Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India

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THE

JAHANGIRNAMA

Jahangir Embracing Shah Abbas

1,

by Abu'l-Hasan.

India,

Mughal

period, ca. 1618.

watercolor and gold on paper. 23.8 X 15.4 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Purchase. 45.9

Opaque

Institution.

THE

JAHANGIRNAMA Memoirs

of Jahangir,

Translated, edited,

FREER GALLERY OF ART

®

ARTHUR

M.

S}nithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. in

association witFi

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New

York

®

Oxford

Emperor

of India

and annotated by Wheeler M. Thackston

SACKLER GALLERY

.

PJb5

AD

¥4 ¥ 1.

OXFORD UNIVERSITY New

Oxford

Cape Town

Chennai

Karachi Nairobi

Bangkok

Auckland

Athens

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Paris

York

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Taipei

and associated companies

in

Ibadan

Berlin

© Smithsonian

Copyright

Calcutta

Fdong Kong

Florence

Melbourne

Singapore

99

PRESS

1999

Institution,

All rights reserved

Published in

1999 by Oxford University

in

New

Press,

Smithsonian

Institution,

Washington,

19.

York,

M. Sackler

association with the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur

Gallery,

C.

Edited by Lynne Shaner

Mary Neal Meador

I9esigned by

m

Typeset

Weiss

Weiss Titling capitals by Arthur Fdoener

Photography p.

45,

photo by Pierre Abboud, fol.

Cover:

182a,

©

1615-18.

by

Shaykh

to

fol.

Kings,

folio

Brand; foL 160,

Oxford

is

a

by

in a retrieval

No

R.

Bichitir. India,

Bruce C. Jones,-

Mughal

period,

FI942.I5

Oxford University

part of this publication

system, or transmitted,

©

M. N.

paper. Freer Gallery of Art,

Institution. Purchase,

registered trademark of

All rights reserved.

©

224b,

Opaque watercolor and gold on Smithsonian

stored

credits,

© Michael

Philip Pocock,

detail, Jahangir Preferring a

ca.

143,

fol.

may be

Press.

reproduced,

any form or by any means,

in

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,

without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Emperor of FJindustan, 1569-1627.

Jahangir,

[JahangTrnama. English]

The Jahangirnama memoirs ;

translated, edited,

of Jahangir,

Emperor of

India

/

and annotated by Wheeler M. Thackston. cm.

p.

Includes bibliographical references

(p.

and index.

)

ISBN 0-19-512718-8 1 .

3.

Jahangir,

Emperor

Mogul Empire

of FJindustan, 1569-1627.

— Kings and

rulers

— Biography.

(Wheeler McIntosh), 1944DS461.5.J28813

.

II.

2. I.

Mogul Empire.

Thackston, W. M.

Title.

1999

954.02'56'092— dc21 98-18798

[b]

CIP

£

3 Smithsonian Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

1

The paper used

in this

publication meets the

Permanence

3

5

7 9 8 6 4 2

minimum requirements

for the

American National Standard

of Paper for Printed Library Materials, z39.48

Printed

m

FJong Kong

—984.

1

for

Contents

Foreword Milo CleveLviJ Beach

vi

Acknowledgments

viii

Translator's Preface

ix

Preface to the Jahanginuvna

The

Jahau^irnama

1

19

Jahangirnama Chronology

461

463

Glossary

Appendix A: Weights and Measures Used by Jahangir Appendix

B:

473

Soubas of the Empire and Their Constituent Sarkars,

from the Ain-i-Akhari

475

Appendix C: Translations Selected References

476

480

Index of People and Places

483

V

Foreword

T

— —

the personal

emperor of India

described

genre was

literary

initiative,

sophisticated

the

true

first

Mughal

fourth

of Jahangir,

autobiography

and prob-

the Islamic world, which

in

and with immense insight the

frankly

kingdom

still

fresh

and the

turmoil,

political

at

India.

and provocative when Jahangir chose to follow

was

result

the height of

While the Balnirnama portrays an

a vivid

his

chronicle of a wealthy, artistically

powers.

its

era of empire building, however, the Jahangirnama

when political control was relatively stable and time could be devoted Of all the Mughal emperors, Jahangir was the most observant of the

depicts a period life's

memoirs

of intensely alert observation

ing intelligence. Jahangirs great-grandfather, Babur, had written the Bahunicvna,

predecessors

to

work

a

is

and personalities that had brought the Mughals from Central Asia into

actions,

This

he Jahanginuvna

pleasures.

world around him, and

his

memoirs leave no doubt about

his delight in the unusual

landscapes, animals, flowers, and characters he encountered in India. Visual sensations

were especially powerful minutely detailed all

to him,

and consequently the descriptions

Mughal connoisseurs

of the arts.

And

power through extensive public building tality of architecture for

while his father, Akbar, had consolidated

projects, Jabangir

world included jade cups shaped

and

finely crafted

abundant evidence of Jahangir's

work

The

woven

—

to

part of the reason this

.

.

.

I

.

.

.

new

translation has

M. Sackler

ordered the

that the astonishment illustrated

was

text

one has

at

and

to his interest in

been supported by the Freer

Gallery. Early in the seventh regnal year

Muqarrab Khan from an

artists to

a personal diary.

draw

1

had not

their likenesses in the Jahangiruama so

hearing of them would increase by seeing them."

copy of the chronicle was

still

in his

volume provide

Goa. "He had brought several very strange and unusual animals

seen before.

— man-

brilliance as a patron of the arts.

(1612), for example, he describes the return of the courtier

embassy

forms

of gold thread, and

illustrations in this

are several references in Jahangir's narrative to artists

Gallery of Art and the Arthur

artistic

everyday objects (which

like lotus leaves, textiles

rubies inscribed with decorative calligraphy).

their

eschewed the monumen-

more intimate and personally expressive

uscript illustrations, for example,

There

in his text are

not surprising, therefore, that this emperor was the greatest of

It is

in

No

preparation at this time, however,- Jahangir's

Such paintings must therefore have been kept

in

the

inventory of the kitahkhana (book workshop) pending the eventual assembly of an official

volume, not

until the thirteenth regnal

year (1618) did Jahangir authorize a

court calligrapher to copy the text for presentation to his family and others.

The Bahunuvna and

VI

the Akbanuwm, the biography of Jahangir's father Akbar, had

by paintings of past events made

been

illustrated

texts

were written out

late in the rule of

in official copies. Jahangir's

own

Akbar when those

words, however, indicate that

pictures intended for the Jahangirnama

were made

the emperor's current enthusiasms, even

if

as events

there was no

happened or

volume

for

ume

made

of the text

new

valid as the emperor's

another

meteor, the

The

many

opium

related

fall

of

eater Inayat

which

grateful to

illustrated vol-

Khan (page

280),

made from

M. Sackler Gallery

historical

and

one examin a

are

once again his recent

new

version of

Drawing on an unparalleled knowledge both

artistic

is

the iron

Wheeler M. Thackston, who has so quickly followed

translation The Baburnama.- Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor with this

the Jahangirnama.

intended

he vividly described.

Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur

immensely

No

works of the period: the astonish-

the actual knife (page 363) that he ordered

is

words.

documentation

known, however, and the majority have been reproduced

publication, as have

ingly powerful portrait of the dying ple,-

own

a

for Jahangir himself has survived,- dispersed paintings

for the Jahangirnama are

within this

and

response to

which they were

immediately intended. Under Jahangir's direction, painters provided of imperial interests as timely

in

of language and of the

character of the period, Professor Thackston has restored the

sense of immediate contact with the emperor's private thoughts and interests found the original text but absent from previous translations. As a result, vividly to

life in

these pages.

Milo Gleveland Beach Director, Freer Gallery of Art

Smithsonian Institution

and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

Mughal

India

in

comes

Foreword

vii

Acknowledgments

gratefully

acknowledge Milo C. Beach and

agement throughout tural

I

Ebba Koch

Lentz for unfailing encour-

for expert

terminology, Ali Reza Korangy for invaluable help

checking the Stuart

final proofs,-

Cary Welch

common-sense Sanskrit,

this project,-

Tom

Terence Mclnerney, John

for gracious assistance

editorial suggestions

Lynne Shaner

unstinting generosity.

for tireless

and general

and cheerful

with

guidance

in

Seyller, Ellen Smart,

illustrations,-

hospitality,-

in architec-

the laborious task of

and

Susan Nemazee for

Ted Proferes

editorial work,- Abolala

for help in

Soudavar

for

Translator's Preface

T

illness to

have

he fourth emperor of Tiimirid India, Sultan Salim,

name Nuruddin Muhammad and personal record of his reign

the

much

done. Jahangir's memoirs begin

title

who

ruled under the

Jahangir (1569-1627), kept

a

Babur had

as his great-grandfather

1605 with his accession to the

in

throne. In 1622, five years before his death, Jahangir was compelled by his personal secretary,

Mu'tamad Khan,

actually write the

memoirs and

submit them for editing and correction (page 386). Their collaboration continued

until

when the memoirs end abruptly. In the eighteenth century a historian named Muhammad-Hadi added a continuation from the point at which the memoirs end 1624,

through Jahangir's death also

added

a preface

1627 and Shahjahan's succession the following

in

containing

account of Jahangir's

a brief

life until

he

year,-

his accession to

the throne.

1

The memoirs have been commonly known under the title Tiizuk-i-Jabcm^iii The Persian word tuzuk comes from the Turkish tiiziik, which

Clahangir's regulations).

means

"regulation," "order," "arrangement,"

.

The

two

exist in

ver-

"authentic” memoirs,

the version here translated, begin dZ

and was used

The memoirs

sions.

iHiiyat-i be'ghiiyat-i

ilii'/n',

repre-

specifically for a ruler's or sentative early manuscripts

officer's

deployment

disciplined and orderly maintenance and

Since the memoirs were considered to be the emperor's

nance of the empire

— although

had multiple copies made tries to

"to

be used by the rulers as

auxiliary title of tuzuk,

a

staff.

guidelines for the mainte-

they contain few such, despite his claim that he

in fact

award

own

and

of his troops

to particular servants

manual

which term had

and to be sent to other coun-

for ruling" (page 271

also

become

a

common

)

— they were given the

include one in Lahore, Puniab Llniversity Library (with seals ot

Jahangir and Shahiahan),- London,

1040 [1630]), London,

A. H.

British Library,

generic

title

No, 305 (be-

India Olfice Library fore

Add. 26,215 (17th

for biogracentury), Manchester, Bibliotheca

phies of rulers.

Nowhere does Jahangir

places, particularly at the

himself use tuzuk as

end of the twelfth

year,

when he

a title.

Rather, in several

has the memoirs of the

first

twelve years of his reign copied and bound as a presentation volume (page 255), he refers to the

memoirs

specifically as the Jahan^inuvna (Jahangir's book),

Jahangir's record of his

life

and so

will

we.

and reign attracted the attention of Western scholars

early in the exploration of source material for

Mughal

history. Extracts

were

Lmdesiana (John Rylands Library) no.

938

(circa 1700),

Bodleian 2 (

dated 1139(1 726),

by James Anderson

in his History of Hiiniostan

in Asiatic

Miscellany (Calcutta, 1786) and

(Calcutta, 1788).

was translated by William Erskine,^ was begun by W.

translation

F3.

but only one fascicle was printed.

who

Lowe

A

full

A

first

1826.

A

for the Bibliotheca Indica in Calcutta in 1889,

was

and edited by FJenry Beveridge. This version appeared

first

in

made by Alexander Rogers

two volumes

standard

—

in fact,

the only

— English

it

1231 (1815).

I

(

78

1

An

Royal

),

Morley

120, dated

edition, Toozuk-iSir

in

Bahadur

Shah's libraries and printed

for the Oriental

has served as the

translation ever since.

m

latest

printed edition, from which this translation has

Zar, A.H.

has

1863-64. The

in

Syed

the basis ot ten

good manuscripts

Rogers and Beveridge's exceptionally precise and correct translation, except for the

of the last

96

Ahmad Khan on

done by

it

1

was made by

lelhinyeree,

now been almost ninety years since the appearance of the Hrst part translation, many felt it was time for a new one. There is little to criticize in

Because

1

Asiatic Society,

Aligarh

Translation Fund (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1909-14), and

94,

Paris, Biblio-

trans-

nine years

also translated the Bahuniania in

translation

1118

Browne

theque Nationale, Blochet 579, first

by Francis Gladwin

section comprising the

Oxford,

A, H.

1706), Cambridge,

dated A.H.

lated

dated

9,

1

been made, was

Muhammad Hashim

and

printed at Tehran: Chapkhana-i I

359

(

1980).

The manu-

IX

X

Translator's Preface

Raja

Mai

Bihari

Rachhwaha of Amber

Raja

Mai Deo I'timaduddawla

^

Raja

"Maryamuz-

Bhagwan Das

Zanutni"

of

Marwar

Raja

Keshav Da

1

Khwaja Hasan

Raja

Akbar

=j=

Udai Singh "Mota Raja"

Prince Salim,

Khwaja

Rathor

Maqsud

' 1 1

1

1

^

Jahangir "Shiih

Bfijam"

Raja

d.

Man

Mirza jani Tarkhan of Thatta

Sin^

cjheji's nest,

Thursday the

perhaps, or crow.

was

sings heart-rending laments. Just as the

and the raven its

it

caused the bud of the heart to burst into blossom. Without exagger-

Zahid, emissary of Ghayrat

the rank of the ruler of

Llrgench, arrived at court and presented a letter with a few items sent to remind us of

our ancestral connections.

They were viewed with

thousand drabs were awarded to the emissary. to

have the things he requested made to be

1

favor,

and

ordered the

sent.

for the time

officials of

being ten

the workshops

At

my

time

this

Khan Jahan had

"son"

a great success.

Through over-fondness

for

Mar. i620-Mai: i62i

343

26 Text has

WTWYANY:

variants

occur

MSS,

wine he had grown very thin and wan, and because of the murderous addiction he was

God made him

on the point of dying. Suddenly he began to take care of himself, and

He

successful in the endeavor.

no matter

how

strenuously

had sworn never again to sully his

advised him that giving

I

and that one should cut down

idea,

and gave

to listen

On On moted

up

once was not

all at

a

good

wisely with planning and moderation, he refused

up manfully.

it

Amurdad [August

the twenty- fifth of

Kandahar was promoted

soLiba of

it

with wine, and

lips

7]

Bahadur Khan the governor of the

to the rank of 5000/4000.

Man

the second of Shahrivar [August 15] Rawat Shankar's son

to the rank of 1500/800,

Mir Husamuddin was promoted

Singh was pro-

to 1500/500, [252a]

and Alimardan Bahadur's son Karamullah was promoted to 600/300. Since recently

had

really

had developed such

I

been diligent

in their

Naqshbandi, had sent one of

a

liking for striated tusk, the great amirs

One

searches for more.

his liege

of them, Abdul-Aziz

men, Abdullah by name,

Khwaja Abdul-Rahim, sons of the great Khwaja Juybari, the happened, Khwaja Husayn possessed

it

and he immediately sent gave

me much

joy.

a desire for this

whole tusk of extreme

a

to court with the messenger.

it

Khwaja Husayn and

to

spiritual leader of Trans-

oxiana today, and along with him he had sent a letter intimating modity. As

On

this date

it

com-

fineness,

arrived and

ordered the equivalent of thirty thousand rupees

1

Khan

in

precious

Mir Baraka Bukhari was entrusted with the

objects and goods to be sent to the khwaja. task of delivering them.

On

Thursday the twelfth of Shahrivar [August 25] the Mirmiran was appointed

commander

garrison

gave him

in

Mewat

the

sarkar, his rank

royal horse, a robe of honor,

a

From Sundar

and

[Raja Bikramajitj's report

had died and gone to

hell.

it

way

in

and out or taking the mountain

When

fought a useless battle.

in particular

Khan his

of the

.

.

sword.

tops, they

had entered

in retreat,

troop against

a

and without securing

sufficient precaution,

a

mountain pass and

the day was over, they turned their reins

is

a clan of

away without

many were

killed.

One

Lodi Afghans, lost his

life

along with

a

group of

men He was really a good servant who combined courage with and modesty. Jamal Khan Afghan and his brother Rustam, Sayyid Nasib liege

Barha, and several others were siege

I

considered retreat dishonorable suffered martyrdom. Shahbaz

which

.

clansmen and

intelligence

who

2000/1500, and

was learned that the accursed jawhar Mai

having accomplished anything, and while galloping

group

to

was also reported that he had dispatched

It

one of the zamindars, but he had not taken the

a

was increased

had been

laid,

sent out negotiators

wounded. Also included

in

the report was that close

and the beleaguered men were hard pressed. [252b] They had and had requested

quarter.

It is

hoped

that soon the fortress will

be taken through our daily-increasing good fortune.

On death.

Thursday the eighteenth [August 31] Dilawar Khan Kakar died

He was one

of the amirs

who was

from the time

1

was

a prince.

Without peer

Toward the end

He possessed not only He had been in my service

chieftain of a nation.

bravery but also leadership and expertise to perfection.

the lofty rank of amir.

a natural

in

of his

loyalty and allegiance, he had attained life

God

granted him success, and the

conquest of Kishtwar, which was an outstanding service, was accomplished through his efforts. all

It

is

hoped

sorts of favor

servants.

I

that

God

will

show him mercy.

and kindness and enrolled several

be broken up.

showed

his sons

who were worthy

ordered the others to remain with his sons

their solidarity

1

as

and

relatives

of rank as court

they had been with him,

lest

.

in

the

identifiable

but none

is

.

344

On

The Jahangirnama

this date

from the mine

in

Qor

diamond Ibrahim Khan Fath-jang had

Yasavul brought a

Bengal.

Wazir Khan, the divan

of Bengal

sent

and an old servant of

this

court, died a natural death.

On

the eve of Thursday the nineteenth [September

both sides of the Bahat

and poor

who

alike,

1620 was

I,

13

Shawwal 1029. The "nineteenth" at

the head

the paragraph refers

of"

to the nineteenth of Shahrivar.

it

on

this day.

It is

on

the reason, and they said that the source spring

and

this date,

thirteen. Because they light the

it

had long been the custom

means the Bahat

called Veth Truwah. Veth

River,

and

lamps on the thirteenth of Shawwal,

Truwah. Without exaggeration,

watched

lamps on

lit

has a house on the banks of the river lights lanterns, as they do on

of the Bahat River appeared September

the Kashmiris

1]

ancient custom observed every year, everyone, rich

The Brahmins were asked

Shab-i-Barat.

n

An

River.

was

it

a beautiful illumination.

they got

I

to celebrate

means

truivah call

Veth

it

boat and

a

in

it.

Solar Weighing Ceremony

On

Thursday the nineteenth [September

and

as usual

I]

had myself weighed against gold and eleven other

I

proceeds to the deserving. [25 3a]

second year commenced.

It

The

hoped

is

fifty-first

my whole

that

my

year of life

items, assigning the

my

ended, and

life

held,

may be

spent

fifty-

deeds that

in

God.

please

The Thursday quarters,

On

party on the twenty-sixth [September 8] was held in Asaf Khan's

and he performed the the

first

ritual of offering gifts.

of Shahrivar [August

14]

ducks appeared on Lake Wular.

twenty-fourth [September 6] they appeared on Lake Dal.

Kashmir

The

On

the

birds that are found in

are as follows: saras crane, peacock, bustard, stork, lesser bustard, great bus-

karwanak crane, golden

tard,

ceremony was

the solar weighing

oriole,

white-legged courser, spotted-billed duck,

ibis,

pelican, magpie, wild goose, cuckoo, quail, starling, red-billed pochard, hariyal [green 28.

Word

missing from the

MSS.

pigeon], adjutant, parrot, mahokha, mahaiiat, bans, call

.

.

Persia 29.

The

iiuihokha

pheasant, the

may be

the crow-

is

(or

iHiibiirliit

the tree pie, the

or

kitrp

words

hog

very rare

(wolf)

Kashmir.

not found

the dictionaries, must be

in

some

this date

and herbivorous animals that do not

Kashmir

exist in

are

stisniar,^^

porcupine.

peaches arrived by post from Kabul. The largest weighed twenty-six

which would be

On that in

is

sixty-five mithcals.

As long

Friday the twenty-seventh [September 9]

the source of the Bahat River.

as

peaches were

season enough

in

1

rode out to see Vernag, the spring

We went five kos up

the river by boat and stopped

the village of Pampur.^^

On 31. A4ushcik-i-kiirhalai,

in

kept coming to be given to most of the amirs and special servants.

The two

wolves are

In

known

written in F3indi.

deer, nilgai, wild ass, hare, lynx, wild cat, miishak-i-karhalai

On

are written identically in

Persian. Apparently

of carnivorous

— they have been

hctns is

kalchiiir

^uri)

(rhinoceros).

Since the names of some of these are not

don't even exist in Persia

The names

the black robin.

The word may be

call "screecher").^^

sandpiper (which the Turks

the following: yellow lion, leopard, wolf,^° wild ox, black antelope, chikara antelope,

tolas, 30.

I

kalchiri,

iiicihiihit]

the bareheaded goose; the is

and

.

— they

'

this

day disturbing news arrived from Kishtwar, the

lows. After conquering

and

it,

Dilawar Khan

several officers to guard the region.

details of

which

set out for court, stationing

are as fol-

Nasrullah Arab

[253b] Nasrullah made two mistakes

in

judg-

kind of rodent, possibly the

muskrat or mole.

ment.

First,

he

really put the

squeeze on the zamindars and the people and adopted

a

severe stance,- secondly, the troop that had been assigned to him as reinforcement, 32. In Persian siismnr

which

m

is

out of place

India susnuir

is

is

a lizard,

in this list;

also used for por-

hoping their

small

for

own

promotions, asked for permission to leave and

careers. F3e

gave them permission and

let

number remained with him, the zamindars

come

to court to

most of them

there,

all

of

advance

leave. Since

whom

only

a

held grudges

poise, equally out of place here.

against him, were just waiting for a chance to 33.

Emending

text's

"Manpur" with

the identifiable "Pampur."

they attacked from diers

all

directions,

stir

up trouble. Finding the opportunity,

burned the bridge that was the only access

and reinforcements had, and created

a ruckus.

Nasrullah holed up

in

his sol-

the fortress

and managed to del'end himself for supplies ran out,

who were

bravely with the few

When

few days with the greatest of

with him

my

news reached

this

a

and access to water was blocked, he gave

ears,

most of them had been

until

shown by the

maturity and bravery had been

Mar.

1620-Mar

162

345

1

whose

jalal,

he performed during the conquest

feats

To help him

of Kishtwar, to the rank of 1000/600.

his

and fought

killed.

promoted Dilawar Khan's son

I

Once

difficulty.

in to his fate

assigned to him his father's liege

I

men who were enrolled as court servants along with a troop from the Kashmir army assigned him the task of reducing the and many zamindars and musketeers, and I

blackguards to naught.

come

should will

via the

was

It

also ordered that Raja

mountains of Jammu with

Sangram, the zamindar of Jammu,

men.

pay

for their actions.

On

Saturday the twenty-eighth [September 10]

went one kos past the

bhang of Kakapur growing

On

On

It is

hoped

that

soon the rebels

traveled four and a half kos,

I

and stopped on the edge of the

village of Kakapur,

famous.

is

the banks of the river were Helds

river.

upon Helds

The of

it

wild.

Sunday the twenty-ninth [September

made

garden overlooking the

a little

very delightful and pleasant glen

in

camp was made

II]

This village has been bestowed upon

Bljhihara.^"^

agents have

in

his

my

in

the village of

fortunate son Paiwez. [254a] His

and

river

a small pavilion.

There

is

a

the vicinity of Biibihara with seven Hne plane trees

map)

on the modern

lor the text's PN.I

which makes no sense

The Kashmiris

the middle of the glen with a brook running around them.

BHARH

Reading BY!

(Bljbihara, Bljbiara

call

HZARH, in this

it

context

Satha Phuli.

It is

one of the Hnest scenic places

®

The Death of Khan Daioran

On

this date

news arrived

of the death of

in

Kashmir.

Khan Dawran

of natural causes in Lahore.

He

was around ninety years old and was one of the major champions of the day and heroes of the battleHeld.

He combined

much

It is

of

in his debt.

them

hoped

worthy of being

is

and goods, and

it

On Monday

was

all

bravery with leadership

awarded

spring

is.

The water is blind man in

Since

I

spring

is

the

I

my

had

Hrst

I

it

Hsh

in

the Achhival spring.

my

it

a

is

perfectly

bottom can be counted by

a

make him

spring, over

which

feel

Rai

good. Half

Bihari

here,

I

large,

aged trees

—

camped on Tuesday

a

it

are

a

Chand, one of Arsh-

more water than can be

plane, poplar, and black wil-

the thirty-Hrst [September it

1

3]

has a

Hne plane trees and elegant poplars whose top

splendid garden with

patch of paradise.

a party

kos before this

This spring has even more water than the others, and

Around

eye could see was

was

The water

son Shahjahan, he undertook to host

branches have grown together. Delightful places to

say

at

it.

a little bit to

have grown

Having spent the night

as the

cash

Ram Das Kachhwaha, and he had

an extremely lovely spot.

is

this village to

accepted

Machhi Bhawan

beautiful waterfall.

none

the mountain and the slope where the

skirt of

so pure that the Hne sand at the

described, and around

at

four sons, but

lacs of rupees in

chance to see the spring

Ashyani's servants, built an idol temple. This spring puts out

low.

dynasty was

the heart of the night.

had awarded

and make offerings.

it

many

2]

I

this place to

on the

Without exaggeration,

pure and sweet, and there are

this

to the sons.

the thirtieth [September

pavilions and pools constructed

left

His legacy amounted to four

His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani gave

Inch.

He

that his sins will be forgiven.

his son.

and

ability,

sit

ja'fari

have also been provided. As

far

flowers in bloom. [254b] You'd

35.

The

place

Is

given as Achhibal

on modern maps. as

Achabal

It

is

also

known

346

On Wednesday

The Jalmngirnama

the

Mihr [September

of

first

we decamped from Achhival and

14]

stopped near the Vernag spring.

On

Thursday the second [September

ordered particular servants to

peaches for them to

15] a drinking party

was held

cups were measured out brimful, and

sit,

at

the spring.

1

gave out Kabul

1

At dinner time everybody went home drunk.

eat.

The Vernag Spring This spring

the source of the Bahat River.

is

but there are so

many

cannot be seen.

When

structed at this spring. 36.

Emending

the text's chiihardab

(fourteen) with

The depth

chakn

(four).

of four ells

is

dii

(two) for the

was

situated at the foot of a mountain,

is

a prince

ordered

1

deep.^^

ells

many

a

The water

From the edge

ells

and

long,

The water

2 ells deep.^^

the bottom

What

it

looks dark green because of the

is

On

fully,

grow

all

all

One

like

Kashmir there

of

Bitter herbs,

together.

is

1

were repaired

it

is

deep,

if

1

a

chickpea

fell

to

is

fish

were caught

my

on both

Apparently the water of

is

It

below

reins

it

had begun

to

back toward the

snow

city.

It

in

the passes

was ordered

sides of the canal.

even

camp was made if

at 1

present

ordered

it is

a

at

the Lukabawan spring.

not equal to the others.

building worthy of the

If

site

of the spring repaired. a

spring called Anantnag.

stopped a

the net. Three of

in

as this one.

area for a few days and enjoyed myself

a beautiful place.

I

blooming here and

charming

beyond any comparison with what

in this

turned

in front

of this spring are blind.

multicolored as a pea-

beautiful or

Along the way we passed by fish

as

isolated flowers

also a nice place

would be

constructed and the pool

this spring

moment

It

is

well

known

at the spring and cast a net

them were

blind,

has the effect of

that the

in.

Twelve

and the other nine had eyes.

making the

fish blind. In

any

case,

strange.

little

On

Sunday the

headed

for the city.

fifth

On Wednesday Khan's son F"lashim

On

ells

wavy water with

Saturday the fourth [September 17]

not a

of

80

aromatic herbs, various dark green and pale

but since the hour for marching was near and

[255a] This spring

it is

four

no scenic spot so

that plane trees should be planted

it

is

it

bush that was seen was

should really have stayed

and there was no time to stop,

On

1

could be seen.

and shimmering

tail

river.

in front

in

both sides of the canal are avenues paved with stone.

obvious that Kashmir above the river

the

fish

of the pool to the garden gate runs a canal 4 ells wide,

below the spring?

green herbs

there. In

garden

a

is

many

are

can be written of the purity of the canal or of the greenery and the plants

that sprout

cock's

con-

site

has an octagonal pool forty-

It

grows on the mountain, and there

so pure and clear that, although

is

plants that the earth

building worthy of the

the pool. All around the pool are arched walkways, and there

text's

diih (ten).

It

greenery, and so

has recently been completed.

two cubits across and four

the building. Reading

1

It

reflection of the greenery that

repeated below.

37.

much

trees, so

[September

1

8]

1

passed by the Machhi Bhawan spring again,

came the news

the eighth [September 21]

of the death of

Qasim

Khan

Thursday the ninth [September 22]

Kashmir. With his transfer, Mir jumla was

I

appointed Iradat Khan governor of

made head

steward.

Mu'tamad Khan was

appointed to the post of reviser of petitions, and Mir Jumla's rank was increased to 2000/500.

On

the eve of Saturday the eleventh [September 24]

1

in

to service in Gujarat. Sangram, the Raja of Jammu,

Khan was appointed to the rank of

we stopped

500/ 000. 1

the

city. Safi

was promoted

tAiv.

®

A

On

this

Remarkable Method of Fishing day

I

way

witnessed an unprecedented

fishermen. In a place

where the water was up

next to each other

such

in

ends were fourteen to

a

way

that

of catching fish on the part of Kashmiri

two boats were taken out

to a man's chest

one end of the boats were together and the other

Two boatmen

fifteen cubits apart.

stand on the outer edges of

the boats with long poles in their hands so as not to allow the boats to get too close

together or too

far apart

and to keep them going

tandem. Ten or twelve boatmen

in

got into the water. Taking hold of the ends of the boats that were together, they pro-

ceeded, walking on the bottom.

Any

escape would brush against the boatmen's

both hands so that he wouldn't up.

A boatman would

legs.

bottom with another boatman pressing on

to the

it

got between the boats and wanted to

fish that

who

[255b] Some

He would

float up.

catch the

This type of fishing

dive.

River.

It is

water

is

not done

in

done

is

who

at Bijbihara

the lakes or other rivers.

two

one

fish,

in

each

caught more than two

and

is

fish

peculiar to the Bahat

also limited to the spring

It is

in

hands and bring

fish in his

are experts in this technique can catch

hand, and bring them up. There was one old boatman

on every

immediately dive

back and pushing him down with

his

when

the

not bitterly cold.

On Monday done every

the thirteenth [September 26] the festival of Dasehra was held. As

year, horses

paraded before

my

view.

It

pass without complication,

On Wednesday Safapur

river in

was

at this

God

time that

I

felt

and the bar nice,

it is

shortness of breath.

I

hope

it

will

in

the

Above

the

willing.

the fifteenth [September 28]

direction of Safapur

is

from the royal stable and the amirs' establishments were

Valley,

which

and to the north

was only the beginning of autumn,

it

was

a

is

is

went out

I

mountain

a

for an

autumn hunt

the lower part of Kashmir. filled

with

remarkable spectacle.

trees.

The

Although

it

reflection of the

variously colored trees like plane, apricot, et cetera in the lake looked beautiful.

Without exaggeration, the beauties of autumn

Did ful

it

to

are

no

less

than those of spring.

not bode annihilation, the splendor of autumn would be more beauti-

behold than spring.

Since time was getting short and the hour for marching was approaching, an abbreviated tour was made, and

water fowl.

brought night.

it

One day to me.

It

we

returned. During these few days

during the hunt

a

boatman caught

was extremely thin and miserable.

Demoiselle cranes are not usually found

during the migration to Hindustan because

® At

it

in

I

enjoyed hunting

baby demoiselle crane and

a It

didn't live

more than one

Kashmir. Apparently

was so thin and

it

had

fallen

sick.

The Death of Rahmandad time news arrived that the Khankhanan's son

this

causes

in Bala[pur].

Apparently he had

he was recuperating, some Deccanis appeared

Darab Khan mounted, intent upon too mounted

in

battle,

in a

troop.

died of natural

and then one day while

Rahmandad's elder brother

and when the news reached Rahmandad, he

bravery and valor despite his weakness and illness and joined his

brother. After crushing the foe, he returned to

caution

Rahmandad had

a fever for several days,

when he was

camp but

failed to take sufficient pre-

divesting himself of his armor padding.

he went into convulsions and couldn't speak. [256a]

He

Once

the air got to him,

passed two or three days

in

1620-Mar. 1621

347

The Jahang imam a

348

and then died.

this state

No

fight battles.

Although, take.

On

was

it

loved to wield the sword and

burn wet and dry

fire

alike,"

broken-hearted

like for his poor,

father.

by

was hard

it

He

me

for

to

hadn't recovered

new wound.

It is

hoped

Thursday the sixteenth [September 29] Khanjar Khan was promoted

to the

afflicted

this

the Almighty will grant him sufficient patience and forbearance.

Qasim Khan was promoted

rank of 3000/3000.

Khwaja

"death and

Shahnawaz Khan when he was

loss of

God

that

say,

Imagine what

from the

He

a really fine warrior.

matter where he was he wanted to show his prowess with the sword.

they

as

He was

brother

jahan's

Muhammad-Husayn

to the rank of 2000/1000.

awarded

1

He had been

the rank of 800/800.

assigned to the post of bakhshi on the Kangra campaign.

®

Retiini to Himinstaii

On

the eve of

Monday

watch and seven

from Kashmir

Mihr [October

the twenty-seventh of

under good auspices

gharis, the imperial banners set out

Since the saffron had blossomed,

march was ordered from the

a

Pampur.

In all of the

thirtieth

[October

city to the village of

the elapse of one

0], after

1

for Hindustan.

outskirts of the

land of Kashmir, saffron occurs nowhere

other than here.

On

Thursday the

3] the

I

wine party was held

Field after field, as far as the eye could see there

breeze perfumed the

nostrils.

The

plant

lies

close to the ground, and the flower

has four violet-colored petals, about as large as a three saffron stalks.

maunds

It

is

planted

in

demesne and

half to the ryots.

occasionally. specialists

It is

who

A

and

bulbs,

flower. In the

take

distribution

them home and pick out the

(or 3,200

half to the royal

fluctuates

weighed and given

to

By ancient custom they

saffron.

no

is

though the price

seer sells for ten rupees,

is

middle grow

good years 400 maunds

in

established custom for the saffron flowers to be

take half the weight in salt as a wage, for there

brought

champa

The normal

of Khurasan) are gathered.

in a saffron field.

was nothing but blossoms, and the

Kashmir and

salt in

has to be

it

from Hindustan.

in

Another

of the rarities of

Kashmir

the turban plume, which

is

Yearly up to 10,700 of them are obtained. [256b]

Up

cons are also caught. There are also sparrow-hawk

nests,

to

is

a bird's feather.

two hundred hawks and

fal-

and sparrow-hawks from the

wild are not bad.

On

Friday the

first

of

Aban [October

the station of Khanapur. Since

my

honor and

obscure

in

is

the text.

liberally translated

what

it

extremely

It

seems

to

in

1

that Zaynal Beg, an emissary from

the vicinity of Lahore,

son Mir Husamuddin.

Injti's

five

had ordered that

Kashmir

mean.

so

we

to the

thousand rupees

a

On maps, Huraptir.

awarded him

a

robe of

for

whatever he might spend out of

his

own

building should be constructed at every stopping place from

end of the mountains

for the

wouldn't have to spend our time

lime plaster,

On modern

1

Mir Husamuddin should

also ordered that

I

in

emperor and the

ladies of the

snow

the cold and

buildings at this station had been completed, since they were

39.

at

pocket on entertaining the emissary.^^

has been

according to

we marched from Pampur and stopped

thousand rupees to cover expenses, to be taken to him by

thirty

be reimbursed up to This sentence

4]

had been reported

brother Shah Abbas, had arrived

Azududdawla

38.

it

1

we

been told that there was an extremely

see

it.

it

How

was three or four kos can

to

sit

Although the

damp and reeked

of

rested in tents.

Saturday the second [October 15]

Although

in tents.

still

harem

I

describe

it?

camp was made

fine waterfall

off the

road to the

in left,

The water tumbles down

never before seen such a waterfall so beautiful or

fine.

in

in

Kalampur.

1

had often

the vicinity of Hirapur.^^ I

went unencumbered

three or four

tiers.

Without exaggeration,

it

I

to

had is

an

extremely marvelous scenic sight. fourth watch of the day, filling

stormy or rainy

at

On Monday camped

top of the Pir Panjal Pass.

at the

there until the third or

It

remounted

I

dinner time, and spent the night

the fourth [October 17]

and the roughness of the road?

myseh

eyes and heart with the beauty. However,

not without a certain wildness.

it is

reached Hirapur

my

stayed enjoying

I

What

can

Bari

on the roads. The horses couldn't get

ice

on horseback.

God was

merciful, and today

had gone ahead and those

On

this side

On Wednesday is

sitting

downhill,

it is all

and

men went on

foot.

Bahramgala. [257a]

at

an extremely fine waterfall near this place. As had been ordered, a platform for

had been

built.

It

is

really a beautiful sight.

ordered the date of

1

several lines of poetiy that will record our prosperity for

Two zamindars

along

live

they are the keys to Kashmir.

Husayn Nayak. They

Mahdi Nayak's Kashmiris.

is

passage

all

time.

all

coming and going.

named Mahdi Nayak, and

the other

In real-

called

is

between Hirapur and Bahramgala.

Bahrain Nayak, was of importance during the rule of the

the rule

governor, he had Bahrain

Husayn Nayak]

One

are in charge of the road

father,

When

and they control

this road,

my

Khan composed

inscribed on a stone tablet and installed over the platform. Bebadal

ity

who

both those

Pass and stopped at Poshiana.

Panjal

camp was made

the sixth [October 19]

places there

the snow.

in

so steep that most of the

it is

had

it

difficult to travel

didn't snow, although

it

Pir

some

In

was

it

following behind got caught

Tuesday we went through the

Although on

There

who were

a foothold,

few days

last

been snowing continuously, and the mountains had turned white.

was

Pass and

Brari

write of the difficulty of this pass

I

beyond imagining. For the

is

it is

watch,

at that station.

went through the

I

when

after the third

came

and Mirza Yusuf Khan was

to the seiwants of this court

Nayak

killed.

are equal in terms of

At present these two

Mahdi Nayak and

[i.e.

what they control and income. Although they

are

ostensibly at peace with each other, they are actually implacable enemies.

On person

He was He was in

day Shaykh Ibn-i-Yamin, an old and trusted servant, died.

this

who

did no

ill

to anyone,

and he was extremely trustworthy.

opium and wine. The night we were

of the royal

a

good

charge

the top of the Pir Panjal Pass, and

at

the tents and paraphernalia hadn't arrived, since he was already fairly weak, he caught cold,

went

state

and then passed away.

into convulsions,

and couldn't speak.

He remained

entrusted the royal

I

opium

alive for

two days

in this

Khawass Khan and turned

to

Musa Khan. seventh [October 20] camp was made

the stewardship of libations over to

On the

Thursday the

many monkeys had been

gala

air,

mate

seen,

and from

language, clothing, flora and fauna

— was

seen.

native language

is

The people

[257b]

or

less,

from here on, one

made them Muslim, but they

customs of pre-Islamic times

girl

is

in India.

It

was heard

was buried

out means

warm

kill

in

cli-

Apparently their

noses

like

site for

The women do

women

not wear

in India.

camp was

the imperial

still

continue

still

call

themselves

among them,

alive

that within

the

with her husband,

daughters by strangulation

Hindus by both giving their daughters

last

few days

who was

in Rajaor.

a

in

The

rajas.

heretical

some Hindu women the grave with their

ten-

or twelve-year-old

the same age as she. People with-

when they

in

rajas.

just as

burned along with their husbands, here they put them

husbands.

Bahram-

olden times the people here were Hindus and called the zamindars

Sultan Firoz

are

in their

Friday the eighth [October 21] the In

[?]. In

that pertains to a

here speak both Persian and Hindi

woolen garments, and they have rings

On

— everything

Thana

an enormous change

Hindi, and they have also learned the Kashmiri language because ol

More

the proximity.

at

this station on,

are born.

They

intermarry with

marriage and taking them from Hindus.

tAar.

i620-Mar. 1621

349

— 350

The Jahangirnama

Taking them

God

forbid!

well and good, but giving

all

is

them

Hindus

to

was commanded that henceforth such customs would

It

who committed

not be allowed, and anyone

such practices would

be executed.

There

a river in

is

Rajaor the water of which becomes extremely

poisonous during the monsoon season. Most of the people get

The

swelling on their necks and turn yellow and weak. is

much

lets

There

better than the rice in Kashmir.

on the mountain

On

Sunday

Naushahra. At

a

rice of Rajaor

are fragrant wild vio-

slopes.

the

[October

tenth

23]

was

this station a fortress

camp was made

in

by order of

built of stone

His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani, and the governor of Kashmir always keeps

a

troop

at this outpost.

On Monday Chauki Hatti

[?].

A

the middle of the palace.

form

in

and

increased his rank.

On left

The

named Murad had planned

slave

and he had done them

this station,

I

Tuesday we stopped

It is

much

the buildings at

There

beautifully.

is

a nice plat-

better than other stations,

the station of Bhimbar. This day

at

at

we

the passes and mountains and entered the plains of Hindustan. scouts had previously been ordered to arrange

and to make

circles

in

Wednesday and Thursday !

[October 24] camp was made

the eleventh

enjoyed hunting.

On

were caught.

Bhimbar,

the prey was rounded up

Fifty-six

qamargha hunts

and Makhiyala.

Girjhak,

On

alive.

On

Friday

head of mountain rams and other things

this date Raja

Sarang Deo, an intimate old servant,

[258a] was promoted to the rank of 800/400.

On

Saturday the sixteenth [October 29]

and camp was made

On

after five

Thursday the

as

much

On Monday hunting

as

1

[November

Kevorkian Foundation

Gift,

my

the twenty-fifth

my

and gave

[November

to Iradat

55.121.10.29r

a

I

7]

I

had

a

the 1

cir-

didn't

good time

When

him

to

and

as a jagir.

a tank. After

1

in ten

it

was

1

I

my

gave

it

accession

stops to

a prince this

my own

built a village called after

building constructed.

intimate scouts, and after it

royal place

1955.

in

was hunted, and

From here we made

things.

hunting preserve, and

name and had one of

hunted

I

had hoped.

the hunting ground of Jahangirabad.***^

was

3]

the circle at Makhiyala. Taken were seventy-six head of

in

markhor goats and other

Portrait of Raja Sarang Deo, by Balchand. India, Mughal period, 1615. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 28.7 X 26.3 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Rogers Fund and the

set out for Girjhak,

marches on the banks of the Bahat.

twenty-first

cle at Girjhak. Relative to other times, less

enjoy myself

1

to Sikandar Mu'in, I

made

ordered him to build

a

it

a

pargana

building as a

he died the pargana was given

as a jagir

Khan, and supervision of the buildings also went to him.

Recently construction has been completed, and without exaggeration it

40.

Now known

as

Sheikhupura.

in

the middle.

has turned out to be a really fine reservoir with splendid buildings

One hundred

fifty

thousand rupees have been spent on construction.

Now is really an imperial hunting ground. On Thursday and Friday halts were observed, it

animals.

Qasim Khan, who had been

paying homage and presenting

fifty

and

1

enjoyed hunting

all

sorts of

stationed to guard Lahore, attained the felicity of

mohurs. After

this place there

was one more stop

before camp was made in the garden of Mu'min Ishqbaz next to the river at Lahore. The garden has fine plane trees and beautiful tall cypresses. Without exaggeration, it is a rather pretty

garden.

On Monday Muharram

the ninth of Azar

1031,

day

I

city.

in

Mu'min's garden and pro-

After the elapse of two watches and three gharis

entered the royal precincts

building that had been renovated by ful

corresponding to the Hfth of

21],

mounted an elephant named Tund

I

ceeded, scattering coins, into the of the

[November

at

an auspicious hour and descended

Ma'mur Khan. [258b] They were

quarters and gorgeous sitting places

done with the utmost subtlety and

all

sorts of

All over,

In toto,

is

fresh

all

and

charming flowers and herbs.

everywhere

saying, "This

the

and

taste,

had been painted and decorated by the masters of the age. The gardens were green with

in

really delight-

I

look, a blandishment catches

my

heart by the

skirt,

the place!"

seven lacs of rupees, which

is

twenty-three thousand tumans of Iranian

currency, have been spent on this building.

©

The Conejuest of Kan^ra Fortress

On

this

happy day the news of victory over the Kangra

rejoicing. In thanks

for this great gift of

of the court of the Almighty,

Kangra

renowned

is

for

God knows

triumph

strength and impregnability.

the truth

—

it is

gave everyone cause for

fortress

heads were bowed to the threshold

and drums of rejoicing and gladness were beaten.

an ancient fortress situated in the its

all

mountains to the north of Lahore.

From the time

was

it

rate,

from the time that Islam and the

Muhammadan

not one of the exalted rulers has been able to conquer Sultan Firozshah, with

long time.

When

raja's

all

his might,

it

to

it.

off to take

it,

and he besieged

and

pay homage, and he withdrew. They say the

raja,

"To take

a

monarch

an injudicious and incautious thing to do. [259a]

raja

If

like

riors

in

it

was

arranged an

those

me

exam-

inside the

my

in

attacked you and gained control of the fortress, what could you do about

simply motioned

for a

it

invited the sultan inside the fortress for a banquet. After

ining the fortress, the sultan said to the is

only knows. At

so long as the defenders had supplies, he had to satisfy himself

coming

offering of tribute

fortress

went

God

religion reached FHindustan,

he realized that the strength of the fortress was such that

impossible to take

with the

— and only

the belief of the landholders of the Punjab that the fortress

has not changed hands and has never been taken by a foreigner.

any

built

It is

it?"

retinue

The

raja

the direction of his men, and instantly a troop of fully armed war-

appeared from nowhere and made obeisance to the sultan. Seeing the onslaught

of these

men, the sultan grew

fearful

forward, kissed the ground, and said,

and servitude

in

and worried about treachery, but the

"We have no thought

our head. F3owever, as has been well

of anything but

said,

raja

came

obedience

precaution and foresight

must be maintained." The sultan applauded him. After accompanying him for several

home.

stages, the raja received permission to return

After that, everyone

who

sat

on the throne of Delhi sent an army

Kangra, but nothing was ever accomplished.

My

of

Khan Jahan

for

rebellion took place,

subdue

exalted father also once sent a huge

expeditionary force under the leadership of F3usayn-Quli Khan, title

to

who was awarded

the

outstanding service. During the siege Mirza lbrahim-F3usayn's

and that ingrate

fled

from Gujarat, spreading trouble into the

Mar. i620-Mar. 1621

351

352

The Jalmnginuvna

Khan Jahan had

Punjab.

quench the

fires

withdraw from the siege of the

to

fortress

and thus the conquest of the

of rebellion,

abeyance. His Ndajesty was constantly thinking about

and go

fortress

remained

in

came

to

but his desire never

it,

off to

fruition.

When, by God's weighed on

my

grace, the throne

conscience.

First

came

it

41

Page 343

been reported previously

prey to his

the proper

in

own

left in

Many

and on the sixteenth of Shawwal

1

1

made him

Of

abeyance.

actions and

went

course,

to hell, as has

place."*'

perform the service and dispatched

to

preparedness.

full

fell

and

it,

[259b] and the army

rebelled,

the conquest of the fortress was

Then Khurram promised [Das] with

Murtaza Khan died before success

it.

That ungrateful bastard

wasn't long before that ingrate

was one of the ghazas that

jawhar Mai contracted to do

Baso's son off.

this

sent Murtaza Khan, the governor of the Punjab,

1

with a troop of battle-ready warriors to conquer

was achieved. Then Raja commander and sent him fell to pieces. Once again

me,

to

Sundar

his servant

imperial amirs were assigned as reinforcements,

029 [September

1

4,

620] they joined forces around

1

the fortress, stations were divided, the entrances and exits to the stronghold were inspected, and supply routes were blocked. Little by

things got tough for the

little

defenders, and after grain and everything else that could be eaten was used up inside,

they boiled straw with

salt

and there was no hope of dered the

On

and ate

relief

for four

Thursday the

first

me

When

starvation

was imminent

from any direction, they sued for amnesty and surren-

of

no mighty

ruler

16,

1621]

in this

God

in his gra-

had been able to achieve, and

the narrow view of the short-sighted.

in

had performed outstandingly to their talents

Muharram 1031 [November

a victory that

which appeared unfeasible

Our

servants

who

endeavor were promoted and rewarded according

and worthiness.

Thursday the twelfth [November

Khurram had newly

built,

commander

rank of 2000/1500.

and

On

sent to the royal stable. garrison

months.

fortress.

ciousness granted

On

it

I

took of

Qiyamkhani was sent

his offering

the same day

for the area

A

24], at his request

1

what

around the Kangra

royal elephant

to guard the

was given

Kangra

I

liked.

assigned Abdul -Aziz fortress

to I'tiqad

fortress itself,

and

I

went

to the

house

Three elephants were

Khan Naqshbandi

and promoted him Khan. [260a] his rank

Alif

as

to the

Khan

was increased

to

1500/1000. Murtaza Khan's son-in-law Shaykh Fayzullah was also assigned to accom-

pany him

On

to the top of the fortress.

Petitions

25] there was a lunar eclipse.

was made to the divine court, and alms appropriate to the time

goods were given At

[November

the eve of Saturday the thirteenth

this

to the

Iran, attained

paying homage. After performing koruniish he presented

42

I

e.

coins, or

more probably,

medallions of Shah Abbas

cash and

poor and unfortunate.

time Zaynal Beg, the emissary of the ruler of

brother that contained

in

many

a letter

the felicity of

from

expressions of cooperativeness and affection.

ing he presented twelve Abbasi coins'*^ as a

vow and

my

exalted

As an

offer-

fourteen horses with trappings,

three white falcons, five beasts of burden, five camels, nine bows, and nine swords.

He had been

given leave to accompany

Khan Alam, but on account

avoidable business he wasn't able to go with him.

and was given a

a

sumptuous robe of honor,

a

of

reached the court on

some unthis date

turban ornament, a jeweled aigrette, and

jeweled dagger. Wisal Beg and Hajji Ni'mat,

paid

He

who had accompanied

him, also

homage and were honored. Mahabat Khan's son Amanullah was promoted to Mahabat Khan's request 300 suwar were added to Mubariz

the rank of 2000/700. At

Khan Afghan's

rank,

making

it

2000/ 700 1

in all.

A

hundred suwar were added

to Kang's

Winter robes of honor were awarded

[?] rank.

to

Abdullah Khan and Lashkar Khan

and sent to them. At Qasim Khan's request riding out

went

I

to his garden

scattered ten thousand charans.

I

on the outskirts of the

accepted

I

a

city.

diamond and the

While

textiles

I

liked of his offering.

©

Departure from Lahore for A^ra

On

the eve of [Satur]day the twenty-first

under good auspices

[December

the direction of Agra. Barqandaz

in

3] the forward camp set out Khan was assigned the post of

Deccan army. [260b] Shaykh Ishaq was assigned

supervisor of the arsenal of the

to

Kangra. Allahdad Khan Afghan's brothers were released from prison and given an

award of

On

thousand rupees.

a

two white falcons

sent

I

Thursday the twenty-sixth [December

as a gift to

Khurram.

wine party was held

8] a

and

as usual,

my Muhammad

the gifts from the ruler of Iran that he had sent with Zaynal Beg were presented for inspection.

Kashmiri

a

I

gave Sultan-Husayn of Pakhli an elephant.

Rup Chand

On

territory as a reward

the thirtieth

daughter

was sent

in

[December

my

marriage to

as a sachiq.

and make the other

Most

12]

I

rateness

was held.

It

is

built fine buildings

to be his guest.

ser-

him

half

I

took what

liked.

I

where

hoped the marriage

and very elaborate

went with the

I

to give

half his jagir.

a lac of

rupees

cash and goods

in

of the great amirs and important courtiers

my

bration and paraded before

him

had performed valiant

asked for the hand of I'timaduddawla's grand-

son Shahryar, and

the sachVq to I'timaduddawla's quarters,

had

of Gwalior

on the Kangra campaign, an order was given to the administrators

home

his

awarded Mulla

thousand rupees. At Mahabat Khan's request Pirdad Afghan's rank was

increased to 1000/400. Since Raja vice

I

On

a large celebration of the

will

be blessed. Since I'timaduddawla

sitting places in his quarters,

ladies of the

accompanied utmost elabo-

harem.

He had

arranged

a

he invited

me

splendid cele-

view worthy offerings of every description. To please

this

day

thousand rupees were given to the emissary

fifty

Zaynal Beg. Zibardast Khan's rank was increased to 1000/500.

Qasim Khan's brother Maqsud

was promoted to the rank of 500/300, Mirza Rustam's son Mirza Dakkani was pro-

moted

®

to 500/200.

Developments

in the

Deccan

During the happy days when the imperial banners were

in

the perennial spring of

Kashmir [261a] and we were enjoying touring and hunting, dispatches from in

the center of the empire, the rulers of the nity to break their pledges

taking over

and

many dependencies

stir

of

Deccan had taken advantage

fields

and pasture

lands.

It

Ahmadnagar and

Berar.

had therefore been decided

ners of the world-conquering

empire would

to reduce the miscreants to naught,

According

set out to

as a first

to

fires,

many

reports,

and destroying

response that the ban-

conquer the southern realms and

and Khurram had gone

army and reached Burhanpur. With the

villains' natures,

of the opportu-

up trouble by overstepping their boundaries and

the malefactors' actions consisted of raiding, plundering, setting

ial

officials

the south continually arrived reporting that since the imperial retinue was far from

as

vanguard to the imper-

trickery and deceit that

is

inherent to these

they had persuaded him to act as an intercessor, and they had ceded

imperial lands, sending large

amounts

in

cash and goods to court as tribute and promis-

ing henceforth to be subservient and not has been described in past pages, at his

make any

own

request

further breaches of propriety.

Khurram remained

in

As

the fortress

Mar. i620-Mar. 1621

353

354

The Jalmnginiama

at

Shadiabad

through

few days, and their offenses were pardoned

for a

and their humble entreaty.

his intercession

Now

they have broken their pledge and devi-

in their villainy

ated from the path of obedience and subservience. imperial

army would have

them pay

Once

again the

to be assigned to his leadership to

for their ingratitude

make

and bad conduct and make them

serve as an example to other villains and blackguards. However, since the Kangra affair was in his hands and he

battle-worthy

men

into service there,

to achieve that goal.

Then

all

had sent most of

efforts

his

were being exerted

reports began pouring

saying that the

in

foe had gained strength, assembled a force of sixty thousand rabble

horsemen, taken over large portions of imperial all

outposts everywhere, and assembled

had battled with

their

opponents

During that time three major self-sacrificing servants

in

months

for three

battles

attacked

territory,

Mehkar. The imperials there.

[26 1 b]

were fought, and each time our

gained the upper hand over the

ill-starred

miscreants. But because grain and supplies could not reach the

camp from any harassment on grain,

and the enemy was busy engaging

direction,

sides of the

all

and the animals were

camp, there was

in a

bad

state.

but descend through Balaghat and

enemy grew

bold,

came

a critical shortage of

There was nothing

camp

in

in

Balapur.

into the Balapur vicinity,

to

do

The damn

and started mak-

The servants of the court selected six or seven men who were well horsed and made a strike on the enemy's base camp. The enemy numbered around sixty thousand. In short, a huge battle took place, the base camp was plundered, many of the foe were killed, and our men returned safe ing raids and strikes.

thousand

cavaliy

elite

and sound. While they were returning, the wretched foe attacked from sand

Calligraphic specimen, copied by Nurjahan. India, Mughal period, dated A.H. 1029 (1619-20). Gold on tinted paper.

sides

and fought killed

the

all

on both

Four months were spent age reached the

way

in Balapur,

many

stage,

critical

to the

camp. Nearly

and when the grain shorthired servants joined the foe.

Again the wretched miscreants followed them and Burhanpur

It

for six

in

was then

laid siege to

months, taking over the parganas of Berar and

Khandesh and aggressively extracting imposts from the underlings. Because the

such

ment on the

thou-

considered best not to remain there, so they went to Burhanpur.

1

mals were

a

sides.

enemy. Groups continually deserted and joined the

and History Trust, courtesy of the Arthur M. Sadder Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. LTS 995.2. 47 6 X 2.2 cm. Art

I

all

men were

foe.

a

army had

ryots and

suffered such exhaustion and travails, and the ani-

miserable state, they couldn't get out of the city to

This caused the

foe's

inflict chastise-

confidence to increase and spurred their

short-sighted audacity.

At

this point the imperial

banners arrived

in

the capital, [262a] and through divine

favor Kangra was conquered.

®

Shcihjahan

is

Sent Back

to the

Deccan

Accordingly, on Friday the fourth of direction and

awarded him

a

Day [December

robe of honor,

Nurjahan Begam also gave him an elephant.

Deccan he might take

ten crores of

dams

I

as a

a

16]

I

dispatched Khurram

in

that

jeweled sword, and an elephant.

ordered that after the subjugation of the

reward from the conquered

territory. Six

hundred

fifty

mounted and

who were

— —were

infantry artillerymen

already

huge arsenal

thousand ahadis,

a

officers,

the souba

in

and many

elephants.

thousand

fifty

Mar 620-Mar i

i621

355

addition to the thirty-one thousand cavalry

in

accompany him along with

assigned to

gave him

1

who had

army, and our seiwants

thousand musketeers,

a

a crore of

a

rupees for expenditure on the

already been assigned to this service were each

horses, elephants, and robes according to their ranks and stations. At that

awarded

auspicious hour the imperial banners set forth for the capital Agra,

camping

the

in

outskirts of the city.

Muhammad-Riza Jabiri was

assigned the post of divan to the souba of Bengal, and

They were both

Khwaja Maliki was assigned as bakhshi to the same souba.

given pro-

came from home and paid homage. camp was made beside Raja Toda Mai's

motions. Rana Karan's son jagat Singh

On

the sixth

[December

18]

We

tank.

who had been assigned to the Deccan camwho had been 1000/400, was made 1000/500. A

halted there for four days. Several officers

paign were promoted. Zahid Khan,

hundred suwar were added to Khwaja Abdul-Latif Naqshbandi's rank, making suwar.

1

promoted Hardi Narayan Hada

promoted deserved.

to

800/400.

A

was awarded

a tugh.'*^

of hawks, falcons,

The

offering of

royal horse with a saddle.

the twelfth

as

horse

of servants

were

promoted

also

as

they

bakhshi and recorder for the campaign and

birds,

of

Kumaun, consisting

was viewed. Rana Karan's son jagat Singh

an auxiliary to the Deccan force, and he was awarded a

[262b]

[December 24]

jeweled dagger,

a

named Khadang, and two

1

honored

my

him leave

Khan jahan with

to depart.

the governor-

He was awarded

robe with

a

royal elephant with trappings, a female elephant, a

Sayyid Hizhabr Khan held the rank of

falcons.

1000/400, to which 500/200 was added,- and he was assigned to accompany

Bhawal, an old servant, was given the post of overseer of the arsenal and the

Khan

female elephant to

On

of

rai.

1

Mahabat Khan and

Robes of honor were sent with

©

title

[December 25] camp was made beside the river at Gobindwal, for four days. awarded a royal elephant named jai Singh with a

the thirteenth

and we stayed there

sent

them

Beg to the amirs

Isa

to in

him with

his liege

man

Safia.

Bangash.

Lunar Weighing Ceremony

[December 29] the lunar weighing ceremony was held. Since Mu'tamad Khan had been assigned as bakhshi to the Deccan campaign, gave the the seventeenth

1

office of reviser of petitions to

and

ahadis,

Fazil

Khwaja Qasim. Mir Sharaf became bakhshi

Beg was made bakhshi

to the

to the

souba of the Punjab.

Bahadur Khan the governor of Kandahar had repeatedly reported suffering from pain in his eyes and requested permission to

come

to court.

Now the

governorship and

guardianship of Kandahar was transferred to Abdul -Aziz Khan, and an order was issued to Bahadur

and to

Khan

On pleted, a

to turn over the fortress to

Abdul -Aziz Khan when he arrived

set out for court.

the twenty-first [January

Begam's agents had built the

begam

a fine

2,

1621]

camp was made

in

palace and regal garden. Since

requested

A

tugb

that

1

attend

an

Nur

entertainment.

splendid and very elaborate party at which she presented

and objects. To please her some things

1

liked

Saray.

were taken.

We

Here Nurjahan

had recently been com-

it

all

She

arranged

sorts of rare items

halted at this station for

is

a yak-tail

standard

attached beneath the chin of a officer's horse

command. "son"

jahan. Muhammad-Shafi' was assigned bakhshi and recorder for the souba of Multan.

On

43.

msignium

ship of the souba of Multan and gave a nadiri jacket, a

as

Lachhmi Chand, the Raja

and other hunting

was given leave to depart

On

number

large

Mu'tamad Khan was assigned

500

it

Khan Dawran's son Ya'qub was

to 900/600.

It

was an

of high military

356

The Jahanginmnui

two

The

days.

the Punjab were ordered to dispatch another two lacs of

officials of

and above the

rupees, [263a] over

sixty

thousand mpees already assigned, to pro-vision

Kandahar. Mir Qawamuddin, the divan of the Punjab, was given leave to go to Lahore

and awarded of

robe of honor.

a

Kangra and

gave Qasim Khan leave to chastise rebels

I

to consolidate the area.

and an elephant and increased

Sangram was given leave

Around

elephant.

On

go

to

of

first

his rank to

He was awarded

phant named Subhdam,

2000/1500. At Qasim Khan's request Raja

and he was given

[lanuary 12]

15]

a robe, a horse,

and an

pay homage.

to

we camped

outside the town of

Khwaja AbuTHasan was sent on

robe of honor with

a

a tugh,

the vicinity

enjoyed touring the garden.

I

Sunday the fourth [lanuary

Deccan.

in

a royal nadiri jacket, a dagger, a horse,

Khan came from Multan

Bahman

Sirhind. Halting here for a day,

On

gave him

to that area too,

time Baqir

this

Thursday the

I

A

and drums.

service to the

an ele-

a nadiri jacket, a royal shawl,

robe of honor and

a royal

horse

named

Subh-i-Sadiq were given to Mu'tamad Khan, and he was dismissed.

On

camp was made on the banks of the Saraswati in the vicinity of the town of Mustafaabad. The next day stopped in Akbarpur, and from there got into a boat on the Jumna and headed for my destination. On this day Arab Khan Khwafi, the commander of the garrison of this area, paid homage. the seventh [lanuary 18]

I

I

I

44. See

page 27.

gave Muhammad-Shafi' leave to depart for Multan and awarded him

and

of honor,

Khan

a nurshahi mohur.'*'^

By him

also sent a royal turban for

I

robe

a horse, a

my

"son"

Jahan.

After five marches

we reached

the vicinity of the pargana of Kairana, Muqarrab

Khan's home. His agents presented ninety-one carnelians and four diamonds as an offering and a thousand

ells

offered a hundred camels

here 45.

Reading

(see glossary) for the text's

meaningless

it

I

was

We

I

payandaz along with

ordered to return to halted two days

in

an intention to go hunting

my

me

son Paiwez with

He had

also

From

the poor.

my own

a royal faraji

garment'*' for

in

hands.

my

son.

2],

with

within a month. [26 3b]

Salimgadh, and on Thursday the 2[2]nd [February the pargana of Palam,

of Delhi and stopped beside the Shamsi pool.

charans with

his report.

among

ordered them distributed

marches to Delhi.

five

dispatched I'timad Rai to

He was

khiirii.

of velvet as a

in alms.

The

I

passed through the inhabited part

Along the way

I

scattered four thousand

offering of Iftikhar Khan's son Allahyar, consisting of

twenty-two male and female elephants, had arrived from Bengal, and they were viewed. Zulqarnayn was assigned as garrison

commander

Sambhar.

to

Iskandar the Armenian, and his father had the good fortune to be

Abdul-Hayy

Ashyani's service. His Majesty married him to

who was

served

in

intelligent

imperial

the royal harem, and by her he had two sons.

and

possessed valor,

demesnes entrusted the

and during

salt

works

Recently he was assigned as garrison music, and he has correct taste

me, and La'I

I

my

is

the son of

His Majesty Arsh-

the Armenian's daughter,

One was

Zulqarnayn,

who

reign the great administrators of the

to him.

commander

in that art.

in

He

He

discharged his duties very well.

of that area. His

hobby

is

Indian

His compositions have often been played for

liked them.

Beg was appointed supervisor of accounting following the transfer of

Nuruddin-Quii. I

enjoyed hunting

in

the Palam vicinity for fourteen days and then returned to

Salimgadh.

On

the twenty-ninth [February 9] Ibrahim

Khan

Fath-jang's offering of nineteen

elephants, two eunuchs, one slave boy, forty gamecocks, twelve oxen, and seven

was viewed.

cows

Mar. t620-Miv: i62

©

Lunar WeighiujJ Ceremony

On

Thursday the

thirtieth [Februaiy 10],

the lunar weighing

ceremony was

had sent Kawkab Khan

I

corresponding to the twenty-fifth of Rabi'

commander

made governor

Khankhanan

to the

the souba of Mewat,

in

my

from

[264a] The jewelers valued

its

way down

My

me

to

it

as a

Shah son

days

when

later,

homage and

A

thousand rupees.

it

Since

news

the

this date

Aqa Beg

delivered a friendly

ruby weighing twelve tanks,

shaped and

it

my

had

On

it

was inscribed

the

in

turban ornament and

fitted into this

ancestors'

names inscribed on

it,

took

I

Sa'ida, the supervisor of the goldsmithery, to

Akbar Shah" and the date inscribed

of

on

Mirza Shahrukh Bahadur son of Amir Temtir Kiiragan."

omen and ordered

very good

as a

"Jahangir

as garri-

Mirza Lllughbeg, the son of Mirza Shahrukh, had found

of

memento.

had sent

pay homage, and he was

this date to

the ages into the hands of the Safavid dynasty.

"Ulughbeg son

I

mottled turban ornament he had sent was viewed.

at fifty

it

brother Shah Abbas had had

sent

came on

ruler of Iran, paid

A

exalted brother.

originally from the treasury of

miskb script,

some messages. Recently

to deliver

The Mirmiran, whom

of Delhi after the transfer of Sayyid Bahwa. Also

and Muhibb-Ali, emissaries of the letter

I,

held.

he came back with the Khankhanan's report. son

357

1

Deccan

of victory in the

in

arrived,

another corner.

have

A

few

awarded the ruby

I

it

46,

The

dispatch ol this ruby

mentioned

m

ALummi-yt Abhasi 2.95

m

I

the collection of the

It is

Dar

On

it

to

performed the at

to him.

Saturday the

Salimgadh. Arriving

the tomb.

actually a spinel, not a ruby.

Isfandarmudh [February

of

first

rites of

Khan,

who had been a

we moved

supplication and gave two thousand charans to those

Then we camped

honor,

II]

out from

Majesty Jannat-Ashyani [FJumayun]'s blessed tomb,

first at FJis

Jumna

beside the

the outskirts of the

in

Khan jahan, was awarded

assigned as an auxiliary to

who

lived

a

robe of

horse, a sword, a dagger, and a banner and received permission to depart. FJis

Alam and Sayyid Abdul-FJadi were

brothers Sayyid

also given horses

and robes of

honor. Mir Baraka Bukhari received permission to depart for Transoxiana, and entrusted ten thousand rupees to him, five thousand of which he was to take to Salih

Dahbedi, who,

other

five

like his ancestors,

tomb

of FJis Majesty the Sahib-Qiran [Temtir].

with him for Mahabat Khan, and fish tusk, I

camp

and wherever and

I

at

told

him

in

Bindraban. [264b]

go

in

Khan, and

he should be diligent

Khan was assigned a royal

Abdul-Wahhab

and Burhanpur,

his

the divan. Raja

brother

stopping

the eleventh of the

Nurafshan Garden, which

is

into

locating

stri-

it.

the imperial

to the post of mir tuziik after the

Khan

the governor of

Nath Mai, Khizr Khan Faruqi the governor the cadi, the mufti, and other city

homage.

month [February situated right

the city had been set for the fourteenth,

Entry

at

at

was also sent

cashmere shawl. The next day camp was

Ahmad Khan,

dignitaries attained the felicity of paying

On

six kos,

Khwaja and the

and residents

in

I

awarded the Mirmiran an elephant and gave him permisgave him

I

officials

royal turban

the vicinity of Cokul (Mahaban). At this station Lashkar

Agra, Mir of Asir

I

to Delhi. Zibardast

transfer of Fidai

®

that

A

this dynasty,

whatever price he found any he should buy

got into a boat next to Delhi and proceeded

sion to

made

prayed for the welfare of

thousand of which were for distribution among the

the blessed

ated

I

FJizhabr

city.

I

21]

I

stopped under good auspices

on the Jumna. Since the hour

in

for entering

halted at this station for three days.

Agra

At the auspicious hour chosen favorable portents.

I

set out for the citadel

now

a I-

Athar al-lslamiyyah, Kuwait,

Khurram and sent

is

Iskandar Beg,

and entered the palace under

It

IS

358

The Jahangi mama

The

months and

auspicious journey from Lahore to Agra had taken two

and had been done

forty-nine marches and twenty-one halts.

in

ten days

Not one day had

passed, neither marching nor halting, and neither on dry land nor on water, without

hunting. Taken along the quail,

and 200

way were

I

14 antelopes, 51 ducks, 4

Khan had maintained Agra

Since Lashkar

4000/2500 and assigned him

satisfactorily,

as an auxiliary to the

supervisor of the goldsmithery, was awarded the

some

karwanak cranes, 10

bodcinii quail.

silver vessels,

and

textiles the ruler of Iran

army

title

I

increased his rank to

of the Deccan. Sa'ida, the

of Bebadal Khan. Four horses,

had sent with Aqa Beg and Muhibb-Ali

were viewed.

The Thursday

party on the twentieth [March 2] was held

my

A

lac of

as

ordered and paid homage, presenting

rupees was presented to

vow. Lashkar Khan offered

a

son Shahryar. Muzaffar a

ruby valued

in

Khan

hundred mohurs and at four

Nur Manzil Garden.

a

arrived from Thatta

hundred rupees

thousand rupees. [265a]

as a

awarded

1

a

named Musahib to Abdullah Khan and sent it off. Mu'azzam Khan's son Abdul -Salam came from Orissa and paid homage, presenting a hundred rupees and a royal horse

hundred mohurs

in

vow. Tiilak Khan's son Dost Beg's rank was

fulfillment of his

increased to 900/400.

The Thursday Garden.

A

royal robe of

son Dakkani, and

On

party on the twenty-seventh [March 9] was held

a royal

honor was awarded

to

a

the Nurafshan

horse was given to his

horse and an elephant were given to Lashkar Khan.

Friday the twenty-eighth [March 10]

go hunting, returning

Mirza Rustam,

in

that night.

I

set out in the direction of

Samugarh

Seven Persian horses with trappings, Aqa

Beg's

to

and

mohur weighing a hundred tolas to Zaynal Beg the ambassador. gave a Jeweled pen box to Sadiq Khan the mirvillage bakhshi. awarded a in Agra as a gratuity to Khizr Khan Faruqi. Muhibb-Ali's offerings, were viewed.

I

gave

a nurjahani

1

1

During

this

2,327 rupees, ten thousand

1

year 85,000 bighas of land, 3,325 loads, 14 villages, 2

fields,

mohur, 6,200 drabs, 7,880 charans, 1,512 tolas of gold and

dams by weight from the

treasury were given

away

in

alms

1

garden,

silver,

in

my

and

pres-

ence to the poor and deserving. Eight elephants worth two hundred forty-one thousand rupees were presented and put into the imperial elephant stable, and fifty-one elephants to the great amirs and servants of the court.

I

gave away

The Sixteenth Regnal Year: March 11, 1621-March 10, 1622

®

The Sixteenth Nawroz

O On

after the

Royal Accession

n Saturday the twenty-seventh of Rabi' II,

1621] the sun

castle of Aries with

lit its

liance to the delight of

At the auspicious hour day

this felicitous

my

long

On

life in

the

shadow

2000/1000 and put the garrison

On Wednesday

1

I

my

in

bril-

with auspicious-

Agra. [265b]

in

brothers.

his troops in array. soldiers.

Agra under

his

hoped

It is

that

he

My will

and contentment.

of divine protection

thousand horsemen and two thousand foot

Nurafshan Garden.

commenced

son Shahryar was raised to the rank of 8000/4000.

Khan paraded

this date Baqir

world-illuminating

ascended the throne

1

exalted father had also once awarded this rank to attain

its

worldlings, and the sixteenth year of the

all

reign of this petitioner at the divine court ness.

1030 of the Hegira [March

II

1

The bakhshis reckoned

promoted him

a

to the rank of

command.

got into a boat with the ladies of the harem and went to

rested there that night. Since this garden belongs to Nurjahan

Begam's desmesne, on Thursday she held a regal party and presented a superb offering. I

selected

what

These days

lac of rupees.

hunting

in

liked of the jeweled vessels

I

I

and various

worth around

fine textiles

a

get into a boat every day after the second watch and go

Samugarh, which

is

four kos from the city,

and return to the palace

in

the evening. I

him

dispatched Raja Sarang lOeo to

robe of honor with

a royal

several valuable red carnelians.

souba of Bihar to

this

a

my

Shah Parvez, sending with

jewel-studded belt containing

With the

son and sent

fortunate son

transfer of

a blue carnelian

Muqarrab Khan,

a herald to escort

I

and

had awarded the

him from the souba

of Allahabad

to Bihar.

Mirza

Muhammad, Muzaffar

Khan's son-in-law, came from Thatta and paid

homage. Since Mir Azududdawla had grown very old and bent and was no longer able to run a troop or jagir,

I

retired

him from

from the treasury four thousand rupees

Lahore or Agra, or wherever he for our

On

long

life

a

active service

month

liked, to live

in

and ordered him to receive

cash and take up residence

comfortably and prosperously and pray

and good fortune.

the ninth of Farvardin [March 19]

thousand rupees worth of gems,

I'tibar

Khan's offering was viewed. Seventy

textiles, et cetera

were accepted, and

back to him. [266a] Muhibb-Ali and Aqa Beg, emissaries of the ruler of 24 horses, 2 pack horses, spun velvet,

1

3

my

I

gave the

Iran,

camels, 7 hunting dogs, 27 bolts of gold brocade,

bottle of fine ambergris, 2 pairs of carpets, and 2

mares with foals

in

felt

rest

presented 3

of gold-

coverlets.

Two

brother had sent with them were also viewed.

359

360

The Jahangirnama

Zebra, by Mansur.

India,

Mughal period, dated A.H. 1030 (1620—21). Opaque watercolor and Museum. IM 23-1925

ink on paper.

18.3 X 24 cm. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Victoria and Albert

On

Thursday,

at

Asaf Khan's request,

1

went with the

my One hundred

house, where he had arranged a splendid party and presented for valuables, gems, precious textiles, rupees'

worth was accepted, and

I

and rare objects. gave him back the

rest.

harem

to his

inspection

many

ladies of the

thirty

thousand

Mukarram Khan had

sent

thirty-two elephants, both male and female, from Orissa, and they were accepted.

I®

A

At

this

Strange Striped Animal time

I

exactly like a

was shown

a

wild

ass. It

was extremely strange,

for

it

was

white. There were black stripes, large and small in proportion to

from the its

hoof.

tip of its

Around

for

all

the world

Tigers have black and yellow stripes, but this one was black and

tiger.

nose to the end of

its

its tail

and from the

where they were,

tip of its ear to

eyes were black stripes of great fineness

—you'd

the top of

say the painter

of destiny had produced a tour de force on the canvas of time with his wonder-

working brush. It

was so strange some thought

was clear that that was

among

the gifts for

my

it

might have been painted, but

how God had made brother Shah Abbas.

it.

Since

it

was so

after inspection

rare

it

it

was included

361

Mar. i62 1-Mar. i622

Bahadur Khan Uzbek had sent topchaq horses and Persian

textiles as an offering,

and

they were viewed. Winter robes of honor were sent with Mu'min Shirazi for Ibrahim

Khan Fath-Jang and the amirs

On worth

fifteen

thousand rupees were taken, and

also presented

On

Bengal.

in

Goods

the fifteenth [March 25] Sadiq Khan's offering was viewed.

what he could

as an offering

on

of

sorts

all

Khan

gave the rest back to him. Fazil

I

this day,-

only

was taken.

a little

Thursday the nineteenth, I'timaduddawla arranged the celebration of cul-

mounted the throne

two watches and one ghari

of the

day. [266b] At I'timaduddawla's request the culmination celebration was held

in his

mination.

I

after the elapse of

house, and he presented an outstanding offering of rarities and valuables from every region. F3e

bad

On

worth was accepted.

One hundred

outdone himself.

really

this

day

gave

I

a

thirty-eight thousand rupees'

two-hundred-tola mohur to Zaynal Beg, the

ambassador. Ibrahim Khan Fath-jang had sent several eunuchs from Bengal as an offering. of

them appeared

that only

women

were two very

to

be

a

hermaphrodite, for be had both

a

One

male organ and the place

have, but be had no testicles. Also included in Ibrahim Khan's offering

fine,

well-proportioned boats

made

in

Bengal. Ten thousand rupees had

been spent on the decoration alone. Without exaggeration they were really regal boats. I

made Shaykh Qasim governor

of Allahabad,

Khan, and promoted him to the rank of 5000.

I

awarded him the

It

was given

a

of

Muhtasham

ordered the administrators to assign

the jagir for his increase out of unapportioned lands. Raja of Srinagar,'

title

Shyam

Singh, the zamindar

horse and an elephant.

I

was now reported that Fdusayn Khan's son Yusuf Khan had died suddenly while

.

This

is

the Srinagar

not the Srinagar

in

in

Garhwal,

Kashmir

in his jagir he had become movement or exertion. On the day he paid homage to Khurram he was huffing and puffing coming and going. When he was given a robe he couldn't even get it on and make a salute. All his limbs were trembling, and only with the greatest of difficulty did he manage to make a salute and get

serving so

fat

in

the Deccan.

It

had been heard that while he was

that he got short of breath with the slightest

himself out. Then, taking shelter in an enclosure, he fainted. FHis servants put him in a

palanquin and carried him home.

No

sooner had he arrived than he died, leaving the

heap of dust he purchased so dearly to the mortal world.

On

the

first

of Llrdibihisht [April 10]

I

gave Zaynal Beg, the ambassador,

a

royal

dagger.

®

Shahryar's Wedding

On

the fourth of the

marriage.

The henna

was performed

in

and participated

month

[April

party was held

I

3] a celebration

in

I'timaduddawla's house.

in

was held

Maryamuzzamani's I

for

my

quarters,^

went myself with the

son Shahryar's

and the marriage

ladies of the

harem

2.

The "henna

htwiii, is

dings.

the celebration.

After eight gharis had elapsed of Thursday night, the It

is

hoped

that

it

will

wedding took place under

prove to be auspicious for

this dynasty.

[267a]

On

bride's

18] a jeweled

and two horses, one Persian with

were given to

my

a

charqab with

a

turban and

cummerbund

golden saddle and the other Turkish with

son Shahryar

in

Nurafshan Garden.

a

painted

hands and

The custom

observed

in Iran

subcontinent.

Tuesday the ninth [April

saddle,

The

are decorated with patterns

henna.

favorable auspices.

party," called haiui-

customary before wedfeet

m

is still

and the Indian

362

The Jalmngitiuwia

®

Sbab-Sbuja‘ Falls

III

During these days Shah-Shuja' got smallpox, and go down

die,

and

his throat,

Since

it

was despaired

his life

was recorded

was so severe that water wouldn't

it

of.

horoscope that during

in his father's

the astrologers agreed that Shah-Shuja' would not survive. Jotik Rai, however,

all

said to the contrary that his

cation.

"It

of him,

has been written

it

asked him by virtue of what indi-

I

Your Majesty's horoscope," he

in

afflict

harm

follows that no

it

Fortuitously

was not threatened.

life

year no worry or concern will

him, and

will befall

happened exactly

he

as

many

addition to this one,

In

episode It

is

to sixty-five

Muhammad-FJusayn Orissa. At

Khwaja

it is

was appointed

I

true,

and since

late

as a reward.

bakhshi and recorder for the souba of

Uzbek and

sent to

pay homage. An

to

him by

to 1000/500.

his agent.

Mirza FJakim's grandsons FJurmuz and FJoshang had been imprisoned

tbe Gwalior fortress as a necessary precaution for maintaining the rule.

time

I

this

ordered him weighed against

gave him

Muhammad-FJusayn came from Kangra

jahan's brother

The

as

I

came

Mahabat Khan's request Lachin Qaqshal's rank was increased

elephant was awarded to Bahadur Khan

dies."

Burhanpur died.

in

recorded here.

hundred rupees, which

jabiri

who

be another son

will

it

Shah-Shuja' escaped the brink of death,

said:

of Jotik Rai's predictions

not without strangeness,

came

replied, "that during this

your mind from any quarter. Since you are so fond

and another son born of Shahnawaz Khan's daughter

gold.

year a son would

this

summoned them both

my

to

presence and ordered them to

Around

Agra with

live in

in

this a

daily stipend to cover their necessary expenses.

During these days

The

"rational

and traditional

sciences" were the

two categories

3.

of subjects taught in the Islamic

world.

The

"rational sciences" are

[267b]

who

learned

in

®

A

One

Brahmin named Raudr Bhattacharj,

a

lived in Benares studying

a

learned

man

of his caste

and teaching, paid homage. FJe was

truly

the rational and traditional sciences and was perfect in his calling.^

Meteor La mis

Jalandhar

in

happened during

of the strangest things that

period occurred on the thirtieth

this

the disciplines that were taken

from the Hellenistic world, such as

mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.

The

"traditional

sciences" are those that revolve

around Arabic and Islamic

of Farvardin of the present year [April 9] in a village in the pargana of Jalandhar. At

dawn

tremendous noise arose

in

the east.

the inhabitants out of their skins. Then,

thing bright

heaven.

religious learning, like Koranic

swift exegesis, the study of

a

fell

A moment

was so

terrifying that

later the noise ceased,

Muhammad

nearly frightened

it

the midst of the tumultuous noise, some-

in

from above. The people thought

to the earth

messenger was sent to

It

fire

and the people regained

was

their

from

falling

composure.

Sa'id the tax collector to inform

him

A

of the

hiidith,

and lexicography.

event. FJe got on his horse at once

tance of ten or twelve

ells in

and went to the

no trace of greenery or plants remained and up.

The deeper they

of hot iron appeared.

After a while in a purse, 1

to

a

it

dug, the hotter It

cooled

sealed

ordered

make

it

it,

was so hot off,

and

and sent

weighed

in

it

my

it

it

was

it

dis-

was

still

hot. FJe ordered the earth

as

though Sa'id

had been taken out of

it

took

it

home

with him.

a

dug

piece

a furnace.

He

placed

it

to court.

presence.

sword, dagger, and knife of

mixed three

it

was. Finally they reached a spot where

Muhammad

metal wouldn't hold up under the case he could mix

For a

site to see for himself.

length and breadth the earth had been so scorched that

ordered Master

It

weighed 160

it

and show them to me.

tolas.

hammer and would break

with other iron to make

parts of the "lightning" iron with

it

I

apart.

workable. Just as

one

He 1

1

Daud

said that the

said that in that

had ordered, he

part of other iron

and produced

Mar. 162 1-Mar. 1622

Th is

one of those made from the meteor

knife,

period, 1621. Meteoritic iron and gold.

1

26.

1

for Jahangir,

the only one

is

known

tried in

it

watered effect and flexed

a

my

named one

presence. [268a]

It

like a real

Yemeni or southern blade.

1

(cutting sword)

it

ordered

cut beautifully, as well as the very best swords.

them Shamsher-i-Qati'

of

Mughal

to have survived. India,

cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution. Purchase. F55.27

two swords and one dagger he showed me. From the admixture of the other iron had acquired

363

and the other Barqsirisht

I

(light-

ning-essence).

Bebadal

Khan composed and presented

the following quatrain for the occasion:

"The world attained order from the world-seizing monarch,'^ raw iron /

fell

from lightning.

/

From

that iron

A dagger and a knife and two swords."^ A chronogram was found in the words

was made by

/

And

during his reign

world-conquering order

his

4.

The words

monarch,"

for "world-seizing

shtih-i-jahangir,

form

a

pun on Shah jahangir.

"spark of imperial lightning."^ 5.

The

varies

actual inscription

wholly from the wording

given here, although the content

At

this

time Raja Sarang Deo,

homage and hoped

who had been

my

son Shah Parvez, came to pay

report that Parvez had proceeded as ordered from Allahabad to Bihar.

that he will enjoy long

named Alamuddin brought

conquest and

a

On

privilege of drums. a report

this date

one

vow.

as a

of Khurram's

awarded him

I

a

robe of

honor and dismissed him. Fazil

Khan's brother Amir Beg was appointed divan to

Khwaja Jahan's brother Muhammad-Fdusayn was made appointed his chief steward. Sayyid

and

®

I

gave him

a horse.

A

Letter

to

Nurjahan Begam

The mother of loyalty

from

of

the

FJajji

was assigned

son Shahryar's demesne.

his bakhshi,

and Ma'sum was

as auxiliary to the

Deccan army,

Muzaffar Khan was assigned as mirbakhshi.

Mother

of Imam-Qitli

Imam-Quli Khan, the

Khan,

the

Therefore Khwaja Nasir, an old servant from

Begam with

Ruler of Turau,

ruler of Turan, sent a letter filled with expressions

and friendship to Nurjahan Begam and sent

emissary from Nurjahan

my

a letter

my

and

rarities

from that land

as gifts.

princely days, was dispatched as an

rarities

from

this land.

similar.

6.

The chronogram

slni'la-i barc)-i

pcutishahi yields 1030.

from him that contained the good news of

jeweled archer's ring he had sent

is

It is

life.

Qasim Khan was awarded the servants

sent to

While we were stopping

Nurafshan Garden, an eight-day-old baby ibex jumped

in

the roof of the palace, which

®

News

On

eight

is

of Victory from

tbe fourth of

Shahjahan

Khurdad

[circa

report from

Khurram with news

the imperial

army reached the

were

Mandu

the

in

ells

There was absolutely no sign

leap about.

ciously crossed the

and engaged

fortress

Narbada

in pillage

high, landed on the ground, and began to

of injury.

Deccan

in the

May

Khurram's divan Afzal Khan brought

14]

of victory. [268b]

River,

a

The

below the

villages situated

and plunder. Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan was assigned

fortress,

thousand

five

The

cavalry as a vanguard and rushed out to chastise the wrong-headed attackers.

khwaja had ridden through the night, and Narbada. Those he was

wind

after got

dawn he reached

at

who

enemy had boldly and auda-

troop of the

burned several

a

When

details are as follows.

group of servants of the court

vicinity of Ujjain, a

wrote that

off

and not

of his approach,

a

the banks of the

moment

they

later

hurled themselves into the river and got themselves to safety on the opposite bank.

Our champion warriors set out in pursuit, putting many to the sword. The ill-starred foe reached Burhanpur. Khurram's

letter

driving

them another four kos and

did not pull

they

in their reins until

then reached Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan telling him to

stop on the other side of the river until he arrived. At the same time he and the imperial

troops joined the vanguard and hurried stage by stage to Burhanpur.

enemy were

still

sitting

around the

ing and struggling with the

in

blithering

Since the servants of our court had been fight-

city.

damn enemy

for

two years and had suffered

and exhaustion, from ambushes to scarcity of

tribulation

The

sorts of

all

and their mounts were

grain,

miserable state from having been ridden constantly, a bait of nine days was

a

declared so that the soldiers could replenish their supplies. During those nine days thirty lacs of rupees

and many armaments were distributed among the imperial

and the sazavuls were sent out to bring pions bad not yet begun to fight offer resistance suit

and scattered

when

in

men from

the

city.

The

soldiers,

cham-

battle-loving

the ill-fated rebels realized that they could not

like the Pleiades.

Our

fleet-steeded heroes

lit

out

in pur-

and ground many of them into the dust of annihilation with their vengeful swords. Thus, giving them no chance to escape, they pursued them to Kharki, the

dence of Nizamulmulk and the other damned

[269a] That

rebels.

ill-fated

resi-

one had

learned of the approach of imperial troops the day before and gone with his wives,

goods, and possessions to the fortress

mire he

The

with his back to the

sat

leaders of the imperial

been

buildings,

fortress.

army stopped

Daulatabad.

In a place fronted

Most

men

in

of his

its it

original splendor in another

scattered in

Kharki for three days, and

up over twenty years was so destroyed that

built

return to

at

it

is

siege, they

should go there

at

once

all

directions.

a city that

doubtful whether

twenty years. Anyway,

was decided that since one of the enemy troops

Ahmadnagar under

by mud and

after razing

still

had the

it

can

all

the

fortress at

to chastise the troublemakers

and, after replenishing their stores and posting auxiliaries, they should return. this plan in

mind they

set off for the

Meanwhile the treacherous

town

will

disobey no order.

As

it

I

will gladly

I

With

of Patan.

trickster, the

bewail his plight, saying, "Henceforth

had

will

damn Ambar, not

fail

pay any tribute and

happened, around the same time

sent agents to the amirs to

to be obedient fine that

is

and

levied

a great scarcity of grain

servile,

and

1

on me."

occurred

in

the

camp, and news was also received that the damn enemy's troop that was besieging

Ahmadnagar had abandoned the from the stronghold.

sum

of

A

siege in fear of the imperial troops and

money was dispatched

to help with expenses. Their

was decided that the

territory that

minds

at

ease on

all

much weeping and

the imperials returned victorious and triumphant. After it

withdrawn

Mar. 1621-Mar. 1622

troop was therefore sent to reinforce Khanjar Khan, and a fronts,

wailing,

had been under the control of the servants of

our court of old, together with fourteen kos more of the region adjacent to the imperial borders should be ceded, and

fifty lacs

of rupees should be sent to the imperial treasury

as tribute.

I

dismissed Afzal

of Iran

had

Khan and

[269b] To Afzal Khan Khanjar Khan,

pen.

sent with

gave

I

him

for

Khurram the ruby plume holder the

which has already been given

sent, a description of

robe of honor, an elephant, and

a

who had

in its

ruler

proper place. ^

jeweled ink pot and

a

rendered such good service by maintaining the

Ahmadnagar fortress, was promoted to the rank of 4000/4000. Mukarram Khan had come as ordered from the souba of Orissa to pay homage, presenting a pearl necklace as a gift. Baha'ulmulk's

son Muzaffarulmulk was awarded the

banner was awarded to Udai

Ram

title

A

of Nusrat Khan.

Dakkani. Yusuf Khan's son Azizullah was promoted

to the rank of 1000/500.

On

Thursday Muqarrab Khan arrived from Bihar

to

pay homage. At

gave leave to depart to Aqa Beg, Muhibb-Ali, Fazil Beg, and the ruler of Iran

who had come

at

various times.

this

time

Beg, emissaries of

Fdajji

Aqa Beg was given

a

robe, a jeweled

dagger, and forty thousand rupees in cash. Muhibh-Ali Beg was given a robe of

honor

and thirty thousand rupees. The others were also given bonuses according to their tions.

1

On mander

sent an appropriate

the same date of the

Mewat

memento with them

for

my

sta-

exalted brother.

Mukarram Khan was appointed governor garrison. Shaja'at

I

of Delhi

and com-

Khan Arab was promoted by 1000/1000.

Sharza Khan was promoted to 2000/1000, and Rai Sal Kachhwaha's son Gridhr was

promoted

On

to 1200/900.

the twenty-ninth [circa June 9] an emissary of the ruler of Iran

Beg arrived and paid homage, bringing in

which he affirmed amity and

unity,

a letter

named Qasim

from that magnificent brother of mine

and presenting

my

for

inspection the gifts he had

sent.

On my

the

"son"

first

of Tir [circa June

1

1]

1

sent the royal elephant

named Gaj Ratan

Khan Jahan. Khurram's attendant Nazar Beg presented

brought. F3e had requested horses for giving away.

named Rum

report he had

ordered Raja Kishan Das the

1

overseer to get together a thousand horses from the stables of

within fifteen days and send them with Nazar Beg.

a

to

I

my

establishments

awarded Khurram the horse

Ratan, which the ruler of Iran had taken in booty from the

army

of

Anatolia and sent to me. [270a]

During these days Iradat Khan's attendant Ghiyasuddin presented Iradat Khan's report on victory in Kishtwar.

The

unruliness and trouble caused

Kishtwar, as well as the dispatch of Dilawar Khan's son

jalal,

by the zamindars of

have been recorded on

previous pages. Since the mission had not been conducted satisfactorily by him, Iradat

Khan was ordered

to undertake the mission himself

and give the miscreants

chastisement, and so to get that mountainous area under control that

no further worry. Fde had gone blemakers half dead into

exile,

of the brambles of rebellion.

as

commanded and performed

which resulted

in that land's

it

a suitable

would cause

well, driving the trou-

being cleared once again

Fdaving reinforced the troops and strengthened the

7 Page 357.

365

366

The Jahanginuwia

outposts, he had returned to Kashmir. As a reward for this service

increased Iradat

I

Khan's rank by 500 suwar.

made outstanding showings

Since Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan had paign,

I

awarded the

Ahmad Beg was

and granted the privilege of

of khan,

title

assigned as governor of Orissa, a

banner and drums.

I

increased

2000/ 500.

his rank to

1

much about Qazi

Fdaving heard

Nasir Burhanpuri's great learning,

level of learning,

received him with

I

all

honor and

was quite

I

summoned. Respecting

desirous of meeting him. At this time he arrived at court as

The

dignity.

qazi

is

his

unequaled

in

age for his knowledge of the rational and traditional sciences, and few are the

this

books he

gone through. F3owever,

hasn't

being, and

not derive

did

1

much

extremely inclined to dervishdom,

Awarding him

retinue.

and

five

1

his external

mien

a far

is

cry from his inner

pleasure from talking with him. Finding did as he desired and did not offer

thousand rupees,

I

him

him

a place in

dismissed him to return to his

home

live in peace.

On

the

Amurdad

of

first

Khan was promoted

[circa July 12] Baqir

2000/1200. Thirty-two of the amirs and court servants

who had been

promotion

3000/2000

On

to

the

at

Beg, the ambassador.

A

my

Khan

"son"

Jahan's request.

August 12]

his

I

awarded

dependency of the

village

thousand rupees was also given to him. At account of

jeweled sword to Zaynal

a

capital with an

income

of sixteen

time FHakim Rukna was dismissed on

this

bad temperament and nastiness, and because

competence necessary

outstand-

assigned to the governorship of Kandahar, was grant a

of Shahrivar [circa

first

to the rank of

who had performed

Deccan were given promotions. [270b] Abdul-Aziz Khan

ingly in the conquest of the

Naqshbandi,

the

Deccan cam-

the

increased his rank by 1000 suwar.

Ibrahim Khan Fath-jang's nephew

my

in

I

thought he did not have

to carry out the duties of his post,

and he was told

to

go

wherever he wanted. Since

it

was reported that Khan Alam's nephew FHoshang had committed murder,

summoned him

into

my

presence and conducted an investigation.

proved, an order was given for retribution. favoritism

On

— God

the

it

a

is

bath

a

shown

amirs or other courtiers be

in

went

I

I

took what

1

liked

A

At

this

was

house

at his

the bathhouse he had recently built. Without exaggeration,

and gave the

a suitable offering,

of

rest back.

Khizr Khan Khandesi's pension was fixed

®

his guilt

any! to Asaf Khan's

very fine and tasteful bath. After the bath he presented

which

When

such cases even princes are not shown

of Shahrivar [circa August 12],

first

request and had

forlaid

In

I

at thirty

thousand rupees.

Self-Sacrificing Lover

time

it

was reported that

woman

love with a

from

his

named Kalyan had

blacksmith

a

own

caste and

woman

acting love-crazed. Although she was a widow, the the lovesick wretch's love had

them both

refused him absolutely, for

made no impression on her whatsoever.

No

for an investigation.

matter

persuade her to accept him, she refused. certain that

fallen desperately in

was constantly following her around and

you would give her

to me.

I'd

how

Then

1

1

tried to placate the

the blacksmith said,

throw myself

"If

summoned

woman and I

off the top of the

knew Shah

for

Burj

tower." [271a] just as a joke

to

it,

you'll

I

said,

"Never mind the Shah

have to throw yourself

Burj.

If

your claim of love has any tmth

Then my mouth when he

off the roof of this building.

by command." These words were scarcely out of

I'll

give her to

you

raced like a streak

and threw himself down. As soon

of lightning

ground blood began to stream from 1

having spoken

really regretted

fully sorry.

his eyes in jest

367

Mar. 1621-Mar. 1622

hit the

and mouth.

and was dread-

home and

ordered Asaf Khan to take him

1

tend to him. However, since the cup of his

he

as

life

was

he

full,

died of his injuries.

A

who

lover

sacrifices himself at that threshold dies

of ecstasy using fate as a pretext.

At Mahabat Khan's request Lachin Qaqshal's rank was increased to 1000/500.

® In

My

Protracteil Illness

previous pages

a

mention has been made that on the

day of the Dasehra celebration

my

striction in to

amount

the great

Kashmir

in

con-

felt a

1

chest and a shortness of breath. Later, due of rain

and the wetness of the

weather, a heaviness and constriction appeared

windpipe on the

left

by

side near the heart. Little

in

my

little it

got worse.

Of

the physicians

in

my

retinue

undertook the treatment, and

A

and gentle remedies.

When

little

came down from

1

superficial

few days.

I

got no

relief

and

aggressive

left in

powerful

got worse

it

and then camel's milk

from either one.

Then Hakim Rukna, whom going to Kashmir and

beneht resulted.

the mountains

again. This time he tried goat's milk for a

Hakim Ruhullah first he applied warm

for a while

1

had exempted from

He

Agra, took over.

applied

on

concentrating

remedies,

warm and dry medicines.^ His treatment not only

didn't

do any good either but actually increased the heat and

my

dryness of

brain and constitution.

weak, and the

illness

While

in

was

1

was getting worse.

such

a state that a heart of

stone would

summoned Hakim Mirza Muhammad's son one of the great physicians of Persia who had

have melted, Sadra,

got extremely

1

come from

The Emperor Jahangir.

India,

1620. Ink on paper.

11.3 cm. Courtesy of the

I

Trustees of the British

6. 3 x

Museum. 1920. 9— 17.013(15).

there during

my

exalted father's reign. After

©British

Museum

1

8.

1

patronized him and awarded him the

title

all in

terms of talent and control of

Masihu'z-Zaman and

of

raised his

position above that of the other physicians in the retinue,^ [27 lb] thinking that

time or other he might be of use. All the favor ungrateful wretch saw

me

today

in

such

a state

1

to treat me,

edge and

my

treatment.

No

and made absolutely no attempt to

to undertake

in

treat

the retinue, he did not offer

"Warm and

said,

how much "1

favor

do not have

your treatment."

1

dry medicines" are

categories o1 Galenic medicine,

according to which the four

body — warm, —were be kept

natures ot the cold, and

balance.

wet

An

dry,

to

illness

diagnosed

in

as

cold and wet would be treated with

matter

he grew adamant and

skill

some

had shown him notwithstanding, the

me. Although he was superior to any of the physicians to take over

period, ca.

1

had acceded to the throne, since he was superior to nature,

Mughal

warm and dry

medicines.

showed him and begged him

sufficient reliance

on

my

knowl-

9.

The

title

Masihu'z-Zaman

means "messiah

of the age," a ref-

368

The Jahangirmvna

So

Hakimulmulk's son Hakim Abu'I-Qasim,

also did

despite his relationship as a khanazad and

show himself

has enjoyed,

all

the favor he

so fearful and terrified that

repulsed and disgusted by him

was

I

— never mind asking him

to

me.

treat

There was nothing

to

do but abandon hope of them

cease to rely on physical remedies, and entrust myself

all,

Absolute Physician. Since drinking wine gave

to the

some

relief,

me

began drinking during the day, contrary

1

established custom, and

by

to

was overdoing

it.

At the same time the weather was growing hotter, and

its

effects could

be

felt

too.

little

My

little

1

weakness and suffering were

increasing.

Nurjahan

remedies

Begam's

and

were

experience

greater than any of the physicians', especially since she

me

treated

drink

less

efficacious.

made me

with affection and sympathy. She

and applied remedies that were suitable and

Although the treatments the physicians had

prescribed before were done with her approval, relied

on her

and avoided unsuitable things and disagreeable It

is

affection, gradually

hoped

reduced

®

I

that the True Physician will grant

x 1.9 cm. Private collection.

with

a sign

from your Lord, tor

make betore you,

were the will

ot clay, as

tigure of a bird, then

breathe thereon, and

become

ceremony was held under good

1621], the solar weighing

auspices. Since

1

2,

had been

come unto you seriously

will

a

month, correspond-

Shawwal 1030 [September

ing to the twenty-fifth of

I

me

Solar Weighing Ceremony

On Monday the twenty-second of the

breath ("Verily

intake of

complete recovery from the other world.

Miniature portrait, possibly of Nurjahan. India, Mughal period, ca. 620. Opaque watercolor

erence to Jesus's liie-bestowing

now

wine, food.

and gold on paper. 2.9

my

1

a bird,"

Koran

it

ill

during the past year and spent

it

in suffering

and agony,

1

was thankful that

I

such

a

it

I

shall

3:49).

year had ended well and

in

good health and

that the

new year promised

recov-

ery.

Nurjahan Begam requested that her agents take charge of the ceremony. [272a]

She

really arranged a splendid celebration that astonished

Nurjahan Begam has made suitable arrangements

ceremony

since she entered into marriage with

do so

sure to

— she made

this celebration

me

who saw

all

for every solar

Although

it.

and lunar weighing

— and she has considered

it

a plea-

even more ornate and took special pains to

decorate the hall and arrange the banquet. Servants

been

who had

fluttering

They were

around

rendered pleasing service and those

me

like butterflies in loyalty

and

elite

who knew me

self-sacrifice

during

well had

my

illness.

given suitable rewards like robes of honor, jeweled girth swords, horses,

elephants, and trays of gold coins, each according to his station. Although the physicians had not served

rienced

goods

1

me

them

as

they should have, for the two or three days of

to favor,

at this regal celebration.

scattered I

restored

in

relief

1

expe-

and they too received appropriate awards of cash and After the weighing the trays of

gems and gold were

the hopeful laps of the entertainers and deserving poor.

ordered jotik

Rai, the astrologer

who had

predicted recovery and health, to be

weighed against mohurs and rupees. Five hundred mohurs and seven thousand rupees were given him arranged for

as a gratuity.

me were

various rarities

1

liked.

At the end of the assembly the

displayed.

Two

lacs of

1

offers that

had been

selected the gems, jeweled vessels, textiles, and

rupees were recorded for the expenditures on this

Begam had

celebration and the gratuities that Nurjahan

she

made

two

or

as a gift. In past years,

more or

seers,

maunds and twenty-seven

when

was

I

This year

less.'^’

well,

given, aside from the offering

had weighed three maunds and one

I

was so weak and

I

369

Mar. i62 1-Mar. 1622

thin

weighed only two

I

seers."

10.

Three maunds, two

around

I

seers

13 kilograms, or

is

250

pounds.

On

Thursday the

was promoted

first

Mihr [September

of

Khan

12] I'tiqad

the governor of Kashmir

4000/2500. [272b]

to the rank of

1

2

When word

my

of

without waiting for ial

summons,

a

my

reached

illness

son Shah Parvez, he set out to

bed

thrice,

he wept and cried held him close to

hoped

me

in

this

I

insistent

I

was and swore that

On

a

showing him great favor and kindness.

It is

Khan was

Qiyam Khan Qaravulbegi

an intimate servant. Aside from his expertise

my temperament

have mercy on

died

a natural

I

the twenty-ninth [October 9] Nurjahan Begam's mother passed away.

Mother

's

write of the praiseworthy qualities of the lady of that exalted family?

wisdom, and

purity,

my

real

No

mother.

poor grief-stricken old man.

attachment to such

mother,

a

when

son

a

to the father's grief

and increasing

his pain

consolation he gave him,

condolences, since

was the

it

solation in affection

initial

it

What like

her.

Without exag-

women

less

are

considera-

can therefore imagine

all

his

off his fine raiments,

by seeing

his

stages of his grief, I

One

Asaf Khan, with

son

did no good. [273a]

and kindness, but

had no

I

can be written of Nurjahan Begam's

and took

learning, ripped his clothing in distraction

I

can

husband has ever had the affection and

attachment for his spouse that I'timaduddawla had for befell the

What

other good qualities with which

all

adorned, Mother Time has never given birth to her equal, and tion for her than for

this

his soul.

On

how much

be

death.

was very grieved by

The Death of Nurjahan Bezant

in

to

the arts of hunting, he was

in

very well.

©

what

Khan

also given an ele-

banner.

May God

geration,

right,

all

and

time a treasury of twenty lacs of rupees was sent with Allahdad

aware of most details and knew event.

was

my

life.

the twenty-eighth [October 8]

He was

I

side,

spent on necessities for the Deccan campaign. Allahdad

phant and

me

see

month [September 25] He

took him by the hand, pulled him to

love and affection,

that he will enjoy a long

At

how

and no matter the more.

all

come

arriving and attaining the felicity of kissing the imper-

threshold at an auspicious hour on the fourteenth of the

circled the

I

wisdom and only adding

in this state?

The day went I

No

matter

to offer

my

offered several words of con-

did not persist and

left

him

until

he could

recover from his distress. Several days ness,

nally

he put

later,

when

his internal

his fine raiments

wounds had been healed by

her,

On

[circa

the

first

of

Aban

Rai

I

October

now

a

order to please me, given the

12] Sarbuland

Khan, jansipar Khan, and Baqi

to his jagir without leave

ordered the administrators to take his

was ordered to escort him back Prior to

in

forbearance could not replace her as a companion.

Khan were awarded drums. Abdullah Khan went governor of the Deccan.

the balm of kind-

back on. Although I'timaduddawla kept himsell exter-

under control and exhibited forbearance

attachment he had for

to the

I

.

Three maunds, twenty-seven

seers

jagir

from the

away, and I'timad

Deccan.

summary account has been given

of

Masihu'z-Zaman saying how.

I

8

is

around 98 kilograms, or

pounds.

370

The Jahangi mama

despite

the patronage and favors he had

all

been shown, he

me well

didn't serve

Even stranger

illness.

is

during

my

the fact that without

warning he upped and requested permission

make

Mecca and

the pilgrimage to

visit

to

the

Kaaba. Inasmuch as

this supplicant

puts his

trust in the divine at

every time and

in

endeavor,

him

willingly gave

1

leave.

every

Although

he had stores and supplies of every description,

he was given

twenty thou-

a gratuity of

sand rupees for travel expenses. Absolute Physician

will

me

grant

hope the

1

a

complete

recovery and good health without the

inter-

mediaiy of physicians and medicine.

®

The Imperial Banners Move

in the

Direction of the Hill Country

Since the weather

intense

its

on Monday

constitution,

Aban

the twelfth of

Agra with

in

my

heat did not suit

of the sixteenth regnal

year [circa October 23] the imperial banners set out in the direction of the hill

country to

the weather there was temperate,

the north.

If

a nice site

on the banks of the Ganges would

be chosen and

a city built for a

ing the summer. Otherwise,

residence dur-

we would head

for Kashmir. 1

stationed Muzaffar

Khan

and an elephant.

Muhammad

1

nephew Mirza commander of the

city,

gave him the

Khan, [273b] and increased 1

made

Baqir

Oudh and

On

Asad

of

title

his rank.

Khan governor

of the souba

gave him leave to depart.

month

the twenty-sixth of the

November

a horse,

assigned his

garrison

as

environs of the

of

to protect the

Agra and awarded him drums,

capital

6] in the vicinity of

[circa

Mathura

my

fortunate son Shah Parvez was given leave to

go

to Bihar

robe with

and

his estates.

a nadiri jacket, a

horse, and an elephant

hoped

Portrait of Hakim Masihuz-Zaman, by Mir Hashim. India, Mughal period, ca. 1640. Ink on paper. 21.1 x 10.7 cm. By Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum. 1920.9-17.013(29). ©British

that

On 14]

he

will

enjoy

and a

gave him

let

long

him

go.

It

a is

life.

the fourth of Azar [circa

Mukarram Khan

a royal

jeweled dagger,

November

the governor of Delhi

attained the felicity of paying homage.

Museum

On stopped

and enjoyed hunting. During this time the major

1

commanders

of the Deccan,

it

the in

sixth

[circa

Delhi, spent

November

two days

at

16]

1

Salimgadh,

was reported that jadu Rai Kathiya, one of

had elected

to give allegiance to the empire

and

among

be enrolled court.

him an amicable decree with

sent

1

the well-wishers of this a

robe of honor and a jeweled dagger by

Narayan Das Rathor.

On

the

of Day, corresponding to

first

the seventh of Safar A.H. 1621],

12,

[December

1031

Qasim Khan's brother Maqsud

was awarded the

title

Hashim Khan, and

of

Hashim Beg Khosti was awarded the

of

title

janbaz Khan.

On camped

at the station

Ganges, Hardwar sites of

[lOecember

seventh

the

is

a

God

shiping

life

Hardwar on the

of

one of the major temple

the Hindus, and

hermits lead

we

18]

many Brahmins and

of seclusion here, wor-

according to their religion.

1

gave alms of cash and goods to each and every one according to their merits. Since

no place suitable seen,

residence had been

for

Jammu

out for the foothills of

set

1

1

and

didn't like the climate of these foothills,

and Kangra. At

time

this

it

was reported that Raja

Bhao Singh had passed away

He had become

overindulgence

from

in

the Deccan.

extremely weak and

a

Without

wine.

in

warning he went into

coma.

frail

No

matter

what remedies the physicians applied, even placing burning brands on his head, he didn't

He was

regain consciousness.

consciousness for a day and died.

[274a]

Two

a

wives and eight of his

concubines immolated themselves

in fidelity

His elder brother jagat Singh and

to him. his

without

night and then

nephew Maha Singh had both died from

drinking. Raja

Bhao Singh learned nothing

from their example and paid the price with his

He was

life.

extremely dignified, good-

natured, and grave.

He had

my days

and through

as a prince,

served

Portrait of Jadun Rai of the Deccan, by Hashim. India, Mughal period, ca. 1615. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 38.9 X 25.7 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Rogers Fund and the Kevorkian Foundation Gift, 1955. 55. 121. 10. 6r

me from

my

patron-

age he had attained the exalted rank of 5000. Since he brother's

grandson the

title

of raja despite his extreme

2000/ 000. The pargana of Amber, their home, was 1

left

no

sons,

1

awarded

his elder

youth and gave him the rank of

left as

before as his jagir so that his

troops would not be dispersed.

Khan

On Aluwa.

the twentieth of 1

Khan was promoted to the rank of 1000/500. the month [December 31] camp was made in

jahan's son Asalat

constantly enjoy hunting, and

of animals

1

and caution

have hunted with 1

have

in

my own

such matters,

1

1

have

the serai at

a natural inclination to eat

the meat

hand. Therefore, because of the fastidiousness

order them cleaned

in

my

presence, and

1

take

372

The Jahangirnama

it

upon myself

and of what each animal's stop eating

seeing this

On it

my

diet consists.

didn't use to like

Ajmer,

at

on occasion something disgusting

If

a

ordered

1

stomach came

my own

eyes

short, as of today

tiny

seen,

Hsh,

little

the

stopped eating them.

I

and then

bug so big

a

my

in

that

if

presence.

hadn't seen

I

wouldn't have believed anything so large could be swallowed.

I

I

Upon

domestic drake eating disgusting worms.

waterfowl that had been hunted cleaned

a

first a

is

When

any kind of waterfowl other than drakes.

saw

I

order to ascertain what they have eaten

in

nature developed an aversion, and

this date

its

with

I

camp was

imperial

From

it.

stomachs

to inspect their

In

have decided not to eat any more waterfowl.

I

Khan Alam reported

meat was extremely delicious and

that white heron

therefore ordered a white heron brought and cleaned in

happened, ten bugs came out of

its

my

delicate.

presence. [274b] As

stomach, and they were so revolting that

I

I

it

shudder

to think about them.

On garden

the twenty-first [January

we were

1622]

1,

where we halted

at Sirhind,

pleased to see the splendors of the

two days and

for

enjoyed strolling around and

I

seeing the sights. During this time Khwaja Abu'l-F3asan

came from

Deccan and

the

paid homage.

On

the

Bahman

of

first

awarded him

a

I

sword and gave him leave

horse, a robe, and a jeweled

Muqarrab Khan was promoted

On

camp was made in Nur Saray. Mu'tamad Khan Alam was made governor of Allahabad.

[January II]

Khan's rank was increased to 2000/600.

Thursday we camped on the banks

Qasim Khan came from

of the Beas River.

Lahore and paid homage. His brother Hashim Khan also attained the

homage along with brought for that of a

female is

and Rahman (Jalnw^ir

12. AIvi

The Naturalist, 6

If.)

(Tetraogallus bimalayensis],

name Jahangir

now found m

although

gives

is

cjiigavni,

iprcjamil,

3.

This

is

by

larger

is

a pheasant's

eats grass

bahman.

eyes

a ratio of ten to fifteen.

it

exactly like a

is

Around

like

Its tail is

this bird's

eyes

white. Baso reported that this bird lives in

is

and herbs.

the house, and offspring have been produced. All sorts

in

young and

hills call Jan

also called tazaw [pheasant]. In color

is

body

have kept pheasants

I

of pheasants,

paying

old,

pheasant's flesh could not be

have often been eaten.

compared with

One

this bird's.

could certainly say that

This

was much,

bird's flesh

not

native names.

the horned

its

around

red, while

much

better.

One 1

which

but

felicity of

the zamindars of the foothills. Baso the zamindar of Talwara

inspection a bird the people of the

snowy mountains and

identify this

Himalayan snow-cock

bird as the

the

—

my

to depart.

to the rank of 5000/5000.

Monaul

pheasant described by Babur [Babuniama, folio 279b). Sunal

is

the Kashmiri word, text

of the birds seen in the

Kashmiris

'Mt

call sunal.

is

country

hill

is

the horned pheasant, which the

an eighth smaller than a peahen.

The

tail

and both wings

blackish, rather like the wings of a bustard, and have white spots.

the breast

black with white spots, and

is

ends of the legs are

in

some

a brilliant, beautiful fiery red.

The

belly up to

places there are red spots too.

[275a] From the

are

tip of its

The

beak to the

has SM^TLVK for which read

SWNL

(sunal]

front of the

neck

is

also shiny black,

colored horns. Around 14.

means fledgling

Putu actually

or chick in Kashmiri. AIvi and

Rahman

(Jahangir

— The

Naturalist,

56) identify this bird as the

impeyan pheasant

round skin about the patch the size of

around that

is

iiiipejamis).

Despite

its

which means golden

two palms.

In

the skin

is

red,

and

a

peach-blossom 1

ordered

its

the middle of that skin

crop is

is

a piece of

a violet-colored

red.

Around

weighed

it

alive,

that

and

is it

is

a line

another turquoise-colored

was

I

52

tolas.

two

fingers

wide

line. Its feet are

After being killed and cleaned

zarrin, it

in Persian,

the impeyant pheasant

size of

mouth

head are two fleshy turquoise-

hand with turquoise-colored spots, and turquoise-colored spots

(Lo[>ho[>horus

name

eyes and

its

too consisting of eight plumes, and around those

it

also red

its

and on top of

is

"of a

predominantly blue and green

weighed

1

39

Another call pntii.’^* In

is

tolas.

the zarrin bird,

color

it

is

which the inhabitants of Lahore

something like a peacock's breast.'^

call sal It

and the Kashmiris

has a tuft on top of

its

head, and

yellow the length of four or

is

the long feathers of a peacock.

like a

its tail

goose, although a goose's neck

while the zarrin's

had requested

©

is

Its

body

is

equal

373

Mar. 162 i— Mar. 1622

five fingers, in size to

long and ill-proportioned,

is

My brother Shah

short and elegant.

Abbas

were sent with an emissary.

a zarrin. Several

Lunar Weighing Ceremony

On Monday

the

ceremony was

weighing

lunar

Nurjahan Begam gave robes of honor to

held.

forty-five great amirs

and intimate servants.

On ial

the fourteenth of the

camp was made

Sibah. Since

the

hill

month

[January 24] the imper-

the village of Bhalon,

in

was constantly yearning

1

country,

camp

the main

left

1

a

dependency of

to tour

Kangra and

at this station

and

set

out with a group of chosen courtiers and servants to see the fortress.

©

The Death of rtimadiiddawla

Because I'timaduddawla was

ill,

left

1

him

in

the

camp and

sta-

Khan the mirbakhshi to watch over him and The next day news arrived that I'timadud-

tioned Sadiq

guard the camp.

dawla's condition

had worsened and there was no hope. Both

because of Nurjahan Begam's distress and because of the affection in to

I

had

for him,

1

had

to turn

him toward the end

see

lucinating

and

drifting

in

back to the camp.

[275b]

of the day.

and

out

of

I

went

He was

hal-

consciousness.

Motioning to me, Nurjahan Begam asked, "Do you recognize him?" At such a time he recited this line of Anvari's:

on whose world-adorning forehead could see greatness."'^

a

man

"It is

he

blind from birth

stayed by his bedside for two hours.

I

Every time he regained consciousness he spoke lucidly and with

Portrait of I'timaduddawla, copy after Balchand. India, Mughal period, early 19th century. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper. Image area; 14.7 X 7.9 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution. Purchase.

F48.20

understanding. Finally he passed away on the eve of

full

the seventeenth [January 27] after the elapse of three gharis.

What

can

1

say of

how

1

felt

is

than one body, but by the reckoning of wisdom he

less

sands." Despite the fact that the his shoulders,

not only a perfectly

and wise companion. "By the reckoning of

intelligent vizier but also a kind

eyes he

He was

over this terrible event?

and

it

is

is

my two

human

capability that

yellow

tail, a

and an

crest

appearance between the partridge

and the

common

peacock

"

more than thou-

weight of the administration of such an empire was on

not within

color, a

one keep everyone happy

in

15.

Reading

text's

siiui

(breast) lor the

meaningless

SYH

matters of income and disbursement, no one ever went before I'timaduddawla on busi-

and came away with

ness

the poor

a

grudge.

He

maintained loyalty to his sovereign and made

happy and hopeful. Such conduct was

From the day away day by

day.

his

truly peculiarly his.

spouse passed away he no longer took care of himself and wasted

Although externally he took great pains

and tending to

fiscal affairs,

loneliness until

he died three months and twenty days

The

next day

I

went

to forty-one of his sons their

mourning

clothes.

and he wouldn't leave

to offer

my

his post,

condolences to

and clansmen and twelve of

in

his

his

administering the empire

he suffered inwardly from

later.

sons and relatives.

I

gave robes

munshees and took them out of

16.

Anvarl, Diinui, 470, line 9

374

The Jaban(jinuvna

The

we proceeded on

next day

tions

camp was pitched

wardens of the 17

Reading

Chamba

Kangra) for the

text's

Chamba'^ was

(north of

of

"Chanta."

there all

the Banganga River. Alif

at

came

fortress,

our march to see the Kangra

pay homage. At

to

inspected. His land

the zamindars of the area because

Until

now he

brother also paid

He seemed

Fayzullah, the

is

an asylum for

has defiles that are so difficult to negotiate.

it

any monarch nor sent any

to

homage and performed

the zamindars behalf.

country. His land

in this hill

homage

has neither paid

Khan and Shaykh

this station the offering of the raja

twenty-five [276a] kos from Kangra, and

is

no zamindar mightier than he

is

fortress. After four sta-

tribute.

His

the rituals of subservience and allegiance on

rather urbane and intelligent, and he was received

with shows of favor.

A

On

Tour of

Kangra

the

Fortress

the twenty-fourth of the

ordered the cadi, the chief carry out

and

justice,

I

religion. After

3]

in

my

in

set out to tour the

Kangra

fortress.

I

accordance with the precepts of the

proceeding about

had things done

I

and the other Islamic ulema to accompany me and

the fortress whatever was

in

Muhammadan fortress,

month [February

we came

kos

a half a

out on top of the

presence that had not previously been done there

since the bastion was built, like the call for prayer, reciting the khutba, slaughtering a

cow,

et cetera. After

making prostrations

monarch had achieved,

The Kangra

I

fortress

ordered is

situated

in

thanks for this

mosque

a fine

on

a

high

gift,

which no previous

built inside the fortress. hill,

and

it

is

so strong and impreg-

nable that so long as the provisions necessary for holding out are available,

it

cannot

be taken by force or stratagem. Although there are some hilltops around from

which cannon and musket

fire

harmed,

move to another place and be safe from injury. The The inside perimeter is kos, 15 tanabs,- it is 'A more than 22 tanabs or less than 15 wide. The height is

for

and

1

There

and not

are

two pools

1

inside the fortress,

one

my

tour of the fortress

went

I

to see the

Bhawan, where an immense crowd of people wandering

[276b]

Muslim this

In

folk traverse vast distances to offer at

people by attributing

say that

potion of death,

18.

Mahadeva Mahadevi, iously

is

2 tanabs in length

in

vows and seek

They

call

temple known

idol

it

as

the desert of error congreidols,

blessings is

a

hordes of

by worshipping

sulphur

pit so

hot

jwala Mukhi and deceive the

to the idol's miraculousness.

The Legend of Mahadeva

The Hindus

sort,

it

Durga

the foot of a mountain

that tongues of flame continually leap out.

her

which

who worship

addition to the miserable infidels

black stone. Near the idol temple

common

©

of

'A in width.

After finishing

gates.

those inside would not be

they could easily

kos, 2 tanabs long

14 cubits.

fortress,

23 towers and 7 gates.

fortress has

I

would reach the

lifeless

when Mahadeva's

Mahadeva loved her

body on

his

back and

wife reached the end of her

so

much and was

set out to

life

and tasted the

so attached to her that he took

wander through the

earth, taking her

corpse with him. After a long time had passed, her body disintegrated, every limb is

is

Shiva, htis conalso

known

var-

by the names Chandi,

Bhairavi, lOurga,

and

Kali,

falling in a different place,

and the people honored and venerated those places

proportion to the nobility of the limb. Since the head, the noblest of the limbs, this place,

it is

venerated the most.'*^

in

fell in

Some people benighted

believe that the stone that

infidels

now

up and worshiped by the

set

Mm.

i62

1-Mm. 1622

375

not the same stone that used to be there, and that the one that

is

used to be there was

is

carried

away by an

army and thrown

Islamic

into the

bottom

of a

way that it can never be found. The tumult of such heathen polytheism had long died down when a fraudulent Brahmin, in order to further his own selfish such a

river in

stone

interests, hid a

dreamed

"I

place.

Go

and she

went

to the raja of the time

They have thrown me

said to me.

—

words and sent

band

a

of

—

and

said,

such-and-such

in

The raja was such a simpleton and come from vows that he lent credence men with him to retrieve the stone and set

quickly and find me.'"

for the gold that would

with

place and then

in a certain

of Durga,

also so avaricious to the Brahmin's

up

it

place

in this

God

honor. Thus, the shop of error and misguidance started up once again.

all

a

only knows.

From the Madar.

idol

temple mentioned above we crossed to see

[277a] and from the point of view of water,

a fine spot,

It is

greenery, and delicacy of locality,

pour down from the tops of

that

it

is

a beautiful

hills.

known

a valley

vantage point.

Koh-i-

as

freshness of the

air,

has two waterfalls

It

ordered harmonious buildings worthy of the

I

spot to be built.

On

month [February

the twenty-fifth of the

we

4]

turned back.

I

awarded

Khan and Shaykh Fayzullah horses and elephants and gave them permission to

guard the

On

fortress.

camp was made at the were many "forest birds. As

the second day imperial

reported that in the vicinity I

ordered

It

hadn't hunted these so

1

was far,

next day and enjoyed hunting. Four birds were hunted. In body,

a halt the

characteristic lies in the fact that

when they

down, no matter how

far

unlike domestic fowl,

which do cry

plucked unless

dipped

it is

in

red, the female

The

old

is

name

out.

A

domestic

I

meat has and the

They cannot

fly

drier

named

it

it is.

of

them

Nurpur

after

It

can be plucked didn't taste bad.

Young ones

are pretty

While the rooster

shot. in

silent,

cannot be easily

bird's feathers

Nurpur was Dhameri. After Raja Baso

pavilions and orchards, he

but remain

a noise

more than an arrow

many

and held upside

legs

ordered some cooked and roasted.

black and yellow. There are

of

by the

fowl's feathers

hot water, while the forest

larger they are, the less taste the

moist but they taste bad.

are caught

they are carried they do not make

dry like quail and bodana quail.

is

fortress of Nurpur.

and shape they are indistinguishable from domestic fowl. Their distinguishing

color,

The

Alif

to depart

the forests of Nurpur.

built a fortress of stone

and

me. Approximately thirty thousand

rupees must have been spent on the construction. Fdowever, buildings Fdindus build their

own

taste,

no matter how elaborate they may

was acceptable and was

a nice place to stop,

treasury assigned to the

development of

I

be, are not pleasing. Since the site

ordered

this place

in

a lac of

rupees from the imperial

and to have

fine pavilions

worthy of

the site constructed.

At

had

this

time

it

totally given

was reported that

up

all

a sanyasi morti lived in the vicinity,

voluntary motion.

I

investigate.

Hindu

everything.

With constant use the word has become

ascetics

me

ordered him brought to

and hermits are called

sarbnyasi,

[277b] and he so that

I

could

which means abandoning

sanyasi.

There

are

many

degrees

among them and several groups within the rank of sanyasi. One of them is the moni, who give up personal decision and surrender themselves. They absolutely do not let their

tongues speak, and

don't even

move

if

their feet

they stand for ten days and nights

backwards or forwards.

In

in

the same place they

general they

make no voluntary

19,

The crow-pheasant,

also

described by Babur, Biihunuwu!, folio 281

a.

376

The Jahaugirnama

movement and

are like inanimate objects.

An amazing

an investigation was made.

When

rigidity could

that in a state of drunkenness or unconsciousness

pen. in

He was

they brought him into

be seen

some

in

external

him.

It

At

was done to him.

injury

He

had

certainly

God was

a strange,

Khan produced and presented

time Bebadal

a

chronogram

the fortress. Since

in

it

for the

padishah of the seven climes by destiny's order,

/

in I’ersian is j,

which

provides a rhetorical antithesis to "old age,"

2

I

The chronogram

cjal'd ignil-i

With the sword

old age.^*^

ken by wisdom: building of the

mosque

Akbar

of Kings

is

who became

the world-seizer, world-giver,

Is

conquered

is

this fortress,

this fortress.'"^'

as follows: "Light of religion,

with divine assistance, and

when

in time. /

safe

from

and the date was spo-

The chronogram

Shah Jahangir son

The

is

fortress of

for the

of the

King

Kangra he took

the cloud of his sword makes drops they are floods.

/

tjtishiui in

jabangiri yields 1029.

The chronogram

ghaza he conquered

monarch without equal

a

When

this light-filled

built at his order, / 22.

of

'Jahangir's fortune

conquest

was well composed,

recorded here: "Emperor of the age, Shah Jahangir son of Shah Akbar,

world-holder, and world-adorner by virtue of whose good luck the world

(htikht-i javan

merci-

powerful rigid-

kind.

this

Kangra and the building of the mosque

it is

.

He was

therefore given several bowls of double-distilled spirits to drink.

no mortal

that

ity of its

70 "Good luck"

me

such control of himself that he didn't change an iota and stood just as rigidly as

ful

"young luck"

presence,

movement might hap-

before until he lost consciousness and was carried away like a corpse.

of

my

occurred to

masjid-i

Shah

'May Shah

On

.labangir hiipad nurani

yields 1031.

A

Jahangir's

the

first

mosque, by prostration

in

which the forehead

is

voice from the other world said for the date of

mosque be luminous.

illuminated, its

was

construction,

[278a]

of Isfandarmudh [circa February 9]

I

awarded I'timaduddawla's

jagir,

household, and paraphernalia of chieftainship and amirship to Nurjahan Begam, and

I

ordered that her drums should be sounded after the imperial ones.

On 23.

the

Kathua

text's lies

Reading Kathua garbled

directly

for

KHNWTH.

on the route

the fourth of the

pargana of Kathua.^^

On

month this

of chief divan, and robes of

[circa February 12]

we camped

in

the vicinity of the

day Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan was promoted to the high post

honor were awarded

to thirty-two of the amirs in the

Deccan. I'timaduddawla's grandson Abusa'id was promoted to the rank of 1000/500.

being followed.

The Death of Khusrain

Around

this

time a reported was received from Khurram containing the news that

Khusraw had died on the eighth

of the

month

[circa

February 16] after an attack of

colic pain.

On the nineteenth [circa February 27] camp was made on the banks of the Bahat River. Qasim Khan was promoted to the rank of 3000/2000. Raja Kishan Das was made garrison commander in Delhi and promoted to the rank of 2000/500. Prior to this scouts and reconnoiterers had been assigned to make a circle in the Girjhak hunting grounds. the barricades,

my

1

elite seiwants to hunt.

On Ghazni.

this I

day

When

it

was reported that game had been gathered within

went out on the twenty-fourth

it

Taken were

12

1

of the

month [March

4]

with

a

few of

mountain rams and chikara antelopes.

was reported that Zayn Khan's son Zafar Khan had passed away

promoted

his son Sa'adatullah to the rank of 800/400.

in

The Seventeenth Regnal Year: March 11, 1622— March 11, 1623

®

The Seventeenth Niuvroz

O

6000/6000.

I

after the

Monday

n the eve of

after the elapse of

illuminating sun

Royal Accession

the eighth of juniada

one watch and

lit

a fraction

1031 [March

I

over

1

1622],

1,

the world-

five gharis,

the palace of Aries, and the seventeenth year of

my

accession began auspiciously.

On

day Asaf Khan was promoted to the rank of

this glorious

gave Qasim Khan leave to return to the governorship of the Punjab and

awarded him an elephant and

a robe.

[278b] Eighty thousand drabs were given

as a

gratuity to Zaynal Beg, emissary of the ruler of Iran.

On

month [March

the sixth of the

we stopped

16]

was appointed bakhshi. An order was given to Zaynal to relax imperial retinue returned from touring Kashmir.

Quli

was being repeatedly heard that the

horsemen

in

one of

my

who had

servants

patched Zaynul'abidin the bakhshi of the ahadis with

he had

artillery

in his

it

meant

On

me

if

it

seemed extremely

a

with

and

pit

himself

three or four hundred of his is

a

prerequisite of rule,

I

dis-

message to Khurram to say that all

the soldiers, elephants, and

there were any truth to the rumor, he could be

army and uncountable

treasury and

make Shah Abbas

realize

to break his oath in ingratitude.

the eighth of the

spring. Fidai

as quickly as possible

souba so that

sent with an innumerable

as

until the

to Akbar-

from Khurasan to

into a rash adventure

Kandahar. Nonetheless, since caution

he should get himself to

set out

and present relations

monarch would rush

against the preparedness of

had

ruler of Iran

take over Kandahar. Since in view of our past

unlikely that such a great

what

Lahore

in

An elephant was awarded

Khan Gakhar.

It

liege

Khan

Rawalpindi. Fazil

in

month [March

Khan was promoted

18]

camp was made

to the rank of 2000/1000.

the FHasan Abdal

at

Badi'uzzaman was posted

bakhshi to the ahadis.

On

Mahabat Khan came from Kabul

Friday the twelfth [March 22]

homage,

attain the felicity of kissing the

hundred mohurs

as a

vow and

ten thousand rupees in alms.

arrayed his personal troop and paraded

mounted cavalrymen were counted,

of

to

pay

ground, and be shown favor. F^e presented

them

for

my

view.

a

Khwaja Abu'l-F^asan

One

thousand

fifty

well-

which four hundred were mounted musketeers.

[279a] At the station mentioned above

a

qamargha hunt was

I

held,

and

I

shot thirty-

.

The

sobriquet here accorded

Mahabat Khan, Ruknussaltana,

three mountain rams and other things.

At

good

this

time FHakim Mu'mina attained the

offices of

means felicity of

paying homage through the

Ruknussaltana Mahabat Khan.' F^e undertook to give

me

an aggressive

On

"pillar of the sultanate."

page 397

Ruknuddawla

it

occurs as

(pillar of

the state).

377

378

The Jahanginuvna

and potent treatment.

hoped

It is

that his advent will prove to be auspicious.

Mahabat

Khan's son Amanullah was promoted to the rank of 2000/ 800. 1

On

the nineteenth [March 29]

of culmination

was held

there.

I

camp was made

outside Pakhli, and the celebration

gave Mahabat Khan leave to depart and go back to the

governorship of Kabul, awarding him

a horse,

an elephant, and a robe of honor.

Khan's rank was increased to 5000/4000. Since he

become very

old,

is

I'tibar

long tenure and has

a servant of

honored him with the governorship of the souba of Agra and

I

assigned him the wardenship of the fortress and treasuries. Awarding him a horse, elephant, and robe of honor,

On in

dismissed him.

1

the twenty-ninth [April 8] Iradat

Khan came from Kashmir and paid homage

the ghati of Kunwarmast.

On

the second of Llrdibihisht [circa April

1

The Mirmiran was promoted

vale of Kashmir.

2]

encampment was made

to the rank of 2500/4400.

the happy

in

At

this

the garrison tax was eliminated for the welfare of the ryots and soldiers, and

time

was

it

decreed that throughout the realm the people were not to be bothered by paying the

Khan

garrison tax. Zibardast

On

Hakim Mu'mina,

larly

the mir tiizuk was promoted to the rank of 2000/700.

the thirteenth [circa April 23], upon

awarded

to

was bled from

I

Muqarrab Khan and

request Abdullah

my

my

physicians' recommendation, particu-

left

leg

and was "lightened."

A

robe was

thousand drabs to Hakim Mu'mina. At Khurram's

a

Khan was promoted to 6000. Sarafraz Khan was awarded the priviKhan Uzbek came from Kandahar and paid homage. He pre-

lege of drums. Bahadur

vow and

sented a hundred mohurs as a

governor of Thatta had sent The

is

the great epic

of Persian kingship

completed by

2.

Shiihinwia

Abu'l-Qasim Firdawsi of Tus

in

1010. For Nizami's Khiwisii see

note

1

I ,

page

I

along with other

On

the

first

Khurdad

[circa

Mir lumla was awarded the rank were granted

Khan

four thousand rupees as alms. Mustafa

Shahtmma and

Khamsa of Nizami

a

illustrated

the

by masters

and they were viewed.^

rarities,

of

a

to the amirs of the

May

12] Lashkar

of 2500/1000.

Khan was promoted

to 4000/3000.

[279b] The following promotions

Deccan; Sardar Khan, 3000/2500,- Sarbuland Khan,

36.

2500/1200, Baqi Khan, 2500/2000,- Sharza Khan, 2500/1200,- Jansipar Khan, 2000/2000,-

Mirza Wali, 2500/1000, Mirza Shahrukh's son Mirza Badi'uzzaman, 1500/1500,- Zahid Khan,

1

Khan, 1200/300,- Ibrahim-Husayn Kashghari,

500/700,- Aqidat

qar Khan, 1000/500. Raja Gaj Singh and

Himmat Khan were

1

200/600,- Zulfa-

granted the privilege of

drums.

On

the second of Tir [circa June 13] Sayyid Bayazid was awarded the

Mustafa Khan and granted the privilege of drums. At

my

Tahawwur Khan, one

summon my

of

fortu-

Shah Parvez.

Reports front Kandahar

Several days prior to of the ruler of Iran's tions,

that

time

intimate servants, was dispatched with an affectionate decree to

nate son

©

this

of

title

I

this,

reports had been received from officials in

campaign against Kandahar.

couldn't believe

it,

but

now

a report

Shah Abbas had come with the armies

fortress at

Kandahar.

I

In

telling

view of our past and present

came from my

of Persia

Kandahar

"son"

rela-

Khan Jahan saying

and Khurasan and

laid siege to the

ordered an hour fixed to leave Kashmir, and Khwaja Abu'l-

Hasan the divan and Sadiq Khan the bakhshi

set out in

advance of the retinue

for

Lahore so that when the great princes arrived with the armies of the Deccan, Gujarat, Bengal, and Bihar, and

on their

when

the amirs

who were

estates arrived, they could be sent to

in their retinues

my "son" Khan jahan

and those in

who were

Multan.

They

are

also to prepare an arsenal, war elephants, treasury, and armaments and send them.

Since there

is

very

little

habitable territory between Multan and Kandahar, and

it

is

impossible to send supplies or a large army, [280a]

who

grain sellers,

was decided

it

are called hanjara in the parlance of India,

to persuade the

and pay them money

so the men wouldn't suffer a shortage of grain. The hanjara are Some have a thousand oxen, some more, some fewer. They bring agricultural districts into the cities and sell it. They normally accom-

accompany the army

to

an established caste. grain from the

pany the army, and on such oxen or more. equipping of

An army

hoped

expedition there would be

at least a

hundred thousand

that divine assistance will be given to the provisioning

expedition so that [Shah Abbas]

this

way back

the

all

It is

a

have no place to stop and

will

to Isfahan, his capital.

Khan Jahan not

order was issued to

arrived, not to worry,

and to

Multan

to proceed from

until the imperial

Bahadur Khan Uzbek was given

listen to orders.

horse and robe and sent as an auxiliary to the Kandahar expedition. Fazil

promoted Since cold

a

Khan was

to the rank of 2000/750.

was reported that the poor people of Kashmir suffered greatly from the

it

winter and had a hard time surviving,

in

and

reflect

ordered

I

a village

belonging to Kashmir

with an income of four thousand rupees turned over to Mulla Talib Isfahani to spend the proceeds on purchasing clothing for the poor and heating water for

making

ablu-

tions in the mosques.

Because

a report

making trouble

had arrived that the zamindars

again, an order

was given to

were

of Kishtwar

Khan

Iradat

to

in rebellion

and

go quickly and chastise and

exterminate them before they could get themselves into position.

On

this date Zaynul'abidin,

who had gone

reported that Khurram was going to spend the

then set out for court. requests he

made

were apparent.

come

to

me

F^is letter

was

read.

summon Khurram,

monsoon

in

come

returned and

Mandu and

the fortress at

From the contents

the aroma of goodness did not

A

to

— indeed,

of the letter

and the

signs of rebelliousness

decree was therefore issued saying that inasmuch as he desired to

after the

monsoon, he would have

and court servants [280b]

who had been

to dispatch to court

all

assigned to him as auxiliaries,

the great amirs in particular

the

Barha and Bukhari sayyids, the shaykhzadas, the Afghans, and the Rajputs.

Khan were ordered to go in advance to Lahore and see to preparations for the Kandahar expedition. An advance of a lac of rupees was granted them. awarded I'tiqad Khan the privilege of drums. Iradat Khan, who had gone to chastise the rebels in Kishtwar, had killed many of them, consolidated the region yet Mirza Rustam and

I'tiqad

I

again, refortified

it,

post of bakhshi to the

Deccan army, had been

having been completed.

© A

A

On

recalled at

that mission

Lost Pearl

strange thing happened.

days, and Sadiq

Khan

that could be qualified

A

the

pearl

worth fourteen or

geomancer

by purity and

sk inned

it

handed

it

thousand rupees got

said

it

would appear within two days

cleanliness, like a place

lost in

in a

it it

to Fdis Majesty. in

place

devoted to prayer or the

would be found soon and

it

day one of the Turkish maidservants found

utter delight,

fifteen

would be found within the next two or three

some such. A woman geomancer said woman would bring it in glee and hand

rosary, or

a

wbite-

By chance, on the

the prayer hall and, smiling

to me. Since the predictions of

mously, each of them was well rewarded. Since the episode it is

assigned the

he came and paid homage.

this date

the harem, jotik Rai the astrologer said

third

who had been his own request,

and returned to court. Mu'tamad Khan,

all is

three

came

in

true unani-

not without strangeness,

recorded.

At

this

time

I

assigned

Kawkab [Khan], Khidmatgar Khan, and twelve other

Mar. 1622 — Mar. 1623

379

380

The Jahangirnama

Deccan

intimate servants to escort the amirs of the

as quickly as possible to court so

they could be sent on the Kandahar expedition.

®

Shahjcihan Interferes

and

Nitrjahan Begam’s ami Sbahryar's Jagirs,

in

Dust of Contention

the

During these days

Flies

was repeatedly reported that Khurram had taken over some of

it

Nurjahan Begams and Shahryar's

had been assigned

my

as

Afghan named Darya, one

sent an

fought

among them

jagirs,

of his liege

men, with

many on both Mandu fortress and

and

a troop,

man who was

with Sharifulmulk, Shahryar's liege

a battle

the pargana of Dholpur, which

He had

son Shahryar's jagir by the supreme administration.

in

Darya had

this

command

of the

garrison there, and

sides

stopping

from the unreasonable requests he had dared make

the

in

he was rebellious,

in his letter that

have the capacity for all

gone

all

to his head.

made an

I

were

was indubitable from

it

this

was clear from

it

news

my

sent Raja Rozafzun, one of

would mind

own

his

An

by no means was he

to desire not to

had

him and

intimate servants, to

order was issued with the following

highway of pro-

business, not step off the

Kandahar

expedition,-

Around

this

and

come

my

court at the earliest opportunity

to

pay homage to

servants

me,-

he should send to

who had been summoned

he acted contrary to orders, he would regret

if

He was awarded

and

courteous

thousand drabs. Ujala Dakkani was sent with

men and

to muster his

when

enjoyment

a

fell

a

was

I

a

robe of honor

letter to Raja Bir

critically

and overwhelming affection

ill

I

had sworn that

if

I

Singh

bore Khurram and

God spared his my own hand.

gun again and never harm an animal with

derived from hunting, particularly hunting with guns,

I

Now

years.

son

his

never hunt with

it.

present himself.

Prior to this, because of the favor his sons,

for the

time Mir Zahiruddin, the grandson of the famous Shah Ni'matullah's

son the Mirmiran, came from Iran and paid homage.

Deo

it

and be content with the estates the supreme administration had assigned him,

priety,

a

his

that he did not

the favor and patronage he had been shown, [281a] and

inquiry into his audacious effrontery.

points: henceforth he

Although

killed.

really irritated

by Khurram's conduct, and

guns again and ordered that no one be allowed

in

I

didn't

life

would

1

Despite the

do

it

for five

took up hunting with

1

the palace without a gun. Within a

short span of time most of the courtiers had developed a taste for guns, and quiver-

holders started exercising on horseback to improve their chance for advancement.

On [August

5,

Lahore.

1

1622],

I

left

Kashmir

Karan to bring

his

son to

a gratuity of ten

On On

at

an hour chosen for

its

auspiciousness, headed for

dispatched Bihari Das Brahmin with an amiably worded decree to Rana

me

with his troops. Mir Zahiruddin was promoted to the

rank of 1000/400. [28 lb] Since

him

Shawwal

the twenty-fifth of the month, corresponding to the seventh of

the

first

it

had been reported that he was

in

debt,

I

awarded

thousand rupees.

of Shahrivar [circa

August

12]

camp was made

Thursday the wine party was held at Vernag.

On

at the

Achhival spring.

this auspicious

my

day

son

Shahryar took over the Kandahar expedition and was promoted to the rank of 12,000/ 8000.

He was

At

this

honor with

a nadiri jacket

with pearl buttons.

time a merchant brought two large pearls from Anatolia.

weighed one sixty

also given a royal robe of

and a quarter mithcals, and the other was one surkh

less.

One

of

them

Both were worth

thousand rupees. Nurjahan Begam bought them and presented them to

me on

this day.

On

Friday, at

"lightened."

Hakim Mu'mina's recommendation,

Muqarrab Khan, who

is

miraculous

I

was bled from

in this art

my arm

and was

and always used to bleed me.

and

who

probably never made

nephew

mistake before, missed twice. After that, his

a

Qasim bled me. He was given

thousand rupees, and ten thousand drabs were

a

awarded to Hakim Mu'mina. At Khan jahan's request Mir Khan was promoted rank of

I

500/900.

©

Solar Weighincj Ceremony

On

the twenty-first of the

was held, and the

hoped

month

life will

September

[circa

my

fifty-fourth year of

my whole

that

On

be spent

my

in

renowned

is

presence

in

for

its

masha

the solar weighing

]

auspices.

It

is

we went

to see the waterfall at Llhar.

beauty and salubrious water,

I

ordered

comparison with water from the Ganges and the bar water, and bar Valley water

it

Valley.

was

half

lighter.

On

the thirtieth

[circa

September

Although Iradat Khan had served well

Kashmir were complaining of and awarded him to seiwice

a horse, a

in

camp was made

imperial

lOj

Hirapur.

Kishtwar, since the ryots and inhabitants of

his conduct,

made

I

robe of honor, and

a

Khan governor

I'tiqad

personal sword.

the Raja of Kishtwar, was imprisoned

in

him from prison and awarded him Kishtwar. He was

and the

at

of

Kashmir

posted Iradat Khan

I

on the Kandahar expedition. [282a]

Kunwar Singh, leased

ceremony

pleasing to God.

Uhar water was three mashas heavier than Ganges a

I

commenced under good

life

in acts

the twenty-eighth [circa September 8]

Since the spring there

weighed

to the

title

of raja.

I

sent

Haydar Malik

Kashmir

to

the fortress at Gwalior. also given a robe of

I

re-

honor

to reroute the stream from bar

Valley to Nurafza Garden. For materials and bricks thirty thousand rupees were given.

On

the twelfth of the

Jammu and camped

in

month

Bhimbar.

Dawarbakhsh was given the rank

On

[circa

The of

brought

a letter

Khan

in

smooth over

from him. Gloaking

I

had

a

On

his

crossed the

I

rough

spots.

Ghenab

Mirza Rustam

River.

the same date Khurram's divan Afzal

outrageous behavior

hopes that he might be able to advance

his

hills of

qamargha hunt. Khusraw's son

5000/2000

the twenty-fourth [circa October 5]

came from bahore and paid homage. Afzal

September 23] we emerged from the

next day

in

Khan

apologies, he had sent

with

slick talk

and

didn't

even turn

my

his interests

Paying not the slightest attention,

I

face to him.

Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan the divan and Sadiq Khan the bakhshi, who had gone

to

bahore to make preparations for the Kandahar expedition, came back and rejoined the retinue.

On

the

promoted

first

of

Aban

[circa

October

to the rank of 3000/700,

and

a

12]

Mahabat Khan's son Amanullah was

gracious order was sent

summoning Maha-

bat Khan.

At the

this

time Abdullah

Khan came from

having been

summoned

for

Kandahar expedition.

On

the fourth of the

pices. Alif

to levy

month

Khan was promoted

Khurram's jagirs

in

[circa

October

to the rank of

Kandahar expedition. Instead of these

my

15]

1

1

I

ordered the supreme divan

Mian Doab, and

servants

estates,

entered bahore under good aus-

2000/ 500.

the sarkars of Hissar,

the proceeds to cover the requests of

of

his jagir estates,

that area

who had been

and assign

assigned to the

he could take over estates

in

the soubas

Malwa, Gujarat, the Deccan, or wherever he wanted. I

gave Afzal Khan

that since

a

robe of honor and dismissed him. [282b]

An

order was given

[Khurram] had been awarded the soubas of Gujarat, Malwa, the Deccan, and

Khandesh, he could take up residence anywhere

in

them he wanted and occupy

Mar. 1622-Mar. 1623

38

1

1618. Opaque I, by Abu'l-Hasan. India, Mughal period, ca. watercolor and gold on paper. 23.8 x 15.4 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Jahangir Embracing Shah Abbas Purchase. F45.9

himself servants

He

administration.

in their

my whom

should also send as quickly as possible those of

who had been summoned

Kandahar expedition,

for the

to assemble

sergeants of the muster had been dispatched. Thereafter he should look to his

383

Mar. 162 2-Mar. 162 3

own

devices and not disobey orders,- otherwise he would have cause for repentance.

On

day

this

a

topchaq horse, the best

the royal stables, was awarded to Ab-

in

dullah Khan.

On

month

the twenty-sixth of the

October 30] Haydar Beg and Wali Beg,

[circa

emissaries from the ruler of Iran, were received at court. After performing the rituals of

koruniish and taslim, they offered a letter from the shah to

summoned from Multan.

jahan had

come unencumbered

mohurs,

thousand rupees, and eighteen horses

a

promoted

to the rank of 6000/5000.

Raja Sarang

On to

as

Deo

emissaries,

leave to depart.

Kandahar

The

in this

"son"

Khan

presented a thousand

an offering. Mahabat

awarded an elephant to Mirza Rustam.

Khan was assigned

I

Singh

I

who had

letter the

recorded

is

My

view.

Deo to court as quickly as possible. November 17] awarded robes of honor and

to escort Raja [Bir]

the seventh of Azar [circa

Shah Abbas's

I

as

my He

arrived at court at various times, and

I

grants

gave them

shah had sent with Haydar Beg apologizing for

record of

my good

fortune, along with the reply that

was written.

®

A

Letter

from

May

the

Ruler of Iran

breezes of prayers, whiffs of response to which cause the rosebud of

open and perfume the nostrils of unity, and Bashes of elegy that away the darkness of disagreeableness be perceived by that illuminated mind. [283a] It will have been reflected upon the knowledgeable heart and celestial mind of that brother as dear to me as life itself that durdesire to

drive

ing the events occurring in Iran after the inevitable death of His Highness

the late Shah, certain territories departed from the control of those attached to this saintly family.^

occupied with

When

became

this supplicant at the divine court

affairs of state, all ancestral territories

were wrenched from

good

the hands of opponents with divine assistance and the

offices of

Since Kandahar was under the control of those appointed by your

friends.

exalted dynasty,

we considered them

own and

our

as

waiting for you to attend to the transference

and brotherliness, neglected

this,

we

did not harass them,

cooperativeness

in a spirit of

your mighty fathers and forefathers.

like

repeatedly requested

and openly, thinking that perhaps

in

it

by

letter

When

and message, by

His Majesty's exalted view

you

allusion

this miser-

able territory was not worth contending over and that he

would order

given over to the representatives of this family, resulting

the elimination

of the taunts of enemies

this

was received from you,

tour in Kandahar, thinking perhaps

appointees, us,

in

by

occurred to us to take

it

this

us,

and once again the

exist

arms or armaments.

and detractors.

When we

reached the

We

set out

on

posi-

hunting brother's

between

firm foundations

on both sides would be apparent to the world and cause

to the prattle of the envious

a

means my renowned

view of the close and amicable relations that

would greet our retinue and meet

of amity

was put into abeyance, and

was learned among friends and enemies and no reply either

tive or negative

it

and detractors and cutting short the long tongues

of the envious and fault-finders. This matter

when

in

a cessation

this tour

district of Farah,

without

[283b] we

dis-

patched an imperial rescript to the governor of that place informing him of our intention to make receive us as guests.

a

hunting tour

We summoned

m

sent a message to the governor and amirs

'There

is

Kandahar

the noble

in

Khwaja

who were

in

order that he might Baqi Karakaraq and

the fortress, saying,

no difference between His Majesty the Padishah Shadow of

God

3.

Shah Ahbas here

death

ol

refers to the

Akhar and, below,

to the

outstanding fate of Kandahar,

which Humayun had promised

Shah Tahmasp

in

return tor

Tahmasp's assistance against the

Afghans

who had

Humayun from

driven

the subcontinent.

The Jahangi mama

384

and our

regal

self.

We

consternation.'

on

Not hearing

We

the contents of our conciliatory message truly

we

Having

sent

him

off

summoned

him what advice had

said to

Our

opposition. Since

was impossible

it

They

advice profited not. to

the subjugation of the

and

fortress,-

a

in

set

persisted

have more forbearance than

the Qizilbash army, despite the lack of armaments, occupied

this,

to be

and ordered our divinely assisted soldiers not to

foot near the fortress for ten days. in their

he exhibited con-

unity,

arrived in the vicinity of the fortress and once again

the above-mentioned nobleman. said,

are

nothing be done that would cause

a tour. Let

and not maintaining the customs of friendship and tumacy.

We

consider any district that exists each other's.

setting out in that direction

with

itself

short period of time they had

reduced towers and ramparts to the ground and brought the defenders to the point of asking for amnesty. Maintaining the connection of affection

been observed from olden days between these two exalted

that has

and

lines

treading the path of brotherliness that was again so strongly reaffirmed

in

the days of that monarch's princehood between Your Majesty and our regal self that

was the object of jealousy of

it

pardoned

and sent them

favor,

devotee of

loyal

all

rulers

on the face of the

we

earth,

their faults as required by innate manliness, enveloped them off to that exalted court

this family.

in

with Haydar Beg YtizbashV,

a

Truly the basis of inherited and acquired amity

and friendship on our part

too strong and firm to be damaged by the

is

occurrence of some events [284a] that happen by destiny. 'Between us and thee there will be no custom of

and

of love

fidelity.'

It is

hoped

be followed and that you

will

cruelty,-

that

there will be nothing but the path

on your part too such pleasing conduct

will disregard certain trivial matters.

has been any anxiety, please be so kind as to do away with

den of eternal spring of unity and concord green and

it.

there

If

Keep the

gar-

and concentrate

fresh,

your exalted mind upon affirming the bases of agreement and concord,

which maintain the harmony

of persons

and nations.

Know

that

all

our pro-

tected realm belongs to you, and kindly inform anyone you wish that

be turned over to him without opposition.

What

significance

it

do these

will

trivi-

have? Although they committed several acts contrary to friendliness,

alities

what has happened was our merely responded

fortress

fault,-

as

the amirs and governors

who were

in

the

they had to as self-sacrificing subordinates.

Surely Your Majesty will have regal compassion and kingly clemency on

them and not make

May

us

ashamed

of them.

More would be iongwindedness.

your highly exalted banner be always and ever embraced by divine

protection.

Reply

to the

Shah

of Iran's Letter

To the unique object

of worship

is

due praise denuded of the garb of

and laud freed from the defilement of simile oaths and pacts ity

m

fare

creation,

among mighty monarchs and the bonds between

for that the

ensures the continuity of regular-

rulers of the

world guarantees wel-

and repose and provides safety and security to the people,

given

m

trust

amity, unity,

limit,

strengthening of

who

are

by the Creator. An example of the truth of this assertion is the and friendly relationship that have existed between these two

exalted dynasties, [284b] and that during the time of our daily-increasing 4

jamshed and Chosroes

are

prototypical great Iranian kings.

The

Safavids claimed descent

from the fourth caliph of Islam

and

First

Imam

of the Shia, Ali ibn

Abi-Talib, hence the reference to

the Alid house.

prosperity have been so reaffirmed and reinforced that they have

become

the object of jealousy of the rulers of the age. That shah of Jamshedian

might, whose army

who

is

is

like the stars,

worthy of the crown

whose court

is

like the celestial sphere,

of the Chosroes, scion of the Alavid house, off-

spring of the Safavid family,"* has, without provocation or cause, caused to

wither the garden of amity,

friendship,

brotherliness,

and

should not have been clouded by the dust of contention

unity,

until the

which end

of

time. Apparently the

custom of unity and loyalty between

tAar.

rulers ol the

world used to be so (irmly founded upon fraternal amity that they swore on each other's heads, and with such perfect

comradeship that tory or property love.'

The

— they went touring and hunting.

arrival of

Kandahar

ing' in

Roses of joy and glee have blossomed

self.

May

not be hidden from the world-

it

adorning mind of that exalted brother that

Khan

less terri-

unbounded

apologizing for 'touring and hunt-

letter

the face of the auspicious age.

ger Zaynal

— much

'Alas for our

was sent with Haydar Beg and Wali Beg has assured us

your angelic

of the health of in

your amicable

that

intimacy and corporeal

spiritual

come between them

could not

a spirit

until the arrival of

your messen-

magnificent court no expression of

at this

a

desire for

Kandahar had ever been made. During the time we were occupied by

a

hunting tour of the happy vale of Kashmir, the temporal rulers of the

Deccan shortsightedly stepped

highway

off the

seiwience and took the path of rebellion.

It

obedience and sub-

of

was therefore incumbent upon

our imperial mind to chastise the short-sighted, and the victory-emblazoned

banners descended to the seat of the sultanate, Lahore,- and we assigned our

worthy son Shahjahan an invincible army [285a]

We

were headed

to

go against the wretches. Agra when Zaynal

for the seat of the caliphate in

Beg arrived and delivered the friendly correspondence of that adorner of the

good omen, we

royal throne. Taking that amulet of friendship as a for the seat of the caliphate in

wrongdoers.

In

that

Agra

order to repel the

in

affair

we

to that brother.

shall grant

you have traversed

set out

enemies and

pearl-dripping letter no expression of a desire

Kandahar was made. Zaynal Beg expressed begrudge nothing

evil of

you leave

God

willing, after

for

said,

fashion befitting auspiciousness. Since

a

in

we

'We completing the Deccan

orally. In reply

it

vast distances, rest a few days in

Lahore from the

travail

we shall summon you.' After arriving in Agra, the seat of the we summoned the aforementioned m order to grant him permis-

of the road, for caliphate,

sion to depart. Since divine favor smiles

enly court,

we

set forth for the Punjab,

upon

this supplicant at the

turning our attention to sending the aforementioned essary items of business were taken care

weather in

heav-

our minds eased by victory, and were

of,

we

off.

After certain nec-

started because of the hot

Kashmir, acknowledged by world travelers to be without equal

for

delicacy of climate. Llpon arrival

in

that delightful vale

we summoned

Zaynal Beg to give him leave and to go with him and show him ourselves the delightful beauty spots of that pleasure garden one by one. At that point

news arrived

had never occurred to

him

to

go there himself

erliness?

had come to conquer Kandahar

that that brother

that

in

us.

We

were astonished.

What

— something

could have caused

conquest, disregarding our friendship and brothreliable, we could not believe it. we immediately ordered Abdul-Aziz the fraternal link was still strong, and we

Although the informants were

After the news was verified, [285b]

Khan not

to cross our brother, for

would not trade our degree of unity and loyalty

for

all

have been appropriate, given our friendship, to wait arrived, for an amicable settlement of the claim

the world. until

It

would

the emissary

might have been made. To

have committed such an outrage before the emissary's

arrival

— upon whose

shoulders will the people of the world lay the blame for breaking pacts and oaths and

a

breach of manliness and virtue?

May Cod

keep and preserve you

at all times.

After dismissing the emissaries, the

Kandahar army.

I

awarded

my

all

"son"

our attention was focused upon equipping

Khan jahan, who had been summoned

certain things, an elephant, a royal elephant, a sword, a jeweled dagger, of

honor and sent him

forth as vanguard, telling

him

to stop in

Multan

and

a

for

robe

until Prince

Shahryar arrived with the army and await further orders. Baqir Khan, the commander

i62 2-Mai: 162

3

385

386

The Jalmngi nuvna

was summoned to

of the garrison at Multan,

moted Ali-Quli Beg Darman

court.

pro-

I

1500 and

rank of

the

to

assigned him as auxiliary to

Khan

Mirza Rustam

5000 and assigned him too

to the rank of

Jahan.

that "son's" service in the army. Lashkar

Khan came from

Deccan and paid homage, and he was assigned Allahdad Afghan,

paign.

Khan, and other amirs in

the

Mirza

sent

1

Khan

Mukarram honor and

of

Jahan.

Khan

Llmdatussaltana Asaf

Agra to bring

to

mohurs and rupees

the entire treasury of

the

from their jagir estates

Deccan were awarded horses and robes

given leave to accompany

to

cam-

to the

Tarkhan,

Isa

who had come

promoted

also

1

had been

that

accumulated from the beginning of His Majesty ArshAshyani's reign until the present.^

Khan was promoted

Khan

jahan's son Asalat

to the rank of 2000/1000.

was awarded

ShaB', the bakhshi of the souba of Multan,

the

My

[286a]

of khan.

title

favorite son

Muhammad-

Shah

agent Sharif was given leave to go as quickly

and bring

my

as possible

son and the Bihar army to me.

gracious letter

my own

in

hand,

Parvez's

1

wrote

insisting strongly

a

that

he come.

On

Shah Ni'matullah's grandson the Mirmiran

this date

died unexpectedly.

A and

1

be shown mercy.

gave his post to Imamverdi.

account of the

is still

with me,

memoirs. At the

will

must elephant trampled on Mirza Beg QaravulbashV

killed him.

On and

hoped he

It is

this

illness that

haven't

1

felt like

came upon me

Khan came from

time Mu'tamad

Deccan and paid homage. Since he

who knows my moods and one and has experience recording events,

of

in this service, 1

my

is

my

memoirs.

forth

in

the

India, Mughal period, 1620 - 25 Ink and color on paper. 10.5 x 5.4 cm. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, from the Nasli and Alice Heeramaneck Collection, Museum Associates Purchase. M. 83 1.5

®

copy

in

pupils

in his

.

it

as

own hand an appen-

record whatever happens hencerecord,

daily

my

submit

it

for

my

book.

Completion of the Jahangirnama, Written by

.

will a

correction, and

Portrait of Jahangir.

He

service in

my servants who writes well

having been charged with

ordered him to write

form of

my

one of

from the aforementioned date and enter events dix to

year

last

dealing with writing

Mu'tamad Khan

During these days when our mind was completely focused

upon arranging and equipping the Kandahar expedition, unpleasant news was reported of an intemperate change

m 5

Asaf Khan's sobriquet here,

Llmdatussaltana, means "prop of the sultanate." Like

it

is

a

high-sounding title

messages and

try to

one of

me

my

servants, to deliver threatening

loyal

and intimate

great consternation,

and

I

persuade the wretch with rational arguments and guide him to

Mahabat

Khan's sobriquet Ruknusssaltana given above,

sent Musavi Khan,

Khurram. This caused

of favor.

wakefulness from his slumber of heedlessness and conceit. Fully informed of Khurram's vain desires and loathsome aims, he was to go to at the time.

him and do whatever seemed

right

387

Mar. i622-Mar. 1623

®

Lunar Weirjhing Ceremony

On

the

first

[286b] For

Bahman

of

Mahabat Khan came from Kabul

this royal celebration

homage and was

of paying

January 10] the lunar weighing ceremony was held.

[circa

received with particular honor.

to attain the felicity

granted Ya'qub Khan

I

Badakhshi the exalted privilege of drums and assigned him to Kabul

©

The Imperial Retinue Arrives

At

time

this

from

Khan's report arrived from Agra saying that Khurram had departed

I'tibar

Mandu

army and was headed

his jinxed

with

Agra

in

had been summoned he flew into

that the treasury

when he heard

that way. Apparently

rage and rushed

a

off,

thinking he

might intercept the treasury along the way. It

was thought best

Sultanpur.

If

proceed

for us to

though on

as

hunting tour to the river

a

the wretch has been led by error into waywardness,

him pay dearly

for his actions.

will

I

hasten to

at

make

things turn out otherwise, other actions will be taken.

If

auspicious hour.

we began to march on the seventeenth of the month at an Mahabat Khan was awarded a special robe of honor. A lac of rupees

was awarded to

my

With this determination

grandson Dawarbakhsh.

A

was awarded

lac of rupees

to

Mirza

Rustam, and two lacs were given to Abdullah Khan as an advance. Zayn Khan's son

Mirza Jan was sent with

insisted as strongly as possible that

Raja Sarang Deo,

would

raja

son Shah Parvez, and

felicitous

it

was

he come.

who had gone

and reported that the

my

decree to

a gracious

to bring Raja Bir

Singh Deo, rejoined the retinue

town of

join us with a finely arrayed troop in the

Thanesar.

®

Shahjahan's Rebellion

During these days reports came from said,

"Khurram has wretchedly flown

Khan and

I'tibar

in

the face of

others

stepped inauspicioLisly into the valley of churlishness and in

that direction.

made ready

A

I

do not therefore consider

for a siege

by

it

fortifying the towers

came from Asaf Khan saying

report also

wise to

in

Agra

past favors

all

in

which

[287a] and

error,

move

it

was

shown him, has is

headed

the treasury and have

and ramparts." that the wretch

was openly displaying

contemptuousness, having stepped into the valley of misfortune, and from the

his

manner

in

which he was coming the aroma of goodness did not come. Since Asal Khan

did not consider tection

it

prudent to remove the treasury, he had entrusted

and was coming to me.

continuous marches to chastise the forth to be called Bedawlat.®

Bedawlat

Of

is

mentioned,

will

it

it

to divine pro-

therefore crossed the river at Sultanpur and headed in

I

villain

and teach him

Everywhere

in this

a lesson.

record of

my

I

ordered him hence-

prosperity the

name

mean him.

the patronage and favors

is

showered upon him

I

monarch has ever showered upon any

son.

The

favors

can say that

I

my

until

exalted father

now no

showed my

means

6.

"wretch,"

all

showed

I

been recorded

his liege in past

men and gave them

pages, so

to a

how much attention and minimum. Of which of my

my

illness

perity

which

is

and weakness,

it is

no

titles,

banners, and drums. Since

pains should

on

a

I

write?

Is it

I

have even kept the record

really necessary for

horse and gallop around

in

me, with

such hot weather,

extremely disagreeable to me, running off alter such an undutiful son?

account of his miscreancy must

I

has

secret to the readers of this register of pros-

favor he has been shown.

to get

it

requite and

kill

with

my own

On

hands so many servants

and

It is

It

the opposite ot the

adjective he uses ot his sons

they are

brothers

luckless,

used by Jahangir to mean

in favor, iclbalmivut

(favored by fortune).

when

388

The Jalmngirnama

I

have patronized for long years and raised to the rank of amir,

doing battle with the Uzbeks or the Qizilbash? Thank

enough patience and forbearance

endure

to

What weighs heavy on my

[287b]

who

should today be

me

is

me

that he has given

and get through

this

all

heart and galls

God

with ease.

it

that at such a time

when my

sons and loyal amirs should be endeavoring without partisanship to further the

Kandahar-Khurasan campaign, wretch

chopping away

is

at

which

in

lies

the honor of the reign, this

own

the roots of his

making himself

fortune and

bling block in the path of the campaign, and complicating matters.

God and

my mind

will free

At

time

this

a

him released and

it

was no time either

blind eye to such actions,

likes of

we ordered

all

for trying to

win them

three arrested.

Upon

of Khalil's and Muhtaram's ingratitude and

Mirza Rustam having sworn an oath to

Khalil's disloyalty, 1

I

had

reinstated.

sent Raja Rozafzun as fast as possible

by post horse

to

with his army to

outrageous actions.

his

that

have them executed. Fidai Khan's loyalty proved to be above suspicion, so

to

him

a

when no doubt remained

malevolence, the

I

stum-

the mir tuzuk had pledged their loyalty to Bedawlat [Shahjahan] and

over or for turning

had

a

hoped

of these worries.

correspondence with him. Since

investigation,

is

It

was reported that the eunuch Muhtaram Khan, Khalil Beg Zulfaqar,

it

Khan

Fidai

opened

unhappy

my

me

son Shah Parvez to escort him and bring

so that Bedawlat could be

The eunuch jawahir Khan was

made

to

pay

for

assigned to supervision of the

harem.

On this

first

camp was made in Nur Saray. On Bedawlat had made it with all speed

of Isfandarmudh [circa February 9]

day Ikhtiyar Khan's report arrived saying that

Agra vicinity and might cause mischief and further

to the

was

the

When

fortified.

he reached Fatehpur, however, he had found the gates of success

closed to him. F3umiliated, he had stopped. [288a]

many

imperial amirs

and participating

who had been

in his

all

that

Khan

his son,

and

assigned to the Deccan and Gujarat were with him

Musavi Khan had gone to see him

of

The Khankhanan,

ungrateful rebelliousness. in

had been decided that he would send N4usavi

aims before the citadel

his

to deliver his

Fatehpur and delivered the imperial orders.

his liege

demands. Fde sent

man Qazi Abdul-Aziz

his servant

It

to court with

Sundar [Das], the ringleader

the trouble and mischief, to Agra to confiscate the wealth and hidden treasures

were held there by imperial servants. F3e entered Lashkar Khan's house and

confiscated nine lacs of rupees. Fde also entered other servants' houses suspected of

harboring wealth and took everything he found. Well,

who had been

if

amirs like the Khankhanan,

singled out for the exalted post of ataliq, could dishonor himself at the

age of seventy with such msurgence and ingratitude, what complaint could one have of others?

It

was

as

though insurgence and ingratitude were part and parcel of

At the end of his

Following

In 7.

Quoted from

life

his father

in his father's footsteps,

had done the same thing

my

exalted father.

he had made himself eternally accursed

becomes

the end a wolf cub

to

a wolf,

even

if

it

has grown up

his nature.

at this age.

among

humans.^

Sa'di, GtilisUw in Kulliyytit, 42.

On

this date

Musavi Khan arrived with Abdul-Aziz, Bedawlat's emissary. Since

requests were unreasonable,

Mahabat Khan

On

the

banks of the

for

fifth

1

didn't allow

him

to speak

his

and turned him over to

imprisonment.

of the

month

river at Ludhiana.

[circa February 13] imperial

Khan

camp was made on

the

A'zam was promoted to the rank of 7000/5000.

Deccan and Diyanat Khan came from Agra

Raja Bharat Bundela arrived from the join the retinue.

pardoned Diyanat Khan's offenses and reinstated him

I

was promoted

rank. Raja Bharat

moted

to the rank of 1500/1000,

to

Mar. i622-Mar. i623

389

to his previous

and Musavi Khan was pro-

to 1000/300.

On

Thursday the twelfth

pargana of Thanesar, Raja

[circa February 20] outside the

Deo joined the retinue and paraded his troop, which was highly applauded. [288b] The raja was promoted by 500/300. In the vicinity of Karnal, Asaf Khan came Singh

Bir

1

from Agra and joined the retinue.

Khan

Khan's son Nawazish

When

Bedawlat was

good omen.

a

Sa'id

arrived from Gujarat.

Burhanpur,

in

A summons

soLiba of junagarh.

time was

Fdis arrival at this

I

had assigned Baqi Khan

had been issued

him

to

come

to

at his

request to the

and

to court,

at this

time he presented himself and joined our service.

Since the march from Lahore had occurred without prior notice, and time did not allow us to stop for reflection, ial

my

retinue and in

service.

had

I

By the time we reached Sirhind

After passing through Sirhind

men

flocked

contingent by contingent. By the time bled that as far as

Since continual

I

from

in

directions troop

all

we reached Delhi such

a

by troop and

horde had been assem-

could see the plain was covered with soldiers.

had been reported that Bedawlat had

it

march

who were in the impera few men had joined us.

with the few amirs

set off

in

the direction of Delhi,

their armor.^ Overall

Fatehpur and was moving by

left

ordered the imperial soldiers to don

I

strategy and tactics for this expedition was turned over to

Mahabat Khan. Leadership

of the

first

troop was assigned to Abdullah Khan, and

any battle-tried warriors and experienced soldiers he requested were assigned to troop.

ordered him to march one kos ahead of the other troops. Reconnaissance

I

and security of the roads were also made his responsibility.

was

in

league with Bedawlat and that the

villain's

he used

of our troops to him. Prior to this

long scrolls and bring them to me, saying,

precipitously during such a

churning,

I

If

I

in

to destroy

many

both true and

have sent

Even though some of our supporters spoke to

and private concerning

his

in

check so

as

false,

by

his intrigues

his

ill-natured

whose hideous nature was

moment

in

a

turban aigrette),

on

my loyal servants me truthfully both

at his

of sedition

accusation.

innuendo and

in

malevolence and crookedness, there I

kept

my

eyes

not to reveal anything that would alarm him and showed

untoward actions and cease

a

(ju)lhi,

inappropriate to the narrative.

and acted

him even more favor than before, thinking perhaps he would be ashamed

blackguard,

JYCjhH

from there." Lie

this

was no time to investigate and bring his dealings into the open, so and tongue

padded,

league with Bedawlat [289a] and

led astray

of

(jehn,

was unaware that he

commotion with the whirlwind and maelstrom

would have had

frankly in public

spies

had been

I

Reading .lYBH

primary objective was to get news

to write reports,

"My

accused some of our loyal servants of being writing news of the court to him

paused

his

8.

quilted armor) lor the text's

a

The

seditiousness.

eternally

of his

damned

mixture of filthiness and hypocrisy, never

proceeding with what suited him,

as will

be reported

in

the

proper place.

A

tree

whose nature

is

bitter

may be

planted

pure honey from the stream of heaven on will

produce the same

Anyhow,

in

its

m

paradise,

roots,

/ In

/

Even

the end

if

you pour

its

essence

bitter fruit.

the environs of Delhi, Sayyid

Bahwa

Bukhari, Sadr Khan, and Raja

Kishan Das came out of the city and joined the retinue. Baqir Khan the garrison com-

9 Reading

mander of Oudh

lor the text's

also presented himself at the imperial

camp on

this date.^

AWDH (Au\ulh, AWRDH

Oudh)

390

The Jahangirnama

On

the twenty-fifth of the

Delhi and

camped on

the soLiba of the

and awarded the

month

[circa

March

5]

we

passed through the city of

the banks of the Jumna. Rai Sal Darbari's son Gridhr

Deccan and paid homage. He was promoted title

of raja. Zibardast

Khan

to the rank of

came from 2000/1500

the mir tuziik was awarded a banner.

The Eighteenth Regnal March 12, 1623-March

©

The Eighteenth Naivroz

O

after the

Year: 8,

1624

Royal Accession

n the eve of Tuesday the twentieth of

Jumada

I

1032 [March

12, 162 3]

the world-illuminating sun entered Aries, [289b] and the eighteenth

year since our accession

On

this

day

of Mathura.

The

it

commenced

was reported

imperial

auspiciously.

that Bedawlat

army stopped

seven or eight thousand cavalrymen were arrayed.

It

had reached the

vicinity

in

the pargana of Shahpur, and

is

hoped

that

he

will

soon be

defeated and overthrown. Raja inue.'

1

Maha

Singh's grandson Raja Jai Singh

honored Raja

Rajputs, with the

Bir

title

of maharaja,

and

came from

whom

Singh Deo, than 1

there

promoted

his

is

home and joined

the ret-

no greater amir among the

his son Jograj to the rank of

it

waves

in

the sea, was

made

flanks, altmishf reserve, rear

in that direction,

as befitted the

time and place, vanguard, right and

the correct

left

guard, et cetera.

2.

At the same time news arrived that Bedawlat and the accursed Khankhanan had

Brahman,

the text's miscopied

and the arrangement of troops,

deviated from the straight road and were headed toward the pargana of Kotlah, twenty

kos to the

Emending

was reported that Bedawlat was coming, sticking to the banks of the

Jumna, the imperial host was ordered like

,

Maha Singh

2000/1000. Sayyid Bahwa was awarded an elephant. Since

I

"Man Singh" with

having stationed against the imperial troops

left,

who had

led

him

into the valley of error, the

five divisions

under Sundar

The

iilhiii'sb

(sixty in Turkish)

is

the advance guard of the center of the army. See Irvine, Iiuluui MocihulSi

226

Army

of the

.

Khankhanan's son Darab, and

many imperial amirs who had joined him in his insurgence and ingratitude, like Himmat Khan, Sarbuland Khan, Sharza Khan, Abid Khan, [290a] jadu Rai, Udai Ram, Atash Khan, Mansur Khan, and other officers who had been assigned to the Deccan, Gujarat, and Malwa and whom it would take too long to enumerate, along with all their liege men like the Rana's son Raja Bhim, Rustam Khan, Bayram Beg, Darya the Afghan, Taqi, in reality

etc.

Although outwardly the leadership was held by the accursed Darab,

power was the hideous Sundar. The misfortunates were camped

the

in

the

vicinity of Bilochpur.

On On

behind Baqir this

the eighth of the

that date all

it

the

month [March

was Baqir Khan's turn rest.

Khan made

A

19] the imperial

army camped

to take the rear guard,

in

Qabulpur.

and we had stationed him

troop of rebels attacked him on the road and began to plunder.

a valiant

showing and repelled them. Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan learned

of

and raced to help, but by the time Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan got there the rebels had

given up and

fled.

On Wednesday

the ninth [March 20]

we detached

twenty-five thousand horsemen

under the leadership of Asaf Khan, Khwaja Abti'l-Hasan, and Abdullah Khan and sent

391

Jahangir Triumphant Holding a Globe, copy after Abu'l-Hasan. India, Mughal period, ca. 1650. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper. Image area; 27.6 x 16.1 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution. Purchase. F48.28b

— them against the Iradat

Khan,

Baqir

Khan, and others

Fidai

thousand cavalry sion.

—were

posted

—

around

six

162

3

— Mai\

393

162 4

eight

Ibrahim-Fdusayn

thousand cavalry

Khwaja

reinforce

to

— around

tAar.

assigned to Asaf Khan's divi-

Nuruddin-Quli,

Khan,

Kashghari, and others

were

Qasim Khan, Lashkar Khan,

rebels.

Abu'l-F3asan.

Nawazish Khan, Abdul-Aziz Khan, Azizullah, and

many Barha and Amrohi

sayyids were assigned to

accompany Abdullah Khan. Ten thousand horsemen were counted

in this

contingent.

The damned Sundar

arrayed the forces of misfor-

tune and stepped boldly forward. [290b] At this time

my

sent

Abdullah Khan to encourage him.

tiizuk to

two

Khan

personal quiver with Zibardast

I

the mir

When

the

the eternally accursed Abdullah

sides clashed,

Khan, whose hideous nature was made of rebellious-

and

ness

ingratitude, deserted

and joined the

rebels.

Abdul-Aziz Khan and Khan Dawran's sons went along with him

— God knows whether they knew what they

were doing or not. Nawazish Khan, Zibardast Khan,

who were

and Sherhamla, their

ground and did not

when he

in that

coward's troop, stood

let their

troops

to pieces

fall

left.

Since divine protection has always and every-

where been with

this supplicant, in

leader like Abdullah

such

a fray

Khan could throw over

a

where

troop of

thousand horsemen and join the enemy,

ten

a

and

thereby nearly inflicted great damage upon the imperial

army, a bullet fired by fate hit Sundar's mortal spot,

and when he

fell

the rebels' courage failed.

Khwaja Abu'l-Fdasan

was facing and pulverized them. Asaf Khan arrived in time,

and Baqir Khan finished the job with

signal victory that could

he

also took out the troop

be counted

Portrait of Raja Bikramajit, by Bichitr. India, Mughal period, ca. 1620 Opaque watercolor and gold on paper. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Rogers Fund

just

valor.

.

A

and the Kevorkian Foundation

as a miracle of the

age was achieved. Zibardast Khan, Sherhamla and his son

Asad Khan Ma'muri's son, Khwaja

Sherpanja,

Jahan's brother

damned

Muhammad-Fdusayn, and

Abdullah's troop attained

a

group of Barha sayyids

martyrdom and

eternal

wound but remained alive. of that damned hypocrite at

life.

who had been

in

the

Fdusayn Khan's grand-

son Azizullah received a bullet

Although the departure

divine assistance, the prevalent opinion

was that

if

his

the midst of battle, [29 1 a] most of the leaders of the rebel

As

or captured.

it

him by

In short,

selves

this

the

time was also a sign of

army would have been

happened, he was already known among the

La'natullah (God's curse), called

this

hideous action had taken place

rebels,

having

fled

from the

field

is

mentioned,

reached Bedawlat, twenty kos away.

1

too

means him.

of combat, couldn't get them-

back together, and La'natullah and the other damn rebels didn't

reins until they

it

killed

people as

and since he had already been dubbed thus by accident,

name. F3enceforth, wherever La'natullah

damn

common

in

pull in their

Gift,

1955 55 .

.

1

2

I

.

1

0.

1

r

394

When

The Jahanginiama

myself over and over

my

my

into

him and took been taken

The

presence.

my

brought into

supporters

burning to

--

it

warden of

fired.

mind.

fire a

Now

When

—

that he

in

if

Those

unchanged. he had.

my

me,

It

the dis-

gloomy F3is ears

him had

courage.

lost

his fortune, ambition,

him

to such an exalted

deny him nothing, and he can do such

certainly be within the

bounds of divine

a

ret-

he never saw the countenance of well-being again! of

my

who performed

servants

outstandingly dur-

Khwaja Abu'l-F3asan was promoted

5000. Nawazish

Khan was

It

and

metaphorical "cre-

in reality his

lifetime, raise

ing this expedition were rewarded with unprecedented of favor.

in

was never

that hit

was dead, Bedawlat

a father like

during

would

it

ribution

but just as

to me. F3is

it

still

by whose hand the shot

position [291b] and

thing

corpse had

troop appeared

and he brought

though that FHindu dog was

ator," can,

%. yiT^

the bullet hit

hell, his

off for the sake of the pearls

learned, however,

as

when

advance

to

had been cut been

so

next day Sundar's body was

expression could be seen perfectly,

was

me

would be captured, the men ran away

jagir the village was,

%

divine

The headman of the village cut his head off and his own interests to Khan A'zam, in whose

directions.

took

served

a village in the vicinity,

they were about to light the tance. Fearing they all

prostrated

1

gift of

who had

presence. Apparently

his soul to the

for

ears,

new

thanks for this

in

bounty and summoned well

my

the news of victory reached

Khan was promoted

The

to 4000/3000.

Baqir

3000/1500 and granted the

raised to the lank of

privilege of drums.

shows

to the rank of

following promotions were given:

lbrahim-F3usayn Kashghari to 2000/1000, Numddin-Quii to Raja

2000/700,

Ram Das

Asad

2000/1000,

to

Khan

to

1500/1000, Azizullah to 2000/1000, Lutfullah to 1500/500,

and Parwarish Khan to 500 suwar.

Decree OE NurJAHAN.

India,

Mughal

period, dated

17 Shahrivar, regnal year 20 (September 1625 ). Ink and gold on paper. Art and History Trust, courtesy of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. LTS 995 2 46 1

.

.

recorded, In

for

it

would take too

day,

at

On

promotions were

the station mentioned above

and the next day we marched. Khan Alam

arrived from Allahabad and paid

1

all

long.

summary, we halted

one

If

homage.

month [March

the twelfth of the

23]

the vicinity of Jhansa. This day Sarbulandi Rai

Deccan, paid homage, and was awarded

Khan and

several

selves of Bedawlat's clutches

galloped

off,

Farinmg-i Jahangiri by

jamaluddm Husayn Azududdawla, Sayyid

It

we have

Ghalib and printed

m

in

Sadiq Ali

lithograph

Lucknow

we could do

they had received two thousand mohurs as

(n.d.).

time for an investigation,

I

They

Khan] delivered them-

said,

"When

When we

but surrender.

Now,

La'natullah

entered the after finding

returned to kiss the imperial threshold." Although a grant

Injii

was edited by

Muhammad

retinue.

in

the

Abdul-Aziz

a phul-katara.

spurred his horse to combat.

midst of the enemy, there was nothing The

dagger with

La'natullah [Abdullah

and rejoined our

we thought he had

an opportunity to escape, 3.

a royal

who had accompanied

we camped came from

accepted their excuse

as

from Bedawlat, since there wasn't being

true.

[292a]

On the nineteenth [March 30] the celebration of culmination was held, and many my servants received promotions and suitable rewards. Mir Azududdawla came from Agra to pay homage. Ffie presented for my inspection the dictionary^ he had

of

He

composed.

took

really

a lot of trouble

with

and persevered

it

the words from the poetry of the ancients. There

all

is

examples

for

no other such book

in

in citing

Mar. 162 3-Mar. 162 4

395

this field.

promoted

Raja jai Singh was a royal

The

elephant.

to the rank of 3000/ 400.

On at

the

Khan came

Fatehpur. I'tibar

homage. Since

to

camp was made on

the shore of the lake

Mumtaz Khan, promoted

jeweled sword,

a

came from Agra

to

pay

so well and appreciatively in guarding the

of

title

robe of honor with

a

his brother also

Khan had performed

he was given the

6000/5000, given

Mahabat

to the rank

pay homage from Agra and was favorably received.

Mukarram Khan, and

I'tibar

citadel in Agra,

son Shahryar

banner and drums.

a

of Urdibihisht [circa April 10]

[Mu]zaffar Khan,

my

Khanazad Khan, promoted

of

title

and granted the privilege of

first

awarded

post of reviser of petitions was given to Musavi Khan.

Khan's son Amanullah was awarded the of 4000/4000,

I

1

a horse,

and

to the rank of

a royal elephant,

and given leave to return to the above-mentioned post. Sayyid Bahwa was promoted to the rank of 2000/1500.

Mukarram Khan was promoted

Khwaja Qasim's rank was increased

to the rank of 3000/2000,'*

and

On the fourth of the month [circa April 13] Mansur Khan Firangi, a mention whom has been made on past pages, ^ [292b] and his brother Maghrur [and]

of

4,

and join our

service.

sent

1

led

by good fortune

Khawass Khan

to

to separate themselves from Bedawlat

my

Tarkhan arrived from Multan to pay homage.

Isa

The only Mansur mentioned

the one

month

[circa April 19]

the

list

ol those

had joined Shahjahan (page 39 Firaniji

personal sword was given to

is

camp was made

in

the vicinity of the

pargana of Hindaun. Mansur Khan was promoted to the rank of 4000/3000,- Nawbat

It

is

was

a

type of firearm, and

title is

normally

unlikely that a

European

to the rank of 2000/1000.

©

Prince Parvez

Received

On

the eleventh [circa April 20] a halt was observed.

to

is

pay homage had been fixed on

amirs,

and

all

this day.

1

befitting

ceremony

after

performing the

rituals of koriinush

and

my

into

cious hour chosen, he illuminated his forehead

of yearning

for

my

son Shah Parvez

ordered the exalted princes, renowned

other self-sacrificing servants to go out

him and escort him with

The hour in

troops and contingents to meet

presence. Past noon, at the auspi-

by kissing the ground

taslim,

1

took

my

in loyalty,

favored son

the

in

and

bosom

and affection and showed him unprecedented kindness.

News was

received that

Man

pargana of Amber, Raja

when Bedawlat was Singh's

passing through the vicinity of the

home, he had sent

a

group of

villains to

plunder

the town.

On

the twelfth [circa April 21]

camp was made

outside the village of Sarwali.

gave Habash Khan leave to precede us to Ajmer to repair the residences.

1

raised

I

my

favored son Shah Parvez to the rank of 40,000/30,000.

Since

it

had been reported that Bedawlat had dispatched Raja

Singh [293a] to go to his Sadiq

Khan

® At

in

the Punjab

hills

and foment

a lesson.

He was awarded

to the rank of

a

4000/3000 with

a

robe of honor,

a

Base's

strife there,

the mirbakhshi as governor of the Punjab and ordered

and teach him

promoted

home

him

I

son jagat

appointed

to chastise

him

sword, and an elephant and

tugh and drums.

The Murder of Mirza Badi'uzzaman this

time

it

was reported that Mirza Shahrukh's son Mirza Badi'uzzaman, known

Fathpuri, had been

ambushed one night by

his

younger brothers and

killed.

as

At the

I

).

a

firancjihaz.

Mansur Khan

(also firamji, for

which the firearm was named)

Khan was promoted

is

who

A

gunner's

the tenth of the

in

favored son Shah Parvez. Mirza

Mahabat Khan.

On

to

on page 248,

5.

Nawbat Khan Dakkani were

Mukarram Khan's promotion

3000/2000 has already been noted

to 1000/400.

396

The Jabangirnama

same time the brothers came

and

to court

paid homage. His mother also joined the

make

inue, but she did not son's

blood

over

for

as

ret-

a claim for

her

she should have but turned

Although

investigation.

it

Mirza

Badi'uzzaman's disposition was so horrible that there

was no regret over

indeed

was opportune and advantageous,

it

being

his

killed,

nonetheless for these wretches to have taken

such bold action against their elder brother,

who

stood

the place of a father to them,

in

was not something to which turn a blind eye.

held

justice could

them

therefore ordered

I

prison for the time being until proper

in

action could be taken.

On

arrived from their jagirs

summon my

and paid homage.

Khan

"son"

[circa

and Rai Suraj Singh

had sent Mu'izzulmulk

I

month

the twenty-first of the

April 30] Raja Caj Singh

Multan

to

Jahan,-

on

to

this date

he returned to rejoin the retinue and report

on Khan Jahan's weak and sent his son Asalat

ill

state.

Khan with

horsemen and expressed

a

He had

thousand

his regrets at

being

deprived of paying homage. Since his apol-

ogy sounded

® On

Collections Acquisition Program, and Dr. Arthur

the

to the

Mahabat Khan

are

Pursuit of Shahjahan

twenty-fifth

[circa

May

4]

my

imperial troops to pursue Bedawlat and ren-

der him and his blithering comrades naught,

and the

Smithsonian

M,

was accepted. [293b]

favored son Prince Parvez was assigned the

Portraits of Jahangir, Asaf Khan, and Shayista Khan. India, Mughal period, ca. 1650. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper mounted on board. Full page; 44.9 x 33 cm., image area: 25.5 X 20.1 cm. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution

— Smithsonian Unrestricted Trust Funds,

it

Prince Parvez and

Assigned

Purchase

true,

reins of authority over the prince's

command and

the disposition of the troops

Sackler.

were turned over to the approval of Mu'ta-

S1986.407

minuddawla Mahabat Khan.^ The renowned amirs 6.

Here Mahabat Khan

is

given

were assigned

to the prince were:

the sobriquet Mu'taminuddawla

Lashkar Khan, Mansur, Raja

jai

and

champions who

self-sacrificing

Khan Alam, Maharaja Gaj Singh, Sarbulandi

Rai,

Singh, Rai Suraj Singh, Fazil Khan, Rashid Khan, Raja

(trustworthy one of the state).

Gridhr, Raja

Ram Das Kachhwaha, Mir

Abdul-Aziz, Azizullah, Asad Khan, Parwarish

Khan, Ikram Khan, Sayyid Hizhabr Khan, Lutfullah, Rai Narayan Das, and others.

Around

forty thousand ready cavalry, a fine arsenal,

sury was dispatched with them. Fazil

recorder to the army.

I

awarded him

hem embroidered

rupees and had been

made

named Zayn

in

Khan was assigned

a personal

jacket with collar and

and twenty

lacs of rupees as a trea-

the post of bakhshi and

robe of honor and

in pearls,

a

gold spun nadiri

which was worth forty-one thousand

the imperial establishment, along with a royal elephant

Gaj, and to the prince

1

gave

a

female elephant, a royal horse, and a jew-

eled sword worth a total of seventy-seven thousand rupees. Nurjahan

Begam

also gave

him

robe of honor,

a

and an elephant,

a horse,

as

Khan and the

customary. Mahabat

is

other amirs were awarded horses, elephants, and robes according to their ranks and

The Governorship of Gujarat Tutelage of Khan A'zam

On as

the

men whom

son's liege

I

knew by

sight.

On

Muzaffar Khan was honored with the post of mirbakhshi. [294a]

this date

®

my

awards were made to

stations. Suitable

first

of

Khurdad

May

[circa

Assigned

is

11

I

]

Prince Daivarbakhsh under the

to

appointed Khusraw's son Prince Dawarbakhsh

governor of Gujarat and assigned Khan A'zam to the exalted post of

The

ataliq.

prince was given a horse, an elephant, a special robe of honor, a jeweled dagger, a tugh,

and drums. Khan A'zam, Nawazish Khan, and other servants were given favors according to their ranks.

With the

Khan, Iradat Khan was given the post of

transfer of Fazil

Ruknuddawla Asaf Kban was honored with the governorship

bakhshi.

of Bengal

and

Orissa. Fde

was awarded

robe of honor and

a special

of the provinces

jeweled sword.

a

son Abutalib was assigned to accompany his father and promoted to the rank of

F3is

2000 / 1000

.

©

The Retinue Reaches Ajmer

On

the thirtieth of the [previous] month, corresponding to the nineteenth of Rajab

1

032 [May

1623],

9,

camp was made

Prince

Dawarbakbsb was honored with the rank

lacs of

rupees was assigned for expenses.

Khan A'zam. granted

a

my

at

We

son's request. Tatar

Lake.

of 8000/3000, and a treasury of

gave an advance of one

who was

Iftikhar Beg's son Allahyar,

banner

Ana Sagar

outside of Ajmer on the banks of

in

my

lac of

two

rupees to

son Shah Parvez's service, was

Khan was assigned warden

of the fortress at

Gwalior. Raja Gaj Singh was promoted to the rank of 5000/4000.

®

The Death of Marjamuzzamani

At

this

away.

time news

It is

hoped

came from Agra

that

God

will

inundate her

Rana Karan's son jagat Singh came from ity of kissing

the ground. Ibrahim

Khan

thirty-four elephants as an offering,

commander

assigned as garrison the

Mian Doab

On

garrison.

at

good news

territory

their

way

who was

and attained the

felic-

Fath-Jang, the governor of Bengal, had sent

of victory I

came

of

of the imperial workshops.

a report

from

and triumph. The

officials in

the souba of

details are as follows.

As

a

had awarded the souba of Gujarat, which has

ruler, to

Bedawlat. As has been recorded under

Sundar Brahman ruled and guarded the area

made

Ffindu dog,

of mercy.

home

Oudh, and Sadat Khan was made commander

always been the place of some great

notions

his

Mir Sharaf was made divan

reward for his victory over the Rana,

past events,

in a sea

and they were viewed. [294b] Baqir Kban was

the twelfth of Tir [circa June 22]

Gujarat with the

Maiyamuzzamani had passed

that Fder Majesty

into his ungrateful mind,

When

as his agent.

he summoned to

corrupt

his presence that

always the instigator of his uncooperativeness and obstinacy and

the chief mischief-maker, along with FJimmat Khan, Sharza Khan, Sarafraz Khan, and

many

other imperial servants

brother Kunhar to

Mandu, he

in his place.

settled the

fief

who

held jagirs

in that

souba, and stationed Sundar's

After Sundar was killed and Bedawlat retreated in defeat of Gujarat

upon

La'natullah and sent

word

for

Kunhar and

Safi

Khan, the divan of the souba, to bring the treasury along with the jeweled throne

that

had cost

of rupees

five lacs of

—both

A nephew

of

rupees to produce and the sword strap that had cost two lacs

which he had had made

of the ja'far

Beg

as gifts for

who was awarded

the

me.

title

of Asaf

Khan

in

my

exalted

Mar. 162 3-Mar. 162 4

397

398

The Jahanginuvna

father's service, Safi

received the

Khan

of Asaf

title

is

married to

a

daughter of Nurjahan Begam's brother

Khan from me. An

elder daughter of Asaf Khan's

is

who

married to

Bedawlat. Both are from the same mother. Because of this relationship Bedawlat

expected SaH Khan to accompany him and take cast

by destiny [295a] and he was

his part, but since his lot

was favorably

God

and amirship,

slated for fortune

granted him

the privilege of performing outstanding services, as will be recorded.

named Wafadar as governor Ahmadabad and took over

the faithless La'natullah sent a eunuch of his

In short,

of the province while

he and

Khan was

the city. Since Safi

bunch of

a

his

rowdies went to

and sincere, he did

loyal

camped on

before Kunhar and

Mahmudabad, making

it

he could to retain

all

He

men, round up more troops, and placate the people.

the shore of the Kankriya Tank.

appear

as

though he were going

his liege

the city several days

left

From there he went

to Bedawlat,

to

whereas actually

he entered into correspondence with Nahar Khan, Sayyid Diler Khan, Babu Khan Afghan, and other loyal and steadfast self-sacrificing seiwants their estates in the province, trying to

who had remained on

keep them loyal and waiting

for an opportunity.

A liege man of Bedawlat's named Salih, the garrison commander of the Petlad sarkar who had a fine troop with him, discovered from what he was doing that Safi Khan was working

for

another goal. Actually Kunhar had also realized

had placated

a

make

a

able to

good number Safi

Khan might cease

in

and make

to be friendly

Mandu. Kunhar

sword

also took the

wake. The throne was too heavy for them to take along. (Karnaj?), but

no place name with such stellation of

located.

a

con-

consonants has been

There

is

a

Karanja

and moved from Mahmudabad to the pargana of route to the

far

his jagir with southeast of Burhanpur, but

move

against the

supporters, and

Safi

which

He

strap

and

Khan found is

situated

lacs of

set out in his

opening

his

by the normal

corresponded with Nahar

was decided that each of them would mount from

it

what troops he had and enter the

city with the rising of the sun

—which

it

seems too distant to be the place

mentioned

,^

...

and where Babu Khan was. [295b]

left,

Khan and other

a

took the treasury forward and delivered nearly ten

treasury, Salih foresightedly

rupees to Bedawlat

KRNJ

Khan

but since Safi

move.

Worried that

7 Text has

this,

and had taken such precautions they weren't

of people

here.

was the dawning of fortune the wretches

— through the gate

Leaving his womenfolk

in

that

was

li

at

dawn and paused

Khan

for a

moment

in

the Sha'ban

foe. After

the sun

wide open, although there was no trace of Nahar

or the other supporters. Apprehensive lest the

fortified the gates of the citadel,

through the Sarangpur Gate. At

for

in their direction.

ght was good enough to distinguish friend from

up, they found the city gate

Khan and

until the

was

and the evening of misfortune

felicity

the pargana mentioned above, he and Babu

reached the outskirts of the city

Garden

people of

for the

they put their

just that

enemy had

trust in

received intelligence

God and

moment Nahar Khan

entered the city

also arrived

and entered

the city through the gate. La'natullah's eunuch, aware of the trickiness of our unfailing fortune, took refuge in the house of

Mian Wajihuddin's grandson Shaykh Haydar. Our

worthy servants then had the victory sounded and dispatched several

men

to the houses of

Beg, his bakhshi, and captured them.

Khan and

that La'natullah's

all

Bedawlat's liege

eunuch was

men and

towers and ramparts.

Bedawlat's divan, and

They

Hasan

Shaykh Haydar came himself and informed

in his

retainers

ease concerning the security of the

fortified

Muhammad-Taqi, house.

He was

Safi

brought, arm bound to neck,

were imprisoned, and so their minds were

at

city.

The jeweled throne and two lacs of rupees in cash and goods left in the city by men were confiscated by our supporters. When the news reached Bedawlat, he assigned La'natullah to take Himmat Khan, Sharza Khan, Sarafraz Khan, Bedawlat and his

Qabil Beg, [296a] Rustam Bahadur, Salih the bakhshi, and other misfortunate rebels.

both imperial servants and his

Mahmudabad. Learning

own men,

of this, Safi

nearly five thousand ready cavalry, and attack

Khan and Nahar Khan proved valorous

in

Mrtr.

399

1623-Mar. 1624

winning

over the soldiers and gathering troops. All the cash and goods they had taken, includ-

which they smashed, they used

ing the throne,

Kalyan the zamindar of

recruits. Raja

the surrounding areas were

Without waiting

pay

as

for the old soldiers

Idar, Lai Koli's son,^

summoned

and they put together

to town,

and new

and the other zamindars of a

Mandu

from

for reinforcements, La'natullah got himself

good to

force.

Baroda

in

8.

Name

very doubtful and appar-

ently not attested elsewhere. Per Jahangir, Tuzuk-i-Jabangiri (trans.

Rogers), 264,

it

reads Lai Copi,

eight days. which would

Escorted by good fortune, our supporters

Kankriya Tank. supporters, but

him he

camped beside the part might undo our

the city and

left

occurred to La'natullah that swiftness on his

It

when he

learned that our supporters had

left

the

city,

It

Khan had captured Sharza Khan's women

in

women were

and Sarafraz Khan's

message saying,

Baroda and brought them into the

Khan

also in the city, Safi

"If

you

will

sent

word

to

some

you wives and children

to

all

La'natullah learned of this he

city,

cease your rebellion and rejoin the imperI

sorts of humiliation as retribution."

summoned

Sarafraz

Khan from

his

Himmat Khan, and

pretext and arrested him. Since Sharza Khan,

Badakhshi were

in

Gujarat

both of them

supporters, your lot in this world and the next will he better. [296b] Otherwise

When

a plausi-

took La'nat-

from Baroda to Mahmudabad. Since Diler

will subject

be

zamindar

our loyal servants marched from Kankriya

in their error,

and camped outside the village of Batoh near the shrine of Qutb-i-Alam.

secret with a

for a

unfortunately for

ullah ten days to travel the three-day road

ial

name

Baroda and stopped, waiting for reinforcements. After the rebels

tarried in

joined him and they set out

in

ble

at least

house on

Khan

Salih

agreement and camped together, he couldn't get hold of Sharza

in

Khan.

on the twenty-first of Sha'ban 1032 [June

In short,

arrayed the forces of misfortune.

Our

before the battle

will scatter

nessed our supporters' resolve he couldn't stand

killed.

and

is

it

will

begun.

It

would be better

futile tactic

was

to

go

a sign of

to the plain at

.

.

my

valiant

However, when he

wit-

left,

he

Our men

will

be

and

.

be undone by "

and, turning his reins to the

"They have hidden gunpowder^ beneath the earth

said,

mounted and

supporters also arrayed their troops and got

ready for battle. La'natullah thought to himself, "They

approach, and they

10] La'natullah

in

the

field.

This useless plan

fight there.

our good fortune, for no sooner did he turn his reins than

rumor of defeat spread and the champions of the arena of victory rushed

9.

Reading

10.

flank

and prevented the wretch from reaching.

while our supporters

The

camped

in

.

.

.

He

had to pitch

his tent

m

Bareja,

the village of Baloda, nearly three kos away.

The arrangement was

vanguard were Nahar Khan,

as follows: in the

Raja Kalyan the zamindar of Idar, and other valiant, battle-ready champions,- in the

wing were Diler Khan, Sayyid Sidu, and

a

group of loyal

servants,-

[297a]

in

bakhshi, and

and the center was maintained by

some others who had rendered good

Safi

left

the right

wing were Babu Khan, Sayyid Ya'qub, Sayyid Ghulam-Muhammad, and other sacrificing, loyal men,-

self-

Khan, Kifayat Khan the

service.

By happy coincidence the place La'natullah [Abdullah Khan] had camped was

uneven ground thick with thorn patches and narrow that reason to line

up troops

satisfactorily.

He

little

paths.

sent most of his

It

was not possible

were both plagued by misfortune. The

Khan and Himmat Khan, and was

felled

by

a bullet

it

was an outstanding

wound. Then

Salih

first

fracas.

for

good men forward with

Rustam Bahadur. Although Himmat Khan and Salih Beg were ringleaders of heresy, they

battle

Here

text has SR.KY.I,

has not been identified.

name occurs

next morning our supporters, ranks arrayed and battle lines drawn, set out for

the field of battle.

this

was between Nahar

By chance, Himmat Khan

Beg came up against Babu Khan, Sayyid

(gunpowifnri

tujimt)

against his

in

(fiini-yj fii/mi^

der) for the text's meaningless

below.

which

The same

at the ellipsis just

400

The Jahangirnama

Ghulam-Muhammad, and others. During the fray Sayyid GhulamMuhammad's elephant got in and unhorsed him, and he too fell prey to mortal wounds. Nahar Khan received a sword wound, and nearly a hundred of his men were Ya'qub, Sayyid

lost.

Just then the elephant that

was

in front of

away from

the rebel forces turned

the

noise of gunfire, entered one of the paths that ran through the thorn patches, and

trampled

many

enemy

of the

to death.

order broke, just then Sayyid Diler

With the turning

Khan entered

the battlefield from the right. La'nat-

uninformed of the deaths of Himmat Khan and

ullah,

ward to help them,

Salih,

The champions

hand.

a spear in his

of the elephant the enemy's

was spurring

his steed for-

of the vanguard

had made

superb and valiant showings, but most of them had been killed or wounded. Unable to withstand La'natullah's charge, they turned aside. Things were looking black when

Khan rushed from the center to reinforce the Himmat Khan's and Salih's deaths reached La'nat-

divine assistance entered [297b] and Safi

vanguard. At the same time news of

the face of the valor of the center troops and SaH Khan's arrival, he lost

In

Lillah.

courage and

into humiliating retreat. Sayyid Diler

fell

putting to the sword

damn enemy were

many

of those fleeing.

The

Khan pursued him

ingrate Qabil

Beg and

a

for a kos,

troop of the

given retribution.

Since La'natullah didn't trust Sarafraz Khan, he had chained him to an elephant on the day of battle and charged one of his slaves to

for

him

to be killed.

kill

him

if

During the rout Sultan Ahmad's

son's

similar instructions

guard killed him with

Khan threw himself down from the elephant, and in the midst of guard wounded him, but not fatally. Safi Khan discovered him on

the

confusion his

the

and sent him into town.

La'natullah did not rein in until he reached Baroda. Since Sharza Khan's

were held prisoner by our supporters, he came and surrendered In short, La'natullah fled in I

The

,

mahimuii

named

is

for

state.

page 274),

12,

Reading, (or the

garbled

text's

SNHLDYW, SYIHDY

(Silhadi, see

Babur, Biihurnnma, folio 318a, et cetera,

maintenance,

Gujarati coin (see

was the

On

Rana Sanga of Mewar,

PITRNML

Mai), per Akbarnama for the text's

(trs

(Puran

)

1:399,

BWRYML,

for the text's

thousand mahmudis

five

'

his dispersed

he took nearly four

jahanj's jagir,

of

lacs

men. Since Surat was

in

mahmudis from the

officials

Bedawlat [Shahthere and

confiscated everything he could get his tyrannical hands on. [298a] Then, having

reassembled his miserable, jinxed troops, he took himself to Bedawlat

To sum

had been performed by

up, since outstanding action

other grateful servants

the souba of Gujarat, they were

in

all

given

Burhanpur.

in

Safi all

Khan and our

and rewards.

Safi

the assumption that

Ponwar

on is

a

and formerly very powerful Rajput

The name bled

in

often appears gar-

MSS,

e,g, in

drums. Nahar

awarded the

Khan held title

of Sayf

Khan held

title

the rank of 700 / 300

I

.

promoted him

Khan Jahangirshahi and

the rank of

1000 / 200

,-

to

sorts of favors

3000/2000 and

the privilege of a banner and

he was promoted to 3000 / 2500

,

of Sher Khan, and given a banner, a horse, an elephant, and a jeweled

and

LWNWR

variant of Panwar, the well-known

clan.

Himmat

they sent him

Khan's sons were

and he spent three days outside the fortress of Broach in a miserable

'

months regrouping

awarded him the Reading

Ponwar

in,

Khan.

to Safi

Raisen and son-in-law to

raja of

13,

him

let

women

the fourth day he went off by river to the port of Surat, where he spent

nearly two

and Abu'l-FazI, Akharnama,

1:399, note 4), Silhadi

from Baroda to Broach, where

the fortress. Although they did not

Mahmud

a

for Sultan

a

jamdhar. Sarafraz

battlefield

1

He

they were defeated.

Ahmad's son Bahadur on an elephant with

likewise chained Sultan

sword.

®

A

He

is

Short History of

Nahar Khan

the grandson of Silhadi,'^ the brother of Puran Mai Ponwar,'^

and Ghanderi.

of Raisen

Chandar Raisen,''*

It is

well

known

that

he promised Puran Mai amnesty but

who was

when Sher Khan Afghan

killed

the ruler

laid siege to

him anyway, and the women

of his

Bhan Brahman's Chahar chaman British Library,

Add,

16863, folio 21r) the same

name

(London,

appears as

NWNWR.

harem committed, honor

lest

as the Indians say, juhar,

the hand of a person

who was

sons and clansmen were dispersed

i.e.

immolated themselves

in

the

name

of

not an intimate sully their chastity, and his

in all directions.

Nahar Khan's

Muhammad Khan

who was named Khan

father,

young

a

[298b] Khan jahan and assassinate him, take

Khan made

a

group of

rule.

strike

Muhammad

men had

Khan's liege

fortress,

brother,

him

raised

is

Sher Khan Sur of

Akhnnuiina, 1:326-35.

15.

Reading Hayat Khan

text's

tor the

obviously erroneous

Khan

Jahan.

died.

him adopt him and convert him

to let

Khan

he

to the wall,

Nahar Khan was then extremely young, and Hayat Khan Habashi asked

Khan

This

Akbar's reign. See Abu'l-FazI,

rule. Raji-

alive or to kill him. In zeal for

when he was pushed

his honor, Khan Jahan stood ready for battle, but

Ali

14.

conspired to

and elevate him to the

401

Mar. 162 3-Mar. 162 4

died, his

and sent [Hayat Khan]'^ Habashi with many war-

Jahan's house either to capture

committed juhar and

to

After a while the news reached Raji-Ali that

Hasan Khan from the

preemptive

Khan

riors to attack

a

Raji-Ali

age.

imprisoned the child and usurped the

Ali

When Muhammad Khan Khan, Muhammad Khan's

the ruler of Asir and Burhanpur.

son Hasan succeeded at

man

Jahan, became a liege

to Islam. After

Nahar Khan and took good care

quered the fortress of

of him.

Nahar Khan joined

Asir,

Raji-Ali

Hayat Khan's death,

When my

Raji-

exalted father con-

he showed great

his service. Since

Muhammadpur in advanced even further, and now that it

promise, he was given a suitable rank and awarded the pargana of the soLiba of

Malwa as a jagir. In my service he show his appreciation, he has

has been his lot to

®

A

received a suitable reward.

Description of the Barba Sayyiiis

Sayyid Diler Barha

one

is

Wahhab, and he held 2000/ 200 with 1

twelve villages

come

sayyids

the

to be Sayyid Abdul-

Hindi language hara means twelve, and since there are

a banner. In the

in

name used

of the Barha sayyids. His

the rank of 1000/800 and had been promoted to the rank of

Mian Doab located

from, they have

in

close proximity to each other

become known

as the

Some people

Barha sayyids.

bor doubts about the trueness of their lineage, [299a] but their bravery vertible proof of their being sayyids.

which they did not show used to

say,

There has never been

their valor or

"The Barha sayyids

are the

make

where these har-

an incontro-

is

a battle in this

empire

in

brave showing. Mirza Aziz Koka always

a

bulwark of

this empire."

And

it's

true.

Babu Khan Afghan held the rank of 800/800,- he was promoted to the rank of 1500/1200.

The other

loyal supporters

were also given promotions and high ranks

according to their service and military showings.

At

this

time

Dawarbakhsh

in

bring to court

in

of rebellion

On

we

assigned

jahan's son Asalat

We

it

was reported

Since the scouts advised

tempted to hunt

it.

After

I

me

[grandjson

same souba

that

Shahnawaz Khan's son Minuchihr had been

my

to

led

fortune-favored son Shah Parvez.

them and returned under good

as

long as lion hunting

is

Sultan Mashui's Lion

Sultan

that a lion

possible

auspices. Since I

a

I

am

report.'*^

1

was

all

four

the vicinity, I

shot

naturally fond of hunting lions,

Hunt also inordinately fond of lion hunting,

strange story of his killing a lion recorded

and

16.

The

story

is

about Sultan

Mas'ud, son ot Sultan in history, particularly in

by Bayhaqi, [299b] who was an eyewitness and recorded

elephant.

in

don't bother with any other kind.

Mahmud's son Sultan Mas'ud was

is

had been spotted

entered the forest, three other lions appeared.

of

tory

my

Khan, the governor of Kashmir, was promoted to the rank of 4000/3000.

I'tiqad

there

to reinforce

taken prisoner.

by good fortune to desert Bedawlat and join

®

Khan

sent Nuruddin-Quii to the

chains Sharza Khan, Sarafraz Khan, and the other leaders of the army

who had been

this date

Khan

the souba of Gujarat.

the his-

Mahmud

of

Ghazna. The history referred to it

in

the form of a daily

"One day in the vicinity of Hindustan he went lion hunting, mounted on an An enormous lion emerged from the forest and headed toward the elephant.

Abu'l-FazI

Muhammad

Tarikh-i Mas'uiti,

known

is

Bayhaqi's as Tcirikh-i

Bciyhaifi (Biiylhicfi's History).

Prince Salim Hunting a Lion.

India,

Mughal

period, ca. 1600.

Opaque

watercolor, ink, and gold on

paper. 26.2 x 16.8 cm. Art and History Trust, courtesy of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.

LTS 995.2. 02a 1

1

A

He

threw

a brick

and

hit the lion in the chest.

landed on the elephant's back. his

knees and struck

paws. It

A

The

lion

The elephant

me

to

too

my

in

The

phant's back.

was so enraged that

lion

There was no time

with the butt of the musket that

Another strange occurrence

Nuh

eros at the lake in 1

shot

in

it

With

nearly a span.

forest.

down

to put

both of the

off

shot

hunting

lion

with

it

a

in

musket from atop an

I

turned

and on the head so hard

lion in the face

One day had gone

hunting rhinoc-

1

rhinoceros emerged

in in

Ban and was riding an elephant.

that

one shot

I

it

fell

dead.

Many

times

my

in

presence powerful it

is

not seemly to

will cut these reports short.

the twenty-ninth of the

month

Rana Karan's son jagat Singh. At

this

[circa July 9] a pearl necklace

time I

it

gave

was awarded

to

was reported that Sultan-Husayn, the rank and jagir to his eldest son,

his

Shadman.

Amurdad [July 21] Ibrahim-Husayn, my favored son Shah man, came from the campaign bearing tidings of victory. He reported

the seventh of

Parvez's liege

my

son had fought, deploying renowned champion warriors. [300a]

thanks for this

®

gift,

The

rendered

details are as follows.

Chanda

Pass and entered

for battle with

twenty thousand

the imperial troops in the prince's retinue crossed the

the province of cavalry, three a

yet another sign of divine bounty.

1

Sbnh Parvez's victory

When

Malwa, Bedawlat came out of Mandu

hundred war elephants, and

a

huge

arsenal.

Ahead

of himself he sent out

troop of Bargis from the Deccan under Jadu Rai, Udai Ram, Atash Khan, and other

damnable,

ill-starred rebels in

Mahabat Khan arrayed the inspected

all

order for them to harass the imperial

camp with

raids.

imperial troops properly, stationed the prince in the center,

contingents himself, and was taking

precautions while riding and dis-

all

made an

One

mounting. The Bargis, having shown themselves from

afar,

was Mansur Khan

While the camp was getting

Firangi's turn to take the rear guard.

mounted, Mahabat Khan was standing outside the army with a

precaution so that the

men could

to appear in the distance, his

Without informing

his brothers

knocking down two or three place in

attack.

his troop at the

pitch their tents in security.

day

it

dis-

ready as

Mansur Khan, having

When

had too much to drink along the way, arrived roaring drunk.

chanced

an

enemy troop

drunkenness made him think he had to attack.

and men, he jumped on

Bargis, until

he made

his

his horse

and charged

off,

way, swinging his sword, to the

which Jadu Rai and Udai Ram were standing with an array of two or three

thousand horsemen. As the middle.

He

is

their custom, they attacked

from

all

fought loyally and valiantly as long as he had

sides a

and trapped him

breath of

life in

in

him.

Meanwhile Mahabat Khan had been continually sending messages and messengers to entice those sity.

403

the Punjab.

the musket and pick up a sword.

the following.

zamindar of Pakhli, has passed away.

that

62 3-Mar i62 4

lion's front

the top of the back near base of the ear, and the ball sank

write such things of myself,

On

i

spot and landed on the ele-

its

archers have shot twenty arrows and the prey hasn't died. Since

On

Mar.

dead to the ground.

it fell

is

1

went

1

leapt from

it

down, and struck the

the musket around, knelt

front of us.

pain and rage and

in

and the amir got up on

in fear,

chopped

princely days that

powerfully built lion emerged from the

elephant.

quivered

so hard with a sword that he

up

lion leapt

back dead."

fell

happened

it

The

who had joined Bedawlat either as a precautionary measure or of necesmen had also detected a trace of desperation in Bedawlat's actions,

Since these

they sent letters back to Mahabat Khan, requesting out of the fortress at

Mandu,

first

a

guarantee. After Bedawlat

he sent the troop of Bargis forward, and

after

came them

17,

Again the word

KRK, could be eros) or

musket

i^tirg

in

the text,

either karg (rhinoc-

(wolf).

ball that

However,

penetrated

a

a

span

into a rhinoceros

would be more

worth recording.

Nuh

in

Koil

Ban lake

(modern Aligarh).

is

404

The Ja hang imam a

Rustam Khan [Badakhshi], Taqi Khan, and Barqandaz Khan with teers.

Then he

sent out Darab, Bhim,

he wasn't able to array battle

Bayram Beg, and

lines himself

a

troop of muske-

his other warriors.

[300b] Since

and was always looking backwards, he had

the war elephants and the cannon caissons cross the Narbada River while he himself

unencumbered

set out

The day

for the battlefield in Darab's

the imperial

army camped

in

and Bhim's wake.

the vicinity of Kaliadeh, Bedawlat sent his

entire force opposite the imperial troops while

he stood one kos behind with the

Khankhanan and

who had

Mahabat Khan,

a

few others. Barqandaz Khan,

lay in

When

ambush.

found an opening to make

other, he

received a guarantee from

the soldiers drew up their ranks opposite each run for

a

it

with his troop of musketeers and get

himself to the imperial army, shouting "Hail to Shah Jahangir!" the whole

reached Mahabat Khan,

shows

of imperial favor

who

escorted him to

my

who won him

favored son,

and made him hopeful of more

Zayn Khan's death he joined

energetic and nimble

[Shahjahan] to the Deccan

all

a troop,

over with

a liege

man

of

When

I

sent Bedawlat

him

the chief artilleryman as assigned

his allegiance

was

Zayn

considered him worthy of

I

Khan.

of Barqandaz

made him

I

accompany Bedawlat. Although out

title

he

Rumi musketeers. Since he was

the corps of

and had

his service

in

patronage and awarded him the

until

the future.

in

Barqandaz Khan was formerly named Baha'uddin and was Khan's. After

way

initially scarred, in

the end he

to

came

right just in the nick of time.

That same day Rustam Khan, one of Bcdawlat's major the greatest reliance, tee from

when he discovered

Mahabat Khan

along with

and, guided

Muhammad-Murad

and joined the

men

whom

he had guaran-

a

fortune, charged out of the jinxed

the bakhshi and the other officers

prince's retinue. Bedawlat's

in

was turning, received

that the tide

by good

liege

courage totally

failed

who were

army

with him

when he heard

the

in all his own liege men, not to mention the imperial serwho were with him. He became so apprehensive that night after night he sent messengers to summon the men from the front and make ever new decisions. When he

news, and he lost confidence

vants

crossed the Narbada

in

some

confusion, [301a] once again

opportunity to desert and join

my

of his liege

men took

the

favored son's service, for which they received

rewards according to their stations.

On

the very day he was crossing the Narbada a letter

Mahabat Khan had written rial

in

into his men's

hands that

reply to a letter from Zahid Khan, promising

him impe-

fell

reward and favor and encouraging him to come over.

Bedawlat, who, having lost

all

confidence and

trust in

A copy

was taken

to

Zahid Khan, had him and

his

three sons imprisoned.

Zahid Khan and servants. vice and

I

is

the son of Shaja'at Khan, one of

my

exalted father's major amirs

patronized this wretch on account of the obligation

on account

of his relationship as a khanazad, gave

owed him

him the

title

of

for ser-

khan and

rank of 1500, and sent him with Bedawlat on the Deccan campaign. Recently,

summoned

the amirs from the

Deccan

for the

of great urgency had been issued expressly to him, the wretch did not

and gave himself out to be

a

not have the

by requesting forgiveness him on

this day,

from him.

I

come

to court

devotee and supporter of Bedawlat's. After Bedawlat

suffered defeat near Delhi and turned back, the wretch, even a family, did

when

Kandahar expedition, although an order

good sense

to get himself to

for his offenses. Finally, the

and Bedawlat confiscated one hundred

me

though he did not have or wipe clean his

Lord of Vengeance

thirty

shame

afflicted

thousand rupees

in

cash

— When you pense

In short,

and

side

have done

you cannot be

evil,

safe

from

Mur. i623—Mnr. 162 4

recom-

for

affliction,

a law of nature.

is

Bedawlat crossed the Narbada River

fast,

took

the boats to the other

all

bakhshi Bayram Beg

fortified the crossings to his satisfaction, stationing his

men and a troop of Bargis from the Deccan on the banks with Then he set out for the fortress at Asir and Burhanpur. Just then Bedawlat's man Taqi caught the Khankhanan's messenger with a letter the Khankhanan had sent in his own handwriting to Mahabat Khan, and he took it to

with a troop of trusted

gun

carts opposite.

Bedawlat. At the top of the letter this line was written: [30 lb] "A hundred persons are

keeping

me under

moned him and

watch,- otherwise

have flown from

I'd

from their quarters and showed him the

his sons

offered excuses, but he couldn't

come up with

At

hundred persons keeping watch" came

this point

1

awarded

my

honor and an elephant.

arrest,

and

just as

he had pre-

man Ibrahim-Husayn, who had

Khoshkhabar Khan and gave him

of

sent a gracious letter for the prince and

I

A jeweled

Khawass Khan.

title

course he

true.

favored son's liege

brought the report of victory, the

Of

letter.

an acceptable excuse. As a consequence

he and Darab and his other sons were held under house dicted, "a

Bedawlat sum-

restlessness."

bracelet was sent to

my

son and

a

a

robe of

Mahabat Khan with

jeweled sword to Mahabat

Khan. Since Mahabat Khan had performed outstanding services,

I

promoted him

to

the rank of 7000/7000.

Sayyid Salabat Khan came from the Deccan to attain the ground, and he was shown special favors.

when Bedawlat [Shahjahan]

He had

suffered defeat in the Delhi vicinity and

he had entrusted his children to divine care to

me by back

Safavi's

the accounting office to

honor with

filled

an area belonging to

son Mirza Hasan was assigned

and promoted to the rank of 1500/500.

sarkar garrison

my

went

to

Mandu,

Ambar and come

commander sent

I

La'l

Beg the overseer of

my son and a turban for Mahabat my son, came to pay homage and

previously gone to

with good news.

I

of the Bahraich

favored son Shah Parvez and sent with him

a nadiri jacket to

who had

Khan,

in

the

roads.

Mirza Rustam

of

felicity of kissing

been assigned to the Deccan, but

robe

a special

Khan. Khawass deliver a report

promoted Mahabat Khan's son Khanazad Khan

to the rank of

5000/5000.

During two and a rabbit

this

and was

up and brought snake's

period

a half cubits

in the it

I

enjoyed hunting

long and

they used so

much

called chital in Hindustan,

whole, but

it

slit

isn't

One day on delicate,

I

I

its

half.

mouth.

I

It

When

had

I

saw

a

snake

swallowed

half

the scouts picked

ordered

it

put back

hard they tried they couldn't get

and

it

it

it

gets so large that

it

in

back

it

the

in I

had been heard that

my

was quite

a

hog deer

bite.

nilgai

establishment to

its

belly

came

fawn meat was delicious

make

a dupiaza

and bring

it

to

delicious.

Muhammad-Murad, and several by fortune to desert him paid homage

the fifteenth of Shahrivar [August 29] Rustam,

of Bedawlat's other liege

can swallow

it

shot a nilgai doe with a musket. From

ordered the cooks of

me. Without exaggeration,

On

how

poisonous and doesn't

the same hunt

two fully-formed babies. Since and

out of

fell

During the hunt

open. By chance another rabbit came out whole. This kind of

its

snake

belly

day.

force they tore a corner of the snake's mouth. After that

ordered is

one

top of a man's arm.

process of swallowing the other

to me, the rabbit

mouth, [302a] but no matter

in fact,

nilgai

as thick as the

men who had been

led

405

406

The Jahangirnama

to

my

favored son Shah Parvez. As ordered, they the ground.

ity of kissing

Muhammad-Murad Rustam Khan the

I

came

promoted Rustam Khan

to 1000/500

to court

and attained the

to the rank of

and gave them hopes of ever-increasing

favor,

Badakhshi by origin. His name was Yusuf Beg, and he

is

felic-

5000/4000 and

is

related to

Muhammad-Quli Safahani who was Mirza Sulayman's agent and factotum. When first enrolled among the servants of the court he spent most of his time in the

he was

provinces as a holder of a low-level rank. Having been dismissed from his jagir for

some

went

reason, he

to Bedawlat

and joined

and hunting and made some good showings campaign, and Bedawlat selected him from of amir. Since

him the deputy,

had shown him

I

all

about touring

for Bedawlat, particularly during the

all

men and

his liege

raised

him

Rana

to the rank

a great deal of favor, at Bedawlat's request

awarded

1

banner, and drums. For a time he governed Gujarat as his agent and

title, a

which capacity he

in

He knew

his retinue.

Muhammad-Murad

is

didn't

do badly

at

all.

the son of the libations steward Maqsud, an old servant of

Mirza Sulayman's and Mirza Sbahrukh's.

On

Sayyid Bahwa came from Gujarat and paid homage. Nuruddin-Quii

this date

who had been

brought to court bound and chained forty-one rebels

Ahmadabad. [302b] thrown under the

On

had Sharza Khan and Qabil Beg, the ringleaders of the

I

feet of a

must elephant and gave them

granddaughter.

God

3],

hoped

It is

my

granted

son Sbahryar

a

daughter by I'timaduddawla's

that her advent will prove to be a blessing for this dynasty.

Solar Weighing Ceremony

On

the twenty-second [September 5] the solar weighing

my

year of

fifty-fifth

life

commenced

auspiciously.

ceremony was

Like every year,

weighed against gold and other things and had the proceeds distributed

Of

the total the

3000/1500.

first

amount two thousand rupees were given of

Mihr [September

14]

The eunuch jawahir Khan was

bakhshi of Gujarat was awarded the

title

to

went

to

my

At

this

time a report from

are as follows.

side

and

river at

When

fortified the

had myself

I

to tbe deserv-

Sirhindi.

to the rank of

Muqim

given the rank of 1000/300.

the

of Kifayat Khan.

at his request.

and gave most of

my

and the

my

satisfaction,

I

released

perform koriinush.

son Shahryar's house

tion, offered suitable presents,

had crossed the

to

held,

Shaykh Ahmad

Mir jumla was promoted

Since Sarafraz Khan's innocence had been proven to

bim from prison and allowed him 1

rebels,

their just deserts.

^

On

in

the twentieth of the month, corresponding to the eighteenth of Dhu'l-Qa'da

1032 [September

ing.

captured

my

He

arranged

a

splendid celebra-

servants robes.

favored son Shah Parvez arrived saying that Bedawlat

Burhanpur and was wandering

in

the valley of error.

he crossed the Narbada, he had taken

all

The

details

the boats to the other

banks and crossings with cannons and muskets. Stationing Bayram

Beg with many of the damned rebels on tbe

river bank,

he

set out

for Asir

and

Burhanpur, taking the Khankhanan and Darab with him under suiweillance.

©

The Fortress of Asir

Now

for the sake of enlivening

fortress of Asir.

The

fortress

is

my

narrative

1

must give

too renowned for

its

a

summaiy account

of the

height, impregnability, and

strength to need a description.

Before Bedawlat went to the Deccan, Asir was in the charge of Khwaja Nasrullah, the son of

Khwaja Fathullah Sharbatchi and

Bedawlat's request,

it

was turned over

to

a

long-seiwing liege man. [303a] Then, at

Mir jamaluddin Husayn's son Mir Husamud-

Since he

din. in

is

married to

when Bedawlat suffered defeat Malwa and Mandu, Nurjahan Begam sent letterms that he not allow Bedawlat and his men

cousin of Nurjahan Begam's,

a

the Delhi vicinity and retreated toward

the mir insisting

ters to

anywhere near the

firm in his allegiance

man.

the strongest

in

he reinforce the towers and ramparts, and that he be

fortress, that

and do nothing that would

sully his

think of gaining access to

sent

one of

his liege

Mir Husamuddin, he beguiled him with sweet-talk and and robe of honor he had

who awarded him

Murtaza Khan. [By

it

quickly.

men named

Sharifa to

Bedawlat had arranged

the fortress to receive the fortress.

his obligations

all

Then he took

the fortress over without the slightest opposition.

of

sayyid and noble-

he wouldn't be allowed back into the

sent,

wretched Husamuddin forgot

as Sharifa arrived, the

to Bedawlat,

threats.

when Mir Husamuddin came down from

with Sharifa that letter

as a

or of there being any possibility of taking

it

when Bedawlat [Shahjahan]

In short,

soon

honor

he did reinforce and stock the bastion so well that Bedawlat could not even

In fact,

his wife

and child

the rank of 4000, a banner and drums, and the

this act of treachery]

he made himself accursed

As

and turned

in this

title

world

and the next.

Then, when the wretch got and

a

foothold

up into the

his other accursed sons

Having reassured himself with regard over to Gopal Das,

fortress

then

become the

a

Rajput

in Asir,

fortress

he took the Khankhanan and Darab

and stayed there three or four days. and defense stocks, he turned the

to provisions

who had been

man when he went

wretch's liege

and

his

first

end he

his sons in the fortress tower, but in the

mind and took them with him

to Burhanpur. At this point the miserable

Khan] came from Surat and joined him with

La'natullah [Abdullah

women and

the fortress, taking only

in

few necessary maidservants. His intention had

a

been to imprison the Khankhanan and

changed

and

to Sarbulandi Rai

Deccan. The

to the

excess goods he couldn't carry around with himself he put his three wives, his children,

man

a liege

a cavalry of

con-

temptible rebels. In

consternation, Bedawlat sent Rai Bhoj Hada's son Sarbulandi Rai, [303b] a

valiant Rajput chieftain, as a negotiator

messengers. Mahabat

Of

Khan

and started peace

through messages and is

impossible."

course his main intention was to separate that wily leader of the forces of corrup-

tion

from him by

this

means. There was nothing Bedawlat could do but release the

Khankhanan from detention and make him swear an oath Then,

to appease

him and

for the reaffirmation of his oath,

and made him an intimate. Bringing through

tears

and pleading

purpose: "Time

is

all

is

in

1

am

of allegiance

on the Koran.

he took him into

his

harem

and children before him, he extracted

his wives

sorts of

running out, and

and the safety of our honor fer

talks

"Unless the Khankhanan comes, peace

said,

binding oaths from him. Finally he stated his in a difficult

position

I

turn myself over to you,

your hands. Something must be done so that

I

not suf-

any more misery and humiliation."

The Khankhanan departed from Bedawlat imperial army.

It

had been determined that he would stay on

arrange a truce through correspondence. By the river bank, several rebels

were

to negotiate a truce

fate,

champion warriors found

off their guard.

Upon

a

his side of the river

way

to get across

hearing this news their courage

many men had

for the

and

before the Khankhanan's arrival at

Beg, unable to maintain an offensively rebellious stance,

the time he got himself together,

and headed

began

crossed the

the miserable rebels were sent scattering into flight.

where the damned failed,

and Bayram

a

defensive array. By

river,

and that very night

The Khankhanan was left totally to make a move.

dumbfounded, outmaneuvered by our unfailing fortune and unable

At this point letters from our fortune- favored son arrived one after the other, both

Mar. i623-Mar. 162 4

407

Portrait of AbdUL-RahiM KhankhaNAN, by Hashim. India, Mughal period, ca. 1626 Opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 14.9 x 8.2 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution. Purchase.

F39.50a

threatening and persuasive with promises despair and signs of a reversal of fortune

my

appeasement. Having detected traces of

ol"

Bedawlat, the

in

Khankhanan paid homage

to

Mahabat Khan's intermediary.

fortune-favored son through

After learning of the Khankhanan's departure, the imperial army's crossing the

Narbada, and Bayram Beg's

Bedawlat

flight,

and took

lost heart

flight.

flooded river and heavy rains, [304a] he crossed the Tapti River

and

In

miserable state

accompany him.

home

Since the

territory of

jadu

Udai Ram, and Atash Khan

Rai,

way, they accompanied him several stages for their

own

One day and deliver

you not

a

Turcoman named

message saying,

"It is

Zulfaqar, to

not seemly

river

in

Sarbuland Khan hesitated for

he said angrily, "Let go of

my

he sent one of

his

for

and no one's disloy-

Kban was standing on tbe

his message. Instead of giving a direct

moment, pondering whether

a

to

go or

stay.

Then

Zulfaqar drew his sword and was about to stick

reins!"

when one

Sarbuland Khan's waist

river,

Sarbuland Khan Afghan

lies in fidelity,

yours." Sarbuland

bank when Zulfaqar arrived and delivered

reply,

summon

view of your gallantry and loyalty

honor

to have crossed the river yet. Men's

would grieve me more deeply than

alty

possession of the goods

while he was marching on the other side of the

intimate servants, a

along the

lay

purposes, but jadu Rai did not

come to his camp and marched one stage behind him, taking the men abandoned in their frenzied fear for their lives.

in

in a

the confusion most of the imperial servants and his

had chosen, willingly or unwillingly, to separate themselves from him and did

retainers

not

Deccan.

set forth for the

Despite the

of the

Afghans intervened with

The blow landed on

spear the people of India call harchha.

a

it

short-bladed

wood of the barchha, The Afghans attacked,

the

and the sword point did not reach Sarbuland Khan's waist.

naked blades drawn, and chopped Zulfaqar to pieces. Sultan-Muhammad Khizanachi's

who was

son,

come along without

Bedawlat's page, had

was

friendship with Zulfaqar, and he too

Word was the city.

1

sent

permission because of his

killed in the fracas.

received of his exit from Burhanpur and the imperial troops' entry into

Khawass Khan on wings

of speed to

my

loyal son, stressing

more than

ever that he shouldn't relax his efforts but should strive either to capture Bedawlat alive or to drive

him from the imperial domain. The prevalent opinion was

that

if

he was

hard pressed, he would betake himself to Orissa and Bengal via Qutbulmulk's realm. This also seemed reasonable

in

terms of military strategy. [304b] Since precaution

necessary concomitant of world of Allahabad

rule,

and sent him there so

I

made Mirza Rustam

that,

if

is

a

the governor of the souba

things should turn out that way, he could

take care of them.

At

this point

senting pearl

a

my

thousand mohurs

and other things.

On

Khan jahan came from Multan and

"son"

the ninth of

prince and

I

as a

vow and

a

ruby valued

Aban

[circa

October

Mahabat Khan saying

that

I

]

left

on account of the heavy in

rain,

he had

pursuit of Bedawlat, as ordered.

much mud and

marches had been made that the beasts of burden were left

a

news, Bedawlat was racing pell-mell across the distances, but

the rain was so heavy, there was so

pick up anything

along with

2 Khawass Khan brought a report from the when my son reached Burhanpur, although

many men had remained behind when he this disastrous

at a lac of rupees,

gave Rustam Khan an elephant.

crossed the river without stopping and gone

Hearing

kissed the ground, pre-

mire, and so useless.

many

continual

Refusing to go back to

behind by anyone, he counted himself lucky to have escaped

with his children and dependents and didn't pay any attention to belongings.

The

imperial

army crossed Bhangar Pass and pursued him

as far as the

pargana of

Mrtr.

162 3-Mar. 162 4

409

The Jahangirnama

4 0 1

He

Ankot, nearly forty kos from Burhanpur.

he was

in,

and since he realized that Jadu

not going to

accompany him any

he kept

depart. Entrusting the heavily laden elephants fortress

mentioned above, he

that he

had

imperial territory,

left

my

his dignity

the state

and gave them leave to

and other baggage

Qutbulmulk's domain.

set out for

in

Udai Ram, and the other Deccanis were

Rai,

further,

Mahur

reached the fortress of

felicitous son,

Udai Ram

to

When

the

in

was learned

it

with the approval of Mahabat

Khan and our other

supporters, turned his reins from that pargana and entered

Burhanpur on the

of

was promoted

first

Aban

Deo was

Raja Sarang

[circa

October

dispatched with

title

of khan. Alif

souba of Patna and paid homage,- [305a]

awarded him

On

®

the

my

I

awarded Mirak

Khan Qiyamkhani came from

made him warden

I

Qasim Khan

son.

of the

Kangra

fortress

first

of Azar

my mind

was

[November to

3] Baqi

I

Khan came from Junagarh

to

[November

for a

hunting tour

datussaltana Asaf

other

Kashmir concerning Bedawlat, and the weather

at ease

14], the imperial retinue set out under

Hindustan did

in

from him

and

to his

companionship, and he was so superior to any

his intimate

was so without peer that

—

I

of

I

in his talents

respects he

first

good auspices from Ajmer

in the happy vale of Kashmir. Prior to this, had made UmKhan governor of Bengal and given him leave to depart for there.

was so accustomed

I

and

pay homage.

not agree with me, on the second of the month, corresponding to the Safar

Since

the

a banner.

The Third Jountey

Since

3].

At Mahabat Khan's request,

to the rank of 4000/2000.

Mu'in the bakhshi of Kabul the

1

a gracious letter for

was forced

to cancel

my

knowledge of it

my moods

— indeed for

me

On

this date

would have been hard

trip

and

recall

him

to me.

in all positive

to be separated

he arrived

at court.

Rana Karan's son Jagat Singh was given permission to return home and received robe of honor and 18

,

Madarussaltana (axis of the

sultanate), another sobriquet.

jeweled dagger. Raja Sarang

a

Deo brought

a report

tune-favored son Shah Parvez and Madarussaltana Mahabat Khan.’^

"There are no worries about Bedawlat, and the in

rulers of the

Deccan,

It

like

from

my

a

for-

was written: it

or not, are

obedience. Let His Majesty cease worrying on this front and enjoy himself on his

hunting sure

him go

tour. Let

to

any part of the realm he pleases and pass

his

days

in plea-

and enjoyment."

On the twentieth of the month [December 2] Mirza Wali came from Broach. Hakim Mu'mina was promoted to the rank of 1000. Khan jahan's son Asalat Khan came as ordered from Gujarat. At this point a report came from Aqidat Khan the bakhshi of the Deccan informing of the murder of Raja Gridhr. The details are as follows. One of Sayyid Kabir Barha's brothers

sword

who was

for polishing

in

my

fortune- favored son

and sharpening to

Gridhr's house. [305b]

The

next day

a

Shah

sword-polisher

when he went

Parvez's retinue gave his

who had

a

shop next to Raja

to collect his sword, during a

man struck the polisher several times with a stick, men whipped him in defense of the polisher. Two or three Barha happened to have houses in the vicinity, and when they became aware of the

debate over the wage the sayyid's

and then the sayyids

raja's

goings-on, they

came

to the sayyid's defense.

between the sayyids and the Rajputs, resulting

men

killed.

When

Sayyid Kabir learned of

thirty or forty of his

horsemen. At

this,

A in

fracas ensued,

and

a fight

broke out

drawn swords and arrows and three

he came to the sayyids' assistance with

this point Raja

Gridhr was

sitting stripped, as

Indian custom, eating with a group of Rajputs and his clansmen.

When

is

the

he was

informed of Sayyid Kabir's the

compound and secured

and got themselves

stable

killed. After Raja

The

droves

men out compound

into

his

sayyids set Hre to the

Mar. 1623-Mar. i624

4\\

gate

Gridhr and

battle escalated to the point that Raja

and forty others were wounded. Four of the sayyids

killed

Gridhr was

Sayyid Kabir took the horses from

killed,

his

houses while

at their

major rebellion. As soon

He

self there.

all

the Barha sayyids hastened to gather

There

as

Khan Alam's

When

this

and placate them by promising

to appease

news reached

field in

in

Mahabat Khan was informed, he mounted and got him-

took the sayyids inside the citadel and appeased the Rajputs

him

vicinity for

the

in

in

erupted that almost resulted

a battle

the time, taking several of the chiefs along to

at

mounted

the Rajput amirs learned that Raja Gridhr had been killed, they

front of the citadel to help Sayyid Kabir.

could

he took

severity,

and returned home.

When

a

The

the outside gate.

inside.

men were

twenty-six of his

were also

and the sayyids'

arrival

my

as best

he

quarters in the

retribution.

son the prince, he too went to Khan Alam's quarters

and appeased them with words appropriate to the situation and sent the Rajputs home.

The

Mahabat Khan went

next day

his sons. After

weighing

the twenty-third

[December

Ajmer

One day

enjoyed hunting.

shown

bodana

bodana that

cooked

in

Therefore

On

is

The

of a calf.

more

is

people of India

used

in

assigned

I

while hunting

that black quail

quail the

5]

cock

Muhammad-Murad

I

a

hawk catch

that caught

it

a

ghaghar

similarly

is

white

the same

manner so

continually

1

quail,

something

was also white. Experience

delicious that white quail.

call

fights.

had

I

hawk

The meat

of the large

better than that of the small kind of

compared the meat

of a fat kid with that

kid was delicious and tasty. Purely as an experiment

it is

he was

commander

as

Along the way

sarkar and dismissed him.

hadn't seen before. By chance, the

has

killed,

later.

of the garrison in the

I

house and offered condolences to

he had Sayyid Kabir arrested, [306a] and since

would not be appeased by anything other than having him

the Rajputs

executed several days

On

to Raja Gridhr's

his options

ordered them both

I

comparison could be made.

that a real discerning

recorded.

Day [December 22] the scouts reported a lion in the vicinity of An order was given to Iradat Khan and Fidai Khan to bring along the guards'^ who were in the retinue and surround the forest. mounted after them and set out to hunt. The forest was so thick with trees that the lion couldn't be the tenth of

the pargana of Rahimabad.

I

easily spotted.

one

shot.

Driving

my

elephant forward,

From my princely days

had been seen so ordered the

until this year,

draw

a picture of

eight and a half Jahangiri maunds. three and a half cubits and

On of Agra,

the sixteenth

killed,

continuously for

fifty-six

me

May God

the lions

of

its

its

head

in its

I

and

felled

with

had hunted, none

limbs as this one.

form and body. to the

it

end

of

It

I

weighed

its tail it

was

it

was reported that Mumtaz Khan, the governor

first

been with Bahadur Khan the brother of Khan

he joined

my

exalted father's service.

to be the supervisor of

my

When

establishment.

years loyally, compassionately, and pleasingly.

ever vexed by him, and the obligations

written.

all

according to

it

From the top

[December 28]

His Majesty gave him to

among

at its flank

tasus long.

had passed away. He had

Zaman. After they were

I

two

took aim

well-proportioned

large, magnificent, or

artists to

I

owed him

for his service are

He

I

was born

served

me

Not once was

more than can be

have mercy upon him.

made Muqarrab Khan, an old retainer of this dynasty, governor of Agra and gave him leave to depart. Mukarram Khan and his brother Abdul -Salam came to pay homage m the vicinity of Fatehpur. [306b] I

19.

Emending

iitijsh (ftre)

guard)

the text's miscopied

with yatish (night

On

the twenty-second [January

town of Mathura, and the I

set

3,

624] the lunar weighing ceremony was held

1

fifty-seventh year of

out on a boat, touring and hunting,

my

commenced

life

in

the vicinity of Mathura. Along the

in

the scouts reported that a lioness with three cubs had been spotted.

boat and went to hunt. Since the cubs were very small,

way

got out of the

I

ordered them caught.

I

the

auspiciously.

I

shot

the mother with a musket.

At

this

side of the

time

it

Jumna

was reported that the gamoars

[villagers]

and farmers on the other

refused to stop stealing and committing

highway robbery. Taking

refuge in the thick forests and

in

hideaways that were

difficult to reach,

carefree rebelliousness and did not pay taxes to the jagirdars.

take a group of officers and his guards to teach

the ground in order to

sweep the area clean of

crossed the river and attacked them

many were

put up a real fight, and oner,

and much booty

them

good

a

and razing

turing a few, plundering their possessions,

their

they lived

by

lesson

killing

their nuisance.

Their

killed.

and cap-

hideaways and bastions

The

women and

to

next day the troop

form. Since they had no chance to

in fine

in

ordered Khan Jahan to

I

flee,

they

children were taken pris-

into the soldiers' hands.

fell

On the first of Bahman January made Rustam Khan commander of the garrim the Kannauj sarkar and sent him off. On the second [januaiy 12] had Hakim Nuruddin Tihrani's son Abdullah executed in my presence. The reason is as follows. When the ruler of Iran had his father I

1

]

I

son

I

tortured on the suspicion of hidden wealth, Abdullah fled from Iran and got himself to

Hindustan

great misery and poverty.

in

Through

I'timaduddawla's influence he was

enrolled as a court servant. [307a] As he was favored by fortune, he had

my

intimate and one of

and

a flourishing jagir.

close servants within a short time, receiving the rank of 500

However, since

such aggrandizement

ability to take

become an

was limited and he

his capacity

in this

didn't

have the

empire, he went into conflict with his

own

lucky star and proved ungrateful and unthankful, constantly defiling his tongue with

complaints of his master. Around

time

this

it

was often reported that the more favor he

was shown, the more the ingrate complained and

some

the favors he had been shown, until things he had said about

therefore

I

me

summoned him

caviled.

my

into

take along the forest.

lion

I

its

crop

yet digested

down

a

slip

On

open

came out

whole mouse.

possible to believe

forest.

mounted

I

appeared very quick and nimble, but having

it,

the sixth of

a in

good time hunting.

my

presence.

of the crop. Really,

if

but since

1

It

saw

had

I

A mouse

it

it

else

polished

I

a

brother

Madho

home

it

title

a

verified,

and

foment

of raja just to spite

Fidai

Khan

to

with one shot.

black quail and

narrow could get

a throat so it

wouldn't have been

has been recorded for

16] the imperial

territory, to

off

it

hawk catch

had told the story

myself

was reported on past pages. At

Singh the

the impolite

had swallowed whole and hadn't

was amazing how

anyone

Bahman January

north of the Punjab, his

all

him and entered

after

camp

strife,

I

its

strangeness.

alighted in Delhi. Since

Raja Baso's son Jagat Singh had gone on Bedawlat's orders to the

chastise him, as

given

the vicinity by which the peo-

in

were being harassed and harmed, an order was given to

One day was ordered

me

The charge was

it,

presence and had him executed.

some elephants and surround the

The

couldn't believe

disinterested persons told

gatherings and assemblies.

in

Since the scouts reported that there was a lioness ple of the area

I

hill

country

in

the

had assigned Sadiq Khan

this point

I

awarded

him and gave him

a

his

to

younger

horse and a robe

[307b]

of honor.

He was

ordered to go to Sadiq Khan and put and end to the luckless

miscreants' endeavors.

The

next day

I

marched from the

outskirts of the city

way and he had

Since Raja Kishan Das's house was on the

house and granted

tation to his

his wish.

A

little bit

and camped insisted,

Salimgadh.

in

accepted his

I

of his offering

invi-

was accepted

in

order to do him honor.

On

we decamped from Salimgadh.

the twentieth [January 30]

Bahwa Bukhari with the governorship

of Delhi, his

home,

I

honored Sayyid

a position

he has occupied

with distinction before.

©

The Arrival of Ali-Muhammaii, Son of

At

this point

father's

Rai

Ali-Muhammad, the son

Ruler of Tibet

the

of Ali Rai, the ruler of Tibet,

order and attained the felicity of kissing the ground.

was inordinately fond of and attached

to court at his

he held him

to this son. Since

esteem than his other sons and wanted to make him

came

was apparent

It

his successor, the

that Ali

in

greater

son had become

the object of his brothers' jealousy, and they held grudges against him. Ali Rai's

son Abdal, the eldest, held such a grudge that he had applied to the khan of Kashgar

be his protector so that when

to

Ali Rai,

who was

the ruler of Kashgar. Fearing that the brothers

the land, Ali Rai sent the aforementioned

in

extremely old and bent, reached

appointed time, he, Abdal, would become ruler of Tibet under the protection of

his

object that he would

become attached

would

to this court

him and foment

assassinate

Ali-Muhammad and

strife

to our court with the

flourish

under the protection

of our courtiers.

On

the

first

my

felicitous

showed me

camp was made

of Isfandarmudh [February 10]

pargana of Umbala. Imamverdi's son Lashkari,

who had

from

my

son and Mahabat Khan containing

the Adil Khan's service along with a letter the Adil

robe of honor and

his

a nadiri

obedient allegiance.

I

Khan had

a

recommendation

of

Mahabat Khan

in

sent to

sent Lashkari back to

my

son with

jacket with pearl buttons for the prince and robes of

Mahabat Khan and Khan Alam. [308a] At my

ment of

a royal nadiri jacket.

I

ordered that

if

they thought

it

a

honor

decree of appease-

son's request a

with limitless favor was written for the Adil Khan, and he was given

filled

honor with

He

son Shah Parvez, came to court on this date and paid homage.

a report

which he represented

for

the vicinity of the

in

deserted Bedawlat and joined

politic,

a

robe

they should

send Lashkari to the Adil Khan.

On

the

fifth

of the

month [February

Sadiq Khan, Mukhtar Khan, Isfandiar, Raja

who had been

camp was made in the garden at Sirhind. Rup Chand of Gwalior, and the other amirs

14]

assigned to him as reinforcements, having satisfied themselves with the

consolidation of the northern

hill

country, attained the felicity of paying

homage on

the banks of the Beas River. In short, jagat Singh had taken himself at Bedawlat's order to the hill

country and begun to foment

strife.

Since the

field

was empty, he stayed

in

the impenetrable mountains and difficult passes for a few days, pillaging and plundering the ryots and peasants until Sadiq

Khan reached

the area. Sadiq

Khan brought

zamindars under control through threats and promises while making reduce the wretch to naught, jagat Singh fortified the fortress of inside,

Mau

the

his object to

and holed up

but every time he had a chance he emerged from his bastion and engaged

battle with imperial troops until his supplies ran

or reinforcement from the other zamindars. really

it

in

low and he had no hope of assistance

The ennoblement

of his

younger brother

caused him fear and regret. With no other recourse, he used his influence and

Mar. i623-Mar. i624

413

4 4 1

The Jahangirnama

Begam

applied to Nurjahan

and shame. Through her

to express his repentance

inter-

cession on his behalf, and in order to please her, his rebellious crimes were pardoned.

On

this

date reports were received from officials

in

the

Deccan saying

that

Bedawlat, La'natullah, Darab, and several other broken wings had crossed out of

Qutbulmulk's territory

miserable state and gone

in a

Bengal. During the journey he and his

despairing of their

One

had taken any opportunity

lives,

day Mirza

Muhammad,

Sayyid

ja'far,

bareheaded and barefoot.

When

the news was given to Bedawlat,

Khan-Quii Uzbek, and several other trusted men were sent

them, having been told to bring him

head and bring

it.

They

with

set out

all

in alive

if

in pursuit

of

they could, or else to cut off his

speed and came across him on the road. [308b]

Having been forewarned, he had taken hidden them there, and he and a

to escape

the son of Bedawlat's divan Afzal Khan, fled with

mother and womenfolk during the march.

his

the direction of Orissa and

in

companions had been devastated, and many,

mother and women

his

and

into the forest

few of the warriors he trusted to go with him put up

a

brave defense with their bows and arrows. Apparently there was an irrigation canal

and

quagmire between the two

a

him, but no matter

how many

sides.

Muhammad

Muhammad

breath of

life in

and took

it

When Khan

life.

made, they had no

to hell,

and Sayyid

wounds, but

also died of mortal

him he deprived others of

and

to get in close

trick

effect

and

fought really bravely and dispatched

men

several others of Bedawlat's

wounded. Mirza

wanted

Ja'far

threats or promises he

were answered with arrows. Mirza

Khan-Quli and

Sayyid

was

ja'far

long

as

also

he had

as

a

After he was killed they cut off his head

to Bedawlat.

Bedawlat was defeated near Delhi and went to Mandu, he dispatched Afzal

to the Adil

band

for the Adil

went

first

sent.

Ambar

Khan and Ambar Khan and

Ambar, and

to

he accepts,

I

a horse,

"I

am

You should go

today.

will join

wise, no." Afzal

an elephant, and a jeweled sword for Ambar.

him, and

in that

Khan then went

a vassal of the Adil

him

to

case

He

message he presented what Bedawlat had

after delivering his

did not accept, saying,

Deccan

ruler in the

and reinforcements, sending an arm

for assistance

will take

1

to the Adil

He

is

the major

whatever has been sent

who

Khan,

Khan.

and say what you have to

first

treated

—

say.

If

other-

him very badly and

kept him outside the city for a long time, paying no attention to him and showing him

manner

all

Without receiving him, the Adil Khan demanded everything

of contempt.

Bedawlat had sent for him and Ambar. Afzal Khan was

word

that his son

In short,

had been

Bedawlat,

enjoyed previously, 20,

Masulipatam

modern name

Machhli Patan was

in British India is

The

Machilipatnam

m

Andhra Pradesh,

Patan,

him

a trivial

to

amount

his

all

still

when he

there

received

house destroyed, leaving him devastated.

the fortune,

happy prospects, and luck he had

trod a long and distant road and finally reached Machhli

Qutbulmulk. Before arriving there he sent one of

Qutbulmulk [309a] requesting sent

and

contrast to

in

now

which belongs

killed

of cash

all

manner

and goods

of assistance and equipage. for his stay

and wrote to

his

his

men

to

Qutbulmulk

warden of the

border to escort him safely out of his territory and to persuade the grain merchants and

zamindars to supply

On

his

camp with

grain and other necessities.

the twenty-seventh [March 6] a strange event took place.

I

was returning

at

night from hunting to the camp. By chance, an irrigation canal that was very rocky and

had swift-flowing water had during the hunt had ers.

He had

a

put them

to

be crossed.

One

of the waiters

golden service consisting of in a

a small tray

who and

carry refreshments five

cups with cov-

cotton bag and tied the top, and he was carrying

hands. As he was crossing the canal, his foot hit

a

rock, and the

bag

fell

it

in his

out of his

hands. Since the water was deep and flowing very

fast,

no matter how much they

searched and looked for

The

next day

it,

they couldn't find

a trace.

it

was reported

to

Detail, Cupbearer. Folio from a Jahangiri album, attributed to Govardhan. Opaque watercolor on paper, 41 x 23.8 cm. Los Angeles County Museum of Heeramaneck Collection, Museum Associates Purchase. M.78.9.1 I

India,

Art,

Mughal period,

ca.

1610

from the Nasli and Alice

416

The Jahangirnama

me.

ordered a group of boatmen and scouts to return to the very spot

1

thorough search. Maybe spot

could be found. By chance,

it

had been dropped. What

it

even more amazing

is

and make

a

it

was recovered

is

that

in

a

the very

hadn't been turned

it

upside down, and not a drop of water had gotten into the cups.

This story

Harun

ring

is

one about when Hadi became

similar to the

[al-Rashid]

had inherited from

ask for the ring. By chance at that time

When

the servant delivered his message,

have the caliphate. You won't

One day around with

a quail

a

this

on the

it

spur on one of

was male or female.

its

.

Emending the

much

("originally

something

like

'a

hol-

up

in

And

in

it

said,

"I

you

let

to Harun.

Harun.

to

an experiment he asked

female."

"It is

Those who

in

Then they

split

attendance asked

head and beak are smaller than the

female's

that

me whether

open

its

male's,"

I

and

belly,

in disbelief,

it

"How

said,

"and

observation and perseverance one gets the knack."

other bird, there fingers,

to

anger he hurled the

on the other. [309b] Since the mark

this spur, as

birds the windpipe,

in all

which the Turks

goes straight from the top of the neck to the crop, while

low conical object,'" Clauson, An

anger and

in his

Harun

the place he had thrown the ring.

dive and gave

legs but not is

out.

an amazing thing that

It is

text's hanacj

flared

ring!?"

ruby

of the Tigris.

Hadi died, and the caliphate went

first

said immediately,

you know?" "The

with 21

I

embryonic eggs came

several

a servant to

a

time on the hunting ground Imamverdi the head scout spied

distinguishes male from female

(Arabic lor throat) with chanaif

Harun

ordered divers to go into the Tigris and search

By happy chance they found

did

later

Hadi sent

Harun was seated on the bank

me have one

months

ring into the Tigris. Several

He

let

his father.

There was

caliph.

then

it

is

two and goes

to the crop.

At the point

call chaitacj,^’

the bustard, unlike any

windpipe from the top of the throat

a single

splits in

in

at

for a distance of four

which

it

forks there

is

Etymolo^iciil Dictionary, 425).

a

blockage, like a knot, that can be

for

its

windpipe

root of the

tail,

and then

There were thought

it

found

in

is

with the hand.

In

the crane

it is

even stranger,

through the bones of the chest and passes to the

turns around and

to

comes back

to the throat.

be two kinds of bustard, one black and spotted and the

other dun colored. Recently black one

felt

twists like a snake

it

was learned that they

the spotted one and eggs

in

the

are not

two

types: the spotted

The proof was that testicles were dun-colored one. The experiment was made

male and the dun-colored one

is

female.

repeatedly.

Since 22.

The word

located

in

bcnin has not

been

the dictionaries, and

Jahangir has not used this

it

prior to

occurrence.

in

1

am

Hindustan

each other only

in

is

very fond of

fish, all

the rohu. After that

sorts of is

good

fish are

shape and form. Not everyone could easily

a slight difference in their flesh,

cover that the rohu

is

a little better.

brought to me. The best

fish

the barin.^^ Both have scales, and they resemble

and only

a person

them

There

is

also

with refined taste could

dis-

tell

apart.

The Nineteenth Regnal Year: March 9, 1624-March 9, 1625

®

The Nineteenth Nmnroz

A

also

Royal Accession

after the

the elapse of one watch and

fter

ninth of

jumada 11033 [March

two gharis

of

rank and promotions.

in

Oa] Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan's son Ahsanullah was promoted to the rank

1

Ahmad Beg Khan

of 1000/300.

promoted

the twenty-

1624], the sun entered Aries, and our

9,

worthy servants were honored with increases [3

Wednesday

Kabuli's son

Muhammad

Sa'idullah

was

1000/300. Mir Sharaf, the divan of the imperial workshops, and

to

Khawass Khan were both promoted

to the rank of 1000. Sardar

Khan came from

Kangra and attained the privilege of kissing the ground. At

time

this

gave an order to the sergeants and guards that henceforth when

I

whose

rode or came out of the palace, defective persons

like

noses had been cut

sort of disease should not

in

off, lepers,

my sight. On the nineteenth

and those with any

[March 27] the celebration

came

brother Allahverdi deserted Bedawlat and

Since Orissa,

I

it

was held. Imamverdi's

of culmination

to court.

He was shown

boundless favor.

Mahabat Khan, and the amirs who

issued an urgent order to Prince [Parvez], satisfy

souba and go to Allahabad and

If,

Bihar.

themselves with the arrangements for

by chance, the governor of the souba

Bengal could not stop his advance, he would have to be crushed with the the imperial forces under

On

my

cial

and

I

so

10]

I

gave

my

commanded, he could do whatever had

robe of honor,

son Asalat

On

a nadiri jacket

Khan was

this date a report

Raja Caj Singh.

It is

also reported that

"son"

hoped

Jansipar

Khan took

[310b] Taking

in

Khan

there was need for his

a special

I

gave him

a spe-

jeweled sword. His

robe of honor. the bakhshi of the Deccan,

who had

also

came

flight

as

from

he it

It

was

Patan, and Azizullah had

ordered and paid homage. the

river

at

Burhanpur,

Burhanpur any longer on account of

his children,

the protection of the Adil Khan. As

Jansipar

leave to

that her advent into this family will prove auspicious.

Husamuddin could not remain actions.

a

If

Turkman Khan had been summoned from

in his stead.

Khan Jahan

fortune-favored son Shah Parvez had married the sister of

Bedawlat [Shahjahan]

been assigned

When

and

came from Aqidat Khan,

my

might of

to be done.

with pearl buttons, and

also given a horse

written that, as ordered,

of

full

command

son's

the second of Llrdibihisht [April

depart for the capital, Agra, and await further orders there. services

ears or

be allowed

had been repeatedly reported that Bedawlat had reached the borders of

had been assigned to reinforce them to that

the blind or those

1

set out for exile in the

happened he had

his

Deccan, to

hideous

live

to cross near a place

learned of him and took a troop to head him

off.

Mir

under

where

Seizing him and his

417

418

The Jahangirnama

who

dependents, he took them to Mahabat Khan, rupees

imprisoned him and got

a lac of

cash and goods from him by subjecting him to a levy. Jadu Rai and Udai

in

took Bedawlat's elephants he had

in

left

Mahur and

the fortress at

Ram

joined Prince

[Parvezj's retinue.

Qazi Abdul-Aziz had come to the Delhi vicinity

known, but

had not allowed him

1

m

Mahabat Khan

Bijapur for several years, at this point

manner

sent

of an underling, and

one

m my

it

sent

him back

of his trusted

ret-

to the Adil

men, Ali-Sher by name,

He had

written to

was decided that he would go

He would

meet with Mahabat Khan. keep him

own

the time and the turn of events, expressed their subservience and

The damned Ambar

sent his extreme helplessness and obsequiousness.

the

part of his

diplomatic mission, and the rulers of the Deccan, willingly or unwillingly

a

demanded by giance.

demands

he was acquainted of old with the Adil Khan, having been Khan Jahan's

inue. Since

Khan on

Bedawlat's

Mahabat Khan made him

After Bedawlat's defeat and devastation,

agent

make

to

and turned him over to Mahabat Khan.

to speak

as

alle-

to repre-

Mahabat Khan

to

in

Dewalgaon and

also place his eldest son in liege to the state

and

fortune-favored son's service. At the same time a letter from Qazi

Abdul-Aziz arrived saying that the Adil Khan had chosen subservience and allegiance in all

sincerity

Muhammad

and determined to send Mulla

spokesman with

full

who was

discretionary powers, and

who was

Lari,

addressed

writing as "Mulla Baba," with five thousand horsemen to remain

would

Allahabad and Bihar despite the

my

in

my

it

was now reported

Khan remained

Burhanpur

in

mind

arrived, with his

together they would join

my

until

at ease

Muhammad

Mulla

Emending

the text's miscopied

lanhapur with lalnapur

dispatched jansipar Khan to his former post.

assigned

Shahnawaz Khan's son Minuchihr

Thanesar

to guard the

On Khan,

this date

who had

He had He

in La'l

should

in that area,

decided that Lashkar Khan,

kept Asad

to lalnapur.'

He

Khan

in

at

Zafarnagar.

Elichpur and

sent Rizavi

Khan

to

souba of Khandesh.

news was received that Lashkari had delivered the decree

to the Adil

decorated the city and gone out four kos to greet him, receive the

decree and robe of honor, and perform the

On

Lari

concerning the situation

fortune-favored son.

jadu Rai, LIdai Ram, and other servants would go to Balaghat and wait

,

that

the heaviness of the rains, on the sixth of Farvardin [March

son had marched from Burhanpur with the imperial troops and camped

come, and when he

I

and they

son [Parvez] [31 la] to set out for

order to reduce Bedawlat to naught,

monsoon and

Bagh. Mahabat

He

speaking and

in

in service,

arrive shortly.

Since urgent decrees had been issued for

14]

and

his agent

the twenty-first [April 29]

A'zam, and Sayf Khan.

I

1

rituals of taslim

sent robes for

made Mahabat Khan

my

and prostrations.

[grand]son Dawarbakhsh, Khan

the governor of Lahore, awarded

him

robe of honor and an elephant, and gave him leave to depart. His rank was fixed

a at

4000/4000. Mirza Rustam's son Multafit Khan was promoted to the rank of 1500/300.

One day

during a hunt

it

another snake and gone into

Without exaggeration,

out. its

belly

was of

was

slit

a

was reported that a hole.

I

this

hooded snake

open, a hooded snake

time

a

it

this large

in prison.

[3

own handwriting

1

I

had not been seen before.

When

had swallowed came out whole. Although

report from a recorder

Mahabat Khan had executed Zahid's son sons

snake with a black hood had swallowed

ordered the hole dug away and the snake brought

a different variety, the difference in size

Around

a

Arif

it

and length was imperceptible. in

the

Deccan was submitted saying

and was holding Zahid and

b] Apparently the murderous wretch had written

to Bedawlat representing his

and

his other

that

two

a letter in his

his father's loyalty, allegiance,

regret and shame over what had happened. By chance the

letter fell into

Mahabat

summoned

Khan's hands, and he

much

Since he had as

Arif into his presence

as written a verdict in his

able excuse. Consequently he

own

and showed him the

letter.

Mar.

i624-May i624

419

blood, he couldn't offer an accept-

had been executed, and

his father

and brothers were

imprisoned.

On

the

first

Khurdad [May

of

10]

was reported that Shaja'at Khan Arab had died

it

of natural causes in the souba of the Deccan.

Also

had entered the

swampy

fortress

river

on the

The

territoi'y of Orissa.

Deccan

the border of Orissa and the a

Khan Fath-jang

time a report from Ibrahim

at this

that Bedawlat

is

a barrier

with

other. Fdere the ruler of

a

arrived in

which he wrote

details are as follows.

high mountain on one side and

Golconda has

built a barrier

Ahmad Beg Khan,

Ibrahim Khan's nephew, attacked the zamindar of Khurda.^

The

that without having

is

went

along, he

and was unprepared

was not so secure with

his

comrades

as

he came to Burdwan, where Salih, the

thought

he received

Burdwan and

it

a

been forewarned he grew perplexed,

Pipli,

the seat of the souba. Then, tak-

to the station of Cuttack, twelve kos

the direction of Bengal. Since there was his troops or affairs

little

time, he didn't have a

for battle

from

chance

Pipli in

to arrange

he should have been. Passing through Cuttack, late

Asaf Khan's nephew, was jagirdar. At

first

—

until

preposterous and refused to believe that Bedawlat was coming

letter

from La'natullah tiying to win him over. Salih then

fortified

sat waiting. this.

Although most of

and army were scattered throughout the countryside, he made

a

his

brave

stance at Akbarnagar, fortifying the stronghold, gathering soldiers, appeasing the chiefs of the tribes

and

clans,

from Bedawlat reached him.

and making ready weapons of war. At

It

said:

"By divine destiny and

fate, that

this point a letter

which was unde-

served by his state has befallen from the other world through the crooked revolution of time.

Although

more than

a

in

the view of the manly and brave the vast extent of this world

playing Held, nay

it is

only

a

heap of

straw,

is

his

honor and

considers

it

prudent to

me:

its

one

he [Ibrahim Khan] intends to go to the padishah's court,

ladies will not stay,

requests." In reply Ibrahim to

If

no

and our intentions are more

refined and higher than this, nonetheless since our path has fallen across this earth,

cannot pass perfunctorily.

be harassed, and he

we

will

Khan wrote,

may proceed

at will.

If,

bestow upon him any corner of "Fdis Imperial

security will be defended with

my

life."

however, he this land

Majesty has entrusted

2.

Khurda per Jahangir,

Tuzuk-i-Jiihiwgiri (trans. Rogers),

29H; text has the miscopled

KRWHH.

with Bedawlat [Shahjahan]. Fde also

Ibrahim Khan was dumbfounded and awestruck to hear auxiliaries

is

time

gave up the mission, and went to the village of

womenfolk

it

a

at this

strangest part of this affair

Salih

and

armed with cannons and muskets. Without permission from Qutbulmulk

impossible and unimaginable for anyone to pass the barrier. By chance,

ing his

Between

he

this region

Appendix

to the Jahangirnama-.

Continuation of the Events of the

Nineteenth Year after the Royal Accession,

W

late to

hen Shahjahan arrived and got ready and

the citadel

was no hope

in

Burdwan, Salih

laid siege.

When

things got

at ease

come

at the foot of

and there

difficult,

from any direction,

of assistance or salvation

there was nothing to do but

Abdullah Khan. His mind

fortified the citadel

Abdullah Khan arrived

for battle.

out of the citadel and capitu-

concerning the

citadel, the

khan took Salih

to Shahjahan.

After taking Burdwan, they set out for Akbarnagar. Ibrahim fortify is

and defend the

fortress at

and he did not have

vast

Akbarnagar against

sufficient forces to

Now

the bastion of which was very strong.

a

man

it,

he holed up

group of amirs

joined him. Shahjahan's forces laid siege to the fortress at

lodged himself point

Khan

first

wanted

to

siege, but since the fortress there in

Maqbara-i-Pisar,

who were

in

the vicinity

Maqbara while Shahjahan

the fortress at Akbarnagar, fighting from within and without. At this

in

Ahmad Beg Khan

arrived,

which helped morale.

Since his people and household were mostly on the other side of the

Abdullah Khan sent Darya Khan across the

river to the other side.

river,

Hearing

this,

Ahmad Beg Khan along to the other side, stationing trusted men to He sent ahead of himself to the other side warships what the peo-

Ibrahim Khan took

guard the

fortress.

ple of India call nawaras

—

—

in

happened, before the nawaras arrived, Ibrahim Khan sent

Ahmad Beg Khan

the two armies on the banks of the

Ahmad Beg Khan

way and not let the enemy cross. As it Darya Khan had already crossed the river.

order to block the

to confront him, river,

and

a battle

was fought between

with large numbers killed on both

sides.

Khan and informed him of the enemy's domination Ibrahim Khan sent someone to bring some warriors from the fortress

of the situation.

rejoined Ibrahim

as reinforcements,

and

Daiya Khan, learning

a

contingent of warriors got themselves to Ibrahim Khan.

of this, pulled

back down

nawaras were under Ibrahim Khan's control,

it

river several kos.

was impossible

As long

as the

for Shahjahan's forces to

cross the Ganges.

At to

this point a

go with me,

1

to cross

said, "If a force

can obtain several boats upstream, near the borders of

and get the forces

men

zamindar named Natliya Raja came and

across."

Shahjahan assigned Abdullah Khan

fifteen

is

my

assigned territory,

hundred horse-

where the zamindar would show them, attack Ibrahim Khan's camp, and

then take his forces guided by Natliya Raja across the river with the speed of the wind

and join Darya Khan.

420

When

news reached Ibrahim Khan, he rushed

this

stationing a sayyid

with

named

Nurullah, an officer of rank assigned to him, as his vanguard

thousand horsemen.

a

Ahmad Beg Khan was

horsemen, while Ibrahim Khan himself stood

two

After the

sides clashed

guard, routed

and

showing but received serious wounds. Seeing

and took

their footing

With

flight.

men grabbed

not

What

to do.

and he was

man

of Abdullah's, brought the

sides

was sent to Shahjahan. Those

when they At

able,

lit

a

No

few men.

how many

matter

times "It is

life in

service to the

mouth when an

attack

was mounted

his

A man named Nazar

wounds.

news of Ibrahim Khan's death, and

who were

holed up

in

the

his

Beg, a liege

severed head

Maqbara bastion

lost heart

Rumi Khan the tunnel-digger, having made

it

to the foot of the

The fortress was Had a boat been availand drowned. Those who were encumbered by

explosives and blew up a forty-cubit section of the wall.

who

and those

escaped threw themselves into the

they would have been attacked

families

lost

learned of his death.

this point

stronghold, taken,

who

of the fray, he refused to leave, saying,

killed with multiple

all

troops,

better fortune than to lose one's

monarch?" Scarcely were the words out of from

Ibrahim Khan could not restrain

this,

Ibrahim Khan's forces became disordered,

this,

him out

his reins to get

manly thing

a

the vana valiant

Khan charged Ibrahim Khan's

although Ibrahim Khan stood firm with only his

Khan charged

Ahmad Beg Khan, who made

ensued, Abdullah

a fierce battle

himself and rushed forward as Abdullah

stationed as reserve with a thousand

the center with a thousand horsemen.

in

and then enjoined battle with

it,

pell-mell out to enjoin battle,

went out and were encountered. Mirak

the souba, was captured. Abid

Khan

jalayir,

river.

one of those responsible

the divan, Sharif

Khan

for

the bakhshi, Sayyid

Abdul-Salam Barha, Hasan Beg Badakhshi, and several of Shahjahan's other companions lost their lives.

When Ahmad

Beg Khan emerged from the

battlefield with a

group of

officers of

rank from the souba, they headed for Dacca, the capital of Bengal, where Ibrahim Khan's family, household, and property were.

Khan and the

others, like

it

Ibrahim Khan's property and

When

he arrived

in

Dacca,

or not, paid homage. Four lacs of rupees five lacs of

rupees

in

goods belonging

to

Ahmad Beg cash from

in

Mirak

jalayir

and others were confiscated. Five hundred elephants and four hundred ghunt ponies,

which are raised

in that

province, were also taken

and goods were confiscated, and

mighty monarch

fell

a fleet

in

booty. Vast amounts of textiles

and an arsenal that would do

[Shahjahan] gave Abdullah Khan three lacs of rupees. Raja Bhim two

Khan one

lac,

Wazir Khan

Muhammad-Taqi

justice to a

into their hands.

fifty

fifty

thousand rupees, Shaja'at Khan

thousand, and Bayram Beg

fifty

fifty

lacs,

Darya

thousand rupees,

thousand. Others were also

given greater and lesser rewards according to their ranks.

When

he had finished consolidating the region, he released the Khankhanan's son

Darab Khan,

who was

still in

chains,

had him take an oath, and assigned him

as gover-

nor of Bengal. His wife was taken away along with one daughter and one son of

Shahnawaz Khan,

who had chosen

as

Shahjahan

set out to subjugate Bihar.

The

Rana's son Raja Bhim,

to separate himself from the prince's service during the chaos,

was

sent ahead with a vanguard troop to Patna.

Patna was

in

Prince Parvez's

jagir,

and he had stationed

his divan

Mukhlis Khan to

guard and protect the area, with lltikhar Khan's son Allahyar and Sher Khan Afghan as garrison

commanders. Their courage

failed

them before Raja Bhim

arrived,

and they

did not reinforce the fortress at Patna, but instead, they wasted the few days they

had before the

arrival of

the army and raced to Allahabad. Bhim entered the city

tAay 1624 — Mar. 1625

421

422

Appendix by

Miihammiui-Hadi

of Patna

and took

over. Several days later

it

reinforcements, and a large

number

him. From the surrounding areas

Shahjahan arrived

of officials

and jagirdars

Sayyid Mubarak was castellan of the Rohtas

at

Chausapur

of launpLir,

went

and camped

town

Allahabad. Bhim

site

of jhusi,

camped

Despite the strength of

fortress.

in

a

who

Allahabad. Abdullah

which

is

troop to Manikpur, and

Abdullah Khan reached the crossing

A'zam's son jahangir-Quli Khan,

Mirza Rustam

to

the

in

When

wake.

set out in his

Khan

[?],

joined.

it.

vanguard to Allahabad, Darya Khan was dispatched with Shahjahan himself

came and

The zamindar of Ujjaina and other zaminAbdullah Khan and Raja Bhim were sent as a

the well-stocked fortress, he surrendered dars of the area willingly joined up.

Bihar decided to join

in

or six thousand horsemen

five

many

Bengal with

in

held the governorship

Khan

set out in pursuit

on the banks of the Ganges oppo-

situated

kos away from Allahabad. Shahjahan arrived

five

in

pounding with cannon and gunfire Abdullah Khan crossed

jaunpLir and camped. By

the river with the great fleet he had, stopped above Allahabad, and laid siege. Fdoled

up

in

the fortress, Mirza Rustam began his defense as screams of death-dealing arrows

and gunfire whistled

®

Conditions

Let us

now

in

in the

the ears of warriors and great chaos befell the land.

Deccan

turn the reins of the steed of the narrative toward the Deccan.

been reported previously that Ambar the Abyssinian had sent Sher to Mahabat Khan to plead

Deccan would be placed

in his

his abject

misery

hands. Since he was

has

his representative Ali-

hopes that the

in

It

affairs of the

and contention with

in strife

the Adil Khan, he entertained hopes that he would prevail with the assistance of the servants of the imperial court. in

The

Adil

Khan was

order that the rule of the souba would be given to him.

spell

Since

In

army

Ambar was on

the road, Mulla

to

go

Muhammad

fell

into fear

and headed

for

Kandahar, which

a

to

part.

Khan's representa-

Lari, the Adil

Muhammad

and escort MuIIa

to Balaghat

Ambar

this,

the end the Adil Khan's

worked, and Mahabat Khan threw over Ambar and took the Adil Khan's

was worried about him, so Mahabat Khan assigned

tive,

Ambar

likewise striving to repel

troop from the imperial Burhanpur.

Fdearing of

and trepidation, came out of Kharki with Nizamulmulk,

on the

lies

frontier of

Golconda. Stationing

his

sons with his baggage at the top of Daulatabad fortress, he abandoned Kharki and let

it

be known that he was going to Qutbulmulk's border to collect the tribute he

was owed. In short,

when Mulla Muhammad

out to Shahpur to

Lari

reached Burhanpur, Mahabat Khan went

welcome him warmly, and from

there they proceeded together to

pay homage to Shah Paiwez. Sarbulandi Rai was stationed Burhanpur, and jadu Rai and Udai

Ram were

tionary measure, the former's sons and the

Muhammad joined with

five

Rai. F^is

With

the prince's service,

it

as

governor and protector of

assigned to reinforce him. As a precau-

latter's

brothers were seized.

was decided that he would stay

When in

Mulla

Burhanpur

thousand horsemen and see to the administration together with Sarbulandi son Aminuddin would go to the prince's service with

this

a

arrangement the prince dismissed him and gave him

horse, and an elephant, horse, an elephant, and

along. For his

own

part

enty thousand rupees

son and son-in-law.

in

and he awarded fifty

his son

a

Muhammad-Amin

jeweled sword,

a

robe of honor,

a

a

thousand rupees to help with expenses and took him

Mahabat Khan made cash,

thousand horsemen.

and

I

a gift of

I

10 horses and elephants, sev-

10 trays of textiles to Mulla

Muhammad

and

his

May

®

Jahangir's Retinue Arrives

On

in

Kashmir

Khurdad

the nineteenth of

arrived in Kashmir. I'tiqad

May

[circa

Khan presented

29] His Imperial Majesty [Jahangir]

the rarities of Kashmir he had collected

over a period of time.

At

this point

Muhammad

it

was reported

to the

emperor

that Yalangtosh the

Uzbek, Nazr-

Khan's commander-in-chief, had raided the Kabul and Ghazni vicinity,

who had been

and Mahabat Khan's son Khanazad Khan and the amirs force

him had gone out of the

vant,

was sent by post

and fought

city

in

assigned to rein-

defense. Ghazi Beg, an intimate ser-

to learn the truth of the affair

and report back

to the emperor.

By chance, Abdul-Aziz Khan had surrendered to Shah Abbas the

Kandahar because reinforcements had not

arrived,

and

this

fortress of

weighed heavily on the

emperor's mind.

At

this point a

sent to

was

Mecca. Afterward

killed

May

khwaja named Sayyidu was put on

along the way.

his sins

it

a ship in the port of Surat to

was ordered that he be turned

The khwaja was

The Death of Aram Banii Begam

On

the seventh of Tir [circa June 17] the emperor's sister

died

at

the age of forty in the state

The Uzbeks

On

this date

a

Aram Banu Begam passed

of dysentery. His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani [Akbar] had loved her very much. She

© in

poor fellow

and unpretentious.

be forgiven.

®

away

loose, but the

cheerful, good-natured,

be

it

are Defeated in

in

which she came

into the world.

Ghazni

was learned from Ghazi

Beg's report that

Yalangtosh had built

the village of Sawar, a dependency of Ghazni, and stationed his

troop

in

order to consolidate the Hazara

who had

tribes,

whose

territory

nephew was

in

a fortress

there with

the Ghazni

The chiefs of the tribes had gone to Khanazad Khan "We are longtime subjects and payers of tribute to the governor of Kabul Yalangtosh wants to make us subject to himself by force. If you will remove the menace he poses to us, we will become your obedient subjects as before. Otherwise, we will be forced to apply to him to protect ourselves from the oppression of the Uzbeks." Khanazad Khan sent a troop to help the Hazaras, and it was met by Yalangtosh's nephew, who was killed during the ensuing fray. The imperial army reduced the fortress to the ground, returning in vic-

vicinity

and

paid tribute of old to the governor of Ghazni.

Hazara

to request assistance, saying,

tory and triumph.

When

he heard the news, Yalangtosh was mortified by his action and begged

Nazr-Muhammad Khan,

the brother of Imam-Quii

Khan the

mission to raid the frontier of Kabul to allow him to

beginning

Nazr-Muhammad Khan,

his ataliq,

ruler of Turan, for per-

make up

for his

shame.

In

the

and the chiefs of the army did not give

much insistence he obtained permission and set out in this direction with ten thousand Uzbek and Almanji horsemen. Hearing this, Khanazad Khan summoned the men who were manning the outposts their approval for this daring adventure, but after

and started making preparations for

When

battle.

the champions of the Held of valor

camped

in

the village of Sherghar, ten

kos from Ghazni, they arrayed their ranks, put on their armor, and started forth.

Khanazad Khan took up

his position in the center with a

group of

his father's officers

and stationed Mubariz Khan Afghan, Ani Rai Singhdalan, Sayyid

Hajji,

and other

i62 4-Mcir. 162 5

423

424

Appauiix by

Muhaminad-Hacii

He

warriors in the vanguard.

and asked

God

likewise arrayed the right and

Ghazni.

now occurred

It

By chance,

as

wings and the reserve

for victory.

has already been mentioned that the Uzbeks were

It

left

soon

to the imperials that the

two

camped

sides

three kos

might clash the next day.

they traversed the three kos from Sherghar, the

as

away from

Uzbek forward

guards came into view, and the forward guards of the imperial army enjoined battle while the imperial soldiers began a

measured pace with

bombardment and marched slowly forward

superb arsenal and mountainous elephants.

a

By chance, Yalangtosh was lurking behind Barghanchi

ambush the

out and

at a

when they

imperial troops

intending to spring

Hill,

arrived tired and exhausted from

the road. Mubariz Khan, the leader of the reconnoitering contingent, spied the foe

and sent

troop to reinforce the vanguard.

a

The enemy

also sent a

message to

Yalangtosh and warned him of the approach of the imperial forces. As the opposing

army appeared one kos away, the

foe assigned his

men

to troops

and stationed one

troop to face the imperial forward detachment while he himself stood a musket-ball shot away, reins checked.

Since the

enemy troop

ambush was

in

larger than the forward detachment, the

warriors of the center rushed forward to assist them, firing bombs, rockets, cannons,

and muskets. Behind them the war elephants were driven forward into action, and the

became pitched. At

battle

could be done. His forces themselves

in

showing

this point lost

Yalangtosh advanced to help, but even so nothing

courage, and the champions of the

their mettle

field

of valor outdid

by wiping out the opposition, binding

captives,

charging, and unhorsing. Their opponents could offer no resistance and turned their reins

m

retreat as the lions of the forest of valor

fortress at jama, six

kos from the

chased the hapless defeated to the

field of battle, striking

during the pursuit. Nearly three hundred Uzbeks were

them down and slain,

and many weapons dropped by the enemy along the way By God's grace

When

this

it

was

a

fell

and

a

killing

them

thousand horses

into the soldiers' hands.

stunning victory.

wonderful news was heard, the emperor rewarded

performed outstandingly

in

the battle with increases

his servants

rank and

in

all

who had

sorts of favor in

proportion to their stations.

Yalangtosh breast.

It

is

name was

an Uzbek. His

seems he charged bare-breasted

Yalangtosh.

He

used to

live

Hasti. Yalancj

means naked, and

tosh

means

from that day he was called

in a battle, for

mostly between Kandahar and Ghazni. Since he repeat-

edly went to Khurasan, undertaking military actions there, one can assume that Shah

Abbas took some account of him.

®

The Khankhanan's Slave Fahim

Around the same

time, a report

Deccan, saying that when Mulla

Killeti

is

was received from

Muhammad

Lari

Fazil

went

to

Khan, the reporter of the Burhanpur and the imperial

supporters' minds were at ease concerning the administration of the Deccan, Prince Pai-vez set out with

Mahabat Khan and the other amirs

for Bihar

and Bengal. Since,

however, the prince had some misgivings concerning the Khankhanan's mischief, and

Khan was with Shahjahan, with Khankhanan under constant watch.

the Khankhanan's son Darab rial

advisers he kept the

be pitched for him next to the prince's

A group

of guards

was sent

It

was ordered

to the

that a tent

and janan Begam, his daughter

who was the Khankhanan's star men kept watch at the entrance.

been married to Prince Danyal and her father while a group of trusted

tent,

the approval of the impe-

who had

pupil, lived with

Khankhanan's tent to confiscate

his possessions

"

and was about to

arrest

Fahim, the Khankhanan's slave. Fahim was one of the Khan-

men and combined bravery with experience,- he refused to fight to anyone, made a valiant stance along with his son and

khanan's chief

give himself

up without

several liege

a

men, and sacrificed himself to honor. During

who

had remained

went

in Bijapur,

162 4-Mar. 162 5

425

Afzal Khan, Shahjahan's divan

this,

all

May

and was showered

to court, obtained an interview,

with regal favor.

®

The

and Shahjahan

Battle betioeen Prince Parvez

At the same time, news was received of

When

as follows.

Darya Khan and

a

princes.

Mahahat Khan reached the

Sultan Parvez and

bad, Abdullah Khan gave up

between the

a battle

details are

vicinity of Allaha-

and pulled back to jhusi Since

his siege of the fortress

contingent of soldiers had

The

fortified the

banks of the river and drawn

the boats over to their side, the crossing of the imperial forces was delayed for

all

several days. Prince Parvez

and Mahahat Khan camped on the banks of the

Darya Khan took control of the crossings major importance

in

By the time Darya Khan learned of

his attention to dealing

and of

this

with them, the imperial army had already crossed.

Consequently Darya Khan, not considering to jaunpur.

river,

who were

Jais,'

the region, brought thirty boats from the surrounding areas and

got them across several kos upstream.

and turned

the zamindars of

until

wise to remain where he was, went

it

Abdullah Khan and Raja Bhim also

Jaunpur

set out for

suggestion

at his

a

removal to Benares. Shahjahan sent the womenfolk of his harem

to the fortress at

Rohtas and went himself to Benares. Abdullah Khan, Raja Bhim, and

and requested

Darya Khan joined the camp. Shahjahan arrived

camped on in

in

Benares, crossed the Ganges, and

the edge of the River Tons. Prince Parvez and

Dumduma,

stationed

Aqa-Muhammad

Mahahat Khan

arrived

Tihrani there with a contingent, crossed

Khan Dawran, Aqa Muhammad-

the Ganges, and were about to cross the Tons. Bayram Beg, entitled

crossed the Ganges at Shahjahan's order and set out to encounter

Zaman, who went

to Jhusi. Four days later

Aqa Muhammad-Zaman went out ning victory stayed

head was sent

FJis

Rustam Khan, Prince Parvez.

jahangir-Quli

There

now

is

his

arrived with

making

a

"It

making

raids in

to Prince Parvez's court a is

former liege well,"

Khan was

he

man

all

and was displayed on

of Shahjahan's,

said, "that the ingrate

was

killed

"

and joined

flight

Khan

A'zam's son

present and said, "Fde cannot be called an ingrate or a rebel.

man

down

a

short, after the death ol

the highest of

all." In

Parvez was extremely happy and rewarded

lay

his life for his master.

Bhim, thought

was absolutely opposed to the

it

Prince

Aqa Muhammad-Zaman. best to

do

battle. But

idea, said, "Since the imperial

Most

of his sup-

Abdullah Khan,

army

is

who

greater than ours

terms of both quality and quantity, they being nearly forty thousand horsemen and

foot soldiers, while the princely

more than seven thousand

army

cavalry, in

of liege

men both

view of the times

old and

it

new does not number

would be prudent

to leave the

jahangirid army here in this land and get ourselves to the Delhi region via

Lucknow.

When

they get near us there with

Deccan. The imperial army with of

See even

Khan Dawran,

After this event, Shahjahan took counsel with his commanders.

in

Khan Dawran

a lance.

had taken

no greater gratitude than that

porters, particularly Raja

a stun-

directions until he got himself killed.

head

is

arrogance.

all

huge gain and

the battle that ensued. After the defeat of his troops,

in

the place of battle,

in

Khan Dawran

to encounter him,

moving and

whatever

is

all its

will sue for a truce.

If

all

their

numbers, we can head

for the

multitudes and paraphernalia will be incapable

peace cannot be made, then

required by circumstances.

Oudh and

we

will

have to do

I

.

Reading .fYS

dotted

HYS

(Jais) tor

of the text.

the mis-

426

Mubammad-Hiuii

much

Shahjahan, too zealous and too

Appendix by

on

battle,

was

in

and with

Nusrat Khan. with In

a

the right

in

set forth

and arrayed

to his left

was

Bihari

Khan and Sher Bahadur

the altmi'sh were Shaja'at

Bir

(entitled

the

in

right

raja's

Singh and

He

his forces.

wing was Abdullah Khan, and

vanguard was Raja Bhim, and to the

In the

band of Afghans, and

Khan, the chief of

mind he

this resolve in

the center,-

of a warrior to listen to such words, decided

left

was Darya Khan

Singh Dec's other sons.

Sher Khwaja),- and Rumi

drove the arsenal forward.

artillery,

At the same time Prince Parvez and Mahabat Khan arrayed their ranks

and moved out into the

The

field.

imperial

army was

maybe

arsenal forward

and

of the balls hit

anyone but

arsenal

the arsenal

fell

men

Seeing

guard also

fell

great, the imperial

of the arsenal,

who

artillery,

strange thing

took his

that

is

none

vanguard charged the arsenal

could offer

Darya Khan Afghan, who was on the

without doing

A

little

resistance,

and

hands of the imperials.

into the

this,

balls.

where they were. Since the distance between the

lay hot

and Shahjahan's vanguard was

with impunity, defeated the

flight

thousand cannon

a

for battle

numerous that they could have

so

swallowed up three of Shahjahan's armies. Rumi Khan, the head of set off

himself

wing was

battle,-

to pieces.

right side of the vanguard, took

and when he retreated the forces of the

Without making an adequate

left

side of the van-

appraisal of the multitude of his

made it to the center of the imperial army, and fought with glistening sword. An elephant named jitajot that was out in front fell from musket and arrow wounds it had received, but the lion of the opponents, Raja Bhim charged with

a

few of

his veteran Rajputs,

thicket of courage and bravery maintained his ground with his devoted Rajputs and

The outstanding warriors and battle-tried soldiers who Parvez and Mahabat Khan attacked from all directions and

fought bravely and audaciously.

were around Sultan

brought down [Raja Bhim] into the dust of annihilation with

he had

a

breath of

life left

several other battle-loving

he fought on. Bhim Rathor,

opponents were wounded

With Raja Bhim's death and the

Prithi Raj,

in

the

face the opposition

and also

horsemen kept up

commander

of the troop,

altm'ish out of action,

commanded by Nusrat Khan, could and crumbled. Shahjahan and Abdullah Khan, who was in The

the battle reached the center.

right wing,

Akai Raj Rathor, and

field.

With the vanguard and the

killed.

swords. As long as

rout of the vanguard, Shaja'at Khan, the leader of

the altmi'sh, was also driven into retreat. Sher Khwaja, the

held his ground, but he was

pitiless

a

a

who

group

left

wing,

could not have numbered more than

five

not the

hundred

defense and urged the warriors on until most were killed or

wounded. Aside from the elephants, the standards, the tugh, the royal armory, and Abdullah,

who was

just then a

musket

standing a short distance away to the right, nothing could be seen, ball hit

[Shahjahan]

in

the forehead, but

Tajuddin, one of the successors to Khwaja Baqi battle,

At

was struck this point

"Things are

in

the cheek by a musket

ball,

who was and

God

spared him. Shaykh

with Shahjahan during the

his face

was torn away.

Shahjahan sent Yusuf Khan to Abdullah Khan with

at a critical point,

and

our station, for us to put our trust

it

would be appropriate,

in

in

a

message saying,

view of the situation and

divine grace and attack the imperial center with

Abdullah Khan went himself

the few forces

we have

and

too late for attacks and parries to be of any use. Such maneuvers are

said, "It

futile

pened

is

left.

Whatever

will be, will be."

and counter-tactical. At the beginning of their struggles such things often hapto rulers of the past

—

like

Amir Temur Sahib-Qiran and His Majesty Babur

Padishah, as well as to most would-be conquerors. In such a case they

made

the most

of their situation and retreated from the battlefield, giving no satisfaction to the

enemy, and by so doing they attained fortune."

A group

After four

in pursuit.

remained

were

for three days, reassuring himself that the necessary defenses

with his nurses and set out with the other princes and the

women

left

of the

Khankhanan him

©

a

tugh

2.

harem

years earlier

for

puts

to the frontier of

Deccan

of conditions in the

Qutbulmulk's

Having reassured himself on

Since the Adil

Khan with

Khan had

them by

surprise,

and

abeyance

pacts,

Muhammad

men who were

and did not have

Lari it

stationed to

him

messenger to

Burhanpur.

in

saying,

He

"The truth of

a sufficient force to

best to preserve himself and holed up in

supporters, and

I

summon Mulla Muhammad also

my

Lari

reckon myself

among

those

the armies in the souba to help

me

so that

I

is

who belong all

to that court.

all

Now

this

imperial that the

come with

imperial supporters to

we may remove

souba,

officials in that

and well known to

clear

expect

in supplies,

and the army that was with

wrote with great insistence to the

loyalty and support

mgrate Ambar has been so bold with me,

set

good comman-

the fortress at Bijapur. After fortifying the towers and ramparts and laying a

two

and abundant provisions.

a large force

Malik Ambar's onslaught, he thought

for

he went to the

plundered Bidar, and then

sent most of his experienced warriors and

ders to Burhanpur with Mulla

he sent

of

Malik Ambar went

fallen into

frontier of the province of Bidar.^ Finding the Adil Khan's

out to attack the Adil

When

be given.

will

that front with oaths

protect the region unprepared, he took

repel

meddling slave and give

him what he deserves."

When Mahabat Khan

set out for

Allahabad with Prince Parvez, he stationed

Sarbulandi Rai as governor of Burhanpur and insisted that he act

and small

in

accordance with Mulla

ing the affairs of the

Mulla

Muhammad

Muhammad

Lari's

approval and that

Muhammad remain

Deccan while

in

letters for

the governor of

rest of the

When Ambar ing,

"I

am

to

equiva-

Khan. There was nothing Sarbulandi Rai could do but

to

Muhammad

Lari to reinforce the Adil

naught went Lashkar Khan, Mirza Minuchihr, Khanjar

Ahmadnagar, Jansipar Khan the governor

amirs and officers learned of

a slave of the court.

this,

No

who had been

of

Bir,

he too sent

Rizavi Khan,

Rai,

what

Udai Ram,

assigned to the Deccan.

letters to the servants of the court, say-

offense or affront has been committed by

the 'dogs of that majestic threshold.' For

me

is

When

charge of equipping the army,

Turkman Khan, Aqidat Khan the bakhshi, Asad Khan, Azizullah, Jadu and the

best.

help reached Mahabat Khan, he wrote to the

Burhanpur. With Mulla

Khan and reduce Ambar Khan

administer-

in

that they should hasten without hesitation or delay with Mulla

to assist the Adil

a little

matters large

got to work seriously and gave three lacs of buns, which

and when the Adil Khan's the

in all

Deccan he should not deviate from what he thought

lent to nearly twelve lacs of rupees, to the officials in

officials of

this way.

he demanded payment of the agreed amount

territory,

he took every year to be spent on the army but that had years.

five

1619, but the text

Deccan

in the

summary

a

in

addition.

Conditions

Now

title

it

been born

actually

7000/7000 duaspa-seaspa, and awarded

Sipahsalar, increased his rank to

in

He had

him there

news reached the emperor's hearing, he gave Mahabat Khan the

this

427

in place.

Patna and Bihar.

When

i624-Mcir. 1625

this

Muradbakhsh had only recently been born,^ so [Shahjahan]

Sultan

May

the imperial

field as

began to loot and plunder. Reckoning out

the retinue boldly grabbed the prince's

in

army entered the prince's camp and much as a sufficient gain, they did not go marches Shahjahan camped in the Rohtas fortress, where he

and led him from the

reins

who were

of devoted servants

fault

me

against

or offense are they trying to reduce

naught? By the Adil Khan's motivation and Mulla Muhammad's instigation they

3.

Reading

text's

BYDR

misdottcd

(Bidar) tor the

Inutr.

428

Appeiic^ix

by

Mithammad-Hadi

are

coming

There

to attack me.

disagreement between the Adil Khan and

a

is

me

con-

cerning land that used to belong to Nizamulmulk but has been taken over by the Adil

Khan, h he whatever

a servant of the court, so

is

God

wills

may come

am

to pass. Let

remove themselves march by march back

The more Malik Ambar

insisted

me

Leave

I.

to

him and him

them pay no attention

in

to

them

at

bay and trying to

forces kept the pressure

and pleaded, the more they pressed. Finally there

Ambar

Mulla

up and did not give Ambar

When

he had

his

battle, the Bargis

appeared from

had come out trying to get away. At

Mulla

chance to his

days holding

his

and the imperial

The more he

to succeed.

weakness and increased

afar.

he wouldn't

off their guard, thinking that

Some thought

they had given up battle and

they attacked the Adil Khan's men, and

this point

between the Adilkhanis and Ambar's men. As destiny would have

battle erupted it,

a it

Lari

land. After

back to the wall and had been forced into desperation,

one day when the imperial soldiers were

do

Muhammad

own

his

and spent

stalled for time

forestall battle.

cowered and pleaded, the more they attributed the pressure.

so that

the other direction."

was nothing he could do but withdraw from Bijapur and return to the [imperial] forces drew near,

me

to

what he says and

Muhammad,

the leader of the army, was killed.

When

happened, the

this

Ram did not enter the battle Ambar took full advantage to inflict a crushIkhlas Khan and twenty-five other commanders of

Adil Khan's forces lost their order, and jadu Rai and Lldai

but took flight Informed of the situation,

Add Khan's

ing defeat on the

army.

the Adil Khan's army, major pillars of his state, were captured.

Khan,

whose blood Ambar was

for

Of

imprisoned.

thirsty,

was put

One

to the sword,

of them, Farhad

and the others were

the imperial amirs, Lashkar Khan, Mirza Minuchihr, and Aqidat

Khan

were captured. Khanjar Khan raced to Ahmadnagar to

Khan

fortify the fortress. Jansipar

retreated to his jagir at Bir and fortified the bastion there.

also

Of another group who to Ahmadnagar

some got themselves

escaped the brink of death during

battle,

while others hastened to Burhanpur.

When Ambar

had attained

his object, surpass-

ing his wildest dreams, he had the captives sent in chains to Daulatabad, and he

himself went to lay siege to Ahmadnagar. Fdowever, try as he might, he couldn't get anywhere. Unsuccessful, he stationed a troop around the fortress and headed

Once

for Bijapur.

control of

again the Adil

Khan holed up

in his

along with the frontiers

his territory

all

in

stronghold

Ambar took

as

Balaghat that belonged to

the empire.

Then, having mustered

a

considerable force, he besieged the fortress

at

Sholapur,

over which there had been constant contention between Nizamulmulk and the Adil

Khan. Fde dispatched Yaqut Khan

at

the head of a troop against Burhanpur, and

brought the cannon Malik-i-Maydan from Daulatabad and began pounding the Sholapur fortress with

day and night

it

until

it

was reduced. Report

of

this

all

caused

great distress to the emperor.

Concurrently emperor.

In brief

a letter

from Nazr-Muhammad, the ruler of Baikh, was shown to the

the contents said: "This supplicant considers Fdis Majesty to be like a

father and patron. Yalangtosh has 4.

Reading

hcikhshish

(generosity) (or the text's

nonsensical

5

The

MNJShY sobriquet

Madarulmahammi means "axis o( missions."

Thank God, he Khan

will

be removed as

as

generosity"^

Madarulmahammi Khwaja pointed as his

permission.

has received a suitable reproof. Fdowever, since the dust of contention

has arisen between the Kabul army and the Baikh forces,

Inasmuch

my

committed an outrage without

father's

it

is

hoped

that

governor of Kabul and another appointed is

a

commendable

practice,

that souba

in

Khanazad his stead."

was assigned

to

Abu'l-Fdasan,^ and the khwaja's son Ahsanullah was ap-

agent to go as governor and protector.

An

order was issued for

A

thousand of the khwaja's suwar rank to be paid

five

promoted

to the rank of

robe of honor,

sword,

a

Khan was ordered

®

to

I

come

Retuni from Kashmir

When

500/800 and awarded the

a dagger,

Ahsanullah was

as duaspa-seaspa.

title

of Zafar

Khan and

and an elephant were also given

a banner.

to him.

May

429

i624-Mar. 1625

A

Khanazad

to court.

Lahore

to

winter began and the delights of Kashmir came to an end, on the twenty-fifth of

Shahrivar [circa September 5] the imperial banners were raised Lahore, and the emperor dismounted that time Sadiq

awarded

the direction of

the governorship of the Punjab, and

it

was

to Ruknussaltana Asaf Khan.*^

Around

Khanazad Khan

this date

arrived from Kabul and attained the felicity of

When

ground before the throne.

kissing the

6,

time the emperor went to Haran Manara,' an imperial hunting

this

On

ground.

Khan was dismissed from

in

an auspicious hour. At

in that felicitous city at

enough

the emperor had

For the sobriquet

Ruknusssaltana, see note

I,

page 377.

of hunting, he 7 FHaran Manara ("Antelope

returned to Lahore.

At

had

m

forces

©

time a report arrived from Mahabat Khan.

this

left

Tower") must refer

He had

written that Shahjahan

Patna and Bihar and entered Bengal. Shah Parvez had joined the imperial

antelope FHansraj

Bihar.

(page 69).

The Doivnfall of Darab Khaii

In past

pages

has been reported that Shahjahan had

it

Darab Khan take an oath and stationed him

as

made

the Khankhanan's son

governor and protector of Bengal,

although [Shahjahan] had taken his wife, one of his sons, and one of his nieces precautionary measure. After the Battle of the Tons, Shahjahan in

the Rohtas fortress and wrote to

Darab Khan

telling

him

to

left

Darab Khan's wife

come pay homage

Gadhi. Darab Khan was so devious and evil-natured that he took light

are holding

me

Shahjahan despaired of Darab Khan's coming, and there were no forces

left

siege.

When who were

in

this in a different

and wrote, saying, "The zamindars have conspired together and

under

as a

I

am

therefore unable to come."

capable of action, there was nothing he could do, given his distressed state

of mind, but turn over

Darab Khan's son

to Abdullah

Khan and

return with the work-

come from the Deccan. Having taken such an Khan damned himself for all eternity, and Abdullah Khan

shops along the route by which he had outrageous action, Darab put Darab's

young son

to death.

Prince Parvez placed the souba of Bengal in

fief

to

Mahabat Khan and turned back,

who were holding Darab Khan under siege to release He did come and see Mahabat Khan, and when the news

ordering the zamindars there

him and send him

to court.

of Darab's capitulation

reached the emperor, an order was issued to Mahabat Khan,

saying,

"What

arrives,

send the head of that

short,

is

the sense

Mahabat Khan did

his

body and sending

At

this point the

dagger with

a

it

in

as

keeping

this

ill-starred

wretch alive? As soon

wanderer

in

as this imperial

decree

the valley of perdition to court." In

he had been ordered, separating I3arab Khan's head from

to court.

emperor awarded Khanazad Khan

phul-katara, and a royal horse and sent

a royal

him

as

robe of honor,

a

jeweled

governor of Bengal At the

same time an imperial decree was issued summoning Abdul-Rahim, who had

previ-

ously been entitled Khankhanan.

Since great chaos had erupted

in

the Deccan, and a group of imperial nobles had

to the

tower

erected over the grave of the at

jahangirpur

430

Appendix by

Muhammad-Hcuii

been taken captive and were being held

Daulatabad

in

turned from Bengal back toward the Deccan, Mukhlis

and Shahjahan had

fortress,

Khan was dispatched

in all

haste

and escort him and the great amirs to the Deccan.

to Prince Parvez to act as a herald

Concurrently Qasim Khan was made governor and protector of Agra with the

On

dis-

Muqarrab Khan.

missal of

this date a report

He had

Burhanpur.

men had

came from Asad Khan, the bakhshi

written that Yaqut

Khan

twenty kos distant from the city

arrived in Malkapur,

Although Sarbulandi Rai had gone out of the

city intending to

worded order had been

do anything hasty

him not

sent telling

Deccan,

of the

in

the Abyssinian and ten thousand horse-

to

do

[of

Burhanpur].

battle, a strongly

reinforcements

until

arrived but rather to see to the fortification of the towers and hole up in the city.

®

The Imperial Retinue

Sets out in the Direction of

Kashmir

Tour

to

the

Mountains the middle of Isfand 1034 [February 25, 1625] the imperial banners were raised, as

In

and pointed

usual,

Among

m

arrived

in

the direction of Kashmir.

the events that took place at the beginning of this year was that Shahjahan

the Deccan, and

port, a troop led

He had

Burhanpur.

Ambar

in his service

written to Shahjahan telling

Setting out for there, Shahjahan

®

put himself

by Yaqut Khan the Abyssinian

camped

in

and

him

to

sent, as a

and

to attack

move

show

of sup-

raid the environs of

quickly in that direction.

Dewalgaon.

Shah-Quli Khan's Outstanding Action

Shahjahan assigned Khan,

to lay siege to

a

contingent to Abdullah Khan and Taqi, entitled Shah-Quli

Burhanpur

take the fortress. Shortly thereafter he set

Rao Ratan [Sarbulandi

outskirts.

Khan and do all they could to out himself and camped in La'l Bagh in the

concert with Yaqut

in

and other imperial servants

Rai]

fortress raised the defenses of the city

and

citadel

and got ready

who were

for a siege.

the

in

Shahjahan

ordered Abdullah Khan to attack the fortress from one direction and Shah-Quli Khan

from the other. By chance, the foe attacked the side where Abdullah Khan was, and pitched battle broke out. Shah-Quli

Khan and

the valiant Fidai

Khan broke down

a

the

took out the opposing force, and entered the stronghold.

fortress wall,

Sarbulandi Rai stationed a group of his experienced warriors opposite Abdullah

Khan, while attacking Shah-Quli Khan himself. Since most of

had dispersed a

few men

were

front of the citadel

in

killed.

the lanes and markets, Shah-Quli

in

and fought

Khan stood

until

the

his hired liege

his

men

ground with only

men who were

with him

Entering the citadel, he closed the fortress gate, but Sarbulandi Rai held

him under close

siege until

Shah-Quli Khan was reduced to capitulating with

a

promise of quarter.

When

this

No

useless.

Muhammad all

lost their lives.

sides

A

third time

champions of the

son-in-law Baba Mirak, and

Sayyid

once again and ordered

matter

field

this point, ja'far in

Deccanis

fell

many

and

Shahjahan mounted and launched an

attack.

fortress-taking warriors gave their

Of

Khan and

notables inside the fortress, Lodi

At

his forces

how hard the self-sacrificing warriors endeavored and tried, it was Well-known men like Shah Beg Khan, Tlrandaz Khan, and Sayyid Shah-

an attack.

From

news reached Shahjahan, he arrayed

of

Rao

a

group of

Ratan's Rajputs

his brothers, fell

him

pell-mell into rout, taking

to retreat.

many

Once

the

Lashkar Khan's

to the sword.

with the beleaguered so hard pressed, by chance

the neck, forcing

all.

a

he turned

musket

ball struck

his reins,

all

the

of the fainthearted with them. At the

same time news arrived that Prince Parvez and Mahabat Khan Khankhanan had turned back from Bengal with the imperial army and had reached the Narbada River.

There was nothing Shahjahan could do but withdraw

Now Abdullah Khan

Balaghat.

village of Indur.

®

to the vast expanses of

chose to separate himself from Shahjahan and

the

At the same time Nusrat Khan also deserted and joined Nizamulmulk.

The Death of Khan A'zain

Among

the events [of this year]

Aziz Kiikaltash. His father was Arsh-Ashyani.

In

a

is

the passing

away

of

Khan A'zam,

the son of Mirza

noble of Gbazni, and his mother nursed His Majesty

recognition of this relationship His Majesty

made Mirza Aziz one

the greatest amirs and tolerated the most astonishing pettiness from In

sit in

him and

of

his sons.

the Helds of biography and history he was perfectly knowledgeable, and he was

without peer

was

in

a pupil of

writing and composition.

Mulla Mir

Ali's

He

wrote the

nasta'licj

hand

beautifully.

the products of his pen were no less than the calligraphy of famous masters.

superb ing a

the writing of petitions and without equal

in

good poetic

ability.

He

He

son Mirza Baqir. Along with other talented individuals,

constantly

by him: "Love came and strengthened

composed

me

in

He was

recounting anecdotes and hav-

poetry.

with madness.

The

/ It

following quatrain

released

me

is

from com-

/ was freed from the strictures of religion and learning / The moment was captured by the chains of someone's locks." Khan A'zam's death occurred in Ahmadabad in Gujarat. His body was brought to

panionship with the sane.

I

1

Delhi and laid to rest next to the shrine of Nizamuddin, near his

Khan A'zam passed away, Dawarbakhsh was summoned Khan jahan was made governor protect that territory.

of Gujarat

father's grave.

When

to the emperor's presence,

and

and ordered to proceed to Ahmadabad to

tAay i624—Mar. 1625

43

1

:

The Events

Twentieth Year

of the

after the Royal Accession^

Mu bn m mad-Hadi

by

March

O

was held

1625-March

10,

at

n

1626

10,

Thursday the tenth of Jumada

1034 [March

II

10,

1625], the world-

illuminating sun entered the constellation Aries, and the twentieth year after the royal accession

commenced.

At the foot of Mount Bhaner the emperor enjoyed hunting, shooting 151 mountain rams with musket.

the station of jangirhati.

From Bhaner

The

celebration of culmination

to this station Fdis Majesty enjoyed

seeing superb groves of redbud trees, and since at this season the Pir Panjal Pass of

snow and

it

extremely

is

difficult

—

nay, impossible

—

through, the imperial retinue went via the Punch Pass.

remaining on the trees for two and three years.

one

that

At

tree

It

for a

this point

in

rider to get

oranges grow,

was heard from the zamindars there

Asaf Khan's son Abutalib was given leave to take up the governorship

was assigned to the

hill

the north of the Punjab, control of which was his father's responsibility.

Awarded the

On

hills

produced nearly nine thousand oranges.

of Lahore in his father's stead. Sardar Khan's son Sayyid Ashiq

country

mounted

those

In

is full

of Kamgar, he

title

was promoted

Friday the twenty-ninth [April 7]

to the rank of 400/150.

camp was made

at

the station of

Nurabad on

the banks of the Bahat River. Since from the Bahat ghat to Kashmir, just as along the Pir Panjal route, rest

houses had been constructed station by station, there was no

necessity for tents or any of the furnishings of the textile department. F4owever, due to

camp

the snow, rain, and bitter cold, the imperial

suffered hardship getting through

the difficult passes.

Along the way other.

It

was

officials of

for a while

fifty

the

a beautiful waterfall

was spotted, perhaps more beautiful than any

cubits high, and the area

way

it

spilled over

was four cubits wide. The

stations constructed a fine platform opposite,

and drank several cups, delighting

his

and

ordered that the date of the imperial army's passage be inscribed on

memento

to time.

At

this station tulips, lilies,

Fdis

eye and heart with the a

Majesty sight.

It

sat

was

stone tablet as

a

redbud blossoms, and blue jasmine were

brought from Kashmir.

On Monday large

the

first

of Urdibihisht [April 10], the

towns of Kashmir, was decorated

for the imperial arrival.

learned men, spiritual leaders, merchants, and greet

him and

journey

city.

The people

other classes, came out

blossoms were regarded.

amirs got into boats to proceed to the

432

all

attain the felicity of kissing the ground.

fields of beautiful

town of Baramula, one

of the

of the town, in

droves to

During these two stages of the

Fdis

Majesty's servants and

all

the

'

At an auspicious hour on Tuesday the eighteenth [April 27] the imperial retinue

descended

the pleasant palace

in

end of the blossom season jasmine

© it

was the

many

varieties of beauti-

seen.

in

medical writings and books of medicine, particularly the Zakhira-i-shahanshahi,

much that there is danger of Majesty summoned a convicted criminal from

make one laugh

will

it

Imperial

one

if

eats too

much

I

it

death. As an experiment. His

so

prison and had him eat

is

The work

to

probably the

Klnmnazmsbiihi.

presence a quarter seer of saffron, which absolutely no change

him.

in

The

is

mention

mithcals. His lips did not crack a smile, not to

a

laugh

i.e.

eighty

— how then could he

have died of laughter?

time the wardenship of the Kangra fortress was transferred to Ani Rai

this

Singhdalan, and Dawarbakhsh

®

The Death

of

came

to court

from Gujarat.

Sardar Kha)i

Also during these days Sardar Khan's constitution deviated from equilibrium and he

was

the

Little

by

little

Muharram 1035 [October

He was

Punhan. in

by cachexia.

afflicted

eleventh of

fiftieth

buried

in

year of his

he transferred the

it

developed into dysentery, and on the

he bade farewell to

3]

to

come

At

command of the garrison in who had been an auxiliary

He

died

the

country

hill

in

the north of the

and ordered Sardar Khan's son

there,

to court.

was awarded

this point

the town of

and when the news reached the hearing of His Majesty,

Around the same time Mustafa Khan, the governor that souba

in

the village of Nauhissar, where he had been born.

life,

Punjab to Alif Khan,

Kamgar

world

this

it

of Thatta, passed away, and

to Shahryar.

was learned from

Deccan, that Shahjahan had arrived

report from

a

in

Asad Khan, the bakhshi

of the

Dewalgaon, and Yaqut Khan the Abyssinian

was holding Burhanpur under siege with Ambar's army. Sarbulandi Rai was zealously defending and constantly fighting outside of the

However, no matter how

fortress.

hard they tried they could not make any headway. Several days later news arrived that

Ambar's

men had decamped and gone

he rewarded Sarbulandi Rai with

and awarded him the

When the

way

ness

it

father.

a

Shahjahan

title

of

lifted

Ram

all

away.

When

this

news was given

Raj.

There

is

no higher

title in

5000/5000,

the Deccan.

the siege of Burhanpur and returned to the Deccan, along

powerful weakness overwhelmed his constitution. During the days of his

ill-

occurred to him that he should apologize for his past offenses to his exalted

With

of regret

this

praiseworthy object

and pleas

Majesty wrote

in

mind he wrote

a letter filled

for forgiveness of his offenses past

a reply in his

own handwriting and

sent

it

fortress,

which was under

forgive his offenses and give

with expressions

and present. His Imperial

off.

The contents were

he would send Dara-Shikoh and Awrangzeb to the emperor, and Rohtas

to His Majesty,

sorts of favors, increased his rank to

if

of Balaghat.

that

if

he surrendered the

his men's control, to the emperor's servants,

him the land

a

he would

I

refers

thesaurus of

in his

equivalent to forty mithcals. There was

next day he was fed double that amount,

which he Zakbirct-i

medicine by Zaynuddin jurjani (d. ca.

At

433

62 5-Mar. 162 6

the palace grounds, the blue

recorded that eating saffron makes one laugh, and that

is

Although

vale of Kashmir.

i

Experiment with Saffron

Aji

Since

happy

the

in

Nur Manzil garden on

the

the nostrils with perfume, and outside the city

filled

blooms could be

ful

in

Mar.

I

36),

Isma'il

434

Appendix by

Muhammad -Hadi

^

Sbahjahan Sends Dara-Shikob and Awrancjzeh and Relincluisbes

The

2.

a

biiiiiiiy,

phoenix,

Is

counterpart to the

well

known

in

legend. Alvl and (Jabiui^ir

Identify

— The

It

Persian

Rahman

Naturalist, 85)

as the

lammergeler

Upon

Two Mighty

the

the arrival of the emperor's

to

Court with Sumptuous Gifts

Bastions of Asir and Robtas

letter,

Shahjahan performed the

Although he was extremely fond of the princes,

in

rituals of greeting.

order to please his father he sent to

court his two darling sons with valuahle gifts of gems, jewel-studded implements, and lacs of rupees. He ordered Sayyid Muzaffar Khan and who had been assigned to guard the Rohtas fortress, to surrender the fortress to anyone who displayed an imperial decree and then accompany Sultan Muradbakhsh to his presence. He wrote likewise to Hayat Khan telling him to surren-

enormous elephants worth ten Riza Bahadur,

(Gypaetiis barhatus bemacbaliuis].

It

occurs throughout the Himalayas

Irom Afghanistan to Bhutan,

In

the Salt Range of the Punjab, and

m

Sind.

As Jahangir

reports,

it

has

come

der the Asir fortress to imperial servants and

Then he

to him.

himself set out for

the soLiba of Nasik [Trimbak].

the curious habit of eating bones.

During these days Arab Dastghayb, who had gone

to take Prince Danyal's son

Hoshang and Abdul-Rahim Khankhanan to Prince Parvez, came and paid homage. Hoshang was singled out for royal favor, and Muzaffar Khan the bakhshi was ordered to inform himself of Hoshang's condition, to make arrangements from the Sultan

demesne

imperial

whatever he required, and to arrange

for

would not have any worry from any

his

household so that he

quarter.

Meanwhile, Abdul-Rahim Khankhanan attained the

felicity of kissing the imperial

threshold. For a long time he remained with his forehead on the ground in humility

and shame.

shamed

order to comfort him. His Majesty

Finally, in

was done by

fate

and destiny and not chosen by you or

stand him

motioned

a suitable position.

in

"What has happened

Do

not

let

yourself be

Khankhanan had performed the

or alarmed in this regard." After the

kissing the ground. His Majesty

said, us.

for the

ritual of

bakhshis to bring him forward and

Prior to this His Imperial Majesty, at Nurjahan

Begam's and Asaf Khan's urging, had sent Fidai Khan to Shah Parvez to convey the

command

Mahabat Khan be

that

sent to Bengal, while

Khan Jahan would come from

Gujarat to serve the prince.

Around prince

in

this

time a report from Fidai

Khan

arrived.

He had

written:

Sarangpur and informed him of the imperial orders. The prince

"I

joined the

is

not happy

about being separated from Mahabat Khan or having Khan Jahan with him.

how

insistent

the army,

jahan,

was,

I

it

stopped

I

who

will

in

the contents of

in this

come

can

amirs stop

direction with

once again

obeying imperial orders. said, "he

"If

telling

was no benefit

all

him not

Mahabat Khan

is

to the imperial presence

in

speed." In short, a

remaining

strongly-worded order was

to allow himself to

contemplate

dis-

not willing to go to Bengal," the letter

unencumbered. You and the

rest of the

Burhanpur."

in

After His Majesty had hunted in the

were

matter

when

useless. Since there

were made known to the emperor,

issued to the prince

No

Sarangpur and dispatched swift messengers to

proceed

Fidai Khan's report

my

among summon Khan

was

lifted to

happy

vale of Kashmir, the imperial banners

proceed to Lahore on the nineteenth of Muharram 1035 [October

1

1,

1625].

®

An

Investigation of the

Prior to this,

known that

it

it

as the

had been repeatedly reported to His Majesty than there was an animal

bumay

in

the Pir Panjal Mountains, and the people of that region said

fed on small bones. ^

alighted.

Inasmuch

this report,

it

Fdumay

as

It

could often be seen flying through the

His Majesty was very

much

air,

and

it

rarely

inclined to investigate the truth of

was ordered that any of the scouts

who

shot such a bird would be

rewarded with

thousand rupees. By chance, Jamal Khan Qaravul shot one with

a

musket and brought leg,^

to the emperor's presence. Since

it

was brought to the emperor

it

alive

had been wounded

it

He

and healthy.

ordered

in

a

Mar. 162 5-Mar. 162 6

the

crop inspected to

its

3.

find

out what

always flew

would pick

up

it

Then

with

air

beak,

in its

would pick

at

as

is

and

said,

eat

onto

it

its

gullet, just

spotted

it

rock to break

a

a

bone

into

it

it

Reading an afhrmative

rasida for the text’s

mucntdci,

negative

which makes no sense

in

the context.

4.

The

little

case the prevailing opinion was that

In this

it.

of

food consisted of small bones and that

away, and cast

fly

was the famous humay,

it

its

gaze upon the earth, and wherever

its

it

pieces. this

the

in

came out

the crop was opened, small bones

people of the mountains had said that

as the it

When

ate.

it

435

"The humay

superior to

is

birds because

all

it

eats

bones and harms no creature."

head and beak looked

Its

while this one had

weighed 4

1

5 tolas,

which

is

but

like a buzzard's,

black feathers.

It

a

was weighed

equivalent to

1

,037

'/2

buzzard's head has no feathers

the emperor's presence and

in

mithcals.

Asaf Khan's son Abutalib attained the felicity of kissing the ground

in

the vicinity of

Lahore.

On

the eve of Thursday the

day of the month the emperor arrived

last

Lahore

in

at

AbduLRahim Khankhanan a lac of aipees as a gratuity. Aqa-Muhammad, Shah Abbas's emissary, was honored by prostrating

an auspicious hour and awarded

On

this date

himself before the emperor, and he presented the shah's friendly letter for the

emperor's view along with gifts and presents,

white falcon.^

Another Strange Pair of Animals

strange thing that happened

a goat.

The

lion got

embrace

the

in

in

along so well with the goat that they were kept

manner

and hump

it

bit

the goat around

immediately tore

lion exhibited the its

it

its

to pieces

same love and

chest and licking

been seen that kissed

its

it

waist and broke

and ate

it.

When

Then

and

the same cage in its

an order was given for

great distress.

Then another

the cage. First the lion sniffed

its

the

An ox was

back.

The

goat was brought, and the

first

affection as before, falling

brought.

it,

on

its

back, taking the goat

on the mouth. Never before had any animal, tame or wild,

mate.

Khan was assigned

At this time Fazil

in

in

a lion

would take the goat

lion

it.

showed

goat of the same color and shape was ordered put

lion

The

for the goat.

that animals couple

the goat to be concealed, the lion cried out and

and then

Dawarbakhsh presented

as follows. Prince

is

and the lion exhibited great affection

on

a

as

divan to the souba of the Deccan, promoted to

the rank of 1500/1500, and awarded a robe of honor, a horse, and an elephant. Robes of

dispatch of Aqa-

Muhammad

® A

among which was

honor were sent by him

to thirty-two amirs of that souba.

Mahabat Khan had not yet and other

places. In addition,

had taken amounts from the

sent to court the elephants he had obtained in Bengal

he owed huge amounts to the royal demesne, and he jagir

estates

of

imperial

exchanged or reassigned. Therefore an order was given

Mahabat Khan

to bring to court the elephants he

amounts he owed.

If

he had

a

servants

to

when they were

Arab Dastghayb

to

go

to

had acquired and collect the

reasonable excuse, he could

come

to court

and

settle

with the chief administrators.

At

this

time

a

report from Fidai

Khan

arrived saying that

ordered by Prince Parvez to go to Bengal. Khan jahan had

Mahabat Khan had been

come from

Gujarat and paid

2

:

to India

is

recorded

Iskandar Beg, Ahviuim-yi Ahixisi,

1012

.

436

Appendix by

Miibamm ad-Hadi

homage

Around the same time

to the prince.

a report

came from Khan jahan

he had written, "Abdullah Khan has separated himself from Shahjahan, and tee has undertaken to intercede

on

He

his behalf.

it

to court.

It is

hoped

that His Majesty will, in his limitless favor,

and honor him among

his offenses

"

reply the following was written:

which devo-

has sent a letter confessing his regret

and shame, and relying upon His Majesty's generosity and clemency,

through

in

this

I

draw

have forwarded a line of

by sucb an enormous

his peers

'This court of ours

pardon

favor." In

not a court of despair.' Your

is

request has been honored by being granted."

On came

®

Tahmuras, the eldest son of Prince Danyal, deserted Shahjahan and

this date

to court to

pay homage.

Bahcu Banii Begam

is

Hoshang Bami Begam

Betrothed is

Tahmuras, ami Khusraw's Daughter

to

Affianced

Hoshang

to

Prior to this,

Hoshang, the younger [son of Prince Danyal], attained the honor of pay-

ing homage.

Now

[Tahmuras] too was guided by good fortune to get himself to court,

where he was showered with emperor ordered them Chaghatai sultans

Begam

to

sorts of regal favor.

all

to submit

to

order to honor them, the

the relationship called

He

(son-in-law).

iiiiriigiin

In

married his

in

the idiom of the

own daughter Bahar Banu

Tahmuras, and he married Sultan Khusraw's daughter Hoshang Banu Begam

to

Hoshang.

At

this

Khan was

time Mu'tamad

selected for the post of bakhshi.

Since the emperor had been entertaining a desire for the time, the imperial retinue set out for a tour

air of

Kabul for some

and hunt on the seventeenth of Isfandar

1035 [February 25, 1626]. After stopping for several days outside of Lahore, on Friday the twenty-third of the

Ahmad Beg Khan rubbed

his forehead

month [March

the march was begun.

3]

Kabuli's son Iftikhar

on the ground

Khan brought Ahdad's head

in loyalty.

His Imperial Majesty raised his head

supplication to the divine court and performed prostrations in thanks for this great It

was ordered that the head of that wrongdoer be taken

The

fortress gate.

^

When Khwaja

to

Abu'l-Hasan's

the

Afghan

son

Zafar

Uzbek had come

with the other imperial servants

to the

Khan

Ghazni

who had been

an expeditionary force together. At this point

Lahore and hung on the

arrived

in

Kabul,

vicinity to stir

heinous practice of that

ill-starred malefactor.

and sent one of

his relatives to Zafar

imperial agents'

minds were

him.

When

heading

Khan

Ahdad discovered

all

their

Khan got

an opening, and

at

highway robbery, the

Yalangtosh repented of his vain desire

to cajole

him with sweet

satisfied in that direction,

their steps with

he heard that

up trouble. Together

assigned to that souba, Zafar

Yalangt5sh's suggestion he entered Tirah and began committing

Ahdad. Retracing

in

gift.

details of this event are as follows.

The Tina! Defeat of Ahdad

Yalangtosh the

and

as a present

men and

talk.

When

the

they undertook to deal with

provisions, they set out against

the miscreant learned of Yalangtosh's defection and the imperial army's

in his direction,

he realized that he was no match for them and took himself to

Awa Char Mountain, where

his bastion was.

Thinking that the mountain would be

refuge during bad days, he had built a wall fortifications,

and

laid

in

in

front of tbe valley,

supplies and defensive weapons.

Having determined

reduce him to naught, the imperial agents traversed the road up

hill

his

provided great

and down

to

until

they reached the valley mentioned above. Attacking

in

unison from

directions, they

all

were determined to subdue him.

On

jumada

the seventh of

I

[January 25, 1626], the drums of victory were loudly

The

beaten, and great displays of bravery and valor were made.

morning

until the third

were opened by divine grace

in the face of the imperials,

by the champions of the army. At knife, and ring he

Zafar

had found.

Khan himself and

musket

ball

search,

it

The

battle raged from

watch. After the third watch the gates of victory and triumph

this point

When

it

and the stronghold was taken

an ahadi brought Zafar

several others attacked the miscreant.

had struck him and sent him

was never discovered who

Khan

a

sword,

was ascertained that they belonged to the rebel,

to hell.

No

matter

It

was learned that

how much

they heralded

a in

fired the bullet.

heads of the rebels were sent to court with Sardar Khan, and Zafar

Khan and

the others were rewarded for their valiant action, according to their stations, with pro-

motions and

all

sorts of regal favor.

®

The Death of Rucjayya-Siiltan Begam

On

this date

came

the

news

that Ruqayya-Sultan

Begam, the daughter of Mirza Hindal

and wife of His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani, had passed away Majesty's chief wife. Since she did not have children,

in

Akbarabad. She was His

when Shahjahan was born His

Majesty Arsh-Ashyani entrusted that "unique pearl of the caliphate" to the begam's care,

and she undertook to

raise the prince.

She departed

this life at the

Abdul-Rahim, son of Bayram Khan, was now shown back the

title

to depart as

of

Khankhanan, awarded

governor of the Kannauj

phants that had been

summoned

a

all

sorts of regal favor,

robe of honor and

sarkar.

a

At the same time

to court arrived,

age of eighty-four.

horse, all

was given

and granted leave

Mahabat Khan's

ele-

were displayed, and sent

to the

Khan had married

daugh-

imperial elephant stables.

Around ter to a

tion ill

this

time a report came saying that Mahabat

grand scion of the Naqshbandis named Khwaja Barkhordar. Since

had been made without His Majesty

and summoned the khwaja to

ter of a

grandee of our empire without our

Around

this

connec-

emperor took

it

"Why have you taken the daughpermission?" He was unable to give a satis-

his presence, saying,

factory answer. By imperial order he

of

Llahangirj's permission, the

his

this

was lashed and imprisoned.

time Mirza Rustam Safavi's son Mirza Dakkani was awarded the

title

Shahnawaz Khan.

On

the twenty-ninth of Isfandar [March 9] the banks of the

illuminated by the arrival of the imperial retinue.

Chenab

River were

Mrtr.

i62 5-Mar. i626

437

The Events

of the Twenty-First Year

after the Royal Accession,

Muhammad -Ha di: March 11, 1626-March

by

O

9,

1627

Saturday the twenty-second oi Jumada

n

1035 [March

II

1

1626] the

1,

world-illuminating sun transited into Aries, and the twenty-first year after the royal accession

the

commenced. A day was spent on the banks

of

Chenab

celebrating Nawroz, and the next day the retinue marched.

At

time

this

Aqa-Muhammad, Shah

Abbas's emissary, was given

leave to withdraw, receiving a robe of honor, a jeweled dagger, and thirty thousand rupees.

A

letter in reply to the shah's friendly missive

along with rupees,

© In

including a

gifts

and

a rare

previous pages

mace completely studded with diamonds worth

and precious jeweled

Mahahat Khan

to

a lac of

belt.

Court

has been recorded that Arab Dastghayb was sent to Mahahat Khan

it

to bring elephants.

Conies

was written and entrusted to him

A

reference was also

made

to his being

summoned. At

this point

he

joined the camp.

The summons had been issued at Asaf Khan's instigation and through his machination, and now Asaf Khan had made it his single-minded purpose to humiliate Mahabat Khan, strip him of his honor, ravage his women, and deprive him of life and property, although he treated

this

weighty undertaking extremely

Mahabat Khan had come with most of

Rajputs, last

whom

when

resort,

had brought

there was no

sacrificing their wives

lightly.

their wives

hope

in

and children and

Quoted from

sharp end of

Sa'di, Gulishiti in

a

who were

any direction, to give their

and children, to preserve

ready as

a

even to

all,

his honor.

At the time of necessity, when no option remains, the hand I

Unlike Asaf Khan,

four or five thousand bloodthirsty, totally devoted

will

grab the

sword.'

Kiilliyynt, 37.

Although harsh things were

said

among

Mahabat Khan came, Asaf Khan remained

When was sent

demesne

the news of

dance with

in

which

and unconcerned. ears, a

message

be blocked until he met the demands of the imperial

the supreme divan and satisfied those with claims against

him

in

accor-

to

whom

justice.

With regard

to

Khwaja Umar Naqshbandi's son Khwaja Barkhordar,

Mahabat Khan had married

438

totally oblivious

manner

Mahabat Khan's coming reached the emperor's

for his access to court to at

the people about the

his daughter,

it

has already been mentioned that he was

lashed and imprisoned.

An

now

order was

Mahabat Khan had given him and forward

When on

site

to the imperial treasury.

it

a

was chosen. Asaf Khan, despite the proximity of such

a

this side of the river

lack of precaution in leaving his lord,

life

or limb, displayed an utter heedlessness and

Majesty, on the other side of the

Fdis Imperial

i.e.

while he crossed the bridge with his household, baggage, paraphernalia, servants,

and retinue. The imperial departments, and intimate courtiers

—

like

the treasury, armory, etc.

also crossed the river.

Mahabat Khan's Mutiny,

Rebellion,

— even

servants

Only Mu'tamad Khan the bakhshi and

mir tuzuk had not yet crossed and spent the night

©

what

to confiscate

the imperial retinue reached a stopping place on the bank of the Bahat,

powerful enemy, and unconcerned for

river

Khan

given for Fidai

in his pavilion.

and Outrageous Action

when Mahabat Khan realized that things were touching upon his honor and family, perforce at a time when no one was around the emperor, he emerged from his camp with four or five thousand Rajputs pledged to him. First he came to the

The

next morning,

where he stationed nearly two thousand horsemen

bridge,

vent by force anyone from getting across.

Mu'tamad Khan came out

Mahabat Khan's eye him nearly

fell

pavilion and

of Fdis Imperial Majesty. Fde

soldiers with spears

and pre-

compound.

sword strapped on.

of his tent,

upon him, he inquired

hundred Rajput foot

a

to the palace

Mu'tamad Khan's

Passing through the gate to the harem, he reached inquired after him.

to burn the bridge

Then he went

and swords

When

had with

hand, but there

in

was so much dust that no one's face could be clearly distinguished. Then he proceeded to the great gate.

At that time

eunuchs

a

number

and others were standing with three or four

of clerks

the palace courtyard

in

in front

the palace gate and got off his horse.

said, "This

tow.

in

Mu'tamad Khan stepped forward

moment

an outrage of propriety! Stop a

is

[your desire to perform] koriinush and kiss the ground." answer, and

when he

straight to

Fdaving dismounted, he hastened to the

Ghusikhana with nearly two hundred Rajputs and

Mahabat Khan rode

of the gate.

until

I

go and announce

Mahabat Khan made no

got to the door of the Ghusikhana, his attendants broke

in

the

panels of the gate, which the gatekeepers had closed as a precaution, and stepped into the palace courtyard. audacity,

At

and

Some

of the intimates

Majesty came out of

FHis

Asaf Khan's enmity, and that 1

be executed At

to

in

knew

would be

I

on

palanquin.

a

ritual of

koriinush and then walked

for certain that killed

with

all

was impossible to escape

it

sorts of humiliation

and

if

I

deserve to be killed as a punishment,

command me

the imperial presence."

this point his Rajputs

the imperial pavilion.

Dastghayb,

I

sat

have freen forced into such boldness and audacity to put myself under

Your Majesty's protection. Now, to

surrounded the emperor reported his

and

Mahabat Khan performed the

this point

around the palanquin, saying, "Since

wretchedness,

who

his tent

who was

In

came

in

by droves,

fully

armed, and broke

down

the gate

the emperor's presence was no one other than Arab

his secretary,

Mir Mansur Badakhshi, the eunuch jawahir Khan,

Buland Khan, Khidmatparast Khan, Firoz Khan, the eunuch Khidmat Khan, Fasih

Khan the master

of ceremonies,

and three or four other intimates.

Since Mahabat Khan's outrage had upset zealous

fit,

Fdis

Majesty and thrown him into

a

twice he put his hand on his sword pommel, intending to "rid the

world of the defilement of that brazen one's existence." Both times Mir Mansur Badakhshi said

must wait

in

Turkish that the time was not right for such an action and he

for the right opportunity, entrusting

recompense

for the

untoward

act of

Miir.

1626-Mar. 1627

439

440

Appendix by

Muhammad -Had

i

such an

ill-starred

malefactor to the just

God

time came for him to be ren-

until the

dered naught. Since his words bespoke sincerity and loyalty, the emperor controlled himself, and while the Rajputs had so taken the palace inside and out that there was no

in a little

one

this point the

slave next to

me

Mahabat Khan and

to be seen other than

At

at

you so

wretch

that

it

said, "It

is

his liege

men.

Mount

time to ride.

your command."

Bringing his

own

horse forward, he insisted that His Majesty mount

imperial sense of lese-majeste

would not allow him

ride,

to take himself outside the

but his

it,

mount Mahabat Khan's

to

was ordered that the imperial horse be brought. The emperor

Khan

with this devoted

as usual

look as though this bold and audacious act was done by

will

horse.

It

Mahabat

also requested

harem so that he could dress himself and get ready

to

but he spitefully refused.

In

short,

enough

respite

Majesty got on and rode

was given

for the imperial horse to

elephant was brought, and Mahabat Khan said that interests

if

mounted the elephant,

the emperor

be brought. His

distance of two arrow shots outside the palace. After that an

a

since

it

would be

it

was

in

everyone's best

time of turmoil and com-

a

motion, and went out to the hunting ground. His Majesty mounted the elephant without objection.

One

of the Rajputs sat

Mu'tamad Khan on the

front of the elephant

and two other

Khan got himself on the scene howdah and sat down near His Majesty. commotion Muqarrab Khan received a wound on his forehead.

Rajputs behind the howdah. At this point Muqarrab and, having obtained permission, got

Apparently during the

Khidmatparast Khan, the

elite courtier

hand, got himself to the elephant.

him with spears and force of the

howdah and

in

their

No

the

who

held the accustomed wine and bowl

how

matter

arms from getting

hard the Rajputs tried to prevent in,

he grabbed hold of the edge of

held himself there. Since there was no place to

place for himself inside the

howdah. After

in his

half a kos

had been

sit

outside, he

made

traveled, Gajpat

a

Khan,

the overseer of the elephant stables, brought an imperial female elephant, himself

seated

son

in front

his

Khan ordered

son behind. Mahabat

the innocent

man and

his

killed. In short, in

his

and

own camp

the guise of touring and hunting, [Mahabat Khan] led the emperor to site.

His Majesty entered the inner quarters and stayed there

[Mahabat Khan] had

own

his

a while.

sons stand around His Majesty.

it now occurred to him to take His compound and then bring him back to his quaralong with Nurjahan Begam. With this intention he took His Majesty back to palace. As it happened, when His Majesty mounted to go touring and huntNurjahan Begam seized the opportunity to cross the river with the eunuch Jawahir

Since he had neglected Nurjahan Begam, Imperial Majesty back to the palace ters

the ing,

Khan, the overseer of the imperial harem, and go to the quarters of her brother, Asaf Khan.

When

the wretched

the slip he had of Shahryar

made

in

Mahabat Khan learned

his

to

regretted

Then he thought

keep him apart from the emperor was

a great mistake.

Once

again he had His Majesty

to Shahryar's quarters. His Majesty

had such vast patience and

addled mind centered on

mount and took him

begam had gone, he

not guarding her and wondered what to do.

and realized that

Gonsequently

that the

this.

forbearance that he did whatever he was told.

At

this point Shaja'at

Shahryar's quarters

Khan's grandson Ghahju was along, and

Mahabat Khan indicated

to the Rajputs to put

when they came him

to death.

to

when Nurjahan Begam

In short,

crossed the river and went to her brother, she con-

vened the grandees of the empire and addressed them through your negligence that things have gone so

God and

pened. You have been disgraced before it

must be made up All said of

the river

for. Tell

rebuke, saying,

in

the people by your

each other what the best thing to do

one accord, "The best

tactical plan

was

"It

own

actions.

Now

is."

to array our forces

is

44

and the unimaginable has hap-

far

tomorrow, cross

your retinue, overthrow the miscreants, and do ourselves the honor of

in

Mar. 162 6-Mar. 1627

kiss-

ing the ground as slaves of His Majesty."

When

misguided counsel reached the imperial hearing,

this

That very night

sonable.

it

seemed

far

from rea-

Muqarrab Khan, Sadiq Khan the bakhshi, Mir

[jiahangir] sent

Mansur, and Khidmat Khan one after the other to Asaf Khan and the grandees of the

empire to say that to cross the river and provoke battle was that this inappropriate tactic

yourselves to entertain such I

am on

is

a

notion, for nothing will

with what diligence and hope

this side,

a serious mistake. "Realize

the result of naivete and dissidence, and do not allow

will

come

of

it

but regret. As long as

you Hght?" As an

act of trust

and

precaution he sent his imperial ring with Mir Mansur. Thinking these words were born of the ill-starred

and send At

went

Mahabat Khan's mind and

Khan remained

Asaf

his seal,

that he

to the river bank.

Inasmuch

had been burned and there was no pos-

as the bridge

onslaught of misfortune, he and a few of his liege into the river opposite the palace

compound

companions were swept away by waves despite the swift current and

Khan

for

Most

When

him be able

make

men

arrows of calamity and

valiantly

plunged their horses

hopes of swimming

in

of annihilation, others

across. Six of his

managed

though only

in safety,

it

a hail of

to

wade

across

half alive, to the other

himself and sixty horsemen emerged from the river and engaged

spectacular fracas. their lives.

them

firmly resolved in his decision.

he became frustrated, and, amidst

sibility of crossing,

to say

Khan, having learned of the sedition of the age, mounted and

this point Fidai

bank. Fidai

had forced His Majesty

companions engaged

of his

in

in a

combat, and four of them gave

he saw that he was not getting anywhere and the foe was too strong

to get to His Majesty,

he turned

his reins

and crossed the

river.

His

Imperial Majesty remained in Shahryar's quarters that day and that night.

On [March

the eighth of Farvardin,^ corresponding to the twenty-ninth of 18,

Nurjahan Beg

battle,

decided to cross with Her Majesty

the crossing Ghazi Beg the overseer of the royal barge had found to

at

be wadable. As

do

II

Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan and other grandees

1626], Asaf Khan, together with

of the empire, having determined to

jumada

turned out,

it

it

was the worst possible crossing,

for in three or four

places there were broad stretches of deep water, and during the crossing the order of

the troops was

every troop falling

lost,

in a different direction.

Abu'l-Hasan, and Iradat Khan, along with the begam's opposite the

main troop,

foe's

who had brought

Khan.

Some had

just

many

had secured the

river

bank

forward their war elephants. Fidai

Khan crossed an arrow shot downstream opposite Abutalib, Sher Khwaja, Allahyar, and

litter,

Asaf Khan, Khwaja

the other troop,- Asaf Khan's son

others crossed downstream from Fidai

reached the river bank and others were

in

the water

when

the

enemy's troops drove their elephants forward and attacked. Asaf Khan and Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan, ten to their

still

in

the water, turned around

words or

fight to stand his

in

front of the

Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan and Mu'tamad Khan crossed banks of diers,

a

second

river,

men.

Now who

would

lis-

ground?

contemplating the

this river

tricks of fate

and stood on the

while cavalry and foot

sol-

horses and camels plunged into the water, jostling one another and trying to

get across.

2

Reading

the

Iwsl.ifi/m

text's fcistnm

(eighth) tor

(twentieth)

442

At

Appendix by

Muhammad-Hadi

Nadim, the begam's eunuch, came and addressed the two,

this point

"Her Majesty wants soon

as

to

know why you have stopped

you enter the

as

the foe will be routed and take flight." Hearing

battle,

Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan and Mu'tamad Khan rode

this reproach,

enemy troop and

water, while the

saying,

to contemplate. Be brave, for

the Rajputs drove the

their horses into the

men

of this side forward

into the river.

the begam's

In

litter

were Shahryar's daughter and Shahnawaz Khan's daughter.

Shahiyar's daughter was hit

own hand and threw of the

it

in

bloodying her clothes

out,

the trunk. After

it

turned around,

it

out with her

The eunuch

the process.

and the begam's elephant received it

Although sword blows were

spears.

driving the elephant until

had

in

pulled

overseer

harem Jawahir Khan, the begam's eunuch Nadim, and another eunuch riding

front of the elephant lost their lives, in

The begam

the arm by an arrow.

was wounded falling fast

and

sword wound

the back two or three times with

in

elephant keeper kept

furious, the

The

place with deep water was reached.

a

a

horses would have

swimming, and there was danger of drowning. There was nothing

to resort to

The begam's elephant

do but turn the

reins.

to the imperial

compound, where she got

got across the river by

to

swimming and went

out.

Since the Rajputs had concentrated their attack on this side, appeared. As he lamented the trickery of

in

fate,

now

Asaf Khan

the going astray of his companions, and

the bad cast of the die, he set forth. As badly as those

who were

present wanted a sign

from him by eye or word, there was no trace of which direction he had gone.

Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan was charging around, but he was so that he drove his horse into the river. Since the water

he

fell

dle

off the horse

when

pommel with both he did not

tering,

and pulled him

who were

started

and confused

was deep and the current

swimming, but he managed

to grab

hands. Although he went under several times and

go of the pommel.

let

Just then a Kashmiri

swift,

onto the sad-

came up

boatman made

it

sput-

to

him

out.

Khan and

Fidai

it

terrified

a

group of

his liege

men,

as well as several

acquainted and friendly with him, crossed the

imperial servants

engaged

river,

in a fracas

with the opposing troop, took them out, and got themselves to Shahryar's quarters,

where His Imperial Majesty was. Because outside of the pavilion was swarming with foot soldiers and horsemen, he stood against the gate and

which landed

fired arrows,

the private courtyard near His Majesty. Mukhlis

in

most of

Khan was standing

before the throne. In short, Fidai

Khan stood

for a long time

doing

his best.

His companions Sayyid

Muzaffar, a devoted and experienced warrior, and Fidai Khan's son-in-law Ata'ullah

were

killed.

wound.

Sayyid Abdul-Ghafur Bukhari,

Fidai Khan's horse received four

making any headway and left

in

a

courageous young man, received

wounds.

When

a serious

he realized that he was not

that he could not get to the emperor, he turned his reins and

The next day he crossed the river and went to his sons family, he made it in safety to Girjhak Nandana, with whose

the camp, headed upstream.

Rohtas. Picking up his

zamindar, Badrbakhsh, he had a long-term relationship. Placing his children there, and

with his mind

at

ease on that score, he went

unencumbered toward Hindustan. Sher

Khwaja, Allahverdi Khan the chief scout, and Iftikhar Khan's son Allahyar

all

dispersed

in different directions.

When Khan,

Asaf

Khan

realized that there

he, his son Abutalib,

servants,

went

was no way he could escape from Mahabat

and two or three hundred

to the fortress at Attock,

he received news of Iradat Khan,

who

which was

pitiful

in his fief.

horsemen, bearers, and

When

he reached Rohtas

had taken refuge somewhere. Sending his

men

to

him, he issued him an urgent summons, but no amount of persuasion could get

Khan

Iradat

accompany Asaf Khan.

to

Khan went

Asaf

to Attock

and got ready

amnesty by oath and agreement

that,

Khwaja

own handwriting

in his

On had

man

© At

day he

this

killed

—simply on account

Abdul-Samad, Shaykh Chand the

Khan

which was

in this

from that land. Then he presented his of horses, Turkish slave boys, etc.,

worth

Khan's

and presents

rarities

Nazr-Muhammad

offering and

and the

taslim,

Nazr-Muhammad

empire, he presented

own

the ruler of

Khan's

gifts

thousand rupees. For the time being

fifty

thousand rupees were awarded to him.

thirty

®

Nazr-Muhammad Khan,

with expressions of sincerity, along with

filled

who

young

of Balkh

and paid homage. After performing koriinush,

other rituals that are customary letter,

really a talented

of the infamy of his association.

time Shah Khwaja, an emissary from

Balkh, arrived at court

grandson

astrologer's

— and who was

An Emissary Comes from Nazr-Mtihammad Khan this

lives or

meeting [with the emperor].

a

very close relationship to Asaf

a

written

a

Khan and Mu'tamad honor. Then he took

for Iradat

Khan, assuring them that he posed no danger to their

them along and allowed

Abu'l- Hasan, assured of

Mahabat Khan and got from him

pact, capitulated to

solemn oaths

of

full

Khan turned around

for a siege. Iradat

and went hack to the imperial camp. After

Asaf Khan

Prior to this

it

Besieged

is

all,

Attock

has been reported that since Asaf

Mahabat Khan, he went there. In

in

Khan had no

to the fortress at Attock,

security in any

which was

in his jagir,

he had two hundred men, both cavalry and foot

dispatched some imperial ahadis, his

own

liege

soldiers.

way from

and holed up

Mahabat Khan

men, and the zamindars of the area

under the leadership of his son Bahrawar and Shah-Quli to gallop there and lay siege

When

to the fortress.

they arrived and took the fortress, Asaf

Khan turned

his reins

over to destiny. Mahabat Khan's representatives reassured him with oaths and pledges

and wrote to report the situation to Mahabat Khan.

When

Mahabat Khan obtained

the imperial retinue crossed the river at Attock,

permission from His Majesty to go to the Attock fortress, where he had Asaf Khan, his

The

son Abutalib, and the Mirmiran's son Khalilullah chained and imprisoned.

he turned over to his

At

in

a liege

it

as

attributed it,

it

to sorcery.

his lips

Mahabat Khan, convinced

moving that

The

as

he

Muhammad

Khwafi's

Khan, along with Shah-

captive in the siege of Burhanpur.

was with Asaf

wrapped the chain around

they should have. With just

always used to recite

to Asaf

Muhammad Tattavi, who

the capacity of a cleric, by chance they

Mahabat Khan

lips,

man, companion, and confidant

they put chains on the legs of Mulla

did not secure

fortress

men.

Muhammad-Taqi, who had been taken

jahan's bakhshi

Khan

liege

he executed Abdul-Khaliq, Khwaja Shamsuddin

this point

nephew who was

When

own

a little

movement

his legs

the chain

fell

and off.

mulla had memorized the Koran and recited.

With

this

he was cursing him and

motion of the

terrified of

mulla's

him, had the

poor man cut down. Mulla Muhammad's formal learning was augmented by piety and asceticism. killed

him

What

When

the imperial

and paid homage.

them

will

a pity this

merciless cutthroat did not appreciate such a

man and

needlessly.

Now

camp reached the vicinity of Jalalabad, a group of Kalirs came a summary account of the beliefs and customs current among

be written on account of their strangeness.

Mar. 1626-Mar. 1627

443

444

Appendix by

Mutmmmad-Hadi

®

Manners and Customs

Their religion stone

wife unless the

band.

When

human being and worship

or relative they go along each other's roofs.

visit a friend

have only one gate. They eat

than pig,

fish,

who

stew of meat and eat

a

it.

dead, put their arms on them, and place them

They

and consider them

sorts of flesh

all

and fowl. "Any of our people

They make

it.

wife does not produce children or cannot get along with her hus-

first

they want to

city walls

blind."

They make an idol of gold or They do not take more than one

close to that of the infidels of Tibet.

is

the shape of a

in

of the Kafirs

love red clothes.

afflicted

on

it

a tree.

by calamity."

If

"Any of

a father or

us

mother

him, and the son does [not] object to

His Imperial Majesty

said,

who

They

dress the

the grave with a wine flask and bowl.

take oaths by putting a deer's head or a goat's head in the

out and hang

other

has eaten these," they say, "has gone

They in

licit,

The

takes an oath to a desires his or her

then they take

fire,

they

lie,"

own

say, "will

it

be

son, he or she takes

it.

"Ask for anything you want of Hindustan."

They

requested horses, swords, cash, and red robes, and their requests were granted.

At

Base's son Jagat

this point Raja

homeland

in

the

hills

Singh ran away from the imperial camp to

north of Lahore. Around the same time Sadiq

He was

leave to depart as governor of the souba of the Punjab.

his

Khan was granted

ordered to chastise

Jagat Singh.

©

Entry

Kabul

into

His Majesty proceeded station by station, enjoying hunting, and on Sunday the eighth of Llrdibihisht [April 17] he entered the city of Kabul at an auspicious hour.

day he in

sat

this

on an elephant and went through the market scattering coins and descended

the Shahrara

On

On

Garden near the Kabul

Friday the

first

of

fortress.

Khurdad [May

I

1

]

he went to the blessed tomb of His

Majesty Firdaws-Makani [Babur], where he made supplication and requested assistance from His Majesty.

He

also visited the graves of

Mirza Muhamrnad-Hakim and asked

Among

the strange events that

the stage of actuality was

God

to have

came from

Mahabat Khan's

Mirza Hindal and

spiritual

his uncle

mercy upon them.

the hidden recesses of destiny onto

requital for his evil deed.

The

details are

as follows.

When amirs were

his

bold outrage was committed on the banks of the Bahat River, and the

made

eternally

ashamed

of their negligence, that

is,

when

the unimaginable

happened, Mahabat Khan's Rajputs, having turned unruly and conceited because of the

dominance and power they happened weak, taking no account of anyone In short, a

ground

for

to enjoy,

until fate

group of Rajputs went out into

Kabul to

hunting preseiwe,

it

let their

began to tyrannize the ryots and the

took another turn and undid them. a glen that

is

a

well-known hunting

horses graze. Since that glen had been

had been entrusted to the care of

a

made an

imperial

group of ahadis, one of

whom

objected to the Rajputs' being there. Things turned nasty, and the Rajputs pitilessly cut the poor fellow to ribbons with their swords. as the

Some

of his brothers

other ahadis, went to court to ask for help and redress.

identify the victim.

They gave

his

name and

description.

"We

His Majesty," they were told, "and hold an inquest. After given." Llnsatisfied with this, the ahadis returned to

will

it is

and

relatives, as well

They were ordered forward

to

a request to

proven, redress will be

where they had been.

The

Rajputs had

camped near them. The next day

and attacked the Rajputs' camp

site in

keteers, with only a small skirmish

Mahabat Khan loved more than were in

Then

killed.

the area, drove

his

many Rajputs were killed, own sons. In all, eight or nine thousand

whom were chieftains of their When Mahabat Khan heard this,

people and renowned

sold.

and frightened that he might be

refuge in the imperial

compound. At

Muhammad, and Khawass Khan were

his request

down

He

him.

it

conster-

mind.

his

the unrest.

his brother

strife

were

Khwaja Qasim. Both

to an inquiry.

They could make

Mahabat Khan's] men had been

killed

by arrows

was necessaiy to keep him happy, and so the two were turned over to

took them to his quarters

naked, and threw them

©

for bravery

in utter

and fomenters of

battle

were summoned to the imperial presence and subjected

and muskets,

hun-

Habash Khan, Kotwal Khan, Jamal

ordered to put

was reported that the perpetrators of the

[of

five

he turned back and took

killed in the fray,

Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan's son-in-law Badi'uzzaman and no satisfactory answer. Since many

he mounted

Along the way, however, he changed

nation and raced to help his liege men.

it

Rajputs

the soldiers of Kabul and the Hazaras, wherever they found Rajputs

dred Rajputs, most of

Next

445

Mar. 1626-Mar. 162 7

yeomen and musamong them several

them through the Hindu Kush Kotal and sold them. Nearly

and courage, were

Terrified

the ahadis got ready for battle

unison. Since the ahadis were

in utter

into chains.

What

disgrace and ignominy, their heads and feet

they had

in their

baggage was confiscated.

The Death of Malik Amhar

At

this point

it

was reported that Ambar the Abyssinian had died

Ambar was without consolidated the the

last

day of

equal

riffraff

his

in

the age of eighty.

command and strategy. He had He lived in glory until

the arts of military

of that land as they should have been.

and

life,

at

at

no time

in

history had an Abyssinian slave

boy ever

attained his rank.

At

this

time Sayyid Bahwa, the governor of Delhi,

written instructions, turned back jagir,

in

accordance with Mahabat Khan's

Abdul-Rahim Khankhanan, who was headed

for his

and sent him to Lahore.

Now

news arrived

that

the

grand

Sultan

princes

Dara-Shikoh and Sultan

Awrangzeb, Shahjahan's sons, had reached the vicinity of Akbarabad, and His Majesty

was delighted with the good news of the

Khan wrote

to

arrival of his

Muzaffar Khan the guardian of Lahore

grandsons. However, Mahabat telling

him

to

keep them under

constant watch and not to bring them to court.

Since His Majesty was very fond of hunting, and his fondness had that not a

this point Allahverdi

net

made

become

so great

day passed, whether traveling or halting, without hunting, consequently

of rope,

Khan

the chief scout arranged for

which the people

of India call hadar,^

inspection. Twenty-five thousand rupees were spent

of Arghanda, a major hunting

ground

in this land,

a

qamargha hunt with

and offered

on

it.

all

for

Therefore,

a

huge

His Majesty's in

it

up.

Animals were

directions into the net, and His Majesty and the ladies of the

harem

Reading

Ismail Hazara, the chief

and leader of the Hazaras, had camped with

BADR

(e g.,

Abdul-Hamid,

Ismail's

sons

all

sorts of

to

Shah

Ismail's

camp, and the begam awarded Shah

gems and gilded and jeweled

utensils.

Piutsl.nihmwiii,

for

such an

net

Hindi

variant ot

hiuRir, a

There

probably the hditi!l

also a Sanskrit

is

haitiu that

is

means "made

ot

his fol-

lowers outside the village of Mir Babush. His Imperial Majesty, Nurjahan Begam, and

harem went

word

immense rope

word

the

Attested elsewhere

1/1:3 10), the

cotton," but

the ladies of the

[htntar) tor

BAWR

(cloud).

went hunting. Shah

3.

text's

the village

the officials of the imperial estab-

lishment were ordered take the net to the hunting ground and set driven from

it

at

From there they enjoyed

it

is

highly unlikely

that the Mtighals

would have

dipped into Sanskrit to

word

tor this device.

find a

446

Appendix by

Muhammad-Hadi

the hunt, taking nearly three hundred ibexes, mountain rams, bears, and hyenas that

had been caught

Another thing

The

the net.

in

happened was

that

as follows.

outrage reached Shahjahan, he flew into

determined to go to

supplies, he

He

act.

a

hundred-man cavalry

in

in

and although he had few troops and no

and repay Mahabat Khan

his father

Ramadan 1035

the retinue, died and his unit dispersed.

mind, he

left

Ajmer

l.e.

when Humayun was

driven from Hindustan by

same route

to Sind

[June

8,

untoward

1626] from

along

a force

who had

With only

a five-

hun-

five

a

few days there. With

Nagaur. From Nagaur he went to Jodhpur, and from

for

there he set out for Jaisalmer. His Majesty Jannat-Ashyani 4

for his

great distress and poverty and had to give up his

left in

then decided he would have to go to Thatta and spend

this plan in

thirty seers.

Mahabat Khan's

the news of

Ajmer, Raja Bhim's son Raja Kishan Singh,

dred horsemen, Shahjahan was

He

When

thousand horsemen, thinking that he would collect

While camped

the way.

plan

a rage,-

therefore set out on the twenty-third of

Nasik Trimbak with

maunds and

largest prey v/eighed three

and Thatta during

his

days of

dence of history that several great men acted

[Humayun] had taken and

difficulty,

it

this

a strange coinci-

similarly.

the Sur Afghans and spent fifteen years in Persia

under

Shah Tahmasp's protection.

When

His Majesty had finished hunting

drawal from Kabul on

©

News

On

this date the

Monday

the

first

in

Kabul, the drums were beaten for a with-

of Shahrivar [August 12].

oj Parvez's Illness

emperor received news that Prince Parvez was

severe attack of cholic that had kept

him unconscious

ill

and suffering from

a

for a long time. After various

treatments he had recovered slightly.

A

short while later a report

came from Khan Jahan, who had

written that the

prince had relapsed into unconsciousness and lain unconscious for five gharis, or two hours.

The

physicians had resorted to burning brands and placed

five

them on

of

forehead and temples. Nonetheless, he had not regained consciousness. later

he awoke and spoke but

lost

too

and Prince Danyal, had

been

® At

also

drinking.

afflicted

father to their grandfather

and paid homage. Their

Now

it

was learned from

Fazil

Baysunghur had deserted Shahjahan

would soon

illness

and

the

happy events

Khan from the

lost their lives to

it.

came from

gifts of elephants,

their

gems, and jew-

to the emperor.

Danyal's son

late Sultan

Amarkot, joined Raja Gaj Singh's

tbe Imperial

retinue,

and

imperial retinue.

was

short.

He

Retinue

that took place at this time

The

details in

From the date the malefactor staged his patience

shown

Khan's report that the in

Shah-Murad

join Prince Parvez.

Mababat Kban Departs from

Among

with this

physicians diagnosed his

of his uncles. Prince

point the princes Sultan Dara-Shikoh and Prince Awrangzeb

eled utensils worth ten lacs of rupees were

®

Two

his

hours

Pay Homage

Sultcw Dcua-Sbikoh ami Awranejzeb this

The

consciousness again.

much

illness as epilepsy, a result of

Two

was the departure of Mahabat

summary

are as follows.

his outrage, his

temper was tumultuous and

acted untowardly with the grandees of the empire and set

everyone against him. His Majesty, despite such an affront and breach of manners, was so long-suffering and forbearing that he

him word

for

showed him

word everything Nurjahan Begam

him repeatedly, "The begam intends

favor and goodness and related to

said to

him

to attack you. Beware.

in private.

He

even told

And Shahnawaz

Khan's

who was

daughter (the granddaughter of Abdul-Rahim Khankhanan Khan's son Shayista Khan) says, 'Whenever

Khan with my

have an opportunity,

I

musket.'" By telling him such things the

Khan's confidence until

had kept him on

by

little

his guard,

little

he

married to Asaf

shoot Mahabat

I'll

emperor gained Mahabat

apprehension he had

lost the

and by reason of which he had brought

Rajputs to court and stationed them

in

front of the palace

men had

relaxed his guard, but his finest liege

been

also

at first,

which

huge troop

a

of

compound. Not only had he killed in the battle with the

Kabul ahadis.

Nurjahan Begam was constantly on the lookout

maintaining

for an opportunity,

her soldiers and keeping her battle-tried warriors appeased and

in a

good frame

of

mind. By her written instructions her eunuch Hoshyar Khan mustered nearly two

thousand horsemen

One

troop.

new

to put

in

Lahore and went to

on

hold

review of troops for His Majesty.

a

beginning of the day

for the

all

the soldiers old and

armor and stand on the road. Then Buland Khan was ordered

their

from Her Majesty to Mahabat Khan and deliver

emonies

her retinue there was already a good

her. In

stage before Rohtas she held a review and ordered

It

this

would be better

to hold in

will

abeyance the

cer-

On

an argument ensue and battle break out."

lest

go

to

message: "Today the begam

Buland Khan's heels she sent Khwaja Anwar to convince Mahabat Khan of the reasonableness of obeying the order and not

The

next day

many

coming

for koruniish at that time.

imperial servants were gathered at court, and His Majesty

ordered Mahabat Khan to go one stage forward of the imperial camp. Although he

may have been aware

of

what was going on, since he had been frightened by the

dent of the ahadis, he did as he was told. Immediately after he

mounted and rode

off like the wind.

left.

Mahabat Khan could not

inci-

His Majesty

regain his hold.

Marching from one stage ahead, he crossed the Bahat and camped. His Imperial Majesty camped on

Mahabat Khan

and sent Afzal Khan

this side of the river

to deliver four orders. First, since

Mahabat Khan was

to follow

to the addlebrained

Shahjahan had gone to Thatta,

him there and put an end

to that affair.

Second, he was to

send Asaf Khan to the emperor. Third, he was to dispatch Prince Danyal's sons

Tahmuras and Hoshang

who had

to court. Fourth, his hostage

not yet paid homage, was to be produced.

Mukhlis Khan's son Lashkari, If

he delayed

in

sending Asaf

Khan, he could be certain that an army would be assigned to pour down on Afzal

Khan brought

with regard to Asaf Khan, "Since that

if

give Asaf

1

Khan

1

have no assurance of security from the begam,

up, she will send an

proud to perform any service to which gladly and willingly send Asaf

When begam Khan is

not

Afzal

his head.

Mahabat Khan had

the two princes and reported that

Khan

I

army down on me.

am

assigned,

when

am

past Lahore

fear

I

In this case, since I

said

am

I

I

will

to court."

Khan reported Mahabat Khan's

flew into a rage over his shifty words. Afzal

reluctance to send Asaf Khan, the

Khan went back and

told

Mahabat

frankly and with no embellishment everything he had seen and heard, saying, in

your best interests to delay

think otherwise, for

it

in

"It

sending Asaf Khan, and do not allow yourself to

will result in regret."

When Mahabat Khan

realized the truth of the matter, he immediately

had Asaf

Khan brought before him and apologized. Then, binding him with oaths and placating him, he sent him to court. However, he kept Asaf Khan's son Abutalib for a reason that will be reported soon.

Then, pretending

to be

headed

to Thatta,

he

set off

march

by march.

On

he twenty-third of the month [September

Bahat River.

It

is

a

strange coincidence that

3] the imperial retinue

crossed the

Mahabat Khan's mutinous

rebellion

Mar. 162 6-Mar. 1627

447

448

Appendix by

Mubcvnmaii-Hadi

occurred on the banks of the Bahat River, ^ and again the decline of his luck and the time of his misfortune occurred on the banks of the same

river.

A

few days

he sent

later

Asaf Khan's son Abutalib, Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan's son indaw Badi'uzzaman, and his 5

Reading text's

BHT

(Bahat) for the

meaningless

brother Khwaja Qasim to court with an apology.

When

HMYT

the

was

retinue

imperial

stopped

Khusraw's

Jahangirabad,

in

Dawarbakhsh, the Khankhanan, Muqarrab Khan, Mir jumla, and the of Lahore

On

came out

the seventh of

this

8] the imperial retinue

I

He was

Punjab and given the post of imperial deputy.

Khan was made

Page 243.

who was

Bukhari

buried

granted leave to go

At

Gujarat

in

home and

at

ordered to preside over the

transfer of

Mir Jumla

to the post of

Muhammad

— an

and grandson of the Shah-i-Alam

whom

account of

has been given*^

—was

given an elephant to ride.

Khan had turned

saying that Mahabat

this point a report arrived

road to Thatta and was headed for Hindustan.

Mahabat Khan's agents had

Lahore

in

governor of the

as

chief steward.

Sayyid Jamal, the son of Sayyid 6.

the city

autonomously. The post of divan

fiscal affairs

Khwaja Abu'LHasan, and with the

to

bakhshi, Afzal

descended

happy day Asaf Khan was nominated

divan and conduct administrative and

was given

elite of

in loyalty.

Aban [October

On

an auspicious hour.

ground

to kiss the

son

It

aside from the

also reached the imperial hearing that

sent from Bengal twenty-two lacs of rupees in cash that

had reached the vicinity of Delhi. Safdar Khan, Sipahdar Khan, Ali-Quii Darman, Nuruddin-Quii, and Ani Rai Singhdalan were assigned

and get hold of the cash. They performed

as possible

Khan's

men who were themselves

fortified

in

bringing the strongbox

over the money, and ran away.

At

in pursuit

of

troop of imperial servants

An

fire

and the defenders came

to the serai,

order was given for them to send the

a

jeweled sword, and

in pursuit of

him. Since the Jagat Singh

was known

go

as

Khanazad Khan

a royal elephant,

Mahabat Khan. The souba

affair

had not been

of

1

0.35.

It

was

actually 1036.

little

hills

of Kangra and joined the emperor's retinue. Also dur-

Mukarram Khan, who was

governor of the souba of Bengal, take charge of

The chronogram

umjcit-i

serving

in

affairs there,

Gooch

and send

to court.

he developed an aversion to food, and

on the eve

Wednesday

of

first

was buried

the garden he had built.

in

the

died

at

news was conveyed

his inner

his death:

^

Some

it

[October

wine. Little

1

8

1 ,

He

626 ]

No

matter

passed away

in

Burhanpur.

Akbarabad, where he

he resigned himself to God's

of patience

will

and forbearance. The prince

came up with the following Prince Parvez."^ After hearing the news the

learned person

"The death of

did no good.

later transported to

to the emperor,

wounds with the balm

the age of thirty-eight.

chronogram of

and

laid to rest in that city

much

his faculties degenerated.

the seventh of Safar 1035

His body was

and soothed 8.

a

performing koriinush. During these days Mukhlis Khan and

the physicians treated him, since his time was up,

When

shahziuin Piuvez yields 1035.

and sent with

Ajmer was given

The Death of Prince Parnez

how m

to court

by Sadiq Khan, who

settled

Prince Paiwez was afflicted with epilepsy as a result of drinking too

the regnal year that began

money

among

ing these days a decree was issued to

7. I.e.

out, turned

felicity of

Jagat Singh arrived from the

by

The men

Mahabat Khan's friends, an order was given for him to be

to be

deprived of the

^

and came upon Mahabat

the vicinity of Shahabad.

Mahabat Khan.

given a robe of honor, a horse,

[Behar], to

this task

as fast

time the Khankhanan was awarded the rank of 7000/7000 duaspa-seapsa,

this

in fief to

thousand ahadis to go

the serai and defended themselves as best they could, but after

clashing, the imperial servants set

and to go out

in

a

emperor ordered the Khankhanan

to bring his children

and those he had

lelt

behind

to court.

During

all

home. Aside from the

to depart for forty

Shah Khwaja, Nazr-Muhammad Khan's emissary, was granted leave

this,

he had been awarded, he was given

gratuities

thousand rupees and an equivalent amount

in

valuables from Hindustan to take

to the khan.

At

this

time Abutalib, Asaf Khan's son, was entitled Shayista Khan, and around this

Khan returned from

time Musavi

ground before the emperor. At

Deccan and attained the

the

this

felicity of kissing

the

point Mirza Rustam Safavi was appointed governor

of Bihar.

Now

it

Abyssinian,

was learned from

who had

a report

from

command

taken

officials in

the

Deccan

in that territory after

that Yaqut

Khan

the

who

Ambar's death, and

even during Ambar's lifetime had been made commander of the army, chose to pledge

coming

allegiance to the empire,

men. Sarbulandi Rai wrote, Path

Khan and

each other

in

he wrote

him

to

others of Nizamulmulk's commanders.

hundred horse-

They

will

be tiying to outdo

lahan was informed of the situation of which Sarhulandi Rai had writ-

a letter filled

do the same.

He

entertain and host Yaqut

On

to the vicinity of Jalnapur with five

administered the oath of allegiance to Malik Ambar's son

arriving at court."

When Khan ten,

"I

previous pages

with appeasement and cajoling to Yaqut Khan to persuade

also

wrote to Sarbulandi Rai to do everything he could to

Khan and then send him

it

to Burhanpur.

has been reported that Shahjahan went to Thatta with a few

of his servants. Since during his days as a prince, the path of friendship and amity had

been trod by Shah Abbas and correspondence had been maintained, during chaotic time the shah kept up with news of him.

be near Shah Abbas

— possibly by

his affection

contention that had risen could be put down.

It

this

occurred to him to go to Persia to

and intercession the dust of

In short,

when he reached

strife

and

the vicinity of

Thatta, Sharafulmulk, the guardian of that territory, got together three thousand

horsemen and twelve thousand foot hold, and

came out ready

dred mounted

for battle.

soldiers, raised the defenses of the city strong-

Although Shahjahan had only three

onslaught and retreated into the

fortress.

to four hun-

Sharafulmulk could not withstand their

faithful servants altogether,

Since the fortress had been recently repaired,

many cannons and muskets had been made ready

in

the towers and on the walls.

he retreated into the fortress and got ready to defend. Shahjahan forbade

his

men

storm the fortress and get themselves killed uselessly by cannon and musket Nonetheless, city,

a

group of battle-thirsty warriors attacked the outer

Now to

fire.

fortifications of the

but the towers, ramparts, and strength of the artillery prevented them from mak-

ing any headway, so they had to retreat and camp. Several days later the lion-hearted

champions burst

forth like flashes of lighting

around the stronghold was

without

Hat,

and attacked the

chance, there was a deep, wide ditch on that side it

was even more impossible to

were and took refuge At

this point

in trust in

Shahjahan

fell

came pouring

with water.

a

running charge. By It

was impossible

to

they stopped where they

God. ill.

For several reasons, the telling of which would take

too long, he decided to postpone his proposed Parvez's illness

filled

and made

retreat. Perforce

Since the land

and there was neither

a hill or rise in sight,

wall nor tree, they hoisted their shields over their heads

advance, and

fortress.

in,

and he knew

trip to Persia.

Moreover, the news of

for certain that

he would not survive

Mar. 1626-Mar. 1627

449

450

Appendix by

Muhammad-Hadi

At the same time

this illness.

ial

to

Hopefully he

retinue.

not

is

your sons along the way.

your

came from Nurjahan Begam

a letter

"Mahabat Khan has been upset by the news of the

written:

few days

fate for a

curtain'

in

such

what the

'until

which she had

temper that anything would happen

a foul

would be wisest

It

in

setting forth of the imper-

Deccan and submit

to return to the

celestial

sphere brings forth from behind the

ascertained."

is

Based on

despite his severe illness, Shahjahan got into a palanquin and took

this,

Around then the news came

the road via Gujarat and Bhar to the Deccan.

and he

Parvez's death,

on wings of lightning

set out

This was the same route taken by Sultan the temple at Somnath, as

of

Ghazna when he conquered

very well known. Shahjahan entered the realm of Gujarat,

is

went through the Ghirai

stopped

Nasik Trimbak,

in

of Prince

for the imperial retinue.

Mahmud

passed within twenty kos of Ahmadabad, crossed the Narbada River at the crossing,

to

Pass,

which belonged

a tributary of the

Ghampaner and

to the raja of Baglana,

Deccan where he had stationed

men. Since there were no palaces there, he hastened almost

once

at

to Khair,

his

where

he camped.

At

Asaf

this point

Khan was promoted

to the rank of

7000/7000 duaspa-seaspa.

Ever since he escaped from Mahabat Khan's clutches he had held neither rank nor jagir

and was

bad way.

in a

Now

was learned from

it

from

a report

was so short-sighted and such

officials in

the

Deccan

that

and other parvenu proteges to the borders of the empire to foment

Khan jahan had

tention. Therefore

Nizamulmulk

troublemaker that he had sent Ambar's son Path Khan

a

strife

and con-

stationed Lashkar Khan, an aged and experienced

imperial servant, to protect and guard Burhanpur while he himself took imperial forces

Khan

to Balaghat. Path

did not pull

and Nizamulmulk did not poke

An

of

When

Naqib Khan.

who

held

of his

Hamid

text's

At

for the

"jamshed"

Khan

this

left

in

matter in

how

Prince Parvez's retinue, sent letters urgently

all

summoned him

the

to his

Khan

accept the bribe and leave

jahan's is

feet as retribution.

administrative and

like a bird in a cage, for outside

with three lacs of huns, which

fiscal affairs

to him.

he was ruled by Hamid Khan,

wife.

coming was confirmed, Hamid Khan went

to

him

equivalent to ten lacs of rupees, and persuaded him to

all

the area from Balaghat to

Nizamulmulk's control. The disloyal Afghan, forgetting a

When

Daulatabad made an Abyssinian slave named Hamid^

in

and inside he was dominated by Hamid Khan's

up such

he

to His Imperial Majesty,

and ordered him thrown beneath an elephant's

the news of

summoning

Prince Parvez pleaded for him to be pardoned, the emperor

the leader of his forces and turned over

When

Muhammad-

Shahjahan's service and went to Prince Parvez.

time Nizamulmulk

Nizamulmulk was then

cousin

a

joined him and accompanied him for a while during the

coming was reported

No

refused to give .

who was

and he

to his side,

presence.

9 Reading

Muhammad-Mu'min. Naqib Khan. When he came from

the execution of

Shahjahan's path crossed the Sharqi territories,

a jagir there,

chaos. Sadat Khan,

news

his residence,

His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani married him to the daughter of Sadat Khan,

Mu'min,

him

now was

sayyid closely related to the line of

a Sayfi

he got to Kharki,

his nose out of his bastion in Daulatabad.

event that took place around

He was Persia,

in his reins until

all

Ahmadnagar

fortress in

he owed the empire, gave

realm for three lacs of huns and wrote to the imperial amirs

who were man-

ning the outposts telling them to turn over their lands to Nizamulmulk's representatives

of

and take themselves to him.

He

also sent a letter to Sipahdar

Ahmadnagar, but when Nizamulmulk's men went

land belongs to you. Take

it.

However,

it is

Khan, the governor

to take the fortress,

not possible for

me

to give

he

said, "This

up the

fortress.

Only when you show me an

imperial decree will

Nizamulmulk's agents objected, fortress

and ramparts and bravely

went

set out to

do

Now

battle.

No

how much

matter

Khan had stocked

Mar. 1626-Mar. i627

the

he raised the defenses of the towers

The

other cowards,

in

accordance with

written, surrendered everything to Nizamulmulk's agents

and

to Burhanpur.

Hamid Khan's Wife Goes

Now

up."

it

did no good. Sipahdar

it

with ample stores and supplies.

what Khan jahan had

give

I

War

to

Hamid Khan the Abyssinian and his wife because of its strangeness. This slave had a wife who had been born in poverty in that land. In the beginning, when Nizamulmulk became infatuated with wine and women, this woman made her way inside the harem and in secret slipped him wine, of which the people outside knew nothing. Tricking the people with deceit and trickery, she corrupted be given of

a report will

him and supplied him with women and

made them appear

clothes, she

girls.

Bedecking them with finery and sumptuous

beautiful in his eyes,

him entertained and happy.

society and embraces of these lovelies, she kept little

out, the

commanders

of the

life

into this

fell

was going

a force

Khan

she defeated the Adil Khan's army

amazing of a

while

feat,

woman

state

sent an

walked on foot by her

army

to attack

if

would be

it

stirrup

Nizamulmulk,

to be assigned from the Nizam[ulmulk]'s state. This

woman

army by convincing the Nizam

ingly and gladly undertook to lead Nizamulmulk's if

by

woman's hands. Whenever she rode

army and grandees of

to present their petitions. Finally the Adil

and

Little

control of things outside was handed over to her husband, while inside the harem

control of Nizamulmulk's

all

and by seducing him with the

a

things turned out otherwise,

woman who had wrought

will-

that

such an

what importance could the defeat

have?

In short, the tricky

lady undertook the weighty task, throwing off the veil from her

unlovely body as she arrayed the forces and mounted a horse herself. She always kept a

dagger and jeweled sword

in

the idiom of India

manly items about

herself

her side and had golden and jeweled rings fingers.

She

gifts.

When

also

did not

Khan's troops and encouraging his army and in

favor to a military leader or give

commanders

®

in inciting

to fight

and

kill,

the Adil

standing

the midst of the churning sea of battle. She dealt the foe a crushing

defeat and returned in safety, laden with booty and plunder, after

phants and

called kara

for an excuse to exercise generosity

show

the two sides clashed, she acted bravely and valiantly

her ground

—

had many militaiy accoutrements and

and was always looking

Not a day passed that she amounts of money to the men.

and give large

at

— on her

artillery fell into

Imam-Quli Khan

all

the enemy's ele-

her hands.

of Tiiran Sends

Khwaja Ahdui-Rahim

[Jiiyhari]

as an Emissary

At

this point

it

was reported that Imam-Quli Khan, the

Sayyid Baraka, His Imperial Majesty's ambassador, act as a go-between.'*^’

When

in

ruler of Turan,

Transoxiana for several years to

the news of His Majesty's inattention to Shahjahan and

Shahjahan's opposition to his father spread to that land, Imam-Quli

Khwaja Abdul-Rahim, the son

of

Mir Sayyid Baraka and deliver

a letter.

The khwaja was one

had kept Mir

Khwaja Kalan, with

gifts

Khan dispatched

and presents

to

accompany

of the greatest sayyids and shaykhs of Transoxiana, and his

noble lineage goes back to

Imam

Ja'far Sadiq.

The padishah

of Turan, Abdullah

Khan,

had repented before Khwaja Juybar, Khwaja Abdul-Rahim's grandfather, and held him

10.

Mir

Baraka's dispatch to

Transoxiana

page 357.

is

recorded on

451

1

452

'

Appendix by

Muhammad-Hadi

in

the greatest esteem. His Imperial Majesty was highly impressed by the khwajas

coming and

When

sent the amirs and dignitaries of state out to greet him.

he arrived

Kabul, Zafar

in

where he was the honored guest

Khan greeted him and escorted him

an elaborate assembly. His Imperial Majesty sent

at

Musavi Khan out three stages from Lahore to bear

robe of honor and jeweled

a regal

dagger to him. Then Bahadur Khan Uzbek,

who had been governor

Abdul-Mu'min Khan's time and held the rank

of

him.

When

into the city,

5000

the khwaja reached the vicinity of the

of

Mashhad

in

the empire, went out to greet

in

Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan the divan

city,

and Iradat Khan the bakhshi went out by imperial order to greet him. That same day he was given the honor of kissing the imperial hand, but

was exempted from performing koruniish and near the imperial throne, and a gratuity of

The

fifty

and

Around

time Khanazad

this

was given

to

all

An

sent to

Khan was

relieved of the governorship of Bengal, and

When Mukarram Khan

Mu'azzam Khan's son Mukarram Khan.

river in Bengal, there

was

fate

would have

a nullah the

reached that point, he ordered the

he could perform

and

in

were about

him with gold and

these items were given to him.

and receive the decree. As

that

sit

thousand rupees was forced upon him.

assigned to that office and a decree was issued in his name, he got

sailors

greatness he

order was given for him to

own food were

next day fourteen trays of the emperor's

silver plates,

taslim.

in tribute to his

it,

well-known

When Mukarram

Khan's boat

boat had to cross.

his afternoon prayer

boat to go out

aside from the great and

sailors to stop the

boat on the bank for a while so

and then continue

to get the boat to shore, a

in a

it

was

wind arose

his journey.

When

the

that took the boat backward,

the midst of the sudden tumultuousness and motion, the boat went down.

Mukarram Khan and

several others in the boat

were drowned, and not

a soul

escaped

the whirlpool of calamity.

^ At

The Death of this

same

time,

the

Khankhanan

Bayram Khan's son the Khankhanan passed away

the age of seventy-two.

When

he arrived

forced to stop there.

buried

in

the

The

details are as follows.

Delhi, he was

in

of natural causes at

He bade

overcome by

farewell to

tomb he had constructed

life in

a severe

weakness, and he was

the middle of the year 1036 and was

for his wife.

One

of the great amirs of the

empire, during His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani's reign he performed outstanding services

and achieved enormous First

was

victories, three of

was the victory

lost to

which were notable.

Gujarat and the defeat of Muzaffar, through which Gujarat

in

Muzaffar and came under the control of the supporters of the empire.

Second was the victory

in

had mad war elephants and

the Battle of Sambhal, a

huge

arsenal.

It

is

in

well

which the

known

forces of the

that they

Deccan

had seventy

thousand horsemen. The Khankhanan faced the foe with twenty thousand horsemen, fought fiercely for two days and a night, and raised the banner of triumph. Third was the conquest of Thatta and Sind.

During His Imperial Majesty's reign he was not able victory, but his eldest son, 1

Page

1

87

has been recorded

in

to achieve

Shahnawaz Khan, defeated Ambar with only

the proper place.

The Khankhanan was unique

in

even

in

a

few men,

as

'

the age for worthiness and talent.

Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Hindi, and was quite erudite in traditional learning,

any outstanding

all

He knew

sorts of rational

and

Indian learning. In bravery, courage, and leadership he was

He composed

legendary.

fine

poetry

in

both Persian and Hindi, and

the order of His

at

Mar.

i

453

626-Mar. 1627

Majesty Arsh-Ashyani he translated Babur's memoirs into Persian. Occasionally he

composed "I

how

have not discovered

heart

is

and ghazals. The lollowing

single lines, quatrains,

extremely hopeful.

the numbers of yearning go

far

/ In

lines are

— only

by him: (ghazal)

this

much,

my

that

the religion of truth and sincerity words of oath are use-

know neither snare nor grain. only less. See how the basis of affection is all vows. / know am trapped from head to foot. / Love sold me, but do not know who my purchaser is or how much went for. / To pay what is due for love is a favor on the part of the beloved. Otherwise the lover's mind is not happy with anything. / am happy with I

I

I

I

I

I

your pleasing words, Rahim, because they slightly resemble the blandishments of Rahim, do not follow your heart.

love." (Quatrain:) "Beware, in

hoping

for the heart.

always reap

less.

When

Amar

made old.

Raja

am

too

and

said once,

I

Singh, the zamindar of

a request, saying,

I

/

"My

I

say again,

Mandu, chose

a desire

you

will

submit to the empire, he

to

and

a

In

order to honor him a letter

horse were sent.

reached the emperor's hearing that Mahahat Khan had gone to Shahjahan,

he honored Khan jahan with the

©

are inclined futilely

fathers attained the felicity of kissing the imperial thresh-

diplomatic servant, was sent to escort the raja to court.

it

You

hopeful that this honor will he granted me." Therefore Jan Rathor, a

of appeasement, a robe of honor,

When

/

you plant

/ If

title

commander-in-chief to spite Mahahat Khan.

The Further Adventures of Mahahat Khan

Now a summary

account of the adventures of Mahahat Khan

was put out of court and turned pursuit of him, he

hope

men

his reins

had no avenue of escape or hope

The

to the prince.

this sinful slave,

of the time,

I

contents were as follows:

will turn

Shahjahan pardoned

Bharji's land,'^

sented

a

thousand

his offenses

ill-starred

be given.

When

he

In

He

then realized that his only

a letter

you

in

will

with one of his trusted

pardon the offenses of

accordance with the exigencies

and sent him

a

Mahahat Khan then

decree sealed with his set forth

from Rajpipla

with nearly two thousand horsemen, joined Shahjahan, and pre-

ashrafis, a large

return he

rarities. In

"If

toward your threshold."

palm print to appease him. The

and

left.

Shahjahan, so he sent

lay in taking refuge with

will

toward Thatta, and the imperial army went

was given

a

diamond worth seventy thousand

jeweled dagger,

a

jeweled sword,

a

rupees, and other royal horse,

and

a

12

.

Read Rajpipla (south of

Baroda) tor the "Bharii's land"

is

text's "Rai Pallia.

tor Bharjlu, the

zamindar ot Baglana,

royal elephant.

south of

Mandu

a territory

(page 206).

Khan Jahan was sending letter after letter to try to convince Abdullah in the vicinity, to come to Burhanpur, Abdullah Khan did go there under agreement of safety and saw Khan Jahan. After spending several days in At

this

Khan,

time

who was

Burhanpur,

Khan

Khan Jahan was

Firoz-Jang, and

in

then issued for Abdullah as

by troublemakers

one day when he came

had him seized and put

Inasmuch

incited

chains,

Khan

breaking one's oath

is

to

to

grow suspicious

him with only one

which action he reported to

servant,

to the court.

ol Aladullah

Khan Jahan

An

order was

be taken to the Asir fortress and held there.

disapproved of

in all religions, in a

short time

Khan

Jahan paid the price. I

In

summary, since

his

head had been turned by too much imperial

favor, after the

throne was graced by His Majesty Shahjahan,'"’ he allowed himself to have outlandish

3.

sion

I

e.

alter Shahjahan's acces-

Muhammad-Hadi

course, writing after the

is,

ot

tact.

454

Appendix by

Mubammnd-Hcidi

fears

and baseless imaginings.

It

went so

far that

the twenty-eighth of Safar 1039 [October

Afghans

left

a

in

Bahadur was sons and

killed

and

Prithi Raj

Iradat

Khan during in

the Held.

in

They caught up

Khan jahan

to extricate himself half alive from the jaws of death

where he joined Nizamulmulk and began

Burhanpur was graced by

naught

Prithi Raj to pursue him.

wounded

fell

Around the same time Shahjahan's in

That very night His

the vicinity of Dholpur and fought a fierce battle, during which Riza

managed

the Deccan,

1629] he, his sons, and a group of

to wretchedness.

troop of imperial servants to Khwaja Abu'l-Hasan, Sayyid Muzaffar

Khan, Allahverdi Khan, Riza Bahadur, and with him

7,

Akbarabad and took the road

Majesty assigned

he ran away, and on the eve of Sunday

to

foment

strife

two

lost his

and head

for

and discord.

retinue set forth for the Deccan, and the palace

his regal presence.

A'zam Khan, who held the

the Jahangirid reign, was assigned imperial troops to reduce

Balaghat. Imperial troops battled repeatedly with

title

of

him

to

Khan Jahan, and every

time the imperials dominated. However, they were unable to repel him until he went to the Sharqi realms, the territory of the Afghans. His Imperial

assigned Abdullah

Khan Bahadur Firoz-Jang

as

Majesty [Jahangir]

commander. Sayyid Muzaffar Khan,

Mu'taqid Khan Koka, Rashid Khan, and several other amirs were assigned to accom-

pany him

him of

in

life

in pursuit

of the

damned Khan

Jahan.

The

imperial troops caught up with

the vicinity of the pargana of Sahinda, twenty kos from Allahabad. Despairing

and salvation, he made

old liege men. He,

two

Bahadur Firoz-Jang sent

On

a foolish stance

with a group of his sons, relatives, and

and several of

of his sons,

his retainers

were

killed,

and Khan

head to court.

his brainless

the twenty-first of Isfand [March

1]

the imperial banners were raised at an aus-

happy

picious hour for a hunting tour in the

vale of Kashmir. This trip

was necessary,

not by choice, since the hot weather was adversely affecting the emperor's constitution.

As

a

consequence, every year

in

the spring he endured the difficulties of the road

to get himself to the peerless perennial

garden of Kashmir. Then, having enjoyed the

pleasures of that paradisiacal spot, he turned his reins back toward Hindustan.

Several days prior to this, he gave rupees. At this time he

awarded him

a

Khwaja Abdul-Rahim

[Juybari] thirty

female elephant with a silver howdah.

thousand

:

Th e Events

of the

Twenty-Second Year

after the Royal Accession,

hy Muhammad-Hadi

March

1627-October

10,

O

n

Sunday the

third

1627

29,

1036 [March

of Rajah

1627] the world-

10,

and the

illuminating sun transited into the constellation of Aries,

twenty-second year of the imperial reign commenced. The Nawroz celebration was held on the banks of the Chenab, and one day was

spent

observance before camp was broken. After proceeding and

in

hunting stage by stage, the descent into the happy vale of Kashmir occurred

at

an aus-

picious hour.

When (as

it

was reported that Mukarram Khan, the governor of Bengal, had drowned

was reported on previous pages'), the emperor made

Bengal,

promoted him

gave him

to the rank of 5000/5000,

Khan governor

Fidai

a regal

robe of honor, and

spotted Persian horse sent by the ruler of Iran, and granted him leave to depart. fixed that every year five lacs of rupees in cash

emperor and

five lacs of

would enter the imperial At

this

would be given

rupees as an offering to the begam,

Khan Uzbek was assigned

The Passing of His Imperial Majesty from to the Abode of Eternity

the

as

upon the beauty celestial

When

he

In short,

itated that

pain,

and

that

jagir.

Mortal World

this

sad event.

Anyone whose

mighty emperor's form and grace knows what

sat

upon the throne /

of

sleight-of-

empire the world attained the splendor of

Illuminator of

crown and throne he was: generous, mer-

lucky.

while

F3is

he had to

Majesty was

sit in a

in

Kashmir he

fell

ill

and grew so weak and debil-

palanquin and be carried about.

and signs of hopelessness and resignation appeared

words from which came the aroma of hopelessness, and ple.

all

sphere has wrought.

the divine shadow. ciful,

a

was

governor of Allahabad with the

Neither the tongue nor the ear can bear the mention of fell

.

made gov-

Khan. The sarkar of Kalpi was made Muhtasham Khan's

hand the

Page 452

treasury.

time Abusa'id, I'timaduddawla's grandson, was honored by being

transfer of Jahangir-Quli

eye

i

as a present to the

ernor of Thatta. Bahadur

®

It

ten lacs of rupees in

i.e.

of

Fdowever, since a few days were

several days later he lost his appetite

left in this

in

One day

a great

borrowed

he had

a severe

him. Fde spoke involuntary

life,

tumult befell the peo-

this

and developed an aversion

time

to the

it

passed, but

opium

that

had

455

456

Appendix by

Mubammad-Hadi

been

companion

his constant

had no inclination At

Other than

for forty years.

few howls of grape wine, he

a

for anything.

time Shahryar was disfigured by a severe case of hair

this

moustache, eyebrows, and eyelashes

all

No

out.

fell

and

loss,

his beard,

treatment the physicians applied

did any good. Humiliated and ashamed, he requested that he be allowed to go to

Lahore

advance of the retinue

in

whom

requested that Khusraw's son Dawarbakhsh, to

him

hold

to

chains as

in

a

and by imperial order he

for treatment,

He

set out.

Nurjahan Begam had turned over

someone

precaution, be entrusted to

He was

else.

taken

from him and given to Iradat Khan.

Around

went

that time His Imperial Majesty

Machhi Bhawan, Achhival,

to tour

and Vernag. Along the way Mahahat Khan's son Khanazad Khan came from Bengal

He

and paid homage.

who had

the imperial banners were raised and pointed

emperor engaged

in a

hunt

previous pages. There

tain

a

is

in

Bahramgala.

The manner

platform from which one can shoot

emperor aims

his

musket and

the mountain and rolls

and

At

a

the direction of Lahore.

in

of this hunt has

an extremely high mountain, and

is

a

musket.

antelopes over the pinnacle of the mountain and they

sight

Ja'far,

deserted Shahjahan, also joined the imperial retinue.

Now in

presented an elephant that was good for riding. Sayyid

fires.

down

As soon

as the

to the ground.

When

come

antelope

been described

moun-

the foot of the

at

The

the zamindars drive the

into the imperial sight, the hit

is

it

from the top of

falls

Without exaggeration,

is

it

an amazing

wonderful method of hunting.

this point

one of the foot

soldiers from that area drove an antelope over, but

it

stopped on an outcropping of rock and could not be seen very well. The foot soldier

wanted

to

go forward and drive the antelope from

stepped forward than he to

lost his footing.

There was

hold himself steady. As luck would have

tumbled down

soldier

At the sight of the palace.

The

it,

had appeared

no sooner had he

in front of

came out by

him he grabbed

the roots, and the

to the ground, killing himself.

His Majesty was quite upset. Leaving the hunt, he returned to

this.

mother came

soldier's

in this

distressed.

bush

a

the bush

in utter distress,

soled her with money, he himself was disconsolate.

was

that place, but

guise to the emperor.

He went

From

It

and although the emperor con-

was

though the angel of death

as

that hour he lost his

composure and

from Bahramgala to Thatha to Rajaor. As usual, he marched

one watch before the end of day.

Along the way he lost his taste for

of the night,

great distress. At dawn,

hope.

He drew

eighth of Safar

which was

He was

1

037 [October

29,

1

in

which was

as

and

When

to

as

he put

it

to his lips

day of

his

departed

this

life,

who were around him

at breakfast

world

he was

gave up

time on Sunday the twenty-

627], corresponding to the fifteenth of

his spirit

he

the same state until he reached the

actually the last

As aj Kim n Elevates Khusraw's son Dawarbakhsh and Takes Him

soon

his last hour, those

several laborious breaths,

twenty-second regnal year,

®

wine bowl, but

and turned away.

Toward the end

palace. in

it

called for his

Aban

of the

the age of sixty.

at

Throne

to the

do Battle with Shahryar

the tragic event occurred, the world went into an uproar. Asaf Khan, a loyal

supporter of Shahjahan,

conspired with

Iradat

Khan

to

Dawarbakhsh from prison and give him the good news However, he would not believe

Then Asaf Khan and parasol,

and

until

Khusraw's son

phantom

they swore solemn oaths that

it

was

rulership. so.

Khan put Dawarbakhsh on a horse, raised the royal next station. No matter how many messengers Nurjahan

Iradat

set out for the

it

release

of a

Begam

sent to

summon

Khan made excuses and

her brother, Asaf

did not go to her.

There was nothing she could do but send His Majesty jannat-Makani's cortege ahead while she and the princes got on an elephant and followed behind. Asaf

Hindu named to serve as a In

him the news

Benarasi by post horse to Shahjahan to give

no time

Majesty's death. Since there was

token of his

he entrusted

to write a letter,

Khan

mountains and camped

in

in

laid to rest in a

him

Naushahra. The next day they emerged from the

Bhimbar. There they attended to the preparations of the

On

body and sent His Majesty's bier to Lahore with Maqsud Khan and others.

in

of His

his ring to

trust.

short, they halted that night

he was

sent a

garden Nurjahan Begam had

on the other

built

Friday

side of the river

Lahore.

The

who had been

great amirs and other servants

Khan had concocted

that Asaf

this plot in

Although he elevated Dawarbakhsh to the lamb. All agreed with Asaf

Dawarbakhsh's name Asaf

in

His Majesty's retinue knew

in

order to assure Shahjahan's accession.

rule,

he was really making him

Khan and did what he

said.

They had

a sacrificial

the khutba read

in

the vicinity of Bhimbar and then set out for Lahore. Because

Khan had seen continuous

and uncooperativeness with

signs of disloyalty to

Shahjahan from Sadiq Khan, now Sadiq Khan became very

fearful

and frightened and

took refuge with Asaf Khan, begging him to help him and act as an intercessor to have his offenses

pardoned. Asaf Khan turned over to him the grand princes he had taken

from Nur Mahall so that Sadiq Khan could serve them and use of intercession for his offenses. Asaf Khan's sister

sidered

who was

Since Asaf

Khan was not

The begam was thinking

When

that Shahryar

the unfortunate Shahryar

careful not to let

would

in

women and by name without

his

own

seditiousness the short-

He began

the imperial workshops, giving everyone whatever he wanted.

were

in

to her.

substance, and usurped the treasury

acquiring soldiers and troops and took control of stables, armory, etc. that

Nurjahan

attain the throne.

death, through the instigation of ruler, a

his sister

anyone have access

Lahore heard of His Majesty Jannat-Makani's

sighted one called himself

phant

Khan con-

married to Sadiq

concerning

totally at ease

Begam, he kept her under watch and was

all

means

an eternal happiness to serve the princes, and she fluttered around them like

it

a butterfly.

and

this service as a

all

the imperial departments, ele-

Lahore. Within one

enty-three lacs of rupees to officers old and

new and

week he had given

sev-

entertained vain notions. Prince

Danyal's son Mirza Baysunghur had fled after His Majesty's death and gone to

Shahryar

in

Lahore. Shahryar

made him commander

the river, unaware that the dealers of destiny

orders mighty and splendid sultans

On

the other front, Asaf

Khan

would

would be proud put

of his troops and sent

seat in splendor a lucky

Khan was

in

the center,

Hasan, Mukhlis Khan, Allahverdi Khan, and the Barha sayyids were

Sher Khwaja and Prince Danyal's sons were

ers

the right wing, and Sadiq Khan,

in

were

in

the

left

wing.

The two

one whose

to obey.

Dawarbakhsh on an elephant, mounted another

elephant himself, and set out to do battle. Asaf

were

them across

in

the altmVsh. Iradat

in

Khwaja Abu'L the vanguard.

Khan and many amirs

Shahnawaz Khan, Mu'tamad Khan, and oth-

sides clashed three kos outside the city. In the

charge the order of the troops was broken, and the newly conscripted liege

were sent against the veteran amirs of the empire scattered At

this

a

men who

in all directions.

point the unfortunate Shahryar stood over the city of Lahore with two or

three thousand veteran cavalrymen, waiting to see

Suddenly

first

what

tricks destiny

would

play.

Turkish slave raced from the battlefield to bring him the bad news.

The

knowing what was

best

unfortunate, not having assessed the result of his labor and not

Mar -Oct.

162 7

457

458

Appendix by

Muhammad-Hadi

was

for himself,

the amirs

by misfortune

led

to the city fortress

Khan's garden. Most of Shahryar's liege ulated to Asaf Khan.

That night

and enter the

to turn his reins

came and pitched camp next

Iradat

The next day by Mahdi Qasim

fortress.

on the

side

men obtained promises of amnesty and Khan entered the fortress and stopped

capit-

the

in

courtyard of the imperial palace.

The

next morning the great amirs sat Dawarbakhsh on the throne of misfortune

and Shahryar crept

inside the citadel,

Majesty's harem.

The eunuch

off into an

Firoz Khan,

who was

him out and turned him over

the harem, brought

the sash from his waist,

obscure corner of His Imperial an intimate and trusted servant of

to Allahverdi

bound Shahryar's hands with

Khan,

and led him

it,

to

who removed Dawarbakhsh.

After performing korunush and taslim, he was imprisoned in a place that had been

Two

decided upon.

days later he was blinded and sat

erable state. Several days later Prince Danyal's sons

corner of misfortune

in a

mis-

Tahmuras and Hoshang were

also

in a

seized and imprisoned.

Khan

Asaf

sent a letter

filled

with the good news of victory and triumph to the

court of Shahjahan and begged that his glorious retinue would proceed on wings of

Now

haste to rescue the world from chaos.

summary account

a

of the arrival of

Benarasi to Shahjahan's court and the setting forth of his world-conquering banners to

the capital will be given.

made

Benarasi

it

from the station of Jangirhati,

the Kashmiri mountains, on

which

Khair,

is

Sunday the nineteenth

stopping place

of Rabi'

from the road to the quarters of Mahabat Khan,

He

who had

the middle of

paid

He went

homage

that very day,

His Majesty came out of the harem. Benarasi kissed the ground and

in.

was devastating, and signs of sadness and

grief

The occurrence

stop was unwise,

at

the insistence of

the twenty-third of Rabi'

I

Mahabat Khan and other

1037 [November

and delivered the news and

sent with the loyal servants

supporters,

A

letter

He

Amanullah and Bayazid.

and to

on Thursday

saying that Benarasi had

was setting out

that the retinue

in,

chosen by the astrologers, the

22], a date

retinue set out in haste via Gujarat for the capital.

of such a

appeared on his brow.

Since time did not permit the ceremonies of condolence to be indulged

arrived

straight

got himself to the harem like lightning and sent

reported what had happened, showing him Asaf Khan's ring. tragic event

in

1037 [November 18] to

I

located at the other end of Nizamulmulk's territory.

and reported what had happened. the news

a

for the capital

was

dispatched Jannisar Khan, one

Khan Jahan Afghan, who was then governor of the Deccan, to appease him with promises of much favor. Since it was nearly time for his downfall, he abandoned the right way, made of his intimate servants, with a decree containing

himself a wanderer in the valley of error with his

all

sorts of favors for

own

vain notions, and

made

a pact

with Nizamulmulk, establishing, as has been recorded previously, that he would turn over the land of Balaghat to the fortress

made such nagar

efforts in this regard that

all

came under Nizamulmulk's

fortress,

at

Ahmadnagar

to the Nizam's control.

the land of Balaghat, except for the

He

Ahmad-

control.

Khan Jahan was determined to foment strife, first he surrendered gratis to an enemy he thought would come to his aid during bad times.

In short, since

such territory

who had

At the same time Darya Rohela, death,

went

poverty.

He

to

Chandwar, which

is

joined Shahjahan before His Majesty's

inside Nizamulmulk's state,

emerged, joined Khan jahan, and began

stirring

and was living

in

up trouble. Aqa Afzal, the

divan of the souba of the Deccan, whose brother was Shahryar's divan, was also not perfectly loyal to Shahjahan and spoke nonsense to the miserable Afghan. In short,

jannisar Khan,

who had brought

a

decree of conciliation to

Khan jahan, was given

leave to return without a letter written in reply and without having accomplished

he went

Khan Jahan

In short,

of

what

459

tAar—Ocl. 1627

for.

who

Afghans

imperial servants

who

themselves from his

Burhanpur with Iskandar Dotai and

in

He and

who were

appeared to agree with him but

evil,

Gaj Singh, Raja

like Raja

Mandu. He seized control announcing

children

left his

supported him from the bottom of their hearts.

of

most of the

his seditiousness to the world.

a

troop

group of

careful to preserve

Singh, and others,

Jai

villages of the province of

Then he

a

came

to

Malwa, thus

quickly turned around and went

back to Burhanpur.

When

the mighty retinue reached the borders of the land of Gujarat, a letter

from Nahar Khan,

and of

who was

Khan, announcing

entitled Sher

telling of the vain desires of Sayf

Khan

his loyalty

who was

[_|ahangirshahi],

and support

then governor

Ahmadabad. Since Sayf Khan had offended and affronted Shahjahan's

while His Majesty Jannat-Makani [Jahangir] was

The

over his past actions.

Khan was showered with

Sher Khan's

arrival of

princely favor and

issued saying that he should take control of to his trusted

letter

in

confirmed

servants

great trepidation

Therefore Sher

this.

made governor of Gujarat. An edict was the city of Ahmadabad and turn it over

men, and that Sayf Khan should be sent to court under guard. At

Khan was very

point Sayf

he was

alive,

came

ill,

and since the elder

of

sister

this

Her Majesty Mum-

tazuzzamani was married to Sayf Khan, and the queen was extremely fond of her ter,

it

was necessary

for

Khan was ordered

to

Shahjahan and not

let

at the

Shahjahan to curry her

go

to

Ahmadabad and

river.

Gonsequently Khidmatparast

bring Sayf

Khan from under guard

to

anything happen to him. The retinue crossed the River Narbada

Baba Byari crossing and stopped

banks of that

favor.

sis-

At that charming

the

in

site a

town

of ...

,^

which

located on the

is

celebration was held for the lunar weighing

of his thirty-seventh year.

Sayyid Diler Khan Barha, a matchless warrior, attained the felicity of paying homage and was promoted to the rank of 4000 / 3000 At the celebration it was learned .

from Sher Khan's report that ter that

some

of those

it

had been ascertained from Sahuka Ram of Gujarat's

who were

Lahore

in

who were keeping Dawarbakhsh under Shahryar and triumphed over him holed up

in

When vicinity of

let-

— namely Asaf Khan and other supporters thumbs — had gone out confront

their

in battle in

to

the vicinity of Lahore. Shahryar was

the Lahore fortress, which was really like a prison.

Khidmatparast Khan,

who had gone

Ahmadabad, Sher Khan came out

robe of honor, and he kissed the ground

accompany Khidmatparast Khan

to protect Sayf

to greet the imperial decree

in loyalty.

to court,

Khan, reached the

Sayf

and receive

Khan had no choice but

a

to

and through Her Highness's intercession

[Shahjahan] pardoned his offenses and released him. Sher Khan tended to the administration of the city

and then joined other amirs

Khan, and others

paying homage

When

in

the Kankriya tank outside

he remained there seven days

promoted Mirza

Isa

to the rank of

a

Mirza

Isa

Tarkhan, Mirza Wali

order to regulate

the site of Shahjahan's camp,

Sher Khan was

affairs in that land.

5000/5000 and made governor of Gujarat.

He promoted

Tarkhan to the rank of 4000 and made him governor of Thatta. For supervi-

sion of the imperial

Khan,

in

like

Mahmudabad. Ahmadabad became

in

workshops and regulation of

state affairs

devoted and trusted intimate, to Asaf Khan

own handwriting

in

Lahore.

saying that during this time of tribulation and

he sent Khidmatparast

He

wrote

strife,

if

a letter in his

they did away

with Khusraw's son Dawarbakhsh, his brother Shahryar, and Prince Danyal's sons, they

would save

his supporters a lot of worry.

2

Text has

P'a^e

SNBWR, no

such

name has been found

460

Appendix by

Mubamnuui-Hadi

©

The Khutba

On

Sunday the twenty-second

is

Read

Name

in the

of

of

Shahjahan

Jumada

I

1037 [January

titles

19,

1628], in the presence of

and private audience

his supporters in the portico of the hall of public

khutba was read with the name and

Lahore

in

in

Lahore, the

of the padishah, adorner of the throne of the

sultanate and glory.

Dawarbakhsh, days as

whom

His Majesty's supporters had elevated to the rule

temporary expedient and

a

On

imprisoned somewhere.

down

order to put

in

Wednesday

the eve of

for a

few

was arrested and

turmoil,

month

the twenty-fifth of the

[January 22], he, his brother Garshasp, Shahryar, and Prince Danyal's sons Tahmuras

and Hoshang were deprived of their At

went out

lives.

time the retinue reached the borders of the Rana's territory, and Rana Karan

this in

loyalty to pay

homage and

present an offering at Gogunda, where formerly

during Shahjahan's princely days he and his father, Rana felicity of kissing the threshold.

and gave him

favors 3.

with

A

lUhikdlniki

a

lewel that covers the

is

a

choker

a

Amar

Singh, had attained the

The generous emperor showered him with

robe of honor with

a

sorts of

all

ruby dhakdhaki worth thirty thousand

rupees,^ a jeweled sword, a jeweled dagger, a royal elephant with silver trappings, and a royal

Adam's apple.

horse with a golden saddle. His jagir was reconfirmed as before.

On

the banks of Lake

Mandal

a celebration

thirty-seventh year of the emperor's

On

the seventeenth of

A|mer was honored by the ited the shrine

on

foot,

Jumada

was held

I

all

weighing

for the

[January 14, 1628] the courtyard of the shrine at

As

arrival of the retinue.

made

for the solar

life.

his grandfather

sorts of charitable contributions,

had done, he

vis-

and planned con-

struction of a fine stone mosque, ordering the builders to complete the job in a short time. At

Mahabat Khan Khankhanan

Sipahsalar's request

and the surrounding parganas to him

as a jagir

and

he gave the souba of Ajmer

set out for the capital.

Along the

way Khan Alam, Muzaffar Khan Ma'muri, Bahadur Khan Uzbek, Raja Jai Singh, Ani Rai Singhdalan, Raja Bharat Bundela, Sayyid Bahwa Bukhari, and many servants came

m

yearning and loyalty to

On

retinue stopped outside

nor of the

The

kiss the

ground.

the eve of Thursday the twenty-sixth of

city,

paid

Akbarabad

in

the

homage and rubbed

Jumada

I

[lanuary 23], the imperial

Nur Manzil garden. Qasim Khan, his

forehead on the ground

the gover-

in loyalty.

next morning, Thursday, Shahjahan proceeded, mounted on an elephant and

escorted by good luck and fortune, into the

city,

scattering mountains of coins

left

and

right.

Since the hour for the auspicious accession to the throne of the caliphate and

world

rule

in

was on Tuesday the seventh

the palace he had occupied

On

of

Jumada

when he was

II

[February

3],

he stayed

for ten days

a prince.

the above-mentioned date he entered the fortress and sat

upon the throne

in

The khutba and coinage were put in his name, in the name of Abu'l-Muzaffar Shahjahan Padishah Ghazi. The ancient Shihabuddin Muhammad Sahib-Qiran the Hall of Public and Private Audience.

and the

seal

of state

on edicts and decrees was II

world turned young again, and the world received peace and

security.

1

Jahan^irnama Chronology

REGNAL YEAR

BEGINS 20 jam. I

I

ON II

1014

Dhu'l-Q. 1014

22 Dhu'l-Q. 1015

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS Oct. 23, 1605 Mar.

10,

1606

Mar. 11,1 607

Accession First

Nawroz

J.

leaves Lahore for Kabul (Mar., 1607)

j.

arrives in

Kabul

(Jun. 4, 1607)

Lunar weighing ceremony

J.

2

Dhu'l-H

1016

Mar

1608

9,

21, 1607)

(Jul.

leaves Kabul (Aug., 1607)

Solar weighing

III

1607)

(Jul, 3,

Khurram's weighing ceremony

stops

j.

arrives in

in

ceremony

(Sept. 14, 1607)

Delhi (Feb., 1608)

j.

Agra (Mar.

1

1608)

1,

Lunar weighing ceremony (June 22, 1608) Solar weighing ceremony (Sept. 2, 1608) j.

IV

14 Dhu'l-H. 1017

Mar. 11,1 609

visits

Akbar's

tomb

(Oct. 17, 1608)

Lunar weighing ceremony

1609)

(jun. 12,

Parvez departs on the Deccan campaign (Oct.

V

24 Dhu'l-H. 1018

VI

6

VII

1

VIII

Muh. 1020 6

Muh.

1

02

28 Muh. 1022

Mar.

10,

1610

Mar.

11,

1611

Mar.

9,

Mar.

10,

1612 1613

Arrival of Yadgar-Ali, Iranian

Solar weighing

ceremony

ambassador (Mar.

(Sep.

1609)

29, 1611)

1612)

3,

Lunar weighing ceremony (May

3,

6,

1613)

ceremony (Aug. 31, 1613) j. leaves Agra for Ajmer (Sept., 1613) j. arrives m Aimer (Nov., 1613) Khurram sent to Mewar (Dec. 16, 1613) Solar weighing

IX

9 Safar

1

023

Mar.

11,

1614

Solar weighing

Khurram

X

20 Salar 1024

Mar.

11,

1615

Birth of

ceremony

returns from

(Sept. 5, 1614)

Mewar

Dara-Shikoh (Mar.

(Feb. 20, 1615)

20, 1615)

Lunar weighing ceremony (Apr. XI

1

Rah.

I

1025

Mar.

9,

1616

News Death

of

Murtaza Khan's death

18,

1615)

arrives

(May

9,

1616)

of Khurram's infant daughter (June 5, 1616)

Birth of Shah-Shuja' (June 2

Solar weighing

Khurram

ceremony

1,

1616)

(Sept. 5, 1616)

sent to the Deccan,

I.

departs Ajmer (Oct. 31, 1616)

J.

arrives

on the border of Malwa

J.

arrives

m

(jan.

15,

1617)

Mandu,- Khurram enters Burhanpur (Mar.

3,

1617)

461

1

462

Chronology

XII

1

2 Rab.

1026

1

Mar.

10,

1617

Lunar weighing ceremony (Mar. 20, 1617)

Khurram pays homage and (Oct. j.

departs

J.

enters

j.

XIII

23 Rab.

1

1027

Mar.

10,

1618

4 Rab.

1028

1

Mar.

1

L 1619

XVI

5 Rab.

11

1029

Mar.

1

27 Rab.

II

1030

Mar.

1

1

XVII

8

XVIII

20 jum

XIX

jum.

1031

1

29 jum.

1

1

1032

1033

1622

Mar.

12,

1623

Mar.

9,

1

624

XX

10 jum.

11

1034

Mar.

10,

XXI

22 jum.

11

1035

Mar.

1

XXII

3

Rajab 1036

Mar.

10,

1627

,

1618)

1618)

Kashmir (Oct., 1619) Muradbakhsh (Dec. 8, 1619)

returns to Agra (Feb., 1621) leaves

Agra

for a tour of the hill

country (Oct., 1621)

of I'timaduddawla (Jan. 17, 1622)

Death

of Prince

Khusraw

(Feb, 16, 1622)

Ajmer (May, 1623)

j.

arrives in

j

departs for Kashmir (Nov., 1623)

j.

arrives in

leaves

Kashmir

Kashmir

for

Lahore

(Sept,, 1624)

1625

L 1626

11

9,

Death

I

Shahjaha

24, 1618)

leaves for

j.

1,

Awrangzeb (Oct.

returns to Agra (Apr., 1619)

L 1621

title

for Gujarat (Oct. 4, 1617)

j.

I.

1

Mandu

j.

L 1620

Mar.

awarded the

Lunar weighing ceremony (Mar

Birth of

XV

is

1617)

Ahmadabad (Jan. 5, 1618) departs Ahmadabad for Malwa (Feb.

Birth of

XIV

1,

j.

goes to Kabul (Apr., 1626)

J

leaves Kabul (Aug., 1626)

j

arrives in

j.

departs for Kashmir

j.

dies (Oct. 29, 1627)

Lahore (Oct., 1626)

G1 ossary

abdarkhana

the imperial department of libations, which furnished drinking

water and other potables abpashi

a festival

during which rose water was squirted on participants

(103b) ahadi

a single soldier, i.e.

akhtmd

a

al

tamgha

Muslim

not attached

as a liege

the red, or vermillion,

seal,

the advance guard of the center of the

altun tam^ba

a

ananas

pineapple,

anand

rest,

ani rat

troop commander,

arghushtak

a folk

ashrafi

a

commander

army

designed by Jahangir (9a)

seal

name taken from

repose

(

I

the Portuguese (3a,

1

37b, 220a)

28b) title

given to

Anup

dance witnessed by Jahangir

in

Rai (75b)

Kabul (43a)

gold coin

ashram

each of the four stages of

atah'cj

royal tutor

badar

a

bagh

garden

bahadur

champion,

bah a

cart

I

to a

the great seal of state (9a)

altmish

gold

man

divine, teacher

a

Brahmin's

life

(

massive rope net used to contain animals

( 1

in

the hunt' (494)

I

For an Illustration ot a

Beach a

warrior

tig.

title

et

al,,

bcui^ ef'S

1|

pi H

I'l

,1

I

1

I

iii

ll

Pll i

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il

ill

III

H

llllij

ill iil

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iiiiiiiii nillPiiHI ililllllH Hi

m H vwity'H''' iiiiiiiii

'

‘

iHi

ii

illliiiM BSBBliliSliHSP™

va

Si

^

iliili

'“iili

llliiMill

ilWliiiMHMiiiHHia

liliM

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BIIIM

Mil

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