rodi Milici e

21

P. Genovese (supra n. 19, 1979) 77, pi. 2; however, the

Terme Vigliatore," and "Traccie paletnologiche ed archeolo­

basis for a distinction between permanent and semi-perma­

giche nell'ambito territoriale di Basico," SicArch 12, no. 40

nent sites has not been explained.

(1979) 71—86; M. Cavalier, "Attivita delle Soprintendenze (1960—

22

For the first full discussion of transhumance and mobil­

65), Sicilia. Rometta Messinese (Messina)," BdA 51 (1966) 108—

ity in the economy of Bronze Age Italy: S. M. Puglisi, La

109; eadem, "La stazione preistorica di Tindari," BPl 79

civilta appenninica. Origine delle comunita pastorali in Italia (Flor­ ence, 1959).

(1970) 88-90; P. Villari, Monte ii Giove e Fiumedinisi (Verona, 1981); idem, "I giacimenti preistorici del Monte Belvedere e

23

Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," 486. This figure is an

della Pianura Chiusa di Fiumedinisi (Messina). Successione

over-estimate since it does not take account of more sloping

delle culture nella Sicilia nord-orientale," SicArch 14, no.

ground around the hill.

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

Fie. 37. Contour map o f southern Sicily from Gela to Enna w i t h the main protohistoric and native sites

135

136

CHAPTER V

erosion, have had a significant effect, while more extensive destruction of the protohistoric levels was undoubtedly caused by clearance and by the digging of foundations for new buildings in later periods. This must have been carried out on a large scale at a time of intense activity in the history of the site, when the sizeable town of the Archaic period was laid out and a large area of the Cittadella was built upon and inhabited. All the Ausonian contexts had been affected by subsequent habitation on the hill. The hut in trench 10/IOB had been cut through by a terrace wall of the Greek town and most of the architec­ tural remains and upper strata of the Ausonian dwelling had been removed. The deposit in trench 12 provided little more than a glimpse of what was quite possibly once a sizeable hut, destroyed by leveling for the floor of the Archaic building above. The west side of the hut in trench 16 West had almost disappeared Jnd the east wall had been cut through by a later building. Damage of this kind was greatest on the flat platforms of the hill, where the stratigraphy was shallow and the foundations of later buildings cut away earlier deposits right down to the bedrock in many instan­ ces, so that even the postholes of other huts may have disappeared.24 The Ausonian buildings excavated in trenches 29 and 31 had been preserved with some of their contents intact mainly because of their position; in the former case, on flat ground at the bottom of a slope, and in the latter, dug into the slope itself. The fact that the hut in trench 31 lay outside the limits of the Archaic town and that the wall of the town lay midway up the slope between the hut and the summit of Farmhouse Hill, undoubtedly contributed to its preservation. Following their destruction these huts were soon covered over by wash layers and detritus slipped down from further up the hill and these deposits to some extent protected the structures below (e.g., stratum 3 in trench 31 and stratum 5 in trench 29 [1963]). These circumstances make it difficult to discern the extent and layout of the settlement which existed in the protohistoric period. However, the available evidence suggests the presence of single huts or perhaps separate clusters of huts located at short distances from each other on different parts of the hilltop and slopes (Figs. 2 and 38). The locations of buildings revealed in excavations include the summit of the hill (Farmhouse Hill, trench 2), the lower platform on the east side (trench 29), the upper platform (trenches 12 and 16 West), and the northern and western slopes (trenches 10/10B and 31). Trenches 10/10B and 31 are about 370 meters and 500 meters respec­ tively from trench 29 on the lower platform, which is separated from the platform above by a scarp, between ten and twenty meters in height, above the 540 meter contour. This feature would have prevented the habitation areas on the two platforms from being a single unit (Fig. 38). Moreover, these findspots lie almost diametrically opposite each other on various extremities of the hill, so that the hut in trench 31, for example, was situated almost as far away as possible from that of trench 29. Given the large area of the Cittadella, it seems most unlikely that the whole hill would have been covered by buildings in the Ausonian period. Expanses of open ground must have existed between the huts, but it is not clear how large these were, and even the

24 A number of postholes came to light during the exca­ vations of Archaic buildings on the upper platform of the Cittadella not far from trenches 12 and 16 West. Although not closely associated with Ausonian artifacts they may well

represent all that remains of at least two other protohistoric dwellings in this area. More detailed information about these features will be obtained when this area of the site is cleared of vegetation and debris accumulated over the years.

•29 550

530 /510 490

/470

390,

•l6w \ 410/

• 10 430/ 450/

470 490)

5101

530,

550/

570.

2 AF

.Aombs

V 31

Metres

100

Fig. 38. Area III, contours with location of trenches 2 (Farmhouse Hill), 10, 16 West, 29, and 31 and Necropolis IV, tombs 4-6 (after D. Bylund, 1980, 1:1000); for details and location of Archaic buildings, see Fig. 2

CHAPTER V

138

number of huts in one cluster is not known. However, a village consisting of several habitation nuclei would be quite comparable with the evidence of many protohistoric settlements in central and southern Italy. 25 A more detailed interpretation is hindered by the difficulty of proving that all the huts were occupied simultaneously (see chapter IV and p. 139). It is virtually impossible, therefore, to estab­ lish the size of the community of the Ausonian site at any one time. A population of several hundred may be expected, but a reliable figure is hard to estimate with confidence. 26 However, it is striking that Ausonian huts were revealed on the platforms of the hill as well as in both of the trenches on the northwestern side (trenches 10/10B and 31). It is quite likely that there were many more of these dwellings in these areas. The settlement on the Cittadella may therefore have been of considerable size and quite possibly larger than the Ausonian settlements on Lipari and the Metapiccola hill of Lentini. There is no evidence for any form of "proto-urban" planning at the site in this period. The excavated huts themselves are too far apart to infer any structured layout as part of an overall plan and the alignment of the dwellings is different in each case and clearly depended upon the terrain. The long rectangular huts of the Ausonian settlement were of necessity aligned with the bedrock or the slope of the hillside. In order to minimize the cutting of the bedrock and to create an interior wall of regular shape, the shortest sides of the hut had to be set at right angles into the slope of the hillside. The hut in trench 16 West is aligned approximately in the same direction as some buildings of the Archaic settlement here, but the correspondence has little significance. In this case it is probably simply a result of the buildings of all periods following the lie of the land. The buildings of the Archaic town on the Cittadella do not, therefore, seem to demonstrate any continuity with an earlier settlement plan and there is no clear evidence that use was made of structural features of the Ausonian huts. 27 The scattered layout of the settlement contrasts with the more compact villages on the Lipari acropolis, on the Metapiccola hill of Lentini and at Thapsos. In fact, there can hardly have been the pressure of space on the Cittadella that was an obvious feature of the Lipari acropolis, where the different buildings clustered close together of necessity and sometimes utilized walls in common.

25 See, for example, the enucleated Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age settlements in central Italy: A. P. Anzidei, A. M. Bietti Sestieri, A. De Santis, Roma e il Lazio dall'eta delta pietra alia formazione delta citta (Rome, 1985) passim. Little is known about the settlements of southern Italy: J. de la Geniere, "The Iron Age in Southern Italy," in D. and F. R. Ridgway, eds., Italy Before the Romans. The Iron Age, Orientaliz­ ing and Etruscan Periods (London-New York-San Francisco, 1979) 63-65. The settlement of Cannatello might also be an example according to Tusa, La Sicilia, 490. It has been pro­ posed that the habitation site of Monte Finocchito consisted of separate small nuclei: M. Frasca, "Intervento," in Insediamenti coloniali greci in Sicilia nellVllI e VII secolo a.C. = CronCatania 17 (1978) 118. 26 In view of the reinterpretation of the relative and abso­ lute chronology of the site the assessment of the settlement

pattern presented by Allen is only valid in part now: Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," 496-98. It seems unlikely that other Ausonian sites in Sicily had more than a few hundred inhab­ itants; cf. L. Bernabo Brea, "Thapsos: Primi indizi deli'abitato dell'eta del bronzo," in Adriatica praehistorica et antiqua. Miscellanea Gregorio Novak dicata (Zagreb, 1970) 149. The pop­ ulation of Pantalica, which must qualify as one of the largest prehistoric sites in Sicily, is hard to estimate. Although Orsi counted about 5000 chamber tombs, these cover a period of five centuries. Even in this case, therefore, the population may have numbered no more than about one thousand peo­ ple at any one time. 27 Walls of some later buildings were found in close proximity to the hut in trench 16 West, but an assessment of their relationship with the latter requires further excavation.

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

139

Even here, however, there was no evidence for any kind of regular layout or town plan which 28 could be compared with a settlement of the Archaic period. Likewise, the huts grouped together on the top of the Metapiccola hill of Lentini cover an area of less than about two hundred square meters and are aligned in different directions without following any rectilinear plan. At present, Thapsos appears to be the only site in Sicily which had a more formal layout with large buildings 29 of some complexity and even cobble streets dating from the Middle Bronze Age. The dispersed nature of the evidence raises the problem of its association in time. Despite similarities between many of the huts and their contents, there seems to be no way of proving whether they were all inhabited at the same time, partly contemporaneously, or at different times. Methods of analysis available are not sufficiently sensitive to deal with this problem. However, the chronology of the various contexts and the superimposition of floor levels has suggested a fairly long period of protohistoric settlement (phases IA-II) prior to the establishment of the urban plan in the Archaic period. This leaves open a number of possibilities regarding the relationship be­ tween different parts of the settlement. At least two hypotheses must be considered. The first is that different areas of the hill were inhabited successively. For example, upon the destruction of a hut in trench 29, the inhabitants may have preferred to rebuild in the area of trench 16 West on the upper platform or move to trench 31 on the slope. On the other hand, it is possible, and perhaps more likely, that more than one location on the site was occupied concurrently. This idea draws some support from similari­ ties between the contents of the huts in trenches 16 West, 29, and 31, at least during phase IB. Morever, the fact that some huts on the Cittadella and at other Ausonian sites, such as Lipari, had deep floor deposits with successive floor levels and internal modifications suggests that these struc­ tures were built to last and often remained in use over a long period of time. Fairly widespread, dispersed occupation of the site, therefore, seems likely. One reason for this might have been to give added security by dominating all parts of the hill at once with permanent lookouts over different approaches to the settlement. Alternative explanations might be sought in terms of different activity areas or social groupings within the community, but there is no clear evidence for these at present.

28 See the comments of the excavators: L. Bernabo Brea, "L'eta del bronzo tarda e finale nelle isole Eolie," in Il bronzo finale, 594-95; Meligunis-Lipara IV, 590. 29 The most elaborate buildings and streets seem to date to the second period of settlement (Middle-Late Bronze Ages), while the last period of settlement of the Final Bronze Age, which might be at least partly contemporary with Morgantina, seems to be characterized by different structures, which do not respect the plan of the preceding period: G. Voza, "Problematica archeologica," in E. Gabba and G. Vallet, eds., Storia delta Sicilia: La Sicilia antica, Vol. I, part 1 (Naples, 1980) 28; idem, "Attivita nel territorio della Soprintendenza alle Antichita di Siracusa nel quadrennio 1980-84," Kokalos 30-31 (1984-85) 666-68. There is as yet no published plan of the Ausonian settlement on the Metapiccola hill of Lentini. For a sketch-plan of one of the huts: Rizza, "Leontini," 5, fig. 1; G. Rizza, "Leontini. Scavi e ricerche degli anni 1954-55,"

BdA 62 (1957) 68, fig. 9; Bernabo Brea, Sicily, pis. 67-68; Tusa, La Sicilia, 508. While the size of the cemeteries of Pantahca, Dessueri, Caltagirone and Cassibile suggests that they were major population centers, almost nothing is known about the form of the habitations associated with these sites, although they have been described as proto-urban: A. M. Bietti Sestieri, "La Sicilia e Ie isole Eolie e ι loro rapporti con Ie regioni tirreniche dell'Itaha continentale dal neolitico alia colonizzazione greca," Kokalos 26-27 (1980-81) 42. It seems possible that they also had various habitation nuclei, as has been pro­ posed in the case of Finocchito (cf. supra n. 25). For a tenuous indication of the habitation site of Monte Dessueri: P. E. Arias, "GeIa. Monte Dessueri," NSc 12 (1936) 368-72. It does not seem to have been clearly demonstrated that the huts of Lentini belong to the so-called "megaron" tradition, repre­ sented at Scoglio del Tonno, as suggested by J. de la Geniere (supra n. 25) 64.

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CHAPTER V

Apart from the three chamber tombs (Necropolis IV, tombs 4-6) of the Iron Age (phase II), there are no other features which can be dated to the protohistoric settlement with certainty. Enclosures or fortifications are not documented, while the location of the huts does not seem to have been arranged with a system of defensive walls in mind. The size of the hill and the steep slopes might have discouraged the construction of fortifications at this time, if these were re­ quired, although over a kilometer of walls surrounded the settlement of the Archaic period. 30 Different areas of the hill were no doubt linked by paths, in order to facilitate the movements of the inhabitants and their domestic animals and allow easy access to the springs and the valley below. From the west, the easiest approach was across the San Francesco valley from the Serra Orlando ridge. A pathway may have joined the hill close to the hut of trench 31, as is still the case today, thereby avoiding steeper approaches from other directions. Once above the 530 meter contour on the hill, any number of paths in various directions could have surrounded the summit, leading across the upper platform to trench 16 West and on down to trench 29 on the lower platform, within a few minutes. A path around the hillside at about the 520 meter contour, could have led northward from trench 31 to trench 10/10B, hardly encountering any change in gradi­ ent, while the Gornalunga river below could have been reached by winding paths from the north side of the hill. The question of how and where the inhabitants disposed of the dead is problematic (see chapter III). By analogy with the Ausonian II settlement on Lipari and its associated burials on the acropolis and in the Piazza Monfalcone cemetery at the bottom of the hill, as well as the Ausonian cemeteries in Sicily at Milazzo, Mulino della Badia and Lentini, it is to be expected that a crema­ tion and enchytrismos cemetery would have been located somewhere around the perimeter of the site or on the lower slopes. In fact, the identical practice is witnessed on the Cittadella (trench 31) and on Lipari, of placing funerary vessls, perhaps restricted to burials of children, in the vicinity of the huts. 31 Despite the presence of chamber tombs in Necropolis IV of the Pantalica South period (phase II), it seems possible that an Ausonian necropolis of the type known at other Ausonian sites in Sicily has yet to be found at Morgantina. There are few indications from the structure of the huts or their contents that any of them had a specialized function (see below). Rather, it appears that they were all dwellings of a similar type where similar activities were practiced. It is tempting to go further and suggest that each hut corresponded to a family unit or to an extended family group. A possible exception to this is provided by the structures in the lower levels of trench 2, probe A/F near the summit of Farm­ house Hill. This most prominent location later became the site of a naiskos that was probably the principal religious building of the Archaic settlement. The possibility cannot be excluded that the Iron Age buildings found here also provided a focal point of religious or political significance for

30 Large fortification walls around Early Iron Age settle­ ments are known in Apulia: F. G. Lo Porto, "Satyrion (Taranto). Scavi e ricerche nel luogo del piu antico insediamento laconico in Puglia," NSc 28 (1964) 276. For the fortifications of later periods on the Cittadella: PR I, 157-58. Terracing and fortification walls near the anaktoron of Pantalica have been excavated: L. Bernabo Brea, Pantalica. Ricerche intorno

all'aniktoron (Cahiers du Centre Jean Berard, XIV; Naples, 1990). 31 See the dolium burial described in chapter I. The burial of children in the habitation area is well-known in the Ital­ ian Bronze and Iron Ages: e.g., C. E. Ostenberg, Luni sul Mignone e problemi della preistoria dltalia, SkrRom 4, 25 (Lund, 1967) 42-43.

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

141

the earlier native settlement, although the presence of a hearth and domestic pottery is quite consistent with a dwelling. Overall, however, the internal organization of the community is hard to discern on the basis of such homogeneous data and there is no direct evidence of any central authority or institution. Indeed, the nature of the evidence primarily sheds light upon activities within a few households. Their dispersed distribution could quite misleadingly suggest a somewhat dislocated community, but there is undoubtedly much missing from the total picture.

3. The Ausonian Huts: Construction and Design The excavations in trench 31 provided the most complete picture of the form of an Ausonian hut on the Cittadella, while the evidence from trenches 16 West and 29 show that this was by no means an unusual construction and that similar buildings were erected at many other locations on the site. These "long houses," which were characteristic of the Ausonian settlement, have various features in common with protohistoric huts elsewhere in Italy and in western Europe generally. The stages in their construction which can be inferred, may be summarized as follows. Once a location was chosen, either on level or sloping ground, the surrounding vegetation and topsoil were removed, revealing the bedrock, which consisted of limestone or a softer clayish deposit. This was cut and leveled in order to create a flat shelf lower than the surrounding ground surface, thereby providing the hut with a sunken floor. The reason for this would have been to help insulate the building, reducing heat loss in winter and maintaining a cooler interior in summer. The creation of the floor would have required the removal of a considerable quantity of soil and rock, which was probably discarded for the most part. However, if the bedrock were suitable, it could have been shaped and then used in the next stage of construction, when the walls were built up with stone. As mentioned earlier, local beds of limestone provided blocks of convenient shape. If necessary, some of the stones could have been roughly hewn in order to obtain an approximately rectangular form with flat sides. These were laid in courses so that the surfaces fitted close together and required only a few small stones to fill the interstices. Thus the internal wall faces would have had a fairly even appearance. In some cases, the exterior wall was a meter thick at the base, while the interior wall buttressing the vertical cut against the slope consisted of a single facing of stones and posts. In other cases, the interior wall may have been left as a vertical cut in the bedrock without a stone facing (e.g. trench 29). All the huts had timber-laced walls. In trench 16 West, the interior wall consisted of separate sections built of stone between timber uprights, which were located at regular intervals, about 1.25 m. apart. The latter were placed in slots against the vertical cut before the stone wall was built up around them. In trench 31, the posts of the exterior wall were fewer in number and completely enclosed by stones. By contrast, the timbers on the interior wall were more numerous and were probably visible from within the building. The walls were preserved for a maximum of six courses in trench 16 West, 0.80 m. in height, but the original elevation is unknown. While they may have been built right up to the roof with stones, it seems more likely that wattle and daub would have been used above a certain level to fill

142

CHAPTER V

the spaces between timbers. Daub was certainly a major component of these buildings and large quantities were found which, if not for the roof, must have covered the upper parts of walls or internal divisions, giving added insulation, protection against rain and diminishing the risk of fire. Many pieces, up to about 0.15 m. in diameter, preserved impressions of wooden stakes and wattle (see chapter II, p. 89). The form of the roof is uncertain. A wooden framework must have been required, probably supported by the upright timbers of the walls. If single beams were placed horizontally across the huts from wall to wall, they would have been about five meters in length. A wicker framework laid over these and thatched might have provided an adequate flat surface, sloping down in the same direction as the hillside in order to assist drainage of rainwater. The alternative would have been a gabled roof with a more intricate wooden framework of diagonal and horizontal posts, probably requiring central supports on the hut floor, for which there is evidence in trenches 16 West, 29 and 31.32 Given the numerous hearths and cooking installations, some provision must have been made for allowing the smoke out through holes in the roof. The location of doorways was not obvious and remains to some extent conjectural, although the interior wall may be excluded since the height of the exterior ground surface would have made access more difficult here. Entrances may have been on the side walls or, perhaps more likely, on the long exterior walls. Adequate drainage must have been essential, particularly during the months of maximum precipitation (currently March and October). Sunken floors would have been particularly susceptible to flooding unless precautions were taken. Walls and roofs would have required to be well covered and sealed, with extensive use of daub and thatching; drainage channels may have been cut behind the huts to protect the rear walls from rain water running down from above. A number of other details may be noted. In the case of trench 31, the hut had two floor levels side by side, with a difference in height of 0.30-0.40 m., separated by a step or ramp running lengthwise across the floor. The purpose of this bi-level floor may have been to further differentiate the internal use of space, as suggested by the presence of storage jars and kitchen installations along the interior wall, and a more open area around the central floor. Hearths consisted of burnt layers of clay and platforms of sherds located near the middle of the floor. At one end of the hut, the floor was covered with flat stones forming a pavement, a feature which was probably required because of the absence of hard bedrock on this part of the hill. Benches were frequently constructed or left protruding from the rock along the interior walls. In trench 16 West, a layer of clay was partly preserved covering the interior face of the stone wall like plaster, while a compact

32

Contemporary huts in Latium had gabled roofs, which are represented on the hut models (urne a capanna) used for cremation burials. See also, for example: A. Davico, "Ricostruzione probabile dell'abitato Laziale del primo periodo del ferro secondo Ie testimonianze dello scavo sul Germalo," MonAnt 41 (1951) 125-34; G. Bartoloni, A. J. Beyer, A. De Santis, "Huts in the Central Tyrrhenian Area of Italy during the Protohistoric Age," in C. Malone and S. Stoddart, eds., Patterns in Protohistory, Papers in Italian Archaeology IV, ni,

BAR International Series 245 (1985) 175-202. The hut in trench 31 has been illustrated in reconstruction drawings with a flat roof and with a gabled roof: Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. XXI, fig. 1; Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," 483, fig. 3. Given the uncertainty which surrounds this question, the reconstruction drawing of the interior of trench 31 (Fig. 22) omits this feature. However, hypothetical gabled roofs are indicated in Fig. 23. See chapter I, pp. 45-47.

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

143

deposit had been laid over the bedrock to provide a floor surface. Some pieces of wood found on 33 the floor in trench 31 had been cut to form planks, the purpose of which is uncertain. At least two buildings had internal divisions. In the case of trench 16 West, the partition seemed to be a later addition and not part of the original plan. Two separate rooms were created in the hut of trench 31, and in this case passage from one to the other may have been possible through an internal doorway. These rooms might have been for different family members or for particular functions, an idea which gains some support from the different artifacts and installa­ tions found in them (see chapter I, pp. 44-48). The internal floor space of the building in trench 31 measured 18.75 χ 4.25 m., while the hut in trench 16 West was about 4.75 m. in width but was only excavated for 6.75 m., which repre­ sents an unknown proportion of its original length. Since this hut was wider than the one in trench 31 it was quite possibly longer as well. The full dimensions of the hut in trench 29 are also unknown but were at least 5 m. in width and 10 m. in length. There may well have been struc­ tures of smaller size and of different shape at the site, as is the case at Lipari and Lentini, but these have not been found. In fact, the buildings on the Cittadella are large by comparison with earlier and contemporary prehistoric dwellings (Fig. 39). The hut in trench 31 is larger than most Middle Bronze Age or Late Bronze Age huts, including the largest Ausonian building on Lipari. Only one of the huts at Lentini is of comparable dimensions. 3 4 Resemblances have been noted in the architectural design and also in the interior layout and furnishings of Ausonian buildings on the Cittadella. A fairly detailed description of these was possible in the case of trench 31, where different areas for storage, preparing and cooking food, and perhaps sleeping or working were postulated (see chapter I). The numerous pithoi found in this particular building emphasize the importance of storage, though this hut was probably not a storehouse in a specialized sense, since various household activities are attested by the finds. A number of fixtures were incorporated into the structure of the building, including cooking stands and an oven, located against the interior wall in approximately the same manner as those in trench 29. In view of their size, it can be inferred that the erection of Ausonian huts required consider­ able quantities of building material and a certain degree of organization that might well have involved a collective effort. A variety of tools and techniques would have been necessary in order to dig out soil and bedrock, to cut, shape and carry timbers and building stone to the location and to prepare thatching and wattle and daub. 3 5 The natural deposits of soft rock were no obstacle to

33 The extensive use of wood in the construction of Final Bronze Age huts in southern Etruna has recently been noted, with evidence for planks, posts, stakes of various shape and possibly a wooden floor: N. Negroni Catacchio, ed., Sorgenti delta Nova. Una comunita protostorica e il suo territorio nell'Etruria meridionale, C.N.R. (Rome, 1981) 237. 34 Rizza, "Leontim," 3. For a general comparative survey: R. Peroni, "Presenze micenee e forme socio-economiche nell'Italia protostorica," in Magna Grecia e mondo miceneo, Atti del XXIl Convegno di Studi sulla Magna Grecia, Taranto 7-11 ottobre 1982, Istituto per la stona e l'archeologra della Magna

Grecia, Taranto (Naples, 1983) 271-74. 35 Experiments in Denmark in the construction of wattle and daub long houses with timber-laced walls of similar di­ mensions (but with less use of stone) have emphasized the large quantities of raw materials required: many tons of clay, gallons of water, straw, thousands of branches, dozens of wooden posts and hundreds of bundles of reeds and rushes. The total time required by about a dozen people to collect the necessary material and build a hut of this type has been estimated at about two weeks: J. Coles, Archaeology by Experi­ ment (London, 1973) 55-57, 64-68.

144

CHAPTER V

•

METAPICCOLA '8"

0:

rl

. a

l

~~

CITTADELLA TR. 31

....

o

_....

5M .

Fig. 39. Examples of Ausonian buildings from the acropolis of Lipari, the Metapiccola hill of Lentini, and the Cittadella (after Meligunis-Lipara IV, fig. 17; Rizza, "Leontini," fig. 1)

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

145

the cutting implements of the inhabitants of this period, which would have consisted of stone and bronze tools. It is possible that wooden stakes were driven into the ground and soaked, thereby expanding and cracking the bedrock, which could then be cut and smoothed. There is little direct evidence for the tools used, although contemporary metal finds, mainly from hoards, indicate knowledge of many implements, including a variety of axes, the saw, chisels and awls.36 Some use was still made of traditional flint, quartzite and obsidian blades, and possibly basalt axes, hammers and wooden, bone and antler implements. The life-span of such a building must have depended on a variety of factors. A certain amount of upkeep would have been required, particularly the regular replacement of thatching, wattle and daub, hearths and perhaps timbers. The presence of open hearths, ovens and cooking stands, and the extensive use of wood in construction must have made fire the most likely cause of destruction. Nearly all the huts on the Cittadella were damaged or destroyed by fire and the presence of cracked and reddened stones, layers of ash, charcoal and burnt daub, sealing large quantities of artifacts on the floors, points to conflagrations that could be sudden and intense, whatever their cause. There would have been little left of any use, except perhaps for some of the building stone. On the other hand, with the necessary upkeep and perhaps the occasional replacement of posts and other structural features, the same dwelling might have been occupied for a long period of time. There was clear evidence for this in the Ausonian village on Lipari, where some huts had deep floor deposits with up to four superimposed levels, and a material assemblage which ranged in time from the Ausonian I into the Ausonian II period.37 Many features of the Cittadella huts are common to Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age dwellings in Italy. Sunken floors are found in earlier prehistoric buildings in Sicily and were widespread in protohistoric Italy.38 A hut with a split-level floor like the one in trench 31 was found at Broglio di Trebisacce (Calabria) and hearths made of layers of broken potsherds or layers of terracotta are known in Italy.39 The construction of timber-laced walls and the use of wattle and daub is also widely attested, while wooden planks may even have been used on the floor and daubplaster on the walls in some huts in central Italy as well as in Sicily.40 The materials and techniques of construction were essentially traditional ones that were widely known and changed little in the course of the Bronze Age. The closest parallels for the Cittadella huts are those of the Ausonian II period on the Lipari acropolis. Several buildings with different plans and dimensions were found there and the large 36 For a summary of material from hoards: Bernabo Brea, Sicily, 186-200. 37 See, for example, huts bIV, V, and VI: Meligunh-Lipara IV, 561-62. 38 See, for example: N. Negroni Catacchio (supra n. 33) 215 pi. 51; C. E. Ostenberg (supra n. 31) 96, 106-107; A. P. Anzidei, A. M. Bietti Sestien, A. De Santis (supra n. 25) passim; the walls of some of the huts at Tornonaccio served as retaining walls against the hillside in the same way as those on the Cittadella: S. Cassano and A. Manfredini (supra n. 12) 160; in Sicily, see also the Late Bronze Age circular huts of the Pantalica North period at Sabucina: P. Orlandini, "Sabucina. A) Scoperte vane. B) Prima campagna di scavo (1962). Rapporto preliminare," ArchCl 15 (1963) 89 pi. XXX:1,2;

idem, "Sabucina. La seconda campagna di scavo (1964). Rapporto preliminare," ArchCl 17 (1965) 133 pi. XLVIII: 1. As more huts of this period become known, the parallel which was frequently cited in the past, between the huts of Lipari and Lentini on the one hand and those of the Palatine in Rome, can now be seen as just one example from numerous and widespread analogies between protohistoric dwellings in central and southern Italy and Sicily. 39 Sibaritide: nuove ricerche, 21; C. E. Ostenberg (supra n. 31) 100-101, fig. 18. In Sicily: Tusa, La Sicilia, 414, 491. 40 Cf. supra n. 34. For the use of daub plaster see, for example: C. E. Ostenberg (supra n. 31) 40; G. Voza, "L'attivita della Soprintendenza alle Antichita della Sicilia Orientale. Thapsos," Kokalos 26-27 (1980-81) 676.

CHAPTER V

146

rectangular huts in particular have a number of architectural features in common with those of Morgantina. These include sunken floors beneath the ground level outside, timber uprights on the interior faces of the stone walls, a low bench along some walls, a similar style of masonry, internal partitions, the occasional use of flagstones for pavements and the location of hearths in the middle of the floor. 41 On the Metapiccola hill at Lentini, where the material assemblage is very similar to that of the Cittadella, the huts are of slightly different design. The floors were dug down into the bedrock on the flat top of the hill and their dimensions range from 3.50 χ 4.10 m. up to 19 χ 5.10 m. Four huts had central posts as supports for the roof, which the excavator imagined to have been gabled, while postholes on the short lateral walls suggested side entrances which were covered by a kind of portico. 42 Finally, one of the huts at Cannatello, which might date to this period, has a number of similar structural features. 43

4. The Material Assemblage: Crafts, Economy, and Subsistence Each of the Ausonian huts on the Cittadella contained a similar range of artifact types and many of the same pottery vessels, although not always in identical proportions. Askoi and amphorae, for example, were more common in trench 16 West, while pithoi were more numerous in trench 31. However, despite such differences, which are hard to evaluate in view of the fact that not all contexts were fully excavated, the contents of various buildings are characterized by an overall homogeneity. The standard shapes consist of dolia, large jars, amphorae and pithoi, as well as numerous smaller forms such as jugs, carinated cups and bowls, and specialized forms such as "milk-boilers." In addition to the millstones and cooking stands, many of these can be regarded as domestic items for storing, cooking and serving food. The range of shapes is wide and various practical uses have been suggested for certain forms (see chapter II, pp. 51-53). Crafts and domestic activities are implied by the presence of loomweights, spindle whorls, bone implements, stone tools, and moulds for metal casting, all of which recur in more than one hut. The fact that handmade coarse ware accounted for the largest proportion of pottery can be explained in terms of its intensive use in the domestic context, particularly for cooking and storage, with a consequently greater chance of breakage and subsequent recovery in excavation. Some of these vessels were also used for funerary purposes, as demonstrated by the dolium burial (no. 556) outside the hut of trench 31. The proximity of this burial to the living area and the fact that such typical household vessels as storage jars, pithoi, and carinated bowls were used in Ausonian cemeteries, might suggest certain ideological links between burial and everyday life. 44 Apart from the finished products, there is no direct evidence on the Cittadella for the manu­ facture of pottery in the protohistoric period insofar as no misfired pottery or kilns have been found. However, unless future analysis of fabrics and local clay deposits indicates otherwise, it may be assumed that the coarse ware was produced locally, evidently in abundance, as a

41

Meligums-Lipara IV, 559-62, 587-97.

42

Rizza, "Leontini," 3-7.

43

A. Mosso, "Villaggi preistoricx di Caldare e Cannatello

presso Girgenti," MonAnt 18 (1907) 620, fig. 24; Tusa, La Sici-

lia, 491. 44

At Mulino della Badia, Piazza Monfalcone, and Mi-

lazzo (cf. chapter II, n. 58)

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

147

non-specialist domestic activity.45 One might speculate that industrial activities such as firing would have been confined to a special location away from dwelling houses in order to reduce the risk of fire. The similarities between the coarse ware dolia and storage jars of the Cittadella and those of other Ausonian sites and even sites beyond Sicily of the same period, are in some ways more striking than those of the fine wares. There must have existed common stylistic traditions and techniques which were well established, so that even in the domestic context the production of coarse ware was adhered to in a repetitive, formal way. As a craft activity it seems conservative, purely functional, and shows little signs of innovation. The same forms were apparently produced over a long period, changing only slightly and gradually. The finer wheelmade plumed and geometric painted wares, which occur in smaller quantities, are the result of a more complex system of production, involving the careful preparation of clay (selection, purification, use of fillers), shaping on the wheel, decoration and controlled firing. Despite the presence of some non-local temper (black grit) in the fabric of some of these vessels, they may also have been made at the site, perhaps by certain skilled potters in the community (see chapter II, p. 51). The use of the potter's wheel for making such large and handsome vessels as the plumed amphorae and the presence of incised potter's marks, indicates that pottery production in Sicily at this time was technically accomplished and probably in part a specialist activity. From a technical point of view, the manufacture of large pithoi must have required considerable skill. Transportation overland of such cumbersome and heavy vessels would have been difficult and they were probably made at the site by experienced potters or craftsmen who could have served the whole community. Possibly, some skilled potters were mobile, or itinerant, making their vessels in situ at various sites when they were required. The abundance of pottery in Ausonian huts on the Cittadella is partly due to fortunate preservation as a result of sudden destruction by fire. The collapse of the superstructure sealed the artifacts in a burnt layer of ash and daub on the hut floor. However, the quantity of pottery, the large size of many vessels, the range of types and technical ability which they display, imply an increase in the scale and intensity of production, which seems all the more conspicuous by comparison with previous periods. This point has also been made by the excavators of the Ausonian settlement on Lipari and has been regarded as a general characteristic of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age communities in Italy.46 The increased use of the potter's wheel and the presence of many fine wheelmade decorated vessels in the Cittadella huts implies further progress in the course of the Final Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Numerous spindle whorls and loomweights emphasize the importance of spinning and weaving in the economy of the settlement, and of the flocks of sheep or goat, which are also attested by the ovis/capra remains in the animal bone sample. Spindle whorls occur in a multiplicity of

45

It has been suggested that each family on Lipari made this type of pottery for its own consumption. However, group C pastes on Lipari were probably imported from Sicily and used for the production of fine ware: Meligums-Lipara IV, 564, 598.

46

See, for example: R. Peroni, "From Bronze Age to Iron Age: Economic, Historical and Social Considerations," in D. and F. R. Ridgway (supra n. 25) 7-30; here the emphasis is mainly on increased and improved metal production, but on pottery see p. 25. More recently: R. Peroni (supra n. 34).

CHAPTER V

148

shapes and sizes, sometimes decorated, and are more numerous than loomweights. A number of loomweights are of large dimensions, probably for the manufacture of heavy textiles. It may be inferred that every hut had a vertical loom and that the production of wool and textiles was an activity carried out within the domestic context, perhaps by women.47 The manufacture of bone objects is documented by the presence of a few artifacts, consisting mainly of simple pointed tools made from the bones of domestic species (sheep/goat and pig) as well as the comb (no. 344). The polished pointed implements were probably used as awls or needles, perhaps for puncturing skins or weaving, while the comb may have been for carding. Antler and horn were also useful materials that were probably frequently traded at this time. Their procurement must have been a further incentive in hunting and naturally shed antler was sometimes collected.48 An intact single antler and parts of deer antler that had been cut were found in the huts of trenches 29 and 31. The faunal sample from the Cittadella cannot yet be combined with the valuable evidence of plant remains to provide a more complete picture of subsistence activities at the site, while com­ parisons with other contemporary Sicilian settlements are inhibited by the lack of published data. The only botanical remains recovered from protohistoric contexts so far consist of the wild grape (fid's vinifera sp. sylvestris) from trench 16 West (see p. 23 above).49 In general, however, the evi­ dence indicates that the Ausonian community on the Cittadella practiced stock rearing and some hunting, while crop growing can certainly be inferred, and is attested by grain impressions found on clay (Pi. 62) and such artifacts as millstones. The domesticated species (cattle, ovicaprines, pig, horse, and dog) represented in the animal bone sample are not unusual and compare fairly closely with some contemporary sites in peninsu­ lar Italy.50 The presence of cattle, ovicaprines, and pig indicates a fairly mixed regime of animal husbandry, with cattle and ovicaprines probably being raised mainly for dairy products and wool, as also testified by the "milk-boilers," spindle whorls, and loomweights. Cattle may have been used for traction, although this is hypothetical, while consumption of the meat of these species is also indicated by butchered bones from individuals of various ages. Deer are also common in the faunal sample and may therefore be regarded as a complemen­ tary source of food in addition to providing skins and antler. The slight evidence for equine re­ mains from the hut in trench 29 finds parallels in protohistoric central Italy where horse rearing is well-attested. Bones of dog are also found in contemporary Italian faunal samples, which are

47

There is increasing evidence for the association be­

species in the indigenous Holocene flora of the island: L. Co-

tween spindle whorls and loomweights and female tombs of

stantini, M. Piperno, S. Tusa, "La neolithisation de la Sicile

this period: Necropoli e usifunerari nell'eta delferro, Studi a cura di

occidentale d'apres Ies resultats des fouilles a la grotte de

R. Perotti, Archeologia: Materiali e Problemi, 5 (Ban, 1981)

l'Uzzo (Trapani)," in Premieres communautes paysannes en medi-

296 and passim; and see, for example, recent findings in La-

terranee occidentale. Actes du colloque international du C.N.R.S.

tium with supporting anthropological evidence: A. M. Bietti

(Paris, 1987) 400.

Sestieri, Ricerca su una eomunita del Lazio protostorico. Il sepolcreto dell'Osteria dell'Osa (Rome, 1979) passim.

tenberg: C. E. Ostenberg (supra n. 31) 229-39, 263-76. More

48

Antler found in the Ausonian levels on Lipari is con­

sidered to have been imported: Meligunts-Lipara IV, 647. 49

Carbonized wild grape pips have also been identified in

the Mesolithic period in Sicily, attesting the presence of the

50

See, for example, the early studies by Gejvall and Os-

evidence from southern Italy comes from recent excavations at Broglio di Trebisacce in Calabria: Sibaritide III, 232-59; Sibaritide: nuove ricerche, 285-304.

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

149

usually assumed to have been watchdogs, herding animals, or hunting companions. 51 The only evi­ dence for fishing is provided by the spine bone turned into a polished pointed tool found in the hut of trench 29 (no. 302). In addition to the manufacture of wooden and leather objects, which can only be inferred, the craft activities outlined here may be regarded as autonomous in as much as they were dependent upon the resources of the site and its territory, and could have been organized without external interference. The various craft products, along with those of pastoralism and agriculture, would have comprised the main sources of wealth for the community. However, external relations between the Ausonian settlement and other parts of Sicily would have been essential for the procurement of various products, notably some kinds of stone and metals. As far as these materials were concerned, the site and its immediate environs were not selfsufficient and exchange must have assumed a certain importance. Hence, local craft activities and the products of agriculture and pastoralism would have been concerned not only with satisfying local needs but also with creating a surplus in order to permit exchange for items not locally available. In the case of lava millstones, the most likely explanation is that they were regularly traded items, which were brought to the site from the Hyblaean region. They may well have arrived as finished products, but little can be said at present about the details of the mechanisms operating here. The ground and chipped stone industries continued to make use of the traditional hard rocks exploited in prehistory. These include quartzite and flint, which are available in the vicinity of the site; obsidian, the nearest natural source of which is on the island of Lipari; basalt, probably from Etna or the Hyblaean hills; and serpentine or nephrite, possibly from northeast Sicily or southern Italy. Evidence for the procurement of these rocks at this time is obscured, however, by the extensive use which was made of the same items by prehistoric communities in much earlier times at the site. The possibility cannot be excluded, therefore, that the inhabitants of the Cittadella in the protohistoric period were able to exploit some of the material remains of the Copper and Early Bronze Age settlement at Serra Orlando, even hundreds of years later. 52 The fact that obsidian, flint, and quartzite blades were still sometimes used in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages should not necessarily be taken as an indication of poverty in an area remote from metal sources. On the contrary, it seems quite likely to have been a common and widespread phenomenon, which has hitherto received little attention. Some of the blades are short and snapped, and could have had various purposes, such as insertion on a handle for use as sickles. However, these materials had undoubtedly lost much of their former value due to the increase in bronze metallurgy. Trade in such items by this time must have dwindled to a mere fraction of what it had been for millennia, at least from the Neolithic until about the Middle Bronze Age.

51 Deer (cervus elaphus) are well documented at Broglio (supra n. 50) along with occasional dog remains. It remains to be shown whether the Sicilian deer represent an island sub­ species with special characteristics, as is sometimes the case with other species found in Mediterranean islands. Roe deer and fallow deer have been mentioned in the faunal sample

from the Roman site of Castagna: R. J. A. Wilson, "Un insediamento agricolo romano a Castagna (Comune di Cattolica Eraclea, AG)," SicArch 18, no. 57/58 (1985) 30. 52 Cf. chapter II (p. 88 above); R. Leighton, "Ground Stone Tools from Serra Orlando (Morgantina) and Stone Axe Studies in Sicily and Southern Italy," PPS 55 (1989) 136.

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150

Consideration of the metal finds leads to rather different conclusions. The evidence consists of both finished bronze objects, including a few tools, ornamental items and a number of broken, probably discarded, small fragments, as well as artifacts connected with metallurgical production, such as stone moulds. In fact, the actual quantity of metal in the Ausonian huts is probably not a good indicator of its availability since the chances of recovering metal finds in domestic contexts are always slim, given the tendency to reprocess the material. The only contexts where large quantities of metal are found in this period are either burials or hoards. 53 However, all the huts contained at least one bronze object and these were not only small, ornamental items, such as buttons and fibulae, but included practical tools or weapons, such as the bronze hammer (no. 411), and the dagger (no. 492). Apart from the evidence of finished objects, active participation in metallurgy is indicated by a series of moulds and a fragment with slag attached (no. 328). There seems little doubt that casting took place at the site, and it is possible that individual households were involved in recasting metals for their own use. These finds have to be interpreted in the light of the fact that there are no local deposits of metal ore and its procurement must imply dependence on external sources. Metal ores in Sicily are scarce and the known deposits in the northeast of the island are reputedly meagre. However, P. Genovese has referred to the presence of ferrous metals (pyrite and chalcopyrite) in the Longano basin and suggested that these were exploited in the Late Bronze Age and later. 54 P. Villari recently proposed that the various settlements of the multi-period site of Fiumedinisi, which has a late Ausonian phase, were exploiting local metal ores as early as the Copper Age. 55 Ausonian sites in these areas may have been actively engaged in mining and extracting ores from the rock. It seems possible, therefore, that not all of the metal in Sicily came from outside the island, as has often been thought. 56 As for Morgantina, metallurgical activity was probably limited to the smelting and recasting of bronze objects which were broken or no longer required in order to make new ones. The main source of metal for the community consisted most probably of hoards, which are well documented in this period.

53

See, for example, the enormous hoards from Castelluc-

cio (Ragusa) and Lipari and the considerable quantity of

hoard); C. Giardino, "Il ripostiglio di Polizzello," SicArch 20, no. 65 (1987) 39-55.

bronze objects in the Mulino della Badia cemetery: G. di

54

P. Genovese (supra n. 19, 1977) 31-33, 45.

Stefano, "Il territorio di Camarina in eta arcaica," Kokalos 33

55

These include copper, lead, zinc, antimony, and small

(1987) 140-48; Meligums-Lipara IV, 735-89; M. P. Moscetta,

quantites of silver as well as alum: P. Villari, "Considerazioni

"Il ripostiglio di Lipari. Nuove considerazioni per un in-

sulla presenza di alcuni bronzi in una capanna del periodo di

quadramento cronologico e culturale," DialArch 6 (1988) 53-

transizione tardoeneolitico-prima eta del bronzo del Monte

78; Bernabo Brea, Militello, and La Plana, "Madonna del

Belvedere di Fiumedinisi (ME)," Atti della Societa Toseana di

Piano," passim; Bernabo Brea, Sicily, 183-200. Recently, a

Seienze Naturali 87 (1981) 466-67; idem (supra n. 19, 1981)

number of Sicilian protohistoric hoards have been the subject

112.

of new studies. See, for example, R. M. Albanese Procelli,

56

In view of the presence of nuragic pottery in Ausonian

"Un ripostiglio di bronzi di Noto Antica," Atti e Memorie

II strata on Lipari, the island of Sardinia cannot be excluded

dell'lstituto per Io studio e la valorizzazione di Noto antica 17-18

as a source of some of the metal in Sicily at this time:

(1986-87) 45-72; eadem, "Tripodi geometnci dal ripostiglio

E. Contu, "Ceramica sarda di eta nuragica a Lipari," (Appen­

di bronzi del Mendolito di Adrano," MEFRA 101 (1989) 643-

dix V) in Meligums-Lipara IV, 829-36. For the Calabrian

77 (the objects in the Mendolito hoard imply a date approxi­

sources of copper, see n. 73 below.

mately between 650 and 625

B.C.

for the deposition of the

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

151

5. The Later Iron Age Settlement (Phase II) A significant feature of the early history of occupation on the Cittadella is the evidence for con­ tinuity from the Final Bronze Age until the Archaic period. It has been suggested above (see chapter IV) that the Ausonian settlement on the Cittadella continued until a relatively late date by comparison with some other Ausonian sites, such as Lipari, and that many contexts date to the Early Iron Age (approximately ninth-eighth century B.C.) and later. The evidence from Morgantina, therefore, seems to reinforce the impression gained from other south Italian sites where it is often very difficult to discern the transition from the Final Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. As J. de la Geniere has stated, "... the term 'Iron Age' is somewhat of an a priori convention, for at first the new metal is very rare . . . the Bronze Age-Iron Age transition is not marked by any clear break. Many settlements of the Final Bronze Age continued uninterruptedly right through to the later Iron Age." 57 This was evidently the case at Morgantina, where a second phase, which would correspond to the early colonial period, is documented by occupation levels above the lower Ausonian deposits in trenches 29 and 31 and by the three chamber tombs (nos. 4-6) in Necropolis IV. Successive floor levels were found in trench 29 (1967, strata 5A-5E) with material that derives from that of the Early Iron Age found in the layers below (5G-6, and stratum 6A-6B, 1963) and yet predates that of the Archaic period found in layers above (strata 4-5). Although precise chronological indicators are lacking, it seems likely that these layers correspond substantially with the late eighth and seventh centuries B.C. However, the settlement of phase II is not known in detail at present. The only substantial remains of buildings of this period excavated so far are those in the small probe beneath the Archaic naiskos on the summit of the Farmhouse Hill (trench 2, probe A/F). The superimposed walls found in the lower levels (strata 7-8) of this probe were not sufficiently preserved to allow a reconstruction of the original form of these buildings and the limited extent of the excavations here provides little more than a glimpse of the site at this time. Some features recall the Ausonian long houses already described: the floor level of wall C was cut into the hillside and wall B had a low stone bench. Other aspects diverge from the Ausonian huts: wall A and wall C are notably curved in plan and may have been part of oval or round structures, and none of the walls seem to have been timber-laced. 58 However, it seems likely that the inhabitants of the Cittadella continued to occupy buildings that were derived from, or modified versions of, traditional Ausonian long houses until an urban town plan on a Hellenic model was established in the Archaic period. The strategic location of these structures beneath the naiskos on the most prominent part of the hill and the superimposition of the three walls with their associated destruction layers suggests

57 J. de la Geniere (supra n. 25) 59-60. For a more recent survey of the evidence, see A. M. Bietti Sestieri, "Central and Southern Italy in the Late Bronze Age," in T. Hackens, N. D. Holloway, and R. R. Holloway, eds., Crossroads of the Mediter­ ranean, Archaeologica Transatlantica, 2 (Louvain-La-Neuve, 1984) 55-122.

58 Iron Age huts with round plans have been discovered elsewhere: P. Orsi, "Gli scavi intorno a l'Athenaion di Siracusa," MonAnt 25 (1918) 430-31 (with a low bench around the interior of the wall); M. Frasca, "Una nuova capanna 'sicula' a Siracusa in Ortigia: tipologia del materiali," MEFRA 95 (1983) 565-73. See also chapter 1, n. 2.

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that more uncertain conditions prevailed at the time of the phase II settlement and that this was a period of rapid change and instability. A further suggestion of change is provided by the three Iron Age chamber tombs in Necropo­ lis IV (see chapter III). These tombs have much in common with those of the Pantalica South period in southeast Sicily and are not characteristic of Ausonian sites in the central and northeast­ ern part of the island, where cremation in an urn, inhumation in a fossa grave, or enchytrismos burial was prevalent. Moreover, there are changes in the material assemblage. Many elements in the pottery reper­ toire of phase II are foreshadowed in Ausonian layers, such as plumed and geometric painted pottery as well as handmade coarse ware, which display a direct derivation from Ausonian types. On the other hand, the material from the chamber tombs includes various new shapes which compare with southeastern sites such as Pantalica and Finocchito, while the appearance of incised pottery may indicate links with western Sicilian sites such as Sant'Angelo Muxaro. Finally, the complex question of the Hellenization of Morgantina lies beyond the scope of this report. If the period of full urbanization on the Cittadella did not get underway until about 560 B.C., further evidence for habitation at the site during the later seventh and early sixth centu­ ries B.C. must be sought and defined. Clearly, an investigation of all the early Archaic contexts at the site is now required if the views on this subject first outlined by Sjoqvist in 1962 are to be further elaborated or revised.59

6. The Protohistoric Settlement and the Historical Sources Thucydides, Diodoros, Hellanikos of Mytilene, Pliny, and Strabo, all refer to movements of native peoples from peninsular Italy to Lipari and Sicily prior to the colonial period, identifying three groups in particular: the Ausoni, Sikeli, and Morgeti. Although none of these authors provides reliable details about the scale or date of these movements, it might be inferred that considerable numbers of people were involved and that they took place at various times during the protohistoric period before the foundation of the Greek towns of Magna Graecia. The name Ausonian was given by L. Bernabo Brea to the protohistoric culture of Lipari on the basis of the tradition which described the movement of Liparus, son of Auson, the leader of the Ausoni, from peninsular Italy. 60 As far as Lipari is concerned, archaeology and ancient tradition seem to be in harmony, insofar as the archaeological culture of Lipari displays close similarities with that of peninsular Italy in the Subapennine and Protovillanovan periods. When protohistoric material was first discovered on the Cittadella in 1957, only a few years after excavations had begun on the Lipari acropolis, the question was raised again of the spread of influences or immigrants from peninsular Italy into Sicily. This idea was supported by an ancient tradition, evidently related to that of the Ausonian migration to Lipari, which concerned the movement of the Morgeti to Sicily from Lucania and Bruttium in southern Italy. With specific reference to Morgantina, Strabo followed Antiochos in suggesting that the first inhabitants of the site had in fact been the Morgeti: "According to Antiochos, the Sikeloi and Morgetes had in early

59 Sjoqvist

1

"I Greci1" passim.

60Bernabo

Brea1 Sicily, 136-39.

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

153

times inhabited the whole of this region, but later on, being ejected by the Oenotrians, had crossed over into Sicily. According to some, Morgantion also took its name from the Morgetes of Rhegion."61 Both Sjoqvist and Bernabo Brea have commented on these traditions recorded by the ancient authors and Sjoqvist, in particular, accepted the accounts as reflecting historical events connected with the foundation of Morgantina: Pliny (Nat. Hist. 3.71) also places the original home of the Morgetes in Bruttium. Their epony­ mous hero Morges belongs to the same group of mythical city founders as Aeolus, the colonizer of the Aeolian Islands and the founder of Lipara. Of Aeolus' numerous sons three settled in Sicily. The mythology seems to vindicate a more or less continuous stream of Italic settlers coming into Sicily, a stream that sometimes used the Aeolian Islands as a stepping stone on the way. Morges with his Morgetes was one of the founding fathers. The appearance of the Apennine-Ausonian ware at our site gives additional strength to the identification of Serra Orlando as Morgantina.62 La testimonianza di Morgantina potrebbe essere un elemento importante a favore della tesi che vede i veri Ausoni di Diodoro solo nei portatori del nostro Ausonio II di Lipari. Entrambe queste popolazioni, Ausoni e Morgeti, provenienti per vie diverse dalle stesse regioni d'Italia centromeridionale sarebbero state portatrici di pressoche identiche facies culturali .. . i Morgeti . .. ci si rivelerebbero . . . fedelmente attaccati almeno nei primi secoli alia Ioro tradizione culturale originaria, che conservano intatta anche nelle nuove sedi, mantenendo stretti contatti con la penisola italiana, della quale seguirebbero l'evoluzione culturale

63

Morgantina and Lipari are not the only Ausonian sites to have such foundation stories. The settlement on the Metapiccola hill of Lentini can be connected with a very similar account by Diodoros (V, 7, 8), which states that the Chalcidian colony here was preceded by the native settlement of Xuthia, established by Xuthos, a descendant of Liparus and Auson, who had previ­ ously founded Lipari.64 At Morgantina, the material assemblage could also be regarded as intru­ sive, given the similarities with that of the Ausonian II period on Lipari, which, in the words of Bernabo Brea, was intimately related to the post-Apennine, Protovillanovan cultures of the Italian peninsula.65 On the basis of parallels between the plumed and coarse wares of the Cittadella and those of Lipari and Milazzo, Sjoqvist called the protohistoric settlement Ausonian, thus adopting and extending the terminology first established by Bernabo Brea. The term Ausonian has been retained here in preference to that of Morgetian, which was sometimes also used by the excavators, especially by H. Allen.66 While the term Morgetian is not

61 Strabo, Geography VI. 1.6: The Geography of Strabo, trans. H. L.Jones, Loeb edition, Vol. Ill (London, 1924) 23. 62 PR II, 158. The last sentence of this quote makes a point that should be qualified. The presence of the Ausonian pottery on the Cittadella would not necessarily support the identification of the site as Morgantina if this type of mate­ rial were simply characteristic of all protohistoric sites in the region. For a discussion of the identity of the site, see the articles referred to by W. A. P. Childs, "Morgantina. Past and

Future," AJA 83 (1979) 377-79, nn. 3-5. 63 L. Bernabo Brea, "Leggenda e archeologia nella protostoria siciliana," Kokalos 10-11 (1964-65) 28, 32. 64 L. Bernabo Brea, "Il crepuscolo del re Hyblon," PP 23 (1968) 161-87. 65 L. Bernabo Brea (supra n. 63) 28. 66PR II, 157-58; E. Sjoqvist, "Serra Orlando-Morgantina," RendLinc VIII, XIV (1959) 40; Sjoqvist, "I Greci," 61, n. 17; idem, "Gli scavi di Morgantina-Serra Orlando," in Atti del

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154

altogether unjustified, the introduction of a new name to describe archaeological material which is very similar to that of other Ausonian sites seems to be an unnecessary complication. At present, it is not possible on archaeological grounds to draw a clear distinction between Ausonian, Morgetian, and Sikel groups in eastern Sicily. The term Ausonian, therefore, is used here as an archaeological or cultural label to describe the protohistoric settlement on the Cittadella. However, this does not necessarily imply that the community belonged to the same ethnic group as that of Lipari. As the written sources suggest, albeit based upon semi-legendary accounts, the ethnic map of Sicily was complex at this time and included various tribal groups known by different names.67

7. The Cittadella and the Protohistoric Period in Sicily The period from about 1250 to 700 B.C. has been the subject of various syntheses in recent years, which have attempted to identify processes of cultural development in Sicily, Lipari and Southern Italy and the connections between these areas.68 In conclusion, it would be outside the scope of this report to review these matters in detail. Only a few observations of a general nature are made here in order to place the site within a broader regional context and in relation to a historical outline which is emerging thanks to the contributions of various individuals. That certain aspects remain obscure is partly due to the unequal distribution of archaeological information currently available. Clearly, more systematic fieldwork and research would help to rectify this. It has long been evident that a considerable degree of complexity characterizes Sicilian proto­ history. Marked variations existed between contemporary assemblages in different parts of the

Settimo Congresso Internazionale di Archeologia Classica, Roma

9-10 (1981) 15-17; 16, 11-12 (1981) 15-17; idem (supra n. 30),

1958, Vol. II (Naples, 1961) 62-63; PR VIII, 146; Allen, "Per

29-65. For an outline of the relationship between Lipari,

una definizione," passim.

southeast Sicily and southern Italy in the Late Bronze and

See, for example: R. Ambrosini, "L'elemento indi-

Iron Ages: B. d'Agostino, "La civilta del ferro nell'Italia me-

geno," and L. Braccesi, "Trattazione storica," in E. Gabba and

ridionale e nella Sieilia," in Popoli e civilta dell'Italia antica. Vol.

67

G. Vallet, eds., Storia delta Sieilia: La Sicilia antica (Naples,

II (Rome, 1974) 11-91; A. M. Bietti Sestien, "I processi sto-

1980) Vol. I, 43-51 and 53-85. V. La Rosa, "Considerazioni

rici nella Sieilia orientale fra la tarda eta del bronzo e gli

sul problema siculo," Sileno 3 (1977) 65-81. For a useful sum­

lnizi dell'eta del ferro sulla base dei dati archeologici," in Il

mary of the literary evidence bearing on the complex ques­

bronzo finale, 599-629; idem (supra n. 29); idem, "Implicazioni

tion of the origins and movements of native ethinic groups in southern Italy, see M. Nafissi, u Le genti indigene: Enotri,

del concetto di territono in situazioni culturali complesse: Ie isole Eolie nell'eta del bronzo" DialArch N.S. 4, no. 2 (1982)

Coni, Siculi e Morgeti, Ausoni, Iapigi, Sanniti," in G. Pu-

39-60; idem, "Rapporti e scambi fra Ie genti indigine fra l'eta

gliese Carratelli, ed., Magna Grecia. Il Mediterraneo, Ie metropo-

del bronzo e la prima eta del ferro nelle zone della colonizza-

Ieis e la fondazione delle eolonie (Milan, 1985) 189-208.

zione," in G. Pugliese Carratelli, ed. (supra n. 67) 85-126. An

68

Further to the extensive pioneer work by Paolo Orsi in

extensive literature has accumulated on the subject of Myce­

the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the first

naean links with Sicily in the Bronze Age. See, for example,

modern outline was: L. Bernabo Brea, "La Sicilia prehistorica

the numerous articles, with bibliographies, in the following

y sus relaciones con Oriente y con la Peninsula Iberica," Am-

publications: L. Vagnetti, ed., Magna Grecia e mondo miceneo.

purias 15-16 (1953-54) 137-235; further elaborated in the first

Nuovi documenti (XXII Convegno di Studi sulla Magna Gre­

English edition (1957) of the Ancient Peoples and Places se­

cia, Taranto 7-11 ottobre 1982), Istituto per la storia e l'ar-

ries: Bernabo Brea, Sicily, chap. 6. Numerous additions and

cheologia della Magna Grecia, Taranto (Naples, 1983); Magna

modifications up to the present have been made by L. Ber-

Grecia e mondo miceneo. Atti del XXII Convegno di Studi sulla

nab6 Brea and M. Cavalier in excavation reports and articles

Magna Grecia, Taranto 7-11 ottobre 1982, Istituto per la storia e

dealing mainly with northeast Sicily and Lipari. In particu­

l'archeologia della Magna Grecia, Taranto (Naples, 1983); M.

lar: ΜγΙαί and Meligunis-Lipira I and IV; L. Bernabo Brea,

Marazzi, S. Tusa, and L. Vagnetti, eds., Traffici micenei nel

"L'eta del bronzo tarda e finale nelle isole Eolie," in Il bronzo

Mediterraneo. Problemi storici e documentazione archeologica. Atti del

finale, 571-97; idem, "Lipari e la talassocrazia nel basso Tir-

Convegno di Palermo, Istituto per la storia e l'archeologia della

reno nell'eta del bronzo," Magna Grecia 16, 7-8 (1981) 1-4; 16,

Magna Grecia (Naples, 1986).

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

155

island where abrupt transformations occurred at times, only to be followed by periods of gradual development. Explanations for this can be sought in terms of local reactions to external stimuli and contacts, as well as internal evolution and pressures leading to expansion and change. Multiple forces appear to have been at work: complex social and economic relationships, processes of acculturation and movements of population. Moreover, the protohistoric period witnesses the formation of various ethnic groups and tribal units whose descendants are identifiable at the beginning of the historical period. Links between regions are reflected in the archaeological record not only by widespread ex­ changes of raw materials and finished goods, particularly in the form of metal hoards, but also by actual movements of population. An example of this is the appearance of the Ausonian I settle­ ment on the island of Lipari, which seems to represent the arrival of a group of settlers from peninsular Italy. It is hard to say whether small or large-scale movements of people were common occurrences in the protohistoric period, but migrations must have taken place at times, and occa­ sionally have been sufficiently memorable or traumatic events for memories of them to have survived into historical times. 69 One cause may have been population growth, a characteristic feature of this period. In addition, other more frequent forms of contact can be envisaged between protohistoric societies in southern Italy and Sicily, coming about simply as a result of exploiting common maritime, agricultural and mineral resources (for example, movements of fishermen, pastoralists and traders). One of the main points of reference for the study of the region is provided by the Ausonian settlement on Lipari. This is largely due to the fact that more is known about Lipari than other sites. However, by virtue of its particular geographic position, insular economy and external links, Lipari must have been unique. The relationship between the island and Sicily is likely to have been closest with the north coast, where there is also evidence for Ausonian occupation from an early time. A considerable degree of homogeneity can be recognized between Lipari, the north­ eastern corner of Sicily and the southern Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria in the Ausonian I period. Nevertheless, while Lipari was undoubtedly an important link in an extensive maritime network, a stopover there can hardly have been obligatory for traffic between Calabria and Sicily, and would have been irrelevant to communications across the Straits of Messina and the Ionian Sea. The Ausonian I assemblage, which appears on Lipari abruptly during the thirteenth cen­ tury B.C., is dominated by Subapennine and Protovillanovan elements of continental derivation, which have been referred to frequently. Surface surveys and rather limited excavations in the northeast corner of Sicily have brought to light comparable archaeological material of this period. This reinforces the impression that the foundation of the Ausonian I settlement on the island was part of a broad movement or series of movements linking southern Italy and northeast Sicily at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. The survival of very few elements which can be derived from the earlier Middle Bronze Age culture (Milazzese) also argues in favor of a sudden change in

69 For example, the numerous references to population movements in Yugoslavia and the Balkans during the proto­ historic period, the evidence for a common population in Apulia and on the coast of Dalmatia, and the presence of Villanovan groups in Campania: S. Batovic, "Nin e 1'Italia

meridionale nell'eta del ferro," ArchSlorPugl 26 (1973) 389421. For a historical summary of interpretations regarding the spread of the Protovillanovan phenomenon: M. A. Fugazzola Delpino 1 "The Proto-Villanovan: A Survey," in D. and F. R. Ridgway (supra n. 25) 31-51.

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this case, most likely due to the arrival of peoples, rather than a process of gradual evolution or acculturation. The geographic extent of "Ausonian territory" in Sicily, between about the thirteenth and eleventh centuries B.C., seems to be limited to the northeastern corner of the island, although it is not possible to discern any precise boundaries at present. Nevertheless, it may be inferred that somewhere between the Ausonian sphere in the northeast and that of the Pantalica culture in the southeast of the island, there must have existed an intermediate or frontier zone. Initially, this might have corresponded with a natural barrier between northeastern and central Sicily, formed by the Nebrodi-Peloritani mountains and in part by Mount Etna. In a subsequent moment, towards the end of the Final Bronze Age, the appearance of the Ausonian settlement on the Cittadella can be linked with that of other Ausonian II sites in eastcentral Sicily, such as Mulino della Badia, Lentini and Punta Castelluzzo. These sites, located across the southern side of the Catania plain, indicate that this region was by now also within the Ausonian sphere, as opposed to that of the Pantalica culture. Given the absence of Ausonian I material at these sites, they could be regarded as new settlements, the result of a spread of Auso­ nian groups from the northeast of the island. In fact, their establishment in the area coincides with changes to the existing sites of the Pantalica culture during the Cassibile phase, changes which in some degree may be seen as a response to Ausonian expansion.70 The accounts recorded by ancient writers, described above, would explain the foundation of the settlement on the Cittadella, and other similar sites in east-central Sicily, such as Lentini, in terms of the arrival of immigrant groups from southern Italy. Evidently, these are not to be regarded as historical facts sensu stricto or even necessarily as single events, but rather as a reflection of local folk traditions that became crystallized over time. Centuries later, they received brief mention by Greek writers whose interest in the origins of a barbarian culture was obviously limited. Leaving aside the historical and philological issues which are raised by these accounts, one may turn to the archaeological evidence for a better understanding of the cultural context within which such events would have taken place. As far as the archaeological record is concerned, it would be optimistic to expect a single historical event to leave unambiguous traces. On archaeological grounds it is not possible to identify a specific external source of origin for the Iron Age assemblage on the Cittadella. At present, comparisons can only be made with the rather limited evidence available from Calabria and southern Italy, but no single group or assemblage in those regions is truly analogous to that of the site.71 The parallels that can be drawn, mostly for rather generic styles of coarse ware ceramics, lead to diverse areas of southern Italy (Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania), but these carry no obvious implication of an immigrant group from outside Sicily. In effect, the earliest material on the Cittadella has much in common with Ausonian sites in northeast Sicily and Lipari, encourag­ ing the idea, mentioned above, of Ausonian expansion within the island. However, by the end of the Final Bronze Age, Ausonian communities had been established on Lipari and in northeastern

70 A. M. Bietti Sestieri (supra n. 68, 1979) 623; idem (su­ pra n. 29) 61. 71 Allen's suggestion that links with Apulia were particu­

larly close seems rather arbitrary: Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," 500. More substantial evidence than that currently available is required for this to be clearly demonstrated.

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

157

Sicily for centuries, so they can no longer be regarded as newly-arrived settlers from southern Italy. On the other hand, it cannot be excluded that various groups, perhaps just small bands of people, continued to move into Sicily in the course of the Final Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Having arrived in the island they would doubtless have been quickly assimilated. A suggestion of this is provided by the transition on Lipari between the Ausonian I and II settlements, which has been seen in terms of new arrivals from nearby coasts of Italy. In this case, the written tradition, which recalls movements from southern Italy, but little else, is not at variance with the archaeo­ logical record. It should be reiterated that if the Ausonian I assemblage in Sicily and Lipari is closely matched in Calabria, various aspects of the Ausonian II assemblage indicate a new identity evolving in situ. This applies particularly to settlements such as that on the Cittadella. It is evident in ceramic production, with the emergence of an original style of plumed ware and a distinctive style of geometric painted ware, and to a lesser extent in metallurgical production, with the appearance of local preferences in the design and decoration of bronze artifacts. In both cases regional styles are being formed, which are essentially variations of developments in Italy, where different areas also had their own distinct painted pottery and metalworking traditions. One aspect of cultural evolution in the island during the Final Bronze Age has been described in terms of acculturation through mutual contacts between Ausonian groups and the indigenous Pantalica culture, characterized by strong peninsular affiliations in the former case and island traditions in the latter. This idea gains some support from the appearance of certain elements in Ausonian I and II sites, which can be derived from Pantalica.72 However, attempts to compare and contrast Ausonian assemblages with those of Pantalica are hindered by a bias of information about the latter in favor of burial sites. As far as the Cittadella is concerned, a few vessel forms, such as amphorae, have affinities with traditional forms of Pantalica, although they do not appear to be closely modelled on them. The suggestion that the potter's wheel was adopted by Ausonian groups as a result of cultural contacts with Pantalica has also been made. On the other hand, many traditional forms of Pantalica appear to be absent in Ausonian contexts, such as the typical basins on stands decorated with incised vertical lines and the red burnished decoration. It may be that contact with native groups of the Pantalica culture acted primarily as an economic stimulus, but that notwithstanding cross-cultural links, Ausonian II sites in east-central Sicily initially mantained a distinct identity. Their burial rites and house designs, for example, owe little if anything to the traditions of the Pantalica culture, and there are few indications that the social and political organization of Ausonian groups were altered through contact (see below). On present evidence, a process of acculturation seems more obvious in the opposite direction, since it is the Pantalica culture which undergoes more significant change through contact with Ausonian groups than vice versa. Links between Ausonian groups in the island and contemporary societies in southern Italy were probably closer and more influential. At the moment these are hard to quantify and evaluate

72 A.

M. Bietti Sestieri (supra n. 29) 49, n. 114.

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except in rather subjective terms of degrees of similarity. For example, coarse ware production during the Early Iron Age on the Cittadella, which accounts for the bulk of the pottery, can be derived almost entirely from peninsular traditions of the Late Bronze Age. The metal industry, although not well represented, can also be matched with equivalent forms in southern Italy. Parallel developments in metallurgical practices and styles between Sicilian and Calabrian groups would have been a result of both direct and indirect contacts between the two regions, perhaps in part due to the exploitation of Calabrian metal sources.73 In terms of economic activity and social organization, the expansion of Ausonian groups in Sicily is reflected by the greater number and size of communities and increased production of metals and fine ware pottery. Increases in population, specialist craft production and trading activity are features common to protohistoric societies in many parts of the Italian peninsula and these aspects of Ausonian expansion within Sicily are not exceptional. 74 The presence of craft specialists and luxury goods are often linked with more pronounced social differentiation and an emerging aristocratic clientele. Evidence for this can be sought in Ausonian burials, where some contrasts in the quality and quantity of grave-goods are visible, although no outstandingly wealthy tombs have yet been found. 75 As regards the Cittadella, the impression gained is of a prospering farming community, where the majority of the population would have been concerned primarily with food production and procurement (agriculture, stock-rearing, and to a lesser extent, hunting), but where specialist crafts were also able to thrive, dependent in part upon the maintenance of external trade. Whatever the physical appearance of the settlement, therefore, some aspects of economic organization might well be described as urban. Moreover, various occupations, perhaps linked with different social positions, may be inferred within Ausonian society, including artisans and traders (on the basis of fine metalworking and pottery) and possibly warriors (on the basis of hoards and rich burials containing weapons and armor). In anthropological terms, societies of this period are often loosely referred to as chiefdoms, although the nature of their social organization is only beginning to emerge from archaeological evidence. A variety of burial rites are represented throughout Sicily at the end of the Final Bronze Age and at the beginning of the Iron Age. Ausonian groups are most closely associated with the prac­ tices of cremation in a burial urn, enchytrismos burial in a large jar, or inhumation in a fossa grave,

73 On metal sources in Calabria: B. d'Agostino (supra n. 68) 49. M. Guarascio, "Un contributo di dati e metodi della ricerca geomineraria in archeologia: il caso di Temesa," in G. Maddoli, ed., Temesa e il suo territorio. Atti del Colloquio di Perugia e Trevi, 30-31 maggio 1981 Istituto per la storia e l'archeologia della Magna Grecia (Taranto, 1982) 125-42. Apart from rather generic similarities between the metalwork of Calabria and Sicily, more specific elements of Balkan, Villanovan and Oenotrian origin, including identical objects of dress and adornment, have recently encouraged the idea of groups of immigrants to Sicily: R. M. Albanese Procelli (su­ pra n. 53, 1986-87) 69-72; eadem, "Appunti sui rapporti tra la metallurgia calabra e sicihana in eta protostorica," in A sud di Velio, 1, Ricognizioni e ricerche 1982-1988, Istituto per la storia e l'archeologia della Magna Grecia (Taranto, 1990) 117-32.

74

R. Peroni (supra n. 34); idem (supra n. 46). On the basis of the small amount of published informa­ tion, Ausonian cemeteries appear to have a standardized bur­ ial rite, with only slight variations in grave-goods. See for example: Meligums-Lipara I, 117-19 (tomb 31). However, graves with military equipment (swords, spears and greaves) are known from Mulino della Badia-Madonna del Piano (un­ published) and are well known in peninsular Italy, for exam­ ple in Calabria: M. Pacciarelli, "L'organizzazione sociale nella Calabria meridionale agli inizi dell'eta del ferro: considerazioni preliminari sulla necropoli di Torre Galli," DialArch set. 3, no. 4 (1986) 289. The burials of the Pantalica North culture display greater variations in size and wealth; see, e.g., Orsi, "Pantalica e Cassibile," 46, 49, 55, 91 (tombs NW22, NW38, N37). 75

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159

while the Pantalica culture in southeast Sicily seems to be exclusively associated with inhumation burial in a rock-cut chamber tomb. These different rites have antecedents both within the island and on the mainland. Cremation burial seems to have been introduced from peninsular Italy, since its appearance in the island coincides with the beginning of the Ausonian I period. Enchytrismos burial in a large jar was practiced by earlier Sicilian Bronze Age cultures, and can therefore be regarded as one of the few traditional indigenous traits to have been maintained by Ausonian groups. By contrast, the fossa grave inhumations at Mulino della Badia, which have no precedent in Sicily, provide one of the clearest indications of continued links during the Early Iron Age with southern Italy, particularly Calabria, where fossa burials are common. Inhumation burial in a rock-cut tomb was the prevalent Sicilian traditional burial practice, with ancient antecedents in the island, characteristic of the Pantalica culture throughout the protohistoric period. Whether Ausonian groups began to adopt this burial rite in the course of the Final Bronze Age is a rather problematic question at the moment, and requires a thorough review of the cemeteries of this period. It has been noted that many rock-cut tombs of the Cassibile phase contain the same kinds of bronze types found in Ausonian cemeteries such as Mulino della Badia. This is probably to be explained in terms of the adoption of Ausonian bronze types (particularly ornaments) by indigenous groups in the southeast and in the central-western part of the island. On the other hand, in theory at least, it may be that some of the rock-cut tombs of the Cassibile period (for example at Cassibile and Cugno Carrube) represent "Ausonian burials," thereby indicating the adoption of burial customs of the Pantalica culture by Ausonian groups.76 Unfortunately, the evidence from the Cittadella has not shed much light on this matter, since no chamber tombs of the Cassibile period or of the early Pantalica South period (ninth century B.C.) have been found here. It may be noted, however, that the Carcarella necropolis of Calascibetta, which lies only about twenty-five kilometers away from the Cittadella to the northwest, seems to be a typical native rock-cut cemetery of the Cassibile period. At this site, only the bronzes are similar to those of Ausonian cemeteries, whereas the pottery is in the tradition of the Pantalica North culture.77 This site would therefore most likely represent a community of indigenous derivation, which continued to exist or coexist not far from the Ausonian settlement on the Cittadella. Elsewhere, the situation needs to be evaluated site by site. At Pozzo di Gotto in northeast Sicily some Middle Bronze Age chamber tombs were perhaps reused in the Cassibile period.78 Since this necropolis lies in northeastern Sicily, not far from the Ausonian urnfield cemetery at Milazzo, it could be regarded as an example of adoption of a traditional island burial practice by local Ausonian groups. In fact, this tendency may have begun towards the end of the Final Bronze Age and become more frequent in the course of the Early Iron Age, anticipating the spread of inhumation burial in a rock-cut tomb during the Pantalica South period (see below).

76 Cf. D. Palermo, "Intervento," in Kokalos, 26-27 (198081) 68-69. 77 Albanese Procelli, "Cozzo S. Giuseppe," 622. 78 L. Bernabo Brea, "La necropoli di Longane," BPI 76 (1967) 241-42; B. d'Agostino (supra n. 68) 70. An indication

of a mixture of burial practices in the Early Iron Age is provided by the presence of a cremation urn in one of the chamber tombs at Pozzo di Gotto: P. Orsi, "Necropoli sicula a Pozzo di Gotto in quel di Castroreale (Messina)," BPI 41 (1915) 74-76.

160

CHAPTER V

The main characteristics of Ausonian II sites have been noted. Mulino della Badia, the Cittadella settlement at Morgantina, the Metapiccola hill of Lentini, and Punta Castelluzzo have a similar material assemblage, which suggests that these communities were not only closely linked by a natural line of communication along the Catania plain, but were probably related to each other as part of a group with cultural traditions and a language in common. However, Ausonian sites did not all share a common destiny. Morgantina and Lentini survived through the Iron Age to be transformed into important towns as a result of colonization and Hellenization, while Lipari and Mulino della Badia seem to have been abandoned before the eighth century B.C. It has been pointed out that the Pantalica South assemblage in eastern Sicily is permeated with features of Ausonian derivation, while indigenous elements derived from the ancient Pantalica North tradition have almost completely disappeared by this time. This has been taken to imply that by the middle of the ninth century B.C. the Pantalica culture had been completely transformed due to prolonged contact with Ausonian groups. However, this alone does not account fully for a number of transformations at this time, nor does the situation in central and western Sicily appear to match that in eastern Sicily. First, there must be some doubt concerning the stability of communities at the beginning of this period. On the Cittadella, the presence of destruction levels above three Ausonian huts, followed by a rapid series of floor levels (trench 29, strata 5A-5E) and destruction levels on the summit of the hill (probe A/F, strata 7-8), suggests that this was a time of instability and perhaps conflict, which continued into the early colonial period. The material assemblage contains many elements of Ausonian type, but new developments are also witnessed, for example in the appearance of incised wares, which would imply closer links than before with western Sicily (Sant'Angelo Muxaro). Further evidence of change is provided by the presence of inhumation burials in a rock-cut tomb, which probably date towards the end of the eighth century B.C., although they might be slightly later. The latter could be explained simply as a result of adoption of this burial rite by the resident Ausonian community here. However, the spread of this practice throughout the Ausonian area in northeast Sicily and even into southern Calabria during the eighth century B.C. would suggest more than passive acculturation. In fact, the appearance of this burial rite in Calabria can be linked with a record of the movement of a Sikel group from Sicily into this region just prior to the historical period.79 Unfortunately, little is known about habitation sites as opposed to cemeteries, although the indigenous huts in Syracuse appear to have a circular plan, unlike the rectangular buildings on the Metapiccola and the Cittadella. Clearly, the picture is not uniform in different parts of the island, and western Sicily seems to have maintained its traditional identity, which was far less profoundly influenced by Ausonian groups than southeast Sicily. One other notable aspect of the Pantalica South period is the appearance of a number of new sites and the resurgence of Pantalica itself after a period of contraction or abandonment in the Cassibile phase. The burials of the latest period at Pantalica are also the most numerous, giving the

79

B. d'Agostino (supra n. 68) 43-48; J. de la Geniere (supra n. 25) 91.

THE PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD

161

impression of population expansion at the site, perhaps due to a form of synoecism or a concentration of population at such strategic centers in the Syracusan hinterland. Although this phenomenon would traditionally be regarded as pre-colonial in date, some of the tombs of the Pantalica South cemetery may well be contemporary with the beginnings of Greek colonization in the coastal region. The fact that they do not contain Greek imported pottery is not necessarily significant, since some time may have elapsed before imported goods found their way into native burials. The expansion of native sites inland certainly continued in the early colonial period, as witnessed by the establishment of many new centers and the increase in the numbers of burials at Finocchito. To some extent this may represent a defensive reaction, perhaps reflecting a retreat from coastal regions in the face of Greek colonization. Finally, while the many complex questions surrounding the processes of Hellenization of native populations await reappraisal in future studies, a new assessment of Greek and native interaction in the historical period should benefit considerably from a broader understanding and more detailed knowledge of the archaeology of the Iron Age.

4KVI* Catalogue of the Finds Area III, Trench 2 (Farmhouse Hill), Probe A/F, Strata 5-8 POTTERY

1.

Jar/dolium: inv. 68-539A Pis. 31, 63 Trench 2, probe A/F, strata 5-6 P.H. 0.085, D. 0.24 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval form, probably a jar or small dolium, with part of a curved cordon handle. Pale orange fabric with many surface cracks. 2.

Bowl: inv. 68-539B Pl. 63 Trench 2, probe A/F, strata 5-6 P.H. 0.056, D. 0.30 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a deep profile and traces of a very pale brown slip. 3.

WM fine ware body sherd with a concave profile, possibly from the neck of a jug. Painted with gray (7.5YR N/5) horizontal bands and a group of six curved lines on a very pale brown (10YR 8/4) surface. 6.

Bowl: inv. 68-540C Pl. 64 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.054, D. 0.20 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a horizontal lug handle. 7.

Bowl: inv. 68-540B Pl. 64 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.081, D. 0.36 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl with traces of a red burnished slip on the interior surface.

Bowl: inv. 68-539C Pis. 31, 63 Trench 2, probe A/F, strata 5-6 P.H. 0.025, D. 0.24 WM fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with a group of painted reddish brown (5YR 5/3) vertical lines on the exterior and a band on the top of the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip.

Jar/dolium: inv. 68-526D Pl. 64 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.022, D. 0.90 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small oval jar or dolium with an incised horizontal cordon, turned down vertically at one end.

4.

9.

Bowl: inv. 68-539D Pis. 31, 63 Trench 2, probe A/F, strata 5-6 P.H. 0.023, D. 0.30 WM fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with a thickened exterior lip. Painted with a light gray (2.5Y 7/2) horizontal band and thin vertical lines beneath and above the rim on a gray (10YR 5/1) surface. 5.

Jug(?):inv. 68-539E Trench 2, probe A/F, strata 5-6 P.H. 0.053

Pis. 31, 63

* For conventions and abbreviations see pp. 7-10 above.

8.

Carinated bowl: inv. 68-526C Pl. 64 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.033, D. 0.23 Medium fine ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with a vertically pierced lug handle attached on the exterior. Probably wheelmade. 10.

Rim sherd: inv. 68-526B Pl. 64 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.033, D. 0.25 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with a slightly concave profile and thickened internal lip.

CHAPTER VI

164

Faded traces of a burnished reddish brown (5YR 4/3) slip on the exterior. Carinated cup: inv. 68-539K Pl. 64 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.042, D. 0.22 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a carinated cup. Painted with reddish brown (5YR 5/4) plumes on a burnished interior surface. Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) matt exterior. 11.

Carinated bowl: inv. 68-539J Pis. 31, 65 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.045, D. 0.34 WM fine ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with a tapering rim. Painted with very dark gray (5YR 3/1) horizontal and vertical bands on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. 12.

Carinated cup: inv. 68-539L Pl. 65 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.033, D. 0.18 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a cari­ nated cup with traces of orange red paint or slip on the interior surface beneath the rim, partly flaked away. Pale orange fabric. Similar to no. 46. 13.

Body sherd: inv. 68-539F Pis. 31, 65 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.083 WM medium fine ware body sherd painted with reddish brown (5YR 5/4) opposing triangles and horizontal bands containing a wavy line. Globular or oval form.

14.

P.H. 0.04 WM fine ware body sherd painted with part of a gray (10YR 5/1) chi-motif enclosed by verti­ cal and horizontal lines in a metopal arrangement on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. Body sherd: inv. 68-539H Pis. 31, 65 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.033 WM fine ware body sherd with a thin wavy line etched out of the reddish brown (2.5YR4/4) burnished slip on a light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) fabric.

17.

Body sherd: inv. 68-526A Pl. 65 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.051 WM fine ware body sherd painted with dark gray (2.5Y N/4) vertical lines and a wavy band, probably in a metopal arrangement, on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. 18.

19.

Spindle whorl: inv. 68-540A Pl. 65 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 H. 0.029 Oval form (approximately half missing).

Body sherd: inv. 68-54IB Pl. 66 Trench 2, probe A/F, strata 6-6A P.H. 0.065 WM medium fine ware body sherd painted with worn dark gray (2.5Y N/4) diagonal bands on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip. 20.

Body sherd: inv. 68-541C Pl. 66 Trench 2, probe A/F, strata 6-6A P.H. 0.053 WM medium fine ware body sherd, with very worn painted dark gray (7.5YR N/4) bands, probably in a pattern of diagonally hatched trian­ gles, and a horizontal wavy band on a light gray (2.5Y 7/2) slip.

21. Rim sherd: inv. 68-539M Pl. 65 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.H. 0.03 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with traces of painted dark burnished plumes on the interior and exterior and one horizontal shallow groove. 15.

16.

Body sherd: inv. 68-539G Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6

Pis. 31,65

22.

Pithos: inv. 68-542E Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6A

Pl. 66

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

P.H. 0.094 Large body sherd, probably from a pithos, painted with faded gray plumes on a very pale brown exterior slip. Worn and flaked exterior sur­ face.

P.H. 0.032 Medium coarse ware body sherd with two parallel grooves and a dark gray burnished exte­ rior. Possibly wheelmade. 29.

Dolium/jar: inv. 68-527F Pl. 66 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.047 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a lug han­ dle, probably from a dolium or jar.

23.

Jar: inv. 68-542B Pl. 66 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.025, D. 0.23 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a jar with a slightly thickened lip. Traces of dark gray exte­ rior burnish. Carinated bowl: inv. 68-527E Pl. 66 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.056, D. 0.38 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a large carinated bowl with traces of a very pale brown burnished slip on the exterior.

Pl. 67

P.H. 0.031 Medium coarse ware body sherd with in­ cised diagonal and hatched lines.

24.

25.

Body sherd: inv. 68-542C Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7

30. Tubular fragment: inv. 68-542F Pl. 66 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.097, D. 0.10 HM coarse ware tubular fragment of uncer­ tain function, with a flat base, thick walls, and a narrow internal hole (D. 0.012).

165

Body sherd: inv. 68-542D

Pl. 67

Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.025 Medium fine ware body sherd with incised diagonal lines forming concentric V's. 31.

Carinated cup(?): inv. 68-527C

Pl. 67

Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.036 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with hori­ zontal painted red (2.5YR 4/6) plumes on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip, burnished on the in­ terior and exterior. Open shape, possibly a cari­ nated cup.

26.

27.

Bowl: inv. 68-527A Pl. 67 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.048, D. 0.13 Medium coarse ware rim sherd from a bowl with a curved profile. Very worn traces of dark reddish gray burnish on a gray (10YR 5/1) fabric with one deeply incised circle and central hole on the exterior. Possibly handmade. Similar to nos. 375 and 461. 28.

Body sherd: inv. 68-527B Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7

Pl. 67

32.

Bowl: inv. 68-527D

Pl. 67

Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.039, D. 0.20 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with a thickened lip. Faint traces of reddish brown (5YR 4/4) brush strokes on the burnished interior and above the rim, and a light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) matt exterior. 33.

Amphora(P): inv. 68-527G

Pl. 67

Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.07 Medium fine ware body sherd with part of a vertical handle attached, probably from an am­ phora. Very faded painted light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) horizontal bands on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. Probably wheelmade. Similar to nos. 221 and 404.

CHAPTER VI

166

34.

Body sherd: inv. 68-527H

Pl. 67

Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.04 WM medium fine ware body sherd with painted dark gray (2.5YR N/3) bands on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. 35.

Carinated cup: inv. 68-527J

41.

P.H. 0.018, D. 0.11 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from a carinated cup. Smooth gray exterior sur­ face. Cup: inv. 68-542A

Body sherd: inv. 68-528H Pl. 68 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.058 Medium coarse ware body sherd with a very worn gray surface and two bands of incised hori­ zontal wavy lines contained by straight lines. Pos­ sibly part of the same vessel as no. 41.

Pl. 67

Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7

36.

40.

Pl. 67

Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7 P.H. 0.027, D. 0.10 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a small cup with a dark reddish brown burnished slip on the interior and exterior.

Base sherd: inv. 68-528J PI. 68 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.035 Medium coarse ware base sherd with a very worn gray surface and incised horizontal wavy lines. Possibly part of the same vessel as no. 40. 42.

Dolium/jar: inv. 68-543C Pl. 68 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.041 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a horizontal lug handle, probably from a small dolium or jar.

43. 37.

Pithos: inv. 68-543F

Pis. 31, 68

Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.09 Large body sherd, probably from a pithos, with painted dark gray bands surrounding a blank area on a pale brown slip. Worn and cracked sur­ face with numerous dark grit inclusions in the fabric. 38.

Handle: inv. 68-528A Pl. 68 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.031, D. 0.18 (internal) HM coarse ware body sherd with a horizon­ tal lug handle attached. Traces of burning on the interior surface. 39.

Bowl: inv. 68-528G

Pis. 31, 68

Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.075 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a pointed, up-turned lug handle. Very pale brown surface with blackened patches be­ neath the handle.

Cup: inv. 68-543B Pl. 68 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.024, D. 0.10 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a small shallow cup with a very pale bown slip and traces of burnish.

44.

Rim sherd: inv. 68-543H Pl. 68 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.03, D. 0.24 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a slightly everted exterior lip forming a shallow horizontal groove below. 45.

Bowl: inv. 68-543A Pl. 69 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A H. 0.071, D. 0.13 HM coarse ware sherd from one side of a bowl with part of a curved lug handle preserved, attached just below the rim. 46.

Carinated cup: inv. 68-543D Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.052, D. 0.24

Pl. 69

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a carinated cup with a red (2.5YR 4/6) interior slip beneath the rim on a pink (7.5YR 7/4) fabric. Similar to no. 13. 47.

Rim sherd: inv. 68-543E Pl. 69 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.043, D. 0.12 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with a pink (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.

Amphora: inv. 68-528E Pis. 31, 69 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.067 WM medium fine ware body sherd, probably from an amphora, with part of a vertical handle attached. Painted with reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) horizontal and diagonal bands, perhaps with a pattern of triangles hatched in one direction, on a reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) slip. Possibly part of the same vessel as no. 49.

167

painted red bands on a very pale brown slip. Possibly wheelmade. 52.

Pithos: inv. 68-544B Pl. 69 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 8 P.H. 0.095, D. 0.60 Pithos rim sherd with traces of red paint or slip, partly flaked away, and a shallow groove on the interior. Very worn exterior surface with numerous dark grit inclusions in the light orange fabric.

48.

49.

Amphora: inv. 68-528F Pl. 69 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.026, D. 0.20 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of an amphora with painted reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) horizontal bands on the exterior and one band preserved on the inside of the rim, on a reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) slip. Possibly part of the same vessel as no. 48. 50.

Carinated cup: inv. 68-528B Pis. 31, 69 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.088, D. 0.15 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd with a raised strap handle attached, from a carinated cup with very faded traces of painted gray burnished plumes on the interior. 51.

Body sherd: inv. 68-543G Pl. 69 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 7A P.H. 0.041 Medium fine ware body sherd with faded

53.

Bowl: inv. 68-544D Pis. 31, 70 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 8 P.H. 0.045, D. 0.26 Medium coarse ware rim sherd from a bowl with a tubular spout. 54.

Base sherd: inv. 68-528C Pl. 70 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 8 P.H. 0.075 Medium coarse ware base sherd with two groups of horizontal incised wavy lines contained by straight lines. Worn and flaking light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fabric. 55.

Bowl: inv. 68-528D Pl. 70 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 8 P.H. 0.04 WM medium coarse ware body sherd with shallow horizontal parallel grooves and very worn painted dark gray vertical plumes on the exterior. Probably from a bowl like nos. 214 and 215. 56.

Body sherd: inv. 68-544A Pl. 70 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 8 P.H. 0.025 WM medium fine ware body sherd with painted reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) diagonal bands on a pink (7.5YR 7/4) slip. 57.

Amphora: inv. 68-544C Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 8 P.H. 0.029, D. 0.14

Pl. 70

168

CHAPTER VI

WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with two painted dark gray (7.5YR N/4) horizontal bands on a light gray (10YR 7/2) slip. 58.

Spindle whorl: inv. 68-363 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 8 H. 0.028, D. 0.029 Cylindrical form with slightly

Pl. 70

concave

sides.

bowl with traces of dark burnish on the interior and exterior. 63.

Bowl: inv. 57-97B Pl. 71 Trench 10/10B, stratum 3 P.H. 0.04, D. 0.09 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of an oval or globular bowl with a raised lug handle and a very worn surface. 64.

METAL

59.

Pin/needle: inv. 68-221 Pl. 70 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 P.L. 0.045, T. 0.002 Fragment of bronze wire with a circular sec­ tion, probably part of a pin or needle.

Rim sherd: inv. 57-97D Pl. 72 Trench 10/10B, stratum 3 P.H. 0.095, D. 0.10 Medium coarse ware rim sherd with a very worn surface, from a vessel with a long, slightly concave neck. 65.

STONE

60.

Grinding stone: inv. 68-541A Pis. 31, 70 Trench 2, probe A/F, stratum 6 D. 0.053 χ 0.063 Grinding stone with smooth, flattened and slightly faceted faces and rounded corners.

Carinated cup: inv. 57-97C Pl. 72 Trench 10/10B, stratum 3 P.H. 0.055, D. 0.16 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a car­ inated cup with faint traces of red burnish on the interior and exterior. 66.

Area III, Trenches 10 (1957) and 10B (1958), Strata 3-6 POTTERY

61.

Amphora: inv. 61-376 Pis. 31, 71 Trench 10/10B, surface find H. 0.39, D. 0.17 WM medium fine ware amphora with a base ring and two vertical handles set on the widest point. Painted with bands of reddish brown plumes, arranged vertically around the neck and horizontally over the body, faded near the base, on a very pale brown slip. Incised mark on the underside of the base. Restored.

Carinated bowl: inv. 57-97F Pl. 72 Trench 10/10B, stratum 3 P.H. 0.028, D. 0.26 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a cari­ nated bowl with a slightly thickened lip and traces of a dark burnished slip on the interior and ex­ terior, on a very pale brown surface. 67.

Carinated cup: inv. 57-97J Pl. 72 Trench 10/10B, stratum 3 P.H. 0.067, D. 0.22 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a cari­ nated cup with traces of burnished dark gray brush strokes on the interior and exterior. 68.

62.

Carinated bowl: inv. 57-97E Pl. 71 Trench 10/ 1OB, stratum 3 P.H. 0.025, D. 0.18 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated

Carinated cup: inv. 57-97A Pl. 72 Trench 10/10B, stratum 3 P.H. 0.031, D. 0.14 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a cari­ nated cup with burnished reddish brown painted

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS plumes on the exterior and a dark gray burnished interior. 69.

Carinated cup: inv. 57-98C Pl. 72 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.H. 0.044, D. 0.12 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a carinated cup with a dark burnished surface. Amphora: inv. 57-98B Pis. 32, 72 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.H. 0.092 WM medium fine ware body sherd, probably from the lower neck and shoulder of an amphora, with painted grayish brown (10YR 5/2) horizontal bands, wavy lines, and part of a crosshatched triangle on a light gray (10YR 7/2) slip. Slightly grainy surface due to numerous small dark grit inclusions in the fabric.

169

P.H. 0.031 Medium coarse ware body sherd with red (10R 4/6) diagonal bands painted on a reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) surface. 75.

Spindle whorl: inv. 57-3089 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 4 H. 0.027, D. 0.031 Conical form.

Pl. 73

70.

71.

Bowl: inv. 57-98E Pl. 73 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.H. 0.042, D. 0.26 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a large bowl with a slightly thickened lip on the exterior and very worn traces of reddish brown slip on the smooth surface. 72. Jug(?): inv. 57-98A Pl. 73 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.H. 0.115 WM medium fine ware joining sherds from the body and lower neck of a vessel, possibly a jug, with painted reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) plumes on a reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) exterior. Very worn surface, perhaps originally burnished. 73. Jar: inv. 57-98D Pl. 73 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.H. 0.025, D. 0.18 HM coarse ware rim sherd from a jar with an everted rim.

76.

Body sherd: inv. 57-89A Pis. 32, 73 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4 P.H. 0.058 HM coarse ware body sherd with a row of impressed dots, an incised diagonally hatched triangle, and faint traces of light gray burnish on the exterior. Probably part of the same vessel as no. 77. 77.

Handle: inv. 57-89C Pl. 73 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4 P.L. 0.078 HM coarse ware handle, possibly once attached horizontally to a carinated vessel, with impressed dots and incised hatched triangles. Probably part of the same vessel as no. 76. 78.

Bowl: inv. 57-89B Pl. 73 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4 P.H. 0.078, D. 0.36 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl with an impressed horizontal cordon. Fairly smooth interior surface with traces of burnish. 79.

Cup handle (?): inv. 57-90A Pis. 32, 74 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.073 HM medium coarse ware handle (ansa a piastra) with part of a circular boss preserved, probably from a carinated cup. Very dark gray/reddish brown slipped and burnished surface. Similar to nos. 167 and 168. (PR 11, pi. 29, fig. 9:a). 80.

74.

Body sherd: inv. 57-98F Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1

Pl. 73

Rim sherd: inv. 57-9OC Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.048, D. 0.36

Pis. 32, 74

170

CHAPTER VI

HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large vessel with a horizontal impressed cordon. Traces of bur­ nish on the interior surface. 81. Jar/dolium: inv. 57-90E Pis. 32, 74 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.074, D. 0.18 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with a raised lug handle. Blackened patches due to burning on the exterior. 82.

Rim sherd: inv. 57-90F Pis. 32, 74 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.046 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a row of ap­ plied globular elements just beneath the rim. (Probably late Neolithic or early Copper Age.) Similar to no. 83.

87.

Jar/dolium: inv. 57-90P Pl. 75 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.05, D. 0.14 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with part of an up-turned lug handle at­ tached.

88.

Dolium(P): inv. 57-90Q Pl. 75 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.08, D. 0.136 HM coarse ware base of a large vessel, possi­ bly a dolium.

89.

Rim sherd: inv. 57-90R Pl. 75 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.033, D. 0.15 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an open form.

90.

83.

Rim sherd: inv. 57-90K Pis. 32, 74 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.037 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a row of ap­ plied globular elements just beneath the rim. (Probably late Neolithic or early Copper Age). Similar to no. 82. 84.

Handle: inv. 57-90M Pis. 32, 74 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.035 HM coarse ware body sherd with a tubular handle. (Possibly late Neolithic or early Copper Age).

85.

Body sherd: inv. 57-90L Pl. 74 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.032 HM coarse ware body sherd with part of an incised cordon.

86.

Bowl: inv. 57-90N Pl. 74 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.062, D. 0.30 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl.

Cup: inv. 57-90B Pis. 32, 75 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4A-B P.H. 0.064, D. 0.21 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a deep cup. The profile resembles that of a carinated cup but the angle of the shoulder does not con­ form to the usual shape. The presence of three shallow grooves and the orange burnish on the ex­ terior surface also contrast with the carinated cups. (PR II, pi. 29, fig. 9:b). 91.

Jar: inv. 57-90H Pis. 32, 75 Trench 10/1OB, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.061, D. 0.11 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a small jar with a vertical loop handle attached. (Possibly late Neolithic or early Copper Age). (PR II, pi. 29, fig. 9:e). 92.

Rim sherd: inv. 57-90J Pl. 75 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B P.H. 0.036, D. 0.15 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a vessel with a markedly incurved rim. Traces of dark gray bur­ nish on the exterior. (Possibly late Neolithic or early Copper Age).

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

93.

Spindle whorl: inv. 57-3090 Pl. 75 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B, zone 4 H. 0.027, D. 0.038 Biconical form with concentric incisions on one face. Similar to nos. 592, 612, and 613. 94.

Jar/dolium: inv. 57-99A Pl. 75 Trench 10/10B, strata 4A-B, zone 1 P.H. 0.073, D. 0.27 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with an up-turned lug handle. 95.

Pithos: inv. 58-108A Pis. 32, 76 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.25, D. 0.29 Pithos rim and shoulder joining sherds with one vertical handle preserved (probably one of three equidistant handles like no. 531 and others). The base of the handle has a shallow concave circular impression (D. 0.014). Very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip covering a rather grainy surface, due to numerous dark grit inclusions in the fabric. 96.

Jar: inv. 58-103C Pis. 32, 76 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.168, D. 0.23 HM coarse ware joining rim sherds of a large jar with a vertical loop handle attached. 97.

Jar/dolium: inv. 58-103B Pl. 76 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.177, D. 0.35 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large oval jar or dolium.

98.

Jar/dolium (?): inv. 58-104A Pl. 77 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.065 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a curved cordon attached and traces of a dark gray interior burnish. Possibly from ajar or dolium. 99.

Bowl: inv. 61-377 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6 H. 0.176, D. 0.21

Pis. 32, 77

171

HM coarse ware vessel, perhaps a "cooking pot," with two opposing curved lug handles at­ tached just beneath the rim. Blackened around the base. Restored. 100. Bowl: inv. 58-101C Pis. 33, 77 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.148, D. 0.50 HM coarse ware joining rim sherds of a large open bowl with an applied horizontal cordon. 101. Rim sherd: inv. 58-101B Pl. 77 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.044 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a slight bulge on the upper lip and an impressed horizon­ tal cordon attached. 102. Dolium: inv. 58-107A Pis. 33, 78 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.144, D. 0.28 HM coarse ware joining rim and body sherds of a large dolium with a horizontal cordon at­ tached to two raised lug handles (originally four lug handles). 103. Bowl: inv. 58-107B Pl. 78 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.132, D. 0.47 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl with a slightly thickened internal lip. Smooth in­ terior surface with a dark reddish gray slip. 104. Jar: inv. 58-107C Pl. 78 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.05, D. 0.16 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small jar with a curved cordon attached. 105. Jar: inv. 58-102A Pis. 33, 78 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.078, D. 0.38 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a largejar with a horizontal impressed cordon. Traces of dark red interior burnish.

CHAPTER VI

172

106. Jar/dolium: inv. 58-104B

Pl. 79 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.126, D. 0.28 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large jar or dolium with a horizontal cordon. 107. Bowl: inv. 58-105A

Pl. 79

Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.027, D. 0.15 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small bowl.

HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a large jar with a thickened exterior lip. 114. Carinated cup: inv. 58-100B

Pl. 80

Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.047, D. 0.18 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd, proba­ bly from a carinated cup, with traces of dark inte­ rior burnish. Possibly handmade. 115. Carinated cup(?): inv. 58-107D

Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.067, D. 0.26 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with part of a horizontal loop handle attached.

Pl. 80 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.022, D. 0.15 Medium coarse ware rim sherd, possibly from a carinated cup, with a dark reddish brown smooth burnished surface.

109. Jar: inv. 58-106B

116. Carinated cup: inv. 58-103A

108. Bowl: inv. 58-106A

Pl. 79

Pl. 79 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.035, D. 0.22 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar.

110. Jar/dolium: inv. 58-102B

Pis. 33, 79 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.086, D. 0.26 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with one slightly up-turned lug handle at­ tached. Blackened patches on the interior and ex­ terior from burning. 111. Bowl: inv. 58-102C Pl. 80 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.063, D. 0.34 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl with a slightly thickened exterior lip and traces of dark gray burnish on the interior. 112. Bowl: inv. 58-100C

Pl. 80 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.085, D. 0.30 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl.

113. Jar: inv. 58-100A

Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.054, D. 0.36

Pl. 80

Pl. 80

Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.093, D. 0.20 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with a base ring and a shallow groove across the under­ side (about half the vessel missing, including the handle). Reddish brown burnish on the interior and exterior. Possibly handmade. 117. Amphora: inv. 58-107E

Pl. 81

Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.113 Medium coarse ware handle, probably from a large amphora such as no. 61, with faint traces of burnished reddish plumes on the orange surface. 118. Body sherd: inv. 58-107F

Pl. 81 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.074 Medium coarse ware body sherd with faded painted gray plumes on a pale brown slip. Proba­ bly wheelmade.

119. Amphora: inv. 58-109A

Pl. 81 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.247 WM medium fine ware amphora joining body sherds with a raised loop handle attached.

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

173

Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip on a rather grainy surface due to numerous grit inclusions in the fabric.

D. 0.052 χ 0.042 , T. 0.023 Trapezoidal-shaped core of quartzitic stone with areas of cortex.

120. Jar: inv. 58-109B Pl. 81 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 P.H. 0.091, D. 0.22 WM medium fine ware joining sherds of the rim and shoulder of a large jar. Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip on a grainy surface due to numer­ ous grit inclusions in the fabric.

127. Obsidian blade: inv. 57-89D Pl. 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4 P.L. 0.023, M.W. 0.014 Parallel-sided blade fragment with a triangu­ lar section.

121. Spindle whorl: inv. 58-1560 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 H. 0.033, D. 0.029 Conical form.

Pl. 81

122. Spindle whorl: inv. 58-1582 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 H. 0.025, D. 0.03 Conical form.

Pl. 81

123. Spindle whorl: inv. 58-1583 Pl. 81 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 H. 0.027, D. 0.034 Conical form with a slightly curved base (top partly missing). METAL

124. Fragment: inv. 58-101A Pl. 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 L. 0.045 Bronze tapering fragment with a smooth surface, rounded point and edges. Possibly a cast­ ing spill. STONE

125. Grinding stone: inv. 57-97G Pis. 33, 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 3 D. 0.065 χ 0.055 Grinding stone with smooth, slightly curved faces and rounded edges. 126. Core: inv. 57-97H Trench 10/10B, stratum 3

Pis. 45, 82

128. Flint flake: inv. 57-89E Trench 10/10B, stratum 4 P.L. 0.029, M.W. 0.018

Pl. 82

129. Flint flake: inv. 57-89F Trench 10/10B, stratum 4 P.L. 0.034, M.W. 0.023

Pl. 82

130. Obsidian blade: inv. 57-2797B Pis. 33, 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.L. 0.015, M.W. 0.011 Parallel-sided blade fragment with a triangu­ lar section. 131. Obsidian point: inv. 57-2797B

Pis. 33, 82

Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.L. 0.019, M.W. 0.006 Tapering pointed fragment with a triangular section. 132. Obsidian blade: inv. 57-2797B Pis. 33, 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.L. 0.027, M.W. 0.014 Parallel-sided blade with a triangular section. 133. Obsidian blade: inv. 57-2797B Pis. 33, 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.L. 0.02, M.W. 0.01 Parallel-sided blade fragment with a trape­ zoidal section. 134. Obsidian blade (?): inv. 57-2797B Pis. 33, 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.L. 0.013, M.W. 0.013

174

CHAPTER VI

Blade fragment or flake with a trapezoidal section. 135. Obsidian flake: inv. 57-2797B

Pis. 33, 82

143. Bead: inv. 57-3088 Pl. 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4B, zone 4 H. 0.004, D. 0.007 Circular, dark blue-gray bead, with a smooth surface and a central hole.

Pis. 33, 82

Area III, Trench 12, Stratum 3

Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.L. 0.011, M.W. 0.009 Flake fragment. 136. Obsidian flake: inv. 57-2797B Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.L. 0.008, M.W. 0.021 Flake fragment. 137. Obsidian blade (?): inv. 57-2797B Pis. 33, 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.L. 0.015, M.W. 0.02 Possible blade end fragment. 138. Obsidian flake: inv. 57-2797B

Area III, Trench 16 West, Strata 2-4 POTTERY

139. Obsidian debitage: inv. 57-2797B Pis. 33, 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 M.D. from 0.005-0.035 Debitage (30 gms.): twenty-two waste flakes or shatter fragments. 140. Flint debitage: inv. 57-2797B Pis. 34, 82 Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 M.D. from 0.013-0.045 Debitage (32 gms.): eight flake fragments.

145. Shallow dish: inv. 61-162B Pl. 83 Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A P.H. 0.043 HM coarse ware base sherd of a large shal­ low, probably oval, dish with a horizontal lug handle. 146. Shallow dish: inv. 62-163B Pl. 83 Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A H. 0.031, D. 0.24 (approximately) HM coarse ware rim and base sherd of a shal­ low dish, possibly oval or round.

Pl. 82

Trench 10/10B, stratum 4A P.L. 0.021, M.W. 0.011 Blade fragment with a trapezoidal section. 142. Flint flake/blade: inv. 57-90G Trench 10/10B, stratum 4A P.L. 0.032, M.W. 0.018 Flake or blade fragment.

144. Bowl: inv. 58-2380 Pis. 34, 82 Trench 12, stratum 3, zone 2 H. 0.144, D. 0.28 WM medium coarse ware bowl with a taper­ ing rim, two opposing, slightly raised horizontal loop handles and a shallow concave base. Painted with bands of lustrous reddish brown plumes on the interior and exterior and a horizontal band around the rim. Pale orange fabric. Restored.

Pis. 33, 82

Trench 10/10B, stratum 4, zone 1 P.L. 0.014, M.W. 0.01 Flake fragment.

141. Obsidian blade: inv. 57-90D

GLASS PASTE

Pl. 82

147. Bowl: inv. 61-161D Pl. 83 Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A P.H. 0.064, D. 0.076 HM coarse ware sherd of the rim and body of a small bowl. 148. Bowl: inv. 61-161C Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A

Pl. 83

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS P.H. 0.062, D. 0.09 HM coarse ware sherd of the rim and body of a small bowl. Base missing. 149. Dolium: inv. 61-161A

Pis. 34, 83

Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A P.H. 0.107, D. 0.13 HM coarse ware joining sherds of the rim and body of an oval vessel or small dolium with part of two curved cordons attached (probably originally four). 150. Strainer-spout: inv. 61-160D

P.H. 0.029 HM coarse ware fragment with a few small perforations preserved, probably from a strainerspouted vessel. 151. Jug(?): inv. 61-160E Pis. 34, 83 Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A P.H. 0.07, D. 0.08 WM medium coarse ware joining rim sherds from a vessel with a long and slightly concave neck, possibly a jug. Worn and slightly grainy sur­ face due to protruding grit inclusions in the fabric. Pis. 34, 83

Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A P.H. 0.081, D. 0.16 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with a slightly thickened internal lip, probably of an am­ phora, with painted reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) plumes on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. Faint traces of a painted horizontal band around the inside of the rim. 153. Carinated bowl: inv. 61-161E

154. Carinated bowl: inv. 62-163A Pl. 84 Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A H. 0.113, D. 0.24 WM medium fine ware carinated bowl with a base ring (about two-thirds missing, including the handle and most of the base). Faint traces of dark reddish brown burnish. 155. Spindle whorl: inv. 61-160B Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A H. 0.035, D. 0.042 Biconical form.

Pl. 84

156. Spindle whorl: inv. 86-57 Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A H. 0.027, D. 0.033 Oval form.

Pl. 84

Pis. 34, 83

Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A

152. Amphora: inv. 61-160A

175

Pl. 84

Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A P.H. 0.06, D. 0.20 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with a brown burnished slip on the interior and exterior.

157. Amphora: inv. 62-163C Pl. 84 Trench 16 West, stratum 2-4 P.H. 0.073, D. 0.22 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with a slightly thickened internal lip, probably of an am­ phora. Whitish fabric with numerous dark grit inclusions protruding on the interior surface. 158. Carinated cup(?): inv. 62-163D Pl. 84 Trench 16 West, stratum 2-4 P.H. 0.035 Medium coarse ware rim sherd, possibly from a carinated cup, with black interior and exte­ rior burnish. Probably handmade. 159. Pithos: inv. 61-162A Pis. 34, 84 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.124, D. 0.28 Rim and shoulder of a small pithos with one vertical handle attached. Pale orange fabric with numerous large grit inclusions protruding on the interior surface. Traces of a worn very pale brown slip on the exterior. Similar to no. 553. 160. Pithos: inv. 61-1287 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A

Pis. 34, 85

176

CHAPTER VI

P.H. 0.52 HM coarse ware pithos with one vertical handle preserved on the shoulder (rim and most of neck missing). Orange surface with numerous black grit inclusions in the fabric protruding on the interior surface. Restored.

H. 0.19, D. 0.075 HM coarse ware biconical jar with the base of one raised loop handle preserved. There were originally probably two opposing handles. Re­ stored. 167. Cup handle(?): inv. 61-1238

161. Jar/jug (?): inv. 62-594 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A

Pis. 35, 85

P.H. 0.18

HM medium coarse ware form, probably a jar or jug, with traces of orange burnish and the base of a handle preserved (rim and neck missing). Restored. 162. Jar: inv. 61-1286 Pis. 35, 86 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.36 HM coarse ware jar (rim, neck, and handles missing). Partly restored. 163. Dolium: inv. 62-744 Pis. 35, 85 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.394, D. 0.24 HM coarse ware dolium with four equidis­ tant raised lug handles and faint traces of vertical burnished striations on the worn exterior surface. Restored.

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.105 HM medium coarse ware vertical strap han­ dle attached to a vertical, probably forked handle (ansa a piastra) with four circular bosses preserved. Dark brown burnished surface. Probably from a carinated cup like nos. 79 and 168. (Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," pi. LXVI, fig. 1, lower right). 168. Carinated cup: inv. 62-552

165. Jar: inv. 63-1396 Pis. 35, 85 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.188, D. 0.123 HM coarse ware jar with a horizontal cordon just below the rim joined to the base of a raised loop handle (missing). Similar to no. 267. Re­ stored. 166. Jar: inv. 62-749 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A

Pis. 35, 86

Pis. 35, 86

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.162, D. 0.138 HM medium coarse ware carinated cup with a vertical forked handle above the rim (ansa a pia­ stra), decorated with a circular hole, central boss above, and a raised border at either side. Traces of dark reddish brown burnish and blackened patches on the interior and exterior. Restored. (PR VII, pi. 36:20).

169. "Milk-boiler": inv. 62-750 164. Jar(P): inv. 61-1240 Pl. 86 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.086 HM coarse ware base and lower part of a vessel, possibly a small jar.

Pl. 86

Pis. 36, 87

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.112 HM medium coarse ware conical object, or "milk-boiler," open at both ends and covered with small perforations. Pale brown fabric, blackened near the base. Same form as no. 621. Partly re­ stored. 170. Jug: inv. 62-485 Pis. 36, 87 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.076, D. 0.049 HM medium coarse ware small jug with a raised rim-to-shoulder loop handle. Worn and rough surface with numerous grit inclusions in the fabric, which is similar to that of no. 179. Re­ stored.

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

171. Carinated cup: inv. 63-1401

Pis. 36, 87

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.174, D. 0.23 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with worn dark reddish brown burnished brush strokes on the interior and exterior. Faint traces of a shal­ low incised cross on the underside of the base. Probably wheelmade. Restored. 172. Carinated cup: inv. 61-1294

Pis. 36, 87

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.18, D. 0.235

173. Carinated cup: inv. 62-553

Pis. 36, 87

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.167, D. 0.195

177. Carinated cup: inv. 86-54

Pis. 36, 88

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.178, D. 0.21 WM medium coarse ware carinated cup with traces of dark reddish brown burnished striations on the interior and exterior. One shallow incised line across the underside of the base. Re­ stored. 175. Carinated cup: inv. 61-1163 Pis. 36, 88 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.078, D. 0.082 WM medium coarse ware carinated cup with a slightly concave base and a worn reddish orange burnished slip on the interior and exterior. Restored. 176. Carinated cup: inv. 61-912 Pis. 37, 88 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.075 HM medium coarse ware carinated cup with

Pl. 88

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.21, D. 0.20 WM medium coarse ware carinated cup with a slightly concave base and traces of dark brown burnish on the interior and exterior. Re­ stored. Pis. 37, 88

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.169 WM medium coarse ware carinated askos with traces of dark reddish brown burnished striations. Restored. 179. Askos: inv. 62-574

Medium coarse ware carinated cup with painted dark gray burnished plumes on the inte­ rior and exterior. Possibly wheelmade. Restored. 174. Carinated cup: inv. 62-743

a slightly concave base and traces of dark gray burnish on the interior and exterior. Restored.

178. Askos: inv. 62-551

Medium coarse ware carinated cup with traces of dark reddish brown burnish on the inte­ rior and exterior. Probably wheelmade. Restored.

177

Pis. 37, 89

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.084 Medium coarse ware carinated askos, with a chipped rim and a rather worn, flaking surface. Numerous grit inclusions in the fabric, which is similar to that of no. 170. Probably handmade. Restored. 180. Askos: inv. 62-745

Pis. 37, 89

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.172 WM medium coarse ware carinated askos with a worn surface and small grit inclusions in the fabric. Restored. 181. Askos: inv. 62-751 Pis. 37, 89 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.24 WM medium coarse ware carinated askos (handle and spout missing). Worn surface and small grit inclusions in the fabric. Restored. 182. Jug: inv. 62-593 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.289, D. 0.075

Pis. 37, 89

178

CHAPTER VI

WM medium fine ware jug with a raised rim-to-shoulder handle and painted reddish brown (5YR 5/4) plumes, worn and faded, especially near the base, on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. Restored. 183. Jug: inv. 86-55 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A

PL 90

H. 0.162, D. 0.06 WM medium fine ware globular jug with a raised rim-to-shoulder handle and a dark gray bur­ nished exterior. 184. Amphora: inv. 63-1402

P.H. 0.21 WM medium fine ware amphora with a base ring and two vertical handles set at the widest point. Rim and neck missing. Very worn reddish yellow surface. Possible incision on the underside of the base, almost worn away. Restored.

Pis. 38, 90

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.32, D. 0.142 WM medium fine ware amphora with two vertical handles set at the widest point. Painted with dark gray (10YR 4/1) vertical lines on the neck and bands of horizontal plumes around the body, faded near the base, on a light gray (10YR 7/2) surface. Incised mark on the underside of the base. Restored. 185. Amphora: inv. 61-1366 Pis. 38, 90 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.37, D. 0.17 WM medium fine ware amphora with a base ring and two vertical handles set at the widest point. Painted with reddish brown and graybrown plumes, arranged in two vertical bands around the neck and horizontal bands around the body, very worn near the base, on a light gray (10YR 7/2) surface. Restored.

188. Jar: inv. 61-166A PL 91 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.10, D. 0.17 WM medium fine ware rim and body sherds of a large jar, probably of oval or globular shape, provided with two raised loop handles set on the widest point of the body (not illustrated). Orange fabric with very worn traces of exterior slip and many dark grit inclusions. 189. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-1399 Pis. 38, 91 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.133, D. 0.208 WM medium coarse ware carinated bowl with a raised loop handle on the rim and very worn traces of painted reddish brown burnished brush strokes. Restored. 190. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-1397 Pl. 91 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.10, D. 0.175 WM medium coarse ware carinated bowl with painted reddish brown (5YR 6/6) plumes on the interior and exterior. Raised loop handle mis­ sing. Restored. Pl. 91

186. Pithos: inv. 61-166B Pl. 90 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.15 HM body sherd from a pithos with a vertical loop handle attached, probably from the upper shoulder zone. Pale orange-brown fabric with many black grit inclusions.

191. Spindle whorl: inv. 61-1167 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.027, D. 0.036 Biconical form. 192. Spindle whorl: inv. 61-1168 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.032, D. 0.041 Biconical form.

Pl. 91

187. Amphora: inv. 61-1241 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A

193. Spindle whorl: inv. 61-1169 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A

Pl. 91

Pis. 38, 91

179

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

H. 0.022, D. 0.035 Biconical form. 194. Spindle whorl: inv. 61-1234 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A H. 0.023, D. 0.022 Oval form.

Pl. 91

195. Loomweight: inv. 86-56 Pl. 92 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.17, M.W. 0.095 Large pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and a horizontal hole for suspension (base mis­ sing). 196. Loomweight: inv. 86-58 Pl. 92 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.H. 0.17, M.W. 0.126 Large pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and a horizontal hole for suspension (partly mis­ sing). 197. Carinated cup: inv. 86-53 Pl. 92 Trench 16 West, stratum 4 P.H. 0.055, D. 0.106 WM medium fine ware carinated cup with reddish brown burnish on the interior and exte­ rior. About two-thirds missing, including the han­ dle.

of the butt of a broken stone axe. (R. Leighton, "Ground Stone Tools from Serra Orlando [Morgantina] and Stone Axe Studies in Sicily and Southern Italy," PPS 55 [1989] no. 43). 200. Whetstone: inv. 61-160C Pis. 38, 92 Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A P.L. 0.105, M.W. 0.04 Oblong stone with a fine-grained abrasive surface and rounded edges. Part of two drilled holes at one end, evidently broken. Probably a whetstone. 201. Flint core: inv. 61-160F Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A L. 0.071 χ 0.066 Large core.

Pl. 92

202. Whetstone: inv. 61-1235 Pis. 38, 92 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A L. 0.123, M.W. 0.065 Reddish gray approximately trapezoidal stone with a fine-grained abrasive surface, rounded edges, a few small chips and traces of grooving on one side. Probably a whetstone.

Area III, Trench 29 (1963), Strata 4-6B POTTERY

METAL

198. Wire: inv. 62-434 Pl. 92 Trench 16 West, stratum 3A P.L. 0.079, T. 0.0035; full reconstructed length 0.33 Curved and twisted bronze wire with a square section. Cut at one end and pointed at the other. STONE

199. Axe(?): inv. 61-161B Pis. 38, 92 Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A P.L. 0.054, M.W. 0.035 Fragment of gray basalt, with a smooth ground surface, broken at both ends. Possibly part

203. Jar/dolium: inv. 63-1292 Pl. 93 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.061 HM coarse ware rim sherd, probably from a small jar or dolium, with a horizontal impressed cordon. 204. Body sherd: inv. 63-1209 Pis. 39, 93 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.057 HM medium coarse ware body sherd with a V-shaped incised cordon. Pale orange surface. 205. Jar: inv. 63-280B Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4

Pis. 38, 93

180

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P.H. 0.034, D. 0.14

211. Bowl: inv. 63-1296

HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small jar.

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.042, D. 0.15 Medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl, with a large, squared lug handle raised above the rim and two small perforations. Yellowish red (5YR 5/6) burnished slip with striations on the interior and exterior. Probably wheelmade.

206. Bowl: inv. 63-280D

PI. 93

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.07, D. 0.25 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a slightly thickened lip and part of a raised horizon­ tal loop handle attached beneath the rim. Traces of burnish on the interior and blackening beneath the handle. 207. Bowl: inv. 63-1204

Pl. 93

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.034 Medium coarse ware rim sherd of a small bowl with a slightly thickened lip, decorated with rows of incised horizontal lines, zigzags and dots. Traces of burnished reddish brown (5YR 4/3) brush strokes on the interior. Probably handmade. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. XX:3). 208. Carinated cup: inv. 63-280E

Pis. 38, 93

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.038, D. 0.12 Medium coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated cup with a black burnished surface on the interior and exterior. Possibly wheelmade. 209. Carinated cup(?): inv. 63-280F

Pl. 93

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.039, D. 0.22 Coarse ware rim sherd possibly from a large carinated cup with traces of dark burnish on the

Pl. 94

212. Amphora: inv. 63-280G Pis. 38, 94 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.032, D. 0.20 Medium coarse ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with painted reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) vertical bands on the exterior, a hori­ zontal band around the top of the rim and a series of tongues around the interior of the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip. Rather warped. Possibly handmade. 213. Body sherd: inv. 63-280A

Pl. 94

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.09 WM medium coarse ware body sherd of a large vessel with painted dark gray plumes on a pale brown slip. 214. Bowl: inv. 63-1297 Pis. 39, 94 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.045, D. 0.22 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with a thickened lip and three shallow parallel grooves. Traces of dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) painted plumes and burnish on the interior and exterior.

interior and exterior. Possibly wheelmade. 210. Carinated cup: inv. 63-1367

Pl. 93

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4

P.H. 0.10 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with a base ring and part of the handle preserved (most of the vessel and all of the rim are missing). Orange burnished slip on the exterior and interior. Possi­ bly wheelmade.

215. Bowl: inv. 63-1206 Pis. 39, 94 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.043, D. 0.32 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with a slightly thickened lip and three horizontal parallel shallow grooves. Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) painted plumes on a reddish brown (5YR 5/4) slip, with traces of burnish on the interior and exterior.

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS 216. Bowl: inv. 63-1284 Pis. 39, 94 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.034, D. 0.172 WM medium fine ware joining rim sherds of a bowl with a slightly thickened lip, three horizontal parallel shallow grooves, and faint traces of a smaller fourth groove beneath. Reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) burnish on the interior and exterior. 217. Bowl: inv. 63-1265 Pis. 39, 94 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.083 WM medium fine ware sherd of a bowl with a base ring and one horizontal shallow groove preserved. Rim missing, but probably similar to nos. 214 and 215. Faded dark gray (5YR 4/1) painted plumes on a light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) slip and traces of burnish on the interior and exterior. 218. Body sherd: inv. 63-1207 Pis. 39, 94 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.031 WM medium fine ware body sherd with a group of incised horizontal wavy lines between straight lines. Red (2.5YR 4/8) burnish on the exterior. Pale orange fabric. 219. Body sherd: inv. 63-1205 Pl. 95 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.056 WM medium fine ware body sherd with two rows of incised opposing hatched triangles forming blank lozenges in between. Traces of a very worn orange-brown exterior slip. 220. Body sherd: inv. 63-1264 Pis. 39, 95 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.032 WM medium fine ware body sherd with rows of impressed dots beside an incised line. Worn light gray surface. 221. Amphora: inv. 63-280C Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.11

Pis. 39, 95

181

WM medium fine ware body sherd with part of a vertical handle attached, probably from an amphora. Painted red horizontal bands on a pale orange slip. Similar to nos. 33 and 404. 222. Bowl: inv. 63-1342 Pis. 39, 95 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 H. 0.136, D. 0.20 WM fine ware bowl with three equidistant raised loop handles located above the rim. Painted with very dark gray (10YR 3/1) horizontal bands on the exterior and a single horizontal band on the interior, with groups of lines over the rim and handles, on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) surface. The underside of the base has a painted spiral (not illustrated; see also no. 253). Occasional bulges from air bubbles formed during firing are visible in the fabric. Restored. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xvm:2). 223. Oinochoe: inv. 63-1332 Pis. 39, 95 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 H. 0.222, D. 0.10 WM fine ware oinochoe with a very worn gray discolored surface, probably burnt. Faded traces of painted horizontal lines around the neck and a very pale brown burnished slip near the base. The underside of the base is orange. Restored. 224. Amphora: inv. 63-280L Pl. 95 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.07, D. 0.22 WM fine ware rim sherd from an amphora with a concave neck. Painted with a reddish brown (5YR 4/3) horizontal band on the interior and exterior, and a group of thin vertical lines around the inside of the rim, on a pale orange fabric. 225. Body sherd: inv. 63-280J P k 39, 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.064 WM fine ware body sherd with brownish gray (10YR 6/2) painted bands and wavy lines on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip.

182

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226. Body sherd: inv. 63-280K Pis. 39, 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.042 WM fine ware body sherd, probably from the neck and shoulder of a vessel, painted with dark gray (10YR 4/1) horizontal and vertical bands enclosing a row of lozenges in a metopal ar­ rangement on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. 227. Rim sherd: inv. 63-1208 Pis. 39, 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.044 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a vessel with a slightly thickened lip and two horizontal shallow parallel grooves. Painted with light brown (7.5YR 6/4) horizontal lines and vertical bands with diagonal hatching on a very pale brown slip. 228. Body sherd: inv. 63-280H Pis. 39, 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.069 WM fine ware body sherd, possibly from an amphora, with a painted brownish gray (10YR 6/2) chi-motif and bands in a metopal pattern on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. 229. Jar/amphora: inv. 63-280M Pis. 39, 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.048, D. 0.26 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a large jar or amphora with an everted lip, painted with dark gray (7.5YR N/4) horizontal lines and zigzags on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. 230. Amphora: inv. 63-280N Pis. 38, 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.04, D. 0.17 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably fron an amphora with a thickened internal lip. Faded very dark gray (10YR 3/1) painted hori­ zontal bands and wavy lines on the neck and a series of tongues around the interior of the rim, on a white (10YR 8/1) slip.

231. Amphora: inv. 63-280P Pl. 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.H. 0.052, D. 0.12 WM fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with faint traces of a painted dark gray band around the interior of the rim and three shal­ low horizontal parallel grooves on the exterior. Pinkish-orange fabric. Probably an imported ves­ sel. 232. Spindle whorl: inv. 63-1298 PL 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 H. 0.031, D. 0.042 Spherical form with four rows of impressed circles. Dark gray fabric. 233. Spindle whorl: inv. 63-1263 PL 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 H. 0.031, D. 0.031 Biconical form with six rows of impressed circles. Dark gray fabric. 234. Spindle whorl: inv. 63-1123 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 H. 0.019, D. 0.03 Spherical form.

PL 96

235. Bead: inv. 63-1286 Pl. 96 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 H. 0.015, D. 0.016 Clay bead with a central hole and intersect­ ing incised lines. 236. Bowl: inv. 63-282C Pl. 97 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.11 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl with a reddish brown burnished exterior. 237. Bowl: inv. 63-282H Pl. 97 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.103, D. 0.20 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with an applied horizontal cordon.

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS 238. Jar/dolium: inv. 63-282G Pis. 40, 97 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.064, D. 0.145 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a jar or dolium with a curved cordon handle. 239. Bowl: inv. 63-282A Pis. 40, 97 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.041, D. 0.10 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small bowl with one circular boss preserved beneath the rim. 240. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-28ID Pl. 97 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.06, D. 0.18 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with the base of a handle (probably a raised loop form) preserved and faint traces of reddish brown burnish. 241. Cooking stand: inv. 63-281C Pl. 97 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.065 HM coarse ware fragment, probably of a cooking stand, with part of two circular perforations preserved. 242. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-282D Pis. 40, 97 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.068, D. 0.40 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a large carinated bowl with faint traces of painted brush strokes and dark gray burnish on the interior and exterior. 243. Amphora: inv. 63-28IE Pl. 98 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.098, D. 0.22 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, possibly from a large amphora, with very faded painted dark gray horizontal bands and zigzags on the neck and diagonal lines around the inside of the rim on a light gray (2.5Y 7/2) slip.

183

244. Amphora: inv. 63-282B Pl. 98 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.085, D. 0.16 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, painted with weak red (2.5YR 4/2) horizontal and wavy lines on the neck and separate bands around the inside of the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. Orange fabric with protruding grits on the interior. 245. Bowl: inv. 63-282L Pis. 40, 98 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.029, D. 0.26 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a bowl painted with reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) plumes on the burnished exterior. Very worn interior surface. 246. Bowl: inv. 63-282E Pis. 40, 98 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.044, D. 0.23 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a bowl with a thickened lip, painted with very dark gray (5Y 3/1) bands and a curved motif on the exterior and above the rim on a light gray (2.5Y 7/2) surface. 247. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-28IF Pis. 40, 98 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.054, D. 0.20 WM fine ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with a tapering rim and a slight groove beneath the carination. Painted with a group of dark gray (10YR 4/1) vertical lines around the outside of the rim on a white (2.5Y 8/2) slip. 248. Body sherd: inv. 63-282K Pis. 40, 98 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.108 WM fine ware body sherd with painted reddish brown (5YR 4/4) bands, zigzags and meanders on a white (2.5Y 8/2) slip. Burnished surface. Probably from a large vessel, such as an amphora.

184

CHAPTER VI

249. Carinated cup: inv. 63-281A Pl. 98 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.05, D. 0.11 WM fine ware carinated cup, about twothirds missing, with a slightly concave base and five horizontal incised grooves around the neck. Gray (5YR 5/1) slip on the interior and streaked brush strokes on the exterior. 250. Carinated cup: inv. 63-282J Pis. 40, 99 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.049, D. 0.115 WM fine ware carinated cup, handle mis­ sing, with five parallel shallow grooves around the neck and traces of light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) brush strokes on the interior and exterior. Partly restored. 251. Carinated cup: inv. 63-282F Pl. 99 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.038, D. 0.09 WM fine ware rim sherd of a carinated cup with traces of dark gray burnish on the exterior. 252. Bowl: inv. 63-281B Pis. 40, 99 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.037, D. 0.10 WM fine ware rim sherd of a small bowl with very worn traces of slip on the exterior. 253. Bowl (?): inv. 63-281G Pis. 40, 99 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.013 WM fine ware base sherd, possibly of a bowl such as no. 222, painted on the underside with red (2.5YR 5/6) concentric circles or spirals on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip. 254. Body sherd: inv. 63-28IH Pis. 40, 99 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.H. 0.111 WM medium fine ware body sherd from a large vessel, painted with dark gray (2.5Y N/4) concentric bands and a wavy line on a white

(10YR 8/2) slip. Slightly grainy surface due to grit inclusions in the fabric. 255. Spindle whorl: inv. 63-1334 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 H. 0.022, D. 0.028 Biconical form, half missing.

Pl. 99

256. Cooking stand: inv. 63-1381 Pis. 40, 99 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.152, W. 0.32 Cooking stand, extensively restored and re­ constructed to approximately the original size (D. about 0.50 χ 0.60) with about forty holes or flues (D. 0.03-0.04). The flat, oval surface is about 0.03 thick and enclosed on three sides. One side, not preserved, was probably open to allow access to the embers beneath, like the other examples (see nos. 257 and 258). Coarse, reddened fabric with a rough surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 4. 257. Cooking stand: inv. 63-1384 Pis. 41, 99 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.30, M.W. 0.30 Cooking stand, box-shaped with a flat top and four holes or flues, enclosed on three sides with one side open for access. Coarse, reddened fabric with a rough surface. Similar to nos. 258 and 598. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 10. 258. Cooking stand: inv. 63-1387 Pis. 41, 100 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.23 (excluding stone base), M.W. 0.306 Cooking stand, box-shaped with a flat top and four holes or flues, enclosed on three sides with one side open for access. Coarse, reddened fabric with a rough surface. Similar to nos. 257 and 598. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 12. 259. Pithos: inv. 63-1386 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.70, D. 0.30

Pl. 100

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

185

HM coarse ware pithos with three equidistant vertical strap handles located on the shoulder. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 25.

HM coarse ware base of a tall, narrow vessel, probably a dolium (upper part missing). For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 7.

260. Pithos: inv. 63-1380 Pis. 41, 100 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.876, D. 0.37 Pithos with three equidistant vertical handles located on the shoulder. Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip covering the pale orange surface. Grainy surface texture due to the presence of numerous dark grit inclusions in the fabric. Rim possibly wheelmade. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 15.

265. Jar: inv. 63-1357 Pis. 41, 101 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.52, D. 0.458 HM coarse ware jar with four opposing slightly raised loop handles and traces of exterior burnish. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 28.

261. Jar/pithos: inv. 63-301A Pis. 41, 100 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.16, D. 0.42 HM coarse ware rim sherd from a storage jar or pithos with one vertical loop handle preserved on the neck. Pale orange exterior with blackened patches and uneven surface texture. Numerous white grits, possibly ground shell, visible in the fabric. 262. Rim sherd: inv. 63-288B Pl. 101 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.066, D. 0.40 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large vessel with a slightly thickened and flattened lip. Dark gray interior surface. 263. Dolium: inv. 63-1383 Pis. 41, 100 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.595 HM coarse ware dolium with one slightly raised horizontal loop handle preserved (originally two). Rim of vessel missing. Traces of vertical smoothing marks on the exterior. Partly restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 13. 264. Dolium: inv. 63-1385 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.30

Pl. 101

266. Jar: inv. 63-1358 Pis. 42, 101 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.35, D. 0.41 HM coarse ware jar with a horizontal cordon beneath the rim, turned down at a right angle, joining two opposing horizontal raised loop handles (missing). Traces of burnished vertical striadons. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 14. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xvm:4). 267. Jar: inv. 63-1369 Pis. 42, 102 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.119, D. 0.076 HM coarse ware jar with a horizontal cordon just below the rim attached to a raised loop handle. Similar to no. 165. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 8. 268. Jar: inv. 63-1389 Pis. 42, 102 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.07, D. 0.10 HM coarse ware joining rim sherds of an oval jar with a horizontal cordon and a pendant, U-shaped loop in relief. Traces of reddish brown exterior burnish. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 34. 269. Jar/dolium: inv. 63-1405 Pis. 42, 102 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.064, D. 0.017 HM coarse ware rim sherd, probably from a jar or dolium, with a curved cordon handle.

186

CHAPTER VI

270. Jar/dolium: inv. 63-288A Pl. 102 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.037, D. 0.22 HM coarse ware rim sherd, probably from a jar or dolium, with a horizontal cordon. 271. Jar/dolium: inv. 63-288C Pl. 102 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.08, D. 0.25 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large jar or dolium with a broad horizontal cordon. Orange fabric. 272. Bowl: inv. 63-1361 Pis. 42, 103 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.13, D. 0.135 HM coarse ware globular bowl with a thickened rim, flattened on top, a raised loop handle on the shoulder and four equidistant circular bosses on the widest point. Blackened base, probably burnt, and traces of dark gray burnish on the upper part of the vessel. Possibly a "cooking pot." Restored. For the fmdspot, see Fig. 14, find 30. 273. Jar: inv. 63-1359 Pis. 42, 103 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.26, D. 0.255 Coarse ware jar (about one-half missing) with an everted rim, truncated neck, and three circular bosses preserved (perhaps originally four) set at the widest point. Traces of dark gray burnish. Probably handmade. Partly restored. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. XVHI:3). For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 17. 274. Beaker: inv. 63-1393 Pis. 42, 103 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.125, D. 0.115 HM coarse ware beaker with two opposing vertically pierced lugs attached to the rim. Traces of reddish brown burnish. Restored. 275. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-1404 Pl. 103 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.074, D. 0.18 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a cari-

nated bowl with one small elliptical boss preserved set vertically on the rim. 276. Carinated cup: inv. 63-1293 Pis. 43, 103 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.076, D. 0.126 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with a streaked reddish brown burnished slip on the interior and exterior. Possibly wheelmade. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 32. 277. Carinated cup: inv. 63-1370 Pis. 43, 104 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.08, D. 0.09 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with traces of a striated reddish brown burnished slip on the exterior and interior. Possibly wheelmade. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 11. 278. Carinated cup: inv. 63-1364 Pis. 43, 104 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.09, D. 0.115 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with a striated dark reddish brown burnished slip on the interior and exterior. Possibly wheelmade. Restored. 279. Carinated cup: inv. 63-1294 Pis. 43, 104 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.10, D. 0.122 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with a streaked reddish brown burnished slip on the interior and exterior. Possibly wheelmade. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 5. 280. Carinated cup: inv. 63-1371 Pis. 43, 104 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.145, D. 0.184 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with traces of a dark brown burnished slip on the interior and exterior. Probably wheelmade. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 26. 281. Body sherd: inv. 63-1417 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.047

Pl. 104

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS Medium fine ware body sherd with painted gray (10YR 5/1) cross-hatched bands on the pale brown (10YR 6/3) surface. Probably wheelmade. 282. Body sherd: inv. 63-1415A Pl. 104 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.055 Medium fine ware body sherd with painted dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) hatched triangles on the very pale brown (10YR 7/3) surface. Probably wheelmade. 283. Body sherd: inv. 63-1415B Pl. 104 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.052 Medium fine ware body sherd with a concave profile, probably from the neck of the vessel, painted with reddish brown (5YR 4/3) horizontal bands and a wavy line on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) surface. Probably wheelmade. 284. Body sherd: inv. 63-1411 Pl. 104 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.045 Medium fine ware body sherd painted with red (2.5YR 5/6) horizontal bands on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. Probably wheelmade. 285. Body sherd: inv. 63-1412 Pl. 104 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.063 Medium fine ware body sherd painted with light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) bands on a pink (7.5YR 7/4) surface. Probably wheelmade. 286. Base sherd: inv. 63-1390 Pl. 105 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.06, D. 0.058 WM base of a large vessel with a dark brown burnished streaked slip on the interior and exterior. Possibly a carinated bowl or cup. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 19. 287. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-1403 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.061, D. 0.48

Pl. 105

187

Medium coarse ware rim sherd of a large carinated bowl with a worn pale brown surface. Traces of dark interior burnish. Probably wheelmade. 288. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-1409 Pl. 105 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.045, D. 0.29 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with painted reddish brown (5YR 4/4) plumes on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip on the burnished exterior and interior. 289. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-1408 Pl. 105 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.064, D. 0.32 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) painted plumes on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip. 290. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-1407 Pl. 105 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.103 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl of large dimensions with part of a raised loop handle above the rim. Painted reddish brown (5YR 5/3) plumes on a light gray (2.5Y 7/2) slip on the interior and exterior. Burnished. 291. Bowl: inv. 63-284A Pis. 43, 106 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.09, D. 0.44 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl with a thickened rim flattened on top and three shallow parallel horizontal grooves. 292. Amphora: inv. 63-1307 Pis. 44, 106 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.42 WM medium fine ware amphora with a base ring and two vertical handles set on the widest point (upper neck and rim missing). Painted with dark gray and reddish brown plumes in vertical bands around the neck and horizontal bands over the body, faded near the base, on a light gray (2.5Y

188

CHAPTER VI

7/2) slip. Zigzag incision partially preserved on the underside of the base. Very grainy interior due to numerous grit inclusions in the fabric. Re­ stored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 3. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xix:2). 293. Amphora: inv. 63-1388 Pl. 107 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.36 WM medium fine ware amphora with a base ring and two slightly raised loop handles set on the widest point (neck and rim missing). White (2.5Y 8/2) slip. Restored. 294. Amphora: inv. 63-1360 Pis. 44, 107 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.494, D. 0.224 WM medium fine ware amphora with a base ring and two raised horizontal loop handles set on the widest point. An internal ledge is located at the base of neck. Pinkish cream slip with a grainy texture due to numerous grit inclusions in the fab­ ric. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 20. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xix:l). 295. Amphora: inv. 63-1415C Pl. 107 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.046, D. 0.15 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with very faded orange vertical and horizontal painted bands on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. 296. Amphora: inv. 63-1413 Pl. 107 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.029 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with painted brown (7.5YR 4/2) horizontal bands on a pink (7.5YR 7/4) sur­ face. 297. "Milk-boiler" (?): inv. 63-1212 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.H. 0.054

Pl. 107

Perforated sherd, probably a fragment of a "milk-boiler," such as no. 169. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 35. 298. Spindle whorl: inv. 63-1211 Pl. 107 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.03, D. 0.035 Biconical form. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 6. 299. Spindle whorl: inv. 63-1348 Pl. 108 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.032, D. 0.035 Conical form. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 22. 300. Loomweight: inv. 63-1347 Pis. 44, 108 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.137, M.W. 0.097 Large pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and a horizontal hole for suspension. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 24. 301. Loomweight: inv. 63-1343 Pis. 44, 108 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.167, M.W. 0.115 Large pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and a horizontal hole for suspension. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 16. 302. Ring: inv. 63-1344 Pis. 44, 108 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A D. 0.142 Pottery ring with a circular section and a rough uneven surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 9. 303. Jar/dolium: inv. 63-1422 Pis. 44, 108 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.065, D. 0.14 HM coarse ware joining rim sherds of an oval jar or dolium with one raised lug handle pre­ served (perhaps originally two or four) and a burnt, dark gray interior surface.

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS 304. Jar/dolium: inv. 63-1423 Pl. 108 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.057, D. 0.11 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with an incised horizontal cordon just be­ neath the rim. 305. Rim sherd: inv. 63-1424 Pl. 109 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.075, D. 0.24 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an open vessel with an incised horizontal cordon, reddish brown interior surface and dark gray exterior. 306. Dolium: inv. 63-1421 Pl. 109 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.068, D. 0.30 HM coarse ware joining rim sherds of an oval vessel or dolium with a raised lug handle (perhaps orginally four) attached to a horizontal cordon. 307. Jar/dolium: inv. 63-1420 Pl. 109 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.079, D. 0.30 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large oval vessel or dolium with a horizontal cordon. 308. Jar/dolium: inv. 63-1419 Pl. 109 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.048, D. 0.16 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with one circular boss preserved beneath the rim. 309. Bowl: inv. 63-296D Pl. 109 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.095, D. 0.19 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a deep bowl with faint traces of reddish brown exterior bur­ nish. 310. Handle: inv. 63-1391 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B

Pis. 44, 109

189

P.L. 0.086, M.W. 0.093 HM coarse ware handle with a flat surface and two slightly pointed corners, thickened at both sides and broken along one edge. Very worn, dark gray, probably burnt, surface. 311. Jar: inv. 63-1392 Pis. 44, 110 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.157, D. 0.142 HM coarse ware joining rim and shoulder sherds of ajar with an internal ledge at the base of the neck and traces of reddish burnish and black­ ened patches on the exterior. Partly restored. 312. Body sherd: inv. 63-1352 Pis. 44, 110 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.056 Medium coarse ware body sherd with in­ cised curved diagonal lines flanked by straight lines, perhaps part of a metopal arrangement. Pos­ sibly handmade. For the iindspot, see Fig. 14, find 39. 313. Bowl: inv. 63-1365 Pis. 44, 110 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.12, D. 0.24 Coarse ware joining rim and body sherds of a bowl with a carinated shoulder and part of a raised horizontal loop handle attached below. Traces of dark reddish brown exterior burnish. Probably handmade. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 42. 314. Carinated cup: inv. 63-1366 Pis. 45, 110 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B H. 0.169, D. 0.215 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with traces of dark reddish brown burnish on the inte­ rior and exterior. Probably handmade. Restored. For the iindspot, see Fig. 14, find 44. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xix:4). 315. Carinated bowl: inv. 63-1425 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.049, D. 0.18

Pl. ill

190

CHAPTER VI

Medium coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with a dark gray, possibly burnt, sur­ face. Probably wheelmade. 316. Body sherd: inv. 63-1410 Pl. Ill Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.091 WM medium fine ware body sherd from a large vessel, perhaps an amphora, with reddish brown (5YR 5/3) painted concentric triangles on a pink (7.5YR 7/4) surface. (Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," pi. LXVI, fig. 2, lower left).

H. 0.037, D. 0.034 Biconical form. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 36. 322. Spindle whorl: inv. 63-1379

Pl. Ill

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.025, D. 0.033 Biconieal form with a chipped surface. 323. Loomweight: inv. 63-1351

Pis. 44, 111

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B H. 0.085, M.W. 0.052

317. Amphora: inv. 63-1354 Pis. 45, 111 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.059, D. 0.14 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with painted decoration of strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) vertical bands of "linked beads" on the exterior and a horizontal band around the inside of the rim, on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. Faint traces of burnish. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 40. 318. Jar: inv. 63-296A Pl. Ill Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.046, D. 0.18 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a jar with traces of a pale cream-colored slip. 319. Base sherd: inv. 63-296E PL. ILL Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.H. 0.058 WM medium fine ware base and lower body sherd of a vessel with a base ring and faint traces of gray-brown painted plumes on a very pale brown slip. Occasional air bubbles visible in the fabric. 320. Spindle whorl: inv. 63-1345 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B H. 0.027, D. 0.034 Biconical form.

Pl. Ill

321. Spindle whorl: inv. 63-1355 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B

Pl. Ill

Pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and base. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 45. METAL 324. Sheet fragment: inv. 63-1215

Pl. 112

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.L. 0.032 χ 0.023 Fragment of sheet bronze with broken edges and an oxidized surface. 325. Fibula: inv. 63-1287

Pl. 112

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.L. 0.045 Bronze fibula bow and spring fragments with a circular section. Possibly part of no. 326. 326. Pin: inv. 63-1288

Pl. 112

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.L. 0.055, T. 0.003 Bronze pin with a circular section, perhaps from fibula no. 325. 327. Fragment: inv. 63-1356

Pl. 112

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.L. 0.029 χ 0.013 Bronze fragment with an oval section and an oxidized surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 29. 328. Crucible/mould(?): inv. 63-1210 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.L. 0.054 χ 0.042

Pl. 112

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

Piece of limestone with a curved profile and traces of metal slag (copper or bronze encrusta­ tion?) attached to the concave side. Possibly a cru­ cible or mould fragment. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 33. 329. Shafted implement: inv. 63-1338 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.L. 0.098, M.T. 0.006 Fragment of a bronze shafted implement (not illustrated). For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 27.

191

concave grinding surface and a rougher dorsal sur­ face. Rather vesicular lava. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 31. 335. Millstone: inv. 63-1372 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A L. 0.035, M.W. 0.23 Lava millstone (not illustrated). For the find­ spot, see Fig. 14, find 18. 336. Core/scraper: inv. 63-296B Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B L. 0.055, M.W. 0.052 Quartzite core or scraper.

Pis. 45, 113

330. Needle/pin: inv. 63-1378 Pl. 112 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.L. 0.092, T. 0.0015 Six joining fragments of curved bronze wire with a circular section, probably a needle or pin (ends missing). For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 37.

337. Grinding stone: inv. 63-296C Pis. 33, 113 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B D. 0.066 Rounded grinding stone with smoothed edges and flattened faces.

STONE

BONE

331. Obsidian blade: inv. 63-1291 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.L. 0.043, M.W. 0.017 Blade with a trapezoidal section.

Pl. 112

332. Flint flake/blade: inv. 63-1335 Pl. 112 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 P.L. 0.046, M.W. 0.031 Flake or blade fragment with a broken lat­ eral edge. 333. Grinding stone: inv. 63-290A Pl. 112 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A H. 0.071, M.W. 0.042 Pumice stone of rectangular shape with a horizontal perforation and one side worn concave, probably a grinding or abrasive tool. 334. Millstone: inv. 63-1349 Pis. 45, 112 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A L. 0.372, M.W. 0.238 Lava millstone of approximately elliptical shape, slightly chipped at the sides, with a smooth

338. Handle: inv. 63-1333 Pl. 113 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 P.L. 0.046 Pig cannon bone fragment, probably sawed at one end to make a handle, with blackened burnt patches and traces of polish. Split and broken at the other end. 339. Point: inv. 63-1260 Pl. 113 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 L. 0.092 Sheep/goat metapodial with a cut and pol­ ished tip forming a sharp point. (Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," pi. LXV, fig. 1, center). 340. Horn: inv. 63-1213 Pl. 113 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.L. 0.063 Horn, polished, broken near the base. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 2. 341. Bead/button: inv. 63-1214 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A

Pl. 113

CHAPTER VI

192

D. 0.02 Circular perforated disc, probably a button or bead, with a polished surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 1. 342. Point: inv. 63-1337 Pl. 113 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A P.L. 0.064 Fish spine bone with a polished point. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 21. 343. Handle: inv. 63-1350 Pl. 113 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.L. 0.102 Bone with a smooth polished surface, sawn at one end and split at the other. Probably a han­ dle. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 43. 344. Comb: inv. 63-1353 Pis. 45, 113 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.L. 0.143, M.W. 0.046 Comb with a long perforated handle and a curved head with a raised edge on one side and incisions corresponding to the base of the broken teeth. Two fragments, restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 41. (Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," pi. LXV, fig. 1, lower left). SHELL 345. Bead(?): inv. 63-1346 Pl. 113 Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B P.L. 0.038, M.W. 0.013 Dentalium shell, possibly a fossil, perhaps used as a bead. (Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," pi. LXV, fig. 1, center right). For the findspot, see Fig. 14, find 38.

Area III, Trench 29 (1967), Strata 4-6

HM coarse ware rim sherd, probably from a jar or dolium, with a horizontal impressed cordon. 347. Bowl: inv. 67-340A Pis. 45, 114 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 P.H. 0.037 Medium coarse ware rim sherd of a small bowl with four incised circles and central holes. Probably wheelmade. 348. Body sherd: inv. 67-340F Pl. 114 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 P.H. 0.049 WM medium fine ware body sherd, proba­ bly from the neck of a vessel, with two rows of opposing incised hatched triangles forming a blank zigzag pattern in between. Very faded traces of a reddish brown streaked slip on the interior and exterior. 349. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-340C Pl. 114 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 P.H. 0.049, D. 0.16 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl. 350. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-340H Pl. 114 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 P.H. 0.042, D. 0.18 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with a smooth gray surface and traces of dark gray brush strokes on the interior. 351. Bowl: inv. 67-340E Pl. 114 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 P.H. 0.04, D. 0.22 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with a thickened lip and traces of reddish brown (5YR 5/3) streaked horizontal bands on the inte­ rior and exterior.

POTTERY 346. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-340B Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 P.H. 0.037

Pl. 114

352. Carinated cup: inv. 67-340D Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 P.H. 0.042, D. 0.14

Pl. 114

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably

359. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-354C

193 Pis. 45, 115

from a carinated cup.

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5

353. Body sherd: inv. 67-340G

P.H. 0.079, D. 0.14 HM coarse ware joining rim sherds of an

Pl. 114

oval jar or dolium with a curved cordon handle.

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4

Blackened interior and dark gray patches on the

P.H. 0.058 WM fine ware body sherd with painted red­ dish brown (2.5YR 4/4) horizontal bands and ver­

exterior.

tical lines enclosing a row of lozenges in a metopal

360. Body sherd: inv. 67-354D

arrangement on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) surface. 354. Loomweight: inv. 67-746

Pl. 114

HM medium coarse ware body sherd with curved incised cordons attached to the base of a

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4

handle.

H. 0.065, M.W. 0.036 Pyramidal loomweight with a curved top

361. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-369A

and flat base. 355. Loomweight: inv. 67-660

Pl. 114

base.

P.H. 0.065, D. 0.26 HM coarse ware rim sherd of ajar or dolium with a curved cordon handle. Pale orange fabric, blackened on the exterior. 362. Body sherd: inv. 67-354A

Pl. 114

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 H. 0.057, M.W. 0.036 Pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and base. 357. Loomweight: inv. 67-750

Pl. 114

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4

base. Pis. 45, 115

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.226, M.W. 0.184 HM coarse ware body sherd from a large vessel, possibly a pithos, with a "grid pattern" in relief on one side. Orange fabric with numerous grits and ground pottery temper.

Pl. 115

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.047 Medium fine ware body sherd with painted red (2.5YR 5/6) bands and diagonal hatching on a reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) surface. Probably wheelmade. 363. Body sherd: inv. 67-373A

Pis. 46, 115

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5

H. 0.059, M.W. 0.036 Pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and

358. Pithos (?): inv. 67-370A

Pis. 46, 115

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 H. 0.061, M.W. 0.035 Pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and

356. Loomweight: inv. 67-661

Pis. 46, 115

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.076

P.H. 0.05 Medium fine ware body sherd with a very worn painted reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) triangle, hatched diagonally, on a pink (5YR 7/4) surface. Probably wheelmade. 364. Body sherd: inv. 67-373B

Pis. 46, 115

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.095 WM medium fine ware body sherd, proba­ bly from the lower neck and shoulder of a large

194

CHAPTER VI

vessel such as an amphora, with painted gray (2.5Y N/5) bands, probably concentric triangles, enclosing a vertical wavy line on a light gray (2.5Y 7/2) slip. 365. Carinated cup: inv. 67-348B Pis. 46, 116 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.03, D. 0.09 WM fine ware rim sherd of a carinated cup, with five horizontal, parallel shallow grooves around the neck and faint traces of a dark slip on the smooth gray surface. 366. Carinated cup: inv. 67-366B Pis. 46, 116 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.037, D. 0.11 WM fine ware rim sherd of a carinated cup with five horizontal parallel shallow grooves around the neck. Smooth gray fabric with a very worn surface and traces of slip. 367. Carinated cup: inv. 67-352D Pis. 46, 116 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.04 WM fine ware carinated cup with parallel horizontal shallow grooves around the neck. Traces of reddish brown brush strokes on the inte­ rior and exterior, including the underside of the base, on a very pale brown surface. Partly restored. 368. Carinated cup: inv. 67-354B Pl. 116 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.035, D. 0.095 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from a small carinated cup, with traces of reddish brown streaked horizontal bands on the interior and exterior. 369. Bowl: inv. 67-373D Pis. 46, 116 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.045, D. 0.27 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd from a bowl with a thickened lip, decorated with incised horizontal and diagonal lines. Traces of reddish brown brush strokes and burnish on the interior and exterior.

370. Bowl: inv. 67-352C

Pl. 116

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.03, D. 0.23 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a bowl with a thickened lip, with traces of reddish brown burnish on the orange exterior surface. 371. Bowl: inv. 67-369B

Pis. 46, 116

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.049, D. 0.26 WM medium fine ware joining rim sherds from a bowl with a thickened lip, with two rows of incised opposing hatched triangles forming a series of blank lozenges in between. Very worn brown surface with blackened patches and traces of burnish. 372. Body sherd: inv. 67-366E

Pis. 46, 116

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.045 WM medium coarse ware body sherd with incised diagonally hatched bands, probably in a meandering or metopal arrangement. Faint traces of a burnished slip on the interior and exterior. 373. Rim sherd: inv. 67-352B

Pl. 116

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.028, D. 0.18 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd with in­ cised diagonally hatched triangles and traces of burnish. 374. Bowl: inv. 67-354E

Pl. 117

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.034, D. 0.26 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a bowl with a slightly thickened lip, and three shal­ low horizontal parallel grooves. Traces of reddish brown burnish on the interior and exterior. 375. Bowl: inv. 67-348A Pis. 46, 117 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.046, D. 0.16 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd from a bowl with a curved profile and two incised circles

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS with central holes on the neck. Rather worn surface with traces of a faded slip. Similar to nos. 27 and 461. 376. Carinated cup: inv. 67-354F Pl. 117 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.036, D. 0.117 WM medium fine ware carinated cup (about three-quarters missing) with two shallow horizontal parallel grooves and traces of dark reddish burnish. 377. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-368B Pis. 47, 117 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.046, D. 0.253 WM fine ware rim sherd from a carinated bowl with a shallow horizontal groove beneath the carination. Painted with a group of light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) thin vertical lines around the rim and a streaked horizontal band on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip. 378. Cup: inv. 67-367A Pis. 47, 117 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.061, D. 0.25 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a cup with a concave neck. Painted on the interior with reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) plumes and curved bands on a light gray (10YR 7/2) slip. The painted motifs preserve traces of burnish. 379. Bowl: inv. 67-369C Pis. 46, 117 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.047, D. 0.24 WM fine ware rim sherd from a bowl with a curved profile, painted with broad red (2.5YR 5/6) horizontal bands and groups of thin vertical lines on the interior and exterior, on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) surface. 380. Base sherd: inv. 67-373C Pl. 117 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.016 WM medium fine ware base sherd with part of two intersecting incisions on the underside and traces of painted plumes on the exterior.

195

381. Bowl: inv. 67-366D Pis. 46, 118 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.044, D. 0.19 WM fine ware rim sherd from a bowl, painted with broad red (2.5YR 5/6) horizontal bands and a group of thin vertical lines beside the edge of a curved motif, probably in a metopal arrangement, on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) surface. Interior covered by a streaked red (2.5YR 5/6) band with thin lines above the rim. 382. Bowl: inv. 67-366C Pis. 46, 118 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.043, D. 0.20 WM fine ware rim sherd from a bowl with a slightly thickened lip, painted with dark gray (7.5YR N/4) horizontal and vertical bands on the neck and a series of tongues around the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) surface. 383. Body sherd: inv. 67-352A Pl. 118 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 P.H. 0.065 WM fine ware body sherd with painted reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) bands and wavy lines on the pink (7.5YR 7/4) exterior surface. 384. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-366A Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 H. 0.023, D. 0.03 Biconical form.

Pl. 118

385. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-908 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 H. 0.029, D. 0.04 Biconical form.

Pl. 118

386. Jar: inv. 67-371C Pl. 118 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-5A P.H. 0.046, D. 0.90 WM fine ware rim sherd of a jar painted with two grayish brown (10YR 5/2) horizontal bands on the light gray (2.5Y 7/2) surface. One air bubble at the base of the neck.

196

CHAPTER VI

387. Carinated cup: inv. 67-37IB Pis. 47, 118 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-5A P.H. 0.055, D. 0.17 WM medium fine ware rim and body sherd of a carinated cup with faint traces of gray brush strokes on the worn interior surface. 388. Rim sherd: inv. 67-358C Pl. 118 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.06, D. 0.25 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd from an open vessel with a horizontal cordon. 389. Jar/dolium(?): inv. 67-326G Pl. 118 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.045 HM coarse ware rim sherd, probably from an oval jar or dolium, with part of a curved cordon handle attached. Very worn and cracked surface. 390. Jar: inv. 67-359A Pl. 119 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.074, D. 0.30 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd from a large jar with a horizontal lug handle. 391. Amphora: inv. 67-457C Pis. 47, 119 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.059, D. 0.12 WM medium fine ware joining rim and neck sherds, probably from an amphora, with a series of incised horizontal wavy lines between straight lines. Dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) burnished slip on the pale orange fabric. 392. Jar: inv. 67-358B Pl. 119 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.045, D. 0.14 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a jar with a thickened lip and three horizontal shallow parallel grooves around the neck. Worn gray surface. 393. Amphora: inv. 67-449A Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6

Pl. 119

P.H. 0.075, D. 0.26 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with painted dark gray (7.5YR N/4) horizontal bands on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) surface. 394. Bowl: inv. 67-455C Pl. 119 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.05, D. 0.25 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a bowl with a thickened lip, painted with gray (2.5Y N/5) curved bands and plumes on the interior and exterior on a light gray (10YR 7/2) surface. Traces of burnish on the painted motifs. 395. Bowl: inv. 67-449B Pl. 119 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.074, D. 0.28 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a slightly thickened external lip. Traces of a burnished slip on the pale red interior surface. 396. Carinated cup(?): inv. 67-449C Pl. 120 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.049 Medium fine ware body sherd, probably from a carinated cup, with an incised band of diagonal lines above the carination. Rather worn gray surface with blackened patches. Possibly wheelmade. 397. Bowl: inv. 67-358A Pl. 120 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.067, D. 0.28 WM fine ware rim sherd from a bowl with a tapering rim, painted with a light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) broad horizontal band and a group of thin vertical lines on a whitish slip. 398. Carinated cup: inv. 67-326D Pl. 120 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.062, D. 0.19 Medium fine ware rim and neck sherd of a carinated cup, decorated with a group of eight incised vertical wavy lines on the neck, beside the base of a handle attachment. Very worn, smooth

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

gray surface, with faint traces of reddish brown burnish. Probably wheelmade. 399. Amphora: inv. 67-326E Pis. 47, 120 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.048, D. 0.14 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, painted with gray (10YR 5/1) horizontal bands containing a wavy line on the exterior and a group of tongues around the inside of the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. Worn surface. 400. Bim sherd: inv. 67-326F Pis. 47, 120 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.035 Medium fine ware rim sherd with incised di­ agonal lines enclosed at one side by two straight lines forming a right angle. Pale orange surface. Probably wheelmade. 401. Rim sherd: inv. 67-359E Pis. 47, 120 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.037, D. 0.24 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with two shallow horizontal grooves and traces of dark gray burnish on the interior and exterior. 402. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-359B Pl. 120 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.03, D. 0.21 WM fine ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl, painted on the outside of the rim with a group of faded light olive gray (5Y 6/2) thin ver­ tical lines, on a whitish fabric. 403. Body sherd: inv. 67-359D Pl. 120 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.042 WM fine ware body sherd with dark gray (2.5Y N/4) painted bands and wavy lines, proba­ bly in a metopal arrangement, on a light gray (2.5Y 7/2) fabric. 404. Amphora: inv. 67-457A Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6

Pis. 47, 121

197

P.H. 0.15 WM medium fine ware body sherd with part of a vertical handle attached, probably from an amphora, painted with light red (2.5YR 6/6) horizontal bands on the exterior of the handle and diagonal bands on the body, probably in a triangu­ lar arrangement, on the pink (5YR 7/3) surface. Dark grit inclusions in the fabric protruding on the interior surface. Similar to nos. 33 and 221. 405. Jar: inv. 67-457B Pl. 121 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 P.H. 0.036, D. 0.10 WM fine ware rim sherd of a jar painted with dark gray (2.5Y N/4) horizontal bands and vertical lines enclosing a row of curved motifs in a metopal arrangement on a white (2.5Y 8/2) slip. Thin vertical lines painted around the inside of the rim. 406. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-377A Pl. 121 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A P.H. 0.056, D. 0.26 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large cari­ nated bowl with traces of burnish on the exterior. 407. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-375E Pl. 121 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A P.H. 0.073 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl, with the base of a handle attachment (proba­ bly a raised loop handle) on the rim and traces of burnish on the interior. 408. Body sherd: inv. 67-375B Pis. 48, 121 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A P.H. 0.044 WM medium coarse ware body sherd with horizontal incised lines and parallel diagonal lines, probably forming triangles, and the edge of a han­ dle attachment. Very worn and flaking surface with faint traces of dark burnish. 409. Body sherd: inv. 67-376C Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A P.H. 0.067

Pis. 48, 121

198

CHAPTER VI

WM medium fine ware body sherd with in­ cised diagonally hatched triangles, probably form­ ing a blank zigzag pattern in between (like no. 348), with faint traces of burnished brown (7.5YR 5/2) brush strokes on the very pale brown (10YR 7/3) interior and exterior surface. 410. Bowl: inv. 67-35IA Pis. 47, 121 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A P.H. 0.041, D. 0.33 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl with painted gray zigzags around the exterior of the rim, curved bands below and verti­ cal bands on the interior. Traces of burnish on the smooth surface. Similar to nos. 437 and 456. 411. Bowl: inv. 67-351B Pl. 122 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A P.H. 0.034 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a horizontal band of incised diagonal lines contained by a straight line, and traces of reddish brown burnish. 412. Bowl: inv. 67-375A Pis. 48, 122 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A P.H. 0.082, D. 0.41 WM medium fine ware rim and neck sherd of a large bowl with a thickened lip. Painted with dark gray (7.5YR N/4) lustrous bands on the inte­ rior and tongues around the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. The exterior is light gray (10YR 7/1) and matt. 413. Rim sherd: inv. 67-351C Pis. 48, 122 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A P.H. 0.04, D. 0.17 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of an open form with burnished reddish black (10R 2.5/1) horizontal brush strokes on a white (2.5Y 8/2) slip. Slightly grainy surface due to protruding grit inclusions. 414. Amphora: inv. 67-376E Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A P.H. 0.046, D. 0.18

Pis. 48, 122

WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with painted grayish brown (10YR 5/2) plumes on a very pale brown (10YR 8/4) slip. 415. Rim sherd: inv. 67-376D Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A

Pis. 48, 122

P.H. 0.046, D. 0.20 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with four parallel shallow horizontal grooves and faint traces of dark burnish on the smooth pale brown interior and exterior. 416. Carinated cup: inv. 67-375C Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A

Pl. 122

P.H. 0.035, D. 0.12 WM fine ware carinated cup (the handle and about two-thirds of the body missing) with traces of a worn reddish brown burnish on the interior and exterior. 417. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-910

Pl. 122

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A H. 0.032, D. 0.036 Oval form. 418. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-911

Pl. 122

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A H. 0.032, D. 0.036 Conical form. 419. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-391A

Pl. 122

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A H. 0.025, D. 0.03 Oval form. 420. Jar: inv. 67-452C Pl. 123 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B P.H. 0.058, D. 0.09 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a small jar with an everted rim and the base of a handle attachment on the shoulder. Painted with reddish gray (5YR 5/2) bands on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) surface. (Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," pi. LXVII, fig. 1, center above).

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

421. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-393A

Pis. 48, 123

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B P.H. 0.026, D. 0.13 WM medium fine ware joining rim sherds from a carinated bowl, with groups of very dark gray (7.5YR N/3) painted vertical lines around the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) surface and a very dark gray slip on the interior and exte­ rior below the carination. Burnished surface. 422. Carinated cup: inv. 67-393B

Pis. 48, 123

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B P.H. 0.055, D. 0.12 WM medium fine ware rim and body sherd of a carinated cup with very worn traces of dark reddish brown burnish on the smooth pale brown surface. 423. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-393C

Pis. 48, 123

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B P.H. 0.03, D. 0.20 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a cari­ nated bowl painted with yellowish red (5YR 5/6) vertical lustrous bands around the oustide of the rim and horizontal brush strokes on the interior, on a pink (5YR 7/4) surface. 424. Body sherd: inv. 67-393D

Pis. 48, 123

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B P.H. 0.057 WM medium fine ware body sherd, painted with a pattern of very dark gray (7.5YR N/3) "interwoven branches" on a pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) surface. Traces of burnish on the exterior with lustrous painted motifs. Dark gray streaked slip on the interior with worn burnish. Part of a vessel similar to no. 426. 425. Amphora: inv. 67-452B Pl. 123 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B P.H. 0.074, D. 0.24 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with painted dark gray (2.5YR N/4) plumes on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) surface.

199

426. Carinated cup: inv. 67-452A Pl. 123 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B P.H. 0.081, D. 0.23 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a carinated cup, painted with a pattern of dark red­ dish brown (5YR 3/2) "interwoven branches" on the pink (5YR 7/3) exterior. Gray interior slip and burnished on the interior and exterior. Similar to no. 424. 427. Shallow dish: inv. 67-400D Pl. 124 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.07, D. 0.38 HM coarse ware sherd of the side of a shal­ low dish with the edge of a handle attachment preserved. Pale orange interior and dark gray exte­ rior. Traces of ground pottery temper and numer­ ous grit inclusions in the fabric. 428. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-398C Pis. 48, 124 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.076, D. 0.25 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with a raised lug handle. 429. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-395B Pis. 48, 124 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.09, D. 0.24 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with part of a raised lug handle attached to a horizontal cordon. Very pale brown uneven ex­ terior surface. Dark gray interior. 430. Bowl: inv. 67-396B Pl. 124 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.05, D. 0.36 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl with a slightly everted lip and traces of dark gray burnish on the exterior and interior. 431. Jar: inv. 67-400A Pl. 124 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.035, D. 0.16 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small jar with traces of dark gray burnish on the exterior and reddish brown burnish on the interior.

200

CHAPTER VI

432. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-400B

Pl. 125

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C

438. Base sherd: inv. 67-397B

Pis. 49, 126

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C

P.H. 0.076, D. 0.30 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with an uneven dark reddish gray surface.

P.H. 0.055 WM medium coarse ware base and lower part of a vessel with a base ring and part of a shallow incised line on the underside. Painted

433. Rim sherd: inv. 67-399B

with dark gray (5YR 4/1) plumes on a light gray (10YR 7/2) slip with traces of burnish on the exterior.

Pl. 125

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.027, D. 0.30 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a horizontal cordon. Worn pale brown surface with traces of

439. Rim sherd: inv. 67-451B

Pis. 49, 126

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C

burnish on the interior.

bowl with faint traces of dark burnish on the ex­ terior.

P.H. 0.035, D. 0.18 WM medium fine ware rim sherd painted with dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) lines on the exterior and concentric V-shaped lines around the inside of the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. Burnished around the rim and on the exte­ rior.

435. Rim sherd: inv. 67-399J

440. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-399A

434. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-399H

Pl. 125

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.05, D. 0.22 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated

Pl. 125

P.H. 0.04, D. 0.22 Medium coarse ware rim sherd with traces of a dark reddish brown burnished slip on the in­ terior and exterior on a very pale brown fabric. 436. Carinated cup: inv. 67-400C

Pl. 126

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C

Pl. 125

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.042, D. 0.13 Medium coarse ware rim sherd of a cari­ nated cup with traces of dark burnish. Probably wheelmade. 437. Bowl: inv. 67-395A Pis. 48, 125 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.069, D. 0.36 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl painted with dark gray (10YR 4/1) zigzags around the rim, horizontal bands on the exterior and vertical lines on the interior on a light gray (10YR 7/2) surface. Traces of worn burnish and an air bubble beneath the rim. Similar to nos. 410 and 456.

P.H. 0.024, D. 0.23 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a cari­ nated bowl painted with a dark gray (2.5Y N/4) diagonal band (probably part of a zigzag) on the exterior and a broad band on the interior, on a light gray (2.5Y 7/2) fabric with a smooth surface. Very worn traces of burnish. 441. Jug(?): inv. 67-399C Pl. 126 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.031, D. 0.07 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, possibly from a jug, painted with reddish brown (5YR 4/3) plumes on the exterior and a horizontal band on the interior, on a reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with traces of burnish. 442. Amphora: inv. 67-399D Pl. 126 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.027, D. 0.18 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with faded gray painted plumes

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS on the exterior and a horizontal band on the inte­ rior on a light gray slip.

443. Amphora: inv. 67-399E

Pl. 126

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.041, D. 0.18 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with a very worn whitish sur­ face and numerous dark grit inclusions in the fab­ ric, creating a grainy surface texture. Similar fab­ ric to no. 444.

444. Amphora: inv. 67-399F

Pl. 126 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.037, D. 0.16 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with faint traces of painted mo­ tifs, possibly plumes, on the exterior. Similar fab­ ric to no. 443. 445. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-399G Pl. 126 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.017, D. 0.14 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with traces of reddish brown burnish on a very smooth pale orange exterior surface.

446. Amphora: inv. 67-397A

Pl. 127

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.093, D. 0.20 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with a reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) surface. Dark grit inclusions protrude on the interior surface.

201

P.H. 0.04, D. 0.16 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with very faded red (2.5YR 5/6) painted plumes on the exterior and a horizon­ tal band on the inside of the rim on a reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric.

449. Rim sherd: inv. 67-396A

Pl. 127

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.029, D. 0.17 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with painted reddish brown plumes on the exterior, a single brush stroke on the interior, and a band around the top of the rim on a very pale brown slip. Burnished exterior, matt interior.

450. Bowl: inv. 67-398B

Pl. 127 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.04, D. 0.17 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a small bowl with a gray-brown burnished slip on the smooth surface.

451. Bowl: inv. 67-398A

Pl. 127 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.03, D. 0.22 WM fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with a tapering rim, painted with a group of red vertical lines on a pale orange surface.

452. Jar: inv. 67-326A

Pl. 128 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5E P.H. 0.05, D. 0.30 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a largejar with a slightly thickened lip. Pale orange surface.

447. Amphora: inv. 67-450A

Pl. 127 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C P.H. 0.08, D. 0.23 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) painted plumes on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip.

448. Amphora: inv. 67-400E Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C

Pl. 127

453. Jar: inv. 67-401B

Pl. 128 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5E P.H. 0.03, D. 0.12 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small jar with a horizontal cordon. Very worn, flaking sur­ face.

454. Carinated cup: inv. 67-401C Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5E

Pl. 128

202

CHAPTER VI

P.H. 0.028, D. 0.18 Medium coarse ware rim sherd, probably from a carinated cup, with a dark burnished slip on the interior and exterior. Possibly wheelmade. 455. Shallow dish: inv. 67-401A Pl. 128 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5E P.H. 0.046 H M coarse ware base of a shallow dish with part of a lug handle attached. Numerous grit inclusions visible in the fabric. Probably similar to no. 427. 456. Bowl: inv. 67-326B Pis. 49, 128 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5E P.H. 0.045 W M medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl painted with dark gray (5YR 4/1) zigzags around the rim and horizontal bands beneath, on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. Smooth burnished surface. Similar to nos. 410 and 437. 457. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-401D Pl. 128 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5E P.H. 0.027, D. 0.23 W M medium coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with traces of streaked reddish brown brush strokes on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. Burnished exterior and interior. 458. Bowl: inv. 67-326C Pis. 49, 128 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5E P.H. 0.028, D. 0.14 W M medium fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with reddish brown (5YR 5/4) painted bands on the interior and exterior and zigzags around the top of the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 8/4) slip. Smooth burnished surface.

460. Amphora: inv. 67-450B Trench 29 (1967), strata 5E-G

P.H. 0.042, D. 0.16 W M medium fine ware rim sherd, possibly from an amphora, painted with gray (10YR 5/1) bands and zigzags on the exterior and diagonal bands around the inside of the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. 461. Bowl: inv. 67-450D

Pis. 49, 129

Trench 29 (1967), strata 5E-G P.H. 0.062 Medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a curved and slightly carinated profile, decorated with two rows of deeply incised circles around the neck. Very worn surface with faint traces of a burnished reddish brown slip. Possibly wheelmade. Similar to nos. 27 and 375. 462. Miniature amphora: inv. 67-962 Pis. 49, 129 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5F-G H. 0.085, D. 0.04 Medium coarse ware miniature amphora with a slightly concave base and one raised pointed lug handle preserved, set at the widest point and pierced vertically. Opposite handle missing. Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) striated burnished exterior. Possibly handmade. Restored. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xix:3). 463. Bowl: inv. 67-403A Pl. 129 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5G P.H. 0.072, D. 0.11 H M coarse ware rim sherd of an oval bowl with a horizontal cordon and traces of dark gray exterior burnish. 464. Body sherd: inv. 67-404B

459. Base sherd: inv. 67-450C Pis. 49, 129 Trench 29 (1967), strata 5E-G P.H. 0.042 W M medium coarse ware base sherd with a vertical band of incised rectangular dashes between straight lines, and a rather worn, smooth surface.

Pis. 49, 129

Pl. 129

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5G P.H. 0.057 W M medium coarse ware body sherd with painted gray (10YR 5/1) V-shaped concentric bands on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) surface. Numerous dark grit inclusions in the fabric protruding on the interior surface.

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

465. Bowl: inv. 67-404C Pl. 129 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5G P.H. 0.03, D. 0.25 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with dark reddish brown burnished striations on the interior and exterior. 466. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-964 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5G H. 0.024, D. 0.033 Hexagonal form.

Pl. 129

467. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-944 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5G H. 0.029, D. 0.036 Biconical form.

Pl. 129

468. Bowl: inv. 67-451A Pis. 49, 130 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.075, D. 0.31 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with an incised horizontal cordon attached to a lug handle. Traces of dark reddish gray burnish on the inte­ rior. 469. Rim sherd: inv. 67-328A Pis. 49, 130 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.048 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a curved lug handle. Pale orange interior and dark gray exte­ rior. Numerous large grit inclusions in the fabric. 470. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-338A Pis. 50, 130 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.082, D. 0.215 HM coarse ware rim and body sherd of a carinated bowl with part of a curved cordon attached to the rim and the base of a handle attachment (probably a raised loop handle). Traces of burnish on the reddish brown exterior and dark gray inte­ rior. 471. Spout: inv. 67-465A Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.048 HM coarse ware tubular spout.

203

472. Bowl/jug: inv. 67-325A Pl. 130 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.07, D. 0.10 Medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl or jug with a globular profile and traces of dark brown burnish on the exterior. Probably wheelmade. 473. Body sherd: inv. 67-338B Pis. 50, 130 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.09 Medium fine ware body sherd of a vessel decorated with shallow incised parallel grooves. The base of a handle attachment is located at the edge in correspondence with the seven parallel grooves. Worn and blackened (possibly burnt) smooth surface. Possibly wheelmade. 474. Amphora: inv. 67-455A Pis. 50, 130 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.106 WM medium fine ware body sherd of a large vessel, possibly an amphora, with brown (7.5YR 5/2) painted horizontal bands and parallel diago­ nal lines on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric. (Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," pi. LXVII, fig. 2, lower right). 475. Amphora: inv. 67-328C Pl. 131 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.064, D. 0.24 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with painted gray (5YR 5/1) plumes and a horizontal band around the inside of the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) surface. 476. Amphora: inv. 67-334A Pl. 131 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.066, D. 0.20 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with a reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) surface.

Pl. 130 477. Amphora(?): inv. 67-330A Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.045, D. 0.25

Pl. 131

204

CHAPTER VI

WM medium coarse ware rim sherd with a thickened lip, possibly from an amphora. 478. Carinated cup: inv. 67-330B PL. 131 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.034, D. 0.12 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from a carinated cup with traces of reddish brown burnish on the worn pale brown surface. 479. Carinated cup: inv. 67-329B Pl. 131 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.048, D. 0.24 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd, proba­ bly from a carinated cup, with traces of reddish brown lustrous striations on the interior and exte­ rior on a very pale brown slip. 480. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-329A Pl. 131 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.037, D. 0.12 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd from a carinated bowl with traces of a reddish brown (5YR. 4/4) burnished striations on a very pale brown slip. 481. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-328B Pis. 50, 131 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.043, D. 0.22 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a carinated bowl with traces of painted reddish brown lustrous plumes on the interior and exterior and bands around the outside of the rim, on a pale brown slip. 482. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-468A Pl. 132 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.085, D. 0.26 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd from a carinated bowl with traces of burnish and dark gray brush strokes. 483. Carinated cup: inv. 67-455B Pis. 50, 132 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.04, D. 0.12 WM medium fine ware carinated cup (about

two-thirds missing, including the handle) with a worn, smooth gray surface and traces of dark bur­ nish. Partly restored. 484. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-963 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 H. 0.04, D. 0.048 Oval form.

Pl. 132

485. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-907 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 H. 0.023 0.032 Biconical form.

Pl. 132

486. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-965 Pl. 132 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 H. 0.032, D. 0.035 Hexagonal form, one corner missing. 487. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-904 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 H. 0.024, D. 0.031 Biconical form.

Pl. 132

488. Loomweight: inv. 67-337A Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.H. 0.073 Fragment of a large loomweight (not illus­ trated). METAL 489. Sheet fragment: inv. 67-926 Pis. 50, 132 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 D. 0.04 χ 0.033 Fragment of sheet bronze with two perfora­ tions along one edge. 490. Bead: inv. 67-936 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5G L. 0.015, M.W. 0.065 Bronze biconical bead.

Pl. 132

491. Hammer: inv. 67-969 Pis. 50, 132 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5G-6 L. 0.148, M.W. 0.04

205

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

Bronze hammer with an approximately rec­ tangular section, curved at the sides, and a rectan­ gular shaft hole. Lightly pitted on the rounded ends. (PR X, pi. 94:19; Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xx:4). 492. Dagger: inv. 67-970 Pis. 50, 133 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 L. 0.222, M.W. 0.037, M.T. 0.04 Bronze dagger blade with a rectangular, slightly tapering tang and three rivet holes in a triangular arrangement with two of the rivets pre­ served. The blade has a slightly lenticular flat sec­ tion and an oxidized surface, heavily chipped near the shoulder and with smaller chips on the oppo­ site edge and tip. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xx:5).

P.L. 0.024, M.W. 0.01 Blade fragment with a triangular section. 497. Obsidian blade: inv. 67-909

Pl. 133

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.029, M.W. 0.014 Blade fragment with a trapezoidal section. 498. Obsidian blade: inv. 67-906

Pl. 133

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.018, M.W. 0.013 Blade fragment with a trapezoidal section. 499. Obsidian blade: inv. 67-362A

Pl. 133

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.024, M.W. 0.019 Blade fragment with a trapezoidal section.

STONE

493. Mould: inv. 67-747 Pis. 51, 134 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 D. 0.085 χ 0.09, M.T. 0.034 Mould of rectangular shape from a block of white limestone, broken along one edge. One face has a central pour channel leading into four rings (D. 0.021) with central holes, while the edges of two others are visible. The face is worn, slightly cracked and flaked. The opposite face is more worn and cracked and slightly curved in profile, with the impression of a larger ring (D. 0.03), a central hole, and part of a second ring beside the broken edge. 494. Scraper: inv. 67-404A Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5G P.L. 0.032, M.W. 0.027 Scraper of quartzitic stone.

Pis. 45, 133

495. Obsidian blade: inv. 67-333A Pl. 133 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.023, M.W. 0.014 Blade fragment with a triangular section. 496. Obsidian blade: inv. 67-333B Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6

Pl. 133

500. Obsidian flake/blade: inv. 67-362C

Pl. 133

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.02, M.W. 0.016 Flake or blade fragment with a triangular section. 501. Flint flake/blade: inv. 67-362B

Pl. 133

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.021, M.W. 0.011 Flake or blade fragment with a triangular section. 502. Flint flake: inv. 67-335A Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.051, M.W. 0.04 Flake with a triangular section.

Pl. 133

503. Flint flake: inv. 67-335B Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.037, M.W. 0.023 Flake with a trapezoidal section.

Pl. 133

504. Flint flake: inv. 67-333C Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.032, M.W.0.024 Flake with a trapezoidal section.

Pl. 134

CHAPTER VI

206

505. Core: inv. 67-462A Pl. 134 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 P.L. 0.079, M.W. 0.055 Flint core, three faces and areas of cortex. 506. Striker: inv. 67-339A Pis. 50, 134 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 D. 0.09 χ 0.076 Orthoquartzite stone with a smooth, rounded, and slightly faceted surface, and one chipped face, probably a striker or grinding stone. 507. Miniature adze: inv. 67-331A Pl. 134 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 L. 0.026, M.W. 0.018 Pebble with a very smooth surface in the shape of a miniature adze. One tiny chip on the butt. Basalt. (R. Leighton, "Ground Stone Tools from Serra Orlando [Morgantina] and Stone Axe Studies in Sicily and Southern Italy," PPS 55 [1989] no. 44). BONE

508. Bead: inv. 67-905 Pl. 134 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5A H. 0.015, M.W. 0.014 Cylindrical bead with an incised groove.

Area III, Trench 31, Strata 3-4 POTTERY

509. Jar: inv. 67-429E Pl. 135 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.077 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a jar with an impressed cordon forming a right angle. 510. Bowl: inv. 67-429H Pl. 135 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.05, D. 0.14 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a thickened lip and part of a horizontal loop handle located on the neck. Very pale brown slip with traces of worn burnish.

511. Bowl: inv. 67-429J Trench 31, stratum 3

Pl. 135

P.H. 0.051, D. 0.23 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a worn dark gray surface. 512. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-429C

Pl. 135

Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.074, D. 0.22 HM coarse ware rim sherd of ajar or dolium with a raised lug handle and traces of dark gray burnish. 513. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-429B

Pl. 135

Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.041, D. 0.10 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small jar or dolium with a curved cordon. 514. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-429L

Pl. 135

Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.037, D. 0.12 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a cari­ nated bowl with traces of reddish brown interior burnish. 515. Bowl: inv. 67-429A Pis. 51, 135 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.04, D. 0.26 Medium fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with a slightly thickened lip and the base of a handle on the right edge. Decorated with incised opposing triangular motifs around the neck and diagonal lines below. Worn surface with traces of a very pale brown burnish. Possibly wheelmade. 516. Rim sherd: inv. 67-429F

Pl. 135

Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.026, D. 0.30 (approximately) WM medium fine ware rim sherd with a horizontal band of incised diagonal lines between straight lines and traces of a dark reddish brown burnished slip.

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS 517. Amphora: inv. 67-429K Pl. 136 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.056, D. 0.27 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with a horizontal dark gray (7.5YR N/4) painted band on the interior and exterior. Many large grit inclusions protrude on the interior surface. 518. Bowl: inv. 67-429M Pl. 136 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.026, D. 0.20 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with traces of a dark reddish brown burnished slip on the interior and exterior. 519. Amphora: inv. 67-429N Pl. 136 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.024, D. 0.11 WM medium fine ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, painted with a light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) horizontal band on the exterior and a series of tongues around the inside of the rim on a white (10YR 8/2) slip. 520. Amphora: inv. 67-429P Pl. 136 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.10 WM medium fine ware body sherd, probably from an amphora, with part of a vertical handle attached. Painted with very faded reddish yellow bands on a very pale brown slip. Orange fabric with numerous dark grit inclusions. Similar fabric to nos. 521 and 523. 521. Body sherd: inv. 67-429Q Pl. 136 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.038 WM medium fine ware body sherd, probably from the lower neck and shoulder of a vessel, painted with light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) horizontal and diagonal lines in the form of a hatched triangle on a pink (7.5YR 7/4) slip. Similar fabric to nos. 520 and 523.

207

522. Rim sherd: inv. 67-429R Pl. 136 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.019, D. 0.22 WM medium fine ware rim sherd with two horizontal shallow parallel grooves and worn traces of dark reddish gray streaked bands on a very pale brown slip. 523. Body sherd: inv. 67-429G Pl. 136 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.033 WM medium fine ware body sherd with very thin graffito lines forming diagonally hatched triangles and a faded painted horizontal band with faint traces of burnish. Similar fabric to nos. 520 and 521. 524. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-429T Pl. 136 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.036, D. 0.36 WM fine ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with a slightly thickened lip and a group of dark reddish gray (10R 4/1) painted vertical lines on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip. 525. Amphora: inv. 67-429U Pl. 137 Trench 31, stratum 3 P.H. 0.048, D. 0.19 WM fine ware rim sherd of an amphora with a splayed lip, and a brown (7.5YR 5/2) painted horizontal band around the interior of the rim on a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fabric. Faint traces of exterior bands, mostly worn away. 526. Spindle whorl: inv. 68-78 Trench 31, stratum 3 H. 0.019, D. 0.028 Biconical form.

Pl. 137

527. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-731 Trench 31, stratum 3 H. 0.022, D. 0.032 Conical form.

Pl. 137

208

528. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-520 Trench 31, stratum 3 H. 0.022, D. 0.033 Biconical form.

CHAPTER VI Pl. 137

HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with a horizontal impressed cordon and part of a raised loop handle. Part of the cordon curves down around the side of the handle.

529. Circular object: inv. 67-631 Pl. 137 Trench 31, stratum 3 H. 0.025, D. 0.029 Circular object (bobbin ?) with a bell-shaped profile. 530. Loom weight: inv. 67-521 Pl. 137 Trench 31, stratum 3 H. 0.072, M.W. 0.045 Pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and base. 531. Pithos: inv. 67-828 Pis. 51, 137 Trench 31A, stratum 4 H. 1.29, D. 0.45 Large pithos with three equidistant vertical handles located on the shoulder. Very grainy sur­ face with a pale brown slip and numerous dark grit inclusions in the fabric. Similar to nos. 551, 552, 599, and 614. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find E. 532. Pithos: inv. 67-843 Pis. 51, 138 Trench 31 A, stratum 4 H. 0.612, D. 0.35 Pithos with three equidistant raised loop handles set at the widest point and a slightly thick­ ened rim (similar to no. 554). Fairly smooth or­ ange surface with numerous small dark grit inclu­ sions in the fabric. Possibly wheelmade. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find F.

535. Rim sherd: inv. 67-430F

Pl. 138

Trench 31A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.037 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a horizontal incised cordon. 536. Carinated cup: inv. 67-430H

Pl. 138

Trench 31 A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.07, D. 0.20 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated cup with traces of burnish on the exterior. 537. Carinated cup: inv. 67-430E Pl. 138 Trench 31A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.04, D. 0.07 Medium coarse ware small carinated cup (handle and about two-thirds of the vessel mis­ sing). Probably handmade. 538. Rim sherd: inv. 67-430B Trench 31 A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.038, D. 0.05 HM medium fine ware rim sherd of oval or globular vessel with a vertically lug handle just beneath the rim and traces nish on the exterior.

Pl. 138

a small pierced of bur­

533. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-445A Pl. 137 Trench 31 A, stratum 4, sherd base A P.H. 0.053, D. 0.13 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small jar or dolium with a raised lug handle.

539. Bowl: inv. 68-448A Pl. 138 Trench 31 A, stratum 4, sherd base A H. 0.14 (reconstructed), D. 0.29 WM medium fine ware bowl consisting of a rim and base sherds with part of a raised horizon­ tal loop handle attached. Painted on the interior and exterior with yellowish red (5YR 5/6) plumes on a reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) burnished sur­ face.

534. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-43IC Trench 31A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.08, D. 0.12

540. Rim sherd: inv. 67-430G Trench 31 A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.035, D. 0.16

Pis. 51, 137

PL 139

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS WM medium fine ware rim sherd painted with red (2.5YR 4/8) horizontal bands on a red­ dish yellow (5YR 7/8) fabric. 541. Carinated cup: inv. 67-430C

P.H. 0.075, D. 0.24 WM medium fine ware joining rim and body sherds of a carinated cup painted with red­ dish brown (2.5YR 5/4) plumes on the interior and exterior on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip, with traces of faded burnish. Pl. 139

Trench 31 A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.072 WM medium fine ware body sherd, proba­ bly from the neck of a vessel, painted with dark gray (7.5YR N/4) horizontal bands on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip. 543. Rim sherd: inv. 67-431D Pl. 139 Trench 31A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.035, D. 0.23 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd with a thickened lip and traces of burnish on the exterior. 544. Body sherd: inv. 67-431B Pl. 139 Trench 31 A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.055 WM medium fine ware body sherd, proba­ bly from the neck of a vessel, painted with gray (5YR 5/3-5/1) horizontal bands and zigzags on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip. 545. Sieve: inv. 67-430D Pl. 139 Trench 31 A, stratum 4 D. 0.013 χ 0.025 Fragment of a sieve, possibly from a strainerspouted vessel. 546. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-489 Trench 31A, stratum 4 H. 0.031, D. 0.041 Biconical form, part missing.

547. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-920 Pis. 52, 139 Trench 31A, stratum 4 H. 0.016, D. 0.03 Biconical form with a flattened side.

Pis. 52, 139

Trench 31A, stratum 4

542. Body sherd: inv. 67-431A

209

548. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-286 Pis. 52, 139 Trench 31A, stratum 4 H. 0.044, D. 0.046 Biconical form. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find W. 549. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-342 Trench 31 A, stratum 4 H. 0.031, D. 0.036 Biconical form.

Pl. 139

550. Loomweight: inv. 67-430A Pl. 139 Trench 31 A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.05, M.W. 0.029 Pyramidal loomweight with two incised in­ tersecting lines on the flat top. 551. Pithos: inv. 68-89 Pl. 140 Trench 31B, stratum 4 H. 1.24, D. 0.47 Large pithos with three equidistant vertical handles located on the shoulder. Very grainy sur­ face with a pale brown slip and numerous large black grit inclusions in the fabric. Similar to nos. 531, 552, 599, and 614. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find B. 552. Pithos: inv. 68-90 Pis. 52, 141 Trench 31B, stratum 4 H. 1.20, D. 0.49 Large pithos with three equidistant vertical handles located on the shoulder. At the base of one handle is an incised up-turned V (like no. 614). Very grainy surface with a pale brown slip and numerous large black grit inclusions fabric. Simi­ lar to nos. 531, 551, 599, and 614. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find C.

Pl. 139 553. Pithos: inv. 67-829 Trench 3IB, stratum 4 P.H. 0.316, D. 0.264

Pis. 52, 140

210

CHAPTER VI

Pithos with three equidistant handles located on the shoulder. Slightly grainy surface with traces of a pale brown slip on the orange surface. Similar to no. 159. Upper part of the vessel restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find D. 554. Pithos: inv. 67-844 Pis. 52, 141 Trench 3IB, stratum 4 H. 0.60, D. 0.29 Pithos with three equidistant raised loop handles set at the widest point and a slightly thickened rim (similar to no. 532). Grainy surface with traces of a very pale brown slip on the pale orange surface with numerous large grit inclusions in the fabric. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find H. 555. Beaker: inv. 67-481 Pis. 53, 141 Trench 3IB, stratum 4 H. 0.052, D. 0.03 HM medium coarse ware cylindrical beaker or pyxis, with two vertically pierced lugs set on the rim (one damaged). Decorated with horizontal incised lines around the top and base. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xxm:4). 556. Dolium: inv. 67-584 Pis. 53, 140 Trench 31C, stratum 4 H. 0.29, D. 0.20 HM medium coarse ware dolium with four equidistant slightly raised lugs just beneath the rim, and traces of burnish. Found containing the remains of a burial, including some small fragments of bone, a bronze button (no. 636), and with the mouth sealed by a large rim sherd (now missing). Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find G. 557. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-432A Pl. 141 Trench 3IC, stratum 4 P.H. 0.044 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small jar or dolium with a horizontal incised cordon. 558. Jug: inv. 67-432C Trench 3IC, stratum 4

Pl. 142

P.H. 0.03, D. 0.08 Medium coarse ware rim sherd with part of a vertical loop handle preserved, probably from a jug. Very worn dark surface. 559. Bowl: inv. 67-432B Pl. 142 Trench 3IC, stratum 4 P.H. 0.063, D. 0.32 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd from a bowl with a thickened lip and part of a raised loop handle attached. 560. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-947 Pis. 53, 142 Trench 3IC, stratum 4 H. 0.162, D. 0.25 WM medium coarse ware carinated bowl with a raised loop handle above the rim and a shallow base ring. Very worn traces of a pale brown burnished slip and numerous blackened patches on the interior and exterior. Restored. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xxm:2). 561. Loomweight: inv. 67-490 Pl. 142 Trench 31C, stratum 4 H. 0.052, M.W. 0.028 Pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and base. 562. Pithos: inv. 67-841 Pis. 53, 142 Trench 31E, stratum 4 H. 0.54, D. 0.23 Pithos of globular shape with four equidistant horizontal raised loop handles set just above the widest point and a flat ledge around the bottom of the vertical neck, perhaps designed to support a lid or cover. The top of the rim is cut at an angle on the interior and exterior. Painted with bands of reddish brown (5YR 5/4) plumes on a smooth reddish yellow surface. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find J. (PR X, pi. 94:17; Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xxn:2). 563. Pithos: inv. 67-842 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 H. 0.82, D. 0.39

Pis. 53, 143

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS Pithos with four equidistant raised horizon­ tal loop handles set on the widest point and a slightly thickened rim. Painted with bands of red­ dish brown (5YR 5/3) plumes on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) slip. Smooth exterior surface. Restored. For the flndspot, see Fig. 18, find K. (PR X, pi. 94:18; Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xxn:3). 564. Pithos: inv. 67-922 Pis. 53, 143 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 H. 0.62, D. 0.29 Pithos with two slightly raised horizontal loop handles set on the widest point and a slightly thickened rim. Traces of a very pale brown (10YR 7/3) slip, mostly flaked away, covering a pale or­ ange fabric with numerous large grit inclusions. Rather grainy surface. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find A. 565. Jar/pithos: inv. 67-435E Pis. 54, 144 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.06, D. 0.25 HM coarse ware rim sherd with a thickened lip, flattened on top, probably from a large jar or pithos. 566. Bowl: inv. 67-435F Pis. 54, 144 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 P.H. 0.05, D. 0.35 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large bowl with a slightly thickened lip. 567. Dolium: inv. 67-436A Pl. 144 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 P.H. 0.278, D. 0.26 HM coarse ware rim and body sherd of a do­ lium with part of one slightly raised lug handle preserved. 568. Rim sherd: inv. 67-433B Pl. 144 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 P.H. 0.046 HM coarse ware rim sherd with part of a curved cordon handle preserved.

211

569. Jar/bowl (?): inv. 67-434C Pl. 144 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.041, D. 0.16 HM coarse ware rim sherd probably from a jar or bowl. 570. Jar: inv. 67-434D Pl. 144 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.055, D. 0.22 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a jar with a slightly concave neck. 571. Handle: inv. 67-435B Pis. 54, 145 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 P.D. 0.048 χ 0.028 HM coarse ware handle fragment with a round section and a squared outline. 572. Bowl: inv. 67-435A Pis. 54, 145 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 P.H. 0.055, D. 0.27 HM coarse ware joining rim sherds of a bowl with a slightly everted rim and a horizontal cor­ don. 573. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-447A Pl. 145 Trench 31E, stratum 4, ceramic oven base P.H. 0.12, D. 0.34 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a large jar or dolium with one raised lug handle preserved. 574. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-435D Pis. 54, 145 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 P.H. 0.042, D. 0.16 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a small jar or dolium with a slightly thickened rim and a hori­ zontal impressed cordon. 575. Bowl: inv. 67-446A Pl. 145 Trench 31E, stratum 4, sherd base B P.H. 0.07, D. 0.28 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval bowl. 576. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-436C Trench 3IE, stratum 4

Pl. 145

212

CHAPTER VI

P.H. 0.075, D. 0.19 HM coarse ware rim sherd of a carinated bowl with a raised loop handle above the rim. 577. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-738 Pis. 54, 146 Trench 31E, stratum 4, oven floor H. 0.13, D. 0.23 HM coarse ware carinated bowl with a raised loop handle above the rim (about half the vessel missing). Partly restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find V. 578. Tubular object: inv. 67-736 Pis. 54, 146 Trench 31E, stratum 4 H. 0.076, M.W. 0.084 HM coarse ware cylindrical object, open at both ends, with slightly concave sides. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find L. 579. Tubular object: inv. 67-737 Pis. 54, 146 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 H. 0.134, M.W. 0.11 HM coarse ware cylindrical object, open at both ends, slightly tapering to one end. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find M. 580. Tubular object: inv. 67-741 Pis. 54, 146 Trench 31E, stratum 4 H. 0.138, M.W. 0.085 HM coarse ware cylindrical object, open at both ends. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find N. 581. Jar: inv. 67-434E Pis. 54, 146 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 P.H. 0.028, D. 0.14 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a jar with three shallow horizontal incised lines. Traces of dark gray burnish on the interior. 582. Jar: inv. 67-434F Pl. 146 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.035, D. 0.22 Medium coarse ware rim sherd, probably from a jar with an outcurved neck, with traces of

dark burnish on the interior and exterior. Possibly wheelmade. 583. Amphora: inv. 67-435G Pis. 54, 146 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.045, D. 0.19 Medium coarse ware rim sherd, probably from an amphora, with faint traces of orangebrown burnish. Possibly wheelmade. 584. Carinated cup: inv. 67-955 Pl. 147 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 P.H. 0.122, D. 0.20 WM medium coarse ware carinated cup (handle and part of vessel missing), painted with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) plumes on a very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. Partly restored. 585. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-434B Pl. 147 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.043, D. 0.20 Medium fine ware rim sherd from a carinated bowl, with burnished very dark gray (7.5YR N/3) painted vertical bands around the exterior of the rim and curved bands below, on a light gray (10YR 7/2) slip. Possibly handmade. 586. Handle: inv. 67-436D Pl. 147 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.042 Medium fine ware fragment of a handle, possibly from an amphora, with traces of faded reddish brown painted bands and worn burnish on a very pale brown slip. 587. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-435C Pis. 54, 147 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.037, D. 0.16 WM medium fine ware rim sherd from a carinated bowl, with very worn painted reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) triangles on a reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric. 588. Base sherd: inv. 67-434G Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.03, D. 0.10

Pl. 147

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS WM medium fine ware base sherd with faded reddish brown (5YR 5/4) painted plumes on a reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) surface. Part of an incised line is preserved on the underside. 589. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-433A Pl. 147 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.121, D. 0.32 WM medium coarse ware rim and body sherd from a large carinated bowl with a raised loop handle on the rim. Painted with light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) vertical bands around the exterior of the rim and plumes below and on the interior, on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) surface. 590. Bowl: inv. 67-436B Pl. 148 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.H. 0.036, D. 0.19 WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a thickened lip. 591. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-729 Trench 31E, stratum 4 H. 0.019, D. 0.0275 Biconical form.

Pl. 148

592. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-919 Pl. 148 Trench 31E, stratum 4 H. 0.028, D. 0.034 Biconical form with groups of concentric incised lines (nearly half missing). Similar to nos. 93, 612, and 613. 593. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-629 Pl. 148 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 H. 0.032, D. 0.036 Conical form with slightly curved top and bottom. 594. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-630 Pl. 148 Trench 31E, stratum 4 H. 0.024, D. 0.035 Biconical form, nearly half missing. 595. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-730 Trench 31E, stratum 4

Pl. 148

213

H. 0.024, D. 0.031 Conical form. 596. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-727 Trench 31E, stratum 4 H. 0.029, D. 0.031 Biconical form.

Pl. 148

597. Loom weight: inv. 67-739 Pl. 148 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 H. 0.132, M.W. 0.077 Large pyramidal loomweight with a flat top and a horizontal hole for suspension. 598. Cooking stand: inv. 67-437D Pl. 148 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 H. 0.52, M.W. 0.68 Cooking stand, with four evenly spaced holes or flues and a smaller central hole on the flat top. Enclosed on three sides with an opening at the front for access. Coarse, reddened fabric with a rough surface. Similar to nos. 257 and 258. Extensively restored on a plaster base. 599. Pithos: inv. 68-88 Pl. 149 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 H. 0.967, D. 0.38 Pithos with three equidistant vertical handles located on the shoulder and a slightly grainy surface due to the presence of numerous dark grit inclusions in the fabric, covered by a very pale brown slip. Similar to nos. 531, 551, 552, and 614. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find O. 600. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-437A Pl. 149 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.H. 0.06, D. 0.13 HM coarse ware rim sherd from an oval jar or dolium with one raised lug handle attached. 601. Jar/dolium: inv. 67-437B Pis. 54, 149 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.H. 0.075, D. 0.16 HM coarse ware rim sherd from an oval jar or dolium with an impressed horizontal cordon attached to a raised lug handle.

214

CHAPTER VI

602. Bowl: inv. 67-437E Pl. 149 Trench 31F, stratum 4 P.H. 0.05, D. 0.32 HM coarse ware rim sherd from a bowl with traces of burnish. 603. Carinated cup: inv. 67-437F Pl. 149 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.H. 0.046, D. 0.10 HM coarse ware rim sherd from a carinated cup. 604. Jug: inv. 67-437H Pl. 149 Trench 31F, stratum 4 P.H. 0.126 WM medium coarse ware jug (one side and the upper part of the vessel missing) with a globular body, raised rim-to-shoulder handle and a shallow base ring. Very worn dark gray burnt surface. 605. Amphora: inv. 68-483 Pl. 150 Trench 31F, stratum 4 P.H. 0.33 WM medium fine ware amphora (rim, base, and one side missing) with one horizontal loop handle preserved on the widest point. Traces of a very pale brown slip on the exterior.

608. Bowl: inv. 67-437G Pl. 150 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.H. 0.03, D. 0.21 WM medium fine ware rim sherd of a bowl with a slightly thickened internal lip and traces of dark gray burnish on the interior and exterior. 609. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-845 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.H. 0.023, D. 0.041 Conical form, top part missing.

Pl. 150

610. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-846 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 H. 0.024, D. 0.032 Biconical form.

Pl. 150

611. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-807 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 H. 0.031, D. 0.031 Conical form.

Pis. 52, 150

612. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-787 Pis. 52, 150 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 H. 0.035, D. 0.038 Biconical form with three groups of incised diagonal lines on one face. Similar to nos. 93, 592, and 613.

606. Carinated bowl: inv. 67-437C Pis. 54, 150 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.H. 0.035, D. 0.20 WM medium fine ware joining rim sherds from a carinated bowl with perforations beside the break, possibly ancient repair holes. Traces of a worn red (2.5YR 5/6) striated slip on the exterior reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) surface.

613. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-808 Pl. 150 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 H. 0.029, D. 0.039 Biconical form with three groups of incised diagonal lines on one face. Similar to nos. 93, 592, and 612.

607. Body sherd: inv. 67-789 Pis. 54, 150 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.H. 0.074 WM medium fine ware body sherd with rather faded and flaked dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) painted triangular motifs and wavy lines on a reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) surface with traces of worn burnish.

614. Pithos: inv. 68-304 Pis. 55, 151 Trench 3IG, stratum 4 H. 1.10, D. 0.46 Large pithos with three equidistant vertical handles located on the shoulder, one of which has an incised up-turned V (like no. 552). Coarse grainy surface due to a large quantity of black grit inclusions in the fabric, covered with a pale brown

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

215

slip. Similar to nos. 531, 551, 552, and 599. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find S.

WM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a thickened lip.

615. Jar/dolium: inv. 68-439E Pis. 55, 151 Trench 31G, stratum 4 P.H. 0.046, D. 0.18 HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with a horizontal incised cordon and a curved cordon below.

621. "Milk-boiler": inv. 68-466 Pl. 152 Trench 3IG, stratum 4 P.H. 0.08, M.W. 0.112 HM medium coarse ware conical object, or "milk-boiler," open at both ends and covered with small perforations. Top part missing. Same form as no. 169. Partly restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find P.

616. Carinated cup: inv. 68-476 Pis. 55, 151 Trench 3IG, stratum 4 H. 0.092, D. 0.146 Medium coarse ware carinated cup with a streaked dark reddish brown burnished slip on the interior and exterior. Probably wheelmade. Restored. 617. Amphora: inv. 68-485 Pis. 55, 151 Trench 3IG, stratum 4 P.H. 0.33 WM medium fine ware amphora with two raised horizontal loop handles set at the widest point (rim and neck missing). Slightly rough, grainy surface with a very pale brown slip. Restored.

622. Spindle whorl: inv. 68-439A Trench 31G, stratum 4 P.H. 0.022, D. 0.03 Biconical form.

Pl. 152

623. Spindle whorl: inv. 68-127 Pl. 152 Trench 31G, stratum 4 H. 0.024, D. 0.032 Biconical form with incised lines on one face. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find Q. 624. Spindle whorl: inv. 68-439C Trench 3IG, stratum 4 H. 0.016, D. 0.016 Conical form, half missing.

Pl. 152

618. Body sherd: inv. 68-439B Pl. 152 Trench 31G, stratum 4 P.H. 0.07 WM medium fine ware body sherd with painted grayish brown (10YR 5/2) bands on a very pale brown (10YR 7/4) surface.

625. Spindle whorl: inv. 68-82 Pl. 152 Trench 31G, stratum 4 H. 0.016, D. 0.021 Oval form. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find T.

619. Bowl: inv. 68-439D Pl. 152 Trench 3IG, stratum 4 H. 0.046, D. 0.12 WM medium coarse ware bowl with traces of a dark gray (10YR 4/1) burnished slip on the interior and exterior.

626. Terracotta object: inv. 68-440A Pl. 152 Trench 3IG, stratum 4 H. 0.013, D. 0.019 Round terracotta object of uncertain function, flattened on one side with a small circular impression.

620. Bowl: inv. 68-440B Trench 31G, stratum 4 P.H. 0.064

627. Jar/dolium: inv. 68-444B Trench 3IG, stratum 4A P.H. 0.063, D. 0.18

Pl. 152

Pl. 153

CHAPTER VI

216

HM coarse ware rim sherd of an oval jar or dolium with part of a raised lug handle preserved attached to a horizontal impressed cordon. 628. Jar/dolium: inv. 68-444A

PL. 153

Trench 31G, stratum 4A P.H. 0.057, D. 0.14

METAL 634. Arrowhead: inv. 67-344 Trench 31 A, stratum 4

Pl. 154

L. 0.027, M.W. 0.01 Bronze arrowhead with a circular shaft hole, barb, and sharp tapered point with a quadrangular section.

HM coarse ware rim sherd of a jar or small dolium with a horizontal impressed cordon. 629. Carinated cup: inv. 68-475

Pis. 55, 153

Trench 31G, stratum 4A H. 0.093, D. 0.115

635. Ring(?): inv. 67-345 Pl. 154 Trench 31 A, stratum 4 P.L. 0.022, M.W. 0.004 Bronze curved fragment with a quadrangu­ lar section. Perhaps part of a ring.

Medium coarse ware carinated cup with traces of dark burnished slip on the interior and exterior. Probably handmade. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 18, find R. 630. Carinated bowl: inv. 68-444D

Pl. 153

Trench 31G, stratum 4A

636. Button: inv. 67-586 Pl. 154 Trench 31C, stratum 4 D. 0.012 Bronze circular button with a hemispherical section and an internal loop. Oxidized and broken. Found in dolium no. 556.

P.H. 0.087, D. 0.20 WM medium fine ware rim and body sherd of a carinated bowl with a raised loop handle lo­ cated on the rim. Burnished brown slip on the interior and exterior, with a series of vertical bands around the rim on a very pale orange fabric. 631. Jar(?): inv. 68-477 Trench 31G, stratum 4A H. 0.099, W. 0.105 Jar(?) with incised motifs (not illustrated). 632. Spindle whorl: inv. 67-917

Pis. 52, 153

Trench 3IF, stratum 4A H. 0.023, D. 0.032 Biconical form. 633. Loomweight: inv. 68-444C

637. Sheet fragment: inv. 67-793 Pl. 154 Trench 31E, stratum 4 D. 0.018 Sheet bronze fragment, folded over at one side, with a central hole. 638. Fragment: inv. 67-794 Pl. 154 Trench 31E, stratum 4 D. 0.02 χ 0.023 Bronze fragment with smooth edges, possi­ bly a casting spill. 639. Button: inv. 67-548 Pl. 154 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 D. 0.013 Bronze circular button with a curved section and an internal loop.

Pl. 153

Trench 31G, stratum 4A P.H. 0.05, M.W. 0.045 Conical loomweight, lower part missing.

640. Button: inv. 67-627 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 Bronze button fragments (not illustrated).

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS 641. Button: inv. 67-726 Trench 31E, stratum 4 Bronze button fragments (not illustrated). 642. Button: inv. 67-728 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.D. 0.008 Bronze button fragments (not illustrated). 643. Wire: inv. 67-742 Pl. 154 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 P.L. 0.02, W. 0.003 Bronze wire or rod fragment with a square section. 644. Spiral: inv. 67-628 Trench 3IE, stratum 4 D. 0.012 (reconstructed) Bronze spiral fragment.

Pl. 154

645. Sheet fragment: inv. 67-900 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 D. 0.031 χ 0.019 Fragment of oxidized sheet bronze.

Pl. 154

646. Ring(?): inv. 67-925 Pl. 154 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.L. 0.019, T. 0.002 Bronze curved fragment with a round sec­ tion. Perhaps part of a ring. 647. Awl(?): inv. 67-950 Pl. 154 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.L. 0.036, M.W. 0.004 Bronze pointed implement, possibly an awl, with a quadrangular section. 648. Button: inv. 67-790 Pl. 154 Trench 31F, stratum 4 D. 0.008 Bronze circular button with a hemispherical section and an internal loop, heavily oxidized and broken.

217

649. Button: inv. 67-918 Pl. 154 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 D. 0.007 Bronze circular button with a hemispherical section and an internal loop, heavily oxidized and broken. 650. Razor: inv. 67-924 Pis. 55, 154 Trench 31F, stratum 4 P.L. 0.067, M.W. 0.04, M.T. 0.001 Bronze razor fragments consisting of a piece of sheet bronze, broken on three sides and part of handle attached at one side. Partly restored. 651. Pin/needle: inv. 67-791 Pl. 154 Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.L. 0.051, M.W. 0.002 (reconstructed) Five fragments of a bronze pin or needle with a pointed tip and part of the eye preserved at the opposite end. 652. Button: inv. 68-306 Pl. 154 Trench 31G, stratum 4 D. 0.013 Bronze circular button with a curved sec­ tion, heavily oxidized. 653. Button: inv. 68-343 Pl. 155 Trench 3IG, stratum 4 P.D. 0.005 Central part of a bronze circular button with an internal loop, heavily oxidized and with bro­ ken edges. 654. Button: inv. 68-308 Pl. 155 Trench 31G, stratum 4 D. 0.013 Circular bronze button with a curved section and an internal loop. 655. Ring: inv. 68-369 Trench 31G, stratum 4

Pl. 155

218

CHAPTER VI D. 0.018 Bronze ring with a semicircular section.

tiguous side has a narrow groove along it. Cracks on the surfaces.

656. Fibula: inv. 68-312 Pl. 155 Trench 31G, stratum 4 P.L. 0.038 Bronze fibula foreleg and catchplate with a circular section and decoration of incised rings.

661. Mould: inv. 67-519 Pis. 56, 156 Trench 3IC, stratum 4 D. 0.093 χ 0.056, M.T. 0.031 Block of limestone with a mould for casting on one face. The form of the concave impression resembles that of a dagger sheath, although some other implement, perhaps a handle, may have been cast in it.

657. Fragment: inv. 68-439G Pl. 155 Trench 31G, stratum 4 P.L. 0.02 Fragment of curved bronze with a round section. STONE

658. Mould (?): inv. 67-953 Pis. 55, 155 Trench 31C, stratum 4 D. 0.102 χ 0.077, M.T. 0.035 Block of yellow-white limestone with flat faces, possibly part of a mould, with a small Vshaped groove or notch at one edge. 659. Mould: inv. 67-952 Pis. 56, 155 Trench 3IC, stratum 4 D. 0.09 χ 0.054, M.T. 0.023 Block of white limestone with flat faces, pos­ sibly part of the same mould as no. 660. One broad face is rough and the opposite face is smooth and flat, bordered on one side by a slightly raised and curved edge, possibly for casting a wide, flat im­ plement such as an axe. One side has a deep groove with a raised central ridge. Cracks on the surfaces. 660. Mould: inv. 67-587 Pis. 56, 156 Trench 3IC, stratum 4 D. 0.092 χ 0.07, M.T. 0.041 Block of white limestone with flat faces, pos­ sibly part of the same mould as no. 659. One broad face is rough and chipped while the opposite face is smooth and flat, bordered on one side by a slightly raised and curved edge. One side has a deep groove with a raised central ridge, and a con­

662. Grinding stone/pestle: inv. 67-589 Pl. 156 Trench 3IC, stratum 4 D. 0.058 χ 0.065 Rounded grinding stone or pestle with slightly flattened sides and one large chip on one face. 663. Grinding stone/pestle: inv. 67-590 Pl. 33 Trench 3IC, stratum 4 D. 0.06 Rounded pestle or grinding stone with slight traces of pecking and scoring. 664. Axe: inv. 67-591 Pis. 56, 156 Trench 31E, stratum 4 L. 0.066, M.W. 0.05, M.T. 0.022 Ground stone axe with a smooth surface, chipped around the butt and sides. Basalt. (R. Leighton, "Ground Stone Tools from Serra Or­ lando [Morgantina] and Stone Axe Studies in Sicily and Southern Italy," PPS 55 [1989] no. 45). 665. Quartzite flake: inv. 67-434A Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.L. 0.034, M.W. 0.024 Waste flake or shatter fragment.

Pl. 156

666. Flint flake/blade: inv. 67-632 Pl. 156 Trench 31E, stratum 4 P.L. 0.053, M.W. 0.02 Curved flake or blade with a trapezoidal sec­ tion.

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

667. Mould: inv. 67-740

Pis. 56, 157

671. Millstone: inv. 67-916

219

Pis. 57, 158

Trench 3IE, stratum 4

Trench 3IF, stratum 4

P.L. 0.194, M.W. 0.044 Part of a mould from a block of white lime­

P.L. 0.22, M.W. 0.186, M.T. 0.08 Lava millstone of elliptical shape, with both

stone with a quadrangular section, slightly taper­ ing towards one end, which is heavily chipped and was found broken (restored). One face has seven

ends missing. Plano-convex in cross-section with a smooth, concave grinding surface. Rather vesicu­ lar basalt.

rings (D. 0.013) with central holes, linked by a pour channel. Another face has the impression of a

672. Grinding stone: inv. 68-439F

Pl. 158

(L. 0.155) with a flat tip at one end, perhaps the butt, and a transverse groove near the other end. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. XXIII:5).

Trench 31G, stratum 4 D. 0.07 Rounded sandstone grinder with slightly faceted faces.

668. Mould: inv. 67-901

673. Axe: inv. 67-951

long

tapering implement of uncertain form

Pis. 56, 157

Trench 3IF, stratum 4 L. 0.245, M.W. 0.043 Part of a mould from a block of white lime­ stone with an irregular quadrangular/hexagonal section and one flat face for casting, with the im­ pressions of seven rings (D. 0.02-0.027) and central holes. The ring at one end is linked to a groove resembling a pour channel, while the other rings are separate from each other. Extensive surface discoloration and cracking. For the findspot, see

Pis. 56, 158

Trench 3IF, stratum 4A L. 0.049, M.W. 0.043, M.T. 0.009 Greenstone (tremolite-antigorite) axe with a smooth polished surface, broken at one corner of the cutting edge and heavily chipped around the butt and on one face, with an unfinished circular drill hole. (R. Leighton, "Ground Stone Tools from Serra Orlando [Morgantina] and Stone Axe Studies in Sicily and Southern Italy," PPS 55 [1989] no. 46).

Fig. 18, find U. 674. Obsidian blade: inv. 68-205A 669. Millstone: inv. 67-914

Pis. 57, 157

Trench 31F, stratum 4 P.L. 0.28, M.W. 0.25, M.T. 0.09 Lava millstone, approximately elliptical in shape, with one end missing and broken at the corners. Plano-convex in cross-section with a flat,

Pl. 158

Trench 3IF, stratum 4A P.L. 0.025, M.W. 0.013 Blade fragment with a trapezoidal section.

smooth grinding surface. Rather vesicular basalt. Restored from two pieces.

675. Obsidian blade: inv. 68-205B Pl. 158 Trench 31F, stratum 4A P.L. 0.013, M.W. 0.015 Blade fragment with a triangular section.

670. Millstone: inv. 67-915

BONE

Pis. 57, 158

Trench 3IF, stratum 4 P.L. 0.13, M.W. 0.19, M.T. 0.084 Part of a lava millstone, probably of ellipti­ cal shape, with one end missing. Plano-convex in cross-section with a flat, smooth grinding surface. Rather vesicular basalt.

676. Spatula: inv. 68-98 Pl. 158 Trench 31G, stratum 3 P.L. 0.055, M.W. 0.015, M.T. 0.005 Spatula with long handle or tang, broken at one end, and a small perforation. (Allen, "Iron Age Morgantina," pi. LXV, fig. 1, lower right).

220

CHAPTER VI

Area III, Necropolis IV, Tomb 4 POTTERY

677. Bowl: inv. 70-15 Pl. 159 Tomb 4 H. 0.085, D. 0.164 HM medium coarse ware bowl with a slightly splayed rim. Partly restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. 678. Jug: inv. 70-16 Pis. 57, 159 Tomb 4 H. 0.089, D. 0.043 HM medium coarse ware small jug with a vertical handle and a slightly pinched, almost tre­ foil rim. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. 679. Carinated bowl: inv. 70-20 Pl. 159 Tomb 4 P.H. 0.075 HM medium coarse ware carinated bowl (rim and neck missing) with one perforated hor­ izontal lug handle preserved on the carination (perhaps originally three). Very worn and flaking surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. 680. Bowl: inv. 70-21 Pis. 57, 159 Tomb 4 H. 0.115, D. 0.22 HM medium coarse ware bowl with a raised handle on the rim, squared in section, and one circular boss opposite. Rather worn and cracked surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. METAL

681. Fibula: inv. 70-17 Pis. 58, 159 Tomb 4 L. 0.153 Iron serpentine fibula, heavily corroded, pin missing. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. 682. Bead: inv. 70-18 Tomb 4 L. 0.043, M.T. 0.01

Pis. 57, 159

Bronze bead with a central bulge. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. 683. Bead: inv. 70-19A Pis. 58, 159 Tomb 4 D. 0.016 χ 0.015, M.T. 0.007 Bronze circular bead with a central hole. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. 684. Coil: inv. 70-19B Pis. 58, 159 Tomb 4 P.L. 0.033, M.D. 0.011 Tapered bronze coil, incomplete. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. 685. Coil: inv. 70-19C Pis. 58, 159 Tomb 4 P.L. 0.016, M.D. 0.013 Tapered bronze coil, incomplete. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. 686. Coil: inv. 70-19E Pis. 58, 159 Tomb 4 P.L. 0.017, M.D. 0.008 Tapered bronze coil, incomplete. For the findspot, see Fig. 28. GLASS PASTE

687. Bead: inv. 70-19D Pis. 58, 159 Tomb 4 H. 0.01, D. 0.011 Greenish-blue bead, half preserved, with traces of an iron pin on the central perforation. Possibly part of an earring. For the findspot, see Fig. 28.

Area III, Necropolis IV, Tomb 5 688. Jug: inv. 70-22 Pis. 57, 160 Tomb 5 P.H. 0.084 HM medium coarse ware jug (rim and verti­ cal handle missing) with a single incised horizon­ tal line around the widest point and three groups

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS of concentric diagonal lines around the shoulder forming a triangular pattern. Very worn and flaked fabric with faint traces of orange burnish. For the findspot, see Fig. 29.

Area HI, Necropolis IV, Tomb 6 POTTERY

689. Bowl: inv. 70-23 Pis. 58, 160 Tomb 6, stratum 2 H. 0.078, D. 0.155 HM coarse ware bowl with four equidistant horizontal lug handles located beneath the rim. Very worn and slightly cracked surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 30. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. XXVII:2)

690. Bowl: inv. 70-27 Pis. 58, 160 Tomb 6, stratum 3 H. 0.083, D. 0.212 HM coarse ware bowl with a slightly concave base and four equidistant horizontal lug handles located beneath the rim. Very worn, slightly flaked and cracked surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 691. Bowl: inv. 70-30 Pis. 59, 160 Tomb 6, stratum 3 H. 0.107, D. 0.236 HM coarse ware bowl with four equidistant horizontal lug handles located beneath the rim. Rather worn surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 692. Bowl: inv. 70-32 Pis. 59, 160 Tomb 6, stratum 3 H. 0.155, D. 0.235 HM coarse ware bowl with two curved cordon handles and two raised lug handles located beneath the rim. Rather worn surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 693. Bowl: inv. 70-25 Tomb 6, stratum 3

Pis. 59, 161

221

H. 0.088, D. 0.18 HM coarse ware bowl with four equidistant horizontal loop handles. Rather worn surface. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 694. Askos: inv. 70-31 Pis. 59, 161 Tomb 6, stratum 3 H. 0.124 HM medium coarse ware askos with a globular body and neck set at an angle. Worn and flaking surface with traces of a brown burnished slip. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. (Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. xxvir.3). 695. Askos: inv. 70-26 Pis. 59, 161 Tomb 6, stratum 3 H. 0.136 WM medium coarse ware carinated askos with the neck set at an angle and part of the interior strainer preserved. Four incised shallow horizontal lines with groups of thin painted lines in a metopal arrangement around the shoulder. Very worn traces of orange burnish. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 696. Askos: inv. 70-28 Pis. 59, 161 Tomb 6, stratum 3 H. 0.145 WM medium coarse ware askos with the neck set at an angle and traces of a very pale brown slip. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 697. Jug: inv. 70-29 Pis. 60, 161 Tomb 6, stratum 3 H. 0.136 WM medium coarse ware jug with a globular body and a pinched, almost trefoil, rim. Very worn traces of reddish brown burnish and heavily pitted surface beneath handle. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 698. Bowl: inv. 70-33 Tomb 6, stratum 3 H. 0.077, D. 0.059

Pis. 60, 161

222

CHAPTER VI

WM medium coarse ware biconical bowl with two opposing perforated pointed lug handles. Row of incised triangles hatched in one direction around the shoulder. Very worn, cracked and flaked surface with faint traces of orange bur­ nish. Restored. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. (Al­ len, "Per una defmizione," pi. xxvni:3). METAL

699. Ring: inv. 70-24A Pis. 60, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 D. 0.025, M.T. 0.006 Bronze ring with a round section. Slightly corroded. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 700. Bead: inv. 70-24C Pis. 60, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 D. 0.01, M.T. 0.006 Bronze bead with a round section and a small central hole. Found inside the larger bronze ring (no. 699). Slightly corroded. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 701. Chain: inv. 70-24B Pis. 60, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 Bronze chain with single links of oval and round rings, the ends pressed together. About forty-three links (D. 0.008-0.013). Heavily oxi­ dized. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. (PR XI, pi. 73:10; Allen, "Per una defmizione," pi. xxvill:2). 702. Bead: inv. 70-38 Pis. 60, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 D. 0.013, M.T. 0.006 Bronze circular bead with part of an iron pin preserved in the central hole. Heavily corroded. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 703. Ring: inv. 70-40A Pis. 60, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 D. 0.05 χ 0.054 Bronze oval ring with a flat section and cen­ tra] hole. Four joining pieces. Heavily oxidized. For the findspot, see Fig. 31.

704. Pin: inv. 70-40B Pis. 60, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 L. 0.055, M.T. 0.003 Bronze pin with a pointed tip. Twojoining pieces. Heavily oxidized. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 705. Ring: inv. 70-41 Pis. 60, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 D. 0.05, M.T. 0.01 Bronze ring with a round section. Slightly corroded. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 706. Ring: inv. 70-42 Pis. 61, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 D. 0.04, M.T. 0.005 Bronze ring with a round section. Slightly corroded. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 707. Ring: inv. 70-43 Pis. 61, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 D. 0.025, M.T. 0.002 Bronze ring with a round section. Slightly corroded. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 708. Bead: inv. 70-43B Pl. 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 M.D. 0.044, M.T. 0.003 Bronze curved wire with a round section and a circular bronze bead inserted on it (D. 0.015). For the area of the find, see Fig. 31. 709. Fibula: inv. 70-34A Pis. 58, 162 Tomb 6, stratum 3 L. 0.135 Iron serpentine fibula with traces of two springs or knobs on the bow (most of the pin missing). Very corroded. A circular bone disk (D. 0.039) is inserted at the base of the pin. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. 710. Ring (?): inv. 70-34B Tomb 6, stratum 3 P.L. 0.026

Pl. 163

223

CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

Iron curved fragment with a flat section, pos­ sibly part of a ring. Very corroded. For the area of the find, see Fig. 31. 711. Fibula: inv. 70-35 Pis. 61, 163 Tomb 6, stratum 3 P.L. 0.14 Iron serpentine fibula with a curved bow and two springs (part of the pin and catchplate missing). Very corroded. A circular bone disk (D. 0.056) was found inserted on the pin. For the findspot, see Fig. 31. (PR XI, pi. 73:9; Allen, "Per una definizione," pi. XXVIII:1).

716. Bowl: inv. 70-39C

Pis. 57, 163

Outside tomb 6, stratum 3 P.H. 0.066, D. 0.24 HM medium coarse ware rim sherd of a bowl with a thickened lip and a horizontal lug handle on the shoulder. Traces of burning beneath the handle.

Material from Archaic Levels AREA III, TRENCH 6B

717. Fibula: inv. 57-2438

Pis. 61, 164

Trench 6B, stratum 2 712. Fibula: inv. 70-36 Pis. 61, 163 Tomb 6, stratum 3 P.L. 0.088 Iron fibula fragment, probably from the curved bow of a serpentine form, with four bronze rings inserted at one end. Very corroded. For the findspot, see Fig. 31.

L. 0.075, M.T. 0.01 Bronze serpentine or elbow fibula with a round section (foreleg, catchplate, and most of the pin missing). Heavily oxidized. AREA III, TRENCH 8A

718. Body sherd: inv. 59-1880 713. Fibula/ring (?): inv. 70-37 Pl. 163 Tomb 6, stratum 3 P.L. 0.036 Iron fragment, possibly from an arched fib­ ula bow or a ring, with an oval section. Very cor­ roded. GLASS PASTE

714. Bead: inv. 70-39A Pis. 61,163 Tomb 6, stratum 3 D. 0.01, M.T. 0.004 Circular white bead decorated with three in­ cised rings ("eyes") with a yellow filling. For the findspot, see Fig. 31.

Fragments Outside Tomb 6 715. Base sherd: inv. 70-39B Pis. 57, 163 Outside tomb 6, stratum 3 P.H. 0.05 WM medium fine ware tapered base sherd with faded reddish brown painted vertical lines on a very pale brown exterior.

Pis. 61, 164

Trench 8A, stratum 4 P.H. 0.025 WM fine ware sherd with a painted horizon­ tal reddish brown (5YR 4/4) streaked band, and a row of dots on the very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric. Traces of red (2.5YR 4/8) slip on the inte­ rior, mostly flaked away. Middle Corinthian. Pos­ sibly from a cup with a slightly offset rim; see chapter II n. 19. (PR IV, 134, pi. 30, fig. 39:b; R. Leighton, "Mycenaean Pottery at Morgantina,"

AJA 88 [1984] 389-91). AREA III, TRENCH 7

719. Body sherd: inv. 59-1401 Pl. 164 Trench 7, stratum 3 P.H. 0.033 WM fine ware sherd with painted horizontal red (2.5YR 4/6) bands and rows of dots on the pink (7.5YR 7/4) fabric. 720. Body sherd: inv. 59-1600 Trench 7, stratum 4 P.H. 0.032

Pis. 61, 164

224

CHAPTER VI

WM fine ware sherd with horizontal reddish brown (5YR 4/4) bands and the edge of tongues on the very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric. Middle Corinthian. Probably a Linear Style round arybalos; see chapter II, n. 19. (PR IV, 134, pi. 30, fig. 39:a; R. Leighton, "Mycenaean Pottery at Morgantina," AJA 88 [1984] 389-91).

721. Body sherd: inv. 59-1633 Pl. 164 Trench 7, stratum 4 P.H. 0.047 WM fine ware sherd with part of a painted horizontal reddish brown (5YR 4/4) band and concentric circles on the very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric. Possibly from an amphora.

Table of Relative Proportions of Weighed Pottery

TRENCH 2, PROBE A/F Stratum 6-6A

HM coarse Burnished WM Siculan geometric WM plain

4800 gr: 72% 260 gr: 4% 810 gr: 12% 790 gr: 12%

Stratum 7

HM coarse Plumed Incised Painted geometric

1560 gr: 72% 20 gr: 1% 50 gr: 2% 540 gr: 25%

Stratum TA

HM coarse Incised Painted geometric

1370 gr: 76% 100 gr: 5.5% 335 gr: 18.5%

Stratum 8

HM coarse Plumed Incised Painted geometric

837 gr: 84% 20 gr: 2% 50 gr: 5% 90 gr: 9%

HM coarse Burnished Plumed WM plain Painted geometric

27900 gr: 470 gr: 1.5% 730 gr: 2.5% 2400 gr: 7.5% 140 gr: 0.5%

Strata 4-6

OO OO

TRENCH 10

TRENCH 16 WEST Strata 3A-4

HM coarse Burnished Plumed WM plain

10800 gr: 64% 500 gr: 3% 70 gr: 0.5% 5525 gr: 32.5%

TRENCH 29 (1963) Stratum 4

HM coarse Plumed WM Siculan geometric WM plain Incised Greek imported Painted geometric

1000 gr: 20% 450 gr: 9% 2100 gr: 42% 600 gr: 12% 150 gr: 3% 200 gr: 4% 500 gr: 10%

226 Stratum 5

P R O P O R T I O N S OF W E I G H E D P O T T E R Y H M coarse PLUMED W M

SICULAN GEOMETRIC

PAINTED GEOMETRIC

STRATUM 6A

H M

COARSE

PLUMED W M

PLAIN

PAINTED GEOMETRIC

STRATUM 6B

H M

COARSE

7 2 5 0 gr: 74.5% 5 0 GR: 0 . 5 %

1 9 0 GR: 2 %

3 6 4 0 0 GR: 9 3 . 5 % 1 7 0 GR: 0 . 4 %

2 0 0 GR: 0 . 5 %

— •

4 9 0 0 GR: 9 0 . 4 % 1 0 0 GR: 1 . 8 %

BURNISHED

1 5 0 GR: 2 . 8 %

W M

2 0 0 GR: 3 . 7 %

PAINTED GEOMETRIC

•

2 2 0 0 GR: 5 . 6 %

PLUMED

PLAIN

•

2 2 5 0 GR: 2 3 %

-

7 0 GR: 1 . 3 %

TRENCH 2 9 ( 1 9 6 7 ) STRATUM 5

H M

COARSE

1 0 0 GR: 1 . 4 %

PLUMED

1 9 5 GR: 2 . 7 %

W M

PLAIN

9 8 0 GR: 1 3 . 6 %

W M

SICULAN GEOMETRIC

2 0 0 GR: 2 . 7 %

—

1 2 7 GR: 1 . 7 %

-

INCISED

Greek imported

Stratum 5A

2710 gr: 37.5%

H M coarse

1100 gr: 53.6%

SICULAN GEOMETRIC

1 2 0 GR: 5 . 8 %

W M

PLAIN

3 0 0 GR: 1 4 . 6 %

INCISED

4 0 GR: 2 %

PAINTED GEOMETRIC

4 0 GR: 2 %

1 5 0 GR: 3 . 1 %

PLUMED

5 0 0 GR: 1 0 . 5 %

PLAIN

PAINTED GEOMETRIC

STRATUM 5C

H M

COARSE

BURNISHED

STRATUM 5D-G

1 0 0 GR: 2 . 1 %

1 3 4 5 GR: 2 3 . 5 %

H M

COARSE

—

-

3 3 0 GR: 5 . 7 %

W M

BURNISHED

-

2 7 5 0 GR: 4 8 %

1 0 8 0 GR: 1 8 . 8 %

PLAIN

—

1 2 5 0 GR: 2 6 . 3 %

PLUMED

PAINTED GEOMETRIC

— — — — — — —

2 7 6 0 GR: 5 8 %

BURNISHED

W M

-

450 gr: 22%

W M

H M COARSE

-

60 gr: 0.8%

Painted geometric

Plumed

STRATUM 5B

2 8 5 0 GR: 3 9 . 5 %

BURNISHED

2 3 0 GR: 4 %

—

—

3 5 7 5 GR: 8 3 . 8 % 7 0 GR: 1 . 6 %

-

PROPORTIONS OF WEIGHED POTTERY

Stratum 6

Plumed WM plain Painted geometric

195 gr: 4.5% 410 gr: 9.6% 20 gr: 0.5%

HM coarse Burnished Plumed WM plain Painted geometric

3990 gr: 36% 600 gr: 5.4% 1035 gr: 9.2% 2050 gr: 18.3% 3470 gr: 31.1%

HM coarse Burnished Plumed WM plain Painted geometric

69850 gr: 80% 1260 gr: 1.5% 6270 gr: 7% 9110 gr: 11% 390 gr: 0.5%

TRENCH 31

Strata 4-4A

Concordance of Inventory and Catalogue Numbers inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv.

57-89A 57-89B 57-89C 57-89D 57-89E 57-89F 57-90A 57-90B 57-90C 57-90D 57-90E 57-90F 57-90G 57-90H 57-90J 57-90K 57-9OL 57-90M 57-90N 57-90P 57-90Q 57-90R 57-97A 57-97B 57-97C 57-97D 57-97E 57-97F 57-97G 57-97H 57-97J 57-98A 57-98B 57-98C 57-98D 57-98E 57-98F 57-99A 57-2438 57-2797B 57-3088

76 78 77 127 128 129 79 90 80 141 81 82 142 91 92 83 85 84 86 87 88 89 68 63 65 64 62 66 125 126 67 72 70 69 73 71 74 94 717 130-139 143

inv. 57-3089 inv. 57-3090

75 93

inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv.

58-100A 58-100B 58-100C 58-101A 58-101B 58-101C 58-102A 58-102B 58-102C 58-103A 58-103B 58-103C 58-104A 58-104B 58-105A 58-106A 58-106B 58-107A 58-107B 58-107C 58-107D 58-107E 58-107F 58-108A 58-109A 58-109B 58-1560 58-1582 58-1583 58-2380

113 114 112 124 101 100 105 HO 111 116 97 % 98 106 107 108 109 102 103 104 115 117 118 95 119 120 121 122 123 144

inv. inv. inv. inv.

59-1401 59-1600 59-1633 59-1880

719 720 721 718

inv. 61-160A inv. 61-160B

152 155

inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv.

61-160C 61-160D 61-160E 61-160F 61-161A 61-161B 61-161C 61-161D 61-161E 61-162A 61-162B 61-166A 61-166B 61-376 61-377 61-912 61-1163 61-1167 61-1168 61-1169 61-1234 61-1235 61-1238 61-1240 61-1241 61-1286 61-1287 61-1294 61-1366

200 150 151 201 149 199 148 147 153 159 145 188 186 61 99 176 175 191 192 193 194 202 167 164 187 162 160 172 185

inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv.

62-163A 62-163B 62-163C 62-163D 62-434 62-485 62-551 62-552 62-553 62-574 62-593

154 146 157 158 198 170 178 168 173 179 182

230

CONCORDANCE

inv. 62-594 inv. 62-743 inv. 62-744 inv. 62-745 inv. 62-749 inv. 62-750 inv. 62-751

161 174 163 180 166 169 181

inv. 63-280A inv. 63-280B inv. 63-280C inv. 63-280D inv. 63-280E inv. 63-280F inv. 63-280G inv. 63-280H inv. 63-280J inv. 63-280K inv. 63-280L inv. 63-280M inv. 63-280N inv. 63-280P inv. 63-28IA inv. 63-281B inv. 63-28IC inv. 63-28ID inv. 63-281E inv. 63-28IF inv. 63-28IG inv. 63-28IH inv. 63-282A inv. 63-282B inv. 63-282C inv. 63-282D inv. 63-282E inv. 63-282F inv. 63-282G inv. 63-282H inv. 63-282J inv. 63-282K inv. 63-282L inv. 63-284A inv. 63-288A inv. 63-288B inv. 63-288C inv. 63-290A inv. 63-296A inv. 63-296B

213 205 221 206 208 209 212 228 225 226 224 229 230 231 249 252 241 240 243 247 253 254 239 244 236 242 246 251 238 237 250 248 245 291 270 262 271 333 318 336

inv. 63-296C inv. 63-296D inv. 63-296E inv. 63-301A inv. 63-1123 inv. 63-1204 inv. 63-1205 inv. 63-1206 inv. 63-1207 inv. 63-1208 inv. 63-1209 inv. 63-1210 inv. 63-1211 inv. 63-1212 inv. 63-1213 inv. 63-1214 inv. 63-1215 inv. 63-1260 inv. 63-1263 inv. 63-1264 inv. 63-1265 inv. 63-1284 inv. 63-1286 inv. 63-1287 inv. 63-1288 inv. 63-1291 inv. 63-1292 inv. 63-1293 inv. 63-1294 inv. 63-1296 inv. 63-1297 inv. 63-1298 inv. 63-1307 inv. 63-1332 inv. 63-1333 inv. 63-1334 inv. 63-1335 inv. 63-1337 inv. 63-1338 inv. 63-1342 inv. 63-1343 inv. 63-1344 inv. 63-1345 inv. 63-1346 inv. 63-1347 inv. 63-1348 inv. 63-1349 inv. 63-1350

337 309 319 261 234 207 219 215 218 227 204 328 298 297 340 341 324 339 233 220 217 216 235 325 326 331 203 276 279 211 214 232 292 223 338 255 332 342 329 222 301 302 320 345 300 299 334 343

inv. 63-1351 inv. 63-1352 inv. 63-1353 inv. 63-1354 inv. 63-1355 inv. 63-1356 inv. 63-1357 inv. 63-1358 inv. 63-1359 inv. 63-1360 inv. 63-1361 inv. 63-1364 inv. 63-1365 inv. 63-1366 inv. 63-1367 inv. 63-1369 inv. 63-1370 inv. 63-1371 inv. 63-1372 inv. 63-1378 inv. 63-1379 inv. 63-1380 inv. 63-1381 inv. 63-1383 inv. 63-1384 inv. 63-1385 inv. 63-1386 inv. 63-1387 inv. 63-1388 inv. 63-1389 inv. 63-1390 inv. 63-1391 inv. 63-1392 inv. 63-1393 inv. 63-1396 inv. 63-1397 inv. 63-1399 inv. 63-1401 inv. 63-1402 inv. 63-1403 inv. 63-1404 inv. 63-1405 inv. 63-1407 inv. 63-1408 inv. 63-1409 inv. 63-1410 inv. 63-1411 inv. 63-1412

323 312 344 317 321 327 265 266 273 294 272 278 313 314 210 267 277

280 335 330 322

260 256 263 257 264 259 258 293 268 286 310 311 274 165 190 189 171 184 287 275 269 290 289

288 316 284 285

CONCORDANCE inv. 63-1413 inv. 63-1415A inv. 63-1415B inv. 63-1415C inv. 63-1417 inv. 63-1419 inv. 63-1420 inv. 63-1421 inv. 63-1422 inv. 63-1423 inv. 63-1424 inv. 63-1425

296 282 283 295 281 308 307 306 303 304 305 315

inv. 67-286 inv. 67-325A inv. 67-326A inv. 67-326B inv. 67-326C inv. 67-326D inv. 67-326E inv. 67-326F inv. 67-326G inv. 67-328A inv. 67-328B inv. 67-328C inv. 67-329A inv. 67-329B inv. 67-330A inv. 67-330B inv. 67-331A inv. 67-333A inv. 67-333B inv. 67-333C inv. 67-334A inv. 67-335A inv. 67-335B inv. 67-337A inv. 67-338A inv. 67-338B inv. 67-339A inv. 67-340A inv. 67-340B inv. 67-340C inv. 67-340D inv. 67-340E inv. 67-340F inv. 67-340G inv. 67-340H

548 472 452 456 458 398 399 400 389 469 481 475 480 479 477 478 507 495 496 504 476 502 503 488 470 473 506 347 346 349 352 351 348 353 350

inv. 67-342 inv. 67-344 inv. 67-345 inv. 67-348A inv. 67-348B inv. 67-351A inv. 67-35IB inv. 67-351C inv. 67-352A inv. 67-352B inv. 67-352C inv. 67-352D inv. 67-354A inv. 67-354B inv. 67-354C inv. 67-354D inv. 67-354E inv. 67-354F inv. 67-358A inv. 67-358B inv. 67-358C inv. 67-359A inv. 67-359B inv. 67-359D inv. 67-359E inv. 67-362A inv. 67-362B inv. 67-362C inv. 67-366A inv. 67-366B inv. 67-366C inv. 67-366D inv. 67-366E inv. 67-367A inv. 67-368A inv. 67-369A inv. 67-369B inv. 67-369C inv. 67-370A inv. 67-37IB inv. 67-371C inv. 67-373A inv. 67-373B inv. 67-373C inv. 67-373D inv. 67-375A inv. 67-375B inv. 67-375C

549 634 635 375 365 410 411 413 383 373 370 367 362 368 359 360 374 376 397 392 388 390 402 403 401 499 501 500 384 366 382 381 372 378 377 361 371 379 358 387 386 363 364 380 369 412 408 416

inv. 67-375E inv. 67-376C inv. 67-376D inv. 67-376E inv. 67-377A inv. 67-39IA inv. 67-393A inv. 67-393B inv. 67-393C inv. 67-393D inv. 67-395A inv. 67-395B inv. 67-396A inv. 67-396B inv. 67-397A inv. 67-397B inv. 67-398A inv. 67-398B inv. 67-398C inv. 67-399A inv. 67-399B inv. 67-399C inv. 67-399D inv. 67-399E inv. 67-399F inv. 67-399G inv. 67-399H inv. 67-399J inv. 67-400A inv. 67-400B inv. 67-400C inv. 67-400D inv. 67-400E inv. 67-401A inv. 67-401B inv. 67-401C inv. 67-401D inv. 67-403A inv. 67-404A inv. 67-404B inv. 67-404C inv. 67-429A inv. 67-429B inv. 67-429C inv. 67-429E inv. 67-429F inv. 67-429G inv. 67-429H

407 409 415 414 406 419 421 422 423 424 437 429 449 430 446 438 451 450 428 440 433 441 442 443 444 445 434 435 431 432 436 427 448 455 453 454 457 463 494 464 465 515 513 512 509 516 523 510

CONCORDANCE

232 inv. 67-429J inv. 67-429K inv. 67-429L inv. 67-429M inv. 67-429N inv. 67-429P inv. 67-429Q inv. 67-429R inv. 67-429T inv. 67-429U inv. 67-430A inv. 67-430B inv. 67-430C inv. 67-430D inv. 67-430E inv. 67-430F inv. 67-430G inv. 67-430H inv. 67-432A inv. 67-432B inv. 67-432C inv. 67-433A inv. 67-433B inv. 67-434A inv. 67-434B inv. 67-434C inv. 67-434D inv. 67-434E inv. 67-434F inv. 67-434G inv. 67-435A inv. 67-435B inv. 67-435C inv. 67-435D inv. 67-435E inv. 67-435F inv. 67-435G inv. 67-436A inv. 67-436B inv. 67-436C inv. 67-436D inv. 67-437A inv. 67-437B inv. 67-437C inv. 67-437D inv. 67-437E inv. 67-437F inv. 67-437G

511 517 514 518 519 520 521 522 524 525 550 538 541 545 537 535 540 536 557 559 558 589 568 665 585 569 570 581 582 588 572 571 587 574 565 566 583 567 590 576 586 600 601 606 598 602 603 608

inv. 67-437H inv. 67-445A inv. 67-446A inv. 67-447A inv. 67-449A inv. 67-449B inv. 67-449C inv. 67-450A inv. 67-450B inv. 67-450C inv. 67-450D inv. 67-45IA inv. 67-45 IB inv. 67-452A inv. 67-452B inv. 67-452C inv. 67-455A inv. 67-455B inv. 67-455C inv. 67-457A inv. 67-457B inv. 67-457C inv. 67-462A inv. 67-465A inv. 67-468A inv. 67-481 inv. 67-489 inv. 67-490 inv. 67-519 inv. 67-520 inv. 67-521 inv. 67-548 inv. 67-584 inv. 67-586 inv. 67-587 inv. 67-589 inv. 67-590 inv. 67-591 inv. 67-627 inv. 67-628 inv. 67-629 inv. 67-630 inv. 67-631 inv. 67-632 inv. 67-660 inv. 67-661 inv. 67-726 inv. 67-727

604 533 575 573 393 395 396 447 460 459 461 468 439 426 425 420 474 483 394 404 405 391 505 471 482 555 546 561 661 528 530 639 556 636 660 662 663 664 640 644 593 594 529 666 355 356 641 596

inv. 67-728 inv. 67-729 inv. 67-730 inv. 67-731 inv. 67-736 inv. 67-737 inv. 67-738 inv. 67-739 inv. 67-740 inv. 67-741 inv. 67-742 inv. 67-746 inv. 67-747 inv. 67-750 inv. 67-787 inv. 67-789 inv. 67-790 inv. 67-791 inv. 67-793 inv. 67-794 inv. 67-807 inv. 67-808 inv. 67-828 inv. 67-829 inv. 67-841 inv. 67-842 inv. 67-843 inv. 67-844 inv. 67-845 inv. 67-846 inv. 67-900 inv. 67-901 inv. 67-904 inv. 67-905 inv. 67-906 inv. 67-907 inv. 67-908 inv. 67-909 inv. 67-910 inv. 67-911 inv. 67-914 inv. 67-915 inv. 67-916 inv. 67-917 inv. 67-918 inv. 67-919 inv. 67-920 inv. 67-922

642 591 595 527 578 579 577 597 667 580 643 354 493 357 612 607 648 651 637 638 611 613 531 553 562 563 532 554 609 610 645 668 487 508 498 485 385 497 417 418 669 670 671 632 649 592 547 564

CONCORDANCE inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv.

67-924 67-925 67-926 67-936 67-944 67-947 67-950 67-951 67-952 67-953 67-955 67-962 67-963 67-964 67-965 67-969 67-970

650 646 489 490 467 560 647 675 659 658 584 462 484 466 486 491 492

inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv.

68-78 68-82 68-88 68-89 68-90 68-98 68-127 68-205A 68-205B 68-221 68-304 68-306 68-308 68-312 68-343 68-363 68-369 68-431A 68-431B 68-431C 68-431D 68-439A 68-439B 68-439C 68-439D 68-439E 68-439F 68-439G 68-440A 68-440B

526 625 599 551 552 676 623 674 675 59 614 652 654 656 653 58 655 542 544 534 543 622 618 624 619 615 672 657 626 620

inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv.

68-444A 68-444B 68-444C 68-444D 68-448A 68-466 68-475 68-476 68-477 68-483 68-485 68-526A 68-526B 68-526C 68-526D 68-527A 68-527B 68-527C 68-527D 68-527E 68-527F 68-527G 68-527H 68-527J 68-528A 68-528B 68-528C 68-528D 68-528E 68-528F 68-528G 68-528H 68-528J 68-539A 68-539B 68-539C 68-539D 68-539E 68-539F 68-539G 68-539H 68-539J 68-539K 68-539L 68-539M 68-540A 68-540B 68-540C

628 627 633 630 539 621 629 616 631 605 617 18 10 9 8 27 28 31 32 26 23 33 34 35 38 50 54 55 48 49 39 40 41 1 2 3 4 5 14 16 17 12 11 13 15 19 7 6

inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv.

68-541A 68-541B 68-54IC 68-542A 68-542B 68-542C 68-542D 68-542E 68-542F 68-543A 68-543B 68-543C 68-543D 68-543E 68-543F 68-543G 68-543H 68-544A 68-544B 68-544C 68-544D

60 20 21 36 25 29 30 22 24 45 43 42 46 47 37 51 44 56 52 57 53

inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv. inv.

70-15 70-16 70-17 70-18 70-19A 70-19B 70-19C 70-19D 70-19E 70-20 70-21 70-22 70-23 70-24A 70-24B 70-24C 70-25 70-26 70-27 70-28 70-29 70-30 70-31 70-32 70-33 70-34A

677 678 681 682 683 684 685 687 686 679 680 688 689 699 701 700 693 695 690 696 697 691 694 692 698 709

234 inv. 70-34B inv. 70-35 inv. 70-36 inv. 70-37 inv. 70-38 inv. 70-39A inv. 70-39B

CONCORDANCE 710 711 712 713 702 714 715

inv. 70-39C inv. 70-40A inv. 70-40B inv. 70-41 inv. 70-42 inv. 70-43 inv. 70-43B

716 703 704 705 706 707 708

inv. 86-53 inv. 86-54 inv. 86-55 inv. 86-56 inv. 86-57 inv. 86-58

197 177 183 195 156 196

Index Aeolus, city founder: 153

awls/needles: see bone artifacts, bronze artifacts

Aidone: archaeological museum, 3, 7, 10; town

axes/adzes: see bronze artifacts, stone artifacts

location, 132 Allen, H. L.: 3, 4, 13n, 32n, 62n, 63n, 106n, I U n , 134, 153, 156n amphorae: 64-66, cat. nos. 119, 157, 187, 293, 294, 443, 446, 476, 477, 583, 605, 617; chronology,

Basico: 134 beads: see bone artifacts, bronze artifacts, glass paste, Longane, Torre Galli Bernabo Brea, L.: 4, I U n , 113, 152, 153

115, 117, 118, 119, 124; fabrics, 50; function,

Bietti Sestieri, A. M.: 113

51; incised decoration, 66, cat. no. 391; incised

bone: antler, 48, 88, 91, 148; faunal sample, 4, 91-95,

marks, 60, 64, cat. nos. 61, 184, 187, 292;

129, 134, 147, 148; fish, 149; horn from

miniature form, 53, 66, cat. no. 462; painted

chamber tomb, 108; human, 44, 97, 98, 99, 108,

geometric, 61, 64-66, cat. nos. 33, 48, 49, 57, 70, 212, 221, 224, 229, 230, 231, 243, 244, 295, 296,

109 bone artifacts: 88-89; awls/needles, 88-89, cat. nos.

317, 364, 393, 399, 404, 460, 474, 517, 519, 520,

339, 342; button/bead, 88, cat. nos. 341, 508;

525; parallels, 157; plumed, 63, 64, 116, cat. nos.

comb, 88-89, cat. no. 344; disks on fibulae, 105,

61, 117, 152, 184, 185, 414, 425, 442, 444, 447,

cat. nos. 709, 711; handle, 88-89, cat. nos. 338,

448, 475; quantity, 54, 55, 56, 146

343; horn, cat. no. 340; spatula, 88, cat. no. 676

animals: see bone Antiochos: 152 Apennine pottery: 76n, 77; presence of discounted, 60n, 63n, 123 Archaic period: bronze artifacts, 82, 83, 84, 104; chamber tombs, 69n, 73n, 97, 103n; Cittadella

bowls: 67-70, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 109, cat. nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 32, 39, 45, 53, 63, 71, 78, 86, 99, 100, 103, 107, 108, 111, 112, 147, 148, 206, 211, 216, 222, 236, 237, 239, 242, 252, 253, 272, 291, 309, 313, 351, 370, 379, 381, 382, 395, 397, 410, 412, 430, 437, 450, 451, 456, 458, 463, 465, 468, 472, 510,

settlement, 10, 17, 125, 127, 129, 132, 136, 138,

511, 518, 559, 566, 569, 572, 575, 590, 602, 608,

151, 152, 160; disturbance from building

619, 620, 677, 680, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 716;

activity, 4, 27, 136; millstones, 85; naiskos

carinated, 67-68, cat. nos. 9, 12, 26, 62, 66, 153,

(Farmhouse Hill), 11, 13, 16, 128, 140, 151; roof

154, 189, 190, 240, 275, 287, 288, 289, 290, 315,

tiles, 11; stratigraphy noted, 11, 13, 17-21, 27,

349, 350, 377, 402, 406, 407, 421, 423, 432, 434,

31, 36-37, 43, 115, 119; see also pottery

440, 445, 457, 470, 480, 481, 482, 514, 524, 560,

arrowhead: see bronze artifacts

576, 577, 585, 587, 589, 606, 630, 679; chronol­

askoi: 66-67, cat. nos. 178,179, 180, 181, 694, 695,

ogy, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 124; fabric, 49;

696; chronology, 116; fabrics, 49, 50; function,

function, 53; incised, 57, 59, 69, 70, cat. nos. 27,

53; incised and painted, 100, cat. no. 695;

207, 214, 215, 216, 347, 369, 371, 374, 375, 377,

quantity, 146; strainer-spouted, 100-101, cat. no.

411, 461, 515, 698; plumed, 63, 67-69, cat. nos.

695 Auson/Ausoni, historical references to: 152-153; cf. Morges/Morgeti

55,144,190, 214, 215, 217, 245, 394, 481, 539, 589; quantity, 53, 54, 55, 56 Broglio di Trebisacce: hut, 145; pottery, 75, 78 η

INDEX

236

bronze artifacts: 81-84; arrowhead, 84, cat. no. 634;

Chalcidians: 132, 153

axe moulds(?), 87, cat. nos. 659, 660; beads, 81,

clay sources: see environmental factors

103, 104, 119, cat. nos. 490, 682, 683, 700, 702,

climate: see environmental factors

708; buttons, 44, 81, 82, cat. nos. 636, 639, 640,

comb: see bone artifacts

641, 642, 648, 649, 652, 653, 654; chain, 100,

communication routes: see settlement features

104, cat. no. 701; coils, 98, 104, cat. nos. 684,

cooking stands: 70-71, cat. nos. 241, 257, 258, 598; in

685, 686; dagger, 83, 119, 150, cat. no. 492; dagger sheath mould (?), 88, cat. no. 661; fibulae, 81, 82, 104, 108, 119, cat. nos. 325, 656, 717; fragments, 46, 84, cat. nos. 124, 327, 329, 638,

situ, 31, 41, 44, 46 Copper Age: metallurgy, 150; pottery, 20, 54, 57 n, 115, 120, 127; stone stools, 88, 149; see also stone artifacts

657; hammer, 84, 119, 150, cat. no. 491; hoards,

Corinthian pottery: see pottery

150; needles/pins/wire, 81, 82, 100, 103, cat.

Cozzo Pantano: 77 η

nos. 59, 198, 326, 330, 643, 647, 651, 704, 708;

Cozzo S. Giuseppe (Realmese): 4, 103

razor, 83, cat. no. 650; rings, 81, 82, 88, 100, 104,

crafts: see social and economic organization

105, 109, cat. nos. 493, 635, 646, 655, 667, 699,

cremation: see burials

703, 705, 706, 707; ring moulds, 87, cat. nos. 493,

Cugno Carrube: 159

667, 668; sheet fragments, 81, cat. nos. 324, 489,

cults: 13n, 140

637, 645; spear butt mould (?), 87, cat. no. 667;

Cuomo di Caprio, N.: 130

spirals, 81, 82, cat. no. 644; see also Archaic

cups: 71-73, cat. nos. 36, 43, 90, 378; carinated,

period, metal sources, metallurgy, stone artifacts

71-73, cat. nos. 13, 35, 46, 50, 65, 67, 68, 69, 79,

(moulds)

114, 115,116,158, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174,

burials: chamber tomb, 97-110, 140, 151, 152,

175,176, 177, 197, 208, 209, 210, 249, 250, 251,

158-159, 160, 161; cremation, 76n, 152,

276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 314, 352, 365, 366, 367,

158-159; dolium, 43-44, 110, 140, 146;

368, 376, 387, 396, 398, 416, 422, 426, 436, 454,

enchytrismos, 44, 67n, 80, 110, 140, 152, 158-159;

478, 479, 483, 536, 537, 541, 584, 603, 616, 629;

fossa grave, 152, 158-159; see also Archaic

chronology, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 124; fabric,

period, settlement features

49; function, 53; incised decoration, 59, 72-73,

Butera: pottery, 62, 68, 77n, 78, 79n

cat. nos. 249, 250, 365, 366, 367, 376, 396, 398;

buttons: see bone artifacts, bronze artifacts

incised marks, 60, 71, cat. nos. 116,171, 174;

Caltagirone: necropolis, 139n; pottery, 66

378, 541, 584; quantity, 53, 54, 55, 56

plumed, 63, 71, 72, cat. nos. 11, 31, 50, 68, 173, Caltanissetta: 77n Cannatello: 138n; hut, 146; stone artifacts, 87n

dagger: see bronze artifacts

Carcarella (Calascibetta): necropolis, 159

daub: 89-90, 143; in excavations, 13, 15, 19, 24, 26,

Cassibile: bronze artifacts, 82, 83, 104, 105;

38, 41, 43, 54, 55, 142

necropolis, 159; period, 111, 139n, 156, 159,

de la Geniere, J.: 151

160; pottery, 62, 69n, 76, 79

Dessueri: 68n, 76, 79, 83

CasteIluccio culture: settlement, 13n, 81, 127; stone tools, 86, 88, 149; see also stone artifacts

Diodoros: 152, 153 dolia: see jars/dolia, burials

catalogue: abbreviations, 10; line drawing conventions, 7; preparation, 7, 10 Cavalier, M.: 4, 113

Early Bronze Age: see Castelluccio culture Elymian pottery: see pottery

INDEX environmental factors: clay sources, 51, 130;

237

house features: benches, 15, 23, 26, 41, 43, 45;

climate, 132; erosion, 13, 128, 136; local

cooking areas, 31, 41, 46; destruction by fire, 4,

geology, 37, 127-130; soils, 129, 132; natural

13, 24-26, 30, 37, 145; doorways, 42, 43, 142;

vegetation, 128-129; water supply, 128-129; see

drainage, 142; flagstones, 39, 142; bi-level floor,

also settlement features, plant remains, bone

38-39, 43, 45, 142; sunken floors, 25, 30, 38,

enchytrismos: see burials

145; hearths, 13, 18, 19, 28, 31, 34, 39, 44, 46,

erosion: see environmental factors

142; insulation, 141; internal divisions, 26, 28,

excavations: description of trenches, 11-48;

30, 31, 34, 42, 143; oven, 40, 44, 46, 143; pits or

documentation, 4-7; extent of, 134; techniques, 4; terminology, 67

basins, 15, 27, 41, 43, 46n; plaster surfaces, 24-26, 32, 45, 142; platforms, 26, 34, 36; roofs, 42, 46, 142; storage areas, 41, 46, 48, 142

Ferla: 72 η fibulae: see bone artifacts, bronze artifacts, iron artifacts Finocchito: 4, 138n, 161; pottery, 60, 62, 64, 67, 68, 69, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 101, 103, 124, 152; bronze artifacts, 82, 103, 104; iron artifacts, 104, 105 fish: see bone Fiumedinisi: 113, 130; metallurgical activity, 150 flint: see stone artifacts Frasca, M.: 109n Genovese, P.: 134, 150 geology: see environmental factors Giarratana hoard: 87 η Gierow, P.G.: 124n Giorgi, J.: 23n

Ionic cups: see pottery iron artifacts, from tombs: fibulae, 100, 104, 105, 108, 109, cat. nos. 681, 709, 711, 712, 713; ring, 105, cat. no. 710; wire fragments, 105, cat. no. 687 jars/dolia: 73-75, 147, cat. nos. 1, 8, 23, 25, 42, 73, 81, 87, 88, 91, 94, 96, 97, 98, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 113, 120, 149, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 188, 203, 205, 229, 238, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 311, 318, 346, 359, 361, 386, 389, 390, 392, 405, 420, 428, 429, 431, 452, 453, 509, 512, 513, 533, 534, 556, 557, 567, 570, 573, 574, 581, 582, 600, 601, 615, 627, 628, 631; chronology, 115, 116,119; fabrics, 49, 50; function, 51; see also burials

glass paste beads: 105-106, 108, cat. nos. 143,687, 714

Judson, S.: 127, 128, 129, 132

Gornalunga river: 127, 129, 132, 140

jugs: 76-77, 98, 100, 102, 103, 106, 109, cat. nos. 5,

Grammichele, pottery: 72, 78 η

151,161,170,183, 472, 558, 604, 678, 688, 697;

grinding stones: see stone artifacts

fabric, 50; function, 53; incised decoration, 60,

Grotta Chiusazza: 132 η

103, cat. no. 688; oinochoe, 77, 103, 116, cat. no. 223; plumed, 63, 76, cat. nos. 72, 182, 441;

hammer: see bronze artifacts

quantity, 54; strainer-spouted, 53, 77, 100, cat.

hearths: see house features

nos. 150, 545

Hellanikos of Mytilene: 152 Hellenistic period: disturbance from building

Lentini (Leontini): necropolis, HOn, 140;

activity, 4; settlement location, 127; stone axes

Metapiccola settlement, 130, 132, 138, 139, 143,

from houses, 87

146, 153, 156, 160; pottery, 61 n, 62, 66, 67, 70,

Hencken, H.: 101 η horn: see bone, bone artifacts

72, 75, 80n, 114; see also Xuthia Licodia Eubea: pottery, 68, 73

INDEX

238 line drawings: see catalogue

119, 120, 122, 124, 127, 136, 138, 140; trench

Lipari (Aeolian Islands): Ausonian settlement, 4, 39,

13B, 85n; trench 16, 21; trench 16 West, 6, 15,

40n, 71, 78,130, 138, 140, 143,145, 152,153,155,

17, 20, 21-27, 28, 37, 41, 55, 64, 66, 71, 76, 77, 78,

160; bronze artifacts, 82, 84; chronology, 113,

81, 82, 89, 95, 106, 114, 116, 117, 120, 122, 124,

116, 117,124; pottery, 49, 59, 60n, 62, 64, 65, 66,

127, 130, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146,

67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74n, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79n, 80, 81;

148; trench 29 (1963 and 1967), 6, 17, 20, 25,

radiocarbon dates, 122; stone artifacts, 86

26 n, 27-37, 40, 41, 54, 55-57, 61, 64, 66, 68, 69,

Liparus: historical references to, 152

70, 76, 77, 81, 83, 84, 85, 89, 92-94, 95, 106, 107,

Longane: pottery, 69n; glass beads, 105

114, 115n, 116-119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 136,

loomweights: 81, cat. nos. 196, 300, 301, 323, 354,

139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 149, 151, 160;

355, 356, 357, 488, 530, 550, 561, 597,633; in situ,

trench 31, 6, 7, 15, 17, 20, 25, 26n, 27, 28, 31,

26; loom, 45, 46, 81; textiles, 46, 148; see also

37-48, 50, 51, 54, 57, 60, 61, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78,

spindle whorls

81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 94, 106, 110, 114, 115, 117, 119-120, 121, 122, 127, 130, 136, 138, 139,

Macnamara, E.: 84 Madonna del Piano (Mulino della Badia): bronze artifacts, 81, 82, 83; chronology, 114, 116, 117;

140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 151 Morges/Morgeti: historical references to, 152-154 moulds: see stone artifacts

necropolis, 130, 132, 140, 156, 159, 160; pottery,

Mulino della Badia: see Madonna del Piano

66, 73, 76, 78

Munsell soil color charts: 10

metal sources: in Calabria, 158n; in Sardinia, 150n; in Sicily, 134, 149-150 metallurgy/metalworking: 46, 87-88, 150, 157, 158;

see also bronze artifacts, Copper Age,

Mycenaean: presence of pottery discounted, 3, 62-63, 123, cat. nos. 718, 719, 720, 721; links with Sicily, 62η, 65η, 66n, 67n, 77n, 84, 102n, 111, 113, 154n

Fiumedinisi, stone moulds Milazzese culture: 49, 60n, 78n, 155 Milazzo: necropolis, 113, 130, 140, 159; pottery, 62, 67, 72, 76n, 153 "milk-boilers": 53, 77, 116, 119, cat. nos. 169, 297, 621; in situ, 48 millstones: see stone artifacts Monte di Giove: 130

naiskos (Farmhouse Hill): see Archaic period Naxos: 132 Necropolis IV: see Morgantina needles: see bone artifacts, bronze artifacts Neils, J.: 62n Neolithic: pottery, 20, 54, 57n, 76n, 115, 120, 127; stone tools, 88, 149; see also stone artifacts

Monte S. Onofrio: 85 n, 130, 134 Morgantina: naiskos (Farmhouse Hill), 11, 13, 16,

obsidian: see stone artifacts

128, 140, 151; Necropolis IV, tombs 4-6, 66,

Oenotrians: 153

97-110, 140, 151, 152; San Francesco valley, 127,

Orsi, P.: 62n, 105, 107n, 111, 112n, 114n, 138n

140; Serra Orlando ridge, 6, 20, 87, 110, 127,

Ossini: 68n, 73n

128, 129, 130, 140, 149; trench 2 (Farmhouse

Ostenberg, C. E.: 3, 4, 60n, 63n, 124n

Hill, probe A/F), 6, 11-17, 26n, 53-54, 71 n, 79, 89, 95, 107, 114-115, 117, 120, 121, 123, 125, 128,

Pantalica: bronze artifacts, 82, 83, 103, 104;

136, 140, 151, 160; trench 6B, 82; trench 7, 62;

chronology, 106, 111, 112, 113, 124; culture,

trench 8A, 62; trench 10/10B, 6, 7, 17-21, 31,

156, 157; iron artifacts, 104, 105; necropolis,

54, 57n, 60, 61, 84, 85, 88, 95, 106, 114, 115-116,

107, 130, 132, 138n, 139n, 152, 159, 161;

INDEX pottery, 59n, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 76, 77, 80, 101, 115

Paterno: 72 Peroni, R.: 11 I n

239

Punta Castelluzzo: cave site, 114, 132, 156, 160; pottery, 61 n, 62, 64, 67 pyxides/beakers: 53, 75-76, 119, cat. nos. 274, 538, 555

pithoi: 77-80, cat. nos. 52, 95,159,160,186, 259, 260, 261, 358, 531, 532, 551, 552, 553, 554, 564, 565,

quartzite: see stone artifacts

599, 614; chronology, 115, 119; fabrics, 50, 51; function, 51,129; incised marks, 60, 78, cat. nos.

radiocarbon dates: 115, 118, 121-123

95, 552, 614; in situ, 13, 31, 34, 39, 44, 46, 48,

Ramacca: 132

143, 146; manufacture, 147; painted geometric,

razors: see bronze artifacts, Timmari

cat. no. 37; plumed, 63, 79, cat. nos. 22, 562,

Realmese: see Cozzo S. Giuseppe

563; quantity, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57

rings: bronze, see bronze artifacts; pottery: 81, cat.

plant remains: grape pip, 23-24, 148; grain, 46, 79, 148

no. 302 Rometta Messinese: 72n, 130

Pliny: 152, 153 plumed ware: see pottery, amphorae, bowls, cups, jugs, pithoi

Sabucina: 26n, 78n, 87η, 145n Salapia: 74 η

Polizzello: pottery, 59

San Francesco valley: see Morgantina

Pontecagnano: pottery, 71, 116

Sant'Angelo Muxaro: 4; pottery, 59, 66, 69, 72, 101,

population: movements, 152, 155, 156, 157; size, 138 pottery: Archaic period, 7, 10, 18, 55, 56, 61-62, 65,

103, 152, 160 Sardinia: 59 n, 84; see also metal sources

66, 68, 69, 70, 73, 77, 114, 116, 117, 118; cooking

Satyrion: cooking stands, 70

wares, 53, 74-76, 146; Corinthian, 11, 55,

Scheffer, C : 70

62-63; Elymian, 59; fabrics, 49-50, 147;

Sciare Manganelli: 74n

incised decoration, 50, 51, 57-60, 69, 70, 72, 73,

Serra Orlando ridge: see Morgantina

80, 81, 117, 118, 119, 124; incised marks, 60, 64,

settlement features: cemetery locations, 140;

78,147; Ionic cups, 11, 13, 55; painted

communications, 132, 140, 160; defense, 130,

geometric decoration, 7, 50, 59, 61-63, 64, 65, 66,

132, 139, 140; layout, 136-139; preservation,

67, 68, 72, 101, 114, 118, 119, 147, 152; plumed

136; urban plan, 138-139; see also

ware, 7, 50, 61, 63-64, 67, 69, 71, 72, 76, 79, 115,

environmental factors

117, 118, 147, 152, 153; possible repair holes,

shell artifacts: 89, cat. no. 345

67; Siculan geometric, 11, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56,

Siculan geometric: see pottery

61-62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 77, 116, 117, 118; from

Sikels, historical references to: 112n, 152, 154, 160

tombs, 100-103; typology, 49-53; by weight, 7,

Sjoqvist, E.: 3, 4, 17n, 124, 132, 152, 153

53-57; see also amphorae, Apennine, askoi,

social and economic organization: 132, 140-141, 143,

bowls, cooking stands, Copper Age, cups,

158; burial evidence, 108-110, 158n;

jars/dolia, jugs, "milk-boilers," Mycenaean,

chiefdoms, 132; specialist crafts, 147, 150; trade,

Neolithic, pithoi, pyxides/beakers, rings, tubes

149-150, 155, 158

Pozzo di Gotto: chamber tomb, 159

soils: see environmental factors

Protovillanovan Italy: 59, 72, 74, 75, 76, 81, 106n,

spatula: see bone artifacts

13On, 152, 153, 155 pumice: see stone artifacts

spindle whorls: 80-82, 119, 147, cat. nos. 19, 58, 75, 93,121,122,123,155,156,191,192,193,194,

INDEX

240 232, 233, 234, 255, 298, 299, 320, 321, 322, 384,

Syracuse: Ortygia pre-colonial settlement, 112n, 131,

385, 417, 418, 419, 466, 467, 484, 485, 486, 487,

160; pottery, 61 η, 64η, 65n, 68n, 74n, 76, 78n;

526, 527, 528, 546, 547, 548, 549, 591, 592, 593,

stone artifacts, 86 η

594, 595, 596, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 622, 623, 624, 625, 632; in situ, 46, 48; with incised

textiles: see loomweights

decoration, 57, 119, cat. nos. 93, 232, 592, 612,

Thapsos: chamber tombs, 107; pottery, 62, 79, 80;

613, 623 stone artifacts: axes/adzes, 46, 86-87, 149, cat. nos.

settlement, 132, 138, 139 Thucydides: 112, 152

199, 507, 664, 673; cores/scrapers, 88, cat. nos.

Timmari: razors, 83

126, 201, 336, 494, 505; flint/quartzite

Torre Galli: pottery, 75, 76, 80, 88n; glass beads, 105

flakes/blades, 88, 149, cat. nos. 128,129,140,142,

trade: see social and economic organization

332, 501, 502, 503, 504, 665, 666; grinding

transhumance: 134

stones/whetstones, 86, cat. nos. 60, 125, 200, 202,

tubes, pottery: 45, 53, 71, cat. nos. 24, 578, 579, 580

333, 337, 662, 663, 672; millstones, 18,19, 31, 42, 45, 46, 51, 84-86, 130, 149, cat. nos. 334, 335,669,

vegetation: see environmental factors

670, 671; moulds, 46, 48, 87-88, 120, 150, cat.

Villari, P.: 150

nos. 328, 493, 658, 659, 660, 661, 667, 668;

Villasmundo: 72n

obsidian flakes/blades, 46, 88, 149, cat. nos. 127, 130, 131,132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,

water: see environmental factors

141, 331, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 674, 675;

whetstones: see stone artifacts

pumice, 86, cat. no. 333; serpentine/nephrite,

White, D.: 85

149; striker, 86, cat. no. 506; see also Archaic

Williams1J. L.: 49

period, Castelluccio culture, Copper Age,

Williams-Thorpe, O.: 86

Neolithic

wood remains: 13, 38-39, 41, 43, 44, 89, 143

Strabo: 152 Surbo: hoard, 84

Xuthia: 153; see also Lentini

PLATES

P i-*

A e r i a l v i e w o f t h e C i t t a d e l l a a n d Serra O r l a n d o r i d g e f r o m t h e n o r t h e a s t

f

Aerial v i e w of the Cittadella f r o m the northeast

Aerial v i e w of the Cittadella

PL. 3

Aerial view of the summit of the Cittadella with the naiskos revealed (Farmhouse Hill, trench 2)

PL. 4

View of the Serra Orlando agora (Area I) from the west with the Cittadella (Area III) and Mount Etna beyond

a. View of the Cittadella and Serra Orlando ridge across the Belmontino valley from the so uth

h. View of the Cittadella (in 1968) across the San Francesco valley, from Serra Orlando Area V, showing the locations of trench 3) and Farmhouse Hill trench 2 (probe A/ F)

PL. 6

a. Area III, trench 2 (Farmhouse Hill), probe A, section b-b'

b. Area III, trench 2 (Farmhouse Hill), probe A/F, wall A, stratum 6A

PL. 7

a. Area I I I , trench 2 (Farmhouse Hill), probe A, wall B

b. Area III, trench 2 (Farmhouse Hill), probe A/F, walls A, B, and C, with hearth of stratum 6A in top left corner

PL. 8

a. A r e a III, t r e n c h 10 f r o m t h e s o u t h

b. A r e a III, t r e n c h 10 f r o m t h e east P L . 21

a. Area III, trench 16 West, hut floor and east wall (1961)

h. Area III, trench 16 West, hut floor and east wall (1986)

PL. 10

a (left). Area III, trench 16 West, hut floor and east wall from the south (1986) b (below). Area III, trench 16 West, hut floor and cross wall with superimposed north-south wall of Archaic period (1986)

PL. 11

a. Area III, trench 16 West, hut floor with postholes (1986)

b. Area III, trench 16 West, postholes on the west wall (1986)

c. Area III, tren ch 16 W est, traces of clay plaster on th e east wa ll (1986)

PL. 12

Area III, trench 29 during the 1967 excavations

PL. 13

a. Area III, trench 29 (1963), cooking stand, no. 256, and amphora, no. 294, during excavation of stratum 6A

b. Area iff, trench 29 (1963), south waiJ and stratum 6A with material in situ

PL. 14

Area III, trench 29 (1963), south wall and stratum 6A with material in situ

PL. 15

a. Area III, trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A, cooking stands, nos. 257 and 258 i n situ

b. Area III, trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B, south wall and hut floor

PL. 16

a. Area III, trench 29 (1967), wall H and circular rubble platforms (stratum 6) from the east

b. Area III, trench 29 (1967), walls H and H2 from the northwest

PL. 17

a. Area III, trench 29 (1967), wall H and south baulk (section B'-D')

h. Area Ill , trench 29 (1967) fro m the northeast

PL. 18

Area III, trench 31, hut floor in zones B, A, E, and F, from the north

PL. 19

Area III, trench 31, hut floor in zones F, E, A, B, and C, [ro m the south

PL. 20

a. A r e a III, t r e n c h 31, h u t floor in z o n e s E and F

b. Area III, t r e n c h 31, h u t floor in z o n e s B, A, and E

P L . 21

a. Area III, trench 31, hut floor in zones F and G

b. Area III, trench 31, zone E, east wall of hut with cooking stands 1-2 and oven in situ

PL. 22

A r e a III, t r e n c h 31, z o n e E, east w a l l of h u t w i t h c o o k i n g s t a n d s 1 - 2 a n d p o t t e r y t u b e (no. 580) in situ

P L . 23

A r e a [II, t r e n c h 31, z o n e E, c o o k i n g s t a n d 1

P L . 24

A r e a III, t r e n c h 31, z o n e E , o v e n

P L . 25

a. Area III, t r e n c h 31, s h e r d base A

b. A r e a III, t r e n c h 31, z o n e G , a n t l e r in situ

PL.

21

a. A r e a III, t r e n c h 31, zone C, d o l i u m burial

b. A r e a III, t r e n c h 31, z o n e C, post 1

PL.

21

a. Area IIJ, trench 31, zo ne A, post 8 and spindle whorl, no. 548, in situ

b. Area III , trench 3 1, zones A- C, pithoi nos. 552 an d 553 in siw

PL. 28

a. Area III, trench 31, zones A-C, pithoi nos. 552 and 553 in situ

b. Area III, trench 31, zones

nos. 552 and 553 in situ

PL. 29

a. Area III, trench 31, zone A, pithos no. 531 in situ

UiiittOt

b. Pithoi found in trench 31; back row, left to right; nos. 599, 614, 552, 531, 551; front row, left to right: nos. 554, 532, 562, 563, 564, 553 PL. 30

N o . 37, pithos

Left, top to bottom: no. 1, j a r / d o l i u m ; no. 5, jug (?); center, top to bottom: no. 12, carinated bowl; no. 17, body sherd; no. 16, body sherd; right, top to bottom: no. 4 bowl; no. 14, body sherd; no. 3, bowl

N o . 39, bowl

N o . 50, carinatcd cup

N o . 48, amphora

No. 53, bowl

No. 61, amphora N o . 60, g r i n d i n g stone PL.

21

No. 76, body sherd

Top, left to right: no. 80, rim sherd; no. 79, cup handle (?); bottom, left to right: no. 90, cup; no. 81, jar/dolium

Top, left to right: no. 83, rim sherd; no. 84, handle; bottom, left to right: no. 91, jar; no. 82, rim sherd

No. 95, pithos

No. 99, bow]

PL. 32

No. 102, dolium

Left: no. 110, jar/dolium; right: no. 105, jar

Top, left to right: no. 337, grinding stone; no. 125, grinding stone; bottom: no. 663, grinding stone/pestle

Top, left to right: no. 130, obsidian blade; no. 131, obsidian point; no. 132, obsidian blade; no. 133, obsidian blade; bottom, left to right: no. 134, obsidian blade (?); no. 135, obsidian flake; no. 136, obsidian flake; no. 137, obsidian blade (?); no. 138, obsidian flake

No. 139, obsidian debitage

PL. 33

No. 140, flint debitage

No. 149, dolium

No. 159, pithos

No. 144, bowl

Top, left to right: no. 151, jug (?); no. 152, amphora; bottom: no. 150, strainer-spout

No. 160, pithos

PL. 34

N o . 161, j a r / jug (?)

No. 162, jar

N o . 163, dolium

No.165,Jar

No. 168, cannuixu No. 166, jar PL.

21

No. 169, "milk-boiler"

No. 171, carinated cup

No. 172, carinated cup

No. 170, jug

\lo. 174, carinated cup

No. 173, carinated cup

No. 175, carinated cup

PL. 36

No. 176, carinated cup

No. 178, askos

No. 179, askos

No. 180, askos

No. 181, askos

No. 182, jug

PL. 37

No. 189, carinated bowl

Top, left to right: no. 200, whetstone; no. 199, axe (?); bottom: no. 202, whetstone

Top, left to right: no. 230, amphora; no. 205, jar; bottom, left to right: no. 212, amphora; no. 208, carinated cup

PL. 38

Top, left to right: no. 204, body sherd; no. 220, body sherd; bottom, left to right: no. 218, body sherd; no. 227, rim sherd

N o. 221, amphora

'~Y ...... ~.,_

~,,,,

~"~~&-~ ;;:'_,*,",,"ll..

~~~~(~~

~:2':1':~~""~r,,~

, ....

~~

:1--- .~.--. '" '::' ~-:.~ .~-:-}-:-(~~;;~"

Left, top to bottom: no. 216, bowl; no. 214, bowl; no. 215, bowl; right: no. 217, bowl No. 222, bowl

Top, left to right: no. 226, body sherd ; no. 228, body sherd; botto m, left to right: no. 225, body sherd; no. 229, jar/amphora N o. 223, oinochoe

PL. 39

Top, left to right: no. 239, bowl; no. 238,

No. 248, body sherd

jar/dolium; bottom, left to right: no. 242, carinatcd bowl; no. 245, bowl

Top, left to right: no. 253, bowl (?); no. 252, bowl; bottom, left

No. 254, body sherd

to right: no. 247, carinatcd bowl; no. 246, bowl

No. 250, carinated cup

No. 256, cooking stand

PL. 40

No. 257, cooking stand

No. 258, cooking stand

No. 261, jar/pithos

No. 265, jar

No. 263, dolium

PL. 41

N o. 268, jar

N o. 266, iar

N o. 269, jar/dol ium

No. 267 , jar

No. 273, jar

PL. 42

No. 276, carinated cup

No. 279, carinated cup

Left: no. 277, carinated cup; right: no. 278, carinated cup

No. 280, carinated cup

No. 291, bowl

PL. 43

No. 292, amphora

No. 294, amphora

No. 302, ring ,"v.

~v~,

""0

Left to right: no. 300, loom weight; no. 301, loom weight; no. 323, loom weight

Top: no. 303, jar/dolium; bottom: no. 310, handle

No. 312, body sherd

No. 311,jar

PL. 44

No. 313, bowl

,¾

No. 317, amphora No. 314, carinated cup

V'

Left to right: no. 126, core; no. 336, core/scraper; no. 494, scraper

No. 334, millstone

No. 344, comb

No. 347, bowl

No. 358, pithos (?)

No. 359, jar/dolium

PL. 45

No. 360, bod y sherd

Left: no. 364, body sherd ; right, top to bortom: nO. 369, bowl; no. 363, body sherd

Left [0 right: no. 375, bowl; no. 365, ca rinated cup; no. 372, body sherd

Left: no. 361, jar/ dolium; right, top to bottom: no. 371 , bowl; no. 379, bow l

".

;~

:-:::. -t'" .!i::;-;"v~'/~~,

•

~":f" ~

Le ft to right: no. 381, bowl; no. 366, ca rinated cup; no. 382, bowl

PL. 46

No. 367, carinated cu p

No. 377, carinated bowl

Left: no. 387, carinated cup; right: no. 378, cup

No. 391, amphora

Left, no. 399, amphora; right, no. 400, rim sherd

No. 401, rim sherd

No. 410, bowl

No. 404, amphora

PL. 47

Left: no. 408, body sherd; right: no. 412, bowl

T op: no. 409, body sherd; bottom, left to right: no. 414, amphora; no. 415, rim sherd

No. 413, rim sherd

T op, left to rig ht: no. 423 , carinated bowl; no. 422 , ca rinated cup; botto m , left to right: no. 424, body sherd; no. 421, car inated how l

No. 428, jar/ dolium

Left: no. 437, bowl; r ight: no. 429, jar/ dol ium

PL. 48

No. 438, base sherd

No. 456, bowl

No. 439, rim sherd

No. 458, bowl

Top, left to right: no. 461, bowl; no. 459, base sherd; bottom: no. 460, amphora

No. 462, miniature amphora

PL. 49

No. 481, carinated bowl

Left: no. 470, carinated bowl; right: no. 473, body sherd

No. 483, carinated cup

No. 474, amphora

No. 491, h a m m e r

No. 489, sheet fragment

No. 506, striker

No. 492, dagger

P L . 50

No. 493, mould, interior

No. 493, mould, exterior

N o . 515, bowl

No. 534, j a r / d o l i u m

No. 531, pithos

No. 532, pithos

PL. 51

No. 541, carinated cup

No. 552, pithos

Left to right: spindle whorls, nos. 632, 548, 547, 612, 611

No. 552, pithos, detail of incised handle

PL. 52

N o . 556, dolium

N o . 555, beaker

N o . 560, carinated bowl

No. 562, pithos

PL. 53

Top, Iett to right: no. 574, jar/dolium; no. 571,

No. 577, carinated bowl

handle; bottom, left to right: no. 581, jar; no. 566, bowl

Left to right: tubular objects, nos. 580, 578, 579

Top, left to right: no. 587, carinated bowl; no. 565, jar/pithos; bottom, left to right: no. 572, bowl; no. 583, amphora No. 606, carinated bowl

No. 601, jar/dolium

No. 607, body sherd

PL. 54

No. 616, carinated cup

No. 629, carinated cup

No. 614, pithos

No. 615, jar/ dolium

No. 650, razor

No. 658, mould (?)

No. 617 , amphora

PL. 55

Left: no. 659, mould (exterior); right: no. 660, mould (exterior)

• :· -V Λ·;'...·

Top: no. 667, mould (interior); bottom left: no. 660, mould (interior); bottom right: no. 659, mould (interior)

No. 667, mould

Left: no. 673, axe; right: no. 664, axe

No. 668, mould

PL. 56

No. 661, mould

. :, ·

No. 669, millstone

Left: no. 671, mil lstone; right: no. 670, millstone N o. 678, jug

Top: no. 680, bowl; bottom left: no. 688, jug; cen ter: no. 715, base sherd; right: no. 716, bow l

PL. 57

No. 682, bead

No. 684, coil No. 683, bead

Left: no. 686, coil; right: no. 685, coil

No. 689, bowl

No. 690, bowl

PL. 58

No. 691, bowl

No. 694, askos

No. 693, bowl

No. 695, askos

PL. 59

No. 697, jug

No. 698, bowl

PL. 60

No. 714, bead

No. 712, fibula

No. 717, fibula

Left: no. 720, body sherd; right: no. 718, body sherd

PL. 61

Semi-baked clay with grain impressions found inside pithos no. 563

Daub sample 1 (see also Fig. 26)

Daub sample 2 (sec also Fig. 26)

Daub sample 3 (sec also Fig. 26)

Daub sample 4 (see also Fig. 26)

Daub sample 5 (see also Fig. 26)

Daub sample 6 (see also Fig. 26)

PL. 62

2 \

^m

t 4 I

) Trench 2 (Farmhouse Hill), probe A / F , strata 5-6 (nos. 1-5)

For scales and conventions in Plates 63-164 see page 7.

P L . 63

T r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e H i l l ) , p r o b e A / F , s t r a t u m 6 (nos. 6 - 1 1 )

P L . 64

T r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e H i l l ) , p r o b e A / F , s t r a t u m 6 (nos. 1 2 - 1 9 )

P L . 65

T r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e H i l l ) , p r o b e A / F , strata 6 - 6 A (nos. 20, 21), s t r a t u m 6 A (no. 22), s t r a t u m 7 (nos. 2 3 - 2 6 )

PL. 66

T r c n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e H i l l ) , p r o b e A / F , s t r a t u m 7 (nos. 2 7 - 3 6 )

P L . 67

T r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e H i l l ) , p r o b e A / F , s t r a t u m 7 A (nos. 3 7 - 4 4 )

P L . 68

T r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e H i l l ) , p r o b e A / F , s t r a t u m 7 A (nos. 4 5 - 5 1 ) , s t r a t u m 8 (no. 52)

PL. 69

T r e n c h 2 ( F a r m h o u s e H i l l ) , p r o b e A / F , s t r a t u m 8 (nos. 5 3 - 5 8 ) , s t r a t u m 6 (nos. 59, 60)

PL. 70

T r c n c h 1 0 / 1 0 B , s u r f a c c (no. 61), s t r a t u m 3 (nos. 62, 63)

P L . 71

65 \ 64/

66

f s

68 ,' 67 \

69 ι

70 / Trench 10/10B, stratum 3 (nos. 64-68), stratum 4, zone 1 (nos. 69, 70)

PL. 72

T r e n c h 1 0 / 1 0 B , s t r a t u m 4, z o n e 1 (nos. 7 1 - 7 4 ) , s t r a t u m 4, z o n e 4 (no. 75), s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 7 6 - 7 8 )

P L . 73

Trench 10/10B, s t r a t u m 4 A - B (nos. 79-86)

P L . 74

T r e n c h 1 0 / 1 0 B , s t r a t u m 4 A - B (nos. 8 7 - 9 2 ) , s t r a t u m 4 A - B , z o n e 4 (no. 93), s t r a t u m 4 A - B , z o n e 1 (no. 94)

P L . 75

96 /

97 I Trench 10/10Β, s t r a t u m 6, zone 1 (nos. 95-97)

PL. 76

Trench 10/10B, s t r a t u m 6, zone 1 (nos. 98-101)

P L . 77

/

Trench 10/10B, s t r a t u m 6, zone 1 (nos. 102-105)

PL. 78

T r c n c h 10/10B, s t r a t u m 6, zone 1 (nos. 106-110)

P L . 79

Trench 10/10B, stratum 6, zone 1 (nos. 111-116)

P L . 80

T r e n c h 1 0 / 1 0 B , s t r a t u m 6, z o n e 1 (nos. 1 1 7 - 1 2 3 )

P L . 81

127

124

125

ο 143 141' 128

142

129

Trench 10/1OB, stratum 6, zone 1 (no. 124), stratum 3 (nos. 125, 126), stratum 4 (nos. 127-129), stratum 4A (nos. 141, 142), stratum 4B, zone 4 (no. 143)

Trench 12, stratum 3, zone 2 (no. 144)

P L . 82

146 147 ν

150 T148 149 \

151 /

152 ι Trench 16 West, strata 2-3Α (nos. 145-152)

PL. 83

T r e n c h 16 W e s t , strata 2 - 3 A (nos. 1 5 3 - 1 5 6 ) , strata 2 - 4 (nos. 157, 158), s t r a t u m 3 A (no. 159)

PL. 84

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A (nos. 160, 161, 163, 165)

PL. 85

167 \

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A (nos. 162, 164, 166-168)

PL. 86

169

170

I

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A (nos. 169-173)

P L . 87

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A (nos. 174-178)

PL. 88

T r e n c h 16 W e s t , s t r a t u m 3 A (nos. 1 7 9 - 1 8 2 )

P L . 89

186 \

Trench 16 West, stratum 3A (nos. 183-186)

P L . 90

Trench 16 West, s t r a t u m 3 A (nos. 187-194)

P L . 91

Trench 16 West, strata 2-3A (nos. 199-201), stratum 3A (nos. 195, 196, 198, 202), stratum 4 (no. 197)

PL. 92

205 f

209

Trench 29 (1963), s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 203-210)

PL. 93

Trench 29 (1963), s t r a t u m 5 (nos.250-255),stratum6A(nos.256,257)

P L . 94

)

»

219 \

221 \

ι

220 \

224 /

Trench 29 (1963), s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 219-224)

PL. 95

225 t

228 \

230 ι 231 ι

»000

234

CD

233

Trench 29 (1963), s t r a t u m 4 (nos.

PL. 96

225-235)

Trench 29 (1963), s t r a t u m 5 (nos.250-255),stratum6A(nos.256,257)

P L . 97

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 (nos.250-255),stratum6A(nos.256,257)

P L . 98

Trench 29 (1963), s t r a t u m 5 (nos. 250-255), stratum 6A (nos. 256, 257)

P L . 99

Trench 29 (1963), s t r a t u m 5 (nos.250-255),stratum6A(nos.256,257)

P L . 100

i

261

~

262 ι

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A (nos. 261, 262, 264, 265)

PL. 101

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6 (nos. 266-271)

PL. 102

275

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A (nos. 272-276)

PL. 103

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A (nos. 277-285)

P L . 104

290 T

288

289

Ν

\ Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A (nos. 286-290)

PL. 105

291 \

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6A (nos. 291, 292)

PL. 106

T r e n c h 2 9 (1963), s t r a t u m 6 A (nos. 2 9 3 - 2 9 8 )

P L . 107

T r e n c h 2 9 (1963), s t r a t u m 6 A (nos. 2 9 9 - 3 0 2 ) , s t r a t u m 6 B (nos. 303, 304)

P L . 108

310 Υ..·

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 6B (nos. 305-310)

PL. 109

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 5 (nos.250-255),stratum6A(nos.256,257)

P L . 110

Trcnch 29 (1963), stratum 6B (nos. 315-323)

PL. I l l

333

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 (nos. 324-326, 331), stratum 5 (no. 332), stratum 6A (nos. 327, 328, 333, 334), stratum 6B (no. 330)

PL. 112

336 338 /

337

341 340

342

O ι

339

ι

345

344

Trench 29 (1963), stratum 4 (nos. 338, 339), stratum 6A (nos. 340-342), stratum 6B (nos. 336, 337, 343-345)

PL. 113

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B (nos.

P L . 114

420-426)

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B (nos. 420-426)

P L . 115

Trench 29 (1967), s t r a t u m 5 (nos. 365-373)

P L . 116

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5 (nos. 374-380)

P L . 117

T r e n c h 29 (1967), s t r a t u m 5 (nos. 3 8 1 - 3 8 5 ) , strata 5 - 5 A (nos. 386, 387), strata 5 - 6 ( nos. 3 8 8 - 3 8 9 )

P L . 118

395

Trcnch 29 (1967), strata 5-6 (nos. 390-395)

PL. 119

I

7

400

I

397

(

402 \ 398

/

401 \

403 ^

Trcnch 29 (1967), strata 5-6 (nos. 396-403)

PL. 120

405

/

404 \

( 409

406

I

408 %

407 ν

410 \ Trench 29 (1967), strata 5-6 (nos. 404, 405), stratum 5A (nos. 406-410)

PL. 121

T r e n c h 29 (1967), s t r a t u m 5A (nos. 4 1 1 - 4 1 9 )

P L . 122

Trench 29 (1967), s t r a t u m 5B (nos. 420-426)

P L . 123

428 I

429 ι

430 \

431 ι Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C (nos. 427-431)

P L . 124

432

\

433 \

434 \

435

/ψ

436

437 Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5C (nos. 432-437)

P L . 125

s

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B (nos. 420-426)

P L . 126

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B (nos. 420-426)

P L . 127

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 5B (nos. 420-426)

P L . 128

T r e n c h 29 (1967), strata 5 E - G (nos. 4 5 9 - 4 6 1 ) , strata 5 F - G (no. 462), s t r a t u m 5G (nos. 4 6 3 - 4 6 7 )

P L . 129

ί

469 T 470

0

471

\

472

474 ι Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 (nos. 468-474)

PL. 130

Trcnch 29 (1967), stratum 6 (nos. 475-481)

P L . 131

484 482

485

Φ 486

490

487

«I 491 489

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 6 (nos. 482-487), stratum 4 (no. 489), stratum 5G (no. 490), strata 5G-6 (no. 491)

PL. 132

502

I

Trench 29 (1967), s t r a t u m 5G ( n o . 494), s t r a t u m 6 (nos. 492, 495-503)

PL. 133

493

505 506

© 504

508 507 ι

Trench 29 (1967), stratum 4 (no. 493), stratum 5A (no. 508), stratum 6 (nos. 504-507)

PL. 134

Trench 31, s t r a t u m 3 (nos. 509-516)

P L . 135

Trench 31, s t r a t u m 3 (nos. 517-524)

P L . 136

526

528 ^ ^ J

S

530

529

534 \

1

533 ι

Trench 31, stratum 3 (nos. 525-530); trench 31A, stratum 4 (nos. 531, 533, 534)

PL. 137

Trench 31 A, s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 532, 535-539)

P L . 138

Trench 31 A, stratum 4 (nos. 540-550)

P L . 139

553 \

Trench 31B, stratum 4 (nos. 551, 553); trench 31C, stratum 4 (no. 556)

PL. 140

T r c n c h 3 I B , s t r a t u m 4 ( n o s . 552, 554, 555); t r e n c h 3 1 C , s t r a t u m 4 ( n o . 557)

PL. 141

T r e n c h 3 1 C , s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 5 5 8 - 5 6 1 ) ; t r e n c h 3 1 E , s t r a t u m 4 (no. 562)

PL.

142

564

Trench 3 1 E , s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 563, 564)

PL. 143

Trench 3 I E , stratum 4 (nos. 565-570)

P L . 144

L Trench 31E, s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 571-576)

PL. 145

Trench 3IE, stratum 4 (nos. 565-146)

PL.

144

Trench 3IE, s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 565-147)

PL.

144

T r e n c h 3 1 E , s t r a t u m . 4 (nos. 5 9 0 - 5 9 7 ) ; t r e n c h 31F, s t r a t u m 4 (no. 598)

P L . 148

Trench 3IE, s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 565-149)

PL.

144

Trench 3IE, s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 5 6 5 - 1 5 0 )

PL.

144

Trench 3 I E , stratum 4 (nos. 5 6 5 - 1 5 1 )

P L . 144

618 /

β ® β e

620 \ 621

622

623

624

J

625

«D

Trench 31G, stratum 4 (nos. 618-626)

PL. 152

,Θ

®

Trench 31G, s t r a t u m 4A (nos. 627-630, 632, 633)

P L . 153

T r e n c h 3 1 A , s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 634, 635); t r e n c h 3 1 C , s t r a t u m 4 (no. 636); t r e n c h 31 E, s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 6 3 7 - 6 3 9 , 643, 644); t r e n c h 31F, s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 6 4 5 - 6 5 1 ) ; t r c n c h 3 1 G , s t r a t u m 4 (no. 652)

P L . 154

T r e n c h 3 1 G , s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 6 5 3 - 6 5 7 ) ; t r e n c h 3 1 C , s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 658, 659)

P L . 155

T r e n c h 3 1 C , s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 6 6 0 - 6 6 2 ) ; t r e n c h 3 1 E , s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 6 6 4 - 6 6 6 )

PL.

156

668

669 I Trench 31E, stratum 4 (no. 667); trench 31F, stratum 4 (nos. 668, 669)

PL. 157

T r e n c h 31F, s t r a t u m 4 (nos. 6 7 0 - 6 7 2 ) ; t r c n c h 31F, s t r a t u m 4 A (nos. 6 7 3 - 6 7 5 ) ; t r e n c h 3 1 G , s t r a t u m 3 (no. 676)

P L . 158

678

682

683

685 684 Necropolis IV, tomb 4 (nos. 677-687)

P L . 159

686

687

31

Necropolis IV, tomb 5 (no. 688); tomb 6, stratum 2 (no. 689); tomb 6, stratum 3 (nos. 690-692)

PL. 160

698

Necropolis IV, tomb 6, stratum 3 (nos. 693-698)

PL. 161

/Π> 699

702

700

701

Ό 703

704

•707 705

Necropolis IV, tomb 6, stratum 3 (nos. 699-709)

PL. 162

N e c r o p o l i s I V , t o m b 6, s t r a t u m 3 (nos. 7 1 0 - 7 1 4 ) ; o u t s i d e t o m b 6 (nos. 715, 716)

P L . 163

719 721

Trench 6B, stratum 2 (no. 717); trench 8A, stratum 4 (no. 718); trench 7, stratum 3 (no. 719); trench 7, stratum 4 (nos. 720,721)

PL. 164