Journal of the Siam Society; 26

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THE

JOURNAL Of'

THE

SIAM SOCIETY (JSS)

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VOLUME XXVI

BANGKOK MCM~XXIII

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CONTENTS

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. T U'l'CHINsn:-J, The French Foreign Mission Siam during the XV lith Century

Lr:-.:I,

Prehistorical Hesenrches in Siam

1 t13

171

A. Kt.:~ttt, Notes on a Trip from Prnthnap ( Kaw

Lak) to lHergni E. I luTCJIIJ]';StlN, .fonrney of :Mgr. Lambert, Bishop of BeritnK, hom Tenasserim to Siam in 1GG2

215

Tmnscri ption hom Siamese into Homan Cltn-

raeten;

218A

BooK H.EvmwH,

Yiinnan Heise des Geogrnphischen Institnts

der Sun Yat Sen U niversitltt, von PJU>FEssoR DR WILHELM 0REDNEH, (Erik Seidenfaclen)

233·

Annual Heport tor 19.32

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Babnce Sheet for 1931 and 1932

2L14

Memhership

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S,OCIET-~r'"

THE SIAM

(FOUNDED 1904) For the Investigation and Encouragement of Arts, Science and Literature in relation to Siam, anclneighbouring Countries. PATRON:

HlS MAJESTY '!.'HE KING. VICE•PATRON:

IUS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE DAMRONG HA,JANUBHAB. HONORARY

PRESIDENT:

lUS IWYAL IllGHNESS 'l'HE PBINCE OF NAGARA SVA.RGA. HONORARY VICE•PRESIDENT:

HIS IWYAL IHGHNEKS THE PRINOB OF KAMBAENG BEJRA.

COUNCIL FOR 1933 PRESIDENT:

YIIYA INDl{.A M:ONTRI. VICE•PRESIDENTS:

l\IA,JOlt K SEIDENFADEN, Thf.It.A.s. 11. H. PRINCE DHANJ NIVA'l'. 'i'{. H. MUNDIE, M.A. HON.

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SECRETARY:

It. ADEY :.\WORE. HON.

TREASURER:

0. J. HOUSE. HON.

LIBRARIAN:

W. H. S. LADELL. MEMBERS

OF

COUNCIL:

H. H. H. 'l'HE PlUNOE OF KAMBAENG BEJRA. H. II. PitiNCE BlDYALANKARANA. H. S. H. l'lUNOE VARNVAIDYAKARA VAitAVAltN, J. BUH.NAY (Hon. Editor). REv. L. A. UHORIN. E. J. GODFREY, B. Sc. R. LINGAT. U. L. (:IUEHLEIL PIWF. HENE NICOLAS. Dn. HUGH M. Sl\JTJ:H. • PHYA SRISH'l'IKARN BANCI-IONG.

liLA.

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HONORARY

MEMllERS:

H. R. H. THE PB.lNCE OF ;r ATN A n,-Hnn!llwk H. H. PRINCE BlDYALA.NKAH.ANA,--Bnny/•nk lUCHIT REV. BI~HOP H. M. ;J, PEIUtOH,·--Hml!lkok

W. ;r. AROHI~R, c.M.O.,- Wessitmw, So?llllJWtit JYeNt, Cupe of Ut,orl lfn1•' SIR J. CROSBY, c.r.r~., o.n.E.,-Pa.nnma, r'eutJ·al ..l'loeJ•itut SIR .J. GEOIWE SCO'l"l',-S·nsNe:e J. HUMAN VAN DER HlUDE,-JJemuwl, lli1lluiltl Dn. C. B. BRADLE)Y,-C!rtl·ifm"nin PROF. G. aaw:b;s,-Hanoi. RONALD W. GIBLIN,-Lourlrm D1t. PAUL '.I'UXF.iN,-Copenlwgen lHTSS K S. OOLE,-St Joseph, Mo., TJ. S. A. PROFESSOR L. FINO'l',-Prr1'ts C01JNT GYLDENSTOLPE,-StocNwlm. 0. BODEN I\:LOSS,-8-ingapm·e E. C. S'J;UAR.T BA KEEt,-Norwood, Lmulon PROF. K. KUH.TOTA,-'l'olcyo SIU WAW'ER WILLTAl\'I.SON,-Ou·ilrifmYl w. A. cm.AHAJ.\11, 'M.H.A.s.,-l'lu.m J1Innm·, !JmwPI. DR.. MALCOLM HiVIT'l'f-1,-P'/I.tnA,I;, Lon,\on JV[(}NHIEUH. H. J>AH.MENTLETl,--/lirrwi CORRESPONDING

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MEMBERS:

'.rA.W SE[N I\.0,-llfrmdrr.la,y H. WAlliNGTON SM Y'l'H ,-Uctlamum.snc, fl'almonllb, OonmHtll. PROFESSOR OON'l'E F. L. PlTLLE,-Boloyna, PROFESSOR A. CABA'l'ON,-J'm·is PlWFESSOU W. G. OJL\.IB,-Abtmleen J. A. OABLE,-London P. PE'J'JTHUGUENIN,-Pari.s \V. NUNN, liL P.-Pontelrtnd, Nm·thum/Jerlnnrl C. A. SEYMOUR SEWELL, M.A.,-Bi!·chington, Kent .T. MIOHELL, F.lt.G.s.,-.ilfentone, JJ'1Ymce R. S. LE MAY,-Oanterbu?·y C. J. AAGAARD,-Oopenlwgen.

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Mgr. Pnllu .

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THE FRENCH FOREIGN MISSION IN SIAM DURING THE XVIITH CENTURY· A LBC'l'UltB lll, the FL"enc:h todventm·e might nuver }mve occm'l'ed, neveLthuhJHH it is ttppttl'eut tlw.t their eotmcctiou wHh the expedition iuto wldeh tho achcutme (hwelopud waf-i just as fol'tnitonH a,., tho twcillunt which cauHocl thuir Hr11t lJHttthli:-;hmunt to be nm1le in SitH11 illl:>Lel1d of in Uhir111 u.m1 Cochiu-Cllimt, a~> WIOH originally intendocl. In this pttpm· I propose to givo n brid sketch of the origin of tlw French Foreign .IHisHion ttllll or its OHb11JliHlllnont in SiMll, drn,wing upon two ma.in sources: tt) An It:tlitw tteoount puuliohed in Homo in 1()77 by the Propccount of the roligiuus tulemLion uujoyecl in Sitl>lll, its goocl clinmte Mtd low cost of living. 'l'he pltLll or the College Wt\,K l1lwayK a Lower School wlwre little boys luand; the eleHHmtH, 11ml ttn Upper School for the aspiraut.s Lo Holy Ordct·s. The M iHHiun tLrCll i ve:;; ermta,iu ~:~evural accounts of the Uoll ege wt·itten between Hi8:3 ttnrl 1687: there is al.':lo an account by au ex-pupil, Anthony Piuto, :-;ou of tL Portugueroe by tt SiameSl) mother. Pinto accompttnieLI tho Second Sin,rnese Embassy to Home, and left !;hi:-; ttecotmt 2 behind, which is preserved at the l'l'opttganda and l.

2.

M.E. 8G2. p. 421. 880. 54\l. 881. 3fi2. Pl'op. Ficl. 8er. Ref. IV. 7te:->. Iu l7lti the nmnhet·s !tad dt·opp,Jhtutino, Phaulkou':-; gmud:-;ou. Tho aceuuuts ::;how tL gmdwtl uvolntion front tho tLttstel'U J'tti,, inaugmn.tetl by Bishop LtLlH~Jt anclwedibttion in Ulmpul uutil ml'ly i\Jasc;, wltielt l'ot·tuocl t.lw HE~Jl:\All.Y.

~ Ft·. AnrnunL lms left t:tl as the ymcr:'l went on. In 1672 there wut·u 15 ptttieuts; in HJ7X, two septtmte wM, thu Ch.}numl in eotllllltLlld ul' t.IHl uxpediLiuwu·y l'ul'ee-aJJ tddul'iy mau, ()pposed to Lttkiug unneeus:::~u.t·y l'iskl:l. Phttttlkon's tl'inmplt WitH coutpldu nn the rltty wlltltJ tiH:• J•'renelt 1dliecH'H Lu11durod tlwit· ullogiauee t;o him as the: King lll' Sittm's rupt~::­ S!\I!LctLi vu ttt .Btmgkuk; but it eul:lli ltittt tlw l'riendship of tho Freuelt eolnny, ns wull tLH tii. 3\IJ. , 85G. pp. 12::1. ill.E. , 880. l'· Hi l'nl' l1iH est;imu.t.tJ of Plmulkon .

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. E. W.

HUTCHTXSO~~.

iL wu:;; eviden{;-were merely waiting- fur a, fan)U!'a.hle moment. t.o diROWll hilfl. Dr. Liuurw's 1 MS,':). f'Jhull' dearly tbttt the 1vlissiunul'ius :,;lmred these feeliug,; vel'y :-JLl'ungly: it war; rmtnral thel'ofuru tlmt their leader, Bishop Lt~!lenn, n:; tlw stmim· ttnd lllOHt t·espectud lnotulwr nl' t-.lw :Ft·eneh eomlllllllity, Hltould be tho ol(ject of Ph;tttlkou's spite JuLonis XJV's ;tmma! cluuution ol' l ,000 t~t:w; c:onsing· ll'ith tht· dc•n.th cJI' :\f gt·. Palln. 1 It was Llw MiHsiollttrius thuut~·wlvuc; who invited tlw tnult>.t's Lo eulllu tu Si!Llil, ;wd they who urged .l. . uuis to HUJHJ ont 1.111 importtwL utnlmssy to P't•;t Nami. 'l'lw uwt.ivt~s whielt pt·outptecl them would lw.vtJ t~ppt:tdud lu any pioneer/-\ siLwttotl ns t.lwy were. 'l'heit· uaget·ness to euJJ\·ert l''J'H, Nttt'n,i led the111 it1tu mistttkiug ltis l'avunJ'H, t~cmfuJ't'ed upuu them ;sisLing Lli1•,llt in tltU wny they rlnHirud, wliilo tltc~ir l"'e:-.;rmt hnarlHtnmg ac:tinll only c:ut·ved tu pr•·-.indir~o Ll11: ApiJ.'ibJiie Sou agninst tJwrn anrl n.gttinst tlw ,}usnit, H1ttlwrs. I nrgc:d Llu1L. si11eu nll l\1iuiHturs arn Ministers of Clu·ist, it iH nnHeeudy to dmw di:-tLiudiouH ltuLwnmt the stLcramcntH ac!Jniuif.lt.erud by inclivichuLlH, wltielt snet·atnnnts shoulcl be received in deep hnrnility, if Llwy :1ro to he ple:1Hing t,n Gorl; ftncl thltt the shortcmningH or tho nforuHILicl MiniHLet'H enn rlo t.hmn 110 injury in thoit· dc:votions, and can only hurt tho MiniHt.urH tltemsolveR. Thoy repliml with ume!J rosorvn 1ilmL Lhoy knew LhiH full •well, but tlmL tlw Cltl'iHLittn't wul't: Ho lliHgustoc mtt.ives ttlready orda,inecl should lJe . the Pttlace, as Wt·dl tt8 the llllllCJlHtl ecmf.litw:-;c; of tlw ilut:Ol':tti!tll of HOille of the mtnmHcript:-; preHm·vecl i11 tho library. l'ol-'sibly LIH: King lJy Hnelt lflOltlls intimatud that he looked lliJ!Jll l1i:-; ln·ot.ltl~t· as Lhu • 8eeo11d King·, aml su Honght to cuvm· tlw il'l'ugnlarity o[ ltiH ae!:!:Hsiolt to the tlll'lmu. In £net, he did not u.ppoiut :t H1lec:us:-;1n· t\) l'ritH:o Gakti dmiug the fomteeu years th11t his reign wa:-; :-:till to last. ( )n tho utlter lmucl, it Heotns that it \\'tLH only :1Hor tho appointttll!llt ol' Pl'inc:e l\fongkut that tlw monnstm·y, wlticl1 up tu tltut tiuw Wtts simply Cttllud tho" New \Vnt ",received tho ll:11llu uf' PavantlliVuQtL, ttn cxpt·e~:-;ion very similtw to thttt by which tho Palace of the Suconcl ] r• 1 , 1') r \.mgs WttH c cstgtmtec ~. Thus, everything contributeu to ropreflcnt I. '!.'hi~ lmil,liug, cn.!Ind Pln•:t: pauj:t, wn.i! l'emoved hmu tl1e ga.rdens of Lhe P1dn.l'l!. It Htill exid~ to-dn.y. ·

:.l.

i~ kuowu thu.t the olliei:d Imme of the i:lecuucl King':-; Pn.l:we iK ."Excellent r~·~itleucc ". Oone~pom[iugly, the epitl;ot paJ'a!JJub, of JHW£wa., n.pphe::; excln~ively to tl1iugs pe1·tniuing to the First

It

JIIII'{(J'flstlu711a,

s~·~wuyulOH~ l\.lllg.

77 Prince Mongknt rtR the 8ecoud King ot 8it1m who hacl voluntarily retired ft·nm public litnl jll'lltiL l'ron1 i!:s long and toilstll!Jt: pilgritnngc·. 'l'he ue\\' sellllol, i11 it.H lllHlr::wmll' to StJ:trr:h onl; thll )illl'u l',lli tmdil:ion, mnst. md;nmlly :ttt.M:ll n, gt·e:tl. min usual

pidmus uf the legeurlttry lin)H u£ tltu Bnddlt:t ma. During the still brilliant period corresponding to the reign of King Mongknt, the Wa,t Pc out of plttcc here. Tho Dlminuwynttil-::L sect wrtH csLttblii:lhell in Cmnbollia by the S(1mcluveH eomme eux; tout

plus t.t·ouvc-t-on ! mtl,jt~t!(t•d il. t•• n \'1:1'\' jHn·fundurv PXHl!ti" ll!dillll, alit\ l'tlllll'll(tod t.lJI'IIIHt'h"ml with dt•Jtmtttlittg' dn!it••! 1111 ~~111111~ IHHH• I'II.Slll'it•s tuLintt:d n•tl, wltic:ll t..hny llliHtool\ f11r t'ttl'lll. 'J'h,. rhtlit·~ ll.l't: J. I am sending you tt copy of the report in the hope tlmt you will find it poRsible to publish it either in fun m· in part, and any expression of opinion upon the matter, either made by yourself m· yom members, in your journal or dieect to this :Ministry, will bu very helpful. .,

·218B

I am enclosing a.lso !t system, which lutH been agreed upon hy the Committee appointed by thil'l Ministry to l'!tandardize Rcientitic :1nd teehnical terms in Siamese. This systelll iH, tts you m:1y set~ in the issue of April lHt. of" Withayttcan ", uow being n~-;ed for ·writing those fm·eign scientific terms which the Colllmittee decided uot to trn,nslate but only to tro,nscribc into Siamese. While this system has received the official app1·oval of this Ministry, it docs not follow thn.t; no furthet· altera,tion is pm·missible even if Inter found desirable. Yom·s faithful Jy, ]{,A.JADA,

Assistant Dircctor-Gerwml, Department of Educntion:tl 'l'echnit11w.

219 TRANSCRIPTION FROM SIAMESE INTO ROMAN CHARACTERS.

'l'he need has long been felt for some uniform system of transcription from Siamese Characters into B.ornan. Many systems are now in use, some etymological, othet·s phonetic, but, on the whole, none of them has been found satisfactory. 1'he difficulty has been felt, for instance, in the transcription of place-names on maps. 'l'he Ministry of Public Instruction, therefore, invited certain 1)ersons who are interested in the matter, to confer with the officials of the Ministry in order to ttHcertain whether some general Rystern could be evolved. 'l'heir report is as follows:The Committee thus formed has worked on the following principles: 1. 'l'he system to be a,greed upon should be a geneml constituting tL minimum stancbrd, which may be expttnded for particular purposes. 2. 'l'lw system should Le bu,sml as fttl' tts posHible on the phonetic principle of "one sound one ~:~yrnbol." :i. 'l'he system adopted :-Jhould be as far as po1:1siblu in close hamwny with the Siamese national system of orthogt•aphy. 4. In selecting the symbob, account should he taken of available type in printing aml typewriting,. 11nd also of c,uncnt practice. Alter exmnining Lhe ~::~y::;tem of sounds ~tncl ~::~ymlJols in Lhe Siamese language, the eommittee came to the following conchmions : l. In a, geneml system, tones need not be repreBentecl, but oJlowance should be made for the possibility of representing them. 2. '!'he Siamese vowel symbol~:~ are found to represent fairly consistently the twtual sounds in the Siamese language; only a, few vowels are mn,de to represent not a, single sound, hut one or two vn,riations of the flame sound. Such variations, however, mn,y he neglected in tt general system of broad transcription. It is further found that some symbols traditionally classified as vovYels in the Siamese system need not he considerded as vowels, v1z : ~ ~l ~ ~1 consonants.

rl1, nor need the final

!'J and 'l he considered

as

220

'l1RANSCRll'TION ~·rw~r

SrAMESE JN'!'o HollrAN CHAHAC'l'rms.

'l'he Oommit'tee timls that there al'e two cardinal quantities to the Siamese vowels: slwrt and long. In the hroadest tmrmcription, they need not be marked but where greater nccumcy becomes necessary, w;o will he made of the common Hynt bois for length '-" and - . 'l'he vowels and vowel combinations as represented by the Siamese symbols can be arranged as follows:(a)

Vowels:

fl~

fll

fl

fl

d,

~

.,!!,

fl

tJ

,

fl

lfl~

lfl

llfl~

LL tJ

ltJ~

lfl

L'Ell~

flfl

Lfltl~

LtJtJ

fl

(b)

Vowel combinations:

~

""

.!.

Ltl~~

Lfl~

.,!!,

d!,

Lflfl~

Lfl 'El

fl r.J~

'Elr.J

1tJ Lfl1

l'EJ

t:J~

fl1~

'El1r.J

,

fl~

lm.1 fit)~

L'El~ d!,

Lflfl~

'rltANSCRIP'rwN FROM SIAMESE IN'ro RoMAN CHABAc'l'ERs.

221

Ll TI rJ lTI"' '1J'1

3. follows:

The Siamese consonants can be phonetically classified as 1l ']

"llfl

M

':lf

~

:15'

~

ijJ

(~1)

'1J

liJ

~

&'\']

~

f1l

'

'C1

ijJ

~

(u1~~1)

tr.JJ

VI

(~~n~) rn

'\,!

lJ

1l w

ill

~

vJ

lJ j'

ILl

:TJ

w

.fl

1!

"'

222

':CRANSORIP'l'ION PROM SIA111EHE lN'l'o RolltAN OnAJl.AO'l'EHS.

IJ

'rhis clasflification is the r;ame as tlmt adopted in the Siamese Gn.Lwmtu authorized by the Ministry of Public Instruction. 4•. The Symbols adopted for the vowels a.ncl vowel combinat.ionR are as folloWs : (short) Quantities: rf (long) . _

Ell

':l'hese Symbols for quantity have been adopted because they conform to classical practice but the Committee sees no objection to the use of those of the Interna.tional Phonetic Association whenever it is found expedient, viz: Short unmarked middle

placed after the vowell thus }

hmg

a

a·

a:

Gene?Ytl (a) Vowels:

tl (

~)

tl

tl1

P1•eci8e

a

a

a

.;

tl

tl

,.!,

,!!,

tl

fl

u'

u'

u.'

,

'EJ

u

u

il

e e

e i'i

0

5

tl

~

ol

ltl (

~)

ltl

ltl

e

lltl (

~)

lltl"'

ll tl

e '

ltl ( ~ )

tl (14)

In

0

'

'

(the inherent vowels) ltl1 (

(b) Vowel combinations : l tltl (

~) ~)

l~U ( ~)

"' fltl Ltl

fltl

0

0

i'i

Ltl tl

o'

a'

o'

Ia

Ia

I

'

,.!,

ltlU

• u

ia

'raANRmtrPl'IoN F~toM SrAMESE rN·ro R.o:rvrAN CHARACTERs.

l~'el ( ~

2',

)

fl~r.J ( ~ ) 1fl l'ell

1a

m.J

lf) f)

u'a

n'a

u'a

flfJ

ua

ua

niL

mu

a1

a.i

ai

fl1r.J

ao

ao

ao

flU

111

~

ltJ!J

oi

flflil

oi

l fl!..l

01

.,.

"" ltlfl!..l

11' !11.

tJfJZJ

ua1

flr.J

1tl

~

Lfl rJ

l tJ rJ

eo

eo

eo

llflr.J

eo ' iau

eo '

eo ,

,!

ll f) I)

228

lfl!..l"l

N. B.-u' for ~ il has been adopted because it already exists m Annamite Quae Ngu' type. It is preferl'ed to the German· ii, which has a. more closed sound; the diacritical mark over a vowel should be t1voided, if possible, in order to leave room for accents or tonal mark. 'L'he symbols adopted for the com1onants are as follows:

n

k kh

ng

ch

224

THANSORIPTION PIWl\I SIAMESE INTO RoMAN 0HAHAO'l'ERS.

"1f

m

M

1!J (~1)

~

~

'lJ

y

(m-1~1)

c1

~

l?l

~

Pl

j

fl

ijJ

(~~nl?l) ru.

Vl

s

t b'lfl

t'JJ

Vl

th

'!i

n

j..j

JJ

b

1J

p

rJ

w

~

w

ph

dl

f:

j,J

111

j

l'

'1:1

W'

w

IJ ~

~

h

N.B.-(1) ug for s :is preferred to the Interno,tional Phonetic, because it is more convenient o,nd mo1·e cornuwuly known, and it docs not lead to any confusion, tl te letter not being recp1ired 111 {tny other case in Simnese. (II) c (Czech) is used for "1 m contra-distinction to c m ch for p, 'll ru where c represents tt different sound. 0

(III) y for ;u and ~ ('Wl) is preferred to the Intomational Phonetic j, because it is more conformable to usage in the East. 6. The final letters in Siamese spelling have hitherto constituted the chief Htumbling block in any attempt at a phonetic transcription. 'Ehe Committee finds that these finals, especially in words derived from Pa1i and Sanskrit, are, as it were, dormant letters representing lu,tent sounds, which may ]~come active when com-

'l'RANSOJUP'rroN FROi\1 SlAMESE IN'l'O RoMAN CHARACTERS.

225

pounded with ttnother word, e.g. :W1f~PU