Matthew’s Presentation of the Son of David: Davidic Tradition and Typology in the Gospel of Matthew 9780567670779, 9780567670809, 9780567670786

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MATTHEW’S PRESENTATION OF THE SON OF DAVID

MATTHEW’S PRESENTATION OF THE SON OF DAVID

Davidic Tradition and Typology in the Gospel of Matthew

H. Daniel Zacharias

T&T CLARK Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA BLOOMSBURY, T&T CLARK and the T&T Clark logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2017 Paperback edition first published 2018 Copyright © H. Daniel Zacharias, 2017 H. Daniel Zachariashas asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. For legal purposes the Acknowledgements on p. vii constitute an extension of this copyright page. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: HB: 978-0-56767-077-9 PB: 978-0-56768-263-5 ePDF: 978-0-56767-078-6 ePUB: 978-0-56767-079-3 Typeset by Forthcoming Publications (www.forthpub.com) To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters.

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Acknowledgments Abbreviations

vii ix

Chapter 1 ,ඇඍඋඈൽඎർඍංඈඇ 1. Previous Work on Davidic Tradition in Matthew 2. Thesis 3. Contribution 4. Methodology 5. Approach 6. A Sketch of Davidic Messianism at the Turn of the Era

 2 7 7 8 18 20

Chapter 2 (ඇඍൾඋඍඁൾ6ඈඇඈൿ'ൺඏංൽ0ൺඍඍඁൾඐ¶ඌ,ඇർංඉංඍൺඇൽ*ൾඇൾൺඅඈ඀ඒ  0DWWKHZ¶V,QFLSLW  7KH6LJQL¿FDQFHRI'DYLGLQWKH*HQHDORJ\ 3. Conclusion

   52

Chapter 3 $ඌඌඎආංඇ඀ඍඁൾ7ඁඋඈඇൾ (ඌඍൺൻඅංඌඁංඇ඀-ൾඌඎඌൺඌඍඁൾ6ඈඇඈൿ'ൺඏංൽ  0DU\DQG-RVHSK  0DWWKHZ¶V,VDLDK4XRWDWLRQ 3. Born in Bethlehem  7KH.LQJVKLSRI+HURGDQG7KH.LQJVKLSRI-HVXV 5. The Move to Nazareth 6. Conclusion

   64  71 77

Chapter 4 -ൾඌඎඌൺඌඍඁൾ+ൾൺඅංඇ඀6ඈඇඈൿ'ൺඏංൽ 1. Matthean Passages Displaying the Son of David as Healer 2. Explanations for the Therapeutic Son of David in Matthew 3. Conclusion

 79 87 102

vi

Matthew’s Presentation of the Son of David

Chapter 5 7ඁൾ6ඈඇඈൿ'ൺඏංൽ¶ඌ+ඎආංඅංඍඒൺඇൽ$ඎඍඁඈඋංඍඒංඇ0ൺඍඍඁൾඐ  -HVXV'DYLGDQGWKH6DEEDWK 2. Son of David as the Temple Builder  7KH6RQRI'DYLG¶V7ULXPSKDO(QWU\  =HFKDULDK¶V+XPEOH.LQJLQ0DWWKHZ  7KH5HFHSWLRQRIWKH6RQRI'DYLGLQ-HUXVDOHP  7KH6RQRI'DYLGDV'DYLG¶V/RUG 7. Conclusion Chapter 6 'ൺඏංൽ¶ඌ%ൾඍඋൺඒൺඅൺඇൽඍඁൾ%ൾඍඋൺඒൺඅඈൿ-ൾඌඎඌ 1. Ahithophel in the Hebrew Bible  7KH3UR¿OHRI%LEOLFDO%HWUD\HUV-XGDVDQG$KLWKRSKHO  7KH3UR¿OHRI%LEOLFDO%HWUD\DOV Thematic Parallels in the Gospel Narratives 4. Conclusion

  111     150  152  163 169

Chapter 7 'ൺඏංൽ¶ඌ3ൺඌඌංඈඇංඇඍඁൾ3ඌൺඅආඌൺඇൽඍඁൾ3ൺඌඌංඈඇඈൿඍඁൾ6ඈඇඈൿ'ൺඏංൽ  -HVXV¶4XRWDWLRQRI3VDOP 2. Further Typological Connections with Psalm 22 3. Conclusion

  179 186

Chapter 8 &ඈඇർඅඎඌංඈඇඌ 1. Summary of Study 2. Contribution 3. Suggestions for Further Research

 187 190 192

Bibliography Index of References Index of Authors

195 209 221

A ർ ඄ ඇ ඈ ඐඅ ൾൽ ඀ ආൾ ඇඍඌ

I want to offer my thanks to a number of people who helped me GXULQJWKLVORQJSURFHVVRIUHVHDUFK-DVRQ0DVWRQDQG0LNH%LUGZHUH ZRQGHUIXOVXSHUYLVRUVGXULQJP\WLPHRIVWXG\,DOVRZDQWWRWKDQN-RKQ Nolland, who acted as my external supervisor during my dissertation writing—in writing a monograph on Matthew, I could not have hoped for a better scholar to offer me comments and critiques. Dr. Andy Angel and 'U-DPLH*UDQWDOVRSURYLGHGPHYDOXDEOHFULWLTXHDQGVXSSRUW,ZRXOG like to also thank my mentor, colleague, and friend Craig Evans for his VXSSRUWWKURXJKWKLVSURFHVV'XULQJWKH¿QDOVWUHWFKRIWKLVSURFHVV,DOVR JUHDWO\DSSUHFLDWHG'U6WDQOH\3RUWHU¶VFDUHIXOH\HLQKHOSLQJPHSUHSDUH the manuscript. Thanks also to Duncan Burns for the preparation of the indices. I received a great amount of support and encouragement from the IDFXOW\ DQG VWDII RI $FDGLD 'LYLQLW\ &ROOHJH ,¶P KRQRXUHG WR EH SDUW of this team. Thank you to the board and President of the college for supporting me during my education and my academic pursuits. Finally, my wife and children supported me a lot through this process. There were many evenings and weekends spent without dad at home. Thanks for being supportive and being my cheerleaders through my study and writing of this monograph. Soli Deo gloria! Danny

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AB ABRL $*-8 ANBIB ASNU ATHRSUP AUSS AYBD BBR BDAG

BETL BIB BIBINT BJRL BSAC BTB BWANT BZNW CBQ COL(S). COLLOQ CTM DSD EXPTIM HALOT

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Anchor Bible (Commentary) Anchor Bible Reference Library $UEHLWHQ]XU*HVFKLFKWHGHVDQWLNHQ-XGHQWXPVXQGGHV Urchristentums Analecta biblica Acta seminarii neotestamentici upsaliensis Anglican Theological Review supplement series Andrews University Seminary Studies Anchor Yale Bible Commentary Bulletin for Biblical Research Arndt, William, Frederick W. Danker, and Walter Bauer. A Greek– English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago, 2000 Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium Biblica Biblical Interpretation Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester Bibliotheca Sacra Biblical Theology Bulletin Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Catholic Biblical Quarterly column(s) Colloquium Concordia Theological Monthly Dead Sea Discoveries The Expository Times .RHKOHU/XGZLJ:DOWHU%DXPJDUWQHU0(-5LFKDUGVRQDQG -RKDQQ-DNRE6WDPPThe Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. Leiden, 1999 Horizons in Biblical Theology Harvard Theological Review International Critical Commentary Israel Exploration Journal Interpretation Journal of Biblical Literature Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society

x JGRCHJ JQR -6-683 JSNT -617683 JSOT JSP -63683 JSS JTS KEK LNTS LXX NA NAC NCBC NETS NICNT NIDNTT NIGTC NOVT NOVTSUP NTS OBO REPR. RESQ REV. REVQ RHPR SBLMS SBLSP SBLSYMS SBS SBT SJT SR 66(-& 67'- STPATR TJT TJ TYNBUL UBS VD WBC WUNT

Matthew’s Presentation of the Son of David Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism Jewish Quarterly Review Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period, Supplements Journal for the Study of the New Testament Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Supplement Series Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, Supplement Series Journal of Semitic Studies Journal of Theological Studies Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament Library of New Testament Studies Septuagint Novum Testamentum Graece. Edited by E. Nestle and K. Aland New American Commentary New Century Bible Commentary New English Translation of the Septuagint New International Commentary on the New Testament New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Edited by C. Brown. 4 vols. Grand Rapids, 1975–78 New International Greek Testament Commentary Novum Testamentum Novum Tetamentum, Supplements New Testament Studies Orbis biblicus et orientalis reprint(ed) Restoration Quarterly revised Revue de Qumran Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series Stuttgarter Bibelstudien Studies in Biblical Theology Scottish Journal of Theology Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses 6WXGLHVLQ6FULSWXUHLQ(DUO\-XGDLVPDQG&KULVWLDQLW\ 6WXGLHVRQWKH7H[WVRIWKH'HVHUWRI-XGDK Studia patristica Toronto Journal of Theology Trinity Journal Tyndale Bulletin United Bible Society Verbum domini Word Biblical Commentary Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Abbreviations WW ZAW ZNW ZWT

xi

Word and World Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie

Abbreviations for primary literature follows The SBL Handbook of Style: For Biblical Studies and Related Disciplines, 2nd ed. (Atlanta, GA: SBL, 2014).

Chapter 1 I ඇ ඍ උඈ ൽ ඎർඍ ං ඈ ඇ

The title “Son of David” appears three times in the Gospel of Mark (Mark 10:47–48; 12:35). Two of these occurrences appear also in the parallel passages in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 18:38–39), with an additional use RI WKH WLWOH WR UHIHU WR -HVXV LQ KLV JHQHDORJ\ /XNH   0DWWKHZ RQ WKHRWKHUKDQGSDUDOOHOV0DUN¶VRFFXUUHQFHV0DWW± DQG has seven more occurrences of the title (Matt 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 21:9,   ZLWK RQO\ RQH RI WKRVH QRW UHIHUULQJ WR -HVXV EXW UDWKHU WR -RVHSK 0DWW ,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHWKUHHWLWOHVJLYHQWR-HVXVLQ0DWWKHZ¶V incipit—“Messiah,” “Son of David,” and “son of Abraham” (Matt 1:1). 7KLV HVWDEOLVKHV WKH WLWOH ³6RQ RI 'DYLG´ DV D VLJQL¿FDQW WRSLF IRU WKH (YDQJHOLVW DQG FHUWDLQO\ VWDQGV DV RQH RI WKH VLJQL¿FDQW &KULVWRORJLFDO PRWLIV LQ 0DWWKHZ¶V *RVSHO 7KH XVH RI WKLV WKHPDWLF WLWOH LV LQGLFDWLYH RI0DWWKHZ¶VSHUYDVLYHLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKH'DYLGLFWUDGLWLRQRIWKH27 +RZHYHU0DWWKHZ¶VLQWHUDFWLRQZLWK'DYLG¶VVWRU\LQWKH27DQGODWHU 'DYLGLF WUDGLWLRQ LV QRW FRQ¿QHG WR WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH WLWOH ³6RQ RI David,” as important as those appearances are. There have been numerous individual studies on the title “Son of David” in the Gospel of Matthew, as well as numerous studies seeking to explain why Matthew connects this WLWOH WR -HVXV¶ KHDOLQJ DFWLYLWLHV7R WKLV FDQ EH DGGHG LQGLYLGXDO VWXGLHV on isolated passages which make use of Davidic tradition or typology. So, while it is true that many scholars have made notable contributions WR 0DWWKHZ¶V XVH RI 'DYLGLF WUDGLWLRQV LQ SDUWLFXODU SDVVDJHV WKHUH KDV been no comprehensive examination of David and Davidic typology in WKH *RVSHO RI 0DWWKHZ DV D ZKROH7KH JRDO RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WR ¿OO WKLV gap, by showing how Matthew extensively interacts with Davidic tradition DQGXWLOL]HV'DYLGLFW\SRORJ\LQKLVSUHVHQWDWLRQRI-HVXVDVWKH6RQRI David.

2

Matthew’s Presentation of the Son of David

1. Previous Work on Davidic Tradition in Matthew The following sections highlight some of the important studies pertaining to the use of Davidic tradition in the Gospel of Matthew, as well as a number of important studies on the development of the Davidic tradition LQHDUO\-XGDLVP a. Development of Davidic Tradition Although not directly related to Matthew, three monographs in particular have surveyed and traced the development of Davidic tradition in the 27DQGODWHU-HZLVKZULWLQJV.HQQHWK3RP\NDOD¶VZRUNRQWKH'DYLGLF dynasty tradition takes a thorough look at the Davidic tradition from the 27DQGXSWRLWVSUHVHQFHLQ-RVHSKXVWKH/;;4XPUDQDQGPss. Sol. 17. Pomykala argues that there was no “continuous, widespread, or dominant expectation for a davidic messiah.”1 Although Pomykala is critical of seeing messianism in the OT, he does recognize the Davidic messianic portrait of Pss. Sol. 17, as well as its presence, alongside prophetic and SULHVWO\ PHVVLDQLVP LQ WKH 4XPUDQ OLWHUDWXUH :KLOH 3RP\NDOD¶V PRUH critical assessment might not be accepted, it is important to note that even he sees the resurgence of royal messianic hope in the Herodian and Roman period. More recently, this type of survey of Davidic tradition has also been undertaken by Yuzuru Miura, doing his survey in the context of Davidic tradition in Luke–Acts.2 In six chapters, Miura surveys Davidic tradition LQWKHWH[WVOHDGLQJXSWRWKH170LXUD¿QGVQLQHWKHPHVLQKLVVXUYH\ of the primary literature: David as sinner, David as ideal king, David as prophet, David as religious authority, David as parallel to Moses and WR 6RORPRQ 'DYLG DV 3VDOPLVW 'DYLG DV PRGHO IRU -HZV DQG 'DYLG DV LQGLFDWRU RI WKH 0HVVLDK 0LXUD ¿QGV WKHVH WKHPHV LQ /XNH±$FWV$ number of these themes will also present themselves in Matthew. b. Therapeutic Son of David Dennis C. Duling, Lidija Novakovic, as well as several others, have all GRQH LPSRUWDQW UHVHDUFK RQ 0DWWKHZ¶V GHOLEHUDWH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ -HVXV DV 6RQ RI 'DYLG DQG KLV KHDOLQJ GHHGV 'HQQLV 'XOLQJ¶V ZRUN 1௒.HQQHWK ( 3RP\NDOD The Davidic Dynasty Tradition in Early Judaism: Its +LVWRU\DQG6LJQL¿FDQFHIRU0HVVLDQLVP(Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995), 270. 2௒