Knight Of Outremer 1187-1344

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The MarkPtrnq Manaqcl t o n ~ u m e rCalalogue DDarlmenf. Osnrpy Puhl~shunqLrrl. 7.l chelqn House 81 Futham Read Lmdm SiV3 SRB

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any hooks on the Crusacles assume that the Crr~saclerstatrs in the Middle East were sh;~do~vs of their former sclvcs fnllot\.irsg Saladin's great victory at the battle of Mattin in 118T.Outr-cme~; ;\s ~t~eclie\al westcrners called the remaining tatin or Gatl~olice~lcla\.r+s in t l ~ ceastern .Ueditcrmnean, was no lotlgrr a threat to Islam and their military elitcs generally preferred to livc in peace, focusing on tracle as much as the dcfencc of Chrisrenclorn's holy pfaccs. Ftdlalvin;~thc Cntsade of t 2.1941 the Kingdom ofJerusalem expantled a g ~ i nhut , rllen fell hack following the bartFe OF LTForbie in 1244 n rlisast~rin that it was mnre final than Hattin. TF~ereafterfear o f an alliance I~enveenthe G.t~saclersanri the Mongol inrsdcrs convinced the Ma~nlnksto dcstl-ov rhe Latin stales once and for all. But the fall of Acre in 3291 was not the cntl of the stnry. The h m c n i a n Kingdom of Cilicia survi\*ccl Cr>r alntost a centrity ~vllile the Crusaclcr ECingdnrn of Cyprus outlaster1 the h-liddlc Ages. Another Outremcr had meanwhile Exen created nroz~ntl the Aegean arid cventuaIly into the Rlack Sea following the Fourth Crusade of 1204. In fact Ourremer only survived hecause Europeans dominated the seas while its gradual colIapse usually resulted from insufficient manpower to hold fortified places. Nevertheless this fa11 still came as a zerrible shock to CI~rhistendorn.

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1f 87 Muslims reconquer almost all the Kingdom ofJerusalem and other Cru,mder stares.

1189 Kingdom ofJerusalem begins counter-attack. 1I92 Richard I of England conquers Cyprus from Byzantines. 1204 Fourth Crusade captures Byantine capital of Constantinople (Istanbul); establishment of the tatin Empire of Romania. 1229-33 Civil war in Latin IGngdom oFCyprus. I244 hluslims (Khwarazmian freebooters) retake Jerusalem; defeat of Kingdom ofJerusalem at battle of La Forbie. 125658 Civil trar in Kingdom ofJerusalem (War of St Sabas). 126 l Byantines retake Constantinople (Istanbul) and much OF southern Greece. l!M Mamluks conquer htioch,Jaffi and other parts of the Crumder states. -. . 1271 Charles of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, recognized aq Kr~g'of Albania. .C

1277-78 Charles of 11n.jou buys Ir r F ~ t . sitkc of I ~ i s~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 ; 1lord. 1' tn \ c l l n ~ ~IICt c;tn~iutI-c'i*itsr- cll~r.(lice~cc, if 111. wi41es to he fairllT111t o C'.nd Ic[ l i i ~ nfirst sprak ~ I I I I S i l l 111shc.:tr-1. 1.01.tl Gc~rl.I ~ r - i l lgo c l ~ rt h i ~ eupetlition hilt I prntl~isetFl:~tI ~t-illl)c y n ~ tkl~iglit ~' ~ h r r ew , ~ ~ t i 11r)thing ng i l l i t esrt-pt o l ~ c r l i c ~ t~oc yoit, r to eliinie~atcevil ;III1 ~ n srek alrer n.l-r;iris gotld ill cvcry orrasion :IS ~ l r r l r l las I ran.' T t i o ~ ~ gthem h I-lnly I,;IIIC~1%';1s S P ~ ? ?as '~IIc atpreme religiuris relic lo hc dcfrndetl againlit hluslirn t-cconqllrst. thr cntasrroplkic failzirc nf silrcrq5it.c C:l-rrsndcs ~~ntlcrmirrerl rntll~~l;E:~s~n 11;lck in Etrlmpe. Rv rhr n1id-l:3th centtiry leatlirlg C111tr.ch t l ~ i ~ ~ klike r r s Htrnll~errof Romans n o rerl th;~t ~IIOJC: 1v11o ])r~;tcE~t'd t !I t' C:I=IIS;IC~CI\,CI+C 0frr11 ITIPT i r ~t11 i ~ n n c k r r ?rvhilc tliosc w l l o sigticrl 1111 i f ~ r l rrlicl so 1\.11c.u drtbnk. 0tlrt.l-s despite their sin.; l ~ ohtilining y \r7cnr011 Crusarle ro will a place in Ilca~cr~ ;\II ind~ilgence.in rezzlrn for ~vllicIi:I 131;111 agreed tn scrve fol- ;i spccifietl pericl;~~+s. S O I I ~ I 11c.1 I ~ *sII-;II.~I?*tc)13kknighting c c ~ r r . i ~ ~ o ~ ; ~i inc dchi\.alric s iclr.11~ with and Spain. 50 d'!\+as c\.en givc!~to yolung men r,T bourgeois or- 1%-orking-cFass origin, pr(~\'irlrtltfic.il= fil11lilic.u ~ i ~ r i '1-ic11 c c n o t ~ g h to yrovicie the expensive oquipnlenz clc~r~ancl~cl of a ca\;~Iryma~l. slat115 rctnaincd itnpol-tant Nuwi-lhc*lcw,~ori:~E in the Cr115aderstates, the 1Sth-centl~~+y Kingclot11 of Jcrusalcni continrrally rewriting its l;n\-s to preserve a feudal structure which n o Iongcl. I~arl much meaning. Money was e s s c n ~ i a l ED the knightly Clite whether serving as rnerccnai-ies or I in a feudal array. 1% fief worth 1)00to 1,000 lirsflnts a years was thought necessary to s1zppol.t a knight in the east, many being moncv fiefs. Yet knights could nor always rely on income frorn fefs or from employment as mercenaries, o n e report telling of an Italian who had to p;iutn his dagger; shield and armour, thoz~ghnotably not his m\,orcl: and horse, when h e fell into debt. Meanir~hile,tile system of r ~ d o meant r that the King of-lerusalern paid for Iasses of horses or military equipment when his knights scrvcd outsirk the Kingrlnm. Pay varied considerahlv across Outretner I ~ u tin general a I

k11ig111 ~.c(x-i\.c(l t\vicc% 01.t111.c(.ti111c-s;IS 11111e11;IS ;I C I . ~ S S ~ ) ~ \ \ ~ I I I ; \ Itllis I. ~.(-fl(*(.ti~ig t I1(* k11igIlt.s s111)cl.iol.SI;IIIIS ;11i(I tlic cost of. llis ;II.II~S. r l . / l ( ~ 0 1 7 I l l / ~ t / ~of / ~ ' \ ! i ~ 0 / / l . S (113 ;Il~lllolll~ ; l l l ( l llol~s(~s. . / o i t t 7 - i / l o ( I 323-5) t~.i(%(l to fix t l ~ c -p;~yfi)r C;I\,;III.~ i ~ i t11c I , ; ~ ti l l I'~.i~icip;llit!~ of. ; \ ~ I I ; I ~ ; I ;I[ SO0 l t ? / ) ~ ~ t / ) ( , t ~ , . v fi)r;I !,c;ir's sc.~.viccI>\. ;I knigllt ~.ccl-r~i!c.tl o\.c*~.sc;~s, (i00 / t y / ) ( > t / ) r r ( > , s if ~ . c c ~ - ~ ~loc;~ll>., i t c ( l \\,it11 400 ;111(l :300 / I Y / ) B I / ) P I ~ ~ . S ,I Y ' S I ) C ' C I ~ V C ~fi)r ~, sq~~ircs. I-1orsc.s \\,ere tlie most exl~cnsivcitem tllat ;I kniglit ncctlccl. They \\.ere ;\lso alnongst the ~iiost i11111ol.tii1itbooty, \vl~icliin tr1r11led t o ;III i11Sr1sio11 of sul)c.~.ioloric.nt;~lequinc genes into E u r o p c . ; ~ ~ ~ l~lootlstock.111 tlic (:r~rs;~clerst;~tcs,;IS elsr~vlicrc. tlif'fc~~-cnt hol-ses \\.rhrca~rsotlSor tlil'fcrcnt pi~~-l>oses, t o tllc filicst Tr11.com;in fi.onl t l e s / t . i r ~ .~\.;~~-lio~.ses / ) ( t l p . q riding horses, tr;~\.cllinglio~.scs,ortlin;~~-y 1.itling ~ i i r ~ l;IIICI c s . s r t t ~ t / ) / n so r pack-horses. l i to ~ ~ig11o1-cg s ~ ~ p c r f i c i\\,o1111els ;~l r111tiI ;i I>;\trlc\\.;ISovrr. Ol'co~lrsc.not ;I\\ ;~liim;\ls \\.we o f top 7 i , t t t / ) l ( t t : v tlcsc~.il>i~ig inf'c.1-iol- I~orscs ;IS ~~rlll(-rs. 01-~ll~-o\\.cl.s. I ) ( . . v / t . i n : v \\.c.~.c only ricltl(.n in stol)lx-~.s I~;~ttlc. c\.cli tIic11 \\.;liking l)c,fi)~.cc-;~~itc~.i~ig into \V;IS so ~ ~ ~ ~ c o ~ i ~ f o r t tlic fi1i;11cl1;11-gc.*l.~.otti~~g 1n;lli t l i ; ~ t i t \\.;IS conil~~only r~sccl fi)r ; I I ~;~~.rnor~lx~cl ;IS ;I form of' ~ > ~ ~ l l i s h n i c \\.bile ~ n t , g;~lloping\\.ol~ltl Ii;i\.c I)~.okcn111) tlic close-l);ickc.tl t n t ~ t - o i fi)~.n~;~tion .~ o n \\.liicli ;I knightly c11al.g~tlc.l,c.~itlctltlpon fi)r its sl~ccess. \\~liel.c;~s rlic L.;~tin sr;~tcsof ;\ege;i~l O11trenic.r I;~ckecltroops ~ i t l i c r than lio~.ses.tlic I,atin states of tht, I-Iol! 1,antl \\,cre not so Ihrtunate. Mere t1iel.c \\.;is 11ot only ;I shol-tagc. of I-cmor~nts b r ~ t;~lso;lcute ~\.;~st;~gc i l l 1);lttle since .\luslim lio~.se-21-chers trietl to r~nliorsetheir formitl;tl~lc foes. I'rices \.ariccl hugel!. ;tccortling to qrl;ility ancl a\.;iilal~ilit>.. I\ gootl st:~llion\\.as nol.mi~llyten timcs the \;due o f a Iiiarc, the bcst liorscs bcing t~vicc!as cspcnsivc again ~\.liilctlic cost of ;I ~.c;lsonal>le\\r;~r-liorse\\.;IS fro111a normal fief. ;1roi1ncl the same as a !.car's I-eve~lue Contrary to p o p t ~ l aopinion. ~. (.lire h,lusli~nca\.alrymen probably rode larger horses than those of the average c:rusaclc~-.For this reason tlie hest ~\.:ir-horsesof 13th-century l\'estcrn Eilrol>e \\.ere raised in areas \\91iicli had close tratling links \\.it11 both Or~tremerand the hlr~slim\corlcl; for example Sicily and southern Italy, \\.here improving breeds ant1 espol-ting horses \\.ere major intlustries. T h e Latin states of the Aegean ant1 of the Holy 1,and both importetl great nrlmbers of animals as \\.ell ;IS high-usage items like horseshoes, the majority prohahly fi-orn so~rthern Italy. Along \\.ith cloctors ancl engineers ~vliiclithe Angevin rulers of this area sent easn\.arcl, there m;iy 1i;tve Ixen \.ets since soutliern Italy \\.as already proclr~cingsome of the earliest European I~ookson veterinary science. \VIiere feecling \\.as conccrnerl, the Crrlsacler states used and an \\.hatever \\.as a\,ailal)le. This \.arietl ;~ccor;\lf ack'. Fr Icns nserE by

ABOVE 'The Rand to Calvary," on a marble tympanum from Parnaca. Cyprus, nri 1200-50. Two soldters wear full mail-

armour but no sureoals Ln a very rare piece of Crusatler art from the firs; half of the 13th century. (V & A Museum, Inv. 6.2-19R2, London: author's photograph)

BELOW South-wcstern redoubt of Patras castle. The Tortmss is a mixture of Byznntlnc. Crusodcr, Venetian and Ottoman Turkish eonstrucl~on.(Photogmph A. Bon)

wsorrthel-11I;l;~ncr. Olivcr ~msalso renowrtctl l i ~ rthc care h e took of his men a n d his willingl~ersIn retreat rr.ithor~tIcr-ling p,rzlilty nlmrit it. Ncn.t-I-thclcss the knigl~tsor O ~ ~ t r c ~ m were e r rrcqttentlv I r ~ l r t l , ambtlsFlrrl anti n~~+rclunrlerl by 'tmth Mt~slim;tntl Rpnnlinc foes. In 1291, men tllc Angel-in king c ~ f ' r;sr~lthernltiily, C:li;~i.tesI?. wrote that ttlc M;lmluks rcmained 'mnre clcwr and more nclrnit 111;ln C:liristians in war'.

SOCIETY AND CULTURE -

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The Latin Glites retained an enormous senw of [heir awn superiority over the indigenous peoples, giving them confidence long aftc-1- tllcir military dr,ti~iriancehad hcen lost. Thnllgh thcl-e haci Iwcn an increase in class consc l o t ~ ~ n e s s amongst the ari~rncnr?~ of Outlrmer since 111e later 1 9 1 1 ccetltury the declining ~vealthof many knights rnaclr i t rlirficult for zhcm to marl-? n~~tsirle the Cr~rs;~rlet starrs. C:onscquen~ly the Pnpe ~ m oftct~ s nskrcl for speci;~lt1inpens;lrion so thar hlnocl rrl:~ri\-csco~llrt~ v r r l In~crnlarr-iagr . nit11 Orttlorlox Clrt-isri;r~rswas resisted and i r l s o r ~ ~ u cases h;ln~lt=d.Pt~nislrments atso reflected this rigid class structure: rebel knights in Iknrrtian Ct.ete losing their fiefs ar~rlnnn-nahfe Latins t l ~ ~ i r assets, ~vhilcGweks lost iI hand or foot. T h r pl-imal-v role of the knighrs o f Outrcmt-r reniaincrl military even rhor~ghtheir way of IEfc reflecrctl that of ~lrhaniseclItaIs rather than r ~ ~ r ; l l France. I11 the Kingdom nf Jerl~salern the remaining r u ~ a lfiefs were largelv h d d by a cityhaserl aristocncy wllose representative gxthered rtavenues from village leadcrs much as hacl been rlnne hrfrjre the C:rzas;lrlers arrived. A similar ??tern prohahly operated in Latin Cyprus and, to ;1 Icsser exrcnr, Larin Greece. The castles and tnmors of O~ltrerner~ r i e c fconsiderably, recent dctailcd archaco8ogical research having shown nlrac there \mr no such thing as a specifict?lty Crusader style castle. Here the {my of Iife retlectecl. that of solithern Europe. The cellars were the ABOVE RIGHT Knightly tombs In the Crussdar a M e s were generally marked with lnctesd ntaba rather than thrw-. dlrnenmlonel atngfms; A-;R Members of the Luslgnun family, Ida 13th m t u y (Clrnassol Museum). C: Slr Aelmont Dodour, I d s f3thfemrly 14th centur)*.{Arab Ahmel Mosqua, Ntcosla). D: Raoul ds la Blanehegards, late 13thlearly 14th century (Aya Sona Mosque, Mlcorla) E: Sir Ballan L s n b s ~ d. . *9 1357

(Armmlun Church. NimFs). F: Sir Pkrm Lmlrwns, d. *o 130 (Arab Ahmet Masque, ffkosia). 6:Johan Tanourl, d. rrr 134 (Emaqhteh Mosque, Nicosia). H: Sit laq d'Brirun, earliy-mtd 14th century (Aya Sona Wosque, Nlcosla). I. Ths Prwwt af Cyprus, mld-14th eanluty (Emerghleh Mosque, Mlcosla). J. Slr Phellpa de Mllmam, mld-14th cantury (Emerghleh Mosque, Nlcwla). K Sibylla Crceon, d. A e 1233,frorn the Kozan area (Arch8eologicat Museum, Adana)

BELOW 'Tower of Babel',

~nfvers.41 story af ~ i ~ l i a of rn Aem, tsta-~athcentury. The l a b 0 u r e ~wear c ~ o t h s In s a mixture of weatern, Byrantlne end l s l a m l c s t y l e s while building techniques Include a typical Middle ,or making

m,

unbaked mud-btleks. (Bib. Munic., Ms. 582, Oijon, L9r)

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ant1 s 'secr-c.tt l o i ~ r 'c rf f i t %cbnclosr.clc o t ~ i . t \ n r r l , p l t ~ ? ; Fcpar;ltca \ c c ) ~ n c . n ' s ~ , j t t ; ~ r t r r311tl s a cattle pen. 'C'nlikc ;I prol>rr-t\w a r r . t > s s thc slrchcti t rtid t i c l t l~a\.e its 0n.n \ec-ll (>I- tr*;-ttrbr ~ v l ~ e1x11 ~ l . (lid i r l c l l t d e ;4 kitchen a t i r l :I ~ c i t ~ t l - t t r ~ \ -rcorl * 1 - e n r i l a tion. Thr f i r , r ~ t r 1 o r ~ -rvix.; c ~ i 'tinc wood. the c n t l ; m t e hall p:n'ul ~ \ -th i i n a r a h l r anrt rllet-c I\-CI-~ 1>c11cl~es for C.;IIII(* ;I c t r r . r . i d o ~ . 1 1 i e t l two l-cceprion u:lcE~ot11r.r. ear11 tcitF1 c;ll.~t.cl Polding doors. Ont. i.rrt-ption 1i:111 I i i ~ < lrarvctl u+r>oil~r~ p;u~elling, ;I I ; l r g . c . ; i h i n c t ; ~ l l c l r11e n - i ~ l t I c a t c l ~ i n g Ic l l t i l ; ~ t i c l tirncr.1~ \ \ - i r h i t s cncn r;lr\rtt r l o r ~ l . s ,p111$ :r g i l t l i a t [ \ \ . i ~ \ I i - I > i i ~ i i i~i ! ' i v ) t ~ t hvlii1c. IIW rc-t 01 thr tisitor$.

Nrst

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Guest-house and irrigation dam below Montfort Castle,

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13th century northern Palestine (from BSAJ Survey 1982) A: Guest-house B: Dam across the Wadi al-Qarn, now largely destroyed C: Section across guest-hall and undercroft D: Section along guest-hall and undercroft, including a tower which collapsed in 1940-42

BELOW 'Abraham' cawed wooden capital from Calabria or Sicily, AD 1150-1 200. Like much art from southern Italy, this includes Byzantine influence and probably mirrors the lost art of late 12th century Outremer. (V and A Museum, inv. 26gb-1886, London; author's photograph)

I

\\.ails and floor were covered in mari>leanl>v' in F 'I1 I , lich oriental hlx-ics a t ~ dminor aspects of eastern fashion Irere acloptcd dtiring 1 [he 13111 century. L~;lrgch;~rswrrc r~sctl A serlea of windows In Chames it1 high summer when, parattoxically, c!ot't~csseem to hnvc 't~cct~ nlorc Cathedral podray leaders of St it-estcrti than in ~vitltel-~ r - l ~ e.Fur-t n i ned eastern t~~atlrles we1.e worn. Thc " where J4ilira1-yOrders rclr.h;lcIe Il~xlirio~rii i!cms of costumr 3s a tllrr;lt to t l l ~ i r most of them were captured. puritanical cnrle. Tliesr:incltcrletl poirtted h n t s called cf~nrrsrm rn~nnlj~ies, Hem (A) a nobfemen baarlng the calourrtl coifs. ~vhcsc;~sort1i11a1-yones wcre i\+llire,and shoes caller1 Dreur loses his swarrl the onty flgure to do so. Same gdor/t?~.s;~s nppnsetl ttr ~r'di~l;~r'y snli~rxOthrl- prohibitions from particlilalYears ago an enam*&d s w t ' d \cars inclutletl ;III embroidrrr't turha 11 callrrl a tnniIFon wrfinmrrk which pornme' up In Damascus ~ L I I to I ~the waist in l"l2, l o r coats ~ ~ called Irnlptrs in E2R8, ;1 sltnrt cote and fs now In tha Metropolitan hnrdir coat with lacing points in 1300, and sandals calletl plntzmtrs in Musmm Art, New On 130'1. I n 1295 Members of the Hospitallers hrerc,hcr~r-e\-er, prrmi ttecl to side (. ~. 1 beam the blue and gold arms of breux quartered wear a white -IIP/ or nuraillipr form or headto\-ering \t*hicIlcovers their with the ermlne of Brittany. On ears. JIeanrvhile in Cyprus and Greece the Latin Elite took pains to difthe other {C) It has a Crusader's ferentiate iwelf from the Greek m;ljoriym with 1a1t.s sr~pporting[hem in red cross on a green ground decthis effort, status being d ~ o ~ vhyn wearing the syrnlmFs of kr~iglltliood, orated with vines. It Is almost c l o t h a f ~ o l dsptrrs, , nvnrtl and a n\-cwcl-heIt. certainly the pommel of Count Peter's sword c a p t u d at el'I$%ile t h e literaztlre nf O~ttrernernatunllv portrayed the Latin Mannurah, but what w8a the military Olite in a Favot~wblelight, an interesting alternative exists in forgotten 8tory behind the sword medieval Arabic 1itrmture. Here popular stories nrock tlte \t7csternersss on the etalned-glass window? sn~pidand primitive, the Crusaders being comp;lrahle to the Red Indians portrayed in old cowboy movies. European cities are dcscrihcd as exciting dens of vice, gambling and drunkenness like rnetlievnl versions of LIS j'egas. Ilkstel-n men were portrayed as d i l . i~p o f i ~ n and t prerniscuous hut also hnve and ssrrong, while western \rromenwere seen xa no use Tar anything? Religion rernainerl the main cliticie Ilenveen the military elites of Outrerner and those they ruled, though many L t i n settler fi~rnilicswere eventually ahsorkcl in to Qrthoclox C:F~ristian R y l ~ n d n cs o c f e ~ .Hrfore that. I~cn\-ever,thc 13th-centclry Clites of Outremer rolltnvec1 the irlcas of

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1';lrjs ;ISclnsrly :IS t11c.1~ C ( U I ] ~ ~,i!cmt+;~tb~t+(-. . t * p ; ~ ! l - ~ ~ : ~; I iI I~C ~ ~sot-i:~l t i ~ ~c8vtmt~ts gs like t o t ~ t - ~ ~ a ~ :ill ~ l ~l~rlp~ o ~ ;\ticit-t~t it iclcs Sor political a1lia11r.e~allnost into e q t ~ i ~ lof s theira mrnfnlk. Xlrat~rvhilr the irle;~ls o f knightly I>elra\.io\~rcarlic to ilrclr~rlr tlre ~ ~ l f l ~ ~ ~ < i : t s t i c ~ > u ~ - sof u is~~ x t ~ n$a~our.r. l Strangrlv ctir,uglr tho -. I c m ~ l a r rr;lmr to 11I:ty a p r o r ~ i i n c ~rote ~ t in literary I.onrance. 'rlncr reasons arc col~tlllesIwr pclrl~apstht- 'lPmpl;~rs' ct>~~nt*cfio!~ wirh 'Soirrmon's E'alaccYin ~t.rusnIcm(acrnallv rllc al-t\qs;t 5Ioqut.) ctmtr.ih~~rcrl to tlie idea, Fiing Solomon ha\-inji I~i~nsclf I~arla ii)i-nii(l;il>ltm ~ ~ l > t l tioli ; ~ t as a lo\'er.

Antloch were probably made In

the same manner,

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'Kfng Nlnus and hls Retinue', Wnlveraal HEstory of William of vre. Acm, late 13th century. [Bib. Munlc., Ms. 582, Dijon.

f.14r)

O N CAMPAlGN -

n u l - i n ~thr I :lrh cc~lt~rt-y tllc mili t a r ~rqt;1hli41rn~11 t or 1!1c C T I I S ~ ~ P I . S t i l l e ~IV;IS stern Ertropc. Things rl~;~ngc.d \vl~cn the Drrchy of ~Zrhensfell r~rldcrCatalan rule; t h e main offjcrrs ncnr: bring n poli~ir;ll rlirnr gmml ant1 a military mnnhn? who ~ ~ aal\\+a;\!.s (; selcct~rl frcm the lcnigltts o f the Cntalan Granrl Compat~!'. After tire Catalans acceptrcl the nvrrlr~rtlsliipelf ~ h Angnnese c king of Sicily carh rlictricr hat1 its own poliric;lf r)WrPr (vicar) : ~ r l t l~nilitnryrtl.rlclL~no crr captain.

Icon of St Serglus, late 13th century, Crusader states. Whlle

the Saint Is portrayed as a light cavalry Curropofe. the donor is a Latin woman weerlng the long black vell adopted by the ladles of Outremer. (St Catherlne's Monastery, 31nal)

tlr.lx~tirlrtl O I I r l ~ t .q~i:tntilz.:111r! rltr:~li~v r ~ l 'irs p r c ~ v i r i c ~ tof ~ u\r;lic.;~t,I I ~ T I ~ i r t ~ t i SICY-I , ;IIICI Ic*;~thrr,i S i ~ r i i ~1 1g1 ~~I:II, gatt-%ivc-rta11ori11:11!~g ~ i : ~ r r lIIY ~(l ktligltts cttAc ~ I v I ~ ~ ; I ~Ii >' ;< ~~ i ~ I - ~~hr)11t a thil-tl ot' i r t b

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iiill:ll>it;~~~r'i. Si mc' 1t;tli;t11 tl.it~litig o l ~ l l > t r \ l s 01'f S t ~ t l = t * ~ Hl ~* ~t-'Ici rlr-ic~irlctl tjr i-r*sti;t~+k;\l~li. g;~r~l'i*;cu~$. tliortgl~ rllcb ~tiost i ~ ~ i p o r t ; l lC;er~orst. ~t set~ l t ~ ~ t i {lid t - i i l1;11,t~ ~ t l ~ t - i i own ~ ~ i i ! i tl;~~~ $ri~f in x~ c!i;t~.gi- t ) f d c f t ~ ~ i c ~ . 'I'lir* I : I . I I F ; I ~ C I - pi-owl-11 t l ~ ; ~ ';I t cnqtle tlestr-ny~cl\\,a4 a casrlc hatr huilt' tlicl 1101 Ilvlp r v l ~ c C)tlIl.tbtllrl'1t';s;l~ l~ so ~ l r ~ p e r a t esl~nrt lv of troops. In many C ; I W ~ ;I qt11;ill V I I V I T I V ~ O I - C P c < > I I I ~\>IOC~;ICIC a C ~ S K-I C iI l ~ : ~ n i l f o t ~f l .~tt.wkers ~ c ; ~ t c l i i t ing li;ultlfi~l of' rlr-ft'rit1r1.s. Knixllts .of' t l ~ cCrl~sarlrr liitigclr)ni r~f=Jcnro\\.I)ent, his quiver and bo\\,case Iii~ngingat his side, the kniglits cliseml,arking anti forming up o n shore once tlie heach l a . ; seclu-c.' occasion all^, ft~llyarmotlretl kniglits attacked tlie eneliiy first, tliougli \vlictlicr [lie!. I-otlc out of tlieir sliips or led their Iiorscs into rllc ;I ~n!.ste~-y Given the size of ~nedie\.alh4eclite1-rane;ln sliallo\\.s ~.c:lii;~ins sliips i t is more likrly to Iiave I~eenthe latter. B a t t l e a n d it's a f t e r m a t h

;\ltliougli filll-sc;~leI);~ttlesfor~iicda minor part of warfare in Oi~tremel; they arc often tlcscl-il~ctlin tlctail. Leac1cl.s strengtlienecl the mol-alc of' tliosc i~ivolvctl\\.i~h1,t.c-l~attlesl)ccclics. T h e k~iightsfi)~-met1 r~p l~cliintl ; l ~ l t lonce figliting started they listeneel for the tlieir tat,l-oi.s Ixtn~le~-s tt-t~nil)ctw\,liich\\-ere 11setl ro restore ortlc~; rally o r s1rlnlnoli troops. \\'l~ctlicrknights 1ccl.e Iiiore Searlitl of close coml);lt with otlicl. ca~111.y or of' ;~rro\\.sis t ~ n k ~ i o \ \ -1,111 n , the li,rrne~~ ) r o l ~ ; ~cl:,~l ~ ~ s nlo1.c c t l 1io1.1-ific

Icon of SIGeorge. 13th century, atate of Crem*. *eflectlng mixed developed In Aegean Outremer. [Inu. a9. Bwantine Museum. Athens; author's photograph)

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Kiiiglirq \cc=rr t d t t ' i i IISC'II 10 str~iigtl~etl root is ; i l x o At!ici-s. AI=lir l~-I-L, ;111cl t ILII [Ilr ci~if' i ~ ~ r l ~ ~k d: ~rItcr tr l l i i i i t ~ g ; I I I ~pr011;ddy i i ~ ~ c g r ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ t O ~ .~v~ I; I~- ~~I lI de~ailq~ tc lI -s l x ~ f l ( I i ~'l'lir~ g . \ii~iil:tr!vcl;ttrA (:rt~s;ttirr1>twBtn ~t-ft-t+t+i!ig i t ) %!~ir lcl% w i l l 1 I ) ( ~ S S C ~ S , ~ I ~ ~ ~111ild~ B I IC ~I l?>llI~~ s ' ~ I I ~ ~ ~ ~ fc /T! sf l' t, ~ ~ ~ l~riiic I i ~ n ~ tc ~l thti lrg\. ;I t t ~ ~ r i o (-I'i~~-c-ifit*~l) ~~r! cc)ii'~vl~icli : I I I I I ( J ~ ccrrail~lv ~ nic-;i~i I I !);it i t \ t h ; ~ 5p:~tlrlv(l~ I I I C I ~ i v t v :Ii clt*coi-;~fivr c l o ~ lTIINP ~. I V P ~ Calso ~ ; ~ c l t I l1t.i t - [~11 i\.ol-v dr(-c>t-;htit i i i ;III{I ii-It 1 ~ 1 r I c i llls p l t rich ~ L~I>ric ~ O I ~ I ~ ~ I I Iiw 111r-I1or-\c~5. ' l ' h r ~ knight tcac tllcr~arlviw-cl to riartk that his feet 1S-m-e lii-~~llv i11 his qii.~+l~ps. ~t.Ilicli\C:IS 110r ~til-prising\\.hen a 1 Ptit- t t ~14th2.3 kiIog1:1111s. OH the other hilild c.rnlrlt-v hnl111r1-k~ c c i ~ h e ;ir(~ll~ld rl tilt lrlrrt~r.xpcr-i~~ic.si l.; .ilirtt\. tliiit s t ~ r i liirrnoltr \\-;IS rrei~herririr~gnar IIIIL-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i i t tA\.cll t a l ) in ! ~ l ~ n ~~~car11cr. t C ; r r t a i ~~~l c c c ) ~ ~ ~t il ve ~~ nISc alw t~ I)t.x;in tr, ; I ~ > I > C ' ; I ~i t 1 1;11~'rE ~ ~ I I - C C Stury I i l r ~ ~ r ~ s orir~ tgs ~ r t iincl~ttling ~, thc s ~ t ~ - c ci 1~1 i1 ~ ~ ;I lt clot11 ? V S / P ~o r .iril' l i d arot~ncl[IIC l ~ e l r t ~ c ~ . '!YIP 1~'rih r ~ [ [ / t ~~ ~ , I I I / J i/ ~~ I~~ ; ~111-ovidrs i r ! tlrt:iilrrl ilIf(1r111;l~iorIfnr 13thcwlrr1l.y O r ~ ~ i . e ~ iI-ICI-c ~ r r . tllc knight's r q ~ ~ i p t i t *was t ~ t ;t h;tt~bc.rk,iton rltrd tr\u-r, lit-ltnrt o t + 3ightc.r war-lr;lt, rrf>rrlii.w fiw the sl~oulclers,snkrrfpfr for r l ~ c *1iv.t. 13;tclrlcd , ~ ~ / / I M I F ~I f i t r l n r r(f'l-oln t l ~ r Tl~~-cr~-:\r;~l~ir jrtblwrh quiltetl ; I I - I I I O ~ I I - ) t t ) hi- tt.or11 11(~11r;ith 111eh a ~ ~ l x - r k ~ r ,- 1 1 ~ l ~ i e lI:IIIC~, ~ l , su-nr(1, " [ = t ~ i i i ~111;tw'. l~ ;IIIC! cott!~(t~td ; t r ~ c!x~gc~r. t ~ ~ ~ TIw rest or IIIC kit i m s it rl;h~gcl;;I knifi* f i ~ r1,rc;ld. a tllil-rl %mall knifi.. !\reo shirts, tl\,r, P R / ~ F of hrc.c~c11rs.2\tn(3 I I ; ~ ~ I *of' S !105(3. a sin;lll hc11 iitr his sliil-I,:\ ~111;111s:lck fnr liis t ~ i g l i ~ s i i i; rI I~I ,O ~ I I V s~ti;~ll ~ !;11I I~- : It I . I T I O ~ I I . p i x ~ l ~ : t-c:~~-!?ccI ~ I ~ l ~ I ~S(I i * keing nientionecl arotlncl I:S(iT - again in Ital!.. .-\tltlitional ~ ~ r o t c c t i fi)r o ~ ithe arms I~eganto be seen in the late 12th celitrll.!: first as mail mufflers or niittcns for tlie hand. Fingered mittens ;ipl)e;irecl later i l l the 13th century 1)ut startecl to die out after 1330. By the11 scpal-ate gauntlets \\.ere common. having first appeared in the late 1:Sth cc~itt~~.!. as mail-covered gloves. S e s t came !\.halebone I>et\\.een Ia!.ers of Eilx-ic o r leat1ie1-.then metal scales \\.hicli \\.ere increased in size I ) i ~ t retl~~cecl in nr~ml>erfrom 1340 on~\.arcls..-ii/rlt~s;attached to the shoulders \\.ere solely for heralclic display. tlie first rigid protection for lacecl to the outsicle of tlie elbol~.. tlie arms h e i ~ i gtlisc-shaped b~.~.strgnils They were seen from arountl IL'(i0. being replaced by shaped colltns covering tlie outside of the ell)or\.s in the mid 14th centill-!.. Tube-like l>~utections for the arms are likely to Iia1.e reflected Islamic o r Byzantine styles, tlie~nsel\.es pt.rhaps reflecting Sino-Jlongol military influence. Tlic e;~rliest known European reference to such armour was in a c l o c ~ ~ m e of n t al-oi~ncl1260-70 11y R~rsticianoof Pisa. In 1302 a 01.0s dr frl. a1)l)e;wsiin ;I Fre~iclisource: almost certainly being an earl!. ) ~ r r b ~ n cfor r I . 1:3:30 firll armour for the a r m consisted of a zwtnbrnrt. tlie 11pper ; I ~ I I R\. (lot\.cr a r m ) . co11tc.r ( e l l ~ o ~ \ . trt.rOvo(.r ). (upper arm) a n d spaulder (slioulclc~-). Tlie 1;itter may first 1iaf.eheen seen in Ital:. around 1340 and of'ten ;ippe;irs to he macle of hardened leather. Leg 11,1-otcctio1istle\.elopetl cat-lier than separate a r m defences,

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I 0 11 l i s I i i tI 1 II I I ? / P ~ v t rt*f'vrs r 10 p;tzlc!r(l or qt~iI!c-rI r l i n ~ t r r.qt11t/~i3i(+~ ~ O t t ~ t - 1 f- i ~ ~ c ij f ' ~l \ q ~)~-otlcc-tic>n nnl!- ;rppcarc. z1~1 l~t =l ~~-i sr ;11$0 ;111 intct-esring ~ . r i r r r . n c rto p ~ ~ t t . / l i h vu'liic11 r 'Illtt~gl i k r 14t ~ r I o \ \ * - c I ~ ~ ill ~tt~'r~' r l ~ clate 121h r r n l t r ~ r . C:rtts;~dr ~ Ilvclc p o r n ? S:'lins~'.T l l t ~wrrc . prr~l~;ll,lt. k~irv-rlrfc~tccq I I I O I I ~ I I r 11c.v might 11;1l*c- ~ 0 1 1 l1i ~. o ? ~ l l~i v:~rlivr ~ D\'/;~ti~ir~t p r l l / i - / l / ( ~ ~ ~ ~t t1, l I ~ i i 1.y l l t l t m il ~ l ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~l l' 'i .~ / l ~ktlf'tm-pl'tillu~fr.;~t ions tnrlrc. c o ~ r l l t ~ c >d~~l ol \t ~t . 1~:trdrrrctl I c a t h ~ rgt-c;lvos. Srthn~orls o r a ~ - n i o ~ l r t * \hoc.s, tl hr,tvr.\.t*r: r-cmninctl \*cl.y tlit-r I~rStll-c.1? P O . Hrltnrt~wcnt thr-ntrgli ~ t h cmrjqt \.irihle C I ~ ~ I I I ~tPl zS ~ ~ - i this n g p c * ~ - i r ) t l .;It Frat a ~.clt~~itl-tc,~>r)rcl hc-1111ctwit11 n r t\'itl~oiiti~~ > i i s ;~~~l. ; tti1(151 s ~~idc~sprt~:~tl. I

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Hlstory of Outmrner. Acre. A D 1290-91. one of the last manuscripts to havo bcen made In the Crulisder city. [Bib, Laurenziana, Ms. Plut. LXI.10, F l o r e n c e ) L E F T "msadem attack A c r e ' , showing a n assault by a galley end a Transport vessel. (1. 63)BELOW 'Crusads of St Louis a g a i n s t Egypt." On the upper reglster St touls' army rldes behind thc king's standard-bearer, the knights wearing the l i g h t e r arms and armour used in O u t r e m e r during the

l a t e 13th century. (1. 336~)

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1327-35; Kosovo reeionYugoslavia. In the constal or Alba-nian me militaly ,gutpment reflects southem Italian I n f l u e n c e . (Authai's

Guest-hall, dam and perhaps sugar-processing mill beneath Montfort castle in northern Palestine. (D. Pringle) BELOW Exterior of the hall and remains of a dam across the Wadi al-Qarn. RIGHT Interior of the great hall at first-floor level.

1iottc.r cli~li:~tcs. L.arge / n b o l n c c ~ i ~cl11g11r~tr r ~ ~ ~ shieltls \\.it11 anglccl col-ne1.s al>pc;\rctl in Italian art ant1 t l i ; ~ t of' 01111.crner\\.liilc Li.;~g~ncnts of ;In ;illnost ~ . c c t ; ~ n gsliiclcl ~ l ; ~ ~Ii;lve ;ilso heen fi)untl in 14tliccnttlry T;irno\.o in 1311lgari;t.GclieraIIy speaking, Iio\\.c.\.c.~;tlic sliic.ltls of tlic I:3tli-ccntt1r!. Ieing~>ilctl.foltlccl ant1 p;tttern-\\.eltled as in earlier years. A slender but thickel- ant1 longer l>lade appeareel in the niicl 12th century in response use of ;~rrnoul:Sevet-theless they were n111ch the to ;t niorc ~\.iclcsl~rcntl same \\.eight as e;u.lier s\\~orcls;generally between 11/3 kilograms. During tlie 13th ccnt~~r!. the c;lrrying of t~\.os\\,ords appeared in the Crusader St;ttcs ;und Spain, the seconcl sl\-orcl probably being an early version of This hacl a larger grip ~vliiclipermitted a hrotlie Iica\,ie~s~\.orcl-of-~\.ar. h;uiclctl stroke, tliollgh it w;ts not a true hvo-hanclecl s\vorcl. \t selection ol'strrviving s\\.o~-cls c;ipt~~recl tluring a micl-14th century Il;~mlukraid on (:rus;~clcr(:!.p~-rlsinclutles nor~n;ilweapons and 1ie;nier sir-orcls-of-war as tlsctl in ;111 p;~rtsof Or~trc~iier. Daggers \\.ere n o t I-cgal-cleelas a necessary item of cavalry equipment in tlic c;~rI!. 12~11ce~ntul-yhut c a n e into use less than 100 ye2l-s later, tliot~ghthe!. tlicl not hcc;t~nest;~nclartlknightly equip~nent~ l ~ l tthe i l 14th

Universnt History of 1:fijlinm o f v r c , Acre, c, k O 12B7. (Bib. Nat..

Ms. Fr. 20125, Parin,), LEFT 'Alcxnndcr's n m y In bn:tlr! with tho Indians.' Trvo of Iht? elephant riding Indian- tlirnw Gwck tire grenade!%Irk@ t h w c used by M u ~ l i m troops aqains: the Crusndera. DC LO'W 'Death of Hector'; mail cuisses did not cover tho upper rear of t h c thighs.

Iriq . ~ ~ ( Z ~ tI tI ~I P~ / t t l i wttd 11 ~ o t ~ f r /( bt ~~ ,!+ ! ~ i ~ t :l rrrl hr rnr t-trff i l l Iril J ~ c ~ t z 1r1l. 1 1 1 1 1 ~ Ili.irltirlp rrttr h it ~tdrrrlnnrE ~ i s lIj~ ( r , ~ t / o rrrr rtrl / 8?'t, l ' f ~ t1;\ d'ftI!l iPt't,yttti1 111 \ / i f # / / i17f'Pi'1 ~ ~ /1h1, 4 / f / l u i 118

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Interior of the north wall of the Crusader castle of Andmusa, Greece. (Photograph A. Don)

Unnamed ear~glrnid-l4th-century eliigy in Salerno Cathedral with several pieces o l highly decorated hardened leather amour. (Author's photaqraphl

'The Bytantlnes attack ShayzarN, Hrstory of Outmmer, northern Italy, c. AD 1291-95. This picture represents Byzantlnns using

Hems of equipment as y e t rare In western Europe but possibly used in Outremer, such as separate mail gauntlets, mwcl spurs and bamboo lances. (Bib. Nat,, Ms. Fr. 2G31,1.205r, Paris)

eSicgeof Shayrar'. Unlwersal History of William o f JLre, A e n . c , A D 7284. The soldiers on the

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right itiustrnle the light equipment including m u d s h i e l d s ndopted by knights ot Outremcr when fighting on foot. (Blb. Nat., Ms. Fr, 9084, t.l82v,

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