Lahav V: The Iron, Persian, and Hellenistic Occupations within the Walls at Tell Halif: Excavations in Field II: 1977-1980 9781575063669

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Lahav V The Iron, Persian, and Hellenistic Occupations within the Walls at Tell Halif: Excavations in Field II, 1977–1980

r e p o r t s o f t h e l a h av r e s e a rc h p ro j e c t

Excavations at Tell Halif, Israel Series Editor: Joe D. Seger Volume I. Volume II. Volume III. Volume IV. Volume V.

Pottery and Politics: The Halif Terrace Site 101 and Egypt in the Fourth Millennium b.c.e. Households and the Use of Domestic Space at Iron II Tell Halif: An Archaeology of Destruction The Iron Age II Cemetery at Tell Halif (Site 72) The Figurines of Tell Halif The Iron, Persian, and Hellenistic Occupations within the Walls at Tell Halif: Excavations in Field II, 1977–1980

The Lahav Research Project is sponsored by

The Cobb Institute of Archaeology Mississippi State University

and is an affiliated project of The American Schools of Oriental Research

L a h av V The Iron, Persian, and Hellenistic Occupations within the Walls at Tell Halif Excavations in Field II, 1977–1980

Dan P. Cole with contributions by J. P. Dessel and Joe D. Seger

Winona Lake, Indiana E isenbrauns 2015

© 2015 by Eisenbrauns Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America www.eisenbrauns.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cole, Dan P. Lahav V : the Iron, Persian, and Hellenistic occupations within the walls at Tell Halif : excavations in Field II, 1977–1980 / Dan P. Cole, with contributions by J. P. Dessel and Joe D. Seger.     pages  cm. — (Reports of the Lahav Research Project: excavations at Tell Halif,     Israel ; volume 5) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-57506-300-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1.  Halif Site (Israel).  2.  Excavations (Archaeology)—Israel—Halif Site.  3.  Israel— Antiquities.  I.  Dessel, J. P.  II.  Seger, Joe D.  III.  Cobb Institute of Archaeology. IV. Title. DS110.H285C65 2015 933′.49—dc23 2015007433

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1984.♾™

Contents List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   viii List of Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ix Series Editor’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xi Author’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xiii Chapter 1   General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1 A. The Site  1 B. The Lahav Research Project  2 C. The Project Staff and Field School  3 D. Excavation Method and Process  4 E. The Initial Field Season, 1976  4 F. The Initial Excavations in Field II, 1977  6 G. The Second Season in Field II, 1979  8 H. The Final Season in Field II, 1980  10 I. Overview of the Results  10 J. From Phases to Strata  11 Chart 1.1.  Master Chart of Strata at Tell Halif  12

Chapter 2   Cultural and Historical Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   13 A. Late LB IIB and Iron I: The Ash Circles of Phases 8–7  14

B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

1.  Hilltop Ash Sites  17 2.  Formal Ash Sites  17 3.  Favissae Sites  17

The Iron IIA Streets in Phase 6D  19 The Early Iron IIB Residences of Phase 6C  22 Late Iron IIB Changes in Phase 6B  29 The Iron IIB/C Reoccupation in Phase 6A  33 The 7th–6th Century b.c.e. Occupation Gap, Phase Post-6A  36 The 5th–4th Century b.c.e. Persian Reoccupation in Phase 5  37 The 4th–3rd Century b.c.e. Hellenistic Residence in Phases 4B–4A  44 The Late 3rd Century b.c.e. Occupation Gap after Phase 4A  48 Evidence of 2nd Century c.e. Roman Construction in Phase 3  48

Chapter 3   The Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   49 A. B. C. D. E.

Phase 8B, LB IIB  49 Phase 8A, LB IIB  49 Phase 7B, Iron I  51 Phase 7A, Iron I  53 Phase 6D, Iron IIA  56

vi

Contents F. Phase 6C, Iron IIB  59 G. Phase 6B, Iron IIB  63 H. Phase 6A, Iron IIB/C  67 I. Phase Post-6A, Iron II/Persian  70 J. Phase 5, Persian  72 K. Phase 4B, Hellenistic  77 L. Phase 4A, Hellenistic  79 M. Phase Post-4A, Hellenistic  80 N. Phase 3, Late Roman  81

Chapter 4   Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 A. Ceramic Female Figurine by J. P. Dessel 85 B. Bulla with Cylinder Seal Impression by Joe D. Seger 90

C. D. E. F.

1.  The Iconography of the Tell Halif Bulla  90 2.  Mitannian Seals in Southern Palestine  93 3.  Imagery of the Limping Dance  94

Bronze Thymiaterion by Joe D. Seger 95 Bronze Bell by Joe D. Seger 97 Ptolemaic Coin by Joe D. Seger 99 Miscellaneous Finds by Joe D. Seger 101

1. Beads  101 2.  Bone Tools  101 3.  Ceramic Tools and Miscellaneous  101 4.  Ceramic Figurines  102 5.  Metal Objects  102 6.  Stone Tools  102

Appendix: Locus Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Area F6/1:  105 Area F6/2:  118 Area F6/4:  121 Area F6/11:  133 Area F6/12:  135 Area F6/13:  139 Area F6/14:  142 Area F6/15:  146 Area F6/16:  149 Area F6/21:  152 Area F6/22:  153 Area F6/23:  156 Area F6/24:  158 Area F6/25:  164 Area F6/26:  166 Area F6/33:  170

Plates 1–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Plate References  174 Plate and Description Conventions  174 Plates and Plate Descriptions  176

Contents

vii

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Abbreviations 240 Bibliography 240

Plans and Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX.

Sections, Areas F6/1 East, F6/2 East, F6/13 West (reversed)  249 Sections, Areas F6/14 East, F6/15 East, F6/16 East  250 Sections, Areas F6/2 South, F6/12 South, F6/22 South  251 Sections, Areas F6/4 South, F6/14 South, F6/24 South  252 Sections, Area F6/1 (North, South, East, and West)  253 Sections, Area F6/4 (North, South, East, and West)  254 Sections, Area F6/24 (North, South, East, and West)  255 Sections, Area F6/26 (North, South, East, and West)  256 Plan, Phase 8B  257 Plan, Phase 8A  257 Plan, Phase 7B  258 Plan, Phase 7A  259 Plan, Phase 6D  260 Plan, Phase 6C  261 Plan, Phases 6B–6A  262–63 Plan, Phase 5  264 Plan, Phase 4B  265 Plan, Phase 4A  266 Plan, Phase 3  267

List of Figures 1.1. 1.2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. 2.16. 4B.1. 4C.1. 4C.2. 4D.1. 4D.2. 4D.3. 4D.4. 4E.1. 4E.2.

Topographical map of Tell Halif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2 Grid plan of Field II Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7 Major elements of Phase 7 in Field II Area F6/1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Examples of different types of cult ash sites in Late Bronze and Iron Age Syria–Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Proposed Phase 6D streets and buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Town plans showing Iron Age interior streets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Town plans showing Iron Age interior streets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Proposed Phase 6C streets and buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Iron I houses at Tel Masos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Tell Beit Mirsim northwestern quarter town plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Phase 6C building remains showing possible house locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Phase 6B elements in Field II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Probable Phase 6A elements in Field II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Phase 5 building complex in Field II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Building types in Assyro-Persian Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Phase 4B building elements in Field II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Phase 4A building elements in Field II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Town plan of Hellentistic Marisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Cylinder seal impression, Object 448 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Fallen leaf type thymiaterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Flaring cone type thymiaterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Bronze bell, Object 496, showing bearded lion head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Bronze bell, Object 496, showing human face with headdress and pectoral . . . . . . . . . 98 Bronze bell, Object 496, showing serpent or lizard head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Bronze bell, Object 496, showing possible jackal, feline, or goat head . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Bronze coin, Object 437, obverse view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Bronze coin, Object 437, reverse view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

List of Photographs 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. 3.10. 3.11. 3.12. 3.13. 3.14. 3.15. 3.16. 3.17. 3.18. 3.19. 3.20. 3.21. 3.22. 3.23. 3.24. 3.25. 3.26. 3.27. 3.28. 3.29. 3.30. 3.31. 3.32. 4A.1. 4A.2. 4B.1. 4B.2. 4C.1.

Aerial view of Tell Halif from the northwest at the end of the 1977 season . . . . . . . . .   5 Field II north Areas at end of 1977 season, showing Phase 6 elements in most Areas, with Phase 3 surfaces in Areas F6/21–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8 Aerial view of Field II exposures at the end of the 1979 season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9 Area F6/1. Section across Phase 8A Pit 1051 in south balk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   50 Area F6/1. Phase 7B Pit 1042 and surrounding features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   51 Area F6/1. Phases 7B–7A Tabun 1047 and Phase 7B Pit 1061 at north balk . . . . . . . .   52 Area F6/1. Tabun 1047 enclosed in corner of Phase 7A Wall 1019B . . . . . . . . . . . .   54 Area F6/4. Phase 6D Drain 4035 with other Phase 6 elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   55 Area F6/1. Phase 6D Wall 1019A/B and Drain 1037 with other Phase 6 elements . . . . .   56 Area F6/1. Phase 6D Drain 1037 cutting through Phase 7 Pit 1042 . . . . . . . . . . . .   57 Area F6/11. Phase 6C walls, drain, and surfaces alongside earlier and later elements . . .   58 Area F6/2. Phase 6C Drain 2006 and Wall 2007 alongside Surface 1024 . . . . . . . . .   60 Areas F6/2 and 12. Phases 6C–6B walls, Phase 6C Drain 2006, and Phase 7A Pit 2017 .   61 Area F6/4. Wall 4003 along with other Phases 6C–6A elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   62 Area F6/1. Phases 7A–6A elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   64 Area F6/12. Phase 6B Bin 12005; Surface 12008; and Walls 12009, 12013, and 12010 . .   65 Ceramic incense stand, Object 153b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   66 Ceramic incense stand, Object 153a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   66 Area F6/12. Destruction debris strewn over Phase 6B Surface 12008 . . . . . . . . . . .   67 Area F6/24. Phase 6B Drain 24019 leading into Sump 24009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   68 Field II south Areas at end of 1977 season, showing Phases 6B–5 elements . . . . . . . .   69 Area F6/24. Phase Post-6A Grave 24020 down through Phase 6B Drain 24019 . . . . . .   71 Area F6/24. Burial in Grave 24020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   71 Ceramic juglet and lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   72 Area F6/12. Phase 6B Bin 12005 filled with Phase 5 Sump 12006 stones . . . . . . . . .   73 Field II south Areas at end of the 1979 season, showing mostly Phase 5 elements . . . . .   74 Area F6/13. Grave 13011 surrounded by Trench 13008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   76 Area F6/13. Burial 13012 in Grave 13011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   77 Area F6/16. Phases 4B–4A elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   78 Area F6/26. Phases 4B–4A elements with Post-4A Grave 26012 . . . . . . . . . . . . .   78 Ceramic pot and unguntarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   80 Area F6/26. Phase Post-4A Burial 26018 in Grave 26012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   81 Field II Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   82 Area F6/1. Phase 3 walls and surfaces along with later pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   83 Area F6/22. Phase 3 Surface 22003 with Vat 22002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   83 Ceramic female figurine, Object 645, front view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   86 Ceramic female figurine, Object 645, back view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   86 Clay bulla with cylinder seal impression, Object 448, front view . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   90 Clay bulla, Object 448, back view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   90 Bronze thymiaterion, Object 734 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   95

x 4D.1. 4D.2. 4D.3. 4D.4. 4E.1. 4E.2. 4F.1. 4F.2. 4F.3. 4F.4. 4F.5.

List of Photographs Bronze bell, Object 496, showing bearded lion head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   98 Bronze bell, Object 496, showing human face with headdress and pectoral . . . . . . . . . 98 Bronze bell, Object 496, showing serpent or lizard head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Bronze bell, Object 496, showing possible Jackal, feline, or goat head . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Bronze coin, Object 437, obverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Bronze coin, Object 437, reverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Bone spatula or loom tool, Object 395 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Bone spatula, Object 660 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Iron knife blade, Object 362 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Zoomorphic figurine head, Object 604 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Miscellaneous Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Series Editor’s Preface This volume appears as the fifth in a planned series of reports on the investigations of the Lahav Research Project (LRP) at Tell Halif, located near Kibbutz Lahav in southern Israel. LRP research has focused widely on stratigraphic, environmental, and ethnographic problems related to the history of settlement at and around Tell Halif from prehistoric through modern times. The project was initiated in 1974 and in 1975 received sponsorship from the University of Nebraska at Omaha. Since 1983, the LRP has received its primary support from the Cobb Institute of Archaeology at Mississippi State University. During all field seasons, efforts have also been assisted by consortia of other American academic institutions and with support in Israel from the W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research and the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, both in Jerusalem, and from the Joe Alon Center for Regional and Folklore Studies at Kibbutz Lahav. Throughout, the LRP has been affiliated with the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) as one of its approved projects. LRP investigations at Tell Halif have continued through three phases (I–III) embracing twelve seasons of field excavation between 1976 and 1999. A fourth phase (IV) directed by Oded Borowski under Emory University sponsorship was initiated in 2007. Through all phases, financial support by consortium institutions was supplemented by generous gifts received as private contributions from staff members, subscribers, and worker participants. Patrons and major donors are recognized in the Editor’s Preface to Lahav I (Dessel 2009: xv–xvii), and the support of all contributors and participants is acknowledged on the project’s DigMaster Web site at www.cobb.msstate.edu/Research.html. We are sincerely grateful to this very large group of individuals for their participation in and support of LRP work. At the same time, we also recognize that none of the project’s work could have been accomplished without the help of the members of Kibbutz Lahav. With warm encouragement and much material assistance, Lahav’s members provided a supportive and congenial base for the team’s field research throughout all of the past three decades. This fifth report in our LRP series focuses on materials recovered during Phase I excavations conducted in 1977, 1979, and 1980 in Field II on the east-central summit of the mound. These Field II excavation efforts were directed by Dan P. Cole of Lake Forest College, aided by the field staff listed passim in Chapter 1: General Introduction. Along with the University of Nebraska, Omaha, Phase I consortium support was provided by Washington State University, Pullman, WA; Lycoming College, Williamsport, PA; St. John’s University, Collegeville, MN; and Emory University, Atlanta, GA. During Phase I, Joe Seger served in the role of overall Project Director, assisted by a Core Staff including, in addition to Dan Cole, Mary Elizabeth Shutler, Washington State University; Karen E. Seger, Omaha, Nebraska; Oded Borowski, Emory University; and Paul F. Jacobs, University of St. Thomas, Houston, Texas. Phase I Recording and Camp Staff included Photographer Patricia M. O’Connor; Assistant Photographers Victoria Satterthwaite and David Kudan; Draftsmen Mark Laustrup and Robert Erskin; Registrars Ann Arenstein, Melanie Montgomery, Eduardo Guerra, Julie Schram, and Robert Wise; Conservator Jeanne Smith; Technical

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Illustrator Judith Berkowitz; Medical Consultant Jeanne Jaggard; Camp Managers Catharine Cole, Susan Schwarts, and Nancy Jacobs; Assistant Camp Managers Jerry Sturmer and Betty Kemper; Camp Operations Manager Karl Kemper; and Cooks Muhammad Rabia, Lutfi Tanbor, and Jamal Rabia. During this period, Kibbutz Lahav member Avi Navon participated in field work and provided valuable liaison with the kibbutz. Other consultants and specialists during Phase I included Israel Department of Antiquities representative Amos Kloner; physical anthropologists Baruch Arensburg of Tel Aviv University and Patricia Smith of Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem; ethnographic advisers John Landgraf and Omar Othman, both of Jerusalem; survey adviser David Allon of Kibbutz Mishmar Hanegev; and environmental adviser Dan Ratner of Kibbutz Lahav. The special focus of this volume deals with the results of excavations in Field II. It is the first volume in the series that provides a comprehensive stratigraphic report of investigations in one of the main fields at Halif. Representing late LB IIB through Roman period occupations, it articulates the upper sequence of strata (VIII to III) on the central mound, which embrace the city’s cultural history down through the 1st century b.c.e. Joe D. Seger Cobb Institute of Archaeology April 2015

Author’s Preface In the summer of 1960, I had the opportunity to make what I thought might be a once-ina-lifetime journey to the “Holy Land” to participate in an archaeological excavation. I had no idea that that summer’s experience would lead to a decades-long archaeological involvement in the biblical heartland during which I was to have the privilege of responsibility for digging on multi-season excavations at three different ancient city-mounds: Shechem, Gezer, and Tell Halif. This was an exciting period for American archaeology in that region, and each of these three projects introduced new, improved strategies for carefully separating successive soil and construction layers as well as new standards for the retrieval, recording, and analysis of the historical remains (described more fully in chap. 1.D: Excavation Method and Process). I owe debts of gratitude to the directors of each of those three projects for inviting me to have a small part in the evolving discipline of modern archaeology in the Near Eastern world. My first mentor in the field was G. Ernest Wright, then at Harvard University, who in 1956 had opened new excavations at Shechem (Tell Balatah) in the central hills of biblical Israel. There had been a two-decade hiatus of American archaeological work in the region, extending through World War II and the post-war violent tug-of-war between Jews and Muslim Arabs for control of the land. Meanwhile, new methods of excavation had been evolving, developed to detect and separate the successive soil and occupation layers at ancient sites in other parts of the world. Professor Wright, therefore, had three objectives in mind for opening new excavations at Shechem. First, by applying newer digging controls, particularly the so-called “Wheeler-Kenyon” grid-and-balk technique, he wanted to determine what new or improved information could be gained at a major tell that had been extensively dug much earlier in the century. Second, he wanted to enhance controls on the excavation process by having potsherds retrieved from each locus washed and examined during the same day for the information they might provide for the dating or the character of occupation materials while they were still being uncovered. Third, he wanted to structure the excavation as a field-training operation that would gather and train a new generation of American scholars who might be inspired to pursue further archaeological research in the region. He achieved these objectives well. The succession of Shechem digging seasons clarified and expanded the known history of this once capital of northern Israel. And, as a number of us whose first experience of archaeology was at Shechem went on to devote time and energies to other archaeological projects, the Shechem dig set a new standard for archaeological work at other sites in the region. I remain deeply grateful to Ernest Wright for enabling me to discover an excitement for a career enterprise I had not seriously considered and for creating a teaching environment at Shechem that prepared me to pursue that excitement with a proper foundation. I likewise owe gratitude to other members of the Shechem senior staff, such as Edward Campbell, Robert Bull, James Ross, Joseph Callaway, and G. R. H. “Mick” Wright. They provided me models of professional dedication and were all more than helpful as I learned the basics of controlled digging. I am especially indebted to Lawrence E. Toombs, the Associate

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Director of the expedition, who was also my mentor at Drew University’s Graduate School of Religion. It was he who first urged me to consider going to Shechem. And when our early 1960s seasons uncovered four carefully separated occupational layers of the Middle Bronze II period (17th century b.c.e.), it was Larry Toombs who suggested to Professor Wright that I be allowed to analyze and publish the pottery from those layers. That study became my Ph.D. dissertation and eventually the first final report volume of the Drew-McCormick-Harvard Shechem Expedition (Cole 1984). Shechem in the mid-1960s was still in Jordanian-controlled Palestine, and Ernest Wright also wanted to introduce what one might call the “Wheeler-Kenyon+Wright” method of excavation within the recently formed state of Israel. In cooperation with noted archaeologist and Hebrew Union College President Nelson Glueck, the site chosen was Tell Gezer, a large citymound in the foothills between biblical Judah and Philistine territory. Like Shechem, it was a major mound that had been extensively investigated at the beginning of the 20th century. Under Wright’s aegis, and with sponsorship by Hebrew Union College and Harvard University, preliminary work began in 1965 and a major project, directed by William G. Dever, opened in 1966. Dever, a protégé of Wright, had been among the group of graduate students on the junior staff at Shechem, and in preparation for the 1966 season at Gezer, he invited several of us erstwhile Shechemites to join the Gezer core staff. I had not calculated on spending more summers away from my wife and four daughters and from other research and writing projects that might have been more relevant to my college teaching career, but I have been exceedingly grateful for the opportunity to be involved in the Gezer project, because it represented an important further major development in American-led archaeology in the region. At Gezer, Bill Dever and his Associate Director, H. Darrell Lance, introduced several significant refinements to the Shechem process of tell archaeology that were to become widely copied by later American, Israeli, and other projects in the region. Of first importance, the traditional use of local workmen to do the digging tasks was replaced by a field school of volunteers ranging in age from college students to retirees, males and females, who were trained on-site in small units of four or five and assigned to a 5 × 5-m area working under an experienced area supervisor, with their field experience supplemented by evening lectures and a multi-page manual (Lance 1966; see also Dever and Lance 1978). We discovered that working with briefly trained but highly motivated volunteers allowed us to uncover more in a season’s digging than we had at Shechem with local hired laborers and to do it more carefully, extracting more dependable information and better preserving the evidence. In addition, those of us supervising did not have to spend as much time closely overseeing our team workers. After the initial training days, we were allowed more time to work directly in the soil ourselves and so to become more adept at detecting nuanced changes separating different layers. It also enabled us to devote more time to recording the unfolding evidence on an hour-by-hour basis. The upgraded recording standard was a very important refinement, entailing an explosion in the amount and scope of day-by-day measurements and detailed description of finds being recorded as work was proceeding in the field. In place of the pocket-sized notebooks we used as area supervisors at Shechem, each area supervisor at Gezer carried into the field a full-sized ring binder. In these were recorded the precise three-dimensional limits of each unit of soil uncovered in each of the operations on which different team members were working, along with detailed descriptions of the character of the soil and of whatever features were being exposed.

Author’s Preface

xv

Each basket of pottery and each artifact was numbered and tagged, along with its locus number, before it left the area. Each day, a new full-page site plan would be drawn, providing exact locations of all features and of each locus currently exposed. In addition, supervisors would regularly update section drawings of each of the four vertical sidewalls (balks) of each area, measuring the precise vertical upper and lower limits of each uncovered soil layer or other feature. At the end of each season, the field supervisor, typically overseeing four or more areas, would have at his or her disposal a full volume of detailed information for each area to aid in reconstructing an accurate portrait of what had been exposed. Another refinement at Gezer was an expansion in the numbers and types of specialists participating on site. A prime example was the addition of a first-rate geologist to the staff, Reuben Bullard of the University of Cincinnati. At Shechem, we had learned to observe carefully the visual character of soil layers, such as their color and texture. At Gezer, Reuben helped us to distinguish the composition of different soil layers in order to determine their formation processes—that is, where they had come from and how they had been deposited, whether by wind, rain, or erosion; or by human activity such as construction, occupation, or destruction. Developing this awareness refined our ability to observe more quickly and clearly the nature of the materials we were uncovering and to reconstruct their historical context. Through my subsequent field seasons, I would have numerous occasions to be thankful for the insights I gained from Reuben Bullard. For all these reasons, I am very thankful to Bill Dever for bringing me in on the ground floor of the Gezer Project. I am most appreciative for all that I learned during the seasons between 1966–1971 as supervisor of excavations in Field II and Field VI NW and as contributor to two final report volumes (Dever et al. 1974; 1988) while working under his directorship. In 1972, Joe D. Seger, who also had been on the Gezer core staff from the beginning, took over as director of Phase II of the Gezer excavations (1972–1974), and he invited me to continue on the core staff as archaeological consultant. Then, shortly after the close of the Phase II work, Joe began plans for excavations at Tell Halif (Lahav) and again invited me to serve on his core staff there. He thus became the third in the sequence of dig directors to whom I am deeply indebted. Several things lured me to Lahav. First was Joe himself. He and I had been digging colleagues since 1962. Both of us were area supervisors through several seasons at Shechem, and both of us worked together at Gezer through the summers of 1966–1974. Over those years, I had come to know him both as a friend and as a relaxed but efficient leader with solid integrity; and I knew I would enjoy working under his direction. I also was attracted to Joe’s organizational plans for the Tell Halif dig. He was fully committed to what I could now call the “Wheeler/Kenyon+Wright+Dever” excavation method, but with several refinements. He wanted to expand the scope of the project to include anthropological study of modern-era Bedouin occupation of caves at the base of the tell and to investigations of other remains of human occupation and activity in the surrounding area. He also wanted to expand the range of specialized expertise on the staff. There would be an anthropologist on the initial staff, and soon added were specialists in bone analysis and seed identification. And he planned to reduce the overall size of the team from the approximately 120 in the typical Gezer camp to about 60 (20 or so staff, ±40 volunteers). I agreed with his assessment that this size might be more efficient.

xvi

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Then there was the attraction of the site itself: mid-sized, not overwhelmingly large, not previously investigated, and sited in a locale where we could establish our own tent-camp at the foot of the tell yet be situated near Kibbutz Lahav, which could supply some logistical support. What I did not anticipate was that the combination of Joe’s effective but congenial leadership, the manageable size of the team, and the tent camp environment helped to create a genuine community together embracing the staff and volunteers—more like a commune than a work camp. Lahav was an enjoyable place to dig. Nor could I have anticipated that Field II would be such an interesting field to supervise, with its variety of features to find and puzzles to solve as we probed our way down through some 3,500 years in recurring cycles of occupation, destruction, and periodic abandonment. We started from the surface weeds and recent Israeli army slit trenches and descended through Roman streets, a Persian villa, and layers of Israelite homes to finish at a Late Bronze ash circle. Every building, installation, wall, street, or living surface we encountered along the way had been partially disturbed by later diggings. These included foundation trenches for new walls, robbing pits to salvage stones for reuse, activities involved in the laying of new drains or the building of storage silos or latrines, and (during periods of abandonment) trenching for occasional graves. It was the kind of excavating I had come to love, a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle with pieces missing. There was a lot of head scratching, but it was never dull. And every day in Field II during those three seasons, I was fortunate to have dedicated teams of area supervisors and volunteer workers who fully shared in these head scratchings and the excitement of the discoveries that they led to. I have listed their names in the General Introduction sections focused on those seasons on pages 6, 8, and 10. For all this I am so very grateful to Joe Seger for inviting me to share in the experience of working at Lahav. Moreover, throughout the preparation of this volume, I have also greatly benefited from Joe’s editorial counsel, and I have appreciated the quality of the work contributed by his pre-publication staff at the Cobb Institute of Archaeology at Mississippi State University. I am particularly thankful for the untiring dedication of our staff photographer, Patty O’Connor Seger (sadly deceased 2011). Her eye for composition and her darkroom skills will enable readers of this report to visualize more easily the sometimes complicated interconnections of surfaces, walls, and pits described in the text. I am thankful also for the steady hand of Cobb illustrator, Dylan Karges. His draftsman’s skills and attention to detail have contributed greatly to the readability of the plates, plans, and figures essential to this kind of report. And I owe special thanks to Michael Stewart, assistant to the editor, both for his keen eye in spotting lapses of clarity in my prose and for his extreme diligence in the wearisome task of making sure every cross reference to locus number, photo, figure, plate, or plan is correct. That said, any mistakes, errors, or shortcomings in this volume are at last word my sole responsibility. Over the years, there have been a number of other friends among staff partners and teammates whose advice and counsel I have also greatly appreciated—too many for me to single out some and neglect others. I hope those who are still around know that I am grateful. I also have gained valuable insights from the volunteer diggers and junior staff in our excavation trenches. The dialogue with those whose faces were right there in the dirt often proved very valuable in understanding (sooner rather than later) what new elements we were encountering in the soil.

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On the personal level, I owe everlasting thanks to my parents for the solid foundation they gave me in life and for their continuing support and encouragement as I pursued my studies and the changes in my career goals. Finally, the person whose help and guidance I have cherished the most is my wife, Catharine. For more than 60 years, she has been more than my true love; she has been my constant partner and my wisest counselor. In the 1950s, she helped me work my way through the labyrinth of seminary and graduate school and struggling ministries at churches in three different states. In the 1960s, she patiently held together our home and family of four while I went off summer after summer (“to play in the sand” as our daughters sometimes would put it). In the 1970s and beyond, with our children maturing, she and I became frequent traveling companions in what increasingly embraced a seminomadic lifestyle, shuttling between our home in the Midwest and temporary encampments in the eastern Mediterranean, where she and I co-led college student semesters or adult traveling programs in Greece and Turkey. For the critical first two summers of the Lahav Research Project she was even willing to serve as our camp manager. Through all the changes and challenges of life, Catharine has remained my most dependable adviser and my safe harbor. With my deepest gratitude, I dedicate this volume to her. Dan P. Cole Lake Forest College (Emeritus) April 2015

Chapter 1

General Introduction A.  The Site Tell Halif (Tell Khuweilifeh) stands adjacent to Kibbutz Lahav, approximately nine miles (14 km) north/northeast of Beersheba in southern Israel (Grid Ref. 1373–0879; see fig. 1.1). Several features made the site attractive for archaeological investigation. The mound overlooks the upper end of the Nahal Gerar, the natural pass between the coastal plain near Gaza and the southern Judean hill country. It was thus strategically located in antiquity for both trading caravans and marching armies, providing shelter for the one and a barrier to the other. With respect to biblical geography, and irrespective of discussions regarding its ancient name, it clearly resides within the domain of the tribe and later kingdom of Judah (see Dessel 2009 [Lahav I ]: 12–13). The site also is strategically located at the juncture of three different ecological zones: the Hebron hills to the northeast, the foothills of the Shephelah to the west, and the Northern Negev Desert to the south. This particular location lies within a zone that is marginal for sustainable agriculture. Before the introduction of modern irrigation methods, even slight shifts in climate could determine whether the valleys and lower hill slopes in the vicinity of the tell would support agriculture. However, relatively continuous occupation at the site was enabled by well sources in the area (for more detailed discussion, see Dessel 2009: 7–10; Hardin 2010 [Lahav II ]: 85–88). Tell Halif is easily recognizable as an ancient habitation site. Even a casual walk up its slopes turns up potsherds from periods in antiquity stretching from the late 4th millennium b.c.e. onward. Its remains, and those in its vicinity, already were identified as ancient settlements by C. R. Conder and H. H. Kitchener during their PEF survey of western Palestine in the 1870s (see further in Hardin 2010: 95). And ever since Kibbutz Lahav was established on Tell Halif’s eastern flanks in 1952, its members had been accumulating stray finds of ancient artifacts from throughout the area. A more formal investigation of the site and its environs thus held the prospect of enlarging our understanding of the changing fortunes of this region during important historical periods.

2

General Introduction

Figure 1.1.  Topographical map of Tell Halif.

B.  The Lahav Research Project In 1972, Joe D. Seger, while serving as Archaeological Director at Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem and director of the Phase II Excavations at Tell Gezer, was invited to investigate two caves with ancient remains accidentally uncovered by construction work on the approach road to Kibbutz Lahav (Seger 1972). The site of Tell Halif had already been brought to his attention by Oded Borowski, a member of the Tell Gezer field staff who had previously been a member of the Kibbutz. The archaeological attractiveness of Tell Halif in combination with the encouragement of the members of Kibbutz Lahav spawned the idea of mounting a formal research project at the site.

General Introduction

3

In 1975, the Lahav Research Project (LRP) was endorsed by the American Schools of Oriental Research Committee on Archaeological Policy. It was established under the directorship of Joe D. Seger, who at this juncture was joining the faculty at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. Senior staff members included Associate Directors M. E. Shutler (Washington State University) and the author (Lake Forest College), with Karen E. Seger (Omaha, Nebraska) as Ethnographer, and Oded Borowski (Emory University) and Paul F. Jacobs (University of St. Thomas) as Field Archaeologists. The project incorporated the name of the kibbutz rather than that of the tell in its formal name since its intention from the outset was not only to investigate the primary tell site but also the remains and ethnographic connections of 20th-century c.e. cave complexes at its base and on the adjacent northeastern terrace, and, beyond that, to mount a regional survey of the surrounding terrain. The name also acknowledges the interests of Kibbutz Lahav’s members and its important logistical contributions toward the project’s success.

C.  The Project Staff and Field School The LRP mounted its first season of excavations at Tell Halif in the summer of 1976. Operations were organized as a multi-disciplinary team effort, with an associated field school program. All members of the senior staff had considerable previous field excavation experience, and all intermediate staff also came with either prior excavation experience or with other areas of technical expertise such as field photography, surveying, artifact conservation, or material culture analysis. In an average season, the staff numbered up to 25 individuals (for staff listings through all seasons, see http://www.cobb.msstate.edu/staff.htm). These staff ranks were supplemented by field school groups of up to 40 participants, all of whom had been prescreened through an application process and whose motivation had been further demonstrated by a willingness to pay for their own travel to and support at the dig camp. These students and volunteer participants ranged from college freshmen to retirees and from archaeological novices to veterans of several seasons of excavation work. In the field, students and volunteers were organized into teams of four or five under the guidance of an Area Supervisor, with two or three teams assigned to a field under the direction of one of the Senior Staff members as Field Supervisors. As Director, Joe Seger spent time in each field on a daily basis, consulting with the Field and Area Supervisors in interpreting new evidence and adjusting digging strategies. Students and volunteers also were drawn into discussions of digging strategy and the interpretation of the materials they were uncovering, and they had the opportunity to share in the field-recording duties or to learn additional skills by assisting staff specialists in the processing and analysis of materials. In addition to the 4:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. fieldwork and late afternoon pottery-washing and other duties, the program was supplemented by evening lectures, occasional workshops, and several optional weekend field trips to other excavation sites. The net result of this field school arrangement was that students and volunteers were able to gain a valuable hands-on introduction to the archaeological process, enabling the staff to excavate with deliberate stratigraphic controls and with thorough recording procedures.

4

General Introduction

D.  Excavation Method and Process The LRP made use of the Wheeler/Kenyon excavation design, using discrete digging areas within a 5 × 5-m grid, each area initially separated from its neighbors by a 1-m-thick vertical, carefully trimmed “balk.” The balks assisted in identifying the various successive soil layers and zones, helping to keep them separate in the digging process. They also provided a means of mapping and recording the vertical stratigraphic record. In the field, each separable soil layer or installation received its own unique “locus” number, which was recorded along with an accumulating description in a daily notebook as that locus was being dug. The notebook also included daily area top plans that plotted features and the horizontal limits of each locus, along with elevations of the associated pottery baskets and artifact finds. All pottery baskets, artifacts, and material culture samples (e.g., soil, bones, and lithic fragments) were tagged with their locus numbers in the field, and those reference numbers remained with them as they were moved through the processing stages in the camp and during post-season work. This combination of digging controls and recording protocols was designed to ensure that the sequential excavated layers and the materials within them could be reconstituted in virtual form in post-season analysis and reporting. These procedures and controls were first introduced to American archaeologists in Palestine by G. Ernest Wright during the Drew-McCormick-Harvard Excavations at Tell Balatah (Shechem) in the early 1960s. The basic excavation system was pioneered by British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler in England and France in the 1930s and in India in the early 1940s (Wheeler 1956). It was first employed in Palestine by Kathleen Kenyon in her excavations at Samaria and thereafter at biblical Jericho in 1952. Lawrence Toombs (Drew University), who had worked with Dr. Kenyon at Jericho, was a member of Ernest Wright’s senior staff at Tell Balatah and played an important role in introducing the Wheeler/Kenyon method at Shechem. These Wheeler/Kenyon methods were subsequently further refined and adapted by William G. Dever and H. D. Lance for use with student volunteer workers in the field school structure at the Hebrew Union College-Harvard Semitic Museum Excavations at Gezer in the mid 1960s (Lance 1966) and then further refined by Joe D. Seger for the 1972–1974 Phase II work at Gezer (Seger 1971) and for the LRP excavations (Seger 1980). Subsequent to the close of the Gezer excavations, an expanded field manual was prepared by its senior staff to document the methods used at Gezer in excavation and recording processes and in the training of volunteers in the field (Dever and Lance 1978).

E.  The Initial Field Season, 1976 During the first season in 1976, excavations at Tell Halif were devoted to gaining an overall sense of the site, locating its occupational limits, and developing an outline of its basic history—the periods of its occupation and abandonment. Field I, the initial sector for full-scale excavation on the tell, consisted of a grid of 5 × 5-m areas laid out to stretch from the rim of the tell on its northeast side down to its base in order to provide a look at the site’s successive layers of occupation. In the first season, under the supervision of Paul Jacobs, this field revealed a sequence of building phases extending from the Early Bronze Age through the Late Bronze Age

General Introduction

5

Photo 1.1.  Aerial view of Tell Halif from the northwest at the end of the 1977 season.

and up to the threshold of the Iron Age (from ca. 3000 b.c.e. until ca. 1200 b.c.e.) with an apparent gap during the Middle Bronze Age in the early 2nd millennium b.c.e. In addition, sherds in fill and debris layers contained ample evidence of occupation elsewhere in the vicinity during both earlier and later periods—from Chalcolithic to Iron Age and on to the Roman, Byzantine, and Arabic periods. A substantial percentage of the pottery found in debris layers clearly had come from Iron Age contexts, ranging from early Iron I (12th century b.c.e.) through Iron II to as late as the 8th century b.c.e. However, it became clear that in the vicinity of Field I, along the eastern rim of the tell, no articulated occupation phases later than the LB II/Iron I threshold were preserved. This was due to Israeli military trenching along the mound’s crest, disturbance from adjacent use of the mound plateau for a Bedouin cemetery, and other erosion processes. During the latter half of the 1976 season, five additional probe areas, each 2.5 m × 5 m, were dug under the supervision of Oded Borowski at other points across the 7.5-acre summit of the tell. Two of those probes (Probes B and C) were located a short distance in from the mound’s western rim and demonstrated that a city defense wall had been preserved in that sector. They also showed that the wall remains had protected layers of Iron II and earlier period occupations behind them. These exposures led to the decision to open a major excavation field (Field III) adjacent to Probe B in the 1977 season.

6

General Introduction

Another of the probes (Probe D) was purposely placed 40 m in from the southern and southeastern edge of the tell rim and some 80 m away from Field I. This was plotted to be well removed from the Bedouin cemetery area adjacent to Field I and also away from the military trenching that circled around from the northeast to the southwest across the midpoint of the tell. At this site, Area Supervisor Alberic Culhane (St. John’s University) exposed what appeared to be structural elements of a domestic nature close to the present-day surface. Included were portions of a wall, a tabun (oven), and a stone-lined bin, all clearly datable to the Iron II period. These elements were located in the middle of a broad, relatively flat zone and opened the prospect that an excavation field placed there might expose a broad view of coherent domestic remains that could supplement the stratigraphic information gained from the Field I sondage, as well as data from the proposed work in Field III (see fig. 1.1).

F.  The Initial Excavations in Field II, 1977 Field II was opened on the summit of Tell Halif in the summer of 1977 with two main objectives: to attempt (1) to uncover the occupational history of the tell in post-Bronze Age periods, thus supplementing the evidence for earlier periods being uncovered in Field I, and (2) to uncover aspects of the city’s culture at the center of the mound that might not be encountered along the tell perimeter in Fields I and III (see photo 1.1). In 1977, the author served as Field Supervisor, with John Montgomery (Lycoming College) as Associate Supervisor and with three Area Supervisors: Barbara Christensen (University of Nebraska, Omaha), Katherine Shutler (San Diego State University), and Miranda Warburton (Washington State University). During this initial season, working within the grid section designated F6 on the site’s master survey map, we opened excavation in 13 5 × 5-m areas spread over a 325 m2 expanse. Areas opened included F6/2, 4, 11–15, 21–25, and 33 (see fig. 1.2). Our strategy was to work out from 1976 Probe D (located in Area F6/14 of the new grid), opening as many contiguous areas as possible down to their uppermost preserved architectural remains. During this first season, the latest intact occupational elements uncovered in different portions of the field proved to represent four separate architectural building phases. The earliest three of these clearly belonged to the Iron Age, while the latest dated to the Persian period. The Persian phase was a connected network of impressively well-made walls and surfaces that spread across Areas F6/14–15 and 24–25. Before the end of the season, the balks separating these areas were removed, allowing a complete exposure of these elements (see photo 3.18). On the northwest side of these Persian remains in Area F6/14, its walls were seen to lie directly over late Iron II occupation levels. Meanwhile, in the northwestern cluster of Areas, we discovered that deep pits and trenches of Roman or later periods had removed whatever post-Iron Age remains originally might have existed there. Most of the pits and trenches had likely been dug in these later periods to scavenge reusable building stones. At points in the field, we also encountered gougings from other kinds of activity, including more recent intrusions, such as a World War I artillery shell hole and a military slit trench from the 1967 Israeli/Arab war. However, because of these deep intrusions in the northwest portion, we were able more quickly to reach Iron Age occupation layers. We were in fact able to expand the exposure of the

7

General Introduction

Figure 1.2.  Grid plan of Field II Areas.

late Iron II phase detected in Probe D (in Area F6/14) across Area F6/4 (see photo 3.18) and to find other apparent remains of that phase in Areas F6/12–13, 23, and 33. In Areas F6/2 and 11, we were able to penetrate even deeper to reach elements of two earlier Iron Age phases (see photo 1.2).

8

General Introduction

Photo 1.2.  Field II north Areas, looking east, at the end of the 1977 season. Exposed Phase 6 elements in most Areas, with exposed Phase 3 surfaces in Areas F6/21–22.

G.  The Second Season in Field II, 1979 In the 1979 excavation season, work in Field II continued with the author as Field Supervisor and two teams, one led by returning Area Supervisor Katherine Shutler, the other by Steven Niklas (Drew Archaeological Institute). The objectives for this season were threefold: (1) to extend the exposure of the Persian building farther to the south by opening Areas F6/16 and 26; (2) to open Area F6/1 to the northwest to gain more exposure of the Iron Age phases encountered the previous season in adjacent Areas F6/2, 11–12; and (3) to continue excavation in the northeast sector below a post-Iron Age flagstone surface (L. 21002 and 22003) exposed in 1977 in Areas F6/21–22 to ascertain its date and to investigate what earlier remains were sealed below. The results in the southern and northwestern areas of work exceeded our expectations. By the end of the season, the team working in Areas F6/16 and 26 exposed another 45 m2 of the Persian-period building complex. In addition, before reaching that building phase, they uncovered two phases of a Hellenistic-period structure whose builders had reused portions of the earlier Persian walls. While Hellenistic-period sherds had been previously found in later trench backfills, this was the only place in the field where in situ architectural remains of that period were clearly identified.

General Introduction

9

Photo 1.3.  Aerial view of Field II exposures at the end of the 1979 season.

Meanwhile, excavation in Area F6/1 began with the exposure of a well-laid Late Roman cobbled surface (L. 1005), adding another phase to the history of occupation in Field II. Patches of the cobbling were almost all that remained of the architecture, but several post-Roman, straight-sided robbing trenches gave witness to locations where substantial walls had no doubt once stood. The depth of these trenches below the levels of the cobble pavement gave some indication of how ambitious the Roman-period building operation on the tell summit had been. Unfortunately, these deep penetrations dismantled whatever post-Iron II period remains might have existed in this sector, but this circumstance provided the team in Area F6/1 the opportunity more quickly to reach and expose four successive phases of Iron Age architecture dating from the 10th to 8th centuries b.c.e. In Area F6/22 in the northeast, when the previously exposed L. 22003 flagstone surface was dismantled, its date proved to be late Roman. Moreover, the character of its construction and the deep preparatory trenchings that preceded it indicate that it may have been associated

10

General Introduction

with the L. 1005 pavement uncovered in Area F6/1. This suggests that a fairly ambitious building complex may have stretched some 15 m or more across the center of the mound in Roman times.

H.  The Final Season in Field II, 1980 In the third season of excavation, the author was assisted by three Area Supervisors: Karen Bradley (University of Chicago), J. P. Dessel (Brandeis University), and Jack Phillips (University of Nebraska, Omaha). Work was concentrated at four points in the field in order to supplement our understanding of some of the phases and materials already uncovered and in order to penetrate below the earliest of the already exposed Iron II phases. In Areas F6/14 and 24, the Persian dating of the impressive building covering the southern part of the field was confirmed from materials in its foundation layers. In Areas F6/14 and 4, further elements of the four phases of an Iron II domestic building were exposed, and in F6/4, deeper penetrations uncovered two successive surfaces and associated stone-lined pits of the Iron I period. Between Areas F6/2 and 12, a portion of the intervening balk was removed to clarify the relationship between elements in those two areas. In the process, excavation here also penetrated into the Iron I layers. In Area F6/1, where excavation in the 1979 season had already reached the lowest of four Iron II phases, our strategy was to expose whatever Iron I remains might be found and to penetrate below that into Late Bronze horizons. What our team encountered there proved to be quite interesting: a wide, carefully stone-lined ash circle in use through two phases of Iron I, alongside a large tabun that was enclosed within the corner of a substantial wall. The deep ash layer contained an interesting accumulation of small animal bone fragments and an unusual ceramic figurine (for a full discussion of the complex, see chap. 2.A). Near the close of the season, the team in Area F6/1 opened a limited probe beneath the ash circle at the southeast corner of the area. This probe confirmed the very early Iron I date of the ash pit’s floor and its stone lining; and below that, the probe then revealed a portion of a second, earlier stone-lined and ash-filled pit. From the pottery sealed beneath the floor of this lower pit we were able to determine a Late Bronze IIB or transitional LB II/Iron I date for its founding. Finally, in the process of probing below that pit, the team also exposed the edge of an even earlier stone wall. Thus, in the closing week of the 1980 season, our primary objective for the operations in Field II was achieved. The lowest two occupation layers in Area F6/1 brought us down into the Late Bronze IIB horizon, thus chronologically overlapping with the uppermost occupation layers in Field I and completing an overall stratigraphic profile for the tell.

I.  Overview of the Results During the three seasons of excavation in Field II, elements of 11 successive building layers were exposed, covering some 13 centuries of history and involving some significant changes

General Introduction

11

in the use of this section of the tell. Above the two Late Bronze IIB surfaces (Phases 8B–8A) lay two Iron I (Phases 7B–7A) and four Iron II (Phases 6D–6A) building levels. Above them, a partially preserved but substantial Persian-period complex (Phase 5) was exposed across seven areas. Two phases of a Hellenistic structure (Phases 4B–4A) then rose over the Persian-period ruins. Finally, portions of paved surfacing that spread across four areas just below the modern surface gave evidence of some large-scale building operation from the Roman period (Phase 3). Only sherd traces representing the later Islamic-Crusader (Phase 2) and Modern Arabic (Phase 1) occupations evidenced elsewhere at and around the site were found. Over this time span, three gaps in occupation were detected across this portion of the summit. The first, during the late Iron II and Babylonian periods, began in the 7th century and extended through the 6th century b.c.e.; the second was more brief and occurred between the Persian and Hellenistic strata in the late 4th century to early 3rd century b.c.e.; and the third occurred between the Hellenistic and Late Roman periods, from the 1st century b.c.e. through the 2nd century c.e. These gaps were evidenced by breaks in the continuity of pottery styles and were also punctuated by the discovery of three burials, one interred during each of the respective periods of abandonment. These burials appeared to be isolated interments, not part of any general cemetery, each merely representing a random use of the high mound during the intermittent times of nonoccupation.

J.  From Phases to Strata As work progressed, it became possible to correlate the building phases of the different areas within Field II with each other, in most cases either by the physical removal of intervening balks or by the clear continuation of surfaces or structures from one area to the next. Meanwhile, by the close of the 1980 season of excavations, work had progressed sufficiently in Fields I and III as well as on the eastern terrace and in cave complexes at the base of the tell so that the occupation phases within these separate fields could be correlated into an overall sequence for the tell and its immediate environs. We were thus able to convert our internal labeling of Field II occupation layers in Arabic-numbered phases to the overall archaeological record of tell strata designated with Roman numerals. Chart 1.1 (p. 12) shows the phases exposed in Field II in relation to the phases uncovered in other fields and to the overall sequence of strata represented at Tell Halif.

Chart 1.1.  Master Chart of Lahav Research Project Tell Halif Stratigraphy Site Stratum I

Site Period Modern Arab

Site Date 1800–1948 c.e.

Local Field I 1-graves

Local Local Local Field II Field III Field IV 1-gap 1-gap 1-gap

II

Islamic-Crusader

700–1500 c.e.

2-gap

2-gap

1-gap

2-gap

III

Late Roman/Byzantine

200–700 c.e.

3 -low areas

3-floor traces

3-bin

3-silo

(Gap) IV

Early Roman Hellenistic

100 b.c.e.–200 c.e. 300–100 b.c.e. 4-gap

4-gap

4-gap

V (Gap) VI A

Persian Late Iron II/Babylonian Iron II Destruction Iron II Iron II Iron II Iron I

500–300 b.c.e. 680–500 b.c.e. 700–680 b.c.e.

5- B10

4A 4B 5A

5-pits

5-bins

6A

6A

6A

6A

6B 6C1–2

6B1–2

7A 7B1–3

6B 6C1–2 6D 7A 7B

VIB VIC VID VII VIII

IX

LB IIB

LB IIA

800–700 b.c.e. 850–800 b.c.e. 900–850 b.c.e. 1200–900 b.c.e.

8A1–2 8B 8C1–2

1400–1300 b.c.e.

9A1–9 9B1–4

9-

10A 10B 11A1–2 11B1a-b 11B2

10-

12A 12B 12C1–2 13A 13B 13C1–2 13D 14A 14B 14C 14D1–2

12?

X

Destruction LB IB

1475–1400 b.c.e.

XI

LB IA

1550–1475 b.c.e.

Gap Post XII XII

MB II EB IV EB III B2

2000–1550 b.c.e. 2200–2000 b.c.e. 2400–2200 b.c.e.

XIII

EB III B1

2450–2400 b.c.e.

XIV

EB III A2

2500–2450 b.c.e.

XV

Destruction EB III A1

2600–2500 b.c.e.

Gap? XVI

EB II EB IC

2900–2600 b.c.e. 3000–2900 b.c.e.

XVII XVIII XIX

EB IB EB IA Chalcolithic

3100–3000 b.c.e. 3200–3100 b.c.e. 3500–3200 b.c.e.

15A 15B 15C

Local Site 301

Site Survey

Terrace Probes

Phase 1

Bir Bustan Bir/Khirbet Bureida tesselated press Site 66 Tombs

Post Ph 2

Site 72 Tombs

7A 7B 7C 8A1–2 8B

1300–1200 b.c.e.

8A 8B

Local Site 101 Cave Complex A

11-

Phase 1

Survey

13?

14?

15Phase 6A–B Phase 7 Phase 8 Phase 9A–B Phase 10A–D

Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Pre-Ph 4

Survey?

Alon Silage 85 pit in Silage

Chapter 2

Cultural and Historical Summary Tell Halif is located in a fringe zone between the desert of the Northern Negev and the sown lands of the Shephelah. Agriculture without artificial irrigation in these environs is only feasible in the years of good winter rains. However, the ancient site had the advantage of being situated in proximity to well sources and alongside a natural pass leading from the Mediterranean coast near Gaza into the southern Judean hill country. It therefore had the natural potential for sustained occupation and some measure of prosperity and importance in periods of relative political stability and active trade. Excavations begun in 1976 on the mound’s northeastern slope (Field I) revealed that the Late Bronze IIA and IIB periods in the 15th and 14th centuries b.c.e. had been a time of prosperity for the site (Jacobs 1987). In LB IIA, a substantial residence and work area stood at the upper edge of the slope overlooking the pass; and during LB IIB, the area supported a series of grain storage bins, one of which was found partially filled with storage jars of the Canaanean type in use during the period for international grain trading (Seger and Jacobs 2007: 150–52). Such international commerce tapered off in the late 13th century as Egyptian and Mycenaean power centers fell into decline during a period of widespread upheavals and disruptions that spread across the eastern Mediterranean basin. At this time, a wave of destructions swept Mycenaean Greece, the Anatolian heartland of the Hittites, the islands of Crete and Cyprus, and cities along the northern Levant coast coincident with the emergence of the warring “Sea Peoples” and the ultimate establishment of the Philistine enclave on the coastal plain of Canaan around 1175 b.c.e. During this period, most major Canaanite cities suffered destructions, and new, smaller settlements emerged in the insular hill regions and on the fringes of the fertile heartland of southern Canaan. At least some of those settlements probably involved elements of the groups who coalesced into the tribes of Israel. On Tell Halif, the period of prosperous trading activity evidenced in Field I came to an end during the LB IIB–Iron I transition period in the early 12th century b.c.e. Except for some remains in Area B10, disturbance and erosion along the northeastern rim of the mound almost completely removed any in situ evidence of occupation from later years (see Seger and Jacobs 2007). However, the pottery in upper debris layers indicated that the mound continued to be occupied well into Iron IIB and subsequently into the later Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. The three seasons of excavations in Field II, placed well back from the eroded northeast rim of the tell, helped to flesh out our knowledge of the site’s history during those later periods.

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Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.1.  Major elements of Phase 7 in Field II Area F6/1: (A) Phase 7B, (B) Phase 7A (drawing after plans XI–XII).

A.  Late LB IIB and Iron I: The Ash Circles of Phases 8–7 (see chap. 3.A–D) In the final weeks of the 1980 season, excavations in Field II Area F6/1 encountered a sequence of three building phases extending from late LB IIB into the Iron I period. These phases were represented by a continuity of several distinctive pits with ashy deposits. At the next-tolowest layer excavated (Phase 8A), a probe exposed portions of an apparently circular pit 2.5 m in diameter and 1 m deep. It had a carefully laid cobblestone lining eight courses high (L. 1051; plan X and photo 3.1). The pit was filled with layers of ashy deposit, including many animal bone fragments. Potsherds from the ash layers suggest that the pit was put into use at the very end of the LB II or in the transitional LB/Iron I period. It continued in use into the beginning of Iron I (Phase 7B), when it was overlaid by a larger and even more carefully constructed circular pit (L. 1042) (see fig. 2.1A, plan XI, and photo 3.2). Pit 1042 was filled with ashy deposits (L. 1036) containing an even higher concentration of animal bone fragments than in the earlier Phase 8 pit. Staff Zooarchaeologist Melinda Zeder (Smithsonian Institution) reported that they were generally small fragments of both immature and mature small animals such as sheep and goats, but with several examples of bone fragments from large cattle present. Pottery fragments within the ashy layers were predominantly of common local wares of early Iron I with a few sherds from earlier periods. Among a few small artifacts found in the pit was one of particular interest. This was a fired clay female figurine crafted

Cultural and Historical Summary

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in a slab shape, without arms or legs, on which stylus punctures were used to accentuate the breasts, navel, and pubic areas (Obj. 645, pl. 3:26). No exact parallels have been found for this image (see chap. 4.A and Dessel 1988). Pit 1042 continued in use through two building phases, as illustrated on figure 2.1. Initially, in Phase 7B, the prepared floor of the pit (L. 1052) was extended to the northwest where another—shallower—circular stone wall (L. 1061) enclosed a tabun (L. 1047, photo 3.3). Somewhat later (Phase 7A; see fig. 2.1B), a new, higher surface was laid, and a substantial rightangled stone wall (L. 1019B) was built, which buried the circular Wall 1061 beneath its south corner and cut into the northwest edge of Pit 1042. The wall builders were careful, however, to preserve Tabun 1047, which remained in use, tucked within the southwest corner of Wall 1019B (plan XII; photo 3.4). Apparently, built with the wall was a semicircular installation constructed of boulders (L. 1030). Later trenchings to its west and south removed part of this installation, leaving the remaining portion difficult to interpret (see plan XII; photos 3.2, 6). In nearby Areas F6/2 and 4, several other installations datable to Phase 7 were uncovered. Included were three stone-lined pits and one segment of wall (see plan XII). One of the pits (L. 4049) contained deposits that included ash, charcoal, and bone fragments (L. 4050/4053) but lacked the homogeneously ashy character of Pit 1042’s contents (compare L. 1036). While these remains must be interpreted in the absence of the broader context that further excavation might provide, what has been uncovered does allow for some speculation. Ash Pit 1042 appears to have been carefully constructed and is too large to have served as a simple residential midden catchment. Wall 1019B is somewhat wider and more substantially built than normal residential walls of the period. Moreover, the wall appears to have been placed so that it intruded only marginally into Pit 1042—just enough to enclose Tabun 1047 without interrupting the use of either the tabun or the pit. Ash and bone deposits continued to accumulate directly against the wall at the side of the pit, and oven ash continued to build up between the tabun and the wall corner. In view of the contents of Ash Pit 1042 and the character of the constructions adjacent to it, we should consider the possibility that this was a place of cult activity involving animal sacrifice and/or cultic meals. The tradition of seeking out high places for worship, especially for burntoffering sacrifice, was widespread through the ancient Near East and eastern Mediterranean, from Mesopotamian ziggurat temples to Mycenaean mountain-top ash altars for worship of Zeus. Within Palestine itself, the tradition is documented from early periods and into the Roman Age. Early examples include, for instance, the Chalcolithic enclosure at En-Gedi and the Earlyto-Middle Bronze sequence of altars and temples at Megiddo. The tradition is also extensively attested in biblical accounts, not only as a Bronze Age practice (from Abraham on Mt. Moriah to Moses on Mt. Nebo) but as a continuing Israelite practice. In addition to the Jerusalem Temple and altar, established on the high ground of the threshing floor where David had raised an altar (see 2 Sam 24:18–25; 1 Chr 21:28–22:1; 2 Chr 3:1), there are numerous accounts of sacrifices at “high places” elsewhere, both by Canaanites and Israelites, such as the burnt offering competition reported between Elijah and the priests of Baʿal on Mt. Carmel in 1 Kgs 18:20–39. Archaeological evidence of cult ash sites in the general region appear to exhibit at least three different patterns: (1) hilltop ash circles within simple temenos type enclosure walls, (2) more formal burning or ash deposit pits in enclosed courtyards associated with temple buildings, and (3) pits for ex-voto deposits (favissae) adjacent to temples.

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Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.2.  Examples of different types of cult ash sites in Late Bronze and Iron Age Syria–Palestine: (A) tumulus west of Jerusalem (see Amiran 1953: 214), (B) Kamid el-Loz temple court (G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 2: figs. 138–39), (C) Lachish Fosse Temple I with favissae pits (Tufnell, Inge, and Harding 1940: pl. LXVI), (D) Mount Ebal altar (Zertal 1984: 37, drawing by Judith Dekel).

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Examples of these differing types of cult installations known from Bronze or Iron Age sites in Syro-Palestine include the following. 1.  Hilltop Ash Sites A hilltop ash site was found on one of 19 tumuli on a high point along a hill ridge west of Jerusalem between the Sorek and Rephaim Valleys. Investigated by Ruth Amiran (Amiran 1953), it apparently had an extended period of use from the latter half of the 8th century into the 7th century b.c.e. and had developed in two or more stages. Initially, a 7-m-diameter stone circle had enclosed a stone pavement installation, a stone-lined pit, and a burning area (see fig. 2.2A). Amiran described the place for burning as “an area full of burnt debris, charcoal pieces, burnt animal bones and black earth saturated with fat” (1953: 214). In a later stage, the site was surrounded by a 30-m-diameter temenos wall with a formal stairway leading up to the earlier stone circle. A somewhat similar cult circle from the same period as our Phase 7 installations was investigated by Amihai Mazar in the hill country of Manasseh after the discovery of a bronze bull figurine at the site (Mazar 1983). Although no discernible ash pit was found within the enclosure wall, Mazar noted the presence of “animal bones, possibly from sacrificial animals” (1983: 37). 2.  Formal Ash Sites A formal burning or ash pit in an enclosed courtyard before a temple, along with another circular pit area in the courtyard behind the temple, were found in Late Bronze Age levels at Kamid el-Loz, north of Damascus (see fig. 2.2B; Hachmann 1978: 22; G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 2, figs. 138–39). Other early examples of this arrangement include a Middle-to-Late Bronze Age sanctuary farther north at Qatna (G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 2, fig. 140), and Early Bronze Age Temples 4047/4050 at Megiddo, with circular pit, L. 4034, in their courtyard (Loud 1948: 66). 3.  Favissae Sites The plan of the Late Bronze Age Fosse Temple I at Lachish illustrates the occurrence of pits outside but close to temple walls (see fig. 2.2C). Because of the high concentration of pottery vessels recovered from these pits, Olga Tufnell identified them (as well as similar pits alongside the following phase Temple II) as favissae, places to discard vessels after their use in temple rituals (Tufnell, Inge, and Harding 1940: 78–80, pls. LXVI–LXVII). Finally, in looking for installations analogous to our Phase 7 materials in Area F6/1, special attention should be given to a two-phase cult site on Mount Ebal (see fig. 2.2D) excavated by Adam Zertal in 1982–84 (Zertal 1985: 26–43). In its latter stage, this complex included a raised, square, stone platform with an associated ramp and flanking ledges. The platform had been constructed by building a square-sided enclosure with 1.4-m-wide walls of unhewn boulders, creating a casing with overall dimensions 7.5 m × 9 m and almost 3 m high. Apart from a partial interior cross wall, the space within this casing was filled with alternating layers of fieldstones, earth, and ashes. Zertal describes the filling as follows:

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Cultural and Historical Summary The earth and ashes contained pieces of pottery, all from Iron Age I, and animal bones. The ash was of different kinds of burnt wood. . . . The bones proved to be from young male bulls, sheep, goats, and fallow deer. Most of the bones had been burnt in open-flame fires of low temperature (200–600 degrees C). Some of the bones were cut near the joints. (1985: 31)

Zertal also notes that, except for the fallow deer, the animals included in this ashy fill correspond to the animals that, in the Bible, are considered to be acceptable for Israelite sacrifice (see Lev 1:1–13). He accordingly postulates that they represent the remains of sacrificial offerings ceremonially deposited within a high place altar (bamah). The fallow deer, Zertal also notes, “are a kosher animal that may be slaughtered and eaten, so it is possible that during the early stages of the Israelite religion, a fallow deer could also have served as an acceptable sacrifice” (1985: 31). Of particular interest in regard to our Field II remains is the description of an earlier phase on Ebal directly beneath the square stone construction: a circle of medium stones with an outside diameter of 6.5 ft (2 m), with a thin floor of yellowish material over which lay a layer of ash and animal bones (Zertal 1985: 31). To the lower left and around the perimeter of the later structure were several other, smaller stone circles belonging to this earlier phase. The pottery retrieved from the two phases could be dated, respectively, to the latter half of the 13th century and first half of the 12th century b.c.e. On this basis, along with the location and some other features of the installations, Zertal speculated that the upper construction not only was an altar but that it might actually be the altar purportedly raised on Mt. Ebal by Joshua (1985: 41–42; see Deut 27:1–10, Josh 8:30–35). However, one need not embrace Zertal’s suggested biblical identification to acknowledge that the Mt. Ebal installations may well have constituted a cultic site for some group (see Coogan 1987: 2). As for the Phase 7 materials in Field II at Tell Halif, there are several features that appear to be analogous to the Mt. Ebal site. These include the occurrence of a large stone-lined circle with other, smaller pits nearby; a continuity of use over two or more phases of development; the ash/charcoal/animal bone deposits; and a later-phase, square-cornered stone installation—at Mt. Ebal directly over the earlier circle, at Tell Halif overlapping the ash circle. Accordingly, it is reasonable to suggest that the Phase 7 features in Field II on the Halif summit might indeed reflect a similar type Iron I cultic area. If so, Wall 1019B may constitute the corner of a cult building or an enclosure wall, and Installation 1030 may be the remnant of a raised stone altar. The evidence is too nebulous, however, to render these identifications certain. Nor is it possible to suggest what specific cultural or religious group the complex might have served. The curiously fashioned female figurine found there has no exact parallels (see chap. 4.A), allowing it to be traced to a particular ethnic or cultural entity, and speculations as to the reasons for its deposition in the ash are too open-ended to allow for any final conclusion. As for who generally occupied Tell Halif during the Iron I period, the pottery evidence reflects continuity with earlier Canaanite traditions. Despite the relative proximity of the site to Tell esh-Shariʾa (Tel Seraʾ) in the Shephelah to the west, where pottery remains provide clear evidence of Philistine presence (Oren 1972: 168), indications both in Field II and from elsewhere on the tell show that those occupying Halif were at best only within the fringes of Philistine influence. While some Philistine pottery fragments have been found at Halif, they come mostly from late 11th- to early 10th-century b.c.e. degenerate-style vessels, and they only suggest that the site’s residents were in limited contact with coastal Philistine centers (Seger and Jacobs 2007).

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The use of the Phase 7 installations in Area F6/1 came to an end at or near the close of Iron IB. The installations themselves were buried under a layer of ashy debris, mud-brick detritus, and disaggregated boulders and smaller stones. The site at this juncture at the beginning of Iron II appears to have been destroyed, either by an external enemy or in a process of burning and dismantling by those laying out new construction plans for Phase 6 occupation.

B.  The Iron IIA Streets in Phase 6D (see chap. 3.E) Early in the 10th century b.c.e., roughly coinciding with the establishment of the Davidic Kingdom, new walls and surfaces were built directly above the Phase 7 materials in Field II, signifying a deliberate change in the use of this portion of the tell summit (see fig. 2.3 and plan XIII). In Area F6/1, the southwest segment of Wall 1019B and much of Installation 1030 were dismantled. But the southeast portion of Wall 1019B was left standing, and a new wall (L. 1019A) was erected abutting its corner and extending the wall line more than 3 m farther to the southwest. Parallel to Wall 1019A was Wall 2007, which continued in use and extended across Area F6/2 in the southwest to Area F6/11 in the northeast for an overall length of 10.5 m. The surface east of Wall 2007 (L. 2015) appears to belong to an internal room with a thick, well-laid surfacing of gray/brown mortar (L. 2015.1/2016) and with a stone installation inside the wall’s corner (L. 2018). The space between parallel Walls 2007 and 1019 created a 2.5–3.0-m-wide corridor or street sealing over Ash Pit 1042. The debris from Phase 7 was leveled at approximately a 0.5 m above the ash pit, burying it beneath a new beaten earth surface (L. 1040). Surface 1040 ran between Walls 2007 and 1019 and up against the stones of both. Laid into the surface was a stonelined and -capped drain (L. 1037). The new surface was thus clearly an exterior street between two buildings (photo 3.7). Meanwhile, all three Phase 7 pits found in Areas F6/2 and 4 to the south were also terminated. Pits 2017 and 4049 were buried under new Surfaces 2015 and 4025. Pit 4023B, on the other hand, was filled with stones and converted into a sump to catch water from another new drain (L. 4035) that was laid in along with Surface 4025. While the presence of a stone-filled sump in the middle of a public street might seem unusual, examples have been uncovered at other Iron II Israelite sites. For instance, a 1-m-deep sump (L. 1431) was located directly outside the entrance to House 1727 at Tell Balâṭah (Shechem) (see G. E. Wright 1965: 158–60; also Campbell 2002: 278 and fig. 252). Drain 4035 was constructed similarly to Area F6/1 Drain 1037. Moreover, like that drain, it was aligned parallel to its neighboring wall, Wall 4003, a new and substantial structure that flanked it 1.5 m to the northwest. Surface 4025, which ran on both sides of the drain, was constructed of beaten earth, suggesting exterior use. On the other hand, Surface 4039 to the west on the opposite side of Wall 4003 was of prepared plaster, appropriate for an interior, roof-covered surface (see photo 3.5). Each of the Phase 6D Walls (L. 1019, 2007, and 4003) ran parallel in the same northeast– southwest alignment, and all were substantial structures capable of serving as external house walls and even of supporting a second storey. Although these segments of walls and surfaces form no complete structures, some coherent sense can be made of the combination of elements.

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Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.3.  Proposed Phase 6D streets and Buildings 1–4 (drawing after plan XIII).

Figure 2.3 shows these essential elements with projection of the wall lines beyond their excavated limits to help visualize their relationships. There are also two other conjectured additions to the drawing. One is the wall cornering at a right angle with Wall 4003 on a northwest– southeast alignment, approximately 2.5  m across from Wall 2007’s southwest corner. This allows for a plausible exterior pathway connecting the street in Area F6/1 with the street in Area F6/4. The other addition on figure 2.3 is the proposed external wall line of another building paralleling Wall 4003 to the east of the drain and sump in Area F6/4. Its position postulates a width for the street in Area F6/4 of approximately 3 m, similar to the street in Area F6/1. It may or may not be coincidental that in the next building period, Phase 6C, there is a wall in that exact location and orientation (see fig. 2.6 and plan XIV: Area F6/14, Wall 14010).

Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.4.  Town plans showing Iron Age interior streets: (A) Tel Qasile, Stratum X (drawing after A. Mazar 1980: fig. 17); (B) Tel Beersheba, Stratum II (drawing after Y. Aharoni 1975b: 161).

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Figure 2.5.  Town plans showing Iron Age interior streets: (A) Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A (drawing after Albright 1943: pl. I); (B) Tell en-Nasbeh, Iron II (drawing after Bade 1928: map).

With these additions, we can identify three separate buildings (and possibly a fourth) on this portion of the city’s midsection. Although we do not have enough exposure of any one of these to say confidently whether they were common residences or public buildings, the character of the street segments that passed between them at least suggests something about the town plan. Unfortunately, available comparative evidence is only partially helpful. A difficulty here is that these exposures at Halif are in the center of the city, and only a few early Iron II sites have exposures with internal streets. Figures 2.4 and 2.5 present four examples of town plans from southern Palestine where excavations extended at points well in from the tell perimeters. In each case, portions of streets that were confirmed by excavation have been shaded. The plan of Tel Qasile Stratum X (fig. 2.4A) dates from the 11th century b.c.e., prior to our Phase 6D. While the site was in the heart of Philistine territory, it is worth attention if only to see if Philistine city planning might have influenced patterns of town builders beyond Philistia’s control. On the other hand, the other three town plans date to somewhat later in Iron II than our Phase 6D. All three, however, were cities of Israelite Judah founded by the 10th century b.c.e., as was Tell Halif.

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Cultural and Historical Summary

The Tell Qasile plan (fig. 2.4A) reveals interior streets that vary in width from less than 2 m to more than 3 m. It also shows at least one street (in upper right) that takes a sharp 90-degree turn. These features are similar to the configuration of our Phase 6D streets. However, the otherwise regular orthogonal street-grid represented by the dotted lines on figure 2.4A are an extrapolation by the excavator (A. Mazar 1980), and they may or may not be fully justified as evidence of the overall city plan. Nonetheless, remains in the sections that were excavated do appear to show a pattern of right-angled clusters of building units separated by east–west streets at relatively regular intervals. The later Beersheba Stratum II town plan (fig. 2.4B) displays a somewhat similar organizational scheme for the inner portion of the city. Even though the excavated portions do not reveal any internal cross streets, further excavation of sections within the internal city might yet show some more definitive orthogonal design. Except for the wider portion alongside the southeast storehouses, the streets are of a relatively uniform 2.5 m width. The one section of the lateral streets with a sharp-angled section that suddenly widens to about 5 m is evidently accommodating a turn in the city’s internal path. Yigal Shiloh (1978) pointed out that the “ring road” running parallel to the Stratum II fortification wall and encircling the inner core of housing at Beersheba was a typical feature of Iron II Israelite walled cities, and excavations in Fields III–V at Halif suggest that it had a similar plan (see further below in chap. 2.C). Portions of such ring roads can be seen on the town plans for Iron II Tell Beit Mirsim and Tell en-Nasbeh (fig. 2.5). The inner cores of these two cities, however, appear to lack the more orderly street planning seen at Qasile and Beersheba. Even allowing for some occasional confusion of architectural elements due to a conflation of strata, it is difficult to discern any coherence in the patterns of the interior streets. While the excavated Phase 6D elements of Tell Halif’s inner core (fig. 2.3) provide only a limited exposure, we nonetheless see a more orderly alignment of building walls alongside streets. This suggests some degree of overall planning more similar to that at Beersheba than to the city interiors at Tell Beit Mirsim and Tell en-Nasbeh. While evidence from later strata suggests that this section of the city at Halif was a domestic zone, there is no clear indication of the nature of the buildings represented by the walls alongside these Phase 6D streets.

C.  The Early Iron IIB Residences of Phase 6C (see chap. 3.F) Excavations along the western rim of Tell Halif in Field III and subsequent exposures along the rim in Fields IV–V have shown that by the 9th century b.c.e. a strong defensive system was in place around the perimeter of the 7-acre summit. Either as biblical Ziklag or (more likely) as Rimmon (Hardin 2010: 94–96), Tell Halif joined the walled cities of Beersheba and Tell Beit Mirsim as part of the Kingdom of Judah’s southern defense network. Meanwhile, during Phase 6C, without any significant interruption in occupation, new surfaces were laid in the inner-city region of Field II, producing some changes in the street routings. This stratum was exposed extensively within seven adjacent areas. Three building units were exposed sufficiently to allow discussion of their architectural character and function (see fig. 2.6). The position of the Phase 6D street (L. 1040) in Area F6/1 remained the same in this Phase 6C period, but it was repaved with a new metalled surface (L. 1024). In addition, a new drain

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Figure 2.6.  Proposed Phase 6C streets and Buildings 1–3 (drawing after plan XIV).

(L. 2006) similar in construction, direction, and slope to earlier Drain 1037 was added; but it is positioned along the east side of the street rather than down the middle. Wall 1019A/B continued in use, and the space to the west of the wall presumably continued to be a room of a building (fig. 2.6, Building 1). However, its surface was completely removed by a deep Roman-period robbing trench (L. 1016). On the other hand, to the east of the street in Areas F6/2, 11–12, portions of several building walls and surfaces were preserved. These articulated three separable room areas enclosed behind reused Wall 2007 (fig. 2.6, Building 2 with Surfaces 11010, 11011, and 2013) (see photos 1.2, 3.10). To the south, in Areas F6/4 and 14, more definitive changes occurred in Phase 6C. Wall 4003 continued in use, but the earlier street zone to its east was covered over by a new surface

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Cultural and Historical Summary

(L. 4020), and this was separated into two rooms by a cross wall (L. 4008) with a narrow connecting doorway at its west end (fig. 2.6, Building 3). The appropriation of this Phase 6D street area thus provided for several rooms of a new building—or perhaps expanded an earlier building farther east (see suggested Building 4 on fig. 2.3). Meanwhile, a doorway also was created through Wall 4003, providing access from these rooms out to the west to a new metalled surface (L. 4030). The bottom course of Wall 4003 became a threshold (L. 4026) widened by a line of stones on its west side. This threshold was approximately 0.15 m higher than Surface 4030, an arrangement typically used for preventing rain water off a street from flowing into an interior room. This means that the space of the earlier plastered internal Phase 6D Floor 4039 (fig. 2.3, Building 3) was converted in Phase 6C into an exterior street, presumably replacing the street area lost to the east of Wall 4003 (photo 3.11). Even a cursory glance at the Iron Age buildings at other sites, such as those shown on figures 2.4–5, suggests that the room portions clustered on figure 2.6 are domestic quarters of common residences rather than storehouses or public buildings. The few artifacts retrieved from within these rooms—a spindle whorl (Obj. 303, pl. 10:31, L. 11010), a faience bead (Obj. 636, L. 4020.1), a cosmetic spatula (Obj. 262, pl. 10:32, L. 14010), and a grinding stone (Obj. 755, L. 14029.1)—also reflect domestic use. A closer examination of common dwellings elsewhere in the region may also allow us to identify more specifically which portions of Buildings 2–3 were exposed in these Field II areas. In 1955, S. Yeivin focused attention on a “four-room plan” as typical of Iron Age Palestine and more specifically labeled it as a distinctively Israelite house form (Yeivin and Avi-Yonah 1955: 90). In articles in 1970 and 1973, Yigal Shiloh provided further documentation from numerous sites of the four-room standard arrangement (along with two- and three-room sub-types) as the typical pattern for Israelite house architecture from the 11th century b.c.e. through Iron II (Shiloh 1970: 180–90; 1973). Shortly after the publication of Shiloh’s articles, Volkmar Fritz, Aaron Kempinski, and Yohanan Aharoni began uncovering good examples of three- and fourroom houses at Tel Masos (about 12 km east of Beersheba). They identified this site as biblical Hormah and as one of the earliest specifically Israelite settlements, dating from the end of the 13th century b.c.e. (Aharoni, Fritz, and Kempinski 1974: 64–74). Subsequently, drawing on the Tel Masos buildings and other examples newly uncovered in the 1980s at Giloh and Izbet Sartah, Ehud Netzer sought to trace in more detail the steps of the early Iron Age development of this so-called “Israelite house-type” (Netzer 1992: 193–201). In 1985, G. R. H. Wright provided one of the most helpful overviews of this distinctive house form. His analysis of essential elements drawn from the Tel Masos examples is as follows: . . . the characteristic form of Iron Age dwelling is where a room extends across one small side of the building. The building then becomes a three-room or a four-room house depending on whether the remaining area is divided up into two or three compartments set lengthways. (G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 1, 294; see fig. 2.7 below)

Wright considered the fundamental elements of the house plan to include (1) the room across the back—what he called the “broad room”—and (2) the row of pillars (stone or wood on stone bases) separating compartments running lengthwise in front of the broad room: two rows in the three-room variation, three rows in the four-room type. The four-room house used either two parallel rows of pillars or (more typically) one row of pillars and a parallel wall to create the three lengthwise compartments (G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 1, 293–97).

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Figure 2.7.  Iron I houses at Tel Masos with courtyard areas shaded: (1–2) four-room, (3) augmented four-room (4) three-room (after G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 2, fig. 225).

Noting precursor examples from the Middle Bronze Age at Tell Beit Mirsim and Tell Nagila (G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 1, 295; vol. 2, figs. 224, 231) as well as early Iron Age examples at Philistine Tell esh-Shariʾa and Tel Qasile (G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 1, 295; vol. 2, 225 and figs. 62, 225; see also fig. 2.4A above), Wright questioned the limiting designation “Israelite” houses (1985: vol. 1, 135–37). However, even granted the occasional pre-Iron Age examples and the occurrence of similar houses at non-Israelite Iron Age sites, it is nonetheless clear that this house plan did become the dominant architectural form for Israelite housing at the beginning of the Iron Age and continuing through the 7th century b.c.e. That said, a strong caveat must be added. Surveying the numerous examples now available from almost every Israelite town site where residential housing has been uncovered, it seems clear that the “typical” four-room house plan functioned more as a concept or ideal form than as an actual architectural pattern. For instance, four-room examples often are outnumbered by houses with fewer or more than four compartments. Even some standard four-room examples show short partition walls in one of the long compartments, thus creating an additional division of space (note, e.g., fig. 2.7, Buildings 1–2). Furthermore, the entrance to the house was typically through the short wall opposite the broad room—but not always; the entrance usually was into the open court area—but not always; and the “broad room” that typically ran across the back of the long compartments sometimes was either shorter or longer and sometimes was even tucked along the side instead of at the back. Houses also often shared one or more of their outer walls with adjoining buildings.

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Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.8.  Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum A, northwestern quarter, three-room and four-room (and 4+) houses, with probable open court areas shaded (after Shiloh 1970: fig. 4; G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 2, fig. 226).

The purest examples of the normative house plan usually are to be found around the perimeters of cities, where the broad rooms often functioned as a segment of the casemate-like defense wall. This was clearly the case at Beersheba and Tell Beit Mirsim (see figs. 2.4B and 2.5A), and indeed is also the situation in Fields III–V at Halif. Even in the Beersheba and Tell Beit Mirsim examples, however, three- rather than four-room types appear more common. And inside the ring row of houses, the homes often appear to exhibit even more variations. Figure 2.8 shows the northwestern quarter of Tell Beit Mirsim in greater detail, with individual houses as they were articulated by Yigal Shiloh (1970: fig. 4) and incorporating the designations of court areas that Wright (1985: vol. 2, fig. 226) included on his illustration of the quarter. At three places where the excavation plans did not show any entranceway arrows, arrows have been added to indicate the probable locations of entrances to those houses. It appears that, in contrast to Beersheba, where a more organized layout is represented in the inner section of the city, at Tell Beit Mirsim individual families built their own homes in the inner core without reference to any overall plan. As a result, after some initial homes had been erected—free standing, relatively rectangular overall, and following standard room patterns— later homes had to be squeezed into the spaces left. One could almost reconstruct the sequence

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in which later homes were added. But in each of the articulated homes of this quarter, rectangular or otherwise, the builder appears to have pursued the same basic concept: entrance into an open court with an adjacent roofed shed and inner rooms beyond. Elsewhere in the interior city areas of Tell Beit Mirsim and Tell en-Nasbeh (see fig. 2.5), some house units show hardly any recognizable relation to the four-room house plan. This may, in part, result from the increasing problem of finding space for house-building in intensively populated towns. Beyond this, some seemingly stray wall elements may reflect ancillary storage rooms or minimal shelters for indentured servants. Turning attention back to the Phase 6C architecture in Field II shown on figure 2.6, we now may better understand what is represented. The 3 m width of the street in Areas F6/1–2 suggests that the town at Halif was not overly crowded; builders were able to maintain a relatively straight and generously wide street between buildings. Moreover, the L. 13014 remnant patch of metalled surfacing in Area F6/13 raises the possibility that a cross street lay between Buildings 2 and 3, just as already had been the case in Phase 6D. Along with the street elements, the regular parallel alignment of the main house walls suggests that building in the town’s inner core was carried out according to an overall design, more similar to Beersheba than to the towns at Tell Beit Mirsim or Tell en-Nasbeh. If so, that plan probably was already in effect in the 10th century b.c.e. in Phase 6D. Indeed, the perpendicular partition walls and southwest outer corner of Building 2 in Areas F6/2, 11–12 suggest that for house-building during Phase 6C there was sufficient space to achieve the contemporary standard of rectangular three- or four-room homes without having to squeeze or compromise. Figure 2.9 superimposes schematic floor plans over the exposed elements of Buildings 2–3 to show how they might fit comfortably within typical Israelite three- and four-room house concepts. In Building 2, the space between Walls 2007 and 12017 (section a) has the right inner dimensions to be the enclosed long compartment of a traditional four-room house. At approximately 2.5 m × 7 m, it corresponds well with the long compartments of contemporary houses at Beersheba and Tell Beit Mirsim. If this space was in fact the long compartment of a house, the area east of Wall 12017 (section b) would have been an open court, and about 2.5 m to the southeast beyond Wall 12017 there probably would have been a parallel row of pillars to provide for a roofed third long compartment (section c). The entrance to the house likely would have been into the short end of the open-court middle space. The northeast portion of Area F6/11, beyond the partition of Wall 11014 would then be the fourth compartment, the inner broad room (section d). The elements in Building 3 require a somewhat more speculative interpretation. If the new doorway in Wall 4003 was the entrance into the northwest end of a house, the space immediately inside (section a) would be the near short end of an open-court, long compartment leading to the broad room (section d) farther to the southeast. While the presence of Wall 14010 would seem to rule this out, there are, in fact, three examples of houses in the outer ring at Beersheba that had supplementary short compartments preceding the two long compartments (see fig 2.4B; two are on the west rim of the city and one is along the south rim). The primary purpose of such a room might have been to provide an antechamber buffer, perhaps especially for people living alongside a main street. Or the room might have served a commercial function, a home shop space where family members could carry on a cottage business without impinging on the domestic life of the home.

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Figure 2.9.  Phase 6C building remains shown as possible portions of typical Iron II three- and fourroom houses (drawing after plan XIV).

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Since the well-constructed Sump 4023 was already available to those laying out Building 3, they may have decided to incorporate it into the house. Cross Wall 4008 could then have been built to screen the sump area (section b) from the antechamber or shop room. The narrow doorway (L. 4027B) next to the outer wall would allow passage at the front end but would still leave the sump area essentially out of public view. The preserved extension of Wall 14010 indicates that the sump room was also at least partially partitioned off from whatever lay farther to the east. Drawing on the examples mentioned above at Beersheba, one can conjecture that section c to the southeast was the eastern long compartment leading to the broad room (section d) some 7 m southeast of Wall 14010. If the northeast house wall for Building 3 is placed 2.5 m away from Building 2 (an average inner street width), this would allow a similar 2.5 m (average width for a long compartment) for this eastern long room section. Of course, neither of the house projections shown on figure 2.9 is intended to be more than conjectural. They are presented only to illustrate how the partial elements of Buildings 2–3 might plausibly fit into typical house plans for this region in this period. Phase 6C came to an end in the late 9th or early 8th century b.c.e., perhaps terminated by a traumatic event. The debris layers above Phase 6C and beneath Phase 6B surfaces in four scattered areas provide evidence for some wall collapse and localized burning at the end of Phase 6C. The descriptions of these debris layers in the Locus Summary Lists (Appendix) include the following notations: “yellow/brown mud-brick detritus” (L.  1026), “stone-filled debris” (L. 1011), “light brown/gray loosely compacted tell debris and mud-brick detritus with some pockets of ash and small stones” (L. 4013.1), “brown mud-brick soil with random cobble-sized stones and some small boulders” (L. 4019), “occasional pebbles and ash lenses” (L. 14027.1), “some patches of ash” (L. 14029), “ash lens” (L. 24010). In addition, a trench (L. 1032) was dug down along the east side of Phase 6D Wall 1019 stone courses prior to laying Phase 6B Surface 1010, perhaps to check the depth of the wall to see if it was substantial enough for use as foundation for additional wall courses above. In any event, the trenching operation suggests that the mud-brick upper courses of the Phase 6C wall were damaged severely enough to be unusable. The L. 1026 debris layer probably represents some of that collapse. It is probable that the event responsible for this damage and partial burning in Field II did not involve military action. In Field III at the western edge of the tell, the city’s defense wall and the domestic rooms behind it also underwent structural changes and resurfacing at this time, but without evidence of war-related destruction. A more plausible cause for the rebuilding activity in these fields was an earthquake, perhaps the same earthquake that E. D. Oren suggested may have brought massive destruction to the 9th-century Stratum VII at Tell esh-Shariʾa (Tel Seraʾ), only 18 km to the west (Oren 1973: 252; 1978: 1064).

D.  Late Iron IIB Changes in Phase 6B (see chap. 3.G) There was immediate rebuilding in Field II after the structural damage at the end of Phase 6C. Occupation at this section of the tell continued but with substantive changes that included revisions in the location of walls, preparation of new types of surfaces, and the addition of various new installations and furnishings (see fig 2.10).

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In Area F6/1, the L. 1019A/B external wall of Phases 6D-6C Building 1 was eliminated. Any remaining portions of its mud-brick upper portions were deliberately dismantled, along with part of the uppermost stone course of the wall’s L. 1019A segment. Then, over the debris layers (L. 1026 and 1011), a new plaster floor (L. 1010) was laid adjacent to the top of the remaining stone socle course of the wall. This new plaster surface could be traced from the north balk southward and from the east balk west to beyond the Wall 1019A line. Near the south balk, a new stone-lined storage pit (L. 1029) was installed in the surface. Accordingly, whereas Wall 1019 had previously divided Area F6/1 in half, with internal space on its west side and an external street with a drain on the east, the whole area then became an internal room. Only the northernmost boulders of Wall 1019’s socle course remained visible at the level of the new plaster floor. No evidence remained to indicate whether the tops of these stones were simply reused as pavement, as the foundation for a mud-brick partition wall, or as a stylobate for interior ceiling posts. Meanwhile, a new wall (L. 1009) was built on the east side of Area F6/1. Only one course high and constructed of irregular stones and rubble, it probably served as foundation for an internal partition wall. Due to the limited exposure in this corner of the field, along with the scarcity of artifacts and the extensive intrusion of later pits and trenches, it is impossible to be certain of the function of this new Room 1 complex. Since the street that separated Buildings 1 and 2 in Phase 6C was now appropriated for internal space, it is possible that the areas of these two buildings were joined to create a single larger complex. In that event, a possible clue as to the use of the rooms in Areas F6/1–11 might be provided by the artifacts preserved on the adjacent courtyard surface in Area F6/12 (fig. 2.10, Building 2). In Phase 6B, a new earthen surface (L. 12008/12011) was laid over the Phase 6C Building 2, and a new stone wall (L. 12009) was constructed along almost exactly the same line as earlier Wall 12017 (see fig. 2.10, Building 2). However, the builders of the new wall made no use of the remaining stone founding course of the earlier wall. Instead, they leveled whatever remained of that wall’s mud-brick, higher courses and founded their new wall some 0.1 m higher and slightly to the east of its predecessor. At the north end of the area, they did reuse stones of the small partition wall (L. 12015) that ran at right angles to Wall 12017. This provided a foundation for a new wall (L. 12013) running along essentially the same line. In addition, they also built a new wall (L. 12010) running to the southeast at a right angle to Wall 12009. This divided the adjacent space into two rooms, with a connecting doorway. They also constructed a broad, stone-lined bin (L. 12005) in the courtyard west of Wall 12009 (see photo 3.13). Although the arrangement of the architecture in the space in Areas F6/1 and 12 is altered by the new Phase 6B constructions, the use of the new rooms and courtyard continued to be for domestic purposes. This is indicated by most of the pottery and artifacts retrieved from L. 12003 just above and upon the L. 12008/12011 surfaces (see L. 12003 in Appendix). However, among the smashed pots and artifacts near Stone Bin 12005 on Courtyard Surface 12008 there also were two ceramic incense stands of the type that in the Iron Age one would normally associate with a shrine (see pl. 14:16–17; photos 3.14–16). Considering the possible use of this high ground on the tell for a cult site during Iron I Phase 7 (see chap.  2.A above), it should not be surprising if a shrine of some kind was also located on this part of the tell during the Iron II period. Although one of the stands is fenestrated, both are completely

Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.10.  Phase 6B elements in Field II (drawing after plan XV).

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unadorned (see photos 3.14–15). They are much simpler than the incense stands uncovered at Megiddo (Yadin 1977: 846–47), and they compare even less with the still more elaborate examples such as the cult stands from 10th-century Tell Taanach, which are festooned with deity figures and symbols (Glock 1993: 1431–32), or with the stone incense altars in the Iron II sanctuary at Arad (Aharoni 1975a: 84, 86). If these Tell Halif incense stands were used at a communal shrine, their simplicity may reflect the less affluent economy of this outpost on Judah’s southwest frontier. On the other hand, their spartan character may simply suggest that they were used in an individual family’s house shrine. Such a house shrine with a somewhat similar cult stand in fact was also discovered in Field IV at Halif in the broad room of a fourroom house in Area G8 (Hardin 2010: 133–43; also see further discussion in Jacobs 2015 [Lahav IV ]: chap. 3). Elsewhere in Field II, in Areas F6/4 and 14, where Phase 6C Building 3 had stood, continuity between Phases 6C and 6B was more evident (see fig 2.10, Building 3). Walls 4003, 4008, and 14010 continued in use; the space west of Wall 4003 remained a street zone; and the entrance doorway from the street remained in the same place. However, mud-brick debris had been leveled over the Phase 6C surfaces, and new surfaces were laid both inside and outside of the building (L. 4013 and 4017). In addition, a new layer of stone slabs (L. 4012) was laid to raise the doorway threshold to accommodate the higher surfaces. There were also other modifications to the interior of the building. The doorway in Wall 4008 (L. 4027) was moved 0.5 m away from Wall 4003 by removing some stones on the east side of the wall and by constructing a 0.5-m-wide stub wall (L. 4009) on the west side. This reconstruction may have been made necessary by the putative earthquake suggested above. Or perhaps the doorway was moved in order to make room for the installation found alongside Wall 4003 to the south of the doorway. where two stone slabs (L.  4010) were set perpendicular to Wall 4003, probably to support a bench or a grinding quern. In the room just north of Wall 4008/4009, the earlier sump (L. 4023) was terminated, covered first by a layer of Phase 6C collapse debris (L. 4019) and then by the earthen floor Surface 4013, which continued through the doorway from the erstwhile entrance room to the south. The space to the east of these rooms in Area F6/14 was divided into at least two additional modest-sized rooms by a new wall (L. 14017) 2 m beyond and parallel to Wall 14010 and by two narrower partition walls to the south in Area F6/15 (L. 15021 and 15022). The room space in Area F6/14 contained a portion of cobble pavement (L. 14015) and a low stone bench or platform (L. 14016). It is difficult to say what use was made in Phase 6B of these new surfaces and structural changes in Building 3. In addition to the usual problems posed by limited exposure and the interruptions of later trenchings, no artifacts were found on the surfaces in these areas that can clearly be attributed to this stratum. For reasons that will be discussed below (chap. 2.E), the surfaces appear to have been cleared and reused in subsequent Stratum 6A. In Phase 6B, a relatively large cobble-filled sump pit (L. 24009) was established between the room clusters in the north of the field and the new Building 3 layout in Areas F6/4 and 14. More than 3.5 m in diameter and at least 1 m deep in the center, this sump must have served more than one residence in the area. One well-constructed drain (L. 24019) led into the sump from the southeast, emerging from under the preserved stub of a Phase 6B wall (L. 24014) (see photo 3.17).

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It is likely that Building 3 immediately to the southwest made use of this sump, which explains the abandonment of the Phase 6C Sump 4023, which itself had originally been located on a public street. It is also likely that Sump 24009 served the new building complex to the north in Areas F6/12–13, although evidence of any connections between those buildings and the sump, had these existed, were removed by the intrusions of later Trenches 13008 and 14001A. To the northeast, sections of a Phase 6B external wall (L. 23008) and a surface (L. 23005) were exposed, parts of a separate structure from those to its south and northwest. In any event, it is fair to assume that these and perhaps other buildings might have shared use of this same “neighborhood” sump.

E.  The Iron IIB/C Reoccupation in Phase 6A (see chap. 3.H) Judging by the pottery evidence, in the late 8th century b.c.e., the Phase 6B walled city at Tell Halif suffered extensive—though not complete—burning and destruction. This, we presume, took place during one of the military assaults on Israel and Judah by the Assyrians, most likely by Sennacherib during his well-documented campaign in the region in 701 b.c.e. (see Luckenbill 1924; Pritchard 1955: 287–90). The most concentrated evidence of this destruction was found along the line of the city’s defense wall in Fields III–V, where numerous ballista stones and iron arrowheads appeared among the artifacts sealed in and under the debris. In Field II, however, the late 8th-century termination of Phase 6B was somewhat more enigmatic. From the pottery remains, it seems clear that occupation throughout most of the field came to an end at the close of the 8th century and that it was not resumed until the Persian period. But evidence from the several areas presented a different scenario for how the Iron Age occupation ended. The surfaces in Area F6/12, with their objects and restorable pottery, were buried under ash and a thick layer of mud-brick collapse laced with the dark ash of smothered burning. In Areas F6/1 and 4–14, however, there was little to no trace of ash on the surfaces, and they held very few objects or restorable fragments of smashed pottery. Instead, there were pockets of wind-blown and water-laid loess under the layers of collapsed mud-brick detritus, without any evidence of burning. Thus, while Building 2 in Area F6/12 suffered fiery destruction, the areas to the northwest and south appeared to have been abandoned in an orderly fashion and left empty for some time before the brick superstructures of their walls collapsed or were torn down. Indeed, the surfaces in these adjacent areas did not even show signs of any of the wind-blown ash such as one would have expected to have been spread over the neighborhood from the burning of buildings next door. Fortunately, during our excavations, a much clearer picture of the 8th/7th-century stratigraphic sequence emerged in Field III along and just inside the city wall at the western rim of the tell. Excavations there in the course of five seasons, from 1977 to 1987, uncovered dramatic remains of the massive destruction of Phase 6B structures, including the destruction of the city wall and the domestic buildings directly behind it. In addition, however, there was also clear evidence that in several structures new surfaces and walls had been laid over and adjacent to the destruction debris. Some earlier walls that had not been too badly damaged were reused and— more significantly—in one room the destruction rubble was cleared out, and the earlier Phase 6B cobbled Surface A4007 was simply reused as Surface A3005 (Borowski 1978: 302, 325). The new phase was designated Phase 6A.

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The Field III pottery evidence indicated that this new occupation phase occurred almost immediately after the Phase 6B destruction and that the Phase 6A rooms were in turn abandoned very shortly thereafter—so shortly, in fact, that the typology of the latest pottery from Phase 6A was only marginally distinguishable from the latest pottery of Phase 6B. Subsequent excavations since 1989 in Fields IV–V along the southern city wall line have provided a similar picture of short-term reoccupation after the late 8th-century destruction involving some reuse of Phase 6B surfaces and walls (see Jacobs and Borowski 1993a: 2–3; Borowski 2008: 1–2). This sequence of destruction, reoccupation, and abandonment uncovered in Fields III–V accordingly enables us better to understand the evidence uncovered in Field II. The residence in Area F6/12 most likely burned and collapsed at the time of the 701 b.c.e. military assault on the city, but, evidently, nearby structures were left relatively intact. The people who came (presumably, came back) to the hill town after the destruction apparently were able simply to clean up and sweep out whatever rubble and ash lay on the surfaces in Areas F6/1 and 4–14 and to reuse those buildings without laying new surfaces. This suggests that the military torching of the city defense wall, which inflicted widespread fiery devastation upon the buildings directly inside those fortifications, may not have been accompanied by a wholesale torching of the interior residential zone. Burning of inner-city structures such as the house in Area F6/12 may have been intermittent or even accidental as the result of wind-driven sparks or from a lamp knocked over in the panic of flight. The evidence from Field II also corresponds to that from Fields III–V: reoccupation in this interior residential zone was similarly scattered; the charred remains of the house at Area F6/12 were left untouched, while other adjacent structures were cleared and reoccupied. The returnees were no doubt a smaller group who did not need all of the city’s erstwhile space, and it appears that the site was again abandoned before the population grew enough to require the clearing out and reclaiming of all of the remaining structures. However, those who resettled the site in Phase 6A were not necessarily simply transient squatters. Evidence suggests that they initially planned for longer-term settlement. In Areas F6/4–14, for instance, they were responsible for adding several new installations (see fig. 2.11). These included two substantial grinding installations, one in each of the two northwestern rooms inside Building 3’s entrance (Area F6/4, L. 4014 and 4021). Each installation consisted of a large saddle quern set onto wide and thick mud-mortar platforms similar to one (L. A3007) found in Phase 6A levels in Field III Area A3 (Seger 1983: 15). Added to this was another installation located just to the left inside the building entrance (L. 4010). Judging from the broken portion of a saddle quern that was found near it on Surface 4013 (see photo 3.18), this structure may also have supported a grinding station in Phase 6A. Other installations that may date to the Phase 6A reoccupation include a tabun (L. 4007), a stone-lined pit (L. 4022), and a stone work platform or low bench (Area F6/14, L.14016) in the adjacent room to the southeast. It appears that this cluster of house rooms, having escaped major damage at the end of Phase 6B, was appropriated by the reoccupiers in Phase 6A for a communal grain processing operation. Whatever the circumstances, this resettlement of Tell Halif was short-lived, ending in little more than a decade or so with a general and apparently abrupt abandonment of the site. The evidence indicating this in Field II consisted of three elements: (1) the Phase 6A surfaces were all stripped of any usable pottery and portable artifacts, while the two large, heavy grinding saddle querns, still in good working condition, were left behind; (2) there was no evidence of

Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.11.  Probable Phase 6A elements in Field II (drawing after plan XV).

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burning or immediate collapse of walls. Surfaces were left unattended to accumulate pockets of wind-blown and water-laid soils before walls eventually deteriorated and collapsed; and ( 3) no Iron Age pottery remains from later than the early 7th century were found either on the surfaces or in later debris or fill layers. This evidence corresponds with the picture provided in all of the other excavation fields on the site. In the late 8th century, typical Assyrian military practice was to conclude the conquest of a city with mass enslavement and deportation of its population (Oded 1970; Naʾaman 1993). Thus, we cannot be sure whether those who reoccupied the site in Phase 6A were refugees from elsewhere or former residents who had escaped and survived the Assyrian destruction and deportation. We also cannot be certain why Halif was soon again abandoned. Perhaps the returnees were too few to sustain and defend the reoccupied site. Perhaps the politically unstable conditions in the aftermath of the Assyrian invasions forced the settlers to leave in search of homes in some more protected region to the north. We know that Beersheba to the south was not rebuilt after the destruction wave at the end of the 8th century and that other previously strong cities of the region, such as Tell esh-Shariʾa to the west and Tell Beit Mirsim to the northeast also lay empty. The residents at Halif would thus have been much more vulnerable to marauding groups from the Negev and Edomite regions to the south. Whatever the reason, it is clear that, very early in the 7th century b.c.e., occupation in Field II, along with that across the rest of the tell, ceased.

F.  The 7th–6th Century b.c.e. Occupation Gap, Phase Post-6A (see chap. 3.I) Judging from the absence of architectural traces and of Iron IIC and 6th-century pottery at the site, it seems clear that Tell Halif remained unoccupied through the remainder of the 7th century and into the following Babylonian period. This gap in occupation supplements the picture provided by other excavations in the region. Although the strong Shephelah fort city of Lachish (Str. II) and the Negev citadel of Arad Stratum VI were rebuilt after the Assyrian assaults at the end of the 8th century (Ussishkin 1993: 909–11; M. Aharoni 1993: 82), other Iron II cities such as Beersheba (Str. II) and Tell Beit Mirsim (Str. A-2) remained deserted following their destructions (Y. Aharoni 1975b: 167; Greenberg 1993). The one or two earlier strongholds along the southern coastal road, which were rebuilt during the 7th century, Tell Jemmeh Strata EF–CD (Amiran and van Beek 1976: 546) and perhaps also Tell el-Hesi Strata VIIa–b and VI (Fargo 1993: 633), undoubtedly were occupied by Assyrian forces positioned to deter Egyptian inroads into the region. Most other southern Judean sites, including some that had already been abandoned before the end of the 8th century—for example, Tell esh-Shariʾa (Str. VII, Oren 1978: 1059) and Beth Zur (Funk 1975: 265)—remained empty through most or all of the 7th century. In the Negev Desert farther south, a few minor settlements and small forts appear to have been established during this period, although some may not have been occupied until late in the 7th century, and it is not clear that all were in Israelite hands. These sites are listed by E. Stern, who concludes that they formed two lines of defense along Judah’s southern boundary. They include Arad, Horvat Tov, Tel ʿIra, and Tel Masos on an inner defense perimeter and Horvat Radum, Horvat ʿUza, Tel Aroer, and Tel Malhata on the outer perimeter (Stern 2001: 151–61).

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Near the end of the 7th century, a few other earlier southern sites were briefly reoccupied (e.g., Beth Zur, Tell Beit Mirsim [Str. A-1], Tell esh-Shariʾa [Str. VI], and En-Gedi [Tell Goran Str. V], probably reflecting the vigorous expansion of royal power by Judah’s King Josiah (2 Kgs 23:5–15). However, all of them were destroyed and abandoned again at the beginning of the 6th century, undoubtedly squashed by the occupying armies of the Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar. By contrast, neither Tell Halif nor Beersheba, both of which earlier had served as fort cities on the edge of Judah’s southern hill region, were reoccupied during Josiah’s reign. The evidence from these two sites thus adds to the data enabling us to revise somewhat the traditional map of the Kingdom of Judah during its last century. In the wake of the Assyrian invasions, Judean occupation and control over earlier southern border regions remained restricted, even during the resurgent period of Josiah. Punctuating the fact that the summit of Tell Halif lay empty during this era is evidence that at one point during the 7th century the deserted hilltop served as the site for an individual burial. In Field II Area F6/24, we encountered the shallow cist grave of an adult male (L. 24020; see photos 3.19–20). The burial trench penetrated Phase 6 Surface 24016 and Drain 24019 and was covered by a Phase 5 preparatory trench (L. 24007). Placed beside the body was an Assyrianstyle mortarium (pl. 19:28). We would be surprised to find an adult burial in or next to living areas during almost any period in Palestine and especially so at an Iron II Israelite site. An Iron II cemetery for Tell Halif was located, in fact, on the slopes of the adjacent hill to the south and was investigated by the Lahav Research Project concurrent with our excavations on the tell (i.e., Site 72; see Borowski 2013 [Lahav III ]). The location and the type of this Field II burial thus reinforces the evidence indicating a period of abandonment at the end of the Iron Age when the tell surface lay empty and thus available for burial use by some transitory group.

G.  The 5th–4th Century b.c.e. Persian Reoccupation in Phase 5 (see chap. 3.J) During the period of Persian control of Palestine, a sizeable and substantial building complex occupied the southeastern quarter of Field II. In preparation for its construction, several broad, deep trenches were dug, perhaps primarily in search of reusable wall stones from earlier Iron II structures. The largest of these trenches was L. 24007, which spread over almost all of Area F6/24, extending into Areas F6/14 and 23. At points, it penetrated over 1 m deep. In the backfill of this trench, anchored under Phase 5 Wall 24006, two lamps and a juglet from the Persian period (photo 3.21; pl. 21:5–6, 20) were discovered, providing a terminus a quo for the Phase 5 Persian occupation. Another corroborating find from the same foundation trench was the bronze base of a thymiaterion (photo 4C.1, pl. 21:7), an elaborate type of incense or lamp stand of an Achaemenian style from the Persian Period, a parallel for which was found in a tomb near Tell Balâṭah, biblical Shechem (Stern 1980; also see chap. 4.C). Other trenches and pits that appear to have been part of this large preparatory operation include L. 13008, 23004, 23006, and 12012. Over the backfill of these trenches were layers of leveling fill and surface makeup, which averaged 0.15–0.2 m in depth. In Area F6/24, above the backfill for Trench 24007, the preparatory surfacing layer was 0.3–0.5 m deep. Built on top of these fills were the walls of a complex

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Cultural and Historical Summary

of rooms and courtyards that extended across seven Field II areas, an excavated expanse of 142 m2 (see fig. 2.12, plan XVI, and photo 3.23). A common wall line for these structures consisted of Walls 16007, 15018, 25004, and 24004. This extended for 16 m and appeared to continue beyond the limits of excavation both to the northeast and southwest. On both sides of this line was an orthogonal arrangement of rooms, at least two on the east side and six or seven to the west. Judging from the unbonded seams between walls, the complex appears to have developed northward in three or more stages; however, a single, continuous building operation is also possible. All of the walls except for two interior partitions (Walls 15010 and 24002) were a full meter or more wide, sufficient to have supported a second storey. The limits of the complex are not known, although the easternmost surfaces in Areas F6/24–26 (fig. 2.12, Room k) may be external to the building. On the west side, the drain, sump, and vat in Areas F6/13–14 probably give witness to a courtyard (Room j). However, a later broad-scale trenching operation (L. 14001A–13008) penetrated the Phase 5 surfaces across the northern half of Area F6/14 and across almost all of F6/13, making it impossible to say anything definitive about the character or even the limits of such a courtyard area. The functions of the several rooms, however, can be partially deduced. Room e contained a large tabun (L. 15008), a stone-outlined pit (L. 16014), and a stone work platform (L. 15017) and so probably constituted a kitchen, while the small Room d might have served as a storage room or pantry. The southernmost rooms (g, h, and i) had plaster floors (L. 16010, 16013, and 26021) and may have been residential quarters. The smaller rooms north of the kitchen (a, b, and c) may have stood open as bays alongside the courtyard; if so, they might have served for storage, stabling, or for servants’ shelters (a small tabun [L. 15023] was in a corner of Room c). It is also possible that these rooms were closed on the west side by a wall that was removed by the L. 14001A trenching operation. Tell Halif, like a number of other hill sites in Palestine, stood deserted throughout the late 7th and much of the 6th centuries b.c.e. before being appropriated by the Persians. At these sites, the Persians typically erected large, well-built complexes with architectural features of similar style. These structures usually stood on dominant ground on the summits of the mounds and typically included eight or more rooms arrayed around one or more central courts; the complexes were all laid out in conformity to an overall orthogonal grid (fig. 2.13). Three similar but distinct patterns or “styles” can be distinguished among these large building complexes of the 5th and 4th centuries in Palestine. Scholars have applied various functional labels to these patterns (Stern 1973: 54–58; G .R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 1, 297–99). Here, for the convenience of comparison with our own Phase 5 building remains, labels are adopted that deliberately avoid any presumption of function. What we designate as the Central-Court Square Style is most probably a fort, as at sites such as the Persian outpost on a hill north of Ashdod (fig. 2.13A; Stern 1973: 9, fig. 54; Porath 1974: 43–55) and the late Persian structure at Tell es-Saʿidiyah, strategically located in the Jordan Valley at the mouth of Wadi Kufrinjeh (Pritchard 1993: 1296). In other cases, the structures may have served as residences for Persian-sponsored officials and their garrisons, such as the Assyrian period “fort” uncovered by Flinders Petrie at Tell Jemmeh (fig 2.13B; Petrie 1928: pl.  xx; Amiran and Van Beek 1976: 547–48) and similar courtyard buildings at Tell Qasile (Building G in Str. VI; Dothan and Dunayevsky 1977: 965), Hazor (Area B; Yadin et al. 1958:

Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.12.  Phase 5 building complex in Field II, showing Rooms a–k (drawing after plan XVI).

39

40

Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.13.  Three building types in Assyro-Persian Palestine. Central Court Square Style: (A) fort north of Ashdod, (B) Tell Jemmeh Building A; Central-Court Elaborated Style: (C) Megiddo “Palaces” 1369 (l) and 1052 (r); (D) Lachish “Residency”; Multi-Wing Style: (E) Tell Jemmeh Building B, (F) En-Gedi Building 234 (drawings after G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 2, [A] fig. 120, [B] fig. 199.1, [C] fig. 197.1, [D] fig. 197.2, [E] fig. 199.2, [F] fig. 237).

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pl. CLXXVII), and Megiddo (Area C, Str. II–I; Lamon and Shipton 1939: 83–87, fig. 95; Stern 1973: 5, fig. 53). In either case, the basic concept—that is, a square building consisting of rooms flanking a large central court—probably derives from an aristocratic or administrative house form introduced into Palestine by the Assyrians or Babylonians and perpetuated throughout the Persian period (Stern 1973: 54–56). The examples in figure 2.13C–D reflect the same Central-Court concept in a more elaborated form, expanding from an overall square to a rectangular shape to accommodate additional rooms. Building 1369 from Persian Stratum III Area D at Megiddo is a relatively simple example, while the layout of Building 1052 from the same area and stratum extends beyond the basic rectangle with the addition of a second court and two more rooms (fig. 2.13C; see Shiloh 1993: 1023). The most elaborate example of this building style found to date in Palestine is the Lachish Level I “residency” (fig. 2.13D). This massive, 50 × 36-m rectangular complex on the summit of Lachish incorporates two dozen rooms arranged around a perfectly square court, 18 m × 18 m (Ussishkin 1993: 910–11). The British excavators correctly labeled the building a residency, as it seems quite certain that the Persian emperor maintained a governor and other administrative officials as well as a garrison “in residence” at this strategic, fortified location. Their assumption that the Level I building was constructed in the 5th century during the Persian regime (Tufnell 1953: 135; 1977) has been challenged in subsequent years. Suggestions that the dates of Levels III and II must be pushed back earlier have led to speculation that the residency was erected during the Babylonian period in the 6th century or even earlier by the Assyrians (Aharoni 1975c: 33–40). However, this speculation has been refuted by Ussishkin in his detailed report of the 1974–1994 excavations published by Tel Aviv University (2004: 95–97, 840–46). In any case, there is general agreement that the building was (still) in use as a formal headquarters during the Persian period. Buildings in what we have called the Multi-Wing Style (fig. 2.13E–F) are similar to the Court Style complexes in three ways: (1) they include large courtyard areas—sometimes more than one; (2) the courts tend to be surrounded by rooms on at least three sides; and (3) rooms tend to be laid out in straight rows of multiple rooms sharing a common axial wall. The buildings also differ, however, in two important respects: (1) they appear to have been built in stages, with additional rooms and courts added as needed; and (2) in these extensions, the builders seem to be unconcerned about maintaining straight, right-angled exterior facades. Building B in Tell Jemmeh Stratum AB (fig. 2.13E) was excavated in 1926 by Flinders Petrie, who dated the stratum to the 7th century b.c.e. and identified the structure as a “palace” of an Assyrian administrator (Petrie 1928: pl. xx). However, a subsequent and more knowledgeable reading of his pottery led G. E. Wright (1939: 460 n. 4), and later L. A. Sinclair (1960: 42 n. 34), to redate the building’s final period to the 4th century—that is, to the latter portion of the Persian regime. An examination of the Tell Jemmeh Building B ground plan suggests at least two stages of construction: (1) an initial cluster of rooms around the left-hand double court (similar to the CentralCourt Style plan of Megiddo Building 1052 in fig. 2.13C), and then (2) an extended cluster of rooms adjoining an additional court (fig. 2.13E). The Persian residence at En-Gedi (Tel Goren), situated on a hillock overlooking the perennially lush oasis (fig. 2.13F), was excavated in 1964–1965 by B. Mazar and I. Dunayevsky, who dated it to the last three quarters of the 5th century and the early part of the 4th century b.c.e. (Mazar and Dunayevsky 1967: 133–43). From its location, they suggested that it was probably

42

Cultural and Historical Summary

a farm estate, its owner drawing his wealth from the agriculturally rich oasis. They also noted that while the complex, 550 m2 and incorporating 23 rooms, comprised “a single organic unit,” it contained three separate parts. Examination of the En-Gedi ground plan in comparison with the other Assyro-Persian buildings in fig. 2.13 reveals that the southeastern portion echoes the rectangular Central-Court style plan, with rooms originally arranged around three sides (west, north, and east) of a spacious area (in this case, a roofed court), and with the later addition of a row of six rooms along the southern side at a higher level (perhaps a second storey). On the west, a long workroom as well as a northern cluster of rooms with their own court area represent still later additions. Returning to the remains of the Persian period complex on the summit of Tell Halif (fig. 2.12), it seems clear that, as thus far exposed, it does not fit well into either of the first two Central-Court styles of building configurations (fig. 2.13A–D). However, it does reflect certain features of the Multi-Wing complexes (fig. 2.13E–F), including: (1) a row of rooms flanking a courtyard and aligned along a long axial wall, (2) a tendency to add on extensions in stages, and (3) a lack of concern for maintaining a straight exterior facade. In assessing the character of the complex in Field II at Tell Halif and the nature of the Persian-period occupation at the site, it is important to note that evidence of a Persian presence has been discerned in widespread locations across the mound. Although in excavations conducted thus far elsewhere on Tell Halif, this presence is represented only by pits, bins, and scatters of artifacts, such traces were evident in the uppermost levels in both Field I to the north and in Field III at the western extreme of the mound (Seger 1983: 16–17). But they were most especially found in Field IV along the mound’s southwestern periphery. Field IV was excavated during Phase III of the LRP in 1992, 1993, and 1999 (Jacobs and Borowski 1993a; Jacobs 1994, 1999). In this field, while excavations in Area G7 did yield several Persian period storage pits, later trenching and robbing activities had disturbed remains into the Iron II occupation levels in a fashion similar to what was observed in Field II (Jacobs 1994: 52). Of special significance, however, are the more than 700 ceramic figurine fragments retrieved in this field during the removal of the disturbed upper fill level (see Jacobs 1999; 2015). Virtually all of these figurines represent votive or votary statuary typical of cultic activity observed elsewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean region during the 5th–4th centuries b.c.e. (see Stern 1973: 58–60). In addition, these fills also produced an undecorated example of a small limestone incense altar, another type of artifact usually associated with religious practices in the Persian period (Stern 1973: 82–84). Unfortunately, while these Field IV materials clearly suggest that Tell Halif was in some way a cultic site during the period, no associated architectural remains or favissae were detected in the excavation field or in its vicinity, nor is there any evidence for identifying the Field II complex as part of a cult center. Despite these enigmas and the largely disturbed and fugitive character of the remains away from Field II at Tell Halif, the elements uncovered nonetheless provide unquestionable evidence that the Tell Halif summit held a substantial building complex during the Persian period. Although the exact nature and full scope of the settlement at that time thus remains subject to speculation, it most likely reflected the character of other settlements in the region during the period. Throughout the 5th and most of the 4th century b.c.e., the entire region of Syria–Palestine lay under Persian hegemony, fulfilling functions that were important to the imperial court. Persian interest in this long stretch of Mediterranean coast may have been primarily as a barrier

Cultural and Historical Summary

43

against the encroachment of Greek maritime powers (G. R. H. Wright 1985: vol. 1, 297–98). However, the Persian authorities also wanted control of the coastal trade corridor to the seaports of Phoenicia and of the narrow land-bridge to Egypt, and they undoubtedly also enjoyed the agricultural largess that traveled eastward from the relatively fertile coastal regions. In this regard, Tell Halif’s strategic location overlooking the Shephelah and northern Negev to the west and south and its position along one of the southernmost passes into the Judean Hills necessitated that at least a modest representation of Persian authority be stationed there (Seger 1983: 1). The site’s assets, including access to nearby water sources and the presence of adjacent arable land to the west and east, had attracted and sustained occupation throughout the previous three millennia. Clearly, this must again have rendered it an accommodating locale for at least a small Persian garrison and apparently also for a modest emporium including related cultic activity. The Persian Empire’s management of its border regions involved a combination of three basic methods, all of which were employed in southern Palestine. Regions with large urban populations were established as royal provinces with resident governors or other administrative officers. Thus, the region surrounding Jerusalem was constituted as one of the “provinces” within the Satrapy “West of the [Euphrates] River.” In less populated areas, the empire maintained a few strategically placed administrative centers—for example, Lachish (Aharoni 1977: 749), Tell Jemmeh, Tell el-Hesi? (Fargo 1993: 533), and a scattering of forts and garrisons along the coastal corridor to guard the military and trade routes (see listing in Stern 2001: 371). In more marginal regions, however, while the empire maintained Persian garrisons at a few forts (e.g., Beersheba and Arad), the government was satisfied to employ a variety of symbiotic arrangements with local power-holders already in place. For example, the Persians are recorded as having placed a garrison in the coastal city of Gaza but otherwise turned the city and surrounding region over to its “Arabian” inhabitants in return for their assistance against the Egyptians (Stern 1973: 250; 2001: 371–73). Tell Halif lay within one of these marginal regions during the Persian period. Ancient references to the limits of the province of Judah are scarce and not in agreement, but scholarly assessments suggest that the effective limits of Judah extended not much farther south than Beth Zur (so, e.g., Stern 1973: 247–49). As for the town sites farther south that had been in Israelite hands in the Iron Age, there are notable examples of earlier walled cities that were completely abandoned by or after the Babylonian period and remained empty or only sparsely inhabited through the Persian period. Tell Beit Mirsim, for example, remained fallow; Beersheba (Tel esSabaʿ) has yielded some ostraca (Stern 1973: 250) but otherwise no clear evidence of Persian occupation; the Arad citadel was resettled and perhaps refortified, but on a more modest scale; and other northern Negev sites such at Tel Masos and Tel Malhata remained deserted. What population did dwell along this northern fringe of the Negev Desert in the 5th–4th centuries may have included a mixture of Judeans who had returned to ancestral lands, Edomites whose predecessors had penetrated into the northern Negev and southern Judean hills during the 6th century (see Jer 49:7–22, Ezekiel 35, Obadiah), and Arabs whose forebears had established their own presence in the region by the 5th century (Stern 1973: 250; Herzog 1993: 172). Tell Halif during this period therefore might have functioned as one of the region’s collection sites for agricultural produce or livestock in an operation overseen from the building complex in Field II by a minor Persian official. It did stand, after all, alongside a natural pass from the southern Judean foothills toward the port of Gaza and the coastal road to Egypt. On the other

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Cultural and Historical Summary

Figure 2.14.  Phase 4B building elements in Field II (drawing after plan XVII).

hand, Tell esh-Shariʾa 18 km to the west could have provided the Persians with sufficient control in the immediate region; and Tell Halif, instead, may simply have held the working farmhouse estate of some local headman answerable to an Edomite or Arab overlord such as, for instance, “Geshem the Arab” mentioned in Nehemiah (see Neh 2:19, 6:1–6; Stern 1973: 250). However, considering the evidence of Persian cultic activity at the site, this seems less likely. When the complex’s use was terminated, sometime in the latter 4th century b.c.e., it was stripped of most objects either by its departing occupants or by others afterward. The buildings might have stood empty for some time, long enough for some walls to partially degrade and collapse. A cist burial (L. 13011/13012; photos 3.24–25) dug into the surface of the house courtyard further witnesses to a period of occupational hiatus.

H.  The 4th–3rd Century b.c.e. Hellenistic Residence in Phases 4B–4A (see chaps. 3.K–L) Sometime in the latter half of the 4th century b.c.e., a new structure was raised over a section of its Persian-period predecessor. Portions of the new Phase 4B structure were exposed in

Cultural and Historical Summary

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Figure 2.15.  Phase 4A building elements in Field II (drawing after plan XVIII).

four areas at the southern end of Field II. While additional Phase 4 constructions probably also existed elsewhere across Field II, architectural evidence for these were robbed out by numerous Roman-period and later pits and trenches, leaving traces of erstwhile Hellenistic presence only in pottery sherd remains (e.g., L. 1015–16, 2004, 11006, 13001A, 23002, and 24001; see Appendix). At the same time, while also yielding sherd evidence, none of the other excavation fields on the tell produced any Hellenistic-period architecture. The Hellenistic builders in Field II chose three wall segments of the Phase 5 complex to reuse in their Phase 4B rebuilding activity (Walls 15018, 16006, and portions of 26010; see fig. 2.14). They dismantled other remaining wall portions and leveled the mud-brick debris from the earlier complex (L. 25003, 25009, 25010, and 26015.1), creating a new platform on which to lay plaster floors (L. 16005 and 26015). They also laid new walls (L. 16003 and 26007) according to a different plan, cutting breaks through the salvaged older wall segments when necessary (see photos 3.26–27). The new structure reflects a definitive break in continuity from the previous phase. However, not much can otherwise be determined about this early Hellenistic structure. It seems evident that it extended to the south, east, and northeast. The four or more small rooms exposed probably reflect domestic use, given the presence in Area F6/15 of stone-lined Pit 15005 and the

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Cultural and Historical Summary

presence in Area F6/26 of Tabun 26008 and Installation 26016, a stone bench or work platform. However, no artifacts or restorable pottery vessels were left on the surfaces to tell us more about its occupants or even to gauge the duration of its use. Sometime in the first three quarters of the 3rd century b.c.e., the structure was renovated and altered (see fig. 2.15). In Phase 4A, a new plaster floor (L. 16004, 26003) was laid inside the right angle of Walls 16003 and 26007, raising the surface 0.3 m or more. The Phase 4B elements outside Walls 16003/26007 appear to have been buried under the earthen, partially cobbled surfacing of L. 16002 and 26020. On the inside of the new building, the Phase 4B stub of Wall 16006 remained in use, but the earlier tabun and stone installation were not replaced; and Wall 26010 probably was terminated, though its highest remaining stones were at floor level, and it might have served as a stylobate for interior ceiling posts. This Phase 4A building phase apparently was abandoned rather than destroyed, being stripped of its objects either by the departing occupants or by others afterward. Its surfaces contained no artifacts or pottery except for one Hellenistic style unguntarium (pl. 22:23; photo 3.28). The structure’s subsurface loci included largely pre-Hellenistic remains, including a unique bronze bell with images on its shoulders suggestive of a Phoenician or late Babylonian origin (Obj. 496, pl. 22:21; see chap. 4.D). In neither of these Hellenistic building phases was enough exposed or preserved to allow more than speculation in regard to their overall floor plans or functions. From excavations elsewhere in the general region we have evidence of constructions ranging from hill-site forts and residential settlements (e.g., at Beth Zur, Beersheba, Arad, En-Gedi, and Marisa) to the occasional shrine building (e.g., the building excavated by J. L. Starkey southeast of the Solar Shrine at Lachish) (Ussishkin 1977: 749). The extensively exposed residential house blocks of Marisa (Mareshah), excavated by Bliss and Macalister in 1900, are shown in fig. 2.16 (Bliss and Macalister 1902: pl. 16; Kloner 1976: 782–85). As the capital of the Ptolemaic hyparchy of Idumea, Marisa’s overall street layout may reflect the influence of contemporary Hellenic Hippodamian grid plans, but this overall orthogonal plan only imposed straight lines and right-angled corners to the external walls of house complexes. Looking at the individual houses, however, only the building labeled “a,” cornering on Streets A and Z, exhibits a typical Hellenic house plan as one would see, for example, at Asia Minor Hellenistic cities such as Priene and Miletos. The interior arrangements of the other house walls show the kind of individual irregularities and accommodations characteristic of local traditions. The Phases 4B–4A buildings in Field II, with their combination of right-angled exterior walls and irregular interior arrangements, seem more likely to have been portions of domestic housing rather than public, military, or cultic structures. While the sherd residues within the extensive later trenching operations across the rest of the field allow speculation that the preserved building remains were part of a small settlement on the tell, the limited extent of these architectural remains makes a definitive identification impossible. It is accordingly also difficult to identify the ethnicity of the Tell Halif occupants during this period. After Alexander’s march through Palestine into Egypt in 332 b.c.e., Palestine passed from Persian hands into at least nominal control of one or another of Alexander’s Greek generals. After the Battle of Ipsus in 301 b.c.e., Palestine came under the effective control of Ptolemy I and his successors ruling from Egypt. This control lasted through the 3rd century b.c.e., with the southern hill district between Hebron and Beersheba constituted as the Ptolemaic hyparchy

Cultural and Historical Summary

47

Figure 2.16.  Town plan of Hellenistic Marisa (Mareshah).

of Idumea. Even so, during the 3rd century, there were four wars between the Ptolemies and the Seleucids to the north, with settlements in the corridor of Palestine caught between them. Of course, this does not mean that the inhabitants of local towns or agricultural settlements in the hinterland of Idumea were likely to have been Greek, Egyptian, or Syrian. While some movement and displacement of population elements typical of wartime conditions would be expected, it remains most probable that the occupants of sites such as Halif continued, as in the Persian period, to be Judean, Edomite, or Arab (see Rahmani 1964: 33–38; Stern 1973: 249–51).

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Cultural and Historical Summary

I.   The Late 3rd Century b.c.e. Occupation Gap after Phase 4A (see chap. 3.M) The Phase 4A building in Field II was abandoned sometime in the mid-to-late 3rd century b.c.e. A terminal date for this process is provided by a bronze coin found in a burial (L. 26004/26012; see fig. 2.14) dug down through the overlying rubble of L. 26005 and penetrating both of the Phase 4 plaster floors. In this 1.15-m-deep burial trench, an adult male was interred (photo 3.29). A spear was placed at his side (see pl. 22:25, photo 3.30), and a coin was found above his skull. The coin (Obj. 437, pl. 22:24; see chap. 4.E) was a bronze drachma dating to the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes (247–222 b.c.e.). The dead man may have been a Ptolemaic foot soldier. At any rate, either he or those who dug his grave presumably adhered to the Hellenic belief that he might need the coin to pay Charon the ferryman to carry him across the River Styx. The burial itself serves as proof that occupation on the summit had ceased at this time and therefore was open for use as a burial place. The coin’s date thus provides a terminus ad quem for the Hellenistic occupation of Tell Halif. This dating also correlates with the loss of Ptolemaic control over the region in the wake of Seleucid advances and establishment of hegemony during the reign of Antiochus III at the start of the 2nd century. For the next three and one-half centuries, the mound continued to stand deserted.

J.  Evidence of 2nd Century c.e. Roman Construction in Phase 3 (see chap. 3.N) Sometime in the late Roman period (probably 2nd century c.e.), substantial building operations spread over four or more areas at the northern end of Field II. The only remaining elements of the constructions consist of several expanses of cobble and flagstone surfacing (L.  1005, 1014, 21002, 22003, and perhaps 11002, see Appendix) and a large stone vat (L. 22002). The strongest indication of the substantial nature of this building complex lies, ironically, in the absence of its walls. Standing exposed on the tell summit, they were later thoroughly robbed out, even including most of their subsurface foundation courses. Left were only one or two wall foundations (L. 1004 and 1009) and deep trenches where other walls and their foundation courses had existed (e.g., L. 1003, 1008, 1013, and 1015). To the south of Tell Halif, in the 2nd or 3rd century c.e., a small fort occupied Tell Beersheba (Herzog 1993: 167); and to the west, at Tell esh-Shariʾa, was a 1st-century c.e. villa (Oren 1978: 1060). During this same period, other hill-sites to the north, such as Gezer with its boundary stones marking the divisions of its land and those of a Greek neighbor Alkios, also show evidence of having held private estates (Dever 1976: 443). Thus, while the Late Roman remains at Halif are ephemeral at best, it seems nonetheless plausible that its summit may have likewise held either a small military outpost or the estate of some wealthy landowner during these early centuries c.e.

Chapter 3

The Stratigraphy A.  Phase 8B, LB IIB (plan IX) In 1980, during the final days of the third season of excavation in Field II, elements of two phases of occupation below Phase 7B Iron I structures were exposed in a 1.5 × 1.5-m probe at the southeast corner of Area F6/1. In this corner, the top of a 1.5 m-section of stone wall was uncovered (L. 1062), which continued into both the south and east balks. Without dismantling the balks (which at that point stood 2 m high), not enough of the wall could be exposed to determine its function, but the relatively large size of its boulders and its 0.6 m width suggest that it was part of a substantial construction, perhaps an exterior house wall. The wall lay immediately below the stone lining (L. 1051) and earthen floor (L. 1053) of subsequent Pit 1051 (see plan V, F6/1 South Section; photo 3.1). In fact, some boulders in a debris layer (L. 1054) next to Wall 1062 may have come from the dismantlement of a higher course of the wall preparatory to the establishment of the pit. Pit 1051 was assigned to Field Phase 8A, dating to LB IIB in the late 13th century b.c.e. (see chap. 3.B below). This places the construction of the earlier Wall 1062 also securely in the LB IIB period.

B.  Phase 8A, LB IIB (plan X; pl. 1:1–26) Pit 1051, a large and carefully constructed stone-lined installation, was established directly above Wall 1062. Pit 1051 was lined with a wall of cobble-sized stones rising in 8 courses to a full 1 m in height. It was found in a 1.5-m-wide probe that extended 3 m along the south side of Area F6/1. This allowed for the exposure of its entire east–west width. A segment of the wall lining was encountered at the southeast corner of the area, and this was connected to a longer section of its cobble wall 2.5 m to the west. Their association was confirmed by the pit’s clay floor (L. 1053), which lipped up against both wall segments, as well as by the more than 0.5-mdeep accumulation of ashy deposits (L. 1058) preserved within the structure. These elements can be seen on plan V (F6/1 East and South Sections) and on photo 3.1 in the south balk of the area. The construction of Pit 1051 directly over Wall 1062 represented a deliberate change in use of space at this point on the site. The exact purpose of the pit is not clear. However, a thin

50

The Stratigraphy

layer of chaff covering its floor (L.  1053) suggests that its initial use may have been for threshing or for grain storage. But the pit must subsequently have been converted into a hearth or otherwise used for the deposit of ash refuse, since it contained an accumulation of more than 0.5 m of alternating layers of gray/white dung ash and darker ashy soil (L. 1058). Mixed in the ash were bone and shell fragments along with various lithics, including several flint scrapers and a ballista. All but two of the pottery fragments on plate 1 come from within the stone lining of Pit 1051, the layers of soils within it (L. 1058), or within its clay floor (1053.1). The potsherds confirm Photo 3.1.  Area F6/1, looking south. Section across Phase 8A Pit that the pit had been established 1051 in south balk above Wall 1062. toward the end of the LB IIB period, but some of the potsherds exhibit form nuances that became common in Iron I. Plate 1 displays small round bowls of a thin-walled, hemispherical type common to LB II (pl. 1:2, 15, 18) and a thicker-walled bowl with a flaring upper body that was common in Iron I (pl. 1:16; compare pl. 2:9). Carinated bowls exhibit shallow—almost vestigial—carination (pl.  1:7–8, 11). On small bowls, this carination continues to be popular in Iron I (compare pl. 1:17 with pl. 3:6, 8). Two basic types of cooking pot rim treatments were found. The rims on pl. 1:12–13 are everted and slightly thickened to form an accented exterior rim, good examples of an LB IIB degeneration of an earlier LB rim treatment. Plate 1:14 shows a vertically elongated triangular section, a feature popular in LB II but also echoed in the rim treatments of Iron I cooking pots (as on pl. 2:6–8). This range of pottery style nuances from classic LB II to early Iron I forms suggests that the pit materials represent a sequence of occupation residues and that the period of the pit’s use extended from LB IIB into the early Iron I horizon without interruption. This appears to be in agreement with the evidence from the latest phase of LB IIB in Field I, particularly in Area B10 (see Seger and Jacobs 2007). The spectrum of LB IIB pottery vessel types found in the Area F6/1 ash pit is supplemented by many sherds of the period that turned up in the trenches and fill layers beneath later surfaces elsewhere in Field II. Most interesting of the two examples on pl. 1:27–28 is the decorated rim

The Stratigraphy

51

Photo 3.2.  Area F6/1, looking east. Phase 7B Ash Pit 1042/1036, segment of earlier Pit 1051 stone lining and later Phase 7A Wall 1019B and Installation 1030.

sherd from a milk bowl (pl. 1:28), its gray metallic ware indentifying it as an LB IIB import from Cyprus.

C.  Phase 7B, Iron I (plan XI; fig. 2.1A; pls. 2–3) Early in the Iron I period, Pit 1051 in Area F6/1 was replaced by a similar but more carefully constructed pit (L. 1042) that partially overlapped and cut through the earlier one (plan V, F6/1 East Section; plan XI). Pit 1042 was larger, about 3 m in diameter. Its 0.7-m-high stone lining (L. 1042) was constructed of 6 courses of regularly shaped stones set into a mud-mortar backing. Its floor was composed of a prepared makeup of homogeneous mud mortar with few inclusions (L. 1052.1). This mud base was topped by a thin, level layer of prepared lime (L. 1052), which covered its entire surface and lipped up against the bottom course of the wall stones. The floor of Pit 1042 was established only 0.25 m higher than Floor 1053 of the preceding Pit 1051, and the construction of the later pit seems to reflect an uninterrupted continuation in the nature of occupational use in this area. Pottery sealed beneath Floor 1052 and behind Pit Wall 1042 displayed a mixture of LB II and transitional early Iron I forms (see Appendix, L. 1042.1 and 1052.1). Photo 3.2 shows Pit 1042 across the east side of the area, with the meter stick lying on its floor. To the right can be seen an undisturbed portion of earlier Pit 1051 that was not displaced by the construction of Pit 1042. During its use in Phase 7B, the wall of Pit 1042 curved around to the northeast corner of the area, but a portion of the pit wall at this point was dismantled during

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The Stratigraphy

Photo 3.3.  Area F6/1, looking north. Phases 7B–7A Tabun 1047 set on ring of cobbles at north balk with stone lining of Phase 7B Pit 1061 to left.

the construction of stone Wall 1019B in Phase 7A. The corner of this wall can be seen intruding into the pit circle at the left in photo 3.2. Pit Wall 1042 continued beyond the Wall 1019B disturbance into the northeast corner of the area. All six courses were preserved at the east balk of Area F6/1 (see plan V, F6/1 East Section). The contents of Pit 1042 were excavated as L. 1036 (see pl. 3). They were of a somewhat different character than the debris (L. 1058) in earlier Pit 1051. Missing were the clearly distinguishable layers of solid whitish dung ash and darker ashy deposits. While Pit 1042 was also filled with ashy debris, this ash was of a more consistent medium-gray composition, which had a heavy concentration of animal bone fragments. According to faunal analyst Melinda Zeder, these included generally small fragments of both immature and mature small animals such as sheep and goat, but with several examples of bone fragments from large cattle. The large size and careful construction of this pit seems inconsistent with use for the deposit of common midden. It is possible that these ash and bone remains were the residue of sacrificial or other kinds of ceremonial meals. Heightening this suggestion was the discovery, among the animal bones and other more common inclusions, of a unique ceramic female figurine (Obj. 645, pl. 3:26, photos 4A.1–2). The figurine had been modeled in a flat, slab shape without arms or legs. Punctate incised patterns on its front frame the breasts and the pubic area, and incised vertical lines down the back presumably indicated the figure’s long, free-flowing hair (see the more detailed analysis in chap. 4.A). The head was missing. It is probable that the figurine represented a fertility goddess, perhaps the miniature copy of a larger cult stele-shaped stone or wooden shrine statue. Whether it had been ceremonially placed here after being broken accidentally or was deliberately broken and consigned to the ash pit as to a favissa, cannot be determined.

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A source for the ashy deposits in Pit 1042 may have been the tabun ( L. 1047) uncovered at the north edge of Area F6/1, midway along the area’s north balk (see photo 3.3). Founded on a ring of cobble-sized stones, its cylindrical clay walls were reinforced by large jar body sherds. In front of, and to its left, was the curving line of the cobbles of a contemporary 2-course high wall (L. 1061), perhaps built to set off the area of the oven or simply to confine its ashy debris (see plan XI). Sherds retrieved from within and beneath Tabun 1047 are from large early Iron I forms (see pl. 2:1–2, 4). Patches of dark gray ash were also found on Surface 1059 to the west of Pit 1042 and south of Pit 1061. Potsherds from L. 1036 within Pit 1042 (see pl. 3) are consistent with an Iron I dating, including some fragments of Philistine-style painted ware (pl. 3:7, 9). Excavations in one other area of Field II were also carried down to Phase 7B levels. In Area F6/4, Earthen Surface 4056 was preserved across the eastern half of the area, abutting two stone-lined pits: Storage Pit 4023B and Ash Pit 4049 (see plan XI and plan VI, F6/4 East Section). Three of the five baskets of pottery from in and beneath Surface 4056 in L. 4056.1 contained transitional LB II/Iron I and Iron I forms (see pl. 2:6–23; note especially cooking pot rims, pl. 2:6–8). Pit 4023B was a well-constructed cylindrical storage pit more than 1 m deep and 0.75 m in diameter. Its wall was built of 6 courses of small boulders backed by mortar and smaller stones. This pit was apparently emptied at the end of Phase 7A before its conversion into a sump (see below, p. 56). Pit 4049, on the other hand, was shallower (0.35 m deep) and wider (1.6 m in diameter), lined with 3–4 courses of cobbles and small boulders. Its earthen floor (L. 4053) was covered by a 2–3 cm lens of powdery white dung ash or chaff, above which was a 0.35-m-deep layer of dust-like soils mixed with occupational debris, including ash, bone, and charcoal (L. 4050). However, the pit remained in use in Phase 7A, and this deposit continued to accumulate through both phases. Taken together, the elements of Phase 7B architecture in Area F6/4 appear to reflect a domestic kitchen zone. No associated wall structures were preserved in the exposed section, but Trench 4038 running north–south across the west side of the area may represent the original location of a contemporary wall foundation whose stones were robbed out by later builders. The trench was dug from above both Phases 7B and 7A surfaces and penetrated to a depth 0.2 m below Surface 4056. The trench was most likely dug to salvage building stones for reuse in Phase 6D, possibly for the construction of Wall 4003, which was erected immediately above the trench’s backfill. It is possible that Wall 2007, which was in use in Phase 7A in Area F6/2 (see below, p. 54) may also have been built and used already in Phase 7B (see plan XII).

D.  Phase 7A, Iron I (plan XII; fig. 2.1B; pls. 3–4) There was clear continuity between Phases 7B and 7A in both Areas F6/1 and 4. In Area F6/1, Stone-lined Pit 1042 continued in use, as did Tabun 1047. However, at the north end of Area F6/1, a 2-m-long section of wall stones from Pit 1042 was removed to make room for a substantial stone wall (L. 1019B), which ran into the area close to Tabun 1047 from the northeast. It continued to the southwest and then turned to the northwest, leaving the tabun neatly tucked

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The Stratigraphy

Photo 3.4.  Area F6/1, looking east. Tabun 1047 enclosed in corner of Phase 7A Wall 1019B.

inside the corner (see photo 3.4). This corner in Wall 1019B was laid directly over the initial layers of the Pit 1042 ash deposits (L. 1036), and these continued to accumulate against its outer face during Phase 7A. At the same time, ash from Tabun 1047 (L. 1048) accumulated against its inner face. These segments of Wall 1019B were 0.5 m wide and preserved in 4 courses of large boulders to 1 m high. The stone wall courses were substantial enough to serve as the socle for a mud-brick superstructure, but they might have served just as a modest temenos-type wall to set apart the ground around the tabun. The ash fill (L. 1036) in Pit 1042 accumulated during both Phases 7B and 7A. Pottery from L. 1036 (pl. 3) might thus include some later Iron I materials. Examples from several of the most secure loci of Phase 7A are grouped on plate 4 and clearly include some more developed Iron Age forms (see, e.g., platter bowls, pl. 4:8, 10, 25–26, and cooking pots, pl. 4:4, 6, 12, 24). Along the outside of Wall 1019B’s northwest segment, and partially built into its outer face, was a semicircular installation also constructed of boulder-sized stones (L. 1030). This installation abutted the outside of Pit 1042 and rose in a step-like fashion from Surface 1059 to a height of 0.7 m at the level of the semicircle formed by its highest preserved boulders (see photo 3.2 in the lower left). However, anything that might have existed to the west, north, or south beyond that point in Phase 7A was lost in the trenching and disturbances represented by L. 1041 during the interim before or at the time of the building activity of Phase 6D (see plan XVIII). In Area F6/4, a new earthen surface (L. 4040) was laid 10–15 cm above Surface 4056. Like its predecessor, Surface 4040 lipped up against Pits 4023B and 4049, both of which continued in use. The accumulation of soil and occupation debris in Pit 4049 was removed as L. 4050. A faience bead was recovered from the deposit (Obj. 724, pl. 4:32, photo 4F.5). In Area F6/2, excavations in 1980 also penetrated to Phase 7A levels. Wall 2007, which had been uncovered in connection with Phases 6D–6C surfaces, was discovered to have al-

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Photo 3.5.  Area F6/4, looking east. Phase 6D Drain 4035 leading into Pit 4023, with Phases 6D–6A Wall 4003 dominating foreground; later Phases 6C–6A Wall 4008 is shown cutting through the drain.

ready been in use with Surface 2020, a Phase 7A earthen surface on its east side. This wall ran southwest to northeast across the full length of the area, continuing northeast beyond the area’s end but cornering to run to the southeast near the south balk. It was 0.65 m wide and well laid with a double row of boulders. At the southeast corner of the area and continuing into the Area F6/2–12 balk was an earthen pit (L. 2017). Pit 2017 was 1.6 m wide and 0.4 m deep. It was dug from Surface 2020 and had a row of cobbles along its rim. The floor and walls of the pit were covered with a thin layer of gray-to-white lime (L. 2021), but the pit lay open long enough to accumulate wind-blown loess and dust almost up to its rim (L. 2019) (see plan XII; plan I, F6/2 East Section; and plan III, F6/2 South Section). At the end of Phase 7A, or some time soon afterward, there appears to have been a destruction or some deliberate dismantlement of its structures with attendant burning. In Area F6/1, Debris Layer 1041, which included a large concentration of light brown/yellow mud-brick detritus, lay over the remains of Installation 1030. This debris layer also contained a large number of boulder-sized stones in chaotic disarray, perhaps being dislodged elements of Installation 1030. Debris Layer 1055, over the remaining portion of Tabun 1047, contained large tabun fragments from the collapse or dismantlement of the oven’s upper portions. In Area F6/4, a large trench (L. 4038) was dug and subsequently backfilled prior to the Phase 6D construction of Wall 4003. Trench 4038 and the makeup below Phase 6D Surfaces 4025 and 4039 (L. 4025.1 and 4039.1) contained a concentration of disaggregated stones and patches of dark smothered ash. In one section, the predominance of ash was sufficient to designate it as a separate locus (L. 4032). Similarly, Soil Layer 4034 extending below the initial floor of Pit 4023 contained some charcoal and much disaggregated ash. At one point, there is evidence to suggest a period of abandonment at the end of Phase 7A. As noted above, within Pit 2017 in Area F6/2, a 0.35-m-deep layer of wind-blown loess and

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The Stratigraphy

Photo 3.6.  Area F6/1, looking east. Wall 1019A/B, Phase 6D Drain 1037, earlier Installation 1030, and later stone-lined Pit 1029.

tell dust (L. 2019) accumulated before it was covered over by later debris. The apparent hiatus here suggests that the dismantlement of Phase 7A structures in Areas F6/1 and 4 may also have coincided with the Phase 6D building operations.

E.  Phase 6D, Iron IIA (plan XIII; fig. 2.3; pls. 5–9) With Phase 6D in the Iron IIA period, a sharp change occurred in the patterns of occupation in the Field II areas where earlier layers were exposed. All of the pits of Phase 7 (Pits 1042, 2017, and 4049) went out of use and were buried under new earthen surfaces (Surfaces 1040, 2015, and 4025). Storage Pit 4023B was filled in with stones and converted to use as a sump (L. 4023A). This sump was connected to a stone-lined and covered drain (L. 4035), which was built into Surface 4025. Some of the Drain 4035 capstones were missing (see photo 3.5). However, in Area F6/2, Phase 6D Wall 2007 from Phase 7A remained in use. This wall continued into Area F6/11 for a total length of 9.5 m. Also in Phase 6D, two new walls were built in parallel alignment with Wall 2007. In Area F6/1, Wall 1019A extended the line of Wall 1019B southwest (see photo 3.6); and in Area F6/4, Wall 4003 cut across the area in a parallel northeast-southwest alignment (see photo 3.5; note that the doorway with Threshold 4026 showing in the right foreground is a Phase 6C feature). All three walls are of similar construction, each 0.75 m wide and consisting of double rows of unhewn boulders carefully placed to provide flat wall faces. In Area F6/1, midway between and parallel with Walls 1019A/B and 2007, a stone-lined and covered drain (L. 1037) was exposed running beneath Surface 1040 (see photo 3.6). The

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Photo 3.7.  Area F6/1, looking south. Drain 1037 cutting through Ash Deposit 1036 and through stone lining of Pit 1042.

construction work for this drain dismantled a portion of Phase 7 Pit Wall 1042 and cut into the associated Pit Fill 1036 (see photo 3.7). The construction detail of Drain 1037 is very similar to that of Drain 4035 in Area F6/4, which was also built parallel to and at the same 1.5-m distance from its adjacent wall (L. 4003). Both drains sloped downward to the northeast. Surface 1040 between Walls 1019A/B and 2007 was a casual earthen compaction over a thick layer of disaggregated tell debris (L. 1040.1). After the surface was laid, a pit (L. 1034) was dug at the northeast corner of Area F6/1. This pit penetrated more than 0.5 m into the upper layers of the L. 1036 ash pit accumulation of Phase 7B and was then backfilled with a mixture of ash and other tell debris. A clay bulla came from this deposit (see chap. 4.B, photos 4B.1–2, and pl. 5:18). On the west side of Wall 1019A/B, a partial dismantling of Phase 7A Installation 1030 and the northwest segment of Wall 1019B (perhaps in salvaging building stones) preceded a casual leveling of chaotic tell debris (L. 1041). This presumably was in preparation for a Phase 6D surface, but if so, the surface itself was removed by subsequent trenching operations in Phases 6C (L. 1033), 6B (L. 1011), and 3 (L. 1016). At any rate, the level of the Phase 6D Surface1040 and other features in Area F6/1 lay 0.5 m or more above architecture of the preceding stratum, and most of the build-up consisted of redistributed tell debris, indicating that major redevelopment took place here between the Phases 7A and 6D occupations. By contrast, Phase 6D Surface 2015 east of Wall 2007 in Area F6/2 was laid only 10–15 cm above Phase 7A Surface 2020, and the soil between them (L. 2015.1 and 2016) was a relatively homogeneous gray/brown composition with few inclusions. Wall 2007 in this area remained intact from the preceding period and was reused, accompanied by the new Surface 2015 floor. Here, one additional element was also added. Stone Platform 2018, a shallow stone structure, 0.2 m high and 0.6 m × 0.75 m wide, was built inside the corner of Wall 2007. A continuation of

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The Stratigraphy

Photo 3.8.  Area F6/11, looking north. Phases 7A–6C Wall 2007, with Phase 6C Drain 2006 and Wall 11014 separating Surfaces 11010 and 11011; Phase 6B Wall 1009 at far upper left.

Wall 2007 to the northeast was uncovered in Area F6/11, but excavation elsewhere in that area also was not carried below Phase 6C floors. West of Wall 2007 in Area F6/2, excavation was not carried down below Phase 6B levels. In Area F6/4, Phase 6D is represented by the construction of Wall 4003, a 0.6-m-wide stone wall with 5 courses preserved to 1 m high, running northeast–southwest across the whole area (see photo 3.5). West of this wall was Surface 4039, a well-laid plaster floor that was placed over a prepared makeup (L. 4039.1), perhaps to serve as an interior surface. By contrast, Surface 4025 east of Wall 4003, was composed simply of beaten earth. It ran up against the bottom course of the wall and to the south against the side stones of Drain 4035. It also ran to the top of a new course of boulders (L. 4023A) added to earlier Pit 4023B, the boulders being needed to raise its height to the level of the Surface 4025. In Phase 6D, the pit was converted into a sump for use with Drain 4035. Where Drain 4035 abutted the pit, a gap was created in the Pit 4035B wall beneath the 4035A top course to allow for water drainage. Between Drain 4035 and Wall 4003 was a square stone (L. 4018), possibly used as a pillar base with the Phase 6D elements (see photo 3.11). The stone may have been set into Surface 4025 and used during Phase 6D, but its top was at the level of subsequent Phase 6C Surface 4020 that lipped against it—so its use in Phase 6D is uncertain. Wall 4003 apparently was built as a solid, uninterrupted structure in Phase 6D, but during the following period a doorway was opened through the wall in the southern portion of Area F6/4 by removing wall stones down to the first course, which was preserved as a threshold (L. 4026). The uppermost course of the wall’s stones was carefully leveled, providing a good socle for mud-brick upper wall construction. Viewing all of the features of Phase 6D together on plan XIII, it appears to be not coincidental that the three exposed walls are in the same northeast to southwest alignment. Judging

The Stratigraphy

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from the preparation of Surface 2015 and Installation 2018 that is characteristic of interior features, Wall 2007, which continued in use from Phase 7A, may have been an exterior wall that formed the southwest corner of a house to its east (see fig. 2.3, Building 2). To the northwest of Wall 2007, ran Wall 1019A/B, creating a 3-m-wide space between the walls. Given the casual earthen makeup of Surface 1040 and the position and alignment of Drain 1037, we may postulate this space as being a northeast–southwest street. In Area F6/4, Wall 4003 is flanked on its west side by Plaster Surface 4039 and to the east by Earthen Surface 4025. The area west of the wall is thus most likely an interior floor, with an exterior street including Drain 4035 lying beyond the wall to the east. The presence there of Pit 4023A does not necessarily militate against such a suggestion, since the pit had been at least partially filled in by this time. On the other hand, such a drain with a sump pit could mark this area as an open courtyard. Except for Stone Base 4018, all of the elements of Phase 6D appear on one or more of the sections on plans I, III–VI. The pottery from this phase illustrated on plates 5–9 still includes remnant Iron I diagnostics, among which are some sherds with degenerate Philistine decor (see, e.g., a pilgrim flask, pl. 5:6, and a bowl, pl. 4:23). However, the latest materials are classic early Iron II forms (see plate 7 passim).

F.  Phase 6C, Iron IIB (plan XIV; figs. 2.6, 9; pls. 10–12) In Areas F6/1–2, the features of Phase 6C showed continuity with the preceding Phase D, while in adjacent Areas F6/11–12, excavations revealed new additional elements. In Area F6/1, Wall 1019A/B continued in use as did Wall 2007 in Area F6/2, and they continued to frame a street between them, albeit with new surfacing (L. 1024). Surface 1024 was more carefully prepared than its predecessor, Surface 1040. Above a 0.1–0.2-m accumulation of street debris and dust from Phase 6D (L. 1031), a compact layer of soil with a heavy concentration of pebbles, small sherds, and ground limestone (L. 1024.1) was added to create a substantial metalled surface (L. 1024; see plan V, F6/1 North, East, and South Sections). This surface was traced to the east into Area F6/11 and south into F6/2. In both of those areas, the surface abutted Wall 2007. When first laid, it also undoubtedly abutted Wall 1019A/B, but a 0.3-m-wide section along the east face of this wall was cut by a later trench (L. 1032), probably by Phase 6B builders in process of checking the wall’s foundations before laying a new surface (L. 1010; see below, p. 64). In Phase 6C, along with the laying of Surface 1024, a new stone-lined and capped drain (L. 2006) was constructed. Like the earlier Drain 1037, Drain 2006 sloped downward toward the northeast, but unlike its predecessor, it was placed close to the east side of the street rather than in its middle and was constructed with capstones rising slightly higher than the street surface. The drain was exposed in sections alongside Wall 2007 in both Areas F6/11 and 2 (see photos 3.8–9). Portions of the drain along this stretch were not covered by capstones. It could not be determined whether this was by design or not. If by design, this was perhaps to facilitate periodic cleaning or so that the drain could serve as a public urinal. Assuming that Surface 1024 was a street, the space west of Wall 1019A/B probably was an enclosed space, although whether it was an interior room or an exterior courtyard could not be determined. Some leveling of stone-filled debris and makeup for a Phase 6C surface appears

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The Stratigraphy

Photo 3.9.  Area F6/2, looking east. Wall 2007 and Phase 6C Drain 2006 exposed alongside Surface 1024.

to be represented in L. 1033, since its elevations and character are similar to the L. 1024.1 layer lying east of the wall, above Surface 1040 and below Surface 1024. The Phase 6C surface itself, however, was apparently removed during trenching operations represented by L. 1011 in preparation for Phase 6B occupation. On the east side of Wall 2007, inside its cornering at the southeast corner of Area F6/2, a layer of leveling and makeup (L. 2013) for a Phase 6C earthen surface was superimposed above Surface 2015. This same makeup layer continued east into Area F6/12 as L. 12019. The surface itself, however, was removed by Phase Post-6 Pit 2003. On the east side of Wall 2007 in Area F6/11, two earthen surfaces (L. 11010 and 11011) flanked Wall 11014. This wall extended to the southeast at a right angle to Wall 2007. It was preserved 3 courses high and was constructed with a mixture of boulders and small stones. It apparently served as an interior partition wall between two house rooms. At the end of Wall 11014, 1.5 m from Wall 2007 just at the southeast corner of the area, was a large, roughly flat, square stone that may have served as a base for a support pillar (see photo 3.8). In Area F6/12 to the south, portions of two other walls (L. 12015 and 12017) were uncovered; they seem to have served as walls for the interior rooms east of Wall 2007. At the north end of the area under later phase Wall 12013, a small length of the south face of Wall 12015 was exposed. It was aligned at a right angle to Wall 2007. Almost immediately south of Wall 12015 was a 4-m section of Wall 12017. This wall ran parallel to Wall 2007 and continued into the south balk. A 0.5-m-wide structure, Wall 12017, was constructed of small boulders with a rubble core, the boulders laid carefully to provide smooth faces on both sides (see photo 3.10). Wall 12015 runs to the northwest at a right angle to Wall 12017, apparently completing the enclosure of a 5 × 2.25-m interior side room. With Surface 11011, this room lay to the northeast of and (as suggested on fig. 2.9) flanked an entrance (obscured by the Areas F6/12–11 balk) into

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Photo 3.10.  Areas F6/2 and 12, looking north. Phase 6C Drain 2006 and Walls 2007, 12015, and 12017; Phase 6B Walls 12009 and 12013; and Phase 7A stone-lined Pit 2017.

the 2.5 × 7-m room to the southwest. Most of these Phase 6C house and street elements in the northern areas of Field II touched one or more of the balks (see sections on plans I, III, and V). The Phase 6C remains in Area F6/4, supplemented by related materials exposed to the east in Area F6/14, present a more complex picture, with some features showing continuity from the preceding period. Wall 4003 continued in use, but the manner of its use was altered. A 1.25-mwide doorway was created through the wall by the removal of stones from upper courses, leaving the bottom course of the wall to serve as a threshold. This threshold was then widened along the west side by the addition of a line of 6 small boulders with rubble backing. The newly created threshold was designated L. 4026 (see plan XIV). On both sides of Wall 4003, new surfaces were added, in each case with a change in character from those in Phase 6D. On the west side, Phase 6D Plaster Surface 4039 was covered by a prepared makeup with a metalled surfacing (L. 4030/4030.1). This included a heavy concentration of small sherds and pebbles similar to Metalled Surface 1024 in the areas farther north. This might indicate a shift on that side of the wall from use as an interior surface in Phase 6D to an exterior surface in Phase 6C. Another almost identically prepared surface (L. 4028/4028.1) was laid 5 cm above Surface 4030 northwest of Wall 4003. In Phase 6C on the east side of Wall 4003, Surface 4020 was laid in 0.2 m above Phase 6D Surface 4025, making it approximately level with Threshold 4026. This surface was partially metalled but more casually so than Surface 4030, its counterpart west of the wall. To the east of the threshold, Stone Base 4018 was added or again used during Phase 6C, possibly as a pillar base. Its flat top was level with Surface 4020, which surrounded it. Sump Pit 4023A may also have continued to function in this phase, but no longer in connection with Drain 4035. The drain was cut through by the foundation trench for Wall 4008 (L. 4008.1). These foundations were built at a right angle to Wall 4003, which they abutted. Wall 4008 ran for 3 m to the south-

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The Stratigraphy

Photo 3.11.  Area F6/4, looking east. Wall 4003 with Phase 6C elements: Threshold 4026, Surfaces 4030 and 4020, and Walls 4008 and 14010; Later Phases 6B-6A elements: Surface 4017, Pit 4022, Grinding Installation 4014.

east up to Wall 14010, which was aligned parallel to Wall 4003 (see photos 3.5, 3.11). At the western end of Wall 4008, against Wall 4003, was a 0.65-m-wide doorway with a stone threshold (L. 4027B). This provided access between the rooms to the north and south created by the building of Wall 4008. Phase 6D Pit 4023A, now enclosed in the newly created room north of Wall 4008, may have continued in use during Phase 6C as a simple household sump. Its cavity was filled to its top at a level of 487.22 with smaller stones (L. 4024). Assuming that the sump was still in use, this space north of Wall 4008 may have been an unroofed courtyard during the period. Unfortunately, no clear surface for Phase 6C was preserved in this space. The surface for this stratum apparently was stripped away by a trenching operation (L. 4019) prior to the laying of Phase 6B Surface 4013. In Area F6/14 east of Wall 14010, intrusions from later occupations also removed most traces of the Phase 6C horizon. These included interruptions by Pit 14001A in the north and by cuttings for Phase 5 Drain 14020 and Wall 25005 in the south. Isolated fragments from the Phase 6C period are preserved farther east, represented by a patch of flagstone surface (L.  14019) and by a portion of a compact earthen floor (L. 14029) in Area F6/14, by a patch of compacted earthen surface (L. 22014) in Area F6/22, and by another isolated patch of surfacing (L. 13014) in Area F6/13. Although they are partial, the remnants of this period in Areas F6/4 and 14 clearly represent a building with at least three rooms extending more than 8 m to the east and south of Wall 4003, and with an entrance onto a street west of the wall (see plan XIV, sections on plans IV and VI, and photo 3.11). There is some evidence to suggest that Phase 6C ended with at least a partial destruction. In Area F6/4, the fill and makeup layer beneath Phase 6B Surface 4013 (L. 4013.1) consisted of a mixture of tell debris and mud-brick detritus with pockets of ash. A few meters to the east in Area F6/14, the soil layers below Phase 6B Surface 14027 (L. 14027.1 and L. 14028) contained

The Stratigraphy

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several lenses of dark smothered ash. In Area F6/1, the soil of L. 1026 directly over Phase 6C Surface 1024 and sealed below Phase 6B Wall 1009 consisted of yellow/brown (i.e., burned) mud-brick detritus. Pottery from Phase 6C loci appears on plates 10–12. The corpus overall represents a clear 9th- to early 8th-century profile. Whereas Phase 6D yielded few examples of reddish paint or unburnished slip decorating deep bowl (pls. 5:7; 9:6, 11) and platter bowl (pls. 6:29; 8:8; 9:14), Phase 6C yielded many bowl-type serving vessels with reddish to reddish-brown slip enhanced by circular bands or burnish lines. This occurs not only on deep bowls (pls. 10:10; 11:24) and platter bowls (pls. 12:2–4, 26) but especially on kraters (pls. 10:9; 11:14, 16–17, 22–23). Shifts in vessel shapes also can be observed. To cite just one example, Phase 6D cooking pot rims include more examples with LB II-style flanged profiling (pls. 6:1; 8:1–2; 9:1), while Phase 6C cooking pot rims include only the typical 10th–9th century, more upright and thickened forms (pls. 10:18–19; 12:5).

G.  Phase 6B, Iron IIB (plan XV, fig. 2.10, pls. 13–17; see also pl. 18) The next period of Iron Age occupation, Phase 6B, was extensively documented in Field II, being detected in 12 of the 16 areas opened. However, because of extensive trenching in the Persian and Roman periods, many of the elements were only preserved in bits and pieces. The most connected remains were uncovered in Areas F6/4 and 14, where the clearest evidence of continuity with the preceding Phase 6C occupation was also encountered. Wall 4003 continued in use. Its doorway was in the same location, but a new stone threshold (L. 4012) was laid 0.25 m above earlier Threshold 4026. West of the wall, a new metalled surface (L. 4017) was added above the surfaces of Phase 6C (L.  4028 and 4030); and east of the wall, a new earthen surface (L. 4013) was spread above the Phase 6C Surface 4020. Wall 4008 also continued in use, although its doorway was moved 0.35 m southeast, away from Wall 4003. This was accomplished by dismantling a portion of the west end of Wall 4008 down to its bottom course to widen the new threshold (L. 4027A) and by adding a stub wall (L. 4009) for a jamb next to Wall 4003 atop earlier Threshold 4027B. At the east end of Wall 4008, Wall 14010 continued in use, but there were some additional changes in the use of the rooms between Walls 4003 and 14010. Phase 6C Pit/Sump 4023 went out of use, now covered by the new Earthen Surface 4013. This surface provided a homogenous flooring over both of the rooms to the north and south of Wall 4008 and over the new stone Threshold 4027A. In the southern room, along Wall 4003 in the space between the doorway’s threshold (L. 4012) and Stub Wall 4009, were two rectangular, flat-topped boulders (L. 4010). These may have been supports for a bench or small table. During this phase, or in the following Phase 6A, a tabun (L. 4007) was set into Surface 4013 to the south just inside the Wall 4003 entrance. This oven was of relatively modest size, 0.4 m in diameter, similar to several other examples uncovered in Field II from earlier and later periods (Tabuns 15023, 22016, and 26008). Beyond these rooms to the east, in Area F6/14, more elements of the Phase 6B complex were uncovered. A new flagstone floor (L. 14015), laid directly over the Phase 6C Flagstone Floor 14019, was traced, extending across a 2.5-m-wide room to a new stone wall (L. 14017) running parallel to Walls 4003 and 14010. Wall 14017 was exposed for a length of 2.3 m, but

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Photo 3.12.  Area F6/1, looking east. Phases 6B–6A Pit 1029, Trench 1032, Wall 1019B, and Wall 1009; Surface 1024 is earlier, as are remaining stones of Wall 1019A and Installation 1030.

this segment was cut through both to the north and south, respectively, by trenches for Phase 5 Walls 24006 and 25005, thus obscuring other related connections. On its west side, however, an installation (L. 14016) was identified. Founded directly on the L. 14015 flagstone floor, this installation consisted of a single row of boulders backed by small stones and mortar forming a low platform or bench 0.25 m high and 0.5 m wide. It ran for 1.75 m south alongside the west face of Wall 14017 to a point where both it and the wall were interrupted. In the northwest corner of Field II, the remains of Phase 6B are less well preserved than those of Phase 6C because of extensive trenching operations during later periods. In Area F6/11, for instance, Pits 11006, 11007, and 11009 removed almost everything from this phase except for a section of stone wall in the northwest corner. Since that wall could be traced to the southwest through the balk into Area F6/1, the F6/11 section was also given the F6/1 locus number (L. 1009). Wall 1009 may also have extended on into Area F6/2, but everything in that area above Phase 6C was removed by later Pits 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2005. In Area F6/1, a large Roman period trenching operation (Pit 1016) penetrated to below the Phase 6B levels across the entire northwest quadrant. Near the south balk, other portions of the Phase 6B remains were removed by two pits dating even later than the Roman period (Pits 1003 and 1008; see photo 3.31). All of the Phase 6B structural elements preserved in Areas F6/1 and 11 represent deliberate changes in space use. In Area F6/1, only a few elements of Phase 6C architecture continued in use. These included the eastern portion of Wall 1019B and two of the northernmost stones of Wall 1019A. The rest of Wall 1019A’s preserved upper course was covered by a carefully prepared plaster floor (L. 1010), which was laid in 0.25 m above Phase 6C Metalled Surface 1024. Plaster Surface 1010 was traced all across northeastern, southeastern, and southwestern portions of the area, running up against the base of Wall 1009 and to the still-exposed top course

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65

Photo 3.13.  Area F6/12, looking north. Phase 6B Bin 12005; Surface 12008; and Walls 12009, 12013, and 12010.

of Wall 1019B. To the south, the floor also lipped up against a pit (L. 1029). Pit 1029 measured 0.75 m in diameter and 0.65 m deep. It was constructed by dismantling stones along a portion of Wall 1019A’s east face and was lined with cobbles. These were topped by a course of small, flat boulders (see photo 3.12). Plaster Floor 1010 was laid level with the tops of the boulders of Wall 1019B/Am which remained in use for the phase, so probably the stones formed a flagstone-like surfacing. However, they just as well could have served as the foundation for an interior mudbrick wall or as the stylobate for interior ceiling posts. The same kind of changes took place in Area F6/12. Earthen surfaces (L. 12008 on the west, L. 12011 on the east) were spread 0.25 m above the Phase 6C remains. Associated with these surfaces, a new wall (L. 12009) was constructed in approximately, but not exactly, the same location and alignment as Phase 6C Wall 12017 (see photo 3.10). Either the mud-brick superstructure of Wall 12017 had collapsed, or the new builders chose to dismantle it. Either way, the mud-brick remains of Wall 12017 probably account for the high concentration of bricky debris in the new Surface 12008 makeup (L. 12008.1). On the east side of Wall 12009, Wall 12010 was built at a right angle, creating rooms to its north and south, with a 0.45-m-wide doorway between the walls. At the north end of the area, another wall built with small boulders (L. 12013) angled to form a corner with Wall 12009. As the one indication of continuity with Phase 6B architecture in this area, Wall 12013 was built almost directly above the stones of earlier Wall 12015 (see photos 3.10, 3.13). To the west, in the corner formed by Walls 12009 and 12013, was a large stone-lined bin (L. 12005) 1.65 m in diameter. Its walls, constructed with courses of cobbles and small boulders, rose 0.15–0.25 m above Surface 12008 that surrounded it, giving it a total depth of more than 0.65 m (see photo 3.13).

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Final determinations of the exact functions of Bin 12005 and the adjacent rooms cannot be made. There was considerable diversity among the artifacts retrieved from Surfaces 12008 and 12011 and in the destruction debris above them. Along with objects of everyday domestic industry, such as loom weights, grinding stones, pounders, and scrapers (see registered objects listed for L. 12003 in Appendix), there were also 2 ceramic stands of the type used to support incense bowls, one of them nicely fenestrated (pl. 14:16–17; photos 3.14–15). Some of the objects found in debris L. 12003 that covered Surface 12008 might Photo 3.14.  Ceramic Photo 3.15.  Ceramic incense stand, have been from secondary deposits incense stand, Object Object 153a (pl. 14:16). fallen in or dumped from elsewhere. 153b (pl. 14:17). However, these incense stands were found smashed directly on Surface 12008 next to Bin 12005 (see photo 3.16). With them were other objects and smashed vessels that had also been buried on the surface under the mass of collapsed debris from the burning and collapse of structures that marked the end of Phase 6B. Another isolated element of Phase 6B was uncovered in Area F6/24 where a section of a well-laid drain (L. 24019) was exposed, sloping down toward the northwest. Drain 24019 was lined with three courses of side stones and capped by medium boulders. It was cut down into the makeup for Surface 24016 (L.24016.1) and on its south side ran partially under Wall 24014. Both the surface makeup and the wall were recovered only for a short 1-m stretch. However, they were anchored stratigraphically on their east ends, where they and Drain 24019 continued directly below Phase 5 Wall 24004. To the northwest, the drain was interrupted by a Phase Post6A cist grave (L. 24020, see below in chap. 3.I, p. 71) but was continued beyond the grave for another 2 m, ending at the edge of a large, deep, stone-filled sump (L. 24009) (see photo 3.17). The exact size and scope of Sump 24009 during Phase 6B could not be determined. It remained in use during Phase 5, whose builders supplemented its depth and expanse with more stones and boulders in the course of their backfilling of Trench 24007. The dimensions of the Phase 6B sump on plan XV are approximations based on attempts to separate the lower layers of relatively homogeneous cobbles from the uppermost layers of mixed cobbles and boulders added in Phase 5. Other isolated patches of surfaces and segments of walls that could be assigned to Phase 6B were encountered in Areas F6/13, 15, 22, 23, 25, and 33 and are included on plan XV. Extensive lacunae were created by later pits and trenches of the subsequent and ambitious building operations of the Persian (Phase 5) and Roman (Phase 3) periods, leaving these Iron II remains fragmentary and disconnected. However, taken together with the clusters of remains described

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Photo 3.16.  Area F6/12, looking south. Destruction debris strewn over Phase 6B Surface 12008 (note incense stands to left and right of arrow; see photos 3.14–15).

above, they witness to an active period of building and occupation all across this portion of the tell during Phase 6B. Phase 6B remains in Field II apparently ended in destruction with at least some burning. Evidence of the destruction was most dramatic in Area F6/12. As noted above (chap. 2.E, pp.  33–34), smashed pottery vessels and patches of dark ash on Surfaces 12008 and 12011 (note photo 3.16) were buried under burned (orange-brown) mud-brick detritus (L. 12003, see pls. 14–15 and the storage jar from L. 12007 in Bin 12005 on pl. 17:15). Phase 6B pottery exhibits whole or almost whole profiles for several late Iron II basic vessel types: kraters (pl. 14:3, 6), deep bowls (pl. 14:2), platter bowls (pl. 14:13), wide-mouth jars (pl. 15:1, 4–6), small-mouth jars (pl. 15:11), cooking pots (pl. 16:12), and lamps (pl. 15:2). The many more-fragmentary sherds of rims, body segments, and bases retrieved from Phase 6B loci confirm that the more complete specimens are true exemplars for the phase. Taken together, the pottery corpus places this occupation period in the latter half of the 8th century b.c.e. and firmly places its destruction at or near the end of that century.

H.  Phase 6A, Iron IIB/C (plan XV, fig. 2.11, pl. 18, see also pls. 16–17) The destruction of the building in Area F6/12 can be correlated with the massive burning and collapse of the city’s defense walls uncovered in Field III on the tell’s western rim (and subsequently in Fields IV–V on the southern rim). The ballistae and arrowheads sealed under those destruction layers indicate that we can undoubtedly attribute the violent end of Phase 6B to one of the Assyrian military assaults on Judah at the end of the 8th century.

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Some areas adjacent to Area F6/12, however, did not appear to experience the same fiery fate that befell the Area F6/12 building. The other areas with the fullest exposure of Phase 6B loci, Areas F6/1, 4, and 14, showed no evidence of burning or sudden collapse. Judging from the pottery evidence, structures in these other areas were abandoned at approximately the same time as the destruction in Area F6/12, yet their rooms were left standing empty long enough to accumulate a thin layer of windblown dust and field soil before the mud-brick walls eroded and eventually collapsed. Moreover, their surfaces did not contain even ephemeral layers of ash such as we would expect in the immediate vicinity of a fiery destruction of the sort that occurred in Area F6/12. The key to interpreting this seemingly disparate evidence in Field II comes from the contemporary materials inside the city wall in Field III. In that field, it was clear that, in some rooms, new surfaces were laid above the StraPhoto 3.17.  Area F6/24, looking east. Phase 6B Drain 24019 tum VIB, late 8th-century b.c.e. deemerging beneath Phase 5 Wall 24004 and leading into struction debris; however, in one room, stone-filled Sump 24009; beyond meter stick is cavity made by Stratum VIB Surface A4007 was simply Phase Post-6A Grave 24020. cleared of debris and reused as Stratum VIA Surface A3005 (Borowski 1978). It was also apparent that this reoccupation occurred almost immediately after the Stratum VIB destruction and ended so soon that its pottery remains were hardly distinguishable typologically from Stratum VIB materials. Similar evidence of this brief reoccupation emerged in excavations in Field IV, inside another portion of the city wall system on the south side of the mound (see Jacobs and Borowski 1993a). Comparing these circumstances to the situation in Field II, it appears that only some of the houses in the city’s interior burned during the late 8th-century b.c.e. assault. It seems that buildings in Areas F6/1 and 4–14 escaped major fire damage and remained sufficiently intact so that they could be reoccupied soon after the enemy’s departure. Viewed in this light, the evidence from Field II both corroborates and supplements the picture provided by the remains uncovered in the other fields. On the one hand, the undisturbed rubble of the destroyed building in Area F6/12 reinforces the evidence suggesting that the post-destruction occupation was a brief one. On the other hand, the condition of the rooms in Areas F6/1 and 4–14 indicates that the occupiers were not per se

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69

Photo 3.18.  Field II south Areas, looking east at end of the 1977 season, showing Phases 6B–6A elements in Areas F6/4 and 14; Phase 5 elements dominate Areas F6/15, 24, and 25.

just squatters but people planning for ongoing settlement. Whether they were returning Halif survivors or from some new group of settlers, they cleared out whatever fallen debris there might have been and swept the corners clean of any ash residue. They were also responsible for adding some new installations. In Area F6/4, which had one grinding station already in Phase 6B (L. 4010), two more grinding installations were constructed in Phase 6A, these against the back walls of the house’s front rooms. One, L. 4014, was completely preserved. It consisted of a 0.85-m-long chert saddle quern set into a deep platform of boulders within a compact mud-brick matrix. It was placed alongside Wall 14010 in the south room. This was similar to the construction design employed in the building of the L. A3007 grinding station in Field III associated with the reuse of the Field III Surface A3005 mentioned above (p.  68 and chap. 2, p.  33) In the room north of Wall 4008, another Phase 6A platform grinding stone installation of the same type was established (L. 4021). It also backed against Wall 14010 (see photo 3.11). This concentration of grinding operations seems unusual. It may be that, in the wake of a widespread destruction, these rooms were specially devoted to milling activity or that they testify to crowding and multi­family use. Another installation near the entrance to the building in Area F6/4 may be related to this concentration of grinding activity. A storage pit (L. 4022) was cut into Surface 4013 next to Tabun 4007. The pit was 0.75 m in diameter and 0.42 m deep, lined with several courses of cobble- to small boulder-sized stones. The location of this relatively large pit so close to the

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The Stratigraphy

entranceway suggests that it was not part of the original plan for the room but rather was an addition in this later phase. This short-lived Phase 6A occupation apparently ended in abandonment. In contrast to Phase 6B Surface 12008 in Area F6/12 to the north, there were no smashed pottery vessels or other artifacts on Surfaces 4013 or 14015 in Areas F6/4 and 14. Either the occupants of these rooms took time to gather up their vessels and utensils before they left or others gleaned them later while the rooms stood vacant. In Area F6/4, there is also evidence that the building east of Wall 4003 remained abandoned for some time before the collapse of the house’s superstructure. Surface 4013 was covered by a thin layer of wind-blown loess and dust (L. 4011), varying from 2 to 10 or more cm in depth, which had accumulated around sherds and grinding stone fragments lying on the surface. The house’s mud-brick walls then eventually eroded and collapsed, depositing a thick layer of brick detritus (but with no evidence of burning) over the whole area above the Phase 6A surfaces and over the stone socles of Walls 4003 and 4008. (This detritus layer was excavated as L. 4005, 4015, and 4016; see sections on plan VI; for possible reasons why the tell was abandoned, see the discussion at the end of chap. 2.E.) Plates 16–18 display representative pottery retrieved from Phase 6A contexts, as well as that retrieved from several loci where it was difficult to make a definite stratigraphic separation between Phase 6B and Phase 6A remains. Sufficient ceramic evidence was retrieved from reliable loci to provide for a reasonable assessment of the time period for this new phase. While for the most part the shapes and surface treatments of the recovered potsherds were essentially identical to the pottery used by the final Phase 6B occupants, some nuances and changes in the development of forms can be noted. Notable are the changes between the following Phases 6B–6A examples on pls. 16–17 and their counterparts from the preceding phase on pls. 14–15. Compare, for example, the kraters with more upright rim profiles on pl. 17:3, 6 with the morerounded rim profiles on pl. 14:3, 6. Note especially the appearance of cooking pots with shorter rims on pls. 16:1 and 17:1 compared to the upright ribbed types on pls. 16:12 and 17:5. This pottery evidence clearly confirms that the partial reuse of Phase 6B rooms in Field II paralleled the situation uncovered in Field III—that is, that the Phase 6A reoccupation occurred very soon after the Phase 6B destruction and that its duration was relatively brief, ending within the first quarter of the 7th century b.c.e.

I.  Phase Post-6A, Iron II/Persian (plan XV, Area F6/24, pl. 19) Based on the pottery evidence, it became apparent early in our excavation seasons that there was a significant gap between the Phase 6A and Phase 5 occupations in Field II. Although Phases 6B–6A clearly belonged to the Iron IIB period at the late 8th- to early 7th-century transition, the latest Iron Age (Iron IIC, 7th century b.c.e.) forms familiar from other sites were absent. In turn, the initial builders’ trenches for Phase 5 structures already contained late 6th-century Persian-period materials but no late 7th- to early 6th-century evidence (see pl. 19; especially the mortaria, pl. 19:4 and 15, and the juglets, pl. 19:12–13 and 26; note also that three Late Iron Age artifacts on this plate [19:10–11, 23] were found in pit fill and debris layers near the tell surface that contained jumbled materials from numerous periods up to the Byzantine, thus requiring the addition of the “Phase Post-3” label on plate 19).

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Photo 3.19.  Area F6/24, looking south. Phase Post-6A Grave 24020 down through Phase 6B Drain 24019.

Photo 3.20.  Area F6/24, looking south. Burial in Grave 24020.

Affirmation of this gap in Field II occupation came in 1980 with the discovery of a cist grave burial in Area F6/24 (L. 24020), which was stratigraphically sandwiched between two strata. The grave had been cut down and through Phases 6B–6A levels, severing Drain 24019, and was sealed from above under a Phase 5 foundation trench (L. 24007). This disturbance was noted in discussing Drain 24019 above (p.  66) and appears in photos 3.17 and 3.19. Photo

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Photo 3.21.  Ceramic juglet and two lamps (pl. 21:5–6, 20).

3.20 shows the skeleton of the deceased adult in situ before its removal. The grave was a simple one, with no stones laid around the sides of the cavity. However, the burial was covered with flat capstones, five of which collapsed into the grave and settled sloping downward along the east side of the burial (see plan XV). These were preserved when Phase 5 Trench 24007 was cut across the top of the grave, removing the surface from which it was dug. The buried adult was laid in a supine position, fully extended, with its left arm extended down and the right forearm laid across its midsection. This treatment is similar to the Phase 5 or Post-5 Burial 13011/13012 (see photos 3.24–25 and description below, p. 76). During excavation, the grave was separated into two loci: L. 24020, the loose soil above and around the skeleton within the grave cavity, and L. 24020.1, the soil directly beneath the burial in its randomly cobbled and compacted earth floor. Both loci yielded a small collection of potsherds with the broad chronological spectrum of earlier occupations but also included specimens from Iron IIC, including an example of Assyrian-type mortarium (pl. 19:28). The presence of this grave provides further evidence of a period of abandonment. As its character (i.e., a cist grave) suggests, the burial was apparently made when the tell surface lay empty and available for burial use by some transitory group.

J.  Phase 5, Persian (plan XVI, fig. 2.12, pls. 20–21) Phase 5 occupation in Field II represents the Persian Period (late 6th–early 4th century It includes one major integrated building complex, which spread across the whole south half of the field (126 m2), with walls continuing beyond the limits of the excavations to the east, south, and west. It also extended farther within the field to the northwest, where several of its walls were cut through by Roman-period and later trenches (e.g., L. 14001A). The preparations for constructing this building complex were ambitious. Deep and extensive trenches were dug down through earlier Iron Age layers, perhaps salvaging building stones from earlier walls, and these trenches were then backfilled and leveled to create new surfaces. Trench 13008, for instance, was dug 0.5 m and more deep across the whole north half of Area F6/13. This trenching activity seems also to have extended north into Area F6/12 (as Pit 12012) and northwest into Area F6/2 (as Pit 2003). An even larger trench ran through portions

b.c.e.).

The Stratigraphy

73

Photo 3.22.  Area F6/12, looking east. Southwest half of Bin 12005 filled by Phase 5 Sump 12006 stone (northeast half of stone fill removed before photo).

of Areas F6/14, 23, and 24 (see L. 24007, 23006, and 23004). At points, these pits and trenches penetrated 1 m deep before being backfilled and leveled before the construction of Phase 5 walls and surfaces. A post quem anchor for dating the Phase 5 building activity was provided by 3 whole vessels, 2 lamps (one Persian and one of Greek Attic ware), and 1 juglet, recovered from the backfill in Trench 24007 (photo 3.21 and pl. 21:5–6 and 20). The Persian-style lamp (pl. 21:20) was found in the subsurface fill just north of Wall 24006; the juglet (pl. 21:5), in the fill beneath Surface 24011 just south of the same wall; and the Hellenistic lamp (pl. 21:6), directly beneath the wall’s foundation bedding (L. 24006.1). This same trench also yielded the base of a bronze thymiaterion (see chap. 4.C, photo 4C.1, and pl. 21:7). In the course of preparations for the Phase 5 building operations in Area F6/24, the large Phases 6B–6A Sump 24009 was embellished with an additional layer of stones and boulders. At the same time, the upper cavity of Bin 12005 (see plan XV) was also carefully filled in with boulders (L. 12006). A channel (L. 12014) was then cut through the bin’s stone lining on the northwest side so that the bin could serve as another drainage sump (see photo 3.22; also see photos 3.13, 3.16). The main Phase 5 building elements include the remains of eight distinct wall lines, all of them 1 m or more wide. These were laid out in an orthogonal pattern to create at least nine rooms (see fig. 2.12, plan XVI, and photo 3.23). Three of these walls ran parallel on southwest to northeast lines. The longest line was constructed in three segments (Walls 16007–15018, 25004, and 24004) and stretched for more than 16 meters. Two meters to the northwest was parallel Wall 15004, and 3 meters to the southeast were segments of the remaining boulders, some quite

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Photo 3.23.  Field II south Areas at end of the 1979 season. Almost all exposed elements belong to Phase 5 (see fig. 2.12 and plan XVI); exceptions include Phases 6B–6A Walls 14010 and 14017 with Flagstone Surface 14015 and Bench 14016 in Area F6/14, and Wall 25006 in Area F6/25; L. 26016 in Area F6/26 is from Phase 4B, and Grave 26004 is a Post-4A interruption (see plan XV).

large, of Wall 26010. This wall’s line was disrupted during the later construction of Phase 4B Wall 26007 and during the even later cutting of Grave 26004/26012 and of the modern Israeli military Slit Trench 25001. At right angles to these three wall lines were five lines of cross-walls oriented southeast to northwest. In the north in Area F6/24 were Walls 24002 and 24006 (see at the upper left of photo 3.23). Farther south in Areas F6/15 and 25 was Wall 25005 (which extended for more than 9 m) as well as Wall 15010. And finally, in Area F6/16, was the line of fragmentary Wall 16012 as well as the remaining stub of Wall 16006. Except for the two short inner cross-walls (15010 and 24002), all of the walls were a full 1 m wide. The top courses of all of these stone foundations were carefully leveled, presumably to serve as socles for mud-brick superstructures. Notwithstanding the incomplete exposure and partial later dismantlements, the remains of these structures clearly represent an impressively large and well-constructed building complex. While there are suggestions that these walls may have been built in several stages, the orthogonal pattern of construction appears to have been intended from the beginning. The long Wall 25005 was bonded with its right-angle partner Wall 26010 at the southeast corner of Area F6/25, and Wall 25004 was bonded with right-angled Wall 24006 in the balk between Areas F6/24 and 25 (see plan XVI). The southeastern limits of the building complex may have been reached on the east side of Areas F6/25–26. The surface areas exposed east of Walls 25004, 25005, and 26010 in those areas (fig. 2.12, Room k) seem large for interior rooms, each extending some 5.5 m. While Sur-

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75

face 26021 was plastered, which suggests an interior floor, the plaster here might have been used with a covered portico. The central wall line of the complex appears to have continued beyond the limits of our excavation—that is, Wall 24004 to the northeast and Wall 16007 to the southwest. On the northwest side, Walls 24002 and 24006 also seem to have continued somewhat farther, presumably at least beyond the extension of Drain 14020 running to the northeast. A wall parallel to the drain in this location might have represented the limits of the complex to the northwest. In Area F6/13, Stone Vat or Trough 13005 was set into debris-filled Trench 13008, and the top of this fill may have constituted an external earthen surface during Phase 5. Phase 5 wall construction developed in three stages (see fig. 2.12). Walls 25005 and 26010 appear to have constituted the initial external walls, to which Wall 16007/15018 was added as a central interior divider and roof support. Then Walls 16006 and 16012 were added to create interior spaces each of approximately 4 m × 3.5 m to the southeast and northwest (see fig. 2.12, Rooms h and d-e-f). Walls 15004 and 15010 then further divided the northwestern interior space into two or three smaller rooms (i.e., d, e, and f). Since Wall 16007 runs almost 3 m farther to the southwest in Area F6/16, similar large rooms may be postulated in that direction (fig. 2.12, Rooms g and i). The resulting initial building thus appears to have been an orthogonal structure with exterior dimensions of 10 m × 10+ m, divided into four basic internal spaces, of which the northwestern interior space was further subdivided into two or three small rooms. A doorway with a stone threshold provided access between the rooms north and south of Wall 15010, but later disturbances along the wall systems make it impossible to say where doorways between other rooms and to the outside may have been located. If there was a second storey on the building, it is possible that one or more of the ground-level rooms served as secured storage rooms entered only from above. In a second stage, either as an immediate continuation of the initial building program or slightly later, Wall 25004 was built to continue the central wall axis to the northeast, cornering with Wall 24006 running to the northwest. This added another room of at least 2 m × 3 m (fig. 2.12, Room c). As a separate, and still somewhat later, construction, Wall 24004 was added to continue the central line even farther to the northeast. Still within Area F6/24 was a section of an additional cross-wall (L. 24002), creating two more rooms (fig. 2.12, Rooms a–b). As previously noted, because of later intrusions such as Trench 14001A, it is impossible to be certain that these northern rooms were enclosed by another southwest-to-northeast parallel wall northwest of Drain 14020 or to know what type of access into these rooms might have existed. There were relatively few installations in these nine room areas. Three indicators of kitchentype activity were found in the small Room e in Area F6/15. A fairly large tabun (L. 15008) was located in one corner; a shallow, stone-lined bin (L. 16014) was in the adjacent corner; and a low, flat, stone platform (L. 15017), perhaps a work station for food preparation, was opposite in the corner of Walls 15004 and 15010. If this room was a kitchen, the even smaller Room d to the north beyond Wall 15010, which has a low stone curb or shelf along the side the wall (L. 15011), would be a good candidate for a pantry-type storage room. Room c north of Wall 25005 had a smaller tabun (L. 15023) in its southeast corner and a cluster of stone-work at its western end (L. 14011). This cluster may have been part of a work platform but just as well could have been simply a displaced remnant of Drain 14020. A patch

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Photo 3.24.  Area F6/13, looking north. Grave 13011 (Phase 5 or Phase Post5) surrounded by lower portions of Trench 13008.

of flagstone paving east of Wall 24004 (L. 24005) was most likely part of a larger paved area. Finally, across the northwest end of Wall 25005, a drain with a stone floor and side stones (L. 14020) ran southwest to northeast. Stones of Wall 25005 served as side stones for the drain at their junction, but there was no evidence to indicate whether the wall continued beyond this point. Only fragmentary sections of the drain itself were preserved, but it is probable that it continued to the northeast into Sump 24009. Aside from these few installations, little was found to indicate how any of these rooms were used. No objects or restorable pottery vessels were recovered from any of the Phase 5 surfaces. This paucity of evidence suggests that the complex was stripped and abandoned by its last occupants. Pottery associated with Phase 5 occupation is illustrated on plates 20–21. Only the sherds that derive from L. 24011.1 (pl. 21:32–35) represent materials sealed within a surface matrix. Almost all of the rest come from loci within or beneath Phase 5 walls (L. 16010.1, 24002, 24006, and 24006.1) or in the backfill of preparatory trenches (L.  22007, 24007, and 24009). These deposits still include remnants of late 8th-century Iron IIB forms (e.g., a krater, pl. 20:18, and a bowl, pl. 20:19). However, late 6th- and 5th-century Persian-period vessels clearly dominate in the corpus (see, e.g., lamps, pls. 20:5; 21:6, 20–21; juglets, pls. 20:10; 21:5, 33–34; mortaria, pl. 20:1–3, 15; and cooking pots, pls. 20:30; 21:14). During or sometime just shortly after the end of Phase 5 occupation, a cist grave (L. 13011) was dug for the burial of a young adult male (L. 13012) in the complex’s northern courtyard (fig. 2.12, Room j) in Area F6/13. The grave was set down into Trench 13008, with its capstones 0.2 m below the level of nearby Phase 5 surfaces. No pottery from later than the Persian period was found with the L.  13012 burial deposits (see Appendix, L.  13012). However, no clear connection was found with any occupational surface above the grave to help provide a

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terminus ad quem for the burial. Considering its proximity to Phase 5 and subsequent Phase 4 buildings, the burial is most likely to have taken place during the hiatus between those periods of occupation. The grave and its burial were similar in style to Phase Post-6A Burial 24020 but appeared to be more carefully prepared (see photos 3.24–25). Both graves were oblong cists oriented with the long axis roughly north–south. However, in Grave 13011, the cist cavity was lined with large stones, which remained in place to support its five flat capstones. The arrangement of the burials in both graves was very similar. In each case, the bodies were supine with legs fully extended. The heads lay to the south, with the left arm extended down and the right forearm across the body.

K.  Phase 4B, Hellenistic (plan XVII; fig. 2.14; pl. 22:1–16, 18)

Photo 3.25.  Area F6/13, looking south. Burial 13012 in Grave 13011.

Two successive phases of Hellenistic period buildings (4th–3rd century b.c.e.) were uncovered in the four areas in the southeastern corner of Field II (Areas F6/15–16 and 25–26). Building activity probably extended over other parts of the field as well, but extensive pits and trenches from Roman and later periods had cut down to or below Phase 5 levels across all other areas. However, Hellenistic pottery turned up in every one of those pits and trenches (see Appendix, L. 1016, 2004, 11006, 14001A, 23002, and 24001). Even in the southern block of areas where Hellenistic remains were preserved, surfaces and walls were at points interrupted by later penetrations. These included the relatively minor excavation for Grave 26004/26012 and a much greater disturbance by Trench 25001, a 1967 Israeli army slit trench. This latter trenching made a deep cut through Areas F6/25–26 as well as across the whole southern end of Area F6/16, thus removing all evidence of the continuation of Hellenistic occupation to the south. The initial Phase 4B Hellenistic builders in Field II reused portions of three of the Phase 5 walls (i.e., L. 26010, 16006, and 15018) and prepared new surfaces 0.15–0.25 m above Phase 5 floor levels. But they also ignored the earlier wall system, at points cutting through Walls 26010, 16007, and 16006 to construct two new walls (L.  16003 and 26007). Well-prepared plaster surfacing was laid all across the rooms to the south of Wall 26007 on both sides of Wall 26010 (L. 16005 and 26015) and west of Wall 16003 (L. 16005A). In laying Surface 16005A, the tops

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Photo 3.26.  Area F6/16, looking north. Phases 4B–4A elements.

Photo 3.27.  Area F6/26, looking south. Phases 4B–4A Wall 26007, Phase 4B Tabun 26008, Wall 26010 (reused in Phase 4B, top used as surface in Phase 4A?), Installation 26016, and Surface 26015 (Phase Post-4A Cist Grave 26004/26012 penetrates surface).

of the remnant stone courses of Phase 5 Walls 16007 and 16012 were incorporated as paving stones (photo 3.26). To the north, in Areas F6/15 and 25, no certain Phase 4B surfaces were detected. However, Layers 15007, 25003, 25009, and 25010 (leveled mixes of soil and debris) clearly represent makeup for such surfaces, and, in fact, their tops at points may actually have served as the casual earthen surfaces of the period. This is particularly likely in the southwestern corner of Area F6/15, where Stone-lined Pit 15005 was found set down into the top of Layer 15007.

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Only two additional installations were found on the preserved surfaces of Phase 4B. Tabun 26008 was located along the east balk of Area F6/26. It was built against the south side of Wall 26007. Along the south balk of that same area was a low line of stones (L. 26016), which may have been part of a bench or work platform (see photo 3.27). It is difficult to say much about the overall shape or nature of this partially exposed building, except that the building undoubtedly continued to the south and east. The 2.5 × 2-m room formed by Walls 16003, 26007, 26010, and 16006 that was centered in these areas seems clearly to have been an interior space. A gap at the west end of Wall 16006 against Wall 16003 might have been one access doorway. Although no threshold was preserved, another entry, from the room just to the southeast, seems to have existed at the north end of Wall 26010 against Wall 26007. The room to the east with the tabun may have been a kitchen. The space to the west of Wall 16003 might have been a courtyard, with its plastered surface sheltered under a roof. Little evidence was retrieved from this Phase 4B occupation to suggest how these rooms were used. There were no deposits with pottery or artifacts on the Phase 4B surfaces that could clearly be associated with the period’s occupation. It is possible that the rooms were cleared out before renovations took place for the next building phase. Pottery associated with the phase was recovered primarily from loci beneath surfaces (see pl. 22:1–16). Included were remnant Iron II vessels (e.g., kraters, pl. 22:2–3; platter bowls, 22:5–6, and 14; and a jar, pl. 22:8) as well as later Persian and Hellenistic forms (e.g., a cooking pot, pl. 22:12).

L.  Phase 4A, Hellenistic (plan XVIII, fig. 2.15, pl. 22:17, 19–23) Phase 4A, a second Hellenistic building period, apparently developed without any disruption in occupation. Walls 16003 and 26007 continued in use, forming the northern corner of a house that lay to the south and east. Wall 16006, 2 m to the south of Wall 26007, also continued in use, and a new plaster floor (L. 16004/26003) was laid within these walls. The 0.5-m gap at the western end of Wall 16006 against Wall 16003 seems more certainly to have been a doorway during this phase, the tops of the remaining lower course of Wall 16006 stones serving as a threshold abutted by the Surface 16004 plaster. To the east along Wall 26007, the use of Wall 26010 was discontinued, and the plaster of Surface 26003 was laid level with the flat tops of its remnant foundation boulders, which were reused as paving. Similarly, north of Wall 26007, an earth and cobble surface (L. 26020) ran just over the tops of the stones of the Phase 4B northern extension of Wall 26010, whose foundation stones were also incorporated as part of the surface. With Wall 26010 no longer in use, it is difficult to say what function was served in this period by the remaining 1.5 m length of Wall 16006. It might have continued to provide some roof support and/or possibly to divide storage alcoves on one or both sides. If its mud-brick superstructure had been removed, the stone socle could have served as a low (0.35-m-high) workbench or a storage shelf. Beyond these speculations, the limited area of the exposed building contained no installations to help in determining its function. Except for a few sherds associated with Tabun 26008 (pl. 22:18), and one Hellenistic unguentarium on Surface 16004 (see pl. 22:23 and photo 3.28), there were no other restorable vessels or objects left on its floors. A gemstone (Obj. 371, pl. 22:22, photo 3.30) was found in L. 26005 fill just above Surface 26003.

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Photo 3.28.  Ceramic pot (pl. 23:23) and ceramic unguentarium (pl. 22:23).

As with the preceding phase, this building apparently had been cleared out, either by its departing occupants or by others afterward. The style of the unguentarium helps to place the end of the Phase 4A occupation in the late 3rd or early 2nd century b.c.e. (see Lapp 1961: 197, Type 91.1; Gitin 1990: 245 and pl. 48:24). One other object of special interest was found just beneath Surface 26020: a small bronze bell with four faces in relief arraigned around its shoulder (see chap.  4.D, pl. 22:21, photos 4D.1–4). Because of its context (in subsurface L. 26020.1), the bell might be from the occupation of Phase 4A but, in any case, clearly cannot date any later. It just as likely may have been part of the debris from the Phase Post-4B buildup and thus from an earlier time. Notably, the latest sherds from this subsurface locus were late Iron II in date (pl. 22:17). Two other objects, zoomorphic figurine fragments Objects 483 and 416 (pl. 22:19–20), also clearly of Iron II date, were found, respectively, in subsurface L. 16004.1 and 26003.1.

M.  Phase Post-4A, Hellenistic (plan XVIII, Area F6/26, pl. 22:24–25) Sometime after the abandonment of the Phase 4A house, an adult was buried in a cist grave cut down through the surfaces of both Phases 4A and 4B (L. 26003 and 26015). This cut removed at least one boulder from Wall 26010 and partially exposed another, which was left projecting into the grave trench. Initially, judging by the levels of the capstones covering the burial, it was thought that the grave predated the Phase 4A occupation (see Seger 1983: 17). However, further analysis showed that the pit for the grave was actually dug subsequent to the termination of the Phase 4A settlement. The top of the grave trench (L. 26004) was detected at a level of 488.70—that is, 0.1 m above the Phase 4A Surface 26003. It was an oblong cut, oriented roughly east to west. The floor of the trench below the burial (L. 26018.1) was at 487.80, 0.4 m below the Phase 4B surface. The completed trench was almost 1 m deep and 2.5 m long.

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Photo 3.29.  Area F6/26, looking north. Phase Post4A Burial 26018 in Grave 26012, adjacent to Wall 26010.

The grave itself (L. 26012) was lined along both sides with rows of vertical flagstones. It was covered by a layer of flat rectangular capstones set parallel to each other. These were supplemented with cobbles to seal the burial cavity (see photo 3.27). The tops of the capstones were at 488.30, about 0.3 m below the Phase 4A surface and about 0.1 m above the Phase 4B surface. Judging from the artifacts in the grave, the corpse (L. 26018) was an adult male. He was interred in supine position, with his head at the west end and his skull facing south (see photo 3.29). The right arm was at his side, and the left arm was laid across his midsection. Two items had been placed in the grave with the corpse. An iron spear point was found under the skeleton’s left elbow (Obj. 440, pl. 22:25, photo 3.30), suggesting that the male corpse was buried with his spear at his side. In addition to the spear point, a bronze coin was found 0.12 m directly above the skull (Obj. 437, pl. 22:24; see chap. 4.E, photos 4E.1–2). The coin, a Greek drachma bearing the head of Alexander on the obverse and an eagle on the reverse, can be dated to the second minting of Ptolemy III Euergetes (247–222 b.c.e.). The date of the coin helps to certify the terminus ad quem for the Phase 4A occupation. Aside from Phase Post-4A Grave 26004/26012, the central part of the mound around Field II appears to have remained abandoned for the next three or more centuries.

N.  Phase 3, Late Roman (plan XIX; pl. 23) The latest building period encountered in Field II dated from the Late Roman period (2nd century c.e.). In Field II, this period was labeled Phase 3 to correlate with Stratum III in the overall sequence of occupations at the tell. It was not well preserved, no doubt because it had

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Photo 3.30.  Field II Objects: Ceramic loom weight, Obj. 449 (L. 22007); stone game token, Obj. 505 (L. 1033); flint sickle blade, Obj. 354 (L. 25001), iron spear point, Obj. 440 (L. 26012, pl. 22:25); gemstone, Obj. 371 (L. 26005, pl. 22:23); bone game token, Obj. 472 (L. 1024.1), bone spatula or loom shuttle, Obj. 491 (L. 22013.1); bone awl, Obj. 428 (L. 22003, pl. 23:17).

long remained exposed on the tell’s surface, where its wall stones were readily available for scavenging over the subsequent centuries. Phase 3 remains were exposed in only four Areas: F6/1, 11, 21, and 22 (see photos 3.31– 32). These included only isolated patches of stone-paved surfaces, along with several trenches that apparently were dug preparatory to the period’s building activity. The character of surface remains and the scope of the trenching operations suggest that this building activity was quite ambitious. In Area F6/1, a well-laid cobble surface (L. 1005) stretched across most of the area, continuing into the north and west balks. Two other similar patches of cobbles were nearby (L. 1014 and F6/11, L. 11002), which may have been part of the same surfacing. At the south balk of Area F6/1 was a 1.5-m-wide boulder installation or wall foundation (L. 1004), with the flat tops of its uppermost course at the same level as Cobble Surface 1005. Along the southern portion of the east balk, the top course of Phase 6A Wall 1009 (at 487.86) also came to essentially the same elevation as Surface 1005 and appears to have been incorporated into this period’s rebuilding plans. Within Area F6/1 alone, four subsequent disruptions in these Phase 3 constructions were noted. These include Pit 1003 in the southeast corner, Pit 1008 in the southwest corner (containing Byzantine and modern Gaza black wares), Pit 1013 in the northwest corner, and Pit 1015 in the northeast quadrant of the area. These last three rather clearly reflect the robbing-out of wall segments. In Areas F6/21–22 were two patches of flagstone paving (L. 21002 and 22003) both of similar character. They are probably parts of a common surface, which extended at least 7 m north to south and 4 m east to west. Stone Vat 22002 was set into the L. 22003 surface near the northwest corner of Area F6/22, and along the east balk of the same area was a rough circle of stones that may have lined a 1-m-wide bin or pit. The flagstone surfacing in these areas is interrupted on practically all sides by later pits and trenches. The stone-free expanse across the southwest half of Area F6/22 is particularly instructive. In this section, a later pit within L. 22001 penetrated to immediately below the level of Flagstone Surface 22003 and bottomed flatly at

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Photo 3.31.  Area F6/1, looking east. Phase 3 Surfaces 1005 and 1014 along with Walls 1004 and 1009 (top reused). Also visible are later Pits 1003, 1008, 1013, and 1015.

Photo 3.32.  Area F6/22, looking north. Phase 3 Flagstone Surface 22003 with Vat 22002 (later pits might have removed additional flagstones).

that point (see photo 3.32). The soil layer exposed below it (L. 22004) had the same composition as the makeup soil layer beneath the adjacent flagstones (L. 22003.1). It is likely that Surface 22003 had extended over this portion of the area and that this pitting represents another instance of later stone robbing.

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Prior to laying their own surfaces, the builders of Phase 3 had also dug their own deep trenches, presumably raiding earlier structures for building materials. In Area F6/1, for instance, Trench 1016 was cut down 0.75 m, partially dismantling late Iron II building remains (see plan V, F6/1 North and West Sections). Pottery and objects from beneath Phase 3 surfaces and in Trench 1016 are presented on plate 23. The ceramic repertoire mostly includes vessel forms representative of the earlier Persian and Hellenistic occupations. The marble and alabaster bowls (pl. 23:3 and 13) are possibly the latest materials in the deposits. Miscellaneous objects from Phase Post-3, questionable upper tell surface loci are illustrated on plate 24.

Chapter 4

Objects Section A

by J. P. Dessell

Sections B–F by J. D. Seger

A.  Ceramic Female Figurine by J. P. Dessel (Reprinted with minor edits from Dessel 1988: 59–64) A unique ceramic figurine was found during the 1980 season at Tell Halif (Obj. 645, pl. 3:26, photos 4A.1–2; see Seger 1984: 51). The figurine, represented only by a torso, was hand-made from a single piece of clay. The absence of legs gives it a stumpy appearance, and only slight indentations along the sides, just below the breast line, indicate human contours. The figurine measures 74 mm high, 45 mm wide, and 27 mm thick. The paste is pinkish-gray (7.5YR 7/2), with a slight amount of crushed limestone and sand temper. The figurine was fired (though incompletely, as a dark core remains). The figurine comes from a sealed Iron I context, which provides a terminus ante quem. It was found in a deposit of medium-gray ash (L. 1036) within a stone pit (L. 1042). The other few artifacts in the ash included a few sherds of late Philistine bichrome pottery, large quantities of sheep and goat bones (M. Zeder, personal communication), and a polished carnelian bead. The pit had a lime plaster floor. Although the figurine was found in an Iron I context, we must consider whether it was made earlier. While it is uncommon in later periods, such a punctated motif is not unprecedented, as seen in the Late Bronze Age figurine from Beth Shan (Rowe 1940: pl. 68 A:1) and the Iron Age figurine from Gezer (Macalister 1912a: fig. 501). In Syria, punctates are used throughout the 3rd millennium, and in Egypt, from the second millennium to the Roman period (Petrie 1927a: pl. 53). Punctation is not indicative of any specific time period in the ancient Near East. At present, there is no reason to believe the Halif figurine was manufactured earlier than the Iron Age I. The front of the figurine (pl. 3.26, photo 4A.1) contains two decorative elements: modeled breasts and a series of linear punctates. The punctates consist of impressed circular dots ranging

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Photo 4A.1. (Left)  Ceramic female figurine, Object 645, front view (pl. 3:26). Photo 4A.2. (Right)  Ceramic female figurine, Object 645, back view.

from 2 to 4 mm in diameter and from 1 to 2 mm in depth. The breasts were formed from the body of the clay rather than applied as decoration. They are unelaborated except for a single punctate in the center of each breast. At the base of the figurine is a circular pattern (12 mm in diameter) containing nine punctates, with one punctate in the center. This design is understood to represent the pubic area, as it is positioned on the lower torso and proportionally distanced from the breasts. Linear punctates representing the navel and the waist line further suggest that the circle is the pubic area. Still, the possibility that the circle is the navel cannot be dismissed. Albright suggests that such dots as tattooing around the navel on a figurine from Tell Beit Mirsim (1939: 112 and pl. A:4), though on this figurine the navel and the pubis are (both) clearly depicted. Above the pubic area is a series of vertical and horizontal interconnecting linear punctates. The lowest horizontal outer border lies 4 mm above the pubic area and extends across the width of the figurine. The outer border continues vertically along the front and includes the breasts within its outline. As the torso tapers (above the breast line) in shoulder-like fashion, so does the border line. It ends with the second line of horizontal punctates above the breasts. Within this rough rectangle is another series of horizontal and vertical linear punctates. Five horizontal lines lie between the bottom border and the breasts. Though the lowest of these

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interior lines are straight and well articulated, the next three lines are muddled, often merging with one another. The first line ( just below the breasts), is straight and clearly articulated. The blurred nature of some of the punctates may indicate that the breasts were modeled subsequent to the application of the punctates. Above the breasts is another series of four horizontal lines. Here, all the lines are clearly articulated and straight. The second line above the breast is understood as the upper border line. The third line extends beyond the exterior borders. The line possibly demarcates the extent of the torso, in effect separating the head and neck from the body; it may also represent a necklace. The uppermost horizontal line is partially missing due to a break in the figurine. It is unclear whether it is aligned with the “necklace” or the border line. Its position above the “necklace” indicates that the line falls on the neck rather than on the torso. None of these lines continue around to the back of the figurine. Within the confines of these borders only one vertical line exists. It runs between the breasts, extending from the “necklace” above the breasts to the line below the breasts. This vertical line may continue lower, intersecting with the punctates in the horizontal lines. The design on the reverse side (pl. 3.26; photo 4A.2) consists of incised vertical lines running the length of the figurine, from the point where the figurine is broken to the base. These wavy lines are parallel to each other and vary in length. Eleven of the 12 lines extend below a horizontal line 10 mm above the base of the figurine. This line (36 mm long) was incised after the vertical lines and does not extend across the entire back. All of these incised lines were made by the same tool; the excess clay from the incisions was left in place and thus gave the back a rough appearance. The break in the figurine also interrupts these lines, which are understood as continuing up the back of the head to depict hair. An unpublished ivory Hathor figurine in the files of the Israel Department of Antiquities from Tell Jemmeh (#47.2527–1927) has a similar reverse side, depicting hair and a horizontal line cut across the base. Petrie mentions two candidates that could refer to this figurine (1927b: 136, 138), but there is some confusion between Petrie’s descriptions and the file in the Department of Antiquities. The horizontal line, if anatomical, represents the line of the buttocks (it could also represent the waist line, though this is proportionally less accurate). The back of the figurine was burned in antiquity. The entire right side is blackened by fire. Though on the front several of the decorative elements clearly represent human attributes, the general pattern of the punctates is ambiguous. While the circular design at the base is understood as the pubic area, it is unusual for the pubis to be so depicted. Normally it appears as a triangle (Albright 1939: pls. A:1, 4–6, 8; B:1, 6), although it also may appear as a horizontal dash within a circle (Karageorghis 1975: pl. 7:1–2). It is, however, unlikely that such a figurine would be devoid of genitalia (especially as it bears such clearly modeled breasts). The pattern of the punctates above the pubic area suggests additional anatomical representations, providing a more complete understanding of the decoration. The lowest horizontal line is the waist. The vertical line between the breasts terminates in a dot representing the navel. The muddled interior horizontal lines are schematic of folded arms resting below (or supporting) the breasts. The right arm extends from the exterior border and utilizes the first and second interior horizontal lines. The left arm is less obvious. It uses the next three horizontal lines. The third and fifth lines form the arm; the punctate in the middle of line four represents the navel. Thus, the pattern of linear punctates could show a schematic version of an outlined body

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wearing a necklace and with arms folded beneath the breasts. Arms folded beneath or supporting the breasts are common among Palestinian ceramic figurines, especially on Ashtoreth and pillar figurines (for examples, see May 1935: pl. 28:M5376; Albright 1939: pl. B:10; Macalister 1912a: fig. 502; Macalister 1912b: pl 221:14; see also Type II and Type VII of Pritchard 1943: 5, 42, 56, as well as Type B:I and Type C:I–II of Holland 1977: 121–24). No exact parallels for this Halif figurine exist at present. However, there are parallels for some of its individual characteristics. Unfortunately, these parallels come from many time periods and a wide geographic area; they are found in metal and clay figurines. Figurines with similar characteristics can be found dating from the Chalcolithic to the Roman period (see examples from Ghassul [Mallon, Keippel, and Neuville 1934: fig. 34:2] and Shiqmim [Levy and Alon 1985: pl. 11:c]; also note the “pottery dolls” from the Roman-Nubian cemetery at Karanog [Woolley and MacIver 1901b: pl. 96:7662] dated to the 3rd century b.c.e. [Woolley and MacIver 1910a: 83]). These early and late examples may reflect the local and informal production of many such figurines. Petrie published “mud toys made by children” from Dynasty 12 tombs at Kahun (1927a: 61, pl. 53:447, 457–58, 462). These figurines have stumpy shapes, modeled breasts, and punctated patterns. Figure 462 (Petrie 1927a: pl. 53) is noteworthy for its depiction of a pubic area in a circular pattern. Linear punctates are very common on 3rd-millennium figurines from Syria (Badré 1980 presents many such examples). A punctated vertical line between the breasts can be found on a figurine from Hama, level H2 (Badré 1980: pl. I:25). Badré published three figurines of unknown provenience and date, which show resemblances to the Tell Halif figurine (1980: pl. 65:56–58). The breasts and shape of Figurines 57–58, along with the position of the arms of Figurine 56, and the pattern of the punctates and genitalia of Figurine 57 should be noted. On the basis of stylistic considerations, Badré (1980: 76, 97) provisionally dated them to the 3rd millennium b.c.e. and placed them in either the Euphrates (1980: pl. 65:56) or Orontes (1980: pl. 65:57) cultural sphere. Five ceramic figurines from Cyprus in the K. Severis collection (Karageorghis 1975: pl. 7: Figurines 1–5) also display characteristics found on the Tell Halif piece. The use of punctates, the prominence and design of the genitalia and breasts, and the solid shape and similar punctate pattern in the upper torso provide several parallels. Figurines 1–2 have circular punctated pubic areas and lack articulated legs. Figurines 2–3 have a similar vertical line between the breasts and the horizontal line at the juncture of the neck and shoulders (“necklace”). All these figurines except Figurine 1 have their arms folded under their breasts; Figurine 3 has hands that are reduced to dash-like stylizations. Karageorghis dates this group to the Middle Bronze Age on stylistic grounds (1975: 62). From Palestine itself there are also no close overall parallels. In fact, neither Albright (1939), Pritchard (1943), nor Holland (1977) documents any similar figurines in their respective typologies. However, some shared characteristics of specific figurines should be noted. A Late Bronze Age Ashtoreth figurine from Beth Shan (Rowe 1940: pl. 68 A–D), dated to the reign of Thutmoses III, utilizes linear punctates as a decorative motif. In this figurine, the arms are wrapped around the breasts. The punctate lines around the neck may represent a necklace. Perhaps Albright’s suggestion of tattooing is applicable in the Beth Shan example. Macalister

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describes a “degenerated” version of an Ashtoreth plaque from the IVA Semitic period from Gezer (1912a: fig. 501). This figurine has punctated decoration and a baggy, legless shape. The schematic use of punctates is similar to the Halif figurine. Metal statuettes and sheet pendants from Syria and Lebanon also help shed light on the Tell Halif figurine iconography. Two copper figurines from Jezzin, Lebanon, have long, plaited hair extending down their back and arms folded beneath (or cupping) their breasts (Negbi 1976: figs. 86-1553, 87-1555). Negbi categorizes these figurines as part of the “Lebanon Mountain” group (1976: 700). An additional figurine in this group (Negbi 1976: fig. 41-1556) is particularly reminiscent of the Tell Halif figurine in terms of the position of the arms. All these figurines lack firm stratigraphic data; Negbi provisionally dates them to the Middle Bronze I–II based on correlations with their supposed male counterparts (l976: 70). Negbi concludes that these figurines are divine representations of local fertility figurines (goddesses) (1976: 110). One of the common elements among these goddess figurines is the position of the arms (folded beneath or cupping the breasts). This position is also assumed by the clay Ashtoreth and pillar figurines, and these are also understood as goddesses (Albright 1939; Pritchard 1943). The stylized decorative pattern on the Tell Halif figurine thus suggests a pose associated with divinity. The center vertical line on the Halif figurine echoes the branch motif found on several figurines of sheet-gold from Ras Shamra Level I (Negbi 1976: figs. 108-1662, 110-1664). This branch motif is found stylized in repoussé, also from Ras Shamra Level I, as seen in fig. 1081663 (Negbi 1976). These figurines have banding around the neck, presumably necklaces. Figures 108-1661 and 109-1663 (Negbi 1976) also have an exterior border of repoussé. The use of repoussé in metal and punctates in clay creates similar decorative effects. Perhaps the use of punctates in ceramic figurines mimics techniques of decoration used in metal, such as repoussé. The Late Bronze Age dates for this “Syrian representational” group (Negbi 1976: 97), and the similarity to sheet metal figurines from elsewhere in Palestine (Hazor, Megiddo, Gezer, and Tell el-Ajjul; Negbi 1975: 97; Seger 1976: 139), put these figurines in spatial and temporal proximity to the Tell Halif figurine. Negbi concludes that these figurines are “stylized fertility goddesses” (1976: 134). The Tell Halif figurine has characteristics shared by a wide range of Near Eastern ceramic figurine traditions. Though the Cypriot and Syrian examples (both without provenience and dated uncertainly) display similarities, they do not provide exact parallels. The Tell Halif figurine does not fall into the mainstream typology of Palestinian ceramic figurines. It is a simply, locally produced piece, utilizing a wide range of standard iconographic motifs in a stylized, schematic fashion. Late Bronze Age metal statuettes and sheet pendants provide insights into certain stylistic motifs on the Tell Halif figurine. Negbi considers these categories as representing fertility goddesses (1976). In addition, most Iron Age ceramic figurines from Palestine are referred to as Astarte or Ashtoreth figurines (Pritchard 1943; Albright 1939). In both groups, the position of the arms and prominence of the genitalia and breasts are common elements. The only other interpretation of similar figurines presented is that of Petrie, who understands the Egyptian examples as “clay toys” (1927a: 61). The Tell Halif figurine containing the same elements could very well represent a goddess. The unusual findspot strengthens this interpretation. However, the identity of the goddess remains enigmatic.

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B.  Bulla with Cylinder Seal Impression by Joe D. Seger 1.  The Iconography of the Tell Halif Bulla In the 1979 season of excavations in Field II, probes into Stratum VID levels, the earliest Iron II occupation phase, produced an intriguing artifact, a vitrified bulla carrying a cylinder seal impression (Obj. 448, IAA #80–710; see pl. 5:18, photos 4B.1–2). The immediate provenance of the seal impression was inside an unlined pit (L. 1034) cut from Stratum VID Surface 1040.

Photo 4B.1.  Clay bulla with cylinder seal impression, Object 448, front view (pl. 5:18).

Photo 4B.2.  Clay bulla, Object 448, back view.

This debris included both Late Bronze and Iron Age potsherds and provides only a pro quem terminus for its dating (see pl. 5). Identification of the object as a bulla was confirmed by the impressions on its back, where the original wrap of clay around knotted cordage is preserved clearly in the relief (pl. 5:18 and photo 4B.2). In addition, a “fingerprint” of the cloth fabric against which the cord was tied is also preserved on the clay. This evidence indicates that the preserved clay sealing was originally affixed to a cloth wrap either placed over and around the mouth and neck of a large storage jar or more directly to a bundled shipment of cloth or of other cloth-wrapped materials. The generally flat shape of the bulla better supports one of the latter possibilities (for discussion of the use of cylinder seals for clay sealing and bullae, see Collon 1987: 113). Whatever the case, it must be assumed that the bulla was still in contact with the cordage and fabric at the time when the clay was vitrified and thus preserved in its present, more stable state as baked ceramic. Of more particular interest is the face of the bulla, which preserves the impression of a cylinder seal depicting a series of four presumably male human figures (five, including a repetition of the last in line) parading or dancing near or around a stylized plant or tree. All of the figures are clothed in short garments and appear to be wearing some type of horned headgear.

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Figure 4B.1.  Cylinder seal impression, Object 448.

The trailing figure, repeated as the leader in the way the impression was made, carries a sickletype sword in his left hand. From measurements of the impression it can be determined that the seal that formed it was about 1.7 cm in length and 0.8 cm in diameter (note: This corrects the measurements as first published in Seger 1992: 122*–23*). According to the size classifications of W. H. Ward, these measurements help to locate the original seal chronologically within the Kassite or Mittanian periods of the second half of the 2nd millennium b.c.e. (1910: 184). Ward notes that Mesopotamian seals from the Akkadian period in the late 3rd millennium were generally larger, ranging in size up to 4 cm long and to 3.5 cm in diameter, while those of the Middle Babylonian period were smaller, usually under 3 cm in length and 1.5 cm in diameter (1910: 184). With the Kassite and Mittanian periods, after 1500 b.c.e., some cylinders longer than 3 cm again appear, but the diameter tends to remain under 2 cm. The measurements of our seal at 1.7 cm × 0.8 cm match the smaller seals of the Mittanian period (see examples from Alalakh IV–III in Collon 1987: 70–71, nos. 301–2). A general dating after 1500 b.c.e. is also supported by the depiction of the sickle sword on the impression. According to Yadin, the use of this type of curved sword as a battle implement becomes more prominent in the Late Bronze Age. He notes that the sickle sword type develops already in the Middle Bronze cultures of the early 2nd millennium b.c.e. However, in the Middle Bronze Age, it serves as a cutting ax with long hilt and short blade. In the Late Bronze Age, it functions more as a true sword, with an elongated and curved blade that is approximately the same length as the hilt (Yadin 1963: 78–80). Glyptic representations of this sword type are found both from the far north in 13th-century b.c.e. Hittite rock carvings at Yazilikaya near Boghazkoy (Yadin 1963: 79, 297; Gurney 1952: 142) and from the south on a 13th-century b.c.e. ivory carving from Megiddo (Loud 1939: pl. XXXIII). Of most significance for dating, however, is a sword of this type now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which bears the name of the Assyrian King Adad-Nirari (1310–1280 b.c.e.) (see Yadin 1963: 79, 207; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Acquisition No. 11.166.1).

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Further typological study of the impression suggests that the seal that produced it was the likely product of, or an ancestor of, the school of glyptic art developed by the Mitannians in northern Mesopotamia and Syria during the 15th and 14th centuries b.c.e. A collection of more than a thousand seal impressions representing the Mitannian style was recovered in work by Harvard University and the American Schools of Oriental Research at Nuzi between 1925 and 1931. These were studied in detail by Edith Porada, who divided the collection into two groups, which she described as the Common and the Elaborate Styles (1947: 12). Her comparative study of extant cylinder seals showed the division to be largely indicative of the materials used to produce the cylinders. Where hematite, jasper, and similar hard materials were employed, the carvings were more carefully prepared, and the impressed designs were more detailed. However, by the middle of the 2nd millennium b.c.e., a new opaque, sintered quartz composition material was being manufactured that was more easily cut and could be fired and glazed. The seals of this material are less accurately described also as faience, frit, paste, and glazed steatite (see Collon 1987: 61, 102). Where this new material was used for seals, the workmanship displays more common, schematic, and often more coarse engravings and impressions. The coarseness of the imprint on the clay of our Halif bulla seems to relate it best to the Common Style. While Mitannian glyptic artistry draws widely from ancestral Babylonian, Syrian, Cappadocian, and Kassite cultural sources, Porada indicates that the derivative elements tend to coalesce in Mitannian glyptic and are often obscured by Mitannian methods of engraving (1947: 106–7; also see Frankfort 1939: 259–88, pls. XLII–XLIV; Collon 1987: 61–64). One engraving technique featured in Mitannian work is the extensive use of the drill and of fine cutting disks and tubes to form circles or “globes” (O’Callaghan 1948: 72). Porada comments, “The predominant use of the drill which spreads a cover of uniformity over the Mitannian seals tends to obscure such stylistic relations which would have otherwise been quite obvious” (1947: 101). Use of these devices is more widely evident in seals of the Elaborate Style but appears also on Common Style seals, especially with tree and plant forms as illustrated on the Halif impression. Use of the stylized “sacred tree” image or “bouquet-tree” motif is another distinctive feature of Mitannian type seals. Porada associates the “bouquet-tree” with Syro-Cappadocian style (1947: 104, 109–10), while Frankfort assigns them to his Second Syrian group (1939: 259–88). Porada suggests that this design element may represent a transformation of an emblem found on cylinders of the First Babylonian Dynasty, which she calls “the lion-club.” She explains the transformation, “[T]he lion-club was the most frequently represented and best known of all emblems at the end of the First Dynasty of Babylon. . . . [T]he vase-shaped mace-head, probably hollow, may have suggested itself better than any other symbol for transformation into a vase which contained life-giving water, and in which a plant could be placed or which also lent itself to a complete transformation into an artificial plant” (1947: 110). However, both she and Frankfort finally conclude that it relates more to Syrian rather than Mesopotamian influences (also see Kepinski 1984). In addition to these “globe” and “tree” forms, another characteristic of the Halif bulla that relates it to Common seal types is its loose, flowing style. This feature is illustrated in an extreme way in the seal impression found on a letter of Saushtatar, king of Mitanni ca. 1470 b.c.e. (Porada 1979: 2015, fig. 2; Collon 1987: 127, 129, No. 548; O’Callaghan 1948: fig. 26). This seal impression also portrays the Mitannian horror vacui, that is, the abhorrence of empty space on the decorative field of a seal.

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A final feature of the Mitannian style seals in the Nuzi collection to be noted here is the use of what Paroda calls “rows of manikins”—that is, groups of repeated figures, human and/or animal (1947: 104–6). On these “manikin” types, scenes showing rows of marching or “briskly moving” men wearing short kilts are among the most frequent. Porada interprets these as groups of dancers (1947: 109–10). She distinguishes them from groups showing figures processing in long robes, which she considers worshipers. While the dancers of the Nuzi impressions are typically more stylized, showing figures with clasped hands, or each with a hand on the shoulder of the next and with crossed legs, exceptions showing more exaggerated and fluid movement as on the Halif bulla can also be noted (Porada 1947: 117, pl. XIX:373). It is significant also to call attention to another group of Nuzi sealings displaying more fluid human forms. These are Porada’s Group XII, which show acrobatic-type dancers. Porada suggests that these seal impressions portray mythological dramas. She comments, “In the Mitannian civilization which . . . appears to have attached importance to the dance, it would be only natural to expect that these mythological plays would also be cast into the frame of a dance” (1947: 119–20). From this review of iconographic elements, we can with some certainty identify the Halif seal impression as belonging to the Mittanian Common Style glyptic tradition. 2.  Mitannian Seals in Southern Palestine That an artifact with such Mitannian motifs should be found at a relatively remote site in southern Palestine like Tell Halif is not altogether surprising. The widespread military campaigns and trade networks of the Late Bronze Age are well known. Mitannian contacts are well documented throughout the Near East at this time. Moreover, the capacity for mass-manufacturing of sintered quartz cylinders both facilitated the production of Mitannian Common Style seals for export and stimulated the development of local glyptic industries throughout and beyond the sphere of direct Mitannian political influence (see Collon 1987: 62, 69–70; Frankfort 1939: 279; Dabney 1984: 241). Mitannian period seals and seal impressions have been recovered from a considerable number of Palestinian Late Bronze sites. Important groups come from the Fosse Temple complex at Lachish (Tufnell, Inge, and Harding 1940: 71–73, pl. XXXIII:41–52), from Stratum V at Tell Abu Hawam (Hamilton 1934: 1–2 , pl. XXXVIII:406–8), from Macalister’s Second and Third Semitic periods at Gezer (Macalister 1912a: 345, fig. 464; 1912b: pls. CXXXVII:49–50; CCII.a:12; CCII.b:5; CCXIV:1, 3, 7, 11, 17, 21–22), from Stratum 1A of the Temple of Area H at Hazor (Yadin et al. 1961: pls. CCCXIX–CCCXXII; Beck 1989: 310–21); and from Stratum IX–VII levels at Beth Shan (Parker 1949: 1–43, cf., e.g., Nos. 38, 47–48, 51, 83, 85). The Lachish and Tell Abu Hawam groups illustrate a number of “bouquet-trees” similar to that on the Halif impression (Tufnell, Inge, and Harding 1940: pl. XXXIII:43, 45, 51; Hamilton 1934: pls. XXXVIII:407–8), and the tree motif is also dominant in the Gezer collection (Macalister 1912b: pls. CCII.a:12, b:5; CCXIV:11, 21–22). In addition, several Gezer items also provide parallels to our bulla’s more fluid style (Macalister 1912b: pl. CCXIV:1, 7),.and a number also illustrate sickle swords (Macalister 1912b: pl. CCXIV:3, 7, 22). One special Gezer seal shows four figures before a “bouquet-tree” in a scene that suggests an impending sacrifice. One figure holds a sickle sword while the “officiant,” with tethered animals in one hand and a dagger in the other, wears a horned headdress (Macalister 1912a: 345, fig. 464). The group of

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Mitannian type seals from the Area H temple at Hazor offers only a limited repertoire of motifs. Those with elements comparable to features on the Halif bulla include three seals with “bouquettrees” and one with an example of a sickle sword (Yadin 1961: pls. CCCXX:2–4, CCCXXIX:3). The collection from Beth Shan also includes a number of “bouquet-trees” (Collon 1987: 62). For the most part, however, the Beth Shan group features horned animals, suggesting that this motif may originate from a local workshop there (Parker 1949: No. 40). The “antelope and tree” motif is also documented at Megiddo (see Lamon and Shipton 1939: pl. 72:16). This review of seals and impressions from Palestine shows clearly that elements of Mitannian Common Style glyptic, including those shared by the Halif bulla, were well represented throughout the area. However, in the final analysis, no close parallel for the overall theme of the Halif impression can be identified among these Palestinian materials, nor does it relate to the local style identified with the putative Beth Shan workshop. We are left to conclude that it most probably arrived at Lahav from a more northern source, perhaps with a shipment of cloth or other goods at some point within the LB II or early Iron I Ages. Such an interpretation is wholly consonant with the picture of widespread foreign exchange throughout the Near East in the second half of the 2nd millennium. It is also compatible with the conclusion, arrived at via analysis of other data, that during the Late Bronze period, Tell Halif served as a trading way-station from coastal Palestine into the Judean hills (see Jacobs 1987; Seger et al. 1990: 18–21, 26–28). 3.  Imagery of the Limping Dance It remains for us finally to comment on the nature of the scene depicted on the seal. The figures are obviously involved in some kind of parade near or around a sacred tree. Their movements closely parallel the actions of the short-kilted, lute-playing figure, interpreted as a dancer, found on a Late Bronze plaque from Tel Dan (Biran 1986: 171, fig. 2; also see Pritchard 1954: 63, No. 200; 66, No. 210). The graceful disposition of the bodies and bent knees clearly suggest a type of a limping or hopping dance movement. The tree symbol provides the focal point of their activity and suggests that they are engaged in some type of fertility ritual. However, while fertility type “dances with a may-pole” are among the more common themes in the Mitannian glyptic repertoire, seals with this theme usually involve only a pair, not a row of dancers (Porada 1947: 120, also 111, No. 222). Schaeffer-Forrer shows a good example of a Common Style Mitannian impression with “bouquet-tree” and two dancers from Ugarit Recent 1 (1550–1450 b.c.e.) (1983: 76, fig. 1). (For a discussion on the universality of the “may-pole” dance type, see C. Sachs 1965: 64–68.) An alternative interpretation with some appeal is to view the scene as a “battle dance.” Several factors support this possibility. The first and most obvious is the fact that the lead figure carries a weapon, a sickle sword. Second, we can note that the use of a row of figures in battle dances is well attested (Sachs 1965: 55). However, a problem with this conclusion involves the type of horned headgear that is worn by all but one of the figures. This is not standard “battle dress.” Rather, it is most commonly described as “the head-gear of the gods . . . derived from the horned helmet worn by the Syrian Weather-god” (Porada 1947: 52, pl. XXXIII:665; 1948: 129–32; pls. CXLVI:964, 966; CL:993). In this iconography, the Syrian Haddad shares a tradition with other storm-gods, including Hurrian and Hittite Teshub as well as Akkadian Adad (see Collon 1987: 168, No. 779; 169, No. 789; Ward 1910: 288, 379:29). A set of impressions on a

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clay sealing from Hammam et-Turkman in North Syria, discovered by Van Loon, also shows several figures with horned headdress, one holding a “bouquet-tree.” This find is dated to ca. 1350 b.c.e. (Van Loon 1988). Within the corpus of seals and impressions from Ugarit published by Schaeffer-Forrer, short-kilted figures with similar helmet types are routinely identified as “le dieu Balal” (Schaeffer-Forrer 1983: 47, R.S. 21.020; 54, R.S. 28.025; also see p. 69, fig. 1; p. 169, pl. I.2). A resolution regarding the theme of the impression may be found in the suggestion by Porada that a “figure with scimitar,” representing a god or king, can be understood to serve as a type of protector for the tree (1947: 112–13, pls. XIV:171; XXVI:517). She develops her argument from the neo-Assyrian belief that the “tree” was threatened by certain beings and required protection by others (1948: pls. LXXXVIII–XC: 610–26). The scene may thus depict a dance of weather-type gods or god surrogates guarding the tree, warding off threats to its potency and promise of fertility benefits. It would not be inconsistent also to view such a limping dance routine as a part of a rain-making ritual.

C.  Bronze Thymiaterion by Joe D. Seger Preparations for constructing the buildings of the Phase 5 Persian-period complex in Field II were ambitious. Long, deep, stone-robbing trenches were dug through earlier Iron Age layers and then were backfilled and leveled over to prepare for new construction. One of the largest of these trenches was Trench 24007, which ran through portions of three Areas: F6/14, 23, and 24 (see combined L. 14021– 14023, 14025, 23004, 23006, 24008, 24012, and 24017). Materials in the backfill in Trench 24007 provided definitive post quem evidence for dating the initial Phase 5 building activity to the late 6th or early 5th century b.c.e. (see chap. 3.J). Among the finds from this Trench in Area F6/14 was a section of a bronze thymiaterion (Obj. 734; basket F6/14.69, L. 14021; see pl. 21:7 and photo 4C.1). Thymiateria are metal incense stands or candelabra. They are commonly associated with late 1stcentury b.c.e. Phoenician tombs (see Albright 1942; also Peters and Thiersch 1905: 29–35; Reinach and Bey 1892: 89–91, fig.35). The earliest treatment of objects of this type was by K. Wigand, who cited as the first representation of a thymiaterion an image on a Phoenician seal from Tharros in Sardinia Photo 4C.1.  Bronze thymiaterion, Object 734 (1912: 27–28). According to Albright, this seal (pl. 21:7).

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dates to the 8th or 9th century b.c.e. (1942: 23). Such Phoenician type incense stands were characterized by decorations along the upper part of their pedestals, which included series of (often three) horizontal ledges and/or patterns of “inverted lilies” or Figure 4C.2. (below)  Flaring “fallen leaves.” The type was subsecone type thymiaterion. quently borrowed by the Greeks and the Etruscans and appears in images on coins and is shown in graphic and architectural imagery before temples and on tombs well into the Roman period (see Albright 1942: 24–25). However, in his 1942 study, Albright was unable to cite any metal examples of such artifacts from excavations in Palestine. This situation changed in 1976 with the chance discovery of a Persian period tomb in a mortuary complex along the lower slopes of Mt. Ebal opposite Tell Balatah (biblical Shechem; see Stern 1980). This tomb produced a notable collection of artifacts, including a clay coffin and a number of bronze objects. Among the bronze pieces were two thymiateria (Stern 1980: 94, fig. 6:1; 103, fig. 10:1). The first of these (Stern’s fig. 6:1) was found in three parts, which when reassembled produced a 34-cm-tall stand with a flaring base, above which was a “fallen leaf” decoration supporting a carinated pot or bowl—that is, a more classic example of the Phoenician type (fig. 4C.1). The second item (Stern’s fig. 10:1) is an alternate form, 19 cm tall, with a short round pedestal base, above which is a flaring cone with a single projecting ledge at its base (fig. 4C.2). Object 734 from Tell Halif now provides the third example of a metal thymiaterion from south Canaan. It is a bronze cone 15.5 cm in height, flaring from a flat, closed end 4.7 cm in diameter to a trumpet-shaped opening with a splayed rim 13 cm in diameter (pl. 21:7). While comparison with the finds at Shechem leaves little doubt that this artifact is part of a thymiaterion, a question remains as to which of the two Shechem groups it belongs. Its measurements, having a 4.7-cm diameter at its closed end and flaring to 13 cm, compares better with the upper part, above the projecting ledge, of the Shechem flaring-cone type (fig. 4C.2). So we could see it as the top of such a stand. However, the drawing in figure 4C.2 shows that this second Shechem type is not closed at the juncture with the projecting ledge but remains open through to its base below. Moreover, traces of black ash and asphalt indicating its use were found in the Shechem vessel (Stern 1980: 103–4), but no such deposit was observed in the artifact from Halif. Figure 4C.1. (left)  Fallen leaf type thymiaterion.

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On the other hand, the drawing from Shechem in figure 4C.1 does show that the base section on this type is closed at the top. And while the diameter of the top at this juncture is only 2.5 cm, only slightly more than half of that of the Halif item, its height (14 cm) and base diameter (13 cm) are very much the same. It is thus difficult not to conclude that Object 734 from Halif is the base of a stand similar to the Shechem type shown in figure 4C.1. In terms of date, these parallels from Shechem serve also to support the ca. 500 b.c.e. date otherwise indicated for the initiation of Persian-period settlement at Halif. As Stern observes, the Shechem tomb in which the thymiateria were found associates most closely with Stratum V occupation on nearby Tell Balatah (1980: 105–8). Based on stratigraphic considerations and pottery studies, G. E. Wright and Nancy Lapp date this stratum to between 525 and 475 b.c.e. (Wright 1965: 166–69; Lapp 2008: 2–3).

D.  Bronze Bell by Joe D. Seger

Photos  4D.1–4 (left to right).  Bronze bell, Object 496 (pl. 22:21).

Of special interest is an object found just beneath Phase 4A Surface 26020 in Area F6/26. This is a small bronze bell with four faces in relief arraigned around its upper shoulders (Obj. 496, pl. 22:21, photos 4D.1–4). Judging from its context (in subsurface L. 26020.1), the bell might be from the occupation of Hellenistic Phase 4A but cannot, in any case, date any later. However, since the latest sherds in this subsurface deposit dated to the Iron II period, it is more likely that it predates the Hellenistic period. The bell is 3.5 cm high and flares to 3 cm in diameter at the bottom. It rises to a narrow neck (0.6–0.8 cm in diameter), above which is a knob (0.3–0.4 cm high and 1.2–1.9 cm in diameter). Across the top of the knob there appears originally to have been a thin raised strap or loop for attachment with a string or wire, but this is only partly preserved on one side. The unique portrayal of faces on its shoulders suggests that it was formed mainly as one piece in a mold, though the state of the corrosion it suffers inhibits final confirmation of this. Its walls range up to 0.2 cm thick at its lower rim. Internally, there was no sign of a clapper or of any attachment for one.

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Figures 4D.1–4 (left to right). Bronze bell, Object 496 (pl. 22:21).

The images around its shoulders are intriguing. One can suggest that the portrayals are of one human face with a headdress and pectoral (fig. 4D.2, photo 4D.2) and of three animal heads: one with ears, perhaps a jackal, feline, or goat (fig. 4D.4); the second, a serpent or lizard (fig. 4D.3); and the last, a bearded lion (fig. 4D.1). Parallels for these animal images, crude though they may be, are replete in Near Eastern iconography. However, the human image, with a feather-like headdress and crescent-shaped pectoral, is more narrowly suggestive of a Phoenician background. The search for parallels of metal objects with such raised images and/or for bells of comparable size and type has enjoyed only limited success. At this writing, just a single example of a bell with figures raised in relief has been found. This is from the collections of the Staatliche Museen in Berlin as pictured in Myers 1962 (377, fig. 27). This artifact displays a parade of cultic figures in its lower frame, with a scattering of other faces and images around the bell’s upper crown. Unfortunately, details of the raised images around the crown are not shown in enough detail for comparative study. While no scale accompanies the picture, the bell generally appears to be somewhat, if not considerably, larger than that from Halif. On the other hand, while the exact find-spot of this bell is not reported, the iconography of the parade of cultic figures around the bell clearly echoes scenes on cylinder seals from Mesopotamia in the 9th and 8th centuries b.c.e. (see Pritchard 1954: 233, No. 706). Most significantly, for our comparative interests here, in addition to a priest wearing a fish skin, the parade of cult figures includes lizards, jackals, and lion-headed demons; and its clapper is in the form of a serpent’s head. From southern Palestine, only one other bronze bell of relatively the same small scale has been noted, but it does not have any figures in relief. This was found by Eliezer Oren at Tel Seraʾ among Stratum V materials on the floor of the northern hall of the Assyrian period fortress in Area D (Oren 1978: 1069; 1993: 1333). This bell appears to be slightly larger than the one from Halif and is a plain cone shape with a round strap across its top. Among other items on the same floor, Oren found a bronze crescent-shaped standard, a symbol of the Assyrian moon-god Sin. He suggests that the bell was originally attached to, and dangled from, this standard. His suggestion is supported by imagery on a late 8th-century b.c.e. dolerite relief from Zinjirli, which shows just such a moon-shaped standard with pendant bells or tassels stationed between two figures, one of which is on an Assyrian type throne (Pritchard 1954: 158, No. 460).

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Other possible uses for bells or tassels of this type are as ornamentations on ceremonial stands, lavers, and/or braziers, such as that on a laver from the 15th century b.c.e. at Ras Shamra, with pendant pomegranates (Pritchard 1954: 194, No. 588); or as attachments to ceremonial vestments, as referenced in Exod 28:33–35, where the priestly garb of Aaron is described: 33. On its skirts you shall make pomegranates of blue and purple and scarlet stuff, around its skirts, with bells of gold between them, 34. a golden bell and a pomegranate, a golden bell and a pomegranate, round about on the skirts of the robe. 35. And it shall be upon Aaron when he ministers, and its sound shall be heard when he goes into the holy place before the Lord, and when he comes out, lest he die” (RSV)

From this last verse, we may infer that the use of such bells was understood to provide the priest with protection, reflecting perhaps an earlier historical association with magic (see Werner 1962: 370). We should finally note that from early antiquity bells are also known to have been decorative ornaments for horses (see Zech 14:20). From the above discussion, it is reasonable to conclude that the small bell found at Halif reflects a Phoenician background dating from as far back as perhaps the late Iron II or early Persian periods. While some use as a cultic symbol or ornament is possible, speculation regarding its actual use remains uncertain.

E.  Ptolemaic Coin by Joe D. Seger

Photo 4E.1.  Bronze coin, Object 437 (pl. 22:24), obverse view.

Photo 4E.2.  Bronze coin, Object 437 (pl. 22:24), reverse view.

A terminus ad quem for the Phase 4 occupation in Field II was provided by a bronze coin discovered in 1979 in Area F6/26 within a burial (L. 26004/26012; F6/26.61). The grave had been dug down through L. 26005 rubble remains that represented the destruction and abandonment of the final Phase 4A Hellenistic settlement (see chap. 3.M). The grave pit penetrated both Phases 4A and 4B levels and contained one individual male burial. The coin was found under the cover of stone slabs 0.12 m above the skull. At the time of burial, it was presumably placed directly on the individual’s face or forehead.

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Figure 4E.1. Bronze coin, Object 437 (pl. 22:24), obverse view.

Figure 4E.2. Bronze coin, Object 437 (pl. 22:24), reverse view.

The coin was a somewhat corroded bronze drachma (pl. 22:24; photos 4E.1–2; figs. 4E.1– 2). On its face, it shows the head of Alexander the Great, with the horn of Ammon, clad in elephant headdress and aegis (fig. 4E.1). On the reverse is the image of an eagle with wings unfurled, grasping a thunderbolt, surrounded on its upper flanks by the Greek inscription [Π]TOΛEMAIOY BAΣIΛEΩΣ (fig. 4E.2). Though obscure, it is also possible to identify a delta or delta iota moneyer’s mark between its legs. The coin can accordingly be best dated to the second Egyptian minting of Ptolemy III Euergetes (247–222 b.c.e.; see Poole 1883: xliv, 57; an excellent comparative example is provided on pl. xii:7). A preliminary suggestion that the coin might otherwise have derived from the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Seger 1983:17) must now be abandoned, since coins of this earlier realm routinely display the head of Ptolemaeus I or II, or Zeus Ammon, but not that of Alexander (Poole 1883: 24–43). The date of the coin and its stratigraphic location suggests that the Hellenistic period settlement at Halif ceased sometime in the late 3rd or early 2nd century b.c.e. and at least certainly during or after the reign of Ptolemy II. This dating correlates well with the eclipse of Egyptian influence in southern Palestine in the wake of the 2nd-century b.c.e. increase of Seleucid activity in the region. Judging from the artifacts in the grave, the corpse (L. 26018) was an adult male. He was interred in supine position, with his head at the west end and his skull facing south (see photo 3.29). The right arm was at his side, and the left arm was laid across his midsection. In addition to Coin 437 found directly above the skull, an iron spear point was found under the skeleton’s left elbow (pl. 22:25, photo 3.30, Obj. 440), suggesting that the male corpse was buried with his spear at his side. Aside from Phase Post-4A Burial 26012, the central part of the mound around Field II appears to have remained abandoned for the next three or more centuries.

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F.  Miscellaneous Finds by Joe D. Seger Apart from the more special items discussed above in chapter 4.A–E, excavations in Field II also produced a collection of other more ordinary small objects. All objects are referenced in the Appendix. Line drawings of objects found in stratigraphic contexts are illustrated with their associated pottery in the sequence of plates. Some of these and a few others are displayed on photos 3.14–15, 30 and in photos 4F.1–5 included in this section. A list of all objects, grouped by general type, follows. 1. Beads Object 310 Object 331 Object 371 Object 397 Object 623 Object 636 Object 646 Object 652 Object 653 Object 687 Object 704 Object 724 Object 727

Stone Stone bead group Carnelian gemstone Faience Stone Faience Carnelian Shell bead or tool? Faience scarab Faience Carnelian Faience Ivory

pl. 19:21, L. 13008 L. 33008 pl. 22:22, photo 3.30, L. 26005 L .1015 photo 4F.5, L. 4017.1 L. 4020.1 pl. 3:25, photo 4F.5, L. 1036 pl. 20:24; photo 4F.5, L. 24006.1 pl. 20:25; photo 4F.5, L. 24006.1 pl. 8:21; photo 4F.5, L. 4031 pl. 8:19; photo 4F.5, L. 4025.1 pl. 4:32; photo 4F.5, L. 4050 pl. 9:18; photo 4F.5, L. 4038

Spatula? Spatula? Spatula or loom tool Awl Game token? Spatula or loom shuttle Spatula Spatula

pl. 15:8, L. 12003 pl. 19:6, L. 33004 pl. 23:15, photo 4F.1, L. 22003.1 pl. 23:17; photo 3.30, L. 22003.1 photo 3.30, L. 1024.1 photo 3.30, L. 24002 pl. 20:16; photo 4F.2, L. 24002 pl. 3:24, L. 1036

2.  Bone Tools Object 155 Object 321 Object 395 Object 428 Object 472 Object 491 Object 660 Object 679b

3.  Ceramic Tools and Miscellaneous Object 123 Object 153a Object 153b Object 181 Object 186 Object 188 Object 214 Object 233 Object 263

Ostraca? Incense Stand Incense Stand Jar stopper Incised sherd Bi-conical loom weight Bi-conical loom weight Bi-conical loom weight Bi-conical loom weight

L. 24001 pl. 14:16, photo 3.15, L. 12003 pl. 14:17, photo 3.16, L. 12003 L. 25002 L. 15012 pl. 15:7, L. 12003 pl. 24:17, L. 11001 pl. 16:15, L. 4002 pl. 24:15, L. 33001

102

Objects Object 264 Object 325 Object 335 Object 389 Object 408 Object 413 Object 449 Object 505 Object 651 Object 719 Object 743

Bi-conical loom weight Inscribed jar handle Loom weight Loom weight or whorl Inscribed sherd Bi-conical loom weight Loom weight Game token Bi-conical loom weight Jar stopper Spindle whorl

pl. 24:16, L. 33001 L. 33004 L. 33008 pl. 24:13, L. 16001 pl. 24:10, L. 16001 pl. 23:16, L. 22003.1 photo 3.30, L. 22007 photo 3:30, L. 1003 pl. 20:13, photo 4F.5, L. 24006 photo 4F.5, L. 24018 photo 4F.5, L. 4038

4.  Ceramic Figurines Object 213 Object 300 Object 416 Object 433 Object 483 Object 489 Object 604 Object 622

Bird figurine head Zoomorphic figurine head Zoomorphic figurine Zoomorphic figurine Zoomorphic figurine Bird figurine Zoomorphic figurine Couch figurine

pl. 24:14, L. 33001 pl. 24:18, L. 33001 pl. 22:20, L. 26003.1 pl. 18:16, L. 1010.1 pl. 22:19, L. 16004.1 pl. 13:11, L. 22013.1 pl. 13:9, photo 4F.4, L. 4013.1 pl. 7:22, L. 1041

Iron blade fragment Bronze cosmetic spatula Iron arrowhead Bronze arrowhead Bronze ring Bronze bell Iron knife blade Iron spear point Iron blade Iron point Iron blade Bronze arrowhead

L. 23002 pl. 10:32, L. 14010 pl. 19:11, L. 23002 pl. 24:3, L. 14001 L. 33008 L. 33008 pl. 23:27, photo 4F.3, L. 1015 pl. 22:25, photo 3.30, L. 26012 pl. 4:32, photo 4F.5, L. 4050 L. 4017.1 photo 4F.5, L. 24011.1 pl. 2:5, photo 4F.5, L. 4055

Limestone vat Limestone vat (MC 6377) Basalt rubbing stone Limestone grinding stone Limestone saddle quern Flint scraper Limestone bowl Limestone mortar

pl. 24:1, L. 13005 pl. 24:2, L. 16002 pl. 24:9, L. 24001 pl. 24:6, L. 12001 pl. 24:7, L. 12001 L. 12003 pl. 24:4, L. 12001 L. 12003

5.  Metal Objects Object 162 Object 262 Object 286 Object 327 Object 330 Object 333 Object 362 Object 440 Object 621 Object 633 Object 682 Object 742

6.  Stone Tools Object Object Object 119 Object 120 Object 121 Object 124 Object 133 Object 139

103

Objects Object 143 Object 146 Object 147 Object 163 Object 166 Object 168 Object 170 Object 172 Object 173 Object 174 Object 175 Object 176 Object 178 Object 179 Object 182 Object 196 Object 198 Object 241 Object 280 Object 289 Object 290 Object 302 Object 303 Object 320 Object 328 Object 329 Object 332 Object 334 Object 354 Object 356 Object 386 Object 637 Object 644 Object 666 Object 667 Object 674 Object 676 Object 678 Object 679a Object 689 Object 690 Object 703 Object 706 Object 739 Object 741 Object 743 Object 755

Limestone bowl base Sandstone grinding stone Flint sickle blade Limestone whetstone Basalt weight Limestone rubbing stone Basalt weight Basalt scale weight Marble pounder Chert polishing tool Grinding stone Flint ballista Quartzite grinding stone Chert polishing stone Geode weight? Limestone mortar or socket Limestone button or buzz toy Alabaster bowl Limestone double bowl Feldspar token or weight Basalt weight Flint tool Stone spindle whorl Flint tool Limestone upper grinding stone Marble lower grinding stone Limestone bowl Limestone grinding stone Flint sickle blade Limestone bowl Alabaster bowl Limestone ballista or pounder Limestone loom weight Flint scraper Flint sickle blade Chert pounder Hand grinding stone Limestone weight or token? Flint sickle blade Basalt pestle Rubbing stone Flint blade Basalt grinding stone Basalt dibble weight Flint blade Diorite spindle whorl Basalt grinding stone

pl. 15:9, L. 12003 pl. 19:9, L. 12004 L. 25003 L. 12003 pl. 15:10, L. 12003 L. 12003 L. 12003 L, 12003 L. 12003 L. 12003 L. 12003 L. 12003 L. 12003 L. 12003 pl. 22:1, L. 15007 L. 15018 pl. 19:10, L. 23002 pl. 19:29, L. 11006 pl. 24:12, L. 2001 pl. 19:5, L. 33004 pl. 24:11, L. 2001 L. 33004 pl. 10:31, L. 11010 L. 13008 L. 4014 L. 4014 L. 2001 L. 4011 photo 3.30, L. 25001 pl. 24:5, L. 1001 pl. 23:13, L. 22003.1 pl. 6:8 pl. 24:8, photo 4F.5, L. 2001 photo 4F.5, L. 1036 photo 4F.5, L. 24006.1 photo 4F.5, L. 4031 photo 4F.5, L. 4034 pl. 5:20, photo 4F.5, L. 4033 photo 4F.5, L. 1036 pl. 18:10, photo 4F.5, L. 12005 L. 24006.1 L. 4032 pl. 8:20, photo 4F.5, L. 4025.1 pl. 18:9, photo 4F.5, L. 14016 photo 4F.5, L. 4040.1 pl. 9:25, L. 4038 L. 14029.1

104

Objects

Photo 4F.1.  Bone spatula or loom tool, Object 395 (pl. 23:15).

Photo 4F.2.  Bone spatula, Object 660 (pl. 20:16).

Photo 4F.4.  Zoomorphic figurine head, Object 604 (pl. 13:9).

Photo 4F.3 (left).  Iron knife blade, Object 362 (pl. 23:27).

Photo 4F.5.  Miscellaneous Objects.

Appendix: Locus Lists (Un-Diagnostic sherds Not Saved for study are referenced as “UD/NS”)

Area F6/1: 1001

Layer across entire area from tell surface at 487.97/488.05 down to 487.90; light brown field soil with random pebble- to cobble-sized stones. Phases: Post-3 Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 North, South, East, and West Sections) Baskets: F6/1.1–5, 8, 12, 14, 17, 20, 22–23 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Hell, Rom, Byz, Arab Objects: #356, limestone bowl fragment (pl. 24:5)

1002

Layer across entire area; light brown mud-brick detritus with pebble- to cobble-sized stones and plaster fragments; below L.  1001 from 487.90 down to Pavement 1005 and Walls 1004, 1009, and Surface 1014 at 487.75. Includes canceled L. 1006–1007. Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/1.6–7, 10–11, 15–16, 18–19, 21, 24–26, 27–30, 36–37, 40–41, 83 Field Readings: Pers, Hell, Rom, Byz, Arab, UD/NS Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Glass, Musket ball

1003

Pit in southeast corner of area; fine dust; below L. 1002 from 487.75 down to L. 1011 at 487.46; cuts through Pavement 1005 and Surface 1010. Phases: Post-3 Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 South and East Sections), XV, XIX Photos: 3.31

1004

Wall or installation in south of area; one row, 0.4 m wide of boulders; two courses along with patch of possible pavement adjacent to the south; top at 487.85; founded above Pit 1029 at 487.51; interrupted by Pit 1008 (northwest). Phases: 3 Plans: V (F6/1 South Section), XV, XIX Baskets: F6/1.81–82, 95, 97, 114 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Rom Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.12, 31

1005

Surface across most of area except where interrupted by Pits 1003, 1008, 1013, and 1015; small to medium cobbles; top at 487.84; bottom above L. 1005.1 at 487.75. Phases: 3 Plans: V (F6/1 North and West Sections), XIX

106

Appendix: Locus Lists Baskets: F6/1.9, 33, 35, 44, 55, 62 Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron II, Rom, Byz Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.31

1005.1

Removal of soils below Surface 1005 cobbles; compact yellow/brown soil with frequent limestone chips; from 487.75 down to Trench 1016 at 487.50. Phases: Pre-3 Plans: V (F6/1 North and West Sections) Baskets: F6/1.45, 47, 51–52, 54, 56, 59, 63–64 (pl. 23:25–26) Field Readings: Iron II, Hell, Byz? Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Grinding stone, Plaster

1006

Canceled: Included in L. 1002.

1007

Canceled: Included in L. 1002.

1008

Pit in southwest of area; disaggregated yellow/brown soil, small stones, and boulders; top at 487.70 with bottom at 487.47; cuts through Surface 1005 and interrupts Wall 1004; penetrates Plaster Surface 1010; extended southwest into Area F6/2 down to 487.15. Includes canceled L. 2009. Phases: Post-3 Plans: V (F6/1 South and West Sections), XV, XIX Baskets: F6/1.32, 38; F6/2.12 Field Readings: Iron II, Rom, Byz, Arab Black Samples: Worked bone, Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.9, 31

1009

Wall running northeast from the southeast corner of Area F6/1 into Area F6/11; two rows, 0.55 m wide of medium boulders; one course high; top at 487.88; founded at 487.45; in association with Phase 6B Surface 1010; top reused with Phase 3 Surface 1005. Includes canceled L. 11003. Phases: 6B, 6A, 3 Plans: Plans I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 East Section), XV, XIX Baskets: F6/1.89 Field Readings: Iron II Photos: 3.8, 12, 31

1010

Surface preserved in patches across the northeast, southeast, and southwest portions of area; lime plaster; top at 487.43–45 (north and west), sloping up to 487.59 (southeast); lips up to Wall 1009, Pit 1029, and the upper edge of the top course of Wall 1019B; spreads over portions of the lower course of Wall 1019A; cut by Trench 1016 (northwest) and by Pits 1008 (southwest), 1003 (southeast), and 1015 (north). Includes canceled L. 1020 and 1022. Phases: 6B, 6A Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 North, South, and East Sections), XV

Appendix: Locus Lists 1010.1

107

Removal of Surface 1010 and makeup below; lime plaster with heavy concentration of pebbles; down to Layer 1011 at 487.34. Includes canceled L. 1020.1, 1022.1, and 1023. Phases: 6B, 6A? Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 North, South, East, and West Sections) Baskets: F6/1.85–87, 90 (pl. 18:11–16). Field Readings: Iron II Object #433, zoomorphic figure (pl. 18:16) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Grinding stone fragment.

1011

Layer in east, south, and southwest parts of area; stone filled debris; below L.1010.1 from 487.34 down to Surface 1024 at 487.23. Includes canceled L. 1017. Phases: Pre-6B, 6A? Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 South, East, and West Sections) Baskets: F6/1.88, 102, 104 (pl. 18:26–27). Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone

1012

Layer in southwest of area; mud-brick debris; below Pit 1008 from 487.53 down to Surface 1010 at 487.47. Phases: Post-6B Baskets: F6/1.3 Field Readings: Iron II, UD/NS Samples: Clay, Caliche, Shell, Lithic, Bone

1013

Pit in northwest corner of area; yellow/brown debris soil and layers of wind- and water-laid silts; below L. 1002 from 487.75 down to Trench 1016 at 487.25; cuts Surface 1005. Phases: Post-3 Plans: V (F6/1 North and West Sections), XIX Baskets: F6/1.42 Field Readings: Iron II, Byz Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.31

1014

Surface at northeast corner of area; cobbles and small boulders; top below L.  1002 at 487.88 down to Surface 1010 at 487.64; associated with Surface 1005 but separated from it by Pit 1015. Phases: 3 Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 East Section), XIX Baskets: F6/1.68–69 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.12, 31

1015

Pit in northeast of area in an L-shaped configuration; mixed debris; top below L. 1002 at 487.85 down to Surface 1024 and Wall 1019A/B at 487.37; cuts Surfaces 1005, 1010, and 1014.

108

Appendix: Locus Lists Phases: Post-3 Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 North and East Sections), XIX Baskets: F6/1.43, 46, 50, 53, 60, 67 (pl. 23:27) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Hell, Byz Objects: #362, iron knife blade, (pl. 23:27, photo 4F.3); #397, faience bead Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil Photos: 3.31

1016

Trench in northwest of area; disaggregated yellow/brown soil and frequent pockets of stones and pottery; top below L. 1005.1 at approx. 487.60; down to L. 1025 at approx. 486.85; partially dismantles the western lower courses of Wall 1019A. Includes canceled L. 1018. Note: half of a Persian period lamp was found in this locus and the other half in Trench 1028 (F6/1.96 #1 and F6/1.77 #2). Phases: Pre-3 Plans: V (F6/1 North and West Sections), XV Baskets: F6/1.48–49, 58, 61, 65–66, 70–80, 84 (pl. 23:18–22) Field Readings: LB, Iron II, Pers, Hell, Late Rom Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Grinding stone & Stone bowl fragments

1017

Canceled: Included in L. 1011.

1018

Canceled: Included in L. 1016.

1019A

Wall running northeast to southwest across the center of area; two rows, 0.75 m wide of medium boulders with a rubble core; 3 courses high; top below L. 1016 at 487.25; founded above Trench 1019A at 486.67; abuts and extends the line of earlier Wall 1019B; associates in Phase 6D with Surface 1040. Phases: 6D, 6C, portion in 6B Plans: V (F6/1 South Section), XIII–XV Baskets: F6/1.160, 164, 268 Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.6–7, 12

1019A.1 Foundation Trench for Wall 1019A; compact gray/brown mud mortar layer; directly below Wall 1019A from 486.67 down to ca. 486.40; cuts across Pits 1042 and 1051 and penetrates L. 1036 ash and L. 1041 debris. Phases: Pre-6D Plans: V (F6/1 South Section) Baskets: F6/1.168–169, 174 (pl. 6:1–8) Field Readings: LB II, Iron II Objects: #637, limestone ballista or pounder (pl. 6:8) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell 1019B

Wall in northeast sector of area running southwest into area and cornering to run northwest out of area; one row, 0.5 m wide, of large boulders; founded in Trench 1019B.1 at 486.45.

Appendix: Locus Lists

109

In Phase 7B, its southern corner penetrates the circle line of Pit 1042 and lies on the initial layers of L. 1036 ash. The wall corner enclosed Tabun 1047, which continued in use through Phase 7A. In Phase 7A, the northwest segment of the wall was in use with Installation 1030. Through Phases 6D-6C, the northeast segment of the wall continued in use with its line extended to the southwest by Wall 1019A. This Wall 1019B segment is preserved four courses high, with top at 487.42. In Phase 6B, Surface 1010 lips up to its east side suggesting that elements of the wall may have continued in use through Phases 6B-6A either as a wall socle or as stone surfacing. Phases: 7A, 6D, 6C, 6B?, 6A? Plans: V (F6/1 North Section), XII–XV Baskets: F6/1.218, 250 (pl. 4:19) Field Readings: Iron I Samples: Bone Photos: 3.2, 3.4, 3.6–7, 3.12 1019B.1 Foundation Trench for Wall 1019B; compact gray/brown soil; from 486.45 down to L. 1048 ash at 486.35. Phases: Pre-7A Plans: V (F6/1 North Section) Baskets: F6/1.220–21, 251 (pl. 4:20) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil 1020

Canceled: Included in L. 1010.

1020.1

Canceled: Included in L. 1010.1.

1021

Canceled: Included in L. 1025.

1022

Canceled: Included in L. 1010.

1022.1

Canceled: Included in L. 1010.1.

1023

Canceled: Included in L. 1010.1.

1024

Metalled surface on east side of area; compact gray/brown soil with a high concentration of small sherds and pebbles; below L. 1010.1, 1011, and 1026 at 487.23; runs along the east face of the upper courses of Wall 1019A/B, but the connection was cut by later Trench 1032; runs east into Area F6/11 (at 487.32) and southwest into Area F6/2 (at 487.36); in both areas it abutted the west side of Wall 2007 and both sides of Drain 2006. Includes canceled L. 2010, 11012, and 11013. Phases: 6C Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), III (F6/2 South Section), V (F6/1 North, South and East Sections), XIV Photos: 3.6, 9, 12

110 1024.1

Appendix: Locus Lists Removal of Surface 1024 and makeup below; compact gray/brown soil with a heavy concentration of pebbles, small sherds, and ground limestone; from 487.23 down to L. 1031 at 487.10. Phases: Pre-6C Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 North, South, and East Sections) Baskets: F6/1.99, 103, 105, 123, 128, 130, 148 (pl. 10:9–17) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I, Iron II Objects: #472, gaming piece (photo 3.30) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

1025

Layer in north of area; yellow/brown brick detritus; below Trench 1016 from 487.15 down to L. 1041 at 487.00; similar to L. 1041 but absent the presences of large stones. Includes the L. 1035 ash lens and canceled L. 1021 and 1027. Phases: Pre-3 Plans: V (F6/1 North and West Sections) Baskets: F6/1.92–94 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

1026

Layer at east balk; yellow/brown, mud-brick detritus; below Wall 1009 from 487.45 down to Surface 1024 at 487.23. Phases: Pre-6B Plans: V Baskets: F6/1.91 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

1027

Canceled: Included in L. 1025.

1028

Layer of upper soil within Pit 1029; orange/brown soil with high frequency of animal bones, pottery, and pebbles; below Wall 1004 from 486.98; down to L. 1038 and 1039 at 486.84. Note: half of a Persian period lamp was found in this locus and the other half in Trench 1016 (F6/1.96 #1 and F6/1.77 #2). Phases: Pre-3 Plans: V (F6/1 South Section) Baskets: F6/1.96, 98 (pl. 23:22) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil

1029

Pit in south of area below Wall 1004; circular; 0.75 m diameter; lined with coarse cobblesized stones; top below Wall 1004 at 487.51 down to 486.84; associates with Surface 1010; bottom cuts into Wall 1019A. Contains the L. 1038–1039 soil layers. Phases: 6B, 6A Plans: V (F6/1 South Section), XIII–XV Baskets: F6/1.134–35, 155, 158 Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.6, 12

Appendix: Locus Lists 1030

111

Installation south of—and partly built into—Wall 1019B; semicircle of large boulders; top below L. 1041 at 486.95; founded on the extension northwest of Pit Floor 1052 at 486.32. Phases: 7A Plans: XII Baskets: F6/1.200, 205–06, 210, 245–46 (pl. 4:11–18) Field Readings: EB, LB II, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.2, 4, 6, 12

1031

Layer on east side of area; light brown fine-textured soil; below L. 1024.1 from 487.10; down to Surface 1040 and Pit 1034 at 486.90. Phases: 6D/Pre-6C Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 North, South, and East Sections) Baskets: F6/1.100–01, 107, 118, 124 (pl. 10:18–30) Field Readings: EB, LB II, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

1032

Trench along east and west sides of Wall 1019A/B; gray/brown tell debris; below Surface 1010 from 487.43; down to bottom along wall at 486.89; cuts through Surface 1024. May have been dug by Phase 6B builders to check reliability of Wall 1019B for reuse. Phases: Pre-6B, 6A Plans: V (F6/1 North Section), XIV Baskets: F6/1.106, 109, 116 (pl. 18:28–31) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone Photos: 3.12

1033

Layer in southwest portion of area west of Wall 1019A; yellow/brown brick detritus with frequent stones; below L. 1011 from 487.25 down to L. 1041 at 486.90. Corresponds to L. 1031 below Surface 1024 east of Wall 1019A. Phases: Pre-6C Plans: V (F6/1 South and West Sections) Baskets: F6/1.108, 110, 113, 119–20, 126–27 (pl. 11:1–7) Field Readings: LB, Iron I Objects: #505, gaming piece (photo 3.30) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

1034

Pit in northeast corner along east balk; dark brown to gray soil with heavy concentrations of animal bones and ash; cut from Surface 1040 below L. 1031 from 486.90; penetrates into L. 1036 ash down to 486.51. Phases: 6D Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 North and East Sections), XIII Baskets: F6/1.111–12, 115, 117, 121–22, 125 (pl. 5:1–18) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I, Iron II Objects: #448, clay bulla with cylinder seal impression (pl. 5:18; photos 4B.1–2) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

112 1035

Appendix: Locus Lists Ash lens within L. 1025. Phases: Pre-3 Plans: V (F6/1 North Section)

1036

Layer within Pit 1042; medium gray ash filled with heavy concentrations of small to large animal bone fragments; below L. 1040, Drain 1037, Pit 1034, and Trench 1019A.1 from 486.53, and down to the Floor 1052 floor at 486.24–34 on the east and tipping as low as 486.20 beneath Wall 1019B. Phases: 7B, 7A Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 East Section), XI–XII Baskets: F6/1.163, 186, 188, 190–197, 199, 225 (pl. 3) Field Readings: EB, LB I, LB II, Iron I Objects: #645, ceramic female figurine (pl.  3:26, photos 4A.1–2); #646, carnelian bead (pl.  3:25, photo 4F.5); #666, flint scraper (photo 4F.5); #679a, flint sickle blade (photo 4F.5); #679b, bone spatula (pl. 3:24) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.2, 6–7

1037

Drain running southwest to northeast in southeast portion of area; 0.35 m wide; sides lined with two courses of large cobble-sized stones; capped with medium boulders; top below Surface 1040 at 487.00 (south) and 487.79 (middle to north); cut into L.  1040.1. Drain floor at 486.60 (at south balk), sloping down to 486.41 north (at the east balk); interrupts upper course of Pit 1042 and penetrates into L. 1036 ash. Soil within drain was removed as L. 1045. Phases: 6D Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 South and East Sections), XIII Baskets: F6/1.171, 177, 179, 183, 189 (pl. 5:28–32) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.1–2, 6–7

1038

Layer inside Pit 1029; porous light brown to gray granular soil with high frequency of pebbles (top) and silty texture with few inclusions (bottom); top below L. 1028 at 486.84; down to L. 1039 at 486.72. Phases: 6A Plans: V (F6/1 South Section) Baskets: F6/1.129 (pl. 16:1) Field Readings: EB, Iron IIC Samples: Bone, Lithic

1039

Layer at bottom of Pit 1029; light gray-brown silty soil with few stone inclusions (top) and dark brown compact granular soil with high frequency of pebbles (bottom); top below L. 1038 at 486.72; down to Pit 1051 at 486.63. Phases: 6B Plans: V (F6/1 South Section) Baskets: F6/1.131, 133 Field Readings: EB, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

Appendix: Locus Lists 1040

113

Surface on east side of area; light brown compact soil with heavy concentrations of bone, pebble, and small cobble-sized stones; below L. 1031 and above L. 1040.1 and Drain 1037 at 486.90–487.00. Phases: 6D Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 South and East Sections), XIII Photos: 3.7

1040.1

Removal of Surface 1040 and makeup below; light brown compact soil with heavy concentrations of bone, pebble, and small cobble-sized stones; from 487.00 down into L. 1036 ash to 486.38; cut into by Drain 1037. Phases: 6D Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 South and East Sections) Baskets: F6/1.132, 136, 138, 140, 149, 151, 153, 156, 167, 172–73, 175, 185, 261 (pl. 6:11– 22) Field Readings: EB, LB I, LB II, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

1041

Layer across west side of area; light brown/yellow mud-brick detritus and debris filled with cobble- to large boulder-sized stones; top below L. 1025 from 487.05 down to Installation 1030 at 486.95 and below the west leg of Wall 1019B at 486.30–40. Includes L. 1046 collapse. Phases: Pre-6D Plans: V (F6/1 North, South, and West Sections), XIII Baskets: F6/1.137, 139, 141, 143–44, 146–47, 152, 154, 159, 161, 165, 176, 180, 184, 187, 202–3, 209, 241, 265, 267 (pl. 7) Field Readings: LB, Iron I, Iron II (8th c. b.c.e.) Objects: #622, Ashdoda-type couch figurine (pl. 7:22) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.4

1042

Pit across east side of area; side wall with one-row-wide cobble-sized stones set into mud mortar; six courses high; 3 m in diameter; top in southwest at 487.03; founded with Pit Floor 1052 at 486.25–30; contains L. 1036 ash and bone; pit’s construction partially dismantled earlier Pit 1051; was itself partially dismantled by Drain 1037, Pits 1029 and 1034, and Walls 1019A-B. Phases: 7B, 7A Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 East Section), X–XII Baskets: F6/1.227, 230, 236, 253–54 Field Readings: LB, Iron I Samples: Bone Photos: 3.2, 4, 7

1042.1

Removal of lower courses of Pit Wall 1042 and soil directly below; compact soil with a concentration of ground limestone and clay along with occupational inclusions; from 486.40 down to 486.10. Phases: Pre-7B

114

Appendix: Locus Lists Baskets: F6/1.238, 255–56 Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic

1043

Balk trim; mixed loci. Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/1.142 Field Readings: Iron II, UD/NS

1044

Probe between Drain 1037 and Pit Wall 1042 near south balk; brown granular waterpercolated soil; in foundation trench cut for laying of drain; below L. 1040 from 486.80 down to 486.61. Phases: Pre-6D Baskets: F6/1.145 Field Readings: EB, LB II, Iron II, UD/NS

1045

Layer within Drain 1037 below capstones; dark brown, porous, water-percolated soil with few inclusions; from 486.75 down to drain floor above L. 1049 at 486.41. Phases: 6D Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 East Section) Baskets: F6/1.150, 157, 166, 170, 178 (pl. 5:22–23) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.1, 7

1046

Stone spill within L. 1041. Phases: Post-7A

1047

Tabun at north balk; terra-cotta on a foundation ring of cobble-sized stones; 0.75  m in diameter; reinforced by large sherds; top below L. 1041 at 486.66; founded with Surface 1052 at 486.11. Phases: 7B, 7A Plans: V (F6/1 North Section), XI–XII Baskets: F6/1.259, 262 (pl. 2:1–2) Field Readings: Iron I Photos: 3.3–4

1047.1

Removal of the cobble foundation stones of Tabun 1047 and soil directly below; cobbles and compact brown mud mortar; from 486.25 down to extension of Pit Floor 1052 at 486.05. Phases: Pre-7B Plans: V (F6/1 North Section) Baskets: F6/1.264 (pl. 2:4) Field Readings: Iron I Photos: 3.3

Appendix: Locus Lists 1048

115

Layer around the outside of Tabun 1047 and within the corner of Wall 1019B; light gray powdery ash with few inclusions; below L. 1041 from 486.74 down to Surfaces 1052 and 1052A at 486.32. Phases: 7A? Plans: V (F6/1 North Section) Baskets: F6/1.162, 217, 226, 234, 252 Field Readings: Iron I Objects: #621, iron blade, (pl. 4:31) Samples: Bone, Ash, Soil

1049

Layer below floor of Drain 1037; mixture of dark brown water percolated soil and medium gray ash; from 486.60 at south balk; down to L. 1058 at 486.55. Phases: 7A/Pre-6D Plans: V (F6/1 South Section) Baskets: F6/1.181 (pl. 6:27–30) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 3.2

1050

Balk trim; mixed loci. Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/1.182 Field Readings: LB II, UD/NS

1051

Pit projecting into southwestern part of area, curving east in 2.5-m diameter arc; side wall of one row of cobble-sized stones set in compact mud mortar; eight courses high; top below L. 1040 at 486.80 down to Floor 1053 and L. 1051.1 at 485.85; interrupted by Pit 1042. Material within the pit was excavated as L. 1058. Phases: 8A Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 South and East Sections), X Baskets: F6/1.257 (pl. 1:1–2) Field Readings: LB II Samples: Lithic Photos: 3.1–2

1051.1

Removal of the bottom course of the wall of Pit 1051, its surrounding soil, and the soil below Floor 1053; from 486.00 down to limit of excavation at 485.85. Phases: Pre-8A Plans: V (F6/1 South Section) Baskets: F6/1.260 (pl. 1:3) Field Readings: LB

1052

Floor of Pit 1042; lime plaster; below L. 1036 ash at 486.27 north and 486.34 south; runs against bottom course of Pit 1042 stones. At north of area the surface continues uninterrupted through the gap in the L. 1042 wall stones under Installation 1030 and Wall 1019B up to the stones of Pit 1061 and Tabun 1047.

116

Appendix: Locus Lists Phases: 7B Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 North and East Sections), XI Photos: 3.3

1052A

Surface of Pit 1061 west of Tabun 1047. Possible continuation of Surface 1052 from Pit 1042. Below L. 1048 ash at 486.32. Phases: 7B Plans: V (F6/1 North Section)

1052.1

Removal of Pit Floor 1052 and soil below; lime plaster and mud mortar with few inclusions; from 486.27 north and 486.34 south, down to L. 1058 at 486.05 and Pit Floor 1053 at 486.00. Includes canceled L. 1060. Phases: Pre-7B Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 North and East Sections) Baskets: F6/1.198, 201, 204, 207–8, 232–33, 258 Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

1053

Floor of Pit 1051; compact clay soil with thin chaff layer; below L. 1058 at 486.05 and L. 1052.1 at 486.00. Phases: 8A Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 South and East Sections), X

1053.1

Removal of Floor 1053; compact gray/brown soil with high clay content; from 486.05 and 486.00; down to L. 1054 at 486.00; lips against bottom two courses of Pit Wall 1051. Phases: Pre-8A Plans: I (F6/1 East Sections), V (F6/1 South and East Sections) Baskets: F6/1.211, 224, 243, 249 (pl. 1:4–6) Field Readings: LB II, LB II/Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Flint sickle blade Photos: 3.1

1054

Layer below L. 1052.1 in north center of area; compact mud with disaggregated cobble- to boulder-sized stones; from 486.00 down to limit of excavation at 485.90. Phases: 8A/Pre-7B Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 East Section) Baskets: F6/1.212, 215, 222, 229 (pl. 2:24–25) Field Readings: LB II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

1055

Layer within Tabun 1047; loose brown granulated soil with cobble- to small boulder-sized stones and large terra-cotta tabun fragments; below L. 1041 from 486.55 down to L. 1047.1 at 486.11. Phases: Pre-6D Plans: V Baskets: F6/1.213–14 (pls. 6:23–26; 9:32–33) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Soil

Appendix: Locus Lists

117

1056

Canceled: Included in L. 1059.1.

1057

Probe at north balk to check connections between Tabun 1047 and Wall 1019B; mixed loci. Baskets: F6/1.226, 234, 252 Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

1058

Layer in Pit 1051; alternating lenses of ash and gray/white dung; below L. 1040.1, 1052.1, 1037, and 1049 from 486.55; down to Floor 1053 at 486.05. Phases: 8A Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 South and East Sections), X Baskets: F6/1.231, 237, 239, 263 (pl. 1:7–26) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil, Flint scrapers, Ballista Photos: 3.1

1059

Surface west of Pit 1042; light gray compacted soil with dark gray ash lenses; below Installation 1030 and L. 1041 at 486.45. Phases: 7B Plans: V (F6/1 South and West Sections), XI

1059.1

Removal of Surface 1059 and soil below; light gray/brown compact granular soil; from 486.45 down to limit of excavation at 486.24 (southwest), 486.15 (northwest) and 485.92 (area center). Includes canceled L. 1056. Phases: Pre-7B Plans: V (F6/1 South and West Sections) Baskets: F6/1.216*, 219, 223, 228, 235, 242*, 244, 247–48, 266 (*possible contamination from L. 1041) Field Readings: LB II, LB II/Iron I, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil, Seed Photos: 3.3

1060

Canceled: Included in L. 1052.1.

1061

Pit along north balk curving around Tabun 1047; one-row wall of cobble-sized stones; two exposed courses; top below Wall 1019B at 486.40 (west) and 486.25 (east); foundations not reached; associates with Surface 1059. Phases: 7B Plans: XI Photos: 3.3

1062

Wall in southeast corner of area running northeast to southwest; two rows, 0.6 wide, of medium boulders; tops below Pit Floor 1053 at 486.05 and 485.95; foundations not reached. Phases: 8B Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), V (F6/1 South and East Sections), IX Photos: 3.1

118

Appendix: Locus Lists

Area F6/2: 2001

Layers across whole area; dark gray/brown loess and field soil with random stones; from tell surface down to Surface 1024, Wall 2007, and Drain 2006 as well as Pits 1008, 2003, and 2005 to lowest point at 487.25. Includes canceled L. 2002 and 2011. Phases: Post-6 Plans: I (F6/2 East Section), III (F6/2 South Section) Baskets: F6/2.1–14, 19, 21–22, 24–25 (pl. 24:8, 11, 12) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Hell, Byz Objects: #280, limestone double bowl (pl. 24:12); #290, basalt weight (pl. 24:11); #332, limestone bowl fragment; #644, stone loom weight (pl. 24:8, photo 4F.5). Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

2002

Canceled: Included in L. 2001.

2003

Pit along east balk in southeast corner of area; loose gray/brown soil with random pebbleto cobble-sized stones; top below L. 2001 from 487.75; down to L. 2013 at 486.90; penetrates Surface 1024 and partially dismantles the upper courses of Wall 2007. Phases: Post-6 Plans: I (F6/1 East Section), III (F6/2 and F6/12 South Sections) XIV Baskets: F6/2.15–16, 18, 20 Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron II, Pers, Hell? Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 3.9

2004

Layer in southwest corner of area adjacent to Surface 1024 (north) and bounded by Wall 2007 (east); mud-brick detritus and mixed debris; top below L. 2001 at 487.78; down to limit of excavation at 487.20. Phases: Post-6 Plans: III (F6/2 South Section) Baskets: F6/2.19 Field Readings: Iron II, Hell Photos: 3.9

2005

Pit in northeast quadrant of area; loess soil with some gray ash and random pebbles; top below L. 2001 at 487.25; down to Drain 2006 and Wall 2007 at 487.12 disrupting their upper structures. Phases: Post-6 Plans: I (F6/2 East Section) Baskets: F6/2.17 Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron II, Hell Samples: Bone

2006

Drain running into the northwest corner of Area F6/2 from Area F6/11; 0.5 m wide with a compacted soil floor; sides lined by medium cobble-sized stones; capped with boulders;

Appendix: Locus Lists

119

floor at 487.22 in Area F6/2 (south) and 487.12 in Area F6/11 (north); tops of capstones at 487.54 in Area F6/2 and at 487.50 in Area F6/11; bonded into Surface 1024 along west face of Wall 2007; interrupted by Pit 2005 (northeast in corner of Area F6/2), by Pit 11007 (southwest in corner of Area F6/11), and by Pit 11009 (north in Area F6/11). Includes canceled L. 11008. Phases: 6C Plans: XIV Photos: 1.2; 3.8–10 2007

Stone wall running northeast to southwest through Areas F6/2 and 11, cornering at the south in Area F6/2 to run southeast; 0.65 m wide of two rows of boulders with a rubble core; top below L. 2001 at 487.56 in Area F6/2 and 487.68 in Area F6/11; founded with Phase 7A Surface 2020 at 486.80; used with Phase 6D Surface 2015 at 486.92, and with Phase 6C Drain 2006 and Surfaces 1024, 11010, and 11011 at 487.32; upper courses disturbed by Pits 2003, 2005, 11007, and 11009. Includes canceled L. 2008 and 11004. Phases: 7A, 6D, 6C Plans: I (F6/2 East Section), III (F6/2 South Section), XII–XIV Photos: 1.2; 3.8–10

2008

Canceled: Included in L. 2007.

2009

Canceled: Included in L. 1008.

2010

Canceled: Included in L. 1024.

2011

Canceled: Included in L. 2001.

2012

Balk trim; mixed loci. Baskets: F6/2.23 Field Readings: Iron II, UD/NS

2013

Layer in southeast corner of area; compact gray/brown debris; top below L. 2001 and Pit 2003 from 487.40; down to L. 2014 at 486.96. Phases: 6C preparation Plans: I (F6/2 East Section), III (F6/2 and 12 South Sections) Baskets: F6/2.26–27 Field Readings: LB, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

2014

Layer in southeast corner of Area F6/2 and in southwest corner of Area F6/12; gray/brown debris; below L. 2013 from 487.26 down to Surface 2015 at 486.92; dips down over Pit 2017 and L. 2019 soil to 486.76. Phases: 6C preparation Plans: I (F6/2 East Section), III (F6/2 and 12 South Sections) Baskets: F6/2.28 Field Readings: EB, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

120 2015

Appendix: Locus Lists Surface in southeast corner of area; compacted earth; below L. 2014 at 486.92; runs against east face of Wall 2007 and under Installation 2018. Phases: 6D Plans: I (F6/2 East Section), XIII

2015.1

Removal of Surface 2015 and makeup soil below; compact gray/brown mud; from 486.90 down to L. 2016 at 486.83. Phases: Pre-6D preparation Plans: I (F6/2 East Section) Baskets: F6/2.29 Field Readings: LB

2016

Layer in southeast corner of area; compact gray/brown mud; below L. 2015.1 from 486.83 down to Surface 2020 at 486.78. Phases: 7A, Pre-6D? Plans: I (F6/2 East Section) Baskets: F6/2.31 (pl. 4:1–5) Field Readings: LB II Samples: Bone

2017

Pit at southeast corner of area, extending into the southwest corner of Area F6/12; circular; 1.6 m diameter with one course of cobble- to small boulder-sized stones forming an upper rim; cut from Surface 2020; top at 486.81 (west) and 486.87 (east); bottom on Pit Floor 2021 at 486.40; contents removed as L. 2019. Phases: 7A Plans: I (F6/2 East Section), III (F6/2 South Section), XII Photos: 3.10

2018

Installation in southeast of area in southwest corner of Wall 2007; rectangular platform, 0.6 m × 0.75 m and 0.2 m high; one course of large cobbles and small boulders; top below L. 2001 at 487.12; founded on Surface 2015 at 486.92. Phases: 6D Plans: XIII Baskets: F6/2.30 Field Readings: LB II, Iron I

2019

Layer in Pit 2017; porous, brown, wind-blown loess; below L. 2014 from 486.76 down to Pit Floor 2021 at 486.40. Phases: 7A Plans: I (F6/2 East Section), III (F6/2 South Sections) Baskets: F6/2.32–33 (pl. 4:6–10) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic

2020

Surface in southeast corner of area; compacted earth; below L. 2016 at 486.78–80; runs against east face of Wall 2007 and lips against the Pit 2017 stone rim.

Appendix: Locus Lists

121

Phases: 7A Plans: I (F6/2 East Section), XII 2021

Floor of Pit 2017; thin layer of gray-to-white lime; below L. 2019 at 486.40; lips up onto sides of pit wall. Phases: 7A Plans: I (F6/2 East Section), III (F6/2 and 12 South Sections), XII

Area F6/4: 4001

Layer across whole area; brown field soil with random pebble- to boulder-sized stones, potsherds, and bones; from tell surface down to L. 4002 at 487.97. Phases: Post-3 Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 North, South, East, and West Sections) Baskets: F6/4.1, 2, 7–11, 23 (pl. 16:2–3) Field Readings: MB, Iron II, Pers, Hell, Rom, Byz, Arab Samples: Bone, Chert

4002

Layer across entire area; degraded mud brick with reddish-brown coarse and loosely compacted soil; top below L. 4001 from 488.07; down to L. 4005 at 487.75 (east) and L. 4015 at 487.62 (west). Includes canceled L. 4004. Phases: 6A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 North, South, East, and West Sections) Baskets: F6/4.3–6, 12–13, 15–15A, 16–17, 19, 21, 24–25 (pl. 16:4–15) Field Readings: Iron II (plus one each EB, LB, Pers?) Objects: #233, bi-conical loom weight (pl. 16:15). Samples: Bone, Lithic, Grinding stone and Saddle quern fragments

4003

Wall running northeast to southwest across west side of area; two rows, 0.75 m wide, of roughly squared boulders and a rubble core; five courses high; top at 488.15; founded within Trench 4038 in Phase 6D at 487.05; abutted in Phase 6D by Surfaces 4025 (east) and 4039 (west). In Phase 6C, a 1.25-m segment of the wall’s upper courses at its west end was dismantled to create a doorway. The wall’s bottom course, supplemented by a row of stones on its west side, formed a threshold (L. 4026) between Surface 4020 (east) and Surfaces 4030 and 4028 (west). In Phase 6B, an added stone layer established a new threshold (L. 4012), with its top at 487.59, adjoining Surface 4013 (east) and Surface 4017 (west). Pottery baskets are from dismantlement of the wall proper, (Phase 6D). Includes canceled L. 4006. Phases: 6D, 6C, 6B, 6A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 North, South, and West Sections), XIII–XVI Baskets: F6/4.151, 153, 156 (pl. 6:9–10) Field Readings: Iron II

122

Appendix: Locus Lists Samples: Bone, Shell Photos: 3.5, 11

4003.1

Layer below Wall 4003, compacted debris with pockets of dark ash and pebbles; from 487.05 down to Trench 4038 at 486.99; same as fill in Trench 4038. Phases: Pre-6D Baskets: F6/4.157 (pl. 8:22–24) Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone

4004

Canceled: Included in L. 4002.

4005

Layer across east side of area; coarse yellowish-brown degraded mud-brick soil with some pebble and small sherd inclusions; top below L. 4002 at 487.75; down to L. 4011 at 487.60. Phases: 6A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 North, South, and East Section) Baskets: F6/4.18, 20, 22 (pl. 17:1–4) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

4006

Canceled: Included in L. 4003.

4007

Tabun at south balk east of Wall 4003 near Threshold 4012; terra-cotta, 0.4 m diameter; top below L. 4002 at 487.88; founded on a circle of cobble-sized stones with Surface 4013 at 487.49. Phases: 6B?, 6A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South Section), XV Baskets: F6/4.48 (pl. 18:1) Field Readings: Iron II (8th c. b.c.e.) Samples: Bone, Lithic

4008

Wall in east center of area and in Areas F6/4–14 balk between Walls 4003 and 14010; two rows, 0.6 m wide of medium boulders with a rubble core; four courses high; top below 4002 at 487.90; founded with Phase 6C Surface 4020 at 487.36; associated in Phase 6C with Threshold 4027B at its northwest end. In Phases 6B-6A, reused in association with a 0.35-m wall jamb segment (L. 4009) built against Wall 4003 on the northwest portion of Threshold 4027B. A corresponding 0.35-m segment of the northwest end of Wall 4008 was dismantled above the bottom course moving the doorway opening to the east. This was associated with Surface 4013, which was laid through the doorway and on both sides of Wall 4003. Pottery baskets are from the dismantlement of the wall proper, i.e., from Phase 6C. Phases: 6C, 6B, 6A Plans: VI (F6/4 East Section), XIV–XV Baskets: F6/4.117, 118, 120 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone

Appendix: Locus Lists

123

Photos: 3.5, 11 4008.1

Layer below Wall 4008, dark brown compact mud mortar; from 487.36 down to Drain 4035 at 487.16. Phases: Pre-6C Plans: VI (F6/4 East Section) Baskets: F6/4.122 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

4009

Wall jamb foundation stub abutting east face of Wall 4003; two rows 0.6 m wide, of medium boulders; 0.35 m long; three courses high; top below L. 4002 at 488.03; founded on Threshold 4027B at 487.44. Phases: 6B, 6A Plans: XV Baskets: F6/4.35–36 Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Shell

4010

Installation along east face of Wall 4003 between Wall Stub 4009 and Threshold 4012; two rectangular boulders (0.2 m × 0.2 m × 0.4 m) laid on their sides perpendicular to Wall 4003; tops below L. 4002 at 487.75 and 487.80; founded on Surface 4013 at 487.53. Phases: 6B, 6A Plans: XV Baskets: F6/4.34 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone

4011

Layer east of Wall 4003; light brown loosely compacted loess and field soil, silt to granular in size with few inclusions and with occasional evidence of ponding; top below L. 4005 at 487.62; down to Surface 4013 at 487.50; ensconced at points around pottery and artifact fragments on Surface 4013; merges with L. 4013.P. Phases: 6A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section) VI (F6/4 North, South, and East Sections) Baskets: F6/4.26–30 (pl. 17:5–9) Field Readings: Iron II Objects: #334, limestone grinding stone Samples: Bone

4012

Threshold through Wall 4003 in Phase 6B; three to four rows, 1.25 m wide, of small to medium boulders; one course high; top at 487.63; founded on Threshold 4026 at 487.35; abutted by Surface 4017 (west) and Surface 4013 (east). Phases: 6B, 6A Plans: XV Baskets: F6/4.68 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

124 4013

Appendix: Locus Lists Surface on east side of Wall 4003 and Stone Threshold 4012 extending across rooms on both the north and south sides of Wall 4008/4009; light brown to gray silt-to-granular compacted soil, with some pebble- to cobble-sized stones; top below L. 4011 at 487.53–49; covers Threshold 4027; runs up to Installation 4014 (east) and Pit 4022 (south); Tabun 4007 and Installation 4010 were founded on it; interrupted by Pit 14001A (north). Phases: 6B, 6A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South and East Section), XV

4013.P

Pottery on Surface 4013 below and within the matrix of L. 4011. Phases: 6A Plans: VI Baskets: F6/4.38 Field Readings: Iron II

4013.1

Removal of Surface 4013 and makeup below; light brown/gray loosely compacted tell debris and mud-brick detritus with some pockets of ash and small stones; from 487.51 down to Surface 4020 at 487.42. Phases: Pre-6B Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South and East Section) Baskets: F6/4.39, 41–42, 44, 45, 47, 49–51, 54–55, 60, 64, 66 (pl. 13:1–9) Field Readings: Iron II (few EB, LB) Objects: #604, zoomorphic figurine (pl. 13:9, photo 4F.4) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

4014

Installation at southeast of area, south of Wall 4008 and against west face of Wall 14010; rectangular platform, 1 m × 0.7 m of compact mud brick with reinforcing stones supporting a 0.85-m long chert saddle quern; top below L. 4005 at 487.86, curving up to north tip to 488.16; founded at 487.15; abutted by Phase 6B Surface 4013; foundations cut through Phase 6C Surface 4020 and Phase 6D Surface 4025. Phases: 6A, 6B? Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South Section), XV Baskets: F6/4.57, 87, 89 (pl. 18:4–7) Field Readings: Iron II (few EB) Objects: #328, limestone upper grinding stone; #329, marble lower grinding stone Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 3.11

4015

Layer west of Wall 4003; random stone scree in chaotic matrix of mud-brick detritus; below L. 4002 from 487.60; down to L. 4016 at 487.50. Phases: 6A Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Sections) Baskets: F6/4.31–33 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Shell

Appendix: Locus Lists 4016

125

Layer west of Wall 4003; light reddish-brown mud-brick detritus with some small stones; below L. 4015 from 487.50; down to Surface 4017 at 487.40. Phases: 6A Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Sections) Baskets: F6/4.37, 40, 43, 46 (pl. 17:10–11) Field Readings: Iron II (late 8th c. b.c.e.) Samples: Bone, Lithic

4017

Surface west of Wall 4003 and Threshold 4012; wet-laid crushed limestone and clay with pebbles and small sherds; below L. 4016 at 487.42 (north) and 487.49 (south). Phases: 6B, 6A Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Sections), XV Photos: 3.11

4017.1

Removal of Surface 4017 and soil below; wet-laid crushed limestone and light reddish brown compact soil; down to Surface 4028 at 487.32. Phases: Pre-6B Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Sections) Baskets: F6/4.71, 78 (pl. 18:17–25) Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Objects: #623, stone bead (photo 4F.5); # 633, iron point Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

4018

Pillar Base? in Surface 4020 directly east of Wall 4003; rectangular stone 0.35 m × 0.35 m × 0.2 m high; top below L. 4013.1 at 487.35; founded in L.4025.1 at 487.17; perhaps used initially in Phase 6D. Phases: 6D?, 6C Plans: XIII–XIV Photos: 3.11

4019

Layer east of Wall 4003 and north of Wall 4008/4009; brown mud-brick soil with random cobble-sized stones and some small boulders; top below L. 4013.1 at 487.45; down to Pit 4023 and L. 4024 at 487.25 and to L. 4031 at 487.12. Phases: Pre-6B Plans: VI (F6/4 North and East Sections) Baskets: F6/4.53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 67, 70, 73–74; F6/14.54, 56 (pl. 13:12–20) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

4020

Surface east of Wall 4003 and south of Wall 4008; compacted soil with some mettaling; below L. 4013.1 at 487.42; runs up to Wall 4003, Threshold 4026, Wall 4008, Threshold 4027B, and Wall 14010; cut at southeast corner by Installation 4014 and along south balk by Pit 4022. Phases: 6C Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/3 South and East Section), XIV Photos: 3.11

126 4020.1

Appendix: Locus Lists Removal of Surface 4020 and makeup below; patches of wet-laid lime over a layer of light brown debris with random pebble inclusions; from 487.42 down to Surface 4025 at 487.27. Phases: Pre-6C Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South and East Sections) Baskets: F6/4.72, 75, 77, 83–84 (pl. 11:8–13) Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Objects: #636, faience bead Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

4021

Installation in northeast within the Areas F6/4–14 balk, north of Wall 4008; rectangular platform, 0.75 m  ×  0.5 m; 0.49  m high; compact mud brick with three flat reinforcing stones supporting a 0.45-m long grinding stone; top of platform at 487.77; top of grinding stone at 487.94; founded on L. 4019 at 487.45; associates with Surface 4013 and Wall 10410; disturbed by Pit 14001A (north). Phases: 6B?, 6A Plans: XV Baskets: F6/4.61; F6/14.52 (pl. 18:2–3) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.11

4022

Pit at south balk; circular; 0.75 m in diameter; lined with several courses of cobble- to small boulder-sized stones: top at 487.57; pit floor at 487.15; cuts through Surfaces 4013 and 4020. Phases: 6A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South Section), XIV–XV Baskets: F6/4.63, 86 (pl. 17:12–13) Field Readings: Iron II (few intrusive Pers and Byz) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.11

4023

Pit in northeast in F6/4–14 balk; used as storage installation in Phases 7B-7A (L. 4023B) and as a sump pit in Phases 6D-6C (L. 4023A).

4023B

Phases 7B-7A: a cylindrical pit 0.75-m in diameter and 1.2 m deep; walls constructed of six courses of small boulders backed by smaller stones and mortar; top at 487.20; founded at 485.99; floor of pit at 485.95. Phase 7B Surface 4056 and Phase 7A Surface 4040 successively lipped up against the outside base of its top stone course.

4023A

Phase 6D: a sump pit formed by the addition of a course of boulders (L. 4023A) on top of the Pit 4023B wall, rim raising its top to 487.39 (south) and 487.25 (north); associates with Surface 4025 and Drain 4035. The initial Phase 6D filling of the sump pit was removed as L. 4033 and L. 4034. A layer of cobbles encountered at 486.65 may have been the surface of the sump fill in Phase 6D. Phase 6C: Pit 4023A may have continued in use as a sump with the layer of boulders in L. 4024 added. However, the associated use of Drain 4035 was terminated by Trench

Appendix: Locus Lists

127

4008.1 for Wall 4008 and by the laying of Surface 4020. Phase 6B Surface 4013 covered the sump cavity terminating its use. The upper stone fill within pit was removed as L. 4024. Phases: 7B, 7A, 6D, 6C Plans: VI (F6/4 East Section), XI–XIV Photos: 3.5, 11 4024

Layer within Pit/Sump 4023; a concentration of cobble- to boulder-sized stones; top below L. 4019 at 487.22; down to L. 4033 at 486.17. A layer of cobbles at 486.65 may represent the top of the Phase 6D pit fill. Baskets F6/4.88, 93–94 came from below that point and may thus represent Phase 6D preparation deposits. Includes canceled L. 4029. Phases: Pre-6C/Pre-6D Plans: VI (F6/4 East Section), XIV Baskets: F6/4.76, 79–81, 85, 88, 93–94 (pl. 11:14–21) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.11

4025

Surface across most of area east of Wall 4003; beaten earth; below L. 4020.1 at 487.25; runs up to Wall 4003 (north) and to rim stones of Pit 4023B (northeast). Drain 4035, L. 4037 cobble line, and Pillar Base 4018 were set into the surface. Phases: 6D Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South and East Sections), XIII Photos: 3.5

4025.1

Removal of Surface 4025 and makeup soils below; compact fine light brown soil with few inclusions above disaggregated debris; from 487.25 down to Trench 4038 at 487.03 (northwest) and 487.18 (south). Includes canceled L. 4045. Phases: Pre-6D Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South and East Sections) Baskets: F6/4.101–2, 105, 113, 126, 130, 133, 136–37 (pl. 8:1–20) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I, Iron II Objects: #704, carnelian bead (pl. 8:19, photo 4F.5); #706, grinding stone (pl. 8:20, photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

4026

Threshold of doorway at southwest end of Wall 4003; is the bottom course of stones in a dismantled section of Wall 4003 with addition of one rectangular replacement stone at the southwest corner and one row of stones along the west face; top below Threshold 4012 at 487.35; founded (as part of original wall) at 486.99; added row on the west face founded over Surface 4039 at 487.15; abutted by Surfaces 4028 and 4030 (west) and by Surface 4020 (east). Includes canceled L. 4047. Phases: 6C Plans: XIV Photos: 3.5, 11

4027

Threshold of doorway at northwest end of Wall 4008.

128

Appendix: Locus Lists

4027B

In Phase 6C: a threshold at the northwest end of Wall 4008 against Wall 4003, 0.65 m wide; three flat boulders caulked with cobbles; top at 487.44; founded with Wall 4008 at 487.25; abutted by Surface 4020 (south).

4027A

In Phase 6B: a threshold in Wall 4008 moved 0.35 m to the southeast of Wall 4003 by adding Wall Stub 4009 above the northwest stones of Threshold 4027B and by removing a 0.35-m portion of the upper stones of the southeastern of Wall 4008; top at 487.46. Surface 4013 was laid over the stones through new threshold opening. Phases: 6C, 6B, 6A Plans: XIV–XV Baskets: F6/4.134 Field Readings: Iron I Samples: Bone Photos: 3.11

4027.1

Removal of Threshold 4027 and soil below. Phases: Pre- 6C Baskets: F6/4.135 (pl. 12:5) Field Readings: LB, Iron II Samples: Bone

4028

Surface across area west of Wall 4003; very highly compacted, fine, light brown soil with high clay content and sherd and pebble inclusions; below L. 4017.1 at 487.32; abuts Threshold 4026 and west face of Wall 4003. Phases: 6C Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Section), XIV

4028.1

Removal of Surface 4028 and soil below; compacted, fine, light brown soil with high clay content and sherd and pebble inclusions; from 487.32 down to Surface 4030 at 487.26. Phases: Pre-6C Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Sections) Baskets: F6/4.82, 90 (pl. 12:1–4) Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

4029

Canceled: Included in L. 4024.

4030

Metalled surface across area west of Wall 4003; highly compacted, wet-laid, light brown soil with pebble and small sherd inclusions; below L. 4028.1 at 487.26; abuts Threshold 4026 and west face of Wall 4003. Phases: 6C Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Sections), XIV Photos: 3.11

4030.1

Removal of Surface 4030 and soil below; highly compacted wet-laid light brown soil with pebble and small sherd inclusions; from 487.25 down to Surface 4039 at 487.16

Appendix: Locus Lists

129

Phases: Pre-6C Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Sections) Baskets: F6/4.103, 106, 111, 128 (pl. 11:22–29) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic 4031

Layer in northeast corner of area, north of Wall 4008, east of Wall 4003, and west of Pit/ Sump 4023; light brown debris; top below L. 4019 at 487.16; down to Surface 4040 and part of Trench 4038 at 486.98. Phases: Pre-6D Plans: VI (F6/4 North Section) Baskets: F6/4.91, 98, 100, 112, 116, 121 Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron I, Iron II Objects: #674, chert pounder (photo 4F.5); #687, faience bead (pl. 8:21, photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

4032

Layer within Trench 4038 at its north edge; ashy soil; top below L. 4031 at 487.08; down to Trench 4038 at 486.89, penetrates Surface 4040. Phases: Pre-6D Plans: VI (F6/4 North Section) Baskets: F6/4.92, 124 Field Readings: LB II, Iron II Objects: #703, flint blade Samples: Bone, Lithic

4033

Layer in Pit 4023; water-deposited silt layers of brown to yellow soil with a concentration of small cobbles near top; top below L. 4024 at 486.17; down to L. 4034 at 486.05. Phases: 6D? Plans: VI (F6/4 East Section) Baskets: F6/4.97, 104 (pl. 5:19–21) Field Readings: EB, LB II, Iron I, Iron IIA Objects: #678, limestone artifact (pl. 5:20, photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil

4034

Layer in Pit 4023; some charcoal and much disaggregated gray ash mixed with tell dust and water-percolated soils; top below L. 4033 at 486.05; down to initial pit floor at 485.98; not sealed from Phase 6D preparation Layers 4032 and 4033 above. Phases: Pre-6D Plans: VI (F6/4 East Section) Baskets: F6/4.99 Field Readings: Iron II Objects: #676, grinding stone (photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Soil

4035

Drain in east of area running northeast into top of Pit 4023; 0.35 m wide; stone-lined sides two courses deep with capstones; top at 487.41; sides founded at 487.11 (south) and 487.09

130

Appendix: Locus Lists (north); cut into and abutted by Surface 4025. Drain floor designated L. 4046. Soil within drain removed as L. 4042. Phases: 6D Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South and East Sections), XIII Baskets: F6/4.119, 132, 141 Field Readings: LB, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Shell Photos: 3.5

4036

Canceled; not used.

4037

Line of cobbles set into Surface 4025 running parallel to Wall 4003 northeast from Pillar Base 4018. Phases: 6D Plans: XIII

4038

Trench covering most of west half of area; disaggregated debris with patches of dark ash and random concentrations of stones; top below L.  4025.1, L.4039.1, and Wall 4003 at 487.20, and L. 4032 (north) at 486.89; down to limit of excavations at 486.65; cuts Surface 4040 and Surface 4056. Includes canceled L. 4041, 4048, and 4051. Phases: 7A/Pre-6D Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 North, South, East, and West Sections), XI–XII Baskets: F6/4.107–10, 114–15, 139–40, 145–46, 148–50, 155, 158, 160 (pl. 9:1–25) Field Readings: EB, LB II, Iron I, Iron II Objects: #727, ivory bead (pl. 9:18, photo 4F.5); #743, spindle whorl (photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

4039

Surface across area west of Wall 4003; crushed limestone plaster prepared with small sherds and pebbles; top below L. 4030.1 at 487.17. Phases: 6D Plans: VI (F6/3 North and West Sections), XIII

4039.1

Removal of Surface 4039 and makeup soil below; limestone plaster and light brown soil with few inclusions; from 487.17 down to Trench 4038 at 486.91 (north) and 487.05 (south). Phases: Pre-6D Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Sections) Baskets: F6/4.142, 144, 159 (pl. 9:26–31) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

4040

Surface in east of area; compacted light brown/gray soil; below L. 4031 (north) and Trench 4038 (south) at 487.00; runs up to rim stones of Pit 4023B (northeast) and to top stones of Pit 4049 (southeast); cut on west by Trench 4038 and Ash Layer 4032. Includes canceled L. 4054. Phases: 7A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 North, South, and East Sections), XII

Appendix: Locus Lists 4040.1

131

Removal of Surface 4040 and makeup soils below; very compact light brown/gray granular soil with few inclusions; from 487.00 down to Surface 4056 at 486.89 (north) and 486.85 (south). Phases: Pre-7A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 North, South, and East Sections) Baskets: F6/4.164–65, 168–69, 171 (pl. 4:24–30) Field Readings: MB II, LB II, Iron I Objects: #741, flint blade (photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

4041

Canceled: Included in L. 4038.

4042

Layer within Drain 4035; light brown, water-deposited silt with few inclusions; from 487.26 down to Surface 4046 at 487.15. Phases: 6D Baskets: F6/4.123, 129 Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

4043

Probe; mixture of soils from L. 4025.1, 4035, and 4042 Phase Pre-6D Baskets: F6/4.125 No pottery Probe into L. 4025/4025.1 surface and makeup. Phase Pre-6D Baskets: F6/4.131 Field Readings: EB Samples: Bone, Lithic

4045

Canceled: Included in L. 4025.1.

4046

Floor in Drain 4035; layer of fine white lime wash without inclusions with silt lenses; top below L. 4042 silt at 487.15; down to Trench 4038 at 487.09 (north) and 487.11 (south). Phases: 6D Baskets: F6/4.138 Field Readings: Iron I (10th c. b.c.e.) Samples: Bone

4047

Canceled: Included in L. 4026.

4048

Canceled: Included in L. 4038.

4049

Pit at southeast corner of area; circular,1.6 m diameter; lined with 3–4 courses of cobblesized stones and small boulders; top below Trench 4038 at 486.96 (south) and 487.03 (north); down to Pit Floor 4053 at 486.61; rim stones lipped against by Phase 7B Surface 4056 and Phase 7A Surface 4040. Soil within pit was removed as L. 4050.

132

Appendix: Locus Lists Phases: 7B, 7A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 South and East Section), XI–XII Baskets: F6/4.178 (pl. 2:3) Field Readings: LB II/Iron I

4050

Layer within Pit 4049; light brown, yellow-brown, and red-brown fine soils with ash, bone, and charcoal inclusions; top below Trench 4038 at 486.95; down to Pit Floor 4053 at 486.66. Phases: 7A Plans: VI (F6/4 East Section), XII Baskets: F6/4.152, 154, 163 Field Readings: LB, Iron I, Iron II Objects: #724, faience bead (pl. 4:32, photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Lithic

4051

Canceled: Included in L. 4038.

4052

Layer in northwest of area; light brown debris with random cobble and boulder inclusions; top below L. 4039.1 at 486.91; down to limit of excavations at 486.76. Phases: 7A? Plans: VI (F6/4 North and West Sections) Baskets: F6/4.161, 175 (pl. 4:21–23) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone

4053

Floor at base of Pit 4049; powdery white ash or chaff; top below L. 4050 at 486.66; down to L. 4055 at 486.60. Phases: 7B Plans: VI (F6/4 East Section), XI Baskets: F6/4.166 Field Readings: LB II Samples: Bone

4054

Canceled: Included in L. 4040.

4055

Layer below Pit Floor 4053; dark brown soil with ash, charred wheat grain, occupational debris, and random boulders; below from 486.60 down to limit of excavation at 486.45. Phases: Pre-7B Plans: VI (F6/4 East Section) Baskets: F6/4.167, 170 Field Readings: EB, LB II, LB II/Iron I, Iron I Objects: #742, bronze point (pl. 2:5, photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, soil

Appendix: Locus Lists 4056

133

Surface along east side of area; compact gray ashy soil; below L. 4040.1 at 486.89 (north) and 486.85 (south); runs up to the rim stones of Pits 4023B and 4049; cut by Trench 4038 (west). Phases: 7B Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 North, South, and East Sections), XI

4056.1

Removal of Surface 4056 and makeup soil below; red-brown loosely compacted debris with few stones; from 486.89 down to limit of excavations at 486.58. Phases: Pre-7B Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), VI (F6/4 North, South, and East Sections) Baskets: F6/4.172–74, 176–77 (pl. 2:6–23) Field Readings: LB II, LB II/Iron I, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

Area F6/11: 11001

Layer across whole area; light gray-brown field soil with high concentrations of cobble- to boulder-sized stones; from tell surface down to Installation 11002; Walls 1009, 2007, and 11014; and Pits 11005, 11007, and 11009 at 487.50. Phases: Post-3 Plans: XIX Baskets: F6/11.1–10, 13, 22 Field Readings: Pers. Hell, Rom, Byz Objects: #214, bi-conical loom weight (pl. 24:17) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

11002

Surface? patch in southwest portion of area; cobble- to small boulder-sized stones several courses deep; top below L. 11001 at 487.79; lower limits ranging from 487.60s over Walls 2007 and 11014 down to 487.20s over Surface 11009; possible remnant of Phase 3 cobbled surfacing similar to Surface 1005 in Area F6/1. Phases: 3? Plans: XIX Baskets: F6/11.11–12 Field Readings: LB II, Iron II, Pers, Hell, Byz Samples: Bone, Shell

11003

Canceled: Included in L. 1009.

11004

Canceled: Included in L. 2007.

11005

Pit along south balk adjacent to Wall 11014; cobble- to boulder-sized stones tightly compacted in brownish-white marl and soil matrix; top below L. 11001 at 487.50; down to limit of excavation at 487.15; probable World War I shell crater.

134

Appendix: Locus Lists Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/11.14, 29 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Shrapnel, Shell Cartridge, Bone

11006

Pit along east side of area; loess soil with some gray ash and random cobble- to bouldersized stones; top below L. 11001 debris at 487.62; down to limit of excavations at 487.25; cuts Phase 6C Surface 11010. Phases: Post-6 Plans: XIV Baskets: F6/11.11, 16, 18 Field Readings: LB, Iron II, Hell Objects: #241, alabaster bowl rim, (pl. 19:29) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil Photos: 3.8

11007

Pit in southwest of area; mixed soils; top below L. 11001 at 487.55; down to limit of excavations at 487.17; cuts Phase 6B surfacing adjacent to Wall 1009 and Phase 6C Surface 1024; dismantles portions of Drain 2006 and Wall 2007. Phases: Post-6 Plans: XIV–XV Baskets: F6/11.15, 17, 19–21, 26, 28, 30 (pl. 19:30–35) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Hell Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil

11008

Canceled: Included in L. 2006.

11009

Pit in northwest portion of area; mixed soils; top below L. 11001 at 487.50; down to limit of excavations at 487.10; cuts Phases 6B-6C surfaces and Drain 2006; partially dismantles Wall 2007 at north end of area. Phases: Post-6 Plans: XIV–XV Baskets: F6/11.23–24 (pl. 19:24–26) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Hell Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 3.8

11010

Surface on east side of area; compact gray soil of mud brick and loess with some sherd and pebble inclusions; top at 487.30–35; runs against the upper course of Wall 2007 (east) and of Wall 11014 (north); cut on east by Pit 11006. Phases: 6C Plans: XIV Baskets: F6/11.25, 27 Field Readings: Iron II (few Pers, Hell) Objects: #303, spindle whorl (pl. 10:31) Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 3.8

Appendix: Locus Lists 11011

135

Surface in south of area; highly compacted gray mud brick and loess with some charcoal flecks and pebbles; top at 487.25; runs against Wall 11014 (south) and against the top of the lower course of Wall 2007 (east). Phases: 6C Plans: XIV Photos: 3.8

11012

Canceled: Included in L. 1024.

11013

Canceled: Included in L. 1024.

11014

Wall in southeast of area; two to three rows, 0.75 m wide, of small boulders; three courses high; top below L.  11001 at 487.63; founding level not reached; runs 1.25  m southeast from the upper course of Wall 2007 to a large, 0.75 × 0.75-m flat stone at southeast corner; abutted by Surface 11010 (northeast) and 11011 (southwest). Phases: 6C Plans: XIV Photos: 1.2; 3.8

Area F6/12: 12001

Layer across whole of area; light gray-brown field soil with random inclusions of cobblesized stones; from tell surface down to L. 12003 at 487.80 and Pit 12012 at 487.65. Includes canceled L. 12002. Phases: Post-3 Plans: III (F6/12 South Section) Baskets: F6/12.1–5, 8–12, 14, 16 Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron II, Pers, Hell, Rom, Byz, Arab Objects: #120, basalt grinding stone (pl. 24:6); #121, stone saddle quern (pl. 24:7); #133, limestone bowl fragment (pl. 24:4) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

12002

Canceled: Included with L. 12001.

12003

Layer over most of area; orange-brown brick detritus; top below L. 12001 at 487.80; down to Surface 12011 at 487.67 and Surface 12008 at 487.71 (north) and 487.64 (northwest and southwest); cut by Pit 12012 (south) and by Stone Installation 12004 (northeast). Phases: 6B Plans: III (F6/12 South Section) Baskets: F6/12.7, 18–21, 23–25, 25B, 25D, 26–27, 37, 44 (pls. 14 and 15) Field Readings: Iron II Objects: #124, flint scraper; #139, limestone mortar; #143, limestone bowl base (pl. 15:9); #153a, ceramic incense stand (pl. 14:16, photo 3.15); #153b, fenestrated ceramic incense stand (pl. 14:17, photo 3.14); #155, bone tool (pl. 15:8); #163, limestone whetstone?; #166,

136

Appendix: Locus Lists basalt weight (pl. 15:10); #168, limestone rubbing stone; #170, basalt weight; #172, basalt scale weight; #173, marble pounder; #174, chert polishing tool; #175, grinding stone; #176, flint ballista; #178, quartzite grinding stone; #179, chert polishing tool; #188, ceramic loom weight (pl. 15:7). Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil Photos: 3.13

12004

Installation? or pile in northeast corner of area; cobble-sized stones in chaotic matrix of disaggregated mud-brick detritus and loess; top below L. 12001 at 488.18; down to Wall 12013 at 487.93. Phases: Post-6 Plans: XV Baskets: F6/12.12–13, 15 Field Readings: Iron II Objects: #146, grinding stone (pl. 19:9) Samples: Bone, Shell Photos: 3.13, 22

12005

Bin in northwest of area; cylindrical, 1.65 m diameter; lined with cobble- to boulder-sized stones; top rim below L. 12003 at 487.88; stone lining founded at 487.10 (west) and 487.32 (south); contents removed as L. 12006 (stone) and L. 12007 (brick detritus). Earthen floor of the bin below the brick detritus at 487.21. Pottery baskets are from dismantlement of bin’s lining. Phases: 6B Plans: XV Baskets: F6/12.53, 59 Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Objects: #689, pestle (pl. 18:10, photo 4F.5) Photos: 1.2; 3.13, 16, 22

12006

Layer inside Bin 12005; cobble- to boulder-sized stones; top below L. 12003 at 487.88; down to L. 12007 at 487.52. Phases: Post-6, 5? Baskets: F6/12.12, 13A, 17, 40 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Lithic, Soil Photos: 3.16, 22

12007

Layer in bottom of Bin 12005; compact mixture of brick detritus and gray-orange to graybrown loess; top below L. 12006 at 487.52; down to bin floor at 487.21. Phases: 6B Baskets: F6/12.41, 41A, 42 (pl. 17:15) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.16

Appendix: Locus Lists 12008

137

Surface across west side of area; compact soil with patches of dark ash; below L. 12003 at 487.71 (north) and 487.64 (south); runs against Wall 12009 (east), Wall 12013 (northeast), and Bin 12005 (west); cut on south by Pit 12012. Smashed pottery and other artifacts on surface removed with L. 12003. Phases: 6B Plans: III (F6/12 South Section), XV Photos: 3.13, 16, 22

12008.1 Removal of Surface 12008 and makeup below; compact, reddish-brown, bricky soil with random inclusions of sherds and pebble- to cobble-sized stones; from 487.71 (north) and 487.64 (south); down to L. 12018 at 487.47. Phases: Pre-6B Plans: III (F6/12 South Section) Baskets: F6/12.38, 44A, 51 (pl. 13:30–37) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.13 12009

Wall in east of area running northeast-southwest from Wall 12013 to near the south balk; two rows, 0.75 m wide of medium boulders with rubble core; two to three courses high; top below L. 12003 at 487.81 (north) and 488.00 (middle); founded at 487.40 (north) and 487.60 (south); abutted by Surface 12008 (west) and Surface 12011 (east). Phases: 6B Plans: III (F6/12 South Section), XV Photos: 1.2; 3.10, 13, 16, 22

12010

Wall southeast of area, running into east balk; one row, 0.5 m wide, of medium boulders; one course high; top below L. 12003 at 487.98; founded at 487.65 with Surface 12011; runs at a right angle to Wall 12009 beyond a 0.45-m doorway opening; cut by Pit 12012 (south). Phases: 6B Plans: XV Photos: 1.2; 3.13, 16

12011

Surface on east side of area; compact earth with patches of dark ash; below L. 12003 at 487.67; runs on its west against Wall 12009 and on its south to the base of Wall 12010 and through its doorway. Smashed pottery and other artifacts on surface removed within L. 12003. Phases: 6B Plans: XV Photos: 3.13, 22

12012

Pit in southeast of area; chaotic cobble- to small boulder-sized stones in matrix of very loose loess and debris; top below L. 12001 at 487.95; down to 487.26; cuts through Surface 12011 and partially dismantles Wall 12009. Same as Trench 13008 in Area F6/13 to the south.

138

Appendix: Locus Lists Phases: Post-6 Plans: III (F6/12 South Section), XV Baskets: F6/12.6, 22, 25A, 25C, 28, 28A, 29, 31–36, 39 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 3.13

12013

Wall in northeast corner of area; one row, 0.25 m wide, of small boulders, three courses high; top below L. 12004 at 487.93; founded above Wall 12015 at 487.48. Phases: 6B Plans: XIV–XV Photos: 3.10, 13, 16, 22

12014

Channel cut through northwest wall of Bin 12005 and extending into northwest corner of area, 0.45 m wide and 0.35 m deep; sides lined with cobble- to small boulder-sized stones three courses high. Includes canceled L. 12020. Phases: Post-6, 5? Plans: XV Baskets: F6/12.43, 57 (pl. 5:24–27) Field Readings: LB II, Iron II Samples: Bone Photos: 3.13, 16, 22

12015

Wall at northeast of area; one row, 0.2 m wide, of small boulders; top below Wall 12013 at 487.48; one course exposed; founding level not reached. Phases: 6C Plans: XIV Photos: 1.2; 3.10

12016

Balk trim; mixed loci. Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/12.45 Field Readings: Iron II, Hell, UD/NS

12017

Wall running northeast to southwest through center of area; two rows, 0.6 m wide of small boulders with rubble core; one course exposed; top below L. 12018 at 487.49 (south) and 487.33 (north); founding level not reached. Phases: 6C Plans: III (F6/12 South Section), XIV Photos: 3.10

12017.1 Soil in southwest corner of area below line of cobbles alongside the west face of Wall 12017; compact gray-brown debris; from 487.46 down to L. 12019 at 487.36. Probably continues into Area F6/2 as L. 2013. Phases: Pre-6C Baskets: F6/12.48 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

Appendix: Locus Lists 12018

139

Layer across middle of area; compact gray-brown soil with few inclusions; top below L. 12008.1 at 487.49 (south) to 487.34 (north); down to Wall 12017 at 487.49 (south) and 487.33 (north Phases: 6C? Baskets: F6/12.49–50, 52 (pl. 10:1–5) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

12019

Layer in southwest corner of area west of the line of Wall 12017; loose gray-brown soil with numerous pebble inclusions; top below L. 12017.1 from 487.36 down to Area F6/2 L. 2014 at 487.09. Probably equivalent to lower portions of Area F6/2 L. 2013. Phases: Pre-6C Baskets: F6/12.54–56 (pl. 12:6–11) Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

12020

Canceled: Included in L. 12014.

12021

Layer in southwest corner of area; compact gray/brown mud; top below Area F6/2 L. 2014 at 486.88; down to level of Surface 2020 at 486.79. Equivalent to Area F6/2 L. 2015.1 and 2016. Phases: Pre-6D Baskets: F6/12.58 Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II? Samples: Bone, Lithic

Area F6/13: 13001

Pit in southwest quadrant; mixed soils; cut from tell surface down to L. 13008 at 487.85; cuts Surfaces 13009 and 13014. Is north portion of Pit 14001A. Phases: Post-3 Plans: I (F6/13 West Section), XIV–XV Baskets: F6/13.1, 3, 5, 18 (pl. 19:23) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron II, Hell, Rom, Byz

13002

Layer across whole area except in southwest corner; compact light gray-brown loess and debris with random stones, sherds, and bones; from tell surface at 488.32 down to L. 13003 and Vat 13005 at 488.11 and L. 13008 at 487.85. Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/13.2, 4, 6–7, 9–13, 15, 19 Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron I, Iron II, Pers, Hell, Rom, Byz, Arab

140 13003

Appendix: Locus Lists Soil inside Vat 13005; light gray/brown loess with several cobbles and few bones; top below L. 13002 at 488.11; down to vat bottom at 487.85. Phase Post-3 Baskets: F6/13.8 Field Readings: Hell, Rom Samples: Soil, Bone

13004

Canceled: Included in L. 24009.

13005

Vat or trough in northwest of area; limestone, circular with semi-spherical base; outside diameter 0.75 m; inside diameter at rim 0.48 m-0.6 m; inside depth 0.25 m; rim top below L. 13002 at 488.11; founded in Trench 13008 at 487.66. Phases: 5? Plans: XVI Objects: Stone vat (pl. 24:1) Samples: Soil from interior incrustation

13006

Canceled: Included in L. 13008.

13007

Installation? or pile in north extending 1  m into the area east of Vat 13005; cobble- to boulder-sized stones with loose loess silt between stones; top below L. 13002 at 487.85; down to 13008 at 487.70. Phases: Post-5 Baskets: F6/13.16 Field Readings: Iron II, Hell

13008

Trench cutting across entire north half of area; filled with loess soil with random cobbles and boulders, frequent sherds and bone fragments; top below L. 13002 at 487.88; down to limit of excavations at 487.31; cuts Surfaces 13009, 13013, and 13014; is penetrated by Burial 13011 and Vat 13005; possibly continues north and northwest into Areas F6/2 and 12 as Pits 2003 and 12012. Includes canceled L. 13006, 13010, and 13012.1. Phases: Post-6A Plans: I (F6/13 West Section), XIV–XVI Baskets: F6/13.14, 17, 18A, 20, 21, 24, 26–30, 33 (pl. 19:14–22) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron II, Pers Objects: #310, stone bead (pl. 19:21); #320, Flint tool Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.24

13009

Metalled surface at west edge of area; very compact light gray marl and loess with high concentration of pebble and small sherds; top below L. 13002 at 487.75; cut by Trench 13008 (north and west) and by Pit 13001 (south); corresponds to Surface 13013 on east side of area. Phases: 6B Plans: I (F6/15 West Section), XV

Appendix: Locus Lists

141

13009.1 Removal of Surface 13009 and makeup below; compact light gray marl and loess with high concentration of pebble and small sherds; from 487.75 down to Surface 13014 at 487.57. Phases: Pre-6B Plans: I (F6/13 West Section) Baskets: F6/13.31 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic 13010

Canceled: Included in L. 13008.

13011

Grave in northeast portion of area; oval cavity oriented northeast to southwest; 0.3  m wide  ×  1.2  m long; casing for Burial 13012 formed with small rectangular boulders on sides and with five capstones; top of capstones below L.  13002 at 487.92; founded in Trench 12008 at 487.47. Phases: 5 or Post-5 Plans: XVI Photos: 3.24–25

13012

Burial remains and associated soil inside Grave 13011; water and gravity-laid loess silt; skeleton of a young adult male laid supine with head at southwest end facing northwest; left arm extended at side with left hand on left femur; right forearm across body; potsherds only, no grave goods Phases: 5 or Post-5 Baskets: F6/13.23, 25, 34 (pl. 19:7–8) Field Readings: LB, Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 3.25

13012.1 Canceled: Included in L. 13008. 13013

Metalled surface midway along east edge of area; very compact light gray marl and loess with high concentration of pebble and small sherds; top below L. 13002 at 487.87; cut by Trench 13008 (north and west) and by Pit 24009 (south); corresponds to Surface 13009 on west side of area. Phases: 6B, 6A? Plans: XV–XVI Photos: 3.24

13014

Metalled surface on west side of area; patchy, compacted, light gray marl and loess with small sherds and pebbles; below Surface 13009 at 487.57; cut by Trench 13008 (north and east) and by Pit 13001(south). Phases: 6C Plans: I (F6/13 West Section), XIV

142

Appendix: Locus Lists

13014.1 Removal of Surface 13014 and makeup below; compacted gray-brown soil, disaggregated mud brick, and debris with some small sherds and pebbles; from 487.59 down to limit of excavations at 487.44. Phases: Pre-6C Plans: I (F6/13 West Section) Baskets: F6/13.32 Field Readings: LB II, Iron II? Samples: Bone

Area F6/14: 14001

Layers across whole area; mixed debris; from tell surface at 488.32; down to Pits 14001A and 24009, Walls 14010 and 25005, and Drain 14020 at 487.69. Includes canceled L. 14002, 14003. Phases: Post-2 Plans: II (F6/14 East Section), IV (F6/14 South Section) Baskets: F6/14.1–9, 25–26 Field Readings: EB, Iron II, Pers, Hell, Rom, Byz, Arab Objects: #327, bronze arrowhead, (pl. 24:3) Samples: Bone, Lithic

14001A Pit in northwest section of area; mixed soils; top below L. 14001 at 487.69 down to limit of excavation at 487.40; cuts Walls 24006 and 14010, Pavements 14015 and 14019, and Area F6/4 Grinding Installation 4021. Phases: Post-3 Plans: I (F6/13 West Section), XIV–XVI Baskets: F6/14.13–14, 16, 18–22, 24, 53, 57, 62 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Hell, Rom/Byz Samples: Bone, Shell 14002

Canceled: Included in L. 14001.

14003

Canceled: Included in L. 14001.

14004

Canceled: Included in L. 24009.

14005

Canceled: Included in L. 25005.

14006

Canceled: Included in L. 14020.

14007

Canceled: Included in L. 14020.

14008

Canceled: Included in L. 14020.

14009

Canceled: Included in L. 14020.

Appendix: Locus Lists 14010

143

Wall in southwest of area; two rows, 0.75 m wide, of small boulders with rubble and cobble core; three courses high; top below L. 14001 at 488.15; founded above limit of excavation at 487.36; abutted by Wall 4008 from west; interrupted by Pit 14001A (north); associates with Area F6/4 Surface 4020 (west) and Pavement 14019 (east); continued in use in Phase 6B with Pavement 1415 (east) and Surface 4013 (west). Phases: 6C, 6B, 6A Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), XIV–XV Baskets: F6/14.12, 15, 63 Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Objects: #262, bronze cosmetic spatula (pl. 10:32) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.5, 11, 23

14011

Installation? at south edge of area; three aligned boulders; top at 488.32; founded above Bench 14016 at 488.14. Phases: 5? Plans: XVI Baskets: F6/14.10 Field Readings: EB, Iron II

14012

Canceled: Included in L. 24006.

14012.1 Canceled: Included in L. 24006.1. 14013

Layer in southwest quadrant of area; light brown moderately compacted soil with some mud-brick debris, pockets of dark ash, sherds, bone, and random stones; top below floor stones of Drain 14020 at 487.94; down to limit of excavation at 487.62; composition similar to Area F6/4 L. 4002 and F6/15 L. 15020. Phases: 6B Plans: IV (F6/14 South Section) Baskets: F6/14.17 Field Readings: Iron II

14014

Layer in southwest quadrant; dark brown soil with disaggregated mud brick and patches of dark ash; top below L. 14015 flagstones and running beneath Wall 25005 at 487.91; down to limit of excavations at 487.62. Phase Pre-6B Baskets: F6/14.23 Field Readings: one LB, Iron II, UD/NS Samples: Bone

14015

Pavement in center of area; medium, boulder-sized flagstones; top below L.14001A at 487.93; founded above Pavement 14019 at 487.78; runs against the west face of Wall 14017 east of Wall 14010; cut by Trench 14001A (north) and removed by pits at southwest below Drain 14020. Installation 14016 was founded directly on this pavement alongside Wall 14017.

144

Appendix: Locus Lists Phases: 6B, 6A Plans: IV (F6/14 South Section), XIV–XV Photos: 3.23

14016

Installation (bench or work platform) in southeast quadrant of area along the west face of Wall 14017; one row 0.5 m wide, of boulders with rubble and mortar; one course high; 1.75 m long; top below L. 14001A at 488.74; founded on Pavement 14015 at 487.96 (north) and 487.85 (south). Phases: 6B?, 6A Plans: IV (F6/14 South Section), XIV–XV Baskets: F6/14.70 (pl. 18:8–9) Field Readings: Iron II Objects: #739, basalt dibble weight, (pl. 18:9; photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Shell Photos: 3.23

14017

Wall in the southeast quadrant of area; two rows, 0.65  m wide, of small boulders with rubble core; three courses high; top below Wall 25005 at 488.10; founded above Surface 14029 at 487.65 (south) and 487.75 (north); abutted by Surface 14027 (east) and Pavement 14015 (west); interrupted by Wall 24006 (north). Phases: 6B, 6A Plans: IV (F6/14 South Section), XV Baskets: F6/14.71 Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.23

14017.1 Canceled: Included in L. 14029.1. 14018

Canceled: Included in L. 24011.

14018.1 Canceled: Included in L. 24011.1. 14019

Pavement in center of area; flagstones; top below Pavement 14015 at 487.69; down to founding at 487.54; cut by Trench 14001A (north). Includes canceled L. 14026. Phases: 6C? Plans: XIV

14020

Drain in southwest corner of area running northeast; cobbled floor with one course of small oblong boulders for side walls; 0.85 m wide; top of walls below L. 14001 at 488.23 (south) and 488.39 (north); top of floor cobbles at 488.06; down to L. 14013 at 487.94; runs at right angles across the west end of Wall 25005 using that wall’s end stones for side stones; interrupted by Pit 14001A (north). Includes canceled L. 14006–14009. Phases: 5 Plans: IV (F6/4 South Section), XIV–XVI Photos: 3.23

Appendix: Locus Lists

145

14021

Canceled: Included in L. 24007.

14022

Canceled: Included in L. 24007.

14023

Canceled: Included in L. 24007.

14024

Layer in northeast of area south of Sump 24009 and north of Wall 24006; fine gray dust with some random cobbles; top from tell surface at 487.80; down to L. 24007 at 487.67. Baskets: F6/14.37, 39 Field Readings: Iron II, UD/NS Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

14025

Canceled: Included in L. 24007.

14026

Canceled: Included in L. 14019.

14027

Surface in southeast corner of area east of Wall 14017; compact light gray-brown soil; top below Wall 25005 (south) at 487.90; cut by Trench 24007 (north and east). Phases: 6B Plans: II (F6/14–15 East Sections), IV (F6/14 South Section), XV

14027.1 Removal of Surface 14027 and makeup layer below; light gray-brown, compact, fine soil with occasional pebbles and ash lenses; from 487.90 down to L.14028 at 487.73 (north) and 487.78 (south). Phases: Pre-6B Plans: II (F6/14–15 East Sections), IV (F6/14 South Section) Baskets: F6/14.64 (pl. 13:21–24) Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic 14028

Layer below L. 14027.1; similar soil composition; top at 487.78; down to Surface 14029 at 487.62. Includes canceled L. 14028.1. Phases: Pre-6B Plans: II (F6/14 East Section), IV (F6/14 South Section) Baskets: F6/14.66–67 (pl. 13:25–27) Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

14028.1 Canceled: Included in L. 14028. 14029

Surface in southeast of area; compact yellowish soil with flat-lying pottery and some patches of ash; top below L. 14028 and Wall 14017 at 487.62 (west) and 487.48 (east); continues east into Area F6/24 as L. 24013; probably also corresponds to Surface 4020 in Area F6/4. Phases: 6C Plans: II (F6/14–15 East Sections), IV (F6/14 South Section), VII (F6/24 West Section), XIV

146

Appendix: Locus Lists

14029.1 Removal of Surface 14029 and makeup below; compact yellow-brown soil; from 487.62 (west) and 487.48 (east) down to limit of excavations at 487.54 (west) and 487.25 (east); Includes canceled L. 14017.1, 24013.1, and 24022. Phases: Pre-6C Plans: II (F6/14–15 East Sections), IV (F6/14 South Section), VII (F6/24 West Section) Baskets: F6/14.68, 72–73; F6/24.100, 103, 105A, 107–8, 112 (pl. 12:12–25) Field Readings: LB, Iron I, Iron II Objects: # 755, basalt grinding stone

Area F6/15: 15001

Layer across whole of area: mixed debris, from tell surface at 488.52; down to Wall 25005 at 488.40. Includes canceled L. 15002 Phases: 1 Plans: II (F6/15 South Section) Baskets: F6/15.1–3, 6, 8, 24 Field Readings: LB II, Iron I, Iron II, Hell, Rom, Arab Samples: Bone, Lithic

15002

Canceled: Included in L. 15001.

15003

Canceled: Included in L. 25005.

15004

Wall across west side of area running northeast to southwest; two rows, 1  m wide of squared boulders with a rubble-to-small boulder core; one course high; top below L. 15001 at 488.40; founded above L. 15020 at 487.95; abuts Wall 25005; interrupted in center by Pit 15013. Includes canceled L. 15009. Phases: 5 Plans: XV–XVI Photos: 3.23

15005

Pit in southwest corner of area; circular, 0.65 m in diameter; lined with stones; top below L. 15001 at 488.52; down to Surface 15016 at 488.09. Soil within pit removed as L. 15006. Phases: 4B? Plans: XVII

15005.1 Removal of stones of Pit 15005 and soils below its floor; light brown silt-to-granular soil with few inclusions; top below pit floor at 488.13; down to Surface 15016 at 488.09. Phases: Pre-4B Baskets: F6/15.21 Field Readings: LB II, Iron II Samples: Bone

Appendix: Locus Lists 15006

147

Layer within Pit 15005; light brown compact silt-to-granular soil; top below L. 15001 from 488.26; down to Surface 15016 at 488.09. Phases: 4B? Plans: XVII Plans: XVII Baskets: F6/15.10, 18 Field Readings: Iron II (one EB, two MB?) Samples: Bone

15007

Layer in south of area; light brown coarse soil with random stones; top below L. 15001 at 488.28; down to Surface 15016 at 488.09; Includes canceled L. 15015. Phases: Pre-4B Plans: XVII Baskets: F6/15.11–12, 16–17, 23 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers (one each: LB, Iron I, Hell) Objects: #182, geode (pl. 22:1)

15008

Tabun in southwest corner of area along north side of Area F6/16 Wall 16012; terra cotta on a ring of cobble-sized stones; 0.75 m diameter base; terra-cotta walls preserved up to 488.35; base founded on Surface 15016 at 488.08. Includes canceled L. 16011. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI Photos: 3.23

15009

Canceled: Included in L. 15004.

15010

Wall in center of area between Walls 15004 and 15018; one row, 0.5 m wide of undressed boulders; top below L. 15007 at 488.26; with threshold segment 0.5 m wide (east, adjacent to Wall 15018); threshold top at 488.12; founded with Surface 15012 (north) at 488.13 and Surface 15016 (south) at 488.08; flanked by Curb 15011 (northeast) and by Installation 15017 (southwest); interrupted by Pit 15013 northwest at junction with Wall 15004. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI Photos: 3.23

15011

Curb along the northeast face of Wall 15010; one row, 0.2 m wide, of small boulders; top below L. 15007 at 488.16 (northwest) and 488.22 (southeast); founded on Surface 15012 at 488.13. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI Photos: 3.23

15012

Surface in northeast of area; compacted light brown soil with some bone, pebbles, and flatlying sherds; top below L. 15007 at 488.13; runs against Walls 15004, 15018, and 25005. Phases: 5 Plans: II (F6/15 East Section), XVI

148

Appendix: Locus Lists Baskets: F6/15.14 Field Readings: Iron II Objects: #186, incised sherd Samples: Bone, Lithic

15013

Pit in northwest of area; light brown silty soil with some sherds, bone, and tabun fragments; cut from undetermined Post-5 levels below L. 15001 down to L. 15020 at 487.95: dismantles a 1-m segment of Wall 15004 and the northwest end of Wall 15010. Includes canceled L. 15014. Phases: Post-5 Plans: XV–XVI Baskets: F6/15.13, 15 Field Readings: LB, Iron II Samples: Bone

15014

Canceled: Included in L. 15013.

15015

Canceled: Included in L. 15007.

15016

Surface in south of area; hard-packed light brown silt-to-granular soil with sherds, bone, and pebble inclusions; top below L. 15007 at 488.09; runs up against Walls 15004, 15010 and, 16012; Platform 15017; Tabun 15008; and Pit 16014. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI 15016.1 Removal of Surface 15016 and makeup below; light brown silt-to-granular soil with sherds, bone, and pebble inclusions; from 488.09 down to limit of excavation at 487.90. Phases: Pre-5 Baskets: F6/15.22 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone

15017

Installation built against southwest face of Wall 15010 at its corner with Wall 15004; rectangular platform; 1 m × 0.6 m; two large flat-topped boulders backed with cobbles set in mortar; top below L. 15007 at 488.20; founded on Surface 15016 at 488.09. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI Photos: 3.23

15018

Wall at east edge of area in balk between Areas F6/15 and 25; two rows, 1 m wide, of large boulders with a cobble-to-small boulder core; two courses exposed; top below L. 15001 at 488.76; founding level not reached; abuts Wall 25005 (northeast) and is abutted by Wall 15010 (northwest); interrupted by trench for Wall 26007 (southwest); extends the Phase 5 line of Walls 25004 and 24004 from the northeast and is continued to the southwest as Wall 16007; continued in use in Phase 4B with Walls 16003 and 26007. Phases: 5, 4B Plans: II (F6/15 East Section), XVI–XVII

Appendix: Locus Lists

149

Objects: #196, limestone mortar or door socket Photos: 3.23 15019

Canceled: Included in L. 26007.

15020

Layer in northwest of area; compact light brown-to-yellow silt-to-granular soil with random stones; top below Pit 15013 from 487.95; down to Walls 15021 and 15022 at 487.76. Phases: Post-6B/6A Plans: XV Baskets: F6/15.20 (pl. 17:14) Field Readings: Iron II

15021

Wall segment running into area from the northwest corner; two rows, 0.5 m wide, of small boulders; top below L. 15020 at 487.86; founding levels not reached. Phases: 6B Plans: XV

15022

Wall segment in northwest corner of area; two rows, 0.5 m wide, of small boulders and cobble-sized stones; top below L. 15020 at 487.76; founding levels not reached; abuts Wall 15021 (northeast). Phases: 6B Plans: XV

15023

Tabun in the northeast in the Areas F6/15–25 balk; terra-cotta, 0.4 m diameter, top below L. 15001 at 488.43; founded on Surface 24011 at 488.16; sits in southeast corner flanked by Walls 25005 and 25004. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI Baskets: F6/15.25 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

Area F6/16: 16001

Layer at south and east of area; mixed debris; from tell surface down to L. 16002 at 488.65; same as Trench 25001. Phases: Post-3 Plans: II (F6/15–16 East Sections) Objects: #389, ceramic loom weight or spindle whorl (pl. 24:13); #408, inscribed sherd (pl. 24:10)

16002

Layer across entire area; mud-brick collapse disturbed by later pitting; top below L. 16001 at 488.75; down to Walls 16003 and 16006 and Surface 16004 at 488.45 and 488.33 in area’s northeast corner.

150

Appendix: Locus Lists Phases: 4A? Plans: II (F6/15–16 East Sections), XVIII Baskets: F6/16.10–17, 19–20, 23B Field Readings: Few EB, Iron II, Pers, Hell, Byz, Arab Objects: limestone vat (pl. 24:2) Samples: Bone, Lithic

16003

Wall in south of area running from edge of Trench 25001 northeast into Area F6/15; two rows, 0.75 m wide, of boulders with a cobble core; two courses high; top below L. 16002 at 488.59; founded on Surface 16010 at 488.00; abuts Wall 16006 in Phases 4B-4A; bonds to the northeast at corner with Wall 26007; abutted on its lower course by Surface 16005 in Phase 4B and against its second course by Surface 16004 in Phase 4A. Phases: 4B–4A Plans: II (F6/15–16 East Sections), XVI–XVIII Baskets: F6/16.21, 36–37 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone Photos: 3.26

16004

Surface across Areas F6/16–26 balk south of Wall 26007 and east of Wall 16003; patchy plaster; top below L. 16002 along second course on the east side Wall 16003 at 488.33 and 488.45. Same as or contemporary to Area F6/26 Surface 26003. Phases: 4A Plans: II (F6/15–16 East Sections), XVIII Baskets: F6/16.18 (unguntarium F6/16.18, No. 1 was lying on surface, see pl. 22:23, photo 3.28) Field Readings: Hell

16004.1 Removal of Surface 16004 and makeup below; plaster and mixed soils; from 488.43 down to Surface 16005 at 488.30. Phases: Pre-4A Plans: II (F6/16 East Section) Baskets: F6/16.22 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Hell Objects: #483, figurine fragment (pl. 22:19) Samples: Bone 16005

Surface across Areas F6/16–26 balk south of Wall 26007 and east of Wall 16003; patchy plaster; below L. 16004.1 at 488.30; runs up against lower course of Wall 16003, against base of Wall 26007, and against top of lower course of Wall 16006; continues southeast in Area F6/26 as Surface 26015. Phases: 4B Plans: II (F6/16 East Section), XVII Photos: 3.26

Appendix: Locus Lists

151

16005A Surface in area west of Wall 16003; plaster; below L. 16002 at 488.34; covers and surrounds top stones of Walls 16007 and 16012. Phases: 4B Plans: XVII 16005.1 Removal of Surface 16005 and makeup below; plaster and mixed soil; from 488.30 down to Surface 16010 east of Wall 16007 at 488.05 and down to Surface 16013 west of Wall 16007 at 488.20. Includes canceled L. 16008. Phases: Pre-4B Plans: II (F6/16 East Section) Baskets: F6/16.23A, 28, 30–35, 38–39, 41–42 (pl. 22:12–16) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers? Samples: Bone, Lithic 16006

Wall within the Areas F6/16–26 balk running northwest up to Wall 16003; two rows, 1 m wide, of large boulders with a cobble core; two courses exposed; top below Surface 16002 at 488.68; founding levels not reached; aligns with Wall 16012 to the northwest and may have been founded with it prior to Phase 5. In Phase 5, Surface 16010 runs against its lower exposed course at 488.02. In Phase 4B, the wall was partially dismantled to make room for Wall 16003, and a 0.5-m portion of its lower course(s) adjacent to Wall 16003 was used to create a doorway. Phase 4B Surface 16005 runs against base of its upper course. In Phase 4A, the wall was reused with Surface 16004. Includes canceled L. 26019. Phases: 6B-A?, 5, 4B, 4A Plans: II (F6/16 East Section), VIII (F6/26 West Section), XVI–XVIII Photos: 3.23, 26

16007

Wall running from southwest to northeast into Area F6/15 where it continues as Wall 15018; two rows, 1 m wide, of boulders with cobble core; one course high; top below L. 16005A at 488.40; founded on Surface 16010 at 488.05. In Phase 4B, the wall was partially dismantled and replaced from the southeast corner of Area F6/15 into the northeast corner of Area F6/16 by Wall 16003; some stones of the wall were reused in Phase 4B as pavement with Surface 16005A. Phases: 5, 4B Plans: XVI–XVII Photos: 3.23, 26

16008

Canceled: Included in L. 16005.1.

16009

Canceled: Included in L. 16010.

16010

Surface across most of area east of and under Wall 16007; lime plaster; top below L. 16005.1 (northeast) at 488.04 and below Wall 16007 (southwest) at 488.15; runs against Wall 16006; continues west as Surface 16013 and east into Area F6/26 as Surface 26021; interrupted by Trench 25001 (south). Includes canceled L. 16009. Phases: 5 Plans: II (F6/16 East Section), XVI

152

Appendix: Locus Lists

16010.1 Removal of Surface 16010 and makeup below in a 1 × 1.15-m probe along and in the east balk north of Wall 16006; lime plaster and mixed soils; from 488.04 down to 487.90. Phases: 5 preparation Plans: II (F6/16 East Section) Baskets: F6/16.45 (pl. 20:18–20) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone 16011

Canceled: Included in L. 15008.

16012

Wall running into Area F6/15 northwest of Wall 16007; two rows, 1 m wide, of large boulders with a cobble core; top below Surface 16005A at 488.38; aligns with Wall 16006 to southeast. In Phase 5, abutted by Surface 16013 (southwest) and by Surface 15016 (northeast); flanked by Tabun 15008 and Bin 16014 (northeast). In Phase 4B, the tops of its stones were incorporated into the pavement of Surface 16005A. Phases: 5, 4B Plans: XVI–XVII Photos: 3.23, 26

16013

Surface in northwest of area; lime plaster; top below Surface 16005A at 488.10; abuts Wall 16012 and runs up to and under Wall 16007 as a continuation of Surface 16010. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI

16014

Bin in the Areas F6/15–16 balk in the corner formed by Walls 16007 and 16012; oval, 0.65 × 0.85 m, enclosed by a one-row ring of cobble-sized stones; top on stone ring below Surface 15007 at 488.21; floor at 488.03; associated with Surface 15016. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI Photos: 3.23

Area F6/21: 21001

Layer across whole area; mixed debris, from Tell surface down to L. 21002 at 488.08. Plans: XIX Baskets: F6/21.1–3 Field Readings: UD/NS

21002

Surface at center to south of area; patch of flagstones and cobbles; top below L. 21001 at 488.22; likely extension of Area F6/22 Paving 22003. Phases: 3 Plans: XIX Photos: 1.2

Appendix: Locus Lists

153

Area F6/22: 22001

Layer in north of area; mixed debris; from tell surface down to Pavement 22003 at 488.14 (west) and 488.27 (east) and to Surface 22004 at 487.90. Phases: 3 Plans: III (F6/22 South Section) Baskets: F6/22.1–7 (pl. 23:3) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers?, few Byz Objects: #232, stone bowl fragment (pl. 23:3)

22002

Vat in northwest of area; stone; 0.48 m in diameter; 0.36 m. deep; set in Surface 22003; top below L. 22001 at 488.16. Phases: 3 Plans: XIX Photos: 3.32

22003

Pavement extending across the northern and eastern portions of the area; closely set cobbles and flat-topped boulders; top below L. 22001 at 488.14 (west) and 488.27 (east); displaced by Pit 22005 (northeast) and Pit 22004 (southwest). Phases: 3 Plans: XIX Baskets: F6/22.22, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 48 (pl. 23:1–2) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers?, few Byz Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 1.2; 3.32

22003.1 Removal of Pavement 22003 and soil below; very fine homogeneous light brown soil with occasional cobble-sized stones; from 488.01 (north) and 487.90 (south) down to Trench 22007 at 487.84 and Surface 22012 at 488.00. Includes canceled L. 22008 and 22010. Phases: Pre-3 Baskets: F6/22.20, 21, 23, 25, 28, 31, 33, 35–36, 39–40, 49, 53 (pl. 23:7–17) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Objects: #395, spatula or loom tool, (pl. 23:15, photo 4F.1); #413, ceramic loom weight (pl.  23:16); #428, bone awl (pl.  23:17, photo 3.30); #386, alabaster bowl fragment (pl. 23:13). Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell 22004

Layer in south and southwest of area beyond limits of Pavement 22003; very fine homogeneous light brown soil; top below L. 22001 from 487.90 down to Trench 22007 at 487.84; comparable to L. 22003.1. Phases: 3? Plans: III (F6/22 South Section), XIX Baskets: F6/22.8–13, 14–19 (pl. 23:4–6) Field Readings: LB, Iron II, Pers, Hell, few Rom, Byz Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil Photos: 3.32

154 22005

Appendix: Locus Lists Pit or layer in northeast corner of area; coarse yellow-brown soil with small stones: top below Layer 22001 at 488.18; down to Surface 22014 at 487.80; cuts Phase 3 Pavement 22003 and earlier Surfaces 22012 and 22013. Phases: Post-3 Plans: XV, XIX Baskets: F6/22.27, 29 (pl. 23:23–24, photo 3.28) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.32

22006

Layer or trench around south and west perimeters of area; mud-brick detritus with cobbleto boulder-sized stones, much bone, tabun fragments, and other occupational inclusions; top below L.  22004 at 487.84; down to Surface 22017 at 487.70; cut into in center by Trench/Pit 22007; cuts Surfaces 22013 and 22014. Phases: 5? Plans: III (F6/22 South Section) Baskets: F6/22.37, 60 (pl. 20:14–15) Field Readings: LB, Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

22007

Trench across west half of area; dark gray silty soil with heavy concentration of black ash, some pockets of white ash and yellow brick detritus, high frequency of animal bones, including almost complete carcasses of a small bull and sheep; top below L. 22003.1 and 22004 at 487.84; down to irregular bottom at 486.97; cuts Surfaces 22012, 22013, 22014; penetrates Layer 22006 and Surface 22017 at points south and west. Includes canceled L. 22009, 22019, 22020, and 22022. Phases: 6A? 5?, 4? Plans: XV Baskets: F6/22.41–45, 53–55, 57–59, 61 (pl. 20:1–11) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers (Few LB, one Hell?) Objects: #449, ceramic loom weight (photo 3.30) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Soil

22008

Canceled: Included in L. 22003.1.

22009

Canceled: Included in L. 22007.

22010

Canceled: Included in L. 22003.1.

22011

Canceled: Included in L. 22014.

22012

Surface at east side of area; yellow-brown silty soil with high frequency of small pebbles; below L.  22003.1 from 488.00; cut on west by Trench 22007; cut on northeast by Pit 22005. Phases: 6A Plans: III (F6/22 South Section)

Appendix: Locus Lists

155

22012.1 Removal of Surface 22012 and soil below; coarse yellow-brown soil with high frequency of small pebbles; from 488.00 down to Surface 22013 at 487.92; cut on west by Trenches 22006 and 22007 and on northeast by Pit 22005. Phases: Pre-5 Plans: III (F6/22 South Section) Baskets: F6/22.47 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Shell 22013

Surface at east edge of area; compact yellow-brown silt with small pebbles; below L. 22012.1 at 487.92; cut by Trenches 22006 and 22007 (west) and by Pit 22005 (northeast). Phases: 6B? Plans: III (F6/22 South Section), XV

22013.1 Removal of Surface 12013 and soil below; from 487.92 down to Surface 22014 at 487.70. Includes canceled L. 22015 and 22015.1. Phases: Pre-6B Plans: III (F6/22 South Section) Baskets: F6/22.51–52, 56, 64–65 (pl. 13:10–11) Field Readings: LB, Iron II, one Pers? Objects: #489, ceramic bird figurine (pl. 13:11); #491, worked bone (photo 3.30) Samples: Bone, Shell 22014

Surface on east side of area; below L. 22013.1 and Pit 22005 at 487.80; cut by Trenches 22006 and 22007 (west). Includes canceled L. 22011. Phases: 6C? Plans: III (F6/22 South Section)

22014.P Pottery and objects on Surface 22014. Phases: 6C? Baskets: F6/22.67 (pl. 10:6–8) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone 22014.1 Removal of Surface 22014 and soil below; yellow-brown silty soil with heavy concentration of small pebbles and sherds; from 487.70 down to Surface 22017 at 487.45. Phases: Pre-6C Plans: III (F6/22 South Section) Baskets: F6/22.63, 66, 68, 70 (pl. 12:26–32) Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Soil 22015

Canceled: Included in L. 22013.1.

22015.1 Canceled: Included in L. 22013.1.

156 22016

Appendix: Locus Lists Tabun in northeast of area; terra-cotta, 0.4 m diameter; top below L. 22013.1 at 487.79; founded on Surface 22014 at 487.71. Phases: 6C? Baskets: F6/22.69 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone

22017

Surface around most of perimeter of area; mixed soils; below L. 22014.1 at 487.45 (northeast) and 487.67 (southwest); cut in center and north of area by Trench 22007. Includes canceled L. 22021. Phases: 6D? Plans: III (F6/22 South Section), XV

22018

Probe on east of area; soils of L. 22012.1, 22013.1, and 22014.1; below L. 22003.1, from 487.75 down to limit of excavation at 487.42. Phases: Pre-3 Baskets: F6/22.60 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone

22019

Canceled: Included in L. 22007.

22020

Canceled: Included in L. 22007.

22021

Canceled: Included in L. 22017.

22022

Canceled: Included in L. 22007.

22023

Installation (stylobate?) in northeast corner of area; one course of cobble- to small bouldersized stones alongside one large, 0.5-m diameter, square boulder; top below L. 22014.1 at 487.50; founded on Surface 22017 at 487.45. Phases: 6D?

22024

Installation at south balk; platform or pedestal; cluster of small boulders; top below L. 22014.1 at 487.62; founded on Surface 22017 at 487.40. Phases: 6D? Plans: III (F6/22 South Section)

Area F6/23: 23001

Layer across entire area; mixed soils; tell surface down to L. 23002 at 488.04. Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/23.1–6 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Hell, Rom, Byz

Appendix: Locus Lists 23002

157

Layer across entire area; reddish-brown silty soil with scattered stones; top below L. 23001 at 488.04; down to Surface 23005, Wall 23008 at 487.95, Surface 23009 at 487.79, and west part of Pit 23004 at 487.83 (northwest) and 487.93 (south and east); may correspond in part to Phase 5 Trench 24007 in Area F6/24 to south. Includes canceled L. 23003. Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/23.7–14, 20 Field Readings: MB, Iron II, Pers, Hell, Rom, Byz Objects: #162, iron blade fragment; #198, button or buzz toy (pl. 19:10); #286, iron arrowhead (pl. 19:11) Samples: Bone, Lithic

23003

Canceled: Included in L. 23002.

23004

Pit in southeast corner of area; loosely compacted gray ash/silt soil with scattered stones, numerous sherds and bones; top below Trench 23006 at 487.85; down to limit of excavation at 487.58. Phases: Pre-5 Plans: XV Baskets: F6/23.15–16 Field Readings: LB, Iron II, Pers or Hell Samples: Bone

23005

Surface across north two-thirds of area; compact reddish-brown soil; below L. 23002 at 487.83; abuts Wall 23008 (southwest); cut by Trench 23006 and Ash Pit 23004 (southeast). Phases: 6B, 6A? Plans: XV Baskets: F6/23.17 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic

23006

Trench along south edge of area; chaotic boulders and cobble-sized stones lensing out to earthen layer on southwest; top below L. 23001 and 23002 at 488.30 (southeast) and 487.93 (southwest); down to Pit 23004 at 487.85 (southeast) and to limit of excavations at 487.75 (southwest); cuts Surface 23009; likely north part of Area F6/24 Trench 24007. Phases: Pre-5 Plans: XV Baskets: F6/23.18 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Bone

23007

Burial in southeast of area at north edge of Pit 23004; oblong unlined grave; 0.45 m  × 0.85 m; top below but not clearly sealed by Surface 23005; skeleton of child about six years old extended horizontally with feet to the northeast; skull upright facing southeast on top of skeleton; top of skull at 487.71; bottom of skeleton at 487.54; no grave goods. Phases: 6A?, Post-6A? Plans: XV

158

Appendix: Locus Lists Baskets: F6/23.19 Field Readings: Iron II

23008

Wall in southwest corner of area; two rows, 0.8 m wide, of small boulders with a cobble core; one course; top below L. 23002 at 487.95; founded at 487.66; abutted by Surface 23005 (northeast) and Surface 23009 (southwest); interrupted by Trench 23006 (east). Phases: 6B, 6A? Plans: XV Photos: 1.2

23009

Surface remnant at southwest corner of area; compact yellow-brown soil; top below L. 23002 at 487.79; abuts Wall 23008 (northeast), cut by Trench 23006 (south). Phases: 6B, 6A? Plans: XV

Area F6/24: 24001

Layer across entire area; mixed soils; from tell surface down to Walls 24002, 24004, 24006 and Surface 24003 at 488.12, and Pavement 24005 at 488.39; cuts into Trench 24007 down to 488.07 (east) and 487.70 (northwest). Phases: Post-2 Plans: IV (F6/24 South Section), VII (F6/24 North, South, East, and West Sections) Baskets: F6/24.1–12, 16–19, 28–30, 39 Field Readings: LB II, Iron I, Iron II, Pers (Few Hell, Byz, Arab) Objects: #123, ostraca?; #119, rubbing stone (pl. 24:9). Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

24002

Wall in north of area; two rows, 0.8 m wide, of large boulders with sparse rubble core; one course high; top below L. 24001 at 488.40 (northwest) and 488.47 (southeast); founded above L. 24007 at 488.10; abutted by Surface 24003 (northeast); abuts Wall 24004 (southeast), interrupted by trenching for Sump 24009 (northwest). Phases: 5 Plans: XVI Baskets: F6/24.43, 52 (pl. 20:16–17) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Objects: #660, bone spatula (pl. 20:16, photo 4F.2) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.23

24002.1 Layer below Wall 24002; brown granular soil; from 488.10 down to Trench 24007 at 487.85. Phases: Pre-5 Baskets: F6/24.44–45, 48, 55 Field Readings: LB, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

Appendix: Locus Lists 24003

159

Surface in northeast corner; wet-laid clay with limestone chips and small sherds; below L. 24001 at 488.12 (west) and 488.22 (east); runs against Walls 24002 and 24004. Phases: 5 Plans: VII (F6/24 North and East Sections), XVI

24003.1 Removal of Surface 24003 and makeup below; compact wet-laid clay with limestone chips, small sherds, and pebbles; from 488.12 down to Trench 24007 at 487.85 (west) and 488.10 (east). Phases: Pre-5 Plans: VII (F6/24 North and East Sections) Baskets: F6/24.42, 49, 53 Field Readings: LB, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell 24004

Wall running from the northeast corner of area; two rows, 1 m wide of large boulders with a cobble and small boulder core; one course high; top below L. 24001 at 488.39 (northeast) and 488.47 (southwest); founded above L. 24007 at 487.90; abuts Wall 24006 (southwest); abutted by Wall 24002 and Surface 24003 (northwest) and Pavement 24005 (southeast); disturbed near east balk. Phases: 5 Plans: VII (F6/24 East Section), XV–XVI Photos: 3.17, 19, 23

24005

Pavement in southeast corner of area; flagstone and cobbles; below L. 24001 at 488.39; abuts the southeast face of Wall 24004; interrupted by later pitting (east and south). Phases: 5 Plans: IV (F6/24 South Section), VII (F6/24 South Section), XVI Photos: 3.23

24006

Wall in southwest corner of area running northwest; two rows, 1.25 m wide, of large square boulders with a cobble and small boulder core; two to three preserved courses; top below L. 24001 at 488.44; founded above L. 24006.1 at 487.67 (west) and 487.86 (east); bonds at corner with Wall 25004; interrupted at edge of Area F6/14 by Trench 14001A. Includes canceled L. 14012. Phases: 5 Plans: II (F6/14 East Section), IV (F6/24 South Section), VII (F6/24 South and West Sections), XV–XVI Baskets: F6/24.34, 36, 51, 58, 69; F6/14.43 (pl. 20:12–13) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron I, Iron II, Pers Objects: #651, loom weight (pl. 20:13, photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Seed Photos: 3.23

24006.1 Foundation trench beneath Wall 24006, very compact light brown soil with high clay content and few inclusions; top at 487.67 (west) and 487.86 (east); down into Trench 24007 to 487.47 (west) and 487.60 (east); touches Surface 24013/14029 at points at 487.45. Includes canceled L. 14012.1.

160

Appendix: Locus Lists Phases: Pre-5 Plans: II (F6/14 East Section), IV (F6/24 South Section), VII (F6/24 South and West Sections) Baskets: F6/14.46, 49; F6/24.37, 47, 62, 65, 71 (pl. 20:21–31) Field Readings: LB, Iron I, Iron II, Pers Objects: #653, scarab (pl. 20:25, photo 4F.5); #652, shell tool or bead (pl. 20:24, photo 4F.5); #667, flint blade (photo 4F.5); #690, rubbing stone. Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

24007

Trench across most of Area F6/24 extending into Areas F6/14 and 23; brown, loosely compacted, granular soil with small-to-large random boulders at lower levels; top below L. 24001 at 488.07 (northeast) extending to the south and southwest below Walls 24002 and 24006 and Foundation Trenches 24002.1 and 24006.1, as well as below Surface 24011 and L. 24011.1 at 487.75 to deepest point at 487.00; cut into by Pit 14001A in the Areas F6/14–24 balk (northwest) down to 487.76; trench floor rises to north to 487.45 above a segment of Surface 14029 and portions of Wall 14017 and Drain 24019; at the extreme north it rises to 487.76 above Sump 24009. Includes canceled L.  14021–14023, 14025, 24008, 24012, 24017. Phases: Pre-5 Plans: II (F6/14 East Section), IV (F6/14 and 24 South Sections), VII (F6/24 North, South, and West Sections), XV Baskets: F6/14.29–31, 34–36, 38, 40, 42, 45, 48, 50–51, 55, 59, 61, 69; F6/24.14–15, 18A, 20–27, 31–32, 35, 41, 46, 50, 56–57, 60–61, 63–64, 66–68, 70, 72, 74–76, 80, 82, 90, 102, 113 (pls. 20:32–34; 21:1–21; photo 3.21) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron I, Iron II, Pers Objects: #734, bronze thymiaterion base (pl. 21:7; photo 4C.1) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

24008

Canceled: Included in L. 24007.

24009

Sump pit at northwest corner area extending west into Area F6/14 and northwest into Area F6/13; oval shape; 5.5 m  ×  3.5 m; filled with cobble-sized stones; top below L.  24007 at 487.75; bottom in center at limit of excavation at 486.95; cut by Pit 14001A (west); covered by boulders of Trench 24007 (east); presumably associated with Drain 24019. Includes canceled L. 13004 and 14004. Phases: 6B, 6A, 5 Plans: II (F6/14 East Section), VII (F6/24 North and West Sections), XIV–XVI Baskets: F6/13.22; F6/14.47, 65; F6/24.38, 73, 77–79, 81, 83, 87, 91 (pl. 21:22–31) Field Readings: EB, LB, Iron I, Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 1.2; 3.17

24010

Ash lens near the west balk; patch, 0.5 m diameter; top below Walls 24014 and 24006 at 487.58; bottom on Surface 14029/24013 at 487.48. Phases: 6C Baskets: F6/24.40 Field Readings: Iron II

Appendix: Locus Lists 24011

161

Surface in Areas F6/24–25–14–15 balk stub and in alcove formed by Walls 24006, 25004 and 25005; compacted light brown soil; below L.  24001 at 488.27. Includes canceled L. 14018. Phases: 5 Plans: II (F6/14 East Section), IV (F6/14 and 24 South Sections), VII (F6/24 South and West Sections), XVI

24011.1 Removal of Surface 24011 and makeup below; light brown loosely compacted granular soil with few inclusions; from 488.27 down to Trench 24007 at 487.74 (east) and 487.96 (west). Includes canceled L. 14018.1. Phases: Pre-5 Plans: II (F6/14–15 East Sections), IV (F6/14 and 24 South Sections, VII (F6/24 South and West Sections) Baskets: F6/14.27–28, 32, 41, 44, 60; F6/24.54, 59 (pl. 21:32–35) Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II, Pers Objects: #682, iron blade (photo 4F.5) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell 24012

Canceled: Included in L. 24007.

24013

Surface at west side of area extending west from Installation 24027; compact yellowish soil with patches of ash; below Walls 24014 and 24006 at 487.55 (west) and 487.48 (east); cut by Drain 24019 and Grave 24020 (north) and by Sump Pit 24009 (northwest); continues to west into Area F6/14 as Surface 14029. Phases: 6C

24013.1 Canceled: Included in L. 14029.1. 24014

Wall segment in center of area; two rows, 0.6 m wide of boulders with rubble core; one course high; top below Wall 24004 (southwest) at 487.99; founded at 487.82 with and partly over Drain 24019; cut by Grave 24020 (northwest); abutted by traces of Surface 24015 (southwest) and 24016 (northeast). Phases: 6B, 6A? Plans: XV Baskets: F6/24.85 Field Readings: Iron II Samples: Shell Photos: 3.17

24014.1 Layer directly beneath Wall 24014; compact light brown soil with some cobble inclusions; top from 487.85 down to Installation 24027 at 487.61. Phases: Pre-6B Baskets: F6/24.86 Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

162 24015

Appendix: Locus Lists Surface remnant alongside southwest face of Wall 24014; compact light brown soil; top below Wall 24006 at 487.88. Phases: 6B, 6A? Plans: XV

24015.1 Removal of Surface 24015 and makeup below; compact light brown soil; from 487.88 down to limit of excavations 487.82. Phases: Pre-6B Baskets: F6/24.84 (pl. 13:28–29) Field Readings: Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell 24016

Surface remnant alongside northeast face of Wall 24014 and against Drain 24019, compact yellow-brown soil with few cobbles; at 487.90; cut on north by Trench 24007; also cut by Grave 24020. Phases: 6B, 6A? Plans: XV

24016.1 Removal of Surface 24016 and makeup below; compact yellow-brown mortar with random cobble-sized stones; from 487.90 down to limit of excavations at 487.61. Phases: Pre-6B Baskets: F6/24.89 Field Readings: Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell 24017

Canceled: Included in L. 24007.

24018

Trim on F6/24 north balk; mixture of L. 24003.1 and Trench 24007. Phases: Pre-5 Baskets: F6/24.88 Field Readings: Iron I (11th c. b.c.e. Philistine) Objects: #719, ceramic jar stopper (photo 4F.5)

24019

Drain in center of area running northwest from below Wall 24004 to edge of Sump Pit 24009; 0.5 m wide; sides lined with cobble-sized stones three courses high; capped with flat boulders; tops below Surface 24016 (northwest) at 487.68 and along northeast face of Wall 24014 (southeast) at 487.87; founded above L. 24023 at 487.41 (southeast) and 487.20 (northwest); interrupted by Grave 24020 (in center of area) and by upper level fills of Sump 24009 (northwest). Soil within drain removed as L. 24021. Phases: 6B, 6A? Plans: VII (F6/24 West Section), XV Baskets: F6/24.95, 97, 99, 106, 109 Field Readings: LB, LB II, Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.17, 19–20

Appendix: Locus Lists

163

24019.1 Foundation trench below floor and side stones of Drain 24019, dark brown compact soil with high clay content; from 487.41 (southeast) and 487.20 (northwest) down to L. 24023 at 487.26. Phases: Pre-6B Plans: VII (F6/24 West Section) Baskets: F6/24.110 Field Readings: EB, LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell 24020

Grave in center of area; oval pit 1.5 m × 0.6 m; loose, light brown soil with few inclusions; skeleton of a single adult laid supine with the head at the southwest end and right hand draped across its midsection; covered by five flat capstones; tops below Trench 24007 between 487.79 and 487.88; grave floor at 487.14 (southwest) and 487.33 (northeast); cuts down through Surface 24016, Drain 24019, and Wall 24014. Phases: Post-6A Plans: XV Baskets: F6/24.79, 92–93, 98 (pl. 19:28) Field Readings: LB, Iron I, Iron IIC Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell Photos: 3.19–20

24020.1 Removal of floor of Grave 24020 and below; dark brown compact soil with random cobble-sized stones; from 487.14 (southwest) and 487.33 (northeast) down to limit of excavation at 487.10 (southwest) and 487.15 (northeast). Phases: 6/Post-6? Baskets: F6/24.94 (pl. 19:27) Field Readings: LB, Iron I, Iron IIC? Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell 24021

Soil beneath capstones in Drain 24019; medium brown, water-deposited silts; at 487.52 (northwest) and 487.63 (southeast); down to drain floor and Foundation Trench 24019.1 at 487.12 (northwest) and 487.39 (southeast). Phases: 6B Plans: VII (F6/24 West Section) Baskets: F6/24.96, 101, 105 Field Readings: LB II, Iron I Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell

24021.1 Probe through and beneath southeast segment of L. 24021, compacted reddish-brown clay with few inclusions; from 487.39; down to Probe 24023 at 487.26 (west) and 487.36 (east). Phases: 6B Baskets: F6/24.104 Field Readings: No pottery Samples: Bone, Lithic 24022

Canceled: Included in L. 14029.1.

164 24023

Appendix: Locus Lists Probe beneath floor of Drain 24019, top below L. 24021.1 at 487.26; down to limit of excavation at 487.17. Phases: 6D? Baskets: F6/24.111 (LB II examples on pl. 1:27–28) Field Readings: LB II, Iron I

24024

Wall in north of area; two rows, 0.6 m wide, of medium boulders; two courses high; top of upper course below Sump 24009 at 487.22; top of lower course at 487.08 . Phases: 6D? Plans: VII (F6/24 North Section)

24025

Surface at west side of area; compact pebbly soil; below Soil Layer 14029.1 at 487.16; cut on east by Grave 24020 and on north by Sump Pit 24009; may associate with upper course of Wall 24024. Phases: 6D? Plans: VII (F6/24 West Section)

24026

Installation (?) in northeast of area; two large boulders with tops at 487.93 and 487.98; founded at 487.48. Isolated by Trench 24007; possibly associated with Surface 14029/24013 and Installation 24027. Phases: 6C?

24027

Installation (?) at center of area; two large boulders and associated smaller stones; tops below Wall 24014 at 487.65; founded at 487.41; isolated by Trench 24007 (south and northwest) and by Drain 24019 and Grave 24020 (north and east); possibly associates with Surface 14029/24013 and Installation 24006. Phases: 6C? Photos: 3.19

Area F6/25: 25001

Trench across area from east to south balks; mixed soils; from tell surface down to 488.00; cuts through segments of Walls 25005, 25006, 26007, 26010, and 16006; continues into Area F6/26, turns and cuts across the south end of Area F6/16 as L. 16001. Includes canceled L. 26001; modern military trenching. Phases: Post-3 Plans: II (F6/16 East Section), VIII (F6/26 North and West Sections), XV–XVIII Baskets: F6/25.1–3 Field Readings: LB II, Iron II, Hell, Rom, Byz Objects: #354, flint sickle blade (photo 3.30) Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 3.26

Appendix: Locus Lists 25002

165

Layers across whole area flanking Trench 25001; mixed soils; from tell surface down to all L. 25003–25011 at 488.50. Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/25.4–7 Field Readings: MB, LB II, Iron II, Hell, Rom Objects: #181, jar stopper Samples: Bone

25003

Layer in center of area; fine reddish-brown soil with some disaggregated mud brick, sherds, bone, and several boulders; top below L. 25002 from 488.34; down to Surface 25007 at 488.20; flanked by Walls 25004 (northwest), 25005 (southwest), and Trench 25001 (southeast); composition similar to L. 25009 and 25010. Phases: Post-5 Plans: XVII Baskets: F6/25.8 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers?, Hell? Objects: #147, flint sickle blade Samples: Bone

25004

Wall in northwest corner; two rows, 1.2 m wide, of boulders with a wide cobble core; two courses; top below L. 25002 at 488.52; founded at limit of excavation at 488.05; abuts Wall 25005 (south) and is bonded at corner with Wall 24006 (north); abutted by Surface 25007 (southeast); line of wall continues northeast by Wall 24004 and southwest by Walls 15018 and 16007. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI Photos: 3.23

25005

Wall from southeast corner of area extending northwest into Areas F6/15–14; two rows, 1.1  m wide, of large square boulders with a cobble core; two courses high; top below L. 25002 at 488.48; founded at limit of excavation at 488.06 (northwest in Area F6/14); bonds at corner with Wall 26010 (southeast); abutted by Surfaces 25007 and 24011 (northeast) and by Surfaces 15012 and 25010 (southwest); butts Drain 14020 (northwest). Includes canceled L. 14005, 15003. Phases: 5 Plans: II (F6/15 East Section), IV (F6/14 South Section), XV–XVI Photos: 3.23

25006

Wall running through center of area; two rows 0.55 m wide, of small boulders with a core of large cobbles; two courses high; top below L. 25002 at 488.24; founded at limit of excavation at 487.87; abutted by Surface 25012 (east); interrupted by Trench 25001 (southwest). Phases: 6B Plans: XV Photos: 3.23

166 25007

Appendix: Locus Lists Surface in northeast of area; compact reddish-brown soil with scattered sherds and pebbles; below L. 25003 at 488.20; abuts Wall 25005 (southwest) and Wall 25004 (northwest); cut on east by Trench 25001. Includes canceled L. 25008. Phases: 5 Plans: XVI

25008

Canceled: Included in L. 25007.

25009

Layer in southeast corner of area; compact reddish-brown soil; top below L.  25002 at 488.47; down along north face of Wall 25005 to limit of excavation at 488.07; cut on west by Trench 25001; composition similar to L. 25003 (north) and L. 25010 (southwest). Phases: 5 Plans: XVI

25010

Layer in southwest corner of area between Walls 25005 and 15018; compact reddish-brown soil; below L. 25002 from 488.37 down to limit of excavation at 488.10; cut by Trenches 25001 (southeast) and 26007 (southwest); composition similar to L. 25003 (northeast) and L. 25009 (southeast). Phases: 5 Plans: XVI–XVII

25011

Layer in northeast of area along west face of Wall 25006; concentration of chaotic cobblesized stones and small boulders; top below Surface 25007 at 488.11; down to limit of excavation at 487.79. Phases: Pre-5 Plans: XV

25012

Surface in east of area; compact fine clay with few inclusions; below Trench 25001 at 487.78; abuts Wall 25006 (west). Phases: 6B Plans: XV

Area F6/26: 26001

Canceled: Included in L. 25001.

26002

Layer across entire area flanking Trench 25001, mixed soils; from tell surface down to L. 26005 at 488.70. Phases: Post-3 Plans: VIII (F6/26 North, South, East, and West Sections)

26003

Surface across most of area flanking Trench 25001 and Grave 26004; gray/white plaster; below L. 26005 at 488.60 (east) and 488.39 (west); abuts Wall 26007 (north) at its second

Appendix: Locus Lists

167

course; and runs to Wall 26010 (southwest); same as Area F6/16 Surface 16004. Down to L. 26003.1 at 488.60 and Pit 26013 at 488.59. Phases: 4A Plans: VIII (F6/26 South, East, and West Sections), XVIII 26003.1 Removal of Surface 26003 and makeup below; gray/white plaster and reddish-brown disaggregated mud brick with random stones, bone, and other occupational inclusions; from 488.60 down to 488.66 at edge of Wall 26010 (west), Surface 26015 at 488.15; is interrupted by Pit 26013; same as Area F6/16 L. 16004.1. Phases: Pre-4A Plans: VIII (F6/26 South(?), East, and West Sections) Baskets: F6/26.43–46, 48, 49A-B, 50–52, 54, 57, 59 Field Readings: EB, Iron II, Pers Objects: #416, terra-cotta zoomorphic figurine fragment (pl. 22:20) Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell (including ostrich egg fragment) 26004

Grave Pit in south of area; oval, 2.5 m  ×  1.12 m; top below L.  26002 at 488.70; down to Grave 26012 capstones at 488.28 and floor under skeleton at 487.80; cuts L.  26005, Surfaces 26003 and 26015, and L. 26003.1. For soil layer below the grave pit’s prepared floor, see L. 26004.1. For the burial enclosure and its contents, see L. 26013. Phases: Post-4A Plans: XVIII Baskets: F6/26.15*, 32*, 40, 42 Field Readings: Iron II, Hell (*A few Byz and Arab in two uppermost baskets) Samples: Bone, Lithic Photos: 3.23, 29

26004.1 Removal of floor of Grave Pit 26004; compact, dark gray soil with concentrations of mudbrick debris and charcoal flecks; below floor under the Grave 26012 skeleton at 487.55; down to limit of excavation at 487.55. Phases: Pre-4A? Baskets: F6/26.68 Field Readings: Iron I, Iron II Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell 26005

Layer across entire area flanking Trench 25001 and Pit 26004; reddish-brown disaggregated mud brick with frequent pebbles, sherds, random stones, bone, and occupational inclusions; top L. 26002 averages 488.70; down to Surface 26003 at 488.39 (west) and 488.60 (east), and to Surface 26020 at 488.55. Includes canceled L. 26006. Phases: 4A Plans: VIII (F6/26 North, South, East, and West Sections) Baskets: F6/26.27–28, 30–31, 33–38, 41, 47, 53, 56 Field Readings: Iron II, Hell (Few Rom, Byz, Arab) Objects: #371, carnelian gemstone, (pl. 22:22, photo 3.30)

26006

Canceled: Included in L. 26005.

168 26007

Appendix: Locus Lists Wall across northern part of area extending into the southeast corner of Area F6/15, two rows, 0.75 m wide, of rough hewn boulders with a cobble core; three courses high; top below L. 25002 at 488.71; founded above limit of excavation at 488.10; bonds at corner with Wall 16003 (northwest); continues into Area F6/15; abutted by Phase 4B Surface 26015 (south); also abutted at the top of its second course by Phase 4A Surface 26003 at 488.60. Includes canceled L. 15019. Phases: 4B, 4A Plans: II (F6/15 East Section), VIII (F6/26 North, East, and West Sections), XVI–XVIII Baskets: F6/26.78 (pl. 22:17) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Photos: 3.26–27

26008

Tabun at east balk along south face of Wall 26007; terra-cotta; 0.55 m diameter; top below L. 26003.1 at 488.55; founded in Surface 26015 at 488.20; bottom of interior ash at 487.97. Ash inside removed as L. 26009. Phases: 4B Plans: VIII (F6/26 East Section), XVII Baskets: F6/26.71, 73 (pl. 22:18) Field Readings: Iron II Photos: 3.27, 29

26009

Layer inside Tabun 26008; fine light gray ash; below L.  26003.1 from 488.48 down to 487.97. Phases: 4B Plans: VIII (F6/26 East Section), XVII Baskets: F6/26.55, 77 (pl. 22:2–4) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers? Samples: Bone, Lithic

26010

Wall from area’s southwest corner northeast into the Areas F6/26–25 balk; one to two rows, 1 m wide of large boulders with a cobble core; one course high; top at level of Surface 23003 at 488.66; founded at limit of excavation at 487.90 (south) and 488.02 (north); cut by Wall 26007 (north center); interrupted by Trench 25001 and Grave Trench 26004 (south). In Phase 5, abutted by Surface 26021; bonded at corner with Wall 25005 (north). In Phase 4B, Surface 26015 runs against it at 488.15 (northwest) and 488.23 (southeast). In Phase 4A, tops of highest boulders might have been reused as surfacing or as post supports with Surface 26003. Includes canceled L. 26011, 26014. Phases: 5, 4B, 4A? Plans: VIII (F6/26 North, South, and West Sections), XVI–XVIII Baskets: F6/26.76 Field Readings: Iron II Photos: 3.23, 26–27, 29

26011

Canceled: Included in L. 26010.

26012

Burial in Grave Pit 26004; oblong 0.75 m wide and 2.35 long; loose and dark brown, fine, water-laid soil; skeleton of an adult male; supine; head at southwest end facing south; right

Appendix: Locus Lists

169

arm at side; left arm laid across body; sealed by cover of flat capstones laid in parallel rows supplemented by cobbles; top below capstones at 488.28; down to grave floor below skeleton at 487.80; on west side capstones lay partially over stones of the east face of Wall 26010. Includes canceled L. 26018 Phases: Post-4A Plans: XVI–XVIII Baskets: F6/26.61–62, 65–66 Field Readings: LB, Iron I, Iron II Objects: #437, bronze coin (pl. 22:24, photos 4.E.1–2; #440, iron spear point (pl. 22:25, photo 3.30) Photos: 3.27, 29 26013

Pit at balk in southeast corner of area; oval, 1.3 m long; dark, silty ash with patches of charcoal and light gray ash; top below Surface 26003 at 488.59; down into L. 26015.1 at 488.20. Phases: Pre-4A Plans: VIII (F6/26 South and East Sections), XVII Baskets: F6/26.60 Field Readings: Iron II, Pers Samples: Bone, Lithic, Shell, Soil

26014

Canceled: Included in L. 26010.

26015

Surface across whole area; lime plaster; below L.  26003.1 at 488.15 (west) and 488.38 (east); abuts Wall 26007 (north) and Wall 26010 (east and west); same as Area F6/16 Surface 16005; cut by Trench 25001 (west), Pit/Grave 26004/26012 (south) and Pit 26013 (southeast). Includes canceled L. 26017. Phases: 4B Plans: VIII (F6/26 East and West Sections), XVII Photos: 3.27, 29

26015.1 Removal of Surface 26015 and makeup beneath; plaster and reddish-brown mud-brick debris; from 488.23 down to Surface 26021 at 488.00 (northwest) and 488.07 (southeast). Includes canceled L. 26017.1 Phases: Pre-4B Plans: VIII (F6/26 East and West Sections) Baskets: F6/26.64, 70, 79 (pl. 22:5–11) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers 26016

Stone line running along south balk; layer 1.35 m × 0.35 m of small boulders and cobbles; top below Surface 26003 from 488.55; founded on Surface 26015 at 488.20; interrupted by Ash Pit 26013 (east) and by Pit 26004 (north). Phases: 4B Plans: VIII (F6/26 South Section), XVII Photos: 3.23, 27

170 26017

Appendix: Locus Lists Canceled: Included in L. 26015.

26017.1 Canceled: Included in L. 26015.1. 26018

Canceled: Included in L. 26012.

26019

Canceled: Included in L. 16006.

26020

Surface in northeast of area and in Areas F6/26–25 balk; cobbles and beaten earth; below L. 26005 at 488.55; abuts Wall 26007 (south). Phases: 4A Plans: VIII (F6/26 North and East Sections), XVIII

26020.1 Removal of Surface 26020 and makeup below; mixed soils; from 488.55 down to Surface 26021 at 488.00; Phases: Pre-4A Plans: VIII (F6/26 North and East Sections) Baskets: F6/26.75 (pl. 22:21) Field Readings: Iron II Objects: #496, bronze bell (pl. 22:21; photos 4D.1–4) 26021

Surface in southeast of area; lime plaster; below L. 26020.1 at 488.07 (south) and 488.00 (north); abuts Wall 26010 (northwest and southeast) and Wall 25005 (north); interrupted by Trench 25001 (northwest) and Grave 26004/26012 (south); extends Area F6/16 Surface 16010 and Area F6/25 Surface 25010 to the southeast. Phases: 5 Plans: VIII (F6/26 North, East, and West Sections), XVI

Area F6/33: 33001

Layer across whole area; coarse brown granular soil with random stones; from tell surface down to Pit 33004 at 488.03 (north), Grave 33008 at 488.08 (center), and L.  33002 at 488.23 (south). Phases: Post-3 Baskets: F6/33.1–3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14–17, 20, 26–27, 29, 30 (pl. 24:14–16) Field Readings: Iron II, Hell, Rom, Byz Objects: #213, ceramic bird figurine head (pl.  24:14); #263 Bi-conical loom weight (pl. 24:15), #264, bi-conical loom weight (pl. 24:16); #300, ceramic zoomorphic figurine head (pl. 24:18).

33002

Layer across most of area; compact reddish-brown soil with concentrations of collapsed mud brick; top below L. 33001 at 488.23 down to Surface 33005 at 487.75, Pit 33006 at 487.86, and Walls 33007 and 33009 at 488.05 and 488.12; cut by Pit 33004 (northwest). Includes canceled L. 33003.

Appendix: Locus Lists

171

Phases: Post-6 Baskets: F6/33.4, 6–7, 9, 11, 13, 18, 19, 21, 23 (pl. 19:12–13) Field Readings: Iron II, Pers, Hell, Rom 33003

Canceled: Included in L. 33002.

33004

Pit in northwest quadrant of area; ashy debris in gray, silty, loosely compacted soil with high concentration of cobble- to boulder-sized stones; top below L. 33001 at 488.03; down to bottom at limit of excavation at 487.11; cuts L. 33002 and Surface 33005. Phases: Post-6 Plans: XV Baskets: F6/33.22, 24, 28, 31 (pl. 19:1–6) Field Readings: LB, Iron II, Pers, Hell Objects: #289, feldspar token or weight (pl.  19:5); #302, flint tool; #321, bone spatula (pl. 19:6); #325, inscribed jar handle.

33005

Surface in northeast quadrant and across south of area; compacted gray-white plaster; below L. 33002 at 487.75; abuts Walls 33007 and 33009; cut by Pit 33004 (northwest) and by Grave 33008 (east center); interrupted by Pit or Hearth 33006 (at east balk). Phases: 6 Plans: XV

33006

Pit or hearth in northeast of area; coarse debris soil with much smothered ash, disaggregated mud brick, and charcoal; on and adjacent to Surface 33005; top below L. 33002 at 487.86; down to limit of excavation 487.82. Phases: 6 or Post-6 Plans: XV Baskets: F6/33.25 Field Readings: Iron II

33007

Wall segment in southwest corner; two plus rows, 1 m wide, of large boulders; top below L. 33002 at 487.93 (south) and 488.05 (north); abutted by Surface 33005 (southeast and northwest). Phases: 6 Plans: XV

33008

Grave pit in center of area; circular, 0.75 m diameter, stone lined with capstones; loose brown soil; skeleton of child, flexed, lying on right side with knees bent, head at southwest facing southeast and arms straight at sides; top below L. 33001 at 488.08; floor at limit of excavation at 487.62; cuts Surface 33005. Phases: 2 Plans: XV Baskets: F6/33.32 Field Readings: Iron II, Arab blackware Objects: #330, bronze ring; #331, stone bead group; #333, bronze bell; #335, ceramic loom weight

172 33009

Appendix: Locus Lists Wall? or paving in southeast corner of area; irregular patch, 1 m × 0.65 m of closely set cobbles and small boulders; top below L.  33002 at 488.12; founding level not reached; abutted by Surface 33005 (northwest). Phases: 6 Plans: XV Photos: 1.2

Plates 1–24 Plate

Period 1 LB IIB 2 LB/Iron I 3–4 Iron I 5–9 Iron IIA 10–12 Iron IIB, early 13 Iron IIB 14–15 Iron IIB, late 16–17 Iron IIB, late 18 Iron IIB, late 19 Iron II/Persian 20–21 Persian 22:1–16, 18 Hellenistic 22:17, 19–23 Hellenistic 22:24–25 Hellenistic 23 Roman, late 24 (Misc. Objects)

Field II Phase 8A 7B 7B–7A 6D 6C Pre-6B 6B 6B–6A 6A Post-6A, Post-3 5 4B 4A Post-4A 3

References in Chap. 3 Sections 3.B 3.C 3.D 3.E 3.F 3.G 3.G 3.G–H 3.G–H 3.I 3.J 3.K 3.L 3.M 3.N

Plate and Description Conventions The materials that follow in pls. 1–24 include pottery and object materials presented together in locus groups. The individual line drawings of pottery and objects on the plates are referenced throughout this volume by plate numbers (Arabic) followed by a colon and the item number (also Arabic), for example, pl. 12:6. All of the drawings are at a scale of 1:5 unless otherwise specifically noted on the plates. The conventions for pottery descriptions are substantially those outlined in chap. 5 of A Manual of Field Excavation (Dever and Lance 1978). Pottery descriptions are all presented in the following pattern: 1.  Technique: hand-made, wheel-made, etc. 2.  Ware Paste: a.  Color (of sherd section in a fresh break using Munsell Soil Color Charts [Baltimore, MD, 1975 edition]) b.  Inclusions (sometimes called “temper” or “grit”, measured according to standard type groups as observed by the naked eye):

Plates 1–24

175

i.  “Sand” – appearing as sand particles; a subgroup of this category, involving larger particles, is noted as “wadi gravel” ii.  “Lime” – appearing as white chalky limestone particles iii.  “Ceramic” – appearing as angular red or black particles of ground pottery (someti mes called “grog”) iv.  “Crystal” – appearing as angular translucent or “sparkling” particles v.  “Organic” – appearing as straw, or as remnant patterns of straw in the fabric, or as striated black carbon deposits vi.  “Shell” – appearing as shell particles or scales (rare since shell bits regularly degrade in firing appearing as “Lime”) vii.  Indications as to the size (small, medium, large) and to the frequency of appearance (few, some, many) of inclusions are provided according to established standards. c.  Firing (described according to the observable remnant carbon discoloration at the center of the sherd section as either “no core,” “light gray core,” “gray core,” or “dark gray core”) d.  Hardness (measured on a threefold scale as “soft,” “hard,” or “metallic” using Moh’s Scale scratch tests) 3.  Ware Surface: (Interior and Exterior use the same conventions) a.  Color (Munsell) b.  Treatment (“wash,” “slip,” “burnish” [including type and decoration], “paint” [including type, either “oxide” or “organic”], and color [using Munsell]) Thus, for example, Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some medium to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste, (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red” slip, burnished on rim.

Object descriptions follow conventions developed for the Lahav Research Project. Details of this system are presented in appendix 27 of its Field Operations Guidebook (Seger 1980). Object descriptions are presented in the following pattern: 1.  Composition: The material or materials from which the object is made; ceramic materials are further described using the pottery conventions. 2.  Color: Color or colors (using Munsell charts) 3.  Dimensions: Three-dimensional measurements in centimeters; abbreviations used include: (L) = length, (W) = width, (Th) = thickness, (H) = height, and (D) = diameter 4.  Condi tion: Explicit statement of the completeness and stability of the object. Thus, for example, Composition: bone. Color: 7.5 YR 6/4 “light brown”. Dimensions: (L) 0.2 cm, (W) 0.6 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm. Condition: top broken off; very fragile.

Where appropriate, the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (now the IAA) registration numbers are given for objects: for example, IDAM 80-747.

176

Plate 1

Phase 8A

Plate 1

1:1.

Deep bowl

1:10. Deep bowl

1:2.

Platter bowl

1:11. Deep bowl

1:3.

Deep bowl

1:4.

Deep bowl

1:5.

Jar

1:14. Cooking pot

1:6.

Jar?

1:15. Platter bowl

1:7.

Deep bowl

1:8.

Deep bowl

1:9.

Deep bowl

II.F6/1.257, No. 2, L. 1051 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”. II.F6/1.257, No. 1, L. 1051 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; few small lime, few very small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior plus 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”. II.F6/1.260, No. 2, L. 1051.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.243, No. 1, L .1053.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/1 “light gray”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.243, No. 3, L. 1053.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.243, No. 2, L. 1053.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few small organic, few medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 8/3 “pink” and 10YR 7/1 “light gray”. II.F6/1.263, No. 1, L.1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; few large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) as interior plus 5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/1.237, No. 1, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) 5Y 8/2 “white”. II.F6/1.237, No. 8, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7.4 “very pale brown”; few small organic, few medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior plus 10YR 8/2 “white”.

II.F6/1.237, No. 7, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 8/4 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/1.231, No. 3, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste, circular burnish lines; (Exterior) 7.5YR 6/0 “gray”.

1:12. Cooking pot

II.F6/1.237, No. 4, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many small to large lime,some small to medium sand; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

1:13. Cooking pot

II.F6/1.231, No. 2, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many very small to small lime, some small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior; ash on exterior. II.F6/1.239, No. 2, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some medium to large lime, some medium organic; very light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.237, No. 2, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

1:16. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.263, No. 2, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR “pink” 8/3, black (organic?) deposit on lower interior; (Exterior) 5YR “pink” 7/4.

1:17. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.231, No. 5, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”, remnant of slip or paint on interior of rim 10R 4/2 “weak red”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink” and 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”.

1:18. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.239, No. 6, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

Plate 1

177

178

Plate 1

1:19. Platter bowl

1:24. Bowl

1:20. Bowl

1:25. Jar

1:21. Jug?

1:26. Jar

1:22. Jug?

1:27. Jar

1:23. Bowl

1:28. Milk bowl (Cypriote)

II.F6/1.239, No. 3, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR “light yellowish brown” 6/4; few small lime; light grayish brown core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5Y “white” 8/2; (Exterior) 5YR “pinkish white” 8/2. II.F6/1.239, No. 4, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/1 “white”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.231, No. 7, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; circular burnish lines on interior and exterior. II.F6/1.231, No. 11, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some medium to large organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/1.231, No. 9, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/1.231, No. 12, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some medium to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/1.239, No. 5, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; few medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.231, No. 6, L. 1058 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 8/3 “pink”; few medium lime, few medium organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/1 “light gray”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”. II.F6/24.111, No. 4, L. 24023 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/24.111, No. 1, L. 24023 Technique: hand-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/0 “dark gray”; some small lime; dark gray core; metallic. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/1 “white”; (Exterior) as interior, paint decor 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”.

Phase 7B

Plate 2

2:1.

Cooking pot

2:5.

Bronze point (photo 4F.5)

2:2.

Bowl

2:6.

Cooking pot

2:3.

Krater

2:7.

Cooking pot

2:4.

Jar

2:8.

Cooking pot

II.F6/1.262, No. 1, L. 1047 Technique: hand-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; few medium sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/0 “red” (burned). II.F6/1.259, No. 1, L. 1047 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”. II.F6/4.178, No. 1, L. 4049 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.264, No. 1, L. 1047.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 4/1 “dark gray”, burnt; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

II.F6/4.167, Object 742, L. 4055 (MC No. 12928) IDAM 80-701 Composition: bronze. Color: dusty green. Dimensions: (L) 5.5 cm, (W) 1.6 cm. Condition: stable. II.F6/4.172, No. 4, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.173, No. 2, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.172, No. 7, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

Plate 2

179

180 2:9.

Plate 2 Platter bowl

II.F6/4.173, No. 3, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior plus 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”.

2:10. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.176, No. 3, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”.

2:11. Bowl

II.F6/4.176, No. 1, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few small organic, few medium to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

2:12. Bowl

II.F6/4.176, No. 5, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/1 “gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

2:13. Pithos?

II.F6/4.176, No. 8, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few organic, few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior plus 5YR 7/4 “pink”; self-slip on exterior.

2:14. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.176, No. 6, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few medium lime, few medium sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; self-slip on exterior.

2:15. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.174, No. 6, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

2:16. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.176, No. 4, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; organic paint on interior of rim 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown” spilling over exterior of rim and fading to 10R 5/4 “weak red”.

2:17. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.173, No. 6, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior; horizontal circular burnish lines on self-slip interior and exterior.

2:18. Jar

II.F6/4.176, No. 7, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium organic, some small to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; irregular round hole cut through center of base.

2:19. Jar

II.F6/4.172, No. 8, L. 4056.1 Technique: body wheel-made, handle hand-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

2:20. Jar

II.F6/4.173, No. 1, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white” self-slipped.

2:21. Jar

II.F6/4.174, No. 1, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5Y 8/3 “pale yellow”; many small lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste; two paint lines across rim, two horizontal incised lines below rim on exterior.

2:22. Jar

II.F6/4.174, No. 2, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

2:23. Jar

II.F6/4.174, No. 7, L. 4056.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small lime, many very small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/3”very pale brown” to 10YR 6/1 “gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 8/3 “pink” to 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

2:24. Jar?

II.F6/1.215, No. 6, L. 1054 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink” 7/4; few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste; painted decoration on exterior 2.5YR 3/5 “dark red”.

2:25. Jar

II.F6/1.215, No. 1, L. 1054 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”.

181

Plate 3 Phases 7B–7A

Plate 3

3:1.

Krater

3:10. Jar

3:2.

Krater

3:11. Jar

3:3.

Krater

3:12. Jar

3:4.

Krater

3:13. Jar

3:5.

Krater

3:6.

Deep bowl

3:7.

Bowl

3:8.

3:9.

II.F6/1.186, No. 1, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very few large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5 YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.192, No. 5, L.1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”. II.F6/1.196, No. 1, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”. II.F6/1.195, No. 1, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/1.191, No. 4, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/1.193, No. 2, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as paste; painted band on top of rim 10R 3/2 “dusky red”. II.F6/1.193, No. 6, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior; curving line of paint on exterior of rim.

Deep bowl

II.F6/1.190, No. 5, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few large lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; colored patches (paint?) on interior 10R 5/4 “weak red”.

Bowl

II.F6/1.195; Nos. 3, 6; L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior; painted spiral lines on exterior 10R 3/6 “dark red”.

II.F6/1.193, No. 7, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; few small to medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown; (Exterior) 5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”. II.F6/1.190, No. 6, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; very few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”. II.F6/1.193, No. 1, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/1.190, No. 3, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

3:14. Jar

II.F6/1.191, No. 3, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very few large sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

3:15. Bowl or jug

II.F6/1.196, No. 2, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 8/4 “pink”; few large lime, many medium organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

3:16. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.192, No. 4, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

3:17. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.191, No. 7, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very few large sand (wadi pebbles); no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; band of paint around top of rim 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”.

3:18. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.192, No. 3, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

182

Plate 3

3:19. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.192, No. 1, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very few medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”, worn on one broken side due to reuse.

3:20. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.225, Nos.1–2, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; slip on exterior and interior, painted bands on exterior and rim 2.5YR 3/6 “dark red”, remnants of paint on interior 10R 3/6 “dark red”.

3:21. Jar

II.F6/1.190, No. 1, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; ashy patches on interior.

3:22. Bowl

II.F6/1.225, No. 3, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/5 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”.

3:23. Bowl

II.F6/1.196, No. 3, L. 1036 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

3:24. Spatula

II.F6/1.192, Object 679b, L. 1036 (MC No. 11810) Composition: bone. Color: 10YR 8/6 “yellow”. Dimensions: (L) 6 cm, (W) 5 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

3:25. Bead (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/1.186, Object 646, L. 1036 (MC No. 11735) Composition: carnelian. Color: dark red. Dimensions: (L) 1.8 cm, (W) 0.6 cm. Condition: drilled.

3:26. Female figurine (photos 4A.1–2)

II.F6/1.186, Object 645, L. 1036 (MC No. 11736) Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”. Dimensions: (H) 7.4 cm, (W, at waist) 4.5 cm, (Th) 2.7 cm. Condition: good; head missing.

Plate 3

183

184

Plate 4

Phase 7A

Plate 4

4:1.

Jar or jug

4:10. Platter bowl

4:2.

Jar

4:11. Platter bowl

4:3.

Deep bowl

4:4.

Cooking pot

4:5.

Deep bowl

4:6.

4:7.

4:8.

4:9.

II.F6/2.31, No. 6, L. 2016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few medium lime; light gray core; very hard. Surface: (Interior) 5Y 9/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior plus 5Y 8/3 “pale yellow”. II.F6/2.31, No. 7, L. 2016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few large lime and sand; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”. II.F6/2.31, No. 2, L. 2016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/2.31, No. 3, L. 2016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some medium to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/2.31, No. 5, L. 2016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”.

Cooking pot

II.F6/2.33, No. 4, L. 2019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

Jar or jug

II.F6/2.32, No. 1, L. 2019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; few small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

Platter bowl

II.F6/2.33, No. 2, L. 2019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown” to 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”.

Small bowl

II.F6/2.33, No. 1, L. 2019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; no inclusions; no core; metallic. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/2.33, No. 5, L. 2019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.246, No. 3, L. 1030 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

4:12. Cooking pot

II.F6/1.210, No. 4, L. 1030 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; few very small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”.

4:13. Bowl

II.F6/1.245, No. 1, L. 1030 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” to 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; few large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”.

4:14. Jar

II.F6/1.206, No. 1, L. 1030 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

4:15. Bowl

II.F6/1.246, No. 1, L. 1030 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown; (Exterior) as interior.

4:16. Jar

II.F6/1.210, No. 1, L. 1030 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; some very small lime, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior.

4:17. Krater

II.F6/1.206, No. 3, L. 1030 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/5 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; raised ridge around neck on exterior, painted pattern on shoulder with zigzags between parallel vertical lines 2.5YR 5/6 “red”.

4:18. Jar

II.F6/1.210, No. 3, L. 1030 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; some very small to medium lime, few small to large ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”.

Plate 4

185

186

Plate 4

4:19. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.250, No. 1, L. 1019B Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many small lime, many medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

4:20. Jar or jug

II.F6/1.221, No. 1, L. 1019B.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; very few large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

4:21. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.161, No. 2, L. 4052 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 6/3 “pale red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

4:22. Bowl

II.F6/4.175, No. 2, L. 4052 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

4:23. Jar

II.F6/4.161, No. 4, L. 4052 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; some small to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 7.5YR 5/2 “brown”.

4:24. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.165, No. 4, L. 4040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 3/2 “dark reddish brown”; few medium to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

4:25. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.165, No. 10, L. 4040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

4:26. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.171, No. 2, L. 4040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; self-slip on interior and exterior.

4:27. Lamp

II.F6/4.165, No. 8, L. 4040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

4:28. Jug?

II.F6/4.165, No. 2, L. 4040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”.

4:29. Juglet (Cypriote White Shaved)

II.F6/4.165, No. 1, L. 4040.1 Technique: hand-made. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; exterior of base vertically pared.

4:30. Jar?

II.F6/4.168, No. 1, L. 4040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white” slip; (Exterior) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; band of horizontal burnish on exterior below rim 5YR 7/1 “light gray”.

4:31. Blade

II.F6/1.162, Object 621, L. 1048 (MC No. 10661) Composition: iron. Color: 5YR 5/2–6 “reddish brown”. Dimensions: (L) 8.6 cm, (W) 5.5 cm. Condition: corroded.

4:32. Bead (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/1.152, Object 724, L. 4050 (MC No. 12638) Composition: faience. Color: 2.5Y 5/10 “gray”. Dimensions: (D) 0.7 cm, (H) 0.3 cm. Condition: good, glaze intact.

187

Plate 5 Phase 6D 5:1.

Deep bowl

5:2.

Platter bowl

II.F6/1.115, No. 6, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small organic; few small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 7.5Y/R 8/4 “pink”, wheel-made incised lines below rim.

Plate 5 5:9.

Platter bowl

II.F6/1.122, No. 3, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small to medium lime, few small to medium ceramic, few small and large organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; slip on rim 10R 4/4 “weak red”.

II.F6/1.115, No. 3, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium ceramic, few small to large lime, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”.

5:10. Jar

5:3.

Bowl

5:11. Jar

5:4.

Deep bowl

5:12. Pyxis juglet

5:5.

5:6.

5:7.

5:8.

II.F6/1.111, No.6, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few small to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”. II.F6/1.115, No. 16, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few very small to small lime, few small ceramic, some very small to small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 10YR 6/3 “pale brown” to 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”.

Jar

II.F6/1.115, No. 12, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few very small crystal and calcite, some small to large calcite; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior; (Rim) 5YR 4/2 “dark reddish gray”.

Pilgrim flask

II.F6/1.115, No. 9, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few small to medium organic, few small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Exterior) as paste; slip in concentric circles 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”.

Deep bowl

II.F6/1.111, No. 3. L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/8 “reddish yellow”; few small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”, burnish on interior and rim; (Exterior) as interior.

Platter bowl

II.F6/1.115, No. 7, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small to medium calcite, few small lime, few small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste, bands of paint 10R 3/6 “dark red” on interior and rim. (Exterior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”.

II.F6/1.115, No. 13, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few medium to large lime, few small to large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/1.121, No. 1, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”; few medium ceramic, some very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/1.112, No. 3, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/8 “reddish yellow”; few very small lime, some medium calcite; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

5:13. Bowl

II.F6/1.121, No. 3, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/4 “yellowish brown”; few small to large lime, few medium to large organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”.

5:14. Bowl

II.F6/1.115, No. 2, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish brown”; few medium to large lime, few medium ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

5:15. Jar

II.F6/1.122, No. 5, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/4 “yellowish brown”; some large lime, some small to large ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”.

5:16. Jar

II.F6/1.121, No. 2, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; few small to medium lime, few small to medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

188

Plate 5

5:17. Jug

5:25. Deep bowl

5:18. Bulla (photos 4B.1–2)

5:26. Jar?

5:19. Cooking pot

5:27. Deep bowl

5:20 Weight? (photo 4F.5)

5:28. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.112, No. 2, L. 1034 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; few very small lime, few large calcite; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.112, Object 448, L. 1034 (MC No. 6619) IDAM 80-710 Composition: clay. Color: 2.5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”. Dimensions: (L) 3.9 cm, (W) 2.7 cm, (Th) 1.5 cm. Condition: good; cylinder seal impression on face, cord marks on back. II.F6/4.97, No. 1, L. 4033 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.97, Object 678, L. 4033 (MC No. 11787) IDAM 80-747 Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 8/1 “white”. Dimensions: (H) 2.5 cm, (D) 3 cm. Condition: good

5:21. Rattle?

II.F6/4.104, No. 1, L. 4033 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste; small hole in center of base.

5:22. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.157, No. 1, L. 1045 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

5:23. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.150 No. 1, L. 1045 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior; painted band 2.5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown” on rim.

5:24. Jar

II.F6/12.57, No. 5, L. 12014 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few large lime, some sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/12.57, No. 4, L. 12014 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/12.57, No. 1, L. 12014 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; few small to large sand, few small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”. II.F6/12.57, No. 3, L. 12014 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; some large lime, some sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow” slip; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.189, No. 2, L. 1037 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; no inclusions, no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

5:29. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.177, No. 3, L. 1037 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior; painted band on top of rim 10R 6/2 “pale red”.

5:30. Platter bowl

I.F6/1.177, No. 2, L. 1037 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior; continuous horizontal circular burnish lines on exterior and rim.

5:31. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.177, No. 1, L. 1037 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white” wash; (Exterior) as interior.

5:32. Jar

II.F6/1.183, No. 2, L. 1037 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; some large lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

Plate 5

189

190

Plate 6

Phase 6D 6:1.

Cooking pot

6:2.

Platter bowl

6:3.

6:4.

6:5.

6:6.

6:7.

6:8.

6:9.

II.F6/1.174, Nos.7–8, L.1019A.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many medium to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.174, No. 5, L. 1019A.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white” slip.

Platter bowl

II.F6/1.169, No. 1, L. 1019A.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

Platter bowl

II.F6/1.169, No. 1, L. 1019A.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

Jar

II.F6/1.174, No. 1, L. 1019A.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/0 “red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

Jug

II.F6/1.168, No. 1, L. 1019A.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

Bottle?

II.F6/1.169, No. 5, L. 1019A.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very few large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior; paint band on top of rim 10R 4/2 “weak red”.

Ballista or pounder

II.F6/4.169, Object 637, L. 1019A.1 (MC No. 11255) IDAM 80-727 Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 6/1 “light gray”. Dimensions: (H) 5.5 cm, (W) 5 cm. Condition: good.

Krater

II.F6/14.156, No. 2, L. 4003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 4.6 “red”; many very small to medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”, circular burnish on interior 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/1 “white”, burnish on rim 2.5YR 6/0 “gray”, drill hole below rim.

Plate 6 6:10. Bowl

II.F6/4.151, No. 1, L. 4003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/4 “pale red” slip and circular burnish; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink” with 10R 4/6 “red” slip.

6:11. Cooking pot

II.F6/1.140, No. 3, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; very many small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”.

6:12. Cooking pot

II.F6/1.167, No. 3, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

6:13. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.136, No. 1, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown” slip.

6:14. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.138, No. 2, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very few large lime, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

6:15. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.185, No. 1, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”, paint band on top of rim 10R 4/2 “weak red”.

6:16. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.261, No. 2, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

6:17. Small bowl

II.F6/1.140, No. 1, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white” wash; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

6:18. Bowl

II.F6/1.151, No. 4, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some medium to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

Plate 6

191

192

Plate 6

6:19. Jug or Jar

6:25. Small bowl

6:20. Jug or Jar

6:26. Jar

6:21. Jar

6:27. Jar

6:22. Jar

6:28. Deep bowl

6:23. Krater

6:29. Platter bowl

6:24. Platter bowl

6:30. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.138, No. 1, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many large organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.185, No. 2, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.167, No. 2, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.136, No. 2, L. 1040.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.213, No. 2, L. 1055 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/3 “pink”; circular burnish lines on interior and rim. (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/1.213, No. 3, L. 1055 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/6 “light red”; circular burnish lines. (Exterior) as interior without burnish.

II.F6/1.213, No. 1, L. 1055 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) as interior; circular burnish lines on interior and exterior. II.F6/1.213, No. 4, L. 1055 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.181, No. 6, L. 1049 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/1.181, No. 1, L. 1049 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”. II.F6/1.181, No. 5, L. 1049 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; circular painted bands on interior and rim 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown”; (Exterior) as paste. II.F6/1.181, No. 4, L. 1049 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; (Exterior) 5YR 5/2 “yellowish red”; painted band on rim 2.5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown”.

Phase 6D 7:1.

7:2.

Cooking pot

II.F6/1.146, No. 1; F6/1.202, No. 2; F6/1.209, No. 4, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; some very small to small lime, few very small to small sand, few very small to large organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

Cooking pot

II.F6/1.146, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; few very small lime, few very small to small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

Plate 7 7:3.

Cooking pot

7:4.

Platter bowl

II.F6/1.241, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/1 “gray”; some large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 6/1 “reddish gray”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.147, No. 5, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; circular burnish lines on rim.

Plate 7

193

194

Plate 7

7:5.

Platter bowl

7:14. Jar

7:6.

Platter bowl

7:15. Jar

7:7.

Platter bowl

7:16. Jar

7:8.

7:9.

II.F6/1.241, No. 3, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.146, No. 2, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; some very small lime, few small and large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/1.265, No. 9, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; circular burnish lines on interior and rim. (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

Platter bowl

II.F6/1.141, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

Platter bowl

II.F6/1.146, No. 3, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; some very small lime, few small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

7:10. Jar

II.F6/1.139, No. 2, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior.

7:11. Krater

II.F6/1.147, No. 2, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 10R 6/3 “pale red”.

7:12. Jar

II.F6/1.139, No. 4, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”.

7:13. Jar

II.F6/1.143, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; some very small to medium lime, few large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown”.

II.F6/1.241, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; many small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/1.147, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; incised line below rim. II.F6/1.265, No. 4, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

7:17. Jar

II.F6/1.184, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; many medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

7:18. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.141, No. 2, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 3/0 “dark gray”; no inclusions; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; circular burnish lines 5YR 4/1 “dark gray”; (Exterior) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”.

7:19. Jar

II.F6/1.146, No. 4, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small lime, few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white”.

7:20. Jar

II.F6/1.265, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

7:21. Jar

II.F6/1.202, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few very small to large lime, few very small to medium sand, few small to large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

7:22. Ashdoda-type couch figurine

II.F6/1.152, Object 622, L. 1041 (MC No. 10679) Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”. Dimensions: (L) 5.6 cm, (W) 4.7 cm, (H) 2.6 cm. Condition: fragment, pitted.

7:23. Jar

II.F6/1.267, No. 1, L. 1041 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few small to medium sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

Plate 8

195

196

Plate 8

Phase 6D

Plate 8

8:1.

Cooking pot

8:11. Platter bowl?

8:2.

Cooking pot

8:12. Deep bowl

8:3.

Deep bowl

8:13. Platter bowl

8:4.

Deep bowl

8:5.

Deep bowl

8:6.

Deep bowl

8:7.

Platter bowl

8.8.

Platter bowl

8:9.

Jar

II.F6/4.136, No. 2, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/4.101, No. 2, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”. II.F6/4.105, No. 2, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/4.137, No. 3, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.136, No. 5, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/4.136, No. 3, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.102, No. 7, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.101, No. 6, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white”. II.F6/4.102, No. 2, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”.

8:10. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.101, No. 3, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”.

II.F6/4.130, No. 1, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown; few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.137, No. 1, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”. II.F6/4.101, No. 4, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

8:14. Platter bowl?

II.F6/4.102, No. 5, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white”.

8:15. Jar

II.F6/4.136, No. 1, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

8:16. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.137, No. 6, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

8:17. Jar

II.F6/4.136, No. 4, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few medium to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

8:18. Jug

II.F6/4.137, No. 2, L. 4025.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

8:19. Bead (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/4.130, Object 704, L. 4025.1 (MC No. 14131) IDAM 80-689 Composition: carnelian. Color: 7.5YR 3/6 “dark red”. Dimensions: (L) 1.3 cm, (D) 0.8 cm. Condition: drilled, minor surface abrasions.

8:20. Grinding stone (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/4.136, Object 706, L. 4025.1 (MC No. 12137) IDAM 80-741 Composition: basalt. Color: 5R 6/2 “pale red” Dimensions: (L) 6–10 cm, (W) 11.5 cm, (Th) 3.5 cm. Condition: good

197

Plate 9 8:21. Bead (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/4.121, Object 687, L. 4031 (MC No. 11872) Composition: faience. Color: gley N6. Dimensions: (D) 0.35 cm. Condition: good.

8:23. Jar

II.F6/4.157, No. 7, L. 4003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

8:22. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.157, No. 2, L. 4003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/4 “weak red”; circular burnish lines; (Exterior) 5YR 5/1 “gray”.

8:24. Jar

II.F6/4.157, No. 5, L. 4003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

Phase 6D 9:1.

Cooking pot

9:2.

Krater

Plate 9 9:8.

Krater

II.F6/4.160, No. 4, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

9:9.

Platter bowl

9:3.

Cooking pot

9:10. Deep bowl

9:4.

Deep bowl

9:5.

Krater

9:6.

Deep bowl

9:7.

II.F6/4.139, No. 8, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “yellowish red”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/4.148, No. 1, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; some medium to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.160, No. 10, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”. II.F6/4.139, No. 2, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR “light brown” 6/4; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR “pink” 7/4; (Exterior) 5YR “pink” 7/4. II.F6/4.158, No. 8, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 3/6 “pale red”; (Exterior) as paste.

Bottle?

II.F6/4.145, No. 13, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

II.F6/4.160, No. 6, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.107, No. 5, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.139, No. 11, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

9:11. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.158, No. 10, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few medium to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown, horizontal painted band 10R 4/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) as interior, no painted band.

9:12. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.155, No. 6, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 2.5YR 4/0 “dark gray”.

9:13. Deep (?) bowl

II.F6/4.139, No. 4, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”.

9:14. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.158, No. 2, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) slip 10R 4/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

198

Plate 9

9:15. Deep (?) bowl

9:25. Spindle whorl

9:16. Deep bowl

9:26. Jug

9:17. Platter bowl

9:27. Jar

9:18. Bead (photo 4F.5)

9:28. Krater

9:19. Krater

9:29. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.107, No. 2, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.148, No. 3, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink” slip; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/4.107, No. 1, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”. II.F6/4.148, Object 727, L. 4038 (MC No. 12624) IDAM 80-692 Composition: ivory. Color: 2.5Y 8/4 “pale yellow”. Dimensions: (D) 0.9 cm. Condition: good. II.F6/4.160, No. 5, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

9:20. Jar

II.F6/4.139, No. 9, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as paste.

9:21. Jug

II.F6/4.109, No. 1, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior.

9:22. Jar

II.F6/4.155, No. 3, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

9:23. Jar

II.F6/4.139, No. 1, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; very few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

9:24. Krater?

II.F6/4.158, No. 7, L. 4038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; painted design 10R 4/4 “weak red”.

II.F6/4.158, Object 743, L. 4038 (MC No. 12930) IDAM 80-717 Composition: diorite. Color: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”. Dimensions: (D) 3.5–3.8 cm. Condition: good. II.F6/4.144, No. 1, L. 4039.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/4.144, No. 3, L. 4039.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.159, No. 8, L. 4039.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.159, No. 1, L. 4039.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) as interior.

9:30. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.159, No. 7, L. 4039.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

9:31. Krater

II.F6/4.159, No. 4, L. 4039.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/3 “weak red” slip; circular burnish lines on interior and top of rim. (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; slip or paint trace below rim 10R 4/4 “weak red”.

9:32. Jar

II.F6/1.214, No. 1, L. 1055 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; very many medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”.

9:33. Krater

II.F6/1.214, No. 2, L. 1055 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/6 “light red”; circular burnish lines on interior and top of rim 2.5YR 5/8 “red”. (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

Plate 9

199

200

Plate 10

Phase 6C 10:1. Juglet

II.F6/12.52, No. 1, L. 12018 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/8 “reddish yellow”; few medium to large lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red” slip on exterior and over rim.

10:2. Platter bowl

II.F6/12.52, No. 3, L. 12018 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”.

10:3. Deep bowl

II.F6/12.50, No. 6, L. 12018 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; circular burnish lines; (Exterior) as interior.

10:4. Jug

II.F6/12.50, No.1, L. 12018 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

10:5. Deep bowl

II.F6/12.50, No. 8, L. 12018 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few small lime and sand; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; red slip and circular burnish lines on interior and over rim; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

10:6. Juglet

II.F6/22.67, No. 1, L. 22014.P Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; few small to medium lime, few medium to large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

10:7. Jar

II.F6/22.67, No. 3, L. 22014.P Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few medium lime, few small to large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”.

10:8. Bowl

II.F6/22.67, No. 2, L. 22014.P Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; slip around base 10R 5/8 “red”.

10:9. Krater

II.F6/1.123, No. 1, L. 1024.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/6 “strong brown”; many small to medium ceramic, some very small lime, few medium to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 3/6 “dark red”; circular burnish on interior and over rim; (Exterior) as interior, no burnish.

Plate 10 10:10. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.105, No. 1, L. 1024.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few small lime, crystal and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; circular burnish lines; (Exterior) as interior.

10:11. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.103, No. 1, L. 1024.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; few very small lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; burnish on interior and over rim; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” slip.

10:12. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.103, No. 2, L. 1024.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”.

10:13. Amphoriskos

II.F6/1.130, No. 2, L. 1024.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; circular burnish lines; horizontal paint stripes 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Exterior) 10R 5/6 “red.

10:14. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.123, No. 3, L. 1024.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/8 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; slip on top of rim 10R 4/8 “red”.

10:15. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.148, No. 5, L. 1024.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as paste.

10:16. Bowl

II.F6/1.148, No. 2, L. 1024.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 5/6 “red”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10R 6/6 “light red”.

10:17. Jug

II.F6/1.130, No. 4, L. 1024.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”.

10:18. Cooking pot

II.F6/1.107, No. 5, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; some very small to small lime, few small lime; few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”.

Plate 10

201

202

Plate 10

10:19. Cooking pot

10:26. Bowl

10:20. Platter bowl

10:27. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.107, No. 3, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/6 “yellowish brown”; few medium lime, few medium ceramic, few very small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”. II.F6/1.118, No. 14, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few very small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red” slip; circular burnish lines.

10:21. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.118, No. 4, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5.6 “red”; few small lime and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; (Exterior) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”.

10:22. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.118, No. 3, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; some very small lime, few small to medium lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” slip; horizontal burnish lines.

10:23. Small bowl

II.F6/1.101, No. 3, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/4 “yellowish brown”; some very small lime, few medium lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

10:24. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.107, No. 2, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few very small lime and organic, few medium ceramic, light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow” to 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”.

10:25. Deep bowl

II.F6/1.124, No. 5, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; few small lime, few very small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; horizontal burnish on interior and over rim 2.5YR 3/6 “dark red”. (Exterior) as interior; no burnish.

II.F6/1.100, No. 5, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/6 “strong brown”; some small to medium organic, few medium to large ceramic, few small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”. II.F6/1.118, No. 7, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few small lime, few small to medium ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

10:28. Jug

II.F6/1.124, No. 6, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; few very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”.

10:29. Jug

II.F6/1.100, No. 3, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; few small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

10:30. Jar

II.F6/1.124, No. 3, L. 1031 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few small to medium lime, few medium ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

10:31. Spindle whorl

II.F6/11.25, Object 303, L. 11010 (MC No. 4021) Composition: stone. Color: 2.5YR N/0 “dark gray”. Dimensions: (H) 2.7 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Th) 2.1 cm. Condition: chipped.

10:32. Cosmetic spatula

II.F6/14.15, Object 262, L. 14010 (MC No. 2971) Composition: bronze. Color: 2.5Y 7/2 “light gray”. Dimensions: (L) 6.5 cm, (W) 4 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm. Condition: good.

203

Plate 11 Phase 6C 11:1. Jar

II.F6/1.119, No. 1, L. 1033 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/6 “strong brown”; some very small to medium lime, few small organic, few small to medium calcite; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”.

11:2. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.119, No. 3, L. 1033 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/8 “yellowish red”; some very small to small lime, few small organic and calcite; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink” to 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”.

11:3. Jar

II.F6/1.108, No. 2, L. 1033 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some small to medium ceramic, few very small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; horizontal lines incised below rim.

11:4. Jar

II.F6/1.120, No. 1, L. 1033 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; few very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; concentric ridges on top of rim.

11:5. Bowl

II.F6/1.126, No. 1, L. 1033 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many very small to small lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”.

11:6. Bowl

II.F6/1.126, No. 3, L. 1033 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; few small lime, few small to medium organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” to 10YR 7/2 “light gray”.

11:7. Bowl

II.F6/1.119, No. 1, L. 1033 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; some medium to large organic, few small to medium lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”.

11:8. Krater

II.F6/4.72, No. 1, L. 4020.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

Plate 11 11:9. Krater

II.F6/4.77, No. 1, L. 4020.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”.

11:10. Jar

II.F6/4.77, No. 1, L. 4020.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/2 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 10R 6/3 “pale red”.

11:11. Jug

II.F6/4.77, No. 3, L. 4020.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

11:12. Jug

II.F6/4.72, No. 2, L. 4020.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; some small to large lime: dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”; (Exterior) as interior.

11:13. Bowl

II.F6/4.77, No. 2, L. 4020.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 4/6 “red” slip; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

11:14. Krater

II.F6/4.85, No. 2, L. 4024 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 4/6 “red”; circular burnish lines on interior and rim. (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

11:15. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.81, No. 5, L. 4024 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 4/8 “red”; many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/6 “light red”; circular burnish lines on interior and rim; (Exterior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”.

11:16. Krater

II.F6/4.88, No. 1, L. 4024 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; circular burnish lines on interior and rim 10R 4/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

204

Plate 11

11:17. Krater

11:23. Krater

11:18. Platter bowl

11:24. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.88, No. 4, L. 4024 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; circular burnish on interior and exterior. II.F6/4.85, No. 6, L. 4024 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 7/4 “pale red”; (Exterior) 10R 5/4 “weak red”; circular burnish lines on interior and exterior 10R 4/6 “red”.

11:19. Jar

II.F6/4.79, No. 1, L. 4024 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/4.106, No. 1, L. 4030.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/6 “light red”; circular burnish on interior and over rim 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.128, No. 2, L. 4030.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”; circular burnish on interior and over rim; (Exterior) as interior.

11:25. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.106, No. 4, L. 4030.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red”; many very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 8/3 “pink”.

11:20. Jug

11:26. Jar

11:21. Platter bowl

11:27. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.85, No. 4, L. 4024 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 5/6 “red”; many very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; slip on rim 5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/4.85, No. 3, L. 4024 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; many very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/6 “red”; random burnish on interior and rim, punctate incisions toward center of interior; (Exterior) 10R 6/6 “light red”; burnish lines.

11:22. Krater

II.F6/4.128, No. 1, L. 4030.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/3 “pale red”; circular burnish lines on interior and top of rim 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink.

II.F6/4.128, No. 4, L. 4030.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/4.128, No. 3, L. 4030.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

11:28. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.128, No. 5, L. 4030.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

11:29. Jug

II.F6/4.103, No. 1, L. 4030.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

Plate 11

205

206

Plate 12

Phase 6C 12:1. Krater

II.F6/4.82, No. 2, L. 4028.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:2. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.82, No. 3, L. 4028.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”, circular burnish lines 10R 4/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) as paste.

12:3. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.90, No. 1, L. 4028.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”, horizontal circular burnish lines on interior and rim 10R 4/6 “red”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

12:4. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.90, No. 4, L. 4028.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/4 “weak red”, circular burnish lines on interior and rim 10R 4/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

12:5. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.135, No. 5, L. 4027.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; many small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; (Exterior) 10R 5/3 “weak red”.

12:6. Deep bowl

II.F6/12.56, No. 3, L. 12019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:7. Juglet

II.F6/12.56, No. 6, L. 12019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”.

12:8. Platter bowl

II.F6/12.55, No. 1, L. 12019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few medium to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:9. Jug

II.F6/12.56, No. 8, L. 12019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

Plate 12 12:10. Platter bowl

II.F6/12.56, No. 10, L. 12019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”, circular burnish lines 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

12:11. Jar

II.F6/12.56, No. 2, L. 12019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few large lime, few small to medium sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:12. Krater

II.F6/24.112, No. 4, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made; Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”.

12:13. Krater

II.F6/14.68, No. 5, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to medium sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:14. Platter bowl

II.F6/24.107, No. 1, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:15. Deep bowl

II.F6/14.72, No. 1, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

12:16. Deep (?) bowl

II.F6/14.73, No. 6, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small to medium lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

12:17. Krater

II.F6/14.68, No. 4, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:18. Platter bowl

II.F6/14.68, No. 8, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) as interior; circular burnish on interior and exterior 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”.

Plate 12

207

208

Plate 12

12:19. Deep bowl

12:26. Platter bowl

12:20. Platter bowl

12:27. Platter bowl

12:21. Jar

12:28. Bowl

12:22. Platter bowl

12:29. Jug

II.F6/14.68, No. 3, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste, circular burnish 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/24.112, No. 5, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”. II.F6/24.112, No. 1, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”. II.F6/24.108, No. 2, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:23. Deep bowl

II.F6/24.107, No. 2, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:24. Krater or bowl

II.F6/24.112, No. 3, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/1 “light gray”.

12:25. Jar

II.F6/24.112, No. 2, L. 14029.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/1 “light gray”; some medium to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”.

II.F6/22.66, No. 1, L. 22014.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/5 “yellowish red”; few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”, circular burnish lines; (Exterior) as interior, no burnish. II.F6/22.68, No. 2, L. 22014.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR “5/6 yellowish red”; few very small to small lime, few medium sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste. II.F6/22.68, No. 1, L. 22014.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; some very small lime, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/22.68, No. 3, L. 22014.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

12:30. Krater

II.F6/22.70, No. 3, L. 22014.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; some very small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

12:31. Jug

II.F6/22.70, No. 2, L. 22014.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few very small lime, few small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as paste.

12:32. Krater or bowl

II.F6/22.68, No. 4, L. 22014.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few very small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

209

Plate 13 Phase Pre-6B

Plate 13

13:1. Platter bowl

13:10. Krater

13:2. Platter bowl

13:11. Bird figurine

II.F6/4.47, No. 2, L. 4013.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; circular burnish lines on interior and over rim 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior, no burnish. II.F6/4.47, No. 3, L. 4013.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; circular burnish lines, continuous burnish on rim; (Exterior) as interior, no burnish.

13:3. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.44, No. 1, L. 4013.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; circular burnish lines on interior and over rim 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; (Exterior) as interior, no burnish.

13:4. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.47, No. 1, L. 4013.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 5/6 “red”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior.

13:5. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.42, No. 3, L. 4013.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

13:6. Bowl

II.F6/4.49, No. 1, L. 4013.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; circular burnish lines 10R 4/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

13:7. Jug?

II.F6/4.41, No. 4, L. 4013.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 5/8 “red”; very few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 10R 5/6 “red”; circular burnish lines on exterior of rim.

13:8. Jug

II.F6/4.42, No. 2, L. 4013.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; many very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) as interior; thin painted band on exterior below rim.

13:9. Zoomorphic figurine (photo 4F.4)

II.F6/4.42, Object 604, L. 4013.1 (MC No. 10252) Composition: ceramic. Color: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”. Dimensions: (H) 5.5 cm. Condition: good.

II.F6/22.56, No. 3, L. 22013.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; circular burnish lines on interior and top of rim 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/22.56, Object 489, L. 22013.1 (MC No. 6595) Composition: ceramic. Color: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”. Dimensions: (L) 6.5 cm, (H) 4.8 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

13:12. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.56, No. 1, L. 4019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 4/8 “red”; no inclusions; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) 10R 6/2 “pale red”.

13:13. Krater

II.F6/4.59, No. 2, L. 4019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

13:14. Bowl or jar

II.F6/4.73, No. 1, L. 4019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some medium lime, some medium to large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”.

13:15. Krater

II.F6/4.73, No. 3, L. 4019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 5YR 8/3 “pink”.

13:16. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.70, No. 1, L. 4019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; many medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; continuous burnish traces, circular burnish lines on rim; (Exterior) as interior.

13:17. Bowl or jar

II.F6/4.73, No. 2, L. 4019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some small to medium lime, some medium to large sand; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

13:18. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.65, No. 2, L. 4019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; many very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; vcircular burnish on interior and rim; (Exterior) as interior, no burnish.

210

Plate 13

13:19. Bowl or jar

13:29. Deep bowl

13:20. Jar

13:30. Jug

13:21. Cooking pot

13:31. Cooking pot?

13:22. Deep bowl

13:32. Krater

13:23. Jar

13:33. Juglet

13:24. Small jug

13:34. Deep (?) bowl

II.F6/4.65, No. 1, L. 4019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; few medium to large sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/4.59, No. 3, L. 4019 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/14.64, No. 2, L. 14027.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/14.64, No. 5, L. 14027.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/6 “red”; circular burnish 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/14.64, No. 3, L. 14027.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/14.64, No. 4, L. 14027.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

13:25. Jug

II.F6/14.66, No. 1, L. 14028 Technique: body wheel-made, handle hand-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) 10R 5/4 “weak red”.

13:26. Jar

II.F6/14.67, No. 2, L. 14028 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

13:27. Jar

II.F6/14.67, No. 3, L. 14028 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

13:28. Krater

II.F6/24.84, No. 2, L. 24015.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red”; circular burnish on interior and on rim 2.5YR 3/2 “dusky red”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”.

II.F6/24.84, No. 4, L. 24015.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” 6/6. II.F6/12.38, No. 3, L. 12008.1 Technique: wheel-made; Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/12.44A, No. 8, L. 12008.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/12.51, No. 2, L. 12008.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/12.44A, No. 20, L. 12008.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/12.44A, No. 3, L. 12008.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/6 ‑“light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

13:35. Platter bowl

II.F6/12.51, No. 1, L. 12008.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”.

13:36. Jug

II.F6/12.51, No. 3, L. 12008.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; some very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”.

13:37. Jar or jug

II.F6/12.51, No. 6, L. 12008.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “yellowish red”; few medium lime; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white”.

Plate 13

211

212

Plate 14

Phase 6B

Plate 14

14:1. Cooking pot

14:10. Deep bowl

14:2. Deep bowl

14:11. Deep bowl

II.F6/12.20, No. 1, L. 12003 Technique: body wheel-made, handle hand-made. Paste: 5YR 4/8 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) 10R 5/6 “red”. II.F6/12.20, No. 5, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/8 “reddish yellow”; few very small to small lime and calcite; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/8 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

14:3. Krater

II.F6/12.25, No. 1, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/6 “brownish yellow”; many small lime, few medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”, circular burnish lines; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

14:4. Deep bowl

II.F6/12.27, No. 6, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/1 “gray”; few medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”.

14:5. Deep bowl

II.F6/12.26, No. 3, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; circular burnish; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

14:6. Krater

II.F6/12.25, No. 1, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/2 “dark reddish gray”; few very small lime and calcite; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 5/1 “gray”; (Exterior) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”, circular burnish lines.

14:7. Deep bowl

II.F6/12.44, No. 8, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste; circular burnish lines on interior and top of rim.

14:8. Deep bowl

II.F6/12.25B, No. 3, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”.

14:9. Deep bowl

II.F6/12.20, No. 2; F6/12.24, No. 4, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; few very small lime, few very small calcite; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/12.23, No. 3, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/12.25B, No. 2, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; slip on interior and upper portion of exterior 2.5YR 5/6 “red”.

14:12. Bowl or jar

II.F6/12.25, No. 5, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; few medium lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; circular hole broken through base.

14:13. Platter bowl

II.F6/12.25, No. 6, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R “5/6 red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; slip 2.5YR “red” 5/6 with circular burnish lines on interior and upper shoulder of exterior.

14:14. Platter bowl

II.F6/12.23, No. 4, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10R 6/6 “light red”.

14:15. Small bowl

II.F6/12.23, No. 5, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; circular burnish lines around top; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.

14:16. Ceramic incense stand (photo 3.15)

II.F6/12.27, Object 153a, No. 3, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; few small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

14:17. Ceramic incense stand (photo 3.14)

II.F6/12.26, Object 153b, L. 12003 (MC No. 2187) Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; few small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

Plate 14

213

214

Plate 15

Phase 6B 15:1. Jar

II.F6/12.23, No. 1, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; few very small lime, few very small calcite; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow” to 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”.

15:2. Lamp

II.F6/12.27, No. 1, L. 12003 Technique: wheel and hand-made. Paste: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; no inclusions; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “reddish brown”.

15:3. Jar

II.F6/12.27, No. 7, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

15:4. Jar

II.F6/12.25, No. 4, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; few medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

15:5. Jar

II.F6/12.25, No. 2, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/3 “brown”; no inclusions; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

Plate 15 15:6. Jar

II.F6/12.7, No. 1, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; many medium to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”.

15:7. Bi-conical loom weight

II.F6/12.37, Object 188, L. 12003 (MC No. 2320) Composition: ceramic. Color: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown”. Dimensions: (D) 3 cm, (H) 3 cm. Condition: good.

15:8. Spatula?

II.F6/12.23, Object 155, L. 12003 (MC No. 2164) Composition: bone. Color: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”. Dimensions: (L) 4.9 cm, (W) 1.5 cm, (Th) 0.1 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

15:9. Bowl base

II.F6/12.20, Object 143, L. 12003 (MC No. 2106) Composition: limestone. Color: 10 YR 7/2 “light gray”. Dimensions: (L) 9.5 cm, (W) 9.5 cm, (Th) 5.5 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

15:10. Weight

II.F6/12.25, Object 166, L. 12003 (MC No. 2164) Composition: basalt. Color: 5 YR 3/2 “dark reddish brown”. Dimensions: (D) 3.9 cm, (H) 3.9 cm. Condition: good.

15:11. Jar

II.F6/12.24, Nos. 2–3, L. 12003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown”; some small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 6/3 “pale brown” to 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/8 “red”.

Plate 15

215

216

Plate 16

Phases 6B–6A

Plate 16

16:1. Cooking pot

16:8. Jar

16:2. Platter bowl

16:9. Jar

II.F6/1.129, No. 1, L. 1038 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; very few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”. II.F6/4.11, No. 2, L. 4001 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/1 “gray”; few small to medium lime, some small sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

16:3. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.11, No. 3, L. 4001 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/1 “gray”; few small lime, some small sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

16:4. Krater

II.F6/4.3, No. 1, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few medium lime; grayish brown core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”, circular burnish lines; (Exterior) as interior.

16:5. Jar

II.F6/4.24, No. 4, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior.

16:6. Krater

II.F6/4.15A, No. 2, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; some small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

16:7. Krater

II.F6/4.24, No. 1, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; no inclusions; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”, circular burnish lines; (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”.

II.F6/4.6, No. 2, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”. II.F6/4.21, No. 2, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; few small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

16:10. Small bowl

II.F6/4.15, No. 1, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; few very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

16:11. Jar

II.F6/4.15A, No. 3, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; some small lime, few medium ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

16:12. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.15A, No. 9, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; many small lime, few large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/0 “red”; (Exterior) as interior.

16:13. Jar

II.F6/4.17, Nos. 2–3, L. 4002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”.

16:14. Jar handle

II.F6/4.15A, No. 4, L. 4002 Technique: hand-made. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; few medium lime, some medium calcite; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

16:15. Bi-conical loom weight

II.F6/4.15, Object 233, L. 4002 (MC No. 2699) Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 6/4 “reddish yellow”. Dimensions: (D) 3.6 cm, (H) 3.1 cm. Condition: good.

Plate 16

217

218

Plate 17

Phases 6B–6A 17:1. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.18, No. 6, L. 4005 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) as interior.

17:2. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.20, No. 6, L. 4005 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”; (Exterior) as interior; circular and random burnish lines on interior and exterior 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”.

Plate 17 17:9. Jug

II.F6/4.28, No. 1, L. 4011 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; few very small lime; no core; metallic hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”.

17:10. Jar

II.F6/4.46, No. 2, L. 4016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

17:3. Krater

17:11. Jug?

17:4. Lamp?

17:12. Jar

II.F6/4.20, No. 9, L. 4005 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; circular burnish lines; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/4.20, No. 8, L. 4005 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

17:5. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.30, Nos. 10, 14, L. 4011 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many very small lime; no core; metallic hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”.

17:6. Krater

II.F6/4.30, No. 16, L. 4011 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; some medium lime, some medium sand, few large sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior.

17:7. Jar

II.F6/4.26, No. 1, L. 4011 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

17:8. Bowl

II.F6/4.30, No. 8, L. 4011 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small lime, few large lime, some small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

II.F6/14.46, No. 1, L. 4016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR “light reddish brown” 6/4; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”. II.F6/4.63, No. 2, L. 4022 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

17:13. Jar or jug

II.F6/4.86, No. 1, L. 4022 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown”; very few large sand (wadi gravel); no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/3 “weak red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red”.

17:14. Jar

II.F6/15.20, No. 1, L. 15020 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

17:15. Jar

II.F6/12.41A, No. 1, L. 12007 Technique: body wheel-made, handle hand-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium to very large lime, some medium to large calcite; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

Plate 17

219

220

Plate 18

Phases 6B–6A 18:1. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.48, No. 1, L. 4007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior.

18:2. Krater

II.F6/4.61, No. 4, L. 4021 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 5/8 “red”; many very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior; circular burnish lines on interior and upper exterior.

18:3. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.61, No. 3, L. 4021 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R “red” 5/6; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR “pink” 7/4; (Exterior) as interior.

18:4. Krater

II.F6/4.57, No. 1, L. 4014 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as paste, wash 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”.

18:5. Krater

II.F6/4/87, No. 1, L. 4014 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/0 “red”; many very small to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/6 “light red”; circular burnish lines 10R 5/6 “red” on interior and rim; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

18:6. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.57, No. 2, L. 4014 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 4/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; circular burnish lines on interior and exterior, continuous burnish on rim.

18:7. Deep bowl

II.F6/4.87, No. 2, L. 4014 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 10R 5/6 “red”; burnish on interior and exterior.

18:8. Small bowl

II.F6/14.70, No. 1, L. 14016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste; circular burnish on interior, incised horizontal line on exterior below rim.

18:9. Dibble weight (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/14.70, Object 739, L. 14016 (MC No. 13100) IDAM 80-733 Composition: basalt. Color: 10YR 7/2 “light gray”. Dimensions: (D) 5.1 cm. Condition: good.

Plate 18 18:10. Pestle (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/12.53, Object 689, L. 12005 (MC No. 12150) Composition: basalt. Color: 2.5 N4/ “dark gray”. Dimensions: (D, at base) 4.6 cm, (H) 5.8 cm. Condition: good.

18:11. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.85, No. 2, L. 1010.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/6 “red”; burnish; (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”.

18:12. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.85, No. 4, L. 1010.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior; burnish on interior and exterior.

18:13. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.90, No. 2, L. 1010.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

18:14. Bowl

II.F6/1.85, No. 1, L. 1010.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; many very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; (Exterior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”.

18:15. Bowl

II.F6/1.87, No. 1, L. 1010.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few large sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; circular burnish; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

18:16. Zoomorphic figurine

II.F6/1.85, Object 433, L. 1010.1 (MC No. 6442) Composition: ceramic. Color: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. Dimensions: (L) 8 cm, (H, at neck) 4 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

18:17. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.71, No. 3, L. 4017.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

18:18. Cooking pot

II.F6/4.71, No. 5, L. 4017.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) as interior.

Plate 18

221

222

Plate 18

18:19. Platter bowl

18:26. Platter bowl

18:20. Deep bowl

18:27. Jar

II.F6/4.71, No. 2, L. 4017.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR “light brown” 6/4; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR “pink” 7/4; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/4.71, No. 7, L. 4017.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

18:21. Jug or Bowl

II.F6/4.78, No. 1, L. 4017.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

18:22. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.71, No. 10, L. 4017.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; some very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5Y 7/2 “light gray”, circular burnish on interior and rim; (Exterior) as interior, no burnish.

18:23. Jug

II.F6/4.78, No. 9, L. 4017.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior; trace of burnish on rim.

18:24. Platter bowl

II.F6/4.78, No. 3, L. 4017.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; very few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 4/8 “red”; (Exterior) 10R 5/6 “red”.

18:25. Jug

II.F6/4.78, No. 8, L. 4017.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

II.F6/1.102, No. 1, L. 1011 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”; few very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.88, No. 2, L. 1011 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”.

18:28. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.109, No. 1, L. 1032 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

18:29. Small bowl

II.F6/1.116, No. 1, L. 1032 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; some very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior.

18:30. Jar

II.F6/1.116, No. 5, L. 1032 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium ceramic, some small to medium organic, few medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

18:31. Jug

II.F6/1.116, No. 3, L. 1032 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few very small ceramic, few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”.

223

Plate 19 Phases Post-6A, Post-3 19:1. Jug

II.F6/33.28, No. 5, L. 33004 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many very small crystal, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/6 “very pale brown”.

19:2. Jug

II.F6/33.31, No. 1, L. 33004 Technique: wheel-made, handle. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

19:3. Jar

II.F6/33.28, No. 1, L. 33004 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

19:4. Mortarium

II.F6/33.28, No. 2, L. 33004 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 5/1 “gray”; (Exterior) 5Y 8/2 “white”.

19:5. Game piece or weight?

II.F6/33.28, Object 289, L. 33004 (MC No. 3069) Composition: potassium feldspar. Color: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”. Dimensions: (D) 2.5 cm, (Th) 1.4 cm. Condition: good.

Plate 19 19:11. Arrowhead

II.F6/23.14, Object 286, L. 23002 (MC No. 4046) Composition: iron. Color: Rusty tan. Dimensions: (L) 8.7 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 1 cm. Condition: corroded.

19:12. Juglet

II.F6/33.11, No. 1, L. 33002 Technique: body wheel-made, handle hand-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) as interior.

19:13. Juglet

II.F6/33.7, No. 1, L. 33002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 8/3 “pink”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”.

19:14. Cooking pot

II.F6/13.21, No. 5, L. 13008 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; very many small sand and lime; dark brown core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”.

19:15. Mortarium

II.F6/13.21, No. 1, L. 13008 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

19:6. Spatula?

19:16. Jar

19:7. Deep bowl?

19:17. Jar

19:8. Jug or jar

19:18. Jar

19:9. Grinding stone

19:19. Jar

19:10 Button or Buzz toy?

19:20. Bowl?

II.F6/33.31, Object 321, L. 33004 (MC No. 4120) Composition: bone. Color: 2.5YR 7/4 “pale yellow”. Dimensions: (L) 6.4 cm, (W) 2.4 cm, (Th) 0.1 cm. Condition: good. II.F6/13.34, No. 1, L. 13012 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray” and 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5Y 8/2 “white”. II.F6/13.25, No. 1, L. 13012 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5Y 8/3 “pink”; few small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5Y 8/2 “pale yellow”; (Exterior) as paste. II.F6/12.13, Object 146, L. 12004 (MC No. 2048) Composition: calcareous sandstone. Color: 10YR 8.2 “white”. Dimensions: (L) 11.5 cm, (W) 8 cm, (Th) 5 cm. Condition: good. II.F6/23.10, Object 198, L. 23002 (MC No. 2310) Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”. Dimensions: (D) 3.2–3.8 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm. Condition: good.

II.F6/13.17, No. 1; F6/13.27, No. 6, L. 13008 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”. II.F6/13.29, No. 4, L. 13008 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”. II.F6/13.27, No. 2, L. 13008 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some very small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste. II.F6/13.27, No. 4, L. 13008 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/13.28, No. 2, L. 13008 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

224

Plate 19

19:21. Bead

19:29. Bowl

19:22. Juglet

19:30. Bowl

II.F6/13.24, Object 310, L. 13008 (MC No. 4103) Composition: stone. Color: 7.5YR N2/0 “black”. Dimensions: (D, at base) 1.4 cm, (H) 1.9 cm. Condition: good. II.F6/13.27, No. 1, L. 13008 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/3 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”.

19:23. Tri-footed Bowl

II.F6/13.18, No. 1, L. 13001 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior; four to possibly eight pierced holes around body.

19:24. Platter bowl

II.F6/11.23, No. 5, L. 11009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5Y 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior.

19:25. Jar

II.F6/11.24, No. 1, L. 11009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”.

19:26. Juglet

II.F6/11.23, No. 1, L. 11009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few medium lime, few large sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) slipped 10YR 8/1“white”; base shaved vertically.

19:27. Deep bowl

II.F6/24.94, No. 2, L. 24020.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”.

19:28. Mortarium

II.F6/24.98, No. 1, L. 24020 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5Y 8/4 “pale yellow”; few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5Y 8/3 “pale yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/11.16A, Object 241, L. 11006 (MC No. 2695) Composition: alabaster. Color: 2.5YR 8/2 “white”. Dimensions: (D, at rim) 9.4 cm, (D, at base) 4 cm, (H) 2.2 cm. Condition: fragment, good. II.F6/11.17, No. 6, L. 11007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste; slip on upper interior and exterior 5YR 2/1 “black”, burnished.

19:31. Jar

II.F6/11.17, No. 4, L. 11007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

19:32. Bowl

II.F6/11.15, No. 2, L. 11007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) as interior.

19:33. Jar

II.F6/11.15, No. 1, L. 11007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

19:34. Jar

II.F6/11.17, No. 5, L. 11007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few medium lime; light gray/brown core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”.

19:35. Jar

II.F6/11.17, No. 2, L. 11007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many very small lime; very light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

Plate 19

225

226

Plate 20

Phase 5

Plate 20

20:1. Mortarium

20:11. Jar

20:2. Mortarium

20:12. Jar

II.F6/22.41, No. 1, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Exterior) 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown”. II.F6/22.43, No. 2, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

20:3. Mortarium

II.F6/22.42, No. 2, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/22.43, No. 3, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Exterior) slip 10YR 7/2 “light gray”. II.F6/24.58, No. 1, L. 24006 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as paste.

20:13. Bi-conical loom weight (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/24.34, Object 651, L. 24006 (MC No. 11753) Composition: ceramic. Color: 2.5YR N3/0 “very dark gray”. Dimensions: (D) 2.2 cm, (H) 1.6 cm. Condition: good.

20:4. Jar

20:14. Jar (holemouth)

20:5. Lamp

20:15. Mortarium

20:6. Jar

20:16. Spatula (photo 4F.2)

20:7. Jar

20:17. Jar

20:8. Jar

20:18. Krater

II.F6/22.43, No. 5, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/22.44, No. 1, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made and hand-finished. Paste: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/22.45, No. 1, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”. II.F6/22.59, No. 1, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”. II.F6/22.41, No. 4, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; few small to medium ceramic, few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

20:9. Jar

II.F6/22.59, No. 2, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

20:10. Juglet

II.F6/22.45, No. 2, L. 22007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/22.60, No. 6, L. 22006 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste. II.F6/22.60, No. 2, L. 22006 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish white”. II.F6/24.43, Object 660, L. 24002 (MC No. 11767) IDAM 80-671 Composition: bone. Color: 10YR 8/6 “yellow”. Dimensions: (L) 12 cm, (W) 2.8 cm, (Th) 0.1 cm. Condition: good. II.F6/24.43, No. 1, L. 24002 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. II.F6/16.45, No. 2, L. 16010.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some very small to large lime, some small to medium ceramic, few small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; 2.5YR 4/6 “red” slip on interior and over rim; (Exterior) as interior.

20:19. Bowl

II.F6/26.45, No. 7, L. 16010.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish brown”; some very small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) slip 10R 6/4 “pale red”; circular burnish lines; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; slip 10R 4/6 “red”.

Plate 20

227

228

Plate 20

20:20. Jug

20:28. Jar

20:21. Krater

20:29. Jar

II.F6/16.45, No. 6, L. 16010.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; many very small lime, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”. II.F6/24.71, No. 1, L. 24006.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

20:22. Platter bowl

II.F6/24.71, No. 2, L. 24006.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

20:23. Jug or jar handle

II.F6/14.49, No. 4, L. 24006.1 Technique: hand-made. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many very small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

20:24. Tool or Bead? (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/24.37, Object 652, L. 24006.1 (MC No. 11758) IDAM 80-679 Composition: shell. Color: 2.5Y 8/2 “white”. Dimensions: (D) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm. Condition: good.

20:25. Scarab (photo 4F.5)

II.F6/24.37, Object 653, L.24006.1 (MC No. 11751) IDAM 80-712 Composition: faience. Color: 2.5Y 8/2 “white”. Dimensions: (L) 1.8 cm, (W) 1 cm. Condition: fragment, powdering.

20:26. Jug

II.F6/24.37, No. 7, L. 24006.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”.

20:27. Jar

II.F6/24.37, No. 9, L. 24006.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/1 “light gray”; (Exterior) 5Y 8/2 “white”.

II.F6/14.49, No. 5, L. 24006.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/24.37, No. 4, L. 24006.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

20:30. Cooking pot

II.F6/14.49, No. 6, L. 24006.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 3/2 “dark brown”; very many very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 4/6 “red”; (Exterior) 10R 4/4 “weak red”.

20:31. Jar

II.F6/24.71, No. 4, L. 24006.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

20:32. Krater

II.F6/24.24, No. 5, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

20:33. Bowl

II.F6/24.27, No. 2, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5Y 7/2 “light gray”; few very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5Y 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 7/2 “light gray”.

20:34. Bottle?

II.F6/24.24, No. 2, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

229

Plate 21 Phase 5 21:1. Jar

II.F6/24.67, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

21:2. Deep bowl

II.F6/24.15, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”.

21:3. Deep bowl

II.F6/24.35, No. 3, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”.

21:4. Lamp

II.F6/24.80, No. 2, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white”.

21:5. Juglet (photo 3.21)

II.F6/24.68, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: color not observable; few very small to small crystal, few very small to small lime; core not observable; hard. Surface: (Interior not observable); (Exterior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow” to 2.5YR 7/2 “light gray”.

21:6. Lamp (photo 3.21)

II.F6/24.75, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: moldmade. Paste: color not observable; no inclusions; core not observable; hard. Surface: (Interior) sintered 5YR 2/1 “black”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”, sintered 5YR 2/1 “black”.

21.7

Thymiaterion base (photo 4C.1)

II.F6/14.69, Object 734, L. 2400 (MC No. 13108) Composition: bronze. Color: dusty green. Dimensions: (D, at top) 4.7 cm, (D, at base) 13 cm, (H) 15.5 cm. Condition: encrusted.

21:8 Jar

II.F6/24.80, No. 2, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; no inclusions; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 5/6 “red”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:9. Jar

II.F6/14.51, No. 2, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

Plate 21 21:10. Jar

II.F6/24.66, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:11. Jar

II.F6/14.36, No. 2, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) slip 5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”.

21:12. Jar

II.F6/24.80, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; very few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 8/3 “pink”.

21:13. Jar

II.F6/24.67, No. 8, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:14. Cooking pot

II.F6/24.21, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; very few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/4 “light olive brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”.

21:15. Jar

II.F6/14.35, No. 2, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; (Exterior) 10R 6/6 “light red”.

21:16. Jar

II.F6/24.76, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 6/6 “light red”; many medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) slip 5YR 5/2 “pinkish gray”.

21:17. Jar

II.F6/24.64, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

21:18. Jar

II.F6/24.74, No. 2, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; very few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”.

230

Plate 21

21:19. Jar

II.F6/24.15, No. 3, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:20. Lamp (photo 3.21)

II.F6/24.57, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: color not observable; few small to large ceramic, few very small to small lime; core not observable; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 5/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”.

21:21. Lamp

II.F6/24.14, No. 1, L. 24007 Technique: hand-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:22. Deep bowl

II.F6/24.77, No. 2, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:23. Jar

II.F6/24.73, No. 1, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:24. Jar or cooking pot

II.F6/24.83, No. 4, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:28. Bowl

II.F6/13.22, No. 2, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) sintered 7.5YR N2/0 “black”.

21:29. Platter bowl

II.F6/24.81, No. 2, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:30. Jug

II.F6/24.83, No. 3, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large lime, some large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; (Exterior) slip 10YR 8/2 “white”.

21:31. Jar

II.F6/24.78, No. 3, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:32. Jar

II.F6/24.59, No. 2, L. 24011.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

21:33. Juglet

II.F6/24.54, No. 3, L. 24011.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”.

21:24. Jar

21:34. Juglet

21:25. Deep bowl

21:35. Jar or krater sherd

II.F6/24.77, No. 3, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”. II.F6/24.81, No. 5, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior; remnants of circular bands of paint 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red” on rim.

21:27. Cooking Pot?

II.F6/24.81, No. 7, L. 24009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 4/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) as interior.

II.F6/14.27, No. 1, L. 24011.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 10R 4/6 “red” slip, continuous burnish. II.F6/14.28, No. 1, L. 24011.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many very small lime; gray core; very hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/1 “light gray”; impressed horizontal saw-tooth decoration on exterior.

Plate 21

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232

Plate 22

Phase 4 22:1. Weight

II.F6/15.11, Object 182, L. 15007 (MC No. 2116) Composition: geode. Color: 5YR 2.5/1 “black”. Dimensions: (D) 1.8–2 cm, (H) 2.3 cm. Condition: worn.

22:2. Krater

II.F6/26.77, No. 2, L. 26009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many very small to small lime, few medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; circular burnish lines 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 4/1 “dark gray”; repair? hole drilled through body near break.

22:3. Krater

II.F6/26.77, No. 3, L. 26009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; Many very small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; circular burnish lines on interior and over rim 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

22:4. Jar or jug

II.F6/26.77, No. 1, L. 26009 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

22:5. Platter bowl

II.F6/26.79, No. 5, L. 26015.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; few very small organic, few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; circular burnish lines on interior and over rim 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/2 pinkish gray”.

22:6. Platter bowl

II.F6/26.79, No. 4, L. 26015.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; circular burnish lines on interior and over rim; (Exterior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”.

22:7. Deep bowl

II.F6/26.79, No. 1, L. 26015.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few very small lime, few small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

22:8. Jar

II.F6/26.79, No. 6, L. 26015.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; few small to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 5/0 “gray” to 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”.

Plate 22 22:9. Bowl

II.F6/26.79, No. 3, L. 26015.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown”; few very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray” to 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

22:10. Jar

II.F6/26.64, No. 1, L. 26015.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 6/6 “light red”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) as paste; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

22:11. Jug

II.F6/26.79, No. 2, L. 26015.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few very small to small lime, few very small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 5YR 8/4 “pink”.

22:12. Cooking pot

II.F6/16.30, No. 6, L. 16005.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; few small, some very small line, some small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red”; (Exterior) 10R 5/6 “red”.

22:13. Jar?

II.F6/16.28, No. 4, L. 16005.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; few very small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”.

22:14. Platter bowl

II.F6/16.30, No. 5, L. 16005.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/8 “reddish yellow”; many very small lime, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”.

22:15. Jar

II.F6/16.34, No. 1, L. 16005.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 4/8 “yellowish red”; few small organic, few very small to small lime, few small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Exterior) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”.

22:16. Jar

II.F6/16.39, No. 1, L. 16005.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; few very small sand, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; (Exterior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”.

Plate 22

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234

Plate 22

22:17. Platter bowl

22:21. Bell (photos 4D.1–4)

22.18. Platter bowl

22:22. Gemstone (photo 3.30)

II.F6/26.78, No. 1, L. 26007 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; some small lime, few medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/26.73, No. 1, L. 26008 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few small ceramic, few small organic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Exterior) as interior.

22:19. Zoomorphic figurine

IIF6/16.22, Object 483, L. 16004.1 (MC No. 6575) Composition: ceramic. Color: 2.5YR 8/6 “light red”. Dimensions: (W, at legs) 4 cm, (D, neck) 1.8 cm, (H) 5.7 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

22:20. Zoomorphic figurine

II.F6/26.52, Object 416, L. 26003.1 (MC No. 6429) Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”. Dimensions: (L) 5 cm, (W) 4 cm, (Th) 3.8 cm. Condition: fragment, chipped.

II.F6/26.75, Object 496, L. 26020.1 (MC No. 6618) IDAM 79–496 Composition: bronze. Color: 5Y 7/1 “light gray”. Dimensions: (W, at base) 3 cm, (H) 3.5 cm. Condition: good. II.F6/26.33, Object 371, L. 26005 (MC No. 6164) Composition: carnelian? Color: blackish red. Dimensions: (L) 1.8 cm, (W, at mid-oval) 1.3 cm. Condition: good.

22:23. Unguntarium (photo 3.28)

II.F6/16.18, No. 1, L. 16004 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: color, inclusions, and core not observable; hard. Surface: (Interior) not visible; (Exterior) 2.5Y 8/2 “white”.

22:24. Coin (photos 4E.1–2)

II.F6/26.61, Object 437, L. 26012 (MC No. 6498) Composition: bronze. Color: dusty green. Dimensions: (D) 2.4 cm. Condition: good.

22:25. Spear point (photo 3.30)

II.F6/26.66, Object 440, L. 26012 (MC No. 6533) Composition: iron. Color: dusty red. Dimensions: (L) 7.8 cm, (W, at broadest point) 1.8 cm. Condition: corroded.

235

Plate 23 Phase 3 23:1. Jar

II.F6/22.34, No. 1, L. 22003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 10YR 8/2 “white”.

23:2. Jar

II.F6/22.32, No. 1, L. 22003 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10YR 5/3 “brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/1 “white”; (Exterior) 10YR 7/1 “light gray”.

23:3. Bowl

II.F6/22.3, Object 232, L. 22001 (MC No. 2701) Composition: marble. Color: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”. Dimensions: (D) 8 cm. Condition: good.

23:4 Jar

II.F6/22.9, No. 2, L. 22004 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 6/6 “light red”; some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”.

23:5. Mortarium

II.F6/22.9, No. 1, L. 22004 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”.

23:6. Jar

II.F6/22.18, No. 1, L. 22004 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 5/8 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 4/4 “weak red”; (Exterior) as interior.

23:7. Jar

II.F6/22.35, No. 4, L. 22003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”.

23:8. Mortarium

II.F6/22.25, No. 2, L. 22003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few medium sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Exterior) as interior.

Plate 23 23:11. Mortarium

II.F6/22.31, No. 1, L. 22003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/1 “white”; (Exterior) as interior.

23:12. Jar

II.F6/22.31, No. 3, L. 22003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; many very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”.

23:13 Bowl

II.F6/22.20, Object 386, L. 22003.1 (MC No. 6234) Composition: alabaster. Color: 2.5Y 8/2 “white”. Dimensions: (D) 10.5 cm, (H) 2 cm. Condition: good.

23:14 Mortarium

II.F6/22.36, No. 2, L. 22003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium to large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior.

23:15 Spatula or loom tool (photo 4F.1)

II.F6/22.25, Object 395, L. 22003.1 (MC No. 6305) Composition: bone Color: 10YR 8/6 “yellow”. Dimensions: (L) 8 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm. Condition: 3 fragments, repaired.

23:16. Bi-conical loom weight

II.F6/22.35, Object 413, L. 22003.1 (MC No. 6362) Composition: ceramic. Color: black. Dimensions: (D) 3 cm, (H) 2.4 cm. Condition: good.

23:17. Awl (photo 3.30)

II.F6/22.35, Object 428, L. 22003.1 (MC No. 6406) Composition: bone. Color: 10YR 8/5 “yellow”. Dimensions: (L) 6.5 cm, (W, at broadest points) 1 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm. Condition: good.

23:18. Platter bowl

II.F6/1.71, No. 2, L. 1016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Exterior) as interior.

23:9 Jar

23:19. Krater or mortarium

23:10 Platter bowl

23:20. Bowl

II.F6/22.23, No. 4, L. 22003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 10R 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/22.31, No. 2, L. 22003.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10R 6/3 “pale red”; (Exterior) 10R 6/4 “pale red”.

II.F6/1.77, No. 1, L. 1016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5Y 7/3 “pale yellow”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.76, No. 1, L. 1016 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; no inclusions; no core; metallic. Surface: (Interior) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”.

236

Plate 23

23:21. Lamp

23:25. Jar

23:22. Lamp

23:26. Bowl

23:23. Pot (photo 3.28)

23:27. Knife blade (photo 4F.3)

II.F6/1.84, No. 1, L. 1016 Technique: moldmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; no inclusions; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 3/0 “very dark gray”; (Exterior) as interior; sintered 7.5 N2/ “black”. II.F6/1.77, No. 2, L. 1016; F6/1.96, No. 1, L. 1028 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5Y 7/3 “pale yellow”; some small lime, few small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste. II.F6/22.27, No. 1, L. 22005 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste; incised lines around upper half of exterior.

23:24. Bowl or mortarium

II.F6/22.29, No. 2, L. 22005 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime, few very small sand; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Interior and Exterior) as paste.

II.F6/1.64, No. 3, L. 1005.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Exterior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”. II.F6/1.64, No. 2, L. 1005.1 Technique: wheel-made. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; no inclusions; no core; hard. Surface: (Interior) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Exterior) as interior. II.F6/1.46, Object 362, L. 1015 (MC No.6218) Composition: iron. Color: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”. Dimensions: (L) 16.5 cm, (W) 2 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm. Condition: corroded, remnants of bone handle.

Plate 23

237

238

Plate 24

Miscellaneous Objects 24:1. Vat

II.F6/13, L. 13005 Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 7/2 “light gray”. Dimensions: (D, exterior) 36 cm, (D, interior) 24 cm, (H, exterior) 19 cm, (H, interior) 13 cm. Condition: good.

24:2. Vat

II.F6/16.16, L. 16002 (MC No. 6377) Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 7/2 “light gray”. Dimensions: (D, exterior) 32 cm, (D, interior) 18 cm, (H, exterior) 14 cm, (H, interior) 10 cm. Condition: good.

24:3. Arrowhead

II.F6/14.25, Object 327, L. 14001 (MC No. 4184) Composition: bronze. Color: dusty green. Dimensions: (L) 5.5 cm, (W) 1.1 cm, (Th, shaft) 0.6 cm, (Th, blade) 0.2 cm. Condition: corroded.

24:4. Bowl

II.F6/12.2, Object 133, L. 12001 (MC No. 2013) Composition: limestone. Color: 10R 5/6 “red”. Dimensions: (D) 18 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

24:5. Bowl

II.F6/1.1, Object 356, L. 1001 (MC No. 6031) Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 7/2 “light gray”. Dimensions: (D) 20 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

Plate 24 24:10. Inscribed sherd

II.F6/16.3, Object 408, L. 16001 (MC No. 6398) Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”. Dimensions: (L) 9.6 cm, (W) 6.3 cm, (Th) 1 cm. Condition: incised letters, good.

24:11. Weight

II.F6/2.10, Object 290, L. 2001 (MC No. 3056) Composition: basalt. Color: 2.5YR N5/0 “dark red”. Dimensions: (D) 2 cm, (H) 1.6 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

24:12. Double bowl

II.F6/2.8, Object 280, L. 2001 (MC No. 2955) Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 8/3 “very pale yellow brown”. Dimensions: (L) 16.8 cm, (W) 7.5 cm, (H) 7 cm. Condition: good.

24:13. Loom weight or spindle whorl

II.F6/16.3, Object 389, L. 16001 (MC No. 6256) Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”. Dimensions: (D) 4 cm, (Th) 1 cm. Condition: chipped.

24:14. Zoomorphic duck head figurine

II.F6/33.8, Object 213, L. 33001 (MC No. 2444) to IDAM 8/11/77 Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”. Dimensions: (L, of head) 3.3 cm, (D) neck 2.4 cm, (H) 3.8 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

24:6. Grinding stone

24:15. Bi-conical loom weight

24:7. Saddle quern

24:16. Bi-conical loom weight

24:8. Loom weight (photo 4F.5)

24:17. Bi-conical loom weight

24:9. Rubbing stone

24:18. Zoomorphic figurine head

II.F6/12.2, Object 120, L. 12001 (MC No. 1808) Composition: basalt. Color: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”. Dimensions: (L) 11.7 cm, (W) 9 cm, (Th) 5.5 cm. Condition: fragment, weathered. II.F6/12.2, Object 121, L. 12001 (MC No. 1809) Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”. Dimensions: (L) 13.2 cm, (W) 12.4 cm, (Th) 4.5 cm. Condition: fragment, good. II.F6/2.24, Object 644, L. 2001 (MC No. 11730) Composition: stone. Color: 7.5YR N3/0 “very dark gray”. Dimensions: (D) 3.4 cm, (H) 1.8 cm. Condition: good. II.F6/24.10, Object 119, L. 24001 (MC No. 1838) Composition: basalt. Color: 2.5YR N4/0 “dark gray”. Dimensions: (L) 5 cm, (W) 4.4 cm, (Th) 2.2 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

II.F6/33.17, Object 263, L. 33001 (MC No. 2809) Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”. Dimensions: (D) 4 cm, (H) 3.4 cm. Condition: chipped. II.F6/33.20, Object 264, L. 33001 (MC No. 2862) Composition: ceramic. Color: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”. Dimensions: (D) 3.2 cm, (H) 2.5 cm. Condition: side chipped. II.F6/11.8, Object 214, L. 11001 (MC No. 2477) Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”. Dimensions: (D) 4 cm, (H) 3.2 cm. Condition: cracked. II.F6/33.27, Object 300, L. 33001 (MC No. 3071) Composition: ceramic. Color: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”. Dimensions: (L, of head) 3.7 cm, (D, of neck) 2.5 cm, (H) 3.2 cm. Condition: fragment, good.

Plate 24

239

References Abbreviations AJA AOS AASOR ASOR BA BAH BAR BASOR BSAE EI EAEHL IDB IEJ IES JNES NEAEHL NGSBAJ OIP PBI PEF PEQ QDAP RSV

American Journal of Archaeology American Oriental Society Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research American Schools of Oriental Research Biblical Archaeologist Bibliothèque archéologique et historique Biblical Archaeology Review Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research British School of Archaeology in Egypt Eretz Israel Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible Israel Exploration Journal Israel Exploration Society Journal of Near Eastern Studies New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology in Jerusalem (formerly the Hebrew Union College Biblical and Archaeology School, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion) Oriental Institute Publications Pontifical Biblical Institute Palestine Exploration Fund Palestine Exploration Quarterly Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities of Palestine Revised Standard Version

Bibliography Aharoni, M. 1993 Arad: The Israelite Citadels. Pp. 82–87 in vol. 1 of NEAEHL, ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: Carta for IES. Aharoni, Y. 1975a Arad: The Upper Mound. Pp. 82–92 in vol. 1 of EAEHL, ed. M. Avi-Yonah. Jerusalem: IES and Masada Press. 1975b Beersheba, Tell. Pp. 153–68 in vol. 1 of EAEHL, ed. M. Avi-Yonah. Jerusalem: IES and Massada Press. 1975c Lachish V: Investigations at Lachish, the Sanctuary and the Residency. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.

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