Morgantina Studies, Volume II: The Coins 9780691200637

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Morgantina Studies -----------~11~-----------

The Coins

Morgantina Studies ---- ---- *•K t--- ---- --

Volum e II RESULTS OF THE EXCAVATIONS CONDUCI'ED AT MORGANTINA BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, THE UNIVERSITY OF IllJNOIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY • 1989

The Coins --------------~•*------------BY

THEODORE V. BUTIREY KENAN T. ERIM

THOMAS D. GROVES R. ROSS HOLLOWAY

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

Princeton Legacy Library edition 2019 Paperback ISBN: 978-0-691-62809-7 Hardcover ISBN: 978-0-691-65609-0

ISBN: 978-0-691-65609-0

HECTOR! GABRICI QUI SICULORUM DE AERE SIGNATO SCIENTIAM AMPLIFICA VIT REORDINAV IT LIBRO LEPIDISSIM O POSTERIOR IBUS TRADIDIT

Contents

Foreword

IX

Preface

XI

Abbreviations Bibliography of Articles Dealing with the Morgantina Coins I.

XXI

The Mint of Morgantina Kenan T. Erim. Revised by Eva]aunzems

3. COINS OF THE SECOND AND FIRST CENTURIES B. C.: THE HISPANORVM SERIES

3 4 31 34

Catalogue of Coins Found during the Years 1955-1981

69

INTRODUCTION

1. COINS OF THE FIFTH AND FOURTH CENTURIES B. C.

2. THE l:IKEAH1T AN COINAGE

II.

XV

Theodore V. Buttrey: CATALOGUE NOS. 1-95,97-242, 258-291,400-429, 453-777 (1955-62). Kenan T. Erim: CATALOGUE NOS. 243-257, 430 (1955-62). R. Ross Holloway: CATALOGUE NOS. 96, 292-399, 449-452 (1955-62). Thomas D. Groves: ADDITIONS TO CATALOGUE NOS. 3-769 (1963-81). Paolo Visona: CATALOGUE NOS. 431-448. TABLE OF TOTALS

133

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE

135

III.

Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins: 1955-1962 R. Ross Holloway

155

IV.

Catalogue of Stratigraphic~lly Related Coins: 1963-1981 Thomas D. Groves

185

Appendix 1: Kenan T. Erim, "Morgantina"

201

Appendix II: T. V. Buttrey, "The Morgantina Excavations and the Date of the Roman Denarius"

215

Appendix III: T. V. Buttrey, "Morgantina and the Denarius"

220

Index

227

List of Plates

233

Plates

247

Foreword

THE COINS presented in this volume were discovered in the course of excavations supported by many institutions and foundations. These include Princeton University, its Research Fund and Spears Fund; the Bollingen Foundation; the Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities; the Ford Foundation; the Robert Sterling Clark Foundation; the Luigi Sturzo Sicilian Archaeological Fund; the Research Board of the University of Illinois; the University Research Policy Council of the University of Virginia; the Samuel H. Kress Foundation; the Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli; the Wormsloe Foundation; and the Benfield Foundation. Publication of the second volume of Morgantina Studies has been made possible by the generous support of all those who contributed to the publication fund. They include F. Taplin, H. Helm, G. Lambert, R. W. Lee, S. McAlpin, B. Schaefer, E. Wolf, and Princeton University, as well as two anonymous donors. All those associated with the U.S. excavations at Morgantina are profoundly grateful for this assistance. William A. P. Childs Princeton University Malcolm Bell, III University of Virginia

Preface

Tms volume presents the coins discovered at Morgantina during the excavation seasons of 1955-63, 1966-71, and 1980-81. This is the largest group of excavation coins from an Italian site to have been published as a group. Yet the size of the body of material is not its chief merit. The Morgantina coins are almost exclusively Sicilian Greek and Roman issues struck before the end of the first century B.c. Among them are seven hoards and sixty-nine separate stratified groups of coins. This numismatic material not only made possible the identification of the Serra Orlando site as that of the ancient Morgantina; it has opened the way to fundamental progress in the reconstruction of the history of the early Roman Republican coinage, and of bronze coinage in Greek Sicily. The later campaigns of excavation have produced coin finds which confirm the conclusions drawn from the first years, and have amplified the numismatic record of Morgantina in many respects, the most striking addition being the hoard of forty-four gold coins of Philip II and Alexander III of Macedon, Agathokles, Hiketas, and Pyrrhos found in 1966. The coins found at Morgantina are almost entirely of bronze, as is usual in excavations. The metal, less durable than gold or silver, has suffered not only from wear during the circulating life of the coins, but from the corrosive action of the soil, so that many have remained illegible even after cleaning. Nonetheless 9898 pieces, or about ninety percent of the total found, have been identified and form the Catalogue below. This volume falls into several parts. The first, on the mint of Morgan tina, is a full study of the city coinage based on a corpus of surviving specimens in all major collections as well as the find coins. The corpus includes not only the earlier issue bearing the ethnic, but the subsequent HISPANORVM issues, now firmly attributed to a post-Second Punic War mint at Morgantina. Included also is a corpus of the 1:IKEAH1T AN series, more difficult to attribute but possibly struck at Morgantina during the Second Punic War. For a final possibility, a Carthaginian mint operating briefly at Morgantina during the Second Punic War, see Cat. 446-448 and the note thereto. Part II, the Catalogue, lists the individual finds, with appended notes to significant issues. For details of its organization see the introduction to the Catalogue, p. 69 below. Parts III and IV, the Catalogues of Stratigraphically Related Coins, list those important contexts and undisturbed strata which contained identifiable coins. This numismatic evidence thus contributes to the interpretation of the archaeological context, while equally the context can provide evidence for the date of an issue, or the chronological relation of striking or circulation of different issues of coin. The Plates are intended to give as full an impression as possible of the range of Greek and early Roman coin finds. Illustration has been provided for every Sicilian bronze type discovered, save only those few so poorly preserved as to make reproduction impracticable.

xu

PREFACE

The authors' work was made possible and encouraged throughout its progress by the co-directors of the Morgantina Excavations and co-editors of their publication, Profs. Erik Sjoqvist and Richard Stillwell. The manuscript covering the finds of 1955-1962 was submitted in 1969, but publication was much delayed by the editors' other commitments, and eventual ill health. The impetus for its appearance now has been provided by Prof. William A. P. Childs of Princeton, to whom the authors are particularly grateful. The lapse of time made possible the work of Thomas Groves, who attributed the site fmds of 1963-1981, and whose results have been integrated into the catalogue, and form the second part of the Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins. Paolo Visona has revised the catalogue entries and notes on Punic coins. However, while care has been taken to up-date references in the texts and the Catalogue, it has not been possible to rework the entire study, so that some more recent citations are wanting. Sincerest thanks are due to Prof. Luigi Bernabo Brea, now retired Soprintendente alle Antichira della Sicilia Orientale, within whose jurisdiction the Morgantina Excavation originally lay, for his many kindnesses to the authors during the periods in which they were engaged in studying the coins at the Regional Archaeological Museum in Syracuse, and to his successors, Dr. Paola Pelagatti and Dr. Giuseppe Voza. They were joined in making every facility available to the authors for their work by Sig:ra Maria Teresa Curro, then curator of coins. Sig:ra Curro and her assistants, in particular her successor Sig:ra Giuseppina Cassarino Tranchina, also gave unfailing assistance in the preparation of casts and photographs for this book. Thanks are also extended to Prof. Gino Vinicio Gentili, formerly Vice-Soprintendente at Syracuse and subsequently Soprintendente alle Antichira dell'Emilia e della Romagna for his courtesies. The authors remember with pleasure the kindness with which their visits to other Sicilian collections were received, and express thanks to Dr. Pietro Griffo, Soprintendente alle Antichid per la Provincia di Agrigento e Caltanissetta, and to his successors Prof. Piero Orlandini, Prof. Ernesto De Mira, and Dr. Graziella Fiorentini; Dr. Vincenzo Tusa, formerly Soprintendente alle Antichid di Sicilia Occidentale; Sig:ra Aldina Tusa Cutroni, then Curator of Coins at Palermo; and Prof. Giovanni Rizza of the University of Catania. The preparation of the manuscripts which comprise this volume owes much to the hospitality of the American Academy in Rome, and its ever gracious librarians, Mrs. Nina Longobardi and her successor Miss Lucilla Marino. The following kindly provided information and (as indicated by asterisks) casts of coins in their collections for inclusion in the Morgantina coin volume: Giancarlo Alteri (Vatican), *P. K. Anderson (Hobart, Oklahoma), *Carmen Arnold-Biucchi (New York), Ermanno A. Arslan (Milan), Carmen Alfaro Asins (Madrid), *Jean Babelon (Paris), Gianguido Belloni (Milan), *L. H. Belova (Leningrad), Peter Berghaus (Munster), *Hansjorg Bloesch (Winterthur), Christof Boehringer (G6ttingen), Laura Breglia (Rome), Guido Bruck (Vienna), Herbert Cahn (Basel), Giacomo Caputo (Florence), Silvana Balbi de Caro (Rome), S. L. Cesano (Rome), M. Delepierre (Paris), *Gunther Dembski (Vienna), A. Serena Fava (Turin), *Gisela Forschner (Frankfurt a. M.), E. Gabrici (Palermo), Edward Gans (Berkeley), *Dominique Gerin (Paris), Robert Gobl (Vienna), Virginia Grace (Athens), *A.M. de Guadan (Port Bou, Gerona),J. P. Guepin (The Hague), Vera HarzJammer (Hamburg), E. Holzmair (Vienna), H. Jucker (Bern), *H.-M. von Kaenel (Winterthur),

PREFACE

Xlll

*Dietrich Klose (Munich), Colin M. Kraay (Oxford), K. Kraft (Munich), *Anna Kromann (Copenhagen), H. Klithmann (Munich), J. Lallemand (Brussels), H. Lanz (Basel), *M. Leuthold (Milan), *J. Lippens (Brussels), M. Mainjonet (Paris), *Peter-Hugo Martin (Karlsruhe), *D. M. Metcalf (Oxford), Luigi Michelini Tocci (Vatican), L. Mildenberg (Zurich), George Miles (New York), *Athas Moretti (Bellinzona), Otto Morkholm (Copenhagen), Daphne Nash (Oxford), Joaquin M. de Navascues (Madrid), F. Nialandt (Karlsruhe), *Orazio Pennisi (Acireale), *Graham Pollard (Cambridge), *Enrica Pozzi (Naples), *Martin Price (London), Joachim Raeder (Hannover), Anne S. Robertson (Glasgow), Beatrice Scharli (Basel), Margildis SchlUter (Hannover), *H.-D. Schultz (Berlin), D. Schwarz (Zurich), Kolbjorn Skaare (Oslo), H. Stubenvoll {Frankfurt a. M.), A. Suhle (Berlin), Margaret Thompson (New York), *Giuseppina Tranchina (Syracuse), *Vincenzo Tusa and Aldina Tusa Cutroni (Palermo),]. P. A. Vander Vin (The Hague), T. R. Volk (Cambridge), Jules de Walsche (Brussels), and K. Welz (Fulda). Theodore Buttrey owes especial thanks to the American Philosophical Society for a grant which enabled him to work on the excavation coins in Syracuse during the summer of 1962. Kenan T. Erim expresses deep gratitude to Laura Breglia, Harold Mattingly, Jr., and Anthony Raubitschek, the members of the Departments of Art and Archaeology and Classics of Princeton University, to his co-authors T.V. Buttrey and R. Ross Holloway, and to the late Andrew Alfoldi, Willy Schwabacher, and Louis West. Special thanks are due to Kenneth Jenkins for his help and deeply-appreciated encouragement. A fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation in 1961-1962 and a leave of absence granted by New York University are hereby gratefully acknowledged. R. Ross Holloway wishes to thank in particular the American Academy in Rome which supported his participation in this work by appointing him Rome Prize Fellow in Classical Studies in 1960-1962. During this time Mrs. R. Ross Holloway, who served as cataloguer of the excavation in 1961 and 1962, was in every way a collaborator in his work. He also expresses appreciation for useful discussions with Mr. G. K. Jenkins and Dr. Christof Boehringer. Thomas D. Groves would like to thank Professors William A. P. Childs and Malcolm Bell for the opportunity to study the coins from the later years of the excavation. Professors Shelley Stone and Barbara Tsakirgis also deserve thanks for their advice and constant support. All the authors join in acknowledging with thanks the expert work of Christopher Moss who designed the layout, compiled the index, and patiently committed the book to print. Without his assistance this volume would not have appeared.

Abbreviations Abh

Abhandlungen (followed by name of the academy abbreviated, e.g. AbhBerl).

AIIN

Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica.

AJA

American Journal of Archaeology.

ANSMN

The American Numismatic Society Museum Notes.

Archei

Archeologia Classica.

Ariadne

Auction catalogues of Ariadne Galleries, New York: 9 December 1981.

Arslan

Arslan, E. La moneta della Sicilia antica. Catalogo delle civiche raccolte numismatiche di Milano. Milan, 1976.

ASSO

Archivo storico per Ia Sicilia Orientale.

AttiCIN

Atti dei Convegni del Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici.

AttiMemiiN

Attie memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica.

Babel on

Babelon, E. Traite des monnaies grecques et romaines I-IV. Paris, 1901-33.

Bahrfeldt

Bahrfeldt, M. von. "Die romisch-sicilischen Mlinzen aus der Zeit der Republik." RSN 12 (1904) 331-445. "Eine Nachlese." RSN 24 (1925-28) 218-234.

Bank Leu

Sales catalogues of Bank Leu A. G., Zurich: 3 December 1965: Niggeler Collection. 8 May 1973: Virzi Collection.

BCH

Bulletin de correspondance hellenique.

Bdi

Bullettino dell' Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica.

BMC

A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. London, 1873- .

BMCRR

Grueber, H. A. Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum. London, 1910.

BMMA

Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Boehringer

Boehringer, E. Die Munzen von Syrakus. Berlin, 1929.

Boston

Brett, A. B. Catalogue of Greek Coins, Museum afFine Arts. Boston, 1955.

Brett

Baldwin (Brett), A. "Lampsakos: The Gold Staters." A]N 53 pt. 3 (1924) 1-52.

Buttrey

Buttrey, T. V. "The Morgantina Gold Hoard and the Coinage of Hicetas." NC Ser. 7, v. 13 (1973) 1-17.

BSA

Annual of the British School at Athens.

CAH

Cambridge Ancient History.

Cahn, Naxos

Cahn, H. A. Die Munzen der sizilischen Stadt Naxos. Basel, 1944.

Canessa

Sales catalogues of A. & G. Canessa, Naples: 12 June 1928: Po lese Collection.

CNI

Corpus Nummorum Italicorum. Rome, 1910-43.

XVI

ABBREVIATIONS

of the American Numismatic Society. New York, 1958.

CPANS

Centennial Publication

Crawford

Crawford, M. H. Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge, 1974.

Crawford, Paestum

Crawford, M. H. "Paestum and Rome: the Form and Function of a Subsidiary Coinage." In La monetazione di bronzo di Poseidonia-Paestum (AttiCIN III [Rome, 1971] = AIIN 18-19, supplement (1973]} 47-109.

de Luynes

Babel on, J. Catalogue de Ia Collection de Luynes. Paris, 1924-36.

Egger

Sales catalogues of Bruder Egger, Vienna: 10 December 1906. XXXIX: 15 January 1912.

Fabretti

Fabretti, A. Regio Museo di Torino: Monete greche. Turin, 1883.

Feuardent

Sales catalogues of Feuardent Freres, Paris: 11 June 1913: G. Burel Collection.

Fiorelli

Fiorelli, G. Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli: Medagliere. Vol. I, Monete greche. Naples, 1870.

Franke, Epirus

Franke, P. R. Die antiken Miinzen von Epirus. Part 1. Wiesbaden, 1961.

Gabrici

Gabrici, E. La monetazione del bronzo nella Sicilia antica. Palermo, 1927.

Gallatin

Gallatin, A. Syracusan Dekadrachms of the Euainetos Type. Cambridge, Mass., 1930.

Glendining

Sales catalogues of Glendining and Company, London: 9 March 1931: Collection A. J. Evans et al. 10 October 1951: G. H. Abbott Collection. 25 October 1955: R. C. Lockett Collection.

Head

Head, B. V. "On the Chronological Sequence of the Coins of Syracuse." NC 14 (1874) 1-80.

Head, Guide

Head, B. V. A Guide to the Principal Coins of the Greeks. London, 1932.

Head,HN

Head, B. V. Historia N umorum. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1911.

Heiss, Description

Heiss, A. Description generale des monnaies antiques de l'Espagne. Paris, 1870.

Hess

Auction catalogues of A. Hess, Nachfolger, Frankfort: CCII: 28 October 1930. CCIX: 17 October 1933.

Hill, Notes

Hill, G. F. Notes on the Ancient Coinage ofHispania Citerior. American Numismatic Society Numismatic Notes and Monographs no. 50. New York, 1931.

Hirsch

Sales catalogues of J. Hirsch, Munich: XX: 13 November 1907: H. C. Hoskier Collection. XXVI: 24 May 1910: Collection Lobbecke et al. XXXIII: 17 November 1913: Von Schennis Collection. XXXIV: 5 May 1914.

Hirsch Coll.

Naster, P. La collection Lucien de Hirsch. Brussels, 1959.

Holloway

Holloway, R. R. The Thirteen-Months Coinage of Hieronymos 1969.

of Syracuse.

Berlin,

ABBREVIATIONS

XVII

Holloway-] enkins

Holloway, R. R., and Jenkins, G. K. Terina. Bellinzona, 1983.

Holm

Holm, A. Geschichte Siziliens im Altertum I-III. Leipzig, 1870, 1874, 1898.

Hunterian

Macdonald, G. Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection. Glasgow, 1901.

IGCH

Thompson, M., M0rkholm, 0., and Kraay, C. M., eds. An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards. New York, 1973.

Jameson

Collection R. Jameson: monnaies grecques antiques. Paris, 1913.

jdl

jahrbuch des Deutschen Archiiologischen lnstituts.

Jenkins, Gela

Jenkins, G. K. The Coinage of Gela. Berlin, 1970.

Jenkins-Lewis

Jenkins, G. K., and Lewis, R. B. Carthaginian Gold and Electrum Coins. London, 1963.

JNG

jahrbuch fur Numismatik und Geldgeschichte.

Mazard

Mazard, J. Corpus Nummorum Numidiae Mauretaniaeque. Paris, 1955.

McClean

Grose, S. W. Catalogue of the McClean Collection Cambridge, 1926.

Merzbacher

Sales catalogues of E. Merzbacher, Nachfolger, Munich: 2 November 1909.

Mionnet

Mionnet, T. E. Description de medailles antiques, grecques et romaines. Paris, 1805-37. Supplement I, 1819.

MSI

Bell, M. Morgantina Studies I. The Terracottas. Princeton, 1981.

Munzen und Medaillen

Sales catalogues of Mtinzen und Medaillen, Basel: February 1949.

Munzhandlung Basel

Sales catalogues of Mtinzhandlung Basel: 1 October 1935.

NAC

Quaderni Ticinesi: Numismatica e antichita classiche.

Naville

Sales catalogues of L. Naville, Geneva (Lucerne auctions): I: 4 April 1921. S. Pozzi Collection. VI: 28 January 1924. C. S. Bement Collection.

NC

Numismatic Chronicle.

NNM

Numismatic Notes and Monographs of the American Numismatic Society.

NNUM

Nordisk Numismatisk Unions Medlemsblad.

of Greek Coins, Fitzwilliam Museum.

Noe, S. P. A Bibliography of Greek Coin Hoards. 2nd ed. New York, 1937.

NSc

Notizie degli scavi di antichita.

NZ

N umismatische Zeitschrifi.

Paruta

Paruta, F. La Sicilia descritta con medaglie e ristampata da Leonardo Agostino. Palermo, 1612. Lyons, 1697.

PR I

Stillwell, R., and Sjoqvist, E. "Excavations at Serra Orlando, Preliminary Report." 4/A 61 (1957) 151-59.

XVlll

ABBREVIATIONS

PRII

Sjoqvist, E. "Excavations at Serra Orlando (Morgan tina), Preliminary Report II." AJA 62 (1958) 155-64.

PR III

Stillwell, R. "Excavations at Serra Orlando 1958, Preliminary Report III." 63 (1959) 167-73.

PRIV

Sjoqvist, E. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1959, Preliminary Report IV." AJA 64 (1960) 125-35.

PRV

Stillwell, R. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1960, Preliminary Report V." AJA 65 (1961) 277-281.

PR VI

Sjoqvist, E. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1961, Preliminary Report VI." AJA 66 (1962) 135-43.

PR VII

Stillwell, R. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1962, Preliminary Report VII." AJA 67 (1963) 164-71.

PR VIII

Sjoqvist, E. "Excavations at Morgan tina (Serra Orlando) 1963, Preliminary Report VIII." AJA 68 (1964) 237-247.

PRIX

Stillwell, R. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando) 1966, Preliminary Report IX." AJA 71 (1967) 245-250.

PRX

Allen, H. L. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando), 1967-69, Preliminary Report X." AJA 74 (1970) 359.

PR XI

Allen, H. L. "Excavations at Morgantina (Serra Orlando), Preliminary Report XI." AJA 78 (1974) 361-382.

PRXII

Bell, M. "Excavations at Morgantina, 1980-1985, Preliminary Report XII." AJA 92 (1988) 313-42.

ProcBritAc

Proceedings of the British Academy.

RBN

Revue beige de numismatique.

RBPhil

Revue beige de philologie et d 'histoire.

RE

Pauly, A., Wissowa, F., and Kroll, W., eds. Paulys Realencyclopi:idie der klassischen Altertumswissenschafi. Stuttgart, 1894-.

Reichmann

Sales catalogues of A. Reichmann and Company, Halle: XXX: 11 December 1924. Berlin Museum duplicates et al.

RendLinc

Rendiconti dell 'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.

4JA

Mattingly, H. et al., eds. The Roman Imperial Coinage. London, 1923-. Sutherland, C. H. V., and Carson, R. A. G., eds. The Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. I, Revised Edition. London, 1984.

RIN

Rivista italiana di numismatica.

Rizzo

Rizzo, G. E. Monete greche della Sicilia. Rome, 1946.

RN

Revue Numismatique.

Robinson

Robinson, E. S. G. A Catalogue Part I. Lisbon, 1971.

of the Calouste Gulbenkian Collection of Greek Coins.

ABBREVIATIONS

XIX

RSN

Revue suisse de numismatique.

Salinas

Salinas, G. Le monete delle antiche citta di Sicilia. Palermo, 1871.

Sam bon

Sales catalogues of A. Sambon, Paris: 14 March 1923. 27 May 1925.

Sambon-Canessa

Sales catalogues of A. Sambon and A. Canessa, Paris: 19 December 1907. 27 June 1927.

A. Sambon

Sambon, A. Les monnaies antiques de l'Italie. Paris, 1903.

Santangelo

Fiorelli, G. Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli: Collezione Santangelo, monete greche. Naples, 1866.

Sarstrom

Sarstrom, M. A Study of the Coinage of the Mamertines. Lund, 1940.

SB

Sitzungsberichte (followed by name of Academy abbreviated, e.g. SBBerl).

Shlosser

Shlosser, F. E. Greek Gold and Silver Coins in the McGill University Collection. Amsterdam, 1975.

SNG

Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. 1931-: ANS: Collection of the American Numismatic Society, New York. Ashmolean: Collection of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Cop: Collection of the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen. Fitzwilliam: Collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Leake: Leake Collection, Cambridge. Lloyd: A. H. and M. E. H. Lloyd Collection. Lockett: Lockett Collection. Miinchen: Staatliche Miinzsammlung Miinchen. Spencer-Churchill: E. G. Spencer Churchill Collection. Sweden: Collection of His Late Majesty King Gustaf VI Adolf. Tiibingen: Miinzsammlung dcr Universitat Tiibingen.

So the by

Sales catalogues of Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge, London: 23 March 1896. H. Montagu Collection. 28 May 1900. 3 February 1909. F. S. Benson Collection.

Spahr I

Spahr, R. Le monete siciliane dai Bizantini a Carlo I d'Angio (582-1282 ). Zurich, 1976.

Spahr II

Spahr, R. Le monete siciliane dagli Aragonesi ai Borboni (1282-1836). 2nd ed. Zurich, 1982.

von Stauffenberg, Hieron

Schenck von Stauffenberg, A. Konig Hieron der Zweite von Syrakus. Diss. Stuttgart, 1933.

Svoronos

Svoronos, J. N. 1904-08.

Sydenham

Sydenham, E. A. The Coinage of the Roman Republic. London, 1952.

Talbert, Timoleon.

Talbert, R.J. A. Timoleon and the Revival ofGreek Sicily. Cambridge, 1974.

' ... ITTOI\£flatwv. ~ ' I T a\ VOJ.ltCTJ.laTa Athens, rwv rov~ Kparov!;

XX

ABBREVIATIONS

Thomsen

Thomsen, R. Early Roman Coinage. Copenhagen, 1957-61.

Walker

Walker, A. Ancient Greek Coins: The Credit Bank Collection. Athens, 1978.

Weber

Forrer, L. The Weber Collection. London, 1924.

Westermark-Jenkins

Westermark, U., and Jenkins, G. K. The Coinage of Kamarina. London, 1980.

ZjN

Zeitschrifi fur N umismatik.

ZPE

Zeitschrifi fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik.

Bibliography of Articles Dealing with the Morgantina Coins by Members of the Princeton Excavations

T. V. Buttrey

"The Morgantina Excavations and the Date of the Roman Denarius." Atti del Congresso Internazionale di Numismatica 1961 (Rome, 1965) 261-67 [reprinted pp. 215-219 below]. "The Morgantina Gold Hoard and the Coinage of Hicetas." NC Ser. 7, v. 13 (1973) 1-17. "Morgantina and the Denarius." NAC 8 (1979) 149-57 [reprinted pp. 220226 below].

Kenan T. Erim

"Morgantina." AJA 62 (1958) 79-90 [reprinted pp. 201-214 below]. "La zecca di Morgantina." In Le emissioni dei centri Siculi fino all'epoca di Timoleonte (AttiCIN IV [Naples, 1973] = AIIN 20, supplement [1975]) 67-76.

R. Ross Holloway

"Numismatic Notes from Morgantina II. Half Coins of Hieron II in the Monetary System of Roman Sicily." ANSMN 9 (1960) 65-73. "Monete provenienti dagli scavi di Morgantina e gia attribute a Hiempsal II." AIIN 7-8 (1960-61) 35-37. "Monetary circulation in Central Sicily to the Reign of Augustus as Documented by the Morgantina Excavations." Atti del Congresso Internazionale di Numismatica 1961 (Rome, 1965) 135-50. "The Bronze Coinage of the Third Syracusan Democracy (344-316 B.c.)." AIIN 16-17 (1969-70) 129-42. "The Bronze Coinage of Agathocles." In Greek Archaeology and Numismatics: Essays in Honor of Margaret Thompson. Wetteren, 1979, pp. 87-97.

Erik Sjoqvist

"Numismatic Notes from Morgantina I. The 2.IKEAH1TAN Coinage." ANSMN 9 (1960) 53-63.

Morgantina Studies -----------~~~~~~-----------

The Coins

-----------------------------------~~~7~----------------------------------'74 J)'i

The Mint of Morgan tina Introduction Tms study of the mint of Morgantina derives from a dissertation presented to the Department of Art and Archaeology of Princeton University in September 1957. 1 The dissertation was concerned specifically with the bronze issues bearing the reverse legend HISPANOR VM and with a re-evaluation of their dating based on new archaeological evidence furnished by the Princeton excavations at Serra Orlando, and suggested that Morgantina was their mint city. This new interpretation relied heavily on the re-examination of a number of ancient literary sources, especially the accounts by Livy of the last years of the Second Punic War, when Spanish mercenaries were settled by the Romans on the site of the rebellious city of Morgan tina in return for services rendered during the siege of Syracuse. The association of the HISPANOR VM issues with Morgantina and its Spanish settlers led to the problem of the location of Morgan tina, until then identified with several different sites in central eastern Sicily. The abundance of HISPANOR VM bronzes excavated at Serra Orlando, an abundance unmatched elsewhere, and a close re-evaluation of the textual evidence concerning the location of Morgantina suggested that the site of Serra Orlando itself was the likeliest candidate for the location of the ancient city. This suggestion, developed in the dissertation and subsequently discussed in an article, 2 was accepted by Professors Erik Sjoqvist and Richard Stillwell. The overall archaeological evidence and the testimony of the literary sources concerning the history of Morgantina convincingly and consistently support this identification. The present study therefore includes the HISPANOR VM series, the last coins issued by the mint of Morgantina. A large number of these bronzes was found in the course of the excavations between 1955 and 1981, a total of706 identifiable specimens. In addition, twenty-eight coins of the mint of Morgantina proper were discovered in the course of the excavations, but their archaeological contexts were not of significant value in deciding their chronology. The re-evaluation of their dates is therefore based essentially on a study of all available specimens and their affinities with more important Sicilian and South Italian issues with accepted dates. The catalogues both for the Morgantina and the HISPANOR VM issues cannot pretend to be absolutely complete. Nevertheless, all important private and public collections in Europe and the ·United States likely to contain the coins in question were consulted. Some omissions are possible in the HISPANOR VM series: these coins have often been inventoried in miscellaneous unclassified categories or even under "Spain." Where personal visits were feasible, all possibilities were explored; in other cases, precise information was supplied for the eventual location of the coins. 1 K. T. Erim, "The Hispanorum Coins: Problems in Sicilian Numismatics and History" (Diss. Princeton University, 1957).

2 K. T. Erim, "Morgantina," AJA 62 (1958) 79-90, reprinted pp. 201-14 below.

CHAPTER I

4

Whenever the specimens were sufficiently well-preserved that the dies could be identified, this information is given in the catalogue. A large number of the excavation coins, however, proved too worn to enable definite die identification.

1. Coins of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries

B.C.

Morgantina, like other small cities in Sicily, especially those of the interior, began to strike coinage later than the larger coastal cities, and then only sporadically. The coins of these minor mints have so far received little attention from scholars, and their proposed classifications are often of a somewhat arbitrary or perfunctory character. The significant role played by Morgantina in eastern Sicilian history from the fifth century B.C. onwards places it, however, in a slightly different position from that of other cities of the interior. Consequently its coinage occurs in catalogues as early as the seventeenth century, 3 is regularly included in later publications, and has been the subject of a number of articles on specific issues. Holm, in his "Geschichte des sicilischen Mlinzwesens bis zur Zeit des Augustus," 4 the concluding chapter of his monumental history of the island in antiquity, grouped the coinage of Morgan tina as follows:

1) Third Period, ca. 461-430 B.c. (our Group I) 2) Fourth Period, ca. 430-360 B.C. (our Group III, Silver) 3) Fifth Period, ca. 357-317 B.c. (our Group III, Bronze) Holm's categories did not differ essentially from those suggested by Gardner in his catalogue of the mint based on specimens in the British Museum. 5 In 1918, however, Arthur Sambon re-examined the Morgantina mint more closely and proposed a slightly different chronological distribution. 6 He had at his disposal a greater number of specimens and one new issue, the rare tetradrachm. Sambon distinguished four groups on the basis of style: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Silver, Rough Archaic Style, ca. 480 B.c. (our Group I) Silver, Syracusan Style, ca. 394 or 392-370 B.c. (our Group II) Silver, Rough Style, ca. 392 B.C. (our Group III) Bronze, ca. 340 B.C. (our Group III)

The development of Sicilian numismatic studies since 1918 and the abundance of new material now available justify a reclassification of the coinage of Morgan tina. The central point of Sam bon's study, namely that the mint was most active during the fourth century, is still valid. However, the distribution of the various issues in the course of that century is subject to revision in light of more recent conclusions concerning the chronology of the larger Sicilian mints. Unfortunately, given the absence of helpful archaeological data for Morgantina issues, including those found in the Serra Orlando excavations, stylistic analysis by necessity plays a major role in the present re-examination of the mint. 3 The earliest illustrations of coins from the mint ofMorgantina occur in the early seventeenth-century work of Paruta, 63, pl. 87. 4 Holm III, 543-741, esp. 603, 637, 675.

5

BMCSicily, 114f.

A. Sambon, "Les monnaies de Morgantinc," RN Ser. 4, v. 21 (1917-18) 122-30. 6

THE MINT OF MORGANTINA

5

The coinage of Morgantina can be classified into three Groups, more or less homogeneous and essentially distinguished by style. The dates and bronze denominations are uncertain. 7 Group I: Group II: Group III:

Issue 1. AR litrae, ca. 465-459 B.c. Issue 2. AR tetradrachms, ca. 370-350 B.C. Issues 3-5. AR litrae and 11;4 litrae, ca. 344-317 B.C. Issues 6.-8. AE litrae, hemilitra and hexantes, ca. 344-317 B.c.

Although it is impossible to connect with certainty the appearance of any issue with political events, this classification does take into account the history of the city. Morgantina8 was probably the first Graeco-Sikel community of central Sicily to strike coinage, specifically a silver litra (Group I), in the first half of the fifth century B.C. The appearance of this issue may well antedate the capture of the city by Duketios in 459 B.c. It illustrates the growing Hellenization of the community between the latter part of the sixth and the first quarter of the fifth century B.c. as well as its political and economic importance about 465-460 B.c., a circumstance which could also explain the siege of Duketios. The next activity of the mint took place about a century later, ca. 370-350 B.c. The centurylong hiatus might be explained by a decline of the town following the Duketios episode. A valiant and exceptional attempt at resuming a numismatic identity was made in the second quarter of the fourth century through the issuance of a very rare tetradrachm (Group II) inspired by the Syracusan dekadrachms of Euainetos. The late Dionysian and especially the Timoleontic periods are interesting and complex ones in the history of Sicilian coinage because of the abundance of issues of all denominations, types, and metals. 9 Between ca. 340 and 317 B.c. Morgantina produced three silver issues and three bronze issues (Group III), the latter fairly well represented in many collections.

GROUP I (Issue 1) ca. 465-459 B.c. 1. AR litra Obv: Bearded male head r. with shaggy hair bound by taenia; border of dots. Rev: Ali!ITli!A:JJIOM Ear of grain. Die combinations: 1. 0 1

Rl a. Berlin, ex Imhoof-Blumer

7 The dates suggested in this study differ slightly from those proposed by this author in "La zecca di Morgan tina," in

Le emissioni dei centri Siculijino all'epoca di Timoleonte (AttiCIN IV [Naples, 1973] = AIIN 20, sup pl. [1975]) 67-76, where the groups were dated as follows: Group I, ca. 465; Group II, ca. 360-350; Group III, Silver, ca. 350-325; Group III, Bronze, ca. 344-317.

0.78

Pl. 1:1

8 For the history of Morgantina and the variants of its name, seeK. T. Erim, "Morgantina," AJA 62 (1958) 85ff. (infra, pp. 208-12), and E. Sjiiqvist, "Perche Morgantina?," RendLine IS (1960) 296ff. 9 E. Sjiiqvist, "Timoleonte e Morgantina," Kokalos 4 (1958) 107-18.

6

CHAPTER I

2. 02 R2 a. London (BMC 1) b. New York (SNGANS 463 =Ratto, 15 March 1926, 156 = Naville I, 497) c. Paris FG 841 d. Paris, Chandan de Briailles 240 e. Turin (Fabretti 1487) f. Turin (Fabretti 1488) g. Bank Leu, 3 Dec. 1965, 123 =Jameson 660

0.71 0.71 0.67 0.70 0.60 0.57 0.74

Pl. 1:2

3. 03 R2 a. Palermo (Holm III, 603, no. 120)

0.75

Pl. 1:3

4. 03 R 3 li!ITli!A:)JIOM a. Berlin 21240 b. Syracuse 46024

0.69 0.45

Pl. 1:4

0.66

Pl. 1:5

5. 04 R3 a. Cambridge (McClean 2453 = Sotheby, 28 May 1900, 109) b. The Hague 1375

0.54

6. 04 R 4 ITII!A:::>JIOM a. London (SNGLloyd 1124 =Weber 1446) b. Oxford (SNGAshmolean 1856) c. Paris (de Luynes 1035) d. Paris FG 840 e. Syracuse 32388 f. Vienna 6664

0.62 0.61 0.66 0.65 0.50 0.90

Pl. 1:6

Dies uncertain: Acireale, Pennisi CoiL Enna, private coiL Washington, Clain-Stefanelli CoiL Specimens recorded: 22 Obverse dies: 4 Reverse dies: 4 Die positions irregular Average of 19 specimens: 0.66 gr.

The head of the obverse cannot be identified with any degree of certainty. It probably represents a local divinity or river-god, possibly the Chrysas (modern Dittaino) which flows in the immediate

THE MINT OF MORGANTINA

7

vicinity of Morgantina. The ear of grain on the reverse refers to the agricultural wealth of the region, which in later periods is mentioned by a number of ancient sources. 10 The style of the obverse is certainly archaic, but in a rather provincial or "Sikel" manner. The closest parallels are the fifth-century B.C. issues of Gela, especially the litrae of ca. 465-450 B.C. 11 (man-headed bull/horse) and, to a lesser extent, those of Naxos 12 (head of Dionysos/grapes). Although the Gela dies are generally of higher quality, the profile, the shape of the eye, and the form of the beard of the man-headed bull are reminiscent of the Morgantina type. The forms of the letters in the legend also resemble those used in Geloan legends, showing the same retrograde incision and the same form of gamma [ :J]. This early form was used by Gela and Akragas until the last quarter of the fifth century when it was superceded by f .13 Parallels for the sloping N can be easily found in roughly contemporary issues of Leontini and Naxos. The archaic rho [R] was replaced by the later form [P] ca. 450 in Syracuse, somewhat later at Rhegium, and not until ca. 430-420 in Akragas. 14 Since archaic letters were used in Sicily during most of the fifth century and were replaced at different times by different mints, their use on the litrae of Morgantina does not significantly restrict the possible dates of this issue. Suggested dates have, in fact, covered most of the fifth century: Sambon places this issue ca . . 480 B.C., while Rizzo doubts that it antedates 450 B.c., and Holm groups it in his 461-430 B.C. category. 15 It is unlikely that Morgantina would have produced these coins after it was captured by Duketios in 459 B.C., an event recorded by Diodorus and documented by archaeological evidence from the site. 16 A date ca. 465-459 B.C. seems most reasonable both on stylistic and historical grounds, and because Gela, Syracuse and various smaller Sicilian mints struck their earliest litrae at about this timeY

GROUP II (Issue 2) ca. 370-350 B.c. 2. AR tetradrachm Obv: Female head [Persephone, Nymph, or Sikelia]l., crowned with reeds; around, three dolphins; to left, pellet; below, IX..; border of dots. Rev: Quadriga galloping I. guided by charioteer holding reins in I. hand and brandishing whip with r.; above, Nike flying r. to crown charioteer; in exergue, MOPf ANTINON; border of dots. 10 The presence of large bands of slaves in Morgan tina and the role played by the city in the Servile Wars suggest sizable agricultural enterprises in the second century B.c. (Diodorus Siculus 34/35.2.23; 36.4.5-8 and 7.1). A similar impression is given by Cicero (Verr. 1Liii.18.47 and 23.56), Silius Italicus (14.265), and by references to a vitis or uva Murgentina (vinum Murgentinum) in Cato (6.4), Columella (3.2.27) and Pliny (NH 14.35 and 46). II Compare Jenkins, Gela, Group III: 228-34, nos. 244338, pis. 16-18. 12 Compare Cahn, Naxos, litrae of Group 1: 105-109, nos. 12-32, pis. I-11. 13 Jenkins, Gela, 81-82.

14 G. K. Jenkins, "Some Camarinean Questions," NNUM (1967) 157; "The Coinages ofEnna, Galaria, Piakos, Imachara, Kephaloidion and Longane," in Le emissioni dei centri Siculi.fino allepoca di Timoleonte (AttiCIN IV [Naples, 1973] = AIIN 20, suppl. [ 1975]) 85-86. IS A. Sambon, "Les monnaies de Morganrine," RN Ser. 4, v. 21 (1917-18) 122; Rizzo I, 268, no. I; Holm III, 603, no. 120. I 6 Diodorus Siculus 11.78.5. For a discussion of the relevant archaeological data, see E. Sjoqvist, Sicily and the Greeks (Ann Arbor, 1973) 50-52. 17 For a discussion of early Sicilian litrae, see G. K. Jenkins, "Some Camarinean Questions," NNUM (1967) 154-61.

8

CHAPTER I Only two specimens of this coin are known and they are die duplicates: a. Numismatic Fine Arts X, 17 Sept. 1981, 42 = Acireale, Pennisi Col!. (ZfN 42 [1935] pl. 9:3) b. London 1923.10-15.1 (Head, Guide, pl. 26:30 =Rizzo I, pl. 60:6 = NC Ser. 5, v. 4 (1924] pl. I:1)

17.18

Pl. 1:7

17.33

Pl. 1:8

This rare issue was first described by Alessi in 1832, when he saw the Acireale specimen, 18 and was subsequently published by Mirone. 19 When the British Museum acquired the second specimen in 1923, it was published by G. F. Hill, who pointed out that the Morgantina piece is closely related to a Syracusan tetradrachm (Pl. 1:9), which is probably to be connected with the dekadrachm issue of Euainetos (Pl. 1:10). 20 Tudeer suggests that this tetradrachm was one of the last issues struck by Dionysios I before he stopped minting tetradrachms in 387 B.C. 21 and Hill, accepting Tudeer's chronology, would place the Morgantina copy somewhat later, ca. 367-345. Christ believes that Dionysios I may have continued to issue tetradrachms even after 387. 22 After the time of Dionysios I, Syracuse produced no tetradrachms until the reign of Agathokles (317-289 B.c.), when an issue modelled on Euainetos' masterpieces was struck. The Agathoklean tetradrachms are, however, less fine in style than those of Morgantina. Tetradrachms copied from Euainetos' dekadrachms were also struck by Siculo-Punic mints in the second half of the fourth century, but they too are of inferior quality. 23 Further analysis of the Syracusan issues in the light of new hoard evidence may alter or restrict the chronology, but for the time being it seems likely that the Morgantina tetradrachms were produced ca. 370-350 B.C. This issue represents the only tetradrachm struck by a community in the interior of Sicily, and it is difficult to explain on historical grounds. However, the strong similarity between the Morgantina coin and that of Syracuse suggests that the Morgan tina die cutter may have been affiliated with the mint at Syracuse and that this issue was produced at a time when Morgantina, like most of Sicily, was subject to strong Syracusan influence. The city had been captured by Dionysios I in 396 B.c. (Diodorus 14.78.7) and may have remained under Syracusan control.

GROUP Ill (Issues 3-8) ca. 344-317 B.c. A. Silver (Issues 3-5) The numismatic context in which these three silver issues belong is the fractional silver struck by a number of Greek cities in Sicily in the second half of the fourth century B.c. The attempt to relate these issues to historical circumstances has fostered the theory that they were struck when the cities gained independence as a result of Timoleon 's campaigns against the Syracusan tyrants. 24 The dates 18 G. Alessi, "Illustrazione di una medaglia dell 'antica citti di Morganzio," Giornale di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti (1832) 166-80. 19 S. Mirone, "Un rare tetradrachmc de Morgan tine," RN Ser. 4, v. 21 (1917-18) 113-21. 20 G. F. Hill, "Greek Coins Acquired by the British Museum in 1923," NC Ser. 5, v. 4 (1924) 1-4, pl. 1:1. 21 L. Tudeer, Die Tetradrachmenpriigung von Syrakus (Berlin,

1913) 202-204, 283-87, nos. 105 and 106. 22 K. Christ, "Zur Chronologie der syrakusanischen Munzpragung des 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr." JNG 8 (1957) 21-24. 23 G. K. Jenkins, "Coins of Punic Sicily, Part I," RSN 50 (1971); Panormus: 42-44, pis. 11-14; Rsmlqrt: 58. Uncertain Siculo-Punic: Jenkins-Lewis, pl. 26:8 and 9. 24 Jenkins, Gela, 109-15, discusses fractional silver with

9

THE MINT OF MORGANTINA

usually proposed coincide with the period of Timoleon's activity, extending from the year 344, when he arrived on the island, to the year 317, when Agathokles made himself tyrant of Syracuse and Syracuse once again monopolized the right of coinage. It is known from hoard evidence that the principal silver coinage in circulation at this time was the Pegasi staters struck in Sicily or imported from Timoleon's native Corinth and her dependencies. 25 Fractional silver would have been produced for local use and then only sporadically and in small quantities. The dates 344-317 are necessarily only an approximation. Depending upon local circumstances, individual cities might have begun striking coins immediately after their liberation or only after a period of time had elapsed. In the case of Morgantina, archaeological evidence shows that the city prospered in Timoleon's time and would have been able to strike coins, whether or not she actually joined him in his campaign as Sjoqvist believed. 26 In addition to these silver pieces, Morgantina also produced three bronze issues in the late fourth century, Issues 6-8 below, which on stylistic grounds and because they share a symbol-the barleycorn that occurs on dies oflssues 3, 4, 7, and 8-must be contemporary with the silver fractions. Chronological problems will be more fully considered in the discussion of these bronze issues. 3. AR 114 litrac 27 [Cat. 243) Obv: MOPr ANTIND.N Head of Athena wearing helmet with triple crest facing threequarters right. Rev: MOPr ANTIND.N Nike seated l. on rocky ground, wearing a peplos and holding a wreath in her extended r. hand. Die combinations: 1. 01 R1 a. b. c.

d. e. f. g. h. 1.

}

k.

No legend. Berlin, ex Fox Berlin, ex Imhoof-Blumer Glasgow (Hunterian 1) The Hague 1377 Milan, private coll. From Morgantina, inv. 56-132 Munich 105883 New York (SNGANS 464 = Sambon, 13 March 1923, 299) Oxford (SNGAshmolean 1857 =Egger XXXIX, 181) Paris FG 842 Syracuse 5528

specific regard to the late fourth-century issues of Gela. Talbert, Timoleon, 179f., lists twelve mints as possibly issuing fractional silver at this time. 25 C. M. Kraay, Greek Coins and History (London, 1969) 5563; G. K.Jenkins, "A Note on Corinthian Coins in the West," CPANS, 367-79; Talbert, Timoleon, 161-78. 26 Sjoqvist, "Timoleonte e Morgantina," Kokalos 4 (1958)

0.78 0.91 1.00 0.98 1.11

Pl. 1:11

1.00 0.92 0.99 1.05 0.75

107-18. See also S. Consolo Langher, "Documentazione numismatica e storia di Tyndaris nel sec. IV A.c.," Helikon 5 (1965) 87, n. 92. Talbert, Timoleon, 202f., casts some doubt on Sji:iqvist's conclusion. 27 Jenkins, Gela, Ill, n. 17, classifies the issue as a 114 litrae piece struck on the same 1-gram standard as a Syracusan issue (Janiform head/horse; BMCSicily 286).

CHAPTER I

10

1. Vienna 6665 (rev. worn but probably 1) m. Jameson 661 n. Hirsch XX, 127 =Egger, 10 Dec. 1906, 122 2. 01 R 2 MOPrA Below, barleycorn. a. London (BMC 4) b. London (SNGLloyd 1125) c. Naples 32514 (Fiorelli 4649) d. Paris FG 845 e. Paris (de Luynes 1037) f. Turin (Fabretti 1489) g. Glendining, 25 Oct. 1955, 716 = SNGLockett 835 = Weber 1447 h. Miinzhandlung Basel, 1 Oct. 1935, 471

0.80 1.10 0.92

0.81 0.95 1.11 1.05 1.07 1.04 1.10

Pl. 1:12

0.69

3. 02 R 3 Below, barleycorn. a. Paris (de Luynes 1036) b. From Morgantina, inv. 61-317

0.95 1.02

4. 03 R3 a. Brussels (Hirsch Coll. 497) b. Cambridge (SNGLeake 1100)

1.10 1.18

5. 03 R 4 As 3 a. Berlin 21239 b. London (BMC 5) c. Naples 32515 (Fiorelli 4650)

0.92 0.94 0.87

Pl. 1:15

6. 0 4 No legend. R4 a. London (BMC 6)

1.08

Pl. 1:16

7. OS RS a. Copenhagen (SNGCop 471)

0.86

Pl. 1:17

Dies uncertain: Acireale, Pennisi Coll. (2) Bochum, Ruhr-Universit at Coli. Munzen und Medaillen 79, February 1949, 161 Specimens recorded: 35 Obverse dies: 5 Reverse dies: 5 Die positions irregular Average of 30 specimens: 0.97 gr.

Pl. 1:13

Pl. 1':14

THE MINT OF MORGANTINA

11

The obverse type of this issue is comparable to that of a 211z litrae piece struck by Syracuse and generally assigned a date in the later fourth century (Pl. 2:1). Despite the general similarity of the two, Morgantina's dies were probably not copied from those of Syracuse: at Syracuse Athena wears a triple-crested helmet and faces three-quarters left while her counterpart at Morgantina faces in the opposite direction and the three crests are so widely spaced as almost to fall over the side of the helmet.·. There is considerable variation in the quality of the Morgan tina dies. The Athena of obverse 1 is sensitively engraved, easily the equal of the Athenas of Syracuse. Athena 2 is smaller, while Athenas 3, 4 and 5 are larger and less carefully executed. Athena 4 is particularly crude, wih swollen features and snake-like waves of hair. Several hands were clearly responsible for these dies which may have been cut at some intervals of time. The seated Nike on the reverse has no parallel in Sicily but strongly recalls the famous Nike of Terina (Pl. 2:2). The example illustrated is a stater dated to the late fifth century B.c., but Terina issued drachms with this reverse type into the period of Agathokles. 28 It is interesting that the Morgantina die cutter looked so far afield for his model and, as Laura Breglia has pointed out, 29 this is not the only example which can be adduced: a stater of Croton with the head of Hera on the obverse and a seated Herakles on the reverse (Pl. 2:3) is in its overall design analogous to the Athena/ seated Nike of Morgantina. The Morgantina issue bears an obverse perhaps imitative of another Magna Grecian model: the head of Athena on the obverse of a didrachm from Velia (Pl. 2:4) is close in design and spirit to Morgantina obverse 1-perhaps even closer than the Syracusan Athenas cited above-while the lion on its reverse is the prototype for the lion on the reverse of bronze Issue 6, below. 30 These South Italian affinities, particularly puzzling in view of Morgantina's inland location, will be considered in greater detail in the discussion of Morgantina's bronze issues below. 4. AR litra [Cat. 244] Obv: MOPr ANTIND.N Laureate head r.; border of dots. Rev: Horseman galloping 1., wearing chlamys and thrusting spear; border of dots.

Die combinations: 1. 0 1 R1 a. Munich (SNGMunchen 743) b. Paris (de Luynes 1039) c. Syracuse 15432 28 One was found in Sicily in the A vola hoard buried in the late fourth-early third century B.c. (IGCH 2169): A. Lobbecke, "Miinzfund bei Avola," ZjN 17 (1890) 171, no. 15. The most recent discussion of the fourth-century coinage of Terina is that of C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Los Angeles, 1976) 198; the standard work on the mint is K. Regling, Terina (Berlin, 1906). For a general discussion of Nike/Victory on coins, pertinent to the several types of the Morgan tina and HISPANORVM issues, see Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Aikins Berlincourt, Victory as a Coin

0.61 0.66 0.75

Pl. 2:5

Type= NNM No. 149 (New York, 1962). 29 L. Breglia, "Morgantina: studi e problemi," AIIN 5-6 (1958-59) 342f. E. Gabrici, "La figura femminile alata sulle monete della Magna Grecia," Problemi di numismatica Greca della Sicilia e Magna Grecia (Naples, 1959) 119 considers the seated Nikes of both Terina and Morgantina "come espressioni di fonte" and remarks en passant that the typology of Morgantina's coinage is unlike that of any other Sicilian mint. 30 Infra, pp. 14-23.

12

CHAPTE R I

d. Bank Leu, Sept. 1962, 66 =Jameso n 663 e. Naville I, 498 = Egger XL, 385 f. Weber 1449 2. 0 1 (Die faults appear in the border on some specimens.] R2 a. Berlin, ex Imhoof-B lumer b. Berlin, ex Lobbecke c. Copenha gen (SNGCop 472) d. The Hague 1376 e. Karlsruhe, Badisches Landesmuseum f. London (BMC 2) g. London (BMC 3) h. Milan, Castello Sforzesco C 329 (Arslan 540) 1. From Morganti na, inv. 68-242 J. Munich (SNGMunchen 742) k. Munich (SNGMunchen 744) I. Paris FG 848 m. Paris FG 849 n. Syracuse 14869 0. Turin (Fabretti 1490) p. Cahn 65, 72 = Helbing, 8 Nov. 1928, 3607 = Weber 1448 q. Cahn 71, 159 r. Hess, 15 Feb. 1934, 160 =Rosenb erg 72, 189 = Helbing, 8 Nov. 1928, 3606 =Hirsch XXXIII, 398 3. 0 2 MOPr AN Barleycorn to left. R2 a. Leningra d 2273 b. London (SNGLloyd 1126) c. Naples 32512 (Fiorelli 4647) d. Naples 32513 (Fiorelli 4648) e. New York (SNGAN S 465 =Helbin g, 8 Nov. 1928, 3605) f. Paris (de Luynes 1038) g. Paris FG 850 h. Syracuse 32649 1. Vienna 6663 J. Feuardent, 11 June 1913, 80 k. Nomos, 2 Nov. 19-, 9 Dies uncertain: Acireale, Pennisi Coli. (7) Enna, private coli. Milan, Leuthold Coli. Washing ton, Clain-Stefanelli Coli.

0.68 0.65 0.60

0.80 0.86 0.65 0.67 0.65 0.60 0.60 1.19 0.66 0.54 0.68 0.69 0.80 0.64 0.75

Pl. 2:6

0.57 0.65

0.66 0.71 0.66 0.71 0.61 0.70 0.90 0.55 0.70 0.69

Pl. 2:7

THE MINT OF MORGANTINA

13

Specimens recorded: 45 Obverse dies: 2 Reverse dies: 2 Die positions irregular Average of 33 specimens: 0.69 gr. These litrae are on the average about thirty percent lighter than those of the Athena/seated Nike issue, which we have called 1J4litrae. The two are roughly contemporary, as is shown by the barleycorn that appears on obverse 2 of this issue and on reverses 2, 3, and 4 of Issue 3, probably the mark of a moneyer or magistrate. Both obverse dies are the products of a sensitive hand. The head has been variously identified, as Artemis, Persephone, or Sikelia. It is by no means certain that it is even female; the absence of a necklace and earring suggests that it may represent Apollo31 or, as Robinson has proposed, a local god, perhaps the A ABO I. of Issue 8. It is certainly similar to the obverse type of both Issues 7 and 8. 32 Also comparable is the head of Eunomia on the obverse of late fourth-century litrae of Gela, 33 especially in the rendering of the hair, which is swept back with loose curls at the nape of the neck. As for the reverse type, galloping horses are not an uncommon theme on fourth-century Sicilian coinage, but they are generally riderless. 34 The closest parallel for the galloping horseman thrusting a spear on the Morgan tina issue is the obverse type of a series of Taren tine didrachms. At Tarentum the horseman with spear first appears on the latest issues of Evans' Period IV (ca. 344334),35 but does not come into general use until the time of Alexander of Epirus at the beginning of Period V (ca. 334-302). 36 As in the case of the Magna Grecian parallels previously noted, no more than an approximate contemporaneity is implied by this comparison. 5. AR Denomination uncertain

Obv: MOPr ANTI[N.O.N] Head of Athena wearing helmet with triple crest facing threequarters r.; border of dots. Rev: Nike standing or flying 1., holding a circular object (wreath or phiale?) in her extended r. hand; linear border. a. Palermo {Holm III, 637, no. 233) b. Bank Leu, 3 Dec. 1965, 124 =Jameson 682

0.60 1.11

Pl. 2:8

Only two specimens are extant. They appear to come from the same pair of dies, but the coin in Palermo is in poor condition and, since the weights differ by .50 grams, it is not possible to identify the denomination. 31 Fiorelli (4647-4648) calls the head Apollo. J. Babelon (de Luynes 1038, 1039) identifies die I as Artemis, die 2 as Apollo. 32 Infra, pp. 23-29. E. S. G. Robinson (SNGLloyd 1130) suggests that the head on the obverse oflssues 4, 7 and 8 is that of a local god (A/\KOI:) and that the head on the obverse of Group I may depict the same deity as an older man. N. Breit· enstein (SNGCop 471) calls the obverse of Group 4 "young male head (Alkos)?".

33 Jenkins, Gela, 279, nos. 535-537, pl. 31; for the dating of this group, see 109f. 34 Prancing horse: BMCSyracuse 283-286, 311-312; horse carrying rider with couched spear: BMCSyracuse 409-411. 35 A. J. Evans, "The Horsemen of Tarentum," NC Ser. 3, v. 9 (1889) 73-76, pl. IV:9-11. 36 Evans, NC Ser. 3, v. 9 (1889) 86, 88f., pl. V:3-4, and pl. 6:1-7, 11-12.

14

CHAPTER I

It is difficult to make out the details of the reverse, but it is clear that there has been a departure from the seated Nike type of Issue 3. A flying Nike was chosen as a reverse type by several fifthcentury Sicilian mints: Camarina, Catana and Himera. 37 The standing or flying Nike of Morgantina, however, clearly belongs in approximately the same chronological frame as the issue with the seated Nike. The obverse types of the two issues are the same, a helmeted head of Athena turned slightly to the right, but the styles are distinctly different. Compared to the better dies oflssue 3, the Athena of Issue 5 appears dry and harsh. 38 All of the silver issues of Group III use types symbolic of victory in war: Athena, Nike, a galloping horseman. Such types are sufficiently common that no special motive for their selection need be sought; they are nonetheless motifs which would have been most appropriate at a time of military activity such as the Timoleontic period. B. Bronze (Issues 6-8) The three bronze denominations that make up this group are of the same general style and fabric as a large body of Sicilian bronzes usually dated to the Timoleontic period. The flans are thick and oval with axial projections at opposite extremities. The traditional interpretation is that these bronzes, like the Sicilian silver issues associated with Morgantina's Group III, reflect a revival of civic coining activity sparked by Timoleon's campaigns, but a final solution to the problems raised here with regard to Morgantina will depend on a thorough examination of comparable issues from all Sicilian mints, particularly those from Syracuse. The bronze issues from Morgan tina are the most abundant coins struck in the name of the city and are well-represented in collections. Although the weights of specimens belonging to each issue show a wide range of variation-over 4 grams in the case of the heaviest-their averages make it possible to suggest the denominations. If the heaviest (Issue 6) is considered a litra standing at the head of the group, the smaller coins, weighing roughly one-half and one-sixth of the unit can be regarded as hemilitra (Issue 7) and hexantes (Issue 8). 6. AE litra Obv: MOPr ANTIN.QN Head of Athena r., wearing a crested Attic helmet with elaborate decoration; to left, owl; border of dots. Rev. A: Lion r. devouring stag's head; between its legs, a snake; above, r; border of dots. [Cat. 245] Die combinations: 1. 0 1 R1 a. Acireale, Pennisi Coli. b. Berlin, ex Imhoof-Blumer 37 Camarina: BMC 20-23 and G. K. Jenkins, "Some Camarinean Questions," NNUM (1967) fig. 2 (Nike as obverse type); Catana: BMC 1-7; Himera: BMC 37-40, 50-53. 38 A. Sambon, "Les monnaies de Morgan tine," RN Ser. 4, v. 21 (1917-18) 125f. interpreted the relative crudeness of the

16.56 17.84 style as a sign of Punic occupation or influence and dated the issue ca. 392 B.C. According to Holm (III, 637, no. 232) it belongs to the period from ca. 430 to 360 B.C. It should be noted that Holm erroneously describes the obverse as a head of Hermes and states that the· reverse is identical to that of Issue 3.

15

THE MINT OF MORGANTINA

Cambridge (McClean 2454) Glasgow (Hunterian 2) London (BMC 7) London (BMC 8) Milan, Leuthold Coll. From Morgantina, inv. 57-821 l. Syracuse 25240 J Turin (Fabretti 1491) k. Bank Leu 6 (ex Virzi Coll.), 8 May 1973, 183 1. Cahn 75, 176 m. R. J. Myers (Sale of Greek Bronzes), 1973, 24 n. Sambon, 27 May 1925, 165 = Sambon-Canessa, 19 Dec. 1907, 229 c. d. e. f. g. h.

16.22 16.46 17.07 18.29 17.22 13.90 19.09 17.40 18.45 19.50

2. 02 R1 a. b. c. d.

From Morgan tina, inv. 71-240 Munich (SNGMunchen 746) Sambon-Canessa, 27 June 1927, 844 Schweitzerischer Bank-verein, Fall, 1975, 56

18.40 15.41 19.00 15.44

3. 02 R2 a. b: c. d. e.

Copenhagen (SNGCop 474) Oxford= Glendining, 10 Oct. 1951, 154 Paris FG 852 Paris FG 853 Ratto, 8 Feb. 1928, 204

16.98 14.90 16.12 16.71

4. 02 R3 a. Acireale, Pennisi CoiL b. Milan, private coli. = Hirsch XXXIII, 399 c. Paris, Delepierre Coli. 3054 [reverse possibly re-cut]

16.84 15.71

5. 02 R4 a. Berlin b. Milan, private coli.

15.67 18.12

6. 03 Above owl, 1. R5 No 1 (or illegible). a. Berlin, ex Imhoof-Blumer b. Palermo (Gabrici 3) c. Palermo, Mini CoiL no. 3 = Canessa, 12 June 1928, 565 = Sambon-Canessa, 27 June 1927, 845 d. Vienna 6667 e. Winterthur 757

Pl. 2:9

Pl. 2:10

Pl. 2:11

Pl. 2:12

Pl. 2:13

19.50 18.17 19.30 19.90 16.89

Pl. 2:14

16

CHAPTER I

Rev. B: Lion r. devouring stag's head; in exergue, >B or 8< ; border of dots. [Cat. 246] 7. 03 Above owl, '1. R6 In exergue, >B . a. Acireale, Pennisi Coli. b. Berlin 489.900 c. Cambridge (McClean 2455) d. Copenhagen (SNGCop 473) e. Florence 1039 f. Glasgow (Hunterian 3) g. The Hague 1378 h. London (BMC 9) 1. Milan, Leuthold Coli. J. From Morgantina, inv. 57-1385 k. From Morgantina, inv. 61-184 I. Munich (SNGMunchen 745) m. New York (SNGANS 466) n. Oxford o. Palermo (Gabrici 1) P· Paris FG 851 q. Syracuse 34457 r. Vienna 6666 s. Hirsch XXXIV, 169 =Hirsch XXVI, 403 t. Merzbacher, 2 Nov. 1909, 2533 8. 03 R7 In exergue, 8< . a. Berlin, ex Lobbecke b. Berlin 381.1872 c. Brussels (Hirsch CoiL 498) d. Leningrad 2275 e. Milan, Castello Sforzesco B 5563 (Arslan 541) f. From Morgantina, inv. 57-3055 g. From Morgantina, inv. 60-550 h. New York (SNGANS 467) 1. Palermo (Gabrici 2) j. Bank Leu 6 (ex Virzi Coli.), 8 May 1973, 184 k. SNGSpencer-Churchill 45 = Naville XVI, 575

18.45 18.20 12.85 18.28 15.18 18.43 16.30 16.78 18.29

Pl. 2:15

15.40 14.17 17.20 17.53 18.32 17.80 17.65 15.40 14.38

19.26 18.00 18.95 18.45 16.00

Pl. 2:16

16.72 19.03 20.41 20.85

03 R Uncertain a. From Morgantina, inv. 56-692 9. Uncertain die combination a. Palermo, Mini Coli. no. 1 (This coin appears to have been struck from two otherwise unknown dies. Both obverse and reverse arc crude and it is possible that the coin was reworked after striking or that i~ is a forgery.]

18.40

Pl. 2:17

17

THE MINT OF MORGANTINA

Dies uncertain: Catania, Univ. Coli. (ASSO 31 [1935] 145, no. 1) Enna, private coli. Syracuse 19000 ex Virzi Call. (5)

15.94 17.75

Specimens recorded: 73 Obverse dies: 3 Reverse dies: 7 Die positions irregular Average of 59 specimens: 17.31 gr. Issue 6 consists of two varieties distinguished by the presence on the reverse of a coiled snake between the lion's legs (A) or a monogram in the exergue (B). The two share one obverse die (3). The group is further characterized by the use of a symbol, the owl that appears behind Athena's head on all three obverse dies, and of a control letter, the r placed over the lion on reverses 1-4 and written retrograde above the owl on obverse 3. 39 The snake and the monogram varieties are thus linked both through their common use of obverse 3 and through their use of the same control letter, occurring sometimes on the reverse (combinations 1-5), sometimes on the obverse (combinations 6-8). The control letter is almost certainly a moneyer's or magistrate's mark. The monogram may be the abbreviated name of a magistrate, a moneyer or a die engraver. Whether the snake was also meant as a control of some sort cannot be determined; it plays an integral part in the design of the type and its contest with the lion may have a hidden meaning, symbolizing some political or military event. The use of a letter, symbol(s) and a monogram suggests that the activity of the mint was more closely monitored now than at any previous time. Parallels for this intricate systemmore complex than the small number of dies would seem to warrant-can be found in South Italy, where the use of controls increased markedly in the fourth century B.c. The system may have been employed at Morgan tina as an imitation of South Italian practice rather than from a local need for such controls. There can be no doubt that a strong link existed between Morgantina's bronzes and the silver coinage of South Italy, and this link constitutes the most intriguing feature of Morgantina's coinage at this period. It is most clearly illustrated not by the system of controls but, as in the case of the silver issues already discussed, 40 by the choice of types. The reverse type of Issue 6, a lion devouring its prey, was modeled on the reverse of a Velian didrachm of the second half of the fourth century (Pl. 3:1). A helmeted head of Athena, more or less like the head on Morgantina's obverse, is used in combination with this reverse at Velia (Pl. 3:2), but such a head was employed as an obverse type over a long period of time by several South Italian mints 41 and is, therefore, less significant for the 39 On some examples the control letter appears to be A or A. [TVB] 40 Supra, pp. 9-13. 41 It was chosen as an obverse type in the late fifth century by the Athenian settlers who re-founded Thurium (443 B.c.); from Thurium the type spread to other mints in Lucania (He-

rakleia and Vclia), eventually reaching cities outside this area, such as Kumae and Neapolis, and even cities in Sicily (Cama· rina, Syracuse and, of course, Morgantina). For a detailed analysis of the Athenian origins of the type and its use in South Italy and Sicily, see Enrica Pozzi Paolini, "Riflessi della ti pologia monetale ateniese sulle emissioni delle zecche itali-

18

CHAPTER I

dating and stylistic analysis of Morgantina's group than the reverse type, which was used only by Velia and for a relatively restricted period of time. The popularity of the head of Athena as an obverse type in South Italy was in fact such that its appearance in Sicily is not in itself surprising. That Morgantina, a relatively small inland community, copied this type with great precision and paired it with a reverse used only at Velia, does call for a special explanation, all the more so as this is not the only time Morgantina copied a Velian type. 42 The almost total absence of South Italian coins in Sicilian hoards indicates that they rarely reached the island. Consequently, a knowledge of their types cannot have been due in any significant degree to trade relations, especially at Morgantina, which lay outside the commercial mainstream. There is no evidence in the historical sources or from the excavations that the city played a special role vis vis South Italy, let alone that she had a special relationship with Velia such as might have prompted the production of a series of coins modeled on those of the South Italian city. Nonetheless, comparison of Morgantina's Athena with those of several Lucanian mints shows that, despite obvious differences, they are frequently so similar that Morgantina's die cutter must either have been a superb copyist or have received his training in South ltaly. 43 Although we can by no means rule out the possibility that a crucial political or commercial link tied Morgantina to South Italy and is simply not preserved in the scanty historical records of this period, the most logical explanation is that Morgantina employed a South Italian engraver. This historical accident would account not only for this group but also for the other issues with South Italian types, and is at least not contradicted by what little we know of historical circumstances. South Italians were among the colonists brought to Sicily by Timoleon in an attempt to re-populate the impoverished island, 44 and movement between the two centers, especially by mercenaries, would not have been difficult or unusual at this time. The presence of a South Italian engraver would also explain why South Italian influence is stronger at Morgantina than at other, more important Sicilian mints. The date of Issue 6 naturally depends on the date of the silver prototype from Veli a, which must have come into circulation somewhat earlier. Although Velia's fourth-century coinage has not been exhaustively studied, the relative order of the issues is fairly clear from the die links and can serve as a rough guide to the approximate time span in which Morgantina's copy could have been struck. 45 Velia used a lion as its reverse type from the early fourth century onwards, 46 but the feeding lion variant copied at Morgantina belongs fairly late in the series, 47 certainly no earlier than the second half of the fourth century. Most V elian coins with this type bear one of two monograms

a

ote e siciliotc," in La circolazione della moneta ateniese in Sicilia e Magna Grecia {AttiCIN I [Naples, 1967] = AIIN 12-14, suppl. (1969]) 33-110, especially 93f. on Morgantina. 42 Supra, p. 11. L. Breglia, in her discussion of the copying of South Italian types at Morgantina ("Morgantina: studi e problemi," AIIN 5-6 [1958-59] 342f.) calls attention to the need for some special explanation. 43 Compare for example Morgantina's Athena to the Athena from Herakleia, SNGANS 62, here Pl. 3:3. 44 Plutarch, (Timoleon 23.6) mentions Italian colonists generally and specifically names two Velians, Megellos and Pheristos (35.2). This colonization project is dated before the battle of Krimisos (ca. 341) by Diodorus (16.82.4) and Nepos

(3.1); according to Plutarch it began before the battle (22.7) and was continued afterwards (25). Both Diodorus (16.83.1-3) and Plutarch {23-24, 39) emphasize that the program was highly successful in restoring prosperity to Sicily, and Diodorus (16.83.3) speaks in particular of the splendid building projects made possible at his native Agyrium, located in the near neighborhood of Morgan tina, by the increase of settlers. 45 The order accepted in this discussion is that adopted by C. M. Kraay for the Oxford Sylloge {SNGAshmolean V, pt. II, 1074-1406). For the sake of convenience, reference will be made throughout to the Velian coins in this rich collection. 46 SNGAshmolean 11671f. 47 SNGAshmolean 1249, 1252-1298, 1311-1324.

THE MINT OF MORGANTINA

19

on the reverse, )£or I, plausibly interpreted as the signatures of the artists Kleudoros and Philistion, who sometimes signed their full names. 48 Kleudoros is the earlier of the two: his monogram also occurs on coins with earlier types, while Philistion continued working after the feeding lion type was superseded. 49 On one die bearing Philistion's full signature, Athena wears a Corinthian helmet decorated with Nike in a quadriga. 50 The same design appears on the helmet of Leukippos on a series of distaters struck at Metapontum, probably during Alexander the Molossian's campaigns in southern Italy (334-330 B.c.). 51 On the basis of this correlation, Kraay has concluded that Philistion's artistic activity began just before 330 B.c. 52 It is certain that he continued to be active into the early third century because his signature occurs on a series of staters with the triskeles symbol on the reverse struck during Agathokles' campaigns in Magna Grecia (300-289) and on a later series struck under Carthaginian influenceY Hoard evidence on the feeding lion staters is too slight to be conclusive. Several South Italian hoards dated to the time of Alexander the Mol ossian contain Velian coins, but they invariably have reverse types that were used earlier than the feeding lionY To my knowledge, the earliest hoard that contains coins of this type is the Grimaldi Hoard, buried in Bruttium ca. 300 B.c.: 55 it included two staters signed KE and one signed 20mm

*35. Obv. Head of Persephone r.; behind, grain ear

and monogram W. Rev. Athena standing I. SNGAshmolean 1571 AE 13.88 \, 29mm pentonkion (?) *36. Obv. Head of Athena r.

Rev. Persephone seated I. SNGCop 1886-1887 AE 12.92 '\ 26mm pentonkion (?)

RHEGJUM BEFORE 387 B.C.

*43. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. Rev. Abbreviated ethnic within olive spray. SNGCop 1940 AE 0.89 \, 9mm CA.

350~270

B.C.

*37. Obv. Head of Athena I.; behind, owl.

Rev. Pegasos flying I. SNGCop 1890 AE *10.85 --+ 22mm 10.81 +38. Obv. Head of Herakles I. Rev. Pegasos r. SNGCop 1894 AE 14mm

2

*44. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. Rev. Head of Apollo r.; behind, symbol; below (in three cases), letter: a) lamp, .D. (1). b) helmet (1 ). c) grain ear, (1). d) lyre key, A (1).

e

e) [ ]. A (I). f) symbol and letter illegible (8).

CHAPTE R II

74

SNGCop 1945-1949 13 AE 20-21mm f) 8.72-5.06 a) *7.90 '\ avg. (6) 6.54 b) *7.86 /. med. (6) 6.53 c) *7.05 .._ die positions ird) *7.48 \ regular e) *7.30 1 *45. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. Rev. Head of Apollo I.; behind, hippocamp. cf. SNGCop 1950-1952 1 AE 7.00 1 17mm 45bis. Unassignable to 44 or 45. 2 AE 3.32 17mm 3.07 *46. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. Rev. Head of Apollo r.; behind, symbol: a) lyre. b) lyre key. SNGCop 1941 2 AE 14-17mm a) *2.89 ~ b) *2.22 (broken) /.

*51. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Lion r. SNGCop 1961 AE 2.15 -> 15rnrn

3

*1.92 \ *52. Obv. Head of Apollo r .; behind, letter or symbol: a) spearpoint (1).

47. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. Rev. Head of Apollo r. SNGCop 1942-1944 2 AE 1.25 11-12mm

b) A (2). Rev. Tripod. cf. Hunterian 24-25 AE a) *2.34 '\ 14mrn b) *2.09 /. 13rnm 1.56 ~

1.10 '\ 48. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. Rev. Lyre. SNGCop 1953 AE 3.07 15mm *49. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. Rev. Lyre. McClean 1899-1900 AE 1.10 \ 10-12rnm 1.09 /. *1.04 '\

b) lyre (3); SNGCop 1958. c) cornucopi a (3); SNGCop 1959. d) omphalos (4). e) hydria (2). f) symbol illegible (7). Rev. Tripod. 21 AE 21-26mrn 6.42 \ a) *7.47 1 e) *7.57 \ 7.17 i 7.45 \ b) 7.00 '\ f) 8.55 /. 6.85 /. 7.27 I *5.57 I 7.13 I c) *8.00 I 7.01 \ 7.54 t 6.84 /. 7.24 '\ 6.48 I d) *7.61 \ 2.63 (cut half) \ ./r 7.15 7.00 t

3

CA. 270-203 B.C.

*50. Obv. Head of Apollo I; behind, symbol: a) lyre key (2); SNGCop 1957.

3

*53. Obv. Head of Artemis r. Rev. Lyre. SNGCop 1963 7 AE 7.18 -> 21-24mm ./r *5.20 6.43 '\ i 5.12 6.00 i I 4.38 5.20 t 54. Obv. Head of Artemis r. Rev. Lion r. SNGCop 1962 2 AE 6.20 _.:. 24mrn 5.80 i 25mm

CATALOGUE *55.t Obv. Heads of Apollo and Artemis r. Rev. Tripod. SNCCop 1968 AE *2.34 \ 15mm 2 1.90 (worn) t 12mm *56. Obv. Head of Apollo r.; behind, XII. Rev. Dioskouroi riding r. SNCCop 1991 AE *2.26 \ 26mm 2 1.68 ....._ 25mm

203-89 B.C. *57.t Obv. Heads of Apollo and Artemis r.; behind, symbol: a) tripod (1). b) patera (1). c) helmet (1). d) symbol illegible (16).

Rev. Tripod; at right, cf. SNGCop 1967 AE 24-28mm trias 19 a) 10.27 j b) *9.13 ! c) 6.84 ---" d) 11.81-6.35 5.04 *4.84 (cut half) 3.40 avg. (12) 8.35 med. (12) 8.22 die positions tend to .J, (4)

*59.t Obv. Head of Artemis r. Rev. Apollo seated 1. on omphalos; at left, TI. SNCCop 1976-1977 AE 10.40-6.96 22-28mm pentonkion 13 avg. (11) 8.70 med. (11) 8.57 die positions irregular *60.t Obv. Head of Asklepios r., with or without symbol behind: a) altar (1). b) no symbol (or illegible) (13). Rev. Hygieia standing 1.; at left, III. SNCCop 1987-1988 AE 19-24mm tetras 14 a) *7.38 \ b) 8.68-6.17 *3.24 (cut half) 2.98 (cut half) avg. (9) 6.90 med. (9) 6.80 die positions irregular *61. Obv. Head of Athena 1. Rev. Athena standing l.; at left, TI. SNCCop 1978 AE 5.87 \ 15mm pentonkion

t

(10) or

*5S.t Obv. Janif~rm female head. Rev. Asklepios seated 1.; at left, TI, with or without symbol or letter: *a) tripod (18); SNCCop 1971. *b) B (1). *c) no symbol or letter (14); SNCCop 1970. *d) left field illegible (35). AE 13.19-5.17 23-27mm pentonkion 68 avg. (59) 8.93 med. (59) 9.13 die positions irregular

75

*62. Obv. Heads of the Dioskouroi r. Rev. Hermes standing 1.; at left, IIII. SNCCop 1982-1983 AE 2.40 \ 16-18mm trias 4 2.24 \ 2.20 \ *2.17 \ *63. Obv. Busts of the Dioskouroi r. Rev. Young Asklepios standing 1.; at left, IIII. SNCCop 1984 AE 3.32 t 16mm trias *64. Obv. Head of Asklepios r. Rev. Hygieia standing l.; at left, III. SNCCop 1989-1990 AE *3.67 ! 12-15mm tetras 3 2.21-+ 1.54 (broken) \

76

CHAPTER II

TERINA 4TH-JRD CENTURY B.C.

*65. Obv. Head of nymph I. Rev. Crab; above, crescent. Holloway-J enkins 121 AE 2.23 """* lSmm

SICILY

*d) no mark of value (1); Gabrici 8-9. e) reverse illegible (98). AE 4.35-1.12 13-16mm hexas 221 avg. (187) 2.60 med. (187) 2.64 die positions irregular *8 pieces illustrated

AGRIGENT UM 5TH CENTURY B.C.

AD RANUM CA. 345 B.C.

66.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1., long hair. Rev. Lyre. McClean 2006-2007 AE 7.17 "-- 22mm

70. Obv. Eagle's head 1. Rev. Crab's claw. Gabrici 37-50 AE, cast 4.06 19mm onkia BEFORE 406 B.C.

*67.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1., short hair. Rev. Lyre. Gabrici, Hadranum 5-8 AE 4.35 (cut half) f 20mm

71. Obv. Eagle r. holding fish. Rev. Crab; below, shell and octopus; around, Gabrici 16-23 AE 17.48 26mm hcmilitron 12.94 f 27mm

AETNA

2

AFTER CA. 2IO B.C.

*6S.t Obv. Head of Helios r. Rev. Warrior standing 1.: *a) mark of value 1 at I. (8); Gabrici 2-6. *b) mark of value 1 at r. (countermark: bull r. on 61-760 [Pl. 13:68b2]) (4); Gabrici 7. AE 5.62-2.77 19-22mm tetras 12 avg. (10) 4.24 med. (10) 4.33 die positions irregular *3 pieces illustrated *69.t Obv. Head of Persephone r., with or without X behind. Rev. Cornucopia; in field, mark of value: *a) mark of value : at I. (39); Gabrici 10-12. *b) mark of value : at r. (79); Gabrici 13-15. *c) mark of value • • at 1. (4); Gabrici 16-18.

*72. Obv. Eagle r. tearing hare. Rev. Crab; below, • • • and crayfish: a) no symbol (17). b) leaf between claws (1). Gabrici 50-61 AE 19-22mm tetras 18 a) *9.65-6.41 4.06 avg. (10) 8.01 med. (10) 7.78 die positions irregular b) *9.16 \ *73.t Obv. Eagle r. tearing hare, snake, or fish. Rev. Crab; below, one or two fish; at sides, *a) hare/one fish (1 ). *b) snake/one fish (1). *c) fish/one fish (1). d) [ ]I one fish (2). *e) [ ]!two fish (9). f) unassignable (4).

77

CATALOGUE Gabrici 73-87 AE 6.97-4.39 17-21mm hexas avg. (13) 6.27 med. (13) 6.53 die positions irregular

CA.

18

338-314 B.C.

*74.t Head of Herakles r. in 16mm countermark on eagle/crab hemilitron, cf. 71 above: a) on eagle tearing hare/ crab (Gabrici 1)

(1 ). b) on eagle tearing fish/crab (Gabrici 16)

(1). c) undertype illegible (2). Gabrici 34-42 4 AE 29-32mm hemilitron c) 15.28 a) *18.95 14.28 b) *8.73 (cut half) *7S.t Head ofHerakles r. in 9mm countermark on eagle/ crab tetras, cf. 72 above (undertype illegible). Gabrici 65-69 2 AE *7.44 21mm tetras 5.93 *76. Obv. Head of Zeus 1. Rev. Eagle 1. tearing hare. Gabrici 106 6 AE 9.02 \, 17-19mm 4.02 '\ *7.38 '\ 3.58 \, 5.53 (broken) *4.46 '\ *77. Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Thunderbolt. Gabrici 110 AE 2.35-1.38 12-14mm avg. (8) 1.79 med. (8) 1.64 die positions irregular CA.

10

314-287 B.C.

*78.t Obv. Head of Apollo r., Style 1. Rev. Two eagles 1. on hare: a) A behind head (2). *b) IT behind head (1).

*c) Hat right of eagles (1). d) no letter visible (7). SNGCop 113-115 11 AE 8.80-7.15 19.5-22mm avg. (9) 8.05 med. (9) 8.27 die positions irregular round, cast flan *79.t Obv. Head of Apollo r., Style 1. Rev. Two eagles 1. on hare. 6 AE 8.48-6.03 18-21mm avg. (6) 6.93 med. (6) 6.70 die positions irregular bullet flan *2 pieces illustrated

PHINTIAS

CA. 287-279 B.C.

*SO.t Obv. Head of Artemis 1. Rev. Boar 1.; above or below, INTIA: a) royal name below (4); Gabrici 111. b) royal name above (1); Salinas 355. 5 AE 18-22mm 5.41 '\ a) 6.84 l 5.50 \,

*4.81 '

*St.t Obv. Head of Akragas 1., with or without 1\f: at right: a) monogram (2); Gabrici 115. b) no monogram (4); Gabrici 112-114. c) right field illegible (2). Rev. Boar 1. 8 AE 18-21mm 5.55 '\ a) *5.98 l 4.90 '\ 5.93 '\ c) 6.00 ...-. b) *5.99 '\ 5.63 '\

5.85 '

279-210 B.C.

*82.t Obv. Head of Apollo r., Style 1; behind, . Rev. Two eagles 1. on hare. 1 AE 7.38 \, 22mm open cast flan

78

CHAPTER II

*83.t Obv. Head of Apollo r. (a & c) or I. (b), Style 2; behind, letter: a) be:hind head (7); McCle-an 2108. b) behind head (3); McClean 2107. c) K behind head (1). d) letter illegible (2). Rev. Two eagles on hare I. (a & b) orr. (c). AE 19-23mm 13 a) 7.05 b) *6.35 6.93 6.15 *6.67 5.49 c) *5.54 6.12 d) 5.76 5.83 5.54 4.73 die positions irregular open cast flan *84-t Obv. Head of Apollo r., Style 3. Rev. Two eagles on hare I. AE 5.09-2.63 17-22mm 17 avg. (13) 3.82 med. (13) 3.89 die positions irregular open cast flan *8S.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1., Style 3. Rev. Two eagles on hare r. AE *2.66 t 19mm 2 1.90 t 17mm very thin open cast flan *86.t Obv. Head of Akragas r. Rev. Asklepios standing I. holding patera. Gabrici 149-153 8 AE 8.47 \ 19-20mm 6.91 i 6.65 \ 6.51 \ *6.90 \ 6.41 \ 6.83 \ 6.76 \

AFTER 2IO B.C.

*87.t Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Tripod: Gabrici 143-144 AE 8.39 \. 20-22mm *7.50 i 7.43 \

*88. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Warrior r. Gabrici 145-148 AE 9.91 /' 23-24mm *9.20 ! 8.29 t 7.60 t

4

IST CENTURY B.C.

*89.t Obv. Head of Asklepios r. Rev. Staff and serpent. Gabrici 157 AE 9.33 t 21mm *90.t Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Eagle on thunderbolt facing. Gabrici 154-156 AE 6.62-6.29 19-22mm 11 avg. (7) 6.45 med. (7) 6.46 die positions irregular AFTER 2 7 B.C.

9t.t Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. L·CLODIO/ RFO/PRO·COS in wreath. Gabrici 158 AE 11.01 I 22-25mm 3 10.66 6.47 \.

AGYRIUM CA.

340

B.C.

*92. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Man-headed bull r.; above, star. Salinas 376 AE 32.80 I 32mm AFTER 241 B.C.

3

*93.t Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Iolaos crowned by Nike. Gabrici 8 AE 9.89 \ 24-25mm 2

CATALOGUE *94. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Iolaos fighting the Hydra. SNGCop 131 AE 5.16! 17mm

79 AE 19.5-22mm a) *7.73 \ 6.10 j

5 4.20 __., b) *6.09 __.,

*tOt. Obv. Head of Apollo r. (a) or I. (b). AFTER 2!0 B.C.

*9S.t Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Isis standing r.; at left, II. Hunterian 3 AE 2.10! 1Smm hexas

ALAESA CA.

340

B.C.

*96.t Obv. AAAII:A Female head with tiara of Eryx r. Rev. Nude Apollo seated I. on omphalos. AE 5.25 t 19mm 1 *97.t Obv. Head of Apollo I. Rev. Thunderbolt and grape cluster. AE 10.19 -> 22mm 1 *9S.t Obv. Horse prancing 1., with or without symbol above. Rev. Griffin I. (a & c) or r. (b); below, symbol: *a) /rod (17); Gabrici, Kainon 1-9. *b) star/rod (1). *c) star/cicada (31); Gabrici, Kainon 10-13. d) symbols illegible (6). AE 18-22mm 55 weights and die positions irregular *5 pieces illustrated

AFTER 241 B.C.

*99. Obv. Head of Apollo I. Rev. Clasped hands, grain ear, and caduceus. Gabrici, Halaesa 1 AE 10.03! 23mm

*tOO. Obv. Head of Zeus I.; behind, 'P . Rev. Eagle standing 1.; at left, symbol: a) tripod (4); Gabrici, Halaesa 2. b) cornucopia ( 1).

Rev. Apollo standing 1.: a) lyre on omphalos (1); Gabrici, Halaesa 9. b) lyre alone (3); Gabrici, Halaesa 10. AE 19-20mm 4 a) *4.12 t *4.35' 4.03 t b) 5.56 t

*t02. Obv. Head of Apollo I. Rev. Warrior standing I. Gabrici, Halaesa 11 AE *2.79 t 1Smm 2 2.67 -> 17mm *103. Obv. Head of Apollo I. Rev. Lyre. McClean 2138 AE 5.73 .A 20mm 104. Obv. Head of Apollo I. Rev. Lyre; at left, symbol: a) corncuopia (1); Gabrici, Halaesa 13. b) tripod (2). AE 15-17mm 3 a) 3.16--"" b) 2.88 j 2.81 .A

*tOS. Obv. Head of Artemis I. Rev. Pharetra and bow; at left, cornucopia. Hunterian 19 AE 1.91 j 15-16mm 3 *1.74 \ 1.66 \

AFTER 27 B.C.

t06. Obv. Head of Augustus I. Rev. NG in wreath. Countermark: distyle temple. Salinas 613 AE 9.31 \ 26mm

80

CHAPTER II

ALUNTIUM AFTER 241 B.C.

*107. Obv. Head of Herakles, veiled, r. Rev. Eagle on prey r. cf. Gabrici, Haluntium 3-4 AE 9.10 .A 23mm 1

*lOS.t Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Eagle on prey r. Gabrici, Haluntium 5-8 AE 8.99 --+ 21mm 2 *8.59 '\ 23mm *109.t Obv. Male head I. in griffin helmet. Rev. Man-headed buill., spouting. Gabrici, Haluntium 9-13 AE *7.22 .A 18-21mm 4 7.20 .A 6.48 .A 3.18 .A

*HO.t Obv. Head ofHerakles r. Rev. Quiver and club. Gabrici, Hal unti urn 15-17 AE 2.87 .A 14mm 2 *2.28 .A 15.Smm *llt.t Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Bow and club. Salinas 621 b AE *2.65 .A 19mm 2 2.17 j 15mm

Gabrici 2-4 AE *8.34 t 5.40 t 5.10 t

19mm 19mm 19mm

3

*114. Obv. Dionysos r. with thyrsos. Rev. Grape cluster. Gabrici 9-10

AE 2.91 *2.44 2.11

t

16-17mm hexas (?)

3

t t

*115. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Lyre.

Gabrici 11 AE *2.97 t 2.74 t

17mm hexas (?) 15mm

2

116. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Club. Gabrici 12-13

AE 1.08

t

11 mm onkia (?)

CAMARINAt CA. 461-440/35 B.C.

117.t Obv. Nike flying I. Rev. Athena standing 1. Westermark-Jenkins 15-129 AR 0.45 +-- 13mm litra CA. 420-405 B.C.

AMESTRATUS AFTER 241 B.C.

112. Obv. Head of Dionysos r. Rev. Warrior riding I. with round shield. Gabrici 3 AE 4.50 17mm 2 3.03 16mm

*llS.t Obv. Gorgoneion. Rev. Owl standing r. holding lizard; below, • • • . Gabrici 1-8 Westermark-Jenkins 176 etc. AE 4.71-2.93 14-18mm tetras 14 avg. (7) 3.40 med. (7) 3.26 die positions irregular

CALACTE AFTER 210 B.C.

*113.t Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Owl on amphora.

*119. Obv. Gorgoneion. Rev. Owl standing 1. holding lizard; below, Gabrici 9 Westermark-Jenkins 194 etc.

CATALOGUE AE 3.20 f i 14-16mm tetras 2.98 *2.40 ./>

3

*120. Obv. Gorgoneion. Rev. Owl standing r. holding lizard; below, • Gabrici 15 Westermark-Jenkins 177 etc. AE *1.60 10-12mm onkia 5 1.42 1.05 1.12 (broken) 0.85 die positions irregular *121. Obv. Head of Athena I. Rev. Owl standing I. holding lizard; below, Gabrici 10-13 Westermark-Jenkins 198, 200, 203 AE 3.26-2.13 13-15mm tetras 12 avg. (9) 2.97 med. (9) 3.05 die positions irregular *122. Obv. Head of Athena I.; before, olive branch. Rev. Owl facing, wings spread, holding lizard; below, •• •. McClean 2163 Westermark-Jenkins 204 AE *3.26 f i 14mm tetras 2 3.06 .j 15mm *123.t Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Owl r., holding lizard (?). cf. Gabrici 14 cf. Westermark-Jenkins 199,201 AE 0.98 .j 11mm onkia 1 *124. Obv. Head of Athena I. Rev. Owl holding lizard. Gabrici 14 Westermark-Jenkins 199, 201 AE 1.29 f i 12mm onkia

CA. 339 TO LATE 4TH CENTURY B.C.

*125. Obv. Head of Athena I. Rev. Horse prancing I. Gabrici 20 Westermark-Jenkins 208-213

81 AE 3.74-2.81 15-16mm 1.23 (broken) avg. (6) 3.24 med. (6) 3.30 die positions irregular

7

*126. Obv. Female head 1.; before, KAMA; behind, lizard. Rev. Bull butting 1.; above, KAMA; behind, PINA; below, NOI. cf. Westermark-Jenkins 218 AE 1.59 t 11mm 1

CAT ANA 413-404 B.C.

*127. Obv. Head of Silenos r. Rev. Winged thunderbolt; to left and right, shields. SNGCop 183 AR 0.70 '\ lOmm litra END OF THE 5TH CENTURY B.C.

*128. Obv. Head of Amenanos 1. Rev. Winged thunderbolt. SNGLloyd 917 AE 0.80 f i 10-14mm onkia 0.59 '\ 0.53 *0.58 ./> 0.42 ./>

5

CA. 345-336 B.C.

*129.t Obv. Head of river god 1. Rev. Owl standing I. SNGANS 1271 AE 8.24 \, 19mm 3RD AND 2ND CENTURIES B.C.

*130.t Obv. Head of Dionysos r. Rev. Dionysos in panther biga r. Gabrici 4-6 AE 10.28 t 18-22mm 6 8.41 t 6.80 t 8.oo r 5.67 '\ *6.98 r

82

CHAPTER II

*131. Obv. Head of Hermes r. Rev. Nike striding 1. Gabrici 8 AE 10.14 j 20-22mm 5 *9.04 i 8.80 i 9.04 i 7.49 i *132. Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon r. Rev. Aequitas standing 1. Gabrici 9-14 AE 9.51 _.,. 19-20mm 7 7.28 i 8.05 '\ *7.03 i 7.99 i 7.85 i 6.83 t *133. Obv. Head of Dionysos r. Rev. Catanaean brothers. Gabrici 27-31 AE 7.43-4.75 19-21mm 22 3.60 (very worn) one fragment avg. (17) 5.52 med. (17) 5.16 die positions'\ (16). j (1)--" (2) '\,. (2) j (1) 134. Obv. Head of Sara pis r. Rev. Isis standing facing front. Gabrici 22 AE 10.36 '\ 26mm 2 8.61 j 24mm *t3S.t Obv. Amenanos reclining. Rev. Dioskourid caps: a) owl on f. between caps (17); Gabrici 23-26. b) lion's head between fC. and M below caps (4); SNGCop 185. AE 18-20mm 21 a) 6.70-4.08 b) 5.12 j *2.37 (cut half) *4.76 j avg. (14) 5.79 4.46 j med. (14) 5.97 3.75 ! die positions j (3) '\ (6) '\,. (5) ~ (2) *136.t Obv. Janiform head of Sarapis. Rev. Demeter standing 1. Gabrici 15-21

AE weights erratic 19-28mm 14 die positions "--(4) j (1) f (4) --+ (2) *2 pieces illustrated *137.t Obv. Catanaean brother carrying father r. Rev. Catanaean brother carrying mother 1. 2nd Issue Gabrici 33-35 AE 3.15-1.89 12-15mm 19 1.84 (very worn) 1.33 (very worn) avg. (13) 2.49 med. (13) 2.49 die positions irregular *13S.t Obv. Catanaean brother carrying father 1. Rev. Catanaean brother carrying mother 1.: *a) rev. seated figure faces 1. (16). *I;) rev. seated figure faces r. (6). c) uncertain (13). 3rd Issue Gabrici 36-38 AE 2.49-0.96 12-14.5mm 35 0.71 (very worn) 0.70 (very worn) 0.57 (very worn) avg. (30) 1.53 med. (30) 1.50 die positions tend to j , occasionally ~ *139.t Obv. Heads ofSarapis and Isis r.; behind, symbol: a) grain ear (3). b) lion's head (3). c) symbol illegible (4). Rev. Apollo standing 1. Gabrici 39-40 AE 15-17mm 10 a) 4.69 j *3.26 i 4.02 i c) 5.99 t *3.74 _.,. 3.69 '\ b) 4.61 t 3.55 '\ 4.01 _.,. 3.50 j *t40.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1.; behind, omphalos. Rev. Isis standing r.; at right, II. 1st Issue SNGCop 195

CATALOGUE AE 4.20-2.58 14-17mm hexas avg. (18) 3.17 med. (18) 3.09 die positions tend to i *14t.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1.; behind, E. Rev. Isis standing r.; at right, II. 2nd Issue Gabrici 48-50 AE 4.44 14-17mm hexas 190 3.88-1.84 ( 164) avg. (155) 2.83 mcd. (155) 2.87 die positions tend to i , rarely

30

143bis. Unassignable to 140-143. 144. Obv. Heads of Sara pis and Isis r. Rev. Two grain ears. Gabrici 51-52 AE 2.00 j (1) 13mm 3 1.47 12mm 1.43 12mm

*145. Obv. Head of Poseidon r. Rev. Dolphin r.; above, XII. SNGCop 189 AE 2.91 i 18mm dichalkon *2.77 \ 16mm

2

CENTURIPAE AFTER 2!0 B.C.

t

*142.t Obv. Head of Apollo r. with or without letter X behind: *a) no letter (42); Gabrici 41-46. *b) with letter (254); Gabrici 47. *c) left field illegible (541). Rev. Isis standing r.; at right, II. 3rd Issue AE 4.87 12-18mm hexas 837 4.24-1.02 (658) avg. (659) 2.61 med. (659) 2.64 die positions tend to t , occasional! y t , rarely irregular *6 pieces illustrated *143.t Obv. Head of Persephone (sic) r. Rev. Isis standing r.; at right, II. Jrd Issue SNGLloyd 920 AE 2.44-1.48 14-15mm hexas avg. (8) 2.02 med. (8) 2.03 die positions tend to i *3 pieces illustrated

83

9

*146.t Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Thunderbolt. Gabrici 4-10 AE 11.00-8.42 (7) 22-25mm dekonkion 8.31 (very worn) avg. (7) 10.25 med. (7) 10.49 die positions irregular *147. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Lyre; in field, : : . Gabrici 11 AE *7.34 \ 21.5mm hemilitron 7.25 \ 23mm

9

2

*14S.t Obv. Head (a-c) or bust (d) of Demeter r., with or without symbol behind: *a) head, without symbol (2). *b) head, grain ear; dumpy flan, poor style (7); Gabrici 24-27. *c) as b), entire reverse retrograde (2). *d) bust, grain ear (22); Gabrici 15-23. e) unassignable (6). Rev. Plow r., on which bird; at left, •. AE 12-17mm hexas 39 a) *3.17 1 b-e) 3.05-2.00 (30) avg. (20) 2.51 med. (20) 2.45 die positions tend to t , less commonly t

29 *149. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Club; below, XI. Gabrici 28-33 AE 3.10 i 13-15mm chalkous 2.60 I(" 2.00! 2.54 ! 2.11 '

*1.95 '

6

84

CHAPTER II

150. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Laurel branch. Gabrici 34-38 AE llmm

Gabrici, Henna 3-5 AE *9.17 t 23mm 7.68 ./. 22mm

CEPHALOEDIUM CA.

409-396

B.C.

*15t.t Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Bull butting r.; above, HP AKAEI. Head, Historia Numorum 2 , p. 136 AE 4.29 \, 19mm 1 CA.

395

B.C.

*152.t Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Pegasos r.; below, I.. Gabrici 2-4 AE 2.46 \ 15mm AFTER 210 B.C.

153. Obv. Male head r. Rev. Herakles standing I. Gabrici 27 AE 5.06 (badly worn) 20mm

2

*157.t Obv. Head of Hermes r.; before, ENNAI; behind, N.O (sic). Rev. Triptolemos seated r., holding plow in I. hand. Gabrici, Henna 6 AE 3.32 \ 15mm *158. Obv. Stag r. Rev. Sow r. Gabrici, Henna 7 AE *2.43 t 15mm 1.91 t 13mm

2

AFTER 210 B.C.t

*159. Obv. Head of Demeter I. Rev. Hades in quadriga r., abducting Persephone. Gabrici, Henna 8-11 AE 19.17 26-27mm unit 5 *18.32 17.05 17.82 *7 .27 (cut half) die position \

ENNA CA.

340

B.C.

*154. Obv. Head of Demeter r. Rev. Ox head three-quarters r., barley grain between horns. Gabrici, Henna 1 AE 12.00 ~ 21mm AFTER

258

B.C.

*155. Obv. Triptolemos standing facing, holding plow in r. hand. Rev. Plow drawn by two snakes, barley grain below. Hunterian 3 AE *10.76 +-- 21-22mm 3 9.88 \ 9.71 \ *156. Obv. Demeter standing front. Rev. Grape cluster within laurel wreath.

*160. Obv. Head of Artemis r. Rev. Triptolemos standing I. Gabrici, Henna 12-13 AE 9.37 21-23mm half unit 5 8.76 7.62 7.79 *7.57 die positions \ (4) and t (1) *161. Obv. Head of Dionysos r. Rev. Bull butting I. Gabrici, Henna 14 AE 4.26 t 16mm quarter unit

ENTELLA CA.

340

B.C.

*162. Obv. Pegasos r. Rev. Helmet r. Gabrici 1 AE 3.23 (worn) ./. 18mm

85

CATALOGUE

*169. Obv. Bull!.; below, • • •. Rev. Head of river god r., hair unbound; behind, grain ear. Gabrici 7-14 Jenkins 498 etc. AE 3.38 t 16mm tetras

ERYX [See Cat. 449 below] CA. 480-400 B.C.

*163. Obv. Aphrodite seated I. Rev. Dog r.; above, swastika. Hunterian 1-2 AR 0.50 --" 11.5mm obol

169bis. Unassignable to 168 or 169.

CA. 480-4 70 B.C.

*164. Obv. Protome of man-headed bull r. Rev. Wheel. Jenkins 189-198 AR 0.56 lOmm obol CA. 465-450 B.C.

165. Obv. Horse r. Rev. Man-headed bull r. Jenkins 244-337 AR 0.65 (broken) \, 13mm litra CA. 430-425 B.C.

*166. Obv. Horseman I. Rev. Man-headed bull r. Jenkins 401-453A AR 0.62 \, 11-13mm litra *0.60 j 0.56 ~ 0.33 j

4

CA. 420-405 B.C.

*167. Obv. Bull!. Rev. Wheel and four grain ears. Gabrici 1 Jenkins 495 AE 4.36 18mm tetras 168. Obv. Bull!.; below, • • •. Rev. Head of river god r., hair bound. Gabrici 2 Jenkins 502-505 AE 3.95--" 17mm tetras 2 3.42 \, 18mm

*170. Obv. Bull r.; below, • • •. Rev. Head of river god r., hair unbound; behind, grain ear. Gabrici 15-17 Jenkins 506 etc. AE 3.38 j 16-18mm tetras 4 3.14 __., *3.01 j *(obv.) 2.93 t 17Lt Obv. Bull r.; below, • "[•]. Rev. [Head of river god.] AE 2.14 13mm hexas *172. Obv. Bull!.; below, •. Rev. Head of river god r., hair bound. Jenkins 503 AE 1.42 j 12mm onkia *173.t Obv. Bull!.; below, •. Rev. Head of river god r., hair unbound. Jenkins 500 etc. AE *(rev.) 1.27 \ 11-12mm onkia *(obv.) 1.16 v 1.13 \,

3

174. Obv. Bull!.; below, Rev. Head of river god r., hair unbound; behind, gram ear. Gabrici 18 Jenkins 500 etc. AE 1.08--" 12mm onkia 2 0.89 *175. Obv. Bull r.; below, Rev. Head of river god r., hair unbound; behind, gram ear. Gabrici 19 Jenkins 512 etc. AE 1.25 \ 9mm onkia 175bis. Unassignable to 172-175.

86

CHAPTER II CA. 339-310 B.C.t

*176. Obv. Head of Demeter three-quarters r. Rev. Bearded head I. Gabrici 20-22 Jenkins 549 AE 2.72-2.26 (6) 13-14mm 7 1.09 avg. (6) 2.59 med. (6) 2.66 die positions irregular 177. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Bearded head I. Gabrici 23 Jenkins 544 AE 3.70 \ 15mm 2 3.20 i 178. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Bearded head I. Gabrici 24-25 Jenkins 546 AE 2.00 j 11-13mm 1.37 /r 1.26

Gabrici 36 Jenkins 556 AE 2.65 /r 14mm

HERBESSUS CA. 344-336 B.C.

*182.t Obv. Female head r. Rev. Lyre. Gabrici 3 AE 7.04 /r 23mm *183. Obv. Female head r. Rev. Protome of man-headed bull r. SNGCop 292-293 AE 8.58 (cut half) -+ 27mm

HIMERA CA. 4 72-413 B.C.

3

*184. Obv. Bearded head r.; before, BI]MEP A. Rev. Helmet. cf. SNGCop 312 AR 0.35 \, 9mm litra

2ND-1ST CENTURY B.C.

179. Obv. Head of river god r. Rev. Warrior slaying ram. Countermark: bucranium. Gabrici 29-31 Jenkins 554 AE 8.54 \ 23mm *180. Obv. Head of river god r. Rev. Warrior slaying ram. Countermark (on first and third pieces): bucranlum. Gabrici 32-35 Jenkins 558 AE 5.77 \ 19-20mm 3 *5.29 '\ *4.56 \ *181. Obv. Head of Demeter r.; behind, ~. Rev. Grain ear.

*18S.t Obv. Astragalos. Rev. :-:. AR 0.18 6mm pentonkion CA. 413-408 B.C.

*186.t Obv. Female head I.; before, • • • • • •. Rev. : : within laurel wreath. Gabrici 29-35 AE 3.77 /r 16.5mm hemilitron

(HIMERA)- THERMAE CA. 405-350 B.C.

*187.t Obv. Head of Hera I. Rev. Head of Herakles I. SNGCop 321 AE 7.80 v 20mm

87

CATALOGU E *18S.t Obv. Head of Hera r. Rev. Head of Herakles r. Gabrici 1-4 2 AE *2.90....,. 12mm 2.17 .A 13mm AFTER 241 B.C.

189. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Three nymphs facing. Gabrici 8-10 AE 5.57 .A 21mm

*t95.t Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Tripod between grain ears; below, cf. Gabrici 1 5 AE 2.11 \ 12-14mm tetras .A 1.68 1.93 " *1.03 (broken) J 1.89....,. 196.t Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Tripod between grain ears; below, [ ]· McClean 2348 lOmm onkia AE 0.70 j LATE JRD-2ND CENTURY B.C.

*190. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Tyche standing l. Gabrici 11-15 AE 6.93 \ 19.5mm

lAETIA

*197. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Demeter standing l. holding grain ears and torch. Gabrici 6-8 3 AE 10.33 j 21mm \ *9.36 8.91 i

AFTER 241 B.C.

*t9Lt Obv. Head of Zeus l. Rev. Herakles standing l. Gabrici 12-14 16mm AE 3.15 j

LEONTINI CA. 500-466 B.C.

*192. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Grain ear; around, \1103./\. SNGCop 345 2 AR 0.53 12mm litra *0.50 11mm 193. Obv. Lion's head r. Rev. Grain ear, flanked byE J. Syracuse Museum AR 0.05 (yz broken away) Smm hexas LATE 5TH CENTURY B.C.

194. Obv. Lion's head r. Rev. ••. BMCSicily 26 AR 0.05 (edge fragmented) Smm hexas

198. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Demeter standing l. holding poppy heads and torch. SNGCop 364 AE 6.32 J 19.5mm 199. Obv. Heads of Apollo and Artemis r. Rev. Two grain ears. SNGCop 367 2 AE 4.02 \ 15mm 3.31 +--- 14mm *200. Obv. Head of Demeter l.; behind, plow. Rev. Sheaf of grain. Gabrici 9-12 6 AE 3.98 J 14-16mm 2.54 " 3.75 t 2.52 .A 2.84 " *2.73 '\ *20t.t Obv. Head of Dionysos r. Rev. Warrior facing. Gabrici 13 AE *4.23 t 15-17mm hexas 3.94 t 2.95 t 2.04 t

4

CHAPTER II

88 *202. Obv. Head of Apollo I.; behind, plow. Rev. Lion protome I. Gabrici 14 AE 2.10 f 14mm *203. Obv. Head of Apollo I.; behind, plow. Rev. Lion prowling I. Gabrici 15 4 AE 2.30 f 13-14mm *2.19 \, 2.14 __., 1.62 j 204. Obv. Head of Apollo r.; behind, plow. Rev. Lion prowling r. SNGCop 370 2 AE 3.86 i 16mm 1.79 ----. 15mm

*205. Obv. Head of Apollo I.; behind, plow. Rev. Two fish, with or without It below: a) with monogram (3); Gabrici 17-18. b) without monogram (1); SNGCop 371. c) unassignable (2). 6 AE 12-13mm b) *1.44 f a) 1.48 j c) 1.40 '\ 1.47 j 1.23 j *1.23 j

LILYBAEUM AFTE].l. 241 B.C.

*206.t Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Lyre. Gabrici 1-11 AE 6.72 f 20-22mm 6.72 f 6.68 f 6.60 f

6 6.53 f *6.44 f

207. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Tripod. Gabrici 12-14 AE 1.60 15.5mm *208.t Obv. Veiled head r. Rev. Tripod; at left, ATPA[TINOL.].

Gabrici 15-18 AE 8.60 (cut half) j

28mm

MENAENUM AFTER 210 B.C.

*209.t Obv. Head of Sara pis r. with or without letter behind. Rev. Nike in biga r., with or without letter below: a) E behind bust (4); Gabrici 1. b) 0 below horses {5); Gabrici 3-9. c) unattributable {1}. 10 AE 18-20mm pentonkion 3.24 a) 4.52 3.17 4.29 *2.81 *3.93 2.13 (y3 cut away) 3.82 b) 4.56 die position i *210. Obv. Head of Apollo r.; behind, 0. Rev. Asklepios standing I. Gabrici 10-11 AE 5.30 16-18mm pentonkion 3.35 4.42 *3.28 3.94 3.61 die position i *211. Obv. Head of Apollo r.; behind, 0. Rev. Lyre. Gabrici 12 AE 3.99 '\ 18mm pentonkion *2.57 f

6

2

*212.t Obv. Veiled head of Demeter r. Rev. Crossed torches; below, mark of value: *a) • • • • (2); Gabrici 13-16. *b) IIII (6}; Gabrici 17. c) unattributable (8). 16 AE 16-19mm trias a) 3.63 1.43 (poor condition) b) 4.07-2.61 (6} avg. 3.46 med. 3.56 die position i

89

CATALOGUE *213. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Club; below, • • •. Gabrici 21 AE 2.93 t 16mm tetras *214. Obv. Head of Hermes r. Rev. Caduceus; at left, Gabrici 22 AE 1.43 -"' 13.5mm hexas

MESSANA CA. 461-396 B.C.

*215.t Obv. Hare I.; above, lagobolon; below, cicada, at left of which, OKAE01: BA1:1AE01:: a) Aabove (1 ). b) t below (2). c) T below (1). d) below (1). SNGCop 778. AV 16-17mm two-thirds stater 5 a) *5.68 \. c) *5.67 j b) *5.68 \, d) *5.64 ..... 5.65 ' *32S.t Obv. 1:.0TEIPA Bust of Artemis r. Rev. Af A80KAE01: BA1:1AE01: Winged thunderbolt.

101

CATALOGUE Gabrici 233-251 AE 10.54-5.89 20-24mm litra avg. (42) 7.96 med. (42) 8.03 die positions irregular *2 pieces illustrated

51

*329. Obv. Head of Athena 1. Rev. Winged thunderbolt: a) curved legend below thunderbolt (1). *b) straight legend below thunderbolt (2). c) legend illegible (27). Gabrici 278-281 AE 2.43-0.70 13-14mm hexas 30 avg. (28) 1.71 med. (28) 1.83 die positions irregular

*333. Obv. Similar to 332, type r. Rev. Similar to 331: *a) rev. in exergue, race torch/obv. tripod (1). *b) rev. in exerguc, race torch (2). c) obv. bow (1). d) obv. tripod (1). e) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (5). Gabrici 258-268, 272 AE 9.78-3.60 17-23mm litra 10 avg. (6) 7.47 med. (6) 7.42 die positions irregular

FOURTH DEMOCRACY 289-287 B.C.

*330. Obv. Similar to 329, type r. Rev. Similar to 329: *a) curved legend below thunderbolt (1). b) straight legend below thunderbolt (3). *c) legend illegible (2). Gabrici 282 6 AE 2.12-1.62 12-lSmm hexas avg. (5) 1.83 mcd. (5) 1.83 die positions irregular 330bis. Unassignable to 329 or 330. 12mm LATE 290S TO 289 B.C.

*331. Obv. Head of Herakles 1. Rev. Bull butting 1.; above, club. cf. Gabrici 225 AE 4.20 --+ 17mm hemilitron *332.t Obv. Head of Herakles 1. Rev. Lion advancing r.; above, club: *a) rev. in exergue, whip (1). *b) obv. (1). c) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (2). Gabrici 269-271, 273 AE 9.63-6.48 20-22mm litra 4 avg. 7.77 med. 8.60 die positions irregular

*

2

*334. Obv. l:.OTEIP A Bust of Artemis r. Rev. Winged thunderbolt. Gabrici 274 AE *8.10 +-- 22mm litra 2 2.20 '\ 15mm *335. Obv. Similar to 334, type 1. Rev. D.IOl: EAEYGEPIOY Winged thunderbolt. Gabrici 275-276 AE 8.21-5.72 22mm litra 4 avg. (3) 6.85 med. (3) 6.30 die positions irregular *336. Obv. D.IOl: EAEYGEPIOY Head of Zeus 1. Rev. Winged thunderbolt: *a) obv. Ll (1). b) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (4). Gabrici 277 AE 8.13-6.45 20-22mm litra 5 avg. (3) 6.82 med. (3) 7.75 die positions .t

r

*337.t Obv. Head of Persephone 1. Rev. Biga galloping r.; above, star. Gabrici 288-298, 303-308, 312

102

CHAPTER II AE 11.40-4.45 19-25mm litra avg. {10) 7.12 med. {10) 7.43 die positions irregular *2 pieces illustrated

14

*34t.t Obv. Head of Zeus I.; at left,

~IOI:

EAAA-

NIOY. Rev. Eagle standing on thunderbolt I. *a) rev. I:YPAKOLI.O.N I. (14) *b) rev. I:YPAKOI:I I.; .O.N r./obv.!

(2). *338. Obv. Similar to 337, type r. Rev. Similar to 337: *a) rev. in exergue [ ].O.I: {1). b) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (2). Gabrici 299-302, 309-311 AE 8.75 ~ 22mm 3 *8.30 \, 19mm

c) d) e)

f)

[59-1168 (Pl. 32:341b) overstruck on Syracuse,Agathokles, bust of Artemis/ thunderbolt, Cat. 328 above] rev. I:YPAKOI:I I.; .O.N r. (2). rev. I:YPAK r.; OI:I.O.N 1.; star at left (1). rev. I:YPAK r.; OI:I.O.N 1. (2). rev. I:YPAK r.; OI:H1N 1.; IAl: Female head 1., symbol, caduceus. Rev. BAl:IAE.O.l: llYPPOY Winged thunderbolt. Gabrici 363-368 AE *12.35 f 25mm litra 2 10.70,. *357.t Obv. Head of Persephone 1. Rev. Torch within oak wreath. Gabrici 373-374 AE 12.40 ~ 25mm litra HIERON II PERIOD 1: SILVER

276-269 B.C. *358.t Obv. Head of Athena 1. Rev. IEP.O.NOl: Pegasos flying r.; below, McClean 2904 AR 5.23 f 21mm stater

r.

PERIOD 1: BRONZE SERIES I

276-269 B.C. *359. Obv. Head of Persephone 1. Rev. IEP.O.NOl: Pegasos flying r. Gabrici 497-499 AE *11.72 t 23mm litra 2 10.99 -+ 22mm *360. Obv. Head of Apollo 1., laureate. Rev. IEP.O.NOl: Unbridled horse prancing r.: *a) ~;no exergue line (1). *b) A Y; linear exergue line (14). c) linear exergue line (11 ). d) letters, symbols and exergue line lacking or illegible (33). Gabrici 490-496 AE 5.70-3.10 14-18mm hemilitron 59 avg. (41) 3.94 med. (41) 3.95 die positions irregular 361. Obv. Similar to 360. Rev. Similar to 360, type 1.

CATALOGUE AE 4.60-3.02 15-16mm hemilitron avg. (3) 3.65 med. (3) 3.28 die positions irregular

4

*362. Obv. Head of Persephone I. Rev. Pegasos flying I. *a) obv. bucranium (3). *b) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (7). Gabrici 500-501 10 AE 3.15-2.17 15-18mm tetras avg. (8) 2.61 med. (8) 2.71 die positions ! ..... PERIOD I: BRONZE SERIES 2

276-269 B.C. *363.t Obv. Head of Hie ron 1., laureate. Rev. IEP.QNO:E Cavalryman on horse prancing r. a) rev. fVobv. fillet (1). b) obv. Boeotian shield (1). c) obv. bow (1). d) obv. club (1). *e) obv. fillet (2). *f) obv. lyre (1). g) obv. pilum (1). *h) ohv. plow (1 ). *i) obv. quiver (1). *j) obv. seated lion (1). k) obv. star (1). I) obv. triskeles ( 1). *m) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (12). Gabrici 379-392 25 AE 20.02-14.40 25-33mm dilitron avg. (22) 17.05 med. (22} 16.77 die positions irregular PERIODS II AND III: SILVER

269-215 B.C. *364. Obv. Head of Philistis I.; behind, symbol. Rev. Nike in quadriga r.; in front, letter; above, symbol.

105 a) star/star-K (1). b) letters and symbols illegible (1}. SNGCop 822-825 AR 16 litrae 2 a) *13.31 '\ 28mm h) 10.71 (broken) ~ 26mm PERIODS II AND III: BRONZE

269-215 B.C. *365. Obv. Head of Hieron 1., diademed. Rev. Nike in biga r.; under forelegs, N; in exergue, IEP.QNO:E. SNGLloyd 1553-1554 AE 34.58 t 36mm tetralitron *366.t Obv. Head of Hie ron 1., diademed. Rev. Similar to 363. *a) rev. A (21}. *b) rev. AJ (2). *c) rev. A lobv. fillet (1}. d) rev. A (5}. *e) rev. A (1}. *f) rev. A (1}. g) rev.I (1). h) rev. A (3). i} rev. M (1}. j) rev. Ml (4). *k) rev. N (30). 1) rev. Nl (1 ). m} rev. NK (2}. *n) rev. NY (2). *o) rev. r (18}. *p) rev. r > (1). *q} rev. r u (1). *r} rev. rT(1). *s) rev. Tllobv. pilum (1). t) rev. /obv. ram's head rhyton (1). u) rev. /obv. strigil (1). *v) rev. (8). w) obv. bow (1}. x) obv. harpa (1). y) letters and symbols lacking or illegible ( 143). Gabrici 393-430 252 AE 21.22-10.15 25-28mm dilitron avg. (164} 16.40 med. (164) 16.53 die positions irregular

CHAPTER II

106 PERIOD n: BRONZE BEFORE 269 TO 240 B.C. OR AFTER

*367.t Obv. Head of Poseidon I., diademed. Rev. IEP.O.NOl: Trident head; at either side, a dolphin. Wide Flan Series a) rev. A at I. (62-1306 half coin} (4). b) rev. A at r. (1}. *c) rev. A at l. (14}. d) rev. r at I. (3}. *e) rev. I at I. (58-1989 half coin) (8). *f) rev. f-P at I. (58-2057, 60-28, 60-408, 62-881, 68-185 half coins} (15}. g) rev. 0 at I. (1}. *h) rev. I at I. (1). i} rev. 1\. at I. (1}. j) rev. Mat I. (1). *k) rev. Nat I. (61-990 half coin) (18). *l) rev. S: at I. (58-1990 half coin) (1 ). m} rev. rat I. (1}. n} rev. l: at I. (1}. o} rev. Tat I. (1}. p) rev. 'I' at l. (2}. q) rev. A at I. (58-1720 half coin} (1}. *r) obv. fillet (1}. *s) letters and ·symbols lacking or illegible (287 are half coins; 71-18 and 71-26 are three-quarter coins) (515}. Gabrici 431-441 590 AE 9.65-4.95 18-25mm litra avg. (414} 8.11 med. (414} 8.15 die positions irregular PERIOD Ill: BRONZE 240 OR BEFORE TO 215 B.C.

*368.t Obv. Similar to 367. Rev. Similar to 367, type of different design. Small Flan Series a) rev. A at I. (probably part of a twoletter group) (3}. b) rev. A at r. (probably part of a twoletter _group) (4}. c) rev. A at I. (1}.

d) rev. A at r. (1}. e) rev. A at l.; r at r. (1 ). f) rev. Ar at I. above legend (1). g) rev. Ar at r. below legend (58-1984 half coin) (13). *h) rev. ~A at r. (7). i) rev. ~ at l.; T at r. (2). j} rev. Hat r. (1}. *k) rev. 0 at l.; at r. (8}. l) rev. 0 at I. or r. (probably part of a two-letter group) (8}. *m) rev./\ Y at I. (56-1574 half coin} (7). n} rev. 1\. Y at r. (7). o) rev. Mat r. (1}. p) rev. N at I. (1 ). q) rev. ITA at l. (1 ). r} rev. l:[ ] at r. (71-20i half coin} (12}. *s} rev. l:.O at r. (55-1272 half coin} (7). t) rev. Tat r. (probably part of a twoletter group) (1). u) rev. Y at l. (probably part of a twoletter group) (4}. v) rev. at I. (probably part of a twoletter group) (3}. w) rev. at r. (probably part of a twoletter group) (6). x) rev. A at r. (1). y) rev. B' at I. (1). z} obv. grain ear (1}. *aa) obv. p (polyp?} (1 ). *bb) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (166 half coins, 4 quarter coins} (1194). · Gabrici 442-489 1298 AE 7.91-4.09 16-22mm litra avg. (212} 6.15 med. (212} 6.18 die positions irregular *8 pieces illustrated *369.t Obv. Similar to 367, type r. Rev. Similar to 368. AE 6.50 18-21mm litra 5.10 6.40 4.72 5.99 4.43 5.88 die positions irregular

7

CATALOGUE HIERONYMOS 215-214 B.C.t

*370. Obv. Head of Hieronymos 1., diademed. Rev. BAEIAEDr. IEPDNYMOY Winged thunderbolt; above, A. Holloway 23d AR 8.05 l 24mm dekalitron

107 SNCCop 891 AE 7.20-3.45 18-21mm litra avg. (7) 6.45 med. (7) 6.10 die positions irregular

8

AFTER 212 B.C.

*376.t Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Eagle standing r. or I. on thunderbolt: *a) type r.; A in field (1). b) type r. (3). c) type l. (2). [58-2219 overstruck on Syracuse, Hieron II or Fifth Democracy, head of Poseidon/trident, Cat. 368, 369, 375] Gabrici 581-584, 595-600 AE 6.50-5.52 20mm 6 avg. (5) 5.76 med. (5) 5.55 die positions irregular

371. Obv. Similar to 370. Rev. Similar to 370: a) rev. Ar (3). b) rev.TA(4). c) rev. 0 (4). d) letters lacking or illegible (12). Gabrici 502-505 23 AE 9.25-5.50 21-23mm litra avg. (18) 8.28 med. (18) 8.45 die positions irregular FIFTH DEMOCRACY 214-212 B.C.

*372. Obv. Head of Athena I.; on helmet, griffin. Rev. Winged thunderbolt; below, Y A r.. SNCCop 880 AR 7.09 '\ 22mm 8 litrae *373.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1. Rev. Dioskouroi on horses prancing r. Gabrici 509-514 AE 11.60-7.80 21-23mm dilitron avg. (9) 9.81 med. (9) 9.40 die positions irregular

12

374.t Obv. Similar to 373, type r. Rev. Similar to 373. AE 12.17 l 21mm dilitron *375.t Obv. Head of Poseidon 1., diademed. Rev. Trident head; at either side, a dolphin: *a) rev. Ar at r. (2). b) rev. 0 at I.; at r. (3). *c) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (57-1111 and 60-1534 half coins) (3).

*377.t Obv. Head of Poseidon l. Rev. Trident head. *a) rev. legend horizontal!obv. cornucopia (12). b) rev. legend horizontal!obv. torch (1). c) rev. legend horizontal!obv . ./ (!). *d) rev. legend horizontal (7). e) rev. legend curved/obv. thunderbolt (1). f) rev. legend illegible (9). Gabrici 517-519 31 AE 2.75-1.07 13-15mm avg. (28) 2.19 med. (28) 2.15 die positions irregular *378. Obv. Similar to 377, type r. Rev. Similar to 377: a) rev. legend horizontal!obv. crescent (1). *b) rev. legend horizontal (10). *c) rev. legend curved (7). d) rev. legend illegible (4). Gabrici 515-516

108

CHAPTER II AE 3.90-2.08 13-16mm avg. 2.79 med. 3.00 die positions irregular

22

379. Obv. Similar to 377 or 378; direction of type doubtful. Rev. Similar to 377. AE 2.42-1.86 13-15mm 3 avg. 2.11 med. 1.95 die positions irregular *380.t Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Quadriga r. Gabrici 571-575 AE 14.87-7.70 17-25mm avg. (26) 11.50 med. (26) 10.90 die positions mostly !

27

*38t.t Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Tyche standing I.; at right, prow. Gabrici 616 AE 10.12-5.10 21-23mm 69 avg. (62) 7.60 med. (62) 7.35 die positions mostly

t

*382. Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Isis standing I. Gabrici 608-610 AE 8.95-4.90 17-23mm avg. (23) 6.94 med. (23) 6.65 die positions mostly

*a) crescent above biga (22). *b) symbols lacking or illegible (77). [58-1530 (Pl. 37:384b) countermarked on rev: R] Gabrici 552-556 AE 12.95-4.88 19-25mm 99 avg. (94) 9.38 med. (94) 9.37 die positions mostly ! *385. Obv. Similar to 384. Rev. Similar to 384, type I. *a) obv. pilum (2). b) symbols lacking or illegible (7). Gabrici 563-570 AE 7.65-4.38 21mm 9 avg. 5.73 med. 5.52 die positions mostly ! *386. Obv. Similar to 384, type r. Rev. Similar to 384. a) rev. legend clockwise beginning at lower left (1). b) rev. legend in exergue (1). c) obv. P(1). *d) symbols lacking or illegible (10). Gabrici 557-562 AE 11.70-3.80 16-19mm 13 avg. 7.26 med. 7.40 die positions mostly !

34

t

383. Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Similar to 381 or 382; deity of doubtful type. AE 9.10-4.92 21-23mm 32 avg. (31) 7.06 med. (31) 7.29 die positions mostly ! *384. Obv. Head of Zeus I. Rev. Biga r. driven by Nikc:

*387.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1., laureate. Rev. Tripod-lebes. *a) rev. legend reading from top downward/obv. cornucopia (9). b) rev. legend reading from top downward (3). *c) rev. legend reading from bottom upward (4). d) rev. legend of doubtful form (2). Gabrici 520-526 AE 1.85-0.80 10-13mm 18 avg. (16) 1.41 med. (16) 1.50 die positions irregular

CATALOGUE *38S.t Obv. Similar to 387, type r. Rev. Similar to 387. a) rev.legend reading from top downward/ obv. crescent (1). *b) rev. legend reading from top downward (2). c) form of legend doubtful (8). d) direction of obv. type doubtful (1). Gabrici 527-529 AE 2.85-0.65 13mm 12 avg. 1.77 med. 1.60 die positions irregular *389. Obv. Head of Apollo I. Rev. Long torch. Gabrici 541 AE 3.45-1.76 13-15mm avg. (26) 2.44 med. (23) 2.55 die positions irregular

26

*390. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Apex. a) rev. legend divided into two horizontal lines above apex/obv. A-(1). *b) rev. legend divided into two horizontal' lines above apex/obv. ri (1). c) rev. legend divided into two horizontal lines above apex (14). d) rev. legend in one curved line above apex (1). e) form of rev. legend doubtful (22). Gabrici 531-533 AE 2.90-1.50 13-14mm 39 avg. (35) 2.23 med. (35) 2.32 die positions irregular *391. Obv. Similar to 390, type I. Rev. Similar to 390: *a) rev. legend divided into two horizontal lines above apex (4). b) rev. legend divided into two vertical lines at sides of apex, first part reading downward at 1., second part reading upward at r. (1). c) form of rev. legend doubtful (7).

109 Gabrici 530 AE 3.10-1.55 13-14mm avg. (11) 2.19 med. (11) 2.12 die positions irregular

12

*392. Obv. Head of Artemis r. Rev. Crossed bow, quiver, and arrows. Gabrici 542 AE *3.10 t 17mm 2 3.01 t *393. Obv. Head of Artemis r. Rev. Quiver. cf. Gabrici 543 AE 1.55 t 9.5mm *394. Obv. Head of Asklepios r., bearded. Rev. Staff encircled by serpent. Gabrici 550-551 AE 2.37 \, 13mm *395. Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Nike facing; under left knee, ram. Gabrici 585-594 18 AE 10.60-5.10 20-24mm avg. (15) 7.23 med. (15) 6.81 die positions mostly ! *396.t Obv. Head of Demeter r. Rev. Crossed torches. Gabrici 607 AE 4.20 l 18mm *397.t Obv. Head of Isis r. Rev. Uraeus. SNGCop 906 cf. Gabrici 601-602 AE 8.25-3.20 18-20mm avg. (13) 5.67 med. (13) 5.51 die positions mostly t

14

+--

*398. Obv. Head of Persephone I. Rev. Wreath of grain. a) obv. cornucopia (1 ). *b) symbols lacking or illegible (6).

110

CHAPTER II cf. Gabrici 535-540 AE 3.75-2.72 15-17mm avg. (4) 3.16 med. (4) 3.33 die positions t ! '\

*399. Obv. Head of Persephone r. Rev. Demeter standing l. Gabrici 576-580 AE 8.62-5.79 18-20mm avg. (12) 7.43 med. (12) 7.65 die positions t t

7

18-20mm

3

15 BEFORE

275 B.C.

*406. Obv. Head of Apollo l. Rev. Grape cluster. Gabrici 28-30 AE 1.60 ! 12mm

358-336 B.C.

*400. Obv. Head of Apollo l.; before, APXArET A. Rev. Bull butting l. Gabrici 8-9 AE 5.05--" 18mm CA.

t t t

*405. Obv. Head of Dionysos I. Rev. Tripod; AOOA r., AONO:E l. SNGCop 939 AE *7.17 /. 20mm 2 6.07 /. 21mm

TAUROMENIUM CA.

AE 4.76 4.64 4.08

336-317 B.C.

*401. Obv. Head of Apollo 1.; before, APXArET A. Rev. Tripod; T A YPOM l., ENIT AN r. Gabrici 19-25 AE 7.04-4.71 17-20mm 11 avg. 5.69 med. 5.63 die positions irregular *402.t Obv. Head of Apollo l. Rev. Tripod; T A YPOM[ r., [ ]I. AE 6.92--" 19-21mm 4 *6.60 \ 6.13--" 4.22 ..... *403. Obv. Head of Apollo I.; before, APXArET A. Rev. Lyre. Gabrici 16-18 AE 7.63 \ 21mm 404. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Lyre. Gabrici 85-86

CA.

275-210 B.C.

*407. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Bull butting r. Gabrici 39-51 AE *6.24 \ 18-23mm 6.00 (broken) ! 4.09 (very worn) \

3

*408. Obv. Head of river god 1. Rev. Bull butting l. McClean 3018 AE 8.08 \ 19mm *409.t Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Tripod; TAYPOME r., NIT AN l. Gabrici 67 AE 8.57 21-23mm 9 *5.90-4.87 (6) avg. (6) 5.78 med. (6) 5.21 *2.84 (cut half) die positions irregular round, thick flan *410. Obv. Head of Apollo I. Rev. Tripod; T A YPO[ r., ]NIT AN 1. AE 5.13 \ 20mm 3 *3.97 \ 2.40 (broken) \ round flan

CATALOGUE *41Lt Obv. Head of Apollo 1.; behind, fly. Rev. Bull butting r. Gabrici 31-34 AE 6.26-3.12 15-21mm 62 avg. (52) 5.18 med. (52) 5.20 die positions irregular *412.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1.; behind, lyre. Rev. Bull butting r. Gabrici 35 AE 3.60-2.28 17-19mm 31 avg. (16) 3.00 med. (16) 3.06 die positions irregular 413. Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Pegasos r. Gabrici 98-100 AE 2.36 '\ 14mm 2ND CENTURY B.C.

*414.t Obv. Head of Athena 1., with or without symbol behind: *a) no symbol (5); Gabrici 91-92. *b) owl (8); Gabrici 87-90. *c) unattributable (14). Rev. Pegasos 1. AE 8.87-4.42 21-24mm 27 avg. (24) 6.28 med. (24) 5.97 die positions irregular *415. Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Pegasos 1. Gabrici 93-97 AE 7.74-4.48 21-24mm avg. (6) 5.89 med. (6) 5.94 die positions tend to --"

7

*416. Obv. Head of Apollo I.; behind, bee. Rev. Tripod; T AYPO r., MENIT AN 1. SNGCop 935 AE 12.89-9.43 20-24mm 8 avg. 11.57 med. 11.53 die positions irregular bevelled flan

111

*417.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1.; behind, thunderbolt. Rev. Tripod; T AYPOME 1., NIT AN r. Gabrici 74 AE *8.31 --.,. 22mm 2 6.21 ~ 23mm bevelled flan 418.t Obv. Head of Apollo 1.; behind, lyre key. Rev. Tripod; T AYPOME r., NIT AN I. AE 7.82-5.39 21-25mm 17 4.25 (broken) avg. (12) 6.48 med. (12) 6.18 die positions irregular thin open.cast flan *419. Obv. Head of Apollo I.; behind, lyre key. Rev. Tripod; T AYPOME r., NIT AN 1., reading out. AE 4.81 '\ 18-22mm 6 4.80 j *3.60 ~ 4.59 \ 2.13 (broken) t 3.79 (broken) thin open-cast flan *420.t Obv. Head of Apollo r.; behind, lyre. Rev. Bull butting r.; T AYPO above, MENITAN below. AE 4.79 ---> 20mm 2 *4.01 \ 18mm *42t.t Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Bull butting r.; T AYPOME above, NITAN below. AE 2.61-2.02 14-15mm 9 avg. 2.29 med. 2.29 die positions irregular *2 pieces illustrated *422.t Obv. Head of Apollo !. Rev. Bull butting r. (apparently no legend). 1 AE 1.16 j 14mm *423. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Tripod; T AYPOME 1., NIT AN r. AE 2.11 t 16mm

CHAPTER II

112

SNGL/oyd 1578 AR 6.52 ! 23mm

424.t Obv. Head of Dionysos r. Rev. Bull standing r. Gabrici 109 AE 2.00 --" 9mm

PUNICt

*42S.t Obv. Head of Dionysos r. Rev. Artemis standing I. Gabrici 101-104 AE 9.90 /. 23mm *426. Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Eagle I.; at left, III. Gabrici 107-108 AE *6.00 \,. 22mm tetras 5.66 "i 5.20 t 4.04 ~

MID-4TH CENTURY B.C.

CARTHAGE

4

TYNDARIS CA. 396-344 B.C.

*427. Obv. Head of Helen I. Rev. Dioskouros riding r. Gabrici 1-2 AE 4.68 /. 17mm CA. 287-276 B.C.

*428. Obv. Female head I. Rev. Dioskouroi riding I. Gabrici 11-12 AE *(rev.) 5.89 /. 20mm *(obv.) 5.10 \,. 20mm

2

AFTER 27 B.C.

429. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. L·MVSSID/P R·COS within wreath. Gabrici 63-64 AE 4.85 ! 21.5mrn

*431.t Obv. Male head I. Rev. Horse running r. a) Bullet flan (167). b) Open-cast flan, bevelled edge, small horse (3). c) Open-cast flan, bevelled edge; large horse (42). d) U nattributable (2). SNGCop 94-97 214 AE a) 14-19mm *7.20 6.96-2.14 avg. (152) 4.80 med. (152) 4.78 b) 15-18 x 1vz-2mm 3.87 *3.25 3.03 c) 14-16 x 2-2vzmm *4.63 4.48 3.98-2.22 avg. (35) 3.31 med. (35) 3.31 die positions irregular 432-t Obv. Palm. Rev. Horse standing r., head reverted. SNGCop 126-127 AE 2.90 j 18mm SICILY

SIKELIOTAN 214 B.C.

*430.t Obv. Head of Kore I.; behind, laurel leaf. Rev. Quadriga r. driven by winged Nike; above, f-±.; in exergue, l:IKEAH1T AN.

*433.t Obv. Palm. Rev. Horse's head r. [59-1159 (Pl. 40:4332) overstruck on Cat. 431] SNGCop 102-105

113

CATALOGU E 48

AE 8.80-2.70 16-20mm avg. (41) 5.67 med. (41) 5.42 die positions irregular *2 pieces illustrated

f) rev. at r. and below neck (3). *g) rev. :'ic at r. (2). h) rev. ) at r. (1). i) rev. o o at r. (1). j) rev. palm branch at r. (1). k) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (27). SNGCop 144-178 41 AE 6.90-1.50 13-20mm o

0

*434. Obv. Palm. Rev. Pegasos l. SNGCop 107-108 5 AE 2.78-1.60 16mm avg.2.18 med. 2.55 die positions irregular

avg. (29) 4.40 med. (29) 4.25 die positions irregular SARDINIA

CA. 310-270 B.C. CARTHAGE

*435. Obv. Head of Persephone l. Rev. Horse standing r. SNGCop 136-139 Jenkins-Lewis Group V (cf. their no. 269) 1 EL 7.28 i 18mm SICILY

*436.t Obv. Head of Persephone l. Rev. Horse standing r. before palm. *a) rev .• • o at r. (8). *b) rev. o at r. (2). c) obv. o at r. (1). d) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (58-1768 half coin) (144). SNGCop 109-119 155 AE 3.90-1.20 14-20mm avg. (120) 2.49 med. (120) 2.49 die positions irregular EARLY TO MID·JRD CENTURY B.C. CARTHAGE, SICILY, SARDINIA(?)

*437.t Obv. Head of Persephone l. Rev. Horse's head r.: *a) rev. 'fat r./obv. f.\ below hair (1). b) rev. -:~:·at r./obv. 0 below hair (1). c) rev. o at r./obv. o at r. (2). *d) rev. 0 at r./ obv. ° below hair (1). *c) rev. 0 at r. (1). 0

0

*43S.t Obv. Similar to 437. Rev. Similar to 437: a) caduceus at r. (1). b) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (2). SNGCop 192-201 3 AE a) 14.00 i b) *15.34 i 27mm 13.15 i 27.5mm CARTHAGE

439.t Obv. Male head l. within two grain ears, stalks crossed at base. Rev. Horse running r. SNGCop 120-123 AE 12mm MID-LATE JRD CENTURY B.C. SARDINIA

*440.t Obv. Head of Persephone l. Rev. Crescent above three grain stalks. SNGCop 251-252 2 AE *2.90 +- 20mm *2.18 ! 22mm *44Lt Obv. Head of Persephone l. Rev. Bull r.; above, star. SNGCop 387-388 AE 4.02 -+ 21mm

CHAPTER II

114

*447.t Obv. Similar to 446. Rev. Similar to 446, type I. AE 2.40 t 18mm half unit

CA. 220-2!0 B.C.

CARTHAGE

*442.t Obv. Head of Persephone I. Rev. Horse standing r.; above, sunburst. Not in SNGCop AR (plated) 3.45 t 17mm *443.t Obv. Head of Persephone I. Rev. Horse standing r., head reverted: a) caduceus behind horse, J at r. (1). *b) \belowhorse, l(atr.(2). *c) letters and symbols lacking or illegible (3). SNGCop 307-323 6 AE 8.05-3.32 18-28mm avg. (4) 5.53 med. (4) 4.72 die positions irregular 213-210 B.C.

*448.t Obv. Similar to 445. Rev. R ; horse running r.; above, crown. 4 17-19mm half unit AE *4.05 i 3.30 i 2.87 \, 2.46 \,

ERYX (?) 4TH CENTURY B.C.

*449.t Obv. Head of Persephone I.; tor., uncertain symbol. Rev. Horse standing r. Gabrici 13-16 3 AE *3.65 14mm *3.16 r 13mm 2.85 ---+

ACRAGAS (?)

p ANORMUS (?)

*444. Obv. Young male head r. Rev. '¢. ; horse running r. SNGCop 378 AR 2.88 ! 17mm *445. Obv. Young male head r. Rev. 'fA ; horse running r. SNGCop 380 AR *1.80 t 13-16mm 1.65 t 0.43 "--

AFTER 409 B.C.

*450. Obv. Head of Persephone I.; around, dolphins. Rev. Quadriga I.; in exergue, SNGCop 502 Jenkins, RSN 50 (1971) nos. 77,78 AR 16.49 ! 24mm tetradrachm

rr.'\r .

3

2I2-2II B.C.

MORGANTINA (?)

*446.t Obv. Head of Demeter r. Rev. A ; horse running r.; above, palm branch. SNGCop 381 19 AE 8.21-1.85 16-22mm unit avg. (15) 6.67 med. (15) 5.00 57-2482 cut quarter coin die positions irregular

4TH CENTURY B.C.

*451. Obv. Head of Hera I. Rev. Man-headed bull!.; above, sunburst. Gabrici, Monete con leggenda ziz 17-23 1 AE 9.15 t 24mm

TrNGI BEFORE

38

B.C.

*452. Obv. Head of Baal-Melkart I. Rev. Crescent above two grain ears. Mazard 596 AE 9.15 t 25mm

115

CATALOGUE

MACEDONIAt

ISLANDS OFF SICILY

CossuRA

PELLA 2ND CENTURY B.C.

453. Obv. Head of female divinity r. Rev. Punic legend within wreath. Gabrici 1-4 AE 5.91 23mm 454.t Obv. Head of Apollo I. Rev. Two grain ears; between, Q. Gabrici, Panormus 267 16.Smm AE 2.57 j 455.t ObiJ. Head of Demeter r. Rev. Two grain ears; between, '-';at either side •. Gabrici, Panormus 271-275 AE 0.98 (broken) '\ 13mm

PHILIP II

359-336

B.C.

*458. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Biga r.; in exergue, IAIIIIIOY; below horses, symbol: a) thunderbolt (1). b) trident ( 1). c) tripod (1 ). SNGCop 523-534 3 AV 18-20mm stater a) *8.51 j b) *8.60 i c) *8.56 -"'

AMP HI POLIS ALEXANDER Ill

336-323

GAULOS 2ND-1ST CENTURY B.C.

*456. Obv. Helmeted head r. in crescent; before, V; behind, •. Rev. Warrior striding r.; at right, star. Gabrici 1-2 3 AE 3.29--> 17-18mm *2.89-"' 2.67 -->

B.C.

*459. Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Nike standing I.; at right, .6.POY; at left, symbol: a) thunderbolt (3). b) shield (1). c) trident (2). (1 ). d) trident e) trident A (1 ). SNGCop 624-627 8 AV 18-19mm stater c) *8.60 a) 8.58 *8.55 ~ 8.54 d) *8.57 8.54 --> b) *8.55 j e) *8.59

AAES:AN-

*

r

'\ --> --> \,

LIPARA CA.

288 B.C.

UNCERTAIN MINT ALEXANDER Ill

*457.t Obv. Head of Apollo I. ReiJ. Trident. Gabrici 57-69 AE 6.49 ~ 19mm *4.99 (cut half) -"' *3.44 (cut half) j

336-323

3

B.C.

*460. Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Nike advancing I.; at left, club; at right,

AAES:AN.6.POY. AV 8.48 j

20mm stater

CHAPTER II

116

EUBOEA

UNCERTAIN EASTERN MINT ALEXANDER III

CARYSTUS

336-323 B.C.

*461. Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Nike advancing l.; below, snake and N; at left and right, Ai\ESAN~POY BAl:I-

i\E.OI:. AV 8.55 '\

19mm stater

CA. 197-146 B.C.

465. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Bull's head facing. McClean 5659-5660 AE 3.83 ~ 17.5mm

ATTICA ILLYRICUM

ILL YRICUM

DYRRHACHII 3RD TO 1ST CENTURY B.C.

*462. Obv. Head of Helios r. Rev. Prow l.; above, NIKOMAXOY; below, ~YP.

SNGCop 514-518 14mm AE 2.16 j

ATHENS 4 79-393 B.C.

*466. Obv. Helmeted head of Athena r. Rev. Owl facing front between olive sprays; around, ABE. SNGCop 50-52 AR 1.00 --+ 12mm trihemiobol

CORINTH CA. 350-338 B.C.

ACARNANIA LEU CAS CA. 400-330 B.C.

*463. Obv. Pegasos flying r.; below, A. Rev. Helmeted head of Athena r. cf. SNGCop 346 AR 7.51 --+ 19mm Corinthian stater

BOEOTIA THESPIAE AFTER 146 B.C.

*464. Obv. Female head in modius r. Rev. Lyre. McClean 5647-5651 AE 4.33 '\ 14mm

*467. Obv. Pegasos I. Rev. Head of Aphrodite I., various hair styles; behind, letter: a) hair in sphendone; behind, ~ (2); McClean 6143. b) hair tied in knot; behind,~ (2); McClean 6119. c) hair in saccus; behind,~ (1); BMCCorinth 296. d) hair in saccus; letter uncertain (2). 7 AR 15-16mm drachm c) *2.47 t a) 2.46 j d) 2.35 '\ *2.38 j 2.24 (plated) v b) *2.08 '\ 1.91

~

*468. Obv. Pro tome of Pegasos I. Rev. Head of Aphrodite l.; behind, A. Hunterian 41 AR 1.09 '\ 12mm hemidrachm

117

CATALOGUE *469. Obv. Male head l. Rev. Pegasos l. Hunterian 94 AE 4.36 ! 17mm

LACEDAEMON 2ND-1ST CENTURY B.C.

4TH-3RD CENTURY B.C.

*470. Obv. Pegasos l.; below, 9 Rev. Head of Athena l.; below, A; behind, Thessalian helmet. SNGCop 57 AR 8.31 j 23mm stater *471. Obv. Pegasos l. Rev. Head of Athena l.; below chin, A; below neck, P; at right, standing figure of Athena as symbol. McClean 6150 AR 7.77 __., 2lmm stater

*475. Obv. Heads of Dioskouroi r. Rev. Two amphorae in wreath; between, &__ (?); at right, I. McClean 6751-6752 AE 3.27 f 18mm

MESSENE CA. 280-146 B.C.

*476. Obv. Head of Demeter r. Rev. Zeus Ithomates standing r. SNGCop 518 AE 8.29 1 22mm

PATRAE

*472. Obv. Pegasos flying l. Rev. Head of Athena !.; in front, I ; behind, Nike. SNGCop 110 AR *8.00 '\ 19-21 mm stater 3 7.86 '\ 7.81 '\ 473. Obv. Pegasos l. Rev. Head of Athena l. AR 7.52 '\ 21mm stater [brassy: ancient forgery J

PELOPONNESUS ARGOS

CA. 146-32 B.C.

*477. Obv. Head of Herakles r. Rev. Athena lunging r. BMCPcloponnesus 7-13 AE 6.82 j 21.5mm

MYSIA LAMPSACUS CA. 394-350 B.C.

*47S.t Obv. Head of maenad l. Rev. Hippocamp r. Brett 19b AV 8.43 '\ stater

CA. 250-229 B.C. PHILIP III ARRHIDAEUS

*474. Obv. Head of Hera r. Rev. Pallas Promachos l. McClean 6862-6864 AE 3.46 1 11-16mm *3.43 '\ 2.00 (broken) \,.

323-316 B.C.

3

*479.t Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Nike standing l.; at left,

IAiniiOY. AV 8.50 __., 18mm stater

*;

at right,

118

CHAPTER II

TROAS ABYDUS

483. Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Eagle standing l. AE 10.78 25mm

PHILIP III ARRHIDAEUS

323-316 B.C.

PUNIC

*480.t Obv. Head of Athena r. Rev. Nike standing I.; at left, • and cornucopia; at right, IAIIIIIOY. AV 8.47 \ 19mm stater

[See Cat.

431~452

above]

NUMIDIA KINGDOM OF MASINISSA

CA. 208-148 B.C.

RHODES CA. 166-88 B.C. 481. Obv. Head of Apollo r. Rev. Rose in incuse square. McClean 8618 AE 1.68 \ 13mm

*484. Obv. Laureate head l.; countermark: eye (?). Rev. Horse l.; on body, 2 0. cf. Mazard 56 AE 14.80 t 26.5mm JUBA I

60-46 B.C.

EGYPT PTOLEMY II

*485. Obv. Head of Juba I r. Rev. Octostyle temple with central dot. Mazard 84 AR 3.66 .A 19mm denarius

271-246 B.C. *482.t Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. Eagle standing 1., with or without letters in field: a) No letter (49); Svoronos 610. b) At right, A (3); Svoronos 615. c) At right, N (5); Svoronos 619. d) Below shield, N< (1); Svoronos 612. e) Below shield, (2); Svoronos 624. f) At right, A; below shield, N (1). g) U nattributable (3). AE 20~28mm 64 a) *18.00~13.94 17.32 avg. (32) 16.49 17.06 med. (32) 16.64 16.39 b) *17.40 d) 16.50 17.23 e) *18.39 13.45 14.49 c) *18.30 f) 18.94 18.00 die positions irregular

MAURETANIA TrNGI

[See Cat. 452 above]

UNCERTAIN MINTS *486. Obv. Head l., draped, with thyrsos. Rev. Prow r.; above, LA P.OMH. Hunterian, Supplement: Uncertain Coins AE 6.05 .A 22mm I

43~44

*487. Obv. Head r.; behind, •[• •. Rev. Protome of man-headed bull!.; above, MAMA. Gabrici p. 144, no. 2 AE 5.43 \ 18mm tetras

CATALOGUE

119

ROME REPUBLIC

488.

DATE

RRC

SYMBOL OR

B.C.

NO.

MONEYER

METAL/ DENOMIN-

EXAMPLES

ATION/WEIGHT

Head of Minerva I. I Horse's head r.

AE

litra 6.05

2413

Head of Roma r. I Wheel.

AE

reduced libra! as 284.03

Before 269 17a

489.t 265-242

TYPES

*490.

241-235

2513

Head of Mars r. I Horse's head r.

AE

litra 3.90

*491.

234-231

2614

Roma r. I Dog r.

AE

half-litra 1.61

*492.

225-212

2813-34

Janiform head I Jupiter in quadriga.

AR didrachm 5.55

*493.

225-212

2814-30/2

J aniform head I Jupiter in q uadriga.

AR drachm *3.17 2.66 (broken)

*494-t 217-215

3814

Head of Hercules I. I Prow I.

AE

*495.

217-215

3815

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

semilibral sextans 27.35 *26.30

2

*496.

217-215

3816

Head of Rom a I. I Prow r.

AE

semilibral uncia 15.05 *14.56 13.96 13.89 12.96 11.99 11.19

7

*497.

217-215

38/7

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

semilibral sem uncia 6.75-5.18 avg. (9) 5.85 med. (9) 5.98

13

*498.

217-215

3818

Head of Rom a r. I Prow r.

AE

semilibral quartuncia *3.30 2.88

2

*499-t 215-212

41110

Head ofRoma r. I Prow r.

AE

post-semilibral uncia *8.95 6.38 5.50

3

*500.

41111

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

post-semilibral semuncia *3.55 3.53 2.88 2.76 2.38

5

post-semilibral quadrans 15.40 12.29 *11.53 11.11 11.04

5

215-212

semilibral quadrans 47.56

*soq 214-212

4212

grain ear

Head of Hercules r. I Bull r.

AE

*502.

214-212

4213

grain ear

Head of Mercury

AE

post-semilibral sextans *13.32 *12.61 10.63 *10.10 9.93 9.35

*50l.t 214-212

4214

grain ear

Head of Roma r. I Prow r.

AE

post-semilibral uncia 8.56 7.13-4.15 (62) 3.58 (broken) three pieces doubtful avg. (62) 5.53 med. (62) 5.58 *2 pieces illustrated

r.

I Prow r.

2

6

105

CHAPTER II

120

post-semilibral semuncia 4.05-2.72 avg. (8) 3.42 med. (8) 3.39

II

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

4411

Head of Jupiter r. I Victory crowning trophy.

AR victoriate [four plated] 3.47-2.76 (8) avg. (8) 3.13 med. (8) 3.22 *5 pieces illustrated

*506.t From 211

4415

Head of Roma r. I Dioscuri r.; ROMA semi-incuse.

AR denarius 4.26

*507.t From 211

4416

Head ofRoma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR quinarius 2.44-1.46 (21) 1.22 (broken) *5 pieces illustrated

22

*50S.t From 211

44/7

Head of Roma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR sestertius 1.11-0.49 (27) *6 pieces illustrated

43

509.

After 211

5312

Head ofRoma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius [one plated]

6

*510.

After 211

56/2

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 33.10-26.58

5

*511.t After 211

5613

Head of Saturn r. I Prow r.

AE

semis *19.59 11.93

2

*512.

After 211

5614

Head of Minerva r. I Prow r.

AE

triens 8.00 ( \1:3 broken away) *7.30

2

*513.

After 211

5618

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

semuncia 1.81

514.

207

5713

crescent

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 40.18

515.

207

5813

cornucopiae

Head of janus I Prow r.

AE

as 24.97

516.

211-208

5912

apex and hammer

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 40.70

517.

211

6314

c

Head of Minerva r. I Prow r.

AE

triens 7.77

211-208

6912

grain ear and /("

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 14.60

*519.t 211-208

6914

grain ear and /("

Head of Minerva r. I Prow r.

AE

triens 6.65

*520.t 211-208

6916

grain car and /("

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

*521.

6916c

grain ear and C

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

*522.t 211-210

7212

grain ear

Head of Mars r. I Eagle on fulmen r.

AV twenty-as piece 1.10

*523.t 211-210

7217

grain ear

Head of Hercules r. I Bull r.

AE

quadrans 7.03 *6.87 6.40 6.18 6.01 5.91 5.52 5.41

8

*524.

211-210

7218

grain ear

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

sextans 6.93 *6.80 5.53

3

525.

209-208

80/2

dolphin

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 38.70 20.20

2

*526.

211-210

8511a

H

Head ofRoma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR quinarius 2.12

208

8913

club

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

214-212

4215

*505.t From 211

*504.

*518.

527.

211-208

grain ear

sextans 10.75 7.77 7.20-3.97 (53) 2.90 (broken) avg. (53) 5.60 med. (53) 5.70 *4 pieces illustrated

13

56

sextans 6.46

as 30.35

2

121

CATALOGU E as 24.81 22.68 22.53 *22.05 20.84 20.70 20.18 18.68

*528.

206-195

113/2

star

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

529.

206-195

114/1

rostrum tridens

Head of Rom a r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius [plated]

*530.

206-195

11611b

butting bull

Head of Roma r. I Diose uri r.

AR denarius AE

206-195

12113

sow

Head ofJanus I Prow

532.

206-200

13011

staff and feather

Head of Roma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius

533.

194-190

13213

ME

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 29.64

*534.

194-190

13216

ME

Head of Hercules r. I Prow r.

AE

quadrans 4.19

535.

194-190

134/2

L PL H

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 8.59 (cut half)

536.

194-190

13414

L PL H

Head of Minerva I Prow r.

AE

triens 8.45

537.

194-190

137/2

crescent

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 25.72 23.06

AE

as 33.07

AE

semis 13.22

538.

189-180

14211

bull and MD

HeadofJanus I Prow r. r. I

Prow r.

2

as 39.33

531.

r.

8

539.

189-180

142/2

bull and MD

Head of Saturn

540.

189-180

14411

victory and LFP

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 24.20

541.

189-180

15011

M. Titinius

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 35.48 21.28

2

2

542.

179-170

162/2

MAT

Head ofRoma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius

543.

179- 170

16213

MAT

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

544.

179-170

16311

feather

Head ofRoma r. I Diana in biga r.

AR denarius

545.

169-158

17311

CSAX

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 28.38 27.38

2 4

as 25.10 23.76

2

546.

169-158

17411

ACAE

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 32.18 30.54 28.67 26.63

547.

169-158

17611

PAE

Head ofjanus I Prow r.

AE

as 31.01 25.23 23.88 (holed)

3

548.

169-158

17711

PTorTP

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 32.21 27.47 23.33

3

549.

169-158

17911

BAL

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 23.70

550.

169-158

18011

SAX

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 26.05 25.38 24.41

3

551.

169-158

18111

caps of the Dioscuri

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 26.43 21.65

2

*552.

169-158

18311

wolf and twins

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 30.15

553.

169-158

18511

Varo

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 23.00

554.

169-158

18514

Varo

Head of Hercules I Prow r.

AE

quadrans 6.01

555.

169-158

186/1

Murena

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 29.31

556.

169-158

18911

P. Blasio

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 31.74

557.

169-158

19011

OPEl

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 15.40

558.

169-158

19211

ATor TA

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 11.74

559.

169-158

19311

TVRD

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 25.20 22.60 18.85 9. 70 (cut half)

4

560.

169-158

19411

anchor

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 28.33 23.60

2

561.

155

19911a

SAR

Head of Roma r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius

562.

155

19915

SAR

Head of Hercules r. I Prow r.

AE

quadrans 5.79 5.74

2

122

CHAPTER II

563.

155

20011

NAT

Head ofRoma r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius [plated]

564.

154

20115

C. SCR

Head of Hercules r. I Prow r.

AE

565.

153

20311a

C. Maianius

Head ofRoma r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius [plated]

566.

153

20312

C. Maianius

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

567.

152

20412

L. Saufeius

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 17.24

568.

152

20413

L. Saufeius

Head of Saturn r. I Prow r.

AE

semis 6.60

569.

151

205/2

P. Sulla

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 24.43 semis 11.98

quadrans 5.09

as 21.47 15.98

570.

151

20513

P. Sulla

Head of Saturn I Prow r.

AE

571.

150

20611

SAFRA

Head ofRoma r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius [plated]

572.

150

206/2

SAFRA

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

573.

149

20811

Natta

Head of Roma r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius

574.

149

210/2

C. Junius C. f.

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

575.

148

21411b

M. Atilius Saranus

Head of Roma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius [plated]

576.

148

21412

M. Atilius Saranus

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

577.

148

21511

Q. Marcius Libo

Head ofRoma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius

578.

148

215/Za

Q. Marcius Libo

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 21.98 15.80 8.85 (cut half)

579.

148

21513

Q. Marcius Libo

Head of Saturn I Prow r.

AE

semis 8.86

580.

148

216/Za

L. Sempronius Pitio

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

as 22.13 14.20

*581.

148

21616

L. Sempronius Pitio

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

sextans 3.91

582.

[148]

M. Atilius Saranusl L. Sempronius Pitio

Head of Rom a r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius [plated hybrid]

583.

(148]

[

Head of Rom a r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius (plated hybrid]

]IL. Sempronius

as 24.63 22.74

as 22.98 22.38

as 18.33 17.65 16.58

2

2

2

3

3

2

Pitio 584.

147

217/2

C. Terentius Lucan us

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

585.

146

21911e

C. Antestius

Head ofRoma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius

586.

146

21912

C. Antcstius

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

uncertain

Head ofJanus I Prow r.

AE

*587.t From 211

as 23.72 18.60

as 25.42 23.62

2

2

as 46.73-14.20 {139) 206 15.90-7.13 (40 cut halves) *2 pieces illustrated

588.

From 211

uncertain

Head of Saturn r. I Prow r.

AE

sem1s

5

589.

From 211

uncertain

Head of Minerva r. I Prow r.

AE

triens

6

590.

From 211

uncertain

Head of Mercury r. I Prow r.

AE

sextans

591.

138

23111

C. Renius

Head ofRoma r. I Juno in biga of goats r.

AR denarius

592.

137

23511a

Sex. Pompeius

Head of Roma r. I Wolf and twins.

AR denarius

2

593.

137

236

M. Baebius Q.f. Tampilus

Head ofRoma l. I Apollo in quadriga r.

AR denarius

2

*594.

135

240/Za

C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus

Head of Saturn r. I Prow r.

AE

595.

135

24211

C. Augurinus

Head of Roma r. I Aeolic column.

AR denarius

596.

134

24311

Ti. Augurinus

Head ofRoma r. I Statue on column.

AR denarius

semis 6.35

CATALOGUE

123

597.

134

24511

M. Marcius Mn. f.

Head ofRoma r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius

598.

133

24711

P. Calpurnius

Head of Rom a r. I Goddess in big a r.

AR denarius

*599.

132

24913

P. Maenius M.f. Ant.

Head of Hercules r. I Prow r.

AE

quadrans 6.48

600.

132

250/2

M. Aburius M.f. Gem. Head of Hercules r. I Prow r.

AE

quadrans 5.39

601.

131

25411

M. Opeimius

Head of Roma r. I Apollo in biga r.

AR denarius (plated]

602.

130

25511

M. Acilius M.f.

Head ofRoma r. I Hercules in quadriga r.

AR denarius

603.

127

26511

Q. Fabius Maximus

Head ofRoma r. I Cornucopiae and fulmen.

AR denarius

604.

124

27311

Q. Fabius Labeo

Head of Roma r. I Jupiter in quadriga r.

AR denarius [plated]

605.

123

27511

M. Fannius C.f.

Head ofRoma r. I Victory · in quadriga r.

AR denarius

606.

122

27611

M. Carbo

Head ofRoma r. I Jupiter in quadriga.

AR denarius

607.

121

27811

C. Plutius

Head of Roma r. I Dioscuri r.

AR denarius [plated]

608.

118

28212

L. Cosconius et al.

Head ofRoma r. I Warrior in biga r.

AR denarius serratus

609.

117-116

28411a

M. Calidius et al.

Head ofRoma r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius [plated]

610.

116-115

28611

M. Sergi us Silus

Head of Roma r. I Horseman l.

AR denarius [one plated]

611.

113-112

29411

T. Didius

Head of Roma r. I Two gladiators.

AR denarius

612.

112-111

29811

L. Caesius

Bust of Apollo I. I Lares seated.

AR denarius [plated]

613.

111-110

29911a

Ap. Claudius et al.

Head ofRoma r. I Victory in triga r.

AR denarius [five plated] one plated piece is halved

614.

111-110

29911b

Ap. Claudius eta!.

Head ofRoma r.l Victory in triga r.

AR denarius

615.

110-109

30111

P. Laeca

Head ofRoma r.l Provocatio scene.

AR denarius [one plated]

2

616.

109-108

30211

L. Flaminius Cilo

Head of Roma r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius (two plated]

3

617.

109-108

30511

Q. Lutatius Cerco

Head ofRoma r.l Ship r.

AR denarius [one plated]

2

618.

108-107

30611

L. Valeri us Flaccus

Bust of Victory r. I Mars walking l.

AR denarius

619.

108-107

30711b-d Mn. Fonteius

Heads of Dioscuri r. I Ship r.

AR denarius [plated]

620.

106

31311b

L. Memmius Galeria

Head of Saturn 1.; below, K I Venus in biga r.

AR denarius

621.

104

31811a

L. Coilius Caldus

Head ofRoma I. I Victory in biga I.

AR denarius (plated]

622.

103

32011

L. Iulius Caesar

Head of Mars I. I Venus in biga l.

AR denarius [plated half coin]

623.

97

33311

C. Egnatuleius

Head of Apollo r. I Victory I.

AR quinarius

624.

91

33713

D. Silanus L.f.

Head of Roma r. I Victory in biga r. [legend omits L.f.J.

AR denarius

625.

ca.91

339/4

Head of Hercules r. I Prow r.

AE

quadrans 1.90

626.

From ca. 91

uncertain

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

14.83-9.08 (12) two fragments

627.

90

34011

L. Piso Frugi

Head of Apollo r.; at left, XIIII I Horseman r.; above, XXIII.

AR denarius

*628.

90

34014

L. Piso Frugi

Head of Janus I Prow r.

AE

as 10.20

2

3

6

19

CHAPTER II

124 629.

90

34111

Q. Titius

Bearded head r. I Pegasos r.

AR denarius

630.

90

34215b

C. Vibius Pansa

Head of Apollo r. I Minerva in quadriga r.

AR denarius [two plated]

631.

89

343/Za

M.Cato

Head ofLiber r. I Victory seated r.

AR quinarius

*632.

89

343/Zb

M. Cato

Head ofLiber r.; below, bidens I Victory seated r.

AR quinarius

633.

89

34411a

L. Titurius Sabin us

Head ofTatius r. I Rape ofSabines.

AR denarius

634.

89

34412b

L. Titurius Sabin us

Head ofTatius r. I Killing ofTarpeia. AR denarius

635.

89

34413

L. Titurius Sabin us

Head ofTatius r. I Victory in biga r.; below, T.

AR denarius

636.

88

34511

Cn. Lentulus

Bust of Mars r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius

637.

87

34811

L. Rubrius Dossenus

Head ofJupiter r. I Triumphal quadriga r.

AR denarius

638.

87

348/2

L. Rubrius Dossenus

Head ofJuno r. I Triumphal quadriga r.

AR denarius

639.

87

348/4

L. Rubrius Dossenus

Head of Neptune r. I Victory standing r.

AR quinarius

640.

86

350A/2

Head of Apollo r. I Jupiter in quadriga r.

AR denarius

641.

85

35311a

Mn. Fonteius C.f.

Head of Apollo r. I Cupid on goat r.

AR denarius

642.

85

35311c

Mn. Fonteius C.f.

Head of Apollo r. I Cupid on goat r.

AR denarius

643.

84

35611c

P. Furius Crassipes

Head of Cybele r. I Curule chair.

AR denarius

644.

83

35711b

C. Norbanus

Head of Venus r.; behind, LXXXXIIII; CI I Grain ear etc.

AR denarius

645.

82

36111

P. Crepusius

Head of youthful male r. I Horseman.

AR denarius

646.

82

36211

C.Mamilius Limetanus

Bust of Mercury r .; behind, M I Ulysses and Argus.

AR denarius

647.

82

36311d

L. Censorinus

Head of Apollo r. I Marsyas.

AR denarius

648.

83-82

36411b

Q. Antonius Balbus

Head ofJupiter r. I Victory in quadriga r.

AR denarius serratus [plated]

649.

83-82

36411d

Q. Antonius Balbus

Head ofJupiter r. I Victory in quadriga r.; below, F; V.

AR denarius serratus

2

650.

82

36715

L. Sulla

Head ofRoma r. I Triumphator in quadriga r.

AR denarius [plated]

2

651.

81

37211

A. Postumius Albin us Head of Diana r. I Sacrifice scene.

AR denarius [one plated]

3

652.

81

37212

A. Postumius Albin us Head ofHispania r. I Togate figure.

AR denarius

653.

81

374/2

654.

81

37711

L. Volteius Strabo

Head ofJupiter r.; behind, F I Europa on buill.

AR denarius

655.

81

37811b

C. Marius Capito

Bust of Ceres r .; behind, XXVIII I Ploughman and oxen 1.; below, grasshopper.

AR denarius

656.

80

37911

L. Procili us

Head ofJupiter r. I Juno Sospita.

AR denarius [plated]

· Q. Caecilius Metellus Head ofPietas r. I Jug and lituus.

AR denarius [plated]

4

3

3

CATALOGUE

125

657.

so

379/2

L. Procilius

Head of Juno Sospita r. /juno Sospita in biga r.

AR denarius

*658.

79

384/1

L. Papius

Head of juno Sospita r./ Gryphon. Symbols on genuine piece: lotus/ poppy.

AR denarius [one plated]

2

659.

78

385/1

M. Volteius M.f.

Head ofJ upiter r. I Capitoline temple.

AR denarius [one plated]

2

660.

78

385/3

M. Volteius M.f.

Head of Liber r. I Ceres in big a r.

AR denarius AR denarius

661.

77

388/1b

P. Satrienus

Head of Roma r.; behind, XXXXII I Wolf I.

662.

76

390/2

L. Lucretius Trio

Head of Neptune r. I Genius on dolphin r.

AR denarius [plated]

663.

71

401/1

Mn. Aquillius Mn. f.Mn.n.

Head ofVirtus r. I Warrior raising fallen figure.

AR denarius serratus [plated]

664.

70

403/1

Kalen us etc.

Heads of Honos and Virtus r. I !tali a and Roma.

AR denarius

665.

68

40712

C. Hosidius Geta

Bust of Diana r. I Boar r.

AR denarius [one plated]

3

*666.

67

408/1b

C. Piso L.f. Frugi

Head of Apollo r. I Horseman r. AR denarius [one plated] Symbols on genuine pieces: *oil jar and strigil!arrowhead, Crawford dies 35/35; simpulum/ 2, Crawford dies 64/90.

3

*667.

64

412/1

L. Roscius Fabatus

Head ofJ uno Sospita r. I Girl AR denarius and snake. Symbols on two pieces: *Pan mask/pedum, Crawford die pair 182; *wheel/club and thong, Crawford die pair 188.

3

668.

63

414/1

L. Fur ius Cn.f. Brocchus

Head of Ceres r. I Curule chair.

AR denarius [plated]

2

669.

62

415/1

Paull us Lepidus

Head of Concordia r./ Trophy.

AR denarius

670.

62

416/1a

Libo

Head of Bonus Eventus r. I Puteal Scribonianum.

AR denarius

671.

60

420/Za

P. Hypsaeus

Bust ofLeuconoe r./ Jupiter in quadriga I.

AR denarius

672.

59

421/1

Sufenas

Head of Saturn r. I Rom a seated I.

AR denarius

673.

58

422/lb

M. Scaurus etc.

Aretas kneeling r. I Jupiter in quadriga I.

AR denarius

674.

56

425/1

Philippus

Head of Ancus Marcius r. I Equestrian statue on aqueduct.

AR denarius [one plated]

675.

55

428/3

Q. Cassius

Head of Genius populi Romani r./ Eagle on fulmen.

AR denarius

676.

55

430/1

P. Crassus M.f.

Bust of Venus r. I Female figure leading horse I.

AR denarius [plated]

677.

55

432/1

Cn. Plancius

Female head r. I Cretan goat.

AR denarius [one plated]

678.

54

433/1

M. lunius Brutus

Head of Libertas r. I Brutus walking I. between two lictors.

AR denarius

679.

49

445/1b

L. Lentulus etc.

Triskeles I Jupiter standing.

AR denarius

680.

48

450/1a

Albin us Bruti f.

Head of Mars r. I Carnyces and shield.

AR denarius

2

5

2

CHAPTER II

126

681.

48

451/1

Albin us Bruti f. etc.

Mask of Pan r. I Hands clasping caduceus.

AR denarius

682.

47-46

461/1

Q. Metellus Scipio

Head of Africa r. I Hercules standing.

AR denarius [plated]

683.

47-46

46211a

M.Cato

Female bust r. I Victory seated.

AR denarius [plated]

684.

47-46

46212

M.Cato

Head ofLiber r. I Victory seated.

AR quinarius

685.

46

46411

T. Carisius

Head of Sibyl r. I Sphinx r.

AR denarius

686.

46

46414

T. Carisius

Bust of Victory r. I Victory in biga r.

AR denarius

687.

46

46415

T. Carisius

Bust of Victory r. I Victory in quadriga r.

AR denarius

688.

46

465/2a

C. Considius Paetus

Head of Apollo r. I [obverse brockage].

AR denarius

689.

46

46514

C. Considius Paetus

Head of Venus L I Victory in quadriga L

AR denarius

690.

45

47211

L Papius Celsus

Head ofJuno Sospita r. I Wolf and eagle.

AR denarius

*69t.t 45-44

47811a

Sextus Pompeius etc.

Head ofJanus I Prow r. *22.82-13.90 (II whole coins) avg. 16.96 med. 16.30 *3 pieces illustrated

AE

*692.t 45 onwards

47911

Sextus Pompeius

Head ofJanus with features of Pompeius Magnus I Prow r. *good style *poor style cut halves whole pieces 14.54-6.42 (40) 33.85 avg. 10.17 28.68-17.52 (52) med.IO.II 12.65 avg. (52) 23.58 med. (52) 23.86

AE

*good style whole pieces 28.99-15.86 (24) avg. 21.72 med. 21.96

as *9.95-5.13 (8 cut halves) avg. 7.73 avg. 7.46 as

25

192

*poor style cut halves 17.00 14.43-8.89 (14) 6.98 6.97 5.18 avg. (14) 11.32 med. ( 14) 11.07 [18 examples unassignable as to style: 4 pieces, 10 cut halves, I cut quarter, 3 fragments]

693.

43

48511

L Flaminius Chilo

Head of Caesar r. I Pax(?) standing.

AR denarius

694.

42

494/23

P. Clodius

Head of Apollo r. I Diana standing.

AR denarius [one plated]

695.

42

49611

M. Antonius

Head of Antonius r. I Distyle temple.

AR denarius [plated]

696.

42-40

51112

Sextus Pompei us

Head of Neptune r. I Naval trophy.

AR denarius

*697.

42-40

51114a

Sextus Pompei us

Pharos of Messana I Scylla.

AR denarius AR denarius

51212

C. Clodius Vestalis

Head of Flora r. I Vestal seated.

*699.t ?38

53511

Octavian

Head ofOctavian r. I Head of Caesar r.

AE

as 20.90 18.66 14.95 *14.41 8.52 (cut half) 7.87 (ancient imitation) 7.38 (cut half) 3.92 (cut half) 3.75 (cut half)

700.t ?38

53512

Octavian

Head of Octavian r. I Wreath.

AE

as 22.12

698.

41

2

9

127

CATALOGUE Vienna: heads of Caesar and Octavian I Prow.

AE as 7.91 (cut half)

Octavian

Lugdunum: head of Octavian r. I Prow.

AE as 16.95

*701.

38-36

RICiv.1, Octavian p.43

*702.

38-36

RICI v.1,

p.43 703.

32-31

544118

M.Antonius

Ship r. I Aquila and standards; LEGV.

AR denarius

704.

32-31

544124

M.Antonius

Ship r. I Aquila and standards; LEGX.

AR denarius

705.

32-31

544/26

M.Antonius

Ship r. I Aquila and standards; LEG XII.

AR denarius

706.

32-31

544130

M.Antonius

Ship r. I Aquila and standards; LEG XV.

AR denarius [plated]

uncertain

uncertain I uncertain

AR denarius [plated]

707.

EMPIRE

AUGUSTUS CA. 29-27 B.C.

708. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. Victory on cista. RIO 276 AR quinarius

CA. 28-I 5 B.C.

*709. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. C·A in naval wreath. RIC2 499 AE 9.63 dupondius

CA. 25-23 B.C.

710. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. P·CARISI·LEG Victory crowning trophy. RIO 1a AR quinarius

CA. 21 B.C.

*711. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. Victory on prow. RIO 474 AR quinarius

CA. 18 B.C.

712. Obv. Legend in wreath. Rev. T·QVINCTIVS·CRISP INVS. RIO 336 AE dupondius CA. 17 B.C.

713. Obv. Two branches and laurel wreath around legend. Rev. M·SANQVINIVS·Q·F. RIO 341 AE sestertius

714. Obv. Legend in wreath. Rev. P·STOLO. RIO 347 AE dupondius [countermarks: triskeles, head] *715. Obv. Legend in wreath. Rev. TI·SEMPRONIVS·GR ACCVS. RIO 349 2 AE dupondius [countermarks on one example: triskeles (2)] CA. 16 B.C.

716. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. C·ASINIVS·GALLVS.

3

CHAPTER II

128

RICZ 373 3 AE as

CA.

7

B.C.

725. Obv. Head of Augustus r. 717. Obv. Legend in wreath. Rev. C·GALLIVS·LVPERCVS. RJC2 378 AE dupondius 718. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. C·GALLIVS·LVPERCVS. RJC2 379 AE as

Rev. P·LVRIVS·AGRIPPA. RIC2 427 AE as

4

726. Obv. Head of Augustus I.

Rev. P·LVRIVS·AGRIPPA. RJC2 428 AE as 727. Obv. Head of Augustus r.

CA. 15 B.C.

719. Obv. Legend in oak wreath. Rev. CN·PISO·CN·F. ancient forgery cf. RIC2 381 AE 3.72 dupondius 720. Obv. Head of Augustus r.: a) TRIBVNIC·POTEST; RJC2 382. b) ]ICIA·POTEST; RJC2 382var. Rev. CN·PISO·CN·F. 2 AE as 721. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. L·SVRDINVS. RJC2 386 AE as 722. Obv. Oak wreath between two laurel branches. Rev. C·PLOTIVS·RVFVS. RIC 2 387 AE seste rti us 723. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. C·PLOTIVS·RVFVS. RIC2 389 AE as

2

Rev. M·SALVIVS·OTHO. RJC2 431

AE as

3

728. Obv. Head of Augustus I. Rev. M·SALVIVS·OTHO. RJC2 432

AE as

5

729. Obv. Head of Augustus r.

Rev. M · MAECILIVS·TVLL VS.

RICZ 435 AE as CA.

6

B.C.

730. Obv. Head of Augustus r.

Rev. S· NONIVS·QVINCTILIANVS. RJC2 439

AE as 731. Obv. Head of Augustus r.

Rev. VOLVSVS·VALER·MESSAL.

RICZ 441 AE as 731his. Unidentifiable moneyers' asses

CA. 9 B.C. CA.

724. Obv. SILIVS·ANNIVS·LAMIA Two joined hands holding caduceus. Rev. Legend around S·C. RIC2 420 AE quadrans

5 B.C.

732. Obv. SISENNA-APRONIVS Altar.

Rev. GALVS·MESSALLA. RIC2 450 AE quadrans

3

129

CATALOG UE CA.

4

RIC 2 53 AE as

B.C.

733. Obv. L·VALERIV S·CATVLL VS. Rev. Legend around altar. RIC2 468 2 AE quadrans CA. 2 B.C.-A.D.

14

734. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. C. and L. Caesar standing holding spear and shield. RIC 2 207 AR denarius [plated]

ANTIOCH(?)

CA. 23 B.C.

735. Obv. Head of Augustus r. Rev. SC in wreath. RIO 530 AE 9.51 24mm

A.D.

35-36

*740. Obv. IMP· VIII Head ofTiberius I. Rev. TRIBVN·P OTEST·XX XVII: a) globe and rudder (1); RIO 58. *b) winged caduceus and S·C (3}; RIO 59.

AE as

4 A.D.

36-37

741. Obv. IMP· VIII Head of Tiberi us I. Rev. TRIBVN·P OTEST·XX XVIII around winged caduceus and S·C. RIC2 65 AE as

DIVUS AUGUSTU S A.D. 22-30

TIBERI US A.D.

15-16

736. Obv. IMP·VII Head ofTiberius I. Rev. TRIBVN·P OTEST·XV II Livia seated r. RIC2 34 2 AE as A.D. 22-23

*737. Obv. IMP·VIII Head ofTiberius I. Rev. TRIBVN ·POTEST· XXIII I. RIC2 44 AE as 738. Obv. Head of Drusus I. Rev. Legend around S·C. RIC2 45 2 AE as

*742. Obv. Head of Augustus I. Rev. Square altar. RIC2 81 6 AE as A.D.

743. Obv. Head of Augustus I. Rev. Eagle on globe. RIO 82 AE as 744. Obv. Head of Augustus I. Rev. Winged thunderbolt . RIO 83 AE as

CALIGULA A.D.

A.D. 34-35

739. Obv. IMP·VIII Head of Tiberi us I. Rev. TRIBVN·P OTEST·XX XVI around caduceus and S·C.

34-37

37-38

745. Obv. Head of Caligula I. Rev. Vesta seated I. RIC2 38 AE as

CHAPTER II

130

GALLIEN US

A.D. 40-41

A.D.

746. Obv. Liberty cap. Rev. TR·P·llli. RIC2 52 AE quadrans

753.

AR unidentifiable antoninianus

BYZANTIN E

UNDATED

HERACLIUS AND HERACLIUS CONST ANTINUS

747. Obv. COS· III Head of Agrippa I. Rev. Neptune standing I. RJC2 58 AE as

A.D.

A.D. 41

748. Obv. Modius. Rev. COS·DES·IT. RICZ 84 AE quadrans

CONST ANTI NUS IV

41-50

A.D.

749. Obv. Head of Claudius r. Rev. Minerva striding r. RJC2 100 4 AE as A.D.

632-641

*754. Obv. Crowned busts of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantinus. Rev. -\\ to left of SC[L ]· Countermarke d on follis of He radius and Constantinus, year XXI. Spahr I, p. 16, no. 54 AE 5.54 22mm follis

CLAUDIUS

A.D.

260-268

668-681

SYRACUSE

*755. Obv. Constantinus IV facing. Rev. Heraclius and Tiberius; in exergue, SCL. Spahr I, p. 32, no. 174 2 AE 4.37 ! 24mm follis 19mm *3.10 !

50-54

750. Obv. Head of Germanicus r. Rev. Legend. RJC2 106 AE as

A.D.

681-685

756. Obv. Bust of emperor facing. Rev. M over SCL. Spahr I, p. 34, no. 183 1 AE 23mm follis

DO MIT IAN A.D.

82

CONSTANT INE V AND LEO IV

751. Obv. Head of Domitian r. Rev. COS·VIII·DES·VIIII Minerva I. RIC! 241b AE dupondius 752. AE unidentifiable asses of Domitian

A.D.

751-775

SYRACUSE

2

757. Obv. Bust of Leo Ill facing. Rev. Busts of Constantine V and Leo IV facing.

131

CATALOGUE AE 0.57 .->r mezzodenaro 0.40 \, 0.40 t 0.31 t

Spahr I,p. 64, nos. 333-337 1 AE 18mm follis

4

MEDIEVAL BRINDISI

ITALY SIENA 14TH CENTURY

758.

762. Obv. Eagle. Rev. Cross. Spahr I, p. 192, no. 88 AE 0. 70 J denaro 0.65 J

AR piccolo

2

FERDINAND I

CNI XI, p. 356, nos. 64-70

A.D. 1412-1416

SICILY WILLIAM I

MESSINA

763.

AR denaro Spahr II, p. 68, nos. 13-16

A.D. II54-II66

ALFONSO MESSINA A.D. 1416-1458

759. Obv. Madonna and child. Rev. REX W. Spahr I, p. 159, no. 99 AE fraction of follaro

MESSINA

2 764. AR denaro Spahr II,pp. 72-74, nos. 19-39A

WILLIAM II

JOHN

A.D. II66-II89

A.D. 1458-1479 MESSINA

PALERMO

760. Obv. Lion's head facing. Rev. Palm tree. Spahr I, p. 164, no. 117 AE trifollaro

765.

AR denaro Spahr II, pp. 90-91,nos. 126-135

766. AR unassignable denaro

2

FREDERICK II

MODERN

A.D. 1209-1213

AUSTRIA

MESSINA MILAN

761. Obv. Eagle. Rev. Cross. Spahri,p.92,no.87

767. AE 3.10 t kreuzer, 1858 CNI V, p. 451, no. 34

CHAPTER II

132

ITALY FERDINAND III

PHILIP III PALERMO MESSINA

768.

773.

AE grano Spahr II, p. 202, nos. 116-121B CHARLES II

3 AE 2 grani 1814 or 1815 Spahr II, pp. 302-303, nos. 166-168 VICTOR EMANUEL II

774.

AE 10 centesimi 1866, Napoli

MESSINA

769.

AE grano 1670 Spahr II, p. 220, no. 24

PALERMO

770.

2 AE grano 1698-1700 Spahr II, p. 230, nos. 82-84 PHILIP V

7 775. AE 5 centesimi a) 1861, Milano (4) b) 1861, Napoli c) 1862, Napoli d) 1867, Napoli 776. AE I centesimo 1861, Milano VICTOR EMANUEL III 777. AE 5 centesimi 1922, Rome

PALERMO

771. AE grano 1701 Spahrii,p. 235,no. 20 VICTOR AMADEUS II PALERMO

772. AE grano 1718 Spahr II, p. 240,nos. 27-28

133

CATALOGUE

Totals of Identified Coins from Morgan tina 1955-1981

SPAIN

(5)

CELSA EBUSUS

GAUL

(2)

CAT ANA

4

CENTURIPE CEPHALOEDIUM

MASSILIA

ENNA

NERVII ITALY

ENTELLA

(294)

UMBRIA SAMNIUM

AESERNIA

CAMPANIA

CALES

11

COMPULTERIA

4 12 4 4

NEAPOLIS SuESSA AuRUNCA TEANUM

ERYX

1 3

GELA HER BESS US HIMERA (HIMERA)-THERMAE IAETIA LEONTINI LILYBAEUM

SAMNITEI CAMPANIAN MINT APULIA

ARPI

CALABRIA

TARENTUM

LUCANIA

METAPONTUM

3

PAESTUM

2

THUR!UM

2 1 2

VELlA BRUTTIUM

BRETTII

MENAENUM

36 3 2

MESSANA (MAMERTJNI) MORGANTINA (HISPANORUM)

NucERIA RHEGIUM

PANORMUS SEGESTA SELINUS Smus

12 2 188

SYRACUSE

(7797)

ADRANUM AETNA AGRIGENTUM AGYRIUM ALAESA ALUNTIUM AMESTRATUS CALACTE CAMARINA

2 233 154 5 77 11 2 9 47

36 4 609 28 706 52 2 3 8 4046

IMITATION OF SYRACUSE

TERINA SICILY

8

NACONA

HIPPONIUM LOCRI EPIZEPHYRII

1248 57 3 20 1 1 41 2 3 5 1 39

T AUROMENIUM TYNDARIS SIKELIOTAN

1

COSSURA

LIPARA

3 3 3

PELLA

3

AMPHIPOLIS

8

GAULOS

MACEDONIA

(11)

ILLYRICUM

100 219 4

ILL YRICUM 0YRRIIACHII

134

TOTALS OF IDENTIFIED COINS

ACARNANIA

LEUCAS

BOEOTIA

THESPIAE

EUBOEA

CARYSTUS

ATTICA

ATHENS

CORINTH PELOPONNESUS (6)

15 ARGOS

3

LACEDAEMON

1

MESSENE PATRAE MYSIA

LAMPSACUS

TROAS

ABYDUS

RHODES

1

EGYPT

65

UNCERTAIN EASTERN MINTS PUNIC (512)

2

CARTHAGE SICILY SARDINIA ACRAGAS (?) CARTHAGE, SICILy' SARDINIA (?) ERYX (?) MORGANTINA (?) PANORMUS (?)

NUMIDIA

2 224 208 6 4 41 3 24 2 2

MAURETANIA

1

UNCERTAIN MINTS

2

ROME (1135)

REPUBLIC EMPIRE

BYZANTINE

1057 78 5

MEDIEVAL

15

MODERN

20

Total:

9898

Notes to the Catalogue SPAIN EBUSUS

2, 3. It seems an oddity that small bronze coins of a small Spanish island can have reached central Sicily. However dozens of the coins of Ebusus have already been found at Pompeii, and even further inland in Italy, testifying to the importance of the island as a transshipment point between Spain and Italy; and another example has been found in Sicily in the Solus excavations. See Attilio Stazio, "Rapporti fra Pompei ed Ebusus," AIIN 2 (1955) 35-57, and "Le pili antiche relazioni tra la penisola iberica e Ia regione campana," Numisma 13.61 (March-Aprill961) 9-18.

sec Thomsen, I, 101 (Sessa hoard), and II, 259, no. 125; for halved Roman denarii, L. Cesano, "Contributi allo studio delle monetc antiche dimezzate," RIN 28 (1915) 27-28. The Velia didrachm was originally plated, so that the halving may well have been a deliberate mutilation: the coin would thereby be removed from circulation. Thus of three halved Greek silver coins in the Syracuse collection-an Agrigentine and a Geloan didrachm, and a 16 litra piece of Syracuse (Philistis)-the first two are plated. Our Velia specimen appears to have been struck from the same pair of dies as the Boston example. If so, we have here one more example of the apparently official utterance of secretly debased coinage. Cf. Cat. 284 below (Selinus).

GAUL BRUTTIUM

NERVIJ

5. Cf. Marcel Thirion, "Le Tresor de Fraire," RBN 108 (1962) 67-112. Our piece approaches most closely his Type A of the "rameau/ cheval" cast coinage.

ITALY UMBRIA 6. An example of the uncia of this series-astragalos/ dot-is to be found in the Syracuse collection, as well as one each of the astragalos/ astragalos and grain/ grain unciae. See also Cat. 489, 494 and note. On other finds of aes grave in Sicily, cf. P. Orsi, "Aes grave in Sicilia," Bollettino Italiano di Numismatica 6 (1908) 19-20.

LUCANIA PAESTUM

25. The date is that of Michael Crawford, "Pacstum and Rome: the Form and Function of a Subsidiary Coinage," in La monetazione di bronzo di Poseidonia-Paestum (AttiCIN Ill [Rome, 1971] = AIIN 18-19, suppl. [1973]) 49. 26. There are minor engravers' quirks in this issue, not noted by Crawford. On this specimen the upper reverse legend is retrograde, as SNGCop 1360. The lower also appears to be retrograde, although the letter S is not. VELlA

29. The halving of silver coins in antiquity is still fully to be explored. For a notice of some halved quadrigati

RHEGJUM

55. This type is identified in the SNGCop as a reduced trias ("tetras~) and dated to 203-89 B.C. Against this is the want of a denomination mark such as is found on the late triantes of this weight as well as the other denominations of the same series, Cat. 61-64. For that matter the type of the later trias has also changed. There is nothing in the style or the fabric to oppose the reassignment of this type to a slightly earlier date and to see in it the quarter or third of the plentiful Apollo/tripod issues, Cat. 50. 57. The extraordinary variation in weights is perhaps to be explained by the use of earlier coins as flans, although only one of the Morgantina examples is certainly overstruck: 61-1122 (symbol illegible), 7.00 grams, is struck upon a piece of the Apollo/tripod type, Cat. 50. 58. Again the variation in weights is considerable, owing partly to corrosion and wear, partly to overstriking. Two of four examples in the SNGCop, one of three in McClean, were struck over the Rhegine Apollo and Artemis/tripod trias, Cat. 57. Among the Morgantina pieces two examples (58-2010 =Cat. 58a, 10.38 grams, and 60-1434 =Cat. SSe, 8.92 grams) are clearly struck over that type, while one (55-1668 =Cat. 58d, 8.83 grams, Pl. 12:58d) is a restriking of the Apollo/tripod type, Cat. 50. Thne was doubtless more overstriking among our examples than we can now nrovp· snmP

CHAPTER II

136

rather broad, thin flans, badly split at the edges, struck with undersize dies, are suggestive. The reverse type of this issue involves two type variations which cut across the symbol groups. The first is the appearance of the snake wound about the staff of Asklepios. Of the eighteen examples of our variety a), three include the snake, fifteen do not; the one example of b) includes the snake; of fourteen examples of c), five certainly include the snake, Pl. 12:58c; two do not. A second variety bears the snake in exergue. Unfortunately the exergues of the Morgantina specimens are usually obscured by wear or poor striking, so that it is only possible to say that the one example of a) definitely includes the exergual snake, while that of b) and three of c) definitely do not. 59. The weights are very low. All of the Morgantina specimens are worn almost smooth. 60. The one example of a) and five of b) are overstruck, but the undertype can be ascertained on only one of the latter: 58-1373, 6.78 grams, is struck over Brettii Zeus/ eagle (SNGCop 1662-1672). Two pieces in the ANS (SNGANS 786, 788) are struck apparently on earlier Rhegine issues of type Apollo/tripod.

SICILY ADRANUM

66, 67. Although three of the four pieces in Gabrici are overstruck (one on the Morgantina Sikelia/eagle), neither of the Morgan tina find pieces shows any trace of an undertype. AETNA

68. The style of the excavation pieces is better than that of the examples illustrated in Gabrici or McClean, but there is an obvious degeneration in the process of die production. 69. Here a tremendous degeneration of style occurs, in what was a very large production, probably at the mint of Catana: for a mule with the Catana Apollo/Isis hexas see Cat. 143 and note. The majority of the examples found at Morgan tina are so worn or corroded as to make a die study impossible, but it is clear that many pairs of dies were used in this issue. There are variations not only in the style but also the size of the head. On fif.

teen specimens the letter X is found behind the head (Pl. 13:69 1), and it doubtless appeared on others now illegible (the letter was frequently cut very lightly in the die); cf. the same phenomenon on the hexantes of Catana, Cat. 142. But the type is also found without the letter. There are in addition variations in the flan, some being rather small, occasionally dumpy. A good many of the Aetna hexantes appear to have been overstruck, if one may judge from the present state of their flans. As usual, the original types are mostly unascertainable, although one (59-1704, 1.54 grams) is certainly struck upon the Leontini Dionysos/warrior type, Cat. 201. AGRIGENTUM

73. The eagle tears at a hare, snake, or fish according to the die. Gabrici's "bird" (116, no. 73) apears to be a hare misread. 74, 75. The two examples of countermarked tetras, Cat. 75, are confirmed as to denomination by flan size, although the original types are completely effaced by wear and the weights correspondingly reduced. The hexas, which these coins might be thought more appropriately to represent, appears not to have been countermarked. The SNGCop dates the coins both in their original issue and as countermarked before the Carthaginian capture of Akragas in 406 B.c.; the McClean and Hunterian catalogues attribute the countermarking to after 406. So too P. Orsi in his publication of the Milocca hoard, "Ripostiglio di monete erose e di altri bronzi da Milocca (Caltanissetta)," AftiMemiiN 7 (1932) 40. Although the city was destroyed by the invaders in 405 (Diodorus Siculus 13.108) the treaty between them and the Syracusans in that same year, which permitted the Akragantini, among others, to inhabit their own city (Diodorus 13.114), implies that occupation of the site did not come to an end. Continued reference to the city during the fourth century confirms this conclusion (Diodorus 14.47, 14.88, etc.) Yet even this later dating of the countermarks may be too early. It is characteristic of these find pieces, as of most other published examples of the countermarked bronze of Agrigentum, that they had suffered extreme wear before the smaller die was applied. They must have first circulated for decades. Their condition argues against the late fifth-century date most recently sup-

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE ported by U. Westermark, "The Bronze Hemilitra of Akragas," NAC 13 (1984) 71-84. It has been suggested that the state of wear is only apparent, and that the coins were hammered flat before the countermarks were applied. This is not borne out by the Morgantina specimens, nor those recently examined in the British Museum: the characteristic surface damage and edge splits caused by hammering are not to be seen; the coins are simply terribly worn while the countermarks are relatively sharp. Consequently it seems best to date the countermarking considerably later than the original issue; so too Jenkins, "The Coinages of Enna, Galaria, Piakos, Imachara, Kephaloidion and Longane," in Le emissioni dei centri siculi fino all' epoca di Timoleonte (AttiCIN IV [Naples, 1973] = AIIN 20, suppl. [1975]) 95, supporting Gabrici. The purpose of the countermarking is not clear, but it can hardly have been other than a revalidation of the older Agrigentine bronze. Not a revaluation, for no mark of value is found on the new dies, while the Herakles head and young head appear to have been used indiscriminately on both hemilitra and tetrantes. Now since the countermarks appear specifically on coins of Agrigentum, they must have been applied there and must have had only an Agrigentine significance; a general revalidation of older bronze would have involved the countermarking of pieces from many sources. As Gabrici has pointed out (p. 68), an obvious occasion for the countermarking at Agrigentum would have been the resettlement of the city under Timoleon in 338 B.c.: the old, eroded bronzes, images of the city's opulent past, were preserved in circulation, perhaps because sufficient small change was not yet available for the new colonists. The type of the one countermark, the head of Herakles, may be confirmatory of this attribution. The god, well-known at Agrigentum but never occuring on the coinage there, was figured on the fourth-century bronze coin of Velia, the mother city of the new colonists (SNGCop 1594-1598). A still later date, ca. 300 B.c., has been suggested by Caruso Lanza, "Spiegazione storica delle monete di Agrigento," RIN 17 (1904) 434-36. He argues from the fact that countermarks occur on the post-Timoleontic bronze type of river god/eagle on column (no example of which has been found at Morgantina). However there are various Agrigentine countermarks-head of Herakles in several sizes, young head, crab, pecten-and they cannot have been applied all on the same occasion. The earliest pieces, the eagle/crab bronzes with which we

137

are concerned here, almost always bear the Herakles punch, rarely with an additional crab or pecten countermark (Morgantina, six pieces of six; ANS, forty-three of forty-nine; Gabrici, twenty of twenty-four). The young head countermark is uncommon on these issues (Morgantina, none; ANS, five pieces, of which two countermarked upon the Herakles punch; Gabrici, four of which two upon the Herakles punch). On the other hand the young head and the crab were applied to the later river god/eagle on column bronzes, but the Herakles countermark never occurs on this or any other late series. This distribution, and the application of the young head upon the Herakles head, prove that these countermarkings were two different phenomena, of which the Herakles countermark must be the earlier by some years: only after the Herakles punch was applied to the old eagle/crab bronzes was the river god/eagle on column type issued, which still later was itself countermarked by the young head punch, applied at that time also to a few of the still circulating eagle/ crab bronzes. The chronology of both issues and countermarks continues to perplex. See Ulla Westermark, "The Fifth Century Bronze Coinage of Acragas," in Le origini della monetazione di bronzo in Sicilia e in Magna Grecia (AttiCIN VI [Naples, 1977] = AIIN 25, suppl. [1979]) 3-17, and the lively discussion following, 17-25.

78, 79, 82, 83. Gabrici 127-141 distinguishes only Apollo head 1. and r. 78-85. That the coins figuring Apollo/two eagles were produced in several issues is attested by weight, style and fabric. The earliest of these is probably that struck on a well-cast round flan to a weight of something over eight grams, Cat. 78, Pl. 14. Some of the obverses bear a sequence mark; either it occurred sporadically or it has been effaced from most of our examples. Cat. 79, Pl. 14, the second issue, stylistically very close to the first, saw a change in fabric to a bullet flan and a slight drop in weight. No sequence marks are evident. Cat. 82, Pl. 14, the third issue, is similar in style though again the fabric has changed, now to a bevelled open cast flan, unevenly round but about 22 mm in diameter. The obverse die was somewhat concave, giving high relief to the head on the coin, while the reverse die was slightly convex so that the reverse of the coin has a scyphate quality. Behind the head is the control letter ci>.

138

CHAPTER II

Cat. 83, Pl. 14, the next issue, is struck on a slightly smaller open cast flan, 20-21 mm on average, and has fallen in weight: the find specimens (variously worn) average six grams. The Apollo head is redesigned, the hair now falling loosely at the neck. The control letter is still to be found behind the head on some specimens, whether the head faces I. or r. (This evidence is confirmatory of that from style, fabric and weight that all the varieties listed under Cat. 83 were of virtually simultaneous issue, and that the changing position of obverse and reverse types has no significant bearing on chronology.) Note that the lightest example of Cat. 83 has suffered greatly from wear; this coin aside, there is no overlapping in the weights of Cat. 83 and 84. On Cat. 84, Pl. 15, the falling hair of the Apollo head is still freer than that of Cat. 83. No control marks seem to have been used. While the same open cast flan is used, it now usually measures only 18.5-19.5 mm and a considerable drop in weight has occurred, to an average roughly half that of the first Apollo/two eagles issue and two-thirds that of Cat. 83. The extremes of weight under Cat. 84 vary almost as much as 2:1, owing partly to wear but particularly to the variation in flan thickness-for the diameter remains constant. The lightest specimen of all is actually in rather nice condition. Finally, Cat. 85, Pl. 15, perhaps merely a variant of Cat. 84 in the orientation of the types, is struck on the smallest flan of all, 17 x 18.5 mm. The type is certainly post-Timoleontic, following the river god/eagle on column and (probably) its subsequent countermarking. Piero Orlandini 's account ("Storia e topografia di Gela dal 405 a! 282 A.C. ," Kokalos 2 [1956]158-76) of finds of our type at Gela in sealed destruction levels datable to 282 B.C. gives us a firm terminus ante quem for the beginning of the series, and the original date must now be pushed back even before Phintias, as Holloway shows (unpublished manuscript): while the letters l do appear on some reverse dies, other Greek letters appear as well. All might be taken to be signatures (though that is by no means certain), but the one cannot be shown to be Phintias'. One chronological difficulty remains, however, in the considerable development of both style and fabric in the Apollo/two eagle bronzes. No matter what the earliest date, the varieties must have developed over a period of years. Unfortunately the obverses of the Gel a find coins are not illustrated by Orlandini, so that their style remains to be discovered, but each appears to be struck on a good round flan of the nature of our earliest vari-

ety, Cat. 78. Phintias' signed bronzes, Cat. 80 and 81, are similar. They weigh mostly in the range 8.0-5.5 grams and are produced from a double cast, like our Cat. 78 and 79. But the Apollo/two eagles bronzes, unlike the coins of Phintias, change to an open cast flan in the course of the series, and at the end there is a precipitous decline in weight. Holloway (unpublished manuscript) suggests 314-289 B.C. as the limits of the entire series, i.e., it would have been ended by Phintias. Buttrey would argue that the later Apollo/two eagles pieces continue considerably beyond, the tyrant's coins marking an interval in the city types. These latter were produced altogether in very large quantities and must have formed the bulk of the Agrigentine bronze coinage for close to a century. The dates affixed to the varieties in the catalogue are adjusted accordingly. Cat. 78 and 79 precede Phintias, on the basis of weight and fabric, while the other four varieties, Cat. 82-85, are made to follow his rule. 86. One example, 61-861, was found sealed in the lime foundation of the House of the Arched Cistern (PR VI, 140; cf. infra, Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins, Deposit 22). The mosaic and ceramic evidence of the building require a good third-century construction date. 87. The coin is uncommon, and the type peculiar at Agrigentum. Many issues of the same type were struck at Tauromenium from the fourth to the second century B.c., some of the later varieties closely approaching the Agrigentine issue in style. We know Agrigentum to have been taken in 210 by the Romans. Many of the citizens were sold into slavery but the city was later recolonized. Htilsen's date of 207 for the recolonization (RE 1.1191) is very doubtful, depending from the dubious identification of C. Mamilius Atellus, praetor in Sicily in that year, with the otherwise unknown T. Manlius of Cicero Verr. II.ii.49.123 (cf. RE 14.956, no. 5; 14.1161, no. 37). Obscure though the facts are, this coin suggests Tauromenitan influence at Agrigentum, which would be best explained by dating the piece after 210 and associating it with the recolonization. 89. Other published examples of the this type are substantially smaller: Gabrici, 119, no. 157, 4.59 grams (worn); McClean I, 247, no. 2123, 4.91 grams; SNGCop 125, 3.61 grams. The quaestor Manlius Acilius signed a

139

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE piece of identical type and small module, Gabrici, 157, nos. 144-145,4.19 and 2.45 grams. 90. Here too Manlius Acilius signed a piece of identical type (Gabrici, 157, no. 143) and it is not impossible that examples of that issue are hidden here among the three pieces whose legend cannot actually be read. Given the type and fabric there can be no doubt that the Roman coin was struck at Agrigentum. No sure example of Acili us' coins has so far been identified at Morgan tina. 91. The first piece, 61-1462, was struck from the same dies as Gabrici 's. For his RJ FO in the circumjacent legend read RF 0, which is correctly illustrated at BMCSicily, 22, no. 160, though the text is in error.

ACYRIUM

93. In fabric this issue is very like the Catana Ammon/ Aequitas issue, Cat. 132. 95. This piece is of the Catana Apollo/Isis type, Cat. 140-142. Although the coin is very rare it is possible that other examples arc included below under the many illegible Catana pieces. Considerations of style and fabric leave no doubt that this issue was struck at the Catana mint, as wer'e the coins of a number of cities. The Morgantina and the Hunterian specimens appear to have been struck from the same pair of dies.

ALAESA

96. The coin has been assigned to Herbita by C. Boehringer, "Herbita," NAC 10 (1981) 95-114. The attribution to Alaesa is made on the basis of an example with well-preserved legend in a private collection. 97, 98. These obscure issues were assigned to Alaesa by Head, HN, 126. The archaeological evidence now indicates a mint near Agrigcntum. For the most recent survey of the problem, suggesting an early fourth-century date, see Rosalia Macaluso, "Monete a leggenda KAINON," in Miscellanea di studi classici in onore di Eugenio Manni (Rome, 1980) vol. IV, 1363-1374. 98. Both a) and c) were struck on three kinds of flam: bullet, Pl. 15:98c 1; bevelled open cast, Pl. 15:98c2; and round double cast, Pl. 15:98c3 The two groups ought

therefore to be parallel rather than consecutive. Further, there is a distinction in weight that holds throughout, the pieces of group c) always averaging somewhat higher than those of a): bullet

a) 8.77 avg. (11 pieces)

c) 9.14 avg. (10)

bevelled

a) 7.35 (3)

c) 9.01 (1)

round

a) 6.84 (1)

c) 7.35 (14)

It seems then a reasonable conclusion that two mints rather than one were responsible for this extensive issue. The single example of b), a hitherto unrecorded variety, is perhaps a mule. It is struck on the late round flan (60-549, 6.47 grams). Salinas believed that our variety c) was usually restruck on variety a): "sono quasi scmpre riconiati" (p. 42). Gabrici, on the other hand, says nothing of restriking in his introduction (p. 66) and apparently saw none in the examples which he catalogues (p. 197). Salinas' thesis would be hard to support from the Morgantina specimens, where only a few show signs of overstriking. It is true, however, that the undertype does seem always to be the same horse/griffin bronze, although the variety cannot be determined. ALUNTIUM

108. SNGCop 142 reads "Eagle, standing on Ionic column," incorrectly. 109. Gabrici (136, nos. 10-13) notes "Queste monete precipitano di peso c di arte; la !oro cmissione dev'essere durata parecchio." The thirteen examples in Gabrici, McClean, Hunterian, SNGCop, and Morgantina run evenly from 8.62 to 4.01 grams, with a peak in the 6.5-5.5 range. That the weight degenerates is then not certain; the issue might have been struck within rather wide limits. Nor does the style seem to worsen to any especial degree in the case of the lighter pieces. 110, 111. These two issues are identical in style, fabric and weight, and must be considered simultaneous. For a third reverse variety with bow, quiver and club, cf. Hunterian I, 167, no. 4, 2.85 grams.

CALACTE

113. This type is obviously an imitation of the Athenian New Style drachm or tetradrachm and as such must be dated after ca. 185-180 B.C. (see Otto M0rkholm, "The Chronology of the New Style Silver

140

CHAPTER II

Coinage of Athens," ANSMN 29 (1984]29-42); or possibly as late as 168 B.c., after the Roman victory at Pydna. CAMARINA

117-126. Jenkins.

The chronology

IS

that of Westermark-

117. Cf. Paolo Orsi, "Monete siciliote inedite o rare," AttiMemiiN 4 (1921) 18, no. 27. 118. The control letters A, 8 , and r which occur in the right field of the reverse of some examples (cf. Gabrici, 122, nos. 1-3; BMCSicily, 39, no. 36) cannot be seen on any of the Morgantina pieces, perhaps on account of erosion or corrosion. 123. The denomination is clear from weight and module, although the mark of value is lacking. Not in Gabrici or Westermark-Jenkins.

CATANA

129. The attribution to Catana is originally Mirone's, "Le Monete dell'antica Catana," RJN 31 (1918) 75-76. 130. Variable flan sizes, the heaviest pieces measuring 20 x 22 mm, the lightest, 18 x 18 mm. Two of the Morgantina examples clearly read C>, not B;>in monogram 3 (cf. Gabrici, 213, no. 4).

135b. The form of the one monogram is /'(\ , as McClean, I, 256, no. 2185, not SNGCop's M. 136. A very sloppy issue, showing considerable variety in style, fabric, and weight. The coins can be divided into three groups:

a) good style, heavy flan: 16.26 (56-713, Pl. 17:1361), 12.24, 10.53, 9.55 grams. Dies invariably ....__ The heaviest piece measures 26 mm and is a full 5 mm thick; the next, 26 x 28 mm by 3 mm. Some of this group were perhaps overstruck on other coins. b) fair style, smaller types, light flan: 9.58 (55-738, Pl. 17:1362), 8.99, 6.71 grams. Dies invariably f. The heaviest piece measures 19 x 20 mm by 4 mm; the next, 23 mm. There is no sign of overstriking.

c) depraved style, light flan: 8.63 f, 5.04 (broken), 4.73, t . The lightest piece measures 24 x 25 mm by 1 mm. Two of the three are overstruck, but the undertypes are not legible. One light piece in the Syracuse collection, 4.59 grams, is certainly overstruck on the Dionysos/Catanaean brothers type, Cat. 133 above. An additional piece is too badly worn to be assigned. 137. On only one piece, 56-2861, can be seen a trace of the cornucopia which may be a general symbol for the issue (cf. SNGCop 198). On one piece, 57-996, the brother of the reverse places his foot upon a globe. 138. Here, too, the grain symbol is rarely visible (cf. SNGCop 199). 139. The heaviest piece, 60-1689 (4.69 grams), is overstruck, the undertype undecipherable. Some examples of this type (but none found at Morgan tina) bear an X in the lower right field of the obverse. The letter has been taken as the denomination mark of the dekonkion (cf. McClean I, 259, no. 2204). But the same letter occurs sporadically on the third issue of the more or less contemporary Apollo/Isis hexantes, Cat. 142, where it cannot be a mark of value. Further, if Cat. 139 were a dekonkion, its weight relationship to the hexas would be incomprehensible.

140-142. These three varieties of the same type are here listed in the presumed order of their striking. Cat. 140, Pl. 18, the least common, bears a head 1. of rather gross elements in a relatively high relief; the reverse figure of Isis is similarly large and strong. The flans are heavy and well made, the average weight falling at 3.17 grams. Cat. 141, Pl. 18, bears a head of rather finer features but in lower relief. The average weight has fallen by about eleven percent to 2.83 grams. Cat. 142, Pl. 18, by far the commonest of the varieties, displays a large range of obverse styles, from competent to deplorable. The average weight has fallen from that of Cat. 141 by another eight percent to 2.61 grams. It is of course true that the weights vary considerably within each major variety, and that the heaviest example discovered was one of Cat. 142, here considered the latest of the issues. But the very fact that the extremes of weight draw away from each other is of itself evidence of relative chro-

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE nology, as the issues become successively more poorly calibrated. Ovcrstriking did not occur, as far as can be seen, in issues 140 and 141. Cat. 142 includes a number of overstruck pieces among which the following undertypes can be recognized: Leontini Dionysos/warrior, three certain overstrikes (57 -401, Pl. 18: 142c2), three probable; Aetna Persephone/ cornucopia, one certain. The numbers of surviving specimens indicate that the original issue, especially of Cat. 142, must have been enormous. A complete die study is frustrated by the wear and corrosion which the find pieces have suffered. Nonetheless, our examples of Cat. 140 appear to have been struck from six die pairs. In sixty-two examples of Cat. 141 it was possible to distinguish fifteen obverse dies, with a survival rate of 1-8 pieces per die. Of the same coins, forty-five examples with well-preserved reverses provided twenty-seven reverse dies. Eight of the obverses occurred with more than one reverse, but only one reverse with more than one obverse. For the series of Cat. 140-142, then, the total production of dies must have run into the hundreds, with the reverse dies much the more numerous. A terminus post quem for these extremely common issues is provided by their absence from the deposits sealed by the destruction of 211 B.C. For a rare issue of Agyrium with the same types see Cat. 95 and note. 143. This important variety is a mule of two hexantes, the obverse of the Aetna Persephone/cornucopia, Cat. 69, and the reverse of the Catana Apollo/Isis, Cat. 141. Two different obverse dies were used for the nine examples so far identified at Morgantina. Die no. 1 in its proper Aetna usage is illustrated at Pl. 13:692 (58-2251); on this mule, at Pl. 18:143 1 and 18:1432 (59-2082 and 57-2630). Seven of our examples of Catana 143 were struck from this die. The bust is of medium competence. Die no. 2 is illustrated at Pl. 13:69 3 (56-2787) and Pl. 18:1433 (61-136), the only example of the mule found. The obverse is of very poor style. Doubtless the similarity of the Persephone and Apollo heads, prepared for coins of the same module and denomination, and presumably by the same engravers, caused some confusion in the mint. But this is certain evidence that issues of the two cities were produced at the same ·mint. Further, the wide difference in obverse style, appropriate to the degeneration which is clear in the large range of these hexantes under both city names, suggests that the two mulings were pro-

141

duced at some distance in time from each other, at least in the relative chronology of the coinage. Thus the two series of hexantes will have been produced simultaneously. For two further exam pies of the mulings see Weber 1282 = SNGLloyd 920 (1.60 grams), and Syracuse collection 17903.

CENTURIPE

146. The two issues of this type, distinguished by the presence or absence of the obverse eagle symbol and reverse mark of value, .6., cannot be separated in the very worn examples found at Morgantina. 148. The hexas is identical in module with those of Aetna and Catana, and thus is to be dated after 210 B.C. (Since the marks of value of Cat. 146-149 suggest that this is all one series, the other types will be as late.). The general die positions of this type seem to have no correlation with the particular variety. It is characteristic of varieties b) and c) that the plow handle protrudes between the denomination dots.

CEPHALOEDIUM

151. An uncommon variety of disputed origin: see Jenkins and Manganaro in Le emissioni dei centri siculi fino all' epoca di Timoleonte (AttiCIN IV [Naples, 1973] = AIIN 20, suppl. [1975]) 92-103. 152. Jenkins wonders whether the issue is possibly not earlier than Timoleon: "The Coinages of Enna, Galaria, Piakos, Imachara, Kephaloidion and Longane," in Le emissioni dei centri siculi fino all' epoca di Timoleonte (AttiCIN IV [Naples, 1973] = AIIN 20, suppl. [1975]) 97. ENNA

157. The object held by the seated Triptolemos, and which permits his identification, is a long thin plow, not the "tree" of BMCSicily, 59, no. 8, nor Gabrici's "ramo" (cf. Cat. 155 above, where the plow is taken for a spear in BMCSicily, 59, no. 6). The uncertain mass at the left, which does not appear on the Palermo specimen, is merely the result of die damage. 159-161. The three pieces struck by M. Cestius and L. Munatius clearly form a single issue. They bear no

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mark of value but might have been intended as equivalent to the as, semis, and quadrans of reduced sextantal weight.

Himera; for the dionkion of the same series see BMCSicily, 78, no. 30. H!MERA-THERMAE

GELA

164-181. The chronology is that of Jenkins. 171. The coin, 60-1557, is in such poor condition as to make illustration impracticable. But its identification as a hexas, a denomination otherwise entirely unknown in this series, seems inescapable. On the obverse only one dot is visible below the bull, but it is off center and suggests that there were two originally. The denomination is also supported by both the weight and the diameter, neither of which is appropriate to the two known denominations. In Jenkins twelve onkiae of these types fall between 1.51-0.98, averaging 1.23. Of the much more plentiful tetrantes Jenkins gives 129 weights, falling "usually ca. 3.5-4.0 gms" (p. 105). Of these 129 pieces, only nine weigh less than 3.0, only three less than 2.9; the lightest weighs 2.68. Similarly, the diameter of the find coin measures 13-14 mm, as against 16-18 mm for the tetras and 10-12 mm for the onkia.

186. A fifth-century date is supported by Consolo Langher, although Kraay suggests "after 409" and perhaps fourth century: "The Bronze Coinage of Himera and 'Himera'," in Le origini della monetazione di bronzo in Sicilia e in Magna Grecia (AttiCIN VI [Naples, 1977] = AIIN 25, suppl. [ 1979] ) 39:_40, 52. 187, 188. Dated to the later fourth century by Jenkins, "The Coinages of Enna, Galaria, Piakos, Imachara, Kephaloidion and Longane," in Le emissioni dei centri siculi fino all' epoca di Timoleonte (AttiCIN IV [Naples, 1973] = AIIN 20, suppl. [1975]} 94. IAETIA

191. Gabrici's uncertain description is corrected by H. Bloesch, "La monetazione di !etas," Kokalos 18-19 (197273) 201-206. LEONTINI

173. Neither Gabrici nor Jenkins know the onkia with hair unbound and without grain ear behind head. These pieces may well be less legible examples of Cat. 174. 176-178. The late fourth-century date is in accordance with Orlandini 's observation on the occurrence of these types in the Gela excavations (AIIN 3 [1956]232, and 4 [1957]205). HERBESSUS

182. This piece is overstruck on the Alaesa horse/griffin type.

195, 196 The late fifth-century date is that suggested by Christof Boehringer, "Die friihen Bronzemiinzen von Leontinoi und Katane," in Le origini della monetazione di bronzo in Sicilia e in Magna Grecia (AttiCIN VI [Naples, 1977] = AIIN 25, suppl. [1979]) 154-55. The Morgantina examples are his B67, B79-81, and Bi, pp. 149-50. 201. The obverse style is very reminiscent of that of the Catana Apollo/Isis and the Aetna Persephone/cornucopia hexantes, and in fact examples of both of those are found overstruck on the Leontini issue (for Catana, cf. Pl. 18:142c2). It is most likely then that the Leontini issue too was intended for a hexas, although the coins bear no mark of value.

HIMERA

185. The reverse is weakly struck in the center so that only four dots are prominent in illustration, but the fifth can be seen on the coin-the trias, for that matter, is not known as a denomination for any mint in this fifth-century Sicilian silver coinage while the pentonkion is attested elsewhere (e.g., Leontini, BMCSicily, 88, no. 24). The pentonkion is apparently unpublished for

LILYBAEUM

206. All six examples show both bow and quiver protruding left behind the Apollo head, as against Gabrici's "faretra" only. 208. The cut is roughly horizontal, not following either obverse or reverse axis.

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE

143

and

MENAENUM

MORGANTINA

209. The coins of this type invariably bear the mark of value, either the obverse letter E or the reverse letter n. The piece described as without letter in Gabrici, 145, no. 2 bears then as the illustration shows.

243-257. Thc- weights as given for these issues are calculated from an aggregate of examples known in museums or publications as well as from the excavation specimens. The illustrations, which appear in Plates 1-8, are similarly drawn from all known material. For details of these issues, see Kenan Erim, "The Mint of Morgantina", above.

212. Two pieces of reverse b) and two of the unattributable also bear a~ behind the head on the obverse, probably as a mark of value. Note that the whole type also occurs as a coin of Syracuse, Cat. 396 below; some of the "Mcnaenum" examples in poor condition may in fact be Syracusan.

MESSANA

215. The lighter of the two pieces, 59-212, appears to be overstruck, but the undcrtype cannot be determined. 216, 217. Other survivals show that the types were struck at various times, or in different denominations. Gabrici 1 at 24 mm weighs 14.60 grams, Gabrici 8 at 17 mm weighs 3.88 grams.

HISPANORUM

PANORMUS

265-272. Bahrfeldt's attribution to Panormus is convenient but uncertain. Acilius, who signed Cat. 266, also signed two types which should certainly be given to Agrigentum (cf. the notes to Agrigentum Cat. 89 and 90 above). 267. Bahrfcldt knew only the Landolina specimen. Our reverse die is identical with that illustrated in Bahrfeldt's supplement, RSN 24 (1927) 225, no. 17a, head of Dc-meter. 276. The suggested identification of the female head as Livia (so, e.g., Gabrici) is very doubtful.

MAMERTINI

218-242. The dates follow Sarstrom. 225, 226. The large pentonkia of all types circulated for decades in Sicily. Those found at Morgantina are usually well worn, often to the point of complete illegibility. Consequently the weights will run too low here. For more nearly normal weights see Sarstrom who lists largely museum specimens. 231. The coin may not actually have been so scarce at Morgantina: virtually illegible specimens will have been included below under the unattributable of Cat. 235bis. 235bis. A countermark similar to a prow or the letter R appears on three Mamcrtine pentonkia, all worn to the point of virtual illegibility (Pl. 24). The punch is relatively sharp so that it was apparently applied many years after thc- coins had entered circulation. A terminus post quem is given by the appearance of the same punch on a fourth coin, a Syracusan bronze of the second century B.c., Cat. 384 below.

280, 281. The attribution to Panormus is uncertain. Augustan bronzes of this module arc known to have been struck as well for Agrigentum, Alaesa, Lilybaeum, Segesta, and Tyndaris. For Cat. 281 cf. Gabrici, Agrigentum 158, where the reverse legend includes letters corresponding to these traces, but no reverse wreath. SELINUS

286. The example cited by Gabrici derived, along with other cast bronze of various types and weights, from the excavations at Selinuntc, assigned to the city on account of the find. See most recently M. Jessop Price, "Selinus," in Le origini della monetazione di bronzo in Sicilia e in Magna Crecia (AttiCIN VI [Naples, 1977] = AIIN 25, suppl. (1979]) 79-86, who believes them to be private issues.

Sows 287. Dated to the later fourth century by Jenkins, "The Coinages of Enna, Galaria, Piakos, Imachara, Kephaloidion and Longane," in Le emissioni dei centri siculi fino all' epoca di Timoleonte (AttiCIN IV (Rome, 1973] = AJIN 20, suppl. (1975]) 94.

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291. This type had been attributed to Tyndaris in The Weber Collection I (London, 1924), 369, no. 1754, perhaps because all three elements in the type are found individually on its coinage. In assigning the piece to Solus we follow the suggestion of A. Tusa Cutroni in AIIN 516 (1958/9) 307,310,311. SYRACUSE

292-294. The traditional dating of the Syracusan series of the fifth century should be lowered as a result of the revised dating of the Damareteion: Christof Boehringer, "Hieron's Aitna und der Hicroneion," JNG 18 (1968) 67-98. 297-301, 305. For the Syracusan bronze coinage of the later fifth century cf. R. Ross Holloway, "L'Inizio della monetazione in bronzo siracusana," in Le origini della monetazione di bronzo in Sicilia e in Magna Grecia (AttiCIN VI [Naples, 1977] = AIIN 25, suppl. [1979]) 123-44. 302-305. For the denominations of silver and bronze under Dionysios I, see R. Ross Holloway, "II problema dei 'Pegasi' in Sicilia," NAC 11 (1982) 129-36. 303, 304. These issues, often attributed to the Timoleontic Period after 344 B.C. have now been securely placed in the reign of Dionysios I, cf. Ch. Boehringer, "Bemerkungen zur sizilischen Bronzepragung im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr.," Schweizer Miinzblatter 28 (1978) 4965, and T. Hackens "Les equivalences des metaux monetaires: argent et bronze en Sicilic au ve s. av. J.-C.," in Le origini della monetazione di bronzo in Sicilia e in Magna Grecia (AttiCIN VI (Naples, 1977] = AIIN 25, suppl. [1979]) 309-40. Current research suggests that the issue of Cat. 304 may have begun before 405 B.c. 307-319. The sequence and chronology of the bronze issues of the third democracy arc discussed in R. Ross Holloway, "The Bronze Coinage of the Third Syracusan Democracy," AIIN 16117 (1969170) 129-42. 312-319. In respect to this series, the arguments advanced by R. Ross Holloway in AIIN 16/17 (1969170) 129-42, remain valid. 321-324, 328-333. The bronze coinage of Agathokles has been analyzed by R. Ross Holloway in "The Bronze

Coinage of Agathokles," in Greek Numismatics and Archaeology. Essays in Honor if Margaret Thompson (Wetteren, 1979) 87-96.

322, 323. The first of these has the size, weight, and style of Cat. 324, but on each example the dolphin above the bull (as Cat. 321) is clear. The date of both issues is established by the excavations of the city wall at Gela where specimens of these types were found in strata laid down before and during the reconstruction of the walls in 311-310 B.c.: P. Orlandini, "Tipologia e cronologia del materiale archeologico di Gela," ArchCl 9 (1957) 71-74. 324. Further excavation evidence from the sanctuary in Corso Vittorio Emmanuele shows that these coins were in circulation before the destruction of Gela in 282 B.C., P. Orlandini AIIN 2 (1955) 207. The reverse inscription IE cannot, therefore, be read as an abbreviation of"Hieron" and the coins attributed to the reign of Hieron II. 325, 326. The peculiarities of this series have not attracted sufficient attention. However, Gabrici, 177, nos. 206-211, distinguishes them from the larger type with IE. The series is noticeably absent from the coin finds of the Gela excavations, and the earliest stratified example at Morgantina comes from Deposit 18, which belongs to the early years of the reign of Hieron II. The coinage is therefore not Agathoclean, but, as shown by R. Ross Holloway in Greek Numismatics and .tl.rchaeology (cited in the note to Cat. 321-324, 328-333), there is no reason to associate the reverse inscription IE with Hieron II. In fact, despite the LYP AK0LH1N of the obverse, there is reason to question whether these coins were even issued at Syracuse. The style of the bull of the reverse is that of the mint of Tauromenium. The obverse Persephone head with prominent grain ear ornament recalls the SiculoPunic bronzes. Imitations of the famous and widely used Syraeusan coinage are known from earlier periods. The relevant material from the fifth century has been collected by Christof Boehringer, "Bemerkungen zur sizilischen Bronzepragung im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr.," in Le emissioni dei centri siculi fino all' epoca di Timoleonte (AttiCIN IV [Naples, 1973] = AIIN 20, suppl. [1975]) 15790. So too in the fourth century the inscription LYPAKOLI.O.N was added to Pegasi that never saw the mints

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE of Corinth or Syracuse (0. Ravel, Les poulains de Corinthe II [London, 1948] 130-33). The bronze coins under discussion are probably a similar imitation dating from the years following the death of Agathokles when the striking of the plentiful and familiar Persephone head/bull bronzes had ceased and, more importantly, when no tetrantes were being issued by the Syracusan mint. These imitations were probably struck in the interior of the island to compensate for a shortage of the Syracusan Persephone head/bull tetrantes, Cat. 323. 327. These twenty-one hemistaters are part of a hoard of forty-four gold coins found in 1966. The hoard has been published by T.V. Buttrey, "The Morgan tina Gold Hoard and the Coinage ofHicetas," NC 13 (1973) 1-17. See also Cat. 340, 345, 346, 458-461, 479, 480, and Deposit 59. 328. I..OTEIP A is a common cult name of Artemis, cf. Wernicke in RE 2.1399. The date of Agathokles' assumption of the royal title, given by Diodorus 20.54 as 307 B.C., is discussed by A. J. Evans in E. A. Freeman, A History of Sicily, vol. IV (Oxford, 1894) 443, note 3. 332. This type is overstruck on Cat. 328 in two known specimens: Palermo, Gabrici, no. 272; and Naples, Santangelo, no. 8836. 337. The evidence of overstrikes makes it possible to date this series within narrow limits. It is overstruck

on Artemis head/thunderbolt pieces of Agathokles, (Cat. 328, issued after 304 B.c.). It is overstruck by Zeus Hellanios head/eagle bronzes, Cat. 341 and 342, which belong to the reign of the Syracusan tyrant Hiketas (288 or 287 until 279 or 278). The overstrikes are collected by Holm III, 686 and Franke, Epirus, 267-68. The Persephone head/biga issues thus belong to a brief period in the short history of the fourth democracy which governed Syracuse after the death of Agathokles, in the years 289 to 288-287 B.C. They come after the brief preliminary bronze issues of the fourth democracy (Artemis head/ thunderbolt and Zeus head/thunderbolt, Cat. 334, 335, 336) and before the institution of the Zeus Hellanios head/eagle bronzes, which commemorate the expulsion of Agathokles' Campanian mercenaries from Syracuse in 288 or 287 B.C. The Persephone head/biga bronze accompanied issues with similar types in silver (SNGCop 799). The

145

silver was struck first by the democracy with the ethnic, and apparently continued by Hiketas with no change of legend. In the past the Persephone head/biga bronze has been attributed to Agathokles (Holm), Hiketas (Head and Gabrici), and Pyrrhos (Giesecke and Franke). The attribution to the fourth democracy and the interpretations presented here are defended by R. Ross Holloway, "Eagle and Fulmen on the Coins of Syracuse," RBN 108 (1962) 5-17. There is wide variation of weight in the preserved specimens of the series. It is probably a token litra following the Agathoclean precedent. 339. This group of coins, smaller, often struck on lozenge-shaped flans, generally light, and often of poor style, has been distinguished by Gabrici, 180, nos. 313315, as an imitation of the Syracusan bronze. It is probably a central Sicilian imitation much like the copies of the Persephone head/bull series, cf. Cat. 325 and 326. 340. The dies of this issue are tightly linked, culminating in a final die on which the name of Hiketas was erased, then one with nothing in exergue, and finally a die with the ethnic I.YPAKOLI.QN in exergue. The whole issue therefore must fall at the end of Hiketas' rule, in 279-278 B.C. See T. V. Buttrey, "The Morgantina Gold Hoard and the Coinage of Hicetas," NC 13 (1973) 1-17 [N.B.: the inventory numbers there given should be increased by 50 for the correct accession number, e.g., "inv. 930" = 66-980]. On the symbol "moon", see T. V. Buttrey, "The Earliest Representation of an Eclipse?", ZPE 22 (1976) 248-52. 341-343. This series is overstruck on issues of the last period of Agathokles' rule and of his puppet democracy (304-289 B.C., undertypes, Artemis head/thunderbolt, Cat. 328, and Herakles head/lion, Cat. 332 and 333), and on the bronze of the fourth democracy issues in the years 289 to 288-287 (undertype: Persephone head/biga, Cat. 337). In addition to the overstrikes from Morgantina, other instances have been collected by Holm III, 685, no. 440, and by Franke, Epirus, 267-68. The introduction of the Zeus Hellanios type by Hiketas soon after his rise to power in 288 or 287 commemorates his triumph in expelling Agathokles' Campanian mercenaries from Syracuse. This issue and the problems associated with it are discussed by R. Ross Holloway, RBN 108 (1962) 5-17.

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The series with head r. and 1. are contemporary as shown by the overstrike of head r. on head 1., Franke, Epirus, 26 7f. The weights of the preserved specimens are irregular. Again, we may consider it a token litra after the Agathoclean model.

344. There are two groups of imitations of the Zeus Hellanios type. The first was struck at Messana by the Mamcrtines, Sarstrom, Series V.C, our Cat. 222. These coins have the Mamertine legend. The second group bears the Syracusan ethnic (though it is not preserved on any of the Morgantina examples), but like the imitations of the Persephone head/bull bronze, Cat. 325, 326, and the Persephone head/biga type, Cat. 339, these are probably not issues of the Syracusan mint. Gabrici, 181, nos. 340-46, distinguishes this category from the other parts of the issue, but he seems to have considered them Syracusan coins. 345, 346. Published in T. V. Buttrey, "The Morgantina Gold Hoard and the Coinage ofHicetas," NC 13 (1973) 1-17. 347-352. This series is almost universally attributed to the two years of Pyrrhos' campaigns in Sicily, 278276 B.C. However, Gabrici, 85, believed that the obverse was imitated at Messana in an issue struck before the Mamertine domination and consequently that the Syracusan coins were issues of Agathokles (the Messana coin is reproduced on Gabrici, pl. 5, no. 25). The argument is not strong. An independent source for the Messana coin is the obverses of the Alexander tetradrachms, which were well-known in Sicily (for the hoard evidence of finds in the island, cf. IGCH 2106, 2154, and 2186). The excavations at Gela, moreover, have failed to produce a single example of the Herakles head/ Athena Alkis type among quantities of bronze coins of the late fourth and early third centuries. Since Gela ceased to exist as an ancient city in 282 B.C., it would appear that the type was not in circulation before 282. The inspiration of the series is clearly Macedonian and Epirotc. The obverse is taken from the Alexander coinage, while the reverse is the Athena Alkidemos of Pella (A. B. Brett, "Athena AAKI.6.HMOI. of Pella," ANSMN 4 (1950] 55-72) which also appeared on Pyrrhos' silver (Holm III, 691, no. 461; BMCThessaly, 112, nos. 9-19). Furthermore, the type may he recognized as

part of Pyrrhos' Sicilian propaganda campaign, which was centered on the image of Herakles (Plutarch, Pyrrhos 22; Diodorus 22.10.3). Although the recorded weights again show great variation, this coin may also be considered a token litra.

357. The oak wreath points to the cult of Zeus at Dodona and to Epirus, and the usual attribution of this piece has been to the period of Pyrrhos' activity in Sicily. The omission of Pyrrhos' name is odd, since it occurs so insistently on the other small issues which are related to this, Cat. 353-356. It is possible that the coin in question was struck at Syracuse in the brief interval between the departure of Pyrrhos (276 B.c.) and the election of Hieron II as cTTpaTTJJIO~ avTOKparwp. 358. H icron II did not assume the title of king until his victory over the Mamcrtines at the Battle of Longan us, fought in 269 B.C. according to Polybius 1.8.3 and 7.8.4. Before that time he apparently issued coins in his own name as urpar7]yos avroKparwp, an office he had assumed almost immediately after the departure of Pyrrhos in 276 B.C. For the historical sources, cf. H. Berve, "Konig Hieron II," AbhMiinchenPhil-Hist Klasse N.F. 47 (1959) 1-19, and Giovanna de Sensi Sestito, Cerone II (Palermo, 1977). P. R. Franke, who has demonstrated the weakness of Giesecke's arrangement of the coinage of Hieron II, correctly attributes the Athena head/Pegasos silver to the period before Longanus, "Historische-numismatische Probleme der ~eit Hierons II. von Syrakus," JNG 9 (1958) 57-86, esp. 69. As in Hieron's early bronze, Cat. 359-362, the types are vaguely reminiscent of the Corinthianizing coins of the third democracy. 363, 366-369. There are two series of Poseidon head/ trident issues in bronze, those struck on a wide flan of 20-23 mm diameter and those on a smaller flan of 19 mm. That the wide flan group is earlier is suggested by the Canicattini hoard (IGCH 2226) which contains nine wide flan pieces together with five portrait head/horseman bronzes (four laureate) and ten earlier Syracusan coins. The same composition is repeated in Morgantina Deposits 21 and 22 (see infra, Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins), in which wide flan Poseidon head/trident pieces appear with a laureate portrait head/ horseman coin of Hieron II and earlier Syracusan bronze. These groups of coins, from the building fill of

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE the House of the Arched Cistern and the House of the Official, have a decidedly different character than that of the Second Punic War deposits in which the small flan Poseidon head/tridents and the diademed portrait head/horseman coins predominate. On the basis of this evidence, we may divide these issues between the middle years of Hieron 's reign (laureate portrait head/ horseman and wide flan Poseidon head/trident coins) and the later years of the reign (diademed portrait head/horseman and small flan Poseidon head/trident coins). The two coin types clearly mark two denominations and are not sequential as Franke claimed: "Historische-numismatische Probleme der Zeit Hierons II. von Syrakus,"JNG 9 (1958) 57~86. The history of the Poseidon head/trident coins cut into halves and quarters is closely related to events at Morgantina during the Second Punic War, when the city twice threw off its Roman masters. We may briefly recall the sequence of events. The first revolt occurred in the general uprising of 213 (included under 214 in Livy's narration in Book 34). In 211 Morgantina revolted again only to be recaptured once more the same year. The fury of the Roman sack of 211 is revealed by numerous destruction deposits (see infra, Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins, Deposits 25~38). The sec1uence of events may be tabulated as follows: I) first revolt, 213. 2) interim Roman occupation, 3) second revolt, 211.

213~211.

The half and quarter Poseidon head/trident pieces were treated in a preliminary study by R. Ross Holloway: "Numismatic Notes from Morgantina 2. Half Coins of Hieron II in the Monetary System of Roman Sicily," ANSMN 9 (1960) 65~73. The theory advanced there was that the half and quarter Poseidon head/trident pieces were cut during the interim Roman occupation to provide fractional coinage. This theory rested on the exchange rate of Roman and Syracusan bronze as shown by overstrikes of the Roman pieces on Syracusan Bans. When Roman bronze was being struck on the triental!quadrantal standard, the Poseidon head/trident coin was overstruck as an uncia. But when the Roman standard was reduced to the sextantallevel, the Poseidon head/trident was used to produce sextantes. From the evidence of the overstrikes a further observation followed: that the Syracusan bronze was likely to have circulated in the Roman province of Sicily with a value equal to the Roman coin of equivalent weight which was overstruck on it. If so, the reduction of the Roman

147

standard from triental/quadrantal to scxtantal caused the value of the Syracusan bronze to double. The Poseidon head/trident, formerly equivalent to an uncia, suddenly was worth a full sextans. The suggestion of the preliminary article was that in the half and quarter Poseidon head/trident pieces we have the remedy used to provide fractional denominations which disappeared when the lighter Roman standard was introduced and the Syracusan bronze doubled in value. In order to draw this conclusion, it was necessary to consider the half and quarter coins as parts of a single financial adjustment carried out at one time. Given this assumption, the creation of the half Poseidon head/trident could not be later than the period of the sextantal system, that is, after the further debasement of the bronze standard to the uncial level. In the uncial system the Poseidon head/trident was overstruck as a quadrans, three Roman ounces, and there was never a half quadrans p1ece. From this argument, it was possible to draw an important deduction regarding the history of Roman coinage. The half Poseidon head/trident was a document not only of the Syracusan bronze coinage but also of the Roman sextantal bronze system. The presence of such half coins in the sealed destruction deposits of the South and North Sanctuaries (cf. infra, Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins, Deposits 30 and 31), both willfully destroyed by an agency that can have been no other than the vengeful Roman conquerors of 211, showed that (1) the sextantal bronze standard had been adopted before that date, and (2) made clear the importance of the hoard of four victoriati, three quinarii, one sesterius, and one denarius from the South Sanctuary (cf. infra, Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins, Deposit 29) as a proof of the introduction of the denarius system before 211 (cf. ANSMN 9 [1960]72, note 18). On the sanctuaries, see MS I, 249~56 (with additional bibliography). Thomsen, II, 359~90, has subjected this study to careful analysis. He questioned the assumption that the creation of the half and quarter Poseidon head/trident coins belonged to a single financial adjustment. In fact he suggested that the division of the Poseidon head/tridents into halves and quarters might have taken place in two stages. The first stage would have occurred during the post-semi libra! phase of the Roman bronze coinage, which lasted from ca. 217 to ca. 213 (cf. Thomsen, II, 169). At that time a half coin would have been equal to a semuncia and there would have been no quarter coins.

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The second stage would have included the cutting of half coins into quarter coins, as well as the manufacture of additional half coins, and would have occurred after the introduction of the sextantal standard, when the half coin had risen in value from semuncia to uncia. Since none of the surviving quarter Poseidon head/ trident, only four in number (and this total is hardly remarkable in view of their fragmentary size and the difficulty of identifying them), can be associated with a deposit dating to the sack of 211, Thomsen concluded that the evidence of the cut pieces alone proved only the existence of a post-semilibral standard, not the sextantal or reduced sextantal standard, in the year 211. Granting the validity of this observation, we may note that the original cutting of the Poseidon head/tridents is no older than late in the year 214 or early in 213. So long as Hieron II lived, Rome and Syracuse were allies, and the Romans did not tam per with Syracusan currency, cf. Thomsen, II, 235ff. Hieron's death in early 215 (not 216, cf. von Stauffenberg, Hieron, 90) shook the basis of the alliance, and his successor, Hieronymos, fell under the influence of the pro-Carthaginian party at Syracuse. However, there was no formal break in the pact between Rome and Syracuse, even when Hicronymos moved to take the field against the praetor Appius Claudius in 214. Hieronymos was murdered before he could attack, and we may recall that Appius' report to the Roman Senate was not that a state of war existed between Rome and Syracuse but only that war was on the point of breaking out: Incerto rerum statu Ap. Claudius bellum oriens ex propinquo cum cerneret, senatum littcris certiorem fecit Siciliam Carthaginiensi populo et Hannibali conciliari; ipse adversus Syracusana consilia ad provinciae regnique fines omnia convenit praesidia. (Livy 24.7.8) Late 214 or the campaigning season of 213 is the moment of Morgantina's first revolt from Rome, which apparently happened as soon as Syracuse declared for Carthage. We do not know exactly when Morgantina was recaptured, but presume that it was during 213. It is only after the spring of 214 that the local cutting of Poseidon head/trident coins could have begun. This fact is clearly shown by the coins themselves. Among the pieces selected for halving were Poseidon head/trident coins of the fifth Syracusan democracy bearing the legend l:YP AK 0 LIDN. These could not have been minted before the assassination of Hierony-

mos. Two of the resulting half coins are preserved, Cat. 375. Undoubtedly many other pieces of the l:YP AKOl:IDN issue have escaped identification because of the illegibility of their legend and have been included with the identical issues of Hieron II in our catalogue. Only if one believes with Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge, 1974) I, 24-35, that the denarius system was not introduced until 211, is there a likelihood that the half Poseidon head/trident pieces could have been manufactured on any other occasion than upon the reduction of the Roman bronze standard from the quadrantal to the sextantal standard. In any case, the destruction deposits of 211, now fully published in this volume, testify to the presence of Roman silver of the denarius system and Roman bronze of the sextantal standard at Morgantina in that year (cf. infra, Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins, Deposits 25-38). There can be no doubt that the half Poseidon head/trident coins found in these deposits were serving as sextantal unciae and, although stratigraphic evidence is lacking, there is no reason to question that the quarter Poseidon head/tridents had been made at the same time as the half coins to serve as sextantal semunciae. It must be emphasized that when Thomsen wrote, thc- half Poseidon head/trident pic-ces of the fifth Syracusan democracy inscribed l:YPAKOI.IDN had not been identified by us. But in the end his own conclusions that the beginning of the Roman denarii belongs to the years 214/13-212 and Marchetti's dating of the same event in 215-214 (Histoire economique et monetaire de la deuxieme guerre punique [Academic royale de Belgique, Memoires de Ia classe des beaux-arts, val. 14, fasc. 4, Brussels, 1978]) show that our initial interpretation of the half and quarter coins of Hieron II and the fifth Syracusan democracy from Morgantina was numismatically fully correct. Subsequent study of the architectural history of the Agora and of the stratigraphic evidence associated with it has led Malcolm Bell III to tjuestion the dating of the creation of the half and quarter coins of Hicron II to the Second Punic War. His views, together with a reply by R. Ross Holloway, are presented in PR XII, 340-42. 370, 371. For the dating of the reign cf. von Stauffenherg, Hieron; and R. Ross Holloway, The Thirteen-Months Coinage cif Hieronymos of Syracuse (Berlin, 1969). The bronze coin is probably a token litra; cf. Cat. 337, 343, and 347-352.

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE 373, 374. The two-letter control marks (none legible on the Morgantina examples) again show the continuity of this series in the minting system established by Hieron II. The marks are variously and incorrectly reported by Head, Holm and Giesecke. The correct readings arc Af' and ¢0 or 0¢. In no example that I have been able to examine is there any evidence of a single-letter control mark. An example of the type was found in the hoard of Montagna di Marzo, which belongs to the Sicilian phase of the Second Punic War, IGCH 2242, Thomsen, I, 122; and at Morgantina another example comes from Deposit 27 dating from the sack of 211. 375. The type is that of the litra of Hie ron II. The mint marks, Af' and ¢0, continue the two-letter control system found under Hieron II and Hieronymos. A specimen of the type comes from Deposit 39, of the Second Punic War. 376. This issue is commonly overstruck on Poseidon head/trident bronzes of Hieron II. Therefore, it would appear to be one of the earlier issues of the Syracusan mint after 212 B.C. 377. This issue is often attributed to the fifth democracy (214-212 B.c.). However, it is absent from the destruction deposits of 211 at Morgan tina, and it lacks the double-le-tter control system typical of the later issues of Hicron II, Hieronymos, and the fifth democracy. There is an example in Deposit 43, which shows that the issue is earlier than the last quarter of the second century. 380. The presence of an example of this series in Deposit 43 shows that it is earlier than the last quarter of the second century. 381. The presence of an example of this series in Deposit 43 shows that it is earlier than the last c1uarter of the second century. 387, 388. This issue is often attributed to the fifth democracy (214-212 B.c.). However, it is absent from the destruction deposits of 211 at Morgantina, and it lacks the double-letter control system typical of the later issues ofHieron II, Hieronymos, and the fifth democracy.

149

396. For the same types at Menaenum see Cat. 212 and note. 397. The issue is Gabrici 601, but the types are there wrongly described as "Testa laur. di Apollo" and "Fiore di loto".

T AUROMENIUM 402. No obverse legend is visible on the examples of this type, but it is possible that they arc too poorly preserved to show it. In any case this issue docs appear to be only a variant of Cat. 401, which it greatly resembles in style and fabric. 409. An obverse die is shared by 56-423, 8.57 grams, flan 23 mm by 2 mm thick, and 58-1273, 5.90 grams, flan 22 mm by 1.5 mm. 411. This issue is dated by Gabrici before 317 B.C., "ultimi anni prima di Agatoclc." But an example in Hunterian, I, 256, no. 18, is overstruck on a Poseidon head/ trident bronze of Hieron II and so must be late third if not early second century B.C. SNGCop 919 and 943, two pieces of this issue, are widely separated in that catalogue but must be contemporary. The rather fine small heads and rather gross large heads of this type are found linked by common reverse dies (thus 58-2217, small head, and 56-404, large head). 412. The Apollo/bull bronze with lyre symbol is likely a half-unit of our Cat. 411, which it greatly resembles in style and fabric. 414. Several examples of this issue are overstruck, the only legible undertype being Brettii Zeus/eagle, inv. 55-1628, 8.67 grams, Pl. 39:414c. 417. Probably a small issue since the two pieces share an obverse die. The type is similar in style and fabric to Cat. 416. 418. The fabric is peculiarly bad-irregularly shaped thin flans with cracked edges-and the reverse style thin and sketchy. Some of the find pieces are surely overstruck, although no undertypes are identifiable. There is

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a close stylistic connection of the obverse with that of the Apollo/Dioskouroi bronze of the fifth democracy at Syracuse, Cat. 373 above.

420-422, 424. All are reminiscent of the Catana Apollo/ Isis hexantes, while the Dionysos head of Cat. 424 is also very close to that of the Tyndaris hexas, Gabrici, 194, nos. 45-50. One example of Cat. 421 (inv. 56-1241), Pl. 39:4212, bears a lightly engraved X behind the obverse head, just as on the hexantes of Cat ana and Aetna. 425. In style and fabric this issue is close to the Persephone/Demeter bronzes of Syracuse, Cat. 399, and Acrae, struck at Syracuse. SIKELIOTAN

430. On this issue, see the comments of Kenan Erim, supra, pp. 31-34. SICULO- Puwc

431-449. The bronze issues have been studied most recently and most thorough! y by Paolo Visona, "Punic Bronze Coinage: Circulation, Mint Attribution and Chronology" (Diss., University of Michigan, 1985), to be published. The notes to these Catalogue numbers are largely his. 43L The case for attribution to the Carthage mint is made by P. Visona, "Punic and Greek Bronze Coins from Carthage," AJA 89 (1985) 671-75. For the identification of the obverse head as male, see G. K. Jenkins' important study, "The Mqabba (Malta) Hoard of Punic Bronze Coins," Studi di numismatica Punica = Rivista di studifenici 11, suppl. (1983) 25. Although he argues for a date after 344 B.C., it has been suggested that this issue may have been minted even before 350 B.c.: see A. Tusa Cutroni, "Recenti soluzioni e nuovi problemi sulla monetazione punica della Sicilia," ibid., 40. The types are those of an early Carthaginian gold issue (JenkinsLewis, 18, "375-360 B.c."), and of a gold Syracusan 50litra coin of the early fourth century B.C. (C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins [Los Angeles, 1976] no. 819, "ca. 380 B.c."). That some specimens were overstruck by Entella before ca. 345 B.C. also suggests that this issue was current before the mid-fourth century B.C. (cf. S. Garraffo, "Storia e monetazione di Entella nel quarto secolo A.c. ," AIIN 25 [1978]32).

The 1ssue normally does not exhibit any obverse symbols. A number of specimens, all with bullet flans, are said to bear "pellets" on the reverse (cf. SNGSweden 1, 194), which may be due either to the porous surface of the die, or to the poor quality of the alloy (too much lead?).

432. The types are similar to those of some of the earliest gold fractions struck by the Carthage mint, ca. 340320 B.c. This issue is more frequently found in North Africa and Sardinia than in Sicily. 433. Many examples of this issue are known overstruck on Cat. 431. Since some of the find coins occur in two late fourth-century B.C. contexts (infra, Hoard 6, datable between 311 and 307 B.c., and Deposit 7, in the fill of the north analemma of the theater, which is also Agathoclcan in date), they were most probably issued ca. 340320 B.C. Their types are those of the earliest gold fractions struck by the Carthage mint, and of silver litrae, which have been found almost exclusively and in very large numbers in western Sicily. A specimen found at Selinunte is said to be overstruck on a Syracusan bronze coin issued in the late fifth/ early fourth century B.C. (see A. Tusa Cutroni in AIIN 15 [1968]201). The flans most frequently have bevelled edges, although there are examples with bullet flan (not overstruck). 436. T. V. Buttrey, "A Siculo-Punic Bronze Hoard from Cinisi (PA), Sicily," NAC 9 (1980) 137-43, proposed that the mint or at least the principal mint of this issue was located at Palermo, largely on the evidence of hoard distribution. However, one cannot discount the concentration of finds of these issues at Selinuntc, and now a large hoard of the same coins has been found at Monte Adranone, a Punic site in the hinterland of Selinunte, suggesting that southwest Sicily may have been the source of this type (A. Tusa Cutroni, "Recenti soluzioni e nuovi problemi sulla monetazione punica della Sicilia," in Studi di numismatica punica = Rivista di studifenici 11, suppl. [1983] 40). Their style is very different from that of the $Y$ coins, probably struck at Palermo in the second half of the fourth century B.C. 437. These coins represent two issues with obverse types of different style, which were minted in Carthage or Sicily, and in Sardinia, respectively: see G. K. Jenkins, Tharros. A Catalogue of Material in the British Museum

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE

from Phoenician and Other Tombs at Tharros, Sardinia, R. D. Barnett and C. Mendleson, eds. (London, 1987) 118. The earliest type has a collar of pendants (Cat. 437g) and is linked stylistically to that on the Carthaginian electrum in Jenkins-Lewis Group V. The other type has a concave neck truncation (Cat. 437d) which is characteristic of similar bronze coins of larger module, found predominantly in Sardinia (Cat. 438). The two issues were probably struck ca. 300-280 B.c. and 290-260 B.c. respectively. 438. The issue was probably produced ca. 270-250 B.c. Earlier bibliography concerning Sardinian issues is collected by F. Guido, Le Monete Puniche della Collezione L. Forteleoni (Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Soprintendenza ai Beni Archeologici perle Provincie di Sassari e N uoro, Quaderni 4) (Sassari, 1977). 439. Although this issue is very frequently overstruck on Cat. 436, it is more frequently found in North Africa, whence the attribution to Carthage. 440-441. The two issues are to be attributed to Sardinia and the revolt of 240-238/7 B.c.: the reverse type of Cat. 441 is very similar to that of a bronze issue of the contemporary Libyan revolt, ca. 240-238 B.c. (cf. F. Icard in BAC 1917, cxxix-cxxxi, fig. 1 [Paris Y 4645)}; and fabric, style, weight and control marks are in keeping with those of other Sardinian issues struck ca. 240-238/7 B.c. There is no evidence that 441 was minted during the Hampsicoras revolt in 216-215 B.C., although several examples are found overstruck by the Romans between ca. 211 and 209 B.c. 442. The regular die alignment and the style of this issue suggest that it was minted at Carthage, possibly before the Second Punic War (cf. SNGCop 261-268). 443. Jenkins and Lewis dated this issue to the Second Punic War, since a coin with these types in Paris (Jenkins-Lewis, 136, pl. 28:9) was overstruck on a Poseidon head/trident piece of Hieron II, Cat. 367-369, and they follow P. R. Franke's dating UNG 9 [ 1958]57-86) of the Poseidon head/trident series to the end of the reign of Hieron II, who died in 215 B.C. Alternatively, if these Hieronic coins are considered fractions accompanying the earlier portrait head/ cavalryman series, Cat. 363 and 366, the Punic overstrikes might be earlier too. This ar-

151

rangement would permit assoCiatmg this Punic issue with the similar gold and electrum ofJenkins and Lewis Group IX, dated by them to the First Punic War. But the presence of a halter on the horse is a feature of Carthaginian issues minted after 238/237 B.C., as shown by the Bulla Regia hoard (see H. R. Baldus in Deutscher Numismatikertag Miinchen 1981 [Munich, 1983] 11-12). This would confirm Jenkins and Lewis' dating. Coins of this series were overstruck by the Romans ca. 214212 B.c. (Crawford, 42/4), and are found in hoards of the Second Punic War period (Aidone, IGCH 2239). They were evidently brought to Sicily by Carthaginian soldiers during the ill-fated expedition of 213/2-210/9 B.C. They also represent the majority of the contents of the Bejala hoards (two hoards, listed as one in /GCH 2296), which were buried between ca. 210 and 200 B.C. (as shown, e.g., by the inclusion of specimens of Cat. 446). 446-448. One example of Cat. 446, inv. 56-259, occurred in Deposit 26, a destruction stratum of 211 B.C. Two more of the bronzes were found in mixed fills which contained much material from the same sack. The bronze and adjacent silver (Cat. 444-445) were attributed by L. Muller to Hiempsal II of Numidia (10562 B.c.) (Numismatique de l'ancienne Afrique [Copenhagen, 1863]38), but they are without doubt the money of the Punic expeditionary force in Sicily during the Second Punic War; cf. R. Ross Holloway, "Monete provenicnti dagli scavi di Morgantina e gia attribuite a Hiempsal II," AIIN 7/8 (1960/61) 35-37. (For the attribution of the silver to a Punic mint at Akragas, see A. Burnett, "The Enna hoard and the silver coinage of the Syracusan Democracy," RSN 62 [1983] 13). In fact, no comparable find of so many examples of the very rare bronze unit has been attested anywhere else (they are in any case concentrated in central Sicily), while the fractions are virtually unknown elsewhere. Further, the obverse type of Cat. 446, the veiled head of Demeter, very unusual for Punic bronze, is a replica of the obverse of the 4litrae :EIKEAI.OT AN pieces, struck in central Sicily during the Second Punic War, ca. 214 B.C. Therefore the three bronze varieties may have been struck ca. 212211 B.C. by a Carthaginian mint at Morgantina itself during the city's second revolt from Rome. 449. For these issues, sec R. Calciati, Corpus Nummorum Siculorum. La monetazione di bronzo I (Milan, 1983) 28487, nos. 16-22.

CHAPTER II

152

ROME

CossuRA

454. Gabrici attributes this issue to Panormus; Bahrfcldt, 440, is uncertain whether it should even be given to Sicily. The offprint copy of Bahrfeldt in the Syracuse Museum bears a manuscript note by Orsi on p. 112 (p. 440 of the original), "coniate ed a me raccolte in Cossura." 455. This issue is here assigned to Cossura on analogy with Cat. 454 above, although the obverse style in this case is much better. LIPARA

457. Presumably the halves were cut at the same time as those of Hieron II, whose cut bronzes also bear the trident reverse. Cf. R. Ross Holloway's note to Cat. 363-369 above.

489, 494. The Syracuse collection includes eight pieces of prow aes grave: one semis, six quadrantes, and one uncia. All presumably are Sicilian finds. For other types of aes grave see Cat. 6 and note. 499. The second piece, 57-2762, is overstruck, probably on the Poseidon/trident type of Syracuse. 501. The persistence of the bull reverse type m the midst of the prow bronzes remains unexplained. Originally struck in the semilibral series of varied types, the bull type was retained after the rest of the series ceased to be struck, and it declined in weight along with the prow bronzes. For the uncial Hercules/bull quadrans, see Cat. 523 below. The grain ear indicates a Sicilian mint. No example of the anonymous prow quadrans was found at Morgantina.

MACEDONIA 458-461. The thirteen gold staters are published by T. V. Buttrey, "The Morgantina Gold Hoard and the Coinage of Hicetas," NC 13 (1973) 1-17. MYSIA LAMPSACUS

478. Unfortunately this gold stater was a random surface find, associated with no context. The gold hoard from A vola (JGCH 2124), about fifteen miles southwest of Syracuse, discovered ca. 1888, included fourteen Lampsacene staters, of which one was of this type (A. Lobbecke, "Mlinzfund bei Avola," ZjN 17 (1890] 170, no. 8). 479, 480. Published in T. V. Buttrey, "The Morgantina Gold Hoard and the Coinage of Hicetas," NC 13 (1973) 1-17. EGYPT 482. Bronzes of Ptolemy II are not uncommonly found in Sicilv and even on the Italian mainland. The late third-ce~ntury B.C. Campana (Cosenza) find contained six of these pieces and dozens of the bronzes of Hieron II (IGCH 2029). For Sicily see IGCH 2242 and 2249; for silver of Ptolemy II in Sicily see IGCH 2232 and 2234.

503. Seventeen pieces are surely overstruck. Many more have the feel of overstrikes: weak detail, edge splits, undersize dies. Where the undertype can be made out it is always the Syracusan Poseidon/trident, here as elsewhere presumably the common issue of Hieron II rather than the scarce issue of the Republic. Pl. 45:503 2 • 505. Both Grueber and Sydenham placed this issue several decades after the introduction of the denarius system. Our piece, inv. 58-1682, was found in the South Sanctuary medicine jar along with three quinarii and one sestertius of the early denarius system, and four victoriates (cf. infra, Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins, Deposit 28). The deposit was sealed by the destruction of the sanctuary in 211 B.C. Consequently the semi-incuse reverse legend of the denarius must be a sign of its early date and invites comparison with the quadrigati with incuse and semi-incuse legends. The weight is confirmatory, less than the earliest theoretical weight of four scruples (4.55 grams) but well above the 3.5 scruples to which the denarius soon fell. 506. Several of the quinarii from sealed deposits are die linked. See T. V. Buttrey, "Morgantina and the Denarius," NAC 8 (1979) 149-57, reprinted infra, pp. 220-26.

NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE 507. Weights are not included of the many sestertii which arc broken or fragmentary. 508. The reverse legend of 60-1550 reads ROM· A (sic). The several victoriates show a considerable diversity of styles, and so, presumably, of mints. 511. The lighter semis, 56-217 5, is struck over a Zeus/ biga bronze of the Syracusan democracy, Cat. 384 above. 519. The mint mark is not actually visible but the grain car and the sketchy style of the types suggests this attribution. Moreover, uncial bronze with grain ear symbol alone is apparently not attested. 520. The heaviest piece, 60-81 (Pl. 46:5204 ), is overstruck on an Apollo/Dioskour oi bronze of the Syracusan democracy, which ought properly to have been used to produce a higher denomination (cf. the same undertype on grain ear triantes in Thomsen I, 136). Twenty more of the find pieces are certainly overstruck on the Poseidon/trident bronze Pl. 46:5202 ; five probably are. One piece is struck upon an earlier Roman semilibral semuncia (Crawford 38/7); one, on a post-semilibral uncia with grain symbol (Cat. 503), Pl. 46:520 3• 522. This specimen, 56-1677, was discovered in a cistern in Area I, Trench 31 (see infra, Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins, Deposit 25), sealed by the destruction of 211 B.C. Apart from the question of a now assured date, the Sicilian provenience of this variety has never before been attested (cf. M. von Bahrfeldt, Die romische Goldmiinzenpriigung wiihrend der Republik und unter Augustus [Halle, 1923] no. 6b: six pieces, all from mainland collections). An additional example in the trays of the Syracuse Museum is struck from the same pair of dies (no. 5827, 1.06 grams, \).The find is a useful confirmation of the attribution of all Roman grain ear coinage to Sicily. 523. The third piece, 55-2359, is overstruck on a Poseidon/trident bronze.

153

587. These are mostly very worn, often almost smooth. Probably few even of the lightest were issued as uncial, so great has been their erosion. Probably too most original! y bore moneyers' symbols or signatures. For halved asses see also Cat. 535, 559, 578, 691, 692, 699, 701. The phenomenon is to be dated to the penultimate decade of the first century B.C. See T. V. Buttrey, "Halved Coins, the Augustan Reform, and Horace, Odes !.3," AJA 76 (1972) 31-48. 691. Above and between the Janus faces can be seen an altar (Sydenham 1045a) or the top of an altar (Sydenham 1045). Crawford does not distinguish between the two, presumably taking them only for minor engraving variations, and the Morgantina pieces do fall within the same weight range: altar (2 examples) 22.03-13.90; top of altar (8 examples) 22.82-13.95. 692. The varieties of obverse lcgend-MAGNV S and various abbreviations-ar e not distinguishable here owing to the erosion of the coins or the mutilation of the legend in halving. The quantities of this type found at Morgantina confirm the Sicilian attribution of Laffranchi, "Gli assi di Sesto Pompeo coniati in Sicilia," Bollettino del Circolo Numismatico Napoletano Ser. 1, no. 2 (1917) 21-23. Crawford's position, that the distinction between styles indicates a distinction between Spanish and Sicilian mintage, is not supported by the finds. Those of good style and of poor occur at Morgantina in roughly equal numbers. 699, 700. The period and denomination are certain given the historical considerations: this bronze is associated with silver and gold struck for the war against Sextus Pompey, who himself struck a similar full series including the uncial as, Cat. 692 above. Two pieces of Cat. 700 in Paris are struck over examples of the Pompey-Janus bronze (M. von Bahrfeldt, "Die lctztcn Kupferpragungen unter der romischen Republik," NZ N .s.

2 [1909] 70, nos. 141 and 14 7).

--------------~t III~*--------------

Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins 1955-1962 THE following catalogue presents the excavational evidence which bears on the dating of coins discovered at Morgantina. It collects groups of coins found together in important contexts and undisturbed strata. These groups are of four different kinds:

Burials: coins used as grave goods. Hoards: groups of coins found stuck together in a mass or inside a container. Deposits: a) groups of coins found in close proximity to each other but not constituting a hoard; b) groups of coins related through their association with the construction of a single building or building complex. Strata: groups of coins found in an archaeologically defined stratum. The catalogue is arranged chronologically: The Fifth to Mid-Fourth Century Nos. 1-2 The Fourth Century to the death of Agathokles (289 B.c.) 3-8 Burials in Necropolis III, the Reign of Agathokles and immediately thereafter 9-13 The Third Century from the death of Agathoklcs to the Capture of Morgantina (211 B.c.) 14-24 25-38 The Capture of Morgantina (211 B.c.) The Second Century, from 210 B.c. to the Early First Century B.c. 39-43 44-47 The First Century to the beginning of the Principate of Augustus (27 B.c.) The Roman Empire: Augustus and Tiberius 48-49 Hoards discovered at Morgantina before the Princeton University Excavations A-C An asterisk (*) marks the inventory numbers of specimens which are illustrated in the plates to Chapters I and II; the position of those pieces in the plates can be found by consulting the List of Plates (infra, pp. 233ff.) under the appropriate catalogue number. The dates assigned to the Roman denarius and related issues are those of Crawford, as accepted by T. V. Buttrey.

156

CHAPTER III

THE FIFTH TO MID-FOURTH CENTURY

Pre-existing fill below the scene building of the theater. Excavated 1961. PR VI, 138.

1. Stratum. Area III, Trench 6a. House in the archaic city. Below destruction level with traces of burning. Excavated 1957. PR II, 156;

AE Agrigentum

IGCH 2069.

Syracuse

AR Syracuse

1 Tetradrachm, quadriga I female head (479-465 B.c.) Cat. 292: inv. 57-1990* 1 Tetradrachm, quadriga I female head (479-465 B.c.) Cat. 293: inv. 57-2155* 1 Tetradrachm, quadriga I female head (479-465 B.c.) Cat. 294: inv. 57-1991*

Total number of coins in the deposit: 2. 4. Stratum.

Area I, Trench 3M, test G. Building fill of stone bothros in the South Court of the Central Sanctuary. Excavated 1962. PR VII, 164-66, pl. 34:7. AE Syracuse

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3. 2. Deposit. Area I, Trench 17E. From lowest level of cultural evidence on the chocolate-brown hardpan below the macellum. Excavated 1955. PR I, 154-55. AR Him era

Leontini

1 Pentonkion, astragalos I 5 dots (ca. 472-413 B.c.) Cat. 185: inv. 55-1377* 1 Hexas, lion head I grain ear (500-466 B.c.) Cat. 193: inv. 55-1400 1 Hexas, lion head I 2 dots (late 5th century B.c.) Cat. 194: inv. 55-1401

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3.

1 eagle I crab (before 406 B.c.) Cat. 72: inv. 61-1305 1 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 61-1278

Punic (Carthage)

2 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 62-1424, 1427 1 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431c: inv. 62-1425

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3. 5. Stratum. Area I, Trench 42D, Stratum 3. Floor level, debris of a private house. Excavated 1957. AE Syracuse

Punic (Carthage) Illegible

1 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 57-1319 1 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 57-1320 2: inv. 57-1238, 1239

Total number of coins in the deposit: 4. THE FOURTH CENTURY TO THE DEATH OF AGATHOKLES (289 B.C.) 3. Stratum. Area I, Trench 53.

6. Hoard. Area I, Trench 65. From a small hole in the angle of two walls of a private house at floor level. Excavated 1961. PR V, 280.

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962 AE Syracuse

Punic (Carthage)

(Sicily)

Illegible

1 Athena head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 312: inv. 60-654 2 Athena head I horseman (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 314a: inv. 60-652*, 655 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 60-649 5 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 60-642, 646, 647, 651, 653 1 horse head I palm tree (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 433: inv. 60-650 1: inv. 60-648

Total number of coins in the deposit: 11. The burial of this hoard probably belongs to a time of alarm at Morgantina during the Carthaginian siege ofSyracuse in 311-307 B.C. (Diodorus 19.11020.56).

7. Deposit. Area I, Trench 60A. Building fill behind the north analemma of the theater. Excavated 1961. PR VI, 138. AE Syracuse

Punic (Carthage) (Sicily)

1 Persephone head I Pegasos (336 B.C. and shortly thereafter) Cat. 310: inv. 61-673* 2 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 61-696, 808 2 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 61-363, 422 1 horse head I palm (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 433: inv. 61-354

157

Lowest level, interior of stone bothros in the South Court of the Central Sanctuary. Excavated 1962. PR VII, 164-66, pl. 34:7. For later material from this context, see Deposit 53. AE Alae sa

2 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98a: inv. 62-1471 Cat. 98c: inv. 62-1461* 1 female head I sepia Syracuse (ca. 415-405 B.c.) Cat. 297b: inv. 62-1586 2 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 315: inv. 62-1423, 1426 1 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 316: inv. 62-1441* 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 62-1428 Punic 1 Persephone head I free horse (Carthage) (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431c: inv. 62-1575 Probably intrusive: AE Agrigentum 1 eagle I crab (before 406 B.c.) Cat. 73e: inv. 63-371 1 Zeus head I thunderbolt (ca. 338-314 B.c.) Cat. 77: inv. 63-425 1 Athena head I thunderbolt Syracuse (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 330a: inv. 62-1470* 3: inv. 63-367, 368, 424 Illegible Total number of coins in the deposit: 14.

BURIALS IN NECROPOLIS III, THE REIGN OF AGATHOKLES AND IMMEDIATELY THEREAFTER

Total number of coins in the deposit: 6.

8. Stratum.

9. Burial. Area II, Necropolis III.

Area I, Trench 3M, test G.

Tomb 5. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 128-29.

CHAPTER III

158 AE Syracuse

1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 59-917

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1. 10. Burial. Area II, Necropolis III, Ext. 1. Tomb 28. Excavated 1961. PR VI, 143. AE Camarina

1 Athena head I owl (ca. 420-405 B.c.) Cat. 121: inv. 61-307 Total number of coins in the deposit: 1. 11. Burial. Area II, Necropolis III, Ext. 1. Tomb 32. Excavated 1961. PR VI, 143. AE Syracuse

1 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 315e: inv. 61-448

The circumstances of excavation show that these coins come from a stratum contemporary with or earlier than tombs 40 and 41. The evidence of the tomb groups places these burials in the period of Agathokles.

THE THIRD CENTURY FROM THE DEATH OF AGATHOKLES TO THE CAPTURE OF MORGANTINA (211 B.C.) 14. Stratum. Area I, Trench 3F, Stratum 4. From collapsed rubble and below at deep level in area between Central Sanctuary and Great Steps. Excavated 1956. PR I, 155-56. AE Alaesa

Mamertinc

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1. Syracuse 12. Stratum.

Area II, Necropolis Ill, Ext. 1. In ustrinum level above tomb 44. Excavated 1961. PR VI, 143. AE Punic (Carthage)

1 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 61-803

Punic (Sicily)

1 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98c: inv. 56-60 1 Zeus head I eagle (ca. 280-278 B.c.) Cat. 222: inv. 56-62 1 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 315: inv. 56-68 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436a: inv. 56-59

Total number of coins in the deposit: 4.

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1.

15. Deposit. Area IV, Trench 12.

13. Stratum.

North Sanctuary Annex, room 10. Offering placed beside the foundations of a wall at the point where it was built through a Bronze Age tomb. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 133; MS I, 254, text fig. d.

Area II, Necropolis III, Ext. 1 Stratum 4. From fill disturbed by the digging of tombs 40 and 41. Excavated 1961. PR VI, 143. AE Agrigentum

Camarina

1 Apollo head I 2 eagles over hare (279-210 B.C.) Cat. 84: inv. 61-684 1 Athena head I free horse (ca. 339 to late 4th century B.c.) Cat. 125: inv. 61-514

Total number of coins in the deposit: 2.

AE Agrigentum

Syracuse

1 Apollo head I 2 eagles over hare (ca. 314-287 B.c.) Cat. 79: inv. 59-1207 3 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 341: inv. 59-1206, 1208, 1209

Total number of coins in the deposit: 4.

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962

From the pre-existing fill below the same building complex: Punic (Sicily)

AE Alaesa

1 horse head I palm tree

(mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 433: inv. 59-1159*

Syracuse

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1. 16. Stratum. Area IV, Trench 12. North Sanctuary Annex, rooms 8, 9, and 10. The building is that dated by the footing trench deposit, no. 15. The coins were lost during the use of the building in three contiguous rooms and were covered by the earth of the trodden floor level prior to the destruction of the rooms. This destruction is marked in each of the rooms by a fallen layer of roof tiles. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 133; MS I, 254, text fig. d. AE Samnitel Campanian Mint Leontini

Syracuse

Tauromenium

1 Apollo head I man-headed bull (ca. 268-240 B.c.) Cat. 18: inv. 59-796 1 Apollo head I tripod between grain ears (late 5th century B.c.) Cat. 195: inv. 59-1232 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 59-1392 1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 59-1247 1 Apollo head I free horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360b: inv. 59-1231 1 Apollo head I tripod (ca. 336-317 B.c.) Cat. 401: inv. 59-1387

Total number of coins in the deposit: 6. 17. Stratum. Area IV, Trench 12. North Sanctuary Annex, rooms 8, 9, and 10. The building is the same as that of Deposits 15 and 16. The coins come from the fallen layer of roof tiles in the same three contiguous rooms. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 133; MS I, 254, text fig. d.

Panormus

159

1 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98c: inv. 59-1386 1 Athena head I star and 2 dolphins (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 303: inv. 59-713 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 59-862 1 Artemis head I thunderbolt (289-287 B.c.) Cat. 335: inv. 59-712* 1 Hera head I man-headed bull (4th century B.c.) Cat. 451: inv. 59-799*

Total number of coins in the deposit: 5. 18. Stratum. Area IV, Trench 12. North Sanctuary Annex, room 14. Small structure built against the north wall of the building associated with Deposits 15-17. Coins at floor level below a fallen tile roof. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 133; MS I, 254, text fig. d. AE Imitation of Syracuse Syracuse

1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 325: inv. 59-1390 1 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 341: inv. 59-1389 1 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 59-1388

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3. 19. Stratum. Area IV, Trench 11, Stratum 4a. North Sanctuary, Street W 4, bordering the east side of the North Sanctuary Annex (see Deposits 15-18) and dividing the North Sanctuary from the North Sanctuary Annex. Stratum 4a represents the level of the street from the time of the construction of the building until the first destruction of the complex in the middle of the third century. Stra-

160

CHAPTER III

tum 4, listed as Deposit 32, is the level of the street from the time of the repairs after the first destruction of the complex until the capture of Morgantina in 211. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 133; MS I, 253, text fig. d. AE Syracuse

1 Athena head I thunderbolt

(304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 329c: inv. 59-289

AE Syracuse

The following coins, recovered from the surface strata in Trenches 7 and 10, testify to activity in the area in the fifth century: AE Camarina

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1. 20. Stratum. Area V, Trenches 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Associated with the early Hellenistic occupation before ca. 250 B.C. Excavated 1961 and 1962. PR VI, 142. AE Agrigentum

Morgantina

Syracuse

Punic (Carthage)

1 countermarked hemilitron eagle I crab (before 406 B.c.) (countermark applied ca. 338-314 B.c.) Cat. 74: inv. 62-803 1 wreathed head I eagle (344-317 B.c.) Issue 7 Cat. 247: inv. 62-828 2 Persephone head I bull (316-304 B.c.) Cat. 321: inv. 62-690, 804 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 62-736 2 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 342: inv. 62-895, 946 3 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 62-692, 728 Cat. 431c: inv. 62-827

Total number of coins in the deposit: 10. The following coin belongs to an earlier building phase in Trench 3:

1 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 61-920

AR Gel a

Leontini

1 Athena head I owl (ca. 420-405 B.c.) Cat. 121: inv. 62-737 1 Litra, horseman I man-headed bull (ca. 430-425 B.c.) Cat. 166: inv. 62-754 1 Litra, Apollo head I grain ear (ca. 500-466 B.c.) Cat. 192: inv. 62-810*

From the third-century level in Trench 2b: AR Syracuse

1 Litra, female head I sepia (479-ca. 450 B.c.) Cat. 295: inv. 61-1010

21. Deposit. Area II, Trench 4 complex. The House of the Official, building fill. Excavated 1958 and 1962. PR III, 169-70, pl. 41: 14; PR VII, 166-68, pls. 34:11, 35:12. AE Samnitel Campanian Mint Syracuse

1 Apollo head I man-headed bull (ca. 268-240 B.c.) Cat. 18: inv. 58-1006 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 58-1589 2 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 58-1004, 1009 1 portrait of Hie ron II laureate I cavalryman (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 363: inv. 58-1564

STRATIGRAPHICAL LY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962

Punic (Sicily)

1 Poseidon head I trident Wide Plan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 58-1002 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 58-1008

stuck together in two masses with four single pieces. Excavated 1957. AE Syracuse

Total number of coins in the deposit: 7.

22. Deposit.

Area I, Trench 71. House of the Arched Cistern, building fill. Excavated 1961 and 1962. PR VI, 138-40; PR VII, 168-69. AE Agrigentum

Alaesa

Syracuse

Punic (Carthage)

1 Akragas head I Asklepios standing (279-210 B.c.) Cat. 86: inv. 61-861 2 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98a: inv. 62-450 Cat. 98c: inv. 62-500 1 female head I incuse square (before 405 B.c.) Cat. 301: inv. 62-535 2 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 62-314, 519 1 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 341: inv. 62-511 2 Poseidon head I trident Wide Plan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 62-294, 298 1 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 62-532

Total number of coins in the deposit: 10.

23. Hoard.

Area IV, Trench 2B. Nine AE coins found in upper stratum with no archaeological context and without container, but

161

Egypt

2 portrait of Hieron II laureate I cavalryman (276-269 B.C.) Cat. 363: inv. 57-1343(1)*, 1343(5) 3 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269~215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 57-1343(2), 1343(3), 1343(4) 4 Zeus head I eagle (271-246 B.c.) Cat. 482a: inv. 57-1343(6)*, 1343(7) Cat. 482b: inv. 57-1343(8)* Cat. 482f: inv. 57-1343(9)

Total number of coins in the deposit: 9.

24. Burial. Area II, Necropolis III. Tomb 7. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 128-29, pl. 24:12. AE Syracuse

1 Poseidon head I trident

Wide Plan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 59-420(half) Total number of coins in the deposit: 1.

THE CAPTURE OF MORGANTINA (211 B.C.)

25. Deposit.

Area I, Trench 31, Cistern. House of the Silver Hoard. Floor of cistern, found with four pieces of gold jewelry and four gem stones. Excavated 1956. PR I, 158. Thomsen, Vol.

2, 362-64. AR Rome

8 Quinarii, anonymous (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 507: inv. 56-3123, 3125, 3128, 3129, 3138, 3147, 3150, 3152*

162

CHAPTER III 27 Sestertii, anonymous (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 508: inv. 56-3119, 3120*, 3121,3122,3124,3126,3127, 3130,3131, 3133a,3133b, 3134, 3135,3136,3137,3139,3140, 3141,3142, 3143*, 3144*,3145, 3146,3148,3149,3151,3153 1 Disintegrated: inv. 56-3132 1 Twenty-as piece, Mars head I eagle (211-210 B.c.) Cat. 522: inv. 56-1677*

Total number of coins in the deposit: 37. One of the quinarii (56-3128) was found inside a plain pottery jug. It is likely that the coins and jewelry were a hoard which spilled out of the jug in which they had been lowered into hiding in the cistern. The following AE coms were recovered at a higher level in the fill of the cistern: Syracuse

Punic (Sicily) Egypt

1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 56-1813 1 horse head I palm (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 433: inv. 56-1812 1 Zeus head I eagle (271-246 B.c.) Cat. 482a: inv. 56-1639

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3. 26. Stratum. Area I, Trenches 31 and 31A. House of the Silver Hoard. In and below fallen tile layer with evidence of burning. Excavated 1956. Thomsen, Vol. 2, 362-64. AE Syracuse

(Morgantina?)

1 Persephone head I horse (ca. 220-210 B.c.) Cat. 443b: inv. 56-294* 1 Demeter head I running horse (212-211 B.c.) Cat. 446: inv. 56-259

Total number of coins in the deposit: 5. 27. Stratum.

AV Rome

Punic (Carthage)

2 Apollo head I free horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360d: inv. 56-260, 295 1 portrait of Hie ron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 56-183

Area I, Trench 4A.

Central Shops, rooms 1-3, in and below fallen tile layer with evidence of burning. Excavated 1955. PR I, 156. See also Deposits 28, 56, and 57. AE Tarentum

1 cockle shell I two dolphins r. (3rd century B.c.) Cat. 21: inv. 55-1269 Nuceria 1 Apollo head I horse (ca. 300 B.c.) Cat. 42: inv. 55-1653* Agrigentum 1 Apollo head I 2 eagles over hare (ca. 279-210 B.c.) Cat. 84: inv. 55-1645 Alaesa 1 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98c: inv. 55-1768 Syracuse 1 female head I incuse square (before 405 B.c.) Cat. 301: inv. 55-1644 2 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 315: inv. 55-1544*, 1647 2 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 55-640, 1262 12 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 55-1265, 1490*, 1543, 1602, 1608, 1612, 1614, 1654, 1773, 1775, 1776; 56-2298 Imitation of 1 Persephone head I bull Syracuse (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 325i: inv. 55-1651 * Syracuse 2 Athena head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 329c: inv. 55-792, 1649

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962 1 Artemis head I thunderbolt (289-287 B.c.) Cat. 334: inv. 55-1641 4 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 341: inv. 55-1646, 1648, 1767, 1771* 2 Herakles head I Athena (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 349c: inv. 55-637, 1610 2 Apollo head I free horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360: inv. 55-622, 1545 2 portrait of Hieron II laureate I cavalryman (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 363: inv. 55-1920*, 2020 10 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 55-1268, 1393, 1604, 1606, 1759, 1760*, 1761, 1764, 1766, 1772 25 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 55-626(half), 632, 643(half), 793(half), 1264, 1273(half), 1274(half), 1275(half), 1397(half), 1398, 1539(half), 1603, 1607, 1609, 1613, 1615(half), 1616(half), 1618(half), 1619(half), 1642, 1765, 1770, 1774, 1924, 2021(half) 52 Poseidon head I. I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 55-621, 625, 627, 628,629,630,631,633,634,635, 636,638,639,641,730, 731(half), 732, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251 *, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259,

Tyndaris

Punic (Carthage) (Sicily)

Egypt

163

1260, 1263, 1272(half), 1276(half), 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1394, 1396, 1532, 1540, 1546(half), 1601, 1620(half), 1762, 1763, 1769, 1916, 1918, 1925(half) 1 Poseidon head r. I trident (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 369: inv. 55-1261* 1 Apollo head I Dioskouroi (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 373: inv. 55-1271* 1 female head I Dioskouroi (287-276 B.c.) Cat. 428: inv. 55-1640* 1 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 55-1923 6 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436a: inv. 55-1650 Cat. 436d: inv. 55-620, 623, 1921, 1922,2016 2 Zeus head I eagle (271-246 B.c.) Cat. 482a: inv. 55-1605, 1919

Rome 1 Semuncia, semilibral (217-215 B.c.) Cat. 497: inv. 55-1652 3 Unciae, post-semilibral (ca. 214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 55-1266, 1267, 1917 AR 1 Sestertius, anonymous (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 507: inv. 55-642 AE Illegible

4: inv. 55-1611, 1617(half), 1643; 56-2288

Total number of coins in the deposit: 143. 28. Stratum. Area I, Trenches 3, P, and Q. Central Shops, rooms 4 and 6, in and below tile layer with traces of burning. Excavated 1956. PR I, 155-56. See also Deposits 27, 56, and 57.

164 AE Samnitel Campanian Mint

CHAPTER III

1 Apollo head I man-headed bull (ca. 268-240 B.c.) Cat. 18: inv. 56-2156

Punic (Carthage) (Sicily)

Syracuse

2 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 56-1870, 1886 Imitation of 2 Persephone head I bull Syracuse (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 325: inv. 56-1888 Cat. 326c: inv. 56-1878 Syracuse 2 Artemis head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 328: inv. 56-1831, 1988 1 Athena head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 330c: inv. 56-1887 1 Persephone head I biga (289-287 B.c.) Cat. 337: inv. 56-1873 2 Apollo head I free horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360d: inv. 56-1849, 1865 3 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 56-1883*, 2150, 2158 7 Poseidon head I trident Wide Plan Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 56-1841(half), 1877(half), 1880(half), 1885(half), 1978, 1979, 1987 38 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 56-1833(half), 1834, 1835, 1836, 1843, 1845, 1850(half), 1856, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861(half), 1862, 1863, 1864, 1866, 1867, 1869, 1871, 1872, 1876, 1881, 1882, 1884, 2089,2140,2141,2142,2143, 2144,2145,2147,2148,2149, 2160,2161,2162,2218

Lipari

Egypt

Rome

Illegible

1 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431c: inv. 56-1855 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 56-2090 1 Apollo head I trident (ca. 288 B.c.) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 457: inv. 56-1879(half)* 2 Zeus head I eagle (271-246 B.c.) Cat. 482a: inv. 56-1890, 2159 4 Unciae, post-semilibral (ca. 214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 56-1848, 1857, 2146, 2151 4: inv. 56-1893, 2091, 2092, 2157(half)

Total number of coins in the deposit: 72. 29. Hoard. Area I, Trench 56. South Sanctuary, room 1. Nine Roman AR found in a small medicine jar below a fallen tile roof. Excavated 1958. PR III, 171 and pl. 42:19, 20. E. Sjoqvist, PR IV, 78-79; Thomsen, Vol. 2, 336-62; MS I, 255-56. For plan with room numbers, see MS I, 255, text fig. e. AR Rome 4 Victoriati, anonymous (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 505: inv. 58-1674*, 1675*, 1676*, 1677 1 Denarius, anonymous (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 506: inv. 58-1682 3 Quinarii, anonymous (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 507: inv. 58-1679, 1680, 1681 1 Sestertius, anonymous (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 508: inv. 58-1678*

Total number of coins in the deposit: 9.

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962 30. Stratum.

Area I, Trenches 54-56. South Sanctuary. Destruction level below fallen tile roofs. Excavated 1958 and 1962. PR III, 171; PR VII, 169-70, pl. 35:14, 15; MS I, 255-56, text fig. e. AE Agrigentum

Alaesa

Mamertine

Syracuse

1

1 Apollo head I 2 eagles over hare

(ca. 314-287 B.c.) Cat. 78: inv. 58-1672 1 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98c: inv. 58-1673 1 Ares head I eagle (ca. 285-280 B.c.) Cat. 219: inv. 58-1667* 2 female head I sepia (ca. 415-405 B.c.) Cat. 297b: inv. 58-2222, 2228 2 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 58-1775, 1779 1 female head I wheel (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 305: inv. 58-2227 1 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 3151: inv. 62-1232 1 Persephone head I bull (316-304 B.c.) Cat. 321: inv. 62-1293 2 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 58-1752*; 62-1305 3 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 324: inv. 58-1753, 1756(half); 62-1368 2 Herakles head I lion (late 290's to 289 B.c.) Cat. 332b: inv. 62-1388* Cat. 333b: inv. 62-1228

Found built into the fabric of the south wall of room 6.

Punic (Carthage) (Sicily)

165

2 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 341: inv. 62-1309 Cat. 342f: inv. 58-1671 2 Herakles head I Athena (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 348b: inv. 58-1670 Cat. 349b: inv. 62-1064 1 2 Apollo head I free horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360: inv. 58-1757; 62-1292 1 Persephone head I Pegasos (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 362b: inv. 62-1326 3 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 62-1058, 1327, 1328 6 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 62-1061(half), 1097, 1306(half), 1307(half), 1325, 1365(half) 12 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 58-1707, 1769(half), 1770, 1771, 1772, 1889, 1890, 2226; 62-1270, 1296, 1308, 1362 2 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 58-1891; 62-1250 1 horse head I palm (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 433: inv. 58-1754 2 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 58-1774; 62-1364

166 AR (Akragas?)

AE Rome

CHAPTER III

1 male head I running horse (213-210 B.c.) Cat. 445: inv. 58-1686* 3 Unciae, post-semilibral (ca. 214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 58-1708; 62-1060, 1294*

AR 2 Sestertii, anonymous (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 508: inv. 58-1847*, 1887 Total number of coins in the deposit: 56. The destruction stratum in this sanctuary and in the North Sanctuary (Deposits 31-35) are distinguished from similar strata of the 211 B.C. capture found in shops and houses by the presence of coins of the early third and fourth centuries in considerable numbers. These pieces are probably dedications which had been preserved in the sanctuaries for a number of years. 31. Stratum. Area IV, Trench 2. North Sanctuary. Rooms of sanctuary in and below fallen tile roofs with traces of burning. Excavated 1957. PR II, 158-60. E. Sjoqvist, Kokalos 4 (1958) 107-18, tav. 43; MS I, 250-54, text fig. d. [N.B. The rooms of the North Sanctuary are numbered correctly in Kokalos 4 (1958) tav. 43, incorrectly in MS I, text fig. d; text references to rooms in MS I are, however, correct.] AE Alaesa

Camarina

Cephaloedium Syracuse

1 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98c: inv. 57-1391 1 Athena head I free horse (ca. 339 to late 4th century B.c.) Cat. 126: inv. 57-2253* 1 Herakles head I Pegasos (ca. 395 B.c.) Cat. 152: inv. 57-2210* 1 Athena head I horseman (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 314: inv. 57-877

Punic (Carthage) (Sicily)

Illegible

1 head I forepart of Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 318: inv. 57-2363 3 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 57-2251, 2485, 2486 3 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 57-874, 2249, 2252 3 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 341: inv. 57-2487; 58-1238 Cat. 342: inv. 57-2364 1 Herakles head I Athena (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 349c: inv. 57-2484 1 portrait of Hie ron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 57-2321 4 Poseidon head I trident Wide Plan Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 57-2250(hal£), 2322, 2323; 58-1239(hal£) 7 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 57-1718(hal£), 2317, 2318,2319,2320*,2365(hal£), 2452(hal£) 1 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 57-504 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 57-2403 2: inv. 57-2324; 58-1168

Total number of coins in the deposit: 31. 32. Stratum. Area IV, Trench 11. Stratum 4. North Sanctuary, Street W4 between North Sanctuary and North Sanctuary Annex. Level of street

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962 in use from the period of the First Punic War to the capture of the city in 211; cf. Deposit 19. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 133; MS I, 253, text fig. d. AE Syracuse

1 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 59-235 1 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 59-236 1 Zeus head I eagle Egypt (271-246 B.c.) Cat. 482a: inv. 59-234 · Total number of coins in the deposit: 3.

33. Stratum. Area IV, Trench 11. North Sanctuary Annex, in and below fallen tile roof with traces of burning. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 133; MS I, 254, text fig. d. AE Syracuse

Tauromemum

1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 59-869 1 Artemis head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 328: inv. 59-865 1 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 59-869(half) 5 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 59-503, 504, 507, 554, 586 1 Poseidon head I trident (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 375: inv. 59-505 1 Apollo head I bull (ca. 275-210 B.c.) Cat. 412: inv. 59-868

167

Punic (Sicily)

1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 59-870 Total number of coins in the deposit: 11. The Roman denarius (59-287), quinarius (59-111) and quadrans (59-915) did not come from the destruction debris, as was stated in the preliminary report (PR IV, 133).

34. Stratum. Area IV, Trench 10. North Sanctuary Annex, court 4. Excavated 1958. PR III, 169; MS I, 254, text fig. d. AE Rhegium

Gela

Syracuse

1 Apollo head I tripod (270-203 B.c.) Cat. 50f: inv. 58-1377 1 Asklepios head I Hygieia (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 60b: inv. 58-1373 1 Demeter head I bearded head (ca. 339-310 B.c.) Cat. 176: inv. 58-1376 1 female head I sepia (ca. 415-405 B.c.) Cat. 297b: inv. 58-1126 1 female head I incuse square (before 405 B.c.) Cat. 301: inv. 58-1108* 2 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 58-1127, 1166 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 58-1018 2 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 58-1074, 1076 2 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 58-1105, 1107

Total number of coins in the deposit: 12. This stratum is remarkable for the high concentration of fourth-century coins, which cannot be ex-

168

CHAPTER III

plained as votive offerings. The area in which these coins were found belongs to a building originally erected in the 280's or 270's (cf. Deposit 15 above). It suffered damage during the First Punic War (cf. Deposits 16 and 19 above), and although repaired, it remained unroofed during the rest of the third century until the capture of 211. Thus this stratum is the floor of an open courtyard composed of the debris of damage inflicted during the 260's or 250's and of later material. This circumstance accounts for the high proportion of fourth-century coins. 35. Stratum. Area IV, Trench 6. North Sanctuary Annex. Excavated 1958. PR III, 169; MS I, 254, text fig. d. a) Sealed inside bench, Room 5: AE Syracuse

1 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366e: inv. 58-709*

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1.

Syracuse

Rome

1 Artemis head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 328: inv. 58-559 1 Apollo head I free horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360b: inv. 58-441 2 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 58-571, 806 1 Uncia, post-semilibral (ca. 214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 58-799

Total number of coins in the deposit: 6. d) Filling of cistern 2, court 4: AE Syracuse

Punic (Sicily)

1 Persephone head I biga (289-287 B.c.) Cat. 338a: inv. 58-725* 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 58-612

Total number of coins in the deposit: 2.

b) In and below fallen roof tiles: AE Syracuse

1 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 341: inv. 58-898(hal£) 1 portrait of Hieron II laureate I cavalryman (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 363: inv. 58-561 4 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 58-567, 568, 569, 570

Total number of coins in the deposit: 6. c) Floor level of court 4: AE Thurium

1 Athena head I bull (4th century B.c.) Cat. 27: inv. 58-841*

36. Stratum. Area V, Trenches 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Houses and sanctuary, level of general destruction. Excavated 1961 and 1962. PR VI, 147; PR VII, 170-71; MS I, 248. AE Agrigentum

Gel a

Syracuse

1 eagle I crab (before 406 B.c.) Cat. 73e: inv. 62-795 1 Herakles head I bearded head (ca. 339-310 B.c.) Cat. 178: inv. 62-794 2 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 61-889; 62-805 1 Persephone head I bull (316-304 B.c.) Cat. 321k: inv. 61-856* 3 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 61-858, 879, 885

STRATIGRAPHICAL LY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962

Punic (Sicily)

Rome

2 Herakles head I Athena (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 349c: inv. 61-908; 62-696 1 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366a: inv. 61-857 5 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 61-817, 863; 62-680(half), 698, 783(half) 4 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 61-858; 62-691, 785, 894 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 62-730 1 Sextans, post-semilibral (ca. 214-212 B.c.) Cat. 502: inv. 62-762

Total number of coins in the deposit: 22. This material does not come from a sealed destruction level below a fallen tile roof as in the case of Deposits 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, and 35b. The fourth-century coins, particularly of Akragas and Gela, are more likely to be remains of the occupation of the area in the early third century (cf. Deposit 20) than coins in use in 211. 37. Deposit. Area I, Trench 35H. House of Ganymede. Floor of cistern, encrusted in the cemented bottom. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 132. AE Suessa Aurunca

2

Syracuse

3 Apollo head I free horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360b: inv. 59-939, 941, 942 3 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 59-940(half), 999(half), 1OOO(half)

Total number of coins in the deposit: 7. From higher up in the fill of the cistern: AE Morgantina 1 Minerva head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 9 Cat. 249: inv. 59-913 Syracuse 1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324m: inv. 59-914 2 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 59-937(half), 938(half) Total number of coins in the deposit: 4. As suggested by Sjoqvist (PR IV, 132) these coins show that the period of use of the cistern belongs to the third century when coins became encrusted on its floor and that it went out of usc and filled up during the course of the second century. The numismatic evidence for the construction of the house is as follows: AE Syracuse

1 Apollo head I man-headed bull (ca. 268-240 B.c.) Cat. 16: inv. 59-943

Found at the bottom of an amphora storage pit.

169

3

1 Artemis head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290 's B.c.) Cat. 328: inv. 59-48J2 1 portrait of Hie ron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 59-18733

Found below the threshold of a doorway.

170

CHAPTER III

In addition an AR dekalitron of Hieronymos of Syracuse (king, 215-214 B.c.) in mint condition was found on the floor of an inner room (Cat. 370, inv. 59-595, Pl. 36:370). Apparently the house was damaged in the capture of 211 B.c. In making it habitable again the floor of the inner room was raised and the coin of of Hieronymos was covered over in the fill.

East Granary. Group of twenty-seven AE found loose in fill. Excavated 1960. AE Catana

Syracuse

38. Deposit. Area I, Trench 35. Group of sixteen AE found loose in the surface stratum with no archaeological context and without a container. Excavated 1956. AE Syracuse

Tauromen1um Illegible

3 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 56-610, 684, 685 1 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 56-598 7 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 56-599, 600, 603, 604,607,609,611 2 portrait of Hieronymos I thunderbolt (215-214 B.c.) Cat. 371d: inv. 56-601, 605 1 Apollo head I tripod (ca. 336-317 B.c.) Cat. 401: inv. 56-606 2: inv. 56-602, 608

Total number of coins in the deposit: 27. 40. Hoard.

Area II, Necropolis III, Ext. 1. Hoard of six AE found in upper stratum without archaeological context and without container but stuck together in a single mass. Excavated 1961. AE Rhegium

Mamertine

Total number of coins in the deposit: 16. The composition of the deposit suggests that it should be associated with the years of the Second Punic War, between 215 and 211.

THE SECOND CENTURY, FROM 210 B.C. TO THE EARLY FIRST CENTURY B.C. 39. Deposit. Area I, Trench 61.

1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Jrd Issue Cat. 142c: inv. 60-861 24 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 60-864, 865, 866, 867, 868,869,870,871,872,873,874, 875,876,877,878*,879,880, 881,882,883,884,885,886,887 1 portrait of Hieronymos I thunderbolt (215-214 B.c.) Cat. 371d: inv. 60-862 1 Poseidon head I trident (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 375b: inv. 60-863

Syracuse

Tauromemum

1 Janiform head I Asklepios (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 58a: inv. 61-129f 1 Ares head I warrior leading horse (220-216 B.c.) Cat. 225d: inv. 61-129a 2 Zeus head I warrior charging (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235e: inv. 61-129b Cat. 235h: inv. 61-129c 1 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 61-129d 1 Apollo head I bull (ca. 275-210 B.c.) Cat. 411: inv. 61-129e

Total number of coins in the deposit: 6.

STRATIGRAPH ICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962

(before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 55-1598(half), 1599 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 55-1600

41. Deposit.

Area I, Trench 17. Macellum. Coins sealed in the fabric of the building during its construction. Excavated 1955 and 1956. PR I, 154-55. AE Catana

1 Catanaean brother I same (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 2nd Issue Cat. 137: inv. 55-2701 1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 2nd Issue Cat. 141: inv. 55-2684 1 Minerva head I horseman Morgantina (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Hispanorum Issue 9 Cat. 249: inv. 55-2699 1 male head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 55-1402 1 portrait of Hieron II diademed I Syracuse cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 55-2683 1 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 55-2695(half) 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 56-2673 AR 1 Denarius, Sex. Pompeius Fostlus Rome (137 B.c.) Cat. 592: inv. 55-2097

Total number of coins in the deposit: 8. Below the paving of the entryway inside the Macellum: AE Syracuse

2 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series

171

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3. 42. Stratum. Area I, Trench 17. Macellum. Building fill and earliest use accumulation below final floor level. Excavated 1955 and 1956. PR I, 154-55. AE Leontini

1 Apollo head I 2 fish

(late 3rd and 2nd century B.c.) Cat. 205b: inv. 55-895* 1 Ares head I warrior leading horse Mamertine (ca. 220-216 B.c.) Cat. 225c: inv. 55-858 1 Zeus head I warrior charging (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235b: inv. 55-859 head I Victory Jupiter 1 Morgantina 1st century B.c.) (mid-2nd-early Hispanorum Issue 15 Cat. 255: inv. 55-896* head I Pegasos Apollo 2 Syracuse (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 315: inv. 55-1006, 1508 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 56-64 1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 56-63 1 Persephone head I Pegasos (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 362a: inv. 55-1013* 2 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. SS-894(half), 1008(half)

CHAPTER III

172

Punic (Carthage) Rome

2 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 55-1009, 1010 1 Persephone head I free horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 56-955 1 As, uncial, P AE (169-158 B.c.) Cat. 547: inv. 55-857 1 As, unattributable reduced sextantal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 55-860

Total number of coins in the deposit: 16. 43. Hoard.

Area I, Trench 51. Central Sanctuary, North Court. Contents of stone offering box later covered by an altar. Excavated 1958. PR III, 168-69, pl. 40:6. AE Locri

1 Athena head I Persephone seated (ca. 300-268 B.c.) Cat. 36: inv. 58-2170* Rhegium 1 Janiform head I Asklepios (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 58a: inv. 58-2303 Aetna 3 Persephone head I cornucopia (after 210 B.C.) Cat. 69a: inv. 58-2197, 2251* Cat. 69b: inv. 58-2252 Agrigentum 1 Apollo head I tripod (after 210 B.c.) Cat. 87: inv. 58-2253* Aluntium 1 Herakles head I eagle (after 241 B.C.) Cat. 108: inv. 58-2173* Catana 1 Zeus Ammon head I Aequitas (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Cat. 132: inv. 58-2168 1 river god I owl, pilei (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) (cut half coin) Cat. 135a: inv. 58-2290(half)* 47 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.)

1st Issue Cat. 140: inv. 58-2287 2nd Issue Cat. 141: inv. 58-2184, 2256, 2257, 2260,2268,2274,2275,2284 Jrd Issue Cat. 142a: inv. 58-2288 Cat. 142b: inv. 58-2167, 2185, 2186,2187,2190,2255,2259, 2261,2263,2264,2265,2266, 2267,2270,2273,2276,2277, 2280,2282,2283,2286,2289 Cat. 142c: inv. 58-2180, 2181, 2182,2183,2188,2189,2254, 2258,2262,2269,2271,2272, 2278,2279,2285 1 Zeus head I Herakles Iaetia (after 241 B.C.) Cat. 191: inv. 58-2337* 1 heads of Apollo and Artemis I grain Leontini ears (late 3rd-2nd century B.c.) Cat. 199: inv. 58-2338 1 Dionysos I warrior (late 3rd-2nd century B.c.) Cat. 201: inv. 58-2339 Mamertine 2 Ares head I warrior leading horse (ca. 220-216 B.c.) Cat. 225c: inv. 58-2301 Cat. 225e: inv. 58-2302 2 Apollo head I warrior standing (ca. 216-212 B.c.) Cat. 228: inv. 58-2292, 2293 1 Aphrodite head I warrior standing (ca. 216-212 B.c.) Cat. 233: inv. 58-2291 7 Zeus head I warrior charging (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235d: inv. 58-2295, 2300 Cat. 235g: inv. 58-2166 Cat. 235h: inv. 58-2296, 2297, 2298, 2299 Morgantina 10 Minerva head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 9 Cat. 249: inv. 58-2191, 2304, 2305, 2306,2307,2308,2309,2310, 2311, 2312

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: Syracuse

Tauromenium

Egypt

Rome

3 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 58-2240, 2241, 2242 1 Artemis head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 328: inv. 58-2234 2 portrait of Hie ron II laureate I cavalryman (276~269 B.c.) Cat. 363: inv. 58-2160, 2243 9 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269~215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 58-2157, 2158, 2159, 2244,2245,2246,2247,2248, 2249 1 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 58-2236 5 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 58-2237, 2238, 2239(halD, 2340, 2341 I Poseidon head I trident (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 377: inv. 58-2235 1 Zeus head I quadriga (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 380: inv. 58-2161 1 Zeus head I Tyche (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 381: inv. 58-2162 3 Athena head I Pegasos (2nd century B.c.) Cat. 414a: inv. 58-2250 Cat. 414c: inv. 58-2200 Cat. 415: inv. 58-2198 7 Zeus head I eagle (271~246 B.c.) Cat. 482a: inv. 58-2163, 2164, 2165,2313,2314,2315 Cat. 482c: inv. 58-2316 1 As, reduced sextantal, anonymous (after 211 B.c.) Cat. 510: inv. 58-2332

1955~1962

173

1 As, uncial, L PL H (194~190 B.c.) Cat. 535: inv. 58-2171 1 As, reduced sextantal, bull and MD (189~180

Illegible

B.C.)

Cat. 538: inv. 58-2328 1 As, uncial, M. Titinius (189~180 B.c.) Cat. 541: inv. 58-2320 1 As, uncial, C. Saxula (169~ 158 B.c.) Cat. 545: inv. 58-2193 1 As, uncial, A. Caecilius (169~158 B.c.) Cat. 546: inv. 58-2327 1 As, uncial, P AE (169~158 B.c.) Cat. 547: inv. 58-2329 2 Asses, uncial, PT or TP (169~158 B.c.) Cat. 548: inv. 58-2326, 2334 2 Asses, uncial, C. Junius (149 B.c.) Cat. 574: inv. 58-2322, 2336 I As, uncial, C. Antestius (146 B.c.) Cat. 586: inv. 58-2331 13 Asses, unattributable reduced sextantal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 58-2192,2194,2195, 2196,2318,2319,2321,2323, 2324,2325,2330,2333,2335 1 Semis, uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 588: inv. 58-2317 13: inv. 58-2169, 2172, 2174, 2175, 2176,2177,2178,2179,2199, 2281,2294,2342,2343

Total number of coins in the deposit: 154. The preliminary excavation report of R. Stillwell, PR III, 168, describes the offering box as follows: The most curious discovery was that of a large stone block, measuring 0.40 m. by 0.60 m. by 0.60 m., which had in its top a shallow, circular depression in the center of which a funnel-shaped hole, barely 10 em. across, led

174

CHAPTER III

down into a larger hollow cut in the lower side of the block ... This block in turn rested on another, of nearly the same size, also with a hole, some 20 em. square, that extended all the way to the bottom. The second block was reused, and may once have been a water distributor, for a side opening had been carefully blocked up. In the cavity, beginning near the top of the upper block and extending all the way to the bottom of the lower, were found 152 bronze coins, ranging from third century coins of Catana to early second century Roman asses. These were scattered down all through the earth filling, and formed no chronological pattern. Cuttings in the top of the upper block could have served to fasten a locking bar across a now missing lid. One cutting still retains part of its leading. All that can be said now is that this appears to have served once as a box for monetary offerings. It is clear that the contents of this offering box did not result from the gradual accumulation of coins deposited over a period of years. The coins were "scattered down all through the earth filling, and formed no chronological pattern." In fact Ptolemaic and Syracusan coins of the third century were found above the Hispanorum issues of the second. The coins appear to have been purposely hidden away by being packed into the offering box with a disguising dirt fill. Such an expedient suggests a time of danger such as Morgantina experienced during the two servile wars of the later second century, in the years 139 to 131 and again between 104 and 101. The latest coins of the hoard (the Hispanorum pieces) belong to the second half of the second century. The large representation of thirdcentury coins, notably those of Hieron II of Syracuse and Ptolemy II of Egypt, makes it likely that most of the hoard was made up of offerings which had been preserved in the sanctuary for a number of years. Since the property of the god was safely stored in the offering box, no effort seems to have

been made to retrieve the coins after the danger passed. The literature dealing with ancient offering boxes and banks has been collected by C. C. Vermeule, "A Ptolemaic Contribution Box in Boston," ANSMN 10 (1962) 77-80.

THE FIRST CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE PRINCIPATE OF AUGUSTUS

(27 B.c.) 44. Deposit. Area I, Trench 71. House of the Arched Cistern, Room 23. Deposit of eighteen denarii (none plated) found dispersed in a basement room with an AR fibula bow (62-342), two AR hinges (62-343 and 345) and a small AR strap (62-344). Excavated 1962. PR VII, 168-69. AR Rome

1 Denarius, M. Baebius Tampilus (137 B.c.) Cat. 593: inv. 62-337 1 Denarius, Q. Fabius Maximus (127 B.c.) Cat. 603: inv. 62-330 1 Denarius, L. Flaminius Cilo (109-108 B.c.) Cat. 616: inv. 62-371 1 Denarius, D. Junius Silanus (91 B.c.) Cat. 624: inv. 62-336 1 Denarius, C. Vibius Pansa (90 B.c.) Cat. 630: inv. 62-334 1 Denarius, L. Censorious (82 B.c.) Cat. 647: inv. 62-332 1 Denarius, A. Postumius Albinus (81 B.c.) Cat. 652: inv. 62-341 I Denarius, C. Marius Capito (81 B.c.) Cat. 655: inv. 62-346 I Denarius, A. Fufius Kalenus etc. (70 B.c.) Cat. 664: inv. 62-329

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962 1 Denarius, C. Hosidius Geta (68 B.c.) Cat. 665: inv. 62-335 1 Denarius, C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi (67 B.c.) Cat. 666: inv. 62-331* 1 Denarius, L. Roscius Fabatus (64 B.c.) Cat. 667: inv. 62-333* 2 Denarii, L. Scribonius Libo (62 B.c.) Cat. 670: inv. 62-339, 340 1 Denarius, P. Plautius Hypsaeus (60 B.c.) Cat. 671: inv. 62-370 1 Denarius, M. Nonius Sufenas (59 B.c.) Cat. 672: inv. 62-328 1 Denarius, M. Scaurus etc. (58 B.c.) Cat. 673: inv. 62-219 1 Denarius, L. Marcius Philippus (56 B.c.) Cat. 674: inv. 62-338

1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 62-499

Total number of coins in the deposit: 6. 45. Deposit.

Area I, Trench 61. East Granary. Deposit of nine AR (none plated) found loose in an upper stratum north of the East Granary with no archaeological context and without a container. Excavated 1959. PR IV, 129-31. AR Numidia

Rome

Total number of coins in the deposit: 18. The AR hinges and AR strap may have come from a box which served as a container for the denarii, but this is conjectural. The wide dispersion of the coins in the room suggests that they fell from the ground floor or above. The following AE coins were found in the same stratum: Samnitel Campanian Mint

1 Apollo head I man-headed bull (ca. 268-240 B.c.) Cat. 18: inv. 62-465

Rhegium

1 Janiform head I Asklepios (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 58d: inv. 62-368 1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 3rd Issue Cat. 142c: inv. 62-367 2 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 62-413, 491

Catana

Syracuse

175

1 Denarius, portrait ofJuba I I temple (60-46 B.c.) Cat. 485: inv. 59-1837* 1 Quinarius, M. Porcius Cato (89 B.c.) Cat. 631: inv. 59-1843 1 Denarius, L. Rubrius Dossenus (87 B.c.) Cat. 638: inv. 59-1839 1 Denarius, L. Procilius (80 B.c.) Cat. 657: inv. 59-1836 1 Denarius, M. Volteius (78 B.c.) Cat. 659: inv. 59-1838 1 Denarius, Cn. Plancius (55 B.c.) Cat. 677: inv. 59-1841 2 Denarii, T. Carisius (46 B.c.) Cat. 686: inv. 59-1842 Cat. 687: inv. 59-1840 1 Denarius, C. Considius Paetus (46 B.c.) Cat. 688: inv. 59-1835

Total number of coins in the deposit: 9. 46. Stratum.

Area I, Trench 61. East Granary. Second floor level and floor packing. Excavated 1959 and 1960. PR IV, 129-31; PR V, 277-78.

176 AE Ebusus

Neapolis

Samnitel Campanian Mint Rhcgium

Aetna

Agrigentum

Agyrium

Alaesa

Catana

CHAPTER III

1 dancing Kabeiros I bull (2nd century B.c.) Cat. 2: inv. 60-613* 1 male head I horseman (ca. 250-200 B.c.) Cat. 15: inv. 60-616 1 Apollo head I man-headed bull (ca. 268-240 B.c.) Cat. 18: inv. 59-1902 1 lion scalp I Apollo head (ca. 350-270 B.c.) Cat. 44c: inv. 59-1741* I heads of Apollo and Artemis I tripod (203-89 B.c.) Cat. 57d: inv. 60-268 1 Helios head I warrior (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 68: inv. 59-1092 2 Persephone head I cornucopia (after ca. 210 B.C.) Cat. 69a: inv. 60-191 Cat. 69b: inv. 60-368 1 Zeus head I thunderbolt (ca. 338-314 B.c.) Cat. 77: inv. 59-1831 1 Zeus head I Iolaos and Nike (after 241 B.c.) Cat. 93: inv. 60-350* 1 female head I Apollo seated on omphalos (ca. 340 B.C.) Cat. 96: inv. 59-1929* I horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98a: inv. 60-715 I Zeus head I eagle (after 241 B.c.) Cat. 100: inv. 60-857 1 Catanaean brother I same (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 2nd Issue Cat. 137: inv. 60-621* 1 heads of Sera pis and Isis I Apollo (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Cat. 139b: inv. 60-725

14 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 3rd Issue Cat. 142a: inv. 60-263, 281 Cat. 142b: inv. 59-1740, 2048; 60-38, 88, 749 Cat. 142c: inv. 59-1903, 2035; 60-76,91,92,280,627,951 Enna I Triptolemos I plow drawn by snakes (after 258 B.c.) Cat. 155: inv. 60-618* I bull I male head Gel a (ca. 420-405 B.c.) Cat. 169bis: inv. 60-267 I Herakles head I bearded head (ca. 339-310 B.c.) Cat. 178: inv. 60-858 1 River god head I warrior slaying ram (2nd-! st century B.c.) Cat. 180: inv. 60-622 Menaenum 1 Apollo head I lyre (after 210 B.c.) Cat. 211: inv. 60-187* Mamertine 1 Ares head I warrior leading horse (ca. 220-216 B.c.) Cat. 225d: inv. 60-376 2 Apollo head I warrior standing 1. (ca. 216-212 B.c.) Cat. 228: inv. 60-93, 272 I Zeus head I warrior charging (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235g: inv. 60-356 I Zeus head I warrior charging (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235h: inv. 60-371 I Apollo head I Victory (ca. 2nd century B.c.) Cat. 238d: inv. 60-950 Morgantina 5 Minerva head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 9 Cat. 249: inv. 59-1091, 2049*; 60-762,781,915 I male head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 60-79

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962

Panormus

Syracuse

Imitation of Syracuse Syracuse

1 male head I apex (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 17 Cat. 257: inv. 60-611 1 Zeus head I warrior (2nd-! st century B.c.) Cat. 271bis: inv. 60-75 2 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 59-1829, 1832; 60-357 2 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 325: inv. 60-779, 783 1 Artemis head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 328: inv. 60-21 1 Persephone head I biga (289-287 B.c.) Cat. 337: inv. 59-2036 1 Apollo head I free horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360d: inv. 60-619 2 portrait of Hieron II diademcd I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 59-2050, 2051 4 Poseidon head I trident Wide F/an Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 59-1900(half), 2034 (half); 60-262(half), 719(half) 9 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 59-1901, 1904, 1906; 60-23, 82, 89, 347(half), 780, 782 I portrait of Hieronymos I thunderbolt (215-214 B.c.) Cat. 371d: inv. 60-90 1 Poseidon head I trident (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 375: inv. 59-2052

Tauromcn1um Punic (Sicily)

(Uncertain)

Rome

177

2 Zeus head I Isis (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 382: inv. 60-711, 716 3 Zeus head I biga (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 384: inv. 60-35, 359, 698 1 Athena head I Nike (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 395: inv. 60-697 1 Apollo head I tripod (ca. 275-210 B.c.) Cat. 410: inv. 60-722 1 horse head I palm (mid-4th to mid-3rd century) Cat. 433: inv. 60-261 2 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436a: inv. 59-1172 Cat. 436d: inv. 60-860 2 Persephone head I horse head (early to mid-3rd century B.c.) Cat. 437e: inv. 59-1830* Cat. 437f: inv. 59-1905 1 Sextans, sem ilibral (217-215 B.c.) Cat. 495: inv. 60-625 1 Quartuncia, semilibral (217 -215 B.c.) Cat. 498: inv. 60-40* 1 Uncia, post-semilibral (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 60-80

AR 1 Sestertius, anonymous (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 508: inv.' 60-843 AE 1 Sextans, reduced sextantal, grain ear and k" (211-208 B.c.) Cat. 520: inv. 60-81* 1 Sextans, reduced sextantal, grain ear (211-210 B.c.) Cat. 524: inv. 60-375 1 As, uncial, P AE (169-158 B.c.) Cat. 547: inv. 60-77

178

CHAPTER III

AR

Rhegium 1 Denarius, Q. Marcius Libo (148 B.c.) Cat. 577: inv. 60-844

Aetna

AE 3 Asses, unattributable reduced sextantal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 60-17, 265, 344 AR

Alaesa 1 Denarius, M. Baebius Tampilus (137 B.c.) Cat. 593: inv. 59-1093 2 Denarii, Appius Claudius and T. Mallius (111-110 B.c.) Cat. 613: inv. 59-1828; 60-784 (plated) 1 Denarius, P. Furius Crassipes (84 B.c.) Cat. 643: inv. 60-114

AE Illegible

3: inv. 59-617,723, 2053

Total number of coins in the deposit: 104. The upper floor level of the granary is associated with a period of change in the building's function, marked also by the installation of four kilns in its northern end. Among the coins from the upper floor level there must be a considerable number that were carried down from the hill above through natural agencies. 47. Stratum. Area I, Trench 17. Macellum. Floor level, accumulation during use of the building. Excavated 1955 and 1956. PR I, 154-55. AE Neapolis

Samnitcl Campanian Mint

3 Apollo head I man-headed bull (ca. 270-240 B.c.) Cat. 14a: inv. 55-2345 Cat. 14b: inv. 55-1935 Cat. 14c: inv. 55-2706* 1 Apollo head I man-headed bull (ca. 268-240 B.c.) Cat. 18: inv. 56-23fl3

Catana

1 Janiform head I Asklepios (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 58d: inv. 56-2388 10 Persephone head I cornucopia (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 69a: inv. 55-832, 2350, 2366 Cat. 69b: inv. 55-2086, 2089 Cat. 69d: inv. 55-1303, 1331, 1882, 2262,2694 2 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98c: inv. 55-2350; 56-249 1 Apollo head I warrior (after 241 B.c.) Cat. 102: inv. 55-1802* 1 river god I owl, pilei (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Cat. 135a: inv. 56-2355 1 Janiform head I Demeter (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Cat. 136: inv. 55-2352 2 Catanaean brother I same (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Jrd Issue Cat. 138a: inv. 55-1306 Cat. 138c: inv. 55-1886 56 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 1st Issue Cat. 140: inv. 55-1328; 56-2230 2nd Issue Cat. 141: inv. 55-1302, 1311, 1321, 1329, 1334, 1956, 2214; 56-2229, 2395 Jrd Issue Cat. 142a: inv. 55-829, 2011, 2216, 2346,2348 Cat. 142b: inv. 55-1147, 1315, 1636, 1883, 2354, 2358, 2676; 56-50, 2394, 2481 Cat. 142c: inv. 55-828, 830, 831, 1107, 1148, 1153, 1309, 1326, 1327, 1335, 1632, 1633, 1637, 1803, 1942, 1952, 1957,2029, 2082,2218,2228,2338,2355, 2400; 56-52,2351,2392,2393 Cat. 143: inv. 55-1320 Cat. 143bis: inv. 56-54

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962 1 Demeter head I plow (after 210 B.c.) Cat. 148b: inv. 55-2215 1 Apollo head I lyre Lilybaeum (after 241 B.c.) Cat. 206: inv. 55-1944 5 Ares head I warrior leading horse Mamertine (ca. 220-216 B.c.) Cat. 225c: inv. 55-1959, 2225 Cat. 225d: inv. 55-1325, 1798; 56-2277 1 Apollo head I warrior standing front (ca. 220-216 B.c.) Cat. 226: inv. 56-2236 6 Apollo head I warrior standing I. (ca. 216-212 B.c.) Cat. 228: inv. 55-1312, 1791, 1943, 2220, 2343 Cat. 228bis: inv. 55-1332 3 Zeus head I warrior charging (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235h: inv. 55-1149, 1313, 1888 1 Apollo head I Nike (ca. 2nd century B.c.) Cat. 238d: inv. 55-2344 1 Apollo head I Nike (ca. 2nd century B.c.) Cat. 239: inv. 55-2368* 1 Zeus head I warrior charging (early 1st century B.c.) Cat. 240: inv. 56-53* Morgantina 18 Minerva head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Hispanorum Issue 9 Cat. 249: inv. 55-1310, 1314, 1635, 1889,1940,2081,2229,2230, 2253,2357; 56-2062,2339,2340, 2341' 2353*, 2390, 2391 2658 1 Minerva head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 56-2389 5 male head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 55-1318*, 1938*, 2351;56-2449, 2482

Centuripae

Syracuse

Imitation of Syracuse

Syracuse

179

2 Jupiter head I Pegasos (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 14 Cat. 254: inv. 55-1784, 1885 I female head I sepia (Ca. 415-405 B.c.) Cat. 300: inv. 55-1951 1 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 56-2052 1 female head I wheel (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 305: inv. 55-2401* 4 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 315: inv. 55-955, 2263, 2342 Cat. 317: inv. 55-1316* 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 55-2341 4 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 55-995, 1333, 2221, 2339 2 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 325: inv. 55-2364 Cat. 326d: inv. 55-833 1 Artemis head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 328: inv. 55-1376 4 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 341: inv. 55-933, 1953, 2360 Cat. 342: inv. 55-2361 4 portrait of Hie ron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 55-834, 1777, 2226; 56-2448 15 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 55-827 (two coins, both half), 1143, 1150(half), 1163(half), 1304, 1308, 1373, 1520(half), 1634, 1937, 2224, 2347(half), 2362; 56-99(half)

180

CHAPTER III 22 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 55-994, 1145, 1146, 1151, 1156, 1323, 1330, 1374, 1589, 1627, 1786,2213, 2219(half), 2367(half), 2705; 56-2048,2050,20 60,2235,2343, 2344, 2345 1 Poseidon head I trident (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 375b: inv. 55-1108 1 Zeus head I quadriga (after 212 B.C-) Cat. 380: inv. 55-2080 6 Zeus head I Tyche (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 381: inv. 55-1781, 1790, 1793, 1794, 1799, 1955 2 Zeus head I Isis (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 382: inv. 55-1796, 1800 4 Zeus head I Tyche or Isis (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 383: inv. 55-1783, 1788, 2084; 56-2233 10 Zeus head I biga (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 384: inv. 55-1307, 1319, 1778, 1785, 1787, 1797, 1801, 1954*, 1958; 56-2234 1 Apollo head I apex (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 390e: inv. 55-2707 1 Athena head I Nike sacrificing bull (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 395: inv. 55-1779* 1 Isis head I uraeus (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 397: inv. 55-1795 1 Persephone head I wreath (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 398b: inv. 55-2217 2 Persephone head I Demeter standing (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 399: inv. 55-1789, 2085

1 Athena head I Pegasos (2nd century BL) Cat. 414b: inv. 55-2356 2 Persephone head I free horse Punic (mid-4th century B.c.) (Carthage) Cat. 431a: inv. 55-835, 1203 3 Persephone head I horse before (Sicily) palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 55-1939,2087,26 77 (Uncertain} 1 Persephone head I horse head (early to mid-3rd century B.c.) Cat. 437k: inv. 55-2088 2 Zeus head I eagle Egypt (271-246 B.c.) Cat. 481a: inv. 55-932; 56-2342 1 head I prow Uncertain Cat. 486: inv. 55-1804* mint 2 Unciae, post-semilibral Rome (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 55-836, 993 1 Quadrans, uncial, grain ear (211-210 B.c.) Cat. 523: inv. 55-2359 1 As, uncial, Balbus (169-158 B.c.) Cat. 549: inv. 55-2227 1 As, uncial, Murena (169-158 B.c.) Cat. 555: inv. 55-1317 5 Asses, unattributable reduced sextantal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 55-1322, 1941, 1792, 2337; 56-2397 AR 1 Denarius, Appius Claudius and T. Mallius (111-110 B.c.) Cat. 614: inv. 55-2231 1 Denarius, C. Norbanus (83 B.c.) Cat. 644: inv. 56-2384 1 Denarius, T. Carisius (46 B.c.) Cat. 685: inv. 56-2385 1 Denarius, L. Papius Celsus (45 B.c.) Cat. 690: inv. 56-2386

Tauromenmm

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962 AE 1 As, M. Eppius (45-44 B.c.) Cat. 691: inv. 56-2482(half) 6 Asses, Sextus Pompey (45 B.C. onwards) Cat. 692: inv. 55-1305(half), 1624, 1780, 1782(half) 1887(half); 56-2483 Illegible

18: inv. 55-1165, 1324, 1588, 1884, 1936, 2012, 2349, 2363, 2365; 56-61,2049, 2061, 2231, 2232, 2352,2354,2387,2396

Syracuse

Tauromen1um

Total number of coins in the deposit: 263.

Rome

THE ROMAN EMPIRE: AUGUSTUS AND TIBERIUS

AR Rome

48. Stratum. Area I, Trenches 188, 18C, 18E, 25, and Zone 14. North Stoa, western rooms. Coins found resting on a pavement with signs of burning. Excavated 1955 and 1961. PR I, 155-56, pl. 56:13; PR VI, 136-37.

1. Room 1, below fallen tile roof: AE Rhegium

1 Artemis head I Apollo seated on omphalos (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 59: inv. 55-1971 Agrigentum 1 Zeus head I eagle (1st century B.c.) Cat. 90: inv. 61-1227 1 Herakles head I club Menaenum (after 210 B.c.) Cat. 213: inv. 55-2007* Morgantina 2 Minerva head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Hispanorum Issue 9 Cat. 249: inv. 55-2006; 61-1200 1 male head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 55-2009 1 Apollo head I wreath Panormus (2nd-1st century B.c.) Cat. 267: inv. 61-1361

181

1 head of Augustus I wreath (after 27 B.c.) Cat. 280: inv. 55-1904 3 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 55-1905, 1915,2008 1 Zeus head I Isis (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 382: inv. 55-1835 1 Apollo head I bull (ca. 275-210 B.c.) Cat. 411: inv. 61-1336 1 As, unattributable reduced scxtantal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 61-1204 1 Denarius, Quintus Cassius (55 B.c.) Cat. 675: inv. 55-1970

Total number of coins in the deposit: 15. 2. Room 2, below fallen tile roof: AE Alae sa

1 head of Augustus I wreath (after 27 B.c.) Cat.106: inv. 55-1969 1 Athena head I horse Camarina (ca. 339 to late 4th century B.c.) Cat. 125: inv. 61-981 1 Jupiter head I Pegasus Morgantina (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Hispanorum Issue 14 Cat. 254: inv. 61-972 1: inv. 61-1054 Illegible

Total number of coins in the deposit: 4.

3. Room 3, below fallen tile roof: AE Rhegium

1 heads of Apollo and Artemis I tripod (ca. 270-203 B.c.) Cat. 55: inv. 61-1006* 1 Janiform female head I Asklepios (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 58d: inv. 61-1009

182 Catana

CHAPTER III I Dionysos head I Catanaean brothers

(3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Cat. 133: inv. 61-1098 2 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Jrd Issue Cat. 142a: inv. 61-1077, 1086 Mamertine 1 Ares head I warrior leading horse (ca. 220-216 B.c.) Cat. 225e: inv. 61-1080 3 Zeus head I warrior charging (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235c: inv. 61-1057 Cat. 235h: inv. 61-1050, 1056 Morgantina 1 Minerva head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 61-1058 Syracuse 3 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 61-1078, 1083, 1146 1 Athena head I Nike facing (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 395: inv. 61-1049 Tauro1 Herakles head I bull men1um (ca. 275-210 B.c.) Cat. 407: inv. 61-1084 Punic 2 Persephone head I horse (Carthage) (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 61-1013, 1017 Rome 1 As, unattributable reduced sextantal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 61-989 Illegible 1: inv. 61-1051 Total number of coins in the deposit: 19.

4. Room 4, below fallen tile roof: AE Mamertine

AR Rome

1 Denarius, P. Crassus (55 B.c.) Cat. 676: inv. 61-1067

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3.

5. Room 5, below fallen tile roof: AE Catana

1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Jrd Issue Cat. 142a: inv. 61-1095 Mamertine I Apollo head I warrior standing (ca. 220-216 B.c.) Cat. 226: inv. 61-962 Morgantina 1 Minerva head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 61-1082 Illegible 1: inv. 61-1081 Total number of coins in the deposit: 4.

6. Room 6, below fallen tile roof: AE Aetna

Punic (Sicily)

Rome

2 Persephone head I cornucopia (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 69b: inv. 61-988, 1055 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 61-974 2 As, unattributable reduced sextantal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 61-1052(hal£), 1061(hal£)

Total number of coins in the deposit: 5. I Apollo head I warrior seated

(ca. 216-212 B.c.) Cat. 229: inv. 61-1070 Morgantina 1 Male head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 61-985

49. Deposit. Area I, Trench 71. House of the Arched Cistern. Deposit of four Roman Imperial AE found together in the drain of the street to the west of the house. Excavated 1961. PR VI, 140, pl. 33:26.

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1955-1962 AE Rome

1 As, Tiberius /legend (A.D. 22-23) Cat. 737: inv. 61-975* 3 Asses, DIVVS AVGVSTVS I altar (A.D. 22-30) Cat. 742: inv. 61-976*, 979, 980

Total number of coins in the deposit: 4. HOARDS DISCOVERED AT MORGANTINA BEFORE THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXCAVATIONS

1 tetradrachm Philip II (359-336 B.c.) or Philip III (323-317 B.c.)

PROBABLy THE CAPTURE OF MORGANTINA (zn B.c.)

B. Hoard.

Syracuse, National Museum. Before 1915. Thomsen, Vol. 1, p. 104. AR Rome

THE FouRTH CENTURY FRoM THE AccESSION

89 Victoriati, anonymous (late 3rd century B.c.) cf. Cat. 505

OF DIONYSIOS I TO THE DEATH OF AGATHOKLES

A. Hoard. Dispersed. Found under the pavement of a house. 1899 (?). IGCH 2160. AR Macedon

"some score" tetradrachms Alexander III (336-323 B.c.: no information whether lifetime or posthumous)

183

C. Hoard. Syracuse, National Museum. 1908. IGCH 2240. Thomsen, Vol. 1, p. 122. AE Rome

Syracuse

Illegible

46 Unciae, post-semilibral (ca. 217-216 B.c.) cf. Cat. 499, 503 1 Apollo head I Dioskouroi (214-212 B.c.) cf. Cat. 373

----------------------------------~~

I" ~~----------------------------------

Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins 1963-1981 THE following chapter is a catalogue of stratigraphically related coins excavated at Morgantina from 1963 through 1981. The deposits listed here include a small number of coins found prior to 1963 in trial trenches sunk into buildings which were excavated in their entirety only after 1963. The numbering of the deposits continues that of the previous chapter, and illustrated specimens are similarly marked with an asterisk (*). As in the previous chapter, the catalogue is arranged chronologically: The Fifth to Mid-Fourth Century No. 50 The Fourth Century to the death of Agathokles (289 B.c.) 51 The Third Century from the death of Agathokles to the Capture of Morgantina (211 B.c.) 52-55 The Capture of Morgantina (211 B.c.) 56-65 From 210 B.C. to the Roman Empire 66-76

THE FIFTH TO MID-FOURTH CENTURY

50. Stratum.

Beneath room 19:

Area I, Gymnasium East, Zones A and B, 1963, 1967. Floor level of fifth-century building below North Stoa. Excavated 1963 and 1967. PR VIII, 139-40;

AE Camarina

PR IX, 64, where the North Stoa is called the Gymnasium (see Deposit 66).

Uncerrain mint

1 Athena head I owl (ca. 420-405 B.c.) Cat. 121: inv. 67-644 1 female head I man-headed bull Cat. 487: inv. 67-645*

Total number of coins in the deposit: 2. Beneath room 18:

Beneath room 20:

AE Camarina

AE Agrigentum

Syracuse

1 gorgoneion I owl

(ca. 420-405 B.c.) Cat. 120: inv. 63-1217 2 female head I sepia (ca. 415-405 B.c.) Cat. 297b: inv. 63-1173, 1179

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3.

1 eagle I crab (before 406 B.c.) Cat. 71: inv. 63-1120 1 eagle I crab (before 406 B.c.) Cat. 72a: inv. 63-1130

Total number of coins in the deposit: 2.

186

CHAPTER IV

THE FOURTH CENTURY TO THE DEATH OF AGATHOKLES

51. Deposit. Area I, Trench 3FA. Central Sanctuary, South Court, from the rubble fill of round altar in courtyard. Excavated 1963. PR VIII, 141-44. AE Syracuse

1 Athena head I star between dolphins (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 303: inv. 63-77

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1. The excavators note that the rubble fill is part of the altar's original construction.

From higher up in the fill of the bothros, in the same context listed in Deposit 8: AE Morgantina 1 Minerva head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 62-1472 1 Persephone head I bull Syracuse (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 62-1522 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 62-1500 Tauro1 Apollo head I tripod menium (ca. 275-210 B.c.) Cat. 409: inv. 62-1473 Punic 1 Persephone head I horse (Carthage) (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431: inv. 62-1498 2: inv. 62-1499, 1501 Illegible

THE THIRD CENTURY FROM THE DEATH OF AGATHOKLES TO THE CAPTURE OF MORGANTINA (211 B.C.)

Total number of coins in the deposit: 7.

52. Stratum. Area II, Trench 10. Pappalardo House, beneath the bedding of the mosaic floor of room 1. Excavated 1966. PR IX, 247-48.

54. Stratum. Area I, Trench 3NA. Central Sanctuary, South Court, east of altars, in stratum containing large numbers of mid-fourthand early third-century B.c. wheel-made lamps. Excavated 1963. PR VIII, 141-44.

AE Camarina

Syracuse

1 Athena head I owl (ca. 420-405 B.c.) Cat. 121: inv. 66-445 1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 66-446 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 66-444

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3.

AE Alaesa

Syracuse

Illegible

1 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.C.) Cat. 98d: inv. 63-299 3 Athena head I hippocamp (405-344 B.c.) Cat. 304: inv. 63-38, 39, 181 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 63-282 1: inv. 63-102

Total number of coins in the deposit: 6. 53. Deposit. Area I, Trench 3M, Test G. Central Sanctuary, South Court, from the interior of the stone bothros. Excavated 1962 and 1963. PR VII, 164-66; PR VIII, 141-44.

55. Stratum. Area I, Trenches 3NA and 3SA. Central Sanctuary, East Exedra, in stratum containing large numbers of unglazed wheel-made

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1963-1981

2 Apollo head I horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360b: inv. 80-342 Cat. 360d: inv. 80-343 7 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 80-291, 298(half), 344, 390, 392, 410; 81-50(half) 12 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 80-290(half), 292(half), 293, 302, 388, 393, 405, 407, 408; 81-51, 84, 90 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 369: inv. 80-361 1 Poseidon head I trident (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 375b: inv. 80-341

lamps and miniature dishes. Excavated 1963. PR VIII, 141-44. AE Alae sa

Syracuse

Imitation of Syracuse Illegible

1 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.c.) Cat. 98d: inv. 63-370 1 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 315m: inv. 63-445 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310-late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 63-443 1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 63-463 1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 326: inv. 63-547 2: inv. 63-444, 584

Probably intrusive: Catana

1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Jrd Issue Cat. 142b: inv. 63-369

Total number of coins in the deposit: 8.

THE CAPTURE OF MORGANTINA (211 B.C.)

AR Punic (Akragas?) AE Rome

56. Stratum.

Area I, Trenches 86C-90AIB. South Shops, below fallen tile roofs. Excavated 1980 and 1981. PR XII, 324-26. AE Rhegium

Syracuse

Illegible 1 Artemis head I lyre (ca. 270-203 B.c.) Cat. 53: inv. 80-359 1 Artemis head I lion (ca. 270-203 B.c.) Cat. 54: inv. 80-395 1 head three-quarters L I forepart of Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 319: inv. 80-340 1 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.C.) Cat. 341: inv. 80-389

187

1 male head I horse (213-210 B.c.) Cat. 445: inv. 80-409 3 Unciae, post-semilibral (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 80-360, 394, 406(half) 2: inv. 80-391; 81-67

Total number of coins in the deposit: 33. 57. Hoard. Area I, Trench 90A. South Shops, room 3. Hoard of thirty Poseidon head I trident issues found below fallen tile roof. Excavated 1980. PR XII, 324-26. AE Syracuse

30 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 80-354, 355, 356,

188

CHAPTER IV 357,358,362,363,364, 365,366, 367,368,369,370,371, 372,373, 374,375,376,377,378, 379,380, 381,382,383,384,385, 386

Total number of coins in the deposit: 30. 58. Deposit. Area I, Trench 70XYZ. House of the Antefixes, cistern fill. Excavated 1967. PR X, 361-63; MS I, 243 (Context IS). AE Syracuse

Rome

1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324mm: inv. 67-74 2 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 67-77(half), 80 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 67-75 1 Uncia, post-semilibral (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 67-78

Total number of coins in the deposit: 5. 59. Hoard. Area I, Trench 6983. House of the Gold Hoard, room 6. Hoard of fortyfour AV coins found in coarseware jug (inv. 66273). Excavated 1966. PR IX, 248-250; Buttrey, 1-17. AV Syracuse

5 two-third staters, Athena head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 327: inv. 66-966*, 967*, 968, 969*, 970* 21 Hemistaters, Persephone head I Nike in biga (ca. 287-278 B.c.) Cat. 340: inv. 66-971*, 972*, 973, 974, 975*, 976, 977*, 978, 979*,

980,981, 982*, 983*,984, 985, 986,987,988,989,990, 991 2 Staters, Athena head I Nike (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 345: inv. 66-992*, 993* 1 Hemistater, Artemis head I Nike (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 346: inv. 66-994* Pella 3 Staters, Apollo head I biga (359-336 B.c.) Cat. 458: inv. 66-951*, 952*, 953* Amphipolis 8 Staters, Athena head I Nike (336-323 B.c.) Cat. 459: inv. 66-956, 957*, 958, 959*, 960, 961*, 962*, 963* Uncertain 1 Stater, Athena head I Nike mint (336-323 B.c.) Cat. 460: inv. 66-964* Uncertain 1 Stater, Athena head I Nike Eastern mint (336-323 B.c.) Cat. 461: inv. 66-965* Lampsacus 1 Stater, Athena head I Nike (323-316 B.c.) Cat. 479: inv. 66-955* Abydos 1 Stater, Athena head I Nike (323-316 B.c.) Cat. 480: inv. 66-954* Total number of coins in the deposit: 44. In the stratum immediately above was found a small jug (inv. 66-216) containing the following com: AE Mamertine

1 Zeus head I warrior (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235h: inv. 66-207

60. Stratum. Area II, Trenches 4Z and 5. House of the Official, rooms below fallen tile roofs. Excavated 1958 and 1963. PR III, 170, where the house is unnamed; PR VIII, 144. AE Paestum

1 Poseidon head I Eros on dolphin (ca. 280-240 B.c.) Cat. 25: inv. 63-379*

STRATIGRAPHICAL LY RELATED COINS: 1963-1981 Rhegium

Catana

Syracuse

Taurome mum Punic (Carthage) (Sicily)

(Eryx?)

Rome

1 lion scalp I Apollo head (ca. 350-270 B.c.) Cat. 44f: inv. 58-1274 1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 2nd Issue Cat. 141: inv. 58-1255 1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 3rd Issue Cat. 142c: inv. 58-1258 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310-late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 58-1282 1 Persephone head I Pegasos (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 359: inv. 63-380 1 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366k: inv. 58-1288 1 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 58-1286(half) 3 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 58-1260, 1267; 63-447 1 Apollo head I tripod (ca. 275-210 B.c.) Cat. 409: inv. 58-1273 1 Persephone head I horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 58-1263 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 58-1275 1 Persephone head I horse (4th century B.c.) Cat. 449: inv. 58-1262* 1 uncia, post-semilibral (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 58-1281

Total number of coins in the deposit: 16.

189

61. Deposit.

Area V, Trench 34. Bottom stratum of cistern to the east of building complex. Excavated 1970. PR XI, 362-66. AE Syracuse

Punic (Sicily)

Egypt

1 portrait of Hie ron II diademed I Nike in biga (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 365: inv. 70-394* 25 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 70-370, 371, 372, 373, 374,375,376,377,378, 379,380, 381,382,383,384,385, 386,387, 388,389,390,391,392, 393,418 1 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 70-490 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 70-491 2 Zeus head I eagle (271-246 B.c.) Cat. 482a: inv. 70-395, 396

Total number of coins in the deposit: 30. In the same stratum was found a pair of gold earrings (inv. 70-592). Two coins were found in the cistern in the stratum above the deposit: Syracuse

1 Herakles head I lion (late 290's to 289 B.c.) Cat. 333e: inv. 70-293 1 portrait of Hie ron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366y: inv. 70-349

62. Stratum.

Area VI, Trenches 11, 11/2, and 15. Sanctuary of Aphrodite, from several rooms below fallen tile roofs. Excavated 1970 and 1971. PR XI, 370-82, where the building is identified as a bath.

190 AE Syracuse

CHAPTER IV 20(hal£), 23(hal£), 24(hal£), 25(hal£), 91(hal£), 92(hal£), 94, 97, 106, 107, 109(hal£), 110, 125, 156(hal£), 157(hal£), 158(half), 198, 199, 202, 238(hal£) 6 Poseidon head I trident

1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324d: inv. 70-584 2 Poseidon head I trident

Wide Plan Series

Small Plan Series

(before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 71-111, 275(hal£) 3 Poseidon head I trident

Small Plan Series

Punic (Carthage)

Rome

(240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 70-581, 605, 610 2 Persephone head I horse (mid-4th century B.c.) Cat. 431a: inv. 70-609 Cat. 431c: inv. 71-123 1 Uncia, post-semilibral (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 70-607

Total number of coins in the deposit: 9.

63. Deposit. Area VI, Trench 11. Sanctuary of Aphrodite, cistern fill, room 3. Excavated 1971. PR XI, 370-82. AE Imitation of Syracuse Syracuse

Syracuse

1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 325k: inv. 71-114 1 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 342: inv. 71-129 1 Herakles head I Athena (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 348: inv. 71-127 6 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 71-117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122 24 Poseidon head I trident

Lipara

Egypt

(240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 71-15(hal£), 21 (half), 22(hal£), 95, 108, 201 I Ares head I trident (ca. 288 B.c.) Cat. 457: inv. 71-93 1 Zeus head I eagle {271-246 B.c.) Cat. 482a: inv. 71-126

Total number of coins in the deposit: 41. 64. Stratum. Area VI, Trench 15. Sanctuary of Aphrodite. Coin found imbedded in the floor of room 2. Excavated 1971. PR XI, 375. AE Punic {Morgantina?)

1 Demeter head I horse {212-211 B.c.) Cat. 446: inv. 71-515

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1.

65. Stratum. Area VI, Trenches 12 and 14. West Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone, from rooms below fallen tile roofs. Excavated 1971. PR XI, 370-82; MS I, 256. AE Metapontum

Rhegium

Wide Plan Series

Terina

(before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 71-16(half), 17(hal£), 18(three-quarter), 19(hal£),

Syracuse

1 Demeter head I barleycorn (4th to 3rd century B.c.) Cat. 22: inv. 71-55 I lion scalp I Apollo head {ca. 350-270 B.c.) Cat. 44c: inv. 71-381* 1 female head I crab {4th-3rd century B.c.) Cat. 65: inv. 71-451 * I Persephone head I Pegasos {336 B.C. and shortly thereafter) Cat. 310: inv. 71-282

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1963-1981

Imitation of Syracuse Syracuse

1 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 315m: inv. 71-446 1 head three-quarters l. I forepart of Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 319: inv. 71-467 4 Persephone head I bull (before 310-late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 71-385, 447*, 448, 454 4 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 71-46, 47, 48, 493(half) 1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 325e: inv. 71-383 1 Artemis bust I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 328: inv. 71-40 1 Herakles head I lion (late 290's to 289 B.c.) Cat. 333e: inv. 71-45 5 Zeus head I eagle (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 341: inv. 71-456, 462, 464, 468, 494(half) 2 Herakles head I Athena (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 348: inv. 71-52, 465 1 Persephone head I Demeter enthroned (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 354: inv. 71-49 2 Apollo head I horse (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 360d: inv. 71-315, 316 2 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366: inv. 71-56, 444 3 Poseidon head I trident Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 367: inv. 71-42, 386(half), 389(half)

191

16 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coins cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 71-50(half), 51, 54, 186, 191, 192(half), 281, 286(half), 288, 311, 378, 379, 388(half), 452(half), 453(half), 463 1 portrait of Hieronymos diademed I thunderbolt (215-214 B.c.) Cat. 371d: inv. 71-358 Punic 3 Persephone head I horse before (Sicily) palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 71-382, 445, 466 (Uncertain) 1 Persephone head I horse head (early to mid-3rd century B.c.) Cat. 437k: inv. 71-450 1 Demeter head I horse (Morgantina?) (212-211 B.c.) Cat. 446: inv. 71-53 3 Zeus head I eagle Egypt (271-246 B.c.) Cat. 482a: inv. 71-43, 44 Cat. 482g: inv. 71-41 Rome 1 Sextans, post-semilibral (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 502: inv. 71-480 2 Unciae, post-semilibral (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 503: inv. 71-457, 495 1: inv. 71-387 Illegible

Probably intrusive:

AR Leontini

1 Litra, Apollo head I wheat ear (ca. 500-466 B.c.) Cat. 192: inv. 71-455

Total number of coins in the deposit: 62.

FROM 210 B.C. TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE 66. Stratum. Area I, Gymnasium East, Zones A and B, 1963, 1967. North Stoa, eastern rooms. Excavated 1963 and 1967. PR VIII, 138-40; PR IX, 364, where the

192

CHAPTER IV

building is called the Gymnasium. For the western rooms of the North Stoa, see Deposit 48. 1. Room 8, below fallen tile roof:

Syracuse

AE Aetna

1 Helios head I warrior (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 68a: inv. 67-576 Catana 1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 3rd Issue Cat. 142c: inv. 67-571 Morgantina 1 Athena head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 67-579 1 male head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 63-782 1 Jupiter head I Pegasus (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 14 Cat. 254: inv. 63-785 Illegible 1: inv. 67-572

Total number of coins in the deposit: 29. 3. Room 11, below fallen tile roof: AE Catana

Mamertine

Syracuse

Total number of coins in the deposit: 6. 2. Room' 9, below fallen tile roof: AE Aetna

1 Helios head I warrior (after 210 B.c.) Cat. 68b: inv. 63-683 Centuripe 1 Demeter head I plow (after 210 B.c.) Cat. 148d: inv. 63-676 Mamertine 1 Apollo head I warrior (ca. 220-216 B.c.) Cat. 226: inv. 63-667 1 Apollo head I Nike (ca. 2nd century B.c.) Cat. 238d: inv. 63-640 Morgan tina 23 Jupiter head I Pegasus Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 14 Cat. 254: inv. 63-641, 642, 644, 646, 648,649,650,651,668,670,671,

675, 677, 678, 679(A), 679(B), 680,681,696,697,698,699,700 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 63-672 1 Persephone head I wreath (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 398b: inv. 63-682

Tauromenium Punic (Sicily)

Rome

1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 2nd Issue Cat. 141: inv. 63-669 1 Zeus head I warrior (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235h: inv. 63-637 2 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 63-634, 702(half) 1 Apollo head I bull (ca. 275-210 B.c.) Cat. 411: inv. 63-703 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 63-684 2 Asses, unattributable reduced sextantal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 63-633, 635(half)

Total number of coins in the deposit: 8. 3a. Room 11, from the floor packing: AE Mamertine

1 Apollo head I warrior (ca. 216-212 B.c.) Cat. 228: inv. 63-647

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1963-1981 Syracuse

2 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 63-673, 674(half)

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3.

4. Room 12, below fallen tile roof: AE Catana

1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 3rd Issue Cat. 142c: inv. 63-772 Morgantina 2 male head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 63-781, 796 Syracuse 1 Persephone head I biga (289-287 B.c.) Cat. 337: inv. 63-783 Tauro1 Apollo head I bull mentum (ca. 275-210 B.c.) Cat. 412: inv. 63-784

Total number of coins in the deposit: 5.

5. Room 13. Only the northern half of this room was roofed during the post-211 phase. The southern half was unroofed and contained the potter's kiln. On the floor of the kiln two coins were found: AE Menaenum

Punic (Sicily)

1 Demeter head I crossed torches (after 210 B.c.) Cat. 212c: inv. 63-897 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 63-896

Total number of coins in the deposit: 2. 6. Room 15. Below destruction level of stucco, tiles and stone:

AE Catana

193

1 Janiform head I Demeter (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Cat. 136: inv. 63-947 1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 3rd Issue Cat. 142c: inv. 63-950 Mamertine 1 Zeus head I warrior (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235h: inv. 63-953 Morgantina 1 Minerva head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 63-788 2 male head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 63-895, 917 Syracuse 2 Persephone head I bull (316-304 B.c.) Cat. 321c: inv. 63-942 Cat. 321f: inv. 63-952 1 Persephone head I bull (before 310-late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 63-944 2 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 63-787, 898 1 Artemis head I thunderbolt (304 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 328: inv. 63-920 2 portrait of Hieron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.C.) Cat. 366: inv. 63-900, 940 13 Poseidon head I trident Small Plan Series (240 or before to 215 B.C.) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic War) Cat. 368: inv. 63-786, 901, 903, 916, 919,921,937,939, 943, 945, 946, 949, lOll(half) 1 Zeus head I Isis (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 382: inv. 63-938

194 Punic (Sicily)

RomE'

CHAPTER IV 1 Persephone head I horse before palm (ca. 310-270 B.c.) Cat. 436d: inv. 63-941 1 Quadrans (211-210 B.C.) Cat. 523: inv. 63-948 1 As, unattributablc semuncial (from ca. 91 B.c.) Cat. 626: inv. 63-1012 3 As, Sextus Pompeius (45 B.C. onwards) Cat. 692: inv. 63-899(half), 918, 951

Rome

Total number of coins in the deposit: 8. 8. Room 19. Below destruction level of tile, stone and ash: AE Aetna

Alaesa

Total number of coins in the deposit: 34. Syracuse

6a. Room 15, from the floor packing: AE Syracuse

1 Persephone head I bull (shortly after 310 to late 290's B.c.) Cat. 324: inv. 63-1018

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1. N.B. This coin is mistakenly labeled 63-784 in PR VIII, 139. 7. Room 16. No traces of fallen tile roof. However, beneath a layer of fallen plaster: AE Ebusus

1 Kabeiros I Kabeiros (2nd century B.c.) Cat. 3: inv. 63-1178 Mamertine 1 Zeus head I warrior (212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235h: inv. 63-1014 Morgantina 2 Minerva head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 63-1020, 1022 Syracuse 1 Apollo head I Pegasos (ca. 330-316 B.c.) Cat. 315k: inv. 63-1131 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 63-1019

2 As, Sextus Pompeius (45 B.C. onwards) Cat. 692: inv. 63-1013, 1023(half)

1 Persephone head I cornucopia (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 69a: inv. 67-611 1 horse I griffin (ca. 340 B.C.) Cat. 98c: inv. 63-1072 4 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 63-1071, 1077, 1078, 1084 1 Apollo head I tripod (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 387d: inv. 63-1107

Total number of coins in the deposit: 7. 67. Stratum. Area I, Zone 16. Five rooms built onto the east end of the North Stoa after 211 B.c. On the floor of rooms 4 and 5, amid traces of burning. Excavated 1955. PR I, 154. Room 4: AE Rhegium

Aetna

Catana

Mamertine

1 Janiform head I Asklepios (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 58d: inv. 55-1117 1 Persephone head I cornucopia (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 69b: inv. 55-1112 1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) 2nd Issue Cat. 141: inv. 55-1113 1 Ares head I warrior leading horse (ca. 220-216 B.c.) Cat. 225e: inv. 55-1118(half)

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1963-1981 1 Apollo head I warrior standing I. (ca. 216-212 B.c.) Cat. 228: inv. 55-1120 1 Apollo head I warrior seated I. (ca. 216-212 B.c.) Cat. 229: inv. 55-1109 Morgantina 2 Minerva head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Hispanorum Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 55-1110*, 1121 1 Apollo head I apex Syracuse (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 391a: inv. 55-1122 1 Apollo head I bull Tauro(ca. 275-210 B.c.) memum Cat. 411: inv. 55-1119 1 horse head I palm Punic (mid-4th century B.c.) (Sicily) Cat. 433: inv. 55-1111 unattributable reduced sextanAsses, 2 Rome tal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 55-1114, 1116 Total number of coins in the deposit: 13. Room 5: AE Rhegium

Aetna

Agyrium

Alae sa

Aluntium

Catana

2 Janiform head I Asklepios (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 58d: inv. 55-1244, 1411 3 Persephone head I cornucopia (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 69: inv. 55-1417, 1814, 1819 1 Herakles head I Iolaus (after 241 B.c.) Cat. 94: inv. 55-1818* 1 Zeus head I eagle (after 241 B.c.) Cat. 100a: inv. 55-1495 1 male head I man-headed bull (after 241 B.c.) Cat. 109: inv. 55-1691 1 Sara pis head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Cat. 134: inv. 55-1811 9 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.)

195

2nd Issue Cat. 141: inv. 55-1347, 1354, 1356, 1413, 1415, 1418, 1683, 1816, 1817 3 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Jrd Issue Cat. 142: inv. 55-1498, 1690, 1820 4 Zeus head I warrior charging Mamertine (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235: inv. 55-1496, 1497, 1682, 1821 Morgantina 2 Minerva head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Hispanorum Issue 9 Cat. 249: inv. 55-1245, 1500* 1 Minerva head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.C.) Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 55-1813 1 male head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 55-1345 1 Zeus head I eagle Syracuse (287-278 B.c.) Cat. 341: inv. 55-1201 3 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 55-1355, 1380, 1416 1 Zeus head I eagle (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 376b: inv. 55-1822 1 Poseidon head I trident (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 377d: inv. 55-1499* I Zeus head I Isis (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 382: inv. 55-1815 I Apollo head I bull Tauro(2nd century B.c.) memum Cat. 421: inv. 55-1414 AR 1 Denarius, M. Marcius Mn. f. Rome (134 B.c.) Cat. 597: inv. 55-1504

CHAPTER IV

196 1 Denarius, M. Opeimius (131 B.c.) Cat. 601: inv. 55-1692 AE

Illegible

2 As, Sextus Pompeius (45 B.C. onwards) Cat. 692: inv. 55-1351 (half), 1412(half) 2: inv. 55-1809, 1812

Total number of coins in the deposit: 43.

70. Stratum. Area I, Trench JTA. Central Sanctuary, West Exedra, below fallen tile roof. Excavated 1963. PR VIII, 141-44. AE Aetna

1 Persephone head I cornucopia (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 69a: inv. 63-1039

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1.

A pithos in room 5 contained the following com:

Area I, Trench JPA.

AE Rome

Central Sanctuary, beneath fallen cornice block of round altar in courtyard. Excavated 1963. PR VIII,

1 As, Sex"tus Pompeius (45 B.C. onwards) Cat. 692: inv. 55-1501

68. Deposit. Area I, Trench 3M, Test G. Central Sanctuary, South Court, from the perimeter wall of the bothros. Excavated 1963. PR VIII, 141-44. See also Deposits 4 and 8. AE Calacte

1 Dionysos I grape cluster (after 210 B.c.) Cat. 114: inv. 63-628

71. Stratum.

141-44. AE Morgantina 1 Minerva head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Hispanorum Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 63-593 1 Apollo head I apex Syracuse (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 390: inv. 63-629 1: inv. 63-592 Illegible Total number of coins in the deposit: 3.

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1.

72. Stratum. Area I, Trenches 37B, C, and D.

69. Deposit. Area I, Trench 53A.

Bouleuterion, below fallen tile roofs. Excavated 1962 and 1963. PR VII, 166 (where it is referred to as the Northwest Building); PR VIII, 140-41.

Central Sanctuary, interior of western half of rubble base, in the naiskos at the southwest corner of the south courtyard. Excavated 1963. PR VIII, 143. AE Syracuse

Rome

1 portrait of Hie ron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366y: inv. 63-1236 1 As, unattributable reduced sextantal and uncial (from 211 B.c.) Cat. 587: inv. 63-1219

Total number of coins in the deposit: 2.

AE Rhegium

Aetna

Mamertine

1 lion scalp I Apollo head (ca. 350-270 B.c.) Cat. 44f: inv. 62-1310 1 Jani form head I Asklepios (ca. 203-89 B.c.) Cat. 58d: inv. 62-1330 1 Persephone head I cornucopia (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 69: inv. 62-1223 3 Zeus head I warrior (ca. 212-200 B.c.) Cat. 235: inv. 62-1138, 1311, 1341

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1963-1981 Morgan tina 3 Minerva head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 9 Cat. 249: inv. 62-1281; 63-406, 465 2 Minerva head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 62-1338; 63-381 4 male head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 62-1209, 1210, 1312; 63-466 2 Jupiter head I Pegasus (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 14 Cat. 254: inv. 62-1318, 1331 Syracuse 2 Persephone head I bull (before 310-late 290's B.c.) Cat. 323: inv. 62-1314; 63-467 1 Herakles head I Athena (278-276 B.c.) Cat. 347c: inv. 63-538 1 portrait of Hie ron II laureate I cavalryman (276-269 B.c.) Cat. 363k: inv. 62-1320 1 Poseidon head I trident Wide Plan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 62-1129 8 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 62-1137, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1211; 63-123, 124 1 Zeus head I Isis (after 212 B.c.) Cat. 382: inv. 62-1136 Punic 1 horse head I palm (mid-4th century B.c.) (Sicily) Cat. 433: inv. 62-1321 (Uncertain) 1 Persephone head I horse head (early to mid-3rd century B.c.) Cat. 437: inv. 62-1367

AR Rome

197

1 Denarius, P. Satrienus (77 B.c.) Cat. 661: inv. 62-1344 1 Denarius, Paullus Lepidus (62 B.c.) Cat. 669: inv. 62-1345 1 Denarius, L. Marcus Phillipus (56 B.c.) Cat. 674: inv. 62-1295

AE

Illegible

1 As, Octavian (38 B.c.?) Cat. 699: inv. 63-438 1 As, Quinctilian us (ca. 6 B.c.) Cat. 730: inv. 63-440 8: inv. 62-1280, 1313, 1316, 1317, 1332, 1334, 1339, 1342

Total number of coins in the deposit: 46.

73. Deposit. Area I, Trenches 37C and D. Thermopolium adjacent to the Bouleuterion, below fallen tile roof. Excavated 1963. PR VII, 141. AE Morgan tina 1 male head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: in v. 63-31 Syracuse 1 portrait of Hie ron II diademed I cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366y: inv. 63-47 2 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 63-213, 214 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 369: inv. 63-20 Rome 1 As, Sextus Pompeius etc. (45-44 B.c.) Cat. 691: inv. 63-18

CHAPTER IV

198 I As, Sextus Pompeius (45 B.c. onwards) Cat. 692: inv. 63-21 1 As, M. Salvius Otho (ca. 7 B.c.) Cat. 727: inv. 63-17 I Unidentifiable moneyer's as (from ca. 19 B.c.) Cat. 731bis: inv. 63-74

Total number of coins in the deposit: 9. In the east wall of the thermopolium the following coins were found: AE 1 Minerva head I horseman Morgantina (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Hispanorum Issue 9 Cat. 249: inv. 63-1275 1 portrait of Hieron II diademed I Syracuse cavalryman (269-215 B.c.) Cat. 366y: inv. 63-1276 1 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 63-1277

Total number of coins in the deposit: 3. In the south wall of the thermopolium the following coins were found: AE Syracuse

Rome

AE Aetna

2 Persephone head I cornucopia (after ca. 210 B.c.) Cat. 69: inv. 66-320, 321 Agrigentum 1 Zeus head I thunderbolt (338-314 B.c.) Cat. 77: inv. 66-311 1 Catanaean brother I same Catana (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Jrd Issue Cat. 138c: inv. 66-347 1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.) Jrd Issue Cat. 142c: inv. 66-319 Morgantina 3 Minerva head I horseman (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Hispanorum Issue 12 Cat. 252: inv. 66-322, 331, 345 2 Poseidon head I trident Syracuse Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.C. or after) (half coin cut during 2nd Punic

War) Cat. 367: inv. 66-371(half), 372

1 Apollo head I Dioskouroi (214-212 B.c.) Cat. 373: inv. 63-1305 I As, OPEl (169-158 B.c.) Cat. 557: inv. 63-1306

Total number of coins in the deposit: 2. In the wall common to the Bouleuterion and the thermopolium, the following coins were found (IGCH 2228): AE Syracuse

74. Deposit. Area I, Trench 6982. House of the Double Cistern, room 1. Bottom stratum of cistern. Excavated 1966. PR IX, 248-49, where the house is unnamed.

7 Poseidon head I trident Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 63-1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243

Total number of coins in the deposit: 7.

AR Rome

AE Illegible

1 Denarius, L. Iulius Caesar (103 B.c.) Cat. 622: inv. 66-326 1: inv. 66-348

Total number of coins in the deposit: 12. From higher up in the cistern came the followmg coins: AE Syracuse

Antioch

I Poseidon head I trident

Wide Flan Series (before 269 to 240 B.c. or after) Cat. 367: inv. 66-308 I As, Augustus (ca. 23 B.c.) Cat. 735: inv. 66-296

STRATIGRAPHICALLY RELATED COINS: 1963-1981 75. Deposit. Area I, Trench 6982, Test E.

Rome

House of the Double Cistern, room 2. From the cistern fill. Excavated 1966. PRIX, 248-49, where

Room 2:

the house is unnamed.

AR Rome

AE Panormus

1 Zeus head I tetrastyle temple (late 1st century B.c.) Cat. 273: inv. 66-267

Total number of coins in the deposit: 1. 76. Stratum.

Area I, Trench 6982, Test E. House of the Double Cistern, rooms 1 and 2. From the floor packing. Excavated 1966. PRIX, 248-49, where the house is unnamed. Room 1: AE Catana

1 Apollo head I Isis (3rd and 2nd centuries B.c.)

3rd Issue Syracuse

Cat. 142c: inv. 66-268 1 Apollo head I horse (276-269 B.C.) Cat. 360d: inv. 66-294

199

1 Dupondius, Crispinus (ca. 18 B.c.) Cat. 712: inv. 66-220

1 Denarius, M. Antonius (42 B.c.) Cat. 695: inv. 66-204

Total number of coins in the deposit: 4. The following coins were found in the stratum immediately below the floor packing of room 2 but above the cistern: AE Camarina

1 gorgoneion I owl

(ca. 420-405 B.c.) Cat. 118: inv. 66-205 Morgantina 1 male head I horseman Hispanorum (mid-2nd-early 1st century B.c.) Issue 13 Cat. 253: inv. 66-244 I Poseidon head I trident Syracuse Small Flan Series (240 or before to 215 B.c.) Cat. 368: inv. 66-243 Illegible 1: inv. 66-206 Total number of coins in the deposit: 4.

APPENDIX I* Morgan tina AMONG its many issues which range in date from the fifth century B.c. to the end of the Republic, the bronze coinage of Sicily includes one particularly puzzling series which has not always received the attention it deserves. 1 The coins in question are characterized by a Latin legend on their reverse reading "Hispanorum," and the two more usual types encountered combine a helmeted female head (probably an Athena) or an unidentified male head on the obverse, with a galloping horseman on the reverse (Types 1 and 2, Issues 9, 12, and 13]. 2 These coins have been generally attributed to Sextus Pompey's rule over Sicily which lasted from 43 B.C. till Pompey's defeat at Naulochus in 36 B.C. 3 The interpretation of the curious reverse legend assumed the presence of Spanish troops in Pompey's armies, an assumption based on the known loyalty of Spain toward the sons of Pompey the Great. There was, however, never any reason to doubt the Sicilian origin of the coins, in spite of their legend, since, to the best of our knowledge, none was ever actually found on Spanish soil or anywhere else outside of Sicily. 4 *Reprint with emendations of K. T. Erim, "Morgantina," A)A 62 ( 1958) 79-90. References to Issue numbers of the Hispanorum coins as set out in Chapter I have been inserted in brackets ( r l ). 1 The only work dealing exclusively with the bronze currency of Sicily is E. Gabrici 's La monetazione del bronzo nella Sicilia antica (Palermo, 1927). Margit Sarstrom examined in her Study if the Coinage of the Mamertines (Lund, 1940) a special fidd of Sicilian bronze coinage. G. F. Hill, Coins of Ancietzt Sicily (London, 1903) deals briefly with bronze coinage, including that of the Roman period. M. Bahrfeldt started in 1905 a closer investigation of Romano-Sicilian bronzes: "Die rlimische.sicilischen Mi.inzen aus der Zeit der Republik," RSN 12 (1905) 331-445, and "Eine Nachlese," in Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau 24 (1927). His study is limited, however, to certain bronze issues of the first century B.C. which can be traced to Roman patronage because of their inscriptions, types, or weights. Otherwise, remarks on bronze coinage, particularly of the Roman period, are only made either en passant or as part of an over-all account of coinage of Sicily; see, for instance, A. Holm, "Geschichte des sicilischen Mi.inzwesens," in VoL III of his Geschichte Siciliens im Alterthum (Leipzig, 1870-1902) 543-741. 2 The coins have been known since at least the seventeenth century, and they appear in several catalogues. See F. Paruta, La Sicilia descritta con medaglie e ristampata con aggiunta da Leonardo Agostini (Lyons, 1697) 73-7 4; J. Eckhel, Doctrina numorum veterum, Pars I, VoL I (Leipzig, 1792) 11; D. Sestini, Descrizione delle medaglie ispane nel Museo Hedervariano (Florence, 1818) 1-2; T. E. Mionnet, Description des medailles antiques grecques et romaines (Paris, 1819) Supplement I, p. 1; A. Heiss, "Note snr les monnaies de bronze avec Ia legende Hispano-

rum," Annuaire de Ia Societe fran(aise de numismatique et d 'archeologie 3 ( 1868) 278-281; A. Heiss, Description generale des monnaies antiques de l'Espagne (Paris, 1870) 441; Hill, 226; Holm III, 463; G. Frochner, "Un nouveau legat de Sicile," RN Ser. 4, v. 12 (1908) 15-17; H. Willers, Geschichte derriimischen Kupferpriigung (Leipzig/Berlin, 1909) 98; H. A. Grueber, Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum, Vol. II (London, 1910) 509, n. I and 562, n. I; G. Heuten, "Les divinites capitolines en Espagne," RBPhi/14 (1935) 713;J. Amoros, "Siracusa y las monedas del Levante Espai'iol," Rassegna Monetaria 33 (1936) 448; E. Scramuzza, "Sicily," in Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, VoL III (Baltimore, 1937); M. Grant, From Imperium to Auctoritas (Cambridge, 1946) 29-31; E. A. Sydenham, The Roman Repub~ lican Coinage (London, 1952) 214; most of these items are passing references or mere references to the coins without comments. 3 Sextus Pompey made himself master of Sicily in the winter of 43 B.C. with the help of a large fleet. During seven years, he held sway over the island, keeping corn supplies from being shipped to Rome, and making incursions upon the coast of Italy. He was defeated by Agrippa at Naulochus, in the autumn of 36 B.c.; see M. Hadas, Sextus Pompey (New York, 1930). 4 Most of the coins were found in Sicily, as their presence in Sicilian collections and museums indicates. As to the coins in collections outside Sicily and Italy, their provenance or the place where they may have been purchased is not recorded. Two specimens exist in Spain (see footnote 13) but this docs not indicate in any way their discovery in Spain if one considers the possibility that the coins might well have been purchased in Sicily, in view of the close political ties between Spain and Sicily during the Renaissance and in later times.

202

APPENDIX I

In the course of the nineteenth century, and even before, coins of this type appeared in several catalogues or numismatic textbooks as mere curiosities, and they received rather strange interpretations.5 Alois Heiss seems to have been the first to tie the coins to Sextus Pompey and to connect their "Hispanorum" legend with the Iberian elements in Pompey's armies. 6 In 1908, Gustave Froehner dealt briefly with the issue in a short article, and suggested a reading for the inscription which appeared alongside the male head of one of the two main types. 7 He believed that the letters read LIVNI.LEG.SIC, and he concluded that they identified the head as that of a legate of Sextus Pompey, 8 who was in charge of minting coins for Pompeian troops. Before Froehner, Holm and Hill, along with Grueber, accepted the connection of the coins with Sextus Pompey. 9 The most recent treatment of the coins occurs in Michael Grant's From Imperium to Auctoritas (Cambridge, 1946). Grant dealt in two paragraphs 10 with the Hispanorum issues, separating the two main types into two mints, and ascribing the Athena/Horseman to Syracuse, the Male head (also accepted as L. Iunius, legate of Sextus Pompey)/Horseman to Panormus. Only H. Willers disagreed in 1909 with Heiss' theory of the connection of the coins with Pompey. 11 He expressed the opinion, on purely stylistic grounds, that the coins must have been struck around 100 B.C. The Athena or Male head/Horseman are not the only two coin types known bearing the legend Hispanorum; several other smaller and less common types occur, and are represented in various European and American collections. 12 Generally speaking the Hispanorum coins, including the two main types, are far from numerous; about 122 specimens only are known from various numismatic collectionsP The provenance of most of these coins is unknown, but it is very likely that they were found in Sicily. 14 The presence of two specimens in Spanish collections, 15 on the other hand, is probably the result of some Spanish collector's curiosity in coins with the legend Hispanorum. The largest single group of these coins was found in the course of the first two campaigns of the excavations sponsored by Princeton University on the Sicilian site known as Serra Orlando, near Aidone. In all, 198 coins of this type were discovered, and the majority of them was found in such a context 5 F. Paruta, (op. cit. note 2) 73-74 thought that the coins went back to the conquest of Sicily by the Sicani who came from Spain in prehistoric times, and that the male head on one of the· types represented King Sicanus Or Cocalus. Sestini (op. cit. note 2) claimed to have read OANORMUS SIC retrograde on the obverse of one specimen of Type 2 [Issue 13] (Male head/Horseman)! The other catalogues where the Hispanorum series is listed are: J. Eckhel (op. cit. note 2) II; D. Sestini (op. cit. note 2) 1-2; Mionnet, Supplement I, p. I; Heiss, Description 441 (although listing the coins in a book devoted to Spanish coinage, Heiss recognizes their Sicilian origin). 6 A. Heiss, "Note sur les monnaies de bronze avec la legende Hispanorum," Annuaire de Ia Societe fran~aise de numismatique et d 'archeologie 3 ( 1868) 278-281. 7 G. Froehner (op. cit. note 2) 15-17. 8 Possibly the L. Iunius Silanus who was a candidate in the consular elections of 21 B.C. 9 Holm III, 463; Hill, 226; BMCRR II, 509, n. I and 562, n. I. 10 M. Grant (op. cit. note 2) 29-31. 11 H. Willers, (op. cit. note 2) 98. 12 One coin represents a Jupiter head to the right com-

bined with a Pegasus (Type 3 [Issue 14] ), another a Diana to the left with a Victoria (Type 4 [Issue II J ), a third an Athena with an apex (Type 5 [Issue 16] ), and, finally, a young laureate male head to the right is combined with an apex (Type 6 [Issue 17] ). 13 The Museo Nazionale of Palermo owns 38 specimens; the American Numismatic Society, 24; the Museo Archeologico of Syracuse, 22; the Staatliche Mi.inzkabinett of Berlin, 20; the Museo Nazionale of Naples, 19; the British Museum, 14; the Cabinet des medailles of the Bibliotheque N ationale, 8; the Hunterian Collection, 6; the Royal Collections of Coins and Medals of the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen, 5; the Staatliche Mi.inzsammlung in Munich; 5; the Bundessammlung von Medaillen, Mi.inzen und Geldzeichen of Vienna, 5; the Fitzwilliam Museum and the McClean Collection in Cambridge, 4; the collection of the University of Catania, I; the Museo Arqueol6gico Nacional of Madrid, I; and the Y riarte collection of Madrid, I. 14 See footnote 4. 15 The Museo Arqueol6gico and the Y riarte Collection of Madrid each own one specimen of the Athena/Horseman type [Issues 9 and 12].

MORGANTINA

203

that it soon became evident that the re-examination of the Hispanorum coins, and particularly of their date, was imperative. At the same time, speculation about the origin or the mint of the coins could hardly be avoided. 16 The discussion of these problems in the present article is of a somewhat preliminary character, for the continued excavations at Serra Orlando and the almost certain discovery of other coins of this series make a definitive account impossibleY The Hispanorum coins found at Serra Orlando contain examples of all the six types described earlier (footnote 12) with Types 1 and 2 [Issues 9, 12, and 13] most frequently represented. 18 One new type (Type 7 [Issue 10]) was uncovered in the excavations and must be added to the series: 19 its obverse is occupied by a laureate, bearded head, undoubtedly a Jupiter; the reverse is an eagle with its head turned right and its wings spread out. It would seem that the bird is clutching a snake in its claws, while the reptile strikes upwards towards the head of the eagle, attempting to loosen its grip. At least three specimens of this type were found. The value of the Hispanorum coins from Serra Orlando consists also in the circumstances of their discovery which caused the re-opening of the question of their date. Although a careful re-examination of the previously known coins could have resulted in a redating, the crucial and clear evidence suggesting a date in a period considerably earlier than Sextus Pompey is only now available through the excavations. The work at Serra Orlando concentrated in the course ofboth the 1955 and 1956 campaigns on a public area or agora of considerable sizc. 20 According to the excavators the original plan and layout of the market area, including the curious polygonal steps at its center, belong to the late fourth and early third centuries B.c. There was apparently a period of interruption of the building activity in the later third century which is to be connected with the Second Punic War and the definitive establishment of Roman rule over the whole of Sicily. A revival of building and commercial activities seems to have taken place in the first half of the second century; to this period would belong the erection of a central market in the middle of the agora area which had originally been without any building of importance. The excavators believe that the "earliest date for the construction of the (central) market should be placed not earlier than 200 B.C., soon after the advent of Roman power." 21 In the case of the shops in the northern corner, it appears that they were still in use in the first half of the first century B.C. It is especially in constructions and stratifications belonging to the second period of activity at Serra Orlando that a great number of Hispanorum coins were found, and this fact requires a re-examination of the date of the whole series. The central market in particular yielded a great quantity of these coins, along with several Roman silver issues. The m~ority of the other bronze coins represented were third~century Syracusan issues, late thirdcentury Mamertine coins, and second-first-century coins of Catana. The pottery and other accompanying material is consistent with the date given by the coins, particularly by the Roman denarii which all belong to the second half of the second and the early part of the first centuries. 22 In one 16 These problems were considered in a dissertation presented to the Faculty of Princeton University for the Ph.D. degree in Classical Archaeology in September 1957. 17 Over seventy-five specimens at least have been found in the early part of the 1957 campaign at Serra Orlando. 18 For the sake of convenience, the Athena/Horseman issues [Issues 9 and 12] are referred to as Type I, the Male head/ Horseman [Issue 13] as Type 2. 19 See footnotes 12 and 50.

20 The area covered measures approximately 250 x ISO m. A preliminary report of the first two seasons of excavations by R. Stillwell and E. Sjoqvist appeared in PR I. 21 PR I, ISS. 2' The pottery fragments included shallow matt-blackglazed bowls of the "Calenian" variety, probably a local product, fusiform unguoltaria of the second century, and lamps datable also in the second and early first centuries B.C.

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significant instance, a Hispanorum coin and a denarius of Sextus Pompei us Fostlus (dated between 133 and 126 B.c.) were found lodged within the footing walls of adjoining shops. Since neither coin was very much worn, one may conclude that they were used and lost at about the same time and that the Hispanorum coin in question was struck about 125 B.c. Moreover, the great number of such coins discovered at floor-level in all the shops of the central market, together with various earlier issues still in circulation, indicates that these coins were in use at the peak of activity of the shops, which, according to Professor Sjoqvist, flourished in the second half of the second century B.C. Similar evidence is provided by shops built at about the same time as the central market in the northern corner of the agora. The majority of the coins from this area,found at floor-level and even slightly below, were of the late third, second, and early first centuries B.C., again confirming the excavator's belief that these tabernae were erected and in full use in the course of the second century. Finally, in the area south of the monumental polygonal steps, the lower parts of which were silted up in the late third century B.C., at least four Hispanorum coins were brought to light in the earth which accumulated on top of the alluvial sand that buried the steps. Once again, the accompanying coins and pottery support the second-century date suggested by other considerations. In short, the existence of the Hispanorum issues by the latter part of the second century is proven beyond any reasonable doubt. If one re-examines the coins on the basis of style, one comes to the same conclusions which are suggested by the archaeological evidence. In fact, H. Willers' interpretation is strikingly confirmed.23 The scarcity of studies in late Sicilian bronze coinage makes general conclusions difficult. It is true that the Hispanorem series could not compete with the earlier masterpieces engraved by Sicilian die-cutters. However, except for Types 2 and 3 [Issues 13 and 14] Qupiter/Pegasus) which, when worn, may look somewhat crude, the remaining issues are often so fine as to merit Willers' calling them eine schone kleine Gruppe. 24 Grant attributes the "artistic execution" of Type 1 [Issues 9 and 12] (Athena/Horseman) to a "deliberate" "imitation of coins ofHiero II" and to "mere archaism"!25 Comparable numismatic material from eastern Sicily and southern Italy, in spite of the chronological uncertainties surrounding some of these parallels, all belong to the second century and to the early first century. Indeed, if one takes each of the seven Hispanorum types individually, there are more third- and second-century coins to which they show certain affinities than later firstcentury issues which could support the earlier theory of a mid-first-century date for the series. The most striking resemblance to the Athena on the obverse of Type 1 [Issues 9 and 12] is found on a denarius of the last quarter of the second century. The head on the Roman coin represents Roma, as the inscription asserts, but the general appearance of the figure, the well-rounded helmet and rather elongated neck, are all treated in a fashion similar to that of the Hispanorum Athena. This denarius has been dated by numismatists within, for instance, the period from 144 to ca. 90 B.c.; Sydenham 26 places the coin between 110 and 100 and thinks that it originated in central Italy. Evidently the winged, crested Corinthian helmet with the pointed visor is a novelty in the representation of Rom a, but typologically speaking, one encounters several heads of this type, with 23 H. Willers, (op. cit. note 2) 98: "... Man pflegt ihm [i.e., Sextus Pompeius] allerdings auch eine kleine Gruppe von Kupfermiinzen zuzuweisen ... Sextus hat diese Miinzen also gewiss nicht schlagen lassen: ihr schoner Stil weist vielmehr in

eine friihcrc Zeit, etwa gegen I 00 v. Chr. .." 24 See footnote 23. 25 M. Grant (op. cit. note 2) 30. 26 Sydenham, 67, no. 530.

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a similar helmet, on coins from southern Italy and Sicily. One wonders, therefore, whether Magna Grecia rather than Sydenham's central Italy would not be a better place of origin for these denarii. A didrachm of Cales dated i'n the late fourth or early third century (334-269 B.c.) and certain gold and silver issues struck by the Syracusan democracy between 215 and 212 B.C. show some general similarities, although the physiognomy of their Athenas lacks the more trenchant features on the denarii and is, as could be expected, more classical and Greek in tone. The same holds true for the obverse Athena of several bronze issues of Tauromenium in the Roman period (i.e. post-212 B.c.) and of certain South Italian cities under Roman rule such as Caelia, Hyria, Luceria, Vibo Valentia, not to mention some third-century Tarentine diobols. 27 In short, if the obverse of the denarius is an innovation for Roman coinage, it was already current in Magna Grecia before the issuance of the denarius; this suggests that the die-cutter of the Hispanorum Athena was influenced either by the South Italian or the Roman types. In fact, it is possible to distinguish at least four different dies for the Athena head, which indicate a certain stylistic development characterized by an increasing trend towards simplification of the lines; it is probable, therefore, that there was a certain interval between the first and the last of these variants. The last die differs enough from the other three in details (such as symbols and monograms), though perfectly identical in both obverse and reverse designs, to recommend a later date. One cannot expect help in this matter from the archaeological evidence, but the chronological differentiation of the four dies seems to be supported by the excavations.28 The study of Types 2 and 3 [Issues 13 and 14)29 shows clearly a simplification, if not deterioration, of the engraving which may indicate a slightly later date for these issues in the relative chronology of the series. There can be little doubt that the male head on the obverse of Type 2 [Issue 13] is a portrait. This is suggested by the inscription which Froehner read as L.IVNI.LEG.SIC. 30 His interpretation is unfortunately incorrect. First of all, the direction of his reading, starting on the right side (L.IVNI) and continuing on the left side from the top down (LEG.SIC) seems rather unusual. The inscription evidently begins on the left side and continues on the right side. U nfortunatcly, none of the coins from Serra Orlando (nor any of the previously known specimens) is well enough preserved to allow at present a certain reading for the whole inscription. Froehner's interpretation, however, is definitely to be rejected. In fact, only a few of the letters of his "L.IVNI. LEG.SIC" can be said to be correctly read. Moreover in one or two exemplars of Type 2 [Issue 13], as wellas on some coins of Type 3 [Issue 14] (which has most probably the same legend on its obverse), the surface where the "LE" of the "LEG.SIC" should have been visible, if one believed Froehner, is clearly uninscribed. "C.SIC" can be confidently read, on the other hand. Consequently, the inscription probably begins "C.SIC---," but the letters on the right side do not allow a positive reading. An identification of the person is evidently impossible. The importance of this inscription needs to 27 All arc represented in McClean, Vol. I. Cales: p. 28, pl. 10, 1-4; Tauromenium: p. 356, pl. 109, 6-8; Caelia, p. 60, pl. 17, 7-12; Hyria: p. 61, pl. 17, 16; Luccria: p. 61, pl. 17, 17; Vibo Valentia: p. 211, pl. 56, 16-17; Tarentum: p. 103, pl. 27, 11~13 and 16. 28 In the shops of the central market, a few specimens of the first three dies occurred either (in one case) in the footing of the walls or at the very bottom of the floor-level, while a great number of coins of the last die-type was found at a

higher level of the floor. 29 Types 2 and 3 [Issues 13 and 14] were unquestionably engraved by the same die-cutter. The treatment of both heads of the obverses and the handling of the horse of the reverse of Type 2 [Issue 13] and the Pegasus of Type 3 [Issue 14] are very similar. Moreover, both coins probably bear the same inscription on their obverses. 30 G. Froehner (op. cit. note 2) 16.

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be emphasized, as it could well assist in the solution of the "Hispanorum" problem. One can hope that a coin in better condition may turn up in future excavations. 31 The association of a male head and a charging rider (Type 2 [Issue 13] ), on obverse and reverse, is not a rarity among coins. It occurs on a very common bronze issue of Hieron II, the obverse of which is thought to contain a portrait of the Syracusan monarch. On the other hand, a male head and a horseman appear on many bronze and silver issues of Spain, particularly Hispania Citerior during the second and first centuries B.C. 32 This coincidence together with the presence of the legend Hispanorum on the reverse of our coins is evidently thought-provoking. One cannot, however, connect the coins directly with the Iberian peninsula for several reasons. First of all, no specimen of Type 2 [Issue 13] was found in Spain or even exists, to our knowledge, in Spanish collections. 33 Moreover, no other type of the Hispanorum series presents any close analogy to the coinage of Spain proper. The Iberian type of the Male head/Horseman has itself been connected by some scholars with the Hieron II bronze issues already mentioned. 34 The possibility of such an involved interrelationship for Type 2 [Issue 13] is too tenuous to allow any clear conclusions although it is difficult to deny the similarity of the various types involved. There exists some affinity between the head on the obverse of Type 2 [Issue 13] and the head of Ares on the obverse of certain Mamertine issues of the third century B.c., 35 and the heads on obverses of two denarii, one of L. Memmius (ca. 109 B.c.) and the second (a helmeted Mars) of Q. Lutatius Cerco (ca. 106). 36 It so happens that the mint of these Roman coins was probably either in Sicily or in southern Italy. While the technique of the engraving on the Hispanorum coins is less skillful, the profiles on all the obverses in question and particularly the curved eyebrow (which recalls Pergamene art) show definite similarities. The common reverse of Types 1 and 2 [Issues 9, 12, and 13] (the figure of a horseman galloping to the right, holding a spear in rest) is too small to allow close comparison with other similar~ coinsY The same general type occurs, with certain differences in details, on several earlier Sicilian issues, such as a silver litra of Morgantina from the fifth century B.C. [Issue 4], an Agathoclean bronze coin struck between 310-308 B.C. (there also combined with an Athena on the obverse), and finally the Hieron II bronze coins mentioned before. 38 There is no doubt that the horseman is iconographically significant in the case of the Hispanorum series. Its presence on the two most common types (1 and 2) [Issues 9, 12, and 13] indicates clearly some deliberate purpose; evidently the authority which struck the coins, i.e. the Hispani (or their ancestors!) were skilled horsemen and fighters on horseback, a fact which they chose to publicize on their currency. The significance of this interpretation will be emphasized below. 31 Froehner's article is illustrated by two drawings of the obverse of Type 2 [Issue 13], with his reading restored on the coin. He does not indicate, unfortunately, from what collection the specimens in question arc taken. Other readings for the right-hand part of the inscription include ... "ANA" by Macdonald on the sole specimen of the Hunterian Collection (Catalogue of Creek Coins in the Hunterian Collection [Glasgow, 1901] VoL I, 258, pl. XIX, 3) and the preposterous IIANORMOS SIC, retrograde, suggested by Sestini (op. cit. note 2). 32 Heiss, Description; G. F. Hill, Notes on the Ancient Coinage ofHispania Citerior = NNM No. 50 (New York, 1931). 33 The two Hispanorum coins already noted as being in

two Spanish collections (see footnote 13) are both Type 1 [Issue 9] specimens. 34 Hill, Notes 42-43. 35 Sarstr6m, Series II, Group A, pis. I, III-IV. 36 Sydenham, 74-75, nos. 558 and 559. 37 The horseman seems to wear a short tunic and a crested helmet; he holds the spear in his right hand. His chlamys flies back in the wind. 38 Morgantina litra:Jameson 142, pl. XXII, 663. Syracuse: Agathocles bronze coin: Gabrici pl. V, 9; Heiron II coin: idem, pl. V, 20.

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The remaining types of the Hispanorum series can be compared with both earlier and contemporary issues (i.e., of the second century B.c.). The obverse of Type 3 [Issue 14] finds parallels on two Syracusan bronze issues of the Roman period as well as on some early first-century RomanoSicilian bronze coins: these and their Panormitan derivatives were studied by M. Bahrfeldt, as already stated. 39 On the other hand, there is a certain similarity between the Jupiter of the Hispanorum Type 3 [Issue 14] and that on the obverse of certain dies of the early second century B.C. Roman victoriati (again struck according to general agreement in southern Italy). 40 The Diana of Type 4 [Issue 11) is closely related to a similar female head on the obverse of a Centuripae bronze 41 coin of the Roman period: both have two symbols, a bow and quiver, which identify the figure. The same design appears, in a more elaborate and elegant engraving, on the obverse of a denarius of M. Aemilius Lepidus of ca. 109 B.c. 42 The Nike or Victory of the reverse is an almost exact reproduction of the motif on the reverse of a Mamertine issue dated about the middle of the second century. 43 In turn, the Mamertine type, a variant of the trophy-crowning Nike, is akin to earlier or contemporary Bruttian and South Italian coins 44 which also probably influenced the creation of the victoriatus reverse. 45 Types 5 and 6 [Issues 16 and 17] must be examined together since they happen to share a common reverse design of an apex. This unusual motif, perhaps because of its very uniqueness, cannot be easily interpreted. For the apex had undoubtedly a significance of its own and, in addition to the Latin of the inscription, this thoroughly Roman priestly headgear is the most obvious indication that the series originated in a city under Roman rule. Two parallel cases exist in which an apex is represented on reverses, and their similarity to Types 5 and 6 [Issues 16 and 17] is so striking that one can conclude that all these coins are contemporary and that they were probably engraved by the same die-cutter. The issues in question are Syracusan bronze coins 46 from the Roman period on which the legend is arranged around the apex LY-PA-K0L-H1N (divided into two registers precisely like the HIS-PA-NO-RVM of Type 5 [Issue 16]) and LYPAK0L-H1N Oust like the HISPA-NORVM of Type 6 [Issue 17]). Unfortunately, it is at present impossible to connect the apex on either the Hispanorum or the Syracusan coins with any known event or individual, or with any known Roman coin. Indeed, the apex never appears alone on any Roman issue. Whenever it does occur, however, it is only in association with other priestly and religious implements such as the securis, the aspergillum or simpulumY The apex is also found, as a monogram or as an additional symbol, on an early denarius from ca. 187-17 5 B.c. 48 together with other signs or symbols, such as the ear of corn or the securis. In none of .w See footnote I. Sydenham, II, pl. 15. 41 Gabrici, pl. VI, 38. 42 Sydenham, 74, no. 554, pl. 19. 43 Sarstrom, 33, pls. XLVI and XLVII. 44 There are several issues of Petelia, and the Bruttii, including the well-known Nike ofTerina, that utilize the Nike figure, standing or seated, with a wreath or some other object in her hand. See McClean, pls. 49, 58, 62. 45 Sydenham, II, pl. 15. 46 The obverses of the Syracusan bronzes represent the head of Apollo, long-haired and laureate, in the one case to the left, in the other to the right. Well·preserved specimens are lacking among those illustrated in various catalogues; see McClean, 35, pl. 108, 7; Gabrici, 186, pl. IX, 16. Some, like 4D

Froehner (op. cit. note 2) 17, saw a Q. on the Syracusan bronzes, and assumed that it referred to the quaestor. 47 The coins on which the apex appears as part of the reverse design are: 1) a denarius of C. Julius Caesar, ca. 5451 B.C., Sydenham 167, no. 1006; 2) dcnarii and quinarii of M. Antony, ca. 43, Sydcnham 188, no. 1156; 3) a denarius of Cn. Domitius Calvinus, ca. 39-37, Sydenham 212, no. 1358; 4) a denarius of L. Mussidius, ca. 42, Sydenham 181, no. 1096; 5) a quinarius of Q. Cacpio Brutus and L. Sestius, 43-42, Sydenham 202, no. 1292. In all these cases, the apex is not in the center of the composition, but is represented with other sym· bois or tools. 48 As an additional symbol the apex appears: a) with a hammer, under the Dioscuri of the reverse of the denarius just men{ioned, Sydenham 16, no. 149; b) on the left of the Roma

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these cases has it been possible to ascertain the significance of the apex, whether it stands as the badge of some gens or as a purely Roman symbol, alluding to the sacred character of some magistrate's office. 49 The reverse motif of Type 7 [Issue 10] (eagle and snake) is more interesting than the] upiter head of its obverse. The latter, however, is far better engraved than the Jupiter of Type 3 [Issue 14], a fact which is not always evident because of the rarity of the coins of this type and the absence of well-preserved specimens. 50 The head is similar to the Zeus on the obverse of several Mamertine issues of the late third and the early second centuries. 5 1 The reverse design is rare among coins: the eagle attacking or devouring a prey occurs often enough among the coins of some Sicilian cities as, for instance, on the well-known coins of Akragas which show an eagle or eagles devouring a hare (fifth century B.c.). The eagle and the snake arc found less frequently in the western Mediterranean numismatic repertoryY The two animals arc associated however, on a few Sicilian issues, particularly on two bronze issues of the cities of Herbessus and Morgantina, both dated ca. 340 B.C. The example from Morgantina is especially \vorth examining because it, too, portrays an eagle (to the left) with wings spread holding a snake in its claws. The snake strikes upward toward the head of the bird. The interpretation of both the Herbessus coin, whose design is somewhat different, 53 and the Morgan tina coins has been connected with the participation of these two cities in the campaigns of Timoleon: the eagle and the snake are thought to refer to an incident observed by the soothsayers on the eve of the battle of the Crirnisus and interpreted as a sign of victory. 54 The similarities between the designs on the Morgantina and the Hispanorum coins must not be disregarded, because the composition is too unique to be repeated by pure coincidence. Indeed, this contact of the Hispanorum coins with Morgantina will prove to be very significant. The obvious problem that must be faced, once the second-century date of the Hispanorum coins has been convincingly established, is the explanation of the presence of Hispani on Sicilian soil in Roman times. The alleged influx of Spaniards with Sextus Pompey is not the first contact between the two countries. If one leaves aside the prehistoric period, 55 one finds numerous occasions when head on the obverse of a dmarius of L. Posmmius Albinus, 125-120 B.C., Sydenham S6, no. 472; c) behind the Roma head on a denarius of T. Quinctius (Flamininus), ca. 119-110, Sydenham 62, no. 505; d) on the reverse of a denarius of C. Egnatius Maxsumus, ca. 73, Sydenham 129, no. 786; c) on the left of the Lihcrtas of the obverse of a denarius of L. Farsuleius Mensor, ca. 73, Sydenham 130, no. 789: f) on the left of the Saturn on the obverse of a denarius of (M. Nonius) Sufenas, ca. 63-62, Sydcnham 146, no. 885; g) with an ear of corn on the reverse of a denarius of L. Valcrim Flaccus, 103 B.c., Sydcnham 76, no. 565; h) with a litum on the obverse of a denarius of P. Sepullius Macer, ca. 44 B.C., Sydcnham 179, no. 1075. 49 Sydcnham, p. 16, wondered if these symbols such as "the apex (tlamen's cap) and hammer, or mallet might not be punning allusions to moneyers' names such as Flarninius or Flamininus and Tuditanus (from tudes) or Malleolus (from malleus)"; but as he himself admitted, this is "pure conjecture," and a dangerous one too! 50 The only specimen known of this type besides the three uncovered in Serra Orlando, is in the collection of the Hispanic Society in New York. This type is unknown to Gabrici,

nor docs anyone seem to be aware of its existence. 51 Sarstrom, 121, Series XVI, Group A. 52 In Greece itself, the coins of Elis arc naturally the most obvious instance of the eagle and snake motif on the reverse. 53 The Herbessus reverse shows the eagle, wing> closed, standing right, but irs head turned left, looking back at a curling snake; see Gabrici, pl. III, 10. 54 The incident is related by Plutarch, Timoleon 26. A. J. Evans, "Contributions to Sicilian Numismatics: VI. The Omen of the Krimisos on Coins of Herbessus and Morgantina," NC Ser. 3, v. 14 (1894) 233-237 comments on these ISSUeS. 55 The Sicani were according to tradition the earlier inhabitarm of Sicily and were driven to the western part of the island by the Siculi who came from Italy. The Sicani are believed by some scholars, like Freeman (History of Sicily I [Oxford, 1891] 472-494) to have come from Spain, this on the basis of Thucydides (6.2) and Philistus, echoed by Diodorus (5.6). According to Diodorus, Timaeus rejected this theory and contended that the Sicani were an autochthonous population.

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Iberians were in Sicily, mainly because of the Carthaginians' foothold in both countries. The excellent military qualities of the Spaniards, particularly their skill as horsemen, made their use as mercenaries highly desirable. It is not surprising, therefore, to find many references in Diodorus Siculus to the use of Iberian mercenaries by the Carthaginians in Sicily during their various conflicts with the Greeks. The examples begin with Himera in 480 B.C. (Diodorus 11.1.5) and continue through the fourth century. In the course of the First Punic War, Spanish auxiliaries were probably utilized even by Hieron II, for his grandson and brief successor, Hieronymus, is said by Livy (24.24) to have had Hispanorumque auxiliares during the Second Punic War. Furthermore, in the course of this war, the contingent of Iberian mercenaries in the Carthaginian armies grew in size, as Punic power increased in Spain. Hannibal, when he invaded Italy, included many Spaniards in his forces (Livy 23.46.6-7; 24.47.11) and even the Romans Started to employ them in their need for fighting men, especially horsemen, after Cannae: indEed, many Spaniards passed over voluntarily to the Roman side (or were persuaded to do so) on many an occasion (Livy 23.46.7; 24.49.7-8). In 212 B.C. in the course of the siege of Syracuse by Marcellus, there were apparently Iberian auxiliaries 56 within the city (Livy 25.30.1). One of their officers by the name of Moericus was won over to the Roman cause during the final assault and he opened Achradina to the besiegers (Livy 25.30). The reward of Moericus was by no means small: he participated in the triumphal processions of Marcellus on the Alban Mount and later in Rome, and he was granted citizenship and 500 iugera of land. Livy adds (26.21.9-13) that to Moericus and his loyal Spaniards were promised ex senatus consulto a city and its territory from among those communities that had shown themselves treacherous to Rome. In 211 B.C., the Carthaginians made a last attempt at an invasion of eastern Sicily; many cities opened their gates to them, among them the town of Murgentia 57 or Morgantina. M. Cornelius Cethegus the praetor crushed the rebellious cities, and according to Livy (26.21.17) ... "atque ex iis Murgentiam Hispanis quibus urbs debebatur ex senatus consulto attribuit." It is with these Hispani that I should like to identify the Spaniards of our coins and I should like also to suggest that Morgantina (or Murgentia) was the place where the coins were struck. The language of Livy is clear and the trustworthiness of his sources cannot be questioned: the expressions are so precise and formal that one wonders whether Livy did not study the actual senatus consultum de Hispanis; he may, of course, have obtained his information from an early and reliable annalist. Thne is no reason to doubt, furthermore, that Moericus and his group did actually settle down in Morgantina, although there is no mention of either the city or its "owners" in the subsequent narrative of Livy; indeed, the silence that surrounds Morgantina thereafter should not be taken as an indication of the absence of the Hispani. It is, of course, difficult to explain satisfactorily the difference in time between the original settlement in or shortly after 211 B.C. and the appearance of the Hispanorum coins in the second half of the second century. The Spaniards could not strike their own currency immediately upon taking possession of Morgan tina and a certain amount of time must have elapsed for the establishment of political and economic organization before 51' Probably the same as those mentioned by Livy as being among Hieronymus' forces (24.24). 57 The orthographical variants for the name of the city are numerous: Thucydidcs (4.65.142) uses Mopyavr{v'lj, Diodorus generally \1opyavr{va, Livy, I'v1urgantia or Murgentia. The form adopted here is Diodorus' because he is the most reliable

source, and also became Morgantina is used in the inscription (in Greek naturally) of a silver litra from the fifth century B.C. [Issue 1]. The existence of a Murgantia (?)in Samnium, whose precise location is unknown, may explain some of the orthographical variants which arc perhaps due to confusions.

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problems of currency would arise. The silence that surrounds Sicily, and Morgantina, in the first half of the second century is to be taken as a sign of reconstruction and gradually increasing prosperity. That two generations elapsed before coins were issued by the Hispani should not be regarded as excessive, nor should it be assumed that during this interval the ethnic consciousness of the settlers was obliterated. It must be admitted, however, that we do not know the political circumstances, if any 58 , under which Morgantina's Hispani began striking bronze coins. 59 The only later references to Morgantina in ancient sources deal with its role in the Servile Wars, from 139 to 131 and from 104 to 101 B.C. In the first of the wars, Morgantina may well have been taken by the slaves, while in the second it was certainly besieged, though its capture is uncertain. The account of the events that took place during these slave rebellions are unfortunately not fully preserved and the information at our disposal is, in a very fragmentary state, in the 35th and 36th books of Diodorus, and in a few casual passages of Valerius Maxim us and Dio Cassius. 60 The corresponding books of Livy are lost, and only echoes of them can be extracted from Florus and Orosi us as well as from the Periochae. 61 In the first century B.C., the Murgentini are listed by Cicero (In Verr. 2.3.103) among the civitates decumanae which apparently suffered at the hands of Verres. 62 By the late first century, Strabo bluntly asserts that Morgantina no longer exists (6.2.4). The absence of references to the Iberian origins of the population should not be regarded too seriously, since the passages in question are never long and detailed. In truth, Morgantina, like many other Sicilian towns in the interior, must have been gradually deprived of its importance in the course of the first century B.c. The closest parallel to the establishment of the Hispani at Morgan tina is provided by that of the Mamertines at Messana. 63 Both cities were occupied by former mercenaries of Syracuse who became friends and allies of the Romans. In both cases, the mercenaries replaced the old population 58 Coinage naturally does not necessarily reflect political events. and this is particularly true in the case of bronze coinage. 59 Rome, being, of course, the only one to strike in other metals. 60 Valerius Maximus: 2.7.3; 2.7.9; 4.3.10; 6.9.8; 9.12.8. Dio Cassius, Reliquiae Book 27, frag. 93.1, 93.4. 61 Periochae of Books 56, 58, 59 and 69. Florus 2.7; Orosi us 5.6 and 9. 62 Cicero's information is probably based on the Lex Rupi/ia (drawn up at the end of the First Servile War) which served as a sort of charter for Sicily. It would seem that the 68 Sicilian communities were, according to the Lex, divided into four categories: I) the civitates foederatae (3), II) the civitates liberae et immunes (5), III) the civitates decumanae (34), among which was Morgantina, and IV) the civitates censoriae (26), among which was Syracuse. The more favorable condition was naturally that of the first two classes. The decumanae paid one-tenth of their agricultural revenue to Rome. It is difficult to sec whether the right of issuing coins had anything to do with this classification: I) two of thcfoederatae, Messana and Tauromenium, strike. (Notum is not known to have struck coins either before or after 212 B.c.). II) All the liberae et immunes (i.e., Centuripae, Halaesa, Panormus, and Segesta) strike, except Halicyae. III) Twenty of the thirty-four decurnanae are known to have issued bronze coins. IV) Only Acrae, Eryx, Lily-

baeum, and Syracuse issue bronzes after 212. The lack of coins for Notum and Halicyae could be explained by the fact that neither city struck coins even hefore 212. In the case of the censoriae, Eryx (because of religious importance), and Lilybaeum and Syracuse, the seats of the two quaestors, may well have issued coins by special permission. As to the decurnanae, one can certainly conclude that their status did not prevent them from striking bronze coins. Moreover, these communities were certainly in productive areas, a fact which their classification suggests. It is not surprising, therefore, that Morgantina should issue coins in the second century under the name of its Hispani. 63 Messana was treacherously seized by the Mamertines. This incident is not without precedent in Sicily: in the late fifth century, the Elymian city of Entella was seized by Campanian or Samnite mercenaries. In the fourth century, Nakone was subjected to the same fate. Aetna, Catana, and Alaesa also had to cope with similar situations. The mercenaries who siezed Entclla actually coined money with the inscription KAMTIANON, dated ca. 340 B.C., though the original settlement (or seizure) actually took place in or about 404. The similarity between these coins and those of the Hispani is interesting, but the KAMTIANON coins have unfortunately never been carefully studied. Diodorus 14.9. Pace, Arte e civilta della Sicilia antica I (Milan, 1935) 298.

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and substituted their own names for the former name of the city, at least on the coins. The Marnerrines issued coinage from about the second quarter of the third century on, first of all as an independent state and, after the Roman conquest, under the same conditions that applied to the bronze coinage of other Sicilian towns. It may be presumed that this was also true for the Hispani of Morgantina after 211 B.c. It is therefore unnecessary to search for a Roman precedent for these coins simply because they bear Latin inscriptions. The Hispani put Latin legends on their coins because their own native language, probably a form of Celtiberian, lost significance in a Greek- or Latinspeaking milieu, and also because they may have preferred the language of their patrons to that of their possibly unfriendly Greek neighbors; the Mamertines, on the other hand, began striking coins at the time when Sicily (at least eastern Sicily) was Greek-speaking as a whole and accordingly they put Greek legends on their own coinage. The similarity of the coins issued by these two groups of alien mercenaries has already been discussed. A further interesting analogy can be observed in the coin legends. In fact, the absence of the name of Morgan tina on the Hispanorum coins immediately recalls the case of the Mamertine coins which never bear the name of Messana but only display MAMEPTIN.O.N. Both are genitive plural forms which imply possession or origin of the coins, or which depend perhaps on the name of the city (i.e. Morgantina Hispanorum, M£o-o-ava MaJuprlvwv). It is significant to remember that neither Hispani nor Mamertines enjoyed Roman citizenship when the coins were issued. Assuming that the Hispani were aware of their ethnic origins (the Mamertines undoubtedly were), it is both logical and even juridically correct that they maintained their ethnic names in order to be distinguished from Romans and Latins, whose privileges and rights they did not share. There is a further parallel to draw between the two coin series: the Mamertines always clearly advertised their warlike characteristics on their coinage, even after the third century B.c., through various figures of warriors on the reverse and through heads of Ares or Zeus on the obverse. Similarly, the favorite reverse design of the Hispani was the galloping horseman, charging with a spear. The military implications of the type [Issues 9, 12, and 13] (as well as those of the Athena on the obverse of Type 1) are self-evident, and one is fully justified in inferring from the frequent use of this type that the original Hispani were above all skilled horsemen, a fact which was recalled by their descendants. It remains now to inquire into the history and the location of Morgan tina. According to Strabo (6.1.6 and 2.4), Morgantina 64 was founded in prehistoric times by migrant tribes from Italy, the Morgetes, and by their eponymous king Morges, who also gave his name to the city. The first mention of the city in historical times occurs in connection with Ducetius' attempt (ca. 459 B.c.) to unify the Sikels against the Greeks (Diodorus 11.7.8), and if one believes Diodorus, Morgantina was at that time a "1r0ALS atLoA.oyos." In 424 B.c., Thucydides (4.65.142) says that Morgantina was ceded to Camarina by Syracuse against the payment of a certain sum: this was part of the transactions of the Congress at Gela. In 396 B.C., Dionysius captured the town (whether from Camarina or from the Sikels of the interior is uncertain) along with Menaenum (Diodorus 14.78.6). In 392, Mago the Carthaginian encamped "in the territory of Agyrium, near the road leading to Morgantina" (Diodorus 14.95.2). In 317 Agathocles, fleeing Syracuse, took refuge and raised new troops in Morgantina (Diodorus 19.6.2-3) and in the other cities "f.v rfi /)-£0"0')1£t~." These last two passages 64

Strabo calls the city Mopyavnov. See footnote S7 for the various forms of the name.

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are significant for the location of the town which must have been well known to Diodorus Siculus. Thereafter, Morgantina is not heard of, although, as mentioned above, she struck bronze coins ca. 340 B.C. commemorating very probably the victory of Timoleon at the Crimisus: from this one can infer that she fought alongside Timoleon. After the First Punic War, or at the beginning of the Second Punic War, Morgantina must have been held by a Roman garrison and must have contained large food stores; for in 214, the garrison was massacred by the inhabitants when they decided to join Himilco's side. The first revolt was followed by another in 211, after Marcellus departed from Sicily. This action antagonized the Romans sufficiently to decide on the transference of the city to Moericus and to his Hispani (Livy 26.21.17). The subsequent history of Morgan tina has already been briefly sketched, and there is no ground to doubt the truth ofStrabo's statement (6.2.4) that the city had ceased to exist in his time (ca. 25 B.c.). The occurence of her name in one or two writers of the first century after Christ (e.g., Silius ltalicus 14.265; Pliny, N.H. 3.7.91) in no way shows her continued existence, since the authors in question probably used earlier sources, such as Livy. Pliny mentions the Murgentini among the stipendiarii of Sicily, but his reference does not prove the maintenance of an urban community at Morgan tina. The gradual "de-urbanization" of Sicily in Imperial times may well have affected also Morgantina, and it is probable that many of the towns listed by Pliny, particularly those lying in the interior of the island, no longer existed as urban and commercial centers, but gave their names to very small market gathering places and rural and local populations living about the abandoned sites. 65 In the case of Morgan tina, the cultivation of the vine (vitis or uva Murgentina) which seems to have had some renown, if we consider its mention by Cato, Columella, and Pliny, 66 may have kept the farmers of the neighborhood busy. The most intriguing problem is the precise location of Morgantina. No completely satisfactory identification of its site has been suggested so far, although several theories were advanced by wellknown archaeologists and historians. In examining the various literary references, one is faced by one primary difficulty, namely the absence of geographical precision. However, the problems are not as insoluble as they may appear at first glance. First of all, the role played by Morgantina in both the Second Punic War and the Servile Wars suggests that the town was inland, near the center of the island, yet in close communication with the eastern shore. The crucial evidence is offered by Diodorus' mention of Morgantina "Kat rwv li.A.A.wv TWV EV rfj f.J.HTOyELC!;> 7rOAcwv" (11.78 ..5). Moreover, Diodorus (14.78.6) and Cicero (In Verr. 2.3.103) mention Morgantina together with several inland towns such as Agyrium (Diodorus' native town), Assorus, Menaenum, Centuripe, and Henna, which are today's Agira, Assoro, Mineo and EnnaY These towns lie within the hills and the Heraean range which rise westward from the plains of Cat~ma and Leontini. The proximity of Morgan tina to these inland places is confirmed by two passages in Diodorus. In one of them the historian says that the Carthaginian Mago encamped "€v rfi TWV 'Ayvpwaiwv xwpq. 7rapa TOV Xpvuav 7rOTaf.J.OV (the modern Dittaino) €yyvs- rijs- ooov rijs- cpovu7]s- cS' Mopyavrivav" 65 The same may have already hcen the case in the time of Cicero; one Murgentirws, by the name of Polcmarchus who, according to Cicero (In Verr. 2.3.56) was mistreated by Verrcs, was actually a farmer. As already noted, it would seem that many of the decumanae listed by Cicero are in agriculturally pr,)ducti vc areas. See footnote 62. 66 Ca[(), D.A. 6.4; Columella 3.2; Pliny, N.H. 35 and 46.

67 It is interesting to note that the bronze coins of Agyrium dated by Gabrici between 344 and 317 B.c. are not only stylistically very similar to the 340 B.c. bronze issues of Morgantina, hut the reverse types arc actually almost identical. Moreover, Gabrici points out (p. 119) that Agyrian coins are sometimes overstruck on issues of Morgan tina.

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(14.95.2); the other stands in the account of the Second Servile War (35.7) describing how SalviusTrypho overran the plain of Leontini after taking Morgantina (which is unlikely) or abandoning the siege thereof. There is not the slightest reason to doubt the accuracy of Diodorus' geographical information in the passages in question; he was a native of Agyrium, a town which he mentioned in connection with Morgantina. There are however two passages, one ofThucydides and one ofLivy, to be considered. Camarina's claim to Morgantina (Thucydides 4.65.1) is puzzling, but does not contradict the inland location of Morgantina attested by Diodorus. On the other hand Livy's statement (24.27.5) that a Roman fleet anchored in 215 B.c. ad Murgantiam, shortly after the assassination of Hieronymus in Syracuse, is perplexing. Based chiefly on Diodorus, Holm, Freeman, and others68 searched for the site of Morgantina near Agyrium (Agira) and south of the Chrysas (Dittaino). They decided on a mountain top, south of the river Dittaino, called Monte J udica, above the present-day village of Castel di Judica. On the other hand, Pace, Pais, and Dunbabin, 69 taking Thucydides fully into account, were induced to look for a site further south and closer to Camarina. Pace was in favor of the neighborhood of modern Licodia, near Monte Lauro, Pais thought highly of Terravecchia di Grammichele, while Dunbabin's ideas are vague.7° Unfortunately, Paolo Orsi never fullyannounced his own views, except for rejecting Monte J udica on the basis of an inspection of the site. 71 The main obstacle to overcome is naturally the statement that Murgantia (or Morgantina) was a coastal town (Livy 24.27.5). Accordingly, Pace and Orsi proposed two Morgantinas, one inland and one on the shore; the latter, they believed, could have been south of Catana, near the modern village of Agnone where a hamlet consisting of a group of farmhouses was still called Murgo or Murga. 72 The evidence of Diodorus is clear as far as the inland position of Morgantina is concerned, 73 and an adequate, and in many respects better, candidate for the site of Morgantina is, I believe, Serra Orlando. Even if definite proof is still lacking, there are certain details which cannot be dismissed as pure coincidences in the relationship of Morgantina and Serra Orlando. First of all, the number of Hispanorum coins unearthed in Serra Orlando forms the largest group from any single place, even though it represents only a part of the coins found at the site. 74 The scarcity of Hispanorum coins in general indicates, moreover, that they were not issued in large quantities. Two additional factors also re(}Uire attention. Out of the twenty-two Hispanorum specimens in the collection of the Syracuse Museum, ten coins have recorded provenance and all ten come from Serra Orlando or Aidone. Similarly, among the twenty-six specimens in the Museo Nazionale of Palermo, the provenance of only one coin is 68 Holm I, 362; Freeman (op. cit. note 55) 153 never speaks directly and approvingly of Monte Judica, but his remark in the passage in question leaves no doubt that he docs think along the same lines as Holm. 69 Pace, (op. cit. note 63) 312, and Vol. Ill (Genoa, 1946) 624; B. Pace, Camarina (Catania, 1927) 50; E. Pais, ltalia antica I (Bologna, 1922) 179-195: "II rilievo greco archaico di San Mauro presso Caltigirone e le citta antiche dell'altipiano Ereo"; on Morgan tina, see 188-191; T. F. Dunbabin, The Western Greeks (Oxford, 1948) 122, 125. See also A. W. Gomme, A Historical Commentary on Thucydides III (Oxford, 1956) 523-524. 70 After mentioning Mcnaenum (Mineo), he asserts (p. 125) that "Morgantina lay in this triangle of hills." 71 NSc 1907, 489-491.

72 Holm resorted to an emendation of Livy's text, Murgantia to Mcgara, an expedient which cannot be accepted. 73 There may have been a locality on the eastern sea-coast, the name of which started with the leners M U R G(Murgo, for instance, the hamlet near Agnonc) and through confusion of a copyist (if not of Livy himself) the real name of Murg- was turned into Murgantia. Orsi's own investigations around Murgo (NSc 1899, 277 -278) revealed a modest settlement of Roman times around a small harbor which could certainly not have been a strong point that was besieged by the slaves during the Servile Wars. 74 The Hispanorum coins formed about six percent of the whole amount of coins, the highly predominant issues being from Syracuse, especially coins of Hie ron II.

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given, and it is again Aidone. It cannot be a mere coincidence that Aidone, or Serra Orlando, is the only place known where coins of this type were found. Furthermore, the Syracuse Museum has fifteen silver and bronze issues of Morgantina, the provenance of only two of which is recorded: both were found in Serra Orlando. If one considers the size of Sicily and the number of places where the coins could have been discovered, one cannot help being impressed by the connections between Serra Orlando and Morgantina. Finally, if one examines the location of Serra Orlando, one finds that it corresponds very well to the information given by Diodorus about Morgantina. The remains above ground are abundant, the area covered by the ancient city is extensive, but the best evidence comes from the history of the site as revealed by the excavation. According to all present indications, the ancient town on the site of Serra Orlando did not continue to exist beyond the late first century B.C., and even at that period it seems to have been much reduced in size and activity. On the other hand, archaeological finds from the sixth to the early first century B.c. are abundant, not to mention indications of a prehistoric settlement uncovered in the course of the 1957 campaign. The cessation of activity in the second half of the first century B.C. corresponds to and agrees with Strabo's statement. The location of Serra Orlando is perfectly suited not only for a commercial center at the crossroads between the middle, the east, and the southeast of Sicily, near river valleys, but also as a strategic point. The original part of the town must have grown, from the sixth century B.C. on, around the steep slopes of Cittadella (a high conical hill) in a westerly direction along the high ridge which continues beyond Cittadella. The proximity of the plain of Catana, and the rivers Gornalunga (the ancient Eryces) and Dittaino (the ancient Chrysas) place the site in an advantageous position in respect to food supply. But, above all, a glance at the map shows the position of Serra Orlando in relation to Agyrium, Assorus, Centuripae and Henna. It is interesting to note that, supposing that the majority of today's back-country roads still follow more or less the tracks of ancient roads, the road indicated on a modern map as descending from Agira and its vicinity crosses the Dittaino (Chrysas) and continues beyond, splitting into two branches, one running south, the other heading towards Serra Orlando and Aidone; this agrees completely with the account given by Diodorus (14.95.12). This tentative identification of Serra Orlando with Morgantina still needs some more definite proof, which I hope will be brought to light in the course of future excavations.

APPENDIX II* The Morgantina Excavations and the Date of the Roman Denarius 1 IN 214 B.c., during the Second Punic War, the Sicilian city of Morgan tina betrayed its Roman garrison, which was massacred, and went over to the Carthaginians. Shortly afterwards the city was retaken. 2 In 211 B.c. the same thing happened again: revolt from Rome, and recapture. 3 These events are mentioned casually by Livy, but they cannot have been small in the life of the city. In the excavations, which Princeton University has conducted since 1955, it has been found that a number of buildings, public and private, were destroyed by fire toward the end of the third century B.c. There are two curious circumstances here: first, the buildings are not contiguous, and so were not destroyed by a single fire, yet they seem to have been destroyed contemporaneously. Moreover there is evidence of deliberate destruction. A close indication of the period of destruction is given in the so-called House of Ganymede (Area I, T -U 12-13). Here there were found lying exposed on the floor (but under the burnt layer and the fallen roof tiles) a silver didrachm of Hieronymus (215-14 B.c.) and a heavy gold ring set with a garnet [Deposit 37]. That these were openly abandoned indicates a rapid evacuation of the house; that they were not subsequently recovered indicates that no time elapsed between the abandonment of the house and its destruction. The coin of Hieronymus, which is in almost uncirculated condition, gives us the date: not before 215, and not long after. 4 This is in exact agreement with Livy. How this bears on the date of the denarius is made clear with a glance at the sanctuaries of Demeter and Kore. There were two sanctuaries dedicated to these divinities, lying to the NW (Area IV) and to the SW (Area II) of the Hellenistic agora. In each case the buildings were destroyed by fire. Further, the material which had been in the sanctuaries at the time when the roof fell in had been deliberately destroyed: vases and figurines were found trampled to pieces, some have been pieced together from fragments found scattered through several rooms. Obviously the destruction was deliberate, and obviously the destruction of the buildings themselves followed immediately. This destruction can hardly be referred to any period after the Second Punic War when the island was at peace. Furthermore, the material found under the fallen roof tiles is appropriate only to the late third century B.c. In the South Sanctuary were found fragments of Gnathia ware, and of Centuripae ware, terracotta votive figurines, and a group of terracotta Kore busts. 5 There were found several medicine bottles which Prof. Sjoqvist has already published. Of this material the Gnathia ware is universally dated no later than the third century, by Cook not later than the middle of the third *Reprint with emendations ofT. V. Buttrey, "The Morgantina Excavations and the Date of the Roman Denarius," Atti del Congresso internazionale di Numismatica 1961 (Rome, 1965) 261-67. 1 The references to sealed deposits and unsealed strata depend from a manuscript catalogue of coin finds compiled by R. Ross Holloway, the use of which is gratefully ac·

knowledged by the author. [References to the deposits as published in the current volume have been inserted in brackets.] 2 Livy 24.36.10. 3 Livy 26.21.14-17. 4 E. Sjoqvist, PR IV, 132. s R. Still well, PR III, 171.

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century.6 The Centuripae ware is dated independently by Trendall to the third century.7 The busts and figurines date down into the third century but not later. 8 The medicine bottles were independently dated by Prof. Sjoqvist to the third century.9 All this evidence, then, is consistent. The coins too agree (Deposits 29-30]. Coins were found in three rooms of the South Sanctuary: in the South Room, two pieces, both ofHieron II (died 215 B.c.). In the Rear Room, one Roman coin to be discussed below, and four Syracusan dating down to Hieron II. In the Sanctuary Room proper, eleven Roman coins and twenty Greek, the latter being: four Siculo-Punic, one Timoleon-era bronze of" Alaesa", an early Mamertine piece (Sarstrom Type II), an Agrigentine piece of the early third century, and thirteen Syracusan pieces dating from the fourth century to the reign of Hieron II. In all, in the three rooms, were found twenty-six non-Roman coins, none of them dated by anybody later than the third century B.c. The numismatic evidence then is exactly consistent in itself, consistent with the evidence of the architecture (for Miss Shoe has dated the altars to the late fourth and the late third centuries), with the ceramic and terracotta evidence, with the literary evidence and the obviously intended destruction of the site: this sanctuary was purposely destroyed in 214 or 211 B.c. There is only one problem, which lies in the Roman coins just mentioned. The single Roman coin found on the floor of the Rear Room of the South Sanctuary-sealed under the fallen roof tiles-is a silver sestertius, dated according to the chronology of Mattingly and Robinson to 187 B.c. at the earliest. In the Sanctuary Room proper two Roman coins were found on the floor: one a postsemilibral uncia with grain symbol, certainly third-century, the other a second silver sestertius. And also on the floor, still under the fallen roof tiles, was found a small jar-one of Prof. Sjoqvist's medicine bottles-containing a deposit of nine silver coins [Deposit 29]: four anonymous victoriates, one anonymous denarius, three anonymous quinarii, and one anonymous sestertius. All of this clearly represents the earliest silver of the denarius system. These coins must have been deposited before the sanctuary was destroyed, and the whole context of the destruction is late third-century B.C. In the North Sanctuary no Roman coins of any kind were found sealed, 10 but it is worthwhile to point out that the other remains are exactly equivalent to those of the South Sanctuary, confirming the date of the destruction and the fact that it was deliberate. Again there were found Gnathia ware, Centuripae ware, terracotta Kore busts and votive figurines. 11 There were found two inkwells which Prof. Sjoqvist has already published and dated independently to the late third century. 12 The Greek coins found under the fallen roof tiles [Deposit 31] are: a Siculo-Punic piece, one coin of Cephaloedium, twelve coins of Syracuse ranging down to Hieron II. All the coins are clearly thirdcentury B.c. in date. If we move now from the North Sanctuary across the agora to the east we find about 400 meters away-that is, in no way contiguous-a private house similarly destroyed by fire, toward the end of 6 R. M. Cook, Greek Painted Pottery (London, 1960) 206-207. 7 A. D. Trendall, "A New Polychrome Vase from Centuripae," BMMA, Series II, 13 (1954-55) 161-166. 8 E. Sjoqvist, PR II, 159-160 for similar material in the North Sanctuary.

9 E. Sjoqvist, "Morgantina: Hellenistic Medicine Bottles," AJA 64 (1960) 78-83. 10 The notice to the contrary in PR IV, 133 is in error. 11 Cf. note 8 above. 12 E. Sjaqvist, "Morgantina: Hellenistic Inkstands," A]A 63 (1959) 275-277.

THE DATE OF THE ROMAN DENARIUS

217

the third century, under unusual circumstances (Area I, No. 6-7). Here were found two coin deposits of some interest. The first [Deposit 25) was found at the bottom of the cistern, from the fill of which were taken two Greek bronzes, one Siculo-Punic, one Hieron II, both third-century B.c. The thirty-seven coins at the bottom of the cistern are all Roman-one gold, the rest silver-and there were as well several pieces of Hellenistic jewelry in gold and set with garnets, as well as some garnets which had been cut and polished but never set. 13 The silver coin is of the familiar Mars/ eagle series, a twenty as piece with the grain ear symbol which is surely a Sicilian mintmark. The silver coins are dated by Mattingly and Robinson, and by the Sydenham catalogue, to 187 B.c.; the gold coin even later, to about 167 B.C. Most of these coins were found on the floor of the cistern, but one quinarius was found within a small pitcher, which suggests that it had been let down into the cistern deliberately. Certainly no one throws gold coin and jewelry into his cistern without some hope of recovery; and that he throws them there at all must indicate some anxiety of mind. The house was destroyed by fire, after which the cistern was filled in. In the fill is a mass of broken pottery, none of it later than the third century, and the two Greek bronze coins of the third century. The circumstances parallel those of the destruction of the two sanctuaries and of the House of Ganymede. Here again we have evidence for the existence of the earliest denarii and the corresponding gold at least twenty-five years earlier than the Mattingly chronology would permit. The discoveries of the South Sanctuary and of the cistern are the most dramatic evidence from Morgan tina up to the present for the date of the first denarius. But this is not the only evidence. In a building south of the agora (Area I, L-M 10-11) a large group of random coins [Deposit 27] was found sealed under the fallen roof tiles-here too the building had been burned. There were found one Roman semi-libral uncia, seventy-four Greek bronzes, none of them later than the third century, and one Roman silver sestertius. Or again, there is the evidence of the Roman bronze coins. It has been generally agreed since the work of Samwer and Bahrfeldt that the introduction of the denarius was contemporary with the introduction of the bronze of sextantal standard; and in the argument over the date of the denarius the sextantal bronze too has been moved about in the chronology. There is some evidence from Morgan tina for the chronology of the earliest sextantal bronze, and it is not surprising to find that this evidence is very like that presented with regard to the denarius. In the house from whose cistern the gold and silver coins were taken a second coin deposit was found, this consisting solely of bronze coins. The four Greek coins are of the third century B.C. The Roman range from a piece of aes grave to a number of sextantal (or better, reduced sextantal) sextantes with grain ear symbol, or grain ear plus KA monogram. In the Sydenham catalogue the sextantes with grain ear are dated to 175 B.c. or later; those with the symbol and KA monogram are erroneously called uncial and dated to after 155 B.c. Neither of these dates is consonant with the Greek coins of the deposit or with the evidence for the date of the destruction of the house. These are all finds made in strata sealed by the fires of 214 or 211 B.C. Still other finds, if not absolutely sealed, occur in definable strata and exhibit a suspicious consistency. For example, a find 13

Briefly noted in R. Stillwell and E. Sjoqvist, PR I, 158.

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of ten coins, one an anonymous silver quinarius, one a sextantal sextans, the rest Greek bronze of the third century; or, a find of sixty-three coins, one an anonymous silver sestertius, the rest Greek bronzes all of the third century. There are six additional finds of similar composition. These are all internally consistent on the basis of the Greek coins which they contain, but when the Mattingly chronology is applied to the Roman coins which they also contain, the results are very odd. Accepting the Mattingly dating one must assume a peculiar lapse in time between the laying down of the Greek coins, and the appearance of the Roman in the same strata. This must be taken as a real coincidence-and a coincidence which occurred again and again-for the Morgantina excavation has produced genuine second-century Greek bronze coins by the hundreds. For example, we are by now painfully familiar with a small bronze coin from Catania, with the obverse head of Apollo, the reverse standing figure of Isis, marked as a dionkion. There is strong reason to believe, from other stratigraphic evidence, that the coin must be dated to the earliest years of the second century B.c., if not indeed to the last years of the third. This type reached Morgantina in a flood: so far 860 examples have been found in the excavation. There is a similar coin from Aetna which is certainly contemporary. It bears the head of Persephone and a cornucopia, it is of the same style as the Catania piece, of the same size, and is marked as a dionkion. It is normally found together with the Catania piece and was probably struck at the same mint, for there exists a muling of the Aetna Persephone obverse with the Catania Isis reverse. Of the Aetna type 166 examples have so far been found at Morgan tina. Here then we have two types of the early second century, which occur in the excavations in well over a thousand examples: not one was found in the sealed deposits discussed above; in the eight instances of unsealed strata, some of which may indeed be early second-century rather than late third (for there is no reason for them to be exactly contemporaneous), six of the eight contain none of these Catania and Aetna pieces, one contains two, one contains one. If it can be shown that an early denarius was sealed in a Second Punic War stratum, Mattingly's chronology cannot stand. In fact, the Morgantina evidence is this: we have three separate buildings in which the earliest denarii or silver fractions were sealed in a destruction level which all the evidence shows to be late third-century. One of these also includes the Mars/eagle gold. We have in addition two separate cases of the identical sealing of the earliest sextantal bronze. We have in addition eight separate cases of unsealed strata which, though unsealed, are consistent internally, with each other, and with the other evidence. We believe that this is overwhelming evidence against the Mattingly chronology. Similarly this evidence does not support the conservative chronology. Of course, the excavations reveal that the denarius was in existence by 211 B.C., but do not prove when it began. Still, the sealed deposits do suggest that the first denarii cannot have been very old at the time. The one denarius found sealed bears no symbol or monogram, so it must be early. And it is generally agreed that the production of anonymous sestertii and quinarii, which form almost the entirety of the silver finds, ceased shortly after their introduction. Not only is there a time lag here, but according to the conservative chronology these coins would have been in circulation about fifty-five years at the time of their burial. One can judge by eye the amount of wear suffered in half a century by the coins in datable late Republican or Imperial silver hoards; our coins show nothing like that much wear. Again, according to the conservative chronology, by the date of this destruction, say 214 B.c.,

THE DATE OF THE ROMAN DENARIUS

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the whole range of sextantal bronze would have been run through, and the uncial standard would have been in effect for three years. 14 But in the sealed deposit not only was no uncial bronze found at all, but not even any sextantal bronze with moneyers' symbols or monograms. Again this is not owing to the lack of material at Morgantina: twenty-five sextantal asses bearing symbol or monogram have been found, and another 125 which probably bore one or the other but which are now illegible through wear. In short, the stratigraphic evidence is curiously anachronistic if we follow the conservative school, and seriously parachronistic if we follow the British school. The answer must lie between. It must be stressed that for us the date of the earliest denarius is, of itself, a matter of complete indifference. No one connected with the excavation has set out to prove or disprove anything purely numismatic. The problem at Morgantina has arisen because the two chronologies, when applied to the excavation, gave results totally at variance with the literary, architectural, ceramic, and even the other numismatic evidence. All this other evidence indicates that the denarius and the sextantal bronze system came into being shortly before the burning of the city of Morgantina in 214 or 211 B.c. Prof. Rudi Thomsen's current investigation points to the introduction of the denarius during the Second Punic War, and that general dating is now confirmed by the Morgantina excavations.

14 Pliny, NH 33.13.45 (217 B.c.).

APPENDIX III* Morgantina and the Denarius THE introduction of the Roman denarius is today generally held to have occurred within a year or two of 211 B.c. Some disagreement remains about the precise date, but nothing like the chasm which twenty years ago separated the Italian traditionalists, who held to 269/8 B.C. on their reading of Livy and Pliny, and the British school represented most readily by Sydenham's Coinage of the Roman Republic, which dated the coin decades later, to 187 B.c. The two publications which fixed the denarius to the end of the third century B.c. were Rudi Thomsen's masterful re-examination of the entire sweep of the evidence, 1 and the coincidental report of the archaeological evidence from Morgantina. 2 The scholarship since then has examined these data and arguments, sometimes questioning or disagreeing, sometimes developing new lines of evidence, with a general tendency to abandon the older positions and accept the conclusions of Thomsen and Buttrey. The fullest and most up-to-date exposition of the whole problem is now to be found in Michael Crawford's Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 28-35, where the denarius is dated to 211 B.C. Subsequent to Crawford's catalogue, however, has appeared an article of Stockli which denies the now accepted chronology. 3 From an elaborate and ingenious reconstruction of the earliest denarius system, he concludes that it was only in 197 B.c. at the earliest that the quinarius and sestertius were introduced, and that the denarius was invented still later (p. 86). To arrive at this conclusion it is necessary to reject evidence earlier accepted as significant, including the archaeological evidence from Morgantina. In response I do not intend to reargue Stockli's proposed scheme of chronology: it is not correct, and can be shown to be wrong by a single coin, for which see below. But he does raise the question of the Morgantina evidence, which deserves to be set out in somewhat greater detail than before, especially given the extraordinary delay in the publication of the results of the excavation. Without rehearsing the arguments already presented in the Atti del Congresso, I can reply to two ofStockli's particular concerns, (1) that the earliest excavation Reports do not indicate that the Demeter sanctuaries, for example, suffered destruction by burning, although later such burning is reported and given an historical significance; and (2) that although coins of the denarius system were found in several ruined buildings, these might have been ruined unrelatedly, the result of natural decay, and over a period of time, rather than as a result of intentional destruction at a single moment (p. 76). The facts of the matter are these. A number of both Greek and Roman coins came to light in sealed deposits or in unsealed but clearly coherent contexts. The deposits were typically sealed under a stratum of burned debris and fallen roof tiles; or, in one case, at the bottom of a cistern which had been filled up after the destruction of the house which it served. Fire destruction has *Reprint with emendations ofT. V. Buttrey, "Morgantina and the Denarius," NAC 8 (1979) 149-57. 1 Early Roman Coinage, I (Copenhagen, 1957), II-III (Copenhagen, 1961 ). 2 T. V. Buttrey, "The Morgantina Excavations and the Date of the Roman Denarius," in Atti del Congresso internazi-

onale di Numismatica 1961 (Rome, 1965) 261-67 [reprinted on pp. 215-19 above]. 3 Werner Ernst Stockli, "Bemerkungen zur Chronologie von Victoriat, Denar, Quinar und Sesterz," JNG 25 (1975) 73-90.

MORGANTINA AND THE DENARIUS

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been widely found at Morgantina, and the archaeologists have noted that there seem to have been many cases which were simultaneous, judging from the contemporaneity of the materials buried in the various sites; that both public and private buildingswere involved; and that deliberate destruction of the material within the buildings could be proved to have preceded the fires. The obvious conclusion to be drawn was that the city had suffered some manner of attack and capture, and that part of it had been intentionally destroyed. The identification of the site as the ancient Morgantina 4 made it necessary to look to the history of the city for such an event, and such has been found in the double revolt and capture of Morgantina during the Second Punic War, in 214 and 211 B.c. (Livy 24.36.10; 26.21.14, 17). Since the destruction where it has been noted seems not have been repeated, and since many of the sites were not restored, the latter date appears the more likely. All the evidence of the architectural details, the ceramic remains and the Greek coins supports the conclusion which the literature suggests: a late third-century destruction of a good part of Morgantina. For the coins, Greek and Roman, the most important deposits, referred to grosso modo in the initial report in the Atti del Congresso, are the following. They will be found analyzed in the "Catalogue of Stratigraphically Related Coins" by R. Ross Holloway, in the final publication of the Morgantina coin finds by Buttrey, Erim, and Holloway, now in press. no. 25

The cistern in the House of the Silver Hoard. A gold twenty as Roman coin of the Mars/Eagle issue, with eight silver quinarii and twenty-seven sestertii, and several gems and pieces of gold jewelry.

no. 27

Central shops in the south agora. 142 Greek bronzes, none later than the third century B.c., four third-century Roman bronzes, one silver sestertius-all in and below the burnt debris.

nos. 29-30 The South Sanctuary of Demeter. Under the fallen roof tiles a variety of fifth- to thirdcentury B.c. Greek bronzes-the totals now augmented by the discoveries subsequent to 1961-plus two Roman silver sestertii. In the same Sanctuary a small silver hoard in a jar: one denarius, three quinarii, one sestertius, and four victoriates. nos. 31-35 The North Sanctuary and the North Sanctuary Annex. Third-century B.C. Greek bronzes, mostly Syracusan, running down to Hieron II, in the destruction layers of the building, its dependencies, and the adjacent streets. no. 37

House of Ganymede. A silver 10 litra piece of Hieronymus in mint condition found on the floor, sealed under the burnt layer and the fallen roof tiles.

H. B. Mattingly correctly noted the significance of the Greek bronzes in the chronology of the scaled deposits of this period. 5 Again reference to Holloway's "Catalogue" will reveal the evidence. For example, of over 250 Syracusan bronzes found in the sealed strata, only two-an Apollo/Dioscuri and a Poseidon/Trident of the Democracy-postdate Hieron II. The single Mamertine piece is early; none of the Siculo-Punic coins can of course be later than 210 B.c.; and so on. The variety of

4 K. Erim, ~Morgantina," AJA 62 (1958) 79-90 [reprinted on pp. 201-14 above].

5

Numismatic Circular 70 (1962) 164.

APPENDIX III

222

bronze coins from the other mints reinforce this pattern: there is simply nothing Greek, in hundreds of coins, that can be dated any later than the third century. This being the case, the Roman coins discovered in the same destruction levels must be contemporary, and these include a number of pieces of the earliest denarius system. The richness of the Morgan tina finds is demonstrated in the discovery of denominations of the new system in all three metals, including the earliest denarius, with semi-incuse legend. The three silver denominations occur together, contra Stockli's argument by which the quinarii and sestertii precede the denarii; and they occur locked into the archaeological evidence for the destruction of211 B.C. That evidence has grown since the original report was delivered in 1961. Where previously individual buildings had been found destroyed, now whole sections of the city have come to light in ruinous condition, here too the victims of deliberate destruction. To the list of houses which suffered on this occasion can be added the House of the Arched Cistern,6 the House of the Official,7 and the House of Pappalardo,8 all important constructions. In the area of the Agora, both the West Stoa9 and the East Stoa 10 suffered calamitously and were never rebuilt. Indeed in Area V, midway between the Hellenistic Agora and the Cittadella, has been uncovered a whole section of the city which was simply abandoned after violent destruction, leading Prof. Sjoqvist to write, "We may conclude that the events of 211 B.c. meant a considerable reduction and restriction of city life in Morgantina". 11 That destruction was man-made. Thus in the Kore chapel, "fragments of the same statuette were often picked up from a considerable area and sometimes from different rooms". 12 In the ruins of the House of the Priest, along with fragments of deliberately smashed terracottas and dishes, were found openly lying on the floor the remains of a body which had been dismembered.U A heap of bodies of women and children confirms the picture of a deliberate massacre. 14 Stockli, who does not survey all this evidence, is concerned that the earliest excavation Reports do not give this picture, or even refer to features such as fire damage in the Demeter shrines. The reticence of the Reports is owing to the fact that the evidence appeared and took shape only slowly as the excavation grew; and to the caution of the excavators, who, not knowing even the identity of the city which they were digging, did not know what weight to put on evidence which might prove to be random and inconsequential. But as the signs of conflagration and deliberate destruction accumulated, the true state of affairs became clear. If the Greek city on the site of Serra Orlando had never been identified, the archaeological evidence alone would now point to a moment of terrible destruction, and the material remains sealed by that destruction-architectural, ceramic, numismatic (leaving the Roman coins aside)-unanimously indicate a destruction date late in the third century B.c. The identification of the city as Morgantina, and the resulting study of the historical details preserved in Livy, narrow the dating but do not alter what was already known. None of this would be problematical were it not for the Roman numismatic difficulties which arise at this point if the traditional chronologies are followed. Archaeologically it is not possible to deny that coins of the early denarius system were sealed in the debris resulting from some single 'PR VI, 140. 7 PR VII, 167-168. 8 PRIX, 247. 9 PR VI, 136. 10 PR VIII, 138.

11

PR VI, 142. More fire destruction is noted in PR X,

12

PR II, 159; cf. PR III, 171. PR VII, 169-170. PR X, 369.

367. 13 14

MORGANTINA AND THE DENARIUS

223

and deliberate act of destruction. But in order not to date the introduction of the denarius so early as Morgantina's reduction by the Hispani, Roman allies, in 211 B.C., it has been argued even before Stockli that an unrecorded disaster could have occurred later, or alternatively that there was more than one. Thus H. B. Mattingly once wrote "The Morgantina destruction-layers, which the excavators have treated as uniform, may witness two separate occasions-the Roman capture in 211 B.c. and a fresh 'incident' as late as 205-202 B.c. [Stockli would require a date even later]. The deposits containing silver or bronze of the denarius system would then derive from the latter (Note 5: There can be little doubt that the mint coin of Hieronymus .. .is a record of the Roman capture in 211 B.C. No Roman coins were found in this particular context.)" 15 Harold Mattingly (pere) also wondered whether the Hispani might not have been the cause of a later destruction at Morgantina. 16 The archaeological objections to this line of argument are clear. As H. B. Mattingly himself observed, this division of evidence, separating the sites which contain Roman coins from those which do not, is special pleading designed to accommodate the finds to one numismatic chronology. The similarity of the destruction strata and the continuity of the material recovered from them indicate the opposite. There are historical objections as well. All the evidence from Morgantina shows that the city suffered so seriously in this disaster that life was permanently altered, the city from that time declining perceptibly in physical size, in population, in appointments, and in wealth. The most obvious, and perhaps the most deeply felt destruction, that of the shrines and of the public buildings in the Agora, went forever unrepaired. Can we attribute such a disaster to a random and unrecorded outburst on the part of a segment of Morgantina's population, the Spanish mercenaries? The analogies proferred by Mattingly to support his argument, the cases of Locri and Syracuse, are not apposite. The Locrians suffered contumeliae at the hands of the Roman garrison, whose scelus and avaritia made them as insupportable as the Carthaginians (Livy 29.6.17, 8.6-9.7, 16.4-22.9). Judging from Livy's account the complaints of the Locrians concerned mainly theft and violence against individuals; indeed on one occasion the Roman soldiers disturbed the peace by fighting each other. There is no hint of anything like the deliberate destruction of the city or any part of it. Further, even in these relatively tolerable circumstances the scandal raised by Pleminius' personal behavior and by his permissiveness toward his troops was such that the whole affair was finally aired in the Senate at Rome. He was returned in chains to the capital, to die in prison while awaiting trial. So too Syracuse. It is true enough that after its capture by Marcellus its Greek inhabitants suffered the expropriation of their property, both movable and immovable. Yet although Marcellus determined on plundering the city to reward his men for months of service and great physical danger in the siege, the plundering was restricted. The buildings of the city were not in danger of destruction, the homes of known Roman sympathizers were carefully excluded in any case, and no Syracusan was to be harmed (Livy 25.31.8; Plutarch, Marcellus xix.2 (Loeb) [308d]; Diodorus Siculus 26.20.1 ). The sources relate the death of one person only on the occasion: Archimedes. When later a delegation of Syracusans came to Rome to plead for redress, they were moved, we are told, as much 15 "New Light on the Roman Victoriate," in Studies in HonourofE. S. G. Robinson (London, 1967} 219. 16 ProcBritAc 49 (1963) 318. His assertion that "the Hispani

continued to trouble Morgantina for years and years to come" appears to be a complete fabrication.

224

APPENDIX III

by Marcellus' enemies as by their own desperate condition (Livy 26.29.5; Plutarch, Marcellus xxiii [311b-312a]). Once again the behavior of Romans in the field became a concern at Rome itself, and the reputation of the victorious general was at stake. The examples of Locri and Syracuse serve to remind us that (1) military misbehavior is universal, (2) the Romans were sensitive to such misbehavior by their forces and concerned to correct it, and (3) that the deliberate physical destruction of a city and the brutal slaughter of its inhabitants is the result not of this but of an act of war. It particularly fits the moment when a city collapses before a siege. To argue that the disaster at Morgantina should be dated down into the second century to accord with a revised Roman numismatic chronology requires the conclusion that such an event could have occurred in an important city, already occupied for some time, now part of the Roman province of Sicily, at the hands of its own garrison, and without leaving a trace in the documentary record, nor in the archaeological record where the materials associated with the destruction are uniformly of the third century. It is true that early in the excavation the Sydenham catalogue was used on the site to date the Roman coin finds, so that the first publication of the South Sanctuary hoard attributed the deposit of the jar to the second centuryY And subsequently Mattingly wrote, "The numismatic dating is crucial for dating the destruction stratum at Morgantina."18 But in fact as the excavations developed it became clear that the Sydenham chronology was more and more at variance with the rest of the evidence, and in the event the coins have not dated the strata, but rather the strata have dated the coins. It is worth noting that in weight, condition and die connections the denarius system silver can be seen to be from the earliest issues. 1) The single denarius discovered in a sealed context is anonymous with semi-incuse legend (Crawford, RRC 4415), and weighs 4.26 grams. Both the form of the legend and the weight identify it as deriving from the first denarius issue. 2) The sealed quinarii and sestertii are all anonymous. The South Sanctuary pot contained four of these: three quinarii weighing 2.44, 2.21 and 2.06 grams respectively, and one sestertius of 0.91 grams. The heaviest weights are appropriate to the early 4-scruple standard. The Cistern finds suffered heavily from the corrosive action of the water in which they had been deposited, so that their weights tend to be slightly lower (when they can be taken at all: half of the sestertii broke during cleaning). The heaviest quinarius (56-3147) weighs 2.20 grams, almost exactly the theoretical weight of the denomination on the 4-scruple standard. 3) The average condition of these pieces is extremely high. The denarius appears to be just a shade under Uncirculated; from the same South Sanctuary pot, two quinarii and the sestertius are Uncirculated or Extra Fine; one quinarius of a different style (58-1680) is at worst Very Fine, although the flatness of detail which occurs at the same point on obverse and reverse may be owing to an imperfect strike rather than to wear. The condition of the Cistern pieces is equivalent. The quinarii are all Extra Fine or Almost Uncirculated, the unbroken sestertii average Extra Fine with but one piece Very Fine. In these two lots from two different archaeological contexts are twentyseven pieces of the three silver denominations, most of which have barely seen circulation. 17

PR III, 171.

IB

Numismatic Circular 70 (1962) 165.

MORGANTINA AND THE DENARIUS

225

4) A further indication of the early date of the quinarii and sestertii at Morgantina is the homogeneity of the group. Not only are there close similarities of style, there are actually die links, within and between the material from the public South Sanctuary dedication and the private Cistern. Of the eight quinarii in the Cistern, two were struck from the same pair of dies, and they share the obverse die with another piece from the South Sanctuary; two more share a common reverse die; and a fifth is struck from the same dies as another quinarius from the South Sanctuary.

t

56-3129] 56-3152 58-1679 56-3128] 56-3150

[ 56-2123] 56-1681

1.84 grams 2.00 2.44 1.95 (1.22, broken) 2.00 2.06

Extra Fine Uncirculated Uncirculated Extra Fine Extra Fine Extra Fine About Uncirculated

Cistern Cistern South Sanctuary Cistern Cistern Cistern South Sanctuary

These coins, found in two separate buildings, must have come to Morgantina shortly after they were struck, for no sample so small taken from a large general circulation would include die links in this proportion. However they must have come to Morgantina shortly before they were buried, as the evidence of condition indicates. Therefore there can have been no long pe;iod between their production and the destruction in the city. It is this evidence which fixes the introduction of the denarius between the early, traditional date and the second-century chronology of Sydenham. As to the former, the absence of post-anonymous silver and bronze in the sealed finds, which included late third-century issues of Hieronymus and the last Syracusan Democracy, rules out a date for the denarius as early as that suggested by Livy and Pliny. Not a single piece of the reduced weight silver with symbols, monograms, and signatures appeared. As to the bronze, while sextantes with the grain ear and KA monogram were in the debris, no example of the sextantal or reduced sextantal moneyers bronze was found sealed. It is just this extremely common silver and bronze, which would have been accumulating in mass since 269/68, that would have formed the basis of the Roman coin circulating at Morgantina in 211 B.c. according to the old chronology. Hundreds of such coins have been found in the later contexts at Morgan tina. But in the deposits sealed by the destruction of 211 B.C. there is not a single piece; what we have, rather, are examples of the earliest stage of the denarius system in superb condition. The conclusion is necessary, that the earliest denarii were struck only shortly before the burial of the Morgantina specimens. On the other hand, it is not possible to ignore the evidence for massive destruction, which sealed material no later than the late third century. The Roman coins in these contexts can only have been sealed during the calamitous events of 211 B.C. Finally, the most recent and most telling evidence against a later date for the denarius is the splendid discovery of L. Villaronga. 19 He has published a remarkable Punic overstrike upon an early denarius. The piece probably derives from a hoard discovered at Enna ca. 1966, which did include a number of examples of this Carthaginian issue, namely the half-shekels with type male 19

"Reacunaci6n cartaginesa sobre un denario rorriano," Gaceta Numismatica 40 (1976) 15-18.

226

APPENDIX III

hcad/elephant. 20 The hoard is dated by Kraay to ca. 212 B.C., and there is now a reasonable presumption that the Carthaginian half-shekels of this issue were struck in Sicily by that time. In any case, since the Carthaginians withdrew from Sicily in 210 B.c., the overstrike (whatever its mint) cannot have been manufactured any later. To deny this, and accommodate the piece to Stockli's proposed chronology would require (1) redating the Carthaginian issue to the second century, (2) accepting a gap of perhaps twenty years between the issue and all the rest of the hoard, in which no coin is otherwise as late as the last decade of the third century, and (3) believing that the denarius was exported from Italy to Carthage, there was overstruck with a Punic type, and then was reimported to Sicily, to be buried at Enna. These difficulties are insuperable, and unnecessary. The date of the Carthaginians' abandonment of Sicily, 210 B.C., provides a certain terminus ante quem for the introduction of the denarius, a terminus which is precisely consonant with the evidence from Morgan tina.

20

JCCH 2232.

Index Acilius, Manlius: 138-39 nn. 89, 90, 143 n. 265-272 Acrae: 66, 1SO n. 425 Adranum: coinage, 26, 27; overstrikes, 27 n. 88, 136 n. 66-67 aes grave: in Sicily, 135 n. 6, 152 n. 489, 494, 217 Aetna: coinage, 141 n. 143, 218; overstrikes, Cat. no. 201, p. 136 n. 69, 142 n. 201; overstruck coins, 27 n. 88, 141 n. 140-142 Agathokles of Syracuse: 9, 21f., 145 nn. 328, 337 and 341-343,211 Agnone: 213 Agrigentum: see Akragas Agyrium: coinage, 18 n. 44, 26, 29, 211, 213; overstrikes, 22, 27 Aidone: 35, 213f.; hoard, 151 n. 443 Akragas: capture by Romans, 138 n. 87; coinage, 7, 26, 29, 47, 208, 216; destruction by Carthaginians, 136 n. 74-75; Punic mint at, 151 n. 446-448 Alaesa: coinage, 25, 143 n. 280-281, 216; overstrikes, 139 n. 98; overstruck coins, 142 n. 182 Alexander of Epirus: 13 Alexander the Molossian: 19 Alexander III: 146 n. 347-352 AAKOI:: see Morgantina, coin types amphora handles: 37 apex: as coin type, 63, 207f. Appius Claudius: 148 Athena: Alkidemos, 146; as coin type, 11, 17f.; see also Minerva Athens: New Style coinage, 139-40 n. 113 Avola: hoards, IGCH 2124, 152 n. 478; IGCH 2169, 11 n. 28; IGCH 2249, 152 n. 482 Azetium: 45 Bahrfeldt, M.: 61, 217 Basel: hoard, 33 Beja!a: hoard, 151 n. 443 Breglia, L.: 11, 29 n. 93 Brettii: overstruck coins, Cat. no. 60, p. 136 n. 60, 149 n.414 Bulla Regia: hoard, 151 n. 443 burials: 157f. (Deposits 9-13), 161 (Deposit 24)

Caelia: 45, 205 Cahn, H.: 29 Calenian bowls: 37, 203 n. 22 Cales: 205 Camarina: 14, 30, 35, 211, 213 Campana (Cosenza): hoard, 152 n. 482 Canicattini: hoard (IGCH 2226), 146 n. 363, 366-369 Carosino: hoard, 19 n. 53 Carthaginians: 26; in Sicily, 136 n. 74-75, 151 nn. 443 and 446-448, 209, 226; seige of Syracuse, 156f. (Deposit 6) Castel di Judica: 35 n. 106, 213 Catana: coinage, 14, 30, 48, 150 n. 420-424, 203, 218; overstrikes, 140 nn. 136 and 139, 141 n. 140-142, 142 n. 201 Catania: hoard (IGCH 2106), 146 n. 347-352 Cefalu: hoard (IGCH 2154), 146 n. 347-352 Celtiberian coinage: see Iberian coinage Centuripae: coinage, 48, 207; ware, 21Sf. Cephaloedium: 216 M. Cestius: 141 n. 159-161 Chrysas (modern Dittaino): 6, 35, 212, 213f. Cicero: 66, 210, 212 C!nisi: hoard, 150 n. 436 Corinth: coinage, 9 M. Cornelius Cethegus: 209 Cosenza (hoard): see Campana countermarks: anchor, Cat. no. 279; bucranium, Cat. nos. 179, 180; bull, Cat. no. 68; diamond-shaped punch, Cat. no. 348; eye(?), Cat. no. 484; female head, Cat. no. 304; head, Cat. no. 714; Herakles head, Cat. nos. 74, 75; lion head, Cat. no. 304; lyre, Cat. no. 279; monogram and SCL, Cat. no. 754; plow, Cat. nos. 259, 276d; prow(?) orR, Cat. nos. 235, 384; round punch, Cat. no. 304; temple (distyle), Cat. nos. 106, 276d; temple (tetrastyle), Cat. nos. 259, 261, 276a, 277, 278, 281; triskeles, Cat. nos. 714, 715; see also pp. 136-37 nn. 74-7 5, 143 n. 235bis Crawford, M.: 220 Croton: coinage, 11, 26, 29,31

228

INDEX

cut coins: Cat. nos. 209, 446, 692; see also halved COinS

denarius: date, 215-26 Dio Cassius: 210 Diodorus Siculus: 7f., 65, 209, 210, 211-14 Dionysios I of Syracuse: 8, 211 Dionysios II of Syracuse: 26 Dittaino: see Chrysas Duketios: 5, 7, 30, 211 Dunbabin, T.: 213 eagle: as coin type, 26, 47, 208 Eckhel, J .: 64 Elis: 26 Enna: coinage, 26, 59 n. 130; hoard (JGCH 2232), 33, 152 n. 482, 225f. Entella: overstrikes, 150 n. 431 Eryx:66 Eunomia: as coin type, 13 Evans, A. J.: 25, 26 First Punic War: 209 Florus: 210 forgeries, ancient: Cat. nos. 473, 699, 719 Froehner, G.: 58, 202, 205 Gabrici, E.: 30, 63, 64 Gela: coinage, 7, 13; Congress of, 30, 35, 211; excavations at, 138 n. 78-85, 142 n. 176-178, 144 nn. 322-323 and 324, 146 n. 347-352, Gnathia ware: 215f. Gornalunga (ancient Eryces): 2.14 grain ear: as coin type, 5-7 (Issue 1), 29; as symbol, 64, 140 n. 138, 152 n. 501, 153 nn. 519 and 522, 207,217 Grant, M.: 58f., 202, 204 grave deposits: see burials Grimaldi: hoard, 19, 21 Hadranum: see Adranum Halaesa: see Alaesa halved coins: Cat. nos. 14e, 29, 50f, 57d, 60b, 67, 74b, 135a, 159, 183,208,225,226,228,235bis,367a, 367e, 367f, 367k, 3671, 367q, 367s, 368g, 368m, 368r,368s,368bb,375c,409,436d,457,535,559, 578, 587, 613, 622, 691, 692, 699, 701, p. 135 n. 29, 147f., 152 n. 457, 153 n. 587; see also cut coins Heiss, A.: 34, 64, 202 Herbessus: coinage, 22, 26, 47, 208; overstrikes, 142 n. 182

Herbita: 139 n. 96 Hiempsal II of Numidia: 151 n. 446-448 Hieron II of Syracuse: 45-46, 146 n. 358, 148, 209 Hieronymos of Syracuse: 148, 209 Hiketas: 145 nn. 337, 340, 341-343 Hill, G. F.: 8, 25, 58, 202 Himera: 209; coinage, 14 Himilco: 212 Hipponion: see Vibo Valentia Hispani: in Sicily, 35f., 45, 65, 202, 208ff. Hispania citerior: see Iberian coinage Hispanorum coinage: archaeological contexts, 36ff.; chronology, 34f., 38f., 45, 65, 201ff.; denominations, 36, 38, 48, 61, 63, 66; die links, 44f., 52f., 57; metrology, 67; Morgantina finds, 35f., 202f.; provenience, 35f, 201f.; style, 44f., 46, 52, 57, 63, 204ff.; typology, 45, 58, 66, 211 types: apex, 62f. (Issues 16, 17), 207; Diana head, 47f. (Issue 11 ), 207; eagle, 44f. (Issue 10), 208; horseman, 39-45 (Issue 9), 49-52 (Issue 12), 53-58 (Issue 13), 206; Jupiter head, 46f. (Issue 10), 59-61 (Issue 14), 61 (Issue 15); male head, 53-58 (Issue 13), 62f. (Issue 17), 206; Minerva head, 3945 (Issue 9), 49-52 (Issue 12), 62f. (Issue 16); Pegasus, 59-61 (Issue 14); Victory, 47f. (Issue 11), 61 (Issue 15) hoards: from Morgantina, 33, 61 n. 132, 156f. (Deposit 6), 161 (Deposit 23), 161f. (Deposit 25), 164 (Deposit 29), 170 (Deposit 40), 172-74 (Deposit 43), 183 (Hoards A-C), 188 (Deposit 59), 198 (Deposit 73), 216, 224 other hoards, see Aidone, Avola, Basel, Bejaia, Bulla Regia, Campana, Canicattini, Carosino, Catania, Cefalu, Cinisi, Enna, Grimaldi, Lizzano, Milocca, Montagna di Marzo, Monte Adranone, Munich, Pachino, Sessa, Soverato, Syracuse, Taranto, Torchiarolo Holm, A.: 4, 25, 29, 202, 213 horseman: as coin type, 13, 45, 58, 206 Hyria: 45, 205 Iberian coinage: 45, 58, 206 L. Iunius Silanus: 58 lamps, as dating evidence: 37f., 203 n. 22 Jenkins, K.: 29 jewelry: in coin hoards, 161f. (Deposit 25), 174 (Deposit 44), 189 (Deposit 61), 215,217

INDEX Kainon coinage: 139 n. 97, 98. Kleudoros: 19ff. Kraay, C.: 19f. Krimisos, battle of: 26, 208, 211 AABOI:: see Morgantina, coin types Leontini: coinage, 7; overstruck coins, Cat. no. 201, p. 136 n. 69, 141 n. 140-142, 142 n. 201 Lex Rupilia: 66, 210 n. 62 Licodia: 35 n. 106, 213 lion: as coin type, 17f. Lilybaeum: 59 n. 130, 66, 143 n. 280, 281 Livia: 143 n. 276 Livy: 35,148,209,211,213,215,222 Lizzano: hoard, 19 n. 54 Locri: 223f. Longanus, Battle of: 146 n. 358 Luceria: 45, 205 Mago: 210,212 Mamertines: 146 n. 358, 210f.; coinage, 46, 48, 58, 61, 63, 64f., 146 n. 344, 206ff., 216, 221 C. Mamilius Atellus: 138 n. 87 Manganaro, G.: 33 T. Manlius: 138 n. 87 Marcellus: 209, 223f. Mattingly, H. B.: 216, 217,221,223 Messana: 65, 146 n. 347-352, 210; overstrikes, 143 n.215 Metapontum: coinage, 19, 26 Mildenberg, L.: 29 Milocca: hoard, 136 n. 74-75 Mineo (Menai): 35 Minerva: as coin type, 45, 63, 204f.; see also Athena Mionnet, T.: 64 Moericus: 35, 209 "Molossian Find": see Taranto Montagna di Marzo: hoard, 149 n. 373-374, 152 n. 482 (IGCH 2242) Monte Adranone: hoard, 150 n. 436 Monte Judica: 35 n. 106, 213 Monte Lauro: 35 n. 106, 213 Morgantina: Hellenization, 5; location, 212f., 214; Timoleontic period, 9, 12, 21, 26; Agathoklean period, 21; in Second Punic War, 33, 35, 147; 151 n. 446-448, 203, 211f., 215f., 221; in Servile Wars, 65 n. 148, 210, 212f.; under Rome, 66

229 Agora, 37, 158 (Deposit 14), 203f., 223; Bouleuterion, 196ff. (Deposits 72, 73); Central Shops, 37, 162ff. (Deposits 27, 28), 217, 221; East Granary, 38, 170 (Deposit 39), 175-78 (Deposit 45); East Stoa, 222; macellum, 37, 38f., 156 (Deposit 2), 171f. (Deposits 41, 42), 178-81 (Deposit 47), 203f.; Necropolis III, 157f. (Deposits 9-13), 161 (Deposit 24), 170 (Deposit 40); North Stoa, 181f. (Deposit 48), 184 (Deposit 50), 191-96 (Deposits 66, 67); South Shops, 187f. (Deposits 56, 57); Theater, 150 n. 433, 156 (Deposit 3), 157 (Deposit 7); thermopolium (adjacent to Bouleuterion), 197ff. (Deposit 73); tomb, Bronze Age, 158; West Stoa, 222 houses, House of the Antefixes, 188 (Deposit 58); House of the Arched Cistern, 138 n. 86, 146f. n. 363, 366-369, 159 (Deposit 22), 174f. (Deposit 44), 182f. (Deposit 49), 222; House of the Doric Capital, 38; House of the Double Cistern, 198f. (Deposits 74-76); House of Ganymede, 39, 169f. (Deposits 37, 38), 215, 221; House of the Gold Hoard, 188 (Deposit 59); House of the Official, 38, 146f. n. 363, 366-369, 160f. (Deposit 21); House of the Priest, 222; (Deposit 21), 188f. (Deposit 60), 222; House of the Silver Hoard, 161f. (Deposits 25, 26), 216f., 221; house, archaic {Area III, trench 6a), 156 (Deposit 1); house (Area I, trench 3M), 156 (Deposit 5); house {Area I, trench 65), 156f. (Deposit 6); houses (Area V, trenches 3, 7-10), 160 (Deposit 20), 168f. (Deposit 36); Pappalardo House, 186 (Deposit 52), 222 sanctuaries, Central Sanctuary, 37ff., 156 (Deposit 4), 157 (Deposit 8), 172-74 (Deposit 43), 186f. (Deposits 51, 53-55), 196 (Deposits 68-71); North Sanctuary, 147, 159 (Deposit 19), 166f. (Deposits 31, 32), 216, 220, 221; North Sanctuary Annex, 158ff. (Deposits 15-18), 167f. (Deposits 33-35), 221; Sanctuary of Aphrodite, 189f. (Deposits 62-64); South Sanctuary, 147, 152 n. 505, 164ff. (Deposits 29, 30), 215f., 220f., 224; West Sanctuary, 190f. (Deposit 65) coinage, control letters, 17; denominations, 5, 9, 13f., 28, 30; influence, from Agyrium, 22, from Gela, 7, 13, from Naxos, 7, Punic, 14 n. 38, from South Italy, 11, 13, 17ff., 31, from

230

INDEX

Syracuse, 8, 11; monograms: 16f.; overstruck coins: 22f. 27, 136 n. 66-67; Punic, 151 n. 446448; style: 7f., 11, 20; symbols, 17, 25, 29 coin types, AAKO~ (see laureate head, Issue 8); Apollo (see laureate head, wreathed head); Artemis (see laureate head); Athena head, 9ff. (Issue 3), 11 ff. (Issue 5); 14ff. (Issue 6); eagle, 23ff. (Issue 7), 208; female head, 7f. (Issue 2); grain ear, 5ff. (Issue 1); horseman, 11ff. (Issue 4), 206; AABO~ (see laureate head, Issue 8); laureate head, 11 ff. (Issue 4), 25ff. (Issue 8); lion, 14ff. (Issue 6); male head, 5ff. (Issue 1); Nike, seated, 9ff. (Issue 3); Nike, standing, 13f. (Issue 5); Nymph (see female head); Persephone (see female head, laureate head); Quadriga, 7f. (Issue 2); Sikelia (see female head, laureate head, wreathed head); tripod-lebes: 27ff. (Issue 8); wreathed head, 23ff. (Issue 7) see also Hispanorum, Punic, Sikeliotan mulings: Aetna/Catana, 141 n. 143; Alaesa/ Alaesa, 139 n. 98 L. Munatius: 141 n. 159--'161 Munich: hoard, 33 Naulochus: 201 N ike: as coin type, 11, 14 Naxos: coinage, archaic letter forms, 7 Notum: 210 n. 62 oak wreath: as coin type, 146 n. 357 Octavian: 37 offerings: 158 (Deposit 15), 172-74 (Deposit 43: Central Sanctuary offering box) Orosius: 210 Orsi, P.: 213 Osca: see Iberian coinage overstrikes: Adranum/ Aetna, 27 n. 88; Adranum/ Morgantina, 27, 136 n. 66-67; Adranum/Syracuse, 27 n. 88; Aetna/Leontini, Cat. no. 201, p. 136 n. 69, 142 n. 201; Agyrium/Morgantina, 22, 27; Agyrium/Syracuse, 27 n. 87; Alaesa/ Alaesa, 139 n. 98; Catana/ Aetna, 141 n. 140142; Catana/Catana, 140 n. 136; Catana/Leontini, 141 n. 140-142, 142 n. 201; Catana/uncertain, 140 nn. 136, 139; Entella/Punic, 150 n. 431; Herbessus/ Alaesa, 142 n. 182; Messana/ uncertain, 143 n. 215; Punic/Punic, Cat.

no. 433, p. 151 n. 439; Punic/Roman, 225; Punic/Syracuse, 150 n. 433, 151 n. 443; Rhegium/Brettii, Cat. no. 60, p. 136 n. 60; Rhegium/ Rhegium, Cat. nos. 58a, SSe, 58d, pp. 135, nn. 57 and 58, 136 n. 60; Roman/Punic, 151 nn. 440441, 443; Roman/Roman, 153 nn. 520,699, 700; Roman/Syracuse, Cat. nos. 499, 503, 511, 520, 523, pp. 147, 152 nn. 499, 503, 153 nn. 511, 520, 523; Syracuse/Syracuse, Cat. nos. 34th, 34th, 341j, 341m, 376, p. 145f. nn. 332, 337, 341-343, 149 n. 376; Tauromenium/Brettii, Cat. no. 414, p. 149 n. 414; Tauromenium/Syracuse, 149 n. 411; Tauromenium/uncertain, 149 nn. 414, 418; uncertain/Morgantina, 22f. owl: as symbol, 12ff., 17, 20f. Pace, B.: 213 Pachino: hoard (IGCH 2186), 146 n. 347-352 Pais, E.: 213 Palermo: Punic mint at, 150 n. 436 Panormus: 59 n. 130, 152 n. 454 Petelia: coinage, 48 Philistion: 19ff. Piazza Armerina: 34 n. 98 plated coins: Cat. nos. 29, 284, 442, 467d, 505, 509, 529,563,565,571,575,582,583,601,604,607, 609,610,612,613,615-617,619,621,622,630, 648,650,651,653,656,658,659,662,663,665, 666,668,674,676,677,682,683,694,695,706, 707, 734, p. 135 n. 29 Q. Pleminius: 223 Pliny: 212 Plutarch: 26 Pompeii: 135 post-semilibral standard: 147f. Sextus Pompey: 34f., 45, 58, 153 nn. 699 and 700, 201f. Ptolemy II: 152 n. 482 Punic coinage: overstrikes, Cat. no. 433, p. 150 n. 433, p. 151 nn. 439 and 443, 225; overstruck, 150 n.431, 151 nn.440-441,443 Punic mints: Akragas, 151 n. 446-448; Carthage, 150 n. 431, 151 nn. 442, 443; Morgantina, 151 n. 446448; Palermo, 150 n. 436; Sardinia, 150f. nn. 437, 438, 440-441; Sicily, see Siculo-Punic co mage

INDEX quaestors: 59, 138f. nn. 89 and 90, 207 n. 46, 210 n. 62 T. Quinctius Flamininus: 63 Rhegium: coinage, 7, 29, 48; overstrikes, Cat. nos. 58a, 58c, 58d, 60, pp. 135 nn. 57 and 58, 136 n. 60 Rizzo, G.: 7 Robinson, E. S. G.: 26 Rubi: 45,48 Sambon, A.: 4, 7, 25, 29 Second Punic War: 31, 33, 35, 147, 151 n. 446-448, 203,211,212,215 Segesta: 143 n. 280-281, 210 n. 62 Seleucid coinage: 63 n. 137 Selinunte: 150 nn. 433, 436; excavations, 143 n. 286 Serra Orlando: see Morgantina serrati: Cat. nos. 608, 648, 649, 663 Servile Wars: 47, 65f., 210, 212f. Sessa: hoard, 135 n. 29 sextantal standard: 147f. Shoe, L.: 216 Siculo-Punic coinage: 8, 19, 144 n. 325-326, 150 n. 436,216,217,221,226, Sikelia: as coin type, 13, 25f. Sikeliotan coinage: 31-34 Sjoqvist, E.: 9, 31, 33f., 204, 215f., 222 Solus: 135 n. 2, 3 Soverato: hoard, 20 n. 57 Stockli, W.: 220, 222, 226 Strabo: 210, 212, 214 Sydenham, E.: 204, 225 Syracuse: 21, 30, 66, 223f.; coinage, Agathokles, 8, 29, 45, 206; archaic letter forms, 7; Euainetos, 5, 8; fifth democracy, 33, 225; Hieron II, 33, 45f., 204, 206,216, 217; Hieronymos, 215, 225; overstrikes, Cat. nos. 341b, 34th, 341j, 341m, 376,

231

p. 145 nn. 332, 337, 341-343, 149 n. 376; overstruck, 27 n. 87, Cat. nos. 499, 503, 511, 520, 523, pp. 145 nn. 332, 337, 341-343, 147 149 nn. 376 and 411, 150 n. 433, 151 n. 443, 153 nn. 511,520 and 523; Roman, 59 n. 130, 61, 63, 207 hoard (IGCH 2234), 152 n. 482 ?Y? coinage: 150 n. 436 Taranto: "Molossian find" (JGCH 1929), 19 n. 54 Tarentum: coinage, 13, 20, 205 Tarraconensis: see Iberian coinage Tauromenium: 24, 29, 45; coinage, 144 n. 325-326, 205; overstrikes, Cat. no. 414, p. 149 nn. 411, 414, 418 Teate: 45 Terina: coinage, 11, 31, 48 n. 123, 207 n. 44 Terravecchia di Grammichele: 35 n. 106, 213 Thomsen, R.: 147f., 219, 220 Thucydides: 211, 213 Thurium: 17 n. 41,21 Timoleon: Sf., 14, 18, 26, 137, 208, 211 Torchiarolo: hoard (JGCH 1977), 20 n. 57 triental!quadrantal standard: 147f. tripod: as coin type, 29 Tudeer, L.: 8 Tyndaris: coinage, 26, 143 n. 280-281, 144 n. 291 Valerius Maximus: 210 Velia: coinage, 11, 17ff., 31 Vcnusia: 45 C. Verres: 66, 210, 212 n. 65 Vibo Valentia: 45, 61, 63, 205 Victory: as coin type, 48, 61, 207; see also Nike Villaronga, L.: 225 Willers, H.: 35, 202, 204

List of Plates

Plate

1

I. Morgantina, Issue 1, Die Pair 1 Berlin, ex Imhoof-Blumer 2. Issue 1, Die Pair 2 Paris FG 841 3. Issue 1, Die Pair 3 Palermo (Holm III, 603, no. 120) 4. Issue 1, Die Pair 4 Berlin 21240

5. Issue I, Die Pair 5 Cambridge, McClean 2453 6. Issue 1, Die Pair 6 Oxford, SNGAshmolean 1856 7. Morgantina, Issue 2, Specimen a Acireale, Pennisi Coli. 8. Issue 2, Specimen b London, BM 1923.10-15.1 9. Syracuse, AR tetradrachm BM,BMC207 10. Syracuse, AR dekadrachm BM,BMC204 11. Morgantina, Issue 3, Die Pair 1 Glasgow, Hunterian 1

3. Croton, AR stater Paris BN 1788 4. Velia, AR didrachm BM,BMC71 5. Morgantina, Issue 4, Die Pair I Paris, de Luynes 1039 6. Issue 4, Die Pair 2 Morgantina, inv. 68-242 7. Issue 4, Die Pair 3 Naples 32512 (Fiorelli 4647) 8. Morgantina, Issue 5, Specimen b Jameson 682 9. Morgantina, Issue 6, Die Pair I Glasgow, Hunterian 2 10. Issue 6, Die Pair 2 Munich, SNGMunchen 746 11. Issue 6, Die Pair 3 Oxford (Giendining 10 Oct. 1951, 154) 12. Issue 6, Die Pair 4 Acireale, Pennisi Coli. 13. Issue 6, Die Pair 5 Milan, private coli.

12. Issue 3, Die Pair 2 BM,BMC4

14. Issue 6, Die Pair 6 Winterthur 757

13. Issue 3, Die Pair 3 Paris, de Luynes 1036

15. Issue 6, Die Pair 7 Acireale, Pennisi Coli.

14. Issue 3, Die Pair 4 Cambridge, SNGLeake 1100

16. Issue 6, Die Pair 8 Brussels, Hirsch Coli. 498

15. Issue 3, Die Pair 5 Berlin 21239

17. Issue 6, Die Pair 9 Palermo, Mini Collection

16. Issue 3, Die Pair 6 BM,BMC6 17. Issue 3, Die Pair 7 Copenhagen, SNGCop 471 Plate

Plate 3 1. Velia, AR didrachm New York, ANS, SNGANS 1322

2

2. Velia, AR didrachm ANS, SNGANS 1362

1. Syracuse, AE 21;2 litrae Copenhagen, SNGCop 715

3. Herakleia, AR stater ANS, SNGANS 62

2. Terina, AR stater Paris BN 2066

4. Thurium, AR distater ANS, SNGANS 974 (Noe H28d)

234

LIST OF PLATES 5. Thurium, AR stater Oxford, SNGAshmolean 995

8. 1:1KEJ\H1T AN, AR 4litrae Naples, Santangelo 9221

6. Agyrium AE BM,BMC6

9. l:IKEJ\I.OT AN, AR 2 litrae Paris FG 1997

7. Agyrium overstruck on Morgantina Issue 6 Syracuse 37667

10. HISPANOR VM, Issue 9, Die Pair 1 Leningrad 374

8. Herbessus AE BM

11. Issue 9, Die Pair 2 Morgantina inv. 56-2652

9. Herbessus AE BM

12. Issue 9, Die Pair 3 Morgantina inv. 56-2353

10. Anonymous overstrike on Morgantina Issue 6 Acireale, Pennisi Coli.

13. Issue 9, Die Pair 4 Hobart, Oklahoma, Anderson Coli. 1573

11. Anonymous overstrike on Morgantina Issue 6 Acireale, Pennisi Coli. (rev.)

14. Issue 9, Die Pair 5 Naples, Santangelo 8051

12. Morgantina, Issue 7, Die Pair 1 Milan, Leuthold Coli.

15. Issue 9, Die Pair 6 Morgantina inv. 56-1804

13. Issue 7, Die Pair 2 ANS, SNGANS 468

16. Issue 9, Die Pair 7 Syracuse 41011

14. Issue 7, Die Pair 3 Milan, private coli.

17. Issue 9, Die Pair 8 Paris FG 1633

15. Issue 7, Die Pair 4 BM, SNGLloyd 1129

18. Issue 9, Die Pair 9 Morgantina inv. 55-2049

16. Issue 7, Die Pair 5 BM, SNGLLoyd 1128 17. Issue 7, Die Pair 6 Syracuse 18665 Plate 4

Plate 5 1. Issue 9, Die Pair 10 Morgantina, inv. 55-2230 2. Issue 9, Dit' Pair 11 BM 1845.4-14.105

1. Morgantina, Issue 8, Die Pair 1 BM,BMC 13

3. Issue 9, Die Pair 12 Munich, SNGMunchen 815

2. Issue 8, Die Pair 2 BM,BMC 12

4. Issue 9, Die Pair 15 Cambridge, SNGFitzwilliam 1467

3. Issue 8, Die Pair 3 Munich 105216

5. Issue 9, Die Pair 16 Morgantina inv. 56-2316

4. Uncertain mint, Specimen a BM, SNGL/oyd 1123

6. Issue 9, Die Pair 17 Morgantina inv. 55-20

5. Uncertain mint, Specimen b Termini Imerese

7. Issue 9, Die Pair 18 ANS, SNGANS 475

6. LIKEAI.OT AN, AV stater Acireale, Pennisi Coli.

8. Issue 9, Die Pair 19 Morgantina inv. 55-1500

7. l:IKEAI.OT AN, AR 8litrae Paris, de Luynes 1375

9. Issue 9, Die Pair 20 Copenhagen, SNGCop 1080

LIST OF PLATES 10. Issue 9, Die Pair 21 Morgantina inv. 56-58

12. Issue 12, Die Pair 4 Morgantina inv. 55-2586

11. Issue 9, Die Pair 22 Berlin, ex Imhoof-Blum er

13. Issue 12, Die Pair 5 Morgantina inv. 55-2516

12. Issue 9, Die Pair 23 BM G0134

14. Issue 12, Die Pair 6 Syracuse 24535

13. Issue 9, Die Pair 24 Naples 32639 (Fiorelli 4774)

15. Issue 12, Die Pair 7 Morgantina inv. 55-2584

14. Issue 9, Die Pair 25 Cambridge, McClean I, 2, no. 6

16. Issue 12, Die Pair 8 Vienna 3

15. Syracuse, Agathokles AE (BMC 409) ANS

17. Issue 12, Die Pair 9 Naples 32641 (Fiorelli 4776)

16. Tauromenium AE BM,BMC45

18. Issue 12, Die Pair 10 Oxford

17. Vibo Valentia, AE semuncia (obv.) Paris FG 1859 18. Spain, Secaisa AR BM Plate 6

Plate 7 1. Issue 12, Die Pair 11 Basel, in trade 2. Issue 12, Die Pair 12 Morgantina inv. 55-2039

1. Spain, Arse (Saguntum) AR BM

3. Issue 12, Die Pair 13 Copenhagen, SNGCop 1081

2. Spain, Bolscan (Osca) AR ANS

4. Issue 12, Die Pair 14 Paris, de Luynes 1635

3. Syracuse, Hieron II AE Paris BN 1889

5. Issue 12, Die Pair 15 Morgantina inv. 55-808

4. HISPANORV M, Issue 10, Specimen f ANS, SNGANS 483

6. Issue 12, Die Pair 16 Oxford

5. HISPANORV M, Issue 11, Die Pair 1 BM 1947.6-6.809

7. Issue 12, Die Pair 17 Morgantina inv. 55-892

6. Issue 11, Die Pair 2 Morgantina inv. 56-656

8. Issue 12, Die Pair 18 Munich, SNGMunchen 816

7. Rhegium AE ANS, SNGANS 731

9. Issue 12, Die Pair 19 Frankfurt a. M. 7985

8. Mamertine AE ANS, SNGANS 454

10. Issue 12, Die Pair 20 ANS, SNGANS 478

9. HISPANORV M, Issue 12, Die Pair 1 Morgantina inv. 55-1110

11. Issue 12, Die Pair 21 Morgantina inv. 55-2589

10. Issue 12, Die Pair 2 Morgantina inv. 55-2585

12. Issue 12, Die Pair 22 Paris, FG 1634

11. Issue 12, Die Pair 3 Berlin 7471

13. Issue 12, Die Pair 23 Morgantina inv. 55-45

235

236

LIST OF PLATES 14. HISPANORVM, Issue 13, Die Pair 1 Morgantina inv. 56-2715 15. Issue 13, Die Pair 1 Oxford 16. Issue 13, Die Pair 2 Morgantina inv. 55-1586 17. Issue 13, Die Pair 3 Hobart, Oklahoma, Anderson Coli. 1576 18. Issue 13, Die Pair 4 Morgantina inv. 55-1318

Plate 8

Plate 9 Cat. 1: inv. 60-1228 Cat. 2: inv. 60-613 Cat. 3: inv. 57-1087bis Cat. 5: inv. 60-380 Cat. 6: inv. 59-1938 Cat. 7a: inv. 55-2223 Cat. 7b: inv. 58-215 Cat. 9: inv. 55-820 Cat. 10: inv. 57-1559

1. Issue 13, Die Pair 5 BM 1909.5-4.202

Cat. 12: inv. 59-1513

2. Issue 13, Die Pair 6 Morgantina inv. 55-1938

Cat. 14c: inv. 55-2706

3. Issue 13, Die Pair 7 ANS, SNGANS 493

Cat. 16: inv. 56-1789

Cat. 13: inv. 56-588

Cat. 14e: inv. 59-559

4. Mamertine AE ANS, SNGANS 406

Cat. 17b: inv. 58-2005

5. HISPANORVM, Issue 14, Die Pair 1 Paris, ex de Ricci

Cat. 20: inv. 68-388

6. Issue 14, Die Pair 1 Syracuse 24271 7. Issue 14, Die Pair 2 Syracuse 15334 8. Issue 14, Die Pair 3 Berlin, ex Imhoof-Blumer 9. Syracuse AE (SNGCop 907) ANS

10. Mamertine AE ANS, SNGANS 459 11. Vibo Valentia AE ANS, SNGANS 469 12. HISPANORVM, Issue 15, Specimen a Morgantina inv. 55-896

Cat. 19: inv. 60-266

Cat. 23: inv. 58-491 Plate ro Cat. 24: inv. 67-92 Cat. 25: inv. 63-379 Cat. 26: inv. 61-758d Cat. 27: inv. 58-841 Cat. 28: inv. 71-212 Cat. 29: inv. 58-1414 Cat. 31: inv. 66-694 Cat. 32: inv. 57-1139 Cat. 33a: inv. 60-1051 Cat. 34: inv. 56-2648

13. HISPANOR VM, Issue 16, Specimen b BM, ex Townley

Cat. 35: inv. 55-2597

14. HISPANORVM, Issue 17, Specimen b Morgantina inv. 55-746

Cat. 37: inv. 67-392

15. Syracuse AE (SNGCop 914) ANS 16. "HISPANORVM", AR Port-Bou, Gerona, Spain, private coil.

Cat. 36: inv. 58-2170

Cat. 39: inv. 58-210 Cat. 40: inv. 61-1490 Cat. 42: inv. 55-1653 Cat. 43: inv. 58-698

LIST OF PLATES Platen

Cat. 68b 1: inv. 55-1580

Cat. 44a: inv. 68-150

Cat. 68b2: inv. 61-760

Cat. 44b: inv. 59-1610

Cat. 69a 1: inv. 59-878

Cat. 44c: inv. 71-381

Cat. 69a2: inv. 59-1666

Cat. 44d: inv. 59-912

Cat. 69b: inv. 55-1357

Cat. 44e: inv. 59-1741

Cat. 69c: inv. 60-772

Cat. 45: inv. 56-184

Cat. 69d: inv. 58-27

Cat. 46a: inv. 59-441

Cat. 69 1: inv. 59-721

Cat. 46b: inv. 59-1613

Cat. 692: inv. 58-2251

Cat. 49: inv. 59-1210

Cat. 693 : inv. 56-2787

Cat. 50a: inv. 55-503

Cat. 72a: inv. 60-1335

Cat. SOb: inv. 60-1182

Cat. 72b: inv. 58-812

Cat. SOc: inv. 57-1773

Cat. 73a: inv. 60-333

Cat. SOd: inv. 57-1793

Cat. 73b: inv. 56-3070

Cat. 50e: inv. 58-842

Cat. 73c: inv. 57-848

Cat. 51: inv. 61-23

Cat. 73e: inv. 59-1472

Cat. 52a: inv. 59-2083 Cat. 52b: inv. 59-1139 Cat. 53: inv. 59-1235 Plate

12

Plate 14 Cat. 74a: inv. 59-2117 Cat. 74b: inv. 56-434 Cat. 75: inv. 61-272

Cat. 55: inv. 61-1006

Cat. 76 1: inv. 56-3058

Cat. 56: inv. 55-12

Cat. 762: inv. 59-1699

Cat. 57b: inv. 56-2360

Cat. 77: inv. 59-2027

Cat. 57d: inv. 56-2985

Cat. 78b: inv. 61-935

Cat. 58a: inv. 61-574

Cat. 78c: inv. 62-658

Cat. 58b: inv. 56-1573

Cat. 79 1: inv. 55-1470

Cat. 58c: inv. 60-464

Cat. 792: inv. 61.410

Cat. 58d: inv. 55-1668

Cat. 80a: inv. 57-949

Cat. 59: inv. 55-2549

Cat. 81a: inv. 60-1114

Cat. 60a: inv. 57-2406

Cat. 8th: inv. 60-577

Cat. 60b: inv. 60-733

Cat. 82: inv. 58-1694

Cat. 61: inv. 62-1407

Cat. 83a: inv. 57-937

Cat. 62: inv. 58-2388

Cat. 83b: inv. 61-518

Cat. 63: inv. 63-46

Cat. 83c: inv. 58-443

Cat. 64: inv. 60-1537 Cat. 65: inv. 71-451 Plate 13

Plate 15 Cat. 84: inv. 58-1689 Cat. 85: inv. 58-1555

Cat. 67: inv. 56-237

Cat. 86: inv. 58-618

Cat. 68a: inv. 55-1352

Cat. 87: inv. 58-2253

237

238

LIST OF PLATES Cat. 88: inv. 57-420

Cat. 124: inv. 67-644

Cat. 89: inv. 56-844

Cat. 125: inv. 57-2253

Cat. 90: inv. 58-731

Cat. 126: inv. 57-2479

Cat. 92: inv. 62-1521

Cat. 127: inv. 69-744

Cat. 93: inv. 60-350

Cat. 128: inv. 57-1638

Cat. 94: inv. 55-1818

Cat. 129: inv. 61-618

Cat. 95: inv. 58-1788

Cat. 130: inv. 60-1697

Cat. 96: inv. 59-1929

Cat. 131: inv. 58-878

Cat. 97: inv. 60-1443

Cat. 132: inv. 55-1341

Cat. 98a: inv. 56-2290

Cat. 133: inv. 56-2439

Cat. 98b: inv. 60-549

Cat. 135a1: inv. 56-585

Cat. 98ci: inv. 57-2612

Cat. 135a2: inv. 58-2290

Cat. 98c2: inv. 62-1461

Cat. 135b: inv. 61-426

Cat. 98c inv. 59-207

Cat. 1361: inv. 56-713

3:

Plate 16 Cat. 99: inv. 61-1359 Cat. lOOa: inv. 58-1943

Cat. 1362: inv. 55-738 Plate 18 Cat. 137: inv. 60-621 (obv.) I 57-996 (rev.)

Cat. lOOb: inv. 60-1729

Cat. 138a: inv. 55-2604

Cat. lOla: inv. 62-227

Cat. 138b: inv. 59-1585

Cat. lOlb: inv. 55-2682

Cat. 139a: inv. 58-512

Cat. 102: inv. 55-1802

Cat. 139b: inv. 57-2408

Cat. 103: inv. 57-1669

Cat. 140: inv. 55-2329

Cat. 105: inv. 56-702

Cat. 141: inv. 60-440

Cat. 107: inv. 58-2095

Cat. 142a1: inv. 55-1530

Cat. 108: inv. 58-2173

Cat. 142a2: inv. 59-1086

Cat. 109: inv. 61-1117

Cat. 142b1: inv. 55-2112

Cat. 110: inv. 55-2527

Cat. 142b2: inv. 55-1874

Cat. 111: inv. 59-1940

Cat. 142c1: inv. 59-1169

Cat. 113: inv. 55-2192

Cat. 142c2: inv. 57-401

Cat. 114: inv. 56-3076

Cat. 1431: inv. 59-2082

Cat. 115: inv. 57-1223

Cat. 1432: inv. 57-2630

Cat. 118: inv. 58-719

Cat. 1433: inv. 61-136

Cat. 119: inv. 55-86

Cat. 145: inv. 57-191

Cat. 120: inv. 56-1304

Cat. 146: inv. 55-19 Cat. 147: inv. 56-3045

Plate 17 Cat. 121: inv. 60-396

Plate 19

Cat. 122: inv. 61-759

Cat. 148a: inv. 57-817

Cat. 123: inv. 57-144

Cat. 148b: inv. 57-711

LIST OF PLATES Cat. 148c: inv. 60-472

Cat. 191: inv. 58-2337

Cat. 148d: inv. 55-2457

Cat. 192: inv. 62-810

Cat. 149: inv. 62-567

Cat. 195: inv. 59-1245

Cat. 151: inv. 61-585

Cat. 197: inv. 56-2638

Cat. 152: inv. 57-2210

Cat. 200: inv. 59-363

Cat. 154: inv. 56-2436

Cat. 201: inv. 61-69

Cat. 155: inv. 60-618

Cat. 202: inv. 55-1454

Cat. 156: inv. 57-1322

Cat. 203: inv. 55-2034

Cat. 157: inv. 58-255

Cat. 205a: inv. 59-1703

Cat. 158: inv. 57-774

Cat. 205b: inv. 55-895

Cat. 159 1: inv. 58-2387

Cat. 206: inv. 58-247

Cat. 1592 : inv. 61-314

Cat. 208: inv. 58-1893

Cat. 160: inv. 61-111

Cat. 209a: inv. 60-775

Cat. 161: inv. 58-874

Cat. 209b: inv. 55-2525

Cat. 162: inv. 61-415

Cat. 210: inv. 61-758b

Cat. 163: inv. 71-482

Cat. 211: inv. 60-187

Plate

Plate

20

22

Cat. 164: inv. 57-2968

Cat. 212a: inv. 66-822

Cat. 166: inv. 61-482

Cat. 212b: inv. 56-1915

Cat. 167: inv. 57-782

Cat. 213: inv. 55-2007

Cat. 169: inv. 60-1761

Cat. 214: inv. 56-2838

Cat. 170 inv. 57-794

Cat. 215: inv. 59-212

1:

Cat. 1702: inv. 59-477

Cat. 218: inv. 63-709

Cat. 172: inv. 57-751

Cat. 219: inv. 58-1667

Cat. 173: inv. 60-739 (obv.) I 56-2720 (rev.)

Cat. 220: inv. 68-342

Cat. 175: inv. 61-886

Cat. 221: inv. 55-848

Cat. 176: inv. 62-545

Cat. 222: inv. 58-830

Cat. 1801: inv. 60-622

Cat. 224: inv. 57-2770

Cat. 1802 : inv. 57-250

Cat. 225a: inv. 57-1483

Cat. 181: inv. 58-821

Cat. 225c: inv. 58-26

Cat. 182: inv. 60-1707

Cat. 225d: inv. 59-238

Cat. 183: inv. 55-290

Cat. 226 1: inv. 60-486

Cat. 184: inv. 59-1133

Cat. 2262 : inv. 56-1641

Cat. 185: inv. 55-1377 Cat. 186: inv. 62-1578 Cat. 187: inv. 57-1538

Plate 23 Cat. 227: inv. 62-1114 Cat. 228: inv. 55-794

Plate

2r

Cat. 229: inv. 55-1059

Cat. 188: inv. 58-943

Cat. 230: inv. 59-959

Cat. 190: inv. 56-307

Cat. 231: inv. 61-1327

239

240

LIST OF PLATES Cat. 232: inv. 56-2445

Cat. 285: inv. 59-573

Cat. 233: inv. 57-2040

Cat. 286: inv. 58-740

Cat. 235a: inv. 56-1575

Cat. 287: inv. 60-269

Cat. 235b 1: inv. 58-816

Cat. 290: inv. 56-891

Cat. 235b inv. 58-846

Cat. 291: inv. 55-1448

2:

Cat. 235c: inv. 56-133

Cat. 292: inv. 57-1990

Cat. 235d: inv. 55-2103

Cat. 293: inv. 57-2155

Cat. 235e: inv. 55-1027

Cat. 294: inv. 57-1991

Cat. 235f: inv. 55-2554 Cat. 235g: inv. 59-1104

Plate z6 Cat. 295 1: inv. 56-849

Plate 24

Cat. 295 2 : inv. 56-2819

Cat. 235bis: inv. 57-133

Cat. 296: inv. 60-1174

Cat. 237: inv. 56-1566

Cat. 297a: inv. 55-826

Cat. 238a: inv. 59-700

Cat. 298: inv. 55-2281

Cat. 238b: inv. 57-50

Cat. 299: inv. 58-1007

Cat. 239: inv. 55-2368

Cat. 301: inv. 58-271 (obv.) I 58-1108 (rev.)

Cat. 240: inv. 56-53

Cat. 302: inv. 60-1473

Cat. 241: inv. 56-864

Cat. 303 1: inv. 56-1271

Cat. 242: inv. 56-2123

Cat. 3032 : inv. 59-1345

Cat. 249-257 (See Plates r-8]

Cat. 3041 : inv. 56-396

Cat. 259: inv. 61-406

Cat. 3042: inv. 59-2084

Cat. 260: inv. 61-24

Cat. 3043 : inv. 57-1328

Cat. 261: inv. 56-445

Cat. 305: inv. 55-2401

Cat. 262: inv. 56-1914

Cat. 306: inv. 68-352

Cat. 264: inv. 56-2536 Cat. 267: inv. 61-1361 Cat. 269c: inv. 59-994 Cat. 270: inv. 58-868

Plate 27 Cat. 307a: inv. 56-2182 Cat. 307b 1: inv. 59-709 Cat. 307b2: inv. 59-115

Plate 25

Cat. 308: inv. 61-575

Cat. 271: inv. 60-148

Cat. 310: inv. 63-305

Cat. 274: inv. 67-287

Cat. 312: inv. 61-486

Cat. 276a: inv. 55-977

Cat. 314a: inv. 60-652

Cat. 276c: inv. 55-1582

Cat. 314b: inv. 60-995

Cat. 276d: inv. 57-322

Cat. 315a: inv. 56-3060

Cat. 277: inv. 56-460

Cat. 315c: inv. 58-2081

Cat. 278: inv. 62-1154

Cat. 315e: inv. 55-922

Cat. 282: inv. 57-3010

Cat. 315f: inv. 66-261

Cat. 284: inv. 59-1212

Cat. 315j: inv. 61-230

LIST OF PLATES

Cat. 315k: inv. 60-1053

Cat. 324kk: inv. 61-572

Cat. 3151: inv. 55-1544

Cat.. 32411: inv. 56-94

Cat. 316: inv. 62-1411 Cat. 317: inv. 55-1816

Plate 30 Cat. 325b: inv. 56-1973

Plate z8 Cat. 318a: inv. 55-925

Cat. 325c: inv. 55-850 Cat. 325d: inv. 61-519

Cat. 319: inv. 60-1058

Cat. 325f: inv. 59-205

Cat. 320a: inv. 56-2402

Cat. 325i: inv. 55-1651

Cat. 321a: inv. 57-2489

Cat. 326d: inv. 58-1752

Cat. 321b: inv. 57-585

Cat. 327a: inv. 66-966

Cat. 321d: inv. 57-2407

Cat. 327b: inv. 66-967

Cat. 32th: inv. 59-874

Cat. 327c: inv. 66-969

Cat. 321i: inv. 55-853

Cat. 327d: inv. 66-970

Cat. 321j: inv. 60-1458

Cat. 328 1: inv. 55-963

Cat. 321k: inv. 61-856

Cat. 3282 : inv. 60-1750

Cat. 323c: inv. 59-1932

Cat. 329b: inv. 59-1176

Cat. 323d: inv. 60-818

Cat. 330a: inv. 62-1470

Cat. 323e: inv. 71-447

Cat. 330c: inv. 55-2273

Cat. 323g: inv. 59-214

Cat. 331: inv. 61-982

Cat. 323h: inv. 57-947

Cat. 332a: inv. 57-2345

Cat. 323i: inv. 56-846

Cat. 332b: inv. 62-1388

Cat. 323j: inv. 60-1055 Cat. 323r: inv. 56-1711

Plate 31 Cat. 333a: inv. 62-1233

Plate 29

Cat. 333b: inv. 58-1097

Cat. 324c: inv. 55-851

Cat. 334: inv. 57-2196

Cat. 324i: inv. 69-744

Cat. 335: inv. 59-712

Cat. 324m: inv. 55-44

Cat. 336a: inv. 59-1933

Cat. 324n: inv. 58-1619

Cat. 337 1: inv. 60-1074

Cat. 324o: inv. 61-916

Cat. 3372 : inv. 61-548

Cat. 324q: inv. 57-791

Cat. 338a: inv. 58-725

Cat. 324r: inv. 55-1484

Cat. 339: inv. 58-466

Cat. 324v: inv. 58-2001

Cat. 340a: inv. 66-979

Cat. 324x: inv. 57-2189

Cat. 340b: inv. 66-982

Cat. 324y: inv. 60-897

Cat. 340c: inv. 66-975

Cat. 324aa: inv. 56-2519

Cat. 340d: inv. 66-983

Cat. 324bb: inv. 55-1490

Cat. 340e: inv. 66-972

Cat. 324gg: inv. 61-411

Cat. 340f: inv. 66-971

Cat. 324hh: inv. 58-942

Cat. 340g: inv. 66-977

241

LIST OF PLATES

242

Cat. 363m: inv. 55-1920

Plate 32 Cat. 341a: inv. 57-2045

Cat. 364a: inv. 69-629

Cat. 341b: inv. 59-1168

Cat. 365: inv. 70-394

Cat. 341g: inv. 58-1170

Cat. 366a: inv. 59-1095

Cat. 34th: inv. 59-423

Cat. 366b: inv. 59-323

Cat. 341m inv. 60-1001

Cat. 366c: inv. 57-1141

Cat. 341m2: inv. 61-53

Cat. 366e: inv. 58-709

Cat. 342a: inv. 55-1771

Cat. 366f: inv. 56-2793

Cat. 342c: inv. 61-1138

Cat. 366k: inv. 55-1760

Cat. 342g: inv. 55-2512

Cat. 366n: inv. 61-952

1:

Cat. 342h: inv. 58-1261 Cat. 342i: inv. 60-1177 Cat. 343: inv. 57-905 Cat. 345a: inv. 66-993 Cat. 345b: inv. 66-992 Cat. 346: inv. 66-994 Plate 33

Plate 35 Cat. 366o: inv. 56-1883 Cat. 366p: inv. 55-259 Cat. 366q: inv. 57-1016 Cat. 366r: inv. 61-839 Cat. 366s: inv. 58-459 Cat. 366v: inv. 59-911

Cat. 347a: inv. 61-938

Cat. 367c: inv. 59-499

Cat. 347b: inv. 57-1720

Cat. 367e: inv. 61-360

Cat. 348a: inv. 60-810

Cat. 367f: inv. 60-408

Cat. 351: inv. 59-1136

Cat. 367h: inv. 55-218

Cat. 353: inv. 59-1948

Cat. 367k: inv. 55-856

Cat. 354: inv. 57-1634

Cat. 3671: inv. 58-1990

Cat. 355: inv. 57-669

Cat. 367r: inv. 59-1590

Cat. 356: inv. 59-714

Cat. 367s: inv. 61-468

Cat. 357: inv. 58-860 Cat. 358: inv. 57-438 Cat. 359: inv. 57-2182 Cat. 360a: inv. 60-808 Cat. 360b: inv. 57-2120 Cat. 362a: inv. 55-1013 Cat. 362b: inv. 60-1448

Plate 36 Cat. 368h: inv. 60-878 Cat. 368k: inv. 57-2111 Cat. 368m: inv. 55-1251 Cat. 368s: inv. 57-2320 Cat. 368aa: inv. 60-942 Cat. 368bb 1: inv. 56-1574

Plate 34

Cat. 368bb2: inv. 60-807

Cat. 363e: inv. 55-997

Cat. 368bb3 : inv. 57-2421

Cat. 363f: inv. 61-966

Cat. 369: inv. 55-1261

Cat. 363h: inv. 70-348

Cat. 370: inv. 59-595

Cat. 363i: inv. 59-1534

Cat. 372: inv. 63-589

Cat. 363j: inv. 57-1343A2

Cat. 373: inv. 55-1271

LIST OF PLATES Cat. 375a: inv. 60-793

Cat. 409 1: inv. 56-423

Cat. 375c: inv. 57-1111

Cat. 4092 : inv. 57-1064

Cat. 376a: inv. 58-1501

Cat. 410: inv. 57-1120

Cat. 377a: inv. 62-1415

Cat. 411: inv. 57-303

Cat. 377d: inv. 55-1499

Cat. 412: inv. 60-202

Plate 37

Plate 39

Cat. 378b: inv. 58-256

Cat. 414a: inv. 59-117

Cat. 378c: inv. 56-1842

Cat. 414b: inv. 58-290

Cat. 380: inv. 60-993

Cat. 414c: inv. 55-1628

Cat. 381: inv. 61-1491

Cat. 415: inv. 62-867

Cat. 382: inv. 59-1945

Cat. 416: inv. 56-959

Cat. 384a: inv. 55-1954

Cat. 417: inv. 58-873

Cat. 384b: inv. 58-1530

Cat. 419: inv. 58-1026

Cat. 385a: inv. 59-998

Cat. 420: inv. 58-1773

Cat. 386d: inv. 62-206

Cat. 421 1: inv. 59-31

Cat. 387a: inv. 56-1576

Cat. 4212: inv. 56-1241

Cat. 387c: inv. 56-2214

Cat. 422: inv. 57-2269

Cat. 388b: inv. 59-1138

Cat. 423: inv. 62-847

Cat. 389: inv. 56-2118

Cat. 425: inv. 58-653

Cat. 390b: inv. 62-1123

Cat. 426: inv. 56-1245

Cat. 391a: inv. 55-747

Cat. 427: inv. 58-833

Cat. 392: inv. 55-2605

Cat. 428: inv. 59-1089 (obv.) I 55-1640 (rev.)

Cat. 393: inv. 62-537 Cat. 394: inv. 56-3154

Plate 40 Cat. 430: inv. 62-704

Plate 38

Cat. 431a: inv. 59-213

Cat. 395: inv. 55-1779

Cat. 431b: inv. 58-1383

Cat. 396: inv. 55-2528

Cat. 431c: inv. 57-674

Cat. 397: inv. 55-2015

Cat. 433 1: inv. 58-2153

Cat. 398b: inv. 59-1264

Cat. 433 2 : inv. 59-1159

Cat. 399: inv. 61-308

Cat. 434: inv. 57-685

Cat. 400: inv. 61-1404

Cat. 435: inv. 61-387

Cat. 401: inv. 57-1833

Cat. 436a: inv. 61-359

Cat. 402: inv. 57-2488

Cat. 436b: inv. 59-45

Cat. 403: inv. 56-550

Cat. 437a: inv. 57-1889

Cat. 405: inv. 57-2605

Cat. 437d: inv. 55-2276

Cat. 406: inv. 59-495

Cat. 437e: inv. 59-1830

Cat. 407: inv. 61-1084

Cat. 437g: inv. 58-2229

Cat. 408: inv. 55-2428

Cat. 438b: inv. 56-2361

243

244

LIST OF PLATES Cat. 4401: inv. 57-278 Cat. 4402: inv. 62-1476

Plate 41 Cat. 441: inv. 63-710 Cat. 442: inv. 56-2361 Cat. 443b: inv. 56-294 Cat. 443c: inv. 58-828 Cat. 444: inv. 63-627 Cat. 445: inv. 58-1686 Cat. 446: inv. 60-1712 Cat. 447: inv. 57-261 Cat. 448: inv. 59-961 Cat. 449 1: inv. 58-1262 Cat. 4492: inv. 60-1508 Cat. 450: inv. 66-399 Cat. 451: inv. 59-799 Cat. 452: inv. 55-819 Cat. 456: inv. 57-691

Plate 43 Cat. 468: inv. 59-1557 Cat. 469: inv. 58-1934 Cat. 470: inv. 69-775 Cat. 471: inv. 61-93 Cat. 472: inv. 66-418 Cat. 474: inv. 56-1572 Cat. 475: inv. 58-778 Cat. 476: inv. 62-1420 Cat. 477: inv. 57-1294 Cat. 478: (surface find) Cat. 479: inv. 66-955 Cat. 480: inv. 66-954 Cat. 482a: inv. 57-1343b2-1 Cat. 482b: inv. 57-1343b1-1 Cat. 482c: inv. 55-985 Cat. 482e: inv. 59-332 Plate 44

Cat. 457 1: inv. 56-1879

Cat. 484: inv. 67-376

Cat. 4572: inv. 61-68

Cat. 485: inv. 59-1837

Plate 42 Cat. 458a: inv. 66-951 Cat. 458b: inv. 66-952 Cat. 458c: inv. 66-953 Cat. 459a: inv. 66-957 Cat. 459b: inv. 66-959 Cat. 459c: inv. 66-961 Cat. 459d: inv. 66-962 Cat. 459e: inv. 66-963 Cat. 460: inv. 66-964 Cat. 461: inv. 66-965 Cat. 462: inv. 63-374 Cat. 463: inv. 66-563 Cat. 464: inv. 55-2041 Cat. 466: inv. 80-245

Cat. 486: inv. 55-1804 Cat. 487: inv. 67-645 Cat. 490: inv. 60-751 Cat. 491: inv. 66-494 Cat. 492: inv. 57-473 Cat. 493: inv. 58-2221 Cat. 494: inv. 57-2750 Cat. 495: inv. 55-1157 Cat. 496: inv. 57-474 Cat. 497: inv. 60-480 Cat. 498: inv. 60-40 Cat. 499: inv. 60-795 Cat. 500: inv. 56-3005 Plate 45 Cat. 501: inv. 56-593

Cat. 467a: inv. 57-583

Cat. 502: inv. 57-2751

Cat. 467b: inv. 59-471

Cat. 503 1: inv. 62-1294

Cat. 467c: inv. 61-458

Cat. 5032: inv. 57-1530

LIST OF PLATES Cat. 504: inv. 62-1046

Cat. 530: inv. 59-287

Cat.

Cat. 534: inv. 58-156

505 1:

inv. 58-1674

Cat. 505 2 : inv. 58-1675

Cat. 552: inv. 59-83

Cat. 505 3: inv. 58-1676

Cat. 581: inv. 57-1383

Cat. 505 4 : inv. 59-1099

Cat. 587 1: inv. 56-2138

Cat. 505 inv. 60-1550

Cat. 587 2 : inv. 56-2428

Cat. 506: inv. 58-1682

Cat. 594: inv. 56-2837

Cat. 507 1: inv. 58-1679

Cat. 599: inv. 55-450

Cat. 507 2: inv. 56-1680

Cat. 628: inv. 59-1738

5:

Cat. 507 3: inv. 56-1681 Cat. 507 4: inv. 56-3152 Cat. 507 5: inv. 57-1339

Plate 48 Cat. 632: inv. 59-230 Cat. 658: inv. 57-1039

Plate 46 Cat. 508 1: inv. 56-3134 Cat. 508 2: inv. 58-1678 Cat. 508 3: inv. 56-3144 Cat. 5084 : inv. 56-3120 Cat. 508 5: inv. 56-3143 Cat. 508 6: inv. 58-1847 Cat. 510: inv. 55-2183 Cat. 511: inv. 57-2764 Cat. 512: inv. 59-1055 Cat. 513: inv. 62-1276 Cat. 518: inv. 61-213 Cat. 519: inv. 61-1463 Cat. 520 1: inv. 57-2760 Cat. 520 2: inv. 62-1000 Cat. 520 3: inv. 62-1118 Cat. 5204 : inv. 60-81 Plate 47

Cat. 666: inv. 62-331 Cat. 667 1: inv. 55-2062 Cat. 6672: inv. 62-333 Cat. 691 1: inv. 55-1843 Cat. 691 2 : inv. 57-1288 Cat. 69P: inv. 55-909 Cat. 692 1: inv. 58-108 Cat. 692 2: inv. 56-2423 Cat. 692 3: inv. 56-1568 Cat. 6924 : inv. 56-889 Cat. 697: inv. 55-992 Plate 49 Cat. 699: inv. 55-2185 Cat. 701: inv. 61-1342 Cat. 702: inv. 56-444 Cat. 709: inv. 55-208 Cat. 711: inv. 62-531

Cat. 521: inv. 66-130

Cat. 715: inv. 56-2382

Cat. 522: inv. 56-1677

Cat. 737: inv. 61-975

Cat. 523: inv. 61-1408

Cat. 740b: inv. 57-338

Cat. 524: inv. 57-2763

Cat. 742: inv. 61-976

Cat. 526: inv. 57-1983

Cat. 754: inv. 67-552

Cat. 528: inv. 57-140

Cat. 755: inv. 67-818

245

PLATES

3

2

II

12

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

13

14

PL. 1

15

16

17

8

9

13

4

3

2

10

14

II

IS

PL. 2

7

6

5

16

12

17

2

3

7

4

8

9

5

6

10

II

12

13

14

IS

PL. 3

16

17

3

2

7

13

8

14

4

5

6

9

10

11

12

15

16

17

18

PL. 4

7

13

2

3

8

9

14

4

10

16

15

PL. 5

5

6

11

12

17

18

2

7

13

8

14

3

4

10

9

15

16

PL. 6

5

11

17

6

12

18

4

5

6

2

3

7

8

9

10

II

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

PL. 7

2

7

6

11

12

3

4

8

5

10

9

14

13

PL. 8

15

16

1

2

7b

14e

9

16

3

5

6

12

10

17b

19

PL. 9

7a

13

20

14c

23

25

24

26

32

31

36

27

34

33a

37

39

-7~... ...-· :~-sf~_,

.. --

,., .·1::;~.~~~: ,_

.

PL. 10

40

29

28

35

42

43

44a

46a

SOd

44b

44c

46b

SOb

50a

49

50e

44e

44d

51

52a

PL. 11

52b

45

SOc

53

55

57b

56

58 a

57d

58b

60b

58d

SSe

61

62

59

63

PL. 12

60a

64

65

67

69b

72a

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PL. 13

73c

73e

74a

77

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74b

78b

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82

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PL. 14

SOa

83b

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84

85

92

90

97

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93

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94

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PL. 15

88

89

95

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103

111

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113

114

115

PL. 16

118

102

110

109

108

107

105

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119

120

121

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PL. 17

126

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137

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PL. 18

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147

148a

148b

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148d

155

149

156

151

157

158

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PL. 19

161

162

163

164

167

166

172

173

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175

183

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176

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184

185

PL. 20

1802

186

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181

187

188

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191

190

201

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192

202

203

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PL. 21

209b

195

197

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220

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213

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PL. 22

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PL. 23

231

235b2

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237

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240

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PL. 24

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PL. 25

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294

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PL. 26

299

298

306

307b 1

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312

315f

314a

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PL. 27

310

308

307b2

315a

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317

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323e

319

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PL. 28

321d

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PL. 29

324o

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326d

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339

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PL. 31

340f

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PL. 32

345b

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PL. 33

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PL. 34

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PL. 36

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PL. 38

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PL. 39

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PL. 40

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PL. 41

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PL. 42

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PL. 43

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PL. 44

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PL. 45

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PL. 47

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PL. 48

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PL. 49

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