Meteorology, Vol. III: Tables

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METEOROLOGY VOL. III.-TABLES

The

cost

of the preparation and publication of this report has been defrayed from the

Fund which was companions.

raised by public subscription in

memory

of Captain

1{.

F.

Scott and his

y^u^ r BRITISH

ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 1910-1913

i

METEOROLOGY VOL.

Ill

TABLES

BY

G. C.

SIMPSON,

D.Sc.,

LONDON

F.R.S.

:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY

HARRISON AND SONS, LTD., 44-47, ST. MARTIN'S LANE, W.C.2 FOR THE COMMITTEE OF THE CAPTAIN SCOTT ANTARC TIC FUND 1923.

Q

PREFACE. With very few

exceptions this volume contains a record of every meteorological observation taken on Captain Scott's last expedition from the time the Terra Nova left

New

1913.

Zealand on November 30th, 1910. to the time she returned on February L2th,

In addition,

it

contains a copy of the meteorological record kepi at Framheim,

with the observations converted into English units.

Now that

it is

one can see how

work of the expedition as a whole to the fact that simultaneous observations were taken

possible to review the meteorogical

much we owe

Framheim, Cape Evans and Cape Adare. When we heard that Amundsen was in the Antarctic, and in consequence the small party under Lieutenant Campbell which Scott had sent to work near King Edward VII Land had to go to Cape Adare instead, we all considered it a minor disaster. But for the for the greater part of a year at

meteorological work this was an advantage which it is impossible to over-estimate, in fact, it led to a distribution of stations unique in the history of polar exploration and one which could not have been attained by any possible amount of forethought. With these stations working for nearly twelve months simultaneously at the three corners of

a triangle embracing the Ross Sea and each station about 400 miles from its nearest neighbour, the records from each station became of highly enhanced value, and problems

could be investigated and solved which would have remained years of observation at one station alone.

Not only

in the distribution of stations were

observations taken.

At Framheim the

we lucky, but

unknown

after a

hundred

also in the character of the

meteorological work

of Captain

Amundsen's

party was not extensive but very reliable, especially the observations of pressure, temperature and wind. It was at Cape Adare, however, that the most remarkable meteorological work was performed. The party was small, consisting only of three officers and three men, but Mr. Priestley organised and carried through a set of meteorological observations and records which is a model for future expeditions. It is necessary to handle the original records to realise to the full the pains expended on this work, for all records were in duplicate, clean fair copies of all note books and diaries being I cannot be too grateful to the men of this party, to Priestley, Browning provided.

and Dickason

in particular,

and

I

am

sure that anyone

who has

occasion to study the

meteorology of Cape Adare will share my gratitude for the remarkable meteorological diary printed in full on pp. 470-551 of this volume.

In addition to the land stations, the Terra Nova, on her three voyages between New Zealand and McMurdo Sound added a large amount of meteorological information.

The

logs kept

on these three

have been printed

in full,

and they are

logs of which

voyages the observers —mainly the late Lieutenant H. L. L. Pennell, R.N., and Assistant Payam particularly glad that master Francis R. H. Drake, RN. —may well be proud. I

1 have been these logs should be printed, for they deserve much able to give them. They are a mine of information and will well repay investigation.

more attention than

volume has been particularly arduous and if I had not found in Mr. Arthur H. Bell a trained meteorologist, able and willing to see the work through the press, the task might well have proved beyond my powers. The care with which

The preparation

Mr. Bell has

made

of this

fair copies for

the printer of v

my rough

working

tables, has

checked the \

3

data and compared the tables in this volume with those printed in Volume I. is beyond feel confident that few works of do not doubt, bu1 Thai some errors remain praise. I

1

this

nature have been more carefully scrutinised before issue, and for this

1

have to thank-

Mi. Bell. in brought to an end the task which I undertook November, L909, when Captain Scott asked me to join his expedition as meteorologist. The publication of the results has been long drawn out, but the times have not been

With the

issue of this

normal times, and there financial difficulties

it

lias

Volume

is

cause for gratification that in spite of wars and consequent been found possible to complete the work.

is

As stated on another page, the cost of the preparation and publication of this report has been defrayed from the Fund which was raised by public subscription in memory of If this work proves to be a worthy part of the Captain Scott and his companions. National Memorial to our greal leader, I shall be deeply gratified and more than recompensed for all the time and trouble I have devoted to it. G. C. S.

London, February, 1924.

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES. Titles.

So

far as possible the titles of the tables indicate their contents, while the

elements

tabulated and the units used are stated at the top of each table on the right hand and the place of observation on the left hand side.

Time.

Two

side,

—

times were kept by the expedition (a) Standard time, which was twelve hours fast on G.M.T. :

Local time, the true

(b)

mean

These times were used as follows

(ape Evans

:

Standard time it is

;

:

local

—

time for the geographical position.

but as local time

Framheim

:

Local time.

Local time.

:

Terra Nova

local time.

Standard time.

:

Cape Adare

54 minutes behind standard time,

most meteorological purposes to deduct one hour

sufficient for

from standard time to obtain

Hut Point

is

:

Standard time.

Sledging journeys from Cape Evans ,,

.,

Cape Adare

:

:

Standard time. Local time of Cape Adare.

Directions. Observers on sledging journeys never recorded magnetic bearings, and the wind directions recorded in the Terra Nova logs have been corrected to true bearing. All directions given in this

volume are

true.

Italic Type.

type has been used in the tables to indicate values which have been interpolated, or values which have been obtained by a method other than the one in general use. Italic

Such values have been used as sparingly as possible and only is

in those cases

good reason to believe that they are very near to the true values.

where there

"

"

Terra Nova Logs. The Terra Nova logs were kept

in the

standard form of the London Meteorological

(Form 131) and the instructions there given followed as closely The following additional notes, however, were pasted in the permitted. Office

log by the observer

:

as conditions

front of each

—

—The position

given as accurately as possible for every four hours instead of giving course, &c, as laid down in the form. Current. Current observations having been made a special feature are recorded Position.

is

—

in a

book by themselves. Special

Non- Meteorological

of a

observations

graphical and other subjects being each their own books.

made

character.

—

Zoological, hydroa special study of, are recorded in

—

"

Colour of Sea. The numbers found under this heading refer to Code des Couleurs classes d'apres la methode Chevreul simplifiee par Paul Klingksieck et Th. Valette."

—When colour mentioned with a number, — Temperature. When given without a decimal point

Colour.

it

is

read closely and is an exact degree, it Cloud Velocity.- The following scale is used

only.

If

—

(o)

(?)

Stationary Very slow

Cloud density.

Fast

(?)

Moderate

(T)

Very

suffixes 0,

J

,

2, 3,

thus

Light cloud

Moderately heavy cloud Heavy dark cloud.

—When sun

on a

moment.

is classified

10 3

;

6

clear horizon

—

Rain

:

fast

immediately it has disappeared, he was. Entries are made of where sometimes seen

sets

a tiny patch of brilliant green phenomenon, when observed under this heading. Nimbus. This name has been used for rain clouds even

at the actual

67-0.

light cloud

is

this

:

©

2

Green Flash.

logged thus

—

(T)

1

3

:

above code.

to the nearest degree

is

Slow

—Indicated by the

Very

is

refers to the

as follows

:

when

rain

is

not falling

—

Drizzle

Heavy

Very heavy Torrential Moderate ly an The suffix is used when only approximate direction can be given, for instance, in the case of waves or swell at night, light quarterly winds with the ship under weigh, direction of a confused sea, &c. Thus Slight

:

N When

Iy .

.

a suffix

.

.

somewhere

not used

is

it is

in the direction of

N.

considered that the exact direction has been

obtained.

Time.—-12 hours

fast

on G.M.T., except where otherwise

stated.

Original Records.

The

original records

working up the observations are stored South Kensington, London, where they may

and the papers used

in the library of the Meteorological Office,

be examined by permission

of the Director. vii

in

CONTENTS,

Section I.— TEMPERATURE.

Page

Table

1.

2.

2 ...

4.

Monthly values at Hut Point, Cape Royds, Cape Evans, Cape Vdare, and Framheim Daily variation at Cape Evans

5.

Daily variation at

6.

Daily variation Fourier coefficients

7.

Maximum and Minimum,

3.

8. 9.

10. 11.

12.

Ta

Hourly values at Cape Evans Hourly values at Cape Adare

Hut Point and Cape Evans combined... ...

Cape Evans Hut Point and Cape Evans

21 31

32

34 36

daily values at

37

Maximum, monthly values at Minimum, monthly values at Hut Point and Cape Evans Daily Range, monthly values at Hut Point and Cape Evans Absolute maximum for each month at Hut Point and Cape Evans Absolute minimum for each month at Hut Point and Cape Evans

39 39 7.1 III

to

Section- III.

-CLOUD AND SUNSHINE. Pace

Tabu

Evans

111

"•!

Cloud, four-hourly values at Cape

35.

Cloud, two-hourly values at Cape Adare

125

36.

Cloud, monthly values at Hut Point, Cape Evans, Cape Adare, and Fiamhi

135

.",7.

Cloud, dailj variational Cape Evans

L36

Cloud, daily variation

a1

lint

138

Cloud, daily variation

at

Hut Poinl and Cape Evans combined

...

Point

IKi

10.

Cloud, daily variation at Cape Adaie

III

11.

Cloud frequency of amounts at Cape Evans Cloud frequency of amounts at Hut Point and Cape Evans Cloud frequency of amounts at Cape Ware

142

12. 13. 11.

Sunshine, duration

ai

Cape Brans

It.",

143 III

...

Suction IV.— PRESSURE.

Table

Hourly values

16.

Hourly values at Cape Adare Monthly values at Hut Point. Cape Evans.

47.

ai

162 21 18 (

'ape Adare,

18.

Daily variation at Cape Evans

19.

Daily variation at

Hut

50.

Daily variation at

Hut Point and Cape Evans combined

51.

Daily variation at Cape Adare

52.

Daily variation.

53.

Daily variation.

54.

Maximum month

...

Point...

means

Maximum and Minimum

56.

Difference between

...

of daily

mean

of daily

ranee

of daily

225 227

— Absolute

extremes for

each

228

range

— Absolute extremes for each month — Monthly means 229

...

January and July at eight Antarctic stations

Difference in level between six Difference in level between the

59.

Height above sea-level of

main depots on the Polar Journey

230

...

...

...

...

...

... ... camps on the Polar Plateau the camps between the Southern Barrier Depot and the South Pole

Section VI.— ATMOSPHERIC

...

2.">2

233 ...

231

ELECTRICITY.

Potential gradient at Cape Evans, hourly values Radio activity measurements at Cape Evans

Section VII.—METEOROLOGICAL

Table

221

...

V.— DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT ABOVE SEA-LEVEL.

57.

61.

22-'i

Hut Point and Cape Evans

extremes and

pressure for

58.

60.

220 222

values at Cape Adare

extremes and

Section

„

218

Fourier coefficients, Cape Adare and minimum values at Hut Point and Cape Evans

55.

Table

and Kramlieim ...

...

Fourier coefficients,

— Monthly

of daily

Table

Cape Evans

15.

236 248

JOURNALS AND DIARIES KEPT AT BASE STATIONS.

62.

Meteorological Journal kept at Cape

63.

Meteorological Journal kept at Cape Adare containing observations of

Evans containing observations and Erebus smoke and weather remarks

precipitation, sunshine, aurora, drift

and weather remarks

motion

of clouds

wind, cloud,

v isibility,

of cloud,

25(1

372

64.

Meteorological Diary kept at Cape Adare

470

65.

Meteorological Journal kept at Framheini

552

66.

Register of Observations at or near

Hut Point

562

Section VIII.— METEOROLOGICAL

REGISTERS KEPT ON SLEDGING JOURNEYS FROM CAPE EVANS. Pag e

Table

One Ton Depot Party, January 26th

to

67.

Register of

68.

Register of Taylor's 1st Western Mountain Party

69.

Register of Winter Journey to Cape Crozier

70. 71.

— January 27th to March 1st,

Party— November 3rd, 1911, to March 12th. I'M 2 Motor Party— October 27th to December 20th, 1911 Dog Sledge Party November 5th, 1911, to January 4th, 1912

73.

Register of

74.

Register of

75.

Register of First

76.

Register of

77.

Register of Day's Depot

80.

...

of

Register of Main Polar

79.

191]

—

592

...

14th.

— June 27th to August 1911 — Register Spring Journey to Corner Camp September 9th to 15th, 1911 — Register of Spring Journey to Western Mountains September 15th to 28th,

72.

78.

March 23rd,

Ml

...

601

...

...

606

...

...

61

1911

P.

618 643 ...

...

Return Party— December 22nd, 1911, to January 26th, 1912 Second Return Party January 4th to February 9th, 1912

...

82. 83.

Register of

,,

84.

Register of Journey to

Journey

November 85.

,,

„

to

West Coast

1

675

678 15th, 1912

679

Sir

690 698

—

of

—

703 to

705

Duke

of

York Island —November 7th to 16th, 1911

...

...

707

X.— METEOROLOGICAL LOGS OF THE "TERRA NOVA" ON VOYAGES BETWEEN NEW ZEALAND AND THE ANTARCTIC. Voyage—November

30th, 1910, to

March 27th, 1911

86.

First

87.

Second Voyage— December 15th, 1911, to April 3rd, 1912

88.

666 67

Robertson Bay October 4th to 13th, 1911 George Newnes' Glacier and Warning Glacier October 28th

4th, 1911

Register of Journey to

Section

Table

...

—

„

81.

652

IX.— METEOROLOGICAL REGISTERS KEPT ON SLEDGING JOURNEYS FROM CAPE ADARE.

Notes and Register of Journey to Cape Barrow September 8th to 18th, 1911 Register of Journey along Western Coast to Whaleback Cliffs— October 4th to 20th, 1911

Table

...

661

—

Party— December 26th, 1911, to January 21st, 1912 First Relief of Register Party— February 26th to March 16th, 1912 of Relief Second Register Party— March 27th to April 1st, 1912 of 2nd Western Mountain Party— November 16th, 1911, to February Register Taylor's

Section

1

615

...

Third

Voyage—December

14th, 1912, to

February 12th, 1913

XI

Tin 756

son

SECTION

I.

TEMPERATURE TABLES

1

to

12.

-

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47

ESE 36 ESE

6

D V

KSK

30

—

V

43

ESE

5

1)

ESE

24

-

11-12

52

3

•js

10 11

1

ESE

—

3

10-1

44

C

C

SSE

D V

9-10

ESE

47

ESE

10

!i

D V

D V

D V

D V

D V

V

1)

8-9

3-4

ESE

23

N

5

ESE

8

—

10

4

C

C 6

12

C

—

4

SSE 30 SSE 33 SE

30

C

C

C

NE

C

—

3

-

ESE

—

2

SE

30

C

C

NNW 23 NNW 29 NNW 20 NNW

19

NNW

18

5

—

5

—

6

19

22

ESE

13

ESE

14

20

11

—

21

20

SE

22

20

NNW 20 NNW 22 NNW 28 NNW 24 NNW 25 NNW 29 NNW 34 NNW 14 NNW 27 NNW 22 NNW 13 NNW

-

ESE

ESE

20

SE

25

SE

26

SK

C

C

C

C

24

3 var.

5 var.

5 var.

4 var.

25

2

26

5

27

2

28

5

29

5

4

— —

13-5

— —

6

— — —

2

—

2

30

Mean

3

3

12-8

4

4

SE

30

—

—

C 3

12-8

4

— —

13-1

6

—

12

4

C

c

6

32

2

3

2

— —

SK

—

4

— —

4

5

-

ESE

30

14-0

50

ESE

26

SK

29

13

ESE

34

ESE

29

ESE

28

ESE

24

ESE

16

ESE

7

NW

17

NW

4

—

G

C

SE

15

SE

8

SE

C

C

C

C

G

C

c

C

ESE

28

-

4

C

2

ESE

28

NW

—

4

4 8

1.4-4

15-2

ESE

25

C

-

C

131

-

C

C

C

G

•

3 6

4

ESE

24

G

C

6

2 2

»7

G

-

E

24

G

23

— —

E

18

G

C

24

24

17

II)

ESE -

E

ESE

3

ESE

3

C 21

SSE

C 20

ESE C

C

C

ESE

4

ESE

5

ESE

3

—

3

—

5

28

NE

12

NE

13

10

ESE

— E

C

C

C

C

13-6

14-7

13-9

13-9

OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION. 1911.

V= D=

11-12

12-13

13-14

14-15

15-16

10-17

17-18

is

12-13

13-14

14-15

15-16

16-17

17-1S

18-19

19-20

Velocity in miles per hour. Direction.

2d

2n 21

21-22

22-23

2(1-21

21-22

22-23

23-24

hi

l!i

Mean

D V

V

D

D V

D V

D

D V

D V

46

ESE

45

ESE

ESE

48

ESE

48

ESE

44

ESE

ESE

49

ESE

49

ESE

ESE

49

SE

32

SE

16

SE

ESE

30

ESE

36

ESE

ESE

33

ESE

33

ESE

25

ESE

ESE

4

—

3

10

36 7

8 5

ESE

— — —

4

13

ESE

29

ESE

2

—

9

NE C

3

24

— SE

39

C 4

22

C

— SE

26

C

6

ESE

4

ESE

ESE

27

ESE

22

ESE

29

ESE

13

ESE

—

8

—

C

C

— — —

o

2 4

—

8

C

2

—

SE

G

17

C

SE C

C

:;i

25

ESE

22

ESE

19

ESE

22

ESE

19

ESE

6

4

—

SE

12

SE

15

ESE

5

ESE

5

—

— SE

SE

16

ESE

16

SE

SE

9

C

C 33

ESE

2

—

C

C 41 2

C

C

C

ESE

34

ESE

—

5

—

C

37 2

C

41

— C

ESE

15

NW

16

—

32

ESE

29

ESE

34

ESE

34

ESE

37

ESK

37

ESE

3

—

2

5

5

SE

5

SE

4

SE

4

SE

4

SE

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

c

C

c

3

ESE

5

C

ESE

10

C

ESE

7

SE

20

SE

10

SE

8

ESE

17

C

3

—

3

ESE

13

ESE

18

ESE

11

ESE

6

ESE

3

ESE

25

ESE

25

SE

25

SE

23

SE

19

SE

SE

7

7

—

4

5

—

4

— —

4 2

— —

C

C

C

C

C

131

131

13-9

13-8

13-6

4

4

— —

120

13

5 5

ESE

6 S

— —

4 6

N

9

ESE

4

— — —

37

ESE

5

7

4 4

ESE

Is

l!i

7

C

5

ESE

10

7

31

SE

—

4 21

17

ESE

SE

4

20

10

24

11

13

12

1

13

C 39

ESE

15

14

4

—

21

15

C

10

ESE

33

ESE

24

18

4

—

12

19

5

20

12

21

12

22

3

23

1

21

8 var.

13

25

2

—

4

26

4

—

9

27

1

28

SE

—

11

SE

is

XXW

3

—

— —

C 4 SSE 2

C

C

C

G

29

1

311

C

C

C

C

C

C

12-4

12-3

12]

11-5

111

11-9

51

14

17

SSE

4

—

11

2

—

6

—

12 var.

3

ESE

11

3

3

5

34

6

C 5

ESE

II

— C

SE

N

— — — —

36

C

C

C

C

17

3

7

C

ESE

6

C

C

C

3

SE

40

C

NW

—

C

C

17

C

SE

C

NW

4

—

C

16

C

ESE

ESE

C

NW

C

12

C 4!

—

C

18

ESE

— —

ESE

C

NW

7

— ESE

5

si:

3

ESE

16

4

26

32

C

4

SE

ESE

ESE

— —

25

34

22

17

SE

3

C

SE

18

2

ESE

2 5

4

26

4

3

5

—

5

ESE

—

5

—

28

ESE

3

8

ESE

36

— —

3

—

34

ESE

3

24

3

2

ESE

28

— —

ESE 26 ESE

35

ESE

3

29

ESE

C

6

ESE

30

28

SE

20

ESE

NW

4

ESE

42

10

NW

2

20

ESE

NW

13

37

ESE

38

8

5

SE

29

ESE

NW

—

12

31

16

7

SE

ESE

C 8

12

ESE

36

ESE

ESE

SE

ESE

28

13

is

34

ESE

ESE

SIO

ESE

23

1

20

21

35

4

47

SE

ESE

ESE

6

ESE

15

23

ESE

3

45

is

SE

31

Day.

ESE 48 ESE

23

17

D

5n

SE

ESE

.

ESE

ESE

17

locitj

46

—

ESE

*

ESE

3

22

8

D V

—

ESE

3

D V

4

ESE

— — —

D V

—

13

4

D V

\

13-2

d

2

TABLE

13.

WIND—HOURLY VALUES July,

CAPE Local

I

\

Time

iNS.

....

OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION. 1911.

V

D =

11-12

12-13

Velocity in Miles per kouf. Direction.

TABLE

13.

WIND- HOURLY VALUES August,

CAPE EVANS. Time

23 24

Standard rime

1

I

1

n

—

1

2

•>

20

NNW

::

1

-

—

15-9

Hi -4

56

4

— —

8 var.

5 6

— —

5 4

— —

C

C

C

15-2

14-8

13-3

C 5

3

—

—

13-0

22

C 5

12

—

SE

130

C 4

2

39

—

— E

14-8

OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION. V=

1911.

D=

Velocity in miles per hour. Direction.

11-12

12-13

13-14

14-15

15-10

10-17

17-18

18-19

19-20

20-21

21-22

22 23

12-13

13-14

14-15

15-16

10-17

17-18

18-19

19-20

20 21

21-22

22-2::

2:;

Mean

D V

V

7

11

s

D V

NW

3

NW

—

5

—

SE

4

ESE

18

X\V

3

SE

ESE

SE

D V C

2 7

12 2

D V C

— SE

3 11

ESE

2

SE

2

— SE

12

2

1)

D V

V

C

C

C

C

c

C

c

c

ESE

2

SE

D V

D V

ESE

ESE

16

ESE

14

3

—

3

—

2

3

ESE

4

ESE

4

22

D V c

ESE

2

ESE

5

SE

3

ESE

2

—

5 Si!

3

ESE

42

ESE

42

ESE

51

E

51

E

48

E

50

E

48

E

40

E

40

E

38

HO

E

3D

E

14

NW

13

NW

33

ESE

36

ESE

34

ESE

:!2

ESE

42

E

48

E

11

17

SE

8

5

—

3

c

c

c

c

C

2

—

4

SE

C G

C

11

8

SE

C 4

5

NW

3

ESE

3

ESE

— —

SE

2

C

C

—

21

7 3 3

ESE

— —

9

ESE

ESE

4

ESE

5

ESE

5

11

ESE

3

—

2

—

2

C

C

3

14

C

c

c

c

C

C

G

c

G

ESE

SE

13

SE

13

NW

23

NW

24

10

NW NW

7

2

— —

3

—

E

10

16

8

NW

19

17

ESE

7

ESE

7

18

3

—

4

—

2

19

11

ESE

20

ESE

22

ESE

28

ESE

30

ESE

36

E

7

ESE

12

ESE

23

ESE

26

ESE

23

ESE

23

NW

4

—

7

ESE

11

ESE

16

ESE

20

ESE

15

7

—

C

C

C

C

38

E

32

E

28

E

39

E

39

ESE

36

ESE

36

ESE

36

ESE

10

L'll

37

ESE

47

ESE

41

ESE

43

ESE

47

ESE

43

ESE

45

ESE

41

ESE

40

21

3

—

—

is

22

8

NW

NW

13

23

2

—

—

3

24

•

22

3

ESE

— —

4

—

8

—

3

—

28

ESE

25

ESE

11

ESE

3

-

5

3 5

— —

3

5

5 11

— —

2 8

-

NW

— —

4 7

2 13

NW

— — E

8

25

51

E

48

E

44

26

38

ESE

45

27

ES]

37

2S

2

—

II)

29

5

NW

17

30

48

E

49

E

53

E

48

E

48

E

45

E

43

E

41

E

42

E

44

E

40

E

42

E

42

ESE

42

ESE

12

ESE 38 ESE 34 ESE

35

ESE

30

SE

40

SE

42

SE

44

E

4

E

57

E

48

ESE

45

ESE

38

E

13-5

2 41

•

— E

12-8

C 40

E

12 -0

38

G

C

E

E

12-9

13-9

37

C

2

E

34

15-0

— E

2

2

24

E

14 •;

15-1

57

21

— —

15-9

51

35 2 18

ESE

— —

lis

6

39 E

E

E

II

E

48

1

4

33

E

—

15

33

3

—

ESE

48

2

ESE

C

ESE

2

4

C

40

4

ESE

C

ESE

—

4

c

40

4

c

c

ESE

—

N

C

3G

4

12

9

—

ESE

— —

5

N

13

40

5

11

7

1

13

C

1

N

C

—

C

10

6

C

5

23

3

N

C

—

22

9

ESE

C

2

6

2

7

C

4

NW NW

8

C

—

8

17

C

2

3

5

C

C

7

3 var.

5

7

.v

4 var.

SE

C

4

G

11 var.

4

C

— —

C

C

IS var.

c

9

:ts

ESE

III

C

ESE

5

X

3

42

c

i

6

ESE

C

C

2

37

C

C

2

E

C

c

— —

1

42

c

C

Da: 19

E

C

C

ESE

5

G

C

10

SE

C

C

ESE

3

C

c

7

—

C

C

ESE

3

—

C

7

3

2

D

\

C 5

i

G

2

42

NW

1)

G

2

16

V

('

2

ESE

1)

j

32 2

ESE

—

14

7

;l

III

L4 • 5

TAHLK

13.

WIND— HOURLY VALUES October,

OAPE Local

I

1

\

ime

UTO.

OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION. 1911.

V=

D=

11-12

12-13

Velocity in miles pur hour. Direction.

TAHLK

13.

WIND

HOURLY VALUES November,

CAPE Local

I

\

Time

\N-.

OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION. 1911.

11-12

12-13

V= D=

Velocity in miles per hour. Direction.

TAIiLK

13.

WIND—11 OUR], Y VALUES December,

cape •

e\ \\>

rime

OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION. 1911.

V= Velocity

D= 11-12

in miles per

Direction.

hour.

TABLK

13.

WIND— HOURLY VALUES January,

oapi Local

i

\

VNS

Time

OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION. 1912.

V= 1 I

11-12 12-13

Vcb icily

in miles per hour.

Direction.

TABLE cape 1

ii

i:\

rime

\w

13.

WIND-HOURLY VALUES February,

OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION. 1912.

V

D

11-12 12-13

\

elocitj

in

Direction.

mile

pet

hour.

TAI'.LK

HOURLY VALUES

WIND

I.T

March,

cut

\w

\:\

I

...

tine

Standard

0-1

._.,

Tun.'

D

\

2

1

I

1

2

2

:;

2

:i

:;

i

D

n V

V

..

6 6

6-7

7

S

r,

li

li

7

7 8

s

(I

V

V

1)

S

V

l>

9 S

V

li

V

I)

V

I)

ESE

46

ESE

ESE

ESE

13

ESE

NNW

NNW 22 NNW

hi

ESE 43 ESE 48 ESE

17

ESE

47

ESE

42

ESE

ESE

20

ESE

ESE

21

ESE

ESE

18

ESE

19

ESE

25

ESE

L9

16

SSE

i:,

SSE

SSE

7

SSE

5

NNW

Hi

NNW

12

NNW 17 NNW

18

yar.

4

—

7

SE

SE

SE

:3

SE

211

SI

23

SE

ESE

6

ESE

s

WW

WW

9 18

ESE

35

ESE

3

is

ESE

is

4

17

SSE

.">

8

6

L5

7

26

8

16

WW WW

9

31

ESE

6

21

2(1

NNW 5 NNW NNW 18 NNW

17

NNW NNW

II

4

4

NNW 20 E 20 E NNW NNW 4 NNW

25

WW

20

NNVV

NNW

10

var.

17

ESE

ESE 33 ESE

11

ESE

11

ESI'.

38

ESE

32

ESE

31

28

ESE

26

ESE

ESE

20

ESE

18

ESE

21

ESE

26

ESE

32

ESE

6

NW

6

NW

NW

6

NW

II

NW

23

NW

2.",

NW

26

2

—

9

ESE

21

ESE

43

ESE

37

ESE

26

ESE

ESE

31

ESE

NW

24

NW

NW

18

NW

31

ESE

37

ESE

42

ESE

49

ESE

ESE

34

ESE

33

E

34

E

34

E

12

:,.-,

13

12

ESE

ESE

!i

It

in

ESE 40 ESE

36

ESE

35

15

20 \'\Y

16

15

17

15

IS

2

19

33

NW

//

NW

LMi

M)

ESE

42

E

52

E

21

58

E

60

E

56

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

22

25

E

20

E

8

E

E

E

E

E

E

23

31

E

26

E

21

E

E

E

24

31

ESE

13

ESE

7

NNW

NNW

NNW

NNW

NNW NNW

25

13

ESE 46 ESE

52

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

26

47

ESE

49

ESE

51

ESE

ESE

E

27

55

ESE

56

ESE

58

ESE

ESE

28

11

ESE

10

ESE

13

ESE

29

24

ESE

24

ESE

15

30

10

ESE

6

ESE

31

15

ESE

Is

ESE

8

SE

8

E

54

E

SE

M'

SE

ESE

36

ESE

E

50

—

19

—

01

10

ESE

3

E

ESE

ESE

11

55

ESE

NNW

var.

E

13

4

6

55

ESE

NNW

i.

10

E

9 ES E

ESE

13

D

V 4

4

ESE

32

9

11-12

—

ESE

2

•,i

li

li

35

II

10-11

in

10-11

S

1

Mean

9

'.I

9 in

4

5

6 SIC

s

SE

SE

SE

4-5

l>

I

i

::

SSE

7

SSE

6

SSE

4

SSE

4

SSE

4

SSE

3

SSE

7

37

ESE

34

ESE

23

ESE

19

ESE

7

ESE

12

ESE

27

ESE

23

NW

2(i

NW

12

NW

10

NW

6

NW

3

—

4

—

4

—

13

SE

13

SE

17

ESE

ESE

19

ESE

28

ESE

21

ESE

15

ESE

14

ESE

17

ESE

34

ESE

28

ESE

31

ESE

29

ESE

29

ESE

ESE

9

ESE

4

ESE

8

NW

4

NW

7

NW

11

NW

7

NW

6

ESE

9

ESE

7

ESE

6

ESE

5

—

4

—

5

—

4

10

NE

8

NE

/;

N

13

NNW

,9

ESE

8

ESE

//

ESE

19

ESE

26

ESE

28

ESE

32

ESE

31

ESE

E

57

E

61

E

56

E

62

E

64

E

61

E

E

E

54

E

E

E

E

20

E

NNW NNW

NNW NNW

NNW NNW

NNW 36 NNW NNW 9 NNW

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

47

ESE

E

E

E

E

E

E

68

E

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

40

E

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

15

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

1

ESE

12

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

9

ESE

20

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE

21

ESE

o

24-7

.

22-4

5

5

— —

22 -3

— —

5 5

55

E

23

59

E

64

230

21-9

6S

23-3

-

24-6

25

24-9

25-3

25-3

OF VELOCITY AND DIRECTION. 1912.

11-12 12-13

= Velocity in D = Direction.

V

miles per hour.

TABLK

WIND—HOURLY VALUES

13.

April, C

\n

r\ \\s

...

23 24

Standard Time

ii

V

2

!

1

11

V

2

2

3

3

i

2 3

:;

I

l

5

1

I

1)

H

\

\

D

V

4-5

D

6 7

7-8

8-9

9-10

10-11

7

7-8

8-9

9-10

10-11

11-12

Ii

i,

.-,

5-0

D

I)

I)

V

1)

n

\

I)

V

1)

10

ESE

24

ESE

23

ESE

21

ESE

25

ESE

ESE

ESE

ESE 24 ESE

: w

o

23-24

TABLE

17.

WIND DAILY VARIATION OF VELOCITY. (Corrected for non-periodic change.)

HIT POINT AND CAPE EVANS.

Local Time.

Miles per hour.

TABLE

17.

WIND— DAILY VARIATION OF

VELOCITY.

(Corrected for non-periodic change.)

HUT POINT AND CAPE EVANS. Local Time.

Miles per hour.

TABLE

17.

WIND— DAILY VARIATION OF

VELOCITY.

(Corrected for non-periodic change.)

SEASONS.

HIT POINT \M> CAPE EVANS.

Local Time.

Miles per hour.

^

a

GO

1

rt

m —

CO

CM

CO

m

CM

CO-*t-COCOCDt~-*CCCO

05 00 CO

ioKne^ct-nt-1-i M f- P3 Jl H M r— n

to

~ —

CO

to

o

m

CM

CD L~ CD -r Tl i-i

-+•

-cH

CM

CM

m oo

©

CM

>

in

a

aimoeocom-*— i— i— i— (M i— i— i

l

(

o o m

IN

l

I

in

"

CO CM CM CM rt CO

P H

in

CM CM CM

AMOUNT T\Y

1

1

1

7

1

1

1

10

10

2

3 10

5 10

3 10

2

9

9

o

10

4 10

9

9

2

in

in

Id

3

in

in

Hi

ii

9

5

4

G

ii

9 6

8 5 in

7

L0

Hi

6 4

8

in

6

4

9 in

1

9

!i

3 10

in

Hi

9

9

II

2

3

2

2

1

1

12

1

2

2

1

2

6

10

6

2

I

1

1

1

10 9

10 10

10 8

1

I

I

5

10

10 6

1

13

in

10

111

10

II

1

7

1

1

15

10

10

10

10

10

16

in

7

9

10 9

6

2

10

10 10

10

10 10 10

10

10

10 10

17

1

3

18

10 10 10

10

5 8 8

10 10

10

9 10 10

10

10

19 I'll

1

21

2

1

J

22

1

1

2

1

1

1

23

1

1

6

8

8

10

24

4

1

1

1

25 26

9

8 5

9

9

9

1

4

1

1

1

9

10

10

1

27 28 29

10

9

8

1

1

1

9

3

6

10

10

5 5

30

7

6

6

9

31

8

9

8 3 10

5 10 10

10

5 10 10 10

10

6-2

6-3

5-7

'o-'o

6-0

5-7

ilea ii

6-9

6-9

130

5 9

in.

TABLE

35.

CLOUD AMOUNT— TWO-HOI

I!

LY VALUES.

September. 1911.

CAPE ADARE.

Local Time.

Seal.

I

TABLE

35.

CLOUD AMOUNT—TWO-HOURLY VALUES. October,

i

AM'.

\DAHK.

Local Time.

L911. Scale

(I

Id.

TABLE

35.

CLOUD AMOUNT— TWO-HOURLY VALILS. November,

1911.

CAFE ADAKE.

Local Time.

Scale 0-10.

8h.

K) h.

12

11 h.

1,.

HI h.

2d

18

Day. 1

1

1

2

]()

10

10

3

5

3

2

i

8

5

5

10

8 10

1

6

I

7

1

1

10

10

I

8

7

7

3 8

9

5

5 9

10

10 5 3 9

L0

9

9

6

2

2

8

10

Ki

2

1

10 10 )

6

16

10 10 10

9

I

10

10

8 10

1

I

10

5 10

5

9

2

9

5

10

10

1(1

13 14 15

5

10

1

9 5

7

6

5

Ki

1

Ki

5

7

8

8

10

7

G

6

9

10

I

Hi

8 10

9

11

1

10

LO

8

12

1

10

9

2

10 2

10

10 8 5 10

10

9

8

9

9

1

5

9

9

9

9

7

9

10 10

10 7

10 1

4

1

10

10

9

18 19

10

10

10

3

1

1

3

5

1

5

20

1

1

I

1

I

1

1

/

1

2

22

9

2

9

3

10

10

10

23 24

10

10 3

10

K)

10

10

LO

7

7

7

9

10

9

25

3

3

3

b

6

I

I

26

1

2

5 10 8 3 3

9

10

8

3

3

17

21

I

27

9

28

10 10 10

29

30

Mean

6-6

1

10 10 10

9

9

9

7

4

5

9

10

10

10

Ki

HI

9

Ki

10

10

10

lo

111

10

Hi

10

10

10

lo

6-3

6-0

6-7

6-8

7-1

(i-1

6-4

1

33

1

3

TABLE

CLOUD AMOUNT TWO-IHHKLY VAU'KS.

35.

December, umi.

CAPE ADARE.

Local Time.

Scale 0-10.

8

h.

111

12

I.

li.

1

16

1

li.

18

li.

'.'(i

h.

2-2 h.

D L0

10

1(1

10

in

10

Ki

•_>

I

2

3

3

2

3

8

8

3

8

9

10

Ki

7

9

9

7

I

1

3

6

2

1

1

2

5

8

9

1

3

I

1

6

9

5

9

9

7

3

1

10

I

10

I

8

3

2

(i

10

in

10

8 10

7

8

10

Ki

5 10

2 10

10 Ki

10 10

10

7

3

2

8

10

in

9

in

9

1

10

10

10

10

1

1

2 >

2

7

9

2

2

2

2

1

2

5

5

8

10

8

3

15

3

1

2

o

•_>

3 2

O

2

16

3

4

9

in

10

ki

2

1

Ki

3 10

10

10

10 10 10 10 10

11

12

13 1

I

1

10

17

3

18

10

Ki

10

19

10

10

lu

10 10

20

10

10

10

to

4

2

21

li)

10

Id

9

10

22

8

9

9

9

7

10 6

6

9

23

9

9

8

2

24

Id

Ki

9

•

25 26 27

(i

28

2

(i

1

1

1

Qi

I

1

1

7

1

1

10

7

10 4

10

1

2 10

10 2

10 10

9

7

5 10

8

1

10 4

2

2

10

9

1

1

1

2

2

2 6

29

2

2

3

3

6

8

30

1

1

1

1

2

1

31

2

-1

3

3

4

2

4

r,-i

5-4

5-9

5-9

5-7

Mean

5-3

5-3

134

1

o — o i

i

a:

en

P P

$ P =

O P O — H

H H -

q

Q -4

3

-

Pi fH PQ

O H O

O

3 C

3-

w

pq

x;

3 O

w

=

CI


79

91 2S 76

28-79 28-83 29-25 29-39 28-91 29-05 29-24 28-87 28-95 28-73

28-84 29-27 29-40 28-83 29-08 29-24 28-84 28-97 28-75

28-78 28-86 29-31 29-39 28-79 29-15 29-23 28-83 29-00 28-80

28-78 28-93 29-32 29-38 28-77 29-17 29-21 28-81 29-02 28-84

29-04 29-21 29-06 29-24 29-23 29-10 29-03 29-47 29-33 29-45

29-05 29-21 29-06 29-25 29-23 29-08 29-05 29-50 29-25 29-45

29-07 29-19 29-05 29-25 29-22 29-06 29-06 29-55 29-19 29-44

29-09 29-18 29-04 29-26 29-19 29-05 29-08 29-57 29-15 29-41

29-09 29-14 29-06 29-27 29-18 29-03 29-11 29-60 29-12 29-38

•11

29-10 29-01 28-73 28-84 28-96 29-15 28-97 29-59 29-68 29-37

29-06 29-00 28-79 28-82 28-95 29-11 29-02 29-59 29-63 29-30

29-03 28-97 28-82 28-85 28-97 29-05 29-09 29-61 29-59 29-25

29-00 28-90 28-87 28-90 29-00 29-00 29-15 29-61 29-58 29-21

28-97 28-81 28-93 28-95 29-04 28-95 29-23 29-60 29-56 29-17

28-93 28-76 28-96 29-00 29-09

29 -117

29-111

29-110 29 109 29-110 29-112

28' 79

29 29 28 28 29 28 28

21

38 98 99 24 89

28-81

•

28-91 29-31 29-59 29-55 29-12

—reduced to 32°

F., sea level

and gravity

at 45°.

TABLE

46.

PRESSURE TWO HOURLY VALUES. July, L911.

i

\it.

Local

\d\i;k.

[nches, reduced to

•">-

F., sen

level,

and gravity at 45°

TABLE

46.

PRESSURE— TWO-HOURLY VALUES. August, 1911.

CAPE ADARE.

Local

Inches, reduced to 32

l'\.

sea-level,

and gravity at

45°.

TABLE

46.

PRESSURE TWO-HOURLY VALUES. Ski'tkmi'.kr,

(

\I'K

Local tim>'.

LDARE.

1911.

Inches, reduced to 32° F., sea level, and gravity at 45".

TABLE

40.

PRESSURE— TWO-HOURLY VALUES. October, 1911.

CAPE ADARE.

Local time.

Indies, reduced to 32° F., sea level, and gravity at 45°

TABLE

46.

PRESSURE—TWO-HOURLY VALUES. N'OVKMMKR, 1911.

\i'i:

i

LiCM

Inches, reduced to 32° F., sea level, and gravitv

\i»\i;k.

1 1

10

12

11

111

18

2(1

22

29 01 29-13 29-50 29-43 29-68 29-51 29-34 29-36 29-32 29-29

29-04 29-15 29-49 29-46

29-08 29-18 29-49 29-19 29-73 29-46 29-36 29-38 29-30 29-32

29-09

29-06

29-48 29-53 29-75 29-44 29-37 29-39 29-28 29-32

29-08 29-25 29-47 29-54 29-76 29-43 29-38 29-39 29-27 29-33

29-37 29-33 29-37 29-33 29-42 29-52 29-51 29-68 29-72 29-88

29-36 29-34 29-38 29-33 29-44 29-52 29-51 29-69 29-73 29-92

30-00 29-81 29-64 29-92 29-86 29-61 29-68 29-78 29-74

29-95 29-80 29-70 29-92 29-84 29-59 29-70 29-78 29-74 29-87

at

15°

Mean.

time.

Day. 29 13 29-07 29-35 29-45 29-61 29-73 29-39 29-36 29 39 29-26

1

2

3 l

5 6 7

8 9 L0

29-36 29-35 29-37 29-38 29-34 29-51 29-52 29-56 29-71 29-75

11

12

13 II i:>

16 IT

18 r.i

20

21

22

29-91

23

29-77 29-75 29-95 29-80 29-59 29-74 29-80 29-77

21

25

26 27

28 2'.

i

30

Mean

W

2906 29-08 29-43

29 04 29-09 29-46

29-

29-

29-67

29-31 29-25

29-65 29-65 29-35 29-34 29-36 29 26

29-35 29-34 29-35 29-27

29-01 29-10 29-48 29-43 29-67 29-55 29-34 29-35 29-34 29-28

29-37 29-35 29-38 29-38 29-35 29-52 29-52 29-57 29-72 29-77

29-38 29-35 29-39 29-39 29-37 29-53 29-52 29-60 29-73 29-78

29-39 29-34 29-39 29-38 29-38 29-55 29-52 29-62 29-74 29-80

29-39 29-33 29-38 29-38 29-38 29-56 29-52 29-64 29-74 29-82

29-39 29-33 29-37 29-36 29-40 29-55 29-51 29-64 29-74 29-82

29-39 29-32 29-38 29-35 29-40 29-54 29-51 29-67 29-73 29-83

29-38 29-32 29-38 29-34 29-41 29-54 29-51 29-67 29-73

30-04

30-06 29-89 29-70 29-78 29-95 29-75

30-08 29-89 29-63 29-81 29-95 29-73 29-62 29-77 29-79 29-82

30-08 29-89 29-63 29-84

30-06 29-86 29-59 29-86 29-92 29-68 29-64 29-77 29-77 29 '84

30-04 29-84 29-60 29-87 29-91 29-65 29-66 29-78 29-78 29-86

30-02 29-82 29-62 29-89 29-88 29-63 29-67 29-77 29-76 29-86

29-551

29-555 29-557 29-560 29-565 29-570 29-577

."/

29- mi 29' 37

29

II

29 63

29 71 29 37 29 35 29 3S 29 25

29-91 29-73 29-76 29-95 29-77 29-59 29-74 29-78 29-78

29 08 29-08 29-41 29-44 29-64

29-69 2929-

29-61

29-76 29-78 29-80

II

II

211-62

29-94 29-72 29-64 29-79 29-79 29-83

29-554 29-553 29-559 29-560 29-562

216

29-71 '29-48

29-35 29-37 29-31 29-32

29

-sr,

29 -ST

29-21

29-07

29-3(1

29-1

29-45 29-58 29-75 29-41 29-37 29-39 29-26 29-34

29-45 29-47 29-69 29-56 29-36 29-36 29-33 29-29

29-36 29-35 29-38 29-33 29-46 29-52 29-53 29-69 29-75 29-95

29-36 29-36 29-38 29-34 29-48 29-52 29-55 29-71 29-75 30-00

29-37 29 34 29-38 29-35 29-40 29-53 29-52 29-64 29-73 29-85

29-93 29-79 29-71 29-94 29-84 29-58

29-93 29-80 29-73 29-95 29-81 29-59 29-73 29-79 29-75 29-88

30-01 29-85 29-67 29-86 29-90 29-67 29-65 29-77 29-77 29 -si

29-71 29-79 29-74 29-88

1

29-561

TABLE

46.

PRESSURE— TWO-HOURLY VALUES. December,

CAPE ADARE.

.Local

1911.

Inches, reduced to 32° F., sea level, and gravity at 45°

CO

—

& a CO

1

o Tl SO

-

-3

00.

55

O >— H i

«! Eh

CO CS

P o Ph

TABLE

48.

PRESSURE 11)11

CAPE EVANS.

Local Time.

AND

DAILY VARIATION. 1912. Inches

12

.

o B

z —

'

En

— eo r.

Q

w.

©

OS

Hi

M H

o Ph H P =

a

B

.§§

H

«*-l

w

o o BS

z o Sz;

si

O

H H K

Q


H -=-

I—

i

1 o

=

H O P4

o CD

w

< > PL,




Eh

—

i

i

Q

05

m o H O

O

02

> Ph

O

—

co

Tl

Tl

CI

Tl

CO

Tl

Tl

X C r-

A A A t—oor— - cTsOi-Ht—ot—

incrscooococoin ©ot— c o to ?i ti -j n o to t-

o

•

A

A

—

A

A

?

?

CO

—

A

Z X — i-H

_ Tl Tl CO :T

CO

D D CO

A

A

A

A

i

A

-

COT1

m

A

H

CO Tl

4

&

i—




3 J2

P

o

TABLE

(i3.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL October, 1911.

CAPE ADARE.

TABLE

63.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL. October, 1911.

CAPE ADAPvE.

TABLE

03.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL. October, 1911.

CAPE ADARE.

TABLE

03.

METEOROLOGICAL JOUKNAL. October, 1911.

CAPE ADARE.

[ABLE

63.

(

\i'K

I

S

-

VDARE.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.

Ktober

—November,

1911.

TABLE

63.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL. NOVEMBER,

CAPE ADARE.

1911.

TABLE

03.

MKTKOIJOUKiirAL JOUKNAL. NoVEMliKR, 1911.

CAPE ADAUE.

Cloud.

I

>im

I

|i

.11

In. Ill

is

-

3

November. 8

1911.

>

TABLE

63.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL. November,

CAPE ADARE.

Cloud.

Direction from

1911.

TABLE

63.

MKTKOKt (LOGICAL JOURNAL November,

CAPE ADARE.

1911.

TABLE

f,3.

METEOROLOGICAL November,

CAPE ADARE.

1911.

o

a

-lol

l.'NAL.

TABLE

(i.'i.

MK'I'KoitoLOCK'AL .JOUKXAL. November,

i

APE ADARE.

1911,

TABLE CAPE ADARE.

63.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL. November,

1911.

TABLE

63.

METEOROLOGICAL .lOlUXAL. November.

CAPE

\H\i:K.

1911.

TABLE

63.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.

November

— December,

CAPE AD ARE. 01

Cloud.

Direction from

o

ft 05

1911.

TABLE

63.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL. December, 1911.

i

ape

\i»ai:k.

TABLE

03.

METEOROLOGICAL JOlIMAL. December,

CAPE ADARE.

1911.

TABLE

63.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL. December, mil.


-•

9.30 p.m.

fall for

March

10th, 1911.

Heavy snow falling, so thick that Cape Adare is hardly distinguishable. Between 2\ and 3 inches of snow have fallen during the night. The snow mostly appears to be formed of granular aggregations of needles, but crystals of Type Al are common, as also

6.30 a.m.

are six-rayed stars with a bulbous centre. The barometer has fallen steadily during constant.^ 8 a.m.

Snow

heavier

crystals of

still

the night.

The temperature remains

and consisting of large flakes of three or four dozen interlocked I have examined a good many flakes this morning and

very perfect shape.

have been able to make certain of three types. Plain six-rayed stars, either of clear (Fll 9).

ice,

or with a good deal of granular

snow attached

to the rays. (2)

Complicated six-rayed stars with branches given

in one plane. (3)

stars of

A

(Fll

off at

acute angles to the rays

10).

A very common type of crystal is a dumbbell-shaped one consisting of two six-rayed Type Fll

9 at either end of a thick stalk.

slight Xortherly wind is blowing, and we rather fear it may be the indraught before a blizzard. Guide ropes have been fitted to the hut to which the Anemometer is attached

and 10 a.m.

to the Meteorological Screen.

Snow

in the

still

form

heavy but the flakes are smaller and consist mostly of immature crystals and granules. Many single crystals of the Types Fll 9 and Fll 10

of spikes

are falling.

Wind from the X. is very gusty, ranging in force from force 1 to force 4. Cape Adare has been blotted out by snow for most of the time but is now showing. All the time that I have been out the snow appears to be thicker to the X.W. and W., than to the X. and S. It is worth noting that although the sun was shining most of yesterday, it was always too weak to leave a record. 12 noon.

and

Snow

heavier but changed in character. not single, exceeding £ inch in diameter. 474

All the grains

and

crystals are small

March, °1911

March

10th, 1911

—continued.

—continued.

The principal types are small irregular granules, balls of snow with six small spikes, six-sided plates of Type Bll 11, rods with or without dumbbell-like protuberances at the end, and plain crystals of hexagonal symmetry, but with more or less of the rays missing. snow is estimated as having fallen, the result being obtained by the dozen thicknesses on a level part of the beach. comparison The wind swung between 10.30 and 11 a.m. from N. to N.E., blew up to force 2 for a few minutes from that direction and then swung round to the E.S.E., from whence it is It is very gusty, varying from none at all to force 4. still blowing. At about 12.30 a gust blew for about 5 minutes from the N.E. up to force 4 or 5. The 1.30 p.m. Between 12 and 1 o'clock the snow changed direction changed back to E.S.E. immediately. back to the flaky type with large quantities of interlocked crystals of Types Fll 9 and Fll 10. The wind was rising and a low drift beginning to fly.

About

5 inches of of a

2 p.m.

Wind

increasing force 3 to

5.

Slightly less falling snow, but the

wind

is

raising a low-

flying drift.

p.m.

Wind fairly steady at force 4 to 5. Snow falling and drift flying. Snow principally small-grained with many crystals of type Fll 9. An estimation of falling snow now becomes rather difficult because

of the drift, but should think that 3 inches since 2 p.m. would be an under- statement. I find a complete garb for observation in this wind and temperature consists of a pair of long thigh sea-boots (leather), an oilskin coat, one of our thickest type of Jaeger woollen caps, and a pair of half mits with fur mits over them. To prevent trouble with flying pages of a book, I have got a piece of matchboarding, It 3 inches by 4j inches, and have pinned a sheet of paper on that with 4 drawing pins. answers very well, though if we had one to spare a sketch block would do as well. The barometer which had been falling all day, has reached its limit at 28*918 and is I

now

rising.

Wind increased and still very gusty, force 5 to 8. Heavy drift. Some snow falling, but impossible to tell percentage of true snow from

8 p.m.

snow, no

flakes.

Cape Adare

is

obscured and

it is difficult

drift.

All fine

to see the hut from the meteoro-

logical screen.

Wind increased, estimated at force 7 to 8 with gusts up to 9. Steady drift. Already 9.30 p.m. the ridges have been stripped of the snow that has fallen to-day, and drifts are thigh-deep No falling snow. in the hollows. March

llth, 1911.

Wind blowing

8 a.m.

acting,

force 7 to 9 with

and the ink appears to be

heavy

drift.

Thermograph

is

drifted

up and not

frozen.

Wind blowing

The sun has been shining faintly slightly less strong and fairly steady. the clouds for the 2 last hours. through Strong drift flying but I think no falling snow. The Stevenson Screen has collected It seems badly inside it the only drift that is to be seen within 40 or 50 yards of it. constructed for this particular phase of the Antarctic climate, but it is difficult to see how

11 a.m.

to

improve on

it.

Wind about

the same as at the last observation, but the drift is slightly less because there snow to drift. Sky becoming much lighter to the N.W., but there is no break A lower strip of Fracto-cumulus has formed from the N.W. to S.W. about 8° to 10° yet. above the horizon. The sun is shining continuously through the snow-cloud haze. I have logged these clouds as Nimbus because they are snow clouds, but they are not at all I like the definition of Nimbus, being merely a dull haze of cloud without any break. mark on it. no the there is Sunshine Recorder card at noon, but changed

12 noon.

is less

2 p.m.

Situation unchanged.

Wind gusty and 475

slightly less.

March, 1911 March

llth,

1!)11

—continued.

— continued.

Drift heavy as before. No snow. The clouds are assuming The snow cloud haze is still uninterrupted above, but the lowermost portion of it has assumed definite shape. There is a radiant point to the S.E. from which spring, like a huge bunch of Prince of Wales's feathers, clouds which at the bottom have the form of huge, whale-backed Cumulo-Nimbus, and above layer after layer of Cirrus-shaped Nimbus are piled, the whole merging finally into the cloud haze similar to that over all the rest of the sky. Between the rays of the radiant the cloud appeared much lighter, almost white in fact. Cape Adare is crowned by the easternmost ray which takes the form of a huge mushroom-shaped Nimbus cloud. This covers the peninsula down to 1,000 feet above These clouds appeared to be moving almost imperceptibly from the S.E., but sea-level. of that cannot make certain, and Campbell said at 3 o'clock that he thought they were moving •- from the N.W.

Wind about

4 p.m.

the same.

forms.

definite

I

(i

much the same, but the Cumulo-Nimbus much darker and denser. Heavy evidently falling to the S. and W., for drift could not account for the dense shrouding of the mountains. There is less drift here and the wind is visibly dropping, though there are still some gusts which are as strong as ever. The lulls are longer and the wind has much less force in them, force 3 to 6.

p.m.

Clouds

snow

March

is

1911.

12///,

10 a.m. force

There was an E.S.E. wind blowing at 8.45 this morning, when I turned out. Its was about 2 to 3. At the 10 o'clock observation the wind had swung to the N.W.

1 to 2), and a light granular snow was falling. The barometer during the night fell fairly rapidly and

(force

is

temperature has remained constant within 3° or 4° (20° to 24° covered with the indefinite snow-haze.

now

recovering

F.).

The sky

itself.

is

The

once more

The clouds are getting a little thinner towards the zenith and there is a suggestion an upper layer of Cirro-cumulus. Snow is still falling in small indefinite crystals of needle-shape, but they are so coated with accretionary snow as to make their elucidation

12 noon. of

impossible. 1

Clouds are breaking into distinct heavy Stratus with snow scud beneath them. All moving from the N., the lower ones quicker than the upper ones. Some blue sky is I recognised showing to the W. crystals of the following types in the snow which fell 2 and EI 2, FII 9, FII 10 and FII 5. Besides these were many combinations between stars which are not in the and plates photographs. The dumbbell crystal (FII 9 duplicated) was very common. This is an entirely different type of snow from the fine-grained snow

p.m.

are

:

—

EH

which was

falling ^& at the last observation.

Snow

clouds closed in again and heavy snow falling in flakes and grains. few very large and perfect crystals of types FI 4 and 5, and the in like are a ball with spikes sticking out at regular intervals. shape grains No The lower three or four thousand feet of the Western Mountains are showing. wind.

2.30 p.m.

The

5 p.m.

Snow almost Still

8 p.m.

flakes consist of a

ceased.

About \ inch has

fallen to-day.

calm.

Snowing again in large flakes and has been doing so since 6 p.m. About J inch of snow altogether to-day. No change in the clouds and

still

quite

calm.

Heavy Nimbus to N. cloud haze thinner towards the zenith. Luminosity suggests Aurora to N.W. and N.E. Only a few crystals of snow are falling. About 1 inch of snow Calm. Temperature to-day, but possibly more as some has been removed by thawing. falling slowly but evenly.

10 p.m.

;

476

March, 1911 March

—continued.

13th, 1911.

No

6 a.m.

No

snow.

N.W. and W.

wind.

Clouds

much

the same as yesterday.

Mountains showing up to 3.000

feet

above

sea-level.

Heavy snow Glaciers

still

falling to

obscured.

Wind sprang up from

the N.W. at 7 a.m., and blew steadily from that direction for quarter of an hour later a gust came from the N.E., and the force gradually increased up to force 4 while the wind swung to S.E., from which direction it is A few flakes of snow fell about 7.30. The snow cloud at its lower level still blowing. There is heavy snow falling to is becoming differentiated into flat pillow-shaped forms. the N.W. blotting out the mountains in that direction.

8 a.m.

A

5 or 10 minutes.

10 a.m. out

Wind dropped by snow.

to force

Snow

from the S.E.

1

Sun shining through snow-cloud

falling slightly.

Mountains blotted

haze.

10.15 a.m. Wind has swung to the W., force 2 to 0. Fine a centre granule and needles sticking out in all directions.

snow

falling.

Crystals consist of

12 noon. Wind still W., force 1. Slight snow falling as at last observation, but most of the 2 hours has been free from snow. A fine snow scud is moving from the S.E. under the snow-cloud which is unbroken. Sun shining through this cloud, but frequently obscured by the scud.

4 p.m. Clouds started to clear about 3 o'clock. At present, the only thick Nimbus rises from a focus on the N.W. horizon, and spreads in fan shape as far as the zenith. Low Stratus on the mountains Alto-stratus trending N. and S. is visible to the S. and W. Wind has from S.W. to W. at a height of 4,000 feet. swung to S.40W. No snow.

Sun shining through

clouds.

6 p.m. When I took the observations the air was quite calm, but before I had time to get back Clouds are settled to the hut a gust blew from the S.E. for about 2 minutes up to force 3. 7 and Cumulus 2. Stratus again. little blue sky to the N.

A

Campbell reports snow and Aurora behind clouds.

11.30 p.m.

March

14ft, 1911.

A

few grains of snow falling. Stratus down 6 a.m. Sky covered with heavy snow-cloud. to 5,000 feet on the mountains. Temperature dropped suddenly to +10° F. in the night but has recovered itself. Barometer falling. Quite calm all night, a slight draught from the 7 a.m.

N.W.

Heavy snow

An

10 a.m.

falling to the

N.W.

Granular snow falling again. Heavy snow to W. which obscured by stratus. Cape Adare indisobscured by snow-cloud without a break. Sky

\ inch of snow since 6 a.m.

Mountains showing up to 4,000

down

tinct

to 1,000 feet.

feet, after

4 p.m. E.S.E. wind blowing in gusts, 3 to 4 minutes, each with a W.N.W. back-draught in between. Force of E.S.E. wind 4. Drift is flying continuously off Cape Adare and for some miles out to sea, whether the wind is blowing here or not, and I should say that we are only getting puffs of a very heavy gale which, up to the present, is being shelved off by Cape Adare. The sky is still covered by heavy Strato-cumulus but no snow is falling. 6 p.m.

no doubt that but our friend the enemy has returned. blowing up to force 5 (S.60E.). Nimbus to N. and snow falling to N.W. Heavy

I

think there

southerly wind 9.30 p.m.

March

is

A

steady

is

Southerly wind force 5 to 6 blowing.

Low

drift.

loth, 1911.

6 a.m.

Calm

or slight Westerly airs.

Cloud haze settled down, no break.

falling.

477

Granular snow

March, 1911 March

\5th, 1911

—continued.

— continued.

Cloud haze thicker and fairly heavy snow falling in flakes. FII 9 and FII 10 crystals common, hut the majority are small stars with a granular centre. Several of these latter are interlocked to make a Hake. Cape Adare is indistinct and the glaciers are

10 a.m.

are

blotted out.

The snow has been

for 5 minutes consisting entirely of large flakes of crystals It is now intermediate, part as above and part as of types allied to FII 9 and FII 10. at lb o'clock.

10.10 a.m.

The clouds

are breaking up into definite billow-like forms, and are forming roughly radiant with a radiant point of unbroken clouds to the W. A few crystals a very heavy of snow falling (FII 9).

L2 noon.

No change. 8 p.m. cleared. March

Hi///.

6.30 a.m.

No

all

day.

Heavy snow

to the

N.W. about 4

p.m., but has since

1911.

Heavy snow composed

already 12 noon.

Calm

fallen.

of large flakes of Slight draught from the N.W.

Heavy snow falling Snow falling in flakes

all

immature

crystals.

Half an inch has

the morning, about 2 inches up to the present. but all composed of rods and immature stars.

of different sizes,

different types recognisable.

This afternoon about 5 p.m. we noticed drift flying off Cape Adare. The glaciers had all day, and this was the first intimation of a southerly wind approaching. A quarter of an hour later the wind struck us, and blew in gusts up to force 4 for a few minutes, with long intervals of calm. About 6 o'clock the wind ceased again and now there is a back-draught from the N. The clouds broke up this evening. We saw two radiants, one of Cirro-cumuliform scud with the radiant point to the N.W., and the other of heavy Nimbus with the radiant point to the N. These were present at the same time, but the Nimbus was on the lower level. Over the mountains to the N.W. and W. were two layers of Stratus, one about 2,000 feet above sea-level, and the other about 9,000 feet. The glaciers are clear now. Luminous glow of Aurora was observed at 10 p.m.

8 p.m.

been obscured

March

\lth, 1911.

At 7 this morning the sky was almost clear with the exception of low Cumulus and Stratus to N., which were probably caused by rising sea-smoke. About 7.15 a.m. Warning and Sir George Newnes glaciers became obscured by heavy snow-cloud which gradually moved from the S.E. until now it covers about a third of the sky. It advanced at first with broad Cumulus rays thrown out ahead of it, but the easternmost rays moved faster eastward than the others, and gradually they all merged into one dense cloud. The mountains are now obscured and heavy snow is falling from the edge of the cloud. A fine mock sun of the halo of 22° was visible at 7.30 this morning with the red, yellow and green well marked, but the blue indistinct. After the sun was overclouded by light Cirro-cumuliform snow-cloud a very fine effect was produced by the rays of white light striking across the shadow-darkened blue.

8 a.m.

One heavy snow-cloud has passed over and now

is breaking up to the N., while another r over the southern horizon and showing obscuring the glaciers. A few snow grains are When I took observations the wind blew about force 1 from the S.20W. and falling. then immediately swung to E.S.E. and blew up to force 4, w hen a low drift was flying. Before the southerly wind reached here the drift was flying northward from the N. point of the beach. A break in the snow-clouds shows an upper layer of Stratus trending E.

10 a.m. is

r

and W. 478

March, 1911

March

11th,

—continued.

1911— continued.

Wind risen to force 9 in gusts, heavy drift flying. Sun showing continuously. Heavy Cumulus banking up to the N.W., giving off Cirro-cumulus at its southern end, which is being blown back from the N.W. Alto-stratus near the northern horizon trending E. and W.

2 p.m.

a little. Very little drift. A radiant of Cirrus with the radiant point Cumulus banked up under the radiant point and Alto-stratus to N., running E. and W. Western mountains clear and free from drift and cloud.

4 p.m.

Wind dropping

N.W.

Barometer rising rapidly since 2 p.m. Two series of clouds, the and Cirro-cumulus trending N.E. and S.W. and moving from the N. The upper lower trending S.E. and N.W. and moving from the S.W. is of Stratus. Heavy Stratus low down to the N. and over the mountains to the S.W.

6 p.m.

Wind dropped. of Cirrus

Sky clouding over again with snow scud from the N. Wind about the same as the Barometer and temperature rising. Something has gone wrong with the maximum thermometer to-day and it has been reading below the minimum, but I reversed it once or twice and it seems all right now.

8 p.m.

last observation.

9 p.m.

March

Aurora behind the cloud to the N.E.

18th,

1911.

The snow-cloud haze over the sky has partially cleared since the observations. Slight No wind. Barometer risen considerably. Thermometer falling. spicular snow falling.

6 a.m.

Snow haze

still thick to the S., but broken up into Cumulus clouds near to the zenith. snow. | inch of snow altogether. Thermometer rising. All times in meteorology are Local Mean time as determined by Campbell as I have no instructions as to what time to use, and it would be decidedly inconvenient to have a different time for meteorology.

8 a.m.

No

Still 10 p.m. This afternoon the sky cleared completely and now there are still no clouds. calm. Temperature falling and barometer rising still (29 304). An arch of Aurora to N. and N.E., altitude about 10 to 15° at centre. The arch was never complete but consisted of 3 or 4 detached curtains, and their light was much impaired by the brilliancy of the moon. There is a bright light in the direction of the Magnetic Pole, which Campbell thinks is a glow from an Aurora further S., and I am inclined to agree with him, though up to now I have been inclined to consider this an afterglow from the It has been seen in the same position now for several nights. sunset. -

10.15 p.m.

A

complete arch

by detached

curtains,

This latter portion

March

19th,

is

is

now

and at very

its

to be seen in the place before mentioned as being occupied northern end it turns acutely and rises towards the zenith.

faint.

1911.

When Browning took the observations at 6 a.m., the wind was light from the S.E., and the weather was clear, an upper layer of Cirro-cumulus, Cirro-stratus and Alto-stratus

8 a.m.

being present only. At 8 a.m. the barometer had fallen a tenth, the thermometer had risen 7° and a wind from the E.S.E. of force 5 to 9 was blowing. The usual snow-cloud haze was spreading over the sky, though as yet so thin that there was still a suggestion of the upper clouds to be seen through it, while in places they were quite clear. A heavy roll of Cumulus was low down on the northern hozizon, while a little to the N.N.W. of us detached Cumulusformed condensation clouds were rapidly forming, rising and dissipating into an unsaturated atmosphere above. 479

March, 1911 March

19th, 1911

continued.

Wind

10 a.m.

— continued.

the strongest yet.

were as follows

T

took 4 one-minute readings on the anemometer and they

5246,06 to 5246,85 (a comparative lull), to 5247, 9G (a gust), to 5249,17 This makes the wind in the (the same gust), to 5250.01 (end of gust and beginning of lull). The detached Cumulus over mists up to 72 miles an hour for an interval of 1 minute.

the sea to the

:

N.W.

still

is

and

rising rapidly

The snow-cloud

height than before.

is

a

though at a somewhat greater thicker and the upper clouds are blotted

dissipating,

little

out altogether.

At one-minute intervals the readings on the anemometer were as follows: 5367,13 to 53(58.24. to 5309.27, to 5370,68, up to 84 miles an hour the last reading. Clouds heavier. but unchanged

12 noon.

2 p.m. The wind has reached hurricane force. The anemometer registered 73 miles an hour for the 2 hours, and when I arrived it wr as broken and gave no movement of figures at

have taken

I

all.

it

down and put

into Borchgrevink's hut until there is an opportunity damage. It is impossible to walk against the gusts, one has is shrouded in the snow-cloud moving from the E.S.E. sky it

to look at the extent of the to wait for a

The

lull.

The instruments are too delicately constituted for this weather. The minimum dumb-bell has been shaken down into the bulb and the maximum thermometer is reading consistently below the dry bulb (some mercury in wrong end). I am reading the dry bulb, minimum spirit column and terrestrial radiation. The wind is dropping, temperature steady, and barometer rising. The barograph has been shaken so much by the vibration of the hut that it shows only as a broad blotch, but I have removed it from its shelf and put it on the table where it is steadier, if exposed to more danger of shock.

6 p.m.

March

20th, 1911.

Browning reports the wind less at 6 a.m., but it is now gradually increasing. The has resumed duty but the minimum is still impossible. Cirrostratus clouds are visible over a great part of the sky. They trend N.E. and S.W. A few

10 a.m.

maximum thermometer

condensation clouds are forming at fairly high altitudes to the N. of us, while the glaciers by high flying drift and above the drift is a certain amount of snow scud from the S.E. The sun is shining quite clearly but is not marking the Sunshine moving Recorder. are obscured

Strongly marked Cirrus Radiant with radiant point S.E.

12 noon. 2 p.m. E.

Two well-marked series of Cirrus and Cirro-stratus. The low er one of Cirrus trends and W. and the upper one of Cirrus and Cirro-stratus trends N.N.E. and S.S.W. Heavy r

snow-clouds to the

S.

on the mountains. and W. but not here.

Drift flying to the N.

The clouds are arranged in cone form with the point of the cone to the N.W. From the point for about 20° is an unbroken mass of stratus gradually becoming thinner and finally being superseded by rays of Cirro-cumulus which at first are crowded together, but gradually become more and more spaced until the ones to the East of the zenith seem The to form a Cirro-cumulus radiant with the radiant point to the E. over Cape Adare. wind has dropped considerably and the temperature is beginning to fall again while the

6 p.m.

barometer

flashes as of sheet lightning across the Western Mountains. white light and were quite momentary wdth hardly a second between

Browning reports two

6.30 p.m.

The

rises steadily.

flashes

were

of

them.

March

2\st, 1911.

8 a.m.

Heavy cloud spreading over the sky from the N. Very dense. Heavy snow falling over the sea. Spicular snow commenced

yet no

definite crystals

but

all

spikes and

irregular granules.

480

falling here at 7.30.

As

March March

2lst, 1911

,

1911

—continued.

— continued.

Snow-cloud breaking up into billow-shaped detached masses.

8.15 a.m.

Sun dispered snow-clouds about 8.30, and only a few detached scud clouds were but now Cumulus-formed clouds are again gathering in the N.

10 a.m.

left

clear day. Wind changed gradually, swinging Westwards, as yet it has reached Sir but S.20W., George Newnes Glacier has commenced to cloud over and we may have a

8 p.m.

Very

S.E. wind. Brilliant prismatic colours on the northern horizon soon after sunset, red near the horizon and yellow-green and blue following, with a suggestion of purple above the blue. These colours have swung until they are now N.W. of us and the sky near Cape Adare is

pearl-grey to grey-blue. 10 p.m. The light glow is again to be seen to the westward, and I am more inclined now to consider it an afterglow from the sunset as the prismatic colours moved in that direction and finally faded into this glow.

March 22nd,

1911.

Light northerly airs blowing. Sky covered at 6 o'clock with a uniform covering of clouds which has now broken up into detached Cirro-cumuliform clouds moving from the N.

8 a.m.

A broad band of dark cloud N. to S., shading off at either edge into Cirro-cumulus and Cirro-stratus. Alto-stratus to N.N.W. Calm. Temperature risen to 23-1° F. Barometer falling. *&•

12 noon.

At

3 p.m. an E.S.E. breeze set in As before, this lulls of force 2 to 4.

8 p.m.

by

and since then it has been blowing up to force 7 with wind was heralded both by rise of temperature and

the barometer.

fall of

Anemometer readings

at 4 p.m. were as follows, for one minutes-interval to 5656,33 (I have missed out the middle one of 5655,72). At 6 p.m. the readings were as follows 5728,88 to 5729,49 to 5730,10.

:

5655,08

:

There was a most brilliant red sunset this evening. The light was curiously dispersed There were at 6.45, 7 of these as blood-red rays with shadow-darkened spaces between. rays forming a fan and throwing the blood-red light across the Strato-cumulus clouds to an altitude of from 15° to 20° above the horizon. At intervals along the horizon from W. to N.W. there were several more blood-red spots which seemed to be the points of intersection of more rays with the horizon. The sky is now densely covered with Stratus and Strato-cumulus clouds which spread outwards from a nucleus provided by the bar of clouds observed at the noon observation. N.B. At 4.30, some time after the wind had started, I noticed four dense whalebacked Cumulus clouds immediately in front of the four prominent glaciers to the S. and

—

S.E. of us.

March

23rd, 1911.

8 a.m.

Anemometer readings

Wind 10 a.m.

:

gusty, force 4 to

Anemometer readings

Wind

6130,19 to 6130,69, to 6131,41 to 6131,89. 7.

:

Thermometer

still

high,

+23°

F.

Wind

rising again.

6184,00 to 6184,23, to 6184,55 to 6184,86.

falling. rising and thermometer steady. Roll of heavy condensation cloud above Robertson Bay about 2,000 feet.

10 p.m.

Barometer

Barometer

off

the land to the

W.

at

gradually decreased to about 5 miles per hour.

March 2Uh, 1911. Calm all day. Sky cleared this morning under the influence of the sun. but Strato8 p.m. cumulus again covered it during the afternoon, and it is now totally obscured. Temperature and barometer steady. Clouds were moving from the N. this morning but we have not been able to make movement out since 2 o'clock. 481

2h

March, 1911 March

-25th.

—continued.

1911.

At the 6

o'clock observation the sky was clouded with heavy Stratus, which thickened little granular until formed the undifferentiated snow-cloud already mentioned. snow was falling at the S o'clock observation. No wind.

8 a.m.

A

it

A

of snow lias fallen to the N. and W. during the day, but our share has been few granules about the 8 o'clock observation. only At present, a heavy snow-cloud caps Cape Adare and gusts of E.S.E. wind up to force 4 are just beginning to blow, while the drift is flying on Warning Glacier.

6 p.m.

good deal

a

9 p.m.

Calm

again.

Temperature and barometer steady.

March 2&h. 1911. Southerly wind commenced blowing in the evening. the temperature was constant.

March

21th.

The barometer was

falling slowly,

but

1911.

A

series of upper clouds, Cirrus, Wind has swung to S.73W. Barometer rising. 8 a.m. Cirro-stratus and Alto-stratus visible. The two former can be seen moving slowly from Snow-cloud over Warning Glacier and heavy Strato-cumulus to N. the N.E.

Nimbus storm-cloud over Warning Cirro-stratus radiant with radiant point N.W. cloud haze. The lower clouds to N. sun Stratus and through shining Heavy seem to be spreading towards the zenith from two centres, one to the N. and the other

10 a.m.

Glacier.

A wind

to the S.E.

2 p.m.

of force

2 to 3

is

blowing from S.40W.

Snow-cloud dispersed from Geikie Land but a haze

S. of us.

Movement

of Stratus

remains a

little

to the

of clouds is imperceptible.

4 p.m. At 4 o'clock I observed three very fine mock suns, one vertically above the sun and the other two horizontal. They were on the halo of 22°, and the 180° of the halo joining them was visible as a pale whitish band. The suns showed the red (nearest the sun), yellow and green colours well, but purple and blue were indistinct. There were signs of a vertical bar starting from the sun towards the mock sun above but this was not very plain. it, The clouds in the sky at the time were Cirrus and a little Fracto-cumulus to the N.E. The sunset was again brilliant with red as the dominant colour. After the setting of the sun the clouds were coloured red to the zenith. 8 p.m.

March

Absolutely calm and clear, but for Stratus low

the

N.W. and

S. horizons.

28th, 1911.

8 p.m.

Sky covered with dense Strato-cumulus clouds Barometer

S.W.

March

down on

rising.

all

day.

Calm

or light airs from the

Temperature steady.

29th, 1911.

4 p.m.

Sky shrouded

from time from Cape Adare and a few crystals Barometer rising and temperature

in dense Strato-cumulus clouds all day, clearing partially

to time during the morning. Snow-cloud approaching (FII 9) beginning to fall. An east wind is just starting.

steady. 6 p.m.

March

A

few crystals of snow

still

falling.

30th, 1911.

No change. Sky still covered with clouds which change indefinitely through Stratus, through Strato-cumulus to Cumulus. Heavy snow-cloud on Cape Adare at 1,000 feet.

10 a.m.

Clearing to

W. and

S.

482

March, 1911

March

30th,

4 p.m.

—continued.

1911—-continued.

Snow scud on Cape Adare at 1,000 feet. Sky cleared during the morning and at 1 p.m. was completely

few Stratus clouds on the Northern horizon, and a remained clear until the present observation. of a

6 p.m.

Heavy snow-clouds

8 p.m.

Clear and calm.

March

to S.E.

Snow

falling

little

on Geikie Land.

clear with the exception It has Cirro-stratus to S.E.

Snow scud on Cape Adare.

3lst, 1911.

6 a.m.

A little

Barometer last night

the huts 7 p.m.

on the horizon, purple below, through red to violet above. the northern horizon and snow scud over Cape Adare. Temperature low also. Lowest temperature for March is minimum F. Glazed frost over everything. Meteorological screen and wood of

fine prismatic colours

Very

Stratus low fallen.

+7

all

•

9°

down on

covered with a thin layer of

ice.

Prismatic sky, red on horizon, through yellow and green to blue.

April, 1911. April

1st,

1911.

Glazed frost over instruments this morning. Temperature down to plus 6° F. last night, but risen again this morning. Barometer falling. Calm. Sky clouded with Stratocumulus. 8 p.m.

has

Strato-cumulus radiant formed in the evening with the radiant point to the W. It all the appearance of a mackerel The prevailing colours of the sunset were sky.

green and orange.

April 2nd, 1911.

Glazed frost on the Terrestrial Radiation and Solar Radiation thermometers. on the Anemometer in large beads. Calm and clear. Temperature and barometer rising.

8 a.m.

2 p.m.

Cirro-stratus clouds appeared early this

Dew

morning running from E. to W. across the

others came until by 12 o'clock a radiant of Cirro-stratus, Cirrus and Alto-stratus had formed with the radiant point over the Western Mountains. By two o'clock the radiant had swung until the radiant point was some 60 miles further From 12 o'clock heavy blue-black Stratus have been forming low down on the

Northern horizon.

These

gradually moved northwards, and

K

Northern horizon, and now a

roll

of dense

Cumulus has formed underneath them.

At

12.30 a halo of 22° was to be seen. Its colours were faint, ranging from brownish red nearest the sun to a pale from the sun. grey away

During the afternoon the radiant moved to the N.W. and at 4 p.m. was covered by heavy stratus. Heavy Cumulus to the N.

4 p.m.

A

It is composed of two rays only, which to the W.N.W. for the rays are to cross each other at apparently right angles just above the mountains,

6 p.m.

heavy stratus radiant

be seen diverging below the focus.

To the North the Stratus

is very black and a thin roll of Cumulus shows up white few flecks of Cirro-cumulus is all that is left of the upper series of clouds. An E.S.E. wind of force 1 is commencing to blow in gusts and the Stratus is beginning to appear over Cape Adare.

underneath

it.

A

483

2

H 2

April,

1911— continued.

April :W. 1911.

During the night the wind blew from the K.S.E.

S a.m. .',

inch of

snow

;

it

started before 12.30 p.m.,

and

fell.

This morning at 6.30 a heavy snow send was moving over Cape Adare from the E.S.E. The at a good pace. The sky to the S. was covered with dense black snow-cloud. of were the stratus over the and mountains obscured then, but are now showing, pall sky lias opened up a good deal and displays a radiant of Cirro-stratus and Alto-stratus with the radiant point to the W.N.W. 1

At 11 o'clock the sky cleared somewhat and the lower clouds arranged themselves p.m. as Strato-cunmlus rays with the rays running N.W. and S.E. Under them was the snow-scud from Cape Adare, and above them could be seen some members of the Cirro-stratus and Cirro-cumulus radiant from the N.W. At 12 o'clock the clouds were again closed in and a few crystals of snow fell. They have again cleared now. and a considerable proportion of blue sky is showing. The snow was slightly increased. All the snow to-day has been in grains and spicules.

April 4th, 1911.

N.E. wind blowing force 1 to 4. f inch of snow fell during the of two types (1) Crystals of ice, FII 9 and FII 10 and allied night. Very light Granules with (2) types. spikes sticking out from them. Sky densely crowded with snow-clouds and glaciers and mountains blotted out. The snow-scud below the pall of clouds is moving quickly from the S.E. A snow squall to the N. of us. Temperature rising very slightly.

8 a.m.

Barometer

—

falling.

snow

About 11 o'clock the zenith cleared and a few Cirro-stratus and Cirro-cumulus clouds could be seen trending W.N.W. and E.S.E. The clouds are now again closing in, this time from the N.W. Heavv snow is falling to the N.W. and N., and has until recently been falling to S.E., S.W., and S. At present the bottom 4,000 feet of the mountains are visible, but the rest, with the exception of the summits of Mts. Minto and Sabine, are hidden by a dense belt of Stratocumulus extending from Warning Glacier as far to the N.W. as we could see. The snowcloud immediately near the sun is Cirro-cumuliform and ragged, and this ragged portion has been coloured from time to time with delicate colours of which purple and green are the most prominent. I could make out no sequence in the colours which appeared very like a network. Heavy snow shrouds Cape Adare above the 1,000-foot level, but at the time of observation these were clearing as was the sky to the S.

12 noon.

About

0.30 p.m.

1

p.m. the clouds from the N.E. covered the whole of the sky in a dense

The wind dropped about the same time and since then it has been calm, with a little granular snow falling from time to time. Now a heavy snow is falling in flakes of crystals allied to FII 9, FII 10, and FI 4 and 5. Cape Adare is blotted out. About J inch of light snow has fallen up till now. Barometer

snow-cloud.

falling all day,

12 p.m.

but temperature steady with small range.

Heavy snowsquall

to the

N.W. and N.

as crescent-shaped

Nimbus

cloud.

April 5th, 1911. 10 a.m.

Heavy snow to the W., N. and S.E. Clearing a little to the Mountains just visible. Slight granular snow falling here. Barometer falling slightly during the night.

8 p.m.

Barometer

day. night.

S.

and S.E.

Slight snow falling all rising slightly, but temperature falling steadily. Mostly granular and spicular, about 1 inch in all, in addition to 2 inches during last

Sky heavily

overcast.

Calm

or slight westerly or southerly airs. 484

— continued.

April, 1911

April 6th, 1911. 4 p.m. Snow-cloud over the sky all day. Granular snow falling slightly until 2 p.m. At 2 p.m. the sky to the S.E. was clear, but between 2 and 4 p.m. it clouded over again, a southerly breeze blew about force 2, and heavy flake snow began to fall about 3 p.m. The flakes consist of rods, grains, and little plain six-rayed stars of diameter about inch. The snow during the whole of this storm has been of decidedly smaller grain Jg than that which has fallen before when the grains have been generally about J- inch in diameter and the plain stars the same while the compound stars were from J to | inch in diameter. This time the grains are about the size of a pin's head. The barometer started falling between 12 noon and 2 p.m., and the temperature is rising 's a little.

Weather cleared and the snow ceased at 6 o'clock. It was thick again and heavy snow falling at 8 o'clock. Thermometer steady at plus 13° F. Barometer falling all day

8 p.m.

but now risen

slightly. '&

Aprillth, 1911. 6 a.m Half an hour ago the weather was calm. Now there is an E. wind of force 4 blowing and rising steadily. The temperature is up 4° and the barometer has fallen about \ inch during the night. The sky is a little clearer to the S., but there is a dense Slight granular snow falling. snowcloud to the N. and underneath it there is a long roll of Cumulus. Cape Adare above 1 ,000 feet is shrouded in snow-cloud. About -| inch of snow has fallen during the night. Since the snowstorm has begun on the night of the 2nd about 5 inches of very light snow has fallen.

A

few plain six-rayed stars are falling. The snowsquall to the N. Southerly wind blowing with long calms between.

8 a.m.

is

moving eastwards.

Snow-cloud closed in and heavy snow falling. Cloud heaviest to the N.E. is of a different type to any we have yet had, consisting of large of to inch diameter, with granular centres and pinnate spikes sticking out crystals \ all round. A few compound stars are present allied to FIT 10. Calm.

10 a.m.

and S.E.

The snow J,

Heavy snow shutting everything p.m. Heavy granular snow falling. Sky clearing at the trending N.W. and S.E. Calm.

2 p.m. 4

8 p.m.

Flaky snow

falling.

Slight E.S.E. breeze.

Snow

Barometer rising slightly. was a sudden drop and recover

zenith to

show Cirro-cumulus

mostly as plain six-rayed crystals. and 8 o'clock there Temperature steady, but between

of 5 or 6° F.

Heavy :

:

Barometer low but steady.

made

Cape Adare.

falling

April 8th, 1911. 8 a.m. Southerly wind of force 5 to 6. intervals— 7663,35 7633,91 7664,27 :

out, but

drift.

7664,81

Anemometer readings

for

1

-minute

:

Temperature steady, high but

falling slightly.

No

sky

out.

—

10 a.m. Anemometer readings 7745,89; 7746,44; 7747,18; 7747,92. Sky clearing showing Cirro-cumulus travelling from the N.W. with a little scud below travelling from the S.E. :

Anemometer readings :— 7824,60 7825,10 7825,74 7826,51. Wind very lulls. Thermometer steady. Barometer oscillating a little.

12 noon.

;

;

;

gusty,

almost dropping in the 2 p.m.

Anemometer readings :— 7898,15

was a

gust.)

Temperature steady.

;

7898,60;

Barometer

7899,11; rising.

7899,62;

Wind more

7900,39. (The last sustained and a little

stronger.

4 p.m.

Anemometer readings :— 7969,38 Temperature

falling.

Barometer

;

7969,36; 7970,64; 7971,25; 7971,91. rising slowly. 485

Sky cleared at the

zenith. 2 h 3

April, 1911— continued. April

8th,

1911

— continued.

Anemometer readings :— 8044.30

6 p.m.

8044,67

;

Wind

8045,06.

;

easing distinctly, less

drift.

Wind dropped. Slighl granular snow falling. Curious anomalies in the readings of Maximum, Mercury and Minimum Spirit Column Thermometers during the last two

8 p.m. tin'

Thermometer and Barometer

observations.

Sunday, April

9th. 1911.

Gusty squalls at intervals with drift. from S.W. to W. and to S.E. in squalls.

6 a.m.

8 a.m.

rising.

Snow scud over Cape Adare.

Anemometer readings:- 821 2,50; 8213,34; 8214,21;

Wind

shifting

8215,07.

Barometer falling. Temperature steady. Cirro-cumulus clouds running N. and Stratus and heavy snow-cloud to N. Wind steadier than usual. 10 a.m.

Anemometer readings :— 8286,73

8287,59

;

8288,31

;

S.

8289,13.

;

Barometer rising, temperature rising a little. Wind dropped to 20 miles per hour between 8.30 and 9.45, but is again blowing harder. Sky clear to S. and W. Stratus low down on the Northern horizon. Cirro-cumulus from the N. to the zenith. Low drift in squalls. 12 noon.

Barometer steady.

Temperature steady.

Wind

steady.

Anemometer readings

:

—

8366,59; 8367,11; 8367,94; 8368,63. 1

p.m. first

the third day marked by the same Sunshine Recorder Card, but to-day day that the sun has been strong enough to make any mark.

This

is

is

the

Wind extremely 2 p.m. Anemometer readings :— 8444,32 8445,39. 8444,84 8444,39 the sun. to due Barometer steady. Thermometer rising Sky clear gusty, force 1 to 7. to the W. the mountains over but for Stratus on the Northern horizon, and a little Cumulus ;

;

;

4 p.m. Wind very gusty and far less strong, force to 6. Temperature rising. Barometer Roll of Cumulus and Stratus on the Northern horizon, otherwise no clouds. steady. Wind swung to the S.E. 6 p.m.

Airs from the N.E.

Temperature and Barometer steady. W. and W.N.W.

Sky unchanged.

Prismatic sunset colours to

8 p.m. Westerly wind of force 2. Barometer rising for Cumulus on the Western Mountains.

and temperature

falling.

Sky

clear,

but

Stratus on the Northern horizon.

April \0th, 1911. Rolls of Strato-cumulus to the N., moving swiftly from the E.S.E Scud forming to the N. of Geikie Land, moving a short distance from the E.S.E. and then At the base a Brilliant prismatic sunrise in broad well-defined bands. disappearing. this the spectrum above and broad purple- black band representing the shadow of Cape Adare, from to colours blue. A glazed frost over everything. Temperature dropped to purple 1° F. during the night. plus

8 a.m.

Calm and

clear.

12 noon. Scud off Geikie Land. Strato-cumulus on the Northern horizon, otherwise clear. E.S.E. wind sprung up about 9.45, being heralded by an indraught from the N.W. a few minutes before. An hour or two before the wind reached us drift was blowing off Warning, and Sir George Newnes Glaciers and off Cape Adare. Anemometer readings 8585,72 :

8586,19

2 p.m.

;

8586,61

;

falling.

;

8587,15.

Anemometer readings

Temperature

—

— 8655,90

Barometer steady. 8658,74. 8657,36 8656,75 the sky is clear. otherwise Strato-cumulus on the Northern horizon, :

;

;

486

;

April, 1911 April 10th, 1911

— continued.

Anemometer readings :— 8766,79 8767,75 8768,77 8769,59. Northern half of the clouding over. Cirrus and Cirro-cumulus from the N.E. to N.W. Barometer falling

4 p.m.

;

;

;

is

sky

Temperature

steeply.

6

—continued.

falling slightly.

Anemometer readings p.m. Wind has reached hurricane force in gusts. 8880,86 8882,13 8883,04 8885,06 8884,12 8886,41 8887,56. ;

;

Barometer

;

falling.

;

:

— 8880,13

;

;

;

Temperature steady.

April nth, 1911.

The wind reached its strongest at 12 p.m. last night, and from then gradually decreased. the 6 a.m. observations it was from force 6 to 8, and at the 8 a.m. observations from At force 5 to 6. Unfortunately, the anemometer was torn from its place last night, and accurate readings are not possible until it is refitted. The wind has swung gradually

2 p.m.

round until

Sky

it is

now

clear all

S.

20

W. and blowing

day and

,

full sun.

force 3 to 4.

The barometer dropped during the night and

morning stood at 28 '54, but it is now slowly rising. Temperature high this morning, but again slowly

Sky clouded over from the N.E. and S.W.

6 p.m.

across the zenith

down

to 20°

this

falling.

A bar

of Strato-cumulus has thus

formed

above each horizon.

Mountains hidden above 4,000 feet. Barometer rising. Slight S.W. airs.

Temperature

falling.

April 12th, 1911. 6 a.m.

Sky covered with dense snow-cloud. Barometer Thermometer steady. Wind of force 1.

8 p.m.

Sky

cleared this morning

and remained

rising.

clear all day, except for Strato-cumulus

on the

horizon to the N.

Barometer

rising

and temperature

falling.

minimum

observations to-day are unreliable, for both had bubbles in them after the gale. The Terrestrial Radiation thermometer is so bad that I have had to retire it from action (M.O. 3457), and have replaced it with M.O. 3445. The Minimum thermometer All

proper I managed to save. April 13th, 1911.

Sky clouded with dense snow-cloud. yesterday and about J inch last night.

8 a.m.

No

10 a.m.

Slight westerly breeze.

Barometer high.

falling.

J inch of snow

fell

Temperature steady.

yet, 29632. Temperature falling slowly. Westerly airs or calm cleared during the day, but again overclouded with Strato-cumulus to night.

Barometer highest

8 p.m. all

change.

Granular snow

Sky

day.

April 14th, 1911.

—

Barometer unusually high 29 764. Thermometer risen a little. Wind blowing from N. 70 E., force 3 to 5. Sky covered with dense snow-cloud. Snowcloud on Cape Adare at 1,000 feet. Mountains obscured above 4,000 feet. Heavy cumulus

8 a.m.

off

-

the glaciers.

2 p.m.

and

Wind blew force 2 to 4 from the N.W. from is now blowing up to force 8. Anemometer

9382,76.

drift.

readings

1 :

then swung to S. 45 E., 9381,36; 9382,09;

—p.m., 9380,79;

and temperature rising. obscured Sky by dense snow-cloud.

Barometer

Heavy

12.30 to

falling

487

2 h i

April, April

1

—continued.

— continued.

1011

14///.

01

1

Barometer falling. Anemometer readings :— 9458,52 0450,03 9460,66. 045!), 12 snow to the southward of Tempera are rising. Very heavy drift, must have had heavy snow and the wind has from the us. or the summer crust must have been worn plateau been able to reach the powdery snow beneath. Barometer falling and temperature rising. Wind strong and drift very heavy. p.m.

4 p.m.

;

;

;

t

6

Barometer falling. Temperature high and rising. Wind up to force 12 Average about 50 miles per hour. Heaviest drift yet experienced.

in

8 p.m.

April i;

gusts.

1011.

15//,.

Temperature abnormally high. Barometer about the same as last night. Slight Anemometer was again unscrewed by the wind last night, but no damage was done. Sky obscured by dense and broken snow-cloud. Snow-squalls to N. and S.

a.m.

N.W. wind. 8 a.m.

Heavy

drift

moving along Cape Adare from the

S.S.E.

The clouds to the W. appear

as blunt-nosed cones with their points directed towards the W.N.W. Temperature high, Barometer steady. The thermograph was completely snowed in this plus 21° F. I morning, but have cleared it and find that it was working quite well.

Temperature high and rising. Barometer falling. Drift moving now from E.S.E., and now from the S.E. on Cape Adare, also from Warning Glacier and Sir George Newnes Glacier. Flocks of Antarctic and Snowy Petrels have come inshore, and this points to at sea. weather heavy with snow-cloud. Cumulus at intervals in the bay in front of the Western obscured Sky Mountains. N.W. wind of force 3 blowing here.

12 noon.

Wind varying between W.N.W. and

E.S.E. Force 1 to 0. Temperature falling Sun rising. shining through snow-cloud haze. slightly. 4 p.m. Temperature falling. Barometer rising. Southerly and easterly airs. Clearing to W. and S. 2 p.m.

Barometer

6 p.m.

Calm

till

5.30.

Now

South wind

of force 3 to 4.

Barometer

8 p.m. Sky clearing. Cirro-cumulus radiant, radiant point N. hard. Temperature and barometer steady, both fairly high.

rising a little.

Wind due

S.

Blowing

fairly

April 16th, 1911. 8 a.m.

Wind

force 2,

S.IOW.

but otherwise the sky is clouded with stratus Temperature steady. Barometer high.

Clear to the

moving slowly from the E.S.E. 10 a.m.

Sky

S.,

cleared except stratus to N. and scud increased a little. Barometer rising.

moving from the E.S.E.

Wind 4 p.m.

Sky has clouded over again. Barometer high and rising.

shrouded in cloud above 5,000 8 p.m.

Heavy Nimbus cloud on

S.IOW.

Slight S. breeze

Thermometer

Temperature steady. all

day, force 4 to

falling

2.

steadily but slowly.

Mountains

feet.

Sky clouded with Stratus. Wind Barometer high and rising. Temperature falling

the southern horizon.

force 2 gradually decreasing.

slowly.

April 11th, 1911.

Calm or westerly airs. Slight granular snow falling. Sky covered with Stratus. Deep black cloud along the southern and Barometer still high, 20-666. Thermometer falling. horizons.

6 a.m.

488

western

April, 1911 April nth, 1911 12 noon.

Very

— continued.

—continued. little

A

few granules of snow Snow haze over Cape Adare.

change.

without definition.

falling.

Clouds a

trifle

heavier and

Barometer and temperature steady. 2 p.m. Snow slightly thicker. This morning the grains were of the size of a pin's head afternoon they are J inch in diameter. increased slightly this afternoon about 3 o'clock. Even-thing blotted out by the snow-cloud except Cape Adare. Barometer falling. Temperature steady.

;

this

Snow

4 p.m. airs.

No change

8 p.m.

Barometer

in the situation.

still

Calm

or Westerly

Temperature steady.

falling slightly.

April 18th, 1911.

Barometer

6 a.m. to

Wind W. and

8 a.m.

No

is

fallen four-tenths during the night.

Temperature rising. from S. 40 W. Sky still obscured with dense snow-cloud. Very few crystals of snow falling.

force

S.

change.

1

Wind swung

Barometer steadv. 10 a.m. to S. 40 W. 2 p.m.

A

a

little

more to the

Temperature

few crystals of snow "

falling.

Clearing from the S., Barometer and thermometer steady.

in diameter.

S.

Clouds

falling.

Clearing

much

Wind back

the same.

again

a Six-rayed stars simple and compound, about T 2 inch Calm. showing light Stratus above the snow-scud.

Scud over Cape Adare Cirro-stratus radiant, radiant point N.W. from the S. Heavy Strato-cumulus on the N. and W. horizons.

4 p.m.

moving rapidly

and Southerly wind struck us about 4.30, and was heralded by drift from the glaciers northern the Stratus on N.W. radiant Adare. Cirro-stratus radiant, point Cape Scud and snow-cloud over Geikie Land and Cape Adare. Barometer falling and horizon.

6 p.m.

off

temperature

Sky not made

Situation unchanged.

8 p.m.

Wind dropped

a good deal.

No

Sky clouded over

drift,

again.

Anemometer came

Barometer steady.

unscrewed during the night. Temperature falling. 8 a.m.

out.

1911.

April \9th. 6 a.m.

rising.

No

10 a.m.

change. Clearing a

steady.

little

Barometer

W. Dense black Wind S., force 3

to the rising.

Heavy snow-cloud with

12 noon.

Wind

continues from the S.

falling

snow

snow-cloud and drift to the

and W. Barometer

to the S.

Temperature steady.

2 p.m.

Clearing from the S.

Temperature

8 p.m.

Minus temperatures.

Barometer steady.

S.

Temperature

to 4.

A

few grains

falling here.

rising.

falling slowly.

Wind swung

to the S.E.

and

rising,

Very

little drift.

April 20th, 1911. 8 a.m.

Minimum dumbbell shaken down to minus 26° F. on Geikie Scud forming Land, driven N. and disappearing. Strato-cumulus on the

Anemometer broken.

northern horizon.

Wind

S.,

force 2 to

3.

489

April, 1911

—continued.

April 20th, 1911— continued. Alto-stratus to N. trending N.W. and S.E. Scud forming over Geikie Land and the Western Mountains and driving rapidly from the S. Southerly breeze swinging to the W. and increasing a little. Barometer rising and temperature steady.

10 a.m.

Bright opalescent clouds at 2.30 p.m., the colours are greens and pinks. At present heavy snow squalls S.W. to W. and N.W. Scud moving up rapidly from Wind unchanged. Cirro-stratus radiant with raidant point to the S.W. to join it.

4 p.m. S.

Barometer

rising.

Temperature

falling steadily.

G p.m. Sky almost entirely clouded with snow-cloud in dense cumuliform masses of large individual size. Wind dropped to force 1. Barometer rising. Temperature falling slowly. 8 p.m.

Temperature

falling

and barometer

rising.

A

few grains

snow

of

falling.

Sky almost

overcast

April

2lst, 1911.

6 a.m.

Barometer

Very

thick, the

fallen.

Temperature

rising slightly.

Very

little

wind but from the S.E.

glaciers are blotted out altogether.

Sky covered with dense snow-cloud night. Slight snow falling now.

in

£ inch of snow during the

cumuliform masses.

8 a.m.

Granular and spicular snow falling. Calm. Barometer steady. Temperature falling slightly. Sky totally obscured by dense snow-cloud.

10 a.m.

Temperature falling. Barometer rising. Clearing from the N. Dense snow-cloud and falling snow still to E.,S. and W. Calm.

Snow

clouds reduced to a local storm round Geikie Land. Barometer rising slightly. Temperature steady. Dense belt of Stratus to the N. Calm.

2 p.m.

4 p.m. Clouds moving rapidly from the N.W. Sky almost overcast. break N. of Geikie Land. Calm, with easterly airs. Temperature falling, barometer steady. 8

There

is still

a slight

p.m. Calm. Barometer rising. Temperature rising a little. Sky completely overcast with dense snow-cloud. Granular snow falling. At 7 p.m. there was a gust of E.S.E. wind of force 4 for a minute or two.

April 22nd, 1911.

Calm and overcast with cumuliform Nimbus. Temperature 8 p.m. all

still

No change

below

in the

zero.

Barometer

Slight

snow

in

very small grains

falling.

fallen since last night.

weather during the day except slightly more or Barometer slowly falling.

less overcast.

Calm

or easterly airs.

day Temperature

risen slightly.

April 23rd, 1911. 8 a.m.

Calm and

bright. Southerly airs. Temperature falling. Barometer risen slightly, almost steady. Brilliant prismatic sky to the W. cumuliform scud moving from N.W. and banking up to the E.

6.

30 p.m.

Browning reports a very bright halo

close

round the moon.

Cirro-

White near the moon

through bluish white to blue.

Sky cleared completely, except for a few scud-clouds moving from the N.W. The shadow of Cape Adare shows as a triangle of darker sky to the S. and is bounded by a well-defined dark line. Temperature falling. Calm. Barometer rising.

10 a.m.

490

April, 1911

—continued.

April 23n7, 1911— continued. 2 p.m. At 11.15 a breeze started blowing in gusts from the S.W., and brought with it snowscud across from the mountains, banking it up on Cape Adare. Immediately under the cloud a fog began to form on the Cape. At 12 o'clock Browning noted the scud moving from the S.E. along Cape Adare, and a quarter of an hour later the sky was clear, except for a roll of Strato-cumulus to the N., which is being fed by frost smoke off the open water. At present it is calm with south westerly airs.

Temperature and barometer

fairly steady.

Temperature oscillating. Barometer rising a little. Cumulus off Cape Adare. Strato-cumulus along the Northern horizon. or snow mist on the southern part of Cape Adare.

8 p.m.

Calm.

Clear.

April 24th, 1911. Barometer risen. 6 a.m.

Sky

Fme

Calm

Scud

or southerly airs.

clear except for a strip of cloud

Temperature low. on the Northern horizon.

About 8 a.m. scud formed to leeward of Cape Adare in some from the N.W. It has now almost ceased forming. A little condensation cloud on Cape Adare, Mt. Minto and the Glaciers. Strato-cumulus on the

8 a.m.

prismatic sunrise.

quantity and travelled

fast

horizon.

Temperature and barometer steady. 10 a.m. On these bright days the shadow of Cape Adare shows in the morning as a broad blue-black band underneath the purple of the prismatic sunrise colours on the western horizon, and as the sun rises this band sinks until it impinges on the bay and loses its About this time, however, the shadow becomes well marked as a triangle of definition. darker sky to the S.E. and S. bounded by a well-defined straight line. This triangle gradually decreases in size till it finally disappears. 12 noon.

Barometer

Sunday afternoon.

rising. Temperature oscillating. The I suppose that I had not fully wound it

barograph had run down

on up the previous Monday. The has worked rather better for the last

thermograph is showing a fall of only 4° for 16° F. It two days showing one or two small variations. If it does not improve during the week I shall be inclined to try it in here for a week and experiment with it. It is impossible to keep it in the screen owing to the drift. It is at present in a venesta box and has been exposed quite freely to the air during the whole of last week. The StratoAlto-stratus trending N.W. and S.E. above the northern horizon. cumulus on the northern horizon is being constantly fed by the sea-smoke.

2 p.m. After a good deal of trouble I have managed to re-set the anemometer and start it going again. How long it will last I don't know. Glazed frost very thick on the Sunshine Recorder.

About

3.30 the sun disappeared behind the Strato-cumulus along the horizon to the breeze of force 3 to 4 sprang up from the N.E. and immediately Stratus-clouds formed along the mountains S. of Sabine. Geikie Land was obscured and the Glaciers filled with mist, while scud was formed on Cape Adare and carried S. and banked up against the clouds there. Besides these This latter was clouds a quantity of scud was brought from the N.E. by the wind. probably the frost smoke being blown inland. The temperature has risen 6° Barometer steady.

4 p.m.

N.W.

A

fallen 5°. Barometer fallen. Ice crystals separating out on everyoutside. thing Heavy glazed frost on all glass instruments and ice is separating out of the air as rods, spicules, and grains. band of Stratus and Strato-cumulus to the N. Scud on Cape Adare. Calm.

6 p.m.

Temperature

A

8 p.m.

Calm and

bright.

Temperature steady and barometer 491

rising.

April, 1911

—continued.

April 25th. 1911.

The latter has risen 8° during the night. shown by the dimness of the stars and the

Barometer and temperature risen. Calm and fairly clear. It is very hazy, whitish ring round the moon.

a.m.

as

a.m. Barometer and thermometer steady. Sky cleared during the observations from B. 5 C. 5 to B. 7 C. 3. The clouds are Stratus and dense Nimbus with Cirro-cumulus between. They are moving rapidly from the N.W. Alto-stratus over (ieikie Land.

8

Slight southerly airs.

10 a.m.

No 12

Barometer rising slightly. Sky overcast with light Stratus, except over Geikie Land. record on Sunshine Recorder yesterday, because of glazed frost over the glass sphere.

noon.

Sky completely overcast with

Southerly

2 p.m. Sky cleared to the S. and N. under Stratus from the N.W. 8

_'ti//(.

6 a.m.

Sun

shining.

Barometer high.

p.m. Temperature risen. radiant point N.W.

April

Barometer and thermometer steady.

Stratus.

airs.

Easterly and southerly

Calm.

Sky

airs.

except for Stratus with

clear,

1911.

Sky completely overcast with heavy Nimbus. A few flakes of snow S. 10 E. Barometer steady and high. Temperature high, plus

wind from 8 a.m.

We

snow fog which blotted out above 200

are shrouded in a

Cape Adare 10 a.m.

Scud moving

Snow

is

feels feet.

rising.

like a

Slight

Scotch mist.

All other land obscured.

and compound stars Temperature steady.

falling as simple

Barometer

very

falling. 14°.

Calm.

either singly or in flakes.

glazed frost on the Sunshine Recorder glass sphere and card, and no burn in of several hours' sun. spite

Heavy

12 noon. 8

p.m.

Flake-snow

falling.

Compound

stars of

many

types.

No change. Flakes of snow falling. About f inch Barometer and thermometer steady and high.

of

snow during the day.

April 21th, 1911. 6 a.m.

Barometer

falling.

Temperature steady.

Granular and spicular snow

falling.

Slight

N.W. wind.

Overcast and thick. 3j inches of snow during the night.

Snow still falling as rods, spicules, and crystals consisting of a central grain half as big as a pin's head, with spikes sticking out in all directions.

8 a.m.

4 p.m.

5 inches of

snow

since the last

wind by measurement

Calm overcast weather continued till 6 p.m., when commenced blowing. Barometer steady. Temperature

8 p.m.

about

of stakes in the lakes.

a Southerly wind of force

1

to 4

falling.

April 28th, 1911. 8 a.m.

S.E.

wind

temperature G p.m. 8

p.m.

of force 4 to

6.

Little drift, all local.

Sky

still

obscured.

Barometer and

fallen slightly.

Similar situation

all

Clearing

day.

Cleared considerably.

Continued

now towards drift.

Barometer steady. 492

the zenith.

Temperature

falling

slowly but steadily.

April, 1911

April 29th, 1911. (3 a.m. Temperature

rising.

Barometer

—continued.

fallen

very slightly.

snow falling in very small grains. Anemometer altogether untrustworthy because

mend

to

Slight southerly airs.

of friction.

Will

Granular

make another attempt

it.

Southerly wind of force varying from 2 to 5, and direction from S.E. to S.W. blowing day. Fine spicular snow falling. Cleared from the zenith about 6 p.m., overcast till then. Temperature and barometer steady.

8 p.m.

all

April 30th, 1911. 9.30 a.m. Overslept and missed the 6 and 8 a.m. observations this morning. The wind blew hard last night and the position of the drifts show that it still blew from the S. This

morning

is

calm and

Calm and

8 p.m.

fairly clear.

clear all day.

Temperature

May,

May

Clear.

10 a.m.

rising.

1911.

Calm.

Temperature low and barometer high.

and Cirrus Radiant, radiant point N. Scud moving across sky in front clouds from the East. Temperature rising. Barometer falling slightly.

Cirro-stratus

Nimbus

Cloudy, calm day.

8 p.m.

May

Barometer

1911.

1st,

G a.m.

of

falling.

Temperature

rising

and barometer steady.

2nd, 1911.

8 a.m.

Clear and calm.

6 p.m.

Calm and

Barometer fallen a little. Temperature rising. Fracto-cumulus clouds rather whale-backed in shape, moving from the S.E. Temperature and barometer

clear.

stead}'.

N.W. wind at 7, force 3. At the 8 o'clock observation the wind was Barometer rising and temperature falling slightly.

8 p.m.

May

S. to

1.

3rd, 1911.

Calm and steady. Clouds from the N.W. covering the Northern half Barometer steady and temperature high.

10 a.m.

Bright and calm 8 p.m. observations.

8 p.m.

May

E. force

of the sky.

A little snow falling at the the afternoon, then clouding over. Barometer steady. Temperature oscillating.

till

4th, 1911.

8 a.m.

to N. and S. Scud along Cape Adare. Clear at zenith. Barometer fallen. Temperature steady.

Heavy snowclouds Calm.

10 a.m.

Southerly wind of force 4 blew from 9 a.m. to 9.30 a.m. Can make out no movement in the upper clouds. Scud forming on Cape Adare.

There has been a long

lull

since.

Granular snow wind from the S.E.

12 noon.

falling

very

lightly.

Heavy Nimbus-clouds and W.

to S.

and S.E.

wind from

Slight

2 p.m.

Slight granular

8 p.m.

Fine granular snow falling, a snow dust. Sky is clear and stars are shining through and the snow is like a frozen mist. Westerly airs. Barometer and thermometer

snow

falling.

Heavy Nimbus

a haze

steady. 493

to S.

Slight

S.

May,

May

191

1

— continued.

5th, 1911.

Overcast. Slight snow Falling in grains about the size of a pin's head. Barometer fallen. Temperature has been low but is (hiring the night.

8 a.m.

\

inch of

now above

snow zero

again Overcast went her all day. Wind varying from calm to N.K. 1 to 3 and S.E. 1 to 4. p.m. is wind in now with low intermittent drift. Clearing a little to the Southerly just setting

(i

X.

Temperature

Barometer

S p.m.

E.S.E.

barometer

rising

Temperature

falling. drift.

Heavy

falling slightly. rising.

Wind

of force 6 to 7

blowing from E.

to

&h, 1911.

May

Has been blowing up

8 a.m.

to force 12 for several hours, pebbles flying in the gusts.

Not

very thick drift.

Wind decreased gradually during the day until at 4 p.m. it was force 8 to 9. At 6 p.m. p.m. the wind had swung to S. to E. and had decreased to force 4 to 6. Heavy snow was falling in flakes of spicules

and

grains.

1th, 1911.

May

8 a.m.

Heavy sky

to the S.

Strato-cumulus streaming to the N.W. off Geikie Land. Scud Drift coming off Cape Adare. Barometer and temperature

to the X. blowing from the S.E. high.

8 p.m. Wind from S.E. to E. all day. It gradually increased until now blowing fairly steadily at force 10 and in gusts up to force 12. Heavy drift is flying. Sky overcast all day.

Barometer reached a high level this morning. It has fallen again during the of the day. Temperature steady plus 13° F. to plus 15° F.

MaySlh,

latter

part

1911.

8 a.m.

Wind blowing with

hurricane force

all

night.

Barometer shows peculiar path during the Temperature remains steady.

drift.

Steady wind this morning with last

two days.

At present

it is

little

falling.

12 noon.

Heavy whale-backed cumulus forming over the sea to the N. and underneath the Nimbus pall. Scud and Cumulus forming and moving from the E.S.E. Wind unchanged. Very slight drift. Temperature and barometer rising.

A slight snow is being driven along by the wind in small clots, about inch in diameter, composed of aggregations of very tiny particles of ice. It is quite different in appearance from ordinary drift. To windward of us is a heavy snow-cloud capping Cape Adare.

2 p.m.

8

-J-

Wind still strong but decreasing in force and lulls are more frequent, though the gusts are as strong as ever. The sky is lightening and the clouds are higher. Temperature and steadv. Barometer normal and rising high 'S slowlv.

pm.

May

9th, 1911.

Xo

change. 6

Wind

continues stronger than at any time since the first night. is more definition in the clouds. The lower portion N. of us Stratus in a steep cone with its point to the N.N.E. Strato-cumulus with light spaces between to the S. and S.E.

p.m.

There

p.m.

but

Wind continued lulls

is

arranged as

all day, is now becoming more gusty. Force in gusts incredible, more frequent and more decided. Sky cleared a little about 7 p.m., but is now

again overcast with Strato-cumulus.

Very

little drift all

day, barometer falling slightly. 494

May, 1911

May

— continued.

]Qth, 1911.

Wind

decreased and swinging towards the temperature very high.

8 a.m.

S.,

very gusty.

Barometer

rising

and

Barometer rising and temperature falling slightly. decreasing. 3 o'clock Campbell called my attention to a curious Cirrus-like appearance of the lower portion of the snow-cloud. This was drawn out into long wisps trending S.

4 p.m.

Wind

About

and N. 8 p.m.

May

Wind

still

strong and gusty.

falling

and barometer

rising slightly.

llth, 1911.

8 a.m.

Wind

decreased considerably.

and temperature 8 p.m.

9 p.m.

much

Clouds

the same.

Thick to the

S.

Barometer

rising.

Temperature

swung

May

Temperature

rising

Moon

to B.S.E.

and barometer shining through

falling.

Wind

increased in hurricane force and

indefinite snow-cloud haze.

Uickason reports snow.

12th, 1911.

Wind blew as hard as ever for several hours last night from the E.S.E. This morning had decreased considerably and swung to the S. 20 E. Barometer has been steady all There is a band of Cumulus and Scud across the sky from the S. via the zenith to night. the N. Also a little nimbus to the S. and Stratus on the Northern horizon. Condensation clouds are streaming from the mouths of the glaciers. The temperature

8 a.m.

it

here remains high.

and Alto-stratus radiant, radiant point E. from the S. Temperature risen to 24° F. slowly Barometer risen slightly.

10 a.m.

8 p.m.

Cirro-stratus

Barometer

temperature

falling.

Wind

still

strong.

cleared a good deal.

Sky

May

rising slightly,

Scud and Cumulus moving

\Uh. 1911.

and decreased considerably. Sky clear except for Stratus low down on the horizon, to the N., and a strip of Stratus and Scud from the S., over Cape Adare to the N. Barometer steady and temperature falling.

Wind swung

8 p.m.

to the S.

Overcast Bright with southerly wind gradually decreasing in strength until 4 p.m. airs since then. Barometer steady and temperature falling steadily.

and calm or N.W.

May

14th, 1911.

8 a.m.

Sky 8 p.m.

Wind N.W.

of force

Barometer

Slight granular snow.

falling slightly all day.

Overcast with a to E. in the evening.

May

1.

Barometer and temperature

falling.

overcast.

Temperature

granular and spicular snow inch snow all day. |

"little

falling steadily.

Calm

or light

loth, 1911.

8 a.m.

Calm, overcast weather. Granular and spicular snow falling. Temperature falling steadily but slowly. Barometer as last night.

8 p.m.

Granular snow.

Barometer low but steady. Moon shining through cloud haze.

Overcast and calm.

Thermometer steady.

495

N.W.

airs

changing

May, 1911

May

Ki'/

i

hi

1

t

r

2nd, L9J

191]

continued.

continued.

1

During the afternoon a cloud cap formed to the S.K. of Cape Adare, and all day Scud has been forming a little S! of the zenith and moving rapidly from the N.W. Towards Barometer evening the N.W. breeze has been varied once or twice by light Southerly airs.

S p.m.

(R. E.

Temperature steady.

steady.

I'.)

December 3rd, L911. s a.m.

Calm.

Barometer

Cloudy.

falling

towards normal.

Temperature steady. '

(R, E. LO a.m.

Comparison K.S.B

Kew Standard and

oi

I'.)

sledging barometers:

29-604 inches.

No. 6 sledging barometer No. 12 sledging barometer

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Attached thermometer

29-51 inches. 29-52 inches. 45-3 F. (R. E. P.)

Upper clouds. lino-cumulus moving from the N.W. below these is some Scud moving Glaciers are half obscured by mist and low cloud. There is a rapidly from the S.E. break in the clouds the near zenith from W. to which the sun is E., fairly big through

4 p.m.

I

;

(R. E. P.)

shining.

An IvS.lv wind of force 5 to 7 started blowing in gusts about 5.30 p.m., and has since remained pretty steady. The clouds thickened from the E., and slight spicular snow began to fall about 6.30 p.m. Barometer steady. Temperature steady. (R. E. P.)

5 p.m.

December 8 a.m.

4th. 1911.

S.S.E. airs.

A

little

Barometer

to the N.

Scud moving from the S.E. slowly, otherwise clear but for Stratus little. Temperature has its usual daily oscillation of a few

risen a

(R. E. P.)

degrees.

During the morning a cloud cap formed on Cape Adare and spread outwards. At 2 p.m. the' clouds reached their maximum extension and two series were distinct, a lower one moving from the S.E. and an upper one from the N.W. This afternoon the clouds

8 p.m.

At 6 p.m. Scud began to form from the dispersed quickly till the sky was almost free. peaks of the Admiralty Range from the S.W. and soon afterwards a S.W. breeze set in here. (R. E. P.) December 5th. 1911. 8 a.m.

N.W.

1

to 0.

Overcast with indefinite Nimbus and a little Stratus to the strip of blue sky along the horizon.

S.

and W.,

and to the N.W. and W. a Glaciers clear.

A

slight granular

snow

is

falling.

Barometer

settled a

little

and

(R. E. P.)

temperature steady.

Westerly or N.W. airs all day. Cleared rapidly between 10 a.m. and Noon, since All cleared away by 6 p.m., except a little Scud on Cape there has been little cloud. Adare, Stratus on Geikie Land and a single roll of Strato-cumulus along the Northern

8 p.m.

when

horizon.

Glaciers clear.

December

Barometer

settling.

Temperature steady.

(R. E. P.)

6th, 1911.

S.W. airs to light breeze. a thin strip to the S. and

8 a.m.

cloud cap on Cape Adare and all over the sky except Temperature rather low. Barometer falling. Glaciers

Heavy

W.

(R. E. P.)

clear.

544

December, December

Gth,

1911

1911

—continued.

— continued.

Sky cleared before 10 a.m., but has again become overcast. At present blowing and the clouds are moving from the N.W.

2 p.m.

of force 3 is

8 p.m. Sky clearing again from the W.N.W. W.N.W. wind force 3. Barometer is rising again. Temperature steady.

Sky obscured since 8 p.m., it is now B.7C.3. lower clouds moving rapidly from the N.

10 p.m.

December

N.W. breeze (R. E. P.)

2 p.m. about (R. E. P.)

Scud travelling from N. and (ECEMBER.

1

December

Musi bave been 2 inches Overcasl

night.

Barometer 10 a.m.

of

continual.

I

1911.

9th,

N;i. in.

l'.H

with

risen to

:i0

of

Nimbus inches.

snow

last night,

but

some

has incited during the

of thai

the sun is fog through at 30«8° F. Temperature steady

which

Yesterday's sunshine record was blown away by the wind. an hour mark on it. 9.45 till 1(1 a.m. this morning.

Calm.

shining dimly.

(E. E. P.)

There was only

a

quarter

(R. E.

I'.)

a series of clouds at the junction of two air currents could be distinctly two the directions, moving opposite upper from the N.W. and the lower from the S.E. The clouds were an indefinite sort of flying Scud of snow. (R. E. P.)

At

2p.m.

l'J

noon

seen

")

in

Abbott returned from the to]) of the (ape. S.lv and a S.E. breeze of force 0.

p.m.

Calm.

8p.m.

off

running

A

end

S.

Cape Adare

of

this afternoon.

Stratus cloud is forming at about 500 towards the N. end. glaciers

S

a

moving from the S.E. Whale-backed Scud Barometer and temperature steady (R. E. P.)

A low

December

(R. E. P.)

Stratus low down on Cape Adare and Scud Clearing. the Cape. bar of Stratus over the bay to the W.

moving over the and high. 9 p.m.

Reports clouds of snow moving from the

feet

on Cape Adare and spreading from the

(F

10th, L911.

.m.

'aim.

(

I

)ense fog hiding

Cape Adare and

all

horizon.

Barometer

Temperature

falling.

(R. E. P.)

falling a little. (i

1 have set p.m. Borchgrevink's old snow gauge to measure two or three a copper cylindrical vessel of diameter 4^- inches.

Calm

8 p.m.

and

or Westerly airs.

slight spicular

snow

Snow

fog hiding Cape Adare

falling like a frozen

Scotch mist.

all

falls of

llth,

snow.

It is

(R. E. P.)

day, growing thicker now,

Temperature and barometer (R. E. P.)

falling slowly.

December

V. B.)

1911.

Clear but for a thin roll of Stratus in the Bay. This is the remains of the fog of yesterda y, which was rolled away early this morning by a S.E. breeze. Southerly airs. Temperature risen through sun. Barometer falling. (R. E. P.)

8 a.m.

Clear and calm or southerly airs until 2 p.m. Since then the temperature began to A X.W. breeze started to blow, and a dense fog formed, first along the N. end of 'ape Adare and to the W. of us over the sea ice. and then to the N., spreading and closing in until all around us and nearly reaching to the zenith where, however, the sun still shone a thin haze. All through (R. E. P.) open water in sight.

4 p.m.

fall. (

8 p.m.

N.W.

Clear.

airs.

Fog

rolled

away about

Barometer steady. 9.30 p.m.

December

Sun-dog

in

S.W.

7

p.m.

Temperature

again. (R, E. P.)

falling

(F. V. B.)

12th, 1911.

Clear. Calm. Upper clouds only, arranged as a Cirro-stratus and Alto-stratus radiant with radiant point W. Temperature risen. Barometer steady. Glaciers clear.

8 a.m.

(R. E. P.)

2 p.m.

Has become

high.

steady.

overcast except for a small strip N.W. to N.E. Calm. Temperature S. Mist in Sir George Newnes Glacier valley. Barometer (R. E. P.)

Thickeninc to the

546

December) December

litll

continued.

continued.

12th. 1911

This afternoon Scud clouds were moving fast from the S.E. behind Cape Adare and Snow the snow-cloud from Sir George Newnes Glacier spread past Dnke of York Island. mist formed along the Western Mountains and alternate gusts blew here from the S.E. ami N.W. Now a S.E. wind of force 4 to 6 blows. Temperature steady. Barometer steady.

8 p.m.

(R.E.P.) December nth, 1911. Calm. Clear. Clouds moving slowly from the S.E. 8 a.m. a few degrees. Barometer steady.

oscillating within

(R- E. P.)

9 to 10 hours sun on

Yesterday's sunshine record lost in the wind.

10 a.m.

Temperature

it.

(R. E. P.)

8 p.m. of

Calm. Clear. Clouds moving from the S. From time to time this afternoon whirlwinds Scud formed on Cape Adare and moved from the S. Barometer steady. Temperature (R. E. P.)

steady.

December Uth, 1911.

W.N.W.

8 a.m.

airs.

slowly from that

Cloudy. direction.

Clouds arranged as a radiant from the S.S.W. and moving Barometer falling steadily. Temperature oscillating a few (R. E. P.)

degrees.

Calm.

8 p.m.

Clear.

Scud moving from the

S.

Barometer steady.

Temperature

falling.

(R. E. P.)

December

loth,

8 a.m.

1911. Clear.

S. airs.

Temperature

falling.

(R. E.

Barometer steady.

1'.)

1 have forgotten to change the sunshine record until now, so that 2\ hours of sun. between 10 and 12.45, are duplicated. (R. E. P.)

12.45 p.m.

Turret-shaped clouds piled on Geikie Land, Cape Adare, and the peaks of the Admiralty Range. Scud moving from the S.E. on Cape Adare. This afternoon an upper series of clouds was moving from the N.W. Temperature steady, usual daily

Calm.

8 p.m.

Clear.

(R. E. P.)

Barometer steady.

oscillation.

December I6fh, 1911. Calm. Clear. Clouds changing shape rapidly and moving slowly from the S.E. 8 a.m. Glaciers clear. Cloud cap on Cape Adare. Barometer steady. Temperature dropped last night but is again up. (R. E. P.)

Sky started to cloud over from the N. with dense indefinite cloud at about 11 a.m. The breeze increased Spicular snow commenced to fall accompanied by southerly airs. to force 1 to 2 and the snow has changed to a fairly heavy fall of flakes of small immature

12 noon.

(R. E. P.)

crystals with a tendency to star-shape.

4 p.m. is

Northerly

airs.

falling sparselv as

Dense cloud with ragged edges. Snow-squalls to S. and S.W. Snowcompound 6-rayed stars and as immature crystals and irregular grains. (R.E.P.)

Calm. Overcast. usual daily oscillation.

8 p.m.

Snow has ceased and Barometer

it is

clearing a

little.

Temperature steady, (R. E. P.)

rising slowly.

December nth. 1911. Calm.

8 a.m. 1

Clear.

Temperature

fallen.

Barometer steady.

Stopped

snowing between

and 2 a.m.

(It.

15| drachms of water from the snowfall since put to estimate the thickness of snow, because melting fast.

10 a.m.

I

547

up the snow-gauge.

E. P.)

Impossible (I!.

Iv 2

m

1'-)

2

I

Dea mbt

r

191

1

continued,.

continued.

1911

1th,

1

December,

2 p.m. A X.W. wind has just commenced and Scud is forming above us and being carried swiftly towards Cape Adare. Fog is forming over the sea to the X.W. of us and on the wel stretches of the beach itself, and is being carried swiftly and being banked up against

the

cliff.

There

a similar

is

bank

of fog

along the Western .Mountains and across Geikie

Land. 4 p.m. it

(R. E.

I'.)

The X.W. breeze was only momentary at sea level, and the fog cleared immediately ceased, but the few clouds there are still move from the N.W. (I!. E. P.)

breeze of force 1. The breeze started at 6.30 p.m., and was preceded and the dense accompanied by shrouding of the sky with Cumulilortn cloud which abut on Adare. ieikie the Western Mountains at a height of about 2,000 feet above Land, and t'ape sea level. Glaciers clear. Temperature about normal during the day and a rather remarkBarometer steady. able dip last night. (R. E. P.)

W.X.W.

5 p.m.

(

December

is///,

lull.

Gusty Westerly wind. Very thick, with Nimbus cloud to the Temperature fallen. Barometer fallen.

8 a.m.

S p.m.

Slight Westerly airs.

Slight

spicular snow began

S.

Glaciers obscured. (R. E. P.)

Clouds have thinned since 6 p.m. to a thin haze near the zenith. to fall about the same time. (R. E. P.)

December VMh. 1911.

.Medium Southerly wind of force 2 to 5. Overcast with thick Nimbus through which the sun shows dimly. Glaciers obscured. Slight spicular snow falling. Temperature risen. Barometer steady. (R. E. P.)

8 a.m.

5 p.m.

E.S.E. wind of

from

S. via S.E.,

medium

where

it

force blowing. The wind during remained a long time, to E.

Sky overcast with thick Nimbus haze. falling in small I

fragments or in flecks.

the. clay

has gradually swung

Sun invisible since 11 a.m. Spicular snow and Western Mountains obscured all day.

Glaciers

ape Adare slightly indistinct.

(R. E. P.)

December 20th, 1911. E.S.lv wind of medium force still blowing. Slight spicular snow carried before it. Overcast with indefinite Nimbus with much snow falling to Westward. Temperature

8 a.m.

steady.

Barometer

(R. E. P.)

settled slightly.

Wind swung to S.E. and dropped considerably. Warning Glacier clear before noon and now part of the Admiralty Range S. of Cape Barrow is showing. Heavv snow squalls to S. and N. (R. E. P.)

2 p.m.

6 p.m.

Sunshine record blown away during wind. Am shipping another now.

Three hours sun missed, 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. (R. E. P.)

this afternoon.

Cleared from 2 p.m. rapidly. afternoon and evening since then.

8 p.m.

Barometer

ture steady.

December 8 a.m.

Southerly wind due

rising slowly.

and very light blowing all the 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. Tempera-

Glaciers clear.

(R. E. P.)

2lst, 1911.

Sky

still

overcast.

Westerly

airs.

Glaciers clear below clouds.

Barometer steady. 10 a.m.

S.

Became overcast between

(R. E. P.)

and mountains obscure. Snow immature crystals and spicules. Browning reports

Clouds thickened and became indefinite.

falling fairly thickly as flakes and single Calm. six-rayed stars at 12 noon.

Temperature normal.

Glaciers

(R. E. P.) 548

December, 1911 December

2\st,

1911

—continued.

— continued.

near the zenith and portions of the Admiralty Range and has changed to the finely spicular type. The clearing due to a slight N.W. breeze. Cape Adare above 600 feet is shrouded in a dense fog.

2 p.m.

Clearing a

Snow

is

much

little

less

just showing. is

apparently

8 p.m. Clouds gradually lightened this afternoon. Snow ceased soon after 4 p.m.. and at 6 p.m. a break appeared in the clouds to the S. which has since widened until a tenth of blue sky is showing. Temperature and barometer steady. daciers clear. (R. E. P.)
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H M

CO 00

Ph

« Oh O

M

3^

§ O

p

o H

CO

o Q PR

o

l-s

CO

© o

t» L>

H

H m i— H i

P3

DP «!

H

o Pi

H

o

X

x H

o pq

Q PQ

S

32

o £

go 2>

O

O H

l>

H

o Oi

E

o o X H «

H

o 05

X H LO

M o h Ph

H o

w

H B

o o H

o P

>-5

© o

o

I> I>

h" Ph-

H I— O I

i-q

pq

M o EH

05

w co

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S

a H

CD (N

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(3(3

GO EH

O fa

< 1-3

O 05 fa fa fa

P

02

o OS

—


h"

- -

H O a.

O .:>()

the wind

was strong,

bill

much

not so

drift.

Temperature

rising.

Wind easing a little. Barometer rising and temperature falling. Overcast. Between and 4 the wind increased to Eorce 12, carrying with it small pebbles. Mountains and (Browning.) glaciers to the S. have been hidden all day.

p.m. 3

Cape Woodbar to Three Islands Point.

West.

Gusts of N.W. wind blowing during the night, sometimes but never very strong. Very thick all round here and drift moving

Temperature —1-8°

a.m.

11

V.

carrying low drift across the sea-ice to the E. of us. is working a good deal.

Sound

of

wind

in the

bay and the

ice at the tide-crack

+

3-8° F. Overcast and N.W. airs all day. Cape Adare showing Temperature from time to but time, dimly always a cloud of drift between it and the back of Robertson and us. Bay

5.30 p.m.

Calm.

8 p.m.

Beginning to clear to the

W.

Clouds breaking and stars showing in places. (R. E. P.)

To-day has seen the maximum westward extension of the wind and has also seen its greatest Again the disturbance in the E. has been accompanied by overcast weather in the W.

Eorce.

\lth, 1911.

September

East. 8 a.m.

Overcast.

8 p.m.

Barometer

and all

S.S. E.

Wind from

Cape Adare.

the S.E. of force 4 to

7.

Wind from S.E. Clear and bright. rising and temperature falling slowly. it died It has been overcast force 4 to 7 until when 3-30 away. blowing p.m., (Browning.)

day.

West. 7.30 a.m.

Three Islands Point to Penelope Point.

Temperature 3-0° F.

Calm and

overcast.

10.30 a.m. Calm to light southerly airs. Heavily overcast. Robertson Bay dimly visible. Slight granular snow.

Cape Adare and the back

of

Calm or light northerly airs. Scud moving slowly from the W. under Cleared a little in the afternoon to the S.E. and E., leaving rolls of Strato-cumulus over the hills at the back of Robertson Bay. Temperature -|- 5-0° F. It has been higher during the day, as the thermometer when taken out of the instrument box showed a temperature of 8*5° F.

3.45 p.m. Overcast. a Nimbus haze.

+

8 p.m. Small white clouds are forming a little to the S. of us are moving to the N. and disappearing again.

The sky has lightened

a bit to the eastward.

Still

of the land,

very thick to the N. and

S.

and

N.W.

(R. E. P.)

airs.

Another day

and to the E.

of calm, overcast weather, as

us to another wind.

The observations on

if

the weather were having a respite before treating bay again agree very well.

either side of the 696

September 18th, 1911.

East.

Cape Adare.

Barometer steady and temperature falling slowly. Clear in zenith and to N. and a heavy Nimbus cloud on Cape Adare. This is moving from the S.S.E. Calm. Stratus

8 a.m.

along the foot of the

hills to

the

S.

Barometer steady. Calm and bright. A thick fog has been hanging over the cape day but cleared a little about 3 p.m. The sun then shone brilliantly for about 1| hours. Later in the evening the fog cleared altogether. Temperature falling slowly. (Browning.)

8 p.m.

all

West to 5.45 a.m.

East.

Temperature —2-0° F.

Penelope Point to Cape Adare. Clear with a

little

Stratus to the N. and Scud overhead.

Sky overcast with Cirro-cumulus from the N. p.m. The sky became overcast early in the day, with a low-level Nimbus fog which did not quite reach us but shrouded Cape Adare almost or quite to sea level. Northerly airs to a breeze of force 2 all day and slight spicular snow for a short time.

8 a.m. 8

This has brought us to the end of our first journey, and as far as the evidence goes it points the E. of the bay with this one very important plainly enough to a similar climate to the W. and exception. It seems probable, almost certain in fact, that the southerly winds, which form such a feature in the weather not only of Cape Adare but of the Ross Sea generally, do not for some reason or other reach to the Western coast to the N. of Robertson Bay, but are represented there by calms or light N.W. and W. airs and by overcast weather and high temperatures. I shall be better able to generalise when our second trip to the coast is an established fact and I have additional evidence in support of or in contradiction to this theory, and so I will say no more

on the subject now, onlv writing

this in case I

am not able

observations.

697

to give the result of the second journey's

TABLE

82.

METEOROLOGICAL DIARY. SECOND TRIP TO CAPE BARROW AND BEYOND, OCTOBER 4th TO 20th, mil. Observer:

Raymond

E.

(Barometer correction

Priestley. 0-10 inches.)

-\-

October \lh. 1911.

Cloud cap on Cape Adare, but decreasing. Frost smoke off the N. end of the cape. from the N. to the W. at a low altitude, with a fringe of Scud settling on to the main slowly body from the S.W. Cloud cap on the hills to the S.W. Warning Glacier obscured. A long Stratus cloud from Sir John Murray Glacier to Warning Glacier has disappeared. A few bits of Scud still in the Western Mountains. Calm and bright sun.

12 noon.

Hank

of Stratus

Clear and calm. Bright sun. All clouds gone, but a little Stratus to the N. and on different mountains round the bay, giving some of them the appearance of volcanoes as it trails away to the W. Temperature at 6 p.m. —15° F. This is from Cape Adare to Relay Bay near Penelope Point.

4.30 p.m. Si in

I

October 5th, 1911.

Relay Bay to

1

Mile N. of Cape Woodbar.

A

Double prismatic halo round the moon. the northward.

6 a.m.

Barometer 28-61". Temperature Warning Glacier and on Geikie Land.

8 a.m.

—12 -5° Calm.

little

F.

Scud on Cape Adare and Stratus to

Scud on Cape Adare.

Stratus behind

Bright sun.

Barometer 28-69". A little Strato-cumulus from N. to W. on the horizon. A little Cirro-cumuliform Scud on Cape Adare, otherwise clear. There were minute ice crystals in the air when we got up this morning.

12 noon.

1

p.m.

Temperature —12-2° F.

3.30 p.m.

Ice crystals in the

air.

Calm. Bright sun to have been S.S.E.

Adare.

6

Light Stratus all

in front of

Cape Adare at about 3,000

feet.

The Stratus has spread right across to the W. from Cape day. The drifts on our course show the prevalent wind

p.m. Stratus clouds with a fringe of Cirro-cumulus spreading from Cape Adare and descending the side of the mountain till within 1,000 feet of sea level. It extends from the W., where it reaches a maximum altitude of 20°, to across Warning Glacier and Geikie Land. Calm at camp, but thin westerly airs inshore. Bright and hot sun till set behind mountains. Temperature —25° F. Barometer 28-53".

Temperature —28° F. Clouds have spread until the Scud fringe reaches to within 20° of the Western Mountains. Calm. Moon showing through the clouds with a whitish brown halo. Cape Adare hidden to 500 feet.

8 p.m.

October 6th, 1911.

Cape Woodbar to Siren Bay. 6 a.m.

Temperature —3° F.

Sky heavily overcast with Nimbus

falling.

698

haze.

Slight spicular

snow

October &h, 1911 8 a.m.

— continued.

the extension of

No change

10 a.m.

Barometer 28 38". •

Still

N. airs and N.E.

Temperature

+

Slight

Sun

airs.

just breaking through in the

W.X.W.

4° F.

Snow

Clouds breaking from time to time.

p.m.

is

overcast and snow changed to granular.

G p.m. Northerly airs beyond the cape. Clear N.E. to N.W. along ^& the horizon. 7.30

The cloud

F.

in the weather.

Slight snow.

12.30 p.m.

2 p.m.

°

Barometer 28-38". A little blue sky to the W. that spreading yesterday from the E.

Temperature zero

Calm

N.

stopped.

in the

bay behind the

Inclined to clear a

granular snow and Northerly

airs.

little

ice

to the

W.

The Stratus cloud

airs.

B.

tongue.

C. 9.

1

also.

is

settling

down

thicker. 8 p.m.

Temperature

—

12-1° F.

Barometer 28-41".

October 1th, 1911.

Siren Bay to Whaleback Cliffs. °

+

11-2 F. Barometer 28-46". Bank of mist between us and Cape Adare. Cirro-cumuliform Scud moving from the S.E. and gradually dissipating. Calm. In the bay S.S.W. breeze. Force 1 to 3 carrying drift. Drift S.S.E. airs outside. low and large-grained and just creeping along. Sastrugi in the bay show that this wind distribution is common. General deductions on Siren Bay weather from the sastrugi :— W.N.W. and E.S.E. sastrugi at the entrance, a zone immediately inside has blocks from an ice avalanche with sastrugi well marked in two series at right angles to each otherone runs E.S.E. and W.N.W. and the other S.S.W. and N.N.E. They are due to E.S.E. and S.S.W. winds respectively. Inside the Bay the sastrugi are SSW and NNE. At the back of the bay there are no sastrugi but soft drifts with then* central point at W.S.W. This last direction is the trend of the valley running back behind the bay.

6.20 a.m.

Temperature

Calm.

Clouds as before.

9 a.m.

Bright sun.

9 a.m.

Out beyond the bay Southerly airs here

Barometer 28-35". 11

;

(Siren Bay). I believe there

is wind Temperature -2-0° F.

in the

bay (Robertson Bay).

Clearing to the E. Cape Adare beginning to show through. Cold northerly Scud and Stratus to the N.W. and W. Also between us and Cape Adare.

a.m.

11-0° F.

6 p.m.

Temperature Barometer No. 12.

Sunday, October 7 a.m.

Temperature round the horizon.

airs.

53.

N.P.L.

10.

8th, 1911.

Whaleback

11a.m.

Thermometer No.

Barometer 28-37".

airs.

-

Cliffs to Siren Bay.

11-5° F. Barometer 28-61". Bright sun.

Barometer 28-59". Temperature Stratus to the S.W.

--

10-8° F.

B. 9 C.I.

Sky clouding over from the

Cranular snow falling with S.W. airs. B. 5 C. round the zenith. Clouds over Cape Adare.

3 p.m.

Stratus and Alto-Stratus

5.

X.

N.W.

Stratus and Cirro-cumulus clear

Stratus cloud rising from the N. with a fringe of Cirro-cumulus and moving from the Light N.W. airs. Bright sun at intervals. Heavy cloud to the S. Cape Adare, which has been visible most of the day, is almost blotted out.

4 p.m.

X.W.

5 p.m.

Barometer 28-54".

Calm

Temperature

— 2-0°

here. 699

F.

The sky has become completely

overcast.

October 9th, 1911.

Siren Bay. s a.m.

Barometer

l'k-47". Thermometer -- 8-0° F. E.S.E. airs while the snow was falling.

night.

Barometer 28-47".

Lovely day.

|

inch of

snow

foil

last

Thermometer

Calm. -11-0° F. C. 10. Stratus and Nimbus. and has been calm with bright sun. At noon a bar of Stratus formed across a little \Y. of Cape Adare and Geikie Land, and this grew thicker till this At present several other Wars of cloud trending N. and S. are forming, and the afternoon. shy is inclined to become overcast. The snow in the bays does not appear to have been moved at all since we were here last.

6 p.m.

The day

Tuesday, October

started clear

lit///.

19]

1.

Siren Bay. 8 a.m.

Southerly wind of force ] to 2. Slight spicular snow. is just showing through as a bright spot. — 0-5° F. Barometer 28-67". Temperature

Overcast with Nimbus haze.

The sun

Barometer 28-71". Calm. Cloud cap on Cape Adare. Calm and blight. Lovely day.

2 p.m.

-- 14° F. 6 p.m. Temperature to the N. Otherwise clear.

Barometer 28-78".

A

A

thin breeze off the

little

Otherwise

clear.

Bright sun

Scud on Cape Adare and Stratus up at the

to the S. again sprung

cliffs

disappearance of the sun.

October

11///,

1911.

Cape Woodbar to Siren Bay. 22-8° F. Barometer 28-86". Calm. Clear but for a little Stratus along the horizon from the X. to the X.E. Cumulus banked up E. of Cape Adare.

8 a.m.

Temperature

5 p.m.

Barometer 28

8 p.m.

Temperature

9 p.m.

Temperature- 16-0°

October

12(//,

-

•

75".

—

Temperature

-

13-0° F.

4° F. F.

1011.

Cape Woodbar. 8 a.m.

Temperature -3- 9° F.

Barometer 29-00".

B. 7 C.

3.

Stratus.

Calm.

12 noon.

Fine. B. 8 C. 2. Stratus to the N. and E. (10 a.m.). Since then haze has formed from the N. and E. and has completely covered the sky. Snow is falling as spicules and four-pointed stars with rays 120° apart. Sun shining

through the Nimbus haze.

Temperature 5 p.m.

8

Temperature

p.m. Barometer Calm.

— 4-5° — 2-0 °

29-09".

F. F.

Thickening, but less snow,

Thermometer

-

6-0°

F.

all spicular.

Overcast,

Slight

spicular

snow.

October Ufh, 1911.

Cape Woodbar to Island Point. Temperature -0-8° F. which the sun shows dimly.

8 a.m.

Barometer 29-11". Overcast with Nimbus haze, through Cape Adare is visible. 700

2

— continued.

1911

October 13th,

Temperature Adare sometimes a tendency to

F. Barometer 20- 17." Completely overcast. Calm. Cape and sometimes blotted out. \ inch snow. Spicular snow with

15°

p.m.

visible

fall in

small flakes.

Thick weather with a breeze carrying low

8 p.m.

drift.

October Uth, 1911.

Pharoah Island and Island Point. K)

Barometer 29-10".

a.m.

12 noon. 8 p.m.

Temperature Temperature

Sunday, October

Southerly or north-westerly gusts, with Overcast with snow-cloud.

low,

large-grained

to 5 approximately.

(Justs

drift.

-f-

+

23° F.

15-0° F.

Otherwise no change.

Barometer 28-89".

Sun struggling through the

No change

mist.

in the weather.

15th, 1911.

Island Point and Pharoah Island.

+

22-8° F. Barometer 28-975". Completely overcast. Snow falling Temperature Wind in the night changed slightly in sparsely as simple or compound six-rayed stars. direction and blew so that it did not reach us but for some hours a steady gale could be heard outside.

8 a.m.

;

12 noon.

Temperature

light

N.W.

+

25-3° F.

Completely overcast.

A

little

Calm or

spicular snow.

airs.

Temperature -f- 1-0° F. Barometer 28-86". Calm. Cirro-stratus radiant, radiant Scud forming at the back of the Bay of Bergs. Still hazy. Scud moving o from the N.W., and N.W. airs here.

8 p.m.

point S.

October Hith, 1911.

Bay of Bergs. 8

a.m. Overcast. Calm. snow. Bad light.

I

p.m.

Overcast.

Temperature (5

p.m. airs.

8

+

Calm.

Spicular

25 8° F. •

+

Temperature

19-5°

Barometer 28-71".

Slight

spicular

Everything blotted out but near the

snow.

Barometer 28

F.

•

bluff.

7".

Temperature 10-5° F. Barometer 28-74". B. 1 C 9- Clearing to the W. Granular snow with grains about the size of a pin's head

p.m. Temperature -f 5-2° F. Barometer 28-75." Overcast and granular snow as at last observation. Not \ inch of snow all day.

N.W.

airs.

N.W.

Slight

October 17 th, 1911.

Island Point to Penelope Point. 6 a,m.

Temperature

-

0-8° F.

Barometer 28-55".

Calm.

B. 9 C.

1.

Cirrus

and Alto-

stratus. II a.m.

Nimbus

cloud obscuring the sun

:

it

has risen from the N. and E.

Calm.

— 5-8° F. Barometer 28-51". About 2 p.m. granular snow started Temperature and at 2-30 p.m. southerly airs blew. The granular snow changed to spicular, and the wind increased in strength until just near the cave it was blowing force 6 to 7 in gusts.

6 p.m. to

fall

701

October

1911.

is//*.

Penelope Point. 6

.i.ni.

Clouds of Glacier.

Warning

trailing off

V.

Barometer 28-68".

Cape A.darc

towards the N.W

Stratus, Scud and Cirro-

B. 3 C. 7.

George Newnes Glacier and spirals of drift from dear. Whaleback Cumulus forming on Geikie Land and

from

mist

Barometer 28' 68".

12 noon. haze. (>

0*8

Temperature

cumulus.

Sir

.

Overcast from Cape Adare.

B. 1 C.

9.

Sun

shining.

Nimbus

A bright bar of white cloud above Cape Adare. This is probably ice sky; inclined to think that it is the reflection en a low cloud of the ice cap on the cape

p.m.

Warning

Barometer 28

Glacier.

65".

Temperature + 5-5° F.

B. 1 C.

9.

we

are

and

Nimbus

of

haze.

October 19th, 1911.

Penelope Point. 12 noon. ().

(i

p.m.

Temperature

in.

Calm

or

j

N.W.

5-5° F.

Barometer 28- (15".

(Same as yesterday, but not a mistake.)

airs.

Barometer 28-54". 0. 70° F. Temperature over the glaciers to the S. and clearing thickening

10.

Nimbus

haze.

Alternately

October 20th, 1911.

Penelope Point to Cape Adare. 6

a.m.

Temperature

hiding haze.

all

+

5-8°

F.

Barometer 28-46".

but the bottom of Cape Adare.

702

B.

1

C. 9.

Glaciers clear.

Sun

Clear to the

W.

Haze

struggling through the (R. E. P.)

TABLE

s:>.

REGISTER OF JOURNEY TO WEST COAST OF ROBERTSON BAY. October 4th to 13th, Observer:

F. V.

1911.

Browning.

October 4th, 1911.

From Cape Adare to Penelope Weather

fine

and

heavy Nimbus on Cape Adare, which cleared

oft'

as the sun

Stratus to the N.

rose.

Ice spicules in the air, fine Stratus cloud extending from

12 noon.

mountains to the 8 p.m.

bright,

Point.

Warning Glacier along the

S.

Fine moonlight night, clear and calm.

October 5th, 1911.

From Penelope Point to Island 8 a.m.

Weather

fine, light

N.W.

airs.

Point.

Cumulus cloud over Cape Adare increasing during the

day. 6 p.m.

N.N.W.

Stratus cloud from Warning Glacier stretching towards

October 6th, 1911.

Island Point to Cape Woodbar. Overcast with Nimbus haze and spicular snow

10 a.m.

N.W.

light

Spicular snow.

0.30 p.m.

Sun

falling.

just breaking through.

airs.

N.

airs.

Clear to the N.

Thick Nimbus to E.,

and W.

S.

October 1th, 1911.

Cape Woodbar to Cape Wood, Cape 8 a.m. of

Wood

to Cape Woodbar.

Weather fine, clouded to N.W. Ice spicules in air. Calm. Sun shining brilliantly. About 11 a.m. it became overcast with Nimbus, but cleared again before 1 p.m. Signs storm towards Cape Adare.

12.30 p.m.

Clouded

to

N.

W.N.W.

7.30 p.m. Thick clouds towards Sun 10 hours. night.

airs.

Cape Adare.

Calm and

Fine moonlight

clear in the zenith.

October 8lh, 1911.

Cape Woodbar to Island Point to G. Fine day clear and bright. Adare.

9 a.m.

11 a.m.

Heavy Nimbus

Very thick towards

Heavy Cumulus

came over the top Warning Glacier. clouds

703

to

N.W.

of the hills

3.

Nimbus over

S.E. end of

from the S.S.E.

Cape

Sun obscured.

October

1

-continued.

Nimbus

2 p.m. I

191

ftth,

cleared

Nimbus over

p.m.

Calm.

6 p.m.

away and sun came out

bills.

Overcast.

Ligfrf

again.

granular snow

fell.

Granular snow.

October 9th, 1911.

Prom 8a.m.

Fine day.

G. 3 to

Cumulus clouds

Penelope Point.

Nimbus haze over Cape Adare.

to the N.

Sun shining

bright.

Snow could

4 p.m.

October

be seen moving rapidly along the

Cape Adare towards the N.N.W.

to)) of

George Newnes Glacier obscure haze rising

Sir

oil'

the sea ice to the

W.

1911.

Id///.

From Penelope Point to the Dugdale Glacier. Sun shining through Nimbus haze.

a.m.

Nimbus haze

Hi a.m. 8

brilliantly for the

Calm and bright Cumulus over Warning

p.m. !J

Sun shone

cleared.

remainder of the day. Stratus over Cape Adare.

Glacier.

Sun

hours.

October llth, 1911.

Dugdale Glacier to Duke of York Island. fine and bright. Snow fog over Warning Glacier stretching to the N.N.W. Adare visible over the Cape fog.

Day

of (3

Top

Heavy Cumulus clouds over Sir George Newnes Glacier. Light Cirro-stratus over Sir John Murray Glacier. Signs of wind on the hills. Clouds moving from the S.S.E. S. airs.

p.m.

12 hours sun. Clear

9.20 p.m.

all

round.

Faint whitish curtain of aurora from S.E. to N.N.W.

October 12th, 1911.

From Duke of York Island to 8 a.m.

Day

and bright. Cumulus to N.

fine

Glacier.

9.30 a.m.

Sun shining

bright.

George Newnes Glacier to

Sir

Nimbus over Warning

Glacier.

1

mile

S.

of Seal Point.

Also over Sir George Newnes

Clouds thickening over Warning Glacier, moving from the

N.N.E. 4 p.m.

Heavy Nimbus

of force

6 p.m.

1.

Sun

clouds

came over from the N. and

spicular

snow

N.W. wind

fell.

just visible through the haze.

Overcast with Nimbus haze

;

spicular

snow

falling.

N.W. wind

of force

1.

October 13$, 1911.

Loud noise behind Cape Adare. Very thick to the S. N.W. wind of force 1 to 2. Clouds of snow moving along the top of Cape Adare from S.E. Snow is also coming down the cliffs and out across the sea ice.

8 a.m.

->.3 to 28 ft. Afternoon: Snow slight to moderate. Very soft. 16 h. Weather moderating slightly. Ceased snowing 15.30, of snow like showers thick but flurries April generally, with increase of wind passing over from time to time. 19.30 Wind reased I" force I'D and im s. b. to SE Wind and sea shifted :

:

:

405

;

Ratber

confused

SE

SE

SE

SE

:

increasing. Snow squalls more powerful and 22 h. Wind Crest of waves increasing. :

of greater frequency. increasing to 10 in

but after two or three heavy waves Snow moderate. generally quieter for some minutes. 1st watch Squalls of force 10 accompanied by snow.

29-2

squalls.

Sea up to 30

ft.,

:

SE

SE

SE

SE

SE

SE

SE and E

SE

Frequent 28-8

10 h. : Sue squalls. Snow slight to moderate. Sea during lirst broke through clouds, and inclined to ease. half of forenoon between L'~> and 30 ft., occasionally higher, often with uglv tierce head. In latter half of watch inclined to ease. IS b. to 20 h. 23 h. Cu. Squalls easing and wind easing.

Morning: Frequent 41 (5

:

and

SE

Light snow throughout.

fierce squalls.

SE

rain.

7:;7

St. -Cu.

Wind

:

moving (

I

rerj to

fast.

.Midnight:

Wind SSE.

Eight

S by E.

3 a

TABLE

86.

lsi

Time.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG Voyage.

November

30th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA 1910, to

March

NOVA.'"

27th, 1911.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

1

lirrrl mi]

from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

Colour.

perature.

(0-10).

SE

Ely and S by E

SE

5

SE

SE

5

SE

29-5

SE

5

SE

.'10-0

SE

6

SE

30-0

SE

7

SE

E by S

7

ESE

E

6

ESE

E byS

6

E

6

E

E

6

E

7

30-0

E

7

E

7

29-9

23

E

7

E

7

29-8

Midnight

E

4

Sky clearing from 2 h. 3.30: Snow squall. Ill minutes. 8h. Cu. Snow flurry, others occurring moving fast before wind. 9.30 :

:

occasionally during forenoon. Afternoon Snow flurries from time to time, like April showers. Sky quickly clearing of lower clouds and clouding over again generally during afternoon. St.-Cu., Cu., A.-Cu., and A.-St. 20 h. Frequent snow squalls in which wind increased to 6-7. 23.10 Snow squall, force about 8, lasted half an hour. Sky cleared by midnight.

404

:

:

:

E by

E

29-8

4 h. 8

7

29-6

7

29-6

Clear sky, no squalls or snow.

:

403 deeper

h.

Arch

Nb. and Cu.-St. gathering

:

:

of St.

Wind

squally.

from

E

then

N

to

NW,

Wind dropped and changed E 3

28-8

3-4

30-4

to

N

(true)

30° high, travelling from SE at 2.30.

NW.

to

403 deeper

2

29-8

20 h.

:

Squally.

A.-Cu. on Western Mountains only.

2

290 28-9

403 Deeper h. Heavy bank of Cu. on Western Mountains, under it Locke drawing water. Cu. on Western Mountains generally and Nb. south of Cape Adare. 8 h. No snow in the immediate vicinity, but much snow to SW and NW. 9.30 to 12 h. Snow slight to moderate. Occasional

20

29-2

:

:

:

slight

snow during afternoon.

Hill.

:

A

suspicion

of

snow

falling.

5 h.

NNE

NN

I

:

Proceeded from Robertson Bay.

•:

739

3 a

_'

TABLK

86.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

1st Voyage.

Time.

Novembeb

30th,

KEPT ON BOARD 1910, to

March

"

TERRA NOVA."

27th, 1911.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

(0-10).

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

ENE

NE

ENE

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

ESE

ESE ESE.

NE

Confused

SW

SW

NE Confused

SW

WNW SW

NW Pack

NE E E

by

Nly

N

b V N,

ESE

NE E E

Nly

NW

4

Dis-

turbance

Temperature.

(.'.lour.

TABLE

METEOROLOGICAL LOO

86.

1st Voyage.

Time.

Buro-

Wind.

Position,

meter ooneoted an,

I

Daj

32

12 Ins.

Lat.

faal ..a

S.

Long E.

Q.M.T

Direction (True).

Force

(

February, 25

!

1

o

10 20

20

69

159 21

2

24

In pack

4

In pack

8

9 h.

12

Proceeded

:

158 39

68 53 (13.26)

1G

OS

41!

158 37

20

68 33

15S 15

(22.45)

24

25

:

Hove

5.30

:

Proceeded

21!

12

.

to

158 41

68 37

16

20

24

23.40

28

5.30

:

:

Hove

to

Proceeded 160 34

68 18 (9.24)

12

68 14

16

67 54

160 38

160 22 (18 h.)

20

24

March, 1

and '

1>H

1911.

Kin.!.

tO

Iravitj

45

Weather.

F.

Mean Sea

(0-12). Level

Cloud.

Temperature,

30th,

IV-

lIlK'C'il

Hour.

November

.

Dry Bulb,

I

i

Wet

Amount

Bulb.

(0

Upper.

Lower.

10),

Fog Beaufort Notation.

In-

tensity (o-5>:

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1910, to

March

27th, 1911.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

86.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

1st Voyage.

Time

November

30th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1910, to

March

27th, 1911.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

86.

1st

Time.

METEOEOLOGICAL LOG Yoyage.

November

30th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1910, to

March

27th, 1911.

Sea Surface.

TABU']

86.

1st

Time.

METEOKOLOGICAL

LOCI

November

30th,

Voyage.

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1910, to

March

27th, 1911.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

86.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

1st Voyage.

Ti

November

30th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1910, to

March

27th, 1911.

TAIJLK

80.

1st

Time.

Baro-

Wind.

Position.

Hour. I I

,

TERRA NOVA."

Sea Surface.

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA 1911, to

April 3rd, 1912.

NOVA.''

TABLE

Time.

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2njj

Voyage.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA 1911, to

NOVA.'"

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surf are.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

Direction from.

turbance (0-10).

(0-10).

I

SSW

Sly

SSE

Sly

S

Sly

S

Sly

S

Sly

S

Sly

S

S

S s s Sly

SEly

SSE SSE

SE SE

5

Dis-

turbance

Temperature

Colour.

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD 1911, to

April 3rd,

"

TERRA NOVA."

1912.

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Tim.'.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD 1911, to

"

TERRA NOVA.

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

B uro-

Wind.

Position.

meter

i>.:y

Hour. 12hrs. fa-t on Q.M.T.

Lat S.

Long. E.

]

lireol ion

(True).

[mui C

(0-12).

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd,

1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

Colour.

perature

(0-10).

o j,

In p ack

Oh.: A white " rainbow " on fog opposite sun, about 25° high and 35° from point to point, about two-thirds of a circle. Rime on all rigging. 8 h. 7.55 Fog lifting.

32

32

:

:

32-2 33-5 20

35-6

h.

:

sun.

Sea lighter than at noon and quite yellowish-green 21 h. Ship secured alongside fast ice.

in

:

29-5

30-8

Snow (moderate) slight Snowing on horizon. 15 h. for an hour before. Dogs Heavy snow. First InterSudden shift of wind from mittent snow all watch. 22.40 NE to N by W. 23.30 Very heavy fall of show lasting to 2h.

Noon

:

:

snow

:

:

32-5

:

320

30-5 28-8

315

30-5

30-2

320

30-0

31-2

SE

30-5 30-6

310

30-8 32-0

320 31-5

767

;

:

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

Wind

Position.

Hour. 1-'

Day.

hrs.

on Q.M.T.

fast

Lat. S.

I.-I.L'.

E.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Item arks.

Sea Direction

from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

In p ack

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

Colour.

perature

(0-10).

30-4

305

30-0

30-5

Ice

much

8 h.

miraged.

:

Wind

increased suddenly from force

3 to 6-7.

30-2

15.30

:

20.30

:

Ship commenced to be carried out with

Band

NW

from

1.30

N

:

of A. -St.

by

N

to

Wind NNE,

to

NE

and

and

SE by

form.

heavens

Ci.-St. stretching right across S,

much

force 8. 2.30 3 to 4 h.

lulled.

and from

30-2

ice.

:

:

the

same

as

on 17th.

Wind shifted suddenly from Wind varying from N to NE

force 8 to 6. 1 1 h. General nature of clouds stratiSt.-Cu. with some Ci.-St. showing, but also a little Ci.-Cu. :

amount 8. Cu. over Mount Erebus. 16 h. Wind 17 h. Wind easing. 19 h Wind, unsteady in direction. which had been NNW, veered to N, force 6. Wind increasing at 23 h in places,

:

:

:

30-2

ll

h. to 4

li

:

Wind steady and

lulliii'_r

slowly.

29-5

773

3 c 3

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

(0-10).

(0-10).

°

Inp

Colour.

perature.

F.

ack

29-0

291

Forenoon

Noon

:

Considerable mirage and distortion of distant objects. Ship commenced making way through pack. :

29-4

31-0

20 h.

Wind SW,

:

23.30

1

to 2.

Breeze freshened from

:

to 4

force

:

Very

light

SW

by

S.

snow throughout.

29-8

310

21.45

:

23.30

:

to 4

310

Snow

:

till

Snow,

snow end

(25 minutes, light

fall).

of watch.

light to

moderate throughout.

354

21 h.

310 31-2

to

Began

:

Wind

Forenoon

:

shifted suddenly to

ENE,

force

1

to 2.

Mirage without distortion.

330

775

3 c 4

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOU

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD 1911, to

»

"

TERRA NOVA."

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

(0-10).

o

In p ack

Colour.

perature.

-p.

29-5

23

h.

Mirage to seaward

:

Noon

all

day.

Considerable mirage (Dellbridge Islands). 18 h. : Very snow started. 22 h. Wind increased to force 3 to 4, and snow a little heavier. :

slight

:

Considerable mirage during day. Extreme visibility all day blue sky (very pale) occasionally appearing over Western Mountains. The photographer remarked that he had not seen the Western Mountains appearing so near during the entire period of his ;

residence. Heavy snow falling occasionally on Western Mountains temporarily obscured view. No enow in vicinity of ship and hut.

30-1

302

355

Noon

:

Sea

in Straits, seal

5.

30-4

8 h.

Slight mirage.

:

Considerable mirage

all

day.

29-2 (18.30)

29-2

8

h.

Considerable mirage,

:

Forenoon

:

Snow

falling very slight

and very slowly.

20 h.

A

:

Wind

peculiar

very variable.

SWly choppy

sound as of pack on Cape Bird.

779

to

21 h. sea.

SW but no

:

Wind

Young

N

ice

to

NE,

forming.

signs of pack;

force 1-2.

A

roaring

presumably surf

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd,

1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

Colour.

perature.

(0-10).

In p ack

Noon Ship

off

:

First

Snow

:

Midnight

4

h.

all

Forenoon Afternoon

the watch.

Thick with

:

Weather

:

Stranded Moraine by Blue Glacier, McMurdo Sound.

Snow

:

slight to moderate.

slight to moderate.

Snowing at

:

snow.

Morning

clearing.

Snow

:

fine

intervals.

13 h.

:

Wind

increased.

Dogs

:

but objects generally obscured at one to two miles. First Intermittent snow squalls wind fell light about 22 h., but again increased.

Snow

slight,

:

NNW

NE

NNE Nby

;

W

NbyW Nby W N

N

4

Cleared, snow lighter. Weather thick with snow. 3-4 Limit of visibility Occasional very slight snow. Morning

Nil

0-3

:

:

:

4

6

NbyW NbyW NbyW

6

N

6

4 6

29-5

2 miles.

(9.30)

354

6 6

29-5

Dogs

Occasional slight

:

First: Intermittent

N

6

23

the watch.

h.

:

Wind

started to

Snow moderate and fog intensity 2 all watch. Weather Mountains improving after 4 h. and snow ceased. 5 h. Western Brilliant suncoast. 8 h. Sun over all appeared. 6 h. shine over Western Mountains. Forenoon: Snow continuous, Sun on Western Moun16 h. slight to 11 h., then moderate.

28-4

:

23.30

22.30 ceased.

Mirage. :

Snow

NWly

5

Pack about

4

290

4,5

28-8

6 h.

SE Pack about

:

:

tains.

NW

:

W

:

28-2

SE

all

6

In p ack

SE

snow

snow.

ease.

h.

NWly

falls of

354

SE

NW 781

:

Wind

shifted to S.

:

Commenced

to

snow

(moderate).

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direetiun from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

Colour.

perature,

(0-10).

In p ack

16 h.

:

Sun shining over mountains.

17 h.

Snow

:

N

and

Few

S. of

20 h. flakes occasionally falling on ship. Bright sunshine over mountains exposing brilliant yellow sky. 21 h. Wind increased 7 to 8, squally. 23 h. : Wind increasing, some ship.

:

:

very heavy squalls.

Snow commenced to fall. 4 h. Heavy blizzard. Thick 8 h. with very fine snow. Squalls practically continuous. Sun shining on mountains. A little blue sky exposed, showing A.-Cu. and Ci.-Cu.

h.

:

:

:

28-8

19.55

23

h.

:

:

SE

Pack about SE by E

SE by E

SE by E

SE

SE

SE

SE

21.30

:

Sly

SE and

23.30

:

28-8

352

Wind

SW

SSE

SE

SE

SE

"

Dogs

"

6 to

7).

Squalls increasing in strength and rapidity of sequence.

Noon: Wind eased

Wind S by Wind

ENE SSE

increased to force 9 (during

at 11 h. to force 6-7.

Confused Sly and SWly (true)

E, 4-5.

Heavy bank

falling light.

2 h. : Sky clouded over 8 h. of Nb. in SSW.

from

WNW

of

Nb.

to

ENE.

a big arch of St.-Cu.

;

snow

sea.

Bank

Forenoon : Snow very slight all forenoon. Flakes very small and very 14 h. Wind to SW, 3-4. Gradually easing all af term ">n. few. and last hour veering rapidly. 16 h. The swell is very short, 17 h. Commenced to snow (heavy). Wind steep and quick. which had been very variable and light to N by E in a squall. Snow lifting and coming down (heavy) and wind in squalls with it up to force 6-7, in intervals dropping to force 3. Very unsteady in direction, varying through about three points, NE different being the mean. Snow squalls approaching show quite :

Commenced

to

(slight).

:

28-8

:

:

Sly

NE

NE

NE

354

more severe being very dark, less severe being whitish. Contrast very marked and nothing to do with blink. 19 to 20 h. Snow continuous (slight). Squalls heavy. colours, :

In p ack

1

h.

Snow

:

8 h. Fine cloud. :

Noon 16

h.

:

:

ceased.

bank

Weather

of Cu.

clearing.

extending

Sun Bhining through

E

to

cloud.

Sun shining through upper

cloud.

: Sun shining through clouds. First: Overcast. Slight Bnowfall.

20 h.

783

N, and sun shining through

Few

patches of blue sky.

Midnight: Slight

swell.

TABLE

87.

METEOKOLOGICAL LOU

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD 1911, to

"

TERRA NOVA."

April 3rd. 1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks.

Sea Dis-

Direction from.

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

In

Dis-

turbance

Tem

Colour.

perature

(0-10).

pack

8

Noon

to

It.

Noon

Little

:

lo Kill.

:

Slight

snow on thermometer. snow throughout.

WSW

Swell W'lv in pancake pack. 20 h. First: A distinct swell visible. Wind "puffy"; quarter-hour snow between 23.30 and 24 h. :

Pancak

e

pack

Wind variable, SWly, force 1-3. 1.30 Wind to NE. Heavy snow till 3.3d. then lighter. 11.10 Frost-smoke on the water. Noon Frost-smoke, that is a low-lying mist on the to 1.30

SWly

:

:

:

Wly

:

sea-water caused by the cold air striking the water. Afternoon and Hogs Fog in frost-smoke. Shipped spirit thermometer for below zero readings.

In p ack

:

Frost-smoke, but much eased to force 5-(i at h.

4 h.

:

NNF

SSW

NNF

SW

Sun shining through

:

Wind started casing. Young ice forming.

22.30

8

h.

:

visible.

sky

10 h.

watch than before. Wind Frost-smoke increased. No

less this

:

clouds.

A heavy

swell setting in from SS\\

.

Heavy squalls and very thick with line snow. 3 h. Weather moderated and cleared slightly. 8 h. Frost -smoke.

to 3 h.

:

:

In p ack

Dogs

Very squally.

:

In some

of the lulls

wind almost dropping

to calm. First

Wind

:

very squally

Frost-smoke.

Midnight

;

:

lulls

between dying to about force

Young

ice

2.

forming.

0-3 h. Heavj squalls and very thick with fine snow. 3 h. Frost-smoke. Weather moderating and cleared slightly. 8 h. Wind shifted to NEly for about 20 minutes. Noon 10 li. Frost-smoke very slight. Frost-smoke verj dense. 16 h. :

:

:

:

:

:

785

3

i>

TABLE

ST.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

Wind.

I

Hour. 12 hre.

Lat.

on G.M.T.

s.

fait

FEBRl 29

vi:\

.

1912.

Long

Decembee

15th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea Direction from.

Dis turbance

Directum from.

(0-10).

In

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

Colour.

perature.

(0-10).

Mirage. Wind practically calm. Lower clouds over land. Sky remarkably picturesque, extreme visibility f Western Mountains very noticeable, peaks showing clearly against sky and tinged with pink, purple, and chrome yellow shadows Colour of sky pale blue to chromish yellow. 13.20 Wind

ack

4.30

:

:

WNW,

shifted suddenly to 21 h. From 21 to 22 :

In

j>

NW

ack

1.45

15

NW

28-5

NE

Wind from

:

h.

:

10 h.

:

Snow

3 to

20

force 3.

h.

:

Snow moderate.

snow ceased, and sky cleared

NW

Snow

4.

slightly.

lighter.

ceased.

Considerable swell

in

NW

pack,

5.

(16.30)

NW

.Midnight

:

Wind

very variable.

28-3

N

by

E

(10 h.)

First

Wind

:

23.30 wind

N NE

by

E

N

0-4: Light snow commenced. and force.

N

by

E

N

by

E

N

by

W

N

by

W

2-4:

Wind

variable in direction

28-8 14-16 Snowing Light snow at intervals. 1(3 h. 18 h. Wind sprang up by N, 3-4. 20-23: Fine snow, appearance of fo._'. 23 h. Weather clearing. Wind Wind gusty from NE to ENE. dropped calm. 23.10

13 h.

Nly

Calm.

:

E

on

Young

gradually worked to SE, some squalls of force 7. At fell cairn and worked up again to ENEly direction.

:

:

horizon.

NW

:

-

:

:

In p ack

2 to 4

lib.

28-4

Full

Wind

:

lUh.

:

:

A

moon

WSW.

very

little

10

:

high true X.

787

:

Calm.

force 3.

detached Cu.

Frost-smoke and mirage. 20 h. sun visible just before sunset. due to line snow. :

4.30

Frost-smoke ovei

ea

First: A good bright mockMisty appearance oyer Erebus,

3 d 2

TABLE

2m Time.

B.uo-

Wind.

Position.

ter

corrected !

re-

duced to Day.

[lour. L2 bra.

l.nt.

fast

Voyage.

December

15th.

KEPT ON BOARD 'TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd,

1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction

from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance (I!

Tem-

Colour.

perature

10).

F.

In p ack

5h.

Wind

:

19.45

cased

I,,

Commenced

:

Oh.: Wind SSWly,

force 1-2.

lighl

to snow.

First: Fine snow falling three 20.15: Slight snow. watch. Weather cleared 23 h.

to 3

:

NW

Panca ke

ice

In p ack

NW by W WNW

3-4

light snow.

Very

between Forenoon:

airs.

and

WSW

hours of

Light snow. Morning in force from

:

and varying

:

Wind to 4.

17.30: occasionally shining through clouds. Mock sun 22V left of sun. 20 h. force 4. Wind to Vertical light from sun to horizon and Altitude of sun 3°. on right of sun upwards. 20.50 Similar mock sun appeared as well as on the left, with vertical white ray above sun, conNo green tinuing until after sunset over nearly clear horizon.

Sun ESE,

:

:

:

28-4

4(14

flash.

In p ack

WSW Wly 11 h.

In

ack

SWly

Ely

Ely-

Ely

Ely Confused

ENE

Wly

Wly

Wly

halo showing faintly with two mock Also tangential are of 46 circle

half of 22!

Upper

:

suns same altitude as sun. vertically over the sun.

2S-6

429

28-7

23

h.

Corona round moon.

:

to 3

Very

slight snowfall.

Easterly wind dropping to calm.

:

Heavy snow

for one hour,

light later.

NW NW

28-9 (Hill.)

29-0

428 ribbon of whitish light from SSW to ENE, extending to horizon, through zenith. Light very nearly from horizon Wind beading in s.p.alls. First was not brilliant.

23 h.: Aurora

NWly Confused

NE,

NW

29-6

;

:

Cross

NNW

23.30

NVV

NW

NW

NW

29-6

ESE

29-6

430

11 h.

29-0

429

11.15

SEly

Ely

Ely

II

NNW Confused Ely E,

W

G 5,

5

Corona round moon.

:

to 4

:

10.30:

Light

snow

at lone-.

Wind becoming very changeable.

Wind dropped.

:

:

ESE

swell

Wind from SE by K and

coming up.

increasing.

29-5

789

3

i.:;

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

December

lorn,

KEPT ON BOARD 1911,

jo April

"

TEEEA NOVA.

3rd, 1912.

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyagk.

Time.

Dkckmuki: 15th,

KEPT ON BOARD

"

TERRA NOVA."

1911^ to April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

s7.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

Time.

Position.

Huiir.

12 hts.

Daj

Lat. s.

G.M.T

Long.

Wind.

December

i.yih.

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, .to

April 3rd, 1912.

TABLE

ST.

METKOROUHJIOAL

1,00

Decembek

15th,

2nd Voyage.

rime.

"

KEPT ON BOARD 1911, to

TERRA NOVA/'

April 3rd, 1912.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

Colour.

perature

(0-10).

SWly

SW

40

SWIy

SW

41-2

SWly

SW

41-4

wsw

wsw

1

Squalls less frequent and severe after 2 h. The wind backed fairly rapidly and decreased in strength while the sky cleared. Afterwards clouding over, further squalls and clouding again. Aurora lighting the night whole watch. 4 h. Aurora showing (true) altitude lower edge 20° (estimated) extendproperly, ing horizontally over about an arc of 120° and sending shafts below dark or cloud, impossible to say of light towards zenith which. Light, greenish white. Rain, moderate, accompanying Forenoon Passing squalls very heavy, 8-9 in force. squalls. Sleet and hail accompanying squalls. Dogs Squalls frequent and heavy with moderate rain. First Squalls frequent and :

405

SW

;

:

:

:

heavy with moderate

WSW wsw

SW

13-0

wsw

44-2

rain.

.'5.30: Very heavj h. Squalls not heavy, slight rain only. Morning Few squalls squalls lasting 15 minutes, force 10. but very heavy, force 10, accompanied by hail. Forenoon Several waves over 30 feet in height. Squalls with bail and with hail Afternoon sleet. Squalls frequent, force 111 and changing to snow and sleet. 14 h. Wind backed to W. 17 h. Wind backed in a squall to by S. Dogs : Heavy squalls, force 10, with hail, sleet and snow. First Wind increasing both in squalls and in intervals between.

0-3

:

:

:

WSW

wsw

404

:

;

SW

:

SW

SW

ssw

SSW

45-2

SW

:

(16.30)

:

Squalls becoming more frequent towards end of watch of force 11 in them, with a little hail and snow.

wind

and

Sky

clearing between squalls.

ssw

ssw

2.30

SW

SW

SW

SW

SW

SW

9

SW

SW

9

SW

SW

ssw

SW

ssw

SW

SbyW SW

S by

W

SWly

9-10

40-0

105

3 to 4

Squalls of hurrican force.

:

Wind

:

easing slightly

Morning Wind squalls easing. Forenoon Height of waves measured 50 feet. Wind started easing down down at 11 h. and squalls not so frequent or violent as in early 9-10. Squalls part of watch, when the wind in squalls was force accompanied by hail or sleet. squalls not so fierce.

:

40 -8

Dogs

:

Few

lasting

squalls up t" force

about

live

First:

9.

A

few passing showers

minutes.

8

No

squalls or rain after

1

h.

30 m.

48-1

48-0

405

481 First

:

17 h.

:

Calm

till

23.15. then light northerly airs.

SWly Sly

48-1

429

Sly

fell

Sly Sly

17.30: Fine rain falling till remainder of watch. calm. 19.45 Breeze sprang up from W. force 2. :

48-2 23 h.

:

Wind

fell

calm.

Midnight: Occasional showers

797

.if

slight rain

during watch.

Wind

TABLE

87.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

2nd Voyage.

December

lf/ni,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1911, to

April 3rd. 1912.

TABLE

88.

METEOKOLOGICAL LOG

3kd Vuyauk.

Time.

Dkck.mber 14th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA. February

1912, to

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

(0-10).

o

NE

NSW

Colour.

perature

R

58-2

378

Wind dropping

after noon.

Confused

NE

SEly

58-2

16.30

Ran

:

into fog (2). Dogs Wind gradually backing to intensity 2 to 3. :

10.

Fog varying from

Confused

NE

5G-2

Confused 23.30

NE

NE

NE

NE

0-2

Fog

:

h.

2 to 4

Fine, cloudless sky.

:

Forenoon

54-0

cleared.

:

Fog

Banks

of

wet

Sun shining through

watch.

all

:

fog.

occasionally.

Confused

NE

NE

54-0

379

12.50

:

Colour of sea, 452.

Confused

NE

452 at

15 h.

:

Fog

19

:

Clouds from south-westward, very slow.

lifting.

12.45

by W

N

53-2

Nly S and

53-0

W,

h.

Nly and

SW

Midnight

Nly Confused

h

2

steady-

Wind from

:

clouded over.

by W SW by W

SW

SW

G,

3

52-4

6,

4

51-5

7

52-0

NNW 8.40

to

WSW

Commenced

;

barometer steadied.

Sky

to rain (slight).

SW

453

Nly G

SW

w w

G

W W

w

6

W

4

G

W.

SW

48-2

6

W,

SW

47-9

5-6

W,

SW

47-2

h.

Rain

:

8.15

squall.

and 11.30

:

Passed small quantity of kelp.

452 17 h.

:

and

Sky completely clouded over with St.

Appearance

Occasional drizzle.

NW NW NW NW

:

Nlv a

SW

w w w

6

Confused

Wind

:

5

W,

SW

of lain

and fog

Swell subsiding.

to

A.-St. (low), St.-Cu.,

Westward.

First

:

2nd Dog

:

1\ hours' drizzling

45-9

Confused

7 6,

G

SSW 3

NW NW SSW NW

3 to 4

:

Wind

freshening.

47-1

453

Noon

Confused 3

h.

:

Sun Lost overboard sea-water thermometer No. 8391. Small portion oi rainbow through clouds. 17.40

shining

SW

:

visible, colours in out, purple, green, yellow, red.

Confused

NW

Confused SW and

W

Confused

801

•ji:

TABLE

ss.

METEOKOLOGICAL LOG

3rd Voyage.

Time.

December

14th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1912, to

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sra

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Temperature.

(0-10).

o

W

Coirfused

sw

SW

sw

SW

6

Confused

sw

SW

6

ssw

6

SVVly

5

SSW

6

Confused S Confused S and SW Confused

SSW

7,8 6-7

Confused

SE

3

SE

4

SEly

SE

5

SE

G

SE

G

SE

7

SE by S

7

SSE

7

SSE

SSE

G

Sly

Sly

G

Sly

Sly

G

Sly

Sly

6

Sly

Sly

Sly

Sly

S

SSE

SEly

SSE

6

6

S

S by

E

SbyE

S by

E

SbyE

S by

E

Sly

Wly

S

byE

S and SE Confused

NW NW NW

SE

NW NW

F

_

Colour.

TABLE

88.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

3rd Voyage.

Time.

December

14th,

KEPT ON BOARD 'TERRA NOVA." 1912, to

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

88.

METEOROLOGICAL

3rd Voyage.

Time.

LO(J

December. 14th,

KEPT ONBOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1912, to

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

88.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

3rd Voyage.

Time.

December

L4th,

"

KEPT ON BOARD 1912» to

February

TERRA NOVA."

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

Colour.

perature.

(0-10).

F.

In p ack

SW

In p ack

W w w In p ack

28-8

16

h.

:

Commenced

snow

to

(slight).

28-8

28-8

7.30

Fog came

:

h.

:

20 h.

:

1 1

7.45

8

clearing

off.

Commenced

Commenced

:

19.30

18

Fog

up.

:

to

to

h.

:

Sun shining through

snow

(slight).

snow

(slight).

Snow (moderate)

fog.

for 15 minutes.

h. Sky clouded over, St. and low A. -St. from E. Wind SE 4 to snow Appearance of mock sun to E. 19.30 Commenced Snow ceased. Rime on rigging. 20.30 20 L. (slight). :

:

:

21

809

:

Sky

clearing.

:

TABLE

88.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

3rd Voyage.

'I

December

14th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1912, to

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remark?. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Tem-

Colour.

perature

(0-10).

F.

Forenoon

In p ack

29-0

:

SWly

swell beginning to

make

itself felt.

Band of low Ci.-St. running from N to S across heavens 16 h Lorn.' low passing west side of zenith about 2° broad. swell approaching from SW. 18 h. Wind eased to force 1-2.

Noon

:

.

:

:

h.

28-9

20

4 h.

Slight

:

snow occasionally

h. Very slight westerly swell running. 21.45: A.-St., Ci.-St., and low Ci. (amount 4). Ci. and Ci.-St. radiating from SE. Bright mock sun to left of sun at 22J°. Bright red; yellow, greenish from sun side out. :

2 h.

Slight

:

5.30

snow shower.

Commenced

:

11 h.

28-8

Wind NFlv.

:

:

to

snow

slight to moderate.

Snow stopped (from

9 to 11

fall

moderate).

18 h. 10.45 : Commenced to rain (moderate). First till 23 h. 18.15: Rain continued. :

continuous.

29-2

13 h.

20

h.

8 h.

:

Fog increased

:

and 23

:

Rime on

Rime (heavy)

18 to 20

811

h.

h.

:

to intensity 3.

falling

rigging.

from

Occasional showers.

rigging, etc.

:

Rain and sleet. Rain slight but

TABLE

88.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

3rd Voyage.

Time.

Barometei

Wind.

Position.

Hour. L2 hrs.

Pay.

fast

on

Q.M.T

Lat s.

Long.

W.

Direr tin n (True).

Force (0

12)

December

14th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1912, to

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

88.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

3rd Voyage.

Time.

December

14th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1912, to

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

88.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

3rd Vovaiie.

Time,

December Urn,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1912, 10

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbance

Temperature.

(0-10).

F.

In p ack

29-0

29-5

SE

N

by

4

W

Nly

Wly Sly

SE

SW

S

SW

SVV

SW

W W

W

w

w w

sw

sw

SW

SW

SW

SW

Colour.

TABLE

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

88.

3rd Voyage.

Time.

Wind.

Position.

Baro-

meter

December

Weather.

Cloud.

Temperature.

14th,

corrected

and reduced to Hour.

Day

12 hrs.

Lat.

fast "ii

S.

Long. E.

I..M.T.

Direction (True).

32° F. Force Mean Sea (0-12). Level and

Gravity 45°.

I

\\1 AKY,

1913. o

28

/

Kind.

Dry

Wet

Bulb.

Bulb.

Am

Fog imt

(0-10).

Upper.

Lower.

Beaufort Notation.

Intensity (0-5).

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1912, To

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

88.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

3rd Voyage.

Time.

December

14th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1912, Tb

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

TABLE

88.

METEOROLOGICAL LOG

3rd Voyage.

Time.

December

14th,

KEPT ON BOARD "TERRA NOVA." 1912, .to

February

12th, 1913.

Sea Surface.

Waves.

Swell.

Remarks. Sea

Direction from.

Dis-

turbance

Direction from.

(0-10).

Dis-

turbancc

Tem-

(0-10).

°

NW NW NW NW

Colour.

perature

NW, SW

NW SW, NW SW, NW SW,

NW NW NW by W

F.

490

4

50-0

3,

4

3

2,

3

Wly

3

51-0

3

51-3

3

51-8

Wly

NW

h.

At midnight very bright phosphorescent on the bow long,

belt of sea, 300 yards ; not breaking into flame but of white, milky appearance.

Drizzling showers.

3

Wly

Became overcast at 21

50-0

3,

Wly

NW NW

381

Faint auroral

Belts of white water, not ordinary phosphorous.

lights.

381

520

WNW W

by S 53-5

W

1-2

S,

WSW

54-8

N

1

s

56-0

N

1

s

55-0

N

o

SE

NW Calm

SE

4

N

3

59-0

2

59-8

4

61-0

3

610

377

3 h.

Put clocks back

:

half

hour

to 11 J hours fast

on G.M.T.

Confused

E E

W E, W S,

3,

E Confused

Confused

SW,

NE

E, \Y

NE

NE

W

Confused Confused

3 2,

1

GO-0

1,

2

01-0

2

62-S

2-3

60-0

378

2

WSW

8h.

82.3

:

At

Lyttelton.

3f4

INDEX

CONTAINED

IN

OF DATA

THE TABLES OF

VOLUMES

825

I

and

III.

INDEX. —

contd.-— Mean temperature difference from McMurdo Sound, monthly values, I, 32. Mean temperature in South in December and January,

Barrier Adelaide

—Pressure surges, — Calculated mean

190.

I,

pressure by Meinardus for heights of 2,000 m. and 4,000 m., I, 252.

Antarctic

Mean temperature, I, 93. Mean temperature, estimated by Meinardus,

compared with values on Polar Plateau reduced to sea-level,

92.

I,

Pressure differences between January and July, based on observations from 8 stations, I, 298 ; III, 230.

Antarctic Continent

— Calculation of new

dus's formula, possible

—Mean temperature, 93. Atmospheric Electricity— Cape Arctic

Beaufort Numbers

Frequency of winds of force 1 to 4 and 5 and over for various directions on Western Plateau, I, 145.

Evans, daily variation

of potential gradient for seasons

and year,

314.

I,

Cape Evans, mean temperature of the hours for which the potential gradient variation was determined in May, June, and July, I, 316. Cape Evans, potential gradient and wind, I, 306.

Frequency per

Maximum

Potential gradient at Cape Evans, I, 312.

Radio-Activity — At

and temperatures,

—Correlation

130.

motion at approximately 3,000

the half-daily barometer oscillation,

182.

I,

188. I,

183.

98. Belgica Wind —Annual variation, monthly values, — with Blizzards Cape Evans, relationship pressure

changes at Framheim and Cape Adare,

and

;

at

Cape Evans,

I,

320.

coefficients of

monthly pressure from normal with McMurdo Sound,

I,

236.

—Cape

Difference in temperature Framheim during blizzards at Cape Evans, I, 52.

—Pressure surges,

Bombay

I,

Evans

190.

202.

c.

B. Barometer I,

I,

150.

Pressure waves greater than -2-inch, yearly average,

320.

I,

Over land and over ocean

I,

131.

I,

Cape Evans, mean values for various wind strengths

departures

—Air

I,

Twelve-hourly barometer oscillation,

Cape

I,

264.

I,

Constants of

Evans, hourly values,

Evans, III, 248.

Australasia

metres,

I,

Cape Adare,

—Mean yearly average,

Belgica Pressure

monthly values,

cent, at

at Cape Adare, monthly values,

Belgica Cloud

Potential gradient at Cape Evans during winds of 6 to 10 miles an hour, hourly values, I, 317.

Atmospheric Electricity,

—Equivalent values in miles per hour,

1,130.

I,

Potential gradient at Cape III, 236.

39.

Temperature and weather in Spring, difference from Cape Evans, I, 26.

height by Meinar-

values, I, 301.

I,

Normal temperature North of One Ton Camp in January and July, I, 34. Rise in temperature over North of Barrier during month of March, I, 30.

—Comparison

of instruments at

Cape Evans,

Calms

164.

— Annual variation at Cape Evans, monthly values, I,

99.

Comparison of instruments at Lyttelton, I, 163. Comparison of readings at Cape Evans and on Terra Nova, and Fratn, I, 165.

Cape Evans, relationship with pressure changes at Framheim, and Cape Adare, I, 236.

Pattern, number, and Kew correction of instruments used on Ship and at Cape Evans and Cape Adare,

Effects

I,

Barrier

Daily variation at Cape Evans, III, 97. on temperature at Cape Evans, values,

163.

—Abnormally low temperatures,

Change

in temperature

from month

pared with Lat. 78° N.,

to

29.

Evans,

month com-

values,

Difference in pressure gradient from Ross Sea,

I,

I,

55.

136.

and weather from Cape

List of chief meteorological journals kept

by sledging

—

Cape Barrow Register kept on sledging journey from Cape Adare, III, 690. Cape Crozier Register kept on Winter sledging journey from Cape Evans, III, 606. Cape Evans Meteorological Journal, III, 250.

—

—

parties, I, 9.

Sledging journeys from Base Station at Cape Evans, III, 592-679.

Low

temperatures and difference from Cape Evans, 1,24.

Mean annual temperature, I, 91. Mean pressure difference between Cape Evans and

monthly values,

1911, to January, 1912,

difference, Barrier 31.

III, 470.

Sledging journeys from Base Station at Cape Adare, III, 690-707.

57.

I,

Daily variation of temperature, monthly values,

Mean temperature

231.

Meteorological Journal, III, 372.

Framheim and Cape Evans, monthly

November,

I,

—Meteorological Diary,

Cape Adare

Daily variation in temperature, on Barrier and at

Barrier,

monthly

46.

Relationship with changes in the barometer at Cape I,

I, 88.

Difference in temperature Evans in July, I, 22-24.

I,

—Cape

I,

Cape Horn

Cape Royds

286.

Evans,

—Average difference

between the daily maxi-

mum and minimum of pressure, I,

185.

—Mean temperature, monthly values,

I,

81

;

III, 31.

Clear Skies

—

Monthly variation of percentage frequency from two-yearly means at Cape Evans, I, 153.

I,

827

Cloud— Oape

Cape Evans, four-hourly values, HI, Daily variational Oape Adare,

Daily Variation

III, 126.

Adare, two-hourly values,

114.

Pressure at

111. 141.

136. Daily variation at Cape Evans, III,

Evans, 111,

and

seasonal

values,

156

I,

:

monthly values,

III. 143.

I,

monthly values,

I,

latitudes, I, 59-60.

of daily variation,

Drift

I,

between, at Cape Evans,

III, 707.

E. Smoke— Erebus Percentage frequency directions at Cape Evans,

Hill,

I, 197.

McMurdo Sound and Gauss Station, South Orkneys, South Georgia, and

Kerguelen,

I,

Fourier Coefficients— Daily Cape Adare,

201.

Cloud at Cape Evans,

225. III, 141.

Daily

I,

temperature

at

Evans,

Cape

72.

of barometer readings with those on Terra Nova and at Cape Evans, I, 165.

III,

Fram Drift

140.

Potential gradient at Cape Evans, for seasons and year, I, 314.

Pressure at Cape Evans, III, 220.

of

values,

Fram—Comparison

Cloud at Hut Point, III, 138.

Cloud at Hut Point and Cape Evans combined,

variation

monthly

III, 136.

Pressure at Cape Adare, III, 224.

variation of pressure at

III, 227.

Point and Cape Daily variation of pressure at Hut Evans, monthly and seasonal values, I, 179 ; III,

D.

—Cloud at Cape Adare,

Daily Variation

wind

First Relief Party— Register kept on sledging journey from Cape Evans, III, 675. FmsT Return Party—Register kept on sledging journey from Cape Evans, III, 661.

Pressure, between Hill,

for various

137.

F.

Point, Gauss Station, and Snow the McMurdo Sound yearly 200.

Snow

I,

directions over Percentage frequency for various wind Cape Evans, I, 133.

Hut

Point, Gauss Station,

recorded in 100 hours at Cape seasonal values, I, 161 ;

162.

from Cape Adare,

after deducting

Snow

—Number of times

Duke of York Island—Register kept on sledging journey

—

Hut

sledging journey

Evans, monthly values,

—

and Kerguelen,

type

—

Register kept on Spring sledging journey from Cape Evans to Corner Camp, III, 614. Correlation Coefficients Monthly pressure departures from normal between McMurdo Sound and 31 stations mainly in the southern hemisphere in Australasia, South America, Indian Ocean, South Africa, and South Pacific, I, 202.

I,

"

from Cape Evans, III, 671. Depressions Number passing Cape Adare, and dates, monthly values, I, 240. Dog Sledge Party.—Register kept on sledging journey from Cape Evans, III, 652.

Corner Camp

variation

Fram

III, 97.

Wind Wind Day's Depot Party— Register kept on

133.

Yearly average for Cape Evans, Cape Adare, Snow Hill, Port Charcot, Belgiea, Gauss Station, Petermann Island, and Laurie Island, I, 150.

Pressure, at

"

velocity at Cape Evans, III, 93. 94. velocity at Hut Point and Cape Evans, III,

I, 153.

Hill

I,

of

61-62.

Wind, calms at Cape Evans,

Variation of percentage frequency of overcast skies from two-yearly means at Cape Evans, I, 153.

Pressure at

Mohn

Temperature, explanation by

Variation of percentage frequency of clear skies from two-yearly means at Cape Evans, monthly values,

Wind—Relationship

55.

direct solar Temperature, during a period with no radiation at McMurdo Sound, I, 68.

at Percentage frequency of three groups of amount, Snow Cape Evans, Cape Adare, Gauss Station, Hill and Laurie Island, yearly values, I, 151.

I, 152.

I,

Sound during Temperature, comparison of McMurdo in high September to March with other stations

Percentage frequency of each cloud amount at Cape Evans, I, 150 ; III, 142. wind Percentage frequency of high clouds for various

Cloud and

Evans,

72.

Temperature, on Barrier, monthly values,

Percentage frequency of each amount at Cape Adare I, 150 ; III, 143.

I,

I,

and Cape Temperature, on Barrier and at Framheim Evans, monthly values, I, 57.

152.

Cape Evans and Cape Adare,

73.

III, 34.

for Percent-age frequency of clouds of medium height various wind directions over Cape Evans, I, 133.

directions over

I,

Temperature, Hut Point and Cape Evans combined,

137.

Monthly values at Hut Point, Capo Evans, Cape Adare, and Framheim, 111, 135. Monthly variation of amount from mean of the year at Cape Evans, yearly values,

53.

Temperature, Oape Evans, Temperature, Fourier coefficients at Cape

percentage frequency for various

height,

I,

111, 32.

wind

clouds, percentage frequency for various directions over Cape Adare, I, 133.

Hut Point and Cape

Temperature, Cape Adare, during June and July,

wind

for various

Ix.w

wind directions at Cape Evans,

III,

Temperature, as determined from all the observations of Captain Scott's first, and second expeditions,

Frequenoj of amounts at Hut Point and Cape Evans,

Medium

Hut Point and Capo Evans combined,

Pressure, Fourier coefficients, at Evans, III, 225.

11".

High clouds, percentage frequency directions at Cape Evans, 1, 137.

Point, III,

227 Pressure, Fourier coefficients, at Cape. Adare, III,

Hut Point, III, 138. of amount at Hut Point and Cape

monthly

Hut

at

22X

Daily variation at Daily variation

— contd, — Pressure

222.

values,

— Solar I,

radiation

observations,

Temperature during September to March,

552. Framheim—Meteorological Journal, — 135. Framheim Cloud Monthly values, III, III,

828

monthly

63. I,

59.

Framheim Pressure

—Actual

Gauss Station Pressure

and computed amplitude from

Monthly departures at

Comparison of mean with Cape Evans and Cape Adare, monthly values, I, 171. Height and times of the Antarctic pressure waves, I,

Mean, monthly values, I, 172 III, 218. Normal as determined from four years observations in McMurdo Sound, I, 173.

Pressure I,

190.

I,

I,

188.

values.

Twelve-hourly barometer oscillation, I,

Gauss Station Solar Radiation

188.

Pressure waves, changes of pressure and times of occurrence, I, 214.

Gauss Station Temperature

Pressure waves greater than -2-inch, yearly average,

Gauss Station Wind

I,

September to March,

188.

3,000 metres,

Relationship of pressure changes with blizzards and northerly and southerly winds and calms at Cape Evans, I, 236.

Annual

Framheim Temperature

—Annual mean,

I,

I,

83

metres,

I,

velocities,

I,

I,

Belgica,

I,

264.

118.

Evans, monthly values,

III, 111.

119;

;

Pole,

I,

High Clouds

—

camps on Polar Plateau, III, 233. main depots on Polar

291

temperature variation, explanation

III, 234.

;

— Percentage

directions at

I,'

;

Of Camps between Southern Barrier Depot and South frequency for various wind

Cape Evans,

I,

137.

Percentage frequency for various wind directions over Cape Evans and Cape Adare, I, 133.

Variation of winds at Framheim during blizzards and northerly winds at Cape Evans, I, 233.

by Mohii,

106

Difference in level between six Journey, III, 232.

III, 102.

Fram Type —Daily

I,

Change of height on Polar Plateau in each half degree of latitude along the 160° E. meridian, I, 291.

98.

106

I,

and

Yearly variation at Cape

Comparison of simultaneous winds at Framheim and Cape Evans, percentage frequencies, I, 232.

Frequency of winds of different

velocities,

252.

Difference between

1,

98.

I,

Evans,

sea-level, I, 39.

—

I,

—Pressure surges, 190. Gustiness of Wind — Of North and South winds at Cape Greenwich

III, 31.

;

approximately

pressure over the Antarctic by Meinardus for heights of 2,000 metres and 4,000

values

Monthly means, I, Normal in January and July, I, 34. Framheim Wnro Annual variation, monthly values,

at

mean

Height above Sea Level

on Polar Plateau reduced to

motion

H.

1,33.

Mean in December and January, compared with

59.

Station, South Orkneys,

from Cape Evans, monthly values,

difference

63.

—

Am

Calculated

57.

Evans during blizzards at the latter station, monthly values, I, 52. Interdiurnal variability and number of occurrences, monthly values, I, 77. Mean and interdiurnal variation irrespective of sign, monthly values, I, 78.

I,

variation during

Circulation Air Motion at approximately 3,000 metres at McMurdo Sound, Magnetic Pole Plateau, Western Plateau, Polar Plateau, Gauss

General

91.

Difference from Cape

—Daily

monthly values, winds of different

of

183.

264.

III, 104.

Comparison of the daily variation with McMurdo Sound during September to March, I, 60. Daily variation, monthly values,

I,

I,

—Air

I,

—Monthly values,

variation,

Frequency

Time of pressure waves compared with that on Polar Plateau, I, 215.

Mean

maximum and

mean)

(10 days' values, I, 194.

Relationship of pressure waves with velocity and changes in direction of wind, I, 243.

192.

Pressure waves,

common

Pressure waves greater than -2 inch, yearly average,

common

minimum and maximum

of pressure corrected for variation I, 199.

surges

minimum

195.

surges,

correlation 201.

195.

I,

Pressure

;

I,

I,

Pressure surges, amplitudes reduced to a period,

period,

—contd. — Monthly

McMurdo Sound,

McMurdo Sound,

Pressure surges,

211.

Pressure surges, amplitudes reduced to a

with

co-efficients

of pressure surges in proportion to distance 80° S. and 120° W., I, 196.

High Winds

61-62.

—Annual variation at Cape Evans, monthly

values,

99.

I,

Percentage frequency for various directions on South Polar Plateau, I, 145.

Hut Point— Register of Observations at or near, III, 562. Hut Point Cloud — Daily variation, combined with Cape

G. Gauss Station Cloud

—Mean yearly average,

Percentage frequency yearly values, I, 151.

Gauss Station Pressure

of

three

groups

—Actual and

I,

of

150.

Evans,

amount,

;

computed ampli-

tude of pressure surges in proportion to distance S. and 120° W., I, 196.

from 80°

Average difference between the daily

minimum,

I,

maximum and

185.

Constants of the half-daily barometer oscillation, Correlation coefficients,

I,

1,

182.

Departure from mean of twelve months, monthly I,

Frequency

of amounts, III, 143.

Monthly values,

197.

coefficients, I, 197.

Correlation coefficients after deducting the Sound yearly variation, I, 200.

McMurdo

III, 222.

Daily variation, combined with Cape Evans,

III, 223.

Daily variation, Fourier coefficients, III, 225. Departure from mean of twelve months, monthly values,

829

III, 135.

Hut Point Pressure—Correlation

Daily variation,

197.

Correlation coefficients of pressure after deducting the McMurdo Sound yearly variation, I, 200.

values,

III, 140.

Daily variation of amount, monthly and seasonal III, 138. values, I, 156

I,

197.

Point Pressure

Maximum and Minimum

eontd.

Kf.w Corrections—Of barometers laps Evans and Capo Adare,

values, absolute extremes for eaoh month, monthly means of daily extremes and of daily range, 111. 228.

Monthly departures of pressure corrected at WoMurdo Sound, 1. 199. Monthly values,

III. 218.

Pressure surges,

I,

Pressure

values.

1.

Laurie Island Cloud

'lavs'

maximum ami

mean),

Island barometer

Absolute

maximum

tor eaoh

Low

;

I,

183.

Barrier, with difference from Cape Evans, I, 24. Wind Velocities Number of observations at Cape Evans, monthly values, I, 114.

—

Low Winds —Percentage

frequency for various directions

on South Polar Plateau,

Mean maximum, monthly values, III, 39. Mean minimum, monthly values, III, 39. 81

half-daily

182.

Low Temperatures — On

Fourier coefficients, III, 36.

I,

of

amount,

frequency for various wind directions over Cape Adare, I, 133.

Daily variation, combined with Capo Evans, Hi, 34. Differenoe from simultaneous observations at Cape Evans, monthly values, I, 91.

Mean, monthly values,

—Constants

I,

150.

groups of

Twelve-hourly barometer oscillation,

minimum for each month. III. 40. range, mean monthly values. III, .19.

Hit Point Wind — Annual

oscillation,

I,

Low Clouds —Percentage

Absolute Daily

—Mean yearly average,

Pressure

Laurie

111. 40.

month,

on Ship and at

163.

1,

Percentage frequency of three yearly values, I, 151.

194.

Kit Point Temperature

in use.

L.

for variation

190.

(1"

surges

minimum

I

Lyttelton

— Comparison

I,

145.

of barometers used

on expedi-

tion, I, 163.

III, 31.

variation,

M.

values,

monthly

1,98.

Daily variation of velocity,

Mean

velocity,

Magnetic Pole Plateau—Air Motion

III, 94.

3,000 metres,

monthly values,

I,

96

;

III, 92.

I,

—

Maximum Pressure At Cape

Adare, III, 229.

At Hut Point and Cape Evans,

Maximum Temperature—Absolute

I.

Iceland

— Large changes in

values,

— Correlation

pressure

departures

Sound,

202.

Insolation

monthly and yearly

I,

coefficients

normal

from

of

at

—Total received at 78° N. and 78°

values,

at

186.

I,

Ocean

Indian

pressure,

McMurdo monthly

III, 39.

Cape Evans,

Variability

—Temperature,

at

Cape Adare, Cape Framheim, monthly values, I, 77.

number

—

I,

1,82. of

74

;

130.

109.

—

Minimum Pressure At Cape Adare, III, 229. At Hut Point and Cape Evans, I, 184 III, 229. Minimum Temperature Absolute values for each month at Hut Point and Cape Evans, III, 40.

Evans, and

;

—

Temperature values irrespective of sign, and mean temperature, monthly values, I, 78. Irkoutski Pressure surges, I, 190.

— — Italy Mean

Daily values at Cape Evans, III, 37, 38. Monthly values at Hut Point and Cape Evans,

monthly departure from the average temperature during Summer, Winter, and Year, I, 82.

J.

—Frequency of different wind velocities I,

103

74

;

—Frequency of different wind during 104. Motor Party—Register kept on journey from Cape Evans, velocities

monsoon at Jubbulpore,

during Monsoon, I, 104. Frequency of winds of different velocities,

I,

III, 39.

Monsoon

Jubbulpore Wind

I,

I,

Mean monthly departure from the average temperature during Summer, Winter, and Year,

Mid Russia

Yearly variation of temperature and insolation in 3 Lat. 60 X., I, 87. occurrences

month

III, 40.

— Cape Adare,

Maximum Wind Velocity

yearly variation of temperature and insolation at 78° X. and 78° S., I, 87.

iNTERDrcRNAl.

Hut Point and Cape Evans,

Daily values at Cape Evans, III, 37, 38. Monthly values at Hut Point and Cape Evans,

85.

I,

III, 229.

I, 184';

values for each

Corrections to be applied in order to obtain true mean monthly values in McMurdo Sound, I, 79.

monthly

S.,

at approximately

264.

I,

III, 643.

N.

;

III, 98.

Xewnes Glacier—Register kept on sledging journey from 705. Cape Adare, North Barrier—Monthly means of temperature, Xorth Germany—Mean monthly departure from the III,

I,

K.

—

Kerguelen Pressure Correlation coefficients, I, 197. Departure from mean of twelve months, monthly values,

Monthly

I,

McMurdo Sound, 1, Pressure surges,

and average temperature during Summer, Winter, Year, I, 82.

Xorth Polar Region—Changes

197.

pressure

I,

correlation 201.

coefficients

with

Kerguelen

velocities, I, 106

;

to

month

of

in

in Lat. 78°

temperature from N. compared with

Barrier, I, 88.

188.

Wind —Frequency

month

Frequency of winds

190.

Pressure waves greater than -2 inch, yearly average, I,

83.

winds

of

different

Mean monthly temperature at 78° N., I, Mean temperatures in neighbourhood values,

III, 102.

830

of different velocities, I,

106

;

III, 103.

I,

40.

85. of,

monthly

North Polar Region

—conk!. —-Total

at 78° N., monthly values,

I,

Pressure

insolation received

85.

—

Mean monthly departure from the average temperature during Summer, Winter, and Year,

XoSth Russia 1,82.

North Wind

—

Cape Evans, relationship with pressure changes at Framheim and Cape Adare, I, 236.

Effects

on temperature at Cape Evans, monthly

values,

I,

46.

Gustiness at Cape Evans, of observations

values,

at Cape

Evans, monthly

114.

I,

Relationship with changes in the barometer at Cape

Evans,

I,

Daily variation at bined, III, 223.

Fourier coefficients,

Daily variation,

227.

A2

in individual months,

180.

Daily variation, Twelve-hourly barometer oscillation in the Antarctic at McMurdo Sound, Belgica, Gauss Station, Snow Hill, Laurie Island and South

o. One Ton Depot— Register kept on

Cape Adare,

•

Daily variation, Fourier coefficients, McMurdo Sound, monthly and seasonal values, I, 179 ; III, 225 and

I,

sledging journey from

Cape Evans, III, 592. Overcast Skies Monthly variation of precentage, frequency from two-yearly means at Cape Evans.

—

153.

I,

Hut Point, III, 222. Hut Point and Cape Evans com-

Daily variation, Phase of

231.

monthly

Daily variation at Cape Evans, III, 220.

III, 227.

118.

I,

of

coefficients

Daily variation at Cape Adare, III, 224.

Daily variation at

Frequency, mean velocity, and total motion at Cape Evans, monthly values, I, 113.

Number

—eontd. — Correlation

departures from normal between McMurdo Sound and 31 stations mainly in the Southern hemisphere in Australasia, South America, Indian Ocean, South Africa and South Pacific, I, 202.

Georgia,

I,

182.

Daily variation. Twelve-hourly barometer oscillation in the Antarctic, observed and calculated constants, I,

183.

Difference between Cape Evans and Barrier, 1911, to January, 1912, I, 286.

November,

between January and July over the Antarctic, based on observations from 8 stations, 1,298; 111,230.

Differences

P. Petermann Island values,

Mean

I,

—Annual

variation of wind, monthly

98.

yearly cloud average,

150.

I,

—Register kept on sledging journey from 618. Cape Evans, Polar Plateau—Air motion at approximately 3,000

Polar Party

III,

metres,

I,

264.

of height in each

of latitude

;

Mean temperature

in December and January reduced compared with mean at Cape Evans and Framheim and on South Barrier, I, 39.

to sea level

Pressure waves, changes of pressure and times of occurrence, I, 214.

Time of pressure waves on Plateau before that Framheim and Cape Evans, I, 215. Potential

—Mean yearly cloud average, 150. Gradient—Average during different

at

I,

wind

306.

186.

314.

I,

Sound

Absolute highest reading at

:

in four years,

monthly

values,

I,

McMurdo 184.

values at Cape Adare, absolute extremes for each month, monthly means of daily extremes and daily range, III, 229.

Maximum and minimum

values at Hut Point and Cape Evans, absolute extremes for each month, monthly means of daily extremes and daily range, III, 228.

Minimum

McMurdo Sound monthly values, I, 184. Monthly departure from mean of twelve months, at Hut Point, Gauss Station, Snow Hill, and :

Absolute lowest reading at

in four years,

I,

197.

I,

values,

174.

Monthly means at Cape Evans, Framheim and Cape

During winds of 6 to 10 miles an hour at Cape Evans, hourly values,

I,

Monthly means at Cape Adare, two -yearly

Cape Evans, hourly values, III, 236. Daily variation at Cape Evans for seasons and year, I,

Hourly values at Cape Evans, III, 162. Large changes in Iceland, monthly and yearly values,

Kerguelen,

I,

strengths,

136.

Maximum and minimum

Heights of various points from Southern Barrier Depot to the Pole, height above Barrier, height above sea-level, and distance from Southern Barrier Depot, I, 291 III, 233.

Port Charcot

I,

Hourly values, at Cape Adare, III, 208.

Maximum

half degree along the 160° E. meridian, I, 291.

Change

Gradient over Ross Sea and Barrier,

317.

Mean at Cape Evans, monthly values, I, Mean temperature of the hours for which

Adare, March, 1911, to January, 1912,

I,

171.

Monthly means at Framheim, I, 172. Monthly means at McMurdo Sound, with yearly values,

I,

167.

Monthly means at Hut Point, Cape Evans, Cape Adare, and Framheim, III, 218.

312.

the potential gradient was determined in May, June, and July at Cape Evans, I, 316.

Monthly Variation at Hut Point, Gauss Station and Snow Hill, corrected for normal variation in

Precipitation Number of times snow and drift recorded in 100 hours at Cape Evans, monthly values, I, 161

Non-periodic changes at McMurdo Sound, absolute values in four years, average difference between highest and lowest in each month for four j

—

;

seasonal values,

Pressure

—Correlation

I,

162.

after deducting the McMurdo Sound yearly variation, at Hut Point, Gauss Station, and Snow Hill, I, 200. coefficients

Correlation coefficients at

Snow

Hill,

Hut

and Kerguelen,

I,

Point, Gauss Station, 197.

831

McMurdo Sound,

I,

199.

mean difference between daily maximum and minimum, highest monthly mean in four years, lowest monthly mean in four years, difference between highest and lowest monthly mean, nml average departure of monthly mean from smoothed normal, monthly values, I, 184.

eontd.

— Normal

at

Cape Adore as determined MoMurdo Sound,

from four years' observations in

and the smoothed differenoe found in 1911, monthly values, 1, 174. Normal at Framheim as determined from four years' observations in MoMurdo Sound, I, 173. between the daily Average Range maximum and minimum at South Georgia, Cape Snow Hill. Haass Station, and MoMurdo II, .in. differenoe

:

Sound,

1.

186.

—

PbbSSUBX aKD Wind Relationship between the winds at Cape Evans and pressure at Capo Adare, Cape Evans and Framheim, I, 236. wind at Relationship of changes in barometer and Cape Evans,

I,

231.

Amplit udes reduced to a common period, at Framheim, MoMurdo Sound, Cape Adare, Gauss Station, and Hill, I, 195.

Comparison of surges in different parts of the world, 190.

I,

Hut

Point,

Snow

and Gauss

Hill,

and minimum values,

MoMurdo Sound,

I,

Station,

maximum

194.

four years' data,

I,

191.

maximum

—Antarctic, yearly average,

McMurdo Sound,

values,

III, 705.

Journey to West Coast of Robertson Bay, October 4th to 13th, 1911, HI, 703. Notes and Register of Journey to Capo Barrow, September 8th to 18th, 1911, III, 690.

Sledging Journeys from Cape Evans— Day's Depot Party, December 26th, 1911, to January 21st, 1912,

yearly and seasonal

I,

188.

values,

I,

Dog

Sledge Party,

November

Relationship with velocity and changes in the direction of the wind at Gauss Station, I, 243.

R.

—

;

III, 248.

Mean

values for Evans, I, 320.

various

wind strengths at Cape

Resultant Wind Direction and Velocity— Cape Adare, monthly

values,

I,

16th,

Return Party, December 22nd, 1911, to January 26th, 1912, III, 661. Main Polar Party, November 3rd, 1911, to March 12th,

First

1912, III, 618.

Motor Party, October 27th to December 20th, 1911, III, 643.

to

March 23rd,

Second Relief Party, March 27th to April

1st,

1912,

1912, III, 666.

Spring Journey to Corner Camp, September 9th tol5th, 1911, 111,614. 15th Spring Journey to Western Mountains, September to 28th, 1911,111,615. First Western Mountains Party, January 27th

Taylor's to March 14th, 1911, III, 601.

November Taylor's Second Western Mountains Party, 16th, 1911, to February 15th, 1912, III, 679. to Winter Cape Crozier, June 27th to III, 606.

Snow—Number

Radio-activity Mean, maximum and minimum values and at Cape Evans, over land and over ocean ;

January

March

First Relief Party, February 26th to 1912, III, 675.

Journey August 1st, 1911,

320

5th, 1911, to

Second Return Party, January 4th to February 9th, 187.

214, 215.

I,

•

III, 671.

III, 678.

Ross Sea Area, April to December, 1911, I, 188. waves at Height and times of the Antarctic pressure Framheim, Cape Evans, and Cape Adare, I, 211. waves at Height and times of Antarctic pressure Framheim, Cape Evans and on the Polar Plateau, I,

Journey to Sir George Nownes' Glacior and Warning Glacier, October 28th to November 4th, 1911,

1911,111,592.

192.

Pressure Waves

1911, III, 707.

One Ton Depot Party, January 26th

Ross Sea Area, minimum and I,

—

4th, 1912, III, 652.

Pressure Surges—Actual and computed amplitude at various distances from 80° S. and 120° W., I, 196.

Snow

—

Sledging Joiknkys from Cafe Adare contd. Journey to Duke of fork Island, November 7th to '16th,

130.

Cape Evans, monthly values, South Polar Plateau, I, 144.

I,

109.

of times recorded in 100 hours at Cape Evans, monthly values, I, 161 ; seasonal values, I,

162.

Snow Hill Cloud

—Mean yearly average,

I,

—Register kept on sledging journey from

Cape Adare, III, 703. Difference in pressure gradient from Barrier, Sea Ross

—

I, 136.

amount,

Snow Hill Pressure—Actual and computed amplitude of pressure surges in proportion to distance 80° S. and 120° W., I, 196.

Average difference between the daily

Robertson Bay

150.

of Percentage frequency of three groups yearly values, I, 151.

minimum

of pressure,

Constants of I,

I,

from

maximum and

185.

the half-daily barometer oscillation,

182.

Correlation coefficients,

I,

197.

Correlation coefficients after deducting the Sound yearly variation, I, 200.

McMurdo

months' monthly Departure from mean of twelve

—Direction

Sastrugi

values, of,

in

McMurdo Sound,

I,

111.

—Register kept on sledging journey 678. from Cape Evans, — Party Return Second Register kept on sledging

Second Relief Party

III,

journey from Cape Evans, III, 666.

190. Seychelles — Pressure surges, — chief of Sledging Journeys List meteorological journals I,

kept on Barrier,

I, 9.

197.

at

—

of pressure corrected for variation I, 199.

McMurdo Sound,

Monthly pressure correlation coefficients with Sound,

I,

Pressure surges,

I,

190.

Pressure surges, amplitudes reduced to a period,

I,

McMurdo

201.

common

195.

Pressure surges,

Sledging Journeys from Cape Adare Along Western Coast to Whaleback Cliffs, October 4th to 20th, 1911, III, 698.

I,

Monthly departures

maximum and minimum values, 1,

194.

Pressure waves greater than -2 inch, yearly average, I,

188.

Twelve-hourly barometer oscillation,

I, 1S3.

—

Snow Hill Solar Radiation Monthly values, I, 63. Snow Hill Temperature —Comparison of the daily variation with McMurdo Sound during September *to March,

I, 60.

Departures from mean during July and August,

Snow Hill Wind — Annual variation, monthly values, Frequency of winds of different III, 101.

Station,

98.

I,

106

;

for

—

Correlation coefficients of monthly pressure departures from normal with McMurdo Sound, I, 203.

South

America

—Correlation

of

monthly

witli

McMurdo

coefficients

from normal

pressure departures Sound, I, 202.

—

the half-daily

of

barometer

oscillation,

with

McMurdo

182.

I,

correlation

Monthly Sound,

coefficients

Twelve-hourly barometer oscillation, I, 183. South Orkneys Air motion at approximately 3,000

—

metres,

with

pressure

McMurdo

188.

Pacific

—Correlation

monthly

pressure departures from normal with Sound, I, 203.

McMurdo

coefficients

temperatures observed

Scott in

December and January,

Heights above sea-level of camps between Southern Barrier Depot and South Pole, III, 234.

Mean wind

velocity,

and mean

resultant direction, resultant direction of wind, I, 144.

Percentage frequency of high various directions, I, 145.

and low winds

percentage frequency, for various directions,

wind

— Effects

monthly

values,

for

I,

velocity, 143.

and

on temperature, at Cape Evans, I,

46.

I,

of observations

118.

at Cape

114.

I,

I,

pressure changes at Framheim and Cape Adare, I, 236. Spring Sledging Journey Register kept on journey from Cape Evans to Corner Camp, III, 614.

with

—

Register kept on journey to Western Mountains from

Cape Evans,

Sunshine

values,

I,

74.

55.

I,

Daily variation, Cape Adare, during June and July, 1,73. Daily variation, Cape Evans, monthly and seasonal values, amplitude, times of maximum anil minimum.

Daily variation, change between 8 a.m. and 2 p.m. on Barrier, and at Framheim and Cape Evans, monthly values,

I,

57.

III, 615.

— Pressure surges,

—Duration

Daily variation, Fourier coefficients, Cape Evans, I, 72 III, 36.

I,

Hut Point and

Fram type, I, 59. Hut Point and Cape Evans com-

Daily variation, Daily variation.

monthly and seasonal values, amplitude, maximum and minimum, I, 53 III, 34.

times of

;

Daily

I,

McMurdo Sound,

McMurdo Sound, with no

solar radiation, during

Daily variation, Daily variation,

144.

direct

May, June and July,

68.

I,

McMurdo type, I, 60. Snow Hill, during July and August,

1,69.

(North and Evans, monthly values, I, 31.

Difference, Barrier

South)

and Cape Evans,

and

in July,

Barrier

values,

I,

values,

26.

I,

and McMurdo Sound, monthly

32.

Cape Adare and McMurdo Sound, monthly

I,

Difference,

Cape

22-24.

I,

Difference, Barrier and Cape Evans, in Spring,

33.

Cape Evans and Hut Point, monthly

I, 91.

Difference, Framheim values, I, 33. Difference,

Framheim

and Cape Evans, monthly

—Cape

Hourly values, at

Evans, during blizzards

Cape Adare, Hourly values, at Cape Evans,

I,

52.

III, 21. III, 2.

Interdiurnal variability at Cape Adare, Cape Evans,

and Framheim, monthly

values,

I,

77.

Interdiurnal variability irrespective of sign, and mean temperature at Cape Adare, Cape Evans, and

Framheim, monthly

190.

at Cape Evans, hourly values, III,

amplitude, monthly

74.

variation,

at Cape Evans, monthly values,

231.

Relationship

Stykkisholm

McMurdo Sound, monthly

Daily variation, Barrier, monthly values,

values,

Evans, monthly

Relationship with changes in the barometer at Cape

Evans,

Hut Point and Cape Evans, monthly

values, III, 39.

Difference,

Gustiness at Cape Evans, values,

Daily range,

Difference,

Frequency, mean velocity, and total motion at Cape Evans, monthly values, I, 113.

Xumber

maximum

of the

79.

Difference, Barrier

mean

South Wind

I,

values,

1,41.

total

mean

and minimum temperatures in McMurdo Sound, in order to obtain the true mean, monthly values,

Daily variation,

—Actual

South Polar Plateau by Amundsen and

Wind,

Corrections to be applied to the

bined, of

velocity,

in

88.

I,

;

Pressure waves greater than -2 inch, yearly average, I,

78° N.,

264.

I,

Correlation coefficients of Sound, I, 201.

South

Annual means, Cape Adare. McMurdo Sound, Framheim and Barrier, I, 91.

Ill, 32.

201.

I,

—

Annual mean of the Antarctic, estimated by Meinardus, I, 92. Annual mean of the Arctic and Antarctic, I, 93.

Daily range,

South Georgla Pressure Average difference between the daily maximum and minimum, I, 185. Constants

Temperature

Change from month to month on Barrier and

— Calculated

63.

I,

South Africa

69.

I,

Snow Hill, Gauss McMurdo Sound, and Fram Drift, monthly

Solar Radiation values,

velocities,

I,

—

Taylor's 2nd Western Mountain Party Register kept on sledging journey from Cape Evans, III, 679.

values.

I,

78.

Maximum, absolute maximum for each month Hut Point and Cape Evans, III, 40.

at

Maximum, daily values, at Cape Evans, III, 37-38. Maximum, monthly values, at Hut Point and Cap'' Taylor's

1st

Western Mountain

Party

— Register

kept on sledging journey from Cape Evans,

III, 601.

833

Evans,

III, 39.

Data used for Cape Mean monthly for McMurdo Sound, I, 80. :

Aclarc,

I,

3 a

81

;

Minimum, absolute Miii'imiim for riJrf. J] upKBATI RJ each month at But Point and Cape Brans, [II, 40.

Minimum

I

i

i

i

contd.

frequency at

Percentage

different heights over Cape Evans and Cape Adare, winds at the surface, 1,133. according to direction of

daily values, a1 Cape Evans, [11,37,38. values, at But Poinl and Cape

,

Motion

\n;

l:

Minimum, monthlj

V.

II!. 39.

is,

Summer, Monthlj departure from the average during Winter, and Year in North Russia, Mid Russia, North Germany, [taly, and England, I. 82. in

MoMurdo

in departures from the average

McMurdo

Monthly departures from the average Monthlj

the aeasons,

foi

I.

-Register kept on sledging journey from Cape Adare, HI, 705. WevTHER -Difference )>etween Harrier and Cape Evans in

Warning Glaoieb

82.

1,26.

III. 31.

;

Wellington

metres,

39.

Garrard tO meet Seott.'l. 29, 30. Polar temperatures compared,

1.

40.

June, compared with

Reduced daily range temperature and mean minimum, for

Reduced daily range,

McMurdo

mean

74, 75.

I,

Sound,

Evans,

Wind in winter,

I,

273-275

;

in

Calms

Cape

in Yearly variation of temperature and insolation

— McMurdo Sound, 83. Temperature Inversion— Increase towards South, I,

I, 28.

97. Daily variation at Cape Evans, III,

Adare

Mean

:

velocity, resultant velocity, direction, and maximum monthly values, I, 130.

mean

114.

163.

Cape Evans

Zealand and Antarctic— First Voyage November 30th. 1910. to March 27th. 1911.111,710.

Gustiness at Cape Evans,

Second Voyage, December 15th, 1911, to April 3rd, 1912, III 756.

-Differences

at

I,

Kew and

Total wind at Cape Adare,

Evans,

and mean I,

direction,

144.

I,

130. ;

pressure, temperature, Evans, in winter, I, 273-275 ;

and gradient at Cape summer, I, 277-284.

Variation of winds at Framheim during blizzards and northerly winds at Cape Evans, I, 233.

in

winds at the surface,

Wind Direction— Cape

Erebus percentage frequency of medium clouds, smoke, and high clouds, for various wind directions at Cape Evans, I, 137.

velocity,

At approximately 3,000 metres at McMurdo Sound, Polar Magnetic Pole Plateau. Western Plateau, Plateau, Gauss Station, South Orkneys, and BelI,

Cape

III, 106, 110. Total wind at Cape Evans, I, 107, 113 143. Total wind on South Polar Plateau, I,

Upper Air— Observations of height,

;

at

South Polar Plateau, mean velocity, resultant direc-

u.

gica

III, 111.

:

tion, resultant velocity,

—According to

;

Annual variation High winds monthly values, I, 99.

17.

Upper Air Motion

119

to Gustiness of North and South winds according mean velocity at Cape Evans, I, 118.

Third Voyage. December 14th, 1912, to February 12th, 1913, HI, 800.

Thermometer Comparisons-

Resultant direction, resultant velocity,

:

mean velocity, maximum velocity during one hour, and mean direction, monthly values, I, 109. winds at Framheim Comparison of simultaneous and Cape Evans, percentage frequencies, I, 232.

"Terra Nova" Logs on Journeys between New

I,

99.

;

Pattern, number and Kew

on Fram Comparison of barometer readings with those and at Cape Evans, I, 165.

Antaretic,

:

I,

Beaufort number,

I,

correction,

264-

in six chief Cape Evans: Number of observations North Winds, irrespective wind of velocity groups of direction, and South Winds, monthly values,

I,

— Barometer,

I,

Annual variation at Cape Evans, monthly

:

resultant direction,

87.

sledging journey

—

values,

Temperature ami Wind

III, 679.

from Cape Adare, III, 698. Air motion at approximately 3,000 metres,

Calms

and insolation at Nearly variation of temperature 78 'X.. and 78 S., 1,87.

Terra Nova

III, 615.

Whaleback Cliffs—Register kept on

74.

Upper air at Cape Evans, summer. I, 277-284.

"

264.

I,

from Cape Evans,

mean

McMurdo

at

I,

journey

second sledging journey Register kept on Taylor's

Sound, Onperiodic variations mean minimum, temperature, mean maximum, mean range, amplitude, and reduced range, monthly

Lat. 60° N.,

sledging

Register

monthly

values. 1.71.

1.

190.

I,

Wind, frequency of Beaufort numbers 1 to 4 and 5 and over for various directions, I, 145. Western Mountains—Register kept on Taylor's first 601. sledging journey from Cape Evans, III, from Cape on Spring sledging journey kept

Harrier during journeys of Atkinson and Cherry-

values.

—Pressure surges,

in Spring,

from Cape Adare to Whaleback Cliffs, III, 698. Western Plateau—Air motion at approximately 3,000

January. 1912, 1. 41. to sea Monthly means. South Polar Plateau (reduced I.

and Cape Evans

Western Coast—Register kept on

Monthly means, South Polar Plateau. December, 1911,

level),

22 24.

Difference between Barrier

Adare,

Cap.'

I,

July,

;

Monthly moans. McMurdo Sound, Framheim, and North Barrier, I. 83

"

190.

1,

w.

Monthly means, 7* N., I. 85. and Cape Monthly means. But Point, Cape Royds, HI, 31. Evans, 1. si

On

Pressure surges,

[,82.

I,

Sound

V ikdo

264.

834

and

Cape Adare Cape Adare

Hourly

:

Adare

:

total miles for

Frequency, each direction,

mean I,

130,

values, III, 82.

Mean velocity and number of observa109. tions for each direction, monthly values, III, :

Number of observations 109. velocity for each direction, III,

Cape Adare

:

and mean

Wind Direction — cont'l. — Cape Evans each direction

Wind Velocity — conld.

Frequency wind and mean velocity for monthly average values I, 107 :

;

;

Frequency per cent., mean velocity, Cape Evans and total motion in 100 hours, of North and South winds, monthly values, I, 13. Cape Evans Hourly values, III, 42.

Frequency of

:

:

Percentage frequency of occurrence for each direction monthly average values, I, 107 :

;

;

values, III, 108. :

air

movement (reduced

to

a

values, III, 110. :

mean

direction,

I,

144.

I,

143. :

145.

Upper

air

Frequency of different IH, 99."

velocities at

Yarmouth,

motion at Cape Evans and Cape Adare

according to wind direction at surface,

I,

Beaufort numbers at Cape

cent, of

Hourly values at Cape Adare,

III, 82.

Hourly values at Cape Evans,

III, 42.

I,

variation at Antarctic Stations

— Framheim, Hut Point, Cape Evans, Cape Adare, Belgica, Snow Hill, Gauss Station, Island, monthly values, I, 98.

103:

131.

(

Wind and Cloud

133.

Western plateau, percentage frequency of high and low wind according to various directions, I, 145.

Wind Velocity—Annual

I,

I,

'ape Adare, monthly values, III, 92. Mean, (.'ape Evans, for North and South Winds, monthly values, I, 113. Mean, Hut Point and Cape Evans, monthly values, 1,96; 111,92. Mean, South Polar Plateau, I, 144.

:

South Polar Plateau percentage frequency of high and low winds according to various directions, I,

;

Jubbulpore during

.Mean.

percentage frequency, mean velocity, and total wind for various directions,

South

103

velocities at

Adare,

period of 100 hours) from each direction, monthly

Polar Plateau

I,

frequency of different monsoon. I, 104.

Frequency per

Total

South Polar Plateau

different velocities at Jubbulpore,

111,98.

1

Cape Evans

of different velocities

t

;

• values, III, 106.

Cape Evans

—Frequency

at Framheim, Cape Evans, Cape, Adare, Snow Hill, .auss Station, Kerguelen, and North Polar Region, I, 106 III, 99 and 101-105.

total

of occurrence,

and Petermann

—Relationship between, at Cape Evans,

152.

Wind and Pressure— See Pressure and Wind. Wind and Temperature — Effect of wind on temperature during winter in I,

McMurdo Sound, monthly

83.

—Register

Winter Sledging Journey

from Cape Evans to Cape Crozier,

values,

kept on journey III, 606.

Daily variation at Cape Evans, III, 93. Daily variation at Hut Point and Cape Evans, III, 94.

Equivalent values of Beaufort numbers in miles per hour,

I,

Frequency

Yarmouth

130.

of

different

velocities

at

Cape

Evans

(northerly winds), III, 100.

ST,

I,

— Frequency

103

;

III. 99.

of

winds of different

velocities,

LONDON HARBISON & SONS,

Ltd.,

:

44-47, St. Martin's Lane, W.C.

Printers in Ordinary to His Majesty.

2,