Men in Search of Man: The First Seventy-Five Years of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania [Reprint 2016 ed.] 9781512804027

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IRAN

MESOPOTAMIA B.C. c. 6500 Pre-Pottery Neolithic c. 6200 Painted Pottery Neolithic

ITALY

c. 3000 Early Painted Pottery cultures c. 2500 "Bronze Age": Spread of Grey Pottery cultures in north

c. 2300 Harappan cultures

c. 1200 Iron Age

c. 1000(f) Indo-Aryan invasions

c.

171 Parthian

A.D.

SELECTED MAJC

c. 6200 Painted Pottery Neolithic c. 4000 "Chalcolithic" Painted Pottery cultures

c. 2850 Early Dynastic (Sumerian)

900 Late Assyrian 625 Neo-Babylonian 538 Achaemenian and Selucid

900 Assyrian invasions 625 Medean 550 Achaemenian (Persepolis) 325 Conquest by Alexander the Great and Selucid

517 Achaemenian 327 Invasion of Macedonians under Alexander the Great 321 Maurya Dynasty (Asoka, 274236) 184 Sunga Dynasty 72 Saka, Pahlavas, First Kushana Dyn.

171 Parthian

78 Second Kushana Dynasty (founded by Kanishka) and minor dynasties

637 Arab Conquest

B.C. c. 3000 or earlier Pottery Neolithic c. 2300 Chalcolithic (Early Bron; c. 2000 Chalcolithic (Early Bron; c. 1600 Terremara (Middle and c. 800 Villanovan and Etruscan 756 Beginning of Greek colon 753 Rome founded 509 Roman Republic foundei 31 Roman Empire A.D. 476 Fall of Rome 527 T h e Eastern Empire: Jus (Istanbul)

GREECE AND T H E ISI EASTERN MEDITI MAINLAND B.C. c. 6500 (?) Pre-Pottery Neolithic c. 6200 Pottery Neolithic in Macedonia

226 Sassanian

641 Arab Conquest

CHINA B.C. c. 3000 Yangshao (Painted Pottery) and Lungshan (Grey Pottery) c. 1500 Shang (Anyang) 1027 Early Chou 700 Later Chou 221 Ch'in 206 Han A.D. 220 Six Dynasties 589 Sui 618-906 T ' a n g 960 Sung 1240 Mongol 1644 Manchu

320 Gupta Dynasty 535 Invasians from Central Asia; local dynasties

CRETE, CYPI

c. 5800 Pre-Potti c. 5200 Potteiy c. 3200 Chalcolii

c. 2700 Early Helladic

c. 2000 Middle Helladic

A.D.

A.D.

226 Sassanian

A Time Scale of Ane

B.C.

B.C.

c. 3200 Proto-Literate

c. 2340 Akkadian, Gutian, III Dyn. of Ur c. 1900 Old Babylonian c. 1600 Kassite and minor dynasties

W E S T PAKISTAN AND INDIA

c. 1550 Late Helladic (Mycenaean)

c. 1100 Sub-Mycenaean c. 1000 Proto-Geometric, Geometric, and Orientalizing 480 Classical 330 Hellenistic

146 Roman Empire

Minoan Cyprioti From about 25( Minoan and Gy] riods are equi' the respective Periods on the

PALESTINE

EGYPT

Civilizations

B.C.

B.C.

c. 7000 Pre-Pottery Neolithic c. 5500 Pottery Neolithic

D MAJOR DATES c. c. c. c. c.

ITALY

hie :rly Bronze Age) in South .rly Bronze Age) in North idle and Late Bronze Age) Etruscan (Iron Age) eek colonization in the South

5000 4000 3000 2680 2258 2052

Neolithic Predynastic Archaic (Dyn. I-III) Old Kingdom First Intermediate Period Middle Kingdom

c. 4000 Chalcolithic c. 3000 Early Bronze

c. 1900 Middle Bronze Patriarchal Age 1786 Second Intermediate Period 1570 New Kingdom Rameses II Thutmose III

c founded

1085 Later Dynasties 663 Saite 525 Achaemenian

pire: Justinian at Byzantium

c. 1550 Late Bronze Egyptian Empire Canaanite c. 1250 Iron Age Canaanite 933-722 Kingdom of Israel 933-586 Kingdom of Judah 538 Achaemenian, Macedonian, Ptolemaic, Selucid

332 Ptolemaic End of Egyptian civilization ΓΗΕ ISLANDS O F T H E MEDITERRANEAN E, CYPRUS

Cypriote about :500 B.C., [1 and Cypriote Peare equivalent to ispectúe Helladic s on the mainland

63 Roman Empire

A.D.

A.D. 324 Byzantine or Coptic 640 Arab Conquest

330 Byzantine 637 Arab Conquest

ANATOLIA B.C.

Pre-Pottery Pottety Neolithic Chalcolithic

168 Maccabaean

30 Roman Empire

c. 6200 (?) Pottery Neolithic c. 5400 Chalcolithic c. 2900 Early Bronze

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA B.C.

B.C.

c. 10000 PaleoIndian

c.

SOUTHWESTERN U N I T E D STATES

5000 Archaic

547 Achaemenian 333 Macedonian Conquest under Alexander the Great 323 Post-Macedonian kingdoms 133 B.C. A.D. 17 Kingdoms absorbed into Roman Empire

A.D. 100 Burial Mound Builders 1000 Temple to c. 1600 Mound Builders

B.C.

c. 15000 PaleoIndian c. 7000 Archaic c. 1500 Formative

500 Basketmaker to c. A.D. 650

c. 1900 Middle Bronze c. 1600 Late Bronze: Hittite c. 1200 Iron Age: SyroHittite, Phrygian, and Lydian Kingdoms A.D.

CENTRAL MEXICO B.C.

c. 25000 PaleoIndian to c. 2000 B.C.

c. c.

1700 Pueblo V

c. 8000 PaleoIndian c. 3500 Horticultural Villages c.

800 Cultist Temple Centers 400 Regional States —Formative Chavin Paracas

c.

A.D. 700 Pueblo III 1050 Pueblo III-IV

CENTRAL ANDES (PERU AND BOLIVIA)

A.D. 200 Classic Olmec Maya Teotihuacan Zapotee 900 PostClassic to A.D.1520 Aztec Yucatan Maya

200 Regional StatesClassic Mochica Nazca Tiahuanaco 600 City Builders 1000 New Kingdoms and Empire to A.D. 1530 Chimu Inca

Men in Search of Man

The University Museum

of the University

of

Pennsylvania

Men m Search of Man The First Seventy-Five Years of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania

By

Percy C. Madeira, Jr. Member

of the Board, of Managers President,

University

since

1941-1962

of Pennsylvania Philadelphia

Press

1931;

©

1964 by the Trustees of the University of

Pennsylvania

Published in Great Britain, I n d i a and Pakistan by the O x f o r d University Press L o n d o n , Bombay, and Karachi Library of Congress Catalogue Card N u m b e r : 63-21717

7433 P r i n t e d in the U n i t e d States of America

Dedication T o all those who have contributed to the University Museum so generously and in so many ways during its distinguished history; to the men and women who for seventy-five years have gone to the ends of the earth to make the Museum what it is today; and especially to the memory of John Franklin Daniel and George H. McFadden, who died far from home in the service of the Museum.

Preface T H E UNIVERSITY M U S E U M OF T H E UNIVERSITY OF P E N N S Y L V A N I A , W H I C H IS DEVOTED TO T H E

life and works of ancient and primitive man, marked its seventy-fifth anniversary in 1962. Seventy-five years may seem an insignificantly brief moment in the saga of man, who has been on this planet for a million or two. Yet these have been the years in which anthropology, archaeology, and ethnology, the studies of man, his antiquity, and his cultures, have emerged from their scientific infancy. During this period the anthropologists have traced our human ancestry back another million years; the archaeologists have rolled back the history of civilization by a few millennia; and the ethnologists have raced to reach and study primitive peoples before they were swallowed up, so that our children might know what they were and perhaps draw insights from them. T h e University Museum has had a leading part in these, the great man hunts of its time. W i t h i n the broad picture of man's quest since 1887 for an understanding of himself, this book purports only to show how a single institution was born and developed. T h e scientific contributions of the University Museum are recorded in hundreds of publications; this is the story of the persons who made them. If it appears that these individuals did not always agree with one another, this is b u t the mark of their own human nature. I came upon no villains; the only skeletons in the University Museum's closet are those of anthropological interest. T h e main story is told chronologically, with each chapter representing a period of years. In the interest of coherence, however, a few episodes have been permitted to run on ahead of the time spans of the chapters in which they appear. Certain other information that would have interrupted the story unduly has been appended in supplements: a list of the Museum's expeditions, a guide to its collections, lists of its presidents, chairmen, directors, and board and staff members, the Museum's constitution and by-laws of 1962, and a time scale of ancient civilizations. Writing about the people of the University Museum has been almost as pleasant as it has been to work with them for these past twenty-one and a half years as President and Chairman of the Board of Managers, a decade longer as a member. T h e Managers have always given freely of their time, interest, and friendly support, not to mention their financial help. T h e staff has given unsparingly of its dedication and skill.

Crosier Schaefer, of the University's Development Office, has given invaluable h e l p in e d i t i n g this history, as have Alfred Kidder II, Associate Director, and Miss Geraldine B r u c k n e r , registrar and editor of the University M u s e u m , in checking on many details. A particular pleasure has been fifteen years' association with Froelich G. Rainey, the greatest Director the University M u s e u m has ever had.

PERCY C . MADEIRA, JR.

C r u m d a l e Farm, Berwyn, Pennsylvania December, 1963

Contents Preface I

1887 to 1901

A Lusty I n f a n t

2

1901 to 1910

G r o w i n g Pains

3

1910 to 1916

A T a s t e of O p u l e n c e

4

1916 to 1929

Conquests a n d Crises

5

1929 to 1941

Stout Deeds on a Lean Budget

6

1941 to 1947

Response to W a r

7

1947 to 1962

A N e w Era

SUPPLEMENTS

A

Expeditions of the University M u s e u m

70

Β

T h e Collections of the University M u s e u m

75

C

Presidents a n d C h a i r m e n of the University M u s e u m

80

D

Directors of the University M u s e u m

81

E

Officers, Curators, a n d Managers of the D e p a r t m e n t of Archaeology a n d Paleontology a n d the University Archaeological Association, 1893

82

F

Officers a n d Managers of the University M u s e u m

84

G

Staff M e m b e r s of the University M u s e u m

88

H

C o n s u l t i n g Fellows of the University M u s e u m

95

I

T h e W o m e n ' s C o m m i t t e e of the University Museum

96

J

Recipients of the Lucy W h a r t o n Drexel Medal

99

Κ

C o n s t i t u t i o n of the University Museum, 1962

100

L

By-Laws of the University M u s e u m , 1962 Sources

102 105

Index

106

List of Illustrations T h e University Museum William Pepper, M I ) . E X P E D I T I O N SCENES

(Appear

as a group

following

page

74)

Excavating at Nippur, Iraq (about 1900) Digging in an ancient cemetery at U r of the Chaldees, Iraq Uncovering the " D e a t h P i t " at U r of the Chaldees, Iraq T h e mound of T e p e Gawra, Iraq T h e mound of Beisan, P a l e s t i n e - t h e biblical Beth-shan Pyramid at Meydum, Egypt T h e Pool of G i b e o n , Jordan—Old T e s t a m e n t landmark G i b e o n , J o r d a n : Excavating the first industrial area of the biblical city, with village of el-Jib in background A tumulus at Gordion, T u r k e y ^ t h e "Midas M o u n d " A tomb c h a m b e r at Gordion, Turkey—the grave of a great Phrygian king in the line of Midas and Gordius A composite photograph showing the mound at Hasanlu, Iran T h e golden bowl of Hasanlu, Iran T e m p l e roof-combs rise from the rain forest at T i k a l , G u a t e m a l a background)

(air strip in

T e m p l e I at T i k a l , Guatemala, in 1957—locked in the debris and vegetation of the centuries T e m p l e I at T i k a l , Guatemala, in 1959—cleared and partially restored W o r k scene at T i k a l , Guatemala F R O M THF. COLLECTIONS O F THF. UNIVERSITY

(Appear

as a group

following

page

MUSEUM

79)

African bronze from B e n i n , Nigeria An Eastern B a l u b a chief's stool from the southeast Belgian Congo, Africa Deer masquette from Key Marco, Florida A wolf-head mask of the T l i n g i t Indians, Alaska T h e C h a m a Vase from the Guatemala Highlands Carved stela from Piedras Negras, Guatemala

G o l d e n p l a q u e from C o d é , P a n a m a Stone j a g u a r of the Chavin culture of Peru W o o d e n mask from M o r t l o c k Island, M i c r o n e s i a W o o d e n figure from the S o l o m o n Islands Painted stone statue of a Bodhisattva from C h i n a O n e of the E m p e r o r T a n g T ' a i T s u n g ' s war horses—a bas relief from his t o m b in C h i n a Queen Shubad's golden bowl and c u p from h e r t o m b at U r of the Chaldees, Iraq Fragment of a limestone relief from U r , I r a q Carved stone pylon from the Palace of M e r e n p t a h at M e m p h i s , Egypt Sandstone squatting figure of Sitepehu f r o m a cemetery at Abydos, Egypt, a relic of the 18th Dynasty Italic bronze statuette of a warrior f r o m a b o u t 500-400 B.C. Slate statuette of god A m o n from Egypt, 18th 19th Dynasty M a r b l e portrait head from the " T e m p l e of J u l i u s C a e s a r " at M i n t u r n a e , Italy

Men in Search of Man

WILLIAM PEPPER, M.D. Provost of the University of Pennsylvania from 1881 to 1894 and sometime president of the University Archaeological Association and the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology—forerunners of the University Museum, which held their early meetings in his home. His personal and official encouragement helped make the Museum's founding auspicious.

1 1887 to 1901: A Lusty Infant ONE SUNDAY MORNING IN J U L Y

OF

1887

T W O MEN F R O M P H I L A D E L P H I A W H O K N E W

EACH

other mainly by reputation found themselves pacing a porch together at Intervale, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, waiting for a wagon to take them to church. One of them was Edward White Clark, the luxuriantly bearded head of the banking house of E. W . Clark and Brother. T h e other was the Reverend John Punnett Peters, Ph.D., a mustached man in his thirties who was professor of Old Testament at the Episcopal Divinity School in Philadelphia and professor of Hebrew at the University of Pennsylvania. T h e y had met at Intervale as house guests of Clark's sister. As they shuttled back and forth on the veranda, Clark asked Peters some questions about recent Assyrian and Babylonian explorations. It was a subject in which the reverend professor was well versed, having personally raised $5,000 to send Dr. William Hayes Ward of New York on a site-prospecting mission to Babylonia in 1885. Not unaware of Clark's resources, he lamented pointedly that he had tried and failed to raise more money to follow up Ward's survey with excavations. Just as the wagon drew up, the banker said: " I think we can send out an expedition from Philadelphia. I should be glad to contribute, and I am sure my brother will do the same. When we return to Philadelphia in the autumn, come and see me and we will arrange the matter." T h a t fall in Philadelphia, Clark and Peters sounded out some likely contributors. They decided to enlist the sponsorship of the University of Pennsylvania. Late in November they laid the idea of a Babylonian expedition before twenty-five or thirty other Philadelphians at a gathering in the home of William Pepper, M.D., the University's provost—in those days its chief executive officer. Soon afterward, Provost Pepper read to the University trustees a formal proposal by five of the conferees to contribute $1,000 each to send "an exploring expedition to Babylon." Besides E. W. Clark, the proponents were his brother, Clarence H. Clark; William West Frazier, who was in the sugar business with C. C. Harrison; Joseph D. 15

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Potts, and the wealthy publisher and medieval historian, H e n r y Charles Lea. T h e y tied to their proposal an interesting stipulation: All finds which can he exported are to be brought to the City of Philadelphia and to become the property of the University of Pennsylvania, provided the said University furnish suitable a c c o m m o d a t i o n s for the same in a fire-proof building. . . .

T h e trustees accepted the proposal. T h u s was conceived on December 6, 1887, a c u l t u r a l and scientific institution that over the n e x t seventy-five years was to i n t r o d u c e h u n d r e d s of thousands of visitors to the world of their ancestors; that was to delight school children and artists and scholars alike with its m u m m i e s , its treasures of jade a n d gold, and its ancient m o n u m e n t s ; that was to send 229 expeditions to 116 areas of the globe. W i t h i n three years the Babylonian e x p e d i t i o n to N i p p u r had won i n t e r n a t i o n a l a t t e n t i o n , having in Peters' words "carried o u r knowledge of civilized m a n 2,000 years f a r t h e r backward." W i t h i n those three years, $40,000 was subscribed to finance the venture, and a m u s e u m of twelve thousand specimens f r o m m a n y parts of the world had been set u p w i t h i n a new University library b u i l d i n g . THE STARS WERE RIGHT

If ever an enterprise was born u n d e r favorable stars, the University M u s e u m of the University of Pennsylvania was. T h e time a n d place were right, it was blessed with both scholars and dollars, and its first e x p e d i t i o n picked the r i g h t place to dig. Fortunes great and small had been made a f t e r the Civil W a r , and America in 1887 was concerning itself with the better things. People t h r o n g e d to the C h a u t a u q u a s . T h e y c l u t t e r e d their homes with knick-knacks f r o m t h r o u g h o u t the world. Stirred if not dist u r b e d by the implications of Darwinism, they were fascinated a n d reassured by archaeology's early successes in c o r r o b o r a t i n g Old T e s t a m e n t history. In Philadelphia, the Colonial " A t h e n s of A m e r i c a , " wealth and c u l t u r e were nothing new, b u t in 1887 both were reascendant. T h e P h i l a d e l p h i a Orchestra and the great A r t M u s e u m on the Parkway were yet in the f u t u r e ; b u t here already were the University, the American Philosophical Society, the Pennsylvania Academy of the F i n e Arts, the Academy of N a t u r a l Sciences, the Zoological Society, the F r a n k l i n Institute, and the Pennsylvania M u s e u m in Memorial Hall, predecessor of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Many a scion of wealth was d e v o t i n g himself to scholarship, science, or the arts. Some had their own collections of antiquities. T o these gentlemen-scholars, the opport u n i t y to have a h a n d in the exploration of m a n ' s d i s t a n t past appealed strongly. It also appealed to the University of Pennsylvania, which had shone brightly u n d e r B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n before the R e v o l u t i o n b u t waned in the n i n e t e e n t h century. N o w it was regaining its old luster u n d e r Provost W i l l i a m P e p p e r , a physician and medical professor w h o in thirteen years as head of the University was to build twenty buildings on its new West P h i l a d e l p h i a campus a n d to p e o p l e t h e m with some scholarly giants.

1887

τ ο

1901:

A LUSTY

INFANT

17

There is no doubt that Pepper conceived the idea of drawing wealthy and prominent Philadelphians who were interested in archaeology, but not particularly in the University, into an association that would tie them and the institution together. This he did through the formation of a University Archaeological Association—the beginning of the University Museum. Backing Pepper in everything he did was Charles Custis Harrison, chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the University trustees. Having made a fortune building up the Franklin Sugar Refinery, Harrison dedicated the rest of his life to building up the University—and the Museum Not the least of the University's assets in 1887 was a twenty-eight-year-old German named Hermann Volrath Hilprecht, whom it had just engaged as professor of Assyriology. Dr. Hilprecht had been brought to Philadelphia a year earlier by the Sunday School Times to be its Oriental editor. He brought his own collection of Babylonian objects, which he kept in his classroom. For almost a quarter-century Hilprecht was to rule the Babylonian Section of the new Museum with lordly brilliance. By 1897, the Reverend Dr. Peters was able to report that upwards of $70,000 had been contributed for the Babylonian expedition in ten years. He wrote: No city in this country has shown an interest in archaeology at all comparable with that displayed by Philadelphia. A group of public-spirited gentlemen in that city has given without stint time and money for explorations in Babylonia, Egypt, Central America, Italy, Greece, and our own land; and has within the last ten years amassed archaeological collections which are unsurpassed in this country. . . . NIPPUR

Scientifically, the infancy of the University Museum is memorable for its discoveries at Nippur, a pre-biblical city-state a hundred miles southeast of Baghdad in what is now Iraq: variously called Mesopotamia and Babylonia. Nippur was in the region of the Tigris and Euphrates, believed then as now to have been the cradle of civilization. British archaeologists had scratched the surface of the mysterious mounds at Nippur in the 1850s. Dr. Ward in 1885 had visited the site and returned with promising reports. When the ruling Turkish government in 1888 required Peters, the leader of the first expedition from Philadelphia, to commit himself to a specific site before it granted him a two-year permit to dig, he chose Nippur. After months of frustration by bureaucratic red tape, Peters, Hilprecht, and four other Americans, with a caravan of 61 horses and mules and a crew of local guides, made an eight-day trek from Baghdad to Nippur in January, 1889. T h e party included two veterans of Ward's 1885 expedition, John Henry Haynes, photographer and business manager, and Daniel Z. Noorian, interpreter and work foreman. T h e other Americans were Perez Hastings Field, architect and engineer, and Robert Francis Harper of Yale, co-Assyriologist with Hilprecht. (Harper was the brother

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of William Rainey Harper, who was about to become the first president of the University of Chicago.) T h e y were quickly introduced to a fact with which the University Museum's archaeologists have had to contend ever since: Nature has buried man's past in some of the most inhospitable places. At Nippur as at Ur and many other sites in Iraq, all that appears on the surface is mountains of wind-blown sand and earth with pieces of broken pottery strewn everywhere. Peters' diary complains alternately of numbing coldness, wilting heat, violent dust storms, harassment by warring Arab tribes, and rampant disease among the Arabs and in time among the Americans. Years later, Talcott Williams, a journalist and Museum board member who was home-front secretary of the Nippur expedition, wrote that it was "attended with more deaths in its exploring staff due directly or indirectly to the pestilent character of the surroundings than any other in recent archaeological history." A work force of 32 Arabs swelled to 130 as native chiefs muscled their followers on to the payroll, and exacted fees for recruiting them. Frantic digging over a broad area disclosed a baffling maze of old walls, but only scattered objects of interest. T h e government had assigned a Turkish guard force to the expedition, and reinforced it with each nearby flare-up of Arab tribal violence. On April 15, 1889, a Turkish guard shot and killed an Arab trying to steal some of the expedition's horses. Three days later, Arabs raided the camp, set fire to its huts (roasting Peters' horse and two others to death), and made off with $1,000 worth of the payroll gold and other valuables. Terrified, sick, and demoralized, the explorers beat an inglorious retreat to Baghdad, all but Peters vowing never to return. T h e sting of failure was forgotten, however, when the meager finds that had disappointed Peters and Hilprecht proved so exciting to E. W. Clark and the cheering section in Philadelphia that they proposed to resume the venture on a larger budget. Consequently, January of 1890 found Peters, Haynes, and Noorian back at Nippur— without Hilprecht, who was still ailing, but accompanied this time by a Lebanese physician. Almost immediately the second campaign struck an archaeological jackpot: the Temple of Bel, a relic of a high stage of the Sumerian civilization that had flourished at Nippur from about 3000 to 1800 B.C. Here, almost beyond number, were found small clay tablets, door sockets of imported stone, sarcophagi, pottery, and other artifacts covered with "hen track" cuneiform inscriptions in Sumerian, the oldest surviving written language. T h e finds were so bountiful that 300 to 400 diggers were kept busy until mid-May, when the campaign ended. Although Turkish law forbade the export of antiquities, Turkish officials, whose confidence the expedition had patiently cultivated, presented enough tablets to the Museum to make it America's richest repository of Sumerian literature. Peters retired from archaeology in 1893 to succeed his father as rector of St. Michael's Church in New York, where he wrote a two-volume, first-person account, Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates, He was left on the sidelines as Hilprecht and his colleagues went on to fresh triumphs at Nippur.

1887

ΤΟ

1901:

A LUSTY

INFANT

19

New expeditions under Hilprecht and Haynes were back at Nippur from 1893 to 1895 and again from 1897 to 1900, doubling the previous finds. Hilprecht, as scientific director, spent most of his time in scholarly pursuits, leaving the photographer, Haynes, in full charge as field director. Haynes, an old Near East hand and sometime American Consul at Baghdad, drove himself to excavate and crate Sumerian tablets by the thousands until finally his health broke and he died. Half a century later the University Museum returned to Nippur with the. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. T h i s joint expedition was not as productive, but the Oriental Institute later continued the work alone with interesting results. T h e tablets unearthed at N i p p u r from 1889 to 1900, reposing mainly in the Istanbul and University Museums, and some in East Germany, taken there years ago by Hilprecht, constitute the greater part of the world's known literature in Sumerian. Hilprecht and his protégés threw themselves into the slow task of deciphering this mass of 4,000-year-old stories, school texts, business documents, and letters. T o this day, their successors are still at it. Every so often, they still come upon a new "first": the oldest known medical prescriptions, legal code, love poem, or ancient myth.

A GALAXY OF

TALENTS

While the first expedition to N i p p u r was in the field in 1889, its well-wishers in Philadelphia began forming two complementary organizations to put the study of man on a permanent basis. W i t h i n the University, a D e p a r t m e n t of Archaeology and Paleontology was created (without official status at first) to "provide instruction in archaeology, ethnology, and paleontology, and to extend scientific inquiry by means of original investigation." Among its stated functions were the establishment of a museum and library, the presentation of lectures, and the sponsorship of expeditions. Since the new Department's work was not income-producing, it was financially dependent on the University Archaeological Association, a citizens' organization devoted to raising funds for explorations and promoting interest in the work. T h i s two-winged system was formalized by the University trustees in December, 1891, with the Association privileged to nominate 24 of the 36 members of the Department's Board of Managers and the University the other 12. T h u s was born the concept, continued ever since, of a governing board of which the majority was not University-appointed. Provost Pepper treated the enterprise as his baby. H e saw to it that both groups had blue-ribbon leadership. Joseph Leidy, M.D., a celebrated anatomist, was president of the Association and Horace Jayne, M.D., dean of the College, was secretary during its formative months in 1890. T h e n Pepper himself accepted the presidency. T h e provost also conducted the meetings of the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology for a year and a half before January, 1892. T h e n the Board of Managers elected as its first president Charlemagne Tower, Jr., an attorney, patron of the arts,

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manager of family iron-mining interests, and later U n i t e d States Minister to AustriaH u n g a r y and Ambassador to Russia and Germany. U p o n Pepper's r e t i r e m e n t as provost in 1894, he succeeded T o w e r as president of the D e p a r t m e n t and gave it the f o u r r e m a i n i n g years of his life. His successor as president was Daniel Baugh. T h e r e were strong personalities, too, a m o n g the M u s e u m ' s first f o u r curators, n a m e d in 1890. Charles Conrad A b b o t t , M.D., was curator of the American collections. A f t e r taking his medical degree at Pennsylvania in 1865, he had forsaken m e d i c i n e to join the staff of Harvard's Peabody M u s e u m as a naturalist a n d collector of A m e r i c a n I n d i a n relics. Edward D. Cope, Ph.D., one of the great paleontologists of his day, was curator of the paleontological collections, which were largely his own—subsequently purchased by the Museum for $5,500. H e r m a n V. Hilprecht, Ph.D., was curator of the Babylonian collections. Sara Yorke Stevenson was curator of the Egyptian collections. T h e wife of Cornelius Stevenson, attorney and art collector, she was a d y n a m i c feminist w h o later was to serve the M u s e u m as secretary and finally as president. Of these, only A b b o t t was salaried, at $1,000 a year, m e t in e q u a l parts by the D e p a r t m e n t and the Association. H i l p r e c h t a n d Cope were s u p p o r t e d by their faculty salaries; Mrs. Stevenson was a volunteer. His full-time status caused A b b o t t to be k n o w n as "the curator." T h e ornithologist, W i t m e r Stone, recalled A b b o t t as having "a r a t h e r combative disposition" and a c o n t e m p t for indoor-type naturalists. W h a t e v e r effect this may have had on his i n t r a m u r a l relations, it is clear that A b b o t t aggressively b u i l t u p the American collections by personal exploration a n d purchase. H e resigned in 1893 after having been subjected to a n o t h e r man's direction a n d twice d e n i e d a §200-a-year raise. T h e inan to whom Abbott was s u b o r d i n a t e d was Stewart C u l i n , secretary for a time of both the Association and the D e p a r t m e n t and curator of a newly established Oriental Section, who in 1892 \vas placed in charge of everything b u t the Babylonian. Egyptian, and Mediterranean Sections.

T H E GLOBAL V I E W

T h o u g h it was the Babylonian v e n t u r e that sparked the idea of a University museum, the interests of the young organization were worldwide. From the outset, the Archaeological Association shared in b o t h the s u p p o r t and the rewards of the Egyptian Exploration F u n d . T h i s was a British enterprise led by W. M. Flinders Petrie, who in 1890 sent to P h i l a d e l p h i a six boxes of his finds, followed by m a n y m o r e over the years. T h e m i n u t e s of the earliest years are filled with reports of purchases: of N e w Britain native skulls, of Polynesian ethnological objects which "were in use, and n o t made only for sale to travelers," of Korean objects, a n d so forth.

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In 1894 the Board engaged Dr. Max Uhle for a series of expeditions to South America. Over the next few years, Uhle established the chronological pattern of Peruvian civilization and brought back the nucleus of today's splendid Andean pottery and textile collections. By the latter 1890s the Museum was represented by Frank Hamilton Cushing in Florida and by Dr. Henry C. Mercer in Yucatan, and had bought a distinguished Etruscan collection from Italy. An early opportunity for the Museum to assert its cosmopolitan character came in the years 1892-94 with the observance of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America. First, Stewart Culin took an exhibit of Americana to a Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid, where it won a gold medal. T h e n he took selected Babylonian, Egyptian, Mediterranean, and Oriental objects to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago—where n o other American institution was represented by work in Old World archaeology. Culin came back from Chicago with seven awards and a veritable treasure, exhibits of other institutions and other nations, obtained as gifts or by purchase or barter. T h e King of Korea gave military banners; the Sultan of Johore, a frieze depicting scenes from the Chinese theater. Other gifts were made to the Museum by the governments of Costa Rica and Venezuela. A gift collection from the President of Nicaragua was misdirected in shipment and ended u p being sold in New York. Culin brought back Japanese items acquired in a swap with the Imperial Museum of Tokyo, plus Chinese porcelain images, Chinese costumes, Ceylonese masks and weapons, IndoGreek sculpture from Afghanistan, Ecuadorian artifacts, a boat collection. . . . By 1898, meanwhile, the Board of Managers noted that cases of objects from Nippur, Etruria, and South America were being delivered faster than they could be unpacked. THE

WHEREWITHAL

Financially, the Museum in the 1890s was faced at the same time with feast and famine. Its backers were pouring tens of thousands of dollars into the Nippur expedition and others—while paying only $10 on account to a Captain Johnson of Louisville toward a $56 bill for stone implements. At one board meeting in 1892 a committee was named to initiate the Museum's building program; at the same meeting, the University Press threatened suit for payment of a year-old bill for printing Curator Abbott's first annual report, and a dunning letter from a collector in North Carolina for $15 worth of specimens met with a motion to pay him "with the first available funds." Such parsimony may have been an advance symptom of the Panic of 1893, during which six hundred banks failed and seventy-four railroads went into receivership. More likely, it reflected a truism that was to prevail throughout the Museum's history: that philanthropy is drawn to bold, exciting undertakings such as Babylonian explorations, rather than to the m u n d a n e necessities of everyday existence. This is even more true today than it was then.

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Provost Pepper and C. C. Harrison, who succeeded him as acting provost in 1894 and provost in 1895, dug deeply into their own pockets for the Museum; b u t the University's formal contribution seems to have been limited to the services of such faculty members as Hilprecht and Cope. T h i s left it to the Museum—the Archaeological Association and the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology—to make ends meet by r o u n d i n g u p gifts and members, at yearly dues varying between $5 and $10. T h e Department's financial statement for 1893 showed $4852 received in gifts, dues, and interest, against operating expenditures of $5712: a deficit of $860. In experimenting with ways of amplifying gift income and memberships, the board planted the seeds of the Museum's social programs and Members' Nights: Dances in the Bryn Mawr Hotel for the Museum's benefit produced $1,000 one year and $500 in another; and in 1894 the minutes record that "in the way of entertainment for the members . . . in order to keep u p their interest, the committee have decided to arrange three lectures, to be illustrated by lantern slides." A ROOF OVER ITS HEAD

Even before the N i p p u r expedition had struck pay dirt, Curator Abbott reported that on December 1, 1889, he had set u p a museum in College Hall pending completion of the new University Library, which was to be the "fireproof building" promised by the University trustees in accepting sponsorship of the Babylonian project. As any museum building should be, the new Library was something to look at: a smorgasbord of architectural forms, styles, and ornamental detail. For years it was widely ridiculed; b u t by the time the University Library moved into a new, larger building some seventy years later, the old one was esteemed as one of the few remaining works of Frank Furness, who had taught Louis Sullivan, who in turn taught Frank Lloyd Wright. Today it is called the Furness Building and has received the high complim e n t of being occupied by the University's Graduate School of Fine Arts. A "large and beautifully lighted r o o m " in the Library had been set aside for the Museum; and in the fall of 1890, Abbott installed the collections. But immediately he commented: All work looking toward a proper, instructive display of the treasures of the museum is most seriously hampered for want of room. The difficulties under which we now labor can be removed only by the erection of a commodious museum building; one in which not only American archaeology can be properly taught, but a building adequate to the needs of a grand, comprehensive anthropological museum, of which the University may well be proud. By 1892 the minutes noted that the exhibits had overflowed into the stairway and halls, and Provost Pepper and Mrs. Stevenson persuaded the board it was time the Museum had a home of its own. This idea was carried forward at two exciting board meetings in 1893. In the course of the first meeting, Maxwell Sommerville, a gem collector who was "Curator of Glyptology," remarked that he was leaving the Museum a large sum in his will.

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Thereupon, one after the other, Daniel Baugh, C. Howard Colket, Charlemagne Tower, Jr., and Provost Pepper pledged $5,000 each toward the building fund. At the next meeting the board applied to the University for a building site and commissioned four architects on the University faculty to sketch a long-range design for a $500,000 structure, of which they would draw working plans for a $50,000 first unit. Without batting a lash, the board then solemnly voted to reimburse Abbott for S2.10 in operating expenses. Through the skilful advocacy of C. C. Harrison and Mrs. Stevenson, a part of the grounds of the old Blockley Township Almshouse, forerunner of Philadelphia General Hospital, was acquired from the City of Philadelphia in 1894 for a museum and park "to be open to the free access of the public at all times forever. . . ." T h e tract fronted on Spruce Street eastward from 34th. In recognition of the City's stake in the Museum, the Mayor and the Presidents of the City Councils were made ex officio board members. T h e architects, Frank Miles Day, Wilson Eyre, Jr., John Stewardson, and Walter Cope, soon found that a building such as the board envisaged would be a great deal costlier than it had hoped. T h e cost of the first unit alone was estimated at $300,000; it eventually came to $383,000. Pepper increased his pledge to $50,000, to which his wife, Frances Sergeant Pepper, added $50,000 in endowment after his death in 1898. Provost Harrison, William L. Elkins, P. A. B. Widener, and many others gave generously to the fund. But the building remained a dim vision until the State Legislature in 1895 appropriated $150,000 to be matched by private funds. With the lawmakers in mind, the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology had given the wanted structure a broadly appealing name: the Free Museum of Science and Art, which is the way it appears over the front door to this day. T h e Museum's various ancestral names, incidentally, may well confuse the casual reader. Suffice it to say that the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology and the University Archaeological Association merged in 1899 into the "Department of Archaeoology." By 1909 people were calling it the University Museum; in 1913 the trustees of the University so rechristened it. T h e State appropriation, meanwhile, was duly matched and then some. T h e first unit of the Museum building was completed late in 1899. This is the section, familiar to many a Philadelphian, facing upon the goldfish pool, although the rotunda rising behind it was to come later. In their design, Day, Eyre, Stewardson, and Cope captured the faraway atmosphere of the Museum's work. With an eclecticism that has disturbed some critics and delighted many more, they created a generally Northern Italian effect while borrowing Romanesque elements and even a Japanese-style gateway. Most will agree with George B. Tatum (in Penn's Great Town) that it is "a distinguished building precisely because its designers succeeded in blending and remak ing ideas taken from many periods and many places into a new artistic unity." T h e rotunda and auditorium were added in 1915, other sections in 1926 and 1929,

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but much of the grand design is yet to be carried out and another wing is being contemplated as this is written. With a roof of its own over its treasures, the M u s e u m by the turn of the century had established the formula and compounded the ingredients that were to produce both its struggles and its triumphs for decades to come.

2 1901 to 1910: Growing Pains T H E T W E N T I E T H C E N T U R Y W A S N O T V E R Y O L D B E F O R E T H E M U S E U M F O U N D ITS L I F E R E V O L V -

ing around Hermann Hilprecht, curator of its Babylonian Section. Hilprecht had wound u p the Nippur excavations in 1900 by announcing the discovery of a Temple Library of 23,000 tablets, "one of the most far-reaching Assyriological discoveries of the whole past century." With the other cuneiformists who worked under him at the Museum, Hilprecht began deciphering the Sumerian inscriptions and writing books about them. The excitement with which these works were received made Hilprecht the Museum's brightest star—eclipsing Peters and Haynes, whose roles in the Nippur story were over. Hilprecht was not one to disclaim any of the glory. Lectures by Hilprecht at the University late in 1902 drew such crowds, despite his German accent, which made comprehension a strain, that some of the Museum's contributing members complained they could not get in. T h a t year, Hilprecht was one of the first four men to receive the Lucy Wharton Drexel Medal, which Mrs. Drexel established at the Museum "for the best archaeological excavation or publication by an English-speaking scholar." T h e other medalists were W. M. Flinders Petrie, the Egyptologist; Frederick W. Putnam, for American archaeology, and Arthur J. Evans, for work in Crete. T h a t year too, E. W. and Clarence H. Clark endowed the Clark Research Professorship of Assyriology at the University. Who was appointed to the Chair? Hilprecht, of course. T h e lionizing of the professor was not quite universal. That same year, Hilprecht found it his duty to veto a proposal of the Museum board for a lecture series by another famous Assyriologist, Friedrich Delitzsch of Berlin, "in consideration of the unpleasant attitude of Dr. Delitzsch in regard to the expedition at Nippur." Justus C. Strawbridge, the Philadelphia merchant, was president of the board at the time, having succeeded Daniel Baugh in 1901. T h e secretary was the indefatigable Sara Yorke Stevenson. But the name on everyone's lips was Hilprecht. So it was too 25

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w h e n Mrs. Stevenson b e c a m e president in 1904. D r . W i l l i a m H . Furness, 3rd, curator of t h e G e n e r a l E t h n o l o g y Section, took her place as secretary. W i t h i n the q u i e t of a board m e e t i n g in the spring of 1904, F u r n e s s caused some raised eyebrows w h e n he disclosed that H i l p r e c h t had personally a p p r o p r i a t e d a bronze stag's head f r o m N i p p u r , c l a i m i n g it had been p r e s e n t e d to h i m by the S u l t a n . W o r s e , the R e v e r e n d D r . Peters wrote f r o m N e w Y o r k to a U n i v e r s i t y trustee in J a n u a r y of 1905, c h a r g i n g that H i l p r e c h t had n o t o n l y k e p t s o m e M u s e u m

finds,

but

h a d r o m a n t i c i z e d his books on N i p p u r with i n c o r r e c t p i c t u r e s . H i l p r e c h t asked Provost H a r r i s o n for a p u b l i c h e a r i n g on P e t e r s ' charges. Instead, a c o m m i t t e e of three trustees looked i n t o t h e m a n d f o u n d n o cause for a c t i o n . S o m e M u s e u m b o a r d m e m b e r s were n o t sure. Mrs. Stevenson called a special meeting in F e b r u a r y , 1905, and o p e n e d it by r e s i g n i n g as p r e s i d e n t a n d a m e m b e r . Samuel T . B o d i n e , a vice president, t h e r e u p o n resigned also. So did Furness, w h o b o w e d out with a r e m i n d e r that he had given the M u s e u m the best B o r n e o c o l l e c t i o n this side of Sarawak. O v e r the n e x t year, m o r e than

125 persons w i t h d r e w

their membership

in

the

M u s e u m ; b u t others stood by H i l p r e c h t , i n c l u d i n g A c t i n g C h a i r m a n S a m u e l F. Houston, t h e b a n k e r and C h e s t n u t H i l l real estate d e v e l o p e r , a n d J o h n W a n a m a k e r , a vicepresident. Hilprecht himself

finally

b r o u g h t the case i n t o the o p e n by m a k i n g a s t a t e m e n t

in his own defense b e f o r e the A m e r i c a n P h i l o s o p h i c a l Society. T h e press seized upon it a n d blew it u p i n t o o n e of the most c e l e b r a t e d a r c h a e o l o g i c a l c o n t r o v e r s i e s of all t i m e . F e e l i n g s were so inflamed that the n e x t m a n chosen to r e c e i v e the L u c y W h a r t o n D r e x e l M e d a l t u r n e d it d o w n ; H i l p r e c h t had h e l p e d select h i m .

THE PETERS-HILPRECHT

"TRIAL"

O n M a r c h 22, 1905, H i l p r e c h t wrote to P r o v o s t H a r r i s o n : I have served the University faithfully. A very considerable prestige has attached to it by reason of my work. Charges of the most serious character, affecting my integrity and professional standing, have been publicly made. . . . I respectfully beg you to institute immediately such a hearing as will give my accuser the fullest opportunity to state his charges, and as will give me . . . equal opportunity to reply to them. A c c e d i n g , the U n i v e r s i t y trustees i m p a n e l e d a C o u r t o f I n q u i r y c o n s i s t i n g o f Provost H a r r i s o n , V i c e Provost E d g a r Fahs S m i t h , a n d f o u r

trustees.

Peters, called as a witness, c h a r g e d : 1. T h a t Hilprecht had illustrated his books on the T e m p l e Library at Nippur with pictures of objects that had really been bought or found at other times and places. 2. T h a t Hilprecht had removed two stags' heads to his home in Germany. 3. T h a t it was to be doubted that there was a T e m p l e Library. A m o n g the pictures Peters discredited w e r e those of an a s t r o n o m i c a l t a b l e t , two mathematical

tablets, a " D r a w i n g of a T e m p l e S c h o l a r , " a n d a sealed clay

envelope

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addressed to " L u s h t a m a r . " Most of these, it was shown, had been bought from dealers or e x h u m e d at N i p p u r in 1889 or 1890, not in 1900 at the T e m p l e Library. Confirming the charges in one particular or another was a procession of Hilprecht's colleagues, protégés, and other contemporaries. One of the most vehement was Morris Jastrow, Jr., librarian of the University and professor of Semitic languages. Hilprecht agreed that the questioned tablets had been obtained years before his discovery of the T e m p l e Library. His captions and text, he pointed out, had not identified their sources. T o the charge concerning the stags' heads, he testified that he had found them not at N i p p u r , but on a side expedition to nearby Fara at his own expense. As to whether there really was a T e m p l e Library, he stood on his judgment as a scholar. On J u n e 26, 1905, after taking 600 pages of testimony during 25 hours of hearings over a three-month period, the Court cleared Hilprecht of any wrongdoing. THE AFTERMATH

T h e verdict of time has been that the controversy was a tempest in a teapot. Subsequent study of the tablets from the " T e m p l e Library" at N i p p u r has established that it was actually a scribal quarter—a sort of school—but rich enough in written material, including catalogues of literary tablets, to have warranted Hilprecht's giving it a more romantic name. An anthropologist n a m e d George Byron Gordon, Sc.D., meanwhile, had joined the M u s e u m staff in 1903 and had proved so gifted that in 1910 the board made him director of the whole Museum. Within a month, Hilprecht formally challenged the authority of his new superior, twenty-one years his j u n i o r . T h e board upheld Gordon. Hilprecht then went on leave to Europe, defiantly taking the keys to the Babylonian Section with him. A year later, Hilprecht retired and moved to Germany. After World War I he returned to Philadelphia a mellowed man, became a naturalized citizen, and lived until 1925. HOME, SWEET

HOME!

L i k e many a family, the M u s e u m found that not all its housekeeping problems vanished when it moved into a new home. T h e building in which the Museum ensconced its collections at the turn of the century was an aesthetic success, but the roof leaked, then the p l u m b i n g , and there was trouble with the heating system. T h e leaks did not d a m p e n the attendance, which averaged 30,000 to 35,000 visitors a year. From time to time, the new building was the scene of special events. Provost Harrison gave a reception there for each year's freshmen, and there were meetings of school teachers, the Y M C A , a Sunday school convention, and the Civic C l u b of Philadelphia. T o introduce youngsters to the Museum, an annual prize essay contest for school pupils was inaugurated in 1904 by S. Weir Mitchell, M.D., the neurologist and novelist, who was a M u s e u m board member. T h e first year there were eighty-seven entrants,

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thirty-seven of whom shared in $200 of prize money especially raised for the purpose. (One of the boy winners, J a m e s Mortimer Skinner, grew u p to be president of the Philco Corporation.) By the seventh year only seventeen essays were submitted, and the M u s e u m began seeking a better way of reaching the upcoming generation—a quest that led eventually to the establishment of the Educational Section. As in the 1890s, the Museum's operating finances d u r i n g the early 1900s were handto-mouth. A dollar was then a respectable day's pay. Witness the salary of a woman office worker in the Babylonian Section, as traced in the board minutes: In appreciation of ten years' faithful service her pay was raised in 1903 from $4 to $5 a week. T o this another dollar was added in 1906. Hilprecht in 1908 gave her a $100-a-year raise from his own pocket. Finally, in 1920, after serving the M u s e u m for twenty-seven years, she reached the munificent level of $75 a month. Less easily satisfied were the roofers, plumbers, and heating contractors. Year after year their bills came in. T h e Museum's capacity to pay them was improved not at all by the exodus of members during the Peters-Hilprecht dispute. O n e $4,722 bill for boilers in 1907 was neatly met by a timely bequest of $5,000. A year later, however, the treasurer reported an operating deficit of $4,158, debts of $4,367, and a $1,640 payroll to be met—no insignificant sums in that day. President Houston deputized four prosperous board members to study the situation. At the next meeting, they modestly reported that the deficit magically " h a d been wiped o u t . " T h e Museum was embarrassed in 1906 by an experience with d u b i o u s antiquities. For years it had been displaying a gem collection, rich in Greek, R o m a n , and Mexican jewels, given to it by Maxwell Sommerville. U p o n his death in 1904 the gift was followed by the handsome bequest that Sommerville had promised years before. At the very board meeting at which the legacy was formally received, the board was told there was reason to believe that some of the gems were of modern workmanship. Tactfully, the board engaged an out-of-town expert to identify the modern works, which it quietly withdrew from exhibition. T h e embarrassment has long since worn off; the Sommerville gems are recognized today as one of the world's fine collections of the glyptic art, even if some of them were cut in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. FROM EGYPT TO

AI.ASKA

Whether the Museum could live u p to the scientific reputation it had won in Babylonia was settled in 1903 by the election of Eckley Brinton Coxe, Jr., to the board. Coxe, heir to part of a mining fortune, was fascinated by the ancient mysteries of Egypt, where he had lived as a boy. T h i s interest led him to the Museum, which had been sharing in the finds of Britain's Egyptian Exploration Fund. J o h n Wanamaker added to the Egyptian collection a mastaba and other relics he bought at the St. L o u i s Exposition of 1904; but it was Coxe who was to give the M u s e u m a front-line role in Egypt. T h e N i l e dam at Aswan was about to be heightened, an operation that would flood certain low areas of N u b i a in U p p e r (Southern) Egypt. With a view toward un-

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earthing some antiquities before the waters reached them, Coxe in 1906 subscribed $8,000 a year for five years to the Museum's Egyptian Section. David Randall Maclver, a Scotsman, was named curator of the section and commissioned to lead an expedition to Nubia. H e chose as his assistant young Charles Leonard Woolley of Oxford, England —destined to be one of the great names in archaeology. Over the next few years Maclver and Woolley, supported by Coxe, carried out the first archaeological work ever done in Nubia. Many another Egyptian exploit was to follow. Between 1915 and 1923 the Museum was to excavate at Memphis, Dendereh, Thebes, and Giza under Clarence Stanley Fisher; from 1929 to 1932, at Meydum under Alan Rowe, and in 1955-56 near Memphis under Rudolf Anthes. W h e n President Nasser started building a new, larger Aswan Dam some fifty years after the first N u b i a n expedition, Museum history was to repeat itself. A joint expedition with Yale's Peabody Museum went back to Nubia in 1961 and 1962 to rescue more relics from the impending flood, and the director of the University Museum became the American leader of a movement to save the huge Philae T e m p l e at Aswan. T h o u g h Coxe died in 1916, his philanthropy still supports the Museum's work in Egypt. T h e "Coxe Expeditions" still go forth. Coxe also had a hand in the selection of George Byron Gordon as director of the Museum. Gordon had joined the staff as assistant curator of the Sections of General Ethnology and American Archaeology in the same year that Coxe was elected to the board. A man of Scotch-English ancestry from Prince Edward Island, Canada, who never lost his British ways and his vaguely British accent, Gordon had led a Harvard expedition to Honduras while still in his twenties. While the Peters-Hilprecht affair was raging in Philadelphia, Gordon was in Alaska for the University Museum, studying the languages and traditions of the many Indian tribes. H e returned with 3,000 specimens and 300 photographs. In succeeding years he resumed his Alaskan work with uniform success. H e also launched the career of a young assistant, Frank G. Speck, who, with a grant from Coxe, made significant studies of the Yuchi Indians in Oklahoma, and later headed the University's Anthropology Department. Q u i t e apart from the doings of Coxe and Gordon, the first decade of the century was notable for a f r u i t f u l series of expeditions to Crete, birthplace of Greek civilization. Carried out between 1903 and 1910 by Richard B. Seager, Harriet Boyd Hawes, and Edith Hall Dohan (and resumed briefly by Seager in 1914-15), these digs gave the Museum the best collection of excavated Cretan art and implements outside Crete. Coxe was elected president of the Museum board in 1910, as the director's post was being created. O n e of his first acts was to pledge $1,000 a year toward Gordon's salary as director. T h a t year, Charles Custis Harrison retired as provost of the University to devote the rest of his life to the Museum. T h e coincidence of events made 1910 the threshold of an extraordinary era.

J 1910 to 1916: A Taste of Opulence W I T H COXE AS PRESIDENT, GORDON AS DIRECTOR, A N D HARRISON AS C H A I R M A N OF T H E BUILD-

ing Committee, the Museum took on the exciting air of the seat of a storied empire. T o the building on the old almshouse site flowed reports of adventure and discovery from the Amazon, China, Siberia, Egypt. Crete. Alaska, and Guatemala. International art dealers came parading their most exquisite treasures for the Museum's consideration. Admiring patrons lavished upon it their largesse. Louis A. D u h r i n g left it $180,000; Lucy Wharton Drexel, $70,000. Lydia T . Morris gave it her brother's $70,000 collection of Roman glass, ancient coins, and Alaskan artifacts. J o h n Wanamaker presented it with Captain Joseph Bernard's Eskimo collection. James B. Ford of New York made gifts of $40,000, $30,000, and $50,000. Less pleasant excitement was occasioned by jewel thefts from the exhibitions, which the Museum's unobtrusive b u t alert guards have happily kept at a m i n i m u m throughout its history. Like the temple-builders of old, meanwhile, construction crews were raising the great Museum rotunda—the second section of the expansive structure that had been envisaged by the architects in the 1890s. . . . T h e University Museum to this day is still waiting for a multimillion-dollar benefaction that would give it the gallery space it needs to do justice to its collections; b u t under Coxe, Gordon, and Harrison, it got enough taste of opulence to know that it liked it. Eckley Coxe was a gentle, modest bachelor of great simplicity, b u t his dependable checkbook made the Museum bold. W h e n he became president, the Museum's operating budget (which does not include expeditions and collections) was $30,000. Five years later it was $66,000, of which Coxe underwrote $35,000. Neither as wealthy nor as modest was Gordon, another bachelor, whose personality could be as sharp as the long needles of his waxed mustache. Some called him 30

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a martinet; those who knew him better say he merely believed in doing things right. Dapperly groomed, always wearing spats, he was the stereotype of the proper Briton; even in business letters he insisted on such spellings as "colour," "favour," and "centre." Within months after his promotion to director, the board received a complaint that Gordon had been opening boxes in the Babylonian and Mediterranean Sections without the knowledge of the curators. Asked to explain, he disclosed that he had found crated clay tablets from N i p p u r , which had survived 4,000 years and a long voyage, going to pieces in a d a m p basement, a condition he took steps to correct. Thereafter he asked and was granted permission to attend board meetings. His scientific and artistic j u d g m e n t and his broad vision of the Museum's mission were decisive to its sound development. Harrison, as the retired provost of the University, enjoyed the status of an elder statesman in Philadelphia, and he threw the whole weight of his prestige behind the Museum. As he had been for the University, he was a one-man fund-raising crusade. T h e little black book in which he jotted pledges any time, any place became legendary. H e was always his own No. 1 prospect. When he asked someone else for a contribution, he usually promised to match it. Sometimes he would use the same $5,000 of his own to " m a t c h " like amounts from as many others as he could corral; but over the years, his personal generosity was boundless. T o g e t h e r , Coxe, Harrison, and Gordon, gave the Museum an era it will never forget. THE FARABEE

ODYSSEY

T h e year 1913 saw the beginning of a decade's South American odyssey that started out like a comic opera and ended as an heroic tragedy. William Curtis Farabee, Ph.D., who had led a three-year expedition to Peru for Harvard's Peabody Museum, was appointed curator of the American Section and leader of a long-planned University M u s e u m mission to the Amazon. A first-rate scientist, Farabee had, in a biographer's words, " a buoyant, sensitive, genial, and rigorously upright character which drew and held men everywhere." When Farabee arrived in Philadelphia to take charge, he found elaborate preparations already m a d e for a three-year expedition. Harrison had raised the money. A M u s e u m representative had gone to R i o de Janeiro with a Brazilian admiral from Washington to arrange the diplomatic amenities. A physician had been engaged to attend the exploring party. T h e M u s e u m had spent $16,500 to buy and overhaul a yacht, " T h e Mermaid," which it rechristened " T h e Pennsylvania," and for which it commissioned a retired United States naval officer as captain. Flying the University's red and blue, " T h e Pennsylvania" steamed bravely out of Philadelphia for the upper reaches of the Amazon. Four days out, the captain reported from Charleston, South Carolina, that his ship was leaking badly. H e put in at Brunswick, Georgia, where it was estimated that repairs would take three months—

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and where, coincidentally, Farabee took exception to the captain's extravagance with Museum funds and fired him. Stranded without ship or captain, the Museum lost all heart for being a naval power and sent Farabee and the physician on to South America by steamer. In South America, the party lost no time in gathering valuable information about little known peoples in the borderland between Brazil and British Guiana. After the first season the physician resigned, bringing back more than 300 photographs and Farabee's first 13 notebooks, 300 ethnological specimens having been shipped ahead. Some months after the doctor left him, Farabee came down with a fever, but he shook it off and stayed in the field another two years. H e explored and mapped virgin country in southern British Guiana. H e traced from source to mouth the previously unchartered course of the Corentine River, boundary between the Guianas. And he recorded the cultural and physical characteristics of the Arawak and Carib tribes in northern Brazil, southern British Guiana, and by the headwaters and tributaries of the Amazon. Back in Philadelphia, Farabee compiled and published his Amazon basin observations and served in military intelligence during W o r l d W a r I. T h e n in 1922 he went to Peru to study the Inca and pre-Inca Empires. W i t h i n three months he had dysentery. He pressed onward for as long as he could—more than a year—adding richly to the Museum's collection of Nazca, Paracas, and Inca antiquities. In the fall of 1923 he came home with pernicious anemia; he died in 1925, never having been able to resume work. FROM OKLAHOMA TO SIBERIA

T h e period of Farabee's Amazon explorations saw the Museum extend vastly its archaeological outreach. Carl W . Bishop carried the Museum's work into the hinterland of China, sending back pottery and bronzes of periods from the second century B.C. to the eighth century A.D. Clarence Stanley Fisher of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, a witness in the Peters-Hilprecht case, became curator of the Egyptian Section and made some of the Egyptian excavations mentioned in the preceding chapter. His Memphis dig led in 1917 to the discovery of the palace of Merenptah, the Pharoah of the Exodus. An American studying at Oxford, H e n r y Usher Hall, w-as enlisted by mail to represent the Museum in a joint venture into Siberia λναΐι O x f o r d and two Russian institutions. Hall spent a winter within the Arctic Circle, bringing to the Museum interesting folk materials and data. He later became curator of the Section of General Ethnology. Louis Shotridge, a full-blooded T l i n g i t Indian, who was hired originally to help label the Indian collection, was sent to the villages of his own people in southeastern Alaska on a mission (supported by J o h n W a n a m a k e r ) that stretched into a career of recording their legends and beliefs. In northern Alaska, W i l l i a m B. Van Valin began studying the Eskimo.

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Robert Burkitt went into the Maya country of Guatemala and fired the Museum's curiosity about a ghost empire which, forty years later, was to be the object of the greatest of all its expeditions: that to Tikal. Invited to spend a night at a coffee plantation, Burkitt stayed for thirty years—and acquired an amazing knowledge of the language, customs, and religion of the Kekchi branch of the Maya. Here in the United States, Frank Speck as early as 1911 was capturing on phonograph records the vanishing songs of the Creek and Yuchi Indians, and M. Raymond Harrington and George H. Pepper were collecting Indian lore in Michigan and Oklahoma. THE

ROTUNDA

C. C. Harrison's fund-raising artistry was exemplified by his campaign to build the second section of the Museum building—a gallery in a rotunda, and beneath it the Museum Auditorium. Harrison struck his keynote at a board meeting in 1911. Noting that the Museum could use three times the space it had, he reminded the board that the 1899 structure was b u t a beginning of the great, many-fingered edifice envisaged by the architects. H e painted with a broad brush: Probably there is no metropolis in the world with a population equal to that in and surrounding Philadelphia as lacking in museums as our own city. London has the British Museum and the South Kensington Museum . . . Paris the Louvre . . . Berlin the Berlin Museum . . . New York the Metropolitan . . . It is said that nearly 300,000 people go to London annually because of the British Museum. A great opportunity is now before the people of Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania, and it should now be enjoyed. The completed Museum will cost several millions of dollars. It is proposed to make a good beginning now by the raising of $1,000,000. T h i s was no idle talk; had the campaign by some happy chance raised a million, the Museum could have used it well. But Harrison scarcely counted on such an outcome. His high goal was a way of raising people's sights. As it turned out, "the Dome"— as the Museum board was calling it—cost about $300,000, much of which came in a few large gifts. A year before the Dome was completed, Harrison was already talking about the next addition: " W e shall have the agreeable task of raising a sum of about $700,000. . . ." T h e University Museum Auditorium, at ground level, was opened in December, 1915, two months before the gallery upstairs in the rotunda. T h e house-warming was a Saturday afternoon lecture; fifteen hundred people scrambled for the eight hundred and twenty-five seats. Many a time since, there has been standing room only. T h e rotunda—the board having so voted—was to be named in honor of Eckley Coxe. As the opening date neared, Coxe shyly declined the honor, moving that it be

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named for C. C. Harrison, "who has done far more for the Museum and the University than anyone else." It was so ordered. A Coxe W i n g was to come later; the rotunda is Harrison Hall. Its premiere in 1916 is a story in itself. T H E FIRST M I L L I O N - D O L L A R

SHOW

This was the Museum's era of fabulous gifts, loans, and purchases. It was also its Chinese period. In 1913 one T . M. Huang, a student at the University, offered for sale some old Chinese porcelains. T h e Museum bought them. Huang's room must have been crammed with mementos of his ancestors; month after month he came back and sold the Museum more porcelains, pottery, and bronzes. Gordon at the time was dreaming of a spectacular exhibition to open Harrison Hall, the new rotunda—perhaps a Chinese show. Duveen Brothers of London were seeking a buyer for the J. P. Morgan Collection of Oriental Art, largely Chinese porcelains. T h e Museum director persuaded Henry J. Duveen to lend him a $270,000 selection of 335 pieces for the premiere, each piece priced for the convenience of anyone who might wish to buy it for the Museum. T h e idea grew. Worch and Company of Paris lent $75,000 worth of Chinese rugs, jade vessels, and sculpture; C. T . Loo and Company, $22,500 in paintings, vases, and reliefs; Yamanaka and Company, a pair of clay horses. . . . Some items the board bought almost on sight: Yamanaka's clay horses at $1875, five Wei Dynasty statues for $2250, two statues from Chinese Turkestan for $16,000, an idol from a rock-hewn temple in Honan Province for $21,000, two sculptured pedestals for $16,000, and the Ferguson Collection of Chinese paintings for $18,000. By the time eight thousand invitations went out for the opening night, Gordon had assembled more than $1,000,000 worth of Chinese art: $187,600 by purchase, $871,775 on loan. T h e Prohibition Law not yet having been enacted, Gordon warily had the board ban "the serving of refreshments" while the borrowed treasures were in his custody. A storm hit Philadelphia that night in February, 1916. Only a hardy handful braved it to the opening. A second "advance showing" two weeks later was better attended. T h e million dollar Chinese show had a long run. T i m e and again, Gordon and Harrison warned the Museum's benefactors that loan periods were expiring—and unless they were acquired now, the treasures would be gone forever. Such a warning was almost always good for a handsome contribution or two for purchases. But somehow the loans were usually extended, and new treasures were borrowed, and Harrison kept finding new donors to buy Chinese art for the Museum "before someone else gets it." One of the lending dealers, Adolf Worch, a German-born Parisian, died and his loan objects were "frozen" in the Museum during World W a r I by the Alien Property Custodian. When his belongings were finally released to his heirs in 1925, the Museum had had them for eleven years. It bought nine of the thirteen pieces for $40,000. By this time, the Museum's Chinese purchases were well over the $500,000 mark.

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Indeed, the best of the million-dollar show is still in Harrison Hall today, including one of the finest Wei Dynasty collections in the world. THE

VANISHING

INDIAN

COLLECTION

When George Byron Gordon was just another anthropologist in the early 1900s, his expeditions to Alaska were partly financed by a New York collector of Indian lore named George Gustav Heye, with whom he shared his finds. Heye's own collection was substantial, but Gordon said he found it stored "full of moths." H e persuaded Heye in 1908 to entrust it to the keeping of the University Museum, where it developed into " o n e of the most important collections of its kind anywhere." Assuming the Heye Collection was there to stay, Gordon was stung by Heye's written notice in 1916 that he wished to make it the backbone of a new Museum of the American Indian in New York. A cold letter was sent to Heye acquiescing in his intention; Heye ignored the chill and wrote a friendly reply. Over the succeeding years, his own expeditions shared their finds with the University Museum, which came to appreciate his desire to have his own museum in America's largest city. But the University M u s e u m long remembered the Heye Collection as the big one that got away. E C K L E Y BRINTON COXE,

JR.

With the M u s e u m riding a wave of prosperity, C. G. Harrison laid before the board in September, 1916, a bold plan to raise $3,500,000: $2,000,000 to endow the maintenance of the M u s e u m and the rest for expeditions. Eckley Brinton Coxe, Jr., had not felt well enough to attend the meeting. H e died later the same day. Harrison said of C o x e at a special board meeting a few days later: He took some time to arrive at a decision, but when he did, it was a generous and just decision and always the decision of a gentleman. The second quality that always impressed me was not the magnitude of his charities, for he was one of the most generous citizens in Philadelphia, but the quiet way in which these large gifts were made. He never wanted them to be known. C o x e left $500,000 to the M u s e u m for the Egyptian Section and other purposes, his estate made good a $40,000 pledge he had made toward the next addition to the building, and his mother a few years later bequeathed $50,000 for the same purpose. M o r e than the loss of a financial angel, the passing of Coxe was the first breach in the triumvirate of Coxe, Harrison, and Gordon that had given the University Museum years of exciting splendor.

4 1916 to 1929: Conquests and Crises Charles Custis Harrison in 1925 received the Philadelphia Award, the fourth person so honored for having advanced "the best and larger interests" of the community. He was nearly eighty-one years old, and the award marked the peak of his third career. It seemed ages ago that "C. C." had made his mark in the sugar industry. T h e r e was even a generation of Philadelphians too young to remember his provostship of the University, although the many buildings he built were, and still are, among the handsomest landmarks of the campus. Now his third career was proving as salutary to the University Museum. Harrison had succeeded Eckley Coxe as president of the Museum board in 1917. T h e nation was then at war. Expeditions had to be recalled from China and Egypt. Staff members were thronging to the colors. T h e i r director, George Byron Gordon, was on leave in his native Canada, making recruiting speeches, after one of which it was said that a thousand men enlisted. One cold wartime day the Museum ran out of coal; Provost Edgar Fahs Smith rushed over some of the University's. T h e Museum's secretary, Major B. Franklin Pepper, a son of the great William Pepper, lost his life fighting in France in 1918. Despite the austerity of the times, Harrison and Gordon, who was away only six months, managed to keep up the Museum's prewar air of elegance. A loan exhibition of Mohammedan and Negro Art in 1918 was valued at $493,000; the same year, Gordon borrowed a $150,000 pair of Chinese sculptured horses—but that story later. By the time Harrison received the Philadelphia Award in 1925, a third section of the Museum building was nearing completion, "C. C." was again painting his familiar word picture of "the $1,500,000 main section," and a joint expedition with the British Museum was making headlines at Ur of the Chaldees, whence Abraham had come. T h e bright afternoon of Harrison's life was soon to give way to twilight, b u t he was making a day of it. 36

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CHALDEES

Ever since its success at N i p p u r , the University Museum had been longing to go back to the Babylonian world. Iraq, or Mesopotamia, was mandated to the British after World War I, so Gordon went to London and arranged for a cooperative venture with the British Museum. T h e site they agreed on was Ur, a city on the Euphrates in southern Iraq, mentioned in Genesis. T o lead the party they chose Charles Leonard Woolley of the British Museum, once a young assistant in the University Museum. T h e excavations began in the winter of 1922-23, amid the wave of popular interest in archaeology stirred by the British discovery some months earlier of King T u t a n k h a m u n ' s tomb in Egypt. Over the next dozen years at Ur, Woolley, his Anglo-American team, and their Arab helpers uncovered palaces and tombs that were already ancient when the Lord bade Abraham to go forth from Ur to "a land that I will shew thee." One of their early discoveries was a ziggurat, a brick tower with receding stages, ordered built by a Babylonian king in his own honor. Around it were houses of the Moon God and Goddess, other sacred buildings, and a large stela on which was depicted the raising of the ziggurat. But the most spectacular finds began toward the end of the third season, when Woolley opened a forty-five-hundred-year-old cemetery. Here he came upon a prince's treasure of gold, then the tomb of Queen Shubad, still wearing her headdress of golden leaves and all her royal gems. Nearby was her golden cup. Before the next year's work began, Woolley saw fit to recommend that should any more gold or silver be found, he be allowed to "grant the workmen sufficient baksheesh to ensure the turning over to the expedition of all these objects." T h a t the Old Testament world had experienced a flood such as Noah's was confirmed at Ur by the discovery of city ruins beneath a six-to-eight-foot-deep stratum of sedimentary sand, mud, and gravel, containing no man-made objects. Second-in-command to Woolley for several seasons of the expedition was a Roman Catholic priest, Leon Legrain, D.D., Sc.D., then curator of the Babylonian Section of the University Museum. Father Legrain had come to Philadelphia from the Sorbonne in 1920 for a year's work deciphering N i p p u r tablets. He stayed for twenty-eight years and proved a worthy successor to Hilprecht as Clark Research Professor of Assyriology. Legrain also represented the University Museum in the apportionment of the Ur finds, a delicate exercise in international equity. Half the objects were kept by Iraq for its museum at Baghdad; the other half was divided between the University and British Museums. T o the satisfaction of both, the University Museum came off with the great stela and the bejeweled Queen Shubad—long cynosures of the Near Eastern Gallery. Ur made Woolley famous. W h e n he came back to the University Museum in 1955 to receive the Lucy Wharton Drexel Medal for distinguished archaeological work in the Near East, it was as Sir Leonard Woolley. H e died in 1960.

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BEISAN

W h i l e Woolley was uncovering the city of A b r a h a m ' s birth, a n o t h e r University M u s e u m expedition was peeling back layers of history in the land to which the Lord sent h i m : Palestine. T h i s dig was at Beisan, n o t far f r o m H a i f a in present-day Israel. It is called Bethshan and Beth-shean in the Bible. Joshua, in dividing Canaan a m o n g the tribes of Israel, gave Beth-shan to Manasseh. T h e First Book of Samuel records that here the Philistines slew Saul's three sons a n d Saul fell on his sword; the Philistines h u n g the bodies on the city wall. Beth-shan figures again in the First Book of Kings. H e r e between 1921 and 1933 the University M u s e u m p u t in ten seasons' work u n d e r Clarence Stanley Fisher, Alan Rowe, and Gerald M. FitzGerald. N i n e city levels at Beisan d a t i n g f r o m 1500 B.C. to the twelfth century A.D. m a r k e d the invasion and occupation of the city by the Egyptians, Philistines, Israelites, Assyrians, Scythians, Persians, Greeks, R o m a n s , Arabs, and Crusaders. It was like riffling t h r o u g h a calendar of the ages to find at one site Egyptian stelae, C a n a a n i t e temples, and relics of all the succeeding cultures. J o h n D. Rockefeller, Jr., heavily supported both the U r a n d Beisan expeditions, together with Eldridge Reeves J o h n s o n , Edward B. R o b i n e t t e , Mrs. Charles W. H e n r y , a n d many others. Rockefeller's gifts alone over a six-year period came to $75,000.

O F GOLD A N D HORSES

Woolley struck gold at Ur; the M u s e u m struck it at home. George Byron G o r d o n h a p p e n e d on a newspaper story in 1920 a b o u t a b a n k e r f r o m Colombia who had come to New York trying to sell some gold articles, mostly f r o m the Isthmus and Costa Rica, which he said had been f o u n d buried. Sent to inspect the treasure, Farabee p r o n o u n c e d it " e x t r a o r d i n a r y . " But the C o l o m b i a n had f o u n d no takers and was going home. Fifteen m i n u t e s before the b a n k e r sailed, G o r d o n h a n d e d h i m a check for $20,000 a n d took the gold. T o g e t h e r with a gold purchase that G o r d o n had m a d e in Paris in 1919 and other Mexican a n d South American gold in the galleries, the i m p r o m p t u deal gave the M u s e u m " t h e most i m p o r t a n t native American gold collection in existence." In a m a n n e r of speaking, the M u s e u m also struck gold when Eldridge Reeves J o h n s o n , president of the Victor T a l k i n g Machine Company, was elected to its board in 1920. It would seem that J o h n s o n invested his wealth in scientific and cultural enterprises as discerningly as he invested it in m a k i n g Victrolas. T h e J o h n s o n Foundation for Medical Physics at the University of Pennsylvania is one of his m o n u m e n t s ; the M u s e u m has many others. W h i l e the Coxe Egyptian W i n g of the M u s e u m was still being built, at a cost of more than $400,000, J o h n s o n made a $100,000 gift toward the f o u r t h section, which came to nearly $600,000—and added $25,000 at the last m i n u t e for steam and electric

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connections. (The Greek and Roman Gallery in the fourth unit was given by Richard and Mary A. Sharpe in memory of their parents, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Sharpe.) For years Johnson matched Rockefeller's support of the Ur and Beisan expeditions dollar for dollar. Later he sent an auspicious expedition to the Maya country of Guatemala. One of Johnson's first great benefactions to the University Museum casts an amusing sidelight on C. C. Harrison's acumen as a fund-raiser and Johnson's as a prudent donor. In 1918 a dealer had loaned to the Museum two large, sculptured stone slabs that the Emperor T ' a n g Tai Tsung, founder of the T ' a n g Dynasty, had commissioned for his tomb about A.D. 614. Carved on them in high relief were spirited figures of the Emperor's favorite war horses. T h e dealer asked $150,000 for the pair. When the Museum's option to buy the horses was r u n n i n g out in 1920, Harrison hinted that a Mrs. Gardner of Boston was ready to snatch them up. Rather than let this happen, Eldridge Johnson offered to pay for them. How badly Mrs. Gardner wanted them became less convincing when Harrison bargained with the dealer and got the horses for $125,000, that Johnson provided. What happened a little later is told by a son of C. C., Harry W. Harrison: Mr. Johnson walked into Father's office one morning and said, without a word of introduction, that Father had deceived him as to the value of the horses. Without replying or getting up from behind his desk, Father handed Mr. Johnson a copy of a British Museum publication that he had just received. There was a picture of the horses, with a notation saying they were "the gift of Eldridge R. Johnson." Mr. Johnson walked out without a word. In the mail next morning came a letter from Mr. Johnson enclosing a check for $25,000 toward any use Father wished. T h e Emperor's horses are still in Harrison Hall. T h e $25,000 bonus was used for expeditions. Once, in 1927, someone did step in and buy a group of objects that the Museum dearly wanted. These were Assyrian sculptures that had been lent to the Museum while it was trying to muster the $350,000 purchase price. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., bought them for the Metropolitan. When he discovered that he had scooped the University Museum, he sent a man down from New York to apologize. T H E E D U C A T I O N A L SECTION

Children have always been among the University Museum's favorite guests; and anyone watching their eyes widen as they pass through the Mummy Room knows that the kids love the Museum. T h e Museum recognized early that it had the makings of a unique educational force. If it could give youngsters a sense of man's unending climb u p the ladder of civilization, the Museum would indeed be, as C. C. Harrison once called it, "a humanizing and civilizing influence" in the community. But how could significant numbers of children be brought to the Museum in manageable groups and told the wonderful story it had to tell?

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S. W e i r Mitchell's essay contest having waned, G o r d o n in 1911 sent f o u r thous a n d fliers to P h i l a d e l p h i a school teachers inviting them to b r i n g their classes. T w e n t y o n e d i d so within two months, m a n y m o r e thereafter. In 1918 the director e n g a g e d two docents, or teacher-guides, to take children a n d other visitors on lecture-tours of the galleries. A year later, after-school p r o g r a m s with m o t i o n pictures were offered a n d drew thirty-eight h u n d r e d children the first m o n t h . In 1921, after discussions with the s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of p u b l i c schools, G o r d o n b r o u g h t Miss H e l e n F e r n a l d of Bryn M a w r C o l l e g e to the M u s e u m to organize an E d u c a t i o n a l Section. Miss F e r n a l d later b e c a m e curator of the Far Eastern Section; the d i r e c t i o n of the E d u c a t i o n a l Section has been carried on by Mrs. L o r i n g D a m f r o m 1926 to 1942, Miss E l e a n o r M o o r e f r o m 1942 to 1952, a n d since then by K e n n e t h D. Matthews, P h . D . T o d a y the E d u c a t i o n a l Section shepherds close to twenty t h o u s a n d children a n d m o r e than fifteen t h o u s a n d adults a year through school-time gallery tours a n d slide lectures, courses for teachers, S a t u r d a y shows and concerts, S u n d a y movies, a n d summ e r workshops. It reaches m a n y m o r e through a weekly r a d i o p r o g r a m ; a n d it has in m i n d a m o b i l e m u s e u m that w o u l d carry a bit of the University M u s e u m to schools a n d colleges t h r o u g h o u t Pennsylvania. T h e E d u c a t i o n a l Section stands a m o n g the m a j o r a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s of the HarrisonG o r d o n regime.

THE

TWILIGHT

O n e night in J a n u a r y , 1927, G e o r g e Byron G o r d o n went to a d i n n e r at the Raccjuet C l u b of P h i l a d e l p h i a to hear the Roosevelt brothers, T h e o d o r e , J r . , a n d K e r m i t , tell a b o u t a h u n t i n g a d v e n t u r e in Central Asia. H e lingered a f t e r w a r d with D a n i e l M o r e a u B a r r i n g e r , his son, B r a n d o n B a r r i n g e r , a n d others to swap stories with the Roosevelts. W h e n they were a b o u t to leave, G o r d o n a p p a r e n t l y started u p a stairway to get his coat, fell, a n d struck his head on a m a r b l e step. H e d i e d within a few hours. C. C. H a r r i s o n , his closest friend, b u r i e d the C a n a d i a n bachelor in the H a r r i s o n tamily plot at St. D a v i d s C h u r c h , Devon, Pennsylvania. In m e m o r i a m , E l d r i d g e J o h n son gave to the M u s e u m a collection of Chinese objects, i n c l u d i n g the D o w a g e r E m press' ten-inch crystal ball that still confronts visitors e n t e r i n g H a r r i s o n H a l l . T h e M u s e u m b e g a n r e t u r n i n g to dealers some $700,000 worth of articles that G o r d o n h a d o n loan. T o the eighty-two-year-old H a r r i s o n , G o r d o n ' s death was a c r u s h i n g blow. It thrust u p o n him, in his grief, the o p e r a t i n g responsibility of the M u s e u m at a t i m e when the fund-raising b u r d e n was b e g i n n i n g to tell on him. O n l y a few m o n t h s earlier he h a d c o m m e n t e d plaintively at a b o a r d m e e t i n g that he h a d raised $400,000 singlehandedly toward the f o u r t h u n i t of the M u s e u m b u i l d i n g w i t h o u t University help. A m o r e i m m e d i a t e concern, moreover, was the o p e r a t i n g b u d g e t . T h o u g h its well-to-do backers largely financed its e x p e d i t i o n s , collections, a n d b u i l d i n g p r o g r a m , the M u s e u m looked for its b r e a d a n d b u t t e r to the U n i v e r s i t y a n d the City of P h i l a d e l p h i a , which had increased their a p p r o p r i a t i o n s over the years

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CRISES

to the p o i n t where each was c o n t r i b u t i n g $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 annually toward routine operations. B u t the M u s e u m was r u n n i n g $ 4 5 , 0 0 0 in the red for 1926-27; a larger deficit was i m m i n e n t for 1927-28—and a taxpayer's suit blocked the City appropriation for the calendar year of 1927. In this emergency the University, after some deliberation, met the operating deficits for those years; and the University F u n d contributed $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 still needed for the prospective addition to the building. W i t h these matters settled, Harrison presided as usual over the Museum m e e t i n g of J u n e , 1927. Shortly afterward he suffered an incapacitating stroke.

board

N o w the M u s e u m had n e i t h e r a director nor an active president. Louis C. Madeira, uncle of the writer, presided for a time over board meetings as senior vice-president. A few m o n t h s later, Eldridge J o h n s o n was elected " c h a i r m a n of the b o a r d , " with Harison president in absentia. T h e day-to-day m a n a g e m e n t of the M u s e u m was taken over by C. Emory M c M i chael, a vice-president, and J a n e M . M c H u g h , the secretary. M c M i c h a e l , an exception ally conscientious m a n , often gave two or three days a week to the task. Miss M c H u g h had been with the M u s e u m virtually since its founding, having previously been Sara Y o r k e Stevenson's personal secretary. M a n y a time in Gordon's absence she had been d i r e c t o r w i t h o u t portfolio; now her mastery of the thousand and one details of the M u s e u m ' s operations was to prove indispensable. Soon a new crisis arose. T h e University had a m o u n t i n g deficit of its own and was u n a b l e to u n d e r w r i t e the Museum's for 1928-29. A special University c o m m i t t e e r e c o m m e n d e d the p r i n c i p l e " t h a t the managers of the University M u s e u m should b e held responsible for its financing . . . and be advised to select the personnel of their board and m a k e their plans for the future on this basis." T a k i n g this advice at face value, Eldridge J o h n s o n proposed in 1929 to contribute $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 a year toward the Museum's operating budget if the rest of the board together would put u p $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 annually. J u s t then the taxpayer's suit was withdrawn, the M u s e u m came into $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 in new and deferred City funds, and the board found it unnecessary to take J o h n s o n up on his m a g n a n i m o u s proposition. J o h n s o n , while t a b l i n g his own offer, still thought it was a good idea. H e told the board in May, 1929, T h e Museum would be better off if it spent more. There has been too much so-called economy practiced in the past year. T h e expenses have been reduced to a point where efficiency has been lowered. T h i s Museum could use to good purpose at least $250,000 a year, and unless that sum of money is forthcoming its full measure of usefulness to the University will not be developed. S o m e day the M u s e u m was to have a budget of $ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 and then some. Had Harrison heard J o h n s o n ' s remarks, he doubtless would have wished to get out his little black b o o k and hasten the day. Charles Custis Harrison had died three months earlier, in February, 1929. M u s e u m was to live for years to come in the shadow of his memory.

The

5 1929 to 1941: Stout Deeds on A Lean Budget TO T H E UNIVERSITY MUSEUM AS TO MILLIONS O F AMERICANS, T H E DEPRESSION O F T H E

1930's

brought reduced circumstances. Its operating budget lost its two mainstays: T h e University of Pennsylvania had suspended its allocation to the Museum in 1929; the City of Philadelphia reduced its appropriation for 1931 and then discontinued it. Staff salaries were cut and cut again. Vacations were lengthened, without pay. Some Museum employees joined the ranks of the jobless. Instead of building up its collections through purchases, the Museum began trading and even selling objects of which it had more than one of a kind. It slashed its operating budget from $ 1 2 5 , 0 0 0 to $82,000, but still ran in the red. T h e board, however, with great help from a new, young director, skillfully kept the deficit from snowballing. W h e n it came time Woolley's U r publications in England that a $25,000 for the purpose two years

for the Oxford University in 1933, the value of the foundation grant that the earlier no longer covered

Press to publish V o l u m e I I of American dollar had so declined University Museum had obtained its share of the cost.

Yet the striking feature of the University Museum in the 1930s was not its red ink, but its zest for new ventures at home and new archaeological conquests. W i t h a continuing flow of income from endowment marked " f o r expeditions only," the Museum in 1931 alone had 14 excavations going on. Directorless for two years, the Museum filled this vacuum in 1929 by calling to the director's post Horace Howard Furness J a y n e , the thirty-three-year-old Far Eastern curator of the museum on the Parkway—then still called the Pennsylvania Museum, now the Philadelphia Museum of Art. J a y n e was well known to several University Museum board members who also sat on the Art Museum board. Young Horace Jayne was the son and namesake of the first secretary of University Archaeological Association, nephew of another Museum secretary, H. Furness, 3rd, and grandson of a Shakespearean scholar, Horace Howard B u t he had earned his credentials in art and archaeology the hard way on 42

the old William Furness. Harvard

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expeditions to the Gobi Desert and Chinese Turkestan, one of which he had led. It was agreed that Jayne could continue his work at the Art Museum. T h e new director was a particularly able steward of the University Museum's great collection of Chinese art, a field in which he had few peers. With the election of John Story Jenks, a member of an old Philadelphia Quaker family, as president of the board in 1933, the Museum for the first time in six years had both a director and a president. Under Jayne, two periodicals, the University Museum Bulletin and Discovery, were launched in 1930. T h e Bulletin survives today as Expedition, having been re-christened and enlarged into a brightly designed, well illustrated quarterly in 1958 under the editorship of the Museum's long-time registrar of collections, Geraldine Bruckner. Expedition is edited for scholar and layman alike; the more esoteric papers of the scientific staff are published as University Museum Monographs. Under Jayne, too, a "road show" experiment in partnership with Philadelphia's Commercial Museum in 1930 sent exhibits to schools throughout Pennsylvania; and in 1934 the University Museum formed a "How to Make It Club" for youngsters. T o make it easy for people to' take a bit of the Museum into their homes and schools—and incidentally to help its finances—Jayne set up a sales department to sell reproductions of Museum objects. It has become a valued service to home decorators and gift-shoppers and, in recent years, a substantial source of Museum revenue. Not without its blessings, the Depression brought to the Museum a succession of conscientious workers who, having lost their regular jobs, had been given employment by Federal relief agencies: the Civil Works Administration and the Work Projects Administration. A dozen C W A workers helped in cataloguing the collections and library; WPA chemists performed significant analyses of ancient pottery. Toward the end of the decade, E. R. Fenimore Johnson, son of Eldridge Johnson and himself a Museum board member, set up a film library, kept under conditions of temperature and humidity which he had personally determined to be most favorable. His Johnson Motion Picture Foundation also produced a Museum film, "Ancient Earth," narrated by Lowell Thomas, a fellow board member at the time. By 1939 scientific salaries had been restored to normal; University support of routine operations had been resumed under a new Museum constitution adopted in 1938; and the Museum had weathered the Depression safely. THE MUSEUM

CLIMATE

T o George Byron Gordon, art and archaeology had been a serious business and the Museum a place for serious people. C. C. Harrison's warmth tempered the chill somewhat. One frivolity that Harrison would not countenance, however, was smoking in his Museum. T h e story is told of a University trustees' meeting in the Museum at which the treasurer of the University was puffing a cigarette when C. C. walked in. Knowing

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how Harrison felt about the weed, he held his cigarette under the table until it burned his fingers. Things changed. Horace H. F. Jayne was a smoker. (Though more artistic than outdoorsy, Jayne even had the tattoo marks that more recently have characterized the he-men in the cigarette advertisements.) W h i l e C. C. no doubt spun in his grave, the new director set aside smoking areas in the Museum, for which the addicted have ever since been grateful. With the repeal of the Prohibition L a w in 1933 another warming influence crept into the Museum climate: the serving of restoratives at occasional events of a social flavor. T h e n came the opening of a special exhibition early in 1940. More than eight hundred guests turned out. " O n e of the most successful receptions ever held in the Museum," it was called in the minutes of the next board meeting. But the minutes added: It is needful to report that towards the close, two guests had the misfortune to knock over and damage two pottery Chinese tomb figures of camels. . . . A less restrained account had it that a pair of ladies, perhaps emboldened by good champagne, had tried to ride the camels, which, being hollow, collapsed in ruins under them. ( T h e writer remembers only one lady and one camel being involved, but defers to the record on this point.) T h e Museum's gifted restorers made the camels as good as new, but Thomas S. Gates, president of the University, put the cork back on the serving of spirits in the building. T h e drought lasted about six years and severely limited evening entertainment in the Museum. But the sure sign of the Museum's vitality was not as much in its social parties as in its exploring parties. . . .

PIEDRAS

NEGRAS

Of all the pre-Columbian peoples of the New World, the most accomplished were probably the Maya Indians, who left a trail of magnificent buildings throughout the Yucatan Peninsula, southern Mexico, Guatemala, British Honduras, and parts of Honduras. Without metal tools, wheeled vehicles, or large domesticated animals, these Stone Age builders erected temples of soaring height. T h e y also developed a form of hieroglyphic writing; a method of arithmetic involving a kind of decimal system employing multiples of twenty and the use of zero; a calendar more accurate than that used in Europe; paved roads; and a high taste in sculpture and painting. Henry Mercer had visited Maya sites for the University Museum as early as 1895. Robert Burkitt had been studying them in the Guatemala highlands since 1913 and lived much of his life there. But many a jungle-locked Maya city was undiscoverable until the advent of the airplane, and even then inaccessible. Charles A. Lindbergh sighted some of them on

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a Mexican good-will flight after his transatlantic hop in 1927. T h e University Museum also took to the air: Late in 1930, Percy C. Madeira, Jr., and J. Alden Mason, Ph.D., curator of the American Section, discovered several uncharted Maya cities on a reconnaissance flight—then a new wrinkle in archaeology. T h e aerial photographs taken of the cities of Chichen Itza and Uxmal in Yucatan are still used in textbooks. Eldridge Johnson undertook in 1931 to sponsor a major, long-term University Museum expedition to the Maya country. Mason chose the site, the well-known city of Piedras Negras (Black Stones) in the great gorge of the Usumacinta River in Guatemala, across from the Mexican State of Chiapas. He selected Piedras Negras because of the beauty of its sculpture. Over the next eight years at Piedras Negras, Mason and Linton Satterthwaite, Jr., discovered Maya carvings of astonishing size and beauty, including eight stone stelae weighing four to five tons each and a famous broken carving, " T h e T h r o n e of the King," considered by many the finest stone relief of aboriginal America. Finding these m o n u m e n t s was a feat; bringing them out of the jungle was quite another. T h e expedition built thirty miles of road, much of it logs placed in swamps, over which ox-drawn wagons drew the great hewn stones to a point on the river. T h e n c e they were floated on rafts to the sea and civilization. T h o u g h the Guatemalan government owns the stelae, it loaned four of them for many years to the University Museum, where one of them may still be seen in the Maya Gallery, on extended loan in exchange for the Museum's loan of valuable gold objects to the Guatemalan Museum. T h e work at Piedras Negras proved to be a prelude to the University Museum's huge Maya project at Tikal in the 1950s and 1960s. Alden Mason, who started the dig at Piedras Negras, also carried out archaeological and linguistic projects d u r i n g this period in Mexico, Panama, and elsewhere in Middle America. In 1940 at Codé, Panama, only seventy-two hours before he was to pack u p and leave, he came upon one of the finest early American gold collections ever discovered—and brought it back to the Museum. Farther south in the Western Hemisphere, a 1931 expedition with the Academy of Natural Sciences used an amphibian airplane in explorations in northern Paraguay and southern Matto Grosso in Brazil. E. R. Fenimore Johnson sponsored and accompanied the party. T h r o u g h interviews with natives, it confirmed the death of Colonel Fawcett, an Englishman who had disappeared in Matto Grosso some years earlier while searching for an illusory "lost city."

T H E N E A R EAST

While the Ur and Beisan expeditions were in their later seasons, the University Museum was opening new sites in the Near East. Starting in the late 1920s, the Museum joined with other institutions in digs at Seleucia and Nuzi in Iraq. Nuzi yielded evidence of early Egyptian ties with Asia,

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along \vith Sumerian and Akkadian tablets more than forty-five hundred years old. T h e r e followed a series of Near Eastern expeditions in the 1930s. In northern Iraq, Ephraim Α. Speiser, Ph.D., and Charles Bache excavated two huge mounds near Mosul and exposed the ancient cities of T e p e Gawra and T e l l Billa. At T e p e Gawra, the older of the two, twenty-one levels shed light on life in that part of the world from the later Stone Age to the time of the great Persian Empire. Later in the 1930s the same two men went to Khafaje, Iraq, where they found and brought out rare pieces of early dynastic sculpture. In Iran, a joint expedition with the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology uncovered the City of a Hundred Gates, Damghan, sometimes called T e p e Hissar, west of T e h r a n . Here had been the capital of the ancient Parthian kingdom. With the generous financial backing of Mrs. William Boyce Thompson, wife of a New York financier and mining magnate, Dr. Erich F. Schmidt traced the history of Damghan from the end of the Neolithic period to the time of the Sassanian kings, about A.D. 300. Schmidt, meanwhile, was also working with the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in unearthing another famous Persian city southeast of T e h r a n : Rayy, or Rhages, occupied from at least 3000 B.C. until it was destroyed by Genghis Khan about A.D. 1200. W i t h the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Schmidt later dug at Persepolis, ancient capital of the Persian Empire, wiped out by Alexander the Great about 325 B . C . Archaeology in a foreign land is often a test of diplomacy; a nation is understandably choosy about who digs up its antiquities and what he does with them. T h e Iranian expeditions marked something of a coup: theretofore the French had a near-monopoly on Persian archaeology; the University Museum was the first American museum given permission to excavate in that country. Toward the end of the 1930s, Dr. and Mrs. Kirsopp Lake financed and conducted a Museum expedition to Lake Van in Armenia. THE

MEDITERRANEAN

Still another diplomatic triumph was the Museum's entry in 1931 into Italy, which long had been closed to foreign archaeologists. Here an expedition led by J o t h a m Johnson, Ph.D., and supported by Gustav Oberlander, of Reading, Pennsylvania, excavated at Minturnae, a city near Naples. Minturnae had been founded by a people called Ausonians about 925 B.C., conquered and occupied as a fortress by the Romans in 375 B.C., and finally destroyed by the Lombards in A.D. 589. A longer-lived Museum interest had its beginning that year, 1931, on Cyprus with B. H. Hill's discovery there of large tombs, rich in jewelry, cut into soft limestone and dating from the Bronze Age (2000 to 1000 B.C.) to the Byzantine period. George H. McFadden joined Hill at Cyprus in 1934 in exca\'ating the ancient Greek city of Curium, on a high cliff overlooking the Mediterranean.

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Fascinated by the frescoes and various buildings at Curium and the nearby sanctuary of Apollo, McFadden kept coming back to Cyprus and personally financing the Museum's C u r i u m dig—with time out for World War II—until he drowned there in a tragic sailing accident in 1953.

WAY

POINTS

T h i s period also saw the Museum make touch-and-go visits to Russia, Czechoslovakia, and Africa, while keeping alive its traditional interest in Alaska. Years before Sir Winston Churchill contributed "iron curtain" to the Western vocabulary, the Museum joined with Harvard's Peabody and Fogg Museums in 1931 in sending Eugene A. Golomshtok to Russia to catch u p on what had been happening in Soviet archaeology. H e was received so cordially by Russian scientists that the University Museum sent him back in 1933 to collaborate with the State Academy of Leningrad in excavations at Dourios, an ancient Crimean stronghold of the Goths. T h e y uncovered a silver plaque and other ornaments, most of which the Russians let the Museum keep. Invited back in 1934, the Museum was not financially prepared to accept the Soviet hospitality that year. When it sought to renew the partnership later, it f o u n d the Russians no longer receptive. Another expedition with Harvard's Peabody Museum sent Vladimir Fewkes to Czechoslovakia in 1929 and 1930. H e found some remarkable Bronze Age sites. T h e Museum's only mission to sub-Saharan Africa was one to Sierra Leone in West Africa by H e n r y Usher Hall in 1936-37. H e brought home some beautiful artifacts. Most of the Museum's famous African collection—which Walt Disney once came to Philadelphia expressly to see—was acquired by gift or purchase. O n e of the h a n d f u l of distinguished women archaeologists, Frederica de Laguna, Ph.D., now a professor at Bryn Mawr College, carried out the Museum's Alaskan work in the 1930s. Seeking to trace the Eskimo back to his time and place of origin, Dr. de Laguna dug at Cook Inlet, at Prince William Sound, and along the middle and lower Yukon River. EARLY M A N

IN

AMERICA

T h e trail of early man has led many an anthropologist to the Old World, but Edgar B. Howard looked in his own back yard, the United States. Howard, a staff member and later vice-director of the University Museum, who had considerable success in business before winning his Ph.D., was one of the few Americanists who in 1930 believed man had inhabited the Western Hemisphere for longer than five thousand years. H e set out to prove that the earliest American was at least twice that old. W i t h the backing of the Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences, he carried his m a n h u n t into the caves and dried lakes of the American West and Southwest. T h e hazards that Howard encountered at times would have made an old N i p p u r

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hand feel at home. In the Burnet cave in New Mexico in 1932, nine feet of fine d u s t blown in by the ages—forced his party to don respirators. Several feet below a layer of Basketmaker evidences, near the bottom of the powdery deposit, Howard found what he was looking for: charcoals of man-made fires, the bones of long-extinct species of muskox, horse, and caribou, and mixed among them a grooved stone spearhead of a type known as a Folsom Point. A year later in a dry lake near Clovis, New Mexico, he found many more spearpoints and flints, again with bones of ancient animals, including mammoths. Other searchers subsequently found a spearpoint actually embedded in the skeleton of a mammoth. More recently, radiocarbon tests of charcoal and bones from several other sites have clinched Howard's thesis that man in America goes back well beyond 10,000 B.C. A trip to Russia by Howard in 1935 established that his Folsom and Clovis points bore no family resemblance to Siberian spearpoints of comparable antiquity. THE FIFTIETH

ANNIVERSARY

An elaborate dinner in the Museum on March 13, 1937, attended by an impressive array of the scientifically and socially prominent, highlighted the observance of the University Museum's fiftieth anniversary. T o mark the occasion, Horace Jayne prepared an imaginative pamphlet, " T h e Museum of Belshazzar's Sister," which told the story of the University Museum—and, incidentally, that of a truly ancient "museum" uncovered by the expedition to Ur. T h e r e had been hope that the fiftieth anniversary would unlock a flood of contributions for the Museum's development. T h e times were to prove unpropitious for fund-raising; but the dinner was a social success, and Jayne's pamphlet stands as a handsome reminder of this milestone in the Museum's history. THE WOMEN'S

COMMITTEE

All the Museum needed to keep u p the warming trend in its atmosphere was a little more of the woman's touch. It came in 1939 when—at J o h n Story Jenks' suggestion—a Women's Committee was formed by Mrs. Daniel Moreau Barringer, widow of one Museum board member and mother of another, Brandon Barringer. Here was a brigade of experienced hostesses for Museum teas, receptions, and dinners; of volunteer membership-boosters and drum-beaters; of willing hands to help the curators with tasks that did not require a Margaret Mead. In the board minutes, the first mention of the Women's Committee after its organization was a housekeeping note: the ladies begged to report that the condition of the Museum's lavatories left something to be desired. T h e y were forthwith authorized to take corrective measures. Among the social events for which the committee has made arrangements have been Members' Night parties, receptions and dinners for presidents of the University, and the Museum's Seventy-fifth Anniversary Ball.

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When Mrs. Charles C. Harrison, Jr., succeeded to the chairmanship in 1948 she suggested that the chairman and one other member be observers at meetings of the Board of Managers. T h o u g h Mrs. Harrison recalls that the managers' enthusiasm for this proposal was not exactly unrestrained, it was approved; and since 1955 the women's chairman has been an ex officio board member, with the privilege of bringing another member to each meeting. Mrs. Harrison was chairman until 1952, Mrs. George S. Patterson from 1952 to 1956, and Mrs. N. C. Lamont from 1956 to 1959, when Mrs. John Biggs, Jr., began a term now current.

A MUSEUM

OF

MAN

Since naming its building the "Free Museum of Science and Art" in the 1890s, the Museum had never found it necessary to define its mission very specifically. T h e opening of the Art Museum on the Parkway in 1928 had not been regarded as the entry upon the scene of a competitor. From the start, the two museums recognized that the University Museum's interest in art (except perhaps from China and India) ended at about the point in history where the Art Museum's began. Yet the Art Museum's assumption of the central place in the aesthetic life of Philadelphia made it clear that the University Museum's pre-eminence in the community was no longer in the field of art. A breathing spell gave the University Museum an opportunity to pause and take stock of itself: T h e outbreak of war in Europe forced it to recall its Old World expeditions in 1939; a year later Horace Jayne resigned as director to become vice-director of the Metropolitan Museum in New York, bringing about another interregnum in the front office. T a k i n g advantage of the lull, Edgar Howard wrote a letter to John Story Jenks in 1941 seeking to p u t the Museum's mission in sharper focus. It read in part, One cannot help wondering whether the drift in emphasis upon the artistic in archaeology and ethnology has not almost overshadowed research and the scientific objectives. . . . It is difficult to draw the line between art and archaeology, since they overlap, but the problem is perhaps not beyond solution. . . . No subject is better calculated to interest a large number of people than man himself. Particularly intriguing to scientist and layman alike is the problem of man's antiquity. . . . [We] might envisage the Museum as a center for the study of primitive man, or early man, or just man. . . . No one institution has adopted this problem as its own. Whatever else the Museum might do, Howard hoped it would take a stronger role in the search for early man. H e suggested that it bring into its orbit such leading figures in this field as Carleton S. Coon of Harvard and Wilton M. Krogman of Chicago. T h e Board of Managers approved Howard's ideas in principle. While Jenks as president and Jayne as director had both been interested in archaeology primarily from the aesthetic point of view, the next president and subsequent directors were to ap-

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proach it from the scientific side, as a quest for new knowledge a b o u t the ancient peoples whose sites were excavated. After World War II the board was to create a Section of Early Man headed by Loren C. Eiseley, and to bring both Coon and Krogman to the M u s e u m staff. In the meantime it was clarifying its image of itself: a m u s e u m of man. SOME

PERSONALITIES

Like Provosts Pepper and Harrison in earlier eras, T h o m a s S. Gates, president of the University from 1930 to 1944, regarded the M u s e u m as one of the brightest jewels in Pennsylvania's crown. As a Museum board m e m b e r he seldom missed a meeting. His astute judgment and his personal generosity were valued equally during the difficult 1930s. An uncommonly thoughtful man, he gave everyone with whom he dealt a sense of sharing his own great personal dignity. While chairman of the University trustees in 1947—after having retired as president—he reluctantly accepted the position of chairman of the M u s e u m Board, a post created especially for him. H e died in 1948. Mrs. Gates, happily, remains active in the work of the Women's Committee as this is written, and T h o m a s S. Gates, Jr., after serving as Secretary of Defense, was elected to the Museum board in 1962. Another strong force in the Museum's progress was E. R. Fenimore Johnson, who joined the board in 1931 and was elected a vice-president in 1937. Like his father, Eldridgc Johnson, he proved an imaginative officer and an exceptionally generous one. His establishment of the motion picture library and his part in the Matto Grosso expedition have been mentioned. His resignation from the board in 1959 for reasons of health was much regretted. Miss Caroline S. Sinkler kept the M u s e u m ' s morale high in a most delightful way: Besides supporting its work generously, for many years she gave an annual party for the staff. In recognition of her interest and services she was named honorary chairman of the Women's Committee, of which her niece, Mrs. Nicholas G. Roosevelt, has long been a valued member. Such persons as these helped make the University M u s e u m as warmly human as befits a museum of man.

6 1941 to 1947: Response to War WORLD WAR II FOUND T H E UNIVERSITY

M U S E U M A READY SOURCE OF EXOTIC TALENTS AND

global know-how for a nation thrust overnight into a worldwide conflict. It also found the Museum under new leadership. In J u n e , 1941, the writer, then president of a central city bank, had been elected president of the Museum board, succeeding J o h n Story Jenks, who had resigned. A board m e m b e r since 1931, when he had been elected to the place of his late uncle, Louis C. Madeira, he held a master's degree in anthropology and had organized the 1930 aerial exploration of the Maya area, elsewhere mentioned. H e accepted the honor with some hesitation. T h e war in Europe had already begun; the Museum had no director and no secretary, and there would also be need to recruit many new members to the board. Seeking a director to succeed J a y n e , the president finally decided upon George C. Vaillant, Ph.D., a forty-year-old expert on Mexican archaeology. H e had met Vaillant earlier in Mexico City, where the latter was doing field work for the American Museum of Natural History, of New York. His favorable impression of the archaeologist was confirmed by subsequent meetings at the American Philosophical Society and elsewhere. Vaillant was introduced to a committee of the Board of Managers, including President Gates of the University, at a luncheon; his election as director followed in the fall of 1941. Another election of 1941 turned out to be more significant than anyone could have foreseen; Marian Angeli Godfrey—now Mrs. Francis Boyer, wife of the board chairman of Smith, Kline and French Laboratories—was chosen as secretary at the suggestion of the writer and President Gates, who were familiar with her ability. She succeeded J a n e M. M c H u g h , who had retired in 1940 after forty-two years' service to the Museum, the last twenty-three years as secretary. T h e fortunes of war were to make Mrs. Godfrey the Museum's first lady. 51

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T h e Pearl H a r b o r attack of D e c e m b e r 7, 1941, evoked from the M u s e u m a demonstration of how q u i c k l y m e n a n d institutions can react to the challenge of war. W i t h i n a few months, the M u s e u m had b e c o m e a cultural training g r o u n d for G o v e r n m e n t p e r s o n n e l h e a d e d for service in Africa and L a t i n America. Staff m e m b e r s whose work had s e e m e d a c a d e m i c in peacetime were b e i n g called to W a s h i n g t o n and elsewhere on secret missions; q u i t e a few, of course, were called to arms. T h e B o a r d of M a n a g e r s b e l i e v e d that such h u m a n e institutions as the University M u s e u m owed it to society to k e e p the flame of c u l t u r e alive through the war. T h e M u s e u m d i d its part. T H E NEW

DIRECTOR

H a n d s o m e , y o u t h f u l G e o r g e C l a p p Vaillant—pronounced " V a l i a n t " — h a d been associate c u r a t o r of M e x i c a n a r c h a e o l o g y at the A m e r i c a n M u s e u m of N a t u r a l History, for which he had e x c a v a t e d in the A m e r i c a n Southwest, Egypt, and Yucatan and had led an eight-year e x p e d i t i o n to M e x i c o . H e had j u s t p u b l i s h e d The Aztecs of Mexico, still the s t a n d a r d work on the s u b j e c t . H i s t e n u r e at the U n i v e r s i t y M u s e u m , as it t u r n e d out, gave him no o p p o r t u n i t y for field archaeology. T h e M u s e u m ' s few e x p e d i t i o n s d u r i n g the war were to sites within the U n i t e d States, n o t a b l y quests for evidence of early man in California—at B o r a x L a k e in 1942 by M. R a y m o n d H a r r i n g t o n and at T r a n q u i l l i t y in 1944 by M a l c o l m Lloyd and Linton Satterthwaite, J r . Yet V a i l l a n t e x e r t e d a progressive influence on the M u s e u m . T o him, r a d i o was the m o d e r n e x t e n s i o n of the lecture hall; in 1942 the M u s e u m began a regular series of broadcasts, " W o r l d of Y e s t e r d a y . " T w o years later it a d d e d a radio director to its staff a n d a m u s i c a l director to a r r a n g e concerts in the M u s e u m . With the help of Mrs. G o d f r e y ' s light touch, the t e m p o r a r y e x h i b i t i o n s took on a p o p u l a r flavor: " 5 0 0 0 Years of V a n i t y , " " S m o k i n g a n d Its S u b s t i t u t e s , " " T h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n and His W e a l t h , " a n d " T h e R o o t of All E v i l . " Such were the signs of the Vaillant-Godfrey era. C U L T U R E GOES TO WAR

S t a r t i n g f r o m scratch a f t e r Pearl H a r b o r , the M u s e u m by A p r i l of 1942 h a d organized a n d activated two p i o n e e r i n g e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m s . T h e I n t e r - A m e r i c a n T r a i n i n g C e n t e r , o n e of only two of its kind in the country, a l r e a d y h a d b e g u n intensively p r e p a r i n g the first sixty g o v e r n m e n t servants for d u t i e s south of the R i o G r a n d e . W . R e x C r a w f o r d , Ph.D., then professor of sociology at the U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a a n d an intellectual jack-of-all-trades, headed the prog r a m so effectively that a year later he was n a m e d the first cultural attaché of the U n i t e d States E m b a s s y in Brazil. T h e A f r i c a n S t u d i e s P r o g r a m started o u t as a linguistics project. It b r o u g h t tog e t h e r A f r i c a n natives a n d A m e r i c a n g r a d u a t e students in c o m p i l i n g g r a m m a r s and

1941 τ ο

1947:

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53

phrase books for African dialects. T h e books were used in the accelerated training of Africa-bound personnel. T h e scope of the program expanded rapidly; within a year, it was writing and publishing comprehensive handbooks about various regions of the Dark Continent, dealing with their governments, food, animal and mineral resources, and native customs. T h e dialect studies and the handbooks were a remarkable achievement of scholarship under forced draft. Heading the African program were Heinrich A. Wieschhoff, Ph.D., curator of the African Section of the Museum, and Zellig S. Harris, Ph.D., a University linguistics scholar. Wieschhoff, who had come to the University from Germany in 1936 to teach the anthropology of the Negro, spent half of each week during the war in Washington, where his duties were in the ultrasecTet Office of Strategic Services. Some time after the war, Wieschhoff left the University to head the research section of the United Nations Trusteeship Council—the first of a series of U.N. posts he was to hold. In 1961 as director of U.N. Political and Security Council Affairs and as African political adviser to Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold, he accompanied Hammarskjold on a Congo peace mission. T h e i r plane crashed in Northern Rhodesia, killing Wieschhoff, Hammarskjold, and 14 others. T O T H E COLORS

Mindful of the "blitz" of London, the Museum lost no time after Pearl Harbor in establishing an air raid shelter in the Educational Section and providing means throughout the building for dealing with incendiary bombs—sand, shovels, stirrup pumps, asbestos gloves, and goggles. Moving the collections to a safer place was deemed inadvisable; the British Museum was said to have experienced more damage in the moving process than from enemy action, and had brought its treasures back. T h e University Museum did, however, place some of its most precious and fragile objects in a steel vault in the basement. Just as the Army was recalling some of its old soldiers, so did the Museum board in 1943 recall Samuel F. Houston to its membership after a thirty-three-year absence. A board member from 1897 to 1910 and president for the last five years of that period, he proved again to be a tower of wisdom and experience. His death in 1952 ended an association with the Museum that spanned fifty-five years. So many leading American scholars of foreign cultures had, like Heinrich Wieschhoff, been recruited by the OSS that the Museum was struck by a timely idea for its 1942-43 lecture series. It invited OSS experts to speak about areas of the globe then in the headlines. But it had not reckoned with the secrecy surrounding the cloak-anddagger agency, whose director General William (Wild Bill) Donovan, vetoed the idea. Besides Wieschhoff, the experts called to Washington included three Fellows of the Museum, W. Norman Brown, Ephraim Α. Speiser, and William Duncan Strong. George H. McFadden of the Mediterranean Section gave the Navy his yacht and

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served on it in the Red Sea. J o h n Franklin Daniel III, also of the Mediterranean Section, was an Army lieutenant colonel in Greece. John B. Corning, a Museum consultant, also entered the Army. W. H . Noble, Jr., assistant to the director, went into the Navy. Charles Bache of the Babylonian Section worked in a war plant. Edgar B. Howard, vice-director, on leave because of ill health and working for an aircraft company in California, wrote early in 1943 that he had heard of several promising sites of early man and was eager to explore them "when the transportation situation improves." W i t h i n a m o n t h he was dead of a heart ailment. Not the least of those called to Uncle Sam's service was the Museum's director, George C. Vaillant.

T H E W A R AND GEORGE

VAILLANT

Vaillant, who had been a seventeen-year-old Marine Corps recruit in World War I, was tapped by the State Department early in 1943 to be senior cultural relations officer in the United States Embassy in Peru. T h e board granted him leave to go to Lima. Mrs. Godfrey, secretary of the Museum, took over its management as acting director. A capable woman, she had been president of the Board of Women Visitors of the University Hospital and had taken part in one of the Museum's Central American expeditions of the 1930s. Her firm hand and stylish hats became familiar aspects of the Museum scene d u r i n g the war. Vaillant returned and resumed the directorship in the fall of 1944. But before many months had passed, the Government tapped him again—this time to be cultural attache in Spain, starting July 1, 1945. Again he prepared to go; but he never reached Madrid. On a warm Sunday afternoon in May, 1945, eleven days after the war had ended in Europe and seven weeks before he was to take u p his post in Spain, Vaillant was mowing the lawn of his home at Devon, Pennsylvania. H e laid down the mower, went behind a bush, and shot himself dead. H e was only forty-four. T h e absence of a note left his motive a mystery. Some friends speculated that he may have been depressed by inoculations he had been given the day before in anticipation of the trip abroad. Another wondered if his prospective duties in Spain might have called for an artfulness that open-faced, sincere George Vaillant felt incapable of affecting. As Marian Angeli Godfrey once again assumed the acting directorship, the Museum board said of Vaillant in a memorial resolution: He was one of the few today without fear and without hatred of men or race. He was wholly lacking in malice or envy . . . unselfish to the highest degree. He was devoted to the cause of truth . . . and to the performance of any duty which this ideal involved. Hating war, he gave all of himself to help abolish it . . . and his great efforts in the cause of peace undoubtedly helped to bring about his untimely end. He was a great man among us, and we shall not see his like again.

7 1947 to 1962: A New Era NOT UNTIL WELL AFTER THE WAR HAD ALL THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS

AND

ANTHROPOLOGISTS

come home, so that the writer as president of the University Museum was able to go about finding it a new director. Early in 1947 he wrote to ranking officials of Harvard's Peabody Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, and several other institutions, asking each to name six men in their forties qualified to head the University Museum staff. Only one name appeared on all their lists—that of Froelich Rainey. Interviews with Rainey were followed by a luncheon at which he met a committee of the Museum board. He was elected director in June, 1947. Director Rainey took over the reins from Marian Angeli Godfrey, who, with some small help from the writer and E. R. Fenimore Johnson, then vice-president, had run the Museum as secretary and acting director for a total of three and a half years during and after the war. Mrs. Godfrey's remarkable performance was acknowledged by the Museum board in a resolution when Rainey took office in 1947. When she resigned as secretary in 1949, the board minutes noted: Special mention was made of the way in which she had been forced by circumstances to assume the responsibility for the entire administration of the Museum during most of the long years of the war and for some time thereafter, and the extraordinary value to the Museum of the way this responsibility had been carried out. T h e war over, the Museum was faced with a diversity of backlogs: of staff vacancies, of overdue building repairs, and, happily, of some $250,000 for expeditions, this being the income accumulated since 1939 from endowments limited to that purpose. T o forty-year-old Froelich Rainey, to the writer as president, and to the Museum board, the situation presented an opportunity to lead the institution to a fresh start. Rainey, a Westerner, had done West Indian archaeology for his doctorate at Yale, then became an Arctic specialist while teaching for seven years at the University of Alaska. During World War II he headed a mission that brought quinine out over the 55

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Andes from Ecuador and he followed Allied troops i n t o G e r m a n y as a State Departm e n t foreign service officer. A n imaginative man, R a i n e y seldom lets his i m a g i n a t i o n be i n h i b i t e d by the practical difficulties inherent in a new idea. T h e president and board have consistently backed h i m up. Consequently, the M u s e u m of today is q u i t e different f r o m that of 1947. All the curators are new. Galleries have b e e n d r a m a t i c a l l y remodeled. New technological ideas have been used to m a k e e x h i b i t s c o m e alive. Visitors can now take a snack in a Brazilian Coffee R o o m and r e s u m e their gallery tours refreshed. T h e Museum's latchstring is out for University students, faculty, and a l u m n i and appropriate guest organizations; it is the most popular site on the campus for h o l d i n g dinners. A M u s e u m television show, " W h a t in the W o r l d ? " won a large a u d i e n c e and a national award. W i t h i n the University family, the M u s e u m ' s curatorial staff has b e c o m e very much a part of the faculty, m a k i n g Pennsylvania o n e of the top few universities in anthropology and archaeology. Even the Museum's work tools have changed. A radiation c o u n t e r tells the age of a n c i e n t wood and b o n e with new precision. T h e archaeologist's spade has given way to an oil-drilling rig in T u r k e y , to e l e c t r o n i c s o u n d i n g devices in Italy, and to skindiving e q u i p m e n t deep in the M e d i t e r r a n e a n . Yet this era of innovation has not been w i t h o u t its r e m i n d e r s of the founding days of 1887. O n e of E. W . Clark's grandsons, J o s e p h Sill Clark, J r . , b e c a m e a Museum b o a r d m e m b e r in 1952 in a r o u n d a b o u t way: by b e c o m i n g Mayor of Philadelphia, at that time an ex officio m e m b e r . Mayor C l a r k has since b e c o m e Senator Clark. Ano t h e r grandson of " E . W . , " Crawford C l a r k M a d e i r a , was elected president of the University's General A l u m n i Society in 1959 and thus b e c a m e a T r u s t e e of the University.

NEW

FACES

O n l y three sections of the M u s e u m had curators when R a i n e y b e c a m e director in 1947. O n e of these incumbents, L e o n Legrain of the B a b y l o n i a n Section, b e c a m e emeritus curator in 1948. A second, J o h n F r a n k l i n D a n i e l I I I of the M e d i t e r r a n e a n Section, died in 1948 in T u r k e y and was buried in Cyprus. T h e third, J . Alden Mason of the A m e r i c a n Section, b e c a m e emeritus curator in 1955, since which time he has had an opportunity to complete some of his finest scholarly work. T h e task facing R a i n e y , the president, and the b o a r d was n o t h i n g less than to assemble a whole new curatorial team. Legrain, and H i l p r e c h t before him, had c o m e f r o m across the Atlantic. A fit scholar to succeed them came from only across the S c h u y l k i l l : Samuel N o a h Kramer, Ph.D., who had been brought up in P h i l a d e l p h i a and worked with Legrain since 1942. K r a m e r b e c a m e curator of the B a b y l o n i a n tablet c o l l e c t i o n and Clark Research Professor of Assyriology in 1948. Home-grown also was Mason's successor as A m e r i c a n curator, L i n t o n Satterthwaite,

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Jr., a lean, wiry sometime T r e n t o n newspaper reporter who had been digging for the Museum throughout the Americas since the late 1920s. T o all the other first-string positions, the Museum brought new faces. Alfred Kidder II, Ph.D., a Harvard professor and veteran of many a Central and South American expedition, was named associate director of the Museum in 1950. His modest, square-shooting ways set well with the staff. " T e d " Kidder is the son of Alfred V. Kidder of Boston, known as the dean of American archaeologists. T h e elder Kidder, who was long associated with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, received the Museum's Drexel Medal in 1958. His son is respected in his own right for his discoveries in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Peru and Bolivia. Carleton S. Coon, Ph.D., another recruit from Harvard, was named curator of the Section of General Ethnology in 1948. A great teddy bear of a man, with his gray hair usually a bit tousled and his specs down on his nose, Carl Coon became a favorite among viewers of " W h a t in the World?" Rodney Stuart Young, Ph.D., a Princeton man, followed Daniel as curator of the Mediterranean Section. Young had been with the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. D u r i n g the war he did Greek intelligence work for the OSS and also went to Greece with a war relief mission. His discovery of the " T o m b of Midas" at Gordion in T u r k e y in the late 1950s is another story. Herman Ranke, Ph.D., who had worked at the Museum half a century earlier and had been a witness at the Hilprecht inquiry, returned briefly as curator of the Egyptian Section. W h e n Ranke chose to go home to his native Germany, the Museum filled the Egyptian post in 1950 with another scholarly German, Rudolf Anthes, Ph.D., of Berlin, who retired in 1963. Loren C. Eiseley, Ph.D., then chairman of the anthropology department of the University, was named to a new position of "curator of early man." A Nebraskan and a naturalist and philosopher at heart, Eiseley has since served as provost of the University and written books that have established him as one of the poets of science. Still curator, he now heads a new department of the history and philosophy of science in the University's Graduate School. Wilton Marion Krogman, Ph.D., named curator of physical anthropology, is a tall, solid-looking man who is known to readers of some of the national magazines as "the bone detective." A bone fragment is all that Krogman usually needs to tell the age, sex, and build of the deceased, if not what he had for breakfast. This extraordinary faculty has at times impelled police to enlist his help in solving murder mysteries. Newest of the curators is James B. Pritchard, Ph.D., of the new Section of Biblical Archaeology. Jim Pritchard had first worked λνϊΐΐι the Museum while teaching Old Testament at Crozer Theological Seminary, Chester, Pennsylvania, and later had come back to lead its Holy Land expeditions while on the faculty of the Church Divinity School of the Pacific, Berkeley, California. T h e r e are other brilliant men on this new team that the Museum formed after

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W o r l d W a r II: young men such as R o b e r t H . Dyson, Jr., of the N e a r Eastern Section; W i l l i a m R. Coe, Ph.D., of the American Section; W a r d H . G o o d e n o u g h , Ph.D., curator for Oceania; G. Roger Edwards, Ph.D., of the M e d i t e r r a n e a n Section; and others older a n d m o r e widely known, such as A. Irving Hallowell, Ph.D., c u r a t o r of social anthropology, and A n t h o n y F. C. Wallace, Ph.D., c u r a t o r of A m e r i c a n ethnology. It may well be the most talented g r o u p of scientists a n d scholars engaged anywhere today in the study of man.

H A R M O N Y IN T H E

FAMILY

Since its genesis in the University Archaeological Association, the M u s e u m had had its own constituency of benefactors and a great deal of a u t o n o m y . It was a bridge between the archaeologically m i n d e d segment of the p u b l i c a n d the University. Over this bridge had come h u n d r e d s of thousands of gift dollars for expeditions and the purchase of collections, m e t halfway by the University's s u p p o r t of r o u t i n e operations at home. George Byron G o r d o n considered the M u s e u m ' s i n d e p e n d e n c e of the University vital to its survival. " T h e work of a m u s e u m c a n n o t be successfully carried on by a college or university," he wrote in 1917, "[except] w h e r e special conditions give the m u s e u m an i n d e p e n d e n t existence. O n e of these exceptions is the University M u s e u m of Philadelphia. . . ." After thirty-two years on the M u s e u m Board, the writer concurs fully in this view, as does the present director. Gordon, moreover, having taught University a n t h r o p o l o g y classes d u r i n g his early years on the M u s e u m staff, believed the d e m a n d s of the two jobs incompatible. He severed the M u s e u m staff almost completely f r o m the faculty, a circumstance that did n o t strengthen the Museum's case when the University suspended its o p e r a t i n g supp o r t in the late 1920s. U n d e r G o r d o n the M u s e u m did not always identify itself with the University by n a m e . W h e n Provost Josiah H . P e n n i m a n w e n t to the British M u s e u m to see an exhibition f r o m Ur, he was distressed to find the A m e r i c a n p a r t n e r in the e x h i b i t i o n n a m e d only as " T h e University M u s e u m of P h i l a d e l p h i a . " A committee of the University, on which the writer r e p r e s e n t e d the M u s e u m , ree onciled the estranged p a r e n t and offspring in 1938 by f r a m i n g a n d g a i n i n g a d o p t i o n of a new M u s e u m constitution, Article I of which reads: T h e University Museum shall give appropriate publicity to the fact that the Museum is a part of the University of Pennsylvania. More substantively, u n d e r this 1938 charter the University assumed the o p e r a t i n g a n d m a i n t e n a n c e costs of the M u s e u m , whose b u i l d i n g s a n d collections it owns, and the salaries of those curators who taught classes, while leaving the M u s e u m b o a r d in complete control of and responsible for the e x p e d i t i o n s a n d collections. T h i s balance of powers and responsibilities is essentially u n c h a n g e d in a new constitution that the

1947 το 1962: a new era

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writer negotiated with a University trustees' committee in 1962. T h e new one changes the president's title to "chairman" and designates the Board of Managers as Associate Trustees of the University. T h e Museum and the University today are perhaps closer than ever. T h e curators are among the mainstays of the University's anthropology department, which has offices in the Museum; its department of Oriental studies, and a new department of archaeology headed by Rainey. T o d a y the University's contribution to the Museum budget is around $250,000 a year—the a m o u n t Eldridge Johnson had said the Museum could "use to good purpose" in 1929. For its part, the Museum has striven to lighten the University's burden and increase its own resources by building u p its membership from six hundred in 1945 to eighteen h u n d r e d in 1962 and the gross proceeds of its sales department from $7300 to $67,000. A new organization of Museum benefactors sponsored by the writer, " T h e Fellows of the University M u s e u m " (distinct from the Consulting Fellows) , has been adding some $15,000 yearly. And the expeditions, as always, are carried out at no cost to the University at all. " w h a t in t h e w o r l d ? " " W h a t in the World?" was first seen on W C A U - T V in Philadelphia one Tuesday night in April of 1950. It was a panel quiz program. With Rainey as moderator, three experts—two of them usually Museum curators, the third a guest scientist, scholar, or artist—tried to identify objects f r o m the Museum storeroom, which they had never seen before. W h a t is the object? W h e r e in the world did it come from? When was it made? These questions the experts attempted to answer, and usually did with uncanny precision. Like " w h o d u n i t " detectives, they fitted together small clues: the material used, the tools that must have been required, the subtle peculiarities of the craftsmanship oi style. . . . N o t h i n g the Museum has ever done won it as many friends in as many places. When " W h a t in the World?" was shown on the Columbia Broadcasting System network, fan mail poured in from throughout the country. T h e program won the George Peabody Award as the outstanding educational television show of 1951. "A superb blending of the academic and the entertaining," the citation called it. Its stay on the network was intermittent. Each time it was taken off, letters came from disappointed viewers. Yet the program's national showing finally ended because CBS was unable to find an appropriate commercial sponsor. Since then, " W h a t in the World?" has been on and off W C A U - T V and one or two other stations, and the videotape recordings are widely used in educational television. W h e n the show was being telecast "live," spontaneous occurrences gave the Mu-

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s e u m s o m e a n x i o u s m o m e n t s . " W h o ' s this w e n c h ? " C a r l e t o n C o o n g r u n t e d once as a, figurine was shown. W h e n he took a closer look a n d f o u n d it was a M a d o n n a , Carl q u i c k l y retracted his u n i n t e n d e d sacrilege. For a time, the p r o g r a m invited P h i l a d e l p h i a viewers to s u b m i t their own rare o b j e c t s for the experts' identification. T h i s p r o p o s a l had u n f o r e s e e n pitfalls. O n c e as a M u s e u m representative was accepting a pottery vessel f r o m a viewer it fell on the floor a n d shattered. M o r e often, the owners of the v o l u n t e e r e d o b j e c t s were upset when the e x p e r t s identified their a n t i q u i t i e s as V i c t o r i a n j u n k .

ARCHAEOLOGY COMES OF

AGE

W h e n the University M u s e u m l a u n c h e d its first e x p e d i t i o n , a r c h a e o l o g y was pretty m u c h a treasure hunt. T r u e , diggers such as S c h l i e m a n n — w h o d u g for T r o y a n d f o u n d a m u c h older city u n d e r it—had already i l l u m i n a t e d d a r k pages of history. B u t excav a t i n g m e t h o d s were h i t o r - m i s s , a n d the u n d e r l y i n g m o t i v e was to b r i n g b a c k precious things to p u t on display. L i t t l e by little, ancient nations b e g a n to realize that the dearest m e m e n t o s of their p r o u d histories were finding their way into the m u s e u m s of E n g l a n d , France, a n d to a lesser extent other E u r o p e a n countries a n d A m e r i c a . T o d a y almost every country that has a n t i q u i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g m o s t of those in the W e s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e , has p u t an e n d to their e x p l o i t a t i o n . L a w s have b e e n a d o p t e d m a k i n g newly discovered a n t i q u i t i e s the property of the g o v e r n m e n t s , r e q u i r i n g licenses to d i g for them, a n d usually f o r b i d d i n g their e x p o r t . Iran a n d a few other nations still give the discoverer an even split; virtually n o n e p e r m i t s the t a k i n g o u t of g o l d a n d silver objects. T h e archaeologist's prize today is not trinkets, b u t k n o w l e d g e . T h e motives of the U n i v e r s i t y M u s e u m , for e x a m p l e , were well stated by F r o e l i c h R a i n e y in a review of its research policy in 1951: Anthropological research, to be truly meaningful and useful, must be solution of fundamental problems of human history and behavior . . . and physical origins, the study of the development and fate of civilizations Research should be original, new cloth rather than embroidery of the should be placed on interpretation and the meaning of field results in of cultural growth and historical process.

directed toward the the study of human or high cultures. . . . old; more emphasis terms of the nature

T h e m e t h o d s have b e c o m e as scientific as the p u r p o s e s . N o o b j e c t is r e m o v e d f r o m the earth b e f o r e its precise location has been r e c o r d e d . F r o m such d a t a today's archaeologist can reconstruct the original character of the site in the m i n u t e s t detail. A rush of technological refinements in a r c h a e o l o g y b e g a n with W i l l a r d J . L i b b y ' s discovery of c a r b o n 14 in n a t u r e in 1947. U s i n g an a n c i e n t E g y p t i a n b o n e f r o m the University M u s e u m as well as other relics of o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l with k n o w n dates of origin, L i b b y , in C h i c a g o , f o u n d that he could d e t e r m i n e their a g e by m e a s u r i n g the radia-

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tion from their carbon 14 content, which diminishes at a known rate. By 1952 the University Museum had its own Carbon 14 Laboratory, conducted by one of Libby's protégés, Miss Elizabeth K. Ralph. Comparable methods are now being developed to establish the age of such inorganic materials as stone and pottery. In the field, the trial-and-error digging for buried structures is giving way to the use of such instruments as the proton magnetometer, which "senses" the existence of u n d e r g r o u n d objects by variations in magnetic fields, without a spadeful of earth having been turned. Another new kind of underground probe uses an echo-sounding principle. Using electronic devices, Froelich Rainey, in cooperation with the Lerici Foundation of Rome, located a section of an old city wall eight feet below the ground in southern Italy in 1962. T h e site is on the alluvial plain where the lost Greek city of Sybaris once stood; whether the wall was that of Sybaris is yet unestablished. A vast new field of archaeology—the sea—has been opened to exploration by the recent improvement of underwater breathing apparatus. One University Museum expedition of almost a score of skindivers, headed by George Bass, having completed work on a Bronze Age vessel, has been investigating an A.D. seventh century shipwreck one h u n d r e d twenty feet deep in the Mediterranean off southern Turkey. Duly scientific, the skindivers in 1962 built a metal scaffolding over the whole wreck, made grid photographs of twenty-seven sections of the vessel, and produced a complete, accurate plan of the Byzantine ship. Rainey, meanwhile, founded the Applied Science Center for Archaeology at the University Museum in 1961, making it the national leader in the development of new electronic and atomic techniques of exploration. I N T E R N A T I O N A L JIGSAW PUZZLE

Like building a cathedral, deciphering the mass of inscribed clay tablets from N i p p u r is a work of many lifetimes. Samuel Noah Kramer has been the most prolific interpreter yet of these writings in Sumerian, the oldest surviving written language. T h e Egyptians learned to write about the same time as the Sumerians in an entirely different system of hieroglyphics, but used perishable papyrus. T h e texts vary from large, 12-column tablets containing hundreds of lines of tiny cuneiform characters to walnut-size chunks of clay inscribed with only a phrase or two. Many of those that Kramer has translated have proved to be man's earliest known writings on various subjects—myths, epics, hymns, proverbs, and even a farmer's almanac. Fragments of some tablets became separated before, during, or after excavation and ended u p in widely distant museums. Kramer, though not a field archaeologist, has traveled tens of thousands of miles to fit the pieces together, or to find duplicate tablets to fill gaps in those he has. By matching four fragments in Philadelphia with two in Istanbul, for example,

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he completed a pre-biblical parallel to the lamentations of Job. Since the fragments cannot be taken from country to country, his task involves tedious hours of copying inscriptions in pen and ink. Similar missions have taken him behind the Iron Curtain: four times since 1955 to Jena in East Germany, where Hilprecht's personal collection reposes (and where Kramer is p l a n n i n g to return as this is w r i t t e n ) , and once in 1957 to Moscow and Leningrad. At Jena he found the oldest known city map, one of N i p p u r , scratched in clay; in Moscow, the oldest known funeral dirges. H e has also collaborated with a British Museum scholar in deciphering Sumerian tablets unearthed at Ur. A N E X C H A N G E W I T H RUSSIA

For a week in 1956 the University Museum became a scientific United Nations as seven h u n d r e d delegates from sixty-three countries converged upon it for the Fifth International Congress of the Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, of which Rainey was president. T h e attention of the press centered on three delegates from the Soviet Union. One of these, George Debetz, Russia's foremost anthropologist, established a warm scientific relationship with Froelich Rainey and other Museum staff members. Early in 1957 the Soviet Union invited Rainey to give a series of lectures in Moscow. While there, he arranged an exchange whereby Samuel Kramer made his trip to Russia while Debetz came back to America. Here Debetz studied some Alaskan skeletons in the American Museum of Natural History that Rainey had turned u p many years earlier. Debetz concluded that the skeletons were those of neither Siberians nor Eskimos.

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MAN

Carleton Coon's m a j o r interest is in tracing the Origin of Races, the title of his latest book. T h i s quest has led him into some of the world's most obscure caves, notably in the Near East, the region from which Western man is believed to have migrated to Europe. In caves at Belt and H o t u in northeastern Iran, on the shore of the Caspian Sea, Coon in 1949 and 1951 f o u n d remains of Mesolithic hunters who used bows and arrows as long ago as 7,000 to 10,000 B.C. T h e Caspian Sea was many feet higher in those cave-man days than it is now. T h e geological evidence suggested that " H o t u m a n " might have been fifty thousand to seventy-five thousand years old. N o known man of such an advanced character went back nearly so far. Here the Carbon 14 laboratory proved its usefulness. H o t u man was a precocious fellow indeed for his time, b u t the dating technique established that his time was much later than the visible evidence had seemed to indicate.

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W H E R E T H E SUN STOOD STILL

When Joshua needed more daylight in order to dispose of his enemies, the sun stood still for him at Gibeon. A r o u n d the Pool of Gibeon, squads of warriors of Saul and David had annihilated each other. It was at Gibeon that Solomon had the dream in which the Lord granted him wisdom. All told, Gibeon is mentioned forty-three times in the Old Testament. Since 1956, James B. Pritchard has been retracing the footsteps of those Bible figures. Near the Arab village of el-Jib in Jordan, his joint expeditions of the University Museum and the Church Divinity School of the Pacific have been uncovering Gibeon. They found the Pool of Gibeon filled with debris, b u t in remarkably good condition: a large, r o u n d well with masonry walls and a winding stairway leading eightyfive feet down to the water level. T h e y found that the Gibeonites drank more than water; the chief local industry seemed to be wineries. Characteristic of those bloody days of Israelite history was Gibeon's elaborite civil defense system, including tunnels that enabled the citizens to fetch water from a spring on a nearby hillside even while the city was under siege. W i t h the purchase from Haverford College of the late Elihu Grant's fine collection of objects f r o m Ain Shems in western Judea, plus the Holy Land material it had possessed for many years, the University Museum in 1962 found itself pre-eminent in this field. It thereupon established its Section of Biblical Archaeology with Pritchard as curator. GORDION

Gordion is famous in legend on two counts. H e r e Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot; and here centuries earlier, lived a succession of kings alternately named Midas and Gordius. O n e of the Midases was so wealthy that people credited him with having a golden touch. T o historians, Gordion is of even more interest as the capital of the little known civilization of Phrygia, which flourished f r o m about 1000 to 700 B.C., when it was destroyed by raiders called the Kimmerians. By Alexander's time it had been rebuilt by the Persians; traces of the great Persian Royal Road from Persepolis to Sardis have been found near the site. T h e city of Gordion is in T u r k e y , 75 miles southwest of Ankara. Here a University Museum expedition led by Rodney Young has been uncovering the Phrygian city since 1950. On a plain across the river from the city are many man-made hills: Phrygian tumuli, or burial mounds. Dwarfing all the others is a tumulus about one h u n d r e d sixty feet high and covering perhaps ten acres. Surely it marked the tomb of some great king or priest. Was it the resting place of Midas of the golden touch? T h e tomb, of course, occupied only a relatively small area u n d e r the huge mound.

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T o frustrate grave robbers (or so some experts b e l i e v e ) , the Phrygians sited their tombs off-center within the mounds. "Midas' T o m b " could have been anywhere in the tenacre area. T o locate it, the Museum brought a light oil rig to Gordion, set it on the mound, and started drilling. T i m e and again, the drill sank quickly through the soft earth, striking nothing. B u t the eighty-fourth drill hole met an obstruction. A few more probes established the outlines of the stone overburden of the grave. T h e n a T u r k i s h engineering firm tunneled through the mound to the area marked by the drill holes, which proved, indeed, to be the location of the tomb. H e r e was a fifteen-by-ten-foot room with a ten-foot ceiling, walled with fresh-smelling j u n i p e r logs. T h e roof was cracked but still in place after some twenty-six hundred years. O n a collapsed bed lay the skeleton of the great king, surrounded by large bronze jars, various smaller bronze objects, and articles of pottery and wood. T h e tomb was a discovery of the first importance, and continued work at Gordion has met with further success. B u t if this in truth was Midas' tomb, legend had been disproved: T h e r e was not a sign of gold.

T H E GOLDEN

BOWL

If Midas was goldless, not so were the Mannaen people who lived in Azerbaijan in northern Iran in the first millennium before Christ. Excavating a mound at the Iron Age site of Hasanlu in 1958, after two seasons of prospecting, R o b e r t H. Dyson, J r . , of the Museum, found an ancient warrior still clutching a beautifully decorated bowl of solid gold—a vessel about eight inches tall and two feet in circumference. Near it was a silver beaker. In 1961 the Dyson expedition found forty-four victims of an ancient massacre, most of them maidens bedecked in jewelry of glass, bronze, carnelian, copper, and occasionally of gold. Other University Museum expeditions since W o r l d W a r II have made important finds in Arctic Alaska and Libya, and have gathered significant ethnological informa tion about the natives of New Britain and the adjacent Melanesian islands. B u t the largest, costliest, and most impressive undertaking in the Museum's first seventy-five years was and is at T i k a l in Guatemala. . . .

TIKAL

T i k a l , in the tropical rain forest of northern Guatemala, was the greatest and probably the oldest of all the Maya cities. Its huge pyramid-like temples, towering above the jungle, had long been known to modern man and occasionally were visited by explorers on mule-back. B u t until the Guatemalan Air Force built a landing strip at T i k a l in 1950 there was no way of transporting enough men and e q u i p m e n t there to carry out extensive archaeology.

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In 1956 the University Museum, with the enthusiastic cooperation of the Guatemalan government, set out to free T i k a l from the tangled foliage and partially to restore it. T h e project was to be the largest of its kind ever undertaken by a museum in the Western Hemisphere. Workers and machines were airlifted two hundred miles from Guatemala City at the expense of the national government. T h e planes brought a portable sawmill, a well-drilling rig, jeeps, trucks, and electrical generators: all these to a city whose builders lacked even a wheel. T h e first task was to clear away the jungle growth, set up living quarters, and establish a water supply. T h e new settlers were not entirely alone; they shared T i k a l with monkeys, birds, poisonous snakes, and even jaguars and tapirs. Stone by stone, T i k a l began to emerge from its blanket of matted greenery. Centuries-old debris almost magically found its way back into place. Leading the work have been Edwin M. Shook, Aubrey T r i k , W i l l i a m R . Coe, and, from time to time, Linton Satterthwaite, J r . , and many others. A breath-taking sight are T i k a l ' s five temples. One is two hundred seventeen feet high, another almost as spectacular. T w o temples, which face each other from either end of a grand plaza, have been cleared and partly restored. All over the area are dozens of smaller buildings, some one hundred fifty stelae and altars, and a wealth of intricate wood and stone carvings. One beautiful stela, found unweathered inside a temple, has provided the longest Maya hieroglyphic text from the early classic period ever discovered, and a number of new, unknown glyphs. Another is the oldest dated stone m o n u m e n t ever found in the Maya area. T h e work at T i k a l has dispelled the old belief that the Maya mysteriously fled their cities almost overnight. T i k a l was previously known to have flourished from about A.D. 300 to 900, while Europe was in the Dark Ages; to that span of occupancy the Museum has added centuries fore and aft. A tomb found fifty feet beneath T i k a l ' s Acropolis dates from the time of Christ, and pottery and other evidence shows that less culturally advanced Maya lived there as early as 500 B.C. At the other end of the scale, house mounds have been found indicating that some stragglers still lived at T i k a l long after the time of its last dated m o n u m e n t . At T i k a l the Museum has established once and for all the correlation between the Maya and Christian calendars, long in dispute among scholars, confirming the later or G o o d m a n - T h o m p s o n system. T h e age of wooden beams from a temple, carved with Maya dates, has been pinpointed by the Museum's Carbon 14 Laboratory, setting the time scale for relics throughout Middle America tied to the Maya dating system. Half a dozen large tombs of priests or rulers have been opened. Found buried with the dignitaries were rare and beautiful pottery, flint, jade, and other objects, and skeletons of victims sacrificed to the dead. O n e tomb disclosed a crocodile skin lying alongside the deceased. Some of the pottery design was clearly influenced by Teotihuacan in Mexico, many hundreds of miles away. Most of the larger graves opened were under large temple pyramids, disproving an assumption that the Maya never buried their dead under these structures. T h e remains also disclosed that the Maya indulged in human sacrifice.

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O n e of the expedition's first concerns was to establish a supply of d r i n k i n g water. T h e only existing source was an old Maya rain-catching reservoir, choked with vegetation, i n h a b i t e d by crocodiles, and providing a most u n p a l a t a b l e brew. T h e drilling rig bored more than five h u n d r e d feet down through T i k a l ' s limestone base a n d came u p dry. Science having failed, some of the members of the Board of Managers, tongue in cheek, raised a modest sum f r o m their own pockets to fly in a N e w E n g l a n d water-finder, H e n r y Gross, who was k n o w n to one of the members. Gross's genius h a d been described by the late historical novelist, K e n n e t h Roberts, in a book, Henry Gross and His Dowsing Rod. Gross cut himself a forked stick, talked to it, and finally predicted water at a p o i n t a b o u t five h u n d r e d yards f r o m where the d r i l l i n g rig stood. H e even wrote d o w n the d e p t h at which it would be f o u n d . W a t c h i n g the ritual, an oil c o m p a n y geologist said to Froelich Rainey, "If that guy can find water in this howling limestone wilderness with a f o r k e d stick, I'll become a Buddhist monk. Here's my card. Keep me i n f o r m e d . " It was p r o b a b l y not H e n r y Gross's fault that his prediction failed and the Buddhists lost a convert. T h e r e is n o u n d e r g r o u n d water to be f o u n d at T i k a l by dowsing or any o t h e r m e t h o d . T o d a y at T i k a l there are n i n e miles of trails cleared for m o t o r vehicles, a comfortable tourist hotel with American beds, a post office, a year-round village of a b o u t fifteen houses and some seventy-five residents, a school, a doctor w h o calls weekly, an improved, h a r d t o p airfield that can accommodate three DC-3's, a n d s u n d r y o t h e r conveniences, where in 1956 there was an almost i m p e n e t r a b l e rain forest. T h e r e is even r u n n i n g water in the hotel. But the water is still rain water, caught and stored in large wooden tanks. T h e e n c h a n t m e n t of T i k a l is n o t easily described. Its magnificence, its air of living antiquity, and its stillness make it a n o t h e r world. T h i s writer is u n a b a s h e d l y thrilled by its beauty and p r o u d to have been the p r i m e mover in o p e n i n g T i k a l to the m o d e r n world. It was in 1948 that the writer proposed the T i k a l project to the M u s e u m board, estimating it would cost $100,000 a year for ten years. T h e idea was quickly seconded by Samuel B. Eckert, a board m e m b e r w h o had been to T i k a l by m u l e . J o h n Dimick, a well-to-do engineer and Maya enthusiast who was not then associated with the M u s e u m , volunteered to h e l p finance the enterprise. A b o u t this time, a C o m m u n i s t g o v e r n m e n t came into power in G u a t e m a l a a n d the plan was held in abeyance. For reasons q u i t e u n r e l a t e d to archaeology, however, the g o v e r n m e n t did b u i l d the n e e d e d l a n d i n g s t r i p at T i k a l . W h e n President Castillo Armas s u p p l a n t e d the Reds, the writer, w h o was f a m i l i a r with G u a t e m a l a , revived the proposal. In 1955 an a g r e e m e n t was reached with the G u a t e m a l a n g o v e r n m e n t whereby it would fly all the necessary m e n a n d m a c h i n e r y to T i k a l at its expense if the M u s e u m would spend $100,000 on the site. By 1962 the

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M u s e u m ' s e x p e n d i t u r e had reached $700,000. T h e greater part of this sum had been c o n t r i b u t e d by M r . a n d Mrs. A l a n Scaife, the Scaife, Avalon, Rockefeller Brothers, a n d National Science F o u n d a t i o n s , a n d Mr. and Mrs. Dimick. Directly or indirectly, Dimick was responsible for a b o u t half of the financing. T i k a l has attracted almost worldwide attention. Five times the M u s e u m project has been chronicled pictorially in Life, and it has been covered regularly by the press and such periodicals as the Illustrated London News.

T H E SEVENTY-FIFTH

ANNIVERSARY

As befits an i n s t i t u t i o n with m o r e than two h u n d r e d world-ranging expeditions b e h i n d it and eight in the field, the seventy-fifth anniversary of the University M u s e u m was an i n t e r n a t i o n a l event. Even K i n g T u t was represented. An anniversary ball a n d supper in Harrison H a l l on D e c e m b e r 15, 1961, coincided with the o p e n i n g of perhaps the most popular exhibition in the M u s e u m ' s history: that of T u t a n k h a m u n ' s treasures, m a k i n g its first stop a f t e r W a s h i n g t o n on a n a t i o n a l t o u r . W i t h it came the Ambassador of the U n i t e d A r a b Republic. Ceremonially, the anniversary was m a r k e d by a special University convocation on J a n u a r y 20, 1962. T h i s was an academic festival with a Maya flavor. T h e principal speaker was J. Eric S. T h o m p s o n of C a m b r i d g e University, one of the great Maya scholars, w h o wittily traced the M u s e u m ' s interest in the temple-building Indians f r o m R o b e r t B u r k i t t r i g h t u p to the freshest discoveries at T i k a l . Gaylord P. H a r n w e l l , p r e s i d e n t of the University since 1953, paid its t r i b u t e to " t h e m a n y archaeologists, anthropologists, and public-spirited laymen of great and moderate means w h o have given their talent, time, and resources to b u i l d i n g this M u s e u m into the finest research facility of its kind in the country." President H a r n w e l l c o n f e r r e d honorary degrees on Percy C. Madeira, Jr., for his long service to the M u s e u m ; A d o l f o Molina-Orantes of Guatemala, for his aid in the T i k a l project; to T h o m p s o n for his scholarly achievements; A h m e d Fakhry, a distinguished Egyptian scholar; J o h n F. Lewis, Jr., a m e m b e r of the M u s e u m board, and H e n r y F. d u P o n t , f o u n d e r of W i n t e r t h u r M u s e u m . T h e convocation was followed by a luncheon at which the writer was privileged to present Professor T h o m p s o n with the M u s e u m ' s Lucy W h a r t o n Drexel Medal for his Maya research.

LOOKING A H E A D

W h e n Froelich R a i n e y m a d e a study tour of m u s e u m s in fifteen countries in 1954 with the s u p p o r t of the W . T . G r a n t F o u n d a t i o n , he f o u n d : An " a s t o n i s h i n g " w o r l d w i d e increase in m u s e u m visitors.

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A new imaginativeness in m a k i n g m u s e u m s i n v i t i n g and exciting. Increasing use of museums as civic centers for c u l t u r a l activity of all kinds. A trend a m o n g American museums toward the E u r o p e a n p a t t e r n of p o p u l a r and g o v e r n m e n t a l financial support. T h e University M u s e u m ' s experience matches these findings on all counts. Its a t t e n d a n c e has passed the two-hundred-thousand-a-year m a r k . Its m e m b e r s h i p has increased by m o r e than a thousand in a few years. Its galleries have taken on a new excitement; one has been a n i m a t e d by a " t e l e m a t i o n " device, controlled by p u n c h e d cards, synchronizing slides, movies, exhibits, a n d a recorded n a r r a t i o n into a new k i n d of m u s e u m show. Its b u i l d i n g is used every year by m o r e t h a n a score of guest organizations, n o t to m e n t i o n University and a l u m n i groups. A n d it is a t t r a c t i n g p u b l i c support. For the first time since the Depression, the City of P h i l a d e l p h i a is a i d i n g the M u s e u m financially. Its grants of $10,000 a year since 1961 toward the work of the Educational D e p a r t m e n t are a modest c o n t r i b u t i o n toward the M u s e u m ' s $420,000 opera t i n g budget, b u t a welcome one. T h e C o m m o n w e a l t h of Pennsylvania, too, has shown a new interest in the M u s e u m . A visiting task force of the J o i n t Stale G o v e r n m e n t Commission, led by Senator Israel Stiefel, himself a s t u d e n t of Bible archaeology, c o n c l u d e d t h a t h e r e was o n e of the "great public m u s e u m s of the world." W h e r e does the University M u s e u m go f r o m here? Archaeologically, it will very likely follow paths it has come to know well over the past seventy-five years: to Egypt, the N e a r East, the Eastern M e d i t e r r a n e a n , Central America, and Mexico, with side trips to u n e x p e c t e d places. By c o n c e n t r a t i n g on the fields in which it is pre-eminent, the M u s e u m has the o p t i m u m chance of completing and p u b l i s h i n g the results of significant research a n d a v o i d i n g o v e r l a p p i n g with the work of other institutions. O n e place the M u s e u m will surely go is the Maya c o u n t r y . H e r e t o f o r e it has been second in this field to the Carnegie I n s t i t u t i o n of W a s h i n g t o n , with which Eric T h o m p son was long identified. N o t i n g that C a r n e g i e has n o w e n d e d its Maya work, T h o m p s o n said in his seventy-fifth anniversary address that the University M u s e u m "has b e c o m e far and away the most i m p o r t a n t influence in s h a p i n g o u r t h i n k i n g on Maya p r o b l e m s . " T h a t the M u s e u m will c o n t i n u e to be a leader in Egyptian archaeology is suggested by a recent $350,000 State D e p a r t m e n t g r a n t for a three-year project in lower Egypt by the University M u s e u m and Yale's P e a b o d y M u s e u m . At home, the University M u s e u m will grow. Its brightest h o p e as this is w r i t t e n is for an additional $2,500,000 wing, e n d o w e d at a m i l l i o n dollars more, to p r o v i d e needed classrooms, an assembly hall, and galleries in which to display some of its A f r i c a n and Polynesian ethnological treasures now l a n g u i s h i n g in the storeroom. At this writing, some $500,000 has been subscribed toward the a m o u n t r e q u i r e d . In 1962, Percy C. Madeira, Jr., h a v i n g been p r e s i d e n t of the M u s e u m b o a r d for

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m o r e than twenty-one years—longer t h a n any of his predecessors—felt that it was time for a younger m a n to take over. His r e t i r e m e n t was accepted by the board with expressions of regret a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n . T o the c h a i r m a n s h i p , as the office was r e n a m e d in the 1962 constitution, the board elected H o w a r d C. Petersen, a P h i l a d e l p h i a banker who had been Assistant Secretary of W a r in the latter 1940s and w h o was special assistant to President Kennedy on foreign trade policy. H e had been a m e m b e r of the M u s e u m board for fifteen years. W i t h the r e t i r e m e n t of the writer on D e c e m b e r 31, 1962, the Madeira-Rainey r e g i m e came to a close. Rainey, of course, c o n t i n u e d as director. T h o u g h n o new b u i l d i n g s arose, the M u s e u m ' s satisfactions d u r i n g this period, in terms of f u n d s raised, e x p e d i t i o n s l a u n c h e d , increased m e m b e r s h i p and attendance, a n d discoveries made, e q u a l e d or exceeded even those of the Coxe-Harrison-Gordon era of 1910 to 1927. Such technical advances as radiocarbon d a t i n g and the development of s o u n d i n g instruments, in which the M u s e u m had a hand, were without precedent in any era. T h e decade of 1952-62 p a r t i c u l a r l y was favorable for the financing of expeditions a n d research. B u i l d i n g f u n d s were less a b u n d a n t ; the M u s e u m had n o Eckley Coxe, C. C. H a r r i s o n , or E l d r i d g e J o h n s o n . R a t h e r than to one or two benefactors, however, it was looking h o p e f u l l y to m a n y responsible individuals and f o u n d a t i o n s for h e l p in its expeditions a n d f u t u r e growth. Archaeologically, the T i k a l project, largest of all the M u s e u m ' s expeditions, and the discoveries of the great king's t o m b at G o r d i o n , the golden bowl at Hasanlu, and the Biblical city of G i b e o n , climaxed a m e m o r a b l e era in the M u s e u m ' s history. U n d e r H o w a r d Petersen, Froelich Rainey, and those who follow them, the University M u s e u m will e x p l o r e n e w T i k a l s , n e w Gordions, and new Hasanlus; it will blaze new trails in the q u e s t for the u n d e r s t a n d i n g of man. May it r e m e m b e r those w h o saw it so gloriously t h r o u g h its first seventy-five years.

Supplement A Expeditions of the University Museum A CHRONOLOGICAL

1888-1900 1889-97 1895 1895 1895-96 1896 1897 1897 1900 1901 1903-5 1905 1906 1907 1907 1907-11 1908 1908 70

LISTING

IRAQ, Nippur; excavation of a Babylonian city; J o h n P. Peters, H e r m a n n V. Hilprecht, and John H. Haynes E A S T E R N U N I T E D S T A T E S , Pennsylvania, New Jersey, etc.; archaological investigation; Charles C. Abbott and Henry C. Mercer F L O R I D A , T a r p o n Springs; excavation of Indian remains; Frank Hamilton Cushing Y U C A T A N ; archaeological and ethnological investigations; Henry C. Mercer P E R U and BOLIVIA; archaeological research; Max Uhle F L O R I D A , Key Marco; excavation of Indian remains; Frank Hamilton Cushing ITALY, Etruria; acquisition of Etruscan art; A. L. Frothingham RUSSIA; archaeological and ethnological investigations; Mrs. Zelia Nuttall N O R T H W E S T E R N U N I T E D S T A T E S ; study of various Indian tribes; R. Stewart CUBA, ethnological investigations; Stewart Culin C R E T E , Gournia; excavation of a town site; Harriet Boyd Hawes ALASKA; ethnological recearch; George Byron Gordon C R E T E , Pseira; excavation of a town site and cemetery; Richard B. Seager C R E T E , Vasiliki; excavation of a town site; Richard B. Seager ALASKA; ethnological research; George Byron Gordon EGYPT, Buhen and Karanog, N u b i a ; excavations; David Randall MacIver and C. Leonard Woolley O K L A H O M A ; study of Osage and Yuchi Indians; Frank G. Speck ALASKA, Diomede Island; ethnological research; E. W. Hawkes

SUPPLEMENT A

1908-11

1909-10 1910 1910 1910 1910 1910 1910 1911 1911 1911 1911-13 1911-12 1912 1913-14 1913-16 1913 1914 1914-15 1914-16 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915-16 1915-18 1915-18 1915-23 1917

71

M A I N E and E A S T E R N CANADA; ethnological research among the Montagnais, Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Micmac, Penobscot, and Malisit tribes; Frank G. Speck U T A H ; study of the Ute and Paiute Indians; E. Sapir C R E T E , Vrokastro; excavation of a town site and cemetery; Edith H. Hall C R E T E , Sphoungaras; excavation of a cemetery; Richard B. Seager and Edith H. Hall O K L A H O M A ; ethnological research; M. Raymond Harrington M E X I C O and Y U C A T A N ; archaeological reconnaissance; George Byron Gordon CANADA, New Brunswick; ethnological research among the Malisit Indians; W . H. Mechling V I R G I N I A ; ethnological research among the Pamunkey and Mattapony Indians; J . O. Warfield O K L A H O M A ; study of the Osage Indians; Gerda Sebbelov N O R T H D A K O T A ; study of the Sioux Indians; W. O. Orchard D E L A W A R E ; ethnological research among the Nanticoke Indians; Frank G. Speck and W. D. Wallis M E X I C O , Jalisco; study of the Tepecano Indians; J . Alden Mason CANADA, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; study of the Micmac Indians; W . D. Wallis O K L A H O M A ; ethnological research among the Oto Indians; M. Raymond Harrington M E X I C O ; research; W. H. Mechling S O U T H A M E R I C A ; ethnological research in the Amazon region, principally among the Arawak and Carib tribes; William C. Farabee G U A T E M A L A , archaeological research; Robert Burkitt O K L A H O M A ; archaeological and ethnological research; M. Raymond Harrington C R E T E , Pachyammos; excavation of a cemetery; Richard B. Seager S I B E R I A ; ethnological research; Henry U. Hall C H I N A , K O R E A , and J A P A N ; reconnaissance; Carl W. Bishop T R I N I D A D ; archaeological research, Theodoor de Booy G E O R G I A ; archaeological investigation; George G. Heye C U B A ; archaeological investigation; M. Raymond Harrington N E W J E R S E Y , Moorestown and Tuckerton; archaeological research; E. W. Hawkes and Ralph Linton I N D I A and T I B E T ; acquisition of antiquities; Alexander Scott ALASKA; ethnological research; Louis Shotridge E G Y P T , Memphis, Dendereh, Thebes, and Giza; excavations; Clarence S. Fisher P E R U and C H I L E ; archaeological investigations; Max Uhle

72

1917-18 1917-19 1918 1919 1921-33

1922-34 1922-23 1922-26 1923 1929 1929

1929 1929 1929-30 1929-31 1929-30 1929-31 1929-32 1930 1930 1930-33

1930-36

1931 1931

MEN

IN

SEARCH

OF

MAN

C H I N A , K O R E A , and J A P A N ; reconnaissance and collection of antiquities; Carl W. Bishop A L A S K A , Point Barrow; archaeological and ethnological research; W. B. Van Valin V E N E Z U E L A ; ethnological research; T h e o d o o r de Booy W E S T E R N P E N N S Y L V A N I A ; archaeological research; William C. Farabee P A L E S T I N E , Beisan (Beth-shan) ; excavation of biblical city; Clarence S. Fisher (1921-23), Alan R o w e (1924-28), and Gerald M. FitzGerald (1928-33) I R A Q , U r ; with British M u s e u m ; excavation of biblical city; C. Leonard Woolley P E R U ; archaeological research; William C. Farabee A L A S K A ; ethnological research; Louis Shotridge S O U T H E R N F R A N C E ; archaeological research; Henry U. Hall A L A S K A ; study of T l i n g i t Indians; Louis Shotridge S O U T H W E S T U N I T E D S T A T E S , T e x a s , New Mexico, and Arizona; archaeological investigations; J . Alden Mason, Linton Satterthwaite, and Charles Bache A L A S K A , Point Barrow; archaeological research; Arthur Hopson P E N N S Y L V A N I A , Lock Haven; excavations; D. S. Davidson, J . Alden Mason, and Linton Satterthwaite I R A Q , Opis; with University of Michigan and T o l e d o Museum of Art; A. M. Mintier, field agent for University Museum I R A Q , Kirkuk (Nuzi) ; with Harvard University; R. F. Starr; Charles Bache, field agent for University Museum A U S T R A L I A ; ethnological research; D. S. Davidson C Z E C H O S L O V A K I A ; with Harvard University; excavation of Bronze Age sites; Vladimir J . Fewkes E G Y P T , M e y d u m ; excavations; Alan Rowe W E S T V I R G I N I A , Beech Bottom (Wheeling) ; excavation of an Indian m o u n d ; Charles Bache and Linton Satterthwaite M I D D L E A M E R I C A ; air reconnaissance of Maya sites; Percy C. Madeira, J r . , and J . Alden Mason A L A S K A , Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound regions; with Danish National M u s e u m in 1933; Frederica de L a g u n a (and K a j Birket-Smith in 1933) I R A Q , T e l l Billa and T e p e Gawra; with American Schools of Oriental Research; excavations; E p h r a i m Α. Speiser (1930-32) and Charles Bache (1932-36) C Y P R U S ; Lapithos; excavation of rock-cut tombs; B. H. Hill B R A Z I L , with Academy of Natural Sciences; archaeological and ethnological investigations in Matto Grosso region; Vincenzo M. Petrullo

SUPPLEMENT A

1931 1931 1931-32

1931-33 1931-39 1931-39 1933 1934-37

1934-39 1934-39 1935-36 1936 1936 1936-37 1937-39 1937-38 1938 1940 1947-53 1948 1948-52 1949 1949-50 '1950—

73

RUSSIA; survey of archaeological activity; Eugene A. Golomshtok I R A Q , Fara; excavation of an early city; Erich F. Schmidt I R A N , Tepe Hissar (Damghan) ; with Philadelphia Museum of Art and American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology; excavation of prehistoric remains; Erich F. Schmidt I T A L Y , Minturnae; excavation of Roman and pre-Roman city; Jotham Johnson G U A T E M A L A , Piedras Negras; excavations and recovery of monumental sculptures; J . Alden Mason (1931-32) and Linton Satterthwaite (1933-34) N E W M E X I C O ; with Academy of Natural Sciences in 1933-34; search for evidence of prehistoric man; Edgar B. Howard RUSSIA, Esske-Kermen; with State Academy for History of Material Culture, Leningrad; Eugene A. Golomshtok ALASKA, Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound reeions; with Dam'sh National Museum, assisted by American Philosophical Society in 1935; excavations; Kaj Birket-Smith and Frederica de Laguna I R A N , Rayy (Rhages) ; with Boston Museum of Fine Arts; excavation of famous Persian city; Erich F. Schmidt CYPRUS, Curium (Kourion) ; excavations; B. H. Hill and George H. McFadden V E N E Z U E L A ; with Columbia University, under auspices of Latin-American Institute; study of an Arawak tribe, the Goajiro; Vincenzo Petrullo M E X I C O , Durango; archaeological and linguistic research; J . Alden Mason C O L O M B I A , San Agustín and Indian reservation at Tierradentro; Hermann von Walde-Waldegg S I E R R A L E O N E , Sherbro; ethnological research; Henry U. Hall I R A N , Persepolis area; with Oriental Institute of University of Chicago and Boston Museum of Fine Arts; excavations; Erich F. Schmidt I R A Q , Khafaje; recovery of early dynastic sculpture; Ephraim Α. Speiser and Charles Bache T U R K E Y , Lake Van; excavation; Kirsopp Lake PANAMA, Codé; excavation and recovery of early American gold; J . Alden Mason CYPRUS, Curium (Kourion) and Sanctuary of Apollo; excavations; B. H. Hill, George H. McFadden, et al. M E X I C O , Durango; linguistic research; J . Alden Mason I R A Q , Nippur; with Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; excavations; Donald McCown and Francis R. Steele I R A N , Bisitun, Belt Cave, Khunik, and Temtam; excavations; Carleton S. Coon ALASKA, Bering Strait; with Danish National Museum; excavations; Helge Larsen, J . Louis Giddings, and Froelich Rainey T U R K E Y , Gordion; excavation of Phrygian tombs; Rodney S. Young • Still in progress at time of p u b l i c a t i o n .

74 1951 1950-51 and 1953 1952 and 1954 1953-54 1954 1954 1955-56 1955 1955

•1956—

1956 1956-62 •1956— 1957 1956-57

1957 1958 1960-61 •I960— 1960 1960 * 1961 — •1961 —

MEN

IN

SEARCH

OF

MAN

I R A N , Hotu and Belt Cave; survey and excavation; Carleton S. Coon B R I T I S H H O N D U R A S , Caracol, Benque Viejo, and Cahal Pech; archaeological research; Linton Satterthwaite N E W G U I N E A ; with Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania; ethnological reconnaissance; Ward H. Goodenough A F G H A N I S T A N , Balkh; reconnaissance and excavations; Rodney S. Young and Carleton S. Coon E L S A L V A D O R , El Trapiche; excavations; William R. Coe A U S T R A L I A , Melville Island; ethnological research sponsored by National Georgraphic Society; Jane Goodale E G Y P T , Memphis; excavations; Rudolf Anthes B A H R A I N ; Danish archaeological expedition; Robert H. Dyson, Jr., representative of University Museum P E R U and B O L I V I A , Lake Titicaca Basin; assisted by American Philosophical Society; excavations at Tiajuanaco, Chiripa, and Pucara; Alfred Kidder II, William R. Coe G U A T E M A L A , Tikal; excavation and partial restoration of Maya city; Edwin M. Shook, William R. Coe, John M. Dimick, Robert H. Dyson, Jr., Aubrey S. T r i k , Linton Satterthwaite, et al SYRIA, Jerf Ajla and Tanait-el-Beida; excavations; Carleton S. Coon J O R D A N , el-Jib (Gibeon) ; with Church Divinity School of the Pacific; excavation of biblical city; James B. Pritchard I R A N , Hasanlu; with Iranian Archaeological Service; also with Metropolitan Museum since 1959; excavations; Robert H. Dyson, Jr. F E R G U S S O N ISLAND, New Guinea; assisted by National Science Founation; ethnological research; Ann Chowning Worldwide studies for University Museum assisted by Wenner-Gren Foundation, Research Institute of United States Air Force, and Life Magazine; Carleton S. Coon P A K I S T A N ; archaeological survey in West Pakistan and ethnological survey in East Pakistan; Robert H. Dyson, Jr. ALASKA, St. Lawrence Island; Robert Ackerman LIBYA, Leptis Magna; excavation; Brandon Barringer and T . A. Carter M E D I T E R R A N E A N ; underwater archaeological research off Turkish coast; George Bass M E X I C O , Cerro de las Mesas; field use of electronic techniques; Froelich Rainey and Matthew Stirling W E S T P A K I S T A N ; site survey; George F. Dales, J r . E G Y P T , Toshka and Arminna, Nubia; with Peabody Museum of Yale University; excavations; W. Kelly Simpson I T A L Y , Tarquinia and Sybaris; with the Lerici Foundation; field use of electronic techniques in locating ruins of ancient cities; Froelich Rainey • Still in progress at time of p u b l i c a t i o n .

Excavating

at Nippur,

Iraq (about

1900)

Digging in an ancient cemetery

at Ur of the Chaldees,

Iraq

Uncovering

the "Death Pit" at Ur of the Chaldees,

Iraq

The mound

of Tepe

Gawra,

Iraq

The mound

of Beisan, Palestine—the

biblical

Beth-shan

Pyramid

at Meydum,

Egypt

The Pool of Gibeon,

Jordan—Old

Testament

landmark

Gibeon,

Jordan: Excavating the first industrial area of the cityj with village of el-Jib in background

A tumulus

at Gordion,

Turkey—the

"Midas

Mound"

biblical

A tomb chamber

A composite

at Gordion, Turkey—the grave of a great Phrygian in the line of Midas and Gordius

photograph

showing

the mound at Hasanlu,

Iran

king

Temple

roof-combs

rise from the rain forest at Tikal, in background)

Guatemala

(air strip

Temple

I at Tikal, Guatemala,

in 1957—locked in the debris and of the centuries

vegetation

Temple

I at Tikal,

Guatemala,

in 1959—cleared

and partially

restored

Work scene at Tikal,

Guatemala

Supplement Β The Collections of the University Museum NORTH

AMERICA

On the main floor, to the right of the central hall as one enters the University Museum, are two rooms of collections f r o m America north of the Rio Grande. In the front of the first room, archaeological and ethnological objects are displayed as art: a dance wand, crest helmets, and knives made by the Tlingit Indians of southeast Alaska; pottery from the southeastern and southwestern United States; baskets trimmed with shells and feathers by the Pomo Indians of California; a wampum belt; bead and quill work; and wolf, deer, and human masquettes from Florida. Most of the Florida masquettes were found under water by Frank Hamilton Cushing in 1896 and were distorted by exposure to air. Elsewhere in the first room are American archaeological objects ranging in age from a couple of h u n d r e d years to twenty thousand years, arranged chronologically. Some of the oldest were found by Edgar B. Howard in the Southwest before World W a r II. Others were turned u p right here in the Delaware Valley and elsewhere in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio in the 1890s by Henry C. Mercer and Charles C. Abbott. Still others were excavated in Alaska by W. B. Van Valin, Arthur Hopson, Frederica de Laguna (with the Danish National Museum), and J. Louis Giddings. T h e r e are also Basketmaker and Cliff Dweller materials from the Southwest, bought for the Museum many years ago by J o h n Wanamaker and Mrs. Phoebe Hearst. In the second room are ethnological collections, arranged by areas: Northwest Coast Indian, Eskimo, Plains, Southwest, and Woodland Indian. T h e Tlingit Indian materials were collected for the Museum in the early decades of this century by Louis Shotridge, nephew of a T l i n g i t chief.

SOUTH

AMERICA

Across the central hall from the North American gallery is the South American. 75

76

MEN

IN

SEARCH

OF

MAN

Many of the South American objects were unearthed for the University Museum in the Andean area of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia in the 1890s by Max Uhle, who first proved the existence of a long sequence of cultures in the New World. Others were brought back from the Amazon area by William Curtis Farabee before World W a r I and by Vincenzo Petrullo (with the Academy of Natural Sciences) in the 1930s. Farabee also worked in Peru in the 1920s. T h e ancient Peruvian textiles found by Uhle and Farabee are considered extraordinary. On one side of the gallery, the objects are arranged chronologically; on the other, according to material and use. In the latter group are effigy vessels in the forms of plants and animals, minor arts, technological artifacts, and objects bearing on society and religion. T h e Brazilian pottery from Marajo and Santarem is especially noteworthy.

GOLD

A brilliant collection of native American gold work, from about A.D. 1000 to 1500, is displayed on both walls of the central hall on the main floor. Some of the objects, including plaques and a golden animal with an emerald in its back, were excavated by J. Alden Mason at Codé, Panama, in 1940. T h e others, from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Costa Rica, were purchased.

MIDDLE

AMERICA

Beyond the South American gallery to the east on the main floor are the collections from Middle America. T h o u g h uneven in quality, they include some remarkable objects. H e r e is the best Maya sculpture outside the countries of origin: notably a great stela, an altar leg, and smaller items from Piedras Negras, Guatemala, and stelae and altars from Caracol, British Honduras. Extremely rare are four Maya alabaster vases from the Uloa Valley, Honduras, and some outstanding pieces of Maya pottery, including a cylinder jar that is famous as "the Chama vase." T h e r e are also two Zapotee funerary urns, acquired by purchase, and such miscellaneous objects as a well-documented collection of Mexican archaeological articles, including scientifically valuable pottery and sherds. In the long galleries leading from the Maya Hall to the east are the collections from Africa and Oceania.

AFRICA

This is one of the world's great collections of African art and ethnological materials, gathered for the most part by missionaries and colonial administrators and purchased

SUPPLEMENT Β

77

by the University Museum early in the century, before artists and dealers "discovered" them. T h e best of the lot are from the Belgian Congo and West Africa: grotesque masks and nail fetishes, and exquisite figures in metal, ivory, and wood. OCEANIA

T h e Pacific collections have grown from those assembled around the turn of the century by William H. Furness, 3rd, and Alfred C. Harrison, Jr., in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Carolines. Of particular interest are a nautical chart of the Marshall Islands, made by natives from sticks and bought at auction from Robert Louis Stevenson's estate; fine, old carvings in wood, jade, and whalebone from New Zealand; a comprehensive New Guinea collection; elaborately carved wooden clubs from Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, and the Cook and Austral Islands; and a royal feather cape from Hawaii. T H E NEAR EAST

Just to the right of the head of the main stairway on the second floor are two rooms of Mesopotamian antiquities, largely unearthed by the University Museum's own expeditions to Iraq since 1888. In the first room, displayed in the manner of an art collection, are the best of the Museum's treasures from the royal tombs at Ur of the Chaldees. Here are Queen Shubad's headdresses, necklaces, and cups of alabaster, silver, and gold; a celebrated figure of a ram with its horns caught in a thicket; and a lyre with a gold-and-lapis lazuli bull's head. Less aesthetic than educational are the objects in the second room, which constitute a short course in the ancient history of Iraq, quite possibly the cradle of civilization. T h e exhibits illustrate the writing, religion, industry, agriculture, and sculpture of the Babylonians and Sumerians. Here are some of the clay tablets from Nippur, inscribed in Sumerian cuneiform script; remarkably good early dynastic sculptures from Khafaje; and objects from T e p e Gawra and T e l l Billa. Across the central hall from these rooms are collections from Iran. Those from T e p e Hissar alone range in age from prehistoric pottery to Sassanian frescoes as late as the seventh century A.D. A spectacular exhibit is part of the Ziwiye treasure: a silver ram's head rhyton, or drinking vessel, gold plaques, and a bronze ibex. These were acquired by purchase. Taken together, the Near Eastern collections span the ages from the fifth millennium B.C. to the Roman and Islamic periods. CHINA

T h e University Museum has one of the finest collections of rare, beautiful Chi

78

M E N

IN

S E A R C H

O F

M A N

nese works to be found in any private museum. Though none was excavated by the Museum, almost every item was selected and purchased specifically for this gallery, which occupies Charles Custis Harrison Hall—the rotunda. T h e gallery is rich in Buddhist sculpture of the Wei and T ' a n g Dynasties, from the sixth through the ninth century A.D. Some of the figures are of the historical Buddha, Gautama, an Indian prince who gave up his wealth to teach the "eightfold path" to Nirvana. Other sculptures in the gallery represent the other doctrinal Buddhas, or bodhisattvas: Amida and Amitabha, who are said to have preceded Gautama; Kuanyin, the bodhisattva of mercy; and Maitreya, the Buddha to come. Particularly good are a large stone Maitreya, given by James B. Ford, and a small, gilt bronze Kuanyin, the gift of Mrs. Emory S. Johnson. On the Avails are huge frescoes from the Moon Hill Monastery. Elsewhere in the room are two bas reliefs of war horses from Emperor T ' a n g T ' a i Tsung's tomb, given by Eldridge R. Johnson and unmatched outside China. Between them is displayed a glazed pottery Lohan, or disciple of Buddha. Around the room are a great many glazed pottery figures of men, horses, and camels. EGYPT

T o the east of the Chinese collection is the long and beautiful Upper Egyptian Gallery, on the floor beneath which is the Lower Egyptian Gallery. Both are in the Coxe Wing, named in memory of Eckley B. Coxe, Jr., who inspired and financed the University Museum's first ventures in Egypt early in the century and whose endowment still supports the Museum's expeditions there today, long after his death. Even before Coxe's day, the Museum received some of the best prehistoric Egyptian relics in the world from British expeditions led by W . M. Flinders Petrie, which it helped support. But most of its Egyptian objects were excavated by its own Coxe Expeditions at Buhen, Anibeh, and Karanog in Nubia, Upper Egypt (which is southern Egypt, since the Nile flows north), and at Memphis, Dendereh, Giza, and Meydum in Lower Egypt. In the Upper Egyptian Gallery the large hall is devoted to great works of sculpture. T o one side is the Mummy Room. On the other side, one room is filled with Nubian materials, another with Egyptian arts and crafts: vessels fashioned from alabaster, faience, glass, and pottery; stone and bronze sculpture; and even a wooden ship model. T h e Lower Egyptian Gallery is dominated by monumental stone sculpture, columns, pylons, and lintels from the Palace of Merenptah at Memphis. Here also are a model of the palace throne room, a granite Sphinx of Rameses II, a tomb with painted walls, and many smaller objects. BIBLICAL

ARCHAEOLOGY

T w o rooms adjoining the Lower Egyptian Gallery contain relics from Palestine,

SUPPLEMENT Β

79

most of them from four sites: Beisan (Beth-shan) ; el-Jib (Gibeon) ; Mugharet el Wad (modern Tell Athlit) ; and Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh) . T h e University Museum itself excavated Beisan and is still working at el-Jib, and it contributed toward the Tell Athlit expedition. Ain Shems was excavated by Elihu Grant of Haverford College, whose collection the Museum purchased. By virtue of their time span, the Beisan objects tell the history of Palestine through its many wars and invasions u p to the sixth century A.D. On the same floor is the Arabic Room, with delightful fountains, decorative tiles, manuscripts, and other Islamic materials, largely from Egypt and Iran. THE

MEDITERRANEAN

On the second floor east of the Iranian collections are those from R o m e and Italy, Mycenae, Crete, Cyprus, and Greece. Much of the Roman sculpture was given by Lucy W h a r t o n Drexel, who also established the Museum's medal for archaeological achievement; b u t some was excavated. From a Museum expedition to Minturnae, Italy, have come an excellent sculpture of a man's head and terra cotta plaques. O t h e r important pieces shown are a large sculpture from the Arch of T r a j a n , depicting R o m a n soldiers; a draped portrait bust of a woman from Syria, and a stone figure of an animal from Syria. T h e Cretan collection, brought back by Museum expeditions to three sites on the island in the early 1900s, is the only excavated Cretan collection in this country. T h a t of the Metropolitan Museum is even finer, b u t was purchased and has n o pedigree. Watching over the Greek collection is a larger-than-life Nike, goddess of victory, lent by Raymond Pitcairn. Lined u p in chronological order are Greek vases spanning the periods from 900 to 200 B.C., many of them on p e r m a n e n t exchange-loan from the Philadelphia Museum of Art. O n e of the loaned vases was once owned by Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples. T h e Greek sculpture is also in more or less chronological array. T h e Cyprus collection, like that from Crete, was mainly excavated by Museum expeditions, to Curium, Bamboula, Lapithos, and Sotira. T h e time span is from 2000 to 200 B . C . Nearby is a collection from Italic tombs at Vulci and Narce, the equal of any such collection in the United States.

African

bronze from Benin,

Nigeria

An Eastern

Baluba

chiefs

stool from

the southeast

Belgian

Congo,

Africa

Deer

masquette

from

Key Marco,

Florida

A wolf-head, mask of the Tlingit Indians,

Alaska

The

Chama

Vase from

the Guatemala

Highlands

Carved stela from Piedras Negras,

Guatemala

Golden

plaque

from

Coclé,

Panama

Wooden

mask from

Mortlock

Island,

Micronesia

Wooden

figure from the Solomon

Islands

Painted stone statue of a Bodhisattva

from

China

One of the Emperor

T'ang T'ai Tsung's war horses—a bas relief from tomb in China

his

Queen

Shubad's

golden

bowl and cup from Chaldees, Iraq

her

tomb

at Ur of

the

Fragment

of a limestone

relief from Ur, Iraq

Carved

stone pylon

from

the Palace

of Merenptah

at Memphis,

Egypt

Sandstone

squatting

figure of Sitepehu from a cemetery a relic of the 18th Dynasty

at Abydos,

Egypt,

Slate statuette

Italic

bronze

statuette

of the god Amon

of a warrior

from

from

about

Egypt,

500-400

18th-19th

B.C.

Dynasty

Marble

portrait

head from the "Temple Italy

of Julius

Caesar" at

Minturnae,

Supplement C Presidents and Chairmen of the University Museum Charlemagne Tower, Jr., President, 1892-94. William Pepper, President, 1894-98. Daniel Baugh, Acting President, 1898-99; President, 1899-1901. Justus C. Strawbridge, President, 1901-4. Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, President, 1904-5. Samuel F. Houston, Acting President, 1905-6; President, 1906-10. Eckley B. Coxe, Jr., President, 1910-16. Charles C. Harrison, Acting President, 1916-17; President, 1917-29. Louis C. Madeira,* Senior Vice-President, 1927-30. Eldridge R. Johnson,* Chairman, 1927-31. C. Emory McMichael,* Senior Vice-President, 1930-33. J o h n Story Jenks, President, 1933-41. Percy C. Madeira, Jr., President-Chairman, 1941-62. Howard C. Petersen, Chairman, 1963 —, • T h e Messrs. Louis C. Madeira, Eldridge R . Johnson, and C. Emory McMichael variously discharged the responsibilities of the presidency from the time President Harrison was stricken ill in J u n e , 1927, until the election of President Jenks in J a n u a r y , 1933.

80

Supplement D Directors of the University Museum 1892-1903 1910-27 1929-40 1941-45 1945-47 1947 -

Stewart Culin * George Byron Gordon Horace H. F. Jayne George C. Vaillant Marian Angeli Godfrey, f Acting Froelich G. Rainey

'Although he was called director, Mr. Culin's responsibilities did not include the Egyptian, Mediterranean, and Babylonian Sections, whose curators reported directly to the Board of Managers. t Mrs. Godfrey, now Mrs. Francis Boyer, secretary f r o m 1941 to 1949, had also been acting director for fifteen months of Dr. Vaillant's tenure while he was cultural attaché at the United States Embassy in Peru.

81

Supplement E Officers; Curators;

Managers of

the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology and the University Archaeological Association, 1893 D E P A R T M E N T O F ARCHAEOLOGY A N D

PALEONTOLOGY

President, Charlemagne Tower, Jr.; Vice-Presidents, Daniel Baugh, Daniel G. Brinton, Edward W. Clark, Mrs. John Harrison, Maxwell Sommerville, and Edward H . Williams; Treasurer, Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott; General Secretary and Director, Stewart Culin. Honorary Curators, Henry C. Mercer, Section of American and Prehistoric Archaeology; Wilson Eyre, Jr., Section of Casts; Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, Egyptian and Mediterranean Section; Joseph Willcox, Section of Paleontology; Curators, Stewart Culin, Section of Asia and General Ethnology; H e r m a n n V. Hilprecht, Babylonian Section; Maxwell Sommerville, Section of Glyptology. Board of Managers: Mrs. Matthew Baird, Edwin S. Balch, Daniel Baugh, Daniel G. Brinton, Henry Chapman, Jr., E. W. Clark, Joseph H. Coates, C. Howard Colket, Charles H. Cramp, Stewart Culin, Carl Edelheim, Mrs. R u d o l p h Ellis, W. W. Frazier, Mrs. E. A. P. deGuerrero, Charles C. Harrison, Mrs. J o h n Harrison, Horace Jayne, Robert H. Lamborn, Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott, Benjamin Smith Lyman, Henry C. Mercer, William Pepper, Harry Rogers, Maxwell Sommerville, Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, Charlemagne Tower, Jr., Henry Clay T r u m b u l l , Lucius A. Warren, Mrs. William Weightman, Jr., Joseph Willcox, Edward H. Williams, Talcott Williams, and Stuart Wood. 82

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President, William Pepper; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. Matthew Baird, Clarence H. Clark, Charles H. Cramp, Charles H. Hutchinson, Mrs. William Weightman, Jr., Edward H. Williams; Treasurer, Mrs. J . Dundas Lippincott; General Secretary, Stewart Culin.

Supplement F Officers and Managers of the University Museum Alessandroni, Eugene V., 1933-40 Baer, George F., 1904-9 Barringer, Brandon, 1936 — Battles, Frank, 1909-30 •Baugh, Daniel, 1899-1912; Vice-President 1900; President of Department of Archaeology and Paleontology, 1899 Beale, Leonard T., 1947 — Belfield, T . Broom, 1914-31 Bell, J o h n C., 1925-26 Biddle, Louis Α., 1904-9 Biggs, J o h n , Jr., 1957 - ; Vice-Chairman 1963 Biggs, Mrs. John, Jr., 1959—; Chairman of Women's Committee Bodine, Samuel T., 1901-5; Vice-President 1901-5 Bonnell, H e n r y H „ 1913-26 Borie, Charles L., Jr., 1918-43; Vice-President 1927-37 Brinton, Daniel G., 1899; Participated in initial meeting of Department of Archaeology and Free Museum of Science and Art, October 23, 1899; Vice-President of Department of Archaeology and Paleontology •Brock, Robert C. H., 1899-1902 Brumbaugh, Martin G., 1904-11 Cadwalader, John, 1910-25; Vice-President 1914-25 Cardeza, T h o m a s D. M., 1939-52 Chandler, Charles L„ 1932-52 Clark, C. Howard, Jr., 1906-9 •Clark, Clarence H., (Before 1898) 1906; Vice-President 1899-1906 Clark, E. W., Vice President University Archaeological Association 1890-93; Manager 1894-1901 Clark, Edward W., Jr., 1904-17; Vice-President 1917 Clothier, Morris L., 1909-12 Clothier, William J., II, 1 9 6 2 84

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Colket, C. Howard, 1902-8 Colton, S. W . , J r . , 1914-25 Converse, J o h n H., 1901-6; Vice-President 1902-6 Converse, J o h n W . , 1906-14 Coxe, Eckley B., Jr., 1903-16; Vice-President 1905-10; President 1910-16 Day, Charles, 1929-31 Dimick, John, 1961 — Disston, Jacob S., 1909-25 Downs, Norton, 1907-12 DuBarry, William H., 1941-58 duPont, A. Felix, 1935-40 duPont, Pierre S., 1914-19 Eckert, Samuel B., 1942 Eiseley, Loren C., 1959-1961 •Elkins, William L., 1899-1903 Elkins, William M., 1921-32 •Frazier, W . W., 1899 Furness, William Henry, 3rd, Secretary 1904-5 Gates, Thomas S., 1923-48; Chairman of the Board 1947-48 Gates, Thomas S., Jr., 1961 — Goddard, David R., 1961 — Harnwell, Gaylord P., 1 9 5 3 •Harris, Joseph S., 1899-1909 Harrison, Charles C., 1910-29; Vice-President 1911-17; President 1917-29 Harrison, George L., Jr., 1912-29 Henry, T. Charlton, 1922-33 Heye, Gustav G., 1908-1917; Vice-President 1910-16 •Houston, Samuel F., 1897-1910, 1943-52; Vice-President, 1900-6; President 1906-10 Hütt, William H., Jr., Treasurer 1908-18 Hyde, B. Talbot B., 1909-14 Jenks, John S., 1929-46; Vice-President 1931-33; President 1933-41 Jenks, Thomas S., 1936-41 Johnson, Eldridge R., 1920-31; Vice-President 1922-26; Chairman of the Board 1927-29 Johnson, E. R. Fenimore, 1931-59; Vice-President 1937-57 Jones, J. Levering, 1902-9 Jones, Livingston E., 1932-35 Keep, Henry B„ 1959 — Knowles, Frank C., 1952-57 Kuhn, C. Hartman, 1903-5 Lamont, Mrs. N. S., 1956-59; Chairman of Women's Committee LeConte, Robert G., 1906-8 Leidy, Joseph, 1902-7

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Lewis, John Frederick, 1929-33 Lewis, John Frederick ( J r . ) , 1940 — Liversidge, Horace P., 1952-55 Lloyd, Malcolm, Jr., 1940-49 MacLean, H. I., 1934-38 ; Comptroller Madeira, Louis C , 1911-30; Vice-President 1917-30 Madeira, Percy C„ Jr., 1 9 3 0 - ; Vice-President 1933-41; President 1941-62; Chairman of the Board 1962 Magill, James P., 1952 Martin, Sydney E., 1937 - ; Vice-President 1941-62; Vice-Chairman of the Board 1962 Mason, John H., 1918-20 McBride, Katharine, 1943 McClelland, George W., 1939-49 McHugh, Jane M., 1905-1951; See also Supplement G, Staff Members McMichael, C. Emory, 1917-32; Vice-President 1927-32 McMichael, Harrison, 1933-36 Mercer, Henry C., 1891-99; See also Supplement G, Staff Members Mitchell, S. Weir, 1904-14; Vice-President 1911 14 Morgan, F. Corlies, Treasurer 1920-38 Morris, Roland S., 1933-42 Musser, Paul H., 1949-51 Newbold, John S„ 1915-37 Newlin, E. Mortimer, 1961 — Oberlander, Gustav, 1930-36 Patterson, Mrs. George Stuart, Jr., 1955-56; Chairman of Women's Committee Paul, A. J . Drexel, Jr., 1955 Penniman, Josiah H., 1927-40 Pepper, B. Franklin, 1908-17; Secretary 1905-17 Pepper, Ο. H. Perry, 1943-62 Pepper, William, President of Department of Archaeology and Paleontology 1894-98 Petersen, Howard C., 1947 —; Chairman of the Board 1963 — Price, Eli Kirk, 1929-33 Rhoads, Jonathan, 1956-59 Riesman, David, 1937-40 Robinette, Edward B., 1920-36 Roosevelt, Nicholas G., 1932-44 Rowland, Edward K., 1909-12 Scull, E. Marshall, 1914-32 Sharpies, Philip T . , 1949-60 Sibley, Francis P., Treasurer 1902-5 Sinkler, Wharton, 1923-26 Smith, Edgar Fahs, 1910-20

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Smith, Edward Brinton, 1905 6 Smith, W. Hinckle, 1920-43; Vice President 1930-43 Smyth, Carroll, 1908-11 •Sommerville, Maxwell, 1899-1904; Vice-President 1900-4; See also Supplement G. Staff Members •Sparhawk, John, Jr., 1899-1902; Treasurer 1901-2 Starr, Edward, 1932-36 Stassen, Harold E., 1948-53 •Stevenson, Sara Yorke, 1889-1905, one of the founders of the Archaeological Association of the U. of P.; member of committee for establishing Free Museum of Science and Art; founder of American Exploration Society. 1892-1905, member of Board of Department of Archaeology and Paleontology of the U. of P.; 18941904, Secretary; 1904-5, President; See also Supplement G, Staff Members •Strawbridge, Justus C., 1899-1905; President 1900-3 Thomas, Lowell, 1937-46 Tower, Charlemagne, Jr., President of Department of Archaeology and Paleontology, 1893-94 Trexler, Harry C., 1926-28 Tyler, George F., Jr., 1957— Tyler, Sidney F., Jr., 1938-39 Van Alen, William L., 1 9 3 9 •Wanamaker, John, 1899-1922; Vice-President 1905-22 •Wells, Calvin, 1899-1905 Whitney, Harry P., 1961— Widener, Joseph E., 1929-31 •Willcox, Joseph, 1899-1901 Williams, Edwin B., 1952-56 •Williams, Talco«, 1899-1914 • Named Managers when the University of Pennsylvania approved the merger of the University Archaeological Association with the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology, November 7, 1899.

Supplement G Staff Members of the University Museum Abbott, Charles C. 1889-94. Curator of University Archaeological Association Albany, Gloria Shihadeh.1945—. Secretary in Administrative Office; 1952, Administrative Assistant; 1962, Assistant to the Director Angel, J . Lawrence. 1948-62. Research Associate in Physical Anthropology Anthes, Rudolf. 1950-63. Egyptian Section: 1950, Visiting Curator; 1951-63, Curator Bache, Charles. 1929-42. Babylonian Section: Assistant; 1940, Assistant Curator Baker, M. Louise. 1916-39. Artist Barone, Joseph E. 1944-1961. Director of Musical Programs Bass, George F. I960—. Mediterranean Section: Research Assistant; 1962, Special Associate for Underwater Archaeology Bates, W i l l i a m N. 1905-12. Mediterranean Section: Curator Beggs, Virginia. 1936-41. Assistant in Prehistory Benners, Ethel d e T u r c k . 1918-1920, Docent; 1924-1925, Artist Bergmann, Carl F. W . ca. 1897-1924. Preparator and Keeper of the Collections Biederman, Emily. 1957-60. Educational Section: Assistant Bishop, Carl W h i t i n g . 1914-1918. Section of General Ethnology: Assistant Curator Bobrowicz, Joseph R . 1951-53. Designer. Bodde, Derk. 1940—. Oriental Section: Associate in Chinese Studies Boyer, Marian Godfrey. 1941-49, Secretary. Acting Director 1943-44; 1945-47 Brown, W . Norman. 1942-49. Oriental Section: 1942-47, Curator; 1947-49, Honorary Curator Bruckner, Geraldine M . 1921—. Assistant in Administrative Office; 1929, Registrar; 1957, Editor Buchert, Elizabeth A. 1930—. Educational Section: Secretary. Burling, R o b b i n s . 1959—. Section of General Ethnology: Assistant Curator Butler, Mary. 1930—. American Section: Assistant; 1940, Research Associate C a m m a n n , S . V . R . 1948-55. Oriental Section: Assistant Curator; 1950, Associate Curator Carter, T h e r e s a Howard. I960—. Mediterranean Section: Research Assistant; 1962, Research Associate Casci, Paul. 1914-49. Restorer Chowning, Ann. 1963—, Section of General Ethnology: Research Associate 88

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Civil, Miguel. 1958—, Near Eastern Section: Visiting Junior Fellow; 1959, Research Assistant Clay, A. T . 1899-1910. Babylonian Section: Assistant Curator Coe, William R. 1952-. American Section: Assistant; 1954-56, Field work; 1959, Assistant Curator Colonna, Paul C. 1963—, Research Associate in Physical Anthropology Coon, Carleton S. 1948-63—, Section of General Ethnology: Curator Corning, John B. 1940-43. American Section: Research Associate; field work Cox, Dorothy H. 1952—. Mediterranean Section: Research Associate Creaghead, Elizabeth G. 1926-34. Educational Section: Assistant Crosby, Madeleine. See Madeleine C. Morrison Cross, Dorothy. 1930-38—, Babylonian Section: Assistant; 1936, Assistant Curator Crownover, David. 1955—, Chief Preparator; 1957, Manager of Exhibitions Culin, Stewart. 1892-1903. Director; American Section and Section of General Ethnology: Curator Dales, George F. 1958—, Near Eastern Section: Research Assistant; 1960, Research Associate Dam, Cornelia Heyman. 1921-22; 1924-42. Educational Section: Assistant Docent; 1925, Head Docent; 1930, Curator of Public Relations Daniel, John F. 1940-48. Mediterranean Section: Assistant Curator; 1942, Associate Curator; 1946, Curator Davidson, Daniel Sutherland. 1929-48. Research Associate in Archaeology; 1943, Curator for Oceania in Section of General Ethnology Day, Louis deV., Jr. 1957-61. Director of Public Affairs deLaguna, Frederica. 1932—. American Section: Research Associate Della Vida, Giorgio L. 1943-48. Egyptian Section: Research Associate Dellevigne, Ann. 1961—. Secretary in Administrative Office; 1961, Administrative Assistant deSchauensee, Maud. 1958—. Near Eastern Section: Research Assistant Dimick, John. 1954-61 (when he was elected to Board of Managers) . Research Associate; field work Dohan, Edith Hall. 1911-15; 1930-43. Mediterranean Section: 1911-15, Assistant Curator; 1930, Associate Curator, 1936, Curator Dosker, Caroline Gordon. 1951—, Assistant Registrar in charge of Photographs Dyson, Robert H. 1954—. Near Eastern Section: Assistant; 1955, Assistant Curator; 1962, Associate Curator Edwards, G. Roger. 1950—, Mediterranean Section: Assistant Curator; 1957, Associate Curator Eiseley, Loren C. 1948—, Curator of Early Man Emlen, Mary C. 1937-38. Educational Section: Assistant Eyman, A. Frances. 1945—. Educational Section: Assistant. 1948, American Section: Assistant Fadil, Anne Joseph. 1911-20. Librarian

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Farabee, William C. 1913-25. American Section: Curator Fellows, Muriel. 1947-52. Educational Section: Assistant Fernald, Helen E. 1921-35. Educational Section: Docent. Oriental Section: 1925, Assistant Curator; 1930, Curator Fewkes, Vladimir J. 1929-32. Research Associate in European Archaeology Fischer, Henry G. 1949-56. Egyptian Section: Assistant Fisher, Clarence S. 1914-25. Egyptian Section: Curator Franklin, Alice. 1947-61. Assistant Librarian Friedrich, Paul. I960—, Section of General Ethnology: Assistant Curator Furness, William H., 3rd. 1903-5. Section of General Ethnology: Curator Getze, E. Bioren. 1931. Editor Giddings, J. Louis. 1949-56. American Section: Research Associate; 1951, Assistant Curator Givens, Isabella. 1922-24. Educational Section: Assistant Godfrey, Marian Angell. See Marian Godfrey Boyer Goldberg, Reuben. 1926-60. Assistant Photographer; 1939, Photographer Golomshtok, Eugene A. 1931-39. Research Associate Goodale, J a n e C. 1950—. Section of General Ethnology: Assistant; 1961, Research Associate Goodenough, W a r d H. 1950—, Section of General Ethnology: Assistant Curator; 1954, Associate Curator; 1962, Curator for Oceania Gordon, E d m u n d . 1953-61. Near Eastern Section: Research Assistant; 1956, Research Associate Gordon, George Byron. 1903-27. 1903, Assistant Curator of General Ethnology and American Prehistory and Archaeology; 1904-9, Curator of American Archaeology; 1906, Librarian; 1910, Director Goudy, Alice M. 1935-41. Membership Secretary and Editor; 1937, Assistant to the Director Grace, Nancy. 1950-55. Membership Secretary; 1952, Secretary of Public Relations Griffin, Cynthia. 1942—. Librarian G u n n , Battiscombe. 1931-34. Egyptian Section: Curator Hall, Edith H . See Edith H. Dohan Hallowell, A. Irving. 1950—, Curator of Social Anthropology in the Department of General Ethnology Harrington, M. Raymond. 1911-15. American Section: Curator of Archaeology Hall, Henry Usher. 1914-37. Section of General Ethnology: 1914 Museum representative on Siberian Expedition; 1916, Assistant Curator; 1924-35, Curator; 1936-37, Research in Sierra Leone Hause, Helen. 1946-49. Section of General Ethnology: Assistant for Africa Hawkes, E. W. 1912-13. American Section: Assistant Heimerdinger, J a n e W. 1959—. Near Eastern Section: Research Assistant Henry, Grace. 1941-45. Educational Section: Assistant

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Hilprecht, Hermann V. 1888-1910. Curator of Babylonian and General Semitic Section Hoffmeister, William P. 1940-45. Building Superintendent Horter, Elizabeth. 1930-43. Educational Section: Assistant Howard, Edgar B. 1929-43. Associate in American Archaeology; 1942, Fellow; 1942, Vice-Director Howell, Carol-Joyce. 1942 51. Secretary in Administrative Office; 1948, Editor James, Frances W. 1960-62. Near Eastern Section: Research Assistant Jameson, Michael H. 1959—. Mediterranean Section: Research Associate Jayne, Horace H. F. 1929-40. Director Kidder, Alfred, II. 1950—. Associate Director Jehle, Albert J . 1949-56. Assistant Restorer; 1950, Restorer; 1955, Chief Preparator Johnson, Jotham. 1931-37. Mediterranean Section: Research Associate Kleindienst, Kendall. 1960-61. Photographer Kohler, Ellen. 1950-57; 1958-. Mediterranean Section: Assistant, 1950-57; 1958, Assistant Curator. Editor 1951-57 Kramer, Samuel Noah. 1943—. Near Eastern Section: Associate Curator; 1948, Curator of Tablet Collection Krogman, Wilton M. 1949—. Curator of Physical Anthropology Lande! 1, Henrietta. 1934-35. Educational Section: Assistant Langdon, Stephen. 1916-18. Babylonian Section: Curator Lebrija, Antonio, y Celay. 1945-55. Museum Designer Lee, Jean Gordon. 1943—. Oriental Section: Research Consultant Legrain, Leon. 1920-1963. Babylonian Section: Curator; 1948, Curator Emeritus Lennox, George Thomas. 1961—. Educational Section: Assistant Lewis, Mary Butler. See Mary Butler Lipchitz, Jacques. 1953—, Design Consultant Lisle, Helen W. 1943-54. Secretary for Sales and Publicity Luce, Stephen B., Jr. 1915-21. Mediterranean Section: Curator Lukens, Frances Day. 1947-49. Membership Secretary Maclver, D. Randall. 1907-10. Egyptian Section: Curator Mason, J . Alden. 1926—. American Section: Curator; 1955, Curator Emeritus Matthews, Kenneth D. 1949—. Educational Section: Assistant; 1952, Assistant Curator; 1962, Associate Curator McFadden, George H. 1934-53. Mediterranean Section: Research Associate McHugh, Jane M. 1897-1951. Secretary to Mrs. Cornelius Y. Stevenson; 1902-38; Assistant Treasurer; 1905, Assistant Secretary; 1917, Secretary; 1940, Secretary Emeritus. See under Officers Mellink, Machteid. 1957—. Mediterranean Section: Research Associate Merriam, Ruth Levy. 1935-39. Mediterranean Section: Assistant Mercer, Henry C. 1894-97. Curator of American Section and of Prehistory; See under Officers

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Merwin, Bruce W . 1915-18. American Section: Assistant C u r a t o r Michael, H e n r y Ν. 1959—. American Section: Research Associate. 1962, A p p l i e d Science Center for Archaeology: Research Associate Miller, Philippus. Egyptian Section: Assistant C u r a t o r 1932-34; 1936-38; Research Assistant 1951; Research Associate 1955-60 Milligan, M i r i a m . 1950-55. M e m b e r s h i p Secretary Milton, W i l l i a m F. 1924-48. Keeper of the Collections Moholy-Nagy, H a t t u l a . 1962—. Associate, T i k a l P r o j e c t Moon, Margaret. 1930-36. Egyptian Section: Assistant Moore, Eleanor M. See Eleanor M. Webster Morrison, M a d e l e i n e C. 1956—. Assistant; 1957, M e m b e r s h i p Secretary; 1961, Manager of M e m b e r s h i p and P u b l i c Affairs Muscarella, Grace Freed. 1955-58. Educational Section: Assistant Myers, A n n e Louise. 1943-46. Educational Section: Assistant Newlin, J a n e t C. 1930-33. Educational Section: Assistant Noble, W i l l i a m H., J r . 1938-42. Lecturer; Assistant to the Director N o o n , J o h n A. 1943-46. Section of General Ethnology: Research Assistant for Africa Nowak, H e l e n McKelvey. 1924-27. Educational Section: Assistant Orchard, W . C. 1909-15. American Section: Assistant Paige, Jason, J r . 1956-57. Babylonian Section: Research Associate Palmatary, H e l e n C. 1943-60. American Section: Research Assistant in Brazilian Studies; 1951, Research Associate Parkinson, A. Eric. 1946—. Chemist; 1948, Keeper of the Collections. 1962, A p p l i e d Science C e n t e r for Archaeology: Chemist Peden, N o r m a J e a n . 1961—, Educational Section: Assistant P e m b e r t o n , Carroll R. Y. 1934-58. Egyptian Section: Assistant; 1942, Assistant C u r a t o r ; 1950, Research Associate Penrose, Beatrice. 1933-35. Educational Section: Assistant Pepper, George H . 1908-12. American Section: Assistant C u r a t o r of Archaeology; 1911, Acting C u r a t o r Petrullo, Vincenzo M. 1931-35. American Section: Research Associate Pettinos, Emily. 1950—. Sales D e p a r t m e n t : Assistant; 1954, Sales M a n a g e r Plass, Margaret. 1957—. Section of General E t h n o l o g y : Research Associate f o r Africa Poebel, Arno. 1912-14. Babylonian Section: Assistant Pritchard, James B. 1950—. Babylonian Section: Research Associate. 1962, Section of Biblical Archaeology: C u r a t o r Q u a y , George M. 1961—. P h o t o g r a p h e r R a d a u , H u g o . 1907-8. Babylonian Section: Assistant Rainey, Froelich. 1947—. Director R a m b o , Eleanor. Docent 1918-19 R a m b o , Kathryn. 1936-38. Educational Section: Assistant Ralph, Elizabeth K. 1951—, Carbon-14 T e c h n i c i a n ; 1955, Research Associate C-14 Laboratory; 1962, Associate Director of A p p l i e d Science C e n t e r for Archaeology

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Ranke, H e r m a n . Egyptian Section: 1904-5, Assistant Curator; 1938-42, Curator; 194849, Visiting Curator Reich, Nathaniel. 1922-24. Egyptian Section: Assistant Reina, Ruben. 1959—. American Section: Assistant Curator; 1962, Associate Curator Rogers, Joseph M. 1916 22. Publicity Director Sanborn, Ashton. 1916-21. Egyptian Section: Assistant Curator Sapir, Edward. 1908-10. Harrison Research Fellow in Anthropology; 1909, Museum Assistant Satterthwaite, Linton (Jr.) 1930—, American Section: Assistant; 1932, Assistant Curator; 1948, Associate Curator; 1955, Curator Schwab, William B. 1946-48. Section of General Ethnology: Assistant for Africa; 1947, Research Assistant Sebbelov, Gerda. 1911-12. Section of General Ethnology: Assistant Curator Seder, T h e o d o r e A. 1949-53. Section of General Ethnology: Assistant; 1951, Research Assistant; 1952, Research Consultant Shoemaker, Richard. 1948-50. Chief Preparator Shook, Edwin M. 1956—. T i k a l Expedition: Field Director. 1962, Director of Guatemala T r a i n i n g Program Shotridge, Louis. 1912-32. American Section: Assistant; 1930, Assistant Curator Small, Mary R. 1949-54. Educational Section: Assistant Smith, M. Armistead. 1958-61. Educational Section: Assistant Sommerville, Maxwell. 1902-4. Curator of Glyptics. See under Officers Speck, Frank G. 1908-11. Assistant in Anthropology, 1908; Acting Assistant Curator of General Ethnology, 1911. 1943-50: American Section: Research Associate Steele, Francis R. 1942-53. Babylonian Section: Assistant; 1947, Assistant Curator Stevenson, Sara Yorke. 1889-1905. See under Officers. 1890-95, Section of Egypt and the Mediterranean: Curator Stimson, Anna K. 1950-58. American Section: Research Assistant Strobel, Marie. 1946-49. Educational Section: Assistant Stuckenrath, Barbara Gandee. 1954-55. Educational Section: Assistant Stull, Eleanor. 1936-42. Secretary for Sales Swindler, Mary H. 1945-60. Mediterranean Section: Research Fellow, except 1949, Visiting Curator T h i e r m a n n , Caroline T . 1961—. Assistant Librarian T h o m p s o n , Martha B. 1920-42. Librarian Tobler, Arthur J. 1929-38. Assistant in Archaeology Torday, E. 1912-13. Section of General Ethnology: Assistant for Africa T h r o c k m o r t o n , Peter. 1962—. Mediterranean Section: Research Associate T r i k , Aubrey S. 1956—, Tikal Project: Architect; 1962, Field Director Vaillant, George C. 1941-45. Director vanBever, Genevieve. 1953-55. Educational Section: Assistant Wailes, Bernard. 1961—. Mediterranean Section: Assistant. 1962, Applied Science Center for Archaeology: Research Associate

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Wallace, Anthony F. C. I960—. American Section: Curator of Ethnology Wardle, H. Newell. 1930—, American Section: Assistant Curator; 1948, Assistant Curator Emeritus Webster, Eleanor Moore. 1922-24; 1929-52. Assistant Docent. 1929, Members' Docent; 1942, Assistant Curator Wheeler, Ruth W. 1920-21. Assistant Docent White, Jeanne R. 1939-40. Educational Section: Assistant Whittendale, Katharine. (Before 1909)-1910. Secretary to Dr. G. B. Gordon; 1909, Librarian Wieschhoff, Heinrich A. 1942-47. Section of General Ethnology: Curator for Africa Wiley, Charles Ε. 1946—. Building Superintendent Williams, L. L. 1901-39. Engineer: 1923, Building Superintendent Wilson, Barbara Copp. 1935-51. Assistant in Egyptian Section and in Administrative Office; 1944, Assistant to Registrar; 1947, Assistant Registrar in charge of Photographs Wilson, Conrad. 1948-50. Mediterranean Section: Research Assistant Wilson, Lillian Burdsall. 1929-36. Assistant Registrar Witte, William H. 1896-1939. Photographer Woodie, Abby Jane. 1935-45. Assistant in Administrative Office; 1942, Assistant Secretary Woolley, C. Leonard. 1907-10. Egyptian Section: Assistant Curator. See Expeditions, Nubia, Ur Wulsin, Frederick R. 1929-30. Curator of Anthropology Young, Carroll R. See Carroll R. Y. Pemberton Young, John. 1962—. Mediterranean Section: Research Associate Young, Rodney S. 1948—. Mediterranean Section: Associate Curator; 1949, Curator Young, T . Cuyler, J r . 1962—. Near Eastern Section: Research Associate ( N O T E : Name of Babylonian Section was changed in 1958 to Near Eastern Section.)

Supplement H Consulting Fellows of the University Museum Albright, William F. 1942— Bennett, Wendell C. 1953-1955 Brown, W. Norman. 1942— Easby, Dudley T., Jr. 1956d'Harnoncourt, Rene. 1953— Howard, Edgar B. 1942-43 Kidder, Α. V. 1949-1963 Lothrop, Samuel K. 1946— Speiser, Ε. Α. 1942Strong, William Duncan. 1942-62 Swindler, Mary H. 1960Vaillant, George C. 1942-45

Supplement I The Women's Committee of the University Museum Bache, Miss Margaret. 1939-42 Batten, Miss Jane. 1959-60 Barringer, Mrs. Daniel Moreau. 1939-62; Chairman 1940-47; Honorary Member 1956 Berwind, Mrs. Charles G. 1948-52 Biggs, Mrs. John, Jr. 1955-; Chairman, 1959— Bonneli, Mrs. Henry. 1949-54 Boyer, Mrs. Francis. 1939-41; 1946-; Honorary Member 1959 Brooke, Mrs. George, III. 1954— Bull, Mrs. Richard C. 1960— Cadwalader, Mrs. John, Jr. 1939-42 Coxe, Mrs. Henry B. 1954— Davis, Mrs. Eugenia Cassatt. See Mrs. Percy C. Madeira, Jr. Day, Mrs. William L. 1955-; Vice-Chairman 1956-62 de Schauensee, Mrs. R. Meyer. 1939-48; 1956-62 Dilks, Mrs. John H. 1949-; Vice-Chairman 1962— Drayton, Mrs. Frederick. 1942-46 Dulles, Mrs. Heady C. 1944-49; Secretary 1947-49 Ewing, Mrs. McFadden 1954-57 Firestone, Mrs. Roger S. 1951-54 Fox, Mrs. William Logan 1942 Fraley, Mrs. Pierre C. 1950— Gates, Mrs. Thomas S. 1939— Grace, Mrs. Charles Brown 1950-54 Goodrich, Mrs. Herbert F. 1957— Griffith, Mrs. Charles. 1955 Harrison, Mrs. Charles C., Jr. 1944—; Chairman 1949-51; Honorary Member 1956 Harrison, Miss Dorothy. See Mrs. L. James Talbot Harrison, Mrs. Francis R. 1950-58 Harnwell, Mrs. Gaylord P. 1954— 96

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Henry, Miss J o s e p h i n e de Ν. 1 9 4 0 - ; Secretary 1948-52, 1 9 5 5 Howard, Mrs. Edgar B. 1940-41 Ingersoll, Mrs. R. Sturgis. 1939-41 Irwin, Mrs. Alexander. 1939-40 Jenks, Miss A n n West. 1939-41 Jenks, Mrs. J o h n Story. 1939-55 Jenks, Mrs. Morton. 1950-55 Lamont, Mrs. N. S. 1 9 4 8 - ; Vice C h a i r m a n 1954-55; Chairman 1956-59 Lavino, Mrs. E. George. 1955— Lewis, Mrs. Clifford, III. 1942-43 Lewis, Mrs. J o h n Frederick. 1962— Lisle, Mrs. Clifton. 1948-58; Secretary 1953-58 Lloyd, Mrs. Malcolm. 1 9 5 0 Lyne, Mrs. H a r r y . See Miss Ann West Jenks Lyne, Mrs. H e n r y , Jr. 1942-43 Madeira, Mrs. Percy C., J r . 1950— Markoe, Mrs. H a r r y . 1939-42 Marvel, Mrs. Josiah. 1955— McClenahan, Mrs. R. Wallace. 1939-41 McMichael, Mrs. Morton. 1948-49 M c H u g h , Miss J a n e M. 1942-51; H o n o r a r y M e m b e r 1950; See also under Museum Staff Meigs, Mrs. R o b e r t R. 1939—; H o n o r a r y M e m b e r 1959 Morgan, Mrs. Randal. 1939 Morris, Mrs. Edward Shippen. 1939-50 M u n s o n , Mrs. George Sharp. 1939 Newbold, Mrs. Fitz-Eugene. 1939-48 Patterson, Mrs. George S. 1949-62; C h a i r m a n 1952-56 Pease, Mrs. H e n r y H . 1942-62; H o n o r a r y M e m b e r 1962 Pell, Mrs. Francis L. 1 9 4 9 Poe, Mrs. Edgar Allan. 1939-44 Potts, Mrs. Frederic Α. 1 9 4 8 - ; Vice C h a i r m a n 1950-54 Price, Mrs. J o h n S. 1 9 6 2 Purvis, Mrs. E d m u n d R. 1944-48 Rivinus, Mrs. E. Florens. 1959— Roberts, Mrs. George B. 1939-41 Roosevelt, Mrs. Nicholas G. 1939— Rosengarten, Mrs. A d o l p h G. 1949—; H o n o r a r y M e m b e r 1960 Rosengarten, Mrs. A d o l p h G., J r . 1954-59 R o t a n , Mrs. Samuel P. 1939-40 Sinkler, Miss Caroline S. 1939-48 H o n o r a r y C h a i r m a n Sinkler, Mrs. J a m e s M. R. 1939-42 Smith, Mrs. J. Story. 1 9 5 9 Solmssen, Mrs. K u r t A. 1961—

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Speiser, Mrs. E. A. 1939-43 Stephano, Mrs. Stephen C. 1950 Talbot, Mrs. L. James. 1942-47 Taylor, Mrs. C. Newbold. 1944-46 Thompson, Mrs. Arthur W. 1939-46 Upton, Mrs. T . Graydon. 1956-60 Warden, Mrs. Clarence Α., Jr. 1960— Warriner, Mrs. Samuel D. 1944-49 Webster, Mrs. Edward L. 1953-59 Wetherill, Mrs. W. Chattin. 1939-42, Chairman Williams, Mrs. David E. 1944-46 Wolf, Mrs. Ben. 1961 — Wolf, Mrs. Morris. 1939-42 Zantzinger, Mrs. C. Clark. 1959—

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Supplement J Recipients of the Lucy Wharton Drexel Medal (Awarded for the "best archaeological excavation or publication by an English-speaking scholar"; areas of research indicated in parentheses.) 1902 1904 1906 1908 1909 1910 1911 1913 1952 1955 1957 1958 1962

W. M. Flinders Petrie (Egypt), Frederick W. Putnam (America), Arthur J. Evans (Crete), Hermann V. Hilprecht (Babylonia). Bernard P. Grenfell (discovery of papyri) . W. M. Ramsay (Asia Minor). David George Hogarth (Asia Minor, Greece, Crete, and Egypt). Rudolph E. Brunnow (Assyria and Arabia). Howard Crosby Butler (Syria). Marc Aurel Stein (Central Asia). A r t h u r s . Hunt (Egypt). R. Ε. M. Wheeler (India). Sir Leonard Woolley (Near East). Max Mallowan (Near East). Alfred Vincent Kidder (America). J. Eric S. Thompson (America).

99

Supplement Κ Constitution of the University Museum, 1962 I.

T h e University Museum shall be governed by a Board of Managers consisting of such n u m b e r as the Board of Managers shall determine b u t not less than fifteen nor more than twenty-five or such other n u m b e r as may be determined with approval of the Trustees of the University. T h e Board of Managers shall elect its members, subject to the approval of the Trustees of the University, for a term of five years. Recognizing the vital role of the Museum in the life of the University, the Trustees of the University shall elect members of the Board of Managers Associate Trustees of the University. T h e terms of members of the Board of Managers shall be fixed so that the terms of at least one-fifth shall expire each year. T h e members of the Board of Managers in office at the time of this revision of the Constitution of March 6, 1962, shall continue to be members of the Board of Managers for any term for which they may be elected. T h e President and the Provost of the University shall be ex-officio members of the Board of Managers.

II.

100

T h e Board of Managers shall, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, have the following powers and duties: a) T o establish rules and by-laws for its own government; b) T o elect a Chairman, one or more Vice Chairmen, a Secretary, and such other officers as it shall determine to be necessary or appropriate; to appoint, subject to approval by the Board of Trustees, a Director and curators of the Museum (provided that the Director and curators in office at time of this revision of the Constitution of March 6, 1962, are hereby approved for such office) ; c) T o provide for the creation of one or more classes of membership or affiliation with the Museum; d) T o have general supervision over the Museum and its collections and, with the consent of the Trustees, to dispose of any of the subjects in the collection by sale, exchange or gift; to receive on deposit collections or objects subject to such special arrangement as may be made with the owners; and to

SUPPLEMENT

Κ

101

take such action as shall be necessary or appropriate in the operation of the Museum. III.

All property, real and personal, obtained by the Museum by will, gift, or purchase shall be the exclusive property of the University in perpetuity.

IV.

Students of the University shall be permitted to attend without charge any general lectures in the Museum; special instruction may be given to University students in the Museum by University professors, and University professors and students shall have reasonable use of the collections for purposes of instruction and study, at reasonable times, b u t the Board of Managers may make any reasonable rules and regulations for such use of the Museum and collections.

V.

T h e permanent funds of the Museum shall be vested in T h e Trustees of the University and shall be held by them as a special trust for the purpose of the Museum, unless otherwise stipulated in the deed of gift or trust.

VI.

No building shall be erected without the approval by the Trustees of the plans and specifications therefor, nor shall the Trustees be requested to execute any contract for the construction of such buildings until the necessary funds shall first have been deposited with the Treasurer of the University, or shall have been provided by subscriptions satisfactory to the Board of Trustees.

WII.

T h e Board of Managers shall present to the Board of Trustees in the month of October of each year a report of their activities for the preceding year ending J u n e thirtieth. At the call of the University authorities the Board shall present a proposed budget setting forth the estimated expenses and receipts for the operation and maintenance of the Museum for the next fiscal year beginning July first. T h i s budget shall become effective upon its approval by the Board of Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania.

V7III.

T h e Board of Managers shall have full authority to carry on expeditions, to purchase objects or collections, to engage in other scientific work as may be pertinent to the purposes of the Museum, and to issue publications based upon expeditions undertaken under their auspices, or collections in their charge. Proposed expenditures for any such purposes shall be set forth in special budgets which shall become effective when filed with T h e Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, provided however that the proposed expenditures shall in no case exceed the funds certified by the Treasurer and Comptoller of the University as available for each such special budget, which certificate shall accompany such budget.

IX.

T h e Board of Managers shall incur n o personal liability for the actions authorized by them as a body in accordance with the terms of this Constitution.

Supplement L By-Lam of the University Museum On J u n e 12, 1962, the following By-Laws of the University Museum were unanimously approved by the Board of Managers: - I CHAIRMAN T h e Chairman of the Museum shall be elected annually by the Board of Managers. It shall be his duty to see that all matters of policy established by the Board of Managers are carried out by the Staff of the Museum. Unless otherwise directed by the Board, the Chairman shall appoint all Committees, of which he shall be a member ex-officio, and shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Managers. - I I VICE-CH A I R M A N T h e Board of Managers shall elect annually one or more Vice-Chairmen as it may determine. In the absence of the Chairman, his duties shall be assumed by the Senior ViceChairman then available. — Ill — DIRECTOR T h e Director shall be elected annually by the Board of Managers subject to the approval of the Trustees of the University. He shall have supervision of the Museum and shall control the operation of the institution under the direction of the Chairman, subject to the authority of the Board of Managers and its Committees. T h e Director shall be the official medium of communication between the Board or its Committees and the scientific staff and maintenance force. 102

SUPPLEMENT

L

103

T h e Director shall report to the Board at each regular meeting, and shall make an annual report to the President of the University, reviewing the work of the Museum for the previous year. T h e Director, or his nominee, shall approve all bills and certify that the articles purchased have been ordered under proper authority and that they have been received. He shall, when necessary, make proper affidavits covering packages received through the Custom House, enter proper bonds therefor and attend to all duties connected with such matters. - I V ASSOCIATE D I R E C T O R T h e Associate Director may be elected annually by the Board of Managers, also subject to the approval of the Trustees of the University. H e shall act for the Director in his absence, under the direction of the Chairman in such matters as require immediate administrative attention. H e may represent the Museum at such functions and in such activities as affect the Museum as a body of scholars rather than as an institution. -

V-

SECRETARY A Secretary may be elected annually by the Board of Managers, and shall have general custody of all records of the Board of the Museum. T h e Secretary shall also perform such other duties as may from time to time be designated by the Board of Managers, the Chairman, or the Director. - V I C U R A T O R S A N D O T H E R OFFICERS Curators and Field Directors shall be elected by the Board of Managers, subject to the approval of the Trustees of the University, for such terms of appointment and with such definitions of their duties as the Board may from time to time determine. Subordinate staff officers in the scientific d e p a r t m e n t and all other employees of the Museum may be appointed and removed by the Director, subject to the approval of the Board of Managers. -VII

-

OFFICERS GENERALLY N o Officer of the Museum shall, in a n y case, directly or indirectly, commit the

104

MEN

Museum to any Managers.

financial

IN

SEARCH

OF

MAN

obligation without specific authority from the Board of

Officers and members of the Museum's Staff shall receive written notice of their appointment by the Board of Managers, the terms of appointment to be stipulated in the notice. Any change of salary shall also be communicated to the officers and members of the Staff in writing. -VIIIT h e absence of any member of the Board of Managers for five consecutive meetings thereof, without being excused, shall ipso facto be considered as his resignation, and his membership on said Board shall thereupon cease and be terminated. - I X HONORARY

FELLOWSHIPS

A body of Honorary Fellows of the University Museum to the number of not less than ten or more than twenty is hereby created to serve without compensation, of whom the first six shall presently be elected by the Board of Managers of the Museum, and the others in the future shall be nominated by the Board of Honorary Fellows and approved by the Board of Managers. Each Honorary Fellow shall have all the privileges of membership and shall be entitled to free access to the Museum during its working hours and to its materials of study within the limits of preservation and order of the collections subject to such regulations as the Museum shall impose. Honorary Fellowships shall be limited to those individuals who carry on active and significant research in the fields of interest of the Museum. All Honorary Fellows shall be elected yearly. Honorary Fellows shall be selected from the learned personnel of the world. Honorary Fellows shall connect the the general progress of scholarship in the to a greater usefulness and indicating to mankind. -

intramural activities within the Museum with world at large, thus opening up the Museum the Museum its course of greatest service to X -

These By-Laws may be repealed or amended in whole or in part by a majority of the Board of Managers of the Museum provided that notice of the proposed change shall be mailed to each member of the Board prior to the meeting.

Sources Much of the information in this book was obtained from the following sources: Minutes of the Board of Managers of the University Museum (and its predecessor, the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology) of the University of Pennsylvania, 1890 through 1962. Minutes of the Council of the University Archaeological Association, February 25, 1890, to December 8, 1891. Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates, and 2, J o h n Punnett Peters (G. P. Putnam's, 1897).

1888-1890,

Volumes 1

Report of the Board of Managers, Department of Archaeology and Paleontology, University of Pennsylvania, 1893. Annual Report of the Curator, Museum of American Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania, 1890. History of the University of Pennsylvania, of Pennsylvania Press, 1940) .

1740-1940,

E. P. Cheyney

(University

Dictionary of American Biography (Scribner's, 1931), articles on Charles Conrad Abbott, George Byron Gordon, Hermann V. Hilprecht, J o h n P. Peters, and Charlemagne Tower, J r . Catalogue of the University of Pennsylvania, 1892-93. The So-Called Peters-Hilprecht

Controversy,

published by Hermann V. Hilprecht,

1908. Penn's Great Town, George B. T a t u m (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961). Various issues of the University Museum Bulletin, its successor publication, dition, and other periodicals and reports of the University Museum.

Expe105

Index Abbott, Charles Conrad, 20, 22 Academy of N a t u r a l Sciences, 16, 45, 47 African Studies Program, 52 Ain Shems, Palestine, 63 Air raid shelter, 53 Alaska, expeditions to, 29, 32, 47, 64 Alexander the Great, 46, 63 Amazon Expedition, 31 American collections, 20 "American I n d i a n and His Wealth, T h e , " 52 American Institute for Persian Art, 46 American M u s e u m of N a t u r a l History, 51, 55, 62 American Philosophical Society, 16, 26 "Ancient Earth," 43 Anthes, R u d o l f , 29, 57 Anthropological research, reason for, methods, 60 Antiquities laws, 60 Applied Science Center for Archaeology, 61 Arawak tribes, 32 Assyrian sculptures, 39 Aswan, Nile d a m at, 28, 29 Attendance, 27, 68 Avalon F o u n d a t i o n , 67 Azerbaijan, Iran, 64 Aztecs of Mexico, The, 52 Babylonian Expedition, 15, 17, 18 Babylonian Section, 17 Bache, Charles, 46, 54 Barringer, B r a n d o n , 40, 48 Barringer, Daniel Moreau, 40 106

Barringer, Mrs. Daniel M o r e a u , 48 Bass, George, 61 Baugh, Daniel, 20, 23, 25 Beisan, Palestine, 38, 39, 45 Belt Cave, I r a n , 62 Bernard, C a p t a i n Joseph, 30 Beth-shan; see Beisan Biggs, Mrs. J o h n , Jr., 49 Bishop, Carl W., 32 Blockley T o w n s h i p Almshouse, 23 Board of Managers, 19, 49, 55, 59 Bodine, Samuel T . , 26 Borax Lake, California, 52 Borneo collection, 26 Boyer, Mrs. Francis; see M a r i a n Angeli G o d f r e y Brazil, 32, 45 Brazilian Coffee Room, 56 British G u i a n a , 32 British M u s e u m , 36, 37, 58, 62 Brown, W . N o r m a n , 53 Bruckner, G e r a l d i n e , 43 Burkitt, R o b e r t , 33, 44, 67 B u r n e t Cave, New Mexico, 48 Calendar, correlation between Maya a n d Christian, 65 C a r b o n 14, 60 C a r b o n 14 laboratory, 61, 62, 65 C a r i b tribes, 32 Carnegie I n s t i t u t i o n of Washington, 68 Castillo Armas, 66 C h a i r m a n of the Board of Managers, 59, 69 C h a r t e r of 1938; see C o n s t i t u t i o n (1938) China, e x p e d i t i o n to, 32

Chinese collections, 34, 43 Chinese t o m b figures of camels, 44 C h u r c h Divinity School of the Pacific, 57, 63 Churchill, Sir W i n s t o n , 47 Civil W o r k s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 43 Clark, Clarence H., 15, 25 Clark, E. W., a n d Brother, 15 Clark, E d w a r d W h i t e , 15, 18, 25, 56 Clark, J o s e p h Sill, Jr., 56 Clark Research Professorship of Assyriology, 25, 37, 56 Clovis, New Mexico, 48 C o d é , P a n a m a , 45 Coe, W i l l i a m R „ 58, 65 Colket, C. H o w a r d , 23 Colombia, 38 C o l u m b i a Broadcasting System, 59 C o l u m b i a n Historical Exposition at Madrid, 21 Constitution, M u s e u m (1938), 43, 58 Constitution, M u s e u m (1962), 58 C o n s u l t i n g Fellows, 59 Coon, Carleton S., 47, 50, 57, 60, 62 Cope, E d w a r d D., 20 Cope, Walter, 23 C o r e n t i n e River, 32 C o r n i n g , J o h n B., 54 Costa Rica, 38 Coxe, Eckley B r i n t o n , Jr., 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 69 Coxe Egyptian W i n g , 34, 38 Coxe Expeditions, 29; see Giza,

107 Memphis, Meydum, Nubian expeditions, Thebes Crawford, W. Rex, 52 Creek Indians, 33 Crete, expeditions to, 29 Culin, Stewart, 20, 21 Cultural Attaché of the United States Embassy in Brazil, 52 Cultural Attaché of the United States Embassy in Peru, 54 Cultural Attaché of the United States Embassy in Spain, 54 Curium, Cyprus, 46 Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 21 Cyprus expeditions, 46 Czechoslovakia, expeditions to: 47 Dam, Mrs. Loring, 40 Damghan, Iran, 46 Dances in the Bryn Mawr Hotel, 22 Daniel, J o h n Franklin, III, 54, 56, 57 Day, Frank Miles, 23 Debet'z, George, 62 de Laguna, Frederica, 47 Delitzsch, Friedrich, 25 Dendereh, Egypt, 29 Department of Archaeology and Paleontology, 19 Depression of the 1930s, 42 Dimick, J o h n , 66 Dimick, Mrs. J o h n , 67 Discovery, 43 Dohan, Edith Hall, 29 Donovan, General William, 53 Dourios, Crimea, 47 Drexel, Lucy Wharton, 30 Drexel Medal, Lucy Wharton, 25, 26, 37, 57, 67 Duhring, Louis Α., 30 duPont, Henry F., 67 Duveen Brothers, 34 Duveen, Henry J., 34 Dyson, Robert H„ Jr., 58, 64 Earliest writings, 61 Early Man in America, 47 East Germany (Jena), 19, 62 Eckert, Samuel B., 66 Educational Section, 28, 39, 40 Edwards, G. Roger, 58 Egypt Exploration Fund, 20, 28 Egypt, 68; see also Aswan, Coxe Expeditions, Philae T e m p l e Eiseley, Loren C., 50, 57

El-Jib, Jordan, 63 Elkins, William L„ 23 Episcopal Divinity School, 15 Eskimo, 32, 47, 62 Etruscan collection, 21 Evans, Arthur J., 25 Expedition, 43 Eyre, Wilson, Jr., 23 Fakhry, Ahmed, 67 Fara stags' heads, 27 Farabee, William Curtis, 31, 32, 38 Far Eastern Section, 40 Fawcett, Colonel, 45 "Fellows of the University Museum, T h e , " 59 Ferguson Collection of Chinese Paintings, 34 Femald, Helen E., 40 Fewkes, Vladimir, 47 Fields, Perez Hastings, 17 Fifth International Congress of the Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, 62 Fiftieth Anniversary, 48 Fisher, Clarence Stanley, 29, 32, 38 FitzGerald, Gerald M., 38 "5000 Years of Vanity," 52 Flood (biblical), 37 Florida, 21 Ford, James B., 30 Franklin, Benjamin, 16 Franklin Institute, 16 Frazier, William West, 15 Free Museum of Science and Art, 23, 49 Furness Building, 22 Furness, Frank, 22 Furness, Horace Howard, 42 Furness, William H., 3rd, 26, 42 Gardner, Mrs., of Boston, 39 Gates, Thomas S., 44, 50, 51 Gates, Mrs. Thomas S., 50 Gates, Thomas S., Jr., 50 General Ethnology Section, 26 Gibeon, 63, 69 Giza, Egypt, 29 Glyptology, Curator of, 22 Godfrey, Marian Angeli, 51, 52, 54, 55 Gold collection, American, 38 Golden bowl of Hasanlu, 64, 69 Golomshtok, Eugene Α., 47 Goodenough, Ward H., 58

Goodman-Thompson System, 65 Gordian knot, 63 Gordion, Turkey, 57, 63, 69 Gordius, 63 Gordon, George Byron, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40 41, 43, 58, 69 Grant, Elihu, 63 Grant Foundation, W. T., 67 Gross, Henry, 66 Guatemala, 33, 39, 64; see Piedras Negras, Tikal Guatemala City, 65 Guatemalan Air Force, 64 Guatemalan Government, 45, 65 Guatemalan Museum, 45 Hall, Henry Usher, 32, 47 Hallowell, A. Irving, 58 Hammarskjold, Dag, 53 Harnwell, Gaylord P., 67 Harper, Robert Francis, 17 Harper, William Rainey, 18 Harrington, M. Raymond, 33, 52 Harris, Zellig S., 53 Harrison, Charles Custis, 15, 17, 22, 26, 29, 30, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 50, 69 Harrison, Mrs. Charles C., Jr., 49 Harrison, Harry W., 39 Harrison Hall, 34, 39 Harvard experitions to Gobi Desert and Chinese Turkestan, 42 Harvard University, Fogg Museum, 47 Harvard University, Peabody Museum, 20, 47 Hasanlu, Iran, 64 Haverford College, 63 Hawes, Harriet Boyd, 29 Haynes, John Henry, 17, 18, 19, 25 Henry Gross and His Dowsing Rod, 66 Henry, Mrs. Charles W., 38 Heye Collection, 35 Heye, George Gustav, 35 Hill, B. H„ 46 Hilprecht, Hermann Volrath, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 37, 56 57, 62 Holy Land collections, 63 Holy Land expeditions, 57 Hotu Cave, Iran, 62 Houston, Samuel F., 26, 53

108 " H o w T o Make It Club," 43 Howard, Edgar B., 47, 49, 54 H u a n g , T . M., 34 Illustrated London News, 67 Inter-American T r a i n i n g Center, 52 Iran, 62, 64; see also Belt Cave, D a m g h a n , Hasanlu, Hotu, Cave, Persepolis, Rayy, T e p e Hissar Iraq; see Khafaje, N i p p u r , Nuzi, Seleucia, Tell Billa, T e p e Gawra, Ur Istanbul Museum, 19, 61 Jastrow, Morris, Jr., 27 Jayne, Horace, 19 Jayne, Horace Howard Furness, 42, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51 Jenks, J o h n Storr, 43, 48, 49, 51 J o h n s o n Motion Picture F o u n d a t i o n , 43 J o h n s o n , E. R. Fenimore, 43, 50, 55, 69 J o h n s o n , Eldridge Reeves. 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 50, 59, 69 J o h n s o n Foundation for Medical Physics, 38 J o h n s o n , Jotham, 46 J o i n t State Government Commission Task Force, 68 J o r d a n , 63; See El-Jib, Gibeon Khafaje, Iraq, 46 Kidder, Alfred, II, 57 Kidder, Alfred V., 57 Kimmerians, 63 Kramer, Samuel Noah, 56, 61, 62 Krogman, Wilton Marion, 49, 50, 57 Lake, Dr. and Mrs. Kirsopp, 46 Lake Titicaca Basin, 57 Lake Van, Armenia, 46 Lamont, Mrs. N. C., 49 Lea, H e n r y Charles, 16 Legrain, Leon, 36, 37 Leidy, Joseph, 19 Leningrad, 62 Lerici Foundation of Rome, 61 Lewis, J o h n F., Jr., 67 Libby, Willard J., 60 Libya, 64 Life magazine, 67 Lindbergh, Charles Α., 44 Linguistic Projects, 45

Lloyd, Malcolm, 52 Loan exhibition of Mohammedan a n d Negro Art, 36 Loo a n d Company, C. T., 34 McFadden, George H., 46, 53 McHugh, J a n e M., 41, 51 MacIver, David Randall, 29 McMichael, C. Emory, 41 Madeira, Crawford Clark, 56 Madeira, Louis C., 41, 51 Madeira, Percy C., Jr., 45, 51, 55 67, 68 M a n n a e n people, 64 Mason, J . Alden, 45, 56 Matthews, K e n n e t h D., 40 Matto Grosso, Brazil, 45, 50 Maya, 33, 39, 44, 64, 68 Maya reconnaissance flight, 45 Melanesia, 64 Membership, 59, 68 Members' Nights, 22, 48 Memphis, Egypt, 29, 32 Mercer, H e n r y C., 21, 44 "Mermaid, T h e " ; see " T h e Pennsylvania" Metropolitan Museum, 39 Meydum, Egypt, 29 Michigan, 33 Midas, 63 M i n t u r n a e , Italy, 46 Mitchell, S. Weir, 27, 40 Mobile Museum, 40 Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, 67 Morgan Collection of Oriental Art, J. P., 34 Moscow, 62 Motion Picture Film Library, 43, 50 Mummy R o o m , 39 "Museum of Belshazzar's Sister, T h e , " 48 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 46 Museum of Man, A, 49 Museum of the American Indian, 35 Musical director, 52 Nasser, President, 29 National Science F o u n d a t i o n , 67 Near Eastern Gallery, 37 New Britain, 64 N i p p u r , Iraq, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 31, 37, 61, 62 Nippur, or Explorations and

Adventures on the Euphrates, 18 Noorian, Daniel Z., 17, 18 N u b i a n expedition, 28, 29 Nuzi, Iraq, 45 Oberlander, Gustav, 46 Office of Strategic Services, Washington, 53 Oil rig, use of at Gordion, 64 Oklahoma, 33 Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 19, 46 O r i e n t a l Section, 20 Origin of Races, 62 Palace of M e r e n p t a h , 32 P a n a m a , Isthmus of, 38 Panic of 1893, 21 Paraguay, 45 Patterson, Mrs. George S., 49 Peabody Award, George, 59 Pearl H a r b o r , attack on, 52 P e n n i m a n , Josiah H., 58 Penn's Great Town, 23 "Pennsylvania, T h e , " 31 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 16 Pennsylvania Museum; see Philadelphia Museum of Art Pennsylvania State Legislature, 23, 68 Pepper, B. Franklin, 36 Pepper, Frances Sergeant, 23 Pepper, George H., 33 Pepper, William, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 36, 50 Persepolis, Iran, 46, 63 Persian Royal Road, 63 Peters-Hilprecht Affair, 26, 29 Peters, Rev. J o h n P u n n e t t , 15, 17, 18, 25, 26 Petersen, H o w a r d C., 69 Petrie, W. M. Flinders, 20, 25 Philadelphia, City of, 23, 40, 41, 68 Philadelphia Award to C. C. Harrison, 36 Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 43 Philadelphia General Hospital, 23 Philadelphia Museum of Art, 16, 42, 46, 49 Philadelphia Orchestra, 16 Philadelphia Public Schools, 40

109 Philae Temple, 29 Phrygia, 63 Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 44 Pool of Gibeon, 63 Potts, Joseph D., 15 Pritchard, James B„ 57, 63 Prize Essay Contest, 27, 40 Prohibition Law repealed, 44 Proton magnetometer, 61 Putnam, Frederick W., 25 Radio director, 52 Radio program, 40, 52 Rainey, Froelich, 55, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 69 Ralph, Elizabeth K., 61 Ranke, Herman, 57 Rayy, Iran, 46 Rhages; see Rayy "Road Show," 43 Roberts, Kenneth, 66 Robinette, Edward B., 38 Rockefeller Brothers Foundation, 67 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 38, 39 Roosevelt, Kermit, 40 Roosevelt, Mrs. Nicholas G., 50 Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 40 "Root of All Evil, T h e , " 52 Rowe, Alan, 29, 38 Russia, expeditions to, 47 St. Louis Exposition, 28 Sales department, 43, 59 Satterthwaite, Linton, Jr., 45, 52, 56, 65 Scaife, Mr. and Mrs. Alan, 67 Scaife Foundation, 67 Schliemann, 60 Schmidt, Erich F., 46 Seager, Richard B., 29 Section of Biblical Archaeology, 57, 63 Seleucia, Iraq, 45 Seventy-fifth Anniversity, 48, 67 Sharpe, Richard and Mary Α., 39 Shook, Edwin M., 65 Shotridge, Louis, 32 Shubad, Queen, 37 Siberia, Expedition to, 32 Sierra Leone, 47 Sinkler, Caroline S., 50 Skinner, James Mortimer, 28 Smith, Edgar Fahs, 26, 36

"Smoking and Its Substitutes," 52 Smoking in the Museum, 43 Sommerville, Maxwell, 22, 28 Sommerville Gems, 28 South America, expeditions to, 21; See also William Curtis Farabee and Max Uhle Speck, Frank G., 29, 33 Speiser, Ephraim Α., 46, 53 State Academy of Leningrad, 47 Stevenson, Cornelius, 20 Stevenson, Sara Yorke, 20, 22, 25, 26, 41 Stewardson, John, 23 Stiefel, Israel, 68 Stone, Witmer, 20 Strawbridge, Justus C., 25 Strong, William Duncan, 53 Study tour of museums, 67 Sullivan, Louis, 22 Sumerian literature, 18,19,25,61 Sunday School Times, 17 Sybaris, Italy: 61 T ' a n g Tai-tsung, Emperor, 39 Tatum, George B., 23 T e l l Bilia, Iraq, 46 Temple of Bel at Nippur, 18 Temple Library at Nippur, 25. 26, 27 Temporary exhibitions, 52 Teotihuacan, Mexico, 65 T e p e Gawra, Iraq, 46 T e p e Hissar, Iran, 46 Thebes, Egypt, 29 Thomas, Lowell, 43 Thompson, J . Eric S., 67, 68 Thompson, Mrs. William Boyce, 46 Tikal, Guatemala, 33, 45, 64, 67 Tikal Projects, 66, 69 " T o m b of Midas," 57, 64 Tower, Charlemagne, Jr., 19, 23 Tranquillity, California, 52 Trik, Aubrey, 65 Troy, 60 Turkey, 63 Tutankhamun's tomb, King, 37, 67 Uhle, Max, 21 Underwater Archaeology, 61 United Arab Republic, Ambassador of, 67

United States State Department, 68 University Archaeological Association, 17, 19, 42, 58 University Convocation, 67 University of Pennsylvania, 15, 19, 22, 29, 56, 57, 58, 59 University Museum acquisition of collections, 21 building first unit completed, 23 fourth section (including Greek and Roman Gallery), 39 other sections added, 23 plans for fifth section, 68 problems, 27 program and plans, 21, 23 second section (rotunda and auditorium), 30, 33 third section (Coxe Egyptian Wing), 36, 38 carbon 14 laboratory and new techniques, 56, 60, 61 changes of name, 23 in College Hall, 22 conceived and the beginning, 16, 17 constitution of 1938, 43, 58 of 1962, 58 Directors Godfrey, Marian Angeli, Acting Director, 54 Gordon, George Byron, 27 Jayne, Horace Howard Furness, 42 Kidder, Alfred, II, Associate Director, 57 Rainey, Froelich, 55 Vaillant, George Clapp, 51 Education Section organized, 40 expeditions, 15, 17, 18, 21, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 Fiftieth Anniversary, 48 finances, 21, 22, 28, 40, 41, 42, 43, 58 in Library, 22 Presidents Coxe, Eckley B., Jr., 29 Harrison, Charles Custis, 36 Jenks, John Story, 43

110 Madeira, Percy C., Jr., 51 Petersen, H o w a r d C., Chairman of the Board, 69 radio and television, 52, 56, 57, 59 relationship to University of Pennsylvania, 58 Seventy-fifth Anniversity, 48, 67 W o m e n ' s Committee, 48 University Museum Bulletin, 43 University Museum Monographs, 43 Ur, Iraq, 18, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 58, 62 Ur publications, 42

Vaillant, George Clapp, 51, 52, 54 Van Valin, W i l l i a m B., 32 Wallace, A n t h o n y F. C., 58 W C A U - T V , 59 W a n a m a k e r , J o h n , 26, 28, 30 W a r d , W i l l i a m Hayes, 15, 17 " W h a t in the W o r l d ? " 56, 57, 59 W i d e n e r , P. A. B., 23 Wieschhoff, Heinrich, Α., 53 Williams, Talcott, 18 W o m e n ' s Committee, 48, 50 Woolley, Charles Leonard, 29, 37 Worch, Adolph, 34 Worch and Company, 34

W o r k Projects Administration, 43 "World of Yesterday," 52 World's C o l u m b i a n Exposition in Chicago, 21 World W a r I, 32, 36, 54 W o r l d W a r II, 47, 50, 51 Wright, F r a n k Lloyd, 22 Yale University, Peabody Museum, 29, 68 Yamanaka and Company, 34 Young, R o d n e y Stuart, 57, 63 Yucatan, 21, 45 Yuchi Indians, 29, 33 Zoological Society, 16

MESOPOTAMIA B.C. c. 6500 Pre-Pottery Neolithic c. 6200 Painted Pottery Neolithic

ITALY

c. 3000 Early Painted Pottery cultures 2500 "Bronze Age": Spread of Grey Pottery cultures in north

c. 1200 Iron Age 900 Late Assyrian 625 Neo-Babylonian 538 Achaemenian and Selucid

c.

c. 2300 Harappan cultures

C.1000

900 Assyrian invasions 625 Medean 550 Achaemenian (Persepolis) 325 Conquest by Alexander the Great and Selucid c.

171 Parthian

A.D.

171 Parthian

c. c.

637 Arab Conquest

517 Achaemenian 327 Invasion of Macedonians under Alexander the Great 321 Maurya Dynasty (Asoka, 274236) 184 Sunga Dynasty 72 Saka, Pahlavas, First Kushana Dyn.

226 Sassanian c. 641 Arab Conquest

CHINA B.C. c. 3000 Yangshao (Painted Pottery) and Lungshan (Grey Pottery) c. 1500 Shang (Anyang) 1027 Early Chou 700 Later Chou 221 Ch'in 206 Han A.D. 220 Six Dynasties 589 Sui 618-906 T ' a n g 960 Sung 1240 Mongol 1644 Manchu

B.C. c. 3000 or earlier Pottery Neolithic c. 2300 Chalcolithic (Early Bron; c. 2000 Chalcolithic (Early Bron; c. 1600 Terremara (Middle and c. 800 Villanovan and Etruscan 756 Beginning of Greek colon 753 Rome founded 509 Roman Republic foundei 31 Roman Empire A.D. 476 Fall of Rome 527 T h e Eastern Empire: Jus (Istanbul)

(?) Indo-Aryan invasions

A.D. c. 78 Second Kushana Dynasty (founded by Kanishka) and minor dynasties

A.D.

226 Sassanian

SELECTED MAJC

c. 6200 Painted Pottery Neolithic c. 4000 "Chalcolithic" Painted Pottery cultures

c. 2340 Akkadian, Gutian, III Dyn. of Ur c. 1900 Old Babylonian c. 1600 Kassite and minor dynasties

A Time Scale of Ani

B.C.

B.C.

c. 3200 Proto-Literate c. 2850 Early Dynastic (Sumerian)

c.

W E S T PAKISTAN AND INDIA

IRAN

320 Gupta Dynasty 535 Invasians from Central Asia; local dynasties

GREECE AND T H E ISI EASTERN MEDITI MAINLAND B.C. c. 6500 (?) Pre-Pottery Neolithic c. 6200 Pottery Neolithic in Macedonia

CRETE, CYPI

c. 5800 Pre-Potti c. 5200 Pottety c. 3200 Chalcolil

c. 2700 Early Helladic

c. 2000 Middle Helladic

c. 1550 Late Helladic (Mycenaean)

c. 1100 Sub-Mycenaean c. 1000 Proto-Geometrie, Geometric, and Orientalizing 480 Classical 330 Hellenistic

146 Roman Empire

Minoan Cyprioti From about 25C Minoan and Cy] riods are equi' the respecthe Periods on the

PALESTINE

EGYPT

if Ancient Civilizations

B.C.

B.C.

c. 7000 Pre-Pottery Neolithic c. 5500 Pottery Neolithic

D MAJOR DATES c. c. c. c. c.

ITALY

hie :rly Bronze Age) in South rly Bronze Age) in North idle and Late Bronze Age) Etruscan (Iron Age) eek colonization in the South

5000 4000 3000 2680 2258 2052

Neolithic Predynastic Archaic (Dyn. I-III) Old Kingdom First Intermediate Period Middle Kingdom

c. 4000 Chalcolithic c. 3000 Early Bronze

c. 1900 Middle Bronze Patriarchal Age 1786 Second Intermediate Period 1570 New Kingdom Rameses II Thutmose III

c founded

1085 Later Dynasties 663 Saite 525 Achaemenian

pire: Justinian at Byzantium

c. 1550 Late Bronze Egyptian Empire Canaanite c. 1250 Iron Age Canaanite 933-722 Kingdom of Israel 933-586 Kingdom of Judah 538 Achaemenian, Macedonian, Ptolemaic, Selucid

332 Ptolemaic End of Egyptian civilization THE ISLANDS O F T H E MEDITERRANEAN Έ, CYPRUS

Cypriote about 2500 B.C., [1 and Cypriote Pe are equivalent to 'spective Helladic s on the mainland

63 Roman Empire

A.D.

A.D. 324 Byzantine or Coptic 640 Arab Conquest

330 Byzantine 637 Arab Conquest

ANATOLIA B.C.

Pre-Pottery Pottery Neolithic Chalcolithic

168 Maccabaean

30 Roman Empire

c. 6200 (?) Pottery Neolithic c. 5400 Chalcolithic c. 2900 Early Bronze

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA B.C.

SOUTHWESTERN U N I T E D STATES B.C. c. 25000 PaleoIndian to c. 2000 B.C.

c.

c.

5000 Archaic

1900 Middle Bronze 1600 Late Bronze: Hittite 1200 Iron Age: SyroHittite, Phrygian, and Lydian Kingdoms A.D.

547 Achaemenian 333 Macedonian Conquest under Alexander the Great 323 Post-Macedonian kingdoms 133 B.C.-A.D. 17 Kingdoms absorbed into Roman Empire

c. c.

B.C.

c. 15000 PaleoIndian c. 7000 Archaic c. 1500 Formative

500 Basketmaker to c. A.D. 650

A.D. 100 Burial Mound Builders 1000 Temple to c. 1600 Mound Builders

CENTRAL MEXICO B.C.

c. 10000 PaleoIndian

1700 Pueblo V

c. 8000 PaleoIndian c. 3500 Horticultural Villages c.

800 Cultist Temple Centers 400 Regional States —Formative Chavin Paracas

c.

A.D. 700 Pueblo III 1050 Pueblo III-IV

CENTRAL ANDES (PERU AND BOLIVIA)

A.D. 200 Classic Olmec Maya Teotihuacan Zapotee 900 PostClassic to A.D.1520 Aztec Yucatan Maya

200 Regional StatesClassic Mochica Nazca Tiahuanaco 600 City Builders 1000 New Kingdoms and Empire to A.D. 1530 Chimu Inca