Humberside Medieval Pottery, Parts i and ii: an illustrated catalogue of Saxon and medieval domestic assemblages from North Lincolnshire and its surrounding region 9781407391236, 9781407391243, 9780860543336, 9781407317533
142 24 365MB
English Pages [756] Year 1985
Front Cover: Part i
Copyright
Acknowledgements
LIST OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2. STRATIFIED AND ASSOCIATED GROUPS OF POTTERY
CHAPTER 3. A CATALOGUE OF UNSTRATIFIED ASSEMBLAGES
CHAPTER 4. REGIONAL KILN ASSEMBLAGES
CHAPTER 5. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE REGIONAL TRADITIONS
Front Cover: Part ii
Copyright
LIST OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations
CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 7. EPILOGUE
APPENDIX A. GRANTS OF FAIRS AND MARKETS IN THE NORTH RIDING OF LINDSEY TAKEN FROM THE CALENDAR OF CHARTER ROLLS
APPENDIX B. List of unstratified assemblages producing the principal types of late-medieval imported pottery
Bibliography
Plates
Recommend Papers
- Author / Uploaded
- Colin Hayfield
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Humberside Medieval Pottery an illustrated catalogue of Saxon and medieval domestic assemblages from North Lincolnshire and its surrounding region
Part i
Colin Hayfield
BAR British Series 140(i) 1985
B.A.R.
5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, England.
GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B. Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.
B.A.R. 1L.1-0 (I), 1985: 'Humb erside Medieval Pottery' Part I
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407391236 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407391243 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860543336 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407317533 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543336 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
T hese v olumes a re d edicated t o E leanor a nd R ex R ussell o f P riestgate, B arton-on-Humber, f or w ithout t heir m any y ears o f f ieldwork i n L incolnshire,
t his r esearch c ould n ever h ave
b een u ndertaken.
A cknowledgements
T his b ody o f e vidence w as c ollected t hrough t he e xcavation a nd f ieldwork o f a g reat m any p eople o ver m any y ears. U ndoubtedly t he g reatest c ontribution w as m ade b y E leanor a nd R ex R ussell; t heir w ork o ver s everal d ecades w as u npaid, t oo o ften u nnoticed, y et a lways t horough a nd c onsistent. S pecial t hanks a re a lso d ue t o E lsie a nd R on N ewton o f B arton-on-Humber, w hose w ork o n t he H umber f oreshore o ver t he l ast d ecade h as p rovided a r emarkable b ody o f e vidence r elating t o t he r egion 's c oastal t rade. I nevitably i n a w ork o f t his t ype, d ebts o f g ratitude a re o wed t o m any, t he f ollowing l ines c an o nly n ame a f ew . T o J ean L e P atourel w ho f irst i ntroduced m e t o t he s tudy o f m edieval p ottery. T o K evin L ehey a nd A ndrew W hite f or a llowing m e r epeated a ccess t o p illage t heir m useum c ollections a t S cunthorpe a nd L incoln. T hanks a re d ue t o P aul B uckland, P hillip D ixon, J ohn H urst, S teven M oorhouse a nd G areth W atkins f or c onstant h elp a nd a dvice. I n p articular, t o G lyn C oppack w ho e nabled m e t o u ndertake t his p rogramme o f r esearch , a nd w ho f or m any y ears h as p rovided i nvaluable h elp a nd g uidance o n a ll a spects o f t his w ork, a nd w ho p rovided a s ympathetic e ar t o t he m any p roblems, b oth r eal a nd i magined, e ncountered d uring i ts c ourse. F inally, I w ish t o t hank R uth R obinson f or t yping t he o riginal t hesis, J oan B uckland f or t yping t he p resent t ext, a nd G eoff D owling f or t he p hotographic w ork.
C olin H ayfield U niversity o f B irmingham , J une 1 985
I
L IST O F C ONTENTS V OLUME 1
P age
A cknowledgements C ontents L ist o f A bbreviations L ist o f S ite C odes C hapter 1 : I NTRODUCTION a .
S ummary
b .
T he A rea o f S tudy
c .
C hronological R ange
d .
B ackground S tudies
e .
f .
0
0
1 .
N ational .
2 .
R egional .
4
0
4
4
0
4
0
0
0
0
O
.
0
0
4
.
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 1 2 3 3
0
A pproach a nd M ethods o f S tudy 1 .
A pproach .
2 .
M ethods o f S tudy
F abric C lassification
0
.
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
4
0
0
4
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4 6 6 8 1 1
C hapter 2 : S TRATIFIED A ND A SSOCIATED G ROUPS O F P OTTERY a .
S ummary
b .
I ntroduction
c .
L ist o f S tratified S ites a nd A rchaeological S ynopsis o f e ach S ite
•
•
O
e
e
e
4
4
0
0
•
d .
4
0
O de
0
4
•
•
1
0
0
4
0
0
•
i .
N orth L incolnshire
i i.
S outh L incolnshire
0
0
.
i ii.
Y orkshire, E ast R iding
i v.
Y orkshire, W est R iding
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
.
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
.
0
.
.
.
2 1 2 1
2 4 2 4 3 0 3 1 3 5
M iddle a nd l ate-Saxon S tratified G roups a nd P hase-groups 3 6 i . i i.
L ist o f S ites p roducing S axon G roups
.
.
3 6
T he S axon G roups
.
.
3 6
.
I I
.
.
P age._ i ii.
e .
D iscussion o f t he S axon P ottery G roups H and-finished f abrics
••
••
••
W heel-finished f abrics
••
••
• •
.
4 9
••
4 9
e
•
E arly-Medieval S tratified G roups a nd P hase-Groups i . i i. i ii.
5 4
L ist o f S ites p roducing E arly-Medieval G roups T he E arly-Medieval G roups .
4 0
0
0
D iscussion o f t he E arly-Medieval G roups
5 1
5 4
.
0
*
0
5 4 1 02
T he D evelopment o f t he E arly-Medieval F abrics a nd F orms . .
1 02
T he E vidence f or a l ate-Saxon/Early-Medieval O verlap . . . . .
1 04
0
0
0 .
0
0
T he 1 2th C entury C ollapse o f t he P ottery I ndustry a nd i ts R evival i n t he 1 3th C entury •• 1 05 F abric S tandardisation a nd J ug D evelopment d uring t he 1 2th C entury . . . . . 1 06 f .
H igh-Medieval S tratified G roups a nd P hase-Groups i . i i. i ii.
.
L ist o f S ites p roducing H igh-Medieval G roups T he H igh-Medieval G roups
.
.
O
.
D iscussion o f t he H igh-Medieval G roups T he D evelopment o f R egional T raditions T he I ntroduction o f aS eries o f n ew F abric T raditions . . 0
0
T he I nfluence o f I mported F orms
1 11 9
0
1 73
.
1 73
0
0
0
0
0
4
.
0
i i. i ii.
..
0
0
4
0
D iscussion o f t he L ate-Medieval G roups D evelopments i n R egional T raditions
..
T he D ecline o f t he T raditional M edieval C oarsewares 0
i v
4
4
0
0
0
1 76
1 80
L ist o f S ites p roducing L ate-Medieval G roups T he L ate-Medieval G roups
1 74
1 77
L ate-Medieval S tratified G roups a nd P hase-Groups i .
1 11
.
T he M ove f rom U rban t o R ural B ased P otteries g .
1 11
1 80 .
0
1 80
••
2 15
••
2 15
O
.
2 17
P age N ew F abrics, n ew F orms a nd c hanging P riorities
2 18
T he I nfluence o f I mported F orms
2 21
••
••
C hapter 3 : A C ATALOGUE O F U NSTRATIFIED A SSEMBLAGES a .
I ntroduction
b .
N orth R iding o f L indsey
0
0
2 23
0
0
0
0
0
2 26
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 26
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
•
.
0
0
0
0
O
4
0
0
0
0
.
.
0
4
0
0
0
4
0
0
B radley W apentake
O
H averstoe W apentake
.
.
i ii.
L udborough W apentake
.
.
i v.
W alshcroft W apentake
4
.
v .
Y arborough W apentake
.
.
•
•
•
•
4
0
0
0
W est R iding o f L indsey i . i i. i ii. i v. v .
A slacoe W apentake A xhholme W apentake C orringham W apentake L awress W apentake M anley W apentake
S outh R iding o f L indsey i . i i. i ii. i v. v . v i. v ii. v iii.
e .
0
.
0
i i.
d .
0
.
0
i .
c .
.
0
9
4
0
2 34
2 73
.
2 73 2 74
.
.
..
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
0
4
4
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
V
0
0
.
.
.
0
4
4
4
C andleshoe W apentake
.
.
G artree W apentake
.
.
0
0
0
H orncastle W apentake
.
L outhesk W apentake
..
W raggoe W apentake
.
0
0
.
.
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
U nstratified R egional A ssemblages
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
.
0
4
0
2 44
..
.
O
H ill W apentake
4
2 34
.
B olingbroke W apentake •• C alcewath W apentake
0
2 29
2 78 2 82 2 83 2 97
..
2 97
..
2 97
..
2 97
..
2 97
.
2 97
..
2 97
.
2 97
.
.
..
3 03 3 06
C hapter 4 : R EGIONAL K ILN A SSEMBLAGES a .
I ntroduction
0
.,
0
V
4
0
4
0
4
0
0
3 08
P age b . C.
AS election o f R egional K iln A ssemblages
3 10
C omparison o f t he L ocation o f t he R egion's k nown R oman a nd M edieval P ottery K ilns
3 19
C hapter 5 : A NALYSIS A ND D ISCUSSION O F T HE R EGIONAL T RADITIONS a .
I ntroduction
•
•
•
•
•
•
R egional T radition : H and-finished S axon F abrics radition : S hell-tempered W ares R egional T
3 21 •
R egional T radition : C oarse S andy W ares R egional T radition : G rit-tempered W ares
•
•
.
•
•
3 43 •
•
3 47
•
•
3 55
R egional T radition : M edium S andy F abrics radition : W hitewares R egional T radition : H umberwares R egional T
•
•
3 27 3 34
R egional T radition : F ine S andy F abrics R egional T radition : O rangewares
3 20
3 63 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3 71 3 76
radition : T oynton/Bolingbroke F abrics R egional T
3 84
radition R egional T
3 90
:C oal M easure F abrics
radition : C istercian W ares R egional T
B
O
0
0
3 93
V OLUME 2 C hapter 6 : D ISCUSSION a .
R egional P ottery T ypology a nd T echnology ••
4 01
.
4 01
1 .
P ottery T ypology
••
2 .
S ome G eneral A spects o f P ottery T echnology
b .
R egional T raditions - A G eographical A ssessment
c .
M arketing a nd D istribution M odels
•
•
•
•
•
•
4 02
•
•
4 04
•
•
4 08
T he M edieval F air i n N orth L incolnshire
4 18 4 20
C hapter 7 : E PILOGUE A PPENDICES A ppendix A : G rants o f F airs a nd M arkets i n t he N orth R iding o f L indsey t aken f rom t he C alendar o f C harter R olls
v i
4 22
P age A ppendix B : L ist o f U nstratified A ssemblages p roduc ing T ypes o f L ate-Medieval i mported P ottery .
4 26
B IBL IOGRAPHY
4 27
F IGURES
•
•
•
•
- 2 90
v i i
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
L ist o f A bbreviations a :
F abric T raditions C oarse S andy f abrics C IST
C istercian w ares
C M
C oal M easure f abrics F ine s and-tempered f abrics G ritty f abrics H umberwares I mported f abrics M edium S andy f abrics
0
O rangewares S hell-tempered f abrics
S X
H and-finished S axon f abrics T oynton/Bolingbroke t ypes W hitewares
T hese f abric c odes a re u sually m odified b y a n a ppended l etter o r n umeral t o d enote t he p articular s ub-type o f t he f abric, f or e xample, S XG o r 0 2. T hese s ub-type a re f ully o utlined o n p ages 1 3-20.
b :
V essel F orms b owl B D
b asting d ish c up
C N
c istern
C P
c ooking-pot
C W
c urfew j ug d rinking m ug
O T
o ther p ipkin
P N c :
p ancheon
G eneral B& S
b urnt a nd s ooted
C B
c oil-built
•C R D SG
c ore d eveloped s plashed g laze
H F
h and-finished
H L
h ighlights
I S
i nner s urface
K T
k nife-trimmed
L HA
l ower h andle a ttachment
M G
m argins
O G
o rdinary ( suspension) g laze
O S
o uter s urface s herds
S G
s plashed g laze
S VR
s herd/vessel r atio
U HA
u pper h andle a ttachment
V
v essels
W F
w heel-finished
W T
w heelthrown
L ist o f S ite C odes
A k
A lkborough
C x
C roxton
A p
A ppleby
C y
C roxby
A s
A shby b y P artney
D n
D oncaster
A t
A lthorpe
E d
E dlington
A y
A ylesby
E l
E lsham
B a
B arlings
E n
N orth E lkington
B c
B urnham
E p
E pworth
B g
B rigg
F b
F irsby H all
B h
B rough
F l
F lixborough
B i
B inbrooke
F o
F ordington
B k
B rocklesby
F r
F rodingham
B I
B elton
F s
S outh F erriby
B m
B rumby
F sH
S outh F erriby H aven
B n
B olton/Fangfoss
G a
G ainsborough
B n
B oston
G m
G rimsby
B o
B onby
G n
G lentham
B p
B uslingthorpe
G o
G oltho
B rackenborough
C r
G rainsby
B r
B arrow-upon-Humber
G s
G reat S turton
B rH
B arrow-Haven
G t
G lentworth
B q
•
B s
B urton-upon-Stather
C u
G autby
B t
B arton-on-Humber
G x
G oxhill
B tH
B arton H aven
G xl
G oxhill H aven
B u
B roughton
G y
G rayingham
B y
B everley
H a
H abrough
B w
W est B utterwick
H b
H awerby c um B eesby
C a
C alceby
H c
H olton L e C lay
C b
C abourne
H d
H edon
C d
C adney
H e
E ast H alton
C h
C onisbrough
H eH
E ast H alton S kitter
C k
C owick
H i
H ibaldstow
C l
C leethorpes
H k
H orkstow
C m
C owick M oat
H u
H ull
C n
C onesby
H m
H olton-Le-Moor
C o
C oningsby
H n
H ackthorn
C r
C orringham
H o
H olme upon-Spalding-Moor
C s
C aistor
H p
H ayes P riory
H r
H orncastle
N h
N ettleham
H u
H umberston
NL
T oft N ewton
H y
H emingby
N w
N ormanby L e W old
H w
W est H alton
O b
O ld B olingbroke
H x
H axey
O g
O sgodby
H y
H aytheby
O m
N orth O rmsby
I m
I mmingham
O n
N orth O wersby
K b
K eelby
O s
S outh O wersby
K e
L ittle K elk
P h
P otter H anworth
K g
K ingerby
R a
R aventhorpe
K i
K irmond L e M ire
R b
R iby
K k
K etsby
R d
R edbourn
K i
K illingholme
R g
R oughton
K m
K irmington
R i
R isby
K n
N orth K elsey
R n
R and
K r
K irkstead
R o
R oxton
K s
S outh K elsey
R v
W est R ayendale
K t
K ettleby T horpe
R w
W est R asen
K y
E ast K irkby
R x
R oxby
L g
G reat L imber
S a
S axby
X
L i
L incoln
S b
S cawby
L n
L inwood
S c
S crafield
L o
L owthorpe
S f
S narford
L s
L issington
S g
S outh C ockerington
M a
M areham
S i
S kidbrooke
M 1
M altby
S i
S tainton b y L angton
M r
M arket R asen
S m
S omerby
N e
N ettleton
S n
S cotton
S o
S outhorpe
S r
S cotter
S t
S tallingborough
S u
S utterby
S w
S winehope
S x
S ixhills
T c
T hornton C urtis
T e
T etney L ock
T g
T horganby
T h
T healby
T k
T orksey
T m
T hornton-Le-Moor
T p
T hornholme P riory
T r
T horesway
T y
T oynton-all-Saints
W a
W aithe
W b
W alesby
W c
W alcot
W d
W addingham
W g
W inghale P riory
W h
W ragholme
W 1
W illoughton
W m
W interingham
W n
W interton
W o
W orlaby
W p
W harram P ercy
W r
W root
W t
W hitton
W w
W rawby
x i
C HAPTER 1
a .
I NTRODUCTION
S ummary
T his b ook c omprises a c orpus o f t he a vailable s tratified a nd u nstratified S axon a nd m edieval d omestic p ottery f rom N orth L incolnshire, w hich w ill b e c onsidered a nd e valuated i n c onjunction w ith a s election o f c ontemporary m aterial f rom i ts s urrounding r egion. I t i s t herefore p rincipally a w ork o f c atalogue a nd i llustration, a lthough l ater c hapters w ill a ttempt t o d raw t he p rincipal s trands o f t his e vidence t ogether t o p rovide a s ynopsis o f t he o rigins a nd d evelopments o f t he m edieval p ottery i ndustry i n N orth L incolnshire. T he p ottery d escribed a nd i llustrated h ere w as o riginally s tudied b y t he w riter a s a d octoral t hesis p resented t o t he U niversity o f N ottingham i n O ctober 1 982. T here w as a mple o pportunity i n w riting t hat t hesis t o p rovide d etailed d escriptions f or e ach o f t he i llust rated v essels, h owever, t heir s heer b ulk m akes t heir i nclusion h ere i mpractical. S everal a dditional g roups o f r egional m aterial h ave b een i ncluded t o h elp c larify t he r egional i nfluences w hich a ffected p ottery p roduction i n N orth L incolnshire. b .
T he A rea o f S tudy
T he s tudy a rea c an b e l oosely t ermed ' Humberside' ( Fig.1), y et i t w ill e ncompass a w ider g eographical a rea t han t he m odern, r ather a rtificial, a dministrative c ounty o f H umberside. T his ' region ' s tretches f rom t he e ast c oast d own t o C entral L incolnshire i n t he s outh, t o D oncaster i n t he w est, a nd n orthwards t o t he V ale o f P ickering i n Y orkshire ( Fig.2). T here w as n o p erceived s ignificance i n t his c hoice o f a rea, a nd n one w ill b e f ound i n t he e nsuing p ages; i t r eflects o nly t he d istribution o f p ottery a ssemblages s tudied b y t he w riter.
T he H umber e stuary a nd i ts n umerous t ributaries d ominate t his r egion ( Fig.2). A part f rom t he r iver W itham i n S outh L incolnshire a nd t he m inor c oastal r ivers a long t he e astern e dge o f t he W olds, t he n atural d rainage i n t his a rea g ravitates t owards t he H umber, a f actor w hich e xerted a s trong i nfluence o n t he d istributional p attern o f t he v arious f abric t raditions w hich h ave b een i dentified. T he H umber b isects t he n orth-south r idge o f C halk W olds w hich p rovides t he p rincipal a reas o f h igh g round w ithin t he r egion, r ising t o a h eight o f 2 46m. i n Y orkshire a nd 1 68m . i n L incolnshire a long t he c rest o f t he w estern s carp a nd f alling m ore g ently t owards t he e astern s eaboard. S urrounding t he W olds a re a reas o f l ow , a lluvial l ands a ssoc iated w ith t he f lood p lains o f t he m ajor r ivers, A ncholme, T rent, D on, A ire, O use, D erwent a nd H ull. N ot a ll t hese l ow l ands w ere c apable o f s upporting s ettlement o r a griculture d uring t he m edieval p eriod. T he l ower r eaches o f m ost o f t hese H umber t ributaries c ont ained l arge e xpanses o f m arsh a nd p oorly d rained l and k nown l ocally a s c arrs. S uch a reas w ere t hinly p opulated d uring t he m edieval p eriod a nd t hey i mposed n atural i mpediments t o t ravel, a nd h ence t rade,
1
b etween t he v arious p arts o f t he r egion. C omparatively l ittle w ork h as b een c arried o ut o n t he m edieval g eography o f H umberside, a lthough d etailed s tudies h ave b een m ade o f t he m eres a nd c arrs a round t he I sle o f A xholme ( Dunston 1 909) a nd a long t he r iver H ull i n H olderness ( Sheppard 1 958 ,1966). M odern L incolnshire d ivides i nto f our b road g eographical z ones, A xholme, t he A ncholme v alley, t he W olds a nd t he e astern s eaboard ( Swinnerton a nd K ent 1 966, F ig.1, x ii-xiii), w hilst e ighteen v arieties o f s oil t ype h ave b een i dentified w ithin t he c ounty ( Straw 1 969). D istinctions i n t he g eology a nd s oil t ypes, a lthough i mportant t o b oth s ettlement a nd t ownship f ormation , a ppear t o h ave h ad l ittle i mpact o n t he d istribution o f m edieval p ottery f abrics. c .
C hronological R ange
T his s tudy w ill c onsider t he p ottery i ndustry o f H umberside f rom t he e nd o f t he R oman p eriod t o t he D issclution o f t he M onasteries t hat i s f rom a pproximately A D 4 10 t o A D 1 540. T his t erminal d ate i s c onsiderably l ater t han t hat c onventionally a ccepted b y h istorians a s t he e nd o f t he m edieval p eriod. I t w as c hosen, h owever, b ecause i t c onveniently e ncompassed t he f inal p ottery g roups f rom t he s everal m onastic s ites t o h ave b een e xcavated w ithin t he r egion a nd b ecause i t a lso e mbraces t he i mportant t ransitions t hat t ook p lace i n E nglish p ottery c .1500 w hich w ere t o d istinguish t he m edieval f rom t he p ost m edieval — i ndustries. T he p agan S axon p ottery o f t he r egion h as r ecently b een r eviewed a s p art o f a m ore g eneral s tudy o f A nglo-Saxon H umberside ( Eagles 1 979), w ith t he e mphasis p laced o n t he m ore p lentiful d ecorated, f unerary v essels r ecovered f rom t he r egion 's c remation c emeteries. T his b ook w ill t herefore a ttempt t o c ompliment E agles' w ork f or t his p eriod b y c oncentrating o n t he l esser k nown d omestic p ottery. F or c onvenience, t he 100 y ears t hat f all w ithin t his s tudy h ave b een d ivided b elow i nto s even t ime-phases w hich w ill b e u sed t o a ssess t he d evelopment o f t he r egion's p ottery i ndustry i n C hapter 2 . I n s ome c ases, t hese t ime-phases c oincide w ith n ationally p erceived d ivisions i n m edieval p ottery m anufacture o r a ccepted h istorical d ivisions ( Blake a nd D avey 1 983), h owever, t heir u se i n t his b ook i s r estricted t o t heir r egional s ignificance. i .
c .410-650
e arly-Saxon
i i.
6 50-850
m iddle-Saxon
i ii.
8 50-1050
l ate-Saxon
i v.
1 050-1200
e arly-medieval
v .
1 200-1400
h igh-medieval
v i.
1 400-1500
l ate-medieval
v ii.
1 500-1540
e arly-post-medieval
2
d .
B ackground S tudies
1 .
N ational
D uring t he 1 9th c entury, m any p rovincial m useums a cquired c ons iderable c ollections o f m edieval p ottery a s a r esult o f i nner c ity d evelopment a nd a ntiquarian i nterests. S uch c ollections w ere u sually c onfined t o w hole, o r n ear c omplete, v essels s alvaged a s c urios w ith l ittle r egard f or t he r ecording o f e ither t he c ircumstances o f t heir d iscovery o r a ny o ther a rtifactual a ssociations. A m ore c areful p rogramme o f m edieval e xcavation o nly d eveloped a fter t he S econd W orld W ar, r esulting i n t he g radual a ccumulation o f s tratified g roups o f m edieval p ottery. T he w ork o f J ope ( 1952-3, 1 963), D unning ( 1956, 1 959, 1 968) a nd H urst ( 1956, 1 959, 1 962-3) p laced t he s tudy o f m edieval p ottery o n a f irmer c hronological f ooting, f ocusing o n t ypological d evelopment a nd t he d istribution o f s tyles, f orms a nd f abrics. A t t his s tage, i t w as s till p ossible f or t hese m en t o m aintain a n ationwide k nowledge o f n ew f inds a nd n ew d evelopments, a nd t ogether t hey l aid t he f ounda tions o f t he s ubject. A lmost a ll p ottery w as, h owever, i dentified b y e ye, w ith g reater c oncern e xpressed o ver f orm , c olour a nd d ecorative s tyles t han f abric c omposition. T he g reat e xpansion o f u rban a rchaeology t hat t ook p lace i n t he 1 970s f ollowing t he i ncreases i n g overnment f unding t o a id ' Rescue A rchaeology', l ed t o t he r ecovery o f v ast q uantities o f s tratified m edieval p ottery. I t w as n o l onger p ossible f or t his s mall n umber o f e xperts t o d eal w ith t his n ew m aterial a nd t he r ecently e stablished u rban a rchaeology u nits b egan t o a ppoint s pecialists t o d eal s pecifica lly w ith t heir p ottery. A s m any o f t hese u rban c entres h ad t heir o wn p ottery i ndustries d uring t he m edieval p eriod w hose p roducts d ominated t heir a ssemblages, t here w as l ittle i ncentive t o l ook a t t he l argely u nstratified r ural p ottery f rom t heir s urrounding h interl ands. T he s heer v olume o f t hese u rban a ssemblages o ffered c onsidera ble n ew s cope t o d evelop m edieval p ottery s tudies, a lthough t he s ize a nd s cale o f t he e xcavations h as o ften r esulted i n c onsiderable d elay b etween e xcavation a nd p ublication. A s e ach n ew p rofessional p ottery s pecialist w as a lmost e ntirely c oncerned w ith a n i ndividual t own o r c ity, E nglish p ottery s tudies d eveloped a r egrettable, t hough p erhaps i nevitable, t endency f or p arochialism . A s i f t o c ompensate, g reater e mphasis w as n ow p laced o n t he a ssociations a nd s tratification o f t he p ottery w hilst t he s tudy o f t he f abric o r b ody o f t he p ottery b ecame m ore s ophisticated, a ided b y v arious s cientific a ids s uch a s t hin s ectioning a nd h eavy m ineral a nalysis ( Hodges, 1 964 ). I ndeed, t he s cale o f e xcavation a nd t he e normous q uantities o f p ottery r ecovered o ver t he l ast t wo d ecades, d emanded t hat t he w hole t heory a nd p rocess o f p ottery s tudy b ecome i ncreasingly m ore s cientific ( Peacock 1 970). T here r apidly d eveloped a n a wareness o f t he p ossibilities o f t he u se o f s tatistical t echniques ( Orton 1 980) a nd a c learer p erception o f t he n eed t o p lace t he v isual a nalysis o f p ottery f abrics o nto a m ore o bjective, s cient ifically s ound f ooting ( Williams 1 977). M ore r ecently, c omputers h ave b een e mployed t o h andle t he d ata s torage, s orting a nd s tudy o f t hese a ssemblages ( York 1 978).
3
I n 1 975, t he M edieval P ottery R esearch G roup w as f ormed, f ollowa s eries o f e xploratory m eetings, a nd a n umber o f w orking p arties w ere e stablished t o f ormulate r ecommendations a nd g uidelines f or t he c o-ordination a nd s tandardisation o f a pproach t o t he s tudy o f p ottery. D ue l argely t o a dministrative d elays, t heir r eports h ave o nly r ecently b een p ublished ( Blake a nd D avey 1 983) a nd, a s a n o fficial g overnment p ublication, h as s o f ar o nly r eceived a v ery l imited d istribution. N evertheless, t he a nnual m eetings o f t he M edieval P ottery R esearch G roup c ontinue t o a ct a s a f orum a nd i n r ecent y ears, a s eries o f ' regional b ranches ' h ave e merged t o c oo rdinate w ork w ithin t heir a reas. B oth a Y orkshire a nd a n E ast M idland g roup h ave n ow b een e stablished p roviding a s eries o f s eminars t o v iew n ew m aterial a nd t o d iscuss m utual p roblems. D uring t he 1 950s, J ope b egan a s ystematic, r egional s tudy o f t he m edieval p ottery f rom O xfordshire ( 1952-3, 1 956, 1 958) b ut i t w as n ot u ntil t he l ate 1 960s a nd e arly 1 970s t hat t he c hallenge o f a r egional s tudy w as a gain t aken u p, t his t ime b y B arker ( 1970) i n S hropshire a nd B arton ( 1979) i n S ussex. U nfortunately t he n ecessary f inancial r esources h ave r arely b een a vailable f or t his s ort o f w ork . I n m any w ays i t w as f ortuitous t hat a s eries o f r ural s ites w ere e xcavated i n N orth L incolnshire, r ather t han c oncentrating o n a s ingle u rban c entre, a nd i t w as t he p ost-excavation c ommitment o f t he t hen A ncient M onuments I nspectorate t o t hese e xcavations w hich h as c ulmina ted i n t he p resent s tudy. 2 .
R egional
T he c ollection a nd s tudy o f m edieval p ottery w ithin t he H umberside r egion c ommenced i n t he 1 9th c entury w ith t he s alvage o f a n umber o f c omplete, o r n ear c omplete, v essels i n t he w ake o f u rban r edevelopment. L arge c ollections w ere f ormed a t Y ork, D oncaster a nd L incoln d uring t his p eriod w hich, w ith f ew e xceptions, s till c omprise m ost o f t he m ore c omplete v essels a vailable f or s tudy. S cunthorpe m useum f ormed a c entre f or t he c ollection o f a rchaeol ogical m aterial f rom N orth L incolnshire. H arold D udley l aid t he f oundations f or t he m useum 's c ollection, h is w ork i n t he a rea w as c ollated i n E arly D ays i n N orth W est L incolnshire ( 1949). D udley 's m ain i nterests l ay i n t he p rehistoric a nd R oman p eriods a nd, a lthough s everal p ages o f E arly D ays w ere d evoted t o S axon m aterial, n o m edieval p ottery w as i ncluded. H e d id c ollect t wo i mportant g roups o f m edieval m aterial, h owever, o ne f rom t he d eserted v illage s ite o f G reat C onesby i n 1 929 ( Dudley 1 931, 8 4, F igs.38-9), a nd t he o ther f rom a r oad w idening a t B roughton i n 1 936 ( Moorhouse 1 974a). A s t he t itle o f E arly D ays s uggests, D udley's e fforts w ere l argely c onf ined t o t he n orth-west o f t he c ounty, l ittle w as k nown o f t he a rchaeo logy o f n orth-east L incolnshire; a b ias w hich h as p ersisted t o t he p resent d ay. D uring t he 1 950s, a n umber o f d evelopments t ook p lace. T hese i ncluded e xcavations o n s everal r ural s ites a round L incoln; R iseholme d eserted m edieval v illage ( DMV) i n 1 954-5 ( Thompson 1 960), S omerby a nd' Snarford D MV's i n 1 957 ( Mynard 1 969 a nd W est 1 969), a nd t he B ishop 's P alace s ite a t N ettleham i n 1 959 ( Russell a nd M oorhouse 1 971).
T heir
r esults
t ook
s ome
t ime
4
t o
p ublish
a nd
t heir
p ottery
r eports a ll a nd d ating.
l ooked
p rimarily
t o
t he
c ity
o f
L incoln
f or
c omparison
D uring t he 1 960s, R ex a nd E leanor R ussell o f B arton-on-Humber b egan t heir r emarkable c ollection o f u nstratified p ottery b y w alking p loughed m edieval s ites a nd f rom t heir m onitoring o f e arthwork d est ruction. A ll t heir p ottery w as c arefully r ecorded a nd l abelled, a nd i t f orms t he b asis o f t he r egion's u nstratified a ssemblages c atalogued i n C hapter 3 . H urst b egan t he s ystematic s tudy o f m edieval p ottery f rom L incolnshire i n t he e arly 1 960s d rawing h eavily o n t he R ussell c ollection. H is c atalogue w as r ecorded o n a c ard i ndex a nd, a lthough n ever p ublished, i t w as a n i mportant f oundation f or t he s ubsequent w ork o f b oth M oorhouse a nd t he p resent w riter. D uring t he e arly 1 970s M oorhouse b egan a s eries o f p oste xcavation p rojects i n L incolnshire w hich i nvolved t he s tudy a nd p ublication o f s everal s mall p ottery g roups. T hese i ncluded t he m edieval a ssemblages f rom N ettleham ( Russcll a nd M oorhouse 1 971), B oston ( Moorhouse 1 972), K ettleby T horpe ( Russell e t a l 1 974 ,15-26) a nd B roughton ( Moorhouse 1 974a). I n t he l atter t wo r eports, h e a ttempted t o d efine s ome o f t he p rincipal N orth L incolnshire f abric t ypes, a nd t o d iscuss s ome o f t he p roblems. T his i ncluded a n i mport ant a ssessment o f t he d evelopment a nd d istribution o f s hell-tempered w ares i n t he r egion ( ibid, 7 -8). F rom t he m id-1970s, t he D epartment o f t he E nvironment b egan e xcavations o n s everal m edieval s ites i n N orth L incolnshire, i ncluding T hornholme P riory ( 1974-80), E pworth M anor ( 1975-6), B urnham C hapel ( 1977) a nd B arton-on-Humber ( 1978-83). A ll t hese s ites, p articularly T hornholme P riory, p roduced a n umber o f s tratified p ottery g roups w hich o ffered n ew o pportunities f or a f uller d efinition o f l ocal f abrics a nd, f or t he f irst t ime, a c hance t o e stablish t heir d ate r ange a nd d evelopment. O n a r egional l evel, t he h istory a nd d evelopment o f p ottery s tudies i n L incoln h as r ecently b een o utlined b y C oppack ( 1980). A lthough a m ajor e xcavation t ook p lace a t F laxengate b etween 1 9458 , i t w as n ot p ublished u ntil 1 973 ( Coppack 1 973) a nd t ogether w ith t he B ishop 's P alace s ite ( Coppack 1 975) a nd B roadgate ( Adams 1 977), i t f ormed t he b asis f or m edieval p ottery s tudies f rom t he c ity. T he S axon a nd m edieval p ottery f rom e xcavations b y t he L incoln A rchaeological T rust i s b eing s tudied b y L auren A dams-Gilmour. A n a ssessment o f m edieval p ottery d evelopment w ithin L incolnshire a s a w hole w as m ade b y H ilary H ealey ( 1975) i n a n u npublished M .Phil. t hesis f or t he U niversity o f N ottingham. T his w as b iased t owards t he t hen m ore p lentiful e vidence f rom t he s outh o f t he c ounty, w ith a n e mphasis o n t he l ate-medieval k iln g roups f rom S outh L incolnshire. H er w ork s uffered f rom t he l ack o f a vailable s tratified g roups w hich c ould h ave p rovided a c loser c hronological d efinition t o t he r ange o f f abrics a nd f orms s he p resented. .A t D oncaster i n t he W est R iding o f Y orkshire, a s eries o f r escue e xcavations w ithin t he t own d uring t he 1 970s p rovided a n umber o f s tratified m edieval a ssemblages ( Magilton 1 977, 3 1-36). T he w riter i s i nvolved w ith t he p reparation o f t hese a ssemblages f or p ublication
5
a nd a n umber o f t he m ore i mportant g roups a re i ncluded i n t he p resent v olume. W ithin t he E ast R iding o f Y orkshire, p ottery w ork i n H ull r em ained p iecemeal u ntil t he a ppointment o f P eter A rmstrong i n 1 972 a s F ield O fficer f or H ull M useums a nd h is i mpressive r eports o n t he m edieval p ottery f rom h is e xcavations a t S ewer L ane ( Armstrong 1 977) a nd S cale L ane ( Armstrong 1 980) r epresent t he f irst m ajor s tratified s equences t o b e p ublished f rom t he c ity. H is w ork w as f ollowed u p b y G areth W atkins ( 1978, 1 979, 1 982) a s p ottery r esearcher t o t he n ewly f ormed H umberside A rchaeological U nit, i n a s eries o f i mportant p apers w hich e xtend a nd d iscuss t he f abric t ypes d efined b y A rmstrong. T he H ull p ottery s equence d oes n ot a ppear t o b egin u ntil t he l ast q uarter o f t he 1 3th c entury ( ibid 1 982), a nd i t i s r emarkable b oth f or i ts r estricted r ange o f l ocal f abrics a nd i ts h igh p ercentage o f i mports. E xcavations i n 1 976 a t t he m edieval p ort o f H edon r ecovered a c eramic s equence r anging f rom t he 1 2th t o t he 1 4th c enturies ( Hayfield a nd S later 1 984). F urther n orth , a t B everley, e xcavations a t H ighgate i n 1 978 p roduced a s eries o f s mall g roups d ating f rom t he 1 0th t o t he 1 7th c enturies ( Watkins a nd W illiams 1 983), b ut t hese a re n ow o vershadowed b y t hose r ecovered b y P eter A rmstrong a t L urk L ane i n B everley. T he s ite h as a lready p roduced a s tratified s eries o f l arge, w ell-dated g roups f rom t he m iddle-Saxon p eriod. O ther p ottery s tudies i n Y orkshire i nclude S carborough ( Rutter 1 961; F armer 1 979), F angfoss ( Coppack 1 978), B ridlington ( Earnshaw a nd W atkins 1 984) a nd W harram P ercy ( Le P atourel 1 979). T he w hole t enor o f p ottery s tudies i n t he r egion s urrounding N orth L incolnshire c entres o n t he r apid e xpansion o f u rban a rchaeology d uring t he 1 970s, c ont rasting w ith t he s everal r ural s ites e xcavated i n N orth L incolnshire. e .
A pproach a nd M ethods o f S tudy
1 .
, A pproach
T he w riter's s tudy o f m edieval p ottery c ommenced i n t he w inter o f 1 975 w ith t he e xamination o f s ome o f t he p revious y ears f inds f rom e xcavations a t T hornholme P riory. A s t here w as n o e stablished f abric s eries o r c hronology f or t he r egion, a n e mpirical a pproach w as a dopted t o s ort t he p ottery i nto a n umber o f v isually i dentifiable f abric t ypes w hich w ere c atalogued i n a n a lphabetical c ode. T his s ought t o a void t he n eed t o a dopt a ny e stablished n ame f or p articular f abrics w hich m ay h ave h ad a ny u nfounded i mplications f or t heir p laces o f m anufacture. H aving e stablished a s eries o f b asic p ottery f abrics, t he n ext s tep w as t o i dentify a nd d raw t he v arious f orms a ssociated w ith e ach. A t t his s tage, a p rovisional s ite p hasing f or T hornholme w as p rovided b y C oppack e nabling t hese f abrics a nd f orms t o b e g iven a n a pproximate c hronological d efinition. T he
f irst o pportunity t o p ublish t his f abric s eries w as p rovided
b y a s izeable, b ut p oorly s tratified, a ssemblage f rom C herry L ane, B arrow-upon-Humber ( Hayfield 1 977). H owever, a s t ime p assed a nd f ar l arger q uantities o f p ottery w ere h andled, d eficiencies b ecame a pparent i n t his f abric t ype s eries; p rincipally, w ith t he c hosen m ethod o f c oding. A s a r esult, t he v arious c ategories o f f abric
6
t ypes i dentified a nd d iscussed h ere d iffer s ubstantially i n t heir n ames a nd c oding f rom t hose u sed f or C herry L ane. T he n eed f or r ev ision w as, w ith h indsight, a lmost i nevitable, r esulting f rom a m aturing o f a pproach a nd a dditional e xperience. S ubsequent p ottery r eports b y t he w riter o n r egional a ssemblages ( Hayfield 1 983 , 1 984a, 1 984b) h ave a ttempted t o a dopt, a nd b e c onsistent w ith, t his r evised f abric n omenclature. T he r isk o f c onfusion b etween t he 1 977 C herry L ane t ype s eries a nd t hat o f l ater r eports w ill, h owever, a lways r emain. I ndeed, i n m any w ays i t t ypifies t he p roblems w hich w ill i nevitably o ccur n ationally a s s uch f orms o f c oding a re m odified, a bandoned o r b egin t o o verlap g eographically. I n t his b ook , a g eneral g eneric n ame i s a llocated t o e ach i dent ified p ottery t radition, u sually t aking a n a lready e stablished d escriptive n ame. T his n ame i s g iven a n a bbreviated c ode l etter w hich i s t hen m odified n umerically o r a lphabetically t o d istinguist e ach o f t he v arious s ub-types w ithin a t radition. T hese •f abric n ame a nd t heir r espective c odes w ill b e d iscussed i n d etail i n t he f ollow i ng s ection o f t his c hapter. O ne o f t he p rincipal d ifficulties f or a ny r egional p ottery s tudy h as a lways b een i n a chieving a s ound b alance b etween s tratified a nd u nstratified m aterial. T he l atter h as t wo m ain r oles i n a r egional s tudy; i t p rovides a r ange o f f orms a nd d ecoration f or e ach f abric a nd, m ore i mportantly, i t c an b e u sed t o s tudy t he d istribution o f e ach f abric. S tratified g roups p rovide t he d ating s equences f or v ariations i n b oth f abric a nd f orm , w hilst t hey g enerally p roduce m ore c omplete v essel p rofiles t han c an u sually b e f ound a mongst m ost c ategories o f u nstratified m aterial, p articularly t hat d eriving f rom f ield s catter a nd e arthwork d estruction. T hese t wo t ypes o f m aterial c an t herefore c ompliment o ne a nother, t he u nstratified p roviding t he s patial p erspective a nd t he s tratified t he c hronological p ersp ective. D uring t his s tudy o f N orth L incolnshire p ottery, t he s tratified g roups w ere e xamined f irst. S tratified p ottery i s u sually f ar l ess a braded t han t he u nstratified a nd t his p roved a n i mportant f actor i n h elping t o i dentify a nd e stablish t he v arious f abric t ypes. T heir l arger s herd s ize a lso p rovided a n i nitial i mpression o f v essel t ypes a nd s hapes w hilst t heir s tratification d emonstrated t he b asic f abric p rogression. T he e xperience g ained f rom h andling, s orting a nd d rawing t he s tratified p ottery w as t o p rove e ssential i n i dentifying t he m any t housands o f s maller a nd m ore a braded s herds f rom t he u nstrati fied a ssemblages. T o u nderstand p ottery d istribution , i t w as e ssential t o c ontrast t he o ccurrence o f c hronologically c omparable f abrics. H ealey ( 1975) s tudied t he d istribution o f m edieval f abrics w ithin t he c ounty, b ut t he l ack o f s tratified g roups l ed t o a n i nadequate c hronological p erspective. H er s imple p resence/absence p lots f or e ach f abric t ype w ere i solated i n a p urely s patial p lain ( ibid). M ore r ecently, C oppack ( 1980) c ompared a nd c ontrasted c hronological s equences o f s tratified p ottery g roups f rom L incoln, N ottingham a nd D erby. H e m ade s everal i mportant o bservations o n t he p ossible c eramic r elations hips b etween t he t hree t owns b ut g enerally t hese a ssemblages w ere c onsidered i n i solation f rom o ther p ottery g roups w ithin t heir r espect ive h interlands. T he e mphasis h ere w as o n t he c hronological, r ather t han t he s patial, s tudies o f t he v arious i dentified f abrics.
7
2 .
M ethods o f S tudy
I ntroduction T he p ottery f rom N orth L incolnshire w as i dentified a nd s orted m acroscopically a nd t he r esults r ecorded o n a c ard i ndex. S ome o f t he m ore i mportant a spects o f t his s orting a nd t abulation p rocess a re d escribed b elow . S herd a nd V essel T otals T he f undamental u nit o f s tudy w as t he p ot s herd. I n m ost o f t he s tratified g roups, t his u nit c ould b e c onverted i nto v essels, i nvolving t he c ollation o f a ll t he s herds w hich c ould b e r easonably i dentified a s b eing p art o f t he s ame v essel. W ith t he r elatively s mall s ize o f e ach a ssemblage, u sually l ess t han 2 ,000 s herds, t his c ould b e a chieved w ith a h igh d egree o f c onsistency w ithout h aving t o r esort t o t he m ore a bstract a pproach o f v essel e quivalents w hich h as b een r ecently r ecommended ( Orton 1 975;1980 ; B lake a nd D avey 1 983). S herd/Vessel R atios ( SVR) A s e ach v essel u nit w as c omposed o f o ne o r m ore s herds, a s imple r atio c ould b e c onstructed b ased o n t he n umber o f s herds p er v essel. T he s herd f ragments c ounted w ere t hose b roken i n a ntiquity a nd n ot t hose f ormed a s a r esult o f t he p rocesses o f e xcavation o r p ost e xcavation w ork. T his s herd/vessel r atio, ( SVR), w as t hen u sable a s a m eans o f c omparison b etween i ndividual v essels, o r a s pecific f abric t ype, o r a g roup, o r a n e ntire a ssemblage. F ew c omplete, u nbroken v essels w ere r ecovered f rom a nywhere i n N orth L incolnshire; o n s tratified s ites, t he m ore c omplete v essels a lmost i nvariably c omprised a n umber o f s herds. T his i s i mportant b ecause t he u se o f t he S VR f or c omparative p urposes r equires t he a ssumption t hat t he m ore s herds o f a v essel t here w ere, t he m ore c omplete t he v essel w as. S VR's w ere n ot c alculated f or t he u nstratified a ssemblages a s t he s mall s ize a nd h igh d egree o f a brasion o n m ost s herds m ade t heir r ealistic a llocation t o t heir o riginal v essels a n a lmost i mpossible t ask. T he S VR c an t herefore b e e mployed i n a n umber o f w ays. I t m ay, f or e xample, b e u sed w ithin a p articular g roup o f p ottery t o h elp i dentify r esidual m aterial o n t he a ssumption t hat c ontemporary f abrics a re m ore l ikely t o h ave a h igher S VR t han r esidual o nes. A h ypot hetical t able o f t he S VRs f or f abric t ypes w ithin a s ingle g roup i s s hown b elow . F abric
S 1
S herds
1 5
8
6
V essels
1 2
8
4
1 .25
1 .0
1 .5
S VR
0 1
M L
H 2 1 9 9 2 .1
T he . f ollowing d eductions m ay b e m ade f rom s uch a r esult; t hat H 2 w as a lmost c ertainly a c ontemporary f abric a nd t hat 0 1 w as p robably r esidual. T he S i a nd M L r eadings a re t ypical o f t he m ore a mbiguous r esults o ften p roduced a nd c an o nly b e s aid t o b e l ess l ikely t o
8
b e r esidual t han 0 1, a nd l ess l ikely t o b e c ontemporary t han H 2. T he a dvantages o f t his s ort o f e vidence b ecome m ore a pparent t he l arger t he g roup a nd t he g reater t he n umber o f c onstituent f abrics. F or e xample, t he f ollowing t able r esulted f rom t he a nalysis o f a q uarry-fill g roup f rom W harram P ercy ( Group E M/57/Wp)
F abrics
S XGT
S XS
S XG
W St
S herds
1
1
1
2
V essels
1
1
1
S VR
1
1
1
C B1
G B
W Y
R W
C S
1
4
9
1 15
1
1 64
2
1
4
7
6 2
1
7 7
1
1
1
1 .8
1
2 .1
( Average S VR f or t he w hole g roup,
C T
1 .3
1 .9)
I t c ould, t herefore, b e s uggested t hat t he c ontemporary p art o f t his g roup i s l ikely t o i nclude t he W Y a nd C S f abrics a nd t hat, w ith t he p ossible e xception o f t he G B f abric, t he o thers w ere p robably r esidual. S uch c omparisons a re o nly a m eans o f i ndicating l ikely r esidual m aterial, a nd i t w ould b e u nwise t o r egard i t a s p roviding p roof o f r esiduality. N o c onstants c an b e e stablished; a v ery l ow S VR i n o ne g roup m ay b e h igh f or a nother f rom a d ifferent s ite d ependi ng o n t he o verall l evels o f r esiduality w ithin e ach a ssemblage. T he S VR c an a lso b e u sed t o c ompare g roup w ith g roup w ithin a n a ssemblage. I f g roup A h as a n a verage S VR o f 2 .7 a nd g roup B a n a verage S VR o f 1 .6, t hen A i s l ikely t o c ontain l ess r esidual m aterial t han B . T his s ort o f t echnique p roved u seful o n s ites s uch a s M iddle L ane, H edon w here r esidual l evels w ere e xceptionally h igh, a nd t here w as a n i nitial n eed t o i dentify t he m ost s ecure g roups t o o btain t he f irmest b asis f or f urther s tudy. T his p rocess w as d eveloped f urther a t H edon t o t ry a nd e stablish w hich t ype o f a rchaeo logical f eatures w ere l ikely t o p rovide t he m ost r eliable p ottery g roups. T he f ollowing r esults o ccurred b ased o n t he t otal s tratified a ssemblage. F eature T ype
S VR
P its
2 .4
D itches
1 .7
P ostholes
1 .4
G eneral l ayers
1 .4
A verage S VR f or t he w hole s ite = 1 .6 T his s uggests t hat a t M iddle L ane t he p it g roups r epresented t he m ost s ecure d eposits w hilst t he g eneral l ayers a nd, p erhaps s urp risingly, t he p osthole f ills h ad S VR 's b elow t he s ite a verage, s uggesting t hat t hese l atter f eatures c ontained h igher q uantities o f r esidual m aterial. T abulation T he n ext u nit o f s tudy b eyond s herds a nd v essels w as t he ' group', w hich i n t his s tudy w ill r efer t o a n e xcavated c ollection o f v essels, u sually f rom a s ingle f eature s uch a s a p it o r d itch. I f v essels
9
· derive from a number of archaeologically and/or stratigraphically similar layers or features they will be describe� as a 'phase-group'. The total collection of sherds from a site will be referred to as ·ts 'assemblage'; a term which will also cover the unstratified sur face finds from a fieldwalked site. All pottery from groups, phase-groups and assemblages was in itial y recorded by a card index listing fabric types on a vertical axis against vessel form, decoration and constructional details along a horizontal axis. For the purposes of this book, the original cat egories have been sl"ghtly modified and an example of the resulting table ·s ·11ustrated below.
N
F
CP
8
cw
OT
J
p
BO
PN
CN
M
C
OT
SG
OG
DC
,,r--..(/
VJ
�
� �
-
�
H Cf.
CJ)
w��- L._j rT
0 0 ......, :>-t
"--'
H
I-"-
7 1 3 3
' -
P itcher V .
-
1
S VR 6 .9 —
S G
.
,
-
. i
'
4
1
5
1
1
1
2
2
9
T his p it g roup r epresented t he o nly s ealed g roup o f p ottery f rom s ite D N, i ts r ange o f s plashed g lazed m aterial a nd v esselforms a ll i ndicate a n e arly-medieval d ate, p robably i n t he 1 1th c entury, a lthough t here w as n o i ndependent d ating e vidence. V essel N o.4 h ad a chieved a h igh s tandard o f p otting a nd r evealed t races o f a n a pplied s pout, p erhaps s imilar t o t hose f ound o n t he l ater H allgate w asters ( Buckland e t a l. 1 979). J ug N o.5 w as i n a s imilar f abric t o N o.4 a lthough r epresenting a f ar c ruder l evel o f m anufacture. D espite c oil c onstruction a nd a l argely h and-finished s urface, j ug, N o.5, h ad a dditional t hin s kins o f c lay s kimmed o n t o b oth i nner a nd o uter s urfaces o f i ts l ower b ody. S uch c rudity o f m anufacture i s a pparent a mongst s ome o f t he e arly-medieval v essels o f D oncaster b ut r egionally t his i s a n a nomaly a s c ontemporary v essels f rom E ast Y orkshire a nd N orth L incolnshire g enerally a chieved a h igh d egree o f c raftsmanship. I llustrated V essels
F ig.50 , N os.1-5.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD),Nos.1-2;
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3;
g ritty(GD),Nos.3-5.
p itchers,No.4;
j ugs,No.5.
B oth s hell-tempered c ooking-pots w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, N o.1 w as f ully w heel-finished, w hereas, N o.2 w as h and-finished o n i ts i nner s urface. P itcher s herd, N o.4, h ad a b right, d eep, o live-green s plashed g laze a nd t races o f a n a pplied s pout. S ixty-seven s herds o f j ug N o.5 w ere r ecovered, i t w as c rudely f inished w ith a n o range o uter s urface, a p ale b lue c ore a nd o range-brown i nner s urface. I ts o live-green s plashed g laze h ad e xtensive b right o range m argins. T his v essel h ad b een h and-finished, a lthough t here w as s ome p ossible i ndication o f t urning a round t he r im a nd n eck. I ts l ower h andle a ttachment h ad b een s imply s meared o n a nd, w hereas m ost o f t he e arly j ug r ims f rom N orth L incolnshire h ad t heir u pper h andle a ttachments a pplied f rom t he t op o f t he r im , t his v essel w as u nusual i n h aving i t a pplied t o t he s ide o f t he r im ( Hayfield 1 980 ,33). W here p arts o f t he s kimmed c lay s urfaces o f t he l ower b ody h ad s palled a way, t here w as e vidence t hat t he o riginal c oil-built s urfaces o f t he v essel h ad b een s cored i n o rder t o k ey o n t hese a pplied t hickenings.
9 5
E M/61/Dn
D oncaster
:S ite D SR, C P
W S
1
.
R
1
.
G D
4
'
F D
P it 1 70
S VR 3 .4 S G
, 1
, 1 _ 2
'
5 _
2
2
5
.
.
3 .
.
A s mall g roup o f p ottery f rom a h om er's p it o n s ite D SR w hich w as p robably o f v ery s imilar d ate t o p it g roup E M/60/Dn. I n p articu lar, t here w as a v ery s trong s imilarity b etween j ug N o.9 a nd N o.5 f rom D N, a lthough t his D SR e xample w as o f a f ar h igher s tandard o f e xecution. V essel N os.6 a nd 7 w ere r egional i mports; N o.6 w as a b owl, w hich a lthough o f t ypical l ate-Saxon f orm, w as i n t he e arly S carborough w hiteware f abric ( WS), w hich h as n ow b een r ecognised a mongst t he p ottery a ssemblages o f s everal H umber p orts f rom a s e arly a s t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury ( e.g.EM/2,5,6/Bt). C ooking p ot N o.7 c annot b e p rovenanced, i ts h ard, w heelthrown f abric s uggests a v essel o f s ome c ompetence, w hilst i ts g laze s plashes i ndicate p rod uction a mongst f inewares. I ts f abric a nd w hite o uter s urface s lip c annot, h owever, b e p arallelled i n t he Y orkshire/Lincolnshire r egion. S uggested d ate r ange, I llustrated V essels
f irst h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury.
F ig.50 , N os.6-10 .
F abrics
w hiteware(WS),No.6;
F orms
b owls,No.6;
r egional s tray(R),No.7;
c ooking-pots,Nos.7-8;
g ritty(GD),Nos.8-10
j ugs,Nos.9-10.
C ooking-pot N o.7 h ad o range s urfaces w hich w ere c overed w ith a c ream c oloured s lip a nd s pots o f a y ellow s plashed g laze. T he o uter s urface o f j ug N o.9 w as w heel-finished, a lthough i ts i nner s urface w as l eft h and-finished.
E M/62/Dn
D oncaster
:S ite D X,
f ill o f o uter b ailey d itch
S VR 2 .9
A l arge g roup f rom t he c astle d itch w hose c ontents r ange i n d ate f rom t he 1th t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury. A mongst t he s hell-tempered f abric ( SD), t he s mall e verted c ooking-pot r ims p redominated w hich p roved t ypical o f e arly-medieval d eposits i n N orth L incolnshire. N os.1 a nd 4 , h owever, r esembled l ate-Saxon f orms a nd m ay b e r esidual. T he l arge n umbers o f g ritty w ares ( G1) w ere a lso c haracteristic o f a n e arly-medieval d ate w ithin t he r egion, a lthough h and-finished f orms s uch a s N o.6 m ay b e o f p re-conquest o rigin. I nternal k nife-trimming, s een o n j ugs 1 2 a nd 1 3, c an a lso b e r egarded a s a r eliable i ndication o f a n e arly-medieval d ate ( Hayfield 1 980 ,32), a nd t he r ange o f j ug f orms m irrors t hose f ound a t H edon, M iddle L ane ( EM/55/Hd) a nd B arton-on-Humber, E ast A cridge ( EM/3-4/Bt). S herd N o.14 w ith i ts i ncised w avy c ombing d erives f rom a s imilar j ug t o F ig.50, N os.5 a nd 9 , a nd i t w ould b e t empting t o s ee t his s herd a nd
9 6
t he
s pout
o f
t he
p itcher
N o.17
a s
f urther
r esidual
e lements,
o r
a t
l east b elonging t o t he e arlier p art o f t he c eramic r ange o f t his g roup; t here i s n o e vidence f rom e lsewhere i n t he r egion f or l ocally m ade t ubular s pouted p itchers s urviving i nto t he 1 2th c entury. T he D eveloped S tamford w are j ug s herd N o.20 i s t he l atest d atable s herd i n t his g roup a nd, u nless i ntrusive, i ndicates t hat t he r ange o f t his m aterial e xtended i nto t he s econd h alf o f t he t welfth c entury. F
N
C T
1
W St W Dt
2
C P
B
P
S G
O G
'
2
2
,
S D
1 9
1 6
3
G 1
3 5
2 6
6
3
5
4
F D
4 3
1
3
_ 1
1 0
1 . ---,
2
1
W D
1
2 1
II .
1.
8
2
3 2 4
1
3 8
•
4
4
4
2
F H2
1
1
1
2
. 1 .
4
F ig.51,
.. . .. ...... .4 1
,
4
O D
I llustrated V essels
D C
1
•
-T G D
J P itcher
.
N os.1-21.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD),Nos.1-5; g ritty(G1),Nos.6-10 ; ( GD),Nos.14,17; o rangeware(OD),Nos.11,12,19; w hiteware(WD),Nos.15,16; f ine s andy(FD),Nos.13,18 ; ( FH2),No.21; D eveloped S tamford(WDt),No.20 .
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3,6-9,19; b owls,Nos.4-5,10 ; 1 8,20-21; p itchers,No.17; p ipkins,No.16.
j ugs,Nos.11-15,
V essel N os.2, 4 , 6 -8 a nd 1 0 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. A part f rom t he D eveloped S tamford w are, a ll t he i llustrated j ugs h ad s plashed g lazes. T he v ertical c uts t o t he k nife-trimming o f t he l ower b ody o f j ug N o.11 w ere u nusual f or t his r egion.
E M/63/Dn
.
.
D oncaster F
_ 3
G 1
1
W D
2 3
F D
1 0
.W Y -
o uter b ailey d itch a nd r ampart
C P
S D
W G
:S ite D X,
A qua G m an i le . S .
,
.
S VR 2 .4
O G
3 , . . ,
1 8
2
1 2
1
1 1
1
4
1 0
5
5
1
1
. .
3 . .
s ive
T his g roup p ost-dates t he a bandonment o f t he c astle a s a d efenu nit, d eriving f rom t he u ppermost f ills o f i ts b ailey d itch
9 7
a nd f rom f eatures c ut i nto i ts i nner r ampart. U nlike t he p ottery f rom t he l ower f ills o f t he c astle d itch ( EM/62/Dn), m ost o f t hese j ugs h ad s uspension g lazes. W hilst t he r ampart f eatures w ere d omina ted b y t he w hiteware ( WD) f abric, t here w as a m ore e quable d ivision w ithin t he u pper f ills o f t he c astle d itch b etween t he W D a nd F D f abrics. O ther g roups f rom D oncaster w ould s uggest t hat a ny c hange f rom t he w hiteware ( WD) t o t he f ine s andy ( FD) f abric t ook p lace c .1 2 0 0 b r i n g i n g w i t h i t t h e h a r s h e r f o r m o f s h e l l t e m p e r e d w a r e s ( S D1)_ a bsent f rom b oth o f t hese g roups. I t w ould b e s urprising t o f ind t he W G w hiteware o ccurring a s e arly a s t he 1 2th c entury a nd a s t his w as o nly r epresented i n t his g roup b y a s ingle s herd, i t c ould w ell b e i ntrusive. T his g roup p robably b elongs t o t he p eriod c .1150-1200. I llustrated V essels
F ig.52,
N os.1-9.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD),Nos.1-2;
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3,5; j ugs,Nos.7-9.
w hiteware(WD),Nos.3-9.
b owls,No.4; a quamaniles,No.6;
A ll t hree j ug f ragments a nd t he a quamanile s herd h ad s uspension g lazes, w hilst a ccidental t races o f s imilar g lazes w ere o bserved o n c ooking-pots, N os.3 a nd 5 . C ooking-pot N o.5 a nd b owl N o.4 w ere a lso b urnt a nd s ooted.
D oncaster
E M/64/Dn
:S ite D Q, W ell 2
S VR 2 .2
C P .
.
1
S XG '
1 4
1 4
1 4
-- C H1
1
1
' W St
3
3
.
W
.
G 1
1 3
1 0
' .
_ 2 _
1
2
2
2
G D
7
5
2
2
D
9
5
4
2
F D
7
1
O D
O G
1 05
R B
S D
S c
] 0
6
1
9
1
•
.
6 7
.
1
T his g roup c ame f rom t he f ill o f a m edieval w ell w hichcut a R omano-British p it t hereby i ntroducing 1 05 r esidual R oman s herds i nto t he d eposit. T he w ell w as 3 m i n d iameter a nd w as s ectioned t o a d epth o f 3 m s o t hat t his p ottery r epresents i ts f inal f ill a nd n ot n ecessarily t he p eriod a t w hich i t f ell o ut o f u se. I t i s i mpossi ble t o b e s ure w hether t his f ill r epresents a s ingle d eliberate o peration, o r w hether t he w ell l ay o pen f or a l onger p eriod o nly g radually f illing u p w ith r efuse. O n t he a vailable c eramic e vidence, h owever, t his g roup w ould s eem t o r epresent a s ingle c ontemporary d eposit.
9 8
I t
w as
s ignificant
t hat
t he
g roup
c ontained
a ll
t hree
o f
t he
f abrics r ecognised a mongst t he H allgate w asters ( GD, W D , F D) ( Buckland e t a l. 1 979 ) . A ll g lazes o n b oth t he g ritty(GD) a nd f ine s andy ( FD) f abrics w ere s plashed, b ut t hose o f t he w hiteware ( WD) v essels w ere e qually d ivided b etween s plashed a nd s uspension g lazes. T he g roup a lso c ontained a s urprisingly h igh p roportion o f o rangewares ( OD), a ll b ut o ne o f w hich h ad s plashed g lazes. C ooking-pots w ere p resent i n a ll t hree H allgate f abrics, b ut t he b ulk o f t hese v essels o ccurred i n e ither s hell-tempered ( SD) o r g rit t empered ( G1) f abrics, t he l atter a lso p roducing t wo s plashed g lazed j ug f orms. T he d ating o f t his g roup h ad t o b e b ased o n t ypol ogical c onsiderations a s n o i ndependent e vidence w as a vailable, p rincipally, t he d ominance o f s plashed g lazes a nd i ts a ssociation w ith e arly S tamford w are. I n a ddition, a s ingle c ooking-pot s herd o ccurred i n t he H edon C H1 f abric w hich i s p robably o f 1 2th c entury d ate. H owever, a n ote o f c aution o n t he p ossibilities o f r esidual m aterial w as p rovided b y t he o ccurrence o i a s ingle h and-finished s herd i n t he S axon g ritty f abric ( SXG). N evertheless, t he c ombination o f S tamford w are a nd s plashed g lazed l ocal j ugs w ould s uggest a t erm inal d ate f or t his g roup n o l ater t han t he m iddle o f t he 1 2th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.52, N os.10-18.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD),No.10 ; g ritty(G1),No.11; ( GD),No.12; f ine s andy(FD),Nos.13-14; w hiteware(WD),Nos.15-17; o rangeware ( 0D),No.18.
F orms
b owls,No.11;
c ooking-pots,Nos.10 ,12;
j ugs,Nos.13-18.
V essels 1 3-14 , 1 6-18 h ad s plashed g lazes a nd N o.15 a s uspension g laze. C ooking-pot N o.10 a nd b owl N o.11 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
D oncaster
E M/65/Dn
:S ite D T,
C P
f eature 7 15 P
—
G 1
-
S D
2
F D
1
W D
4
O D
3
3
W Dt
1
1
—I G
1
L amp
S VR 3 .3 S G
2
. . .
O G
— .
— 1
2
1 1 1 1
A g roup o f v essels w hose r elatively h igh s herd/vessel r atio s uggests t hat t hey m ay f orm a c ontemporary g roup. T he w hiteware ( WD) f abric v essels a nd t he B lau G rau ( IG) p ipkin w ould s uggest a d ate i n t he s econd h alf o f t he t welfth c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.52, N os.19-28.
9 9
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD),Nos.19-20 ; g ritty(G1),No.21; w hiteware(WD), N os.22-25 ; D eveloped S tamford(WDt),No.26; o rangeware(OD),No.27; B lau G rau,(IG),No.28.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.19-23 ; p ipkins,No.28.
j ugs,Nos.24 ,26-27;
l amps,No.25 ;
T he o rangeware j ug s herd N o.27 h ad a s plashed g laze b ut t he D oncaster w hiteware v essels N os.24 , 2 5, a nd t he D eveloped S tamford w are s herd N o.26, h ad s uspension g lazes. B lau G rau p ipkin , N o .28 h ad a b right s ilver-grey f abric w ith a m etallic l ustre t o i ts o uter s urface.
E M/66/Dn
D oncaster F
C P
S D
3
3
G 1
1
1
•C D
1
1
F D
1
.
W D •W Y
6 2 1
1 9
:S ite D T, P it
--
O T
1 57 S G
S VR 4 .4 O G
D C . —
3 9
2
1
2
5 4
3
.
1
T op F ill S D
1
F D
A n i mportant p it g roup w hich , s tratigraphically, p ost-dates t he i nfilling o f t he i nner b ailey d itch o f D oncaster c astle. I ts c ontents d ivided i nto t wo p hases, t he m ain f ill a nd t he c apping f ill; c eramically t he t wo p roved q uite d istinct. T he l ower f ill w as d omina ted b y t he w hiteware ( WD) f abric t o t he e xclusion n ot o nly o f t he t wo o ther D oncaster f abrics b ut e ffectively o f t he s mooth s hellt empered f abric ( SD) w hose t hree s herds w ere w orn , a nd d erived f rom t hree s eparate v essels. I t s uggests t hat t here m ay h ave b een a p hase i n t he c eramic d evelopment o f D oncaster w here t he w hiteware ( WD) f abric h eld a v irtual m onopoly o f t he t own 's m arket. I n c omplete c ontrast, h owever, t he t op f ill o f t he p it, w hich w as a n a rchaeologica lly d istinct l ens, c ontained 3 0 s herds o f w hich 2 9 c omprise a l arge p art o f a s ingle f ine s andy ( FD) j ug , F ig.53 , N o.9. I n D oncaster's c eramic s equence, t he f ill o f t his p it c omes a fter t he t ransition f rom s plashed t o s uspension g lazes a nd b efore t he e ffective m onopoly o f t he f ine s andy ( FD) f abric i n t he 1 3th c entury. A d ate i n t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury w ould s eem p robable, f ollowing t he i nf i ll o f t he c astle d itch. T he w hiteware ( WD) v essels c ompare f avourably w ith t hose r ecovered f rom t ip d eposits i nto D itch 1 3 a t M iddle L ane, H edon ( EM/56/Hd), w hich w ere a lso a ssoc iated w ith D eveloped S tamford w are a nd f or w hich a s imilar, l ate 1 2th c entury d ate i s s uggested. T he s ingle s plashed g lazed s herd
1 00
N o.8 , i s a lmost c ertainly r esidual, a s a nd s mooth s hell-tempered ( SD) v essels. I llustrated V essels
i ndeed m ay
L ower F ill,Fig.53,Nos.1-8;
F abrics
w hiteware(WD),Nos.1-7;
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-4;
b e
t he g ritty
( G1)
U pper F ill,Fig.53,No.9.
f ine s andy(FD),Nos.8-9. j ugs,Nos.5-9.
ooking-pots w ere b urnt A ll f our o f t he i llustrated w hiteware c a nd s ooted a nd h ad a ccidental s plashes o f s uspension g laze. T he c omplete j ug p rofile i n t he f ine s andy ( FD) f abric, N o.9, h ad a n o live-green s uspension g laze. A lthough t he s herd/vessel r atio o f 4 .4 f or t his g roup i s c omparatively h igh, i t i s d warfed b y a 2 4.9 S VR f or t he i llustrated v essels, s uggesting t hat t hese p ots d o i ndeed r epresent t he c ontemporary c ore o f t his g roup.
1 01
i ii.
D iscussion o f t he E arly-Medieval G roups
T he l ate-Saxon p eriod h ad s een t he d evelopment o f a n umber o f f abrics w ithin t he H umberside r egion w hich w ere c haracterised b y t heir v essel r ange, t heir f orms, a nd t heir t echniques o f m anufacture. T hey w ere g enerally f ired u nder r educing c onditions a nd, i f n ot w heel t hrown, t hey w ere w heel-finished t o a v ery h igh s tandard. B y t he 1 2th c entury, t his p icture h ad c hanged d ramatically. T here w as n ow a n ew r ange o f v essel f orms w hich w ere u sually o xidised a nd g laze w as i n c ommon u se. A g eneral r eview o f t his p eriod o f t ransition b etween S axon a nd m edieval f abrics h as o nly r ecently b een a ttempted b y H urst a s t he c oncluding s ection t o h is r eview o f S axon p ottery ( 1976, 3 42-343). H urst m ade t hree o bservations: ( a) t hat t hese n ew f abrics a nd f orms d eveloped c .1000 o ut o f a n umber o f p oorer q uality h and-finished S axon f abrics; ( b) t hese n ew f orms c o-existed w ith t he l ate-Saxon f abrics w ith t he l atter s urviving t o t he m iddle o f t he 1 2th c entury, a nd ( c) t he 1 2th c entury s aw a s urprising c ollapse o f t he p ottery i ndustry w hich w as n ot t o b e r evived u ntil t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury ( ibid, 3 42). T he m ajor p art o f t his s ection w ill c entre o n a n e xamination o f t hese t hree s tatements i n t he l ight o f t he e vidence a vailable f rom N orth L incolnshire a nd i ts s urrounding r egion. D iscussion i s s till h ampered b y a l ack o f r eliable d ating e vidence f or m ost e arly m edieval g roups i n t he r egion. F rom N orth L incolnshire, o nly T hornholme P riory's p hasing s eemed r elatively s ecure a nd, c onsequently, t he d ating o f g roups f rom e lsewhere i n t he r egion h as h ad t o r ely h eavily o n t he e vidence f rom t his s ite. T he D evelopment o f t he E arly-Medieval f abrics a nd f orms T he e arly-medieval c eramics o f N orth L incolnshire w ere r epresent ed b y f ive r egional t raditions, s hell-tempered ( S3,S4), g rit-tempered ( G1), c oarse s and-tempered ( C1,C2), f ine s and-tempered ( F1,F2) a nd o rangewares ( 01,02); o f t hese, a t l east t hree p robably h ad l ate-Saxon o rigins. T he s hell-tempered ( Si) f abric h ad b een t he m ost w idespread l ocal f abric i n N orth L incolnshire t hroughout t he l ate-Saxon p eriod. A lthough s hell i nclusions w ere t o r emain a c ommon m ethod o f p ottery t empering d uring t he e arly-medieval p eriod, i t w as n ot t he s ame f abric t ype c ontinuing o n f rom t he S axon p eriod. T he g eneral S axon/medieval t ransition s aw t he S axon ( Si) f abric g ive w ay t o s mooth t extured ( S4) a nd r ough t extured ( S3) f abrics. T hese t wo n ew s hell-tempered f abrics ( S3,S4) h ad n ot b een p resent a mongst 1 0th c entury g roups, b ut b y t he e arly 1 2th c entury, t hey a ppeared t o h ave c ompletely r ep laced t he e arlier S 1 f abric. C hronologically, t his c hangeover m ight t herefore b e a ttributed t o s ome t ime d uring t he 1 1th c entury. T his w as, h owever, m uch m ore t han a s imple c hangeover o f f abrics w ithin t he s ame t radition. T he n ew s hell-tempered f abrics ( S3,S4) a lso b rought w ith t hem a n ew s eries o f f orms w hich o wed v ery l ittle t o t he ' shapes o f l ate-Saxon v essels. T he o ld S i c ooking-pots ( e.g S X/4/Br,Fig.12,No.7) w ere r eplaced b y n ew , l arger v essels, o ften w ith s traighter s ides, w hose l ower b odies w ere n o l onger k nife-trimmed,
1 02
a nd
w ith
e ntirely
d ifferent
r im
f orms
( e.g.EM/10/Br,Fig.21,No.37
o r E M/11/Br,Fig.22,No.1). A lthough b oth t he f orms a nd f abric t ype o f t hese s hell-tempered v essels m ight h ave c hanged, t heir s tandard o f m anufacture g enerally r emained a s h igh a s i t h ad b een i n t he l ate S axon p eriod. T he c oarse, s and-tempered C l f abric w ith i ts c halk i nclusions h as b een r ecognised i n l ate-Saxon g roups i n B arton ( e.g.SX/19/Bt) u sually r educed a nd w ith f orms v ery s imilar t o t hose o f t he r egiona lly i mported ( CT) T orksey-type f abrics. H owever, t he p roduction a nd d istribution o f t he C l f abric s eemed v ery l ocalised ( Chapter 5 ). A t B everley t he l ocal c oarse s andy f abrics ( CB) s eem t o s how a t ransition f rom S axon t o e arly-medieval f orms d uring t he l ate 1 0th o r 1 1th c enturies ( EM/43/Bv). I n t he e arliest g roup f rom L urk L ane p resented h ere ( EM/43/Bv), t he c halk-tempered C B2 f abric a ppears t o h ave c o-existed w ith t he l ate-Saxon C B1 t ypes, t he l atter u sually b eing r educed a nd e ither w heel-thrown o r f ully w heel-finished. T he m ajority o f t he C B2 f abrics w ere a lso r educed, a lthough o xidised e xamples o ften o ccurred. I n c ontrast t o t he C B1 f abric, t hese C B2 v essels ( e.g. E M/46/Bv,Fig.39,No.2) w ere e ither h and-finished o r o nly p artially w heel-finished a nd s eem t o r epresent a t echnological d eterioration. W hereas t he C B2 a nd C B3 c oarse s andy f abrics c an c onfidently b e s uggested t o b e l ocal B everley p roducts, i t i s,however, f ar l ess c ertain w hat p roportion o f t he l ate-Saxon C B1 f abrics w ere m ade l ocally. A t B everley t he c oarse s andy C B1 c ategory e mbraced q uite a w ide v ariation i n f abric, a nd i t i s p ossible t hat m ost, i f n ot a ll w ere i mported f rom e lsewhere i n t he r egion f rom s uch m anufact ories a s Y ork o r T orksey. O n t his a ssumption, i t w ould b e p ossible t o a rgue t hat a t B everley, t he r eplacement o f t he b etter q uality l ate-Saxon C B1 v essels d uring t he 1 1th c entury b y t he c ruder e arly m edieval C B2 t ypes w as s imply a c ase o f t he e mergence o f l ocal p rod ucts. T hese l ocal p roducts, h aving n o t ransport c osts f or e xample, m ight h ave b een a ble t o u ndercut t he p rices o f t he b etter q uality r egional i mports, t hereby o ffering a p ossible e xplanation f or t heir s uccess. I ndeed, o ne c ould g o o n t o h ypothesise t hat t he d ecline i n t he l ate-Saxon i ndustries, w ithin t he H umberside r egion, o wed m ore t o a r ise i n b oth d emand a nd p roduction a t a l ocal l evel d uring t he 1 1th c entury, t han t o t he t raditional e xplanation o f a g eneral d ecline i n t he i ndustry. A lthough t he e vidence f or t he N orth L incolnshire C l a nd C 2 f abr ics w as f ar m ore s canty, e specially i n r egard t o r eliable 1 1th c ent ury g roups, i t w ould n evertheless s eem t o f it a s imilar p attern w ith o ne n otable e xception. G enerally t he c oarse s andy f abrics w hich o ccurred i n N orth L incolnshire d uring t he l ate-Saxon p eriod w ere i mported f rom e ither L incoln ( CL) ( Coppack 1 980) o r T orksey ( CT) ( Barley 1 981). T he e arly, r educed, c oarse s andy C l v essels f rom B arton, r eferred t o e arlier i n t his d iscussion, r epresent a s ingle, b ut v ery l ocalised, e xception. W ithin N orth L incolnshire, t he c oarse s andy C l f abric o nly a chieved a m ore w idespread d istribution a fter t he d emise o f t he l ate-Saxon C L a nd C T i ndustries. U nlike t he B everley C B2 f abric, h owever, t hese N orth L incolnshire C l v essels m aintained f rom t he f irst a p articularly h igh s tandard o f p otting w hich c ertainly s howed n o e vidence o f a ny d ecline i n t he l evel o f c raftsmanship i n c omparison w ith t heir l ate-Saxon p redecessors.
1 03
T he g rit-tempered f abrics ( G) w ere n ever p articularly c ommon i n t he r egion , e specially i n N orth L incolnshire. T hey t oo o riginated i n t he p re-conquest p eriod, b eing f ound a mongst t he p ottery a ssociated w ith t he c oin h oard o f A D 8 51 a t L urk L ane, B everley ( Peter A rmstrong, p ers.comm .), a nd i t s eemed t o h ave b een c losely a llied w ith o ther Y orkshire g ritty f abrics s uch a s Y ork w are ( Holdsworth 1 978 , 5 ). T he f abric t ype w as a t i ts m ost c ommon d uring t he e arly-medieval p eriod b ut i n b oth N orth L incolnshire a nd t he E ast R iding o f Y orkshire i t w ould a ppear t o h ave l argely d isappeared b y t he e nd o f t he 1 2th c entury. O nly t wo s herds o ccurred a t T hornholme P riory, o ne a r esidu al s herd a nd t he o ther a s plashed-glazed j ug s herd f rom t he c hurch ( EM/20/Tp,Fig.24 ,No.1). T his w ould s uggest t hat i n t he a rea a round T hornholme, t he f abric f ailed t o s urvive m uch a fter c .1150 . B oth t he g ritty G 1 f abric a nd t he c oarse s andy C l f abric p roduced o ccas ional j ug f orms, t hese i nvariably h ad s plashed g lazes a nd c an c onf idently b e a ssigned 1 2th c entury d ates. B oth t he f ine s andy ( F1, F 2) a nd o rangeware ( 01, 0 2) w ere f abric t raditions w hich w ere l argely n ew t o t he e arly-medieval p eriod. B oth w ere f ineware f abrics u sed a lmost e xclusively f or t he p roduction o f j ugs a nd t o a l esser e xtent p ipkins, a lthough o ccasionally c ooking v essels h ave b een e ncountered. T he e arliest d etectable e vidence f or o rangeware c ame f rom B everley w here b oth H ighgate ( EM/49/Bv) a nd L urk L ane ( EM/43/Bv) p roduced j ug f ragments d ating t o t he 1 1th c entury. T he e vidence f rom D oncaster w ould s uggest t hat b oth t radi tions a lso m ade t heir a ppearance t here d uring t he 1 1th c entury a s b oth w ere c ommon f inds i n g roups o f t he e arly 1 2th c entury ( EM/62/Dn). T he e vidence f or a l ate-Saxon/early-medieval o verlap M ost o f t he e arly-medieval g roups f rom B arton-on-Humber a nd B arrow-upon-Humber c ontained s ome l ate-Saxon p ottery t ypes. I n e ach c ase i t w as a lmost i mpossible t o d ecide i f t his l ate-Saxon p ottery w as c ontemporary w ith , o r r esidual t o t he g roup. H owever, t he e arly T hornholme P riory g roups ( EM/20-37/Tp), t he R edbourne a ssemblage ( EM/19/Hp) a nd t he p ottery f rom B arrow C astle, a ll o f w hich s eem t o b elong t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury, s howed n o s igns o f a ny l ate-Saxon m aterial. I t c an t herefore b e s uggested t hat i n N orth L incolnshire, t he l ate-Saxon f abrics w ere n o l onger i n p roduct ion b y c .1150 . T he p lots a t M iddle L ane, H edon w ere p robably e stabl ished d uring t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury a nd o nly a s mall n umber o f r educed v essels i n l ate-Saxon f orms o ccurred; t hese w ere i n l ocal f abrics w hich w ere m ore c ommonly r epresented b y o xidised f orms ( EM/55/Hd). A lthough t his e vidence i s n ot c onclusive, i t i mp lies t hat b y t he e arly 1 2th c entury, t he l ate-Saxon f abrics h ad a ll b ut v anished. R eliably d ated 1 1th c entury g roups w ithin t he r egion w ere l imited t o G oltho ( EM/38-39/Go) a nd B everley ( EM/47/Bv). 1 1th c entury g roups w ere r eported f rom L incoln : B roadgate ( Adams 1 977,Groups A -E), b ut t here w as l ittle i ndependent e vidence t o c onfirm t heir d ate. A t b oth G oltho a nd B everley , t he h igh p roportion o f l ate-Saxon f abrics s trongly s uggested t hat t hey f ormed a c ontemporary p art o f t he 1 1th c entury g roups a long w ith t he n ewly e merging e arly-medieval t ypes. I t i s q uite p robable t hat s everal o f t he g roups f rom B arton-on-Humber a nd B arrow-upon-Humber w ere a lso o f 1 1th c entury d ate, o r a t l east c ontained 1 1th c entury v essels, b ut l ack o f e xternal d ating e vidence
1 04
m ade i t d ifficult t o c entury.
d istinguish t hem f rom p ottery o f
t he e arly 1 2th
W hat l ittle e vidence t here i s f rom t he r egion w ould p oint t o t his l ate-Saxon/early-medieval t ransition t aking p lace d uring t he 1 1th c entury. T he a rgument f or a p eriod o f o verlap r emains s trong b ut i t i s n ot y et p ossible t o d efine i t, o ther t han t o s ay t hat i t w as p robably c ompleted b y t he e arly 1 2th c entury. T he 1 2th c entury c ollapse i n t he 1 3th c entury
o f
t he
p ottery
i ndustry
a nd
i ts
r evival
T his w as t he t hird o f H urst's p rincipal c ontentions r egarding t he e arly-medieva l p eriod ( Hurst 1 976,342) a nd i t i s o ne w hich t he e vidence f rom N orth L incolnshire a nd i ts s urrounding r egion c an f irmly r efute. H ere, a t l east, t he e arly 1 2th c entury w as a p eriod o f e xpans ion a nd e xperimentation i n t he l ocal p ottery i ndustries. M ost f ine w are v essels, i n p articular, a chieved a f reshness a nd c raftsmanship w hich w ere n ever s urpassed e ven w ith t he t echnological s uperiority o f t he l ater m edieval p eriod. T here w as r apidly d eveloping a c lear d istinction b etween c oarse w are f abrics ( such a s C l a nd S 4) u sed p rincipally f or c ooking-pots a nd b owls, a nd f inewares ( such a s F l o r 0 1) u sed p rincipally f or g lazed v essel f orms s uch a s j ugs o r p ipkins. T here w as a l ittle o verlap d uring t he e arly 1 2th c entury, p articularly w ithin t he g ritty ( G) t radition, b ut b y t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury, t he d ist inction w as c learly r ecognisable. T he k ilns a t H edon e ven p roduced t wo q uite d ifferent t ypes o f f abric, o ne f or c oarsewares ( CH) a nd t he o ther f or f inewares ( FW). A lthough i n N orth L incolnshire t he c oarsewares r etained a h igh s tandard o f p otting, i t w as t he g lazed f inewares w hich m ost c learly m anifest t he p innacle o f a rtisan c raftsm anship a chieved b y l ocal p otters d uring t he e arly 1 2th c entury. I t s eems p robable t hat e arly-medieval p ottery w as b oth m ore l ocalised i n i ts d istribution a nd a lso m ore w idespread i n i ts s ource o f m anufacture t han t he l ate-Saxon i ndustries a nd t here w as a lso a f ar g reater v ariety o f f abrics a nd f orms. D uring t he e arly 1 2th c entury a t D oncaster, t hree s eparate f abrics w ere b eing p roduced ( GD,FD,WD), e ach n ow a llocated t o a d iffering t radition ( groups E M/58-66/Dn) ( Buckland e t a l 1 979). A t H edon, f our d ifferent v ari ations o f t he C H c oarseware, a nd a t l east t wo v ariations o f f inewares ( FH), m ade u p t he c ompliment o f l ocally m ade f abrics d uring t his p eriod ( EM/55/Hd). I t w as t he c oarsewares w hich s howed t he g reatest f luctuation i n t heir s tandard o f m anufacture d uring t he e arly-medieval p eriod. W ithin t he r egion t hey w ere g enerally c oil-built a nd t hen w heelf inished, a nd i t w as u sually t he d egree o f w heel-finishing w hich p roduced t he v ariation i n p otting s tandards. S ome, s uch a s t he H edon C H f abrics ( e.g. E M/55/Hd,Fig.41,Nos.4 o r 1 9) o r t he C T S taxton t ypes f rom W harram P ercy ( e.g. E M/57/Wp,Fig.49,Nos.1 o r 2 ), w ere u sually o nly w heel-finished o n t heir o uter s urfaces w ith t heir i nner s urfaces l eft l argely h and-finished. I n c ontrast, t he N orth L incolnshire s hell-tempered ( S3,S4), c oarse s andy ( C1,C2) o r g rit-tempered ( G1) f abrics w ere ' usually f ully w heel-finished o r e ven w heel-thrown t o a v ery h igh s tandard ( e.g.EM/13/Br,Fig.22,No.12). I ndeed, t he w ider
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b ases o f t hese e arly-medieval c ooking v essels w ould p robably h ave m ade t hem m ore d ifficult t o m anufacture t han t he n arrower b ased l ateS axon t ypes. I f t he t echnological a chievements o f t he c oarseware f abrics c ould c laim t o m atch t hose o f t he l ate-Saxon v essels, t hose o f t he f inewares u sed t o p roduce t he j ug f orms w ere u sually c onsiderably h igher. N ever a gain d uring t he m edieval p eriod w ere j ug f orms p rod uced t o s uch a h igh s tandard o f c raftsmanship, w ith s uch t hin w alls a nd s uch a ttention t o f inish , t han t hose p roduced d uring t he 1 2th c entury. T hroughout t he e arly 1 2th c entury, m ost j ugs, w ith o nly o ne o r t wo e xceptions, w ere u ndecorated, b ut t his w as m ore t han c omp ensated f or b y t he b rightness a nd f reshness o f t heir s plashed g lazes a nd t heir s imple s hapes. I ndeed, i n t he o pinion o f t he w riter, s plashed g lazed j ugs, s uch a s E M/18/Gy,Fig .23 ,No.5 , E M/4/Bt,Fig .20 , N o.15, E M/62/Dn ,Fig.51,No.13 o r E M/55/Hd,Fig.43,Nos.1 o r 1 5 , a chieved a n a esthetic e xcellence o f f orm a nd a ppearance w hich w as n ever s urp assed i n t his r egion t hroughout t he m edieval p eriod. A s t hese e xamp les d emonstrate, t his h igh l evel o f p otting w as n ot a chieved b y j ust a s ingle f abric, b ut b y m ost o f t he e arly-medieval f ineware f abrics i n t he r egion. F ar f rom r epresenting a c ollapse o r d egene ration o f t he p ottery i ndustry d uring t he 1 2th c entury, t he n ew p ottery i ndustries v ied w ith e ach o ther i n o rder t o c orner a g reater s hare o f w hat m ust s urely h ave b een a c hanging a nd r apidly e xpanding m arket. F abric s tandardisation a nd j ug d evelopment d uring t he 1 2th c entury T his s ection e xamines a nother f undamental c hange i n r egional p ottery i ndustries w hich t ook p lace d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury. H aving e mphasised t hat t he e arly-medieval p eriod w ithin t his r egion w as a t ime o f v ariation a nd e xpansion w ith t he u se o f n ew f abrics a nd f orms, t he l ate 1 2th c entury s aw a g radual m ove t ow ards s tabilisation a nd u niformity. T his w as p rincipally a pparent a mongst t he f inewares w here t he s plashed g lazes o f t he l ate 1 1th o r e arly 1 2th c enturies g ave w ay t o s uspension g lazes. A t t he s ame t ime, t he n umber o f f abrics s tarted t o d ecline a nd t here w as a f ast g rowing t endency t o d ecorate j ug f orms w ith e laborate a pplied o r i ncised d ecoration. T he p rincipal g roups f or m onitoring l ate 1 2th c entury c eramic d evelopment w ithin t he r egion c ome f rom T hornholme P riory i n N orth L incolnshire, H edon i n t he E ast R iding o f Y orkshire a nd D oncaster i n t he W est R iding. T he g ritty ( G) f abric t radition w as a lways m ore c ommon i n t he N orth a nd W est R idings o f Y orkshire t han i t e ver w as i n t he E ast R iding o r i n N orth L incolnshire. N evertheless, v essels i n g ritty f abrics f requently o ccurred w ithin t he r egion a mongst g roups o f t he 1 0th - 1 2th c enturies ( e.g.SX/3/Bt, E M/12/Br, E M/7/Bt,EM/43/Bv), a lthough t hey w ould a ppear t o h ave d ied o ut b y t he e nd o f t he 1 2th c entury. T he T hornholme P riory a ssemblage, t hought t o b egin c .1150 , p roduced o nly t wo s herds ( EM/20/Tp) i n t hese g ritty f abrics- ( Cl), a nd i t w as a bsent f rom E pworth i n t he e arly 1 3th c entury T rench B q uarry g roup ( HM/1/Ep), a lthough t he e vidence f rom t he u nstratified a ssemblages i n C hapter 3 s uggests t hat g ritty f abrics h ad o ccurred e arlier i n b oth t hese a reas. G ritty w ares m ay n ot h ave s urvived m uch l onger i n t he v icinity o f B arton a nd B arrow-upon-Humber a s t he f abric o ccurred a mongst t he 1 2th c entury B arrow C astle a nd S t. C had 's
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g roups,
b ut w as a ll b ut a bsent f rom t he C herry L ane g roups(HM/8-14/Br).
A t H edon i n t he E ast R iding, t he g ritty f abric t ype w as r are a nd o nly o ccurred i n t he e arliest g roup ( EM/55/Hd) t hought t o b elong t o t he e arly 1 2th c entury, w hilst a t B everley, t he e vidence f rom H ighgate, a lthough n ot w ell d ated, s uggests t hat t he g ritty f abrics h ad a lso d isappeared t here b y t he e nd o f t he 1 2th c entury. A t D oncaster, t he g ritty f abric ( G1) w as p resent i n t he l ate-Saxon p eriod, a nd c ontinued i nto t he e arly-medieval p eriod, p roducing a n umber o f s plashed-glazed f ineware f orms, b ut f ailed t o s urvive t he t ransi tion t o s uspension g lazes i n t he m id 1 2th c entury. F rom t he 1 1th c entury, D oncaster w as p roducing i ts o wn g ritty f abric ( GD), i nitially f rom t he M arket P lace i n s plashed g lazes, a nd l ater, f or a s hort w hile, a t H allgate ( Fig.9) u sing s uspension g lazed f orms, b ut t his i ndustry w ould s eem t o h ave d isappeared b efore t he e nd o f t he 1 2th c entury ( Chapter 4 ). A s a w hole, t he e vidence f or t he g ritty f abrics f rom t he r egion s uggests t hat t he t radition w as i n d ecline d uring t he l ater 1 2th c entury. T he f ine s andy f abrics w ere a lso c ommon a mongst t he r egion 's e arly 1 2th c entury g roups,involving a t l east t wo m anufacturing s ources i n N orth L incolnshire ( F1, F 2). A cross t he H umber, a g roup o f r ec ently f ound w asters f rom t he n orth o f t he t own, c onfirms t hat H edon w as a lso a p roduction c entre f or f abrics i n t he f ine s andy t radition ( Chapter 4 ). D espite t he w idespread d istribution o f t his f abric t radition , t he r egion 's p rincipal f ineware f abrics d uring t his p eriod w ere t he o rangewares ( 0) w hich , d uring t he l ater 1 2th c entury, s trengt hened t heir h old o n l ocal m arkets a t t he e xpense o f t he f ine s andy t radition. A t b oth D oncaster ( FD) a nd H edon ( FH1-3) t hese f ine s andy f abrics w ere t o r emain i n p roduction u ntil t he b eginning o f t he 1 4th c entury, h owever, i n N orth L incolnshire, t here i s g rowing e vidence t o s uggest t hat b oth t he l ocal F l a nd F 2 f abrics w ere a lso i n d ecline b y t he e nd o f t he 1 2th c entury. O ccasional e xamples o f f ine s andy f abrics p ersisted t hroughout t he T hornholme P riory a ssemblage, b ut t hey a lmost c ertainly f ormed p art o f t he r esidual e lement a fter P hase 4 . N umerous e xamples w ere f ound f rom C herry L ane, B arrow-upon-Humber i n g roups o f t he h igh-medieval p eriod ( Hayfield 1 977,32-39), b ut s ubsequent r e-examination r evealed t hat m any o f t hese f ine s andy v essels w ere f rom H edon ( HM/8-14/Br). I f t he F l a nd F 2 f abrics d id s urvive i nto t he 1 3th c entury, i t w as i n a d iminished r ole w ith t heir p roduction a nd d istribution b ecoming m uch m ore l ocalised i n c omparison w ith t he m ore u biquitous o rangewares. I t w ill b e a rgued i n C hapter 5 , t hat o n t he b asis o f d istribution , o rangeware p roduction m ay h ave b een c entred a t B arton-on-Humber a nd G rimsby ( Fig.4). T here w as c ertainly n o i ndication t o s uggest t hat i t w as e ver p roduced i n t he a rea a round T hornholme P riory, y et d uring t he l ate 1 2th c entury, t he 0 1 o rangewares r egularly f ormed o ver 8 0% o f m ost g roups, i ts o nly r ivals b eing a f ew v essels f rom L incoln a nd t he n ew , b ut s lowly e merging, m edium s andy ( M1) f abric. E ven t hough t here m ay h ave b een b ulk b uying f or m onastic s ites s uch a s T hornholme, i t i ndicates t he e xtraordinary d ominance w hich o rangewares h ad a chieved i n N orth L incolnshire b y t he l ate 1 2th c entury. I n Y orkshire, o rangewares w ere b eing p roduced a t S carborough a nd B everley w hilst t he e vidence f rom H edon ( EM/55-56/Hd) s uggests t hat a t hird, u nlocated s ource w as i n p roduction. D oncaster a ppears t o h ave b een a n e xception t o t his g eneral p attern; s plashed g lazed o rangewares
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w ere c ommon a mongst t he t own 's e arly-medieval g roups ( EM/62,64/Dn), h owever, t hey w ere n ot r eally c ompatible w ith a ny o f t he E ast R iding o r N orth L incolnshire o rangeware t ypes a nd p robably d erived f rom a d ifferent s ource. I ndeed, i t i s n ot i mpossible t hat o rangewares m ay h ave b een p roduced i n t he i nitial p hases o f t he p ottery i ndustry a t D oncaster, b ut i f s o t hey w ere s oon o verrun b y t he w hiteware ( WD) a nd f ine s andy ( FD) ( Buckland e t a l 1 979 , 5 5-57) w hich c ommanded p roduction d uring t he l ater 1 2th c entury. L ater o rangewares w hich o ccurred i n D oncaster d uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod c an u sually a ttributed t o e ither a n E ast Y orkshire o r N orth L incolnshire s ource, s uggesting t hat t he e arlier s plashed g lazed o rangewares f rom t he t own h ad o nly a l imited l ifespan. E ven a mongst t he t hree H allgate f abrics ( GD,WD ,FD), i t w as o nly t he f ine s andy ( FD) ' Hallgate A ' f abric w hich s urvived i nto t he 1 3th c entury. T his e vidence w ould s uggest t hat t he v ariation i n f abrics, w hich h ad p roved o ne o f t he d iagnostic f eatures o f t he e arly 1 2th c entury w ithin t he r egion , g radually d iminished d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he c entury t o l eave t he o rangewares t he p rincipal r egional f ineware f abric t radition w ith c ertain n otable l ocalised e xceptions, s uch a s a t H edon a nd D oncaster. I n t his r espect, i t m ay b e n o c oincidence t hat t he o rangewares w ere a mong t he f irst o f t he r egional f abrics t o s witch f rom t he u se o f s plashed g lazes t o s uspension g lazes. A t T hornholme P riory, t he s uspension g lazes o f t he e arliest o rangewares ( 01) a mongst t he P hase 1 g roups s uggest t hat t his t ook p lace b etween c .1150-1160 . W ithin e ach k iln s ite i t w as l ikely t o h ave b een a r apid a nd i mmediate c hangeo ver, f or i t w as e ssentially a s imple c hange i n g lazing t echnique. I nstead o f t he g laze b eing a pplied i n p owder f orm, t he g alena c ompounds s eem t o h ave b een m ixed w ith a t hin c lay s lurry t o f orm a s uspension w hich w as t hen p ainted o n t o t he v essels. O nce a p roduction c entre d ecided t o s witch f rom o ne m ethod t o a nother, t he c hange w as l ikely t o h ave b een s wift a nd c omplete. N ot a ll f abrics o r p roduction c entres w ould h ave m ade t he c hange a t t he s ame t ime, e ven w ithin a s ingle r egional t radition. T he e vid ence f rom H edon w ould s uggest t hat t he o rangewares o f t he E ast R iding h ad s witched g lazing m ethods d uring t he e arly 1 2th c entury. H owever, t he f ine s andy H edon f abrics p robably r etained t heir s plashed g lazes i nto t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury. L incoln w ould a lso a ppear t o h ave m ade t he c hangeover d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury. G roups f rom t he B ishop 's P alace a t L incoln b elonging t o t he l ater 1 2th c entury ( EM/40/Li) w ere l argely s plashed g lazed w ith o ne o r t wo e xceptions ( EM/40/Li,Fig.37,Nos.21-22). T he P hase 4 g roups f rom T hornholme P riory, h owever, d ating t o c .1180-1200 , h ad L incoln w are i mports w ith f ully d eveloped g lazes ( Eg/22/Tp ,Fig.24,No.7). F urther a field, i t s eems t hat s plashed g lazes m ay h ave h ad a l onger d uration; C oppack h as r ecently s uggested t hat i t w as r etained i n N ottingham u ntil t he e arly 1 3th c entury ( 1980 ,218a). A t B everley, g roup E M/48/Bv, w hich u nderlay t he f ire l ayers o f 1 188, s howed t hat s uspension g lazes h ad b y t hen r eplaced s plashed g lazes o n t he t own 's o rangewares. W hereas a t Y ork , a r ecent s urvey o f t he c ity's c eramic d evelopment s uggested t hat s plashed g lazing m ay h ave c ontinued i nto t he 1 3th c entury ( Holdsworth 1 978 ,12), b ut
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h ere t he c hangeover c ould n ot b e s o c losely d ated. W ithin t he r egion a s a w hole i t c an b e o bserved t hat s plashed g lazes b elong t o t he 1 2th c entury o r e arlier, m ost d ating b efore c .1150 . G iven t he o bvious f allibilities o f s uch g eneralisations, i t n evertheless f orms a f airly r eliable m eans o f i solating c ategories o f ' early-medieval' f inewares f rom a mongst t he u nstratified a ssemblages. A t hird c hange d uring t he l ate 1 2th c entury w as t he w idespread i ntroduction o f d ecorative t echniques o n j ug f orms. O ccasional e xamp les o f p lastic o r i ncised d ecoration h ad o ccurred o n s plashed g lazed v essels ( e.g. E M/20/Tp,Fig.24,No.2, o r E M/11/Br,Fig.22,No.6 , o r E M/60/Dn,Fig.50 ,No.5). H owever, d ecoration o n s plashed g lazed j ugs r emains r are. A t T hornholme P riory, t he P hase 2 g roups d ating c .11501 170 d isplayed a r ange o f h igh q uality a pplied a nd i ncised d ecoration, o ften w ith t he u se o f i ron-wash o r i ron-rich c lay. B y t he l ate 1 2th c entury, i n P hases 3 a nd 4 , t he o rangewares a t T hornholme P riory c omprised a h igher p ercentage o f d ecorated j ug f orms t han a t a ny o ther p eriod. I ndeed b y t he e arly t o m id-13th c entury, t he p roportion o f d ecorated j ugs h ad s tarted t o d ecline. A t D oncaster p rimitive i ncised d esigns w ere p resent o n s ome s plashed g lazed j ugs o f t he 1 1th o r e arly 1 2th c entury ( e.g.Fig.50,Nos.5,9), b ut m ost j ugs o f t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury w ere p lain ( e.g.Fig.51,Nos.111 3). I t w as o nly w ith t he e mergence o f t he t own's w hiteware f abric ( WD) d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury t hat j ug d ecoration b egan i n e arnest a nd w ith a n e xtraordinary f lamboyance, s pecialising i n a pplied, n otched v ertical s trips a nd a pplied a nthropomorphic d esigns ( e.g.Fig.53,No.6). A m ore d etailed e xamination o f t he r ange a nd t echniques o f d ecoration w ill b e m ade i n C hapter 5 . O n a g enerali sed b asis, a lthough c ertain d ecorative t echniques a ppear t o h ave b een a lmost u niversal, p articular s tyles a nd d esigns b ecame m ore c learly a ssociated w ith i ndividual f abric t raditions a nd i ndeed b ecame p art o f t he d efinable c haracteristics o f t hose t raditions. T he l ater 1 2th c entury a lso s aw a g reater v ariety o f s tyle w ithin j ug f orms. I n t he e arly 1 2th c entury t here a ppeared t o h ave b een a v ery l imited r ange o f j ug s hapes ( e.g.EM/4/Bt,Fig.20 ,No.15 o r E M/55/Hd,Fig.43,No.1). T he f irst f ew T hornholme g roups i ncluded t hese e arly f orms b ut h ere t hey w ere d ecorated w ith s uspension g lazes ( EM/30/Tp,Fig.26,No.6). T he s ame T hornholme g roups a lso i ncluded a n ew s eries o f j ug f orms ( EM/30/Tp,Fig.26,Nos.4,7). R im f orms h ad b een a f airly s tandard s quare s hape d uring t he e arly 1 2th c entury b ut t hese e arly T hornholme v essels d emonstrated a g rowing r ange o f r im t ypes ( EM/24-34/Tp). V arious c hanges i n t he c onstructional t echn iques o f j ugs a nd o ther v essels t ook p lace i n t he l ater 1 2th c entury, b ut t hese w ill b e d etailed i n C hapter 5 . S everal n ew v essel f orms a ppeared; t hese i ncluded c urfews, p ipkins, a quamaniles, b asting d ishes a nd c ruets. I t w as a lso i nteresting t o n ote a L incoln w are k night j ug ( EM/34/Tp,Fig.33,No.7) f irmly s tratified i n a l ate 1 2th c entury c ontext. T o s ummarise t his e arly-medieval d iscussion, i t w ould s eem t hat t he t ransition f rom t he l ate-Saxon f orms a nd f abrics t o t hose o f t he e arly-medieval p eriod h ad t aken p lace d uring t he 1 1th c entury, p robably i nvolving a p eriod o f o verlap. T he p otting s tandards d uring t he 1 1th a nd 1 2th c enturies w ere c ertainly e qual t o, a nd i n s ome c ases s uperior t o, t hose o f t he l ate-Saxon p eriod, w ith n o e vidence
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w ithin t his r egion f or a ny d ecline i n t he p ottery i ndustry. A bout t he m iddle o f t he 1 2th c entury, s plashed g lazes w ere r eplaced b y s uspension g lazes a nd d ecoration b egan t o p lay a m ajor p art i n j ug m anufacture. F abrics b ecame m ore s tandardised w ith a g rowing a ssert ion o f r egional t raditions. A s t he f abrics b ecame m ore s tandardised, t he r ange o f f orms a nd t he r ange o f v ariation w ithin t hose f orms i ncreased. T he e arly-medieval p ottery i ndustry w ithin t his r egion h ad s een t he ' medieval p ottery i ndustry' f ounded, e xpanded, d eveloped a nd a rguably r each i ts a esthetic p eak. D uring t he 1 3th c entury, a s low d ecline i n q uality, i f n ot i n q uantity, w as t o s et i n.
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f .
H igh-Medieval S tratified G roups a nd P hase-Groups ( Fig.54)
i .
L ist o f s ites p roducing H igh-Medieval g roups
:
N orth L incolnshire E pworth : M anor
H M/1-7/Ep
B arrow-upon-Humber
:S t. C hads
H M/8/Br
B urnham : C hapel
H M/9/Bc
K ettleby T horpe
H M/10/Kt
B arrow-upon-Humber T hornholme P riory
:C herry L ane
H M/11-14/Br
:A rea 2
H M/15-29/Tp
:A rea 1 T rench D
H M/30-36/Tp
:A rea
H M/37-57/Tp
1T rench J
R egional S outh L incolnshire N ettleham : T he B ishop 's P alace Y orkshire B everley
H M/58/Nh
:E ast R iding :H ighgate
H M/59-62/Bv
H edon : M iddle L ane
H M/63-81/Hd
H ull : B lackfriargate A
H M/82-83/Hu
:M onkgate B Y orkshire
i i.
H M/84/Hu
:W est R iding
C onisbrough : C astle
H M/85/Ch
D oncaster
H M/86-93/Dn
:v arious s ites
T he H igh-Medieval G roups
H M/1/EP
S VR 3 .3
E pworth : M anor S ite C P '
S 3 • 0 1 F D
'
1
J
1
,
P
.
S G
1 0
3
H 2
4
4
3
*W Y
' 3
3
3
*M N
1
1
' R
8
2
D C
. .
1 2
1 5
O G
4
5
5
-
1
2
.
2
1
. .
4
6
e
T his g roup c ame f rom a q uarry p it; t he e arliest r ecognised f eature f rom T rench B ( Fig.6B). I t c ontained n o i ndependent d ating e vidence. A rchaeologically, i t a ppeared t hat t he q uarry h ad b een d eliberately f illed i n a s ingle o peration r ather t han g radually a llo wed t o a ccumulate r ubbish.
111
C eramically, t he g roup b elongs t o t he m id t o l ate 1 3th c entury. A ll t he o rangewares ( 01) w ere o f a t ype r ecognised a t T hornholme P riory f rom t he l ate 1 2th c entury a nd w hich p ersisted t hroughout t he 1 3th c entury. T he f ine s andy D oncaster ( FD)vessels r epresented a s eries o f f orms w hich c ould b e m atched a mongst t he H allgate w asters. T he v essels i n b oth 0 1 a nd F D f abrics w ere s uspension g lazed ( OG) s uggesting t hat t hey w ere l ater t han c .1150 . O nly t he N ottingham w are ( MN) j ug, F ig.55,No.12 , h ad a s plashed g laze b ut t hese c ontinued w ell i nto t he 1 3th c entury. T he H umberwares w ould a rgue f or a l ater d ate, a s t he W est C owick k iln s equence p robably o nly b egan i n t he l ater 1 3th c entury, a nd i t w as n ot u ntil t he 1 4th a nd 1 5th c entury t hat i t b ecame p rolific i n H umberside. H umberwares w ere a lso f ound i n t he e arliest p hases a t H ull, d ating t o t he l ate 1 3th c entury, a lthough t hey d id n ot b ecome c ommon t here u ntil t he 1 4th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.55,Nos.1-12.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.1-2; f ine s andy(FD),Nos.3-7; H umberware ( H2),Nos.8-10 ; w hiteware(WY),No.11; m edium s andy(MN),No.12.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-12.
W ith t he e xception o f t he N ottingham s plashed w are j ug, N o.12, a ll t he o ther i llustrated v essels f rom t his g roup h ad s uspension g lazes, N os.2 a nd 1 1 h aving a n i ron w ash p ainted o ver t heir a pplied d ecoration. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug, N o.8 , w as p lugged; o ne o f t he e arliest u ses o f t his t echnique t o b e r ecognised w ithin t he r egion.
S VR 1 .0
E pworth : M anor S ite
H M/2/Ep
O G
C P 3
3
4
3
H 2
3
3
R
1
0 1 F D
'
_
-
2 1
D C 1
2 1
1 '
L evelling m aterial f rom t rench B w hich s ealed q uarry p it g roup H M/1/Ep. T he o rangeware j ug, F ig.55,No.13 , w as p arallelled i n l ate 1 2th c entury c ontexts a t T hornholme P riory a nd m ay b e r esidual. T his m aterial c an o nly b e a ssigned a g eneral h igh-medieval d ate. I llustrated V essels
F ig.55 , N os.13-14.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.13 ;
F orms
j ugs,No.13 ;
f ine s andy(FD),No.14 .
p ipkins,No.14.
1 12
E pworth : M anor S ite
' HM/3/Ep C P .
O T
e
S 3
2
•0 1
4
.
F D
. 2
W D
1
G D
1
'R U
2
2
. 3
' ' 1
1
.
-
3
1
6
3
2
2
1
1
'
'
1
.
1 1
.
.
1
-
1
2
.
•
D C
O G
a
1 2
H 2
.
_
S VR 1 .3
•
6
'
P ottery f rom a ccumulated m aterial o verlying t he s ubsoil i n t rench C . T he g ritty ( GD) c ooking-pot, F ig.55,No.15, r epresented m aterial o f e arly-medieval d ate, w hilst t he r emaining v essels c an b e g enerally a ssigned t o t he h igh-medieval p eriod. I llustrated V essels
F ig.55, N os.15-21.
F abrics
g ritty(GD),No.15; o rangeware(01),No.16 ; f ine s andy(FD) N os.17-19 ; H umberware(H2),No.20 ; r egional s tray(R0),No.21.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.15,20 ;
j ugs,Nos.16-19,21.
O rangeware j ug N o.16 , h ad i ron-washed s pots. N o.21 w as i n a h ard, s mooth-textured f abric w ith a l ight s and f iller, o xidised o range-red c ore a nd o uter s urface, a nd r ed i nner s urface.
E pworth : M anor S ite
H M/4/Ep
C P _ _ ___--____-_-__--
S VR 1 .4 O T
B 1
4
S G
O G •
-
S 3
5
0 1
1
1
1
0 3
1
1
1
F D
2
•H 2
2
2
1
.W D
1
1
1 .
'W Y
1
1
1 .
W S
1
1
F H3
1
1
•R C
2
I D
1
'
.
2.
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1 ,
. 1
.
.
•
•
•
•
T his g roup c ame f rom l ayers s tratified b eneath t he b uilding c omplex i n t rench E ; i ts e arliest m aterial w as p robably o f 1 2th c entury d ate, t he r emainder b elonging t o t he 1 3th c entury. J ugs, F ig.56 ,Nos.3
1 13
a nd 4 , w ere s ub-types o f o rangeware c urrent i n t he 1 2th c entury; N o.3 h ad a p articularly s oapy-textured s urface a nd r epresented a n e arly s ub-type o f t he 0 1 f abric w hich w as o nly p resent i n t he f irst t hree p hases a t T hornholme P riory. T he S carborough w hiteware j ug, N o.7, h ad a s plashed g laze a nd c an c onsequently b e a ttributed a n e arlym edieval d ate. T he f ine s andy j ug, F ig.56,No.6, w as i n t he l ater o f t he t hree H edon j ug f abrics ( FH3) w hich d id n ot a ppear u ntil t he 1 3th c entury. I t w ould a lso b e u nlikely f or t he L ow C ountries r edware s killet, N o.9, t o b e a ny e arlier t han t he 1 3th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.56, N os.1-9.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3),Nos.1-2; o rangeware(01),No.3; ( 03),No.4; f ine s andy(FD),No.5; ( FH3),No.6 ; w hiteware(WS),No.7; r egional s tray(RC),No.8; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),No.9.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-2,8;
j ugs,Nos.3-7; s killets,No.9.
A ll t hree i llustrated c ooking-pots w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. J ug, N o.7 h ad a t hin, w atery, p ale-green s plashed g laze. B oth t he s trap h andle a nd i nternal k nife t rimming o f N o.4 s uggest a t welfth c entury d ate. C ooking-pot, N o.8, was i n a h ard, r ough, h eavily s and-tempered f abric, w ith o range o utersurface, g rey c ore a nd p ale b uff i nner s urface.
H M/5/Ep
E pworth
:M anor S ite
S VR 2 .0 O G
.
0 1
1
0 S2 H 2
1
1
.
1
1
1
.
3
3
2
'
P ottery r ecovered f rom l evelling m aterial i n t rench B . J ug, F ig.56,No.11,was i n t he l ater ' Scarborough 2 ' o rangeware f abric ( 0S2) w hich p ersisted i nto t he 1 4th c entury ( Farmer 1 979,31). T his w ould a lso b e a n a ppropriate d ate f or H umberware ( H2) j ug, N o.10. I llustrated V essels
F ig.56,
N os.10-11.
F abrics
H umberware,(H2),No.10;
F orms
j ugs,Nos.10-11.
E pworth
H M/6/Ep
o rangeware(0S2),No.11.
:M anor S ite
S VR 1 .2 O G
-
" 1
0 1
'
A s mall
p it
1
1 2
1 2
2
2
M L
1
1
g roup
f rom
,
. .
1
t rench B w hose m aterial w as
1 14
u ndated b ut
c onformed t o h igh-medieval t ypes a nd i ncluded o ne o f o f L incoln w are ( ML) t o b e r ecognised f rom t he s ite. I llustrated V essels
t he
f ew s herds
g reen
s uspension
F ig.56 ,Nos.12-13.
F abrics
H umberware(H2),No.12; m edium s andy(ML),No.13 .
F orms
j ugs,Nos.12-13.
T he g laze.
L incoln
w are
j ug
r im ,
N o.13 ,
h ad
a d ark
E pworth : M anor S ite
H M/7/Ep
. _
S VR 1 .8 O T
C P
O G
1
S 3
1
0 3
1
1
1—
•
H 2
3
3
2
•
C M1
2
2
2
•
R W
1
1
1
I D
1
'
'
R
_
'
1
'
1 1
2
2
.
•
T hese v essels w ere r ecovered f rom t rench C y ard d eposits. T he S urrey w hiteware j ug, F ig.56 , N o.14 , w as k indly i dentified b y J ames T horn a nd g iven a 1 4th c entury d ate o n t he b asis o f s imilar v essels f rom t he G reat M edieval C ellar a t K ing 's L angley, H ertfordahire, w hich w ere f ound o n t he f loor o f t he c ellar i n a ssociation w ith a j etton o f c .1390 ( Neal 1 973,Figs.24-5, 5 2 a nd 6 1) ( information p rov ided b y J . C . T horn). F ragments o f a L ow C ountries r edware p ipkin a nd a C oal M easure f abric ( CM1) j ug f rom t his g roup w ould a lso s upport a 1 4th c entury d ate. I llustrated V essel F abric
F ig.56,No.14.
r egionalstray(RW);
F orm
j ug.
T he i llustrated j ug w as i n a h ard, w hite, w ith t races o f a c opper-green s uspension g laze.
B arrow : S t. C hads
H M/8/Br
s and-tempered
f abric
S VR 1 .0 C P
S 4 T wo
s hell-tempered
2
c ooking-pots,
2 w hich w ere
t ypologically
l ater
t han t hose f rom E M/10-14/Br. I llustrated V essels
F ig.22, N os.17-18.
F abrics s hell-tempered(S4),Nos.17-18 ; F orms c ooking-pots,Nos.17-18.
1 15
H M/9/Bc
B urnham : C hapel
R I Br
C P
5
. . . . .
. .
C T
6
C L
3
3
S 4
3
3
S i
1
1
C 2
3
3
F l
6
0 1 M 1
4
H 1
2
. , ._ . P N
5
1
S c
. . . . ' 6
1
_
'
4
1 6
2
2
.
1
. .
1
1 8 .
2 9
.
4
_
O G
.
2 3
R
C N
1
_
1 7
H 2 ,
'
S VR 1 .0
1 ä
3 '
1
1 1 1
*
-
A p hase-group f rom a ccumulated d eposits i mmediately o utside t he w alls o f t he c hurch , w hich r ange i n d ate f rom l ate-Saxonto t he e arly 1 4th c entury r estoration o f t he c hapel. I llustrated V essels
F ig.57,Nos.1-15.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CT),No.1; ( C2),Nos.2-3 ; s hell-tempered(S4),No.4 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.5-10 ; f ine s andy(F1),Nos.11-13; H umberware ( H2),Nos.14-15.
F orms
b owls,No.1; c ooking-pots,Nos.2-4;
j ugs,Nos.6-15;
p ipkins,No.5.
N os. 3 a nd 5 were b urnt a nd s ooted a nd N os.11-12 s plashed g lazed.
K ettleby T horpe : H ouse 1
H M/10/Kt . W St
.
C P 1
'
S 4
2
'
M 1
2
.
O T
e r
1
S VR *
1
.
O G 1
.
1
2
,
'
T hese v essels w ere s ealed b eneath t he c onstruction o f H ouse 1 ( Russell e t a l 1 974 ,8-11), a nd p robably r epresent a n a ccumulated r ange o f m aterial r ather t han a s ingle p eriod g roup ( Moorhouse 1 974, 1 6). T he S tamford w are ( WSt) p itcher r im i s u nlikely t o b e 1 3th c entury a s s uggested ( ibid) a nd i s p robably 1 2th c entury o r e arlier ( Kilmurray 1 980 ,133-134). T he r emaining m aterial m ay b e o f l ate 1 2th o r e arly 1 3th c entury d ate; t he m edium s andy ( MU f abric f irst o ccurred i n l ate 1 2th c entury g roups a t T hornholme P riory, a lthough i t w as n ot c ommon o n t he s ite u ntil t he 1 3th c entury.
1 16
I llustrated V essels
F ig.57, N os.16-20 .
F abrics
S tamford ( WSt),No.16 ; s hell-tempered(S4),Nos.17-18 ; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.19-20 .
F orms
p itchers,No .16;
b owls,No.18 ;
c ooking-pots,Nos.17,19-20 .
V essels N os.16 , 1 9 a nd 2 0 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
H M/11/Br ,
B arrow : C herry L ane C P
.
'
G 1
1
S 4
3
'
C 2
9
s
F l
1
'
0 1
9
'
M 1
1
'
I Y
1
.
S VR 1 .5 P N
.
4
'
O G e
1
.
3 '
_
8
,
. 1
2
1
1
'
7
4
'
1
1
1 ,
.
A p hase g roup o f p ottery f rom v arious f eatures s ealed a nd t runc ated b y a c obbled c halk s urface ( HM/13/Bv). C ooking-pot, F ig.57, N o.26 , o riginally d escribed a s B lau G rau ( Hayfield 1 977,32),was p roba bly a 1 3th c entury , L ow C ountries g reyware ( IY). N o.21, a n e arlym edieval g ritty f abric ( G1), p robably d ated t o t he 1 2th c entury. T he m edium s andy f abric, N o.25, a ppeared d uring t he l ate 1 2th c entury a t T hornholme P riory, b ut w as u ncommon b efore t he 1 3th c entury a nd w ould b e u nlikely t o h ave b een t raded f ar b efore t hen. B oth t he s hell-tempered ( S4) a nd c oarse s andy ( C2) v essels w ere d ifficult t o d ate a ny m ore p recisely t han h igh-medieval. T he 1 3th c entury d ate, a scribed i n 1 977, w ould s till s eem b e a ppropriate f or m uch o f t his m aterial, a lthough s ome v essels 1 2th c entury o r e arlier d ate w ere p resent. I llustrated V essels
t o o f
F ig.57 , N os.21-26.
F abrics
g ritty(G1),No.21; s hell-tempered(S4),No.22; c oarse s andy(C2), N os.23-24 ; m edium s andy(M1),No.25; L ow C ountries g reyware ( IY),No.26.
F orms
p ancheons,No.21; j ugs,No.25.
b owls,No.22;
c ooking-pots,Nos.23 ,24 ,26 ;
C ooking-pot, N o.26 , w as i n a h ard, g rey, c oarsely s and-tempered f abric w hose b lue-grey s urfaces h ad a m etallic s heen t o t he o uter s urface; b oth t his v essel a nd N o.24 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
B arrow : C herry L ene
H M/i2/Br T his
g roup
d erived
f rom
c leaning
1 17
i mmediately
S VR 1 .3 u nder
t he
c obbles
w hich r evealed t he H M/11/Br f eatures a nd t herefore c ontains m aterial b oth f rom t he t ops o f t hose f eatures a nd a ny o ccupation m aterial t hat p re-dated t he l aying o f t he c obbles. T he w ide c hronological r ange o f m aterial i n t his g roup i ncluded F ig.59,No.9, i dentified b y D r. R ichard H odges a s a M erovingian i mport ( pers.comm .). I ts s hape w as s imilar t o t he T ating w are p itchers a nd i ts f abric c haracterised b y i ts o xidised r ed b urnished s urfaces. C omparable v essels w ere f ound a t H amwih i n g roups d ating t o t he 8 th o r 9 th c enturies ( Hodges 1 981,71-72). T his p ot w as a ll t he m ore r emarkable b eing t he o nly v essel o f t his p eriod f rom t he s ite, h owever t he S t. C hads e xcavations l ay o nly a h undred y ards t o t he e ast, w hose S X/4/Br g roup, w ith i ts I pswich w are p itchers, p rovides a c ontemporary s etting f or s uch a v essel. A lthough r esidual t o t his g roup, t his v essel r emains a n i mportant f ind a s i t w as p robably a h igh s tatus o bject a nd h as i mplications f or p ossible M iddle-Saxon t rading c onnect ions i n t he H umber b asin. N
. . .
C P
R IB
1
I
1
W Dt
1
S i
1
1
S 3
2
2
T .O
7
1
•C 2
3 1
2 8
'2
1
1 1 6
1
*O H
1
•0 S2
1 -
1
•M L
1
'R
1
. 1 4
2
4
5
6 9 1
,
.
9
6
.
7 6
.
, 4
6
*0 3
*H 2
1
1
. 6
0 1
. .
1
3 0
*F H2
D C
,
3 7
F l
O G
1
•S 4
•R C
,
_
. _
-
. 1 4
4 2
3
1
'
1
1
1
1
1
' 1
1
1
'
.
1 *
.
.
.
_
.
M uch o f t he r emaining m aterial, f or e xample, t he D eveloped S tamford w are j ug ( WDt), F ig.59,No.2, b elonged t o t he 1 2th c entury, a lthough t here w ere a lso 1 3th c entury v essels, s uch a s t he H umberware j ug b ase, F ig.59, N o.8. T he g roup w as a lso r emarkable f or i ts w ide r ange o f f abrics, w hich w ould a ppear t o o we m ore t o t he t own 's t rading c onnections t han t he c hronological s pan o f t his g roup. R egional i mports f rom H edon ( Fig.59,Nos.4-6), L incoln ( Fig.59,No.7), H ull ( fabric O H), S carborough ( fabric 0 S2) a nd S tamford ( Fig.59,No.2) m ay r eflect B arrow 's c ommercial l inks a s a m inor H umber p ort. T his p icture c ontrasts v ividly, f or e xample, w ith t he f ar m ore l imited r ange o f f abric t ypes f rom c ontemporary g roups a t T hornholme P riory.
1 18
I llustrated V essels
F ig.58 ,Nos.1-33 ; F ig.59 ,Nos.1-9.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(C2),Fig.58 ,Nos.1-6 ; s hell-tempered(S4),Fig.58 , N os.7-18 ; ( S3),Fig.58 ,No.19 ; o rangeware ( 01),Fig.58 ,Nos.20-33; ( 03),Fig.59 ,No.1; w hiteware(WDt),Fig.59 ,No.2; f ine s andy(F1), F ig.59,No.3 ; ( FH2),Fig.59,Nos.4-6 ; m edium s andy(ML),Fig .59 , N o.7; H umberware(H2),Fig.59 ,No.8; i mport(I),Fig.59,No.9 .
F orms
c ooking-pots,Fig.58 ,Nos.1-14 ,19-21; b owls,Fig.59,Nos.15-17; l ids,Fig.59 ,No.18; j ugs,Fig.58 ,Nos.22-33 , F ig.59,Nos.1-5 , 7 -8 ; p ipkins,Fig.59 ,No.6 ; p itchers,Fig.59 ,No.9.
V essels, F ig.58 ,Nos.6 , 8 , 1 1-12 , 1 5-17, a nd F ig.59 , N o.6 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, a nd o rangeware j ugs, F ig.58 , N os.24, 2 9-30 , h ad i ron-washed a pplied d ecoration. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug , F ig.58, N o.22, w as p lugged. T he M erovingian p itcher, F ig.59, N o.9 , h ad a s oft, f riable, s and-tempered f abric o f a p ale r eddish-buff c olour. B oth s urfaces w ere c oated w ith a r ed s lip, t he o uter s urface a nd u pper p art o f t he i nner s urface w ere h ighly b urnished g iving t hem a w arm , s oapy t exture.
B arrow : C herry L ane
H M/13/Br •
F S 4 C 2
*F l —
0 1
.
N 7
1 3 5 3 2
*W Y
1
*H 2
2
*F H2
4
*P M
2
•
C P
.
5
B
O T
J
P
S VR 1 .4
O T
S G
O G
D C
2 1
1 2 1
. 4 2 7
4 . , 1
,
• 1
1
3 1 6
1
1
2
1
3
3 2
'
. .
2
T he c obbles, f rom w hich t his g roup o f p ottery d erived, w ere a s hoddy a ffair o f i rregular l umps o f c halk , l oosely p acked a nd s et i nto t he s urface o f H M/12/Br, t hereby i ntroducing r esidual m aterial. T he a ccumulating l ayers o f H M/14/Br w ere t rodden d own i nto t hese c obbles i ntroducing i ntrusive m aterial. T hus t his g roup i s l eft i n t he u nenviable p osition o f c ontaining v essels b oth p re-dating a nd p ost-dating t he a ctual l aying o f t he c obbles. J ug h andle, F ig.59, N o.18 , w as a lmost c ertainly l ocal ( F1) r ather t han f rom H edon ( FH1) ( contra H ayfield 1 977,35-6, N o.55) a nd p robably o f e arly 1 2th c entury d ate. O n t he o ther h and, N os.20 a nd 2 1 w ere p robably f rom H edon, a s t hey c an n ow b e a ssigned t o t he F H2 f abric. P ost-medieval v essel, N o.24 , r epresents a m ore o bvious i ntrusive e lement. I llustrated V essels F ig.59 , N os.10-24. F abrics
c oarse s andy(C2),No.10 ;
s hell-tempered(S4),Nos.11-12;
1 19
o rangeware(01),Nos.13-16 ; f ine s andy(F1),Nos.17-19; ( FH2), N os.20-21; H umberware(H2),No.22 ; w hiteware(WY),No.23; p ostm edieval(PM),No .24. F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.10 ,13,17; b owls,No.11; N os.14-16,18-21,23 ; c isterns,Nos.22,24 .
f lasks,No.12;
j ugs ,
F ine s andy j ug, N o.18 , h ad a y ellow-green s plashed g laze w h ilst t he Y ork w hiteware j ug, N o.23, h ad a y ellow-ochre s uspension g laze a nd a n i ron-wash o n i ts a pplied s pots.
H M/14/Br F
.
B arrow : C herry L ane N
C F
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2
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T his m aterial, w hich a ccumulated o ver t he c halk c obbles o f H M/13/Br, i ncluded a h igh r esidual e lement, a nd c overed a w ide t ime s cale. H andle, F ig.60 , N o13, h ad a s plashed g laze a nd p robably c ame f rom a 1 2th c entury p itcher f orm s imilar t o t hat f rom B arton : S t. P eters E M/1/Bt, F ig.19 , N o.3. N os.20-22 w ere 1 6th c entury o r l ater i n d ate a nd r epresented t he l atest a ctivity o n t he s ite. I llustrated V essels
F ig.60 , N os.1-22.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(C2),Nos.1-7; s hell-tempered(S4),No.8 ; o rangeware ( 01),Nos.9-16; f ine s andy(FH2),No.17; H umberware(H1),Nos .18-19 ; C istercian(CIST),No.20 ; p ost-medieval(PM),Nos.21-22.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3 , 8 -9; b owls,Nos.4-7; j ugs,Nos.10-12 ,14-19 ; p itchers,No.13 ; c ups,No.20 ; c isterns,No.21; d ishes,No.22.
V essels N os.1, 3 -4 a nd 6 , w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. a nd j ug N o.10 , h ad s plashed g lazes. T he C istercian N o.20 , h ad b een f ired i n a n u pright p osition.
1 20
P itcher N o.13, w are c up b ase,
H M/15/Tp
T hornholme P riory : A rea 2 , P hase 5
F l
.
1
0 1 •
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1
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T his g roup, f rom t he c onstruction o f t he o uter p recinct w all, w as d ated t o t he e arly 1 3th c entury b y a rchitectural d etail ( informa tion G lyn C oppack). I t w as d ominated b y t he o rangeware f abric ( 01) a nd t he j ug f orm . T he o rangeware p ipkins, w hich f ormed c . 1 2% o f t he t otal, w ere e vidently u sed a s c ooking v essels, w hich e xplains t he a bsence o f c ooking-pots. I llustrated V essels
F ig.61, N os.1-5.
F abrics
o rangeware ( 01),Nos.1-4 ; r egional s tray(RW),No.5.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-5.
J ug N o.3 h ad o nly a s ingle t humbing f or i ts l ower h andle a ttachm ent a nd h ad a w hite s alts d eposit o n i ts i nner s urface; j ug N o.4 h ad i ron-wash p ainted o n i ts c lay ' blobs', w hilst i ts b asal a ngle h ad s even s ingle t humbings. T he r egional s tray, N o.5 , w as i n ah ard, y ellowish-white f abric w ith a p ale y ellowish o uter s urface a nd a t hin , w atery,but b rightly m ottled, c opper-green s uspension g laze.
T hornholme P riory
H M/16/Tp . S 3 '0 1 M L .
.
.
M 1
4
C P
, .
,
5 1
3
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I
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3 2 3
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T his g roup, f rom P hase 5 y ard p ots f orming 2 3.5% o f t he t otal. I llustrated V essels
P N
3
2
H l
•
.
S VR 1 .5
4
5 6
1 9
:A rea 2 , P hase 5
d eposits,
2 .
c ontained
2 0
' , c ooking -
F ig.61, N os.6-27.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.6-19 ; m edium s andy(ML),Nos.20-22; N os.23-24 ; ( MT),Nos.25-26; r egional s tray(R),Nos.27.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.6-17,20-22,25-27; N o.23; p ancheons,No.24 .
( M1),
p ipkins,Nos.18-19 ; c ooking-pots,
1 21
O f t he t wo T oynton-all-Saints ( MT) p roducts, N o.26 h ad i ronw ashed a pplied s trips. O rangeware j ug, N o.13, h ad a b right y ellow s uspension g laze o ver a t hick ( 1-2mm) w hite s lip, w ith c opper-washed a pplied s pots; t he s urviving p ortion o f t his v essel t o t he r ight o f t he l ower h andle a ttachment h ad a c opper-green g laze, s uggesting t hat t he o riginal j ug w as d ecorated w ith a t l east t wo d ifferent c oloured p anels. V ery s imilar v essels o ccur i n t he S carborough 1 o rangeware f abric. H andle f ragment, N o.16, w as a v ery c lose p arallel t o a v essel f rom C herry L ane, B arrow-upon-Humber ( HM/14/Br, F ig.60, N o.14) a nd t o a nother f rom B urnham ; a ll t hree m ay h ave b een m ade b y t he s ame p otter.
H M/17/Tp
T hornholme P riory C P
•
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•
9
7
M L
1
1
7
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3
1
D C 1
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2
1 i . ,
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:A rea 2 , P hase 5
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,
.
.
T he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric f orms a l arge p roportion o f g roups f rom P hase 5 , a lthough n ot b ecoming t he d ominant f abric u ntil P hase.8. T hese v essels c ame f rom t he r ebuilding a nd s ubsequent o ccupation o f t he e arly b rewhouse ( building c i). A rea 1 , t rench J a lso p roduced a c ondiment f orm s imilar t o t hat o f F ig.62, N o.4, w hich s upports a n e arly 1 3th c entury d ate f or t he u se o f t hese v essels a t T hornholme. T hey w ere b oth c onstructed f rom t wo s eparate d ishes w elded t ogether b y a c entral h andle. T his e xample d isplayed s ome t races o f b urning a nd h ad t he g laze s car o f a s imilar v essel o n i ts b ase. I llustrated V essels
F ig.62, N os.1-4.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.1-2; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.3-4.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-3;
H M/18/Tp
c ondiments,No.4.
T hornholme P riory
:A rea 2 , P hase 5
C P
P N
O T
S VR 2 .0 D C
O G
• 0 1
4
3
1
3
1 4
M 1
1 5
3
1
1 0 4
1
1 1
2 .
T his g roup w as a ssociated w ith t he c onstruction o f t he n ew S tewards h all ( building B ii), t he e arliest o f a s eries o f d omestic h alls. T he h orseshoe m otif o n j ug F ig.62, N o.6, p roved f airly c ommon o n t he ( M1) m edium s andy f abric. S uch c omplex j ug d ecoration r esemb les d esigns f ound o n w aste m aterial f rom t he ' Roses' k iln a t T oyntona ll-Saints ( Healey 1 984).
1 22
I llustrated V essels
F ig.62, N os.5-7.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.5; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.6-7.
F orms
p ipkins,No.5;
j ugs,No.6;
u rinals,No.7.
T he d esign o f j ug, N o.6, c omprised t wo s ide p anels o f h orseshoes w ith a f loral m otif a t t he f ront, a nd h ad a b right o live-green s uspens ion g laze. U rinal, N o.7, a lso h ad a n o live-green s uspension g laze.
T hornholme P riory
H M/19/Tp
:A rea 2 , P hase 5 B D
.
0 1
2
M 1
3
D C
O G
1
2
2 '
S VR 2 .0
1
2
2 '
A s mall g roup o f t hree v essels f rom r ebuilding w ork o n t he d ovec ote ( building E l). I llustrated V essels
F ig.62, N os.8-9.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.8 ; m edium s andy(M1),No.9.
F orms
j ugs,No.8;
b asting d ishes,No.9.
T he f abric o f b asting-dish, N o.9, w as h eavily b urnt w ith s oot d eposits r emaining o n i ts r im a nd o uter s urface. T he s mall o rangeware h andle, N o.8, w as p art o f a s houlder l oop f rom a h ighly d ecorated j ug.
T hornholme P riory
H M/20/Tp
C F
. 1
' 0 1
1
' M 1
8
D C
O G
1
1 0
M L
.
•
• S 3
S VR 1 .7
:A rea 2 , P hase 7
. 9
5
1
2
7
1
1
3
1
A s mall g roup c onnected w ith t he c onstruction o f o ut-buildings a ssociated w ith t he n ew d omestic ( Steward's ? ) h all ( building B iv). P hase 7 w as d ated b y c oin e vidence t o t he e arly 1 4th c entury ( pers. c omm . G lyn C oppack). I llustrated V essels
F ig.62, N os.10-13.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.10 ; m edium s andy(ML),No.11;
F orms
j ugs,Nos.10-11;
( M1),Nos.12-13.
c ooking-pots,Nos.12-13.
B oth i llustrated c ooking-pots w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
1 23
H M/21/Tp
T hornholme P riory C P
. S 3 •0 1 •M L •M I
2
•
B
•
J
•
:A rea 2 , P hase 7 P
P N
M
O T
.
S VR 1 .8 O G
2
3 7
1
4
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4
3
1 9
2 1
8
.
9
1
1
2
.
I
1
I
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1
1
1
M 2
1
1
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1
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3 . .
4
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D C
1
.
1
.
1 .
.
.
T his g roup, f rom y ard d eposits a ssociated w ith P hase 7 ,saw a n i ncrease i n t he p roportion o f t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric a nd a d ecrease i n o rangewares ( 01). T here h ad b een l ittle a pparent d evelo pment i n o rangeware f orm s ince P hase 5 a nd m uch o f t his f abric m ay h ave b een r esidual. T he H 1, H umberware j ug r im , F ig.63, N o.25, h ad a s harp i nternal b evel w hich c haracterises t he e arlier j ug f orms i n t his t radition. I llustrated V essels
F ig.63, N os.1-26.
F abrics
o rangewares(01),Nos.1-9; m edium s andy(ML),Nos.10-12; ( M1), N os.13-23; ( M2),No.24; H umberware(H1),No.25; T oynton/ B olingbroke(T1),No.26.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-7,10-12,16-20 ,24-26; p ipkins,Nos.8-9; N os.13-15; d rinking m ugs,No.21; c auldrons,No.23; N o.22.
c ooking-pots, u nidentified,
V essels, N os.13, 1 4, 1 6. 2 2 a nd 2 3 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. J ug, N o.4, h ad a pplied s trips o f w hite, i ron-free c lay, t he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug, N o.25 w as p lugged, w hilst N o.24 h ad a n a pplied, t ype I I b ase. C auldron, N o.23, h ad t hree b ands o f g laze, o ne o n t he o uter s urface a round t he s houlder, t he s econd o n t he i nner r im e dge a nd t he t hird f rom m id-body t o t he b ase o f t he i nner s urface. B oth t he h andle a nd l egs o f t his v essel w ere p lugged i nto t he b ody.
.
•
S VR 1 .3
T hornholme P riory : A rea 2 , P hase 8
H M/22/Tp
.
• 0 1
2
M 1
4
T i
.
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J
P N
1
3 1
.
2
2
.
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.
1 1
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T his g roup, f rom t he P hase 8 c onstruction d eposits o f a d omestic o utbuilding ( building B iv), w as d ated t o t he m id-14th c entury o n c oin e vidence. W ith t he e xception o f o ne o r t wo s mall g roups, t he
1 24
m edium s andy ( M1) f abric d ominated t his p hase. I llustrated V essels
F ig.63 , N os.27-29.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),Nos.27-28 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.29.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.27-28 ;
N o.28 w as b urnt o f N o.29 w as p lugged.
H M/23/Tp
a nd
j ugs,No.29.
s ooted
w hilst
T hornholme P riory
.
u pper
h andle
a ttachment
:A rea 2 , P hase 8
C P
.
P N
S VR 1 .3
O G
D C
.
'
0 1
8
* M 1
t he
4
8
1 0
3
T his p ottery c ame b uilding ( building B y).
f rom
1
6
t he
I
4
c onstruction
d eposits
o f
*
a g ranary
I llustrated V essel F ig.63 , N o.30 . F abric
m edium s andy ( M1);
N e
. . .
C F ,
8
6
M L
4
4
M 1
1 46
H I
1
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P N 11
C N •
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O G
D C
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S VR 1 .9
:A rea 2 , P hase 8
B D .-
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j ug.
T hornholme P riory
H M/24/Tp
.
F orm
6 6
. .
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2
3
.
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T his g roup c ame f rom t he P hase 8 y ard d eposits a nd w as d ominated b y t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric. T his g roups e xtensive r ange o f v essels i n t he M l f abric s hould b e c ompared w ith t hose f rom A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 5 , H M/54/Tp, F ig.84 , t o o bserve h ow b oth f orms a nd r epertoire h ad c hanged o ver a h undred y ears. C hanges a re p articularly a pparent i n j ug f orms, w hich i n t his g roup c an b e s een t o h ave b roken a way f rom t he e arlier L incoln w are i nfluence, a nd w ere n ow b asing t hemselves o n c ontemporary H umberwares. T his m ay a ccount f or t he r elatively s mall n umber o f H umberwares a mongst t his g roup a t a t ime w hen t he f abric d ominated c ontemporary d eposits f rom H ull. A lthough n early 8 0% o f t he p ancheon f orms w as h igher h ere
g roup w ere j ugs, t he p ercentage o f t han f or a ny o ther g roup f rom t he
1 25
p riory. S ome v essels s uch a s F ig.65 , N os.11-12, s uggested a s peciali sed i ndustrial u se. T he s imilarity o f F ig.65 , N o.10 a nd F ig.66 ,No.2 t o c ontemporary D utch f orms s uggests t hat t he M 1 p otter w as d elibera tely c opying t hem . I llustrated V essels
F ig.64,Nos.1-22; F ig.65 ,Nos.1-12; F ig.66 ,Nos.1-8.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Fig.64 ,Nos.1-4 ; s hell-tempered(S3),Fig.64 ,No.5 ; m edium s andy(ML),Fig.64,No.6 ; ( M1),Fig.64,Nos.7-22,Fig.65, N os.1-12,Fig.66,Nos.1-4 ; H umberware ,(H2),Fig.66,Nos.5-8 .
F orms
c ooking-pots,Fig.64 ,Nos.5,7-15 ,Fig.66 ,No.8; j ugs,Fig.64, N os.1-4 ,5 ,16-22,Fig.65 ,Nos.1-6 ,Fig.66 ,Nos.6-7; p ancheons, F ig.65,Nos.7-9 ; t ripod p ipkins,Fig.65 ,No.10 ; l ids,Fig.65 , N o.11; c ucurbits, F ig.65,No.12 ; b asting d ishes,Fig.66 ,No.1; d ishes,Fig.66 ,No.2; u rinals,Fig.66 ,No.4; c isterns,Fig.66 ,No.5.
V essels F ig.64, N os.6 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 5 , F ig.65 , N os.10 , 1 2 a nd F ig.66 , N o.1 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he u pper h andle a ttachments o f j ugs F ig.64 ,Nos.1, 1 8 , 2 2, F ig.65 , N o.I w ere p lugged, a nd t hat o f F ig.66, N o.3 i ndented. F ig.65, N o.6 h ad a w hite s alt d eposit o n i ts i nner s urface, a nd f our p airs o f b asal t humbings. T he c lose s imilarity i n t he c olour a nd g laze o f t he l id a nd b ase o f F ig.65, N o.12 s uggested t hat t hey w ere m anufactured a s a f itting p air; t he i nner g lazing o f b oth w as h eavily h eat c razed.
H M/25/Tp
T hornholme P riory .
•
:A rea 2 , P hase 9
C P
P N
S VR 1 .2
O T
O G
'
0 1
1
1
1
• M L
1
1
1
• M 1
4
2
1 •
•
1 _
P ottery f rom t he c onstruction o f b uilding B vi, s hed o r s imilar a gricultural o utbuilding. I llustrated V essels
_
.
2 .
a p ossible w agon
F ig.66, N os.9-10 .
F abrics
m edium s andy ( M1), N os.9-10.
F orms
p ancheons, N o.9 ; u nidentified, N o.10 .
N o.10 h ad a b and o f g reenish-orange g laze a round t he i nside o f i ts r im ; t he r im i tself w as v ery u nevenly f inished, a lmost h andf inished , c ontrasting w ith t he b etter w heel-finished s urfaces o f t he r est o f t he v essel. T he r im e dge o f N o.10 w as b urnt a nd s ooted.
H M/26/Tp
T hornholme P riory : A rea 2 , P hase 9
S VR 1 .6
T his g roup w as f rom t he c onstruction d eposits o f t he r ebuilt g ranary ( building B vii). T he o ccurrence o f t he c up r im , F ig.66 ,No.16 , w as i mportant a s i t w as a f orm m ore u sually a ssociated w ith t he l ate 1 5th c entury.
1 26
C P 1
5 3 '0 1
1 3
1
M 1
2
1
2 6
H 2
.
O T
-
O G
D C
I
1 6
•M L
P N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2
' 1 .
. I llustrated V essels
_
1 1
'
7
1 3
1
.
2
.
1 1
1
4
1 2
1 .
2
1
.
•
F ig.66 , N os.11-17.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.11; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.12-16. H umberware(H2),No.17.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.12-13 ; j ugs,No.17; p ipkins,No.15; c auldrons, N o.14 ; c ups ,No.16; u nidentified,No.11.
N o.11 h ad a c opper-green g laze o n i ts o uter s urface a nd a ppeared t o b e p art o f a s pout. N os.12-15 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug N o.17 w as p lugged.
H M/27/Tp
T hornholme P riory N
e
M
.
8
l
P
J f •
2
P N a .
I i •
C N
M
1
3
C
O T
•
.
l e
S VR 1 .7 O G •
1
1
,e
4 .
H 2
2
2
1
C M1
1
1
1
. C IST
1
1
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1
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1
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1
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C P •
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:A rea 2 , P hase 9
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1 . 1
1
1-
1 1
.
'
4
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T his p ottery, w hich c ame f rom t he c onstruction a nd o ccupation d eposits o f t he b rewhouse ( building C ii), r anged f rom m aterial a ssoci ated w ith i ts c onstruction i n t he l ate 1 4th c entury, t o i ts a bandonm ent i n t he e arly 1 6th c entury. S ome 2 6% o f t his g roup w ere c isterns, w hich r eflected t he s pecialised f unction o f t he b uilding. I llustrated V essels
F ig.66 , N os.18-28 .
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),nos.18-21; H umberware(H2),Nos.22-23 ; C oal M easure(CM1),No.24 ; r egional s tray(RH),No.25; C istercian ( CIST),No.26 ; S iegburg s toneware(IS),No.27; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),No.28.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.18-20 ; c isterns,Nos.22-25; c ups,No.26 ; t ripod p ipkins,No.28.
d rinking m ugs,Nos.21,27;
S iegburg d rinking m ug, N o.27 h ad a l ustrous, r eddish a sh g laze, w hilst t he L ow C ountries t ripod p ipkin , N o.28 , w as b urnt a nd s ooted
1 27
a s w as c istern N o.22. T he o range s uspension g laze o f j ug , N o .19, w as c rudely d aubed o n. T he b ase o f c istern, N o.22, w as b adly s palled, w hilst t he u pper h andle o f c istern , N o.24 , w as s moothed o n, w ith a v ent c ut o ut o f t he r im i mmediately a bove i t.
H M/28/Tp
T hornholme P riory C P 5
0 1 .
J
4
4
M 1
2 4
_ 4
1 4
H 2
1 6
1
1 0
P
S VR 1 .8
:A rea 2 , P hase 9 •
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2
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2
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T his g roup, f rom t he P hase 9 y ard d eposits, d iffered p rincipally f rom t he P hase 8 y ard d eposits ( HM/24/Tp) i n i ts g rowing p roportion o f H umberware ( H2) v essels. I llustrated V essels
F ig.67, N os.1-15 .
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),Nos.1-9 ; H umberware(H2),Nos.10-14 ; C oal M easure(CM1),No.15.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-2; j ugs,Nos.3-6,10-12,15 ; p ancheons, N os.7-8 ; p ipkins,No.13 ; d rinking m ugs ,No.14 ; u rinals ? N o.9.
V essels N os.9 , 1 1 a nd 1 5 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he p ossible u rinal f orm , N o.9 , w as g lazed o n i ts i nner s urface a s w as N o.13 ,which h ad b een d escribed a s a p ipkin ; i nternal g lazing w ould, h owever, b e u nusual f or b oth f orms.
T hornholme P riory
H M/29/Tp
P
C P •
B D
' F l
•0 1 •M L •M 1
1 4
1 5
3
.C IST
1
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C
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D C
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:A rea 2 , P hase 9
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T his p ottery c ame f rom d eposits a ssociated w ith t he p recinct w all a nd t he l ower f ill o f t he p recinct d itch. D espite i ts r elatively h igh S VR, t he o rangeware ( 01) w as a lmost c ertainly r esidual. I llustrated V essels
F ig.67, N os.16-23.
1 28
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.16-17; m edium s andy(ML),No.18 ; N os.19-21; H umberware(1 12),Nos.22-23.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.16-18 ,20 ,22 ; c ooking-pots,No.19 ; N o.21; p ancheons,No.23 .
( M1),
b asting d ishes,
V essels N os.19 a nd 2 1 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. O rangeware j ug, N o.16, h ad a pplied w hite c lay s trips, w hilst t he a pplied s pots o f N o.17 w ere i ron-washed. T he f ull d ecorative m otif o f N o.20 w as u nc lear, b ut i t m ay h ave c omprised a s eries o f c rudely i ncised m eda llions.
H M/30/Tp
T hornholme P riory
.
C W
. F l
1
. 0 1
4 8
M 1
.
'
:A rea 1 , P hase 5 .
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_
2
1
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S VR 5 .1
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D C
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3 2 1
.
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T his b elongs t o t he e arly y ears o f t he 1 3th c entury. S quared r ims a nd n eck c arinations p ersisted a mongst t he o rangeware j ugs, w hilst t he f orm a nd d ecoration o f F ig.68 , N o.2, c ompares w ith F ig.61, N o.4, f rom A rea 2 , P hase 5 . L ike P hases 4 a nd 5 f rom T rench J ,this g roup c ontained a r elatively h igh p roportion o f p ipkin f orms. T he m edium s andy ( M1) j ug, F ig.68 , N o.13 , w as u nusual i n h aving o nly o ne t humbing o n i ts l ower h andle a ttachment. I llustrated V essels
F ig.68 , N os.1-13 .
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.1-11; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.12-13 ;
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-8 ,13 ;
p ipkins,Nos.9-11;
c urfews,No.12.
A ll t hree i llustrated p ipkins, N os.9-11, a nd w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he a pplied c lay ' blobs ' N o.2, c omprised a n i ron-rich c lay.
H M/31/Tp
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench D , P hase 6 C P
. F l
t he c urfew , N o.12, o f o rangeware j ug,
3
3
0 1
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1 0
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T his g roups r ange o f o rangeware ( 01) j ug p rofiles, d ating t o t he l atter h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury,makes a n i nteresting c omparison
1 29
w ith t hose f rom H ull : B lackfriargate A ( HM/82/Hu), F ig.96, N os.3-8. T he t wo s pot a nd l ine j ugs, F ig.69, N os.3 a nd 4 , f it c onvincingly i nto t his g roup, a lthough a v ery s imilar e xample o ccurred e arlier i n T rench J , P hase 4 , s uggesting t hat t his d esign h ad a l ong l ifespan. T he g lobular f orm o f F ig.70, N o.10, s uggests t hat i t w as a u rinal, p erhaps s imilar i n f orm t o F ig.62, N o.7. T he m edium s andy ( M1) j ug, F ig.70 , N o.14, w as c loser t o t he f orm o f c ontemporary T oynton-type j ugs t han t o e ither o rangewares o r L incoln w ares. T he d ecoration o f t he c auldron, F ig.70 , N o.15, i n t he s ame f abric, h ad a z oomorphic q uality, w hilst i ts t wo h andles w ere s imilar t o t hose o n c ontemporary D utch t ripod p ipkins. T his w as t he p eriod w hen t he H umberwares w ere b eginning t o a ppear i n t he r egion, t hey w ere r epresented h ere b y F ig.70 , N os.16-18 , w hich w ere a ll s mall j ugs. T he b evelled r im f orm o f F ig.70 , N o.16 c ompares w ith H M/1/Ep, F ig.55, N o.8. I llustrated V essels
F ig.69, N os.1-5; F ig.70 , N os.1-18.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Fig.69,Nos.1-5,Fig.70 ,Nos.1-12; m edium s andy ( ML),Fig.70,No.13; ( M1),Fig.70 ,Nos.14-15; H umberware(1 12), F ig.70 ,Nos.16-18.
F orms
j ugs,Fig.69,Nos.1-5,Fig.70 ,Nos.1-9,13-14,16-18; p ipkins, F ig.70 ,Nos.11-12; u rinals,Fig.70 ,No.10; c auldrons,Fig.70 ,No.15
T he a pplied s pots o f F ig.69, N os.3 a nd 4 , a nd F ig.70 , N o.6, w ere p ainted w ith a n i ron w ash. B oth i llustrated p ipkins, F ig.70, N os.11-12, t he u rinal a nd t he c auldron w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he c auldron w as g lazed o n b oth i nner a nd o uter s urfaces a nd h ad a p lugged h andle.
H M/32/Tp
T hornholme P riory F
N
C F
,
5 3
M 1
3 5
'M L .H 2 R
4 8
1
3
1 2
2
1
1 1
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1
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2
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1 9
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A lthough, n umerically, o rangewares w ere s till t he d ominant f abric, t he g roup's r ange o f i llustrated v essels i s p robably m ore a ccurate i n s howing t he i mportance o f t he m edium s andy ( M1) a nd H umberware(H2) f abrics. T he o rangeware v essels w ere l argely f ragmentary, a s F ig.71, N os.1-5 s uggest, a nd p robably l argely r esidual, i llustrating t he f allibilities o f s tatistical e vidence. . A n umber o f i nteresting f orms o ccurred i n t he m edium s andy .( M1) f abric, i ncluding t he u nglazed b owl w hose b asal a ngle b ung-hole F ig.71, N o.8,
c ut
p rior
t o
f iring,
w ould
h ave e nabled
1 30
t he v essel
t o
b e c or n-
p letely d rained, u nlike t he l ater c istern f orms w here t he b ung-hole w as p laced h igher u p t he l ower b ody i n o rder t o t rap s ediments. T he c ruet, F ig.71, N o.10 , w as p aralleled i n a l ater p hase f rom t his t rench H M/36/Tp, F ig.73 , N o.5, a nd f rom a p robable r esidual e xample f rom A rea 2 , L M/21/Tp, F ig.120 , N o.l. F ig.71, N o.11 w as a n u nusual f orm o f u nknown f unction. T he H umberwares ( H2) h ad n ow d eveloped t heir m ore c haracteristic f orms, F ig.71, N os.17 a nd 1 9, w hich w ere r etained, a lmost u naltered, u ntil t he 1 6th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.71, N os.1-19 .
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.1-5; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.6-15; H umberware ( H2),Nos.16-19.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-2,12-15,17-19 ; c ooking-pots,Nos.6-7,16 ; p ipkins, N os.3-4; b asting d ishes,Nos.5,9; c ruets,No.10 ; b ung-hole b owls,No.8 ; u nidentified,No.11.
V essels N os.4-6 , 8 -9 a nd 1 5 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. C ookingp ot, N o.16 , h ad a b and o f o range-yellow g laze p ainted a round t he i nner f ace o f t he r im . T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug, N o.19, w as p lugged.
H M/33/Tp
•
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench D , P hase 7 B D
9 0 1
2 0 9
8
H 2
2
2
•
2
1 8
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f l
1
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S VR 2 .1
.
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A s mall g roup f rom t he o ccupation d eposits o f P hase 7 . I llustrated V essels
F ig.72, N os.1-4.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.1; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.2-3; H umberware ( H2),No.4 .
F orms
j ugs, N os.1-4 . O rangeware j ug , N o.1, w as d ecorated w ith i ron-rich c lay ' blobs '.
H M/34/Tp
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench D , P hase 8 N 0 1
3 0
. M 1
2 3
M L • 1 2
C P
C N
J
O T
2 4
3 0 5
2 9
1 6
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2
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2
8
4
1
D C -
8
2
S VR 1 .6
2 2
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D espite
t heir
n umerical
a dvantage,
1 31
t he
o rangeware
v essels
w ere
v ery s mall a nd f ragmentary a nd a lmost c ertainly r esidual. F ig .72, N o.14 w as a c istern a nd w as o ne o f t he e arliest t o b e r ecognised o n t he s ite; w ithin t he r egion, i t r emains a l ate-medieval f orm w ith f ew , i f a ny, e xamples o ccurring e arlier t han t he 1 4th c entury. T he m edium s andy j ugs ( M1) n ow m ore c losely r esembled t he H umberware f orms ( H2). I llustrated V essels
F ig.72, N os.5-14.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.5 ; m edium s andy(ML),No.6; H umberware(H2),Nos.13-14.
( M1),Nos.7-12 ;
F orms
j ugs,Nos.5-6 ,8-13 ; c ooking-pots,No.7; c isterns,No.14.
T he r esidual o rangeware j ug, N o.5, w as t ypologically a 1 2th c entury f orm . V essel, N o.7, w as b urnt a nd s ooted, N o.9 h ad a w hite s alts d eposit o n i ts i nner s urface, a nd N o.13 w as o verfired. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f N o.7 w as p lugged , w hilst t he l ower a ttachm ent o f N o.10 h ad b een i ndented a nd s ubsequ ntly f illed w ith a s mear o f c lay
H M/35/Tp
T hornholme P riory ,
:A rea 1 , T rench D , P hase 8 ,
• 1 0
0 1 '
M 1
'
M L
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P N
1 0
O G 8 4
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S VR 1 .5
. .
.
T his d eposit c omprised t he o ccupation l ayers f rom P hase 8 . I llustrated V essel F abric
H M/36/Tp
F ig.73, N o.l.
T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1);
F orm
j ug .
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench D , P hase 9
S VR 1 .7
F ig.73 , N os.3 a nd 4 w ere t he e arliest i llustratable e xamples o f t he c oarse s andy ( C2) f abric f rom T rench D , a lthough t he f abric f irst m ade i ts a ppearance o n t he s ite i n P hase 5 . T he C 2 f abric h ad a r egional d ate r ange f rom t he 1 1th t o t he 1 5th c entury. E ven t hough m ost c ontemporary m edium s andy ( M1) j ugs w ere c opying t he s tyle o f t he H umberwares, F ig.73 , N o .7 m ore c losely r esembled l ate m edieval L incoln w are j ugs ( Coppack 1 975 , 2 4 F ig.9 ,No.79). I llustrated V essels F abrics
F ig.
7 3, N os.
2 -13.
o rangeware(01),No.2; c oarse s andy(C2),Nos.3-4; m edium s andy ( M1),Nos.5 4 ; H umberware(H2),Nos.9-13 .
1 32
F orms
d rinking m ugs,No.2 ; c ooking-pots,Nos.3-4 ; c ruets,No.5 ; j ugs,Nos.7-13 ; u nidentified,No.6. C P 1
1
2
2
,S 3 . C 2 . 0 1
2 5
• M 1
3 5
P N
6
• H 1
2
2
1 8
• C M1
1
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1
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1
2 2 1
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D C
. 2 3
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1
1 9
2
1 2
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1 8 1
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1 7
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2
1
1
1
1
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.
V essels N os. 3 a nd 4 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, c ruet, N o.5 h ad a w ire c ut b ase, w hilst t he u nidentified v essel f orm , N o.6,had a n i nternal g laze. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug, N o.8 w as p lugged w ith a s mall p atch o f g laze p ainted i nternally o ver t he p lug ; t he l ower h andle a ttachment o f t his v essel w as i ndented, a s w ere N os.11 a nd 1 2. J ug, N o.7, a lso h ad a p lugged u pper h andle a ttachment. T he u nillustrated b asal a ngle o f c ooking-pot, N o.4, w as 1 7cms i n d iameter a nd h eavily b urnt a nd s ooted.
H M/37/Tp
T hornholme P riory N
C P 1
B
C W
P
J •
•
T
a
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 5 B D ,
P N -
M
O T •
•
S VR 2 .9 O G
D C •
-
•
S 3
1
•C 2
1
• . . .
0 1 M L
1
.
1
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1 18
H 1
1 2
H 2
4
•R 1
2
6 5
2 4
1
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6
1
7 4 1 2
1
7
4
8 3 9
_ 1
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6
1
1
1
M 1
4
1 04
1 08
.
4
2 1
1
. 1 8
1
T his w as o ne o f t he l argest a nd m ost i mportant g roups f rom t he s ite a nd c ame f rom e arly 1 3th c entury d eposits a ssociated w ith t he c onstruction o f t he p recinct w all a nd t he b uilding o f d rains t o t he e ast o f t he g uardhouse. T he c hange i n v essel t ypes f rom t he p receding p hases o f T rench J w as q uite d ramatic, s uggesting a c hange o f f unction i n t he r ooms i n t his p art o f t he g atehouse c omplex. T he i llustrated m aterial c ompleteness o f t he v essels i n
f or t his g roup r eveals t he g reater t he M 1 f abric; o nly t hree o rangeware
1 33
j ugs w ere s ufficiently c omplete t o r econstruct t heir p rofiles, d espite t heir n ear p arity i n v essel n umbers, a lthough o rangewares p robably r emained i n u se u ntil P hase 6 o r 7 . L incoln w are h ad d eclined i n p roportion f rom P hase 4 , w hilst t he s ingle e xamples o f t he s hell-tempered ( S3) a nd c oarse s and t empered ( C2) f abrics e mphasised t heir m arginal p lace i n t he T hornholme P riory a ssemblage. T his w as t he f irst t ime t hat t he t ransitional H 1 s mooth H umberware a ppeared o n t he s ite; i ts f orms a nd f abrics b earing a c lose r esemblance t o o rangewares. A n ew m ethod o f d ecoration o ccurred i n t his g roup, t hat o f ' relief-moulding', s een h ere i n F ig.78 , N os. 6 a nd 9 , t he e ar o f w heat a nd r aspberry o f N o.6 b eing t he m ost c ommon d esign. I t w ould g enerally a ppear t o h ave b een a 1 3th c entury i nnovation w ithin t he r egion, r emaining c ommon f or a t l east a c entury i n b oth o rangeware a nd H umberware f abrics. W hilst j ugs c ontinued t o f orm t he m ajority o f t he v essel f orms, c ooking-pots, w hich w ere a lmost a ll i n t he M 1 m edium s andy f abric, s tarted t o i ncrease i n p roportion. P ancheons, c urfews a nd c ondiments m ade u p t he v essel r epertoire o f t he g roup. J ug d ecoration w as b ec oming l ess c ommon o n t he o rangewares, a lthough a h igher p roportion o f t he m edium s andy ( M1) j ugs w ere n ow d ecorated. T hese M 1 j ugs w ere n ot o nly p otted t o a p articularly h igh s tandard, b ut a lso t he d esigns o f F ig.77, N os.3-5 w ere n ew t o t he r egion. I t w as p robably n o c oincidence t hat s uch q uality a nd n ovelty c an b e a ssociated w ith a f abric w hich w as s tarting t o r eplace t he t raditional 1 2th c entury o rangeware p roducts. A lthough t he H 1 f abric t o s ome e xtent c ontinued t he o rangeware t radition , t he n ew m edium s andy ( M1) f abric h ad n o s uch a ffinities; t hey r esembled, e ven c opied, c ontemporary v essels i n t he L incoln a nd T oynton w ares. T heir i nfluence w as a s outhern o ne, a s o pposed t o t he ' Humber b asin ' o rangeware t radition. I t w as a lso i nteresting t hat a s m edium s andy j ugs a ppeared i n t he L incoln w are s tyle, s o t he n umber o f d irect L incoln w are i mports d ropped s ubstantially. I llustrated V essels F abrics
F igs.75-78
o rangeware(01),Fig.75,Nos.1-16; m edium s andy(ML),Fig.78,Nos.45 ; ( M1),Fig.75,Nos.17-20 ,Fig.76,Nos.1-16,Fig.77,Nos.1-5,Fig.78, N os.1-2; s hell-tempered(S3),Fig.78,No.3 ; H umberware(H1),Fig.78, N os.6-9.
F orms
j ugs,Fig.75,Nos.1-11,Fig.76,Nos.5-16,Fig.77,Nos.1-5,Fig.78 , N os.4-9; c ooking-pots,Fig.75,Nos.17-18 ; p ipkins,Fig.75,Nos.121 5,20 ; c urfews,Fig.76,Nos.1-3,Fig.75,No.16; b owls,Fig.76 ,No.4, F ig.78,No.3; c ondiments,Fig.78,Nos.1-2.
F ig.75, N os.12, 1 7-20 , F ig.76, N o.4 a nd F ig.78, N o.3 w ere v essels w ith b urning a nd s ooting t o t heir o uter s urfaces; c urfews, F ig.76, N os.1-3 a nd F ig.75, N o.16 h ad b urning a nd s ooting o n t heir i nner s urfaces. I t w as t he i nternal b urning a nd s ooting o f F ig.75, N o.16 w hich l ed t o i ts a ttribution a s a c urfew , b oth i ts i nner a nd o uter s urfaces w ere g lazed, a lthough t his h ad l argely s palled o ff t he i nner s urface. O rangeware j ug, F ig.75, N o.7 h ad c opper-washed a pplied
1 34
s pots, F ig.75, N o.8 , h ad i ron-washed s pots, h ad a pplied c hevrons i n a n i ron-rich c lay.
w hilst
F ig.75,
N o.10 ,
T he e ar o f w heat a nd r aspberry d esigns o f m edium s andy j ugs, F ig.76, N os.14-15 c opied t he d esigns o f t he n ew r elief m oulding t echn iques s een o n t he H umberwares, F ig.78, N os.6 a nd 9 , a lthough i n t his c ase t hey w ere m ade f rom a pplied s trips o f c lay. T he t wo s urv iving h orseshoe m otifs o f F ig.77, N o.4 b oth h ad a n i ron-wash a nd p robably l ay e ither s ide o f a m issing c entral d esign. J ug, F ig.77, N o.3, h ad t hree s imilar a pplied d ecorative p anels, w hilst F ig.77, N o.5, c omprised f our p anels o f a pplied r ibbed d ecoration w ith a n a dditional a pplied d esign u nder i ts l ip. O n N os.3 a nd 5 , F ig.77, t he u pper h andle a ttachments w ere p lugged a nd t he l ower o nes i ndented, F ig.76, N o.6 h ad a n i ndented l ower h andle a ttachment, w hilst t he u pper a ttachment o f F ig.76, N o.8 h ad a s mall, a dditional c entral t humbing. F ig. 7 7, N o.3 h ad f our g roups o f f ive t humbings t o i ts b asal a ngle, F ig.76 , N o.6 h ad t hree g roups o f t hree; i n a ddition, t his l ater v essel a lso h ad a w hite s alts d eposit o n i ts i nner s urface.
H M/38/Tp , . .
T hornholme P riory
,
.
S 3
1
C 2
1
0 1 ' M L M 1
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 5
C P
P N
O G
D C
• 1
. 1
. 6 4
6 8
4 7
2
1
1 2 3
1 1
1 6
5
' H 2
1
1
' R W
1
1
T 1
1
a
O T
S VR 2 .2
'
1 4
1 2
1
1 •
1
3
1 .
'
A p hase-group f rom g eneral P hase 5 o ccupation l ayers. T he T oynton/Bolingbroke ( Ti) p ipkin w as t he e arliest v essel i n t his f abric f rom t he s ite a nd, i ndeed, o ne o f t he e arliest e xamples t o b e r ecogn ised i n L incolnshire. I llustrated V essels
F ig.74, N os.10-23.
F abrics
o rangeware ( 01),Nos.10-18 ; m edium s andy(ML),No.19; c oarse s andy(C2),No.20 ; r egional s tray(RW),No.21; H umberware(1 12), N o.22; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.23.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.10-16,19,21; N o.22; c urfews,No.20.
p ipkins,Nos.17-18,23;
d rinking m ugs,
T he i nner s urface o f t he c oarse s andy c urfew w as b urnt a nd s ooted, w hilst t he a pplied d ecoration o f j ugs, N os.16 a nd 1 9 c omprised a n i ron-rich c lay. S tray v essel, N o.21, w as i n a w hite s and-tempered f abric a nd d rinking m ug, N o.22,
h ad a w ire c ut b ase.
1 35
H M/39/Tp
T hornholme P riory C P
. S 3 • 0 1
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 5 a S G
• M 1
5
'
1
2 3 1
D C
•
1
• M L
O G
S VR 2 .3
2 3 -
1
1
1
1 5
1
1
5
2
4
.
A s mall, l argely r esidual, g roup o f p ottery f rom t he d rains a nd r ebuilding o f t he g uardhouse, w hich d erived f rom b ackfilled c ons truction d eposits t hat h ad c ut t hrough e arlier o ccupation l ayers. F ig.79, N o.5, i n t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric, w as t he o nly s ubstant ially c omplete v essel a nd p robably o ne o f t he o nly p ots c ontemporary w ith t his c onstruction w ork. I llustrated V essels
F ig.79, N os.1-5.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.1-4; m edium s andy(M1),No.5.
F orms
j ugs, N os.1-5.
H M/40/Tp
T hornholme P riory C P
C 2 0 1 M L
.
M 1
3
1
O T
•
1
'H 2
O G
D C .
5 3
8
1 1
S VR 2 .2
'
2
5 6
4 0
P hase 5 a
O T *
.
:A rea 1 , T rench J ,
3
4 1
7 6
1
3 2
2
2 7 1
1
1
1
.T i
1
1
1
.I G
1
1 .
.
1
6
1
.
2
5
. . .
.
A f ragmentary g roup o f v essels f rom t he y ard d eposits o f P hase 5 A, w hose h igh r esidual e lement p robably i ncluded t he B lau- G rau l adle, N o.23 . I llustrated V essels
F ig.79, N os.6-21.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.6-10 ; m edium s andy(ML),Nos.11-13; ( M1), N os.14-19; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.20 ; i mport(IG),No.21.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.6-9,11-12,14-17,20; p ipkins,No.10 ; b ottles,No.18; u rinals,No.19; l adles,No.21.
l amps,No.13 ;
L incoln w are j ug, N o.11, h ad a n i ndented l ower h andle a ttachment a nd a w hite s alts d eposit o n i ts i nner s urface. B ottle, N o.18, h ad a b right, y ellow-orange g laze, w hilst u rinal, N o.19, h ad a g reenish-
1 36
.
.
b rown g laze o n b oth s urfaces. B lauGrau l adle, N o.21, s ilver g rey f abric w ith m etallic, g rey-blue s urfaces.
H M/41/Tp
w as
i n a h ard
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 5 a/6
N , .
0 1
7
M 1
9
C P
B D
P N
O G
7 1
4
S VR 2 .9
D C
5 2
1
1
.
7 _j
2
' T his g roup p robably d ates t o t he s econd q uarter o f t he 1 3th c entury. T he ' beard ' o f j ug, F ig.79, N o.27, f ormed t he f irst o f a r ange o f a nthropomorphic f eatures w hich a ppeared o n v essels i n t he M 1 f abric t hroughout t he l ater 1 3th a nd f irst h alf o f t he 1 4th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.79 , N os.22-30 .
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.22-23 ; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.24-30 .
F orms
j ugs,Nos.22-27; p ipkin,No.30 .
p ipkins,No.28 ; b asting d ishes,No.29 ;
T ripod p ipkin , N o .30 , w as g lazed s urface, i ts o uter s urface, l ike t hat b urnt a nd s ooted. T he b ottom o f t he w as c rudely f inished a s a r esult o f t o s crape o ut a n e xcess t hickness o f
t ripod
o nly o n t he b ase o f i ts i nner o f N os.28 a nd 2 9 , w as h eavily i nner s urface o f j ug, N o.24 , t he p otter u sing h is f ingers c lay f rom t he b ase, w hich m ay
o therwise h ave l ed t o d istortion d uring f iring.
H M/42/Tp
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 6
S VR 1 .4
O G '
• 0 1
9
8
L • M
1
1
• M 1
1 0 1
• 1 2
1
1 0
6
1
H M/43/Tp T his
.
1 '
g roup o f m aterial f rom r econstruction w ork o n t he g uard-
I llustrated V essels F abrics
.
1
. A s mall h ouse.
6
F ig.79 , N os.31-32.
m edium s andy ( M1), N os.31-32.
F orms
j ugs, N os.31-32.
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 6 g roup
c ame
S VR 2 .0
f rom o ccupation m aterial w ithin t he g uardhouse,
1 37
t he r elatively l arge n umber o f p ipkins w as i nteresting a s t he o riginal P hase 4 c onstruction o f t his b uilding a lso c ontained a h igh p roportion o f t hese v essels. T he p resence o f a h earth a nd t he b urning a nd s ooti ng o n m ost o f t hese p ipkins, s uggests t hat t hey m ay e ven h ave b een u sed a nd h eated o n t his h earth. O G 0 1
7
I llustrated V essel F abric
F orm
T hornholme P riory F
•
N •
C P
S 3
4
3
.C 2
1
1
.0 1 .M L .M l
C W •
•
O T
1
.T l
2
j ug.
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 6 J
P
P N
C
O T
S VR 1 .8
O G
D C I
.
1 . 1 52
7
.H 2
4
•
1 58
8 4
3
F ig.79, N o.33.
o rangewarc(01).
H M/44/Tp
4
5
1
6 1 2
1
6 0
1 2
4
1
4
1 01 5 4 8
3 1 2 . 4 • .
1 1
' 1
1
1 •
• A l arge g roup o f m aterial f rom t he P hase 6 y ard d eposits w hich p robably d ate t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury, a lthough t his p hase w as n ot a s s ecurely d ated a s m ost. T he n umerical a dvantage o f t he o rangewares i n t he t able a bove o verstates t heir i mportance i n t he g roup; t heir v essels g enerally h ad a l ow S VR, w ere v ery f ragm entary, a nd w ere p robably r esidual. I n t erms o f c ompleteness o f v essels, t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric d ominated t his g roup, w ith j ugs t he p rincipal f orm. T hese m edium s andy j ugs w ere s till o f g ood q uality, b ut t he d ecoration o f F ig.80, N os.8-10 l acked t he n ovelty a nd e xuberance o f t he e arlier P hase 5 j ugs ( HM/37/Tp). T here w ere a lso a n umber o f m ore u nusual M 1 v essel f orms. T he m ost i nteresting o f t hese w as a s mall d ish, F ig.80, N o.19, w hich w as n ot o nly r emarkable f or i ts f ine p otting a nd f ull a nd c aref ul g lazing, b ut a lso b ecause i t w as a v essel f orm n ormally a ssoc iated w ith t he e nd o f t he m edieval p eriod. T he f inding o f s uch a p iece i n a 1 3th c entury c ontext e mphasises t he t echnological e xcelle nce t hat c ould b e a chieved b y l ocal p otters. T he c rucible w as t he o nly o ne f rom t he s ite a nd u nfortunately i t c ontained n o r esidues t o h int a t i ts f unction. F ig.80 , N os.18 a nd 2 0 r emain u nidentified f orms. I llustrated V essels .
F ig.80 , N os.1-20; F ig.81,Nos.1-19.
1 38
Fabrics Fo1ms
orang ware(OJ),Fig.81,Nosol-10; med·um sandy(ML),Fig.81, Nos.11-15; (Ml),Fig.80,Nos.1-20, shell-Lempered(S3),Flg.81, Nos.17-19; Toynton/Bolingbr ke(Tl),Fig.81,No.16. jugs,Fig.80,Nos.l-12,Fig.81,Nos.1-14,16; cruets,Fig.80,No.16, Fig.81,No.15; cooking-pots,Fig.81,Nos.17-18; curfews,Fig.8], No.19; pipkins,Fig.80,No.15,Fig.81,No.10; pancheons,Fig.80, Nos.13-14; crucible,Fig.80,No.]7; dishes,Fig.80,No.19; unidentified,Fig.80,Nos.18,20.
All three shell-tempered vessels, Fig.81, Nos.17-19, were burnt and sooted, curfew, No.19 on its inner surface. Orangeware jug, Fig.81, No.8 was decorated with white, applied strips, and the Lincol11 ware jug, Fig.81, No.14 had an iron wash painted over its applied design. Medium sandy jug, Fig.80, No.10, had a white salts deposit on its inner surface. The upper handle attachment of jug, Fig.BO, No.8, was plugged, as was that of Fig.BO, No.3. Jug, Fig.BO, No. 7, had r our groups of thumbings to its basal angle (3 x 4 thumbings and l x 3 lhumbings). Both pancheons, Fig.80, Nos.13-14, were burnt and sooled as were the inner and outer surfaces of crucible, Fig.SO, No.17. Of the two unidentified forms, Fig.BO, No.18 had an olive green glaze on its inner surface as had the inner channel of Fig.SO, No.20; this latter vessel betrayed no signs of heating and may have been one half of a candle mould. Dish, Fig.BO, No.19, was in a brighl orange fabric and completely covered with a bright orang i sh-green glaze, marred only by two small glaze scars just below the rim on opposing sides (one illustrated), which probably represenL stilt marks for supporting the vessel during firing, and preventing glaze adhesion to the surrounding vessels. Although catalogued above as a jug fragment, the Toynlon/Boling uroke vessel, Fig.81, No.16, was particularly thick and had traces of burning and sooting to its inner surface, raising the possibility Lhat it could be part of a curfew.
HM/45/Tp
Thornholme Priory : Arca 1, Trench J, Phase 7 F
N
J
OG
01
3
3
1
1
1
CMl
SVR ·1.7
1
Alth ugh unillustrated, this group contained one of the earl1esL stratified Coal Measure fabrics to be recognised in the region. IIM/46/Tp
ThornhoJ.me Priory : Area 1, Trench J, Phase 7
SVR l • 4
A rat· her fragmentary group from occupation material associa Led with the guardroom. PipUn, Fig.81, No.23, was substan .ially com plete and may have been in use in the guardroom. lllustraL d Vessels
Fig.BJ, Nos.20-23.
139
F
N
CP
S3
1
1
01
23
Ml
25
2
C2 ML
Fabrics Forms
2
p
J
2
22
1
15
2
2
5
PN
OT
1
2
OG
DC
2
1
16
1
orangeware(Ol),Nos.20-22; medium sandy(Ml),No.23. jugs,Nos.20-2 ; pipk·ns,Nos.22-23.
Pipkin, Fig.81,No.23, was burnt and sooted on its low r body. HM/47/Tp
Thornholme Priory : Area 1, Trench J, Phase 7 F
N
01
5
1
ML
14
Ml
1
WB
CP
BD
J
OT
5
2
SVR 1.9
DC
OG 2
1
1
9
1
2
-
12
1
1
This was occupat ·on material from the area around the p ecinct ditch. The whiteware jug, F'g.81, No.28, resembled those found at Beverley. ILJustrated Vessels Fabrics Forms
F·g.81, Nos.24-28.
medium sandy(Ml),Nos.24-27; whiteware(WB),No.28. jugs,Nos.24,28; bast·ng dishes,No.26; unidentifi d,Nosw25,27.
Both uni dentified vessel forms, Nos. 25 and 27, were glaz d 011 their inner surfaces, the rim of No.27 showed the scar from s0me form of handle or spout. Bast· ng dish, No. 26, was heavily burnt and sooted. HM/48/Tp
Thornholme Priory
Area 1, Trench J, Phas
F
N
J
oc
Fl
1
1
1
H2
2
2
2
Ml
-
WY
4
1
4 1
7
DC
4 1
General occupation material associa ed w·th Phase 7.
140
SVR 2,9
I llustrated V essels
F ig.81, N os.29-30 .
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),No.29; w hiteware(WY),No.30 .
F orms
j ugs, N os.29-30 .
H M/49/Tp
T hornholme P riory
F .
S 3 C 2
•
0 1 M L M 1
N ,
C P
2
2
4
4
C W
7 1
2
B D
P N
C N
.
O T
2
5
-
S G
1
2 3
5 5
H 1
5
5
H 2
8
7
.T L
1
.R
1
.
P
,
S VR 1 .7 O G
D C - . ._
7 4
7 1
J
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 8
5 8 1
2
1
5
1 4 2 5
1
1
8 1 —
4 1
1
1
D eposits a ssociated w ith t he m id-14th c entury r econstruction o f t he g atehouse. A l arge b ut f airly f ragmentary g roup; s ome v essels s uch a s t he s plashed g lazed L incoln w are, F ig.82 , N o.18 , w ere c learly r esidual. R egionally, o rangeware p roduction a ppears t o h ave d rawn t o a n e nd b y t he e arly 1 4th c entury, a nd m ost, i f n ot a ll, o f t he 0 1 v essels f rom t his g roup w ere r esidual. C urfews h ad b een o ccasional f inds i n m any o f t he e arlier g roups f rom t his t rench , b ut t hey n ow b ecame m ore c ommon. N ot o nly w ould t hey h ave s erved t he c onvenience o f k eeping t he e mbers a light o vern ight, b ut t hey w ould a lso h ave m inimised f ire r isks. T heir i ncrease i n n umbers m ay r eflect i ncreased c aution f ollowing a m ajor, a nd p roba bly v ery e xpensive, r e-building o f t he g atehouse. T he a nthropomorphic s pout o n t he m edium s andy ( M1) b asting d ishes, F ig. 8 2, N os.15-16 , r esembled t he K ing's h ead s pout f ound o n ar ather o rnate D utch b asting d ish f rom H ull ( information G . W atkins). O ther P hase 8 g roups c ontained a n umber o f s imilarly d ecorated v essels w hich m ay r epresent t he w ork o f a s ingle p otter, p erhaps o ne w ith a s ense o f h umour. I llustrated V essels
F ig.82, N os.1-18.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.1-7; m edium s andy(ML),No.18 ; 8 -16 ; r egional s tray(R),No.17.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-7 ,11-13 ,17-18 ; c urfews,Nos.8-10 ; m ugs,No.14 ; b asting d ishes,Nos.15-16.
( M1),Nos.
b ottles/drinking
O rangeware j ug, N o.7, h ad ' blobs' o f i ron r ich c lay d ecoration , w hilst L incoln w are . j ug, N o.18, h ad a w hite i nternal s alts d eposit. B oth t he m ore c omplete c urfews, N os.9-10 , w ere s ooted o n t heir i nner
1 41
s urfaces.
J ug
b ase,
N o.13,
h ad
a l ead
r epair;
s imilar
r epairs
w ere
f ound o n o rangeware j ugs f rom p hase t wo o f t he p riory. A s s uch r epairs a re r are i n t he r egion i t s uggests t hat t hese w ere e conomies b y t he p riory r ather t han b y t he p otters. B asting d ish s pout, N o.16, w as h eavily b urnt a nd s ooted; h aving a dded t he s pout, a s mall h ole w as t hen p ierced t hrough t he w all i nto t he s pout. T he t echnique s uggests t hat i t w as d esigned t o p our l iquids o ut o f t he s pout r ather t han v ice v ersa. T he f aces o n N os.15 a nd 1 6 t ook t he f orm o f a pplied d ecorative p ads.
H M/50/Tp
T hornholme P riory
.
.
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 8 D C
O G
.
0 1
1
1
1
-
M 1
1
1
1
•
H 1
2
2
2
S VR 1 .0
1
. . '
A r esidual 8 g arderobe.
g roup
I llustrated V essel F abric
o f
p ottery
f rom
t he
c onstruction
t he
P hase
F ig.81, N o.31.
o rangeware ( 01).
F orm
j ug.
N o.31 h ad a pplied d ecoration u sing w hite,
H M/51/Tp
o f
T hornholme P riory
i ron-free,
c lay.
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 8 P N
C W
O G
1
0 1 1
1
1
S VR 2 .0 D C
1
1
1
1
M 1
3
H 2
2
2
1
R
1
1
1
_
1
T his p ottery c ame f rom t he P hase 8 o ccupation l ayers i n t he w estern p art o f T rench J . T he v ent o rnamentation o n t he c urfew , F ig.82, N o.20 , s uggests t he h and o f t he s ame p otter w ho p roduced t he b asting d ishes o f H M/49/Tp, F ig.82, N os.15-16 o r t he b asket o f H M/52/Tp, F ig.83, N o.9. I llustrated V essels
F ig.82, N os.19-21.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.19; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.20-21.
F orms
j ug,No.19;
c urfews,No.20 ;
p ancheons,No.21.
•O rangeware j ug s herd, N o.19, b etrayed t races o f a n a pplied a rm o r s pout a t t he t op o f t he s herd. C urfew , N o. 2 0 , w as b urnt a nd s ooted o n i ts i nner * s urface, a nd p ancheon, N o.21, o n i ts o uter s urface.
1 42
Thornholme Priory : Area 1, Trench J, Phase 8
HM/52/Tp
.....
F
N
CP
S3
1
1
01
9
Ml
25
H2
3
Hl
3
3
OT
CW
J
p
8
1
14
3
PN
1
3
OG
OT
M
DC
6
15
3
1
SVR 3.2
2
3
1
2
Th·s group, from the fil of the Phase 8 garderobe and its dra·n, was principally comprised of the medium sandy (Ml) fabric. Of the three OT vessel forms in this fabric, ther was a lid, Fig.83, No.10, and a urinal handle, No.6. The 1· d was of a size to. fit a pipkin. The th·rd OT form was a basket, No.9; ·ts n,:=rny fitting sherds estab lishing a reliable vertical profile. Only one face occurred which was probably one of two opposing ones representing the terminals of a central handle. The style of the face matched the other anthrop omorphic des·gns from the trench. An elaborate and ornate vessel, it may represent some form of tableware such as a fruit basket. Fig.83, Nos.1-11.
Illustra ed Vessels Fabrics
orangeware(Ol),Nos.1-2; medium sandy(Ml),Nos.3-10; Humberware(H2),No.ll. jugs,Nos.1-2,4-5; pancheons,No.3; urinals, N o.6; cur ·ews,Nos. 7-8; baskets(?),No.9; lids,No. O; dr'nk·ng mugs,No.11.
Forms
Curfew No.8 was burnt and sooted on its inn r No.3 on i s outer surface.
F
N
- 01
10
-
ML
1
Ml
30
Tl
1
H2 ----· - ---·
5
CP
cw
PN
J
CN
M
10 3
1
SVR 7.7
Area 1, Tr nch J, Phase 8
Thornholme ·Priory
HM/53/Tp
urface,and panch on
23
3
2
1
OT 1
1
1
OG
DC
8
2
21
3
1
1
1
3
1
A group associated with Phase 8 r construction work on the pre c·nct wall. The med·um sandy (Ml) ooking-pot, Fig.83, No.15, was ecovered, almost complete, with 146 fitt·ng sherds, and can be att ributed to the m·d-14th century. Illustra ed Vessels Flg.83, Nos.12-21. Fabrics
orangeware(Ol),Nos.12-14; medium sandy(ML),No.21; (Ml),N os.1520.
143
F orms
j ugs,Nos.12-14,16-19; b ottles(?),No.21.
c ooking-pots,No.15; c urfews,No.20 ;
V essels N os.15 a nd 2 0 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted; N o.20 o n i ts i nner s urface. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f o rangeware j ug, N o.12, w as p lugged.
H M/54/Tp .
F
-
T hornholme P riory N
C P
B
C W
:A rea 1 , T rench J ,
J
P
B D
P N
P hase 8
M
O T
S VR 1 .4 O G
W Dt . F l
1
1
1
1
1
1
•S 3
3
•0 1
8
•H 1 1 2
1 23
2 29
6
1 61
3
9 2
2
7 1
2
2
1
1
1 5
1 19
1
2
2
1
1 8
2
R
7
8 4 1
2 0
1
. .
1
1 32
•M L •M 1
2
D C
1 1 . 1 . . 1 6 1
1 2 1
2 .
.
-
.
4
- --•
A lthough n umerically o ne o f t he l argest g roups f rom t he s ite, t hese P hase 8 y ard d eposits w ere v ery f ragmentary w ith a c ommensurably l ow S VR, i mplying a h igh r esidual e lement, w hich i ncluded t he o rangew ares a nd t he d eveloped S tamford w are, F ig.84, N o.l. A lthough t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric w as s till t he m ost p rolific, t he 1 2 H umberw ares w ere i ncreasing i n n umber. I n t erms o f f abric p roportions a nd v essel t ypes, t his w as a v ery s imilar g roup t o t he P hase 8 y ards g roup f rom A rea 2 ( HM/29/Tp). I llustrated V essels
F ig.84, N os.1-32.
F abrics
w hiteware,(WD O,No.1; o rangeware(01),Nos.2-5; m edium s andy ( ML),Nos.6-7; ( M1),Nos.8-28; H umberware(H1),No.29; ( H2)Nos. 3 0-32.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-7,13-23,30-32; c ooking-pots,Nos.8-11; c urfews,No. 1 2; d rinking m ugs,No.29; b asting d ishes,No.25; b ottles,No.24 ; s killets,No.26; u nidentified,Nos.27-28.
V essels, N os.5 a nd 9 -11 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted; c ooking-pot f orm, N o.11, w as u nusual i n h aving a g lazed i nner s urface. T he a nthropom orphic d esign o f j ug N o.14 w as a pplied a s a m oulded p ad. V essels, N os.25, 2 6 a nd 2 8 w ere g lazed o n t heir i nner s urfaces, w hilst N o.27 h ad a b rownish-orange g laze o n b oth s urfaces. T he u pper h andle a ttachm ent o f H umberware j ug, N o.30 , w as p lugged.
H M/55/Tp T his
T hornholme P riory g roup
c ame
f rom
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 9
l ate
1 4th
a g arderobe
1 44
c entury
c onstruction
S VR 3 .0 w ork
o n
.
.
C P
. S 3
1
0 1
2
M 1
.
C W
1
H 2
6
•
•
I llustrated V essels
P N
.
M
.
O T
.
O G
.
1 2
1 6
H 1
-
1
1
1 0
2
3
1 0
. .
1 6 -
•
.
3 .
.
.
F ig.82, N os.33-34.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),Nos.33-34.
F orms
j ugs/cisterns ? ,No.33 ;
c ucurbits,No.34.
T he h esitancy o ver d escribing N o.33 a s a j ug o r ac istern d erives f rom t races o f a n a pplied p ad t o i ts l owef b ody - i f t his w ere a c istern, i t w ould b e u nique f or t his f abric. A lthough t he r im a nd f lange o f c ucurbit, N o .34 , h ad b een b roken a nd c hipped a way, t he b urning a nd s ooting o f t he o uter s urface c overed t hese b reaks s uggest ing t hat i t w as r etained i n u se, d espite i ts d amage.
H M/56/Tp
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 9 D C
O G
T his u nillustrated p ottery c ame f rom ' occupation ' g arderobe J iv.
H M/57/Tp
S VR 1 .2
d eposits w ithin
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 9 F
• S 3
C P
. 1
.
C W
J
P N
M
O T
O G
.
.0 1
5
5
.M I ,
2
2
2
H 1
1 8 4
D C
1 3
M 1
S VR 2 .1
5
1
1
1 0 2
1 2
1 0 1
H 2
1
1
1
R W
1
1
1
1
. .
1
. . . '
T his g roup d erived f rom t he P hase 9 y ard d eposits. T he l ips o f .t he t wo c ooking-pot r ims, F ig.84, N os.35-36, w ere u nusual, t heir o nly p arallel f rom t he s ite c oming f rom t he P hase 9 y ard d eposits f rom A rea 2 ( HM/28/Tp). A ll t hree e xamples w ere u nglazed . a nd s howed n o s igns o f h andles o r s pouts; a lthough c lassed a s c ooking-pots,
1 45
t heir f ull p rofile a nd f unction r emain u nknown. I llustrated V essels
F ig.84 , N os.35-38 .
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1), N os.35-38.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.35-36 ; c urfews,No .37;
j ugs,No.38.
B oth t he l ipped c ooking-pots w ere b urnt a nd s ooted a nd t he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug , N o.38 , w as p lugged.
H M/58/Nh
N ettleham : T he B ishop 's P alace
S 3 M L M L
S VR *
O G
D C
5
2
U nspecified n umber 5
5
U nspecified n umber o f a dditional s herds
T his s mall, u ndated g roup c ame f rom t he l owest f ill o f a w ell, s ituated i mmediately s outh o f N ettleham H igh S treet i n t he n orthernm ost p art o f • the s ite i nvestigated i n 1 959. M oorhouse ( 1971,25) c onsidered t his t o b e a s ealed g roup o f t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 4th c entury, a ccumulating s oon a fter t he w ell h ad f allen o ut o f u se. T he t hree l argely c omplete j ugs i n L incoln w are ( ML), w ere a ssoc iated w ith o ther j ug f ragments, a nd a n u nspecified q uantity o f s hellt empered c ooking-pots. I llustrated V essels F abrics
F ig.85, N os.1-5(taken f rom M oorhouse,1971).
m edium s andy(ML),Nos.1-5.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-5.
T he b asal a ngle o f j ug N o.2 h ad f our g roups o f t riple t humbings , w hilst N o.3 h ad f our i rregular g roups o f t humbings ( 2x4 , 1 x5, 1 x6).
B everley : H ighgate, G roup H
H M/59/Bv
O G
F
.
O B
6
6
3
W B
2
2
2
I RO
1
1
1
S VR 1 .1 D C
A s mall g roup w hose d ating r ests o n t he R ouen j ug, a t ype o f i mport u sually a ssigned t o t he 1 3th c entury 7 3-85). I llustrated V essels F abrics
F ig.85, N os.6-7.
o rangeware ( 0B)No.6; R ouen(IRO),No.7.
1 46
F ig.85, N o.7; ( Barton 1 965,
F orms
j ugs,Nos.6-7.
R ouen j ug, N o.27, w as i n a w hite w ith s parse c opper-green m ottling.
H M/60/Bv
B everley C P
.
w ith
a y ellow
:H ighgate, G roup I .
• . . _
f abric
g laze
S VR 1 .6
P N
O G
.
C B3
1
O B
6
6
2
H 2
1
1
1
R
2
D C
1
_ __-
1
1
.
1
1 -
'
.
"
A s mall g roup o f p ottery a ssociated w ith a l evelling l ayer o f c halk b locks, t he i llustrated f orms w ould b e a ppropriate t o a 1 3th c entury c ontext, a lthough t here w as n o i ndependent d ating e vidence. T he t own a ccounts f or 1 344-66 d o r ecord a m unicipal l evelling p rog ramme, b ut t his w ould s eem t oo l ate a d ate f or t his p ottery g roup. I llustrated V essel F abric
F ig.85, N o.8.
o rangeware(OB).
F orm
B everley
H M/61/Bv
C P
j ug.
:H ighgate, G roup J C W
J
1
2
P
P N
S VR 1 .1 O G
D C
• C B3
1
O B
5
W B
2
—
1 1
1
2
2
1
• T his g roup o f p ottery c ame f rom a c lay l ayer w hich o verlay t he c halk b locks o f H M/60/Bv. T he o rangeware c urfew , F ig.85, N o.9, w as u nusual a lthough p arallelled f rom T hornholme P riory H M/37/Tp, F ig.75, N o.16, w hich b elonged t o t he e arly 1 3th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.85,
F abrics
o rangeware(OB),No.9;
F orms
c urfews,No.9;
N os.9-10. w hiteware(WB),No.10.
j ugs,No.10.
C urfew , N o.9 , h ad a d ark o live-green g laze o n i ts a nd b urning a nd s ooting o n i ts i nner s urface.
1 47
o uter
s urface
H M/62/Bv
B everley : H ighgate, G roup K N C B3 O B
.
C P
7
6
3 6
C W
O T
4
H 2
4
R
1
3 1
O G
D C
2 9
7
1 3 2
W B
S VR 1 .1
4 1
3
2
3
4
1
1
1
.
' T his m aterial f ormed p art o f a l evelling g roup. S uch f eatures u sually c ontain a v ery h igh r esidual e lement, a nd t his g roup w as p robably n o e xception. O rangeware n umerically d ominates t he g roup w ith o nly f our s herds o f H umberware o ccurring. A lthough B everley o rangewares h ad l argely d isappeared f rom H ull's p ottery g roups b y t he e arly 1 4th c entury ( Armstrong 1 980 , 5 1), p roduction m ay h ave p ersisted i n B everley i tself a fter i t h ad l ost i ts m arkets e lsewhere i n t he r egion . O n s tylistic g rounds, t he p ottery w ould a gain f it a 1 3th c entury d ate. T he g roup w as s tratigraphically e arlier t han a l arge d itch g roup w hich c ontained a w orn c oin o f c .1330-1350 . A lthough t hat c oin m ay h ave b een r esidual, a c losing d ate i n t he e arly 1 4th c entury f or t his u nderlying l evelling m aterial w ould n ot b e i nappropriate. I llustrated V essels
F ig.85, N os.11-23 .
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CB3),Nos.11-12; o rangeware(OB),Nos.13-20; w hiteware(WB),Nos.21-22; H umberware(1 12),No.23.
F orms
c urfews,No.11; c ooking-pots,Nos.12-13; p ipkins,Nos.19-20 ; j ugs,Nos.14-18 ,21,23 ; a quamaniles ,No .22.
V essels, N os.12 a nd 2 0 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted o n t heir o uter s urfaces a nd N o.11 o n i ts i nner s urface. T he r elief-moulded d esign o f j ug s herd, N o.15, a long w ith i ts o range f abric a nd b right y ellowg reen g laze m ade t his v essel a p articularly c lose p arallel t o t he o rangeware w asters d iscovered f rom t he t own. S herd, N o.17, h ad i ron w ashed a pplied c hevrons, w hilst t he b asal a ngle o f N o.18 h ad t hree g roups o f t hree t humbings. N o.22 h ad a r ouletted, d ecorative e mbelli shment w hich h ad s palled o ff t he s ide o f a h ighly d ecorated v essel, m ore l ikely a n a quamanile, t hough p ossibly a k night j ug.
H M/63/Hd
h igh o ne w as a nd f or
H edon
:M iddle L ane, F eature 3 :15
S VR 1 .7
A s mall g roup o f v essels f rom a p ost h ole w ith a n u nusually S VR f or t his t ype o f f eature a t H edon ( average 1 .4), b ut s till w hich s uggests a r esidual e lement. T he p eat p ot F ig.86 , N o.2 o f a p articularly s hallow f orm a nd d isplayed e xtensive b urning s ooting. A l ate 1 2th o r e arly 1 3th c entury d ate i s s uggested t his g roup o n t he b asis o f i ts f abric r ange w hich i ncluded t he
D oncaster, H allgate B w hiteware ( WD).
1 48
C P
.
O G
C H1
8
8
C H4
2
2
O B
1
1
1
*
F H2
5
5
3
*
W D
1
1
1
. -
I llustrated V essels
-
D C
.
-
— .
1
F ig.86, N os.1-4 .
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH4),No.1; w hiteware(WD),No.4.
F orms
c ooking-pots ,Nos.1-2 ;
( CH1),No.2;
f ine s andy(FH2),No.3 ;
j ugs,Nos.3-4.
N os.1 a nd 2 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
H M/64/Hd
H edon : M iddle L ane, D itch 1 4 C P C H1
4
4
*C H2
2
2
.C H3
2
2
.C H4
1
1
F H1
1
F H2
O T
1
2 0
2 0
S G
S VR 1 .6 O G
D C
1 9
2 I
*O B
6
6
4
O H
2
2
2
W Dt
1
1
1
*W D
1
1
1
*W B
1
1
1
*W S
1
*
-. . . . •. , ..d1
1
1
.
1
-
' A nother s mall, u ndated g roup o f m aterial. T he d ecorated Y ork w hiteware j ug F ig .86, N o.11 w as p arallelled f rom H M/1/Ep a t E pworth , F ig.55, N o.11; a g roup t hought t o b e 1 3th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.86 , N os.5-11.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH3),No.5; ( CH4),No.6 ; f ine s andy(FH2),Nos.7-8 ; w hiteware(WD O,No.9 ; ( WS),No.10 ; ( WB),No.11.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.5-6;
j ugs,Nos.7-9 ,11; a quamaniles,No.10 .
C ooking-pot, N o.5, s hows c learly o n i ts o uter s urface t he s car o f i ts a pplied r im . A quamanile s herd, N o.10 , w as d ecorated w ith a n a pplied p ad w ith a n i mpressed d esign, w hilst j ug s herd, N o.11, h ad a p ale y ellow-green g laze w ith a n i ron-wash p ainted o ver i ts a pplied s pots.
1 49
H M/65/Hd
H edo i i: M iddle L ane, P it 1 C P . C H1
5 4 2
2
•C H3
5
3
•C H4
1
1
•F H1
1
•F H2 F H3 '
O B H 2
S G
.
Dr
5 4
C H2
-
S VR 2 .1
2 1
3 1
3 0
1
1
1
1 1
1 9
5
1
1 1
1
1
6
1
2
1
T his c ess-pit w as u nfortunately o nly s ectioned d ue t o t he l imited t ime a vailable, b ut i ts p ottery s till r ecorded a r elatively h igh S VR, s uggesting t hat t his w as a l argely c ontemporary g roup o f m aterial. W hereas i t i s u sually c onsidered p erspicaceous t o r egard t he m ore c omplete v essels a s t hose l east l ikely t o b e r esidual, i n t his c ase, t he b ulk o f t he m ore f ragmentary v essels m ay h ave b een p resent i n t he u nexcavated h alf o f t he p it. I ndeed, t his c aveat i s t rue o f m ost o f t he g roups f rom t his s ite, a s m any f eatures w ere m erely s ectioned. T he l arge c ooking-pot, F ig.86, N o.16 , r epresented a n ew f orm f rom t hose e ncountered i n e arlier g roups f rom t his s ite. T hree o f t he m ore c omplete f ine s andy j ugs, F ig.86, N os.21-23, d isplayed c ons iderable s imilarities o f s tyle. T hey c ompared g enerally w ith s ome o f t he o rangeware j ugs f rom B everley, s uch a s E M/54/Bv, F ig.40 , N o.27 o r H M/60/Bv, F ig.85, N o.8; v essels w hich b elonged t o t he l ate 1 2th o r 1 3th c entury. T he s ingle H umberware r im , F ig.86, N o.26, f ormed l ess t han 1 % o f t he g roups t otal c omposition a nd m ay w ell b e i ntrusive. D espite t he l ack o f i ndependent d ating e vidence, i t i s a pparent t hat t his g roup w as l ater t han t he e arly-medieval t ip g roups(EM/56/Hd) a nd c an p rovisionally b e a ttributed t o t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.86,
N os.12-26.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH3),Nos.12-16; ( CH1),Nos.17-19; f ine s andy ( FH1),No.20 ; ( FH2),Nos.21-25; H umberware(H2),No.26.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.12-18 ;
l ids?,No.20 ;
j ugs,Nos.21-26.
N os.14 a nd 1 8 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, N o.19 h ad a c orroded g reen s plashed g laze, w hilst N os.20-23 h ad a d eveloped s plashed g laze, a t ransitional g laze m idway b etween s plashed a nd s uspension t ypes. T he b ase o f N o.21 h ad f our g roups o f d ouble t humbings a s d id N o.23 , t he b ase o f N o.25 h ad n o t humbings, b ut w as i nstead r aised o n a s hallow p edestal r ing.
1 50
H M/66/Hd
H edon : M iddle L ane, F C H1
N
.
2 0
C P
•C H3
3
3
C H4
2
2
•F i ll
1
I
F H2 F H3
C W
S c '
1 9
D itch 1 7
S VR 3 .0 O G
D C
•
1
. .
. .
. . 1
1 4
1
1 4
. 6
2 1
2
2
1
•O H
2
2
2
•O B
7
7
4
•W Dt
1
1
1
•W D
1
1
1
•I RO
1
1
1
•I G
1
-
1
•
. . .
1
1
'
' A c hronologically m ixed g roup o f p ottery; s plashed-glazed j ug, F ig.87, N o.12, p arallelled e arly 1 2th c entury e xamples f rom t he l owest l evels o f D itch 1 3 ( EM/55/Hd), w hereas j ug, F ig.87, N o.14, r esembled F ig.86, N o.22 f rom t he p revious g roup ( HM/65/Hd), f or w hich a n e arly 1 3th c entury d ate h as b een s uggested. B oth t he B lauGrau ( Fig.87, N o.19) a nd R ouen ( No.18) i mports w ere c urrent b etween t he 1 2th a nd e arly 1 3th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.87, N os.1-19.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH3),No.1; ( CH4),Nos.2-3; ( CH1),Nos.4-11; f ine s andy(FH1),No.12; ( FH2),Nos.13-14; ( FH3),No.15; o rangeware ( OH),No.16 ; ( 0B),No.17; R ouen(IRO),No.18; B lau-Grau(IG),No.19.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-8,11; N os.12-18; l adles,No.19.
b owls,No.9;
c urfews,No.10 ;
j ugs,
V essels N os.1-2 , 4a nd 9 -11 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he i mpressed c ircles o f N o.15 w ere u nique t o t his r egion a nd, a lthough p rovisiona lly c lassified a s F H3, t his v essel m ay p rove t o b e a r egional i mport. B lauGrau l adle, N o.19, h ad a p lugged h andle a ttachment.
H M/67/Hd
H edon : M iddle L ane,
D itch I I
S VR 2 .1
T hese w ere t wo d itches w hich f ormed p art o f t he s ame f eature ( Fig.7). R elief-moulded d ecoration, s uch a s F ig.88, N o.20 , s eems t o b e a t echnique t hat w as o nly i ntroduced i n t he 1 3th c entury w ithin t his r egion, t he e arliest k nown e xamples c oming f rom T hornholme P riory, ( HM/37/Tp,Fig.78,Nos.6 a nd 9 ). A gain t he R ouen s herd, F ig.89, N o.17 w ould m ost l ikely b e o f 1 3th c entury d ate. O n t his r ather m eagre e vidence a 1 3th c entury d ate i s s uggested f or t hese t wo g roups.
1 51
H M/68/Hd
H t .don : M idd le L ane, D itch 1 8 C P
_ C H1
1 07
O T
O G
6
6
C H3
8
7
-C H4
4
•F H1
1
1
F H2
9 2
9 0
2
F H3
1 1
1 0
1
—O H
1
4 1 5
1
1 4
O B
1
1
1 4
6
•H 2
4
4
4
W D
4
4
3
W B
3
3
2
•W S
1
I
1
R W
1
1
1
R
2
2
1
I RO
1
1
1
-
D C
1 07
•C H2
-
S VR 1 .6
2
1 -
F C H1
-
C P 5 7 8
8
C H3
8
' 8
C H4
1
1
F H1
6 7 1
O G
D C
. 5
1
3
O H
3
3
4 1
7 0
3
1 8
S G
.
F H3
O B
O T
5 7
C H2
F H2
P N
1 ? 4 2
) I
. 6
.
1 2 9
1 8
H 1
2
2
1
-W D
2
2
2
W S
2
2
2
R W
I
1
1
—R
1
1
1 52
2
1
•
I llustrated V essels
H M/67/Hd. F ig.88 ,Nos.1-22.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH2),Nos.1-2; ( CH3),Nos.3-5; ( CH4),No.6 ; ( CH1), N os.7-15 ; f ine s andy(FH2),Nos.16-20 ; w hiteware(WS),No.21; r egional s tray(R),No.22.
F orms
c ooking-pots, N os.1-15 ,22;
j ugs, N os.16-21.
V essels N os.1-4, 6 -7 a nd 1 1-13 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. J ug N o.19 h ad a t ype I I a pplied b ase, e ach o uter b asal t humbing w as m atched b y ac orresponding i nner o ne,a p rocess p robably i ntended t o s trengthen t he b ase; t his v essel w as u nderfired. R egional s tray, N o.22 , w as i n a h ard, s andy g rey-buff f abric w ith b lue-grey s urfaces.
I llustrated V essels
H M/68/Hd.
F ig.89,Nos.1-17.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH2),No.1; ( CH1),Nos.2-7; f ine s andy(FH2),Nos. 8 -13 ; ( FH3),No.14 ; o rangeware(OB),No.15; w hiteware(WS),No.16 ; R ouen(IRO),No.17.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-7;
j ugs,Nos.8-11,14-17;
p ipkins,Nos.12-13.
V essel N os.1 a nd 3 -4 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. F H3 j ug , N o.14 , h ad a h eavy, w hite i nternal s alts d eposit. R ouen j ug , N o.17, w as i n a w hite f abric w ith a t hin, p ale, g reenish-yellow s uspension g laze a nd d ecorated w ith a pplied s trips o f o range c lay w ith r ouletted d ecoration.
S VR 3 .3
H edon : M iddle L ane, P it 3
H M/69/Hd
C P C H1
2 9
F H2
P N
O G
O T
D C
2 9
.
1
1
•C H2
J
.
3 4
3 2
'
' 2 ?
1 6
.
1
1
4
3
O B
1
1
1
•1 2
2
2
2
2
1
.
F H3
W S
_
.
1
-
1
1
S VR 1 .4
H edon : M iddle L ane, P it 4
H M/70/Hd
C P C H1
2 6
•C H2
2
•F H1
2
•F H2
2 2
•F H3
1 0 2 .
O B
P
J
2 6
P N
S G
.
O G
D C .
_
2 '
2 0 8
1
1
1
1 1
2
5
2
1
•
1
2
2 .
-
1 53
'
T hese
t wo
p its
w ere,
c eramically,
s imilar,
a lthough
P it
3 h ad
a f ar h igher S VR t han P it 4 ; t he l atter c an t herefore b e p resumed t o h ave h ad c orrespondingly h igher r esidual e lements. N either c ont ained a ny i ndependent d ating e vidence o r a ny p ottery w hich c ould b e e asily r elated t o o ther d ated g roups. T his w as p articularly u nfort unate i n v iew o f t he S carborough w hiteware ( WS) a quamanile, a s f ew o f t hese v essel t ypes c an b e a ccurately d ated. O n g eneral s tylistic g rounds a nd t he s mall n umber o f H umberware s herds, a 1 3th c entury d ate m ight b e p ostulated. I llustrated V essels
H M/69/Hd,
F ig.89, N os.18-27.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH1),Nos.18-23; f ine s andy(FH2),Nos.24-25 ; ( FH3),No.26; w hiteware(WS),No.27.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.18-23; a quamaniles,No.27.
j ugs,Nos.24-25;
C ooking-pots,Nos.22 a nd 2 3 S carborough w hiteware a quamanile, g laze.
I llustrated V essels
w ere b urnt N o.27, h ad
p ancheons,No.26;
a nd s ooted a nd t he a b right c opper-green
H M/70/Hd, F ig.90 ,Nos.1-9.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH1),Nos.1-5;
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-5,9;
f ine s andy(FH3), N os.6-9.
j ugs,Nos.6-7;
p ipkins,No.8.
V essel N os. 1 -2, 5 a nd 8 -9 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted a nd t he a pplied c hevrons o f N o.7 h ad a n i ron w ash.
H M/71-73/Hd
H edon : M iddle L ane,
D itches 2 0-22
C P — .
-
C H1
4 8
4 7
C H2
8
8
C H4
1
1
F H1
2
.F 12
5 2
P N 1 ?
S G
S VR 1 .6 O G
D C 1
,
. . 1 4 7
'
1 4 1
1
2
. 3 1 3
.F H3
5
4
-O B
3
3
3
O H
9
9
5
5
. .
T hese t hree d itches w ere a rchaeologically r elated a nd c ontained s imilar c eramic m aterial, t ypologically o f 1 3th c entury d ate. T he r ather c urious, r ouletted v essel, F ig.90 ,No.17, o ccurred i n a v ery c oarse f abric, v ery s imilar t o t he l ocal s andy C H1 f abric, a lthough i t M ay b e a n i mport. H owever, i ts f orm w as n ot t hat o f a c ooking p ot, w hilst i ts c omplex r ouletted d ecoration i s o nly p arallelled r egionally a mongst j ug f orms f rom W oodhouse F arm a t W inksley i n N orth Y orkshire ( Bellamy a nd L e P atourel 1 970 , 1 16-119, F igs.45-46).
1 54
I llustrated V essels
H M/71-73/Hd, F ig .90 ,Nos.10-20 .
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH1),Nos.10-12 ,17-18; f ine s andy(FH2),Nos.13 ,15, 1 9-20 ; ( FH3),No.16 ; o rangeware(OB),No.14.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.10-12,18 ; N o.17.
j ugs,Nos.13-16 ,19-20 ;
u nidentified,
N os.11-12, a nd 1 8 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, N o.17 w as a p ale g rey c oloured f abric w ith b rown-buff s urfaces; t he h andle o f j ug, N o.20 , w as p lugged.
H M/74/Hd
H edon : M iddle L ane, F eature 2 :5 C P
P N •
C H1
1 0
•F H2
1 1
-
S VR 1 .3 O G
'
D C
.
1 0
. 5
1 1
•F H3
3
2
.O B
1
1
1
•H 2
1
1
1
1
1
2
. . ,
T his w as a s mall u ndated g roup l oosely a scribed t o t he 1 3th c entury. T he d istinctive b asal n otching o f F ig.90 , N o.21, w as r ecogn ised o n s everal o ther c ooking-pots f rom t he s ite. S imilar t echniques w ere o bserved o n o ne o r t wo j ug b ases f rom t he D oncaster, H allgate k ilns w hilst s everal o ther e xamples o ccurred i n N orth L incolnshire. T he p urpose o f s uch b asal n otching r emains u nknown. I llustrated V essels
F ig.90 , N os.21-27.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH1),Nos.21,22; ( FH3),Nos.25-27.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.21-22;
f ine s andy(FH2),Nos.23-24 ;
j ugs,Nos.23-26;
p ancheons,No.27.
B oth i llustrated c ooking-pots, N os.21-22, w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
B D
C P C H1 •F H1 . .
5 3
2
3
F H2
3 6
F H3
3 9
S G
D C
O G
1
5 2
.
2
3 6
3
2
- 2
O H
1
1
•H 2
1
1
•R
2
.
2
2
, 1
,3 3
O B
.
S VR 1 .6
H edon : M iddle L ane, D itch 2 5
H M/75/Hd
1
.
. 2 2
4
2 5
3
.
2 1 1 _
_
1 55
.
1
.
H umberware w as o nly r epresented b y o ne s herd i n t his d itch g roup, h owever, t he f ine s andy, F H3, f abric h eld a p articularly h igh s hare o f t he t otal. T his w ould s uggest t hat t hese v essels a re l ater i n d ate t han a ny o f t he p revious g roups. A lthough t he a pplied, f loral t ype d ecoration w as p resent a t T hornholme P riory f rom t he e arly 1 3th c entury ( HM/18/Tp, F ig.62, N o.6), t his w as t he f irst t ime i t h ad a ppeared o n t he l ocal H edon f abrics. T he m ore t raditional d ecorative f orms a mongst t his g roup ( Fig.90 , N o.15 o r 1 6) w ere v ery f ragmentary a nd p robably r esidual. A lthough t he g roup c ontained n o i ndependent d ating e vidence, a d ate i n t he l ate 1 3th o r e arly 1 4th c entury i s s uggested. I llustrated V essels
F ig.90 ,
N os.28-39.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH1),Nos.28-31; N os.33-39.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.28-31;
f ine s andy(FH2),No.32;
( FH3),
j ugs,Nos.32-39.
J ug N o.36 h ad i ron-washed c hevrons a nd N o.39 h ad a pplied i ronr ich c lay s trips. H andle s ection N o.38 w as f rom a h andle t wisted t o t he r ight w ith a t riple t humbed l ower a ttachment.
H M/76/Hd
H edon : M iddle L ane, D itch 1 9 C F '
•
B D '
S VR 1 .8 O G
C H1
6
6
*C H2
3
3
*F H2
6
5
F H3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
*O B
2
0 1
1
.
_
1 .
D C
•
.
. 1
2
4
4
1
.
.
T his w as a lso a p ossible 1 3th c entury g roup. J ug f orms s uch a s F ig.91, N os.8 a nd 1 0 c ompared w ith t hose f rom P it 1 ( HM/65/Hd, F ig.86, N os.22 a nd 2 3). T he o rangeware j ug , F ig.91, N o.17 w as s imilar t o 1 3th c entury j ugs f rom T hornholme P riory a nd i ndeed, t his v essel m ay e ven h ave o riginated f rom s outh o f t he H umber. T he s hape o f j ug, F ig.91, N o.14, w as u nusual a nd r esembled j ug f orms f ound i n 1 3th a nd 1 4th c entury c ontexts a t Y ork ( Holdsworth 1 978, F ig.12, N o.146). G enerally t he f orms o f t he H edon c oarse s andy ( CH) c ooking-pots d iffered f rom t hose o f S outh H umberside, b ut F ig.91, N o.6 w ould c omp are w ith t hose o f t he C 2 c oarse s andy f abric ( e.g. H M/11/Br, F ig.57, N os.23-24). T he r im f orm a nd o verall s hape o f t his v essel w as a lmost s tandard i n N orth L incolnshire t hroughout t he 1 3th a nd 1 4th c enturies, a nd a lthough i t o ccurred o ccasionally a mongst l ater H edon g roups, i t w as n ever c ommon. I llustrated V essels F abrics
F ig.91,
N os.1-17.
c oarse s andy(CH2),No.1; ( CH1),Nos.2-7; f ine s andy(FH2),Nos. 8 -13; ( FH3),No.14; o rangeware(01),No.17; ( 0B),Nos.15-16 .
1 56
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-6,15; b asting d ishes,No.13.
b owls,No.7;
j ugs,Nos.8-12,14,16-17;
V essel N os.1-2 , 4 , 6 a nd 7 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug N o.14 w as p lugged, a nd t he l ower i ndented. A lternating, a pplied v ertical s trips o f N o.11 w ere i ron-washed a s w ere a ll t he a pplied s trips o f o rangeware j ug,No.17; N o.17 a lso h ad a n i nternal w hite s alts d eposit. H M/77/Hd
H edon : M iddle L ane, .
.
. 4 1
C H1
C P 4 1
'C H2
3
3
'C H3
1
1
•C H4
4
4
•F i ll
1
•F H2
6 5
•F H3
1 0
•O B
1
•O H
5
•W D
1
-
H 2
-
9
P N
.
•
O G
D C
.
1
6 1 7
.
S G
S VR 1 .9
_
1
-
P it 2
3
1
1
2
2 6 6
1
1
5
2
1
1
9
1
1
• '
5
-
'
A rchaeologically, P it 2 c ut D itch 2 1 ( HM/72/Hd) a nd t herefore p ost-dated i t. C eramically, t he h igher p roportion o f t he f ine s andy F H3 f abric a nd t he H umberwares ( 12) w ould a lso a rgue f or a l ater d ate, p erhaps e arly 1 4th c entury. T he s hape o f j ug, F ig.92, N o.9, r esembled t he t all-necked j ugs f rom t he C owick M oat ( Fig.226, N os.1-9), a nd t his m ay b e a n e arly p roto-type o f t he f orm . G lazed p ancheons, a lthough n ever c ommon a t H edon, w ere f airly p rolific a t T hornholme P riory, s imilar f orms t o F ig.92, N o.13 o ccurring i n t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric i n P hases 6 t o 8 ( e.g., H M/24/Tp, F ig.65, N o.9). I llustrated V essels
F ig.92,
N os.1-14.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH1),Nos.1-4; f ine s andy(FH2),Nos.5-8 ; N os.9-13; o rangeware(OH),No.14.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-5; p ancheons,No.13.
T he
j ugs,Nos.6-11,14;
( FH3),
p ipkins,No.12;
C ooking-pot, N o.4, a nd p ancheon, N o.13, w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. h andle o f N o.11 w as t wisted t o t he r ight w hilst t he d ecoration
o f N o.12 h ad a n i ron w ash.
1 57
H M/78/Hd
S VR 1 .9
H edon : M iddle L ane, D itch 1 3 F
N
C P
B 2
•C H1
6 3
6 1
•C H2
1 5
1 5
•C H3
6
6
•C H4
3
3
•F H1
5
•F H2
J
P
P N
M
O T
S G
O G
D C .
. . 4
6 0
5 8
1
3
2
3 1
•F H3
6
5
-O H
7
7
4
O B
3
3
2
•H 2
8
6
•W D
2
2
2
W S
3
3
2
R W
1
1
1
1
—
4
1
1
4
. . . 1
1 •
T his w as t he m aterial f rom t he u pper f ill o f D itch 1 3 a nd s ealed t he l ate 1 2th c entury t ip g roups o f E M/56/Hd. I t w as i n t urn s ealed b y t he m ajor l evelling l ayers ( Layer A ) o f H M/81/Hd i n t he 1 4th c ent ury. T he p ottery f rom t his g roup, t herefore, s pans t his p eriod, a lthough j ugs s uch a s F ig.92, N o.26, s uggest t he p resence o f e arlier, r esidual m aterial. C ooking-pot s herd, F ig.92, N o.24, c ontained a g lazed v essel d uring i ts f iring, a s v arious g laze s cars ( shown i n b lack) w ere l eft a dhering t o i ts i nner s urface. T he p ot h ad a lso c racked d uring f iring w ith g laze s eeping i nto t he f racture. T his v essel p robably s erved a s a s agger; i ts u seful l ife e nding a fter t he k iln f iring, w hen i t w as b roken i n o rder t o r elease t he i nner v essel. T he p resence o f s uch a s herd a t M iddle L ane i s d ifficult t o e xplain, t hough i t m ay h ave b een a p acking s herd f or a c onsignment o f p ottery f rom t he k ilns s ituated i n t he n orthern p art o f H edon. I llustrated V essels
F ig.92, N os.15-32.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH2),No.15; ( CH3),No.16; ( CH4),Nos.17-18 ; ( CH1), N os.19-25; f ine s andy(FH1),No.26; ( FH2),Nos.27-28; H umberware(H2),Nos.29-30 ; w hiteware(WS),No.31; ( WD),No.32.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.15-24; b owls,No.25; j ugs,Nos.26-29,31; d rinking-mugs,No.30; l amps/lids?,No.32. V essels N os.15-16 a nd 2 5 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
H M/79/Hd
D 13
H edon
:M id de L ane,
D itch 1 3 K
S VR 2 .1
T his g roup c ame f rom a s econd s ection c ut a cross D itch 1 3 ( Fig.7, K ), h owever, h ere t he b ulk o f t he d itch l ay u nder t he r oad a nd
1 58
w as u nexcavated. T he b ottom o f t he d itch w as n ever r eached a nd p robably a ccounts f or t he l ack o f s plashed-glazed v essels w hich h ad b een r ecovered f rom E M/55/Hd. L ayer A a gain s ealed t his d itch i n t he 1 4th c entury. U nfortunately, t he i ndistinct s tratigraphic l ayers w ithin t he f ill n ecessitated t he m aterial b eing t reated a s a s ingle g roup. T here w as n o a ssociated d ating e vidence, b ut o n p urely t ypol ogical c omparison w ith o ther H edon g roups i t i s s uggested t hat t he m ajority o f t he m ore c omplete v essel f orms p robably b elong t o t he 1 3th c entury. .
F
C H1 C H2
N 9 9 9
C P
e
9 8 9 2 2 '
*C H4
1 2
1 2
1 60
*F H3
1 2
P
M
O T
S G
• • •
I
D C
.
'
.
,
. 6 1 46
3
5
O G
.
6
*F H2
OH
J I
-
2 2
O B
O T -
1
*C H3
*F H1
B
4 1 2
8 4
.
2 7
1
.
1
1 02
1 1
,
2 7
8
1
4
1
1 7
*H 2
5
5
*W Dt
3
3
W D
1
1
1
W B
2
2
2
*W S
1
1
1
*R S
2
*I G
1
*I ST
1
-
4
'
2
2
I llustrated V essels
9
.
3 . , . 1 . . .
1
. 1
1
F ig.93, N os.1-31; F ig.94, N os.1-26.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH2),Fig.93 ,Nos.1-3; ( CH3),Fig.93,Nos.4-5; ( CH1),Fig.93 ,Nos.6-26 ; s hell-tempered(RS),Fig.93 ,No.27; f ine s andy(FH1),Fig.93 ,No.28 ; ( FH2),Fig.93 ,Nos.29-31,Fig.94 , N os.1-16 ; ( FH3),Fig.94 ,Nos.17-19; o rangeware(OH),Fig.94 ,Nos. 2 0-23; ( 0B),Fig .94 ,No.24 ; H umberware(H2),Fig.94 ,No.25; w hiteware(WB),Fig.94 ,No.26.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Fig.93,Nos.1-24 ,Fig.94,Nos.17-19 ; j ugs,F ig.93 , N os.28-31,Fig.94 ,Nos.1-10 ,20-23 ,26 ; d rinking-mugs,Fig.94 , N os.11,24; p ipkins,Fig.94,Nos.12-14; l amps,Fig.94,No.15; b asting d ishes,Fig.94,No.16 .
F ig.93 ,Nos.1,5-7,9,22 a nd F ig.94,Nos.13-14 a nd 1 6 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he s houlder t humbings o f c ooking-pot,Fig.93,No.4 w ere m ade b efore t he v essel w as f inished o n t he w heel a s t he t urning m arks o verlay t hem . T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f F ig.94 ,No.2 w as p lugged. L amp,Fig.94 ,No.15, a ppeared t o b e a p ricket f orm , a t ype o f l amp r arely f ound i n c eramic.
1 59
H M/80/Hd
H edon : M iddle L ane, D itch 1 0 N
C P
B 6
C H1 . C H2
1 82
1 75
2 3
2 3
C H3
1 4
1 4
«C H4
1 0
. FH1
9
•
C W
.
J
P
.
B D
.
P N
S VR 2 .0 .
S G
.
O G
•
D C
1
• .
.
.
.
.
1
5
.
4
1
. FH2
1 63
1 56
4
F H3
2 4
2 1
2
OH
1 7
1 5
2
-i b B
3 5
3 0
5
H 2 . W Dt
2 6
2 6
3 3
1
1 12 -
1 4 8
6. 2
1 9
2
1 8
1
3
3
3
R W . R S
2
' 2
2
2
2
T
1
1
2
.
2
.
. 1 .
'
A lthough o nly a c omparatively s mall s ection w as c ut t hrough t his d itch , 5 07 v essels w ere p roduced w ith a n S VR o f 2 .0 , w hich w ould s uggest t hat t his w asan u nusually s ecure g roup f or t his s ite. J ug, F ig.95, N o.39 , r epresents t he e arliest s ubstantially c omplete p art o f a H umberware ( H2) j ug f rom t he s ite. I ts f orm w as r eminiscent o f t he e arlier H 2 H umberware f orms f rom T hornholme P riory ( e.g., H M/32/Tp,Fig.71,No.19), o r t he M onkgate B D itch 1 52 g roup f rom H ull, H M/84/Hu , F ig.98 , N o.17, a ll d ating t o t he e arly 1 4th c entury . T he r elief-moulded r aspberry d ecoration o n t he o rangeware ( OB) j ug,Fig.95, N o.36 w as t ypical o f t he l ater o rangeware d esigns a nd p robably a lso d ates t o t he l ate 1 3th o r e arly 1 4th c entury. T he h ighly d ecorated j ug, F ig.95, N o.40 , w as n ot o f l ocal o rigin a nd h as y et t o b e e ither p rovenanced o r d ated. D espite t he s canty n ature o f t he d ating e vidence, i t i s s uggested t hat t his m aterial h as a c losing d ate i n t he e arly p art o f t he 1 4th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.94 , N os.27-33 ; F ig.95,Nos.1-40.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CH2),Fig.94 ,No.27; ( CH3),Fig.94 ,Nos.28-29 ; ( CH4) F ig.94 ,Nos.30-33 ; ( CH1),Fig.95 ,Nos.1-13 ; f ine s andy(FH2),Fig. 9 5,Nos.14-21; ( FH3),Fig.95,Nos.22-28 ; o rangeware(OB),Fig .95, N os.29-36; ( OH),Fig.95,Nos.37-38 ; H umberware(H2),Fig .95,No.39 ; r egional s tray(RS),Fig.95 ,No.40 .
F orms
c ooking-pots,Fig.94,Nos.27-33 ,Fig.95,Nos.1-13; j ugs,Fig .95, N os.14-20 ,22-25 ,29-40 ; p ipkins,Fig.95,Nos.26-27; b asting d ishes,Fig.95,Nos.21,28. F ig.94 ,Nos.27-28 ,30 ,32
a nd
F ig.95,Nos.1-6 ,9,11-12,21,
1 60
a nd
2 8
w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
F ig.95,
N o.19 h ad a n i ron w ash a pplied d ecor-
a tion, w hilst t he d esigns o f F ig.95, N os.25 a nd 3 6 w ere r elief m oulded, t he l atter v essel h aving f our s ingle t humbings t o i ts b asal a ngle. T he u pper h andle a ttachments o f F ig.95, N os.23 a nd 3 9 w ere p lugged. F ig.95, N o.40, t he r egional s tray, w as i n a h ard, s and-tempered o range c oloured f abric w ith a m ottled y ellow-green s uspension g laze.
H M/81/Hd
H edon : M iddle L ane, L ayer A
.
.
C P
C H2
1 2
1 2
*C H3
1 4
1 4
9
*C H4 *C H1
1 018
*F H1
B
C W
j
5
2 93
2 84
3
*W D
3
3
1 '
1
I •
1
3
4
1
1
*
1
* . .
2 06
2
'W Dt
W S . R
2
2
1 52
2
'
3
6
6
*R S
*W B
O T
1
5
*F 13
2 23
M
.
1 012
9 10
'H 2
C N
9
9 17
1 54
P N
.
*F 12
'O H
B D
.
5
O B
P
S VR 1 .02
6
2
2
3
2
2 3
.
3 2
.
_
3
,
1 9
.
,
1
1 6
1
1 .
•
-
I •
•
4 1,
-
Il l.
•
A lthough l eft u nillustrated, a d iscussion o f t his g roup i s i nc luded b ecause i t d erived f rom a l ayer w hich s ealed a ll t he p revious g roups f rom t he s ite. A s i ts l ow S VR s uggests, i t c ontained v ast a mounts o f f ragmentary, r esidual m aterial d erived f rom t he l evelling o r t runcating o f m ost o f t he u nderlying f eatures. T he d ate o f t his l evelling w as p articularly d ifficult t o a ssess b ecause i t w as a lmost i mpossible t o i solate a ny m aterial w hich c ould b e r eliably a ssociated w ith t his o peration. C hronologically t he ' latest' f abric t ype w as t he H umberware ( 12), w hose f orms c ould b e a ssociated w ith t he e arlier p art o f t he H umberware r ange. T here w ere n o v essels w hich c ould b e d ated t o t he 1 5th o r 1 6th c entury. O n t his v ery s lender e vidence, i t i s s uggested t hat t his l evelling o peration t ook p lace i n t he 1 4th c entury. I t i s w orth r e-emphasising a t t his p oint t hat n one o f t he H edon g roups c ontained a ny r eliable d ating e vidence. M ost o f t he d ates
1 61
s uggested a bove s hould b e c onsequently o pinion a nd s hould n ot b e a ssumed p roven.
H M/82/Hu
H ull
r egarded
a s
s tatements
:H igh S t./Blackfriargate A , P it 4 36 C P
.
• C 2
2
O B
9
• I ST
4
• I SP
5
o f
S VR *
O T
.
' 2 1
8 1
-
2
1
5 -
G roups H M/82-84/Hu w ere s elected f rom v arious s ites i n H ull a nd k indly m ade a vailable b y G areth W atkins i n a dvance o f h is o wn p ublication. T he o riginal d rawings f or a ll t hese g roups w ere d one b y t he H ull A rchaeological U nit. G roup H M/82/Hu i s p rovisionally d ated t o t he l ate 1 3th c entury, a s t he p it c ame f rom a b uilding s ite w hich w as s ub-divided p rior t o 1 293 a nd t hus t he g roup m ust p re-date 1 293. T he p rincipal r eason f or i ncluding t his g roup w as i ts i mportant r ange o f o rangeware ( OB) v essels, w hose c ompleteness m akes i t a lmost c ertain t hat t hey c an b e s een a s c ontemporary w ith t he P olychrome J ugs. A s t he o rangeware f abrics d eclined a t H ull b y t he e arly 1 4th c entury ( Armstrong 1 980 ,51), t hese e xamples p robably r epresent a r ange o f s ome o f t he l atest f orms p roduced. I llustrated V essels
F ig.96,Nos.1-14; F ig.97,Nos.1-6 ( taken f rom d rawings b y H umberside A rchaeological U nit).
F abrics
c oarse s andy(C2),Fig.96,Nos.1-2; o rangeware(OB),Fig.96 ,Nos. 3 -10 ; S aintonge(IST/P),Fig.96,Nos.11-14,Fig.97,Nos.1-6.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Fig.96,Nos.1-2; b owls ,Fig.96,No.3; j ugs,Fig.96, N os.4-13,Fig.97,Nos.1-6; l obed c ups,Fig.96 ,No.14.
H M/83/Hu
H ull
:M onkgate B ,
. . •
S VR *
C P
. .
P it 1 258 .
. C 2
1
1
O B
4
1
O H
3
3
H 1
1
1
.
. .
1
1
I ST
. 3
.
.
A f urther g roup o f H ull m aterial w hich h as a t erminus a nte i l uem o f A D 1 317 ( pers.comm .Gareth W atkins). O rangeware c ooking-pot, F ig.97, N o.8, w as u nusual a s c ooking-pots i n t his f abric t ype o ccurred o nly
1 62
o ccasionally i n N orth L incolnshire w here t hey a re t hought t o b elong e arly i n t he o rangeware s equence. J ugs, F ig.97,Nos.12-14 , w ere i n a s andier v ersion o f o rangeware w hich d id n ot o ccur s outh o f t he H umber. I llustrated V essels
F ig.97,Nos.7-16.(taken f rom d rawings b y H umberside A rchaeological U nit).
F abrics
c oarse s andy(C2),No.7; o rangeware(OB),Nos.8-11; ( OH),Nos.121 4; H umberware(H1),No.15; I mported S aintonge(IST),No.16.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.7-8 ;
H M/84/Hu
H ull
C 2
9
j ugs,Nos.9-16.
:M onkgate B ,
C P
B
8
1
P N
1 5
1 2
• W Y
1 0
1 0
• M T
I
1
* T i
4
4
•0 52
2
2
G C
1
C N
O T . 3
.
1
3 6
1
3 3
6
6
*I SP
1
1
*I ST
9
5
* I S
3
R
S VR *
.
• O B
* H 2
D itch 1 52
2
4 3
-
•
' '
'
T his g roup h ad a t erminus p ost q uem o f A D 1 317, a lthough W atkins c onsiders t hat i ts d ate w as m ore l ikely t o f all i n t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 4th c entury ( pers.comm.). I t c ontained s ome r esidual m aterial w hich p robably i ncluded m ost o f t he o rangeware ( OB). H umberware f ormed t he d ominant f abric i n t he g roup a nd t he l arge r ange o f i llust ratable v essels i n t his f abric, F igs.98-99, w as t he m ain r eason f or t he g roup's i nclusion. A lthough T hornholme P riory p roduced a l arge n umber o f 1 4th c entury g roups, t hey c ontained f ew H umberwares b ecause o f t he s trength o f t he l ocal m edium s andy f abric ( M1). T his M onkgate B g roup t hus f ills a g ap i n t he N orth L incolnshire H umberware s equence. T he p rincipal j ug f orm a ppears t o h ave b een a r ather l arge g lobular s hape, F ig.98,Nos.15,17. H owever, F ig.98,No.16 w as r emini scent o f t he m ore s lender, t all-necked o rangeware j ugs f rom H M/82/Hu, F ig.96,Nos.5-7. T his f orm , a lthough n ot c ommon a mongst t his g roup, p ersisted i nto t he l ater m edieval p eriod, a s election o f t all-necked j ugs b eing r ecovered f rom t he K ings M oat a t C owick ( Fig.226 ,Nos.1-9). L ater f orms o ccurred a t B everley H ighgate, F ig.135,No.11, t hat t his f orm h ad a l ifespan o f m ore t han 2 00 y ears. O ther
f abrics
o f
i nterest
i n
t he
1 63
g roup
i ncluded
s uggesting
a T oynton w are
( T) j ug, F ig.100 ,No.28 , a nd f our a dditional v essels i n t he g eneral T oynton/Bolingbroke t ype f abric ( Ti), F ig.100 ,Nos.29-32. C omparatively f ew v essels i n t hese t wo f abrics w ere f ound s tratified i n N orth L incolnshire, d espite t heir f requent o ccurrence a mongst t he u nstrata ssemblages. P ancheon, F ig.100,No.27, w as i n t he g ritty H umberware v ariant t hat w as n oted a t b oth K ings M oat, C owick a nd t he W est C owick k iln s ite ( Fig.229,Nos.15-18). A s t hese g roups o f C owick w asters a re c onsidered t o b e l ate-medieval, t his M onkgate e xample i s t herefore o ne o f t he e arliest s tratified e xamples t o b e r ecognised. T he j ug w ith t he p iped s croll d ecoration, F ig.101,No.16, w as s imilar t o t hose f ound f rom L ondon ( Halsam 1 978, 4 8-51). I t i s i nteresting t hat t he o nly o ther e xample o f a L ondon j ug i n t he r egion a lso c ame f rom a 1 4th c entury c ontext a t E pworth : M anor, H M/7/Ep, F ig.56, N o.14. I llustrated V essels
F igs.98-101.(taken f rom d rawings b y A rchaeological U nit)
H umberside
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Figs.98 a nd 9 9; c oarse s andy(C2),Fig.100 ,Nos. 1 -9; o rangeware(OB),Fig.100 ,Nos.10-24; ( 0S2),Fig.100 ,Nos.252 6; g ritty f abric(GC),Fig.100,No.27; m edium s andy(MT),Fig.100, N o.28 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Fig.100 ,Nos.29-32; w hiteware ( WY),Fig.101,Nos.1-10; r egional s tray(R),Fig.101,Nos.11-16 ; S aintonge(IST/P),Fig.101,Nos.17-26 ; S iegburg s toneware(IS), F ig.101,Nos.27-29.
F orms
j ugs,Fig.98,Nos.1-17,Fig.99,Nos.1-12,Fig.100 ,Nos.10-21,25-26, 2 8-32,Fig.101,Nos.1-26 ; c isterns,Fig.99,No.13; d rinking m ugs, F ig.99,Nos.14-15,Fig.100 ,Nos.22-24,Fig.101,Nos.27-29; c ookingp ots,Fig.100 ,Nos.1-8; b owls,Fig.100,No.9; p ancheons,Fig.100 , N o.27.
C onisbrough : C astle
H M/85/Ch _ .
-
.
.
S D1
9
R F
1
C M1
1
C P
S VR * O T
.
9
. 1 1 1
I1
— R h .
O G
_ .
_ .
'
1
.
1
.
1 •
T his d eposit d erived f rom t he e mptying o f a l atrine s haft f ormed f rom a n atural c left i n t he r ock ( Johnson 1 980 , 6 7-69). E arlier e xcavations h ad p artially c leared t he s haft, b ut s ome s tratified d eposits r emained w hich J ohnson d ated t o t he 1 5th c entury o n t he g rounds t hat o ne o f t he v essels i t c ontained, F ig.102, N o.12 , w as T udor G reen a nd u nlikely t o b e a ny e arlier(Moorhouse 1 979, 5 4-55). T he d eposit w as, h owever, n ever r eliably s ealed, a nd b oth i ntrusive a nd r esidual m aterial m ay b e p resent. C ertainly
t he
r im
f orms
o f
t he
s hell-tempered c ooking-pots w ere
t ypologically, c onsiderably e arlier, p erhaps e arly 1 4th c entury. A lthough s ome s hell-tempered w ares h ave b een r ecognised i n 1 5th c ent ury d eposits ( LM/37/Li, F ig.130 ,No.1), t hey h ave a d istinctive s hape a nd r im f orm c ompletely d ifferent t o t hose p resented h ere ( Moorhouse
1 64
1 974b, 7 -8 , 1 4). T hese s hell-tempered f orms a re b etter p arallelled a mongst t he h igh-medieval g roups f rom C herry L ane, B arrow ( HM/12/Br, F ig.58,Nos.7-14). T he f ull d ate r ange o f t he C oal M easure f abrics h as n ot y et b een e stablished, b ut t he f abric t ype o ccurred a t E pworth b y t he 1 4th c entury ( HM/7/Ep) a nd t here i s i ncreasing e vidence f rom D oncaster t o s uggest t hat i t m ay h ave b een c urrent i n t he l ater 1 3th c entury. W ith t he e xception o f F ig.102,No.12, t he w hole ' group ' c ould p robably b e b etter a ttributed t o t he 1 4th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.102,Nos.1-12.(from J ohnson 1 980 ,84-87).
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD1),Nos.1-9; r egional s tray(RF),No.10 ; C oal M easure ( CH1),No.11; S aintonge/Tudor G reen,No.12.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-9 ; u nidentified,No.12.
H M/86/Dn
p ipkins,No.10 ;
D oncaster
S VR 4 .8
:S ite D A
C P
O G
D C
'
• .
j ugs,No.11;
S D1
1 7
1 8
F D
5
1
1 1
3
, .
5 •
T wo g roups o f m aterial o f s imilar c haracter a nd d ate w hich a re c onsidered t ogether; t he o ne d erived f rom a p it c ut i nto t he r ampart f ill o f t he o uter b ailey d itch ( Fig.103,Nos.1-4), t he o ther f rom p art o f t he s ite w hose r ecords a re l ost ( Fig.103 ,Nos.5-7). I n b oth c ases t he l imited n umber o f f abrics a nd h igh S VR s uggest t wo c ontemp orary g roups o f p ottery e ach c ontaining l ittle o r n o r esidual m ate rial. T he f ine s andy F D f abric j ugs w ere q uite d istinct f rom t hose f ound f rom H M/89/Dn a nd c loser t o t hose f rom H M/87/Dn o r H M/88/Dn a nd t o t he H allgate w aster m aterial ( e.g.,cf.Fig.103,No.2 w ith B uckland e t a l 1 979,Fig.13 , N o.127, a nd F ig.103 ,No.1 w ith i bid F ig.10 , N os.41 o r 4 3). T he t wo s hell-tempered ( SD1) c ooking-pots, F ig.103, N os.4-5, h ave s mall c lubbed r ims w hich a ppear t o b e t ypologically e arlier t han t he l arger, f latter a nd m ore e verted r ims s een i n H M/89/Dn. I t i s s uggested t hat t hese t wo g roups m ay b elong t o t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.103 ,Nos.1-7.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD1),Nos.4-5 ;
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.4-5;
N o:2,
f ine s andy(FD),Nos.103 ,1-3,6-7.
j ugs,Nos.1-2,6 ;
B oth c ooking-pots a nd p ipkin N o.7 w ere h ad a n i nternal w hite s alts d eposit.
1 . 65
p ipkins,Nos.3 ,7. b urnt
a nd
s ooted.
J ug,
H M/87/Dn
D oncaster C F
:S ite D T, P it 1 23
C W
O T
S VR 5 .3
S G
O G
D C
* —
G 1
1
1
S D1
4
3
G D
1
1
W D
3
' F D
1
3
1 0
3 1
1 0
8
— 0 1
2
2
2
. I F
1
1
1
.W Dt
1
1 .
1
1 .
A s ubstantial p it g roup w hose c eramic c ontents p ost-date E M/66/Dn b ut p re-date H M/88/Dn, p robably b elonging t o t he e arly y ears o f t he 1 3th c entury. I t i s l ikely t hat t he g ritty w are c ooking-pot r im , F ig.104, N o.4, i s r esidual. T he u se o f g ritty w ares i n N orth L incolns hire a nd E ast Y orkshire h ad d ied o ut b y t he e nd o f t he 1 2th c entury; a lthough i n N orth a nd W est Y orkshire i t p ersisted w ell i nto t he 1 3th c entury ( Moorhouse 1 983). A t D oncaster t here i s l ittle e vidence f or t he s urvival o f t he g ritty f abric a fter t he c ollapse o f t he W D , w hiteware f abric; h owever, l ater v essels i n t his t radition c ould, a nd d id, o ccur a s r egional s trays. T he e arlier, s plashed g lazed g roups o f p ottery f rom t he t own c ontained s mooth s hell-tempered ( SD) c ooking-vessels; t he l ater 1 2th c entury m aterial f rom E M/66/Dn c ontained a v ery s mall a mount o f r esidu al s mooth-shelly p ot, t he m ajority o f t he c oarsewares i n t hat g roup b eing i n t he W D, w hiteware f abric. T his p resent g roup r epresents a m ajor c hange; a part f rom r esidual g ritty a nd G D f abric c ookingp ot s herds, a ll t he c oarsewares w ere i n t he h arsh s helly f abric ( SD1). I t w ould s eem l ikely t hat t he p roduction o f h arsh s hell-tempered p ottery w ent h and i n h and w ith t he g rowing m onopoly o f t he f ine s andy F D f abric a mongst t he f inewares. T he o rangeware j ug w ith t he a pplied l ip F ig,104, N o.9, h ad b een r estored f or d isplay b y t he M useum s ervice a nd t he f abric c ould n ot b e c losely a nalysed. H owever, i ts f orm , d ecoration a nd c olouring s uggest a N orth L incolnshire, r ather t han E ast Y orkshire, o rigin. A t T hornholme P riory, o rangeware j ugs o f s imilar f orm o ccurred i n P hase 3 d eposits d ating t o t he e nd o f t he 1 2th c entury. A f urther v ery s imilar v essel o ccurred f rom T rench B a t E pworth a mongst a q uarry p it w hose f ill s eemed t o b elong t o t he e arly 1 3th c entury, H M/1/Ep, F ig.55, N o.l. A mongst t his g roup w as a p ossible w atering p ot, F ig.104, N o.10 , i n D eveloped S tamford w are ( WD O. T he c urrency o f t his f abric r anged f rom c .1150 t o 1 250 ( Kilmurry 1 980), a nd t he s ize a nd c ompleteness o f t his v essel i mplies t hat i t f ormed a c ontemporary p art o f t he g roup. I ts o ccurrence h ere i n a g roup d ominated b y t he f ine s andy F D f abric s uggests t hat t his v essel b elongs t o t he p eriod b etween 1 200 a nd 1 250 .
1 66
I llustrated V essels
F ig.104, N os.1-10.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD1),Nos.1-3; g ritty(G1),No.4 ; w hiteware(WDt), N o.10 ; ( WD),Nos.5-6; f ine s andy(FD),Nos.7-8 ; o rangeware(01), N o.9.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-2,4 ; w atering-pots ‚ No.10.
c urfews,Nos.3-5;
j ugs,Nos.6-9;
A ll t hree i llustrated c ooking-pots w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. W atering-pot, N o.10 , w as i n a t ypical D eveloped S tamford w are f abric w ith a b right, m ottled c opper-green g laze. T he c onstricted r im a pert ure o f t his v essel e lim inates i ts u se f or p ouring, i nstead, t humb p ressure o ver t he a perture w ould h ave e nabled t he v essel t o b e l ifted f ull o f w ater, w hich c ould b e r eleased o ver p lants b y t he r emoval o f t he t humb f rom t he r im.
D oncaster
W 4/88/Dn
, S D1 ' F D
P N
C P
•
S VR 2 .7
:S ite D G, P it S D O G
D C •
• 1 1 4
1
. 1 3
1 1
1
. F DC
2
2
2
* M L
1
1
1
. W Y
1
1
1 _
7
.
2
. . •
A l arge p it g roup d ominated b y t he f ine s andy ( FD) f abric, i nc luding a c omplete j ug i n t he C attlemarket ( FDC) f abric, F ig.106,No.9. T his c an p robably b e r egarded a s a r eliable g roup o f c ontemporary v essels a s t here w as l ittle e vidence o f r esidual m aterial. T he l ack o f v essels i n t he H umberware ( HD) o r s oft w hite g ritty ( WG) f abrics w ould s upport a 1 3th c entury d ate, p ossibly i n t he f irst h alf o f t hat c entury. H owever, a s lightly l ater d ate i s s uggested b y b oth t he L incolnware ( ML) r im , F ig.106, N o.11, p arallelled a t B roadgate, L incoln b y a g roup a ttributed t o t he t hird q uarter o f t he 1 3th c entury ( Adams 1 975, G roup I ,No.100), a nd b y t he Y ork w hiteware r im , F ig.106, N o.12, p arallelled f rom a w ell g roup a t B lake S treet, Y ork , f or w hich a d ate r ange o f 1 250-1350 h as b een s uggested ( Holdsworth 1 978, S ection V , N o.148). I llustrated V essels
F ig.105, N os.1-7; F ig.106,Nos.1-12.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD1),Fig.105,No.1; f ine s andy(FD),Fig.105, N os.2-7,Fig.106,Nos.1-8; ( FDC),Fig.106,Nos.9-10 ; m edium s andy ( ML),Fig.106,No.11; w hiteware(WY),Fig.106,No.12.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Fig.105,No.1; j ugs,Fig.105,Nos.2-6,Fig.106 ,Nos. 1 -12; p ancheons,Fig.105,No.7.
. S hell-tempered c ooking-pot, F ig.105, N o.1, w as b urnt a nd s ooted. F ig.105, N o.3 a nd F ig.106, N os.2-5 h ad a n i ron w ash p ainted o ver t heir a pplied d ecoration , w hilst F ig.106, N os.4 a nd 5 h ad a pplied i ron-rich c lay d ecoration a nd F ig.106, N o.10 h ad a pplied w hite c lay
1 67
s trips. T he b asal a ngle o f F ig.105, N o.5 h ad s ix s ingle t humbings a nd t he u pper h andle a ttachments o f F ig.106,Nos.6 a nd 9 w ere i ndented.
H M/89/Dn
D oncaster
:S ite D EH, W ell 6 4
C F
. 1
G D
1 6
2
' F D
8 16
5
2
.W Y 'H D
'
.
D C
1
W D
S D1
O G
.
9
S VR 1 .2 . .
1 4 3
7 99
6 5 82
9
2
2 3 6
. .
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
_
T his w as n umerically t he l argest m edieval g roup f rom D oncaster, o f w hich t he o verwhelming p roportion c omprised j ugs i n t he f ine s andy F D f abric, m ost o f w hich w ere h ighly f ragmentary. T he a bsence o f t he s oft w hite, g ritty ( WG) f abric a nd o nly t he o ne H umberware(HD ) j ug s uggests t hat t his g roup p robably b elongs t o t he t hirteenth c entury. I t i s p robable t hat t he W Y w hiteware f abric a nd t he G D a nd W D f abrics a re r esidual. T he f orm o f t he h arsh s hell-tempered ( SD1) c ooking-pot, F ig.107, N o.1, h as b een a rgued t o b e a l ate-medieval t ype ( Moorhouse 1 974(a)). H owever, s imilar f orms i n o ther c oarseware f abrics h ave b een r ecognised a t T hornholme P riory f rom t he l ate t hirt eenth c entury, a lthough b ecoming m ore c ommon i n t he f ourteenth. T he f orm i s c ertainly q uite d istinct f rom t hose s een i n H M/86-87/Dn, a lthough t his i n i tself i s n o p roof o f a c hronological d istinction. M any o f t he f ine s andy, F D , v essels c losely p arallelled f orms f rom t he H allgate w aster m aterial ( Buckland e t a l.1979), b ut s ome o f t he m ore c omplete v essels, F ig.107, N os.7, 1 5, h ad p lain a pplied v ertical r ibs, a d esign n ot r epresented a mongst t he w asters. A gain t his r aises t he q uestion a s t o w hether t his r epresents a c hronological d isparity o r w hether t here w ere a r ange o f c ontemporary p otters i n t hirteenth c entury D oncaster, e ach u sing s lightly d ifferent d esigns a nd t echniques o n t heir v essels. I llustrated V essels
F ig.107, N os.1-26.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD1),Nos.1-2; g ritty(GD),No.3; w hiteware ( WD),Nos.4-5; f ine s andy(FD),Nos.6-25; H umberware(HD),No.26.
F orms
c ooking-pots, N os.1-2,4-6; j ugs, N os.7-23,26.
b owls, N o.3;
p ipkins, N os.24-25;
C ooking-pots, N os.1-2, w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, j ug, N o.15, h ad w hite c lay a pplied s trips, w hilst t hose o f N o.19 h ad a n i ron w ash.
1 68
H M/90/Dn
D oncaster
W D
—
3
3
F D
—
O G
C F
_
—
1 1
S D1
9
I
1
S VR 4 .1
:S ite D EH, F eature 2 3 D C
2
1 0
6
—
9 1
1
1
T he s mall s ize o f c ooking-pot F ig.108, N o.1 a nd i ts t iny c lubbed r im s uggests a d ate f or t his g roup i n t he e arlier p art o f t he 1 3th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.108 ,Nos.1-3.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD1),No.1;
F orms
c ooking-pot,No.1;
f ine s andy(FD),No.2; F rench(I),No.3.
p ipkin,No.2;
j ug,No.3.
J ug, N o.3 w as i n a f ine w hite f abric w ith a r ed s lip o n i ts o uter s urface, o ver t his s lip w ere a pplied w hite c lay d ecorative f eatures; i ts c olourless g laze s howed y ellow o ver t he w hite c lay a nd b rown o ver t he r ed s lip; i ts p rovenance i s u nknown. P ipkin, N o.2 w as b urnt a nd s ooted.
D oncaster
H M/91/Dn
. -
F
C P 1
1
•G D
3
3
-W D
6
S D1
F A
'3 6
S VR 1 .4
:S ite D EH, F eature 7 1
-------
A quam anile
O G
. 4
6 9
3 3
1
1 9
2
2
2
W G
1
1
1
H D
3
3
3
M N
1
1
1
T he d ominant f ine s andy,
. .
•F DC
.
D C
•
F D ,
f abric
3
.
2
i ncluded a n umber o f v essels
w hich c an p robably b e a ttributed t o t he C attlemarket k iln s ource ( FDC) ( Buckland e t a l. 1 979). T ogether w ith t he p resence o f t he s oft w hite g ritty ( WG) v essel a nd t he H umberwares ( HD), t his w ould s uggest a d ate t owards t he e nd o f t he 1 3th c entury. A s a g roup t here i s a s trong s imilarity w ith t he m aterial f rom H M/89/Dn. B oth t he f ace j ug F ig.108 , N o.10, a nd t he w ould, o n t he b asis o f r egional d ate, p erhaps l ate t welfth o r e arly l y b oth v essels m ay b e r esidual; s iderable s igns o f a brasion. I n
a quamanile N o.12 a re f orms w hich e vidence, b e a ccorded a n e arlier t hirteenth c entury a nd c onsequenti ndeed, t he f ace j ug s howed c onc omplete c ontrast, t he d ecoration
1 69
o n t he t wo i llustrated H umberware f lamboyant a nd w ell e xecuted. u ncommon a nd s uch d esigns w ere p hases o f p roduction i n t he l ater I llustrated V essels
j ugs, F ig.108, N os.14-15,was c omplex, D ecoration o n H umberware j ugs w as u sually r estricted t o t he e arliest 1 3th c entury.
F ig.108 , N os.4-15.
F abrics
f ine s andy(FD), N os.4-12; m edium s andy(MN),No.13; H umberware ( HD),Nos.14-15.
F orms
j ugs, N os.4-10 ,13-15;
p ipkins,No.11; a quamanile,No.12.
T he m edium s andy j ug r im , s andy f abric ( Coppack 1 980).
H M/92/Dn
N o.13,
D oncaster , —
. -
C P
1
1
• S D1
3
2
• W D
2
S D
F D
w as
i n
t he
:S ite D MP
. -
c ream
S VR 2 .1 r
O G
,
D C
1 1
2
7
1 3
1 3
F DC
3
3
W Y
2
2
• W G
1
1
1
• C MW
1
1
1
.
N ottingham
1
3 '
.
2
.
.
A g roup o f i ntrusive m aterial w hich c ut i nto a nd d isturbedthe g roup o f G D g ritty w aster m aterial f rom t he m arket p lace. T he h arshs helly ( SD1) c ooking-pot, N o.16 , h as a s mall, f lateverted r im a lmost h alf-way b etween t he e arly t hirteenth c entury c lub r ims o f H M/86/Dn a nd t he ' late-medieval' t ypes o f H M/89/Dn w hich b egin i n t he l ater p art o f t hat c entury. J ug N o.19 i s o ne o f t he f ew C attlemarket ,FDC, f abric p rofiles f rom D oncaster a nd i ts m allet-like s hape c ontrasts s trongly w ith t he k nown H allgate, F D, f abric j ug p rofiles a nd i n t his c ase i s a lmost c ertainly o f a l ater d ate. A c losing d ate f or t his m aterial i n t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury i s t entatively s uggested. I llustrated V essels
F ig.108, N os.16-19.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD1),Nos.16-17; N o.19.
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.16;
f ine s andy(FD),No.18;
b owls,No.17;
( FDC),
j ugs,Nos.18-19.
B oth i llustrated s hell-tempered v essels w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he l ower h andle a ttachment o f t he C attlemarket f abric ( FDC) j ug, N o.19, h ad t wo t humbings e xternally a nd w as i ndented i nternally.
1 70
HM/93/Dn
Doncaster : Site DEH, Group 34 F
N
CP
B
GD
4
3
1
WD
9
2
FD
52
50
OS2
1
1
Gl
WG 01
-
1 2
1
Hl
1
HD
7
4
CMW
20
ISP
2
ML
1
3
1
p
C
7 2
3
SDl
WY
1
J
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
4
4
3
1
1
DC
29
7
15
-
5
1
2
OG
SVR 1. 2
1
1
2
11
1
1 2
1
This is a particularly important gro up of vessels as it includes a complete Saintonge Polychrome jug, Fig.109, No .13. The completeness and fresh appearance of this vessel suggest that it was a contempo rary element of the group. Saintonge Polychrome is a particularly use ul import because of its apparently restricted and well established date range o f between c.1275 and c.1325 AD (Dunning 1933; Platt and Coleman Smith 1975). It thus provides an effective terminal date for the group which in turn can be used to review the nature of the contemporary local pottery. The group contains a wide range of fabrics o f which many are fragmentary and probably residual. Jug, Fig.109, No.10 was the only other complete vessel from the group, one of a number of white Co 1 Measure fabrics (CMW) which included most of the other mo re complete vessels (e.g � N os. 7-10). The Coal Measure fabric can therefo re be regarded as a contemporary element of the group. On the other hand, the numerically superior fine sandy FD fabric had a very low sherd to vessel ratio comprising small, and often abraded, sherds. It seems probable that much, or all, o f the FD fabric vessels present in this group were residual, along with the whiteware (WD) fabric and the gritty wares (Gland GD). Illustrated Vessels Fabrics
Forms
Fig.109;
Nos.1-14.
shell-tempered(SDl),No.l; gritty(Gl),N o.2; fine sandy(FD), N o.3; wh·teware(WG),No.4; Humberware(Hl),N o.5; orangeware (OS2),No.6; (Ol),No.11; medium sandy(ML),No.12; Co al Measure (CMW), No s.7-10; Saintonge(ISP/T),Nos.13-14. cooking-pots,Nos.1,7; bowls,Nos.2,9; pancheons,No .8; lobed cups,No.14; jugs,N os.3-6,10-13.
171
Cooking-pot No Q l was burnt and sooted, whilst vessel, No.9 had traces of burning and sooting to its inner surface, and although catalogued above as a bowl, it may hav been a curfew, but such forms are rare in the Coal Measure fabrics. The Lincoln ware (ML) jug handle, No.12 had an orange-brown glaze.
172
D iscussion o f t he H igh-Medieval G roups T he D evelopment o f R egional T raditions R egional t raditions w ere n ot n ew t o t he h igh-medieval p eriod, f or t hey h ad a lready b een a pparent d uring t he l ate-Saxon c enturies. T hroughout t he 1 1th a nd e arly 1 2th c entury, a g reater v ariety o f f abrics b oth o ld a nd n ew h ad, t o a c ertain e xtent, w eakened t he i nf luence o f f abric t raditions b y t heir s heer n umber. D uring t he f inal h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury, h owever, a n umber o f t hese e arly-medieval f abrics d eclined a nd d isappeared, l eaving t he s urviving f abrics t o d evelop c learer r egional s tyles a nd s imilarities. T his p rocess c ont inued i nto t he h igh-medieval p eriod. D uring t he 1 3th c entury, t he p rincipal f ineware t radition i n t he r egion w as t he o rangewares. B y t he 1 4th c entury t hese o rangewares h ad b een r eplaced b y a n e qually d ominant t radition , t he H umberwares. A mong c oarsewares, t he c oarse s andy f ab lic w as t he p rincipal E ast Y orkshire t radition , a lthough i n N orth L incolnshire i t w as r elegated t o s econd p lace b y s hell-tempered w ares. T he d etailed d evelopment o f e ach o f t hese r egional t raditions w ill b e m ore f ully e xamined i n C hapter 5 . I n t he l ate-Saxon p eriod, t here h ad b een a n umber o f f orms s uch a s c ooking-pots, d ishes a nd b owls w hose f orm , s tyle a nd d ecoration h ad p roved c ommon t o v irtually a ll t he r egion 's f abrics. A lthough i ndividual f abric t ypes s till r etained s ome c haracteristics, t hey w ere o n t he w hole s ubordinated t o t he g eneral r egional s tyle; c oarse s andy a nd s hell-tempered v essels, f or e xample, s hared v ery s imilar f orms f or o ver t wo h undred y ears. F rom t he l ate 1 1th a nd e arly 1 2th c entury c ooking v essels b ecame m ore d iverse, w ith p articular f orms a nd s tyles b ecoming c losely a ssociated w ith i ndividual f abric t radi tions. T his w as a lso t he t ime w hen f abric t ypes i ncreasingly s peci alised i n e ither c ooking v essels o r f inewares s uch a s j ugs. D espite t hese d evelopments a mongst t he c oarsewares, e arly-medieval j ug f orms s till s eemed m ore r eliant o n a n o verall r egional s tyle w ith o nly a l ittle v ariation o ccurring. F rom t he l ater 1 2th c entury, e ach f abric t radition d eveloped a c learer i dentity i n t erms o f s hape, d ecoration a nd f inish. T his p rocess b ecame m ore e vident d uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod , s o t hat b y t he l ate-medieval p eriod a v essel's f abric t radition c ould u sually b e i dentified s olely b y i ts f orm . T his c ontrast i n s tyle a nd f orm b etween v essels i n d ifferent f abric t raditions w as p articularly c learly s hown a t T hornholme P riory i n g roup H M/37/Tp , F igs.75-78 . T he o rangewares o f t his p eriod f rom T hornholme h ave c lose s imilarities w ith o ther o rangeware v essels f rom e lsewhere i n t he r egion. T hese s imilarities w ere r evealed i n t heir s hape, s tyle o f d ecoration , g laze, h andle a nd o ther f eatures o f m anu facture ( cf.HM/31/Tp, F ig.69 ,Nos.1-5 ; H M/1/Ep,Fig.55 ,No.1; H M/14/Br, F ig.60, N o.14 o r H M/87/Dn , F ig.104 , N o.9). T he o rangewares f rom H M/37/Tp a t T hornholme c an b e c ontrasted w ith c ontemporary v essels i n t he m edium s andy f abric f rom t he s ame g roup. D espite s uperf icial s imilarities i n t he s hape o f s ome v essels, p articularly s mall j ugs, t he f orms o f t he M 1 v essels c learly o wed l ittle t o t he i nfluence o f t he o rangewares. I ndeed, i n s tyle, s hape a nd d ecoration t hese m edium s andy ( M1) v essels f rom H M/37/Tp s howed a f ar g reater r esemb lance t o c ontemporary j ug f orms i n L incoln(ML) a nd T oynton(MT) f abrics .
1 73
S uch e xamples a lso s erve t o e mphasise t hat r egional s tyles o r t raditions w ere n ot s trictly g overned b y g eographical c onsiderations. I t w as q uite c ommon, a s w as u sually t he c ase a t T hornholme P riory, t o f ind m ore t han o ne f ineware t radition a mongst c ontemporary d eposits o n t he s ame s ite. T his p roved t o b e o ne o f t he i ntegral f eatures o f r egional t raditions t hat t hey r etained t he e ssential e lements o f t heir t radition w heresoever t hey w ere m arketed. T he c o-existence o f t he c oarse s andy a nd s hell-tempered c oarseware t raditions t hrougho ut N orthern L incolnshire d uring t his p eriod p roduced v irtually n o a ttempt b y e ither f abric t ype t o e mulate t he s tyle o r f orms o f t he o ther; t he r im f orms o f e ach t radition, f or e xample, r emained c ompl etely d istinct. O ne i nteresting e xception t o t his w as a n a pparent s wop i n t radi tions m ade b y t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric d uring t he m id-14th c ent ury. I t h as a lready b een r emarked t hat t his f abric r esembled t he L incoln/Toynton t radition d uring t he e arly-13th c entury, b ut, b y t he m id t o l ate-14th c entury, j ugs i n t h is f abric w ere c learly f ar c loser i n t heir s ympathies t o t he c ontemporary H umberware f orms, a nd n ow b ore v ery l ittle r esemblance t o 1 4th c entury L incoln w are p roducts; ( e.g. H M/31/Tp, F ig.70 , N o.14; H M/55/Tp, F ig.84, N o.33). A lmost c ertainly t he p henomenal r egional s uccess o f t he H umberwares d uring t he e arly 1 4th c entury i nfluenced t he M 1 m edium s andy p otters. I t w as s ome m easure o f t he s uccess o f t his s wop t hat, a t T hornholme P riory, t he M 1 f abric k ept t he H umberwares l argely a t b ay u ntil t he 1 5th c entury, w hereas, i n m ost o ther p arts o f N orth L incolnshire, H umberwares w ere d ominating l ocal m arkets b y t he m id-14th c entury. I t s hould n ot b e i nferred f rom t his t hat o ther r egional t radi tions r emained s tatic t hroughout t heir p eriod o f i nfluence. I n m any r espects e ach r egional t radition c ould p rove q uite d ynamic i n t erms o f a bsorbing n ew i deas a nd n ew t echnology, b ut i n e ach c ase t hey w ere a dapted a nd m ade m alleable t o t he g eneral c haracteristics o f e ach t radition. T he s pecific a ttributes a nd d evelopments w ithin e ach f abric t radition w ill b e d iscussed m ore f ully i n C hapter 5 . T he i ntroduction o f a s eries o f n ew f abric t raditions D uring t he 1 3th a nd 1 4th c enturies t hree n ew f abric t raditions b egan t o m ake a n i ncreasing i mpact o n r egional a ssemblages. T hrougho ut t he E ast R iding o f Y orkshire a nd N orth L incolnshire, t he p rincipal o f t hese w as H umberware. I t h as b een o bserved e arlier t hat a v isually s imilar f abric t o H umberware c an b e r ecognised f rom t he 1 2th c entury. S uch e arly e xamples w ere, h owever, u ncommon a nd w ould s eem t o h ave h ad l ittle i nfluence o n r egional c eramic d evelopment. F rom t he l ate 1 3th c entury, H umberwares b ecame m ore c ommon a nd t heir e ffect m ore d ramatic. K ingston-upon-Hull p roduced s ome o f t he e arliest s equences o f H umber w ares w here t he f abric t ype w as p resent a mongst t he e arliest ( late 1 3th c entury) p hases ( Armstrong 1 980, 5 6 , 6 0). I nitially t hey w ere a s ubordinate f abric t o t he o rangewares ( ibid.51), b ut b y t he e arly 1 4th c entury t hey h ad l argely r eplaced t hem. I ndeed, t he f act t hat t hey w ere p resent i n t he e arliest p hases f rom K ingston-upon-Hu ll s uggests t hat t hey m ay h ave b een i n p roduction a t a n e ven e arlier d ate. A t T hornholme P riory, t he t ransitional H 1 s mooth H umberware
1 74
w as p resent f rom t he e arly 9 ). O dd s herds o f t he m ore i n P hase 5 .
1 3th c entury ( HM/37/Tp, F ig.78 , N os.6t raditional H Z H umberware a lso o ccurred
N evertheless, d espite e arlier t races o f H umberware p roduction, a s a r egional t radition, H umberwares r eplaced t he o rangewares. I n t he m id-13th c entury o rangewares w ere s till t he p rincipal r egional t radition, b ut b y t he m id-14th c entury t hey h ad g one a nd t heir p ree minent p osition h ad b een t aken b y t he H umberwares. T he m echanisms a nd m otives f or s uch c hangeovers i n r egional t raditions a re n ot y et f ully u nderstood. W hereas a ll t he k nown o rangeware k ilns w ere f rom u rban b ased i ndustries, a ll t he k nown H umberware p roduction c entres w ere r ural i ndustries. T his u rban/rural m ovement o f t he m edieval p ottery i ndustry i s e xamined l ater i n t his d iscussion, b ut i t a lmost c ertainly i nfluenced t he r ise o f t he H umberwares. T he r apid e xpansion o f t he p ort o f K ingston-upon-Hull f rom t he l ate 1 3th c entury o pened u p a n e normous n ew m arket ( Armstrong 1 980, 5 1). T here i s n o e vidence a t p resent t o s uggest t hat t he r efounded p ort h ad i ts o wn p otteries d uring t he m edieval p eriod, a nd i t w ould s eem t o h ave i mported a ll i ts l ocal w ares f rom t he s urrounding r egion. I nitially, t he b ulk o f H ull's f inewares c ame f rom t he o rangeware k ilns a t B everley, b ut b y t he e arly 1 4th c entury H umberwares d ominated t he l ocal w ares a t H ull's m arkets. M any o f t hese H umberwares c ame i nland f rom H olme u pon-Spalding-Moor, a lthough s ome h ave b een r ecognised w hich p robably c ame b y w ater, f rom t he C owick p otteries o f W est Y orkshire. A dditiona l u nlocated s upplies m ay a lso h ave e xisted. T he o pening o f s uch a l arge m arket m ay h ave g iven t he H umberwares t he e conomic b oost n eeded t o g ive t hem a v irtual c eramic m onopoly i n t he E ast R iding o f Y orkshire a nd N orth L incolnshire. A s mall p ottery k iln w as e xcav ated a t L ittle K elk v illage i n E ast Y orkshire w hich h as b een t radi tionally d escribed a s a H umberware k iln ( Le P atourel 1 966, 1 60). H owever, r ecent e xamination, b y t he w riter, o f s everal h undred w asters f rom t he k iln s eems t o s uggest t hat i t w as m aking a t ransitional f orm o f o rangeware r ather t han H umberware p roper. T his m ay r epresent a n ew r ural i ndustry w hich i nitially d ecided t hat i ts b est p rospects l ay i n t he e mplation o f t he t raditional o rangewares r ather t han t he n ew H umberwares. I ndeed, o rangeware p roduction a t S carborough w ould s eem t o h ave l asted w ell i nto t he 1 4th c entury ( Farmer 1 979, 2 9-31), h olding a t b ay t he i nfluence o f t he H umberwares i n t he s urrounding r egion. I t i s h oped t o d emonstrate i n C hapter 5 t hat c hanges i n m anufacturing t echniques i n t he H umberwares, a nd i ndeed, i n t he C oal M easure a nd T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics m ay a lso h ave a ided t heir c ommercial s uccess. T he ' Coal M easure' f abrics h ave s o f ar b een r ecognised f rom t wo k iln s ources, F irsby H all i n C onisbrough P ark ( Magilton 1 977,30) a nd R awmarsh n ear S heffield. A s a g eneralisation, t he k nown F irsby H all w ares c an b e s aid t o r epresent t he m edieval s ide o f t he i ndustry a nd R awmarsh t he p ost-medieval. H owever, v ery l ittle i s y et k nown a bout t he g rowth a nd d evelopment o f e ither o f t hese k iln s ites, a nd t his f abric t ype m ay a lso h ave b een p roduced f rom o ther, u nlocated, c entres. T he e arliest d ated e xamples o f C oal M easure f abrics ( CM1) i n t he r egion o ccurred a t D oncaster i n a ssociation w ith S aintonge p olychrome, d ating t o t he l ate 1 3th o r e arly 1 4th c entury ( HM/93/Dn). A t S ewer L ane, H ull, t he f abric f irst o ccurred i n P hase I I d ated m id- t o l ate-14th c entury ( Armstrong 1 977, 3 6, T able 7 ), a nd f rom S cale L ane, H ull i n S ection 1 , P hase 3 ( Armstrong 1 980,48, T able 1 ),
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a lso o f m id- t o l ate-14th c entury d ate ( it i s d escribed i n b oth t hese H ull r eports a s R awmarsh g ritty). A g eneral l ate 1 3th o r e arly 1 4th c entury d ate f or t he i ntroduction o f t his f abric t ype w ould f it t he c urrently a vailable e vidence. T he t hird f abric t radition i n t his g roup, t he T oynton/Bolingbroke f abric, i s o ne w hich h as a lready b een s tudied i n s ome d epth ( Healey 1 975, 2 8-38). T he o nly k iln s ites i n t his t radition w hich a re k nown t o h ave b een i n p roduction d uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod w ere t hose a t T oynton-all-Saints. T hese e arlier p roducts f rom T oynton m ight b e m ore p roperly i ncluded a mongst t he m edium s andy ( MT) t radition, b ut i t w as e ssentially t he s ame f abric t ype w hich d eveloped i nto t he l ater t radition o f v essels w hich f orm t he T oynton/Bolingbroke t radition ( Ti). A s a n umber o f o ther k ilns a re k nown t o h ave b een m anufacturing t his f abric t ype d uring t he l ate-medieval p eriod, i t i s p ossible t hat s everal o ther s ites w ere a lso p roducing t he f abric i n t he h igh-medieval p eriod. I t o ften p roved d ifficult t o a ttribute s herds i n t his f abric t ype t o e ither t he M T o r T i t raditions; g ene rally, a ll w ere c lassed a s T i u nless i t w as q uite c lear t hat t hey b elonged s pecifically t o t he e arlier M T t radition. A t T hornholme P riory t he M T/T1 f abric f irst o ccurs i n P hase 5 ( HM/38/Tp, F ig.74, N o.23) w hich b elongs t o t he e arly 1 3th c entury, m aking i t o ne o f t he e arliest i dentified e xamples f rom t he r egion. T he e arliest a rchaeological e vidence a t T oynton-all-Saints w as M rs. R udkin 's ' Roses' k iln d ated a rchaeomagnetically t o 1 275-1325 ( Aitken a nd H awley 1 968, 1 91). L ess d irect e vidence c ame f rom t he e arly 1 3th c entury m edium s andy v essels f rom T hornholme P riory ( e.g. H M/37/Tp, F ig.77, N os.3-5). A lthough p rincipally c opying t he L incoln w are j ug f orms, a n umber o f j ugs h ad d ecorative f eatures, w hich s trong l y r esembled s everal d esigns w hich t ypified t he j ug p roducts o f t he ' Roses' k iln a t T oynton-all-Saints ( Healey, 1 984). A lthough b oth t he C M1 a nd T i f abrics b egan d uring t he h ighm edieval p eriod, t hey w ere o f l ittle n umeric c onsequence i n N orth L incolnshire u ntil t he l ate-medieval p eriod. I n c ontrast, t he t hird f abric t radition, t he H umberwares, h ad a m uch m ore r apid d evelopment. T he i nfluence o f i mported f orms I t w as n ot u ntil t he l ate 1 5th c entury t hat t here a ppeared t o h ave b een a d eliberate c ommercial t rade i n p ottery c argoes f rom t he c ontinent t o t his p art o f E ngland. H owever, p rior t o t his, i mported v essels p robably a rrived a s s ouvenirs, c ontainers o r p ossibly a s s econdary, b allast c argoes. D uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod t here a ppears t o h ave b een a m arked i ncrease i n t he n umber o f i mported v essels r eaching t he r egion. I n t he e arly-medieval p eriod i mports w ere l argely r estricted t o R henish B lau G rau l adles ( Dunning 1 959, 5 6-60) a nd o ccasional F rench v essels ( ibid, 6 2-71). T he m ost f req uently i mported f orms i nto t he r egion d uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod c ame f rom R ouen a nd t he S aintonge i n F rance, t he L ow C ountries, a nd a s mall, s teady t rickle o f i mports f rom t he G erman s toneware f actories. T hese i mports w ere m ost c ommon a t t he m ajor p orts a nd w ere r arities o n r ural i nland s ites d uring t his p eriod. N evertheless, t hey w ould a ppear t o h ave e xerted s ome i nfluence o n t he r epertoire o f t he r egion's p otters.
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T he R henish b lue-grey l adles m ay w ell h ave f ormed t he p rototypes f or t he E nglish p ipkin f orm ( e.g.cf. E M/55/Hd, F ig.44, N o.4 w ith E M/56/Hd, F ig.45, N o.1). T he i ntroduction o f t ripod p ipkins t o t he r egional c eramic r epertoire d uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod m ay b e l inked w ith t he i mport o f D utch t ripod p ipkins w hich h ave b een r ecogn ised f rom t he l ate 1 3th c entury a t b oth B oston ( Moorhouse 1 972) a nd H ull ( Armstrong 1 980 ,54,Fig.18,No.1). R ouen j ugs w ere o ccasional f inds a t B everley ( HM/59/Bv,Fig.85,No.7) a nd H edon ( HM/66/Hd,Fig.87, N o.18 a nd H M/68/Hd,Fig.89,No.17). F ew r egional c opies o f t hese R ouen j ugs a re k nown, a lthough t hey h ave b een n oted e lsewhere i n t he c ountry ( Rackham 1 972,P1.90). A s t he t ide o f i mports r ose d uring t he l atem edieval p eriod, t here w as a c orresponding g rowth i n t he n umber o f E nglish c opies. T he m ove f rom u rban t o r ural b ased p otteries T he r egion's l ate-Saxon a nd e arly-medieval p ottery i ndustries a ppear t o h ave b een l argely u rban b ased, w hereas i n t he l ate-medieval p eriod a lmost a ll i ts p ottery w as p roduced f rom r ural c entres. T he h igh-medieval p eriod w ould a ppear t o h ave b een t he t ime w hen t his t ransition t ook p lace. R egionally, t he e vidence f or p ottery p roduct ion v aries e normously. W ith t he e xception o f o ne d ocumentary r efe rence a nd s everal s mall g roups o f p artly w asted s herds, t here i s n o d irect e vidence, a s y et, f or p ottery p roduction i n N orth L incolns hire. I n c ontrast , t he e vidence f or Y orkshire a nd S outh L incolnshire i s m ore p lentiful, b ut e ven h ere, i t i s p robable t hat m any m ore m edi eval p otteries a wait d iscovery. T his d iscussion i s t herefore b ased o n a v ery l imited s ample o f p otential e vidence. I t i s n ot i ntended h ere t o m ake a t horough i nvestigation o f t he r egional k iln e vidence, b ut s imply t o d emonstrate t hat a g eneral m ove f rom u rban t o r ural c entres t ook p lace, a nd t hat i t o ccurred d uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod. A ll t hree m ajor f abric t ypes i mported i nto N orth L incolnshire d uring t he l ate-Saxon p eriod h ad u rban o rigins, L incoln g rey w are ( CL) ( Coppack 1 980 ,35), T orksey w are ( CT) ( Barley 1 964, 1 75-184) a nd S tamford w are ( WSt) ( Kilmurry 1 980 , 3 0-61). F urther a field, l ate-Saxon p ottery p roduction h as b een d iscovered a t N ottingham ( Coppack 1 980, 2 20) a nd C hester ( Carrington 1 975, 3 -9), a nd i s s uspect ed a t Y ork ( Holdsworth 1 978, 5 ) ( Hurst 1 976,328-330). I ndeed, t he u rban b ase h as b een c onsidered a f undamental a spect o f t he d evelopment o f l ate-Saxon p ottery ( ibid,314). I n t he e arly-medieval p eriod t he s ituation w ould s eem t o h ave d iffered v ery l ittle. N ottingham ( Coppack 1 980 ,217-220), L incoln ( ibid,149-151), D oncaster ( Buckland a t a l 1 979,12-13), S carborough ( Farmer 1 979, 1 0-16) a nd p robably Y ork ( pers.comm .Cathy B rooks) w ere p roducing p ottery d uring t his p eriod. H edon c an a lmost c ertainly b e a dded t o t his l ist, a s c an B everley, a lthough t he e vidence f or b oth t owns d erives f rom w asters o f t he h igh-medieval p eriod. W ithin N orth L incolnshire n o e vidence h as y et b een d iscovered f or p ottery p roduction d uring t his p eriod, b ut i f t he a rgument f or u rban i ndust ries
i s
a ccepted
t hen
B arton-on-Humber a nd G rimsby w ould b e t wo I n a ll t hese q uoted k iln t owns, t he e vidence l ies p rincipally w ith t he f inewares, e vidence f or t he p roduct ion o f e arly-medieval c oarsewares i s l argely c onspicuous b y i ts a bsence. I t s eems p robable t hat t he c oarse s andy f abrics c ould h ave
o f t he m ost l ikely c andidates.
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b een
p roduced
i n
t he
s ame
c entres
a s
s ome
o f
t he
f inewares,
s uch
a s t he f ine s andy f abrics. T his w as p robably t he c ase a t H edon w here i t i s s uggested t hat t he p ort m ay h ave b een p roducing b oth t he F H1-3 f inewares a nd t he C H1-4 c oarsewares. I ndeed, i n m any c ases c ooking v essels i n c oarseware f abrics c arry o dd s plashes a nd d rips o f g laze w hich s uggests t heir p roduction a mongst g lazed v essels. T o c omplicate m atters, m any o f t he r egion 's t raditional f ineware f abrics a lso p rod uced a l imited r ange a nd n umber o f c ooking v essels. T his w as p articu larly a pparent a mongst t he D oncaster, H allgate f abrics ( Buckland e t a l 1 979,12-13). H owever, k iln w aste c an b e d eceptive i n t erms o f t he p ercentage c omparison o f v essel f orms. C ooking v essels w ere p robably c onsidered t he m ore e xpendable v essel f orms a nd w ould, t heref ore, h ave b een p laced i n t he m ore v ulnerable p arts o f t he f iring c hamber. C onsequently, t heir i ncidence o f w astage m ay h ave b een c omparatively h igh, d istorting t heir t rue r ole i n t he p otter's r epertoire. S hell-tempered v essels a re k nown t o h ave b een p roduced i n L incoln i n t he l ate-Saxon p eriod ( Coppack 1 980,139), b ut f or t he e arlym edieval p eriod t here i s n o k nown k iln e vidence e itherurban o r r ural. T he s hell-tempered v essels o f L incolnshire a re a lmost e ntirely r est ricted t o c ooking v essels a nd n one o f t he v essels s how a ny s ign o f g laze, e ither d eliberate o r a ccidental. I ndeed, t heir m anufacture m ay h ave b een e ntirely d ivorced f rom t he p roduction o f o ther f abric t ypes. T here i s, a t p resent, n o r eason t o s uppose t hat d uring t he e arly-medieval p eriod t hey w ere n ot p art o f t he u rban b ased p otteries. I t i s d uring t he e arly p art o f t he h igh-medieval p eriod i n t he 1 3th c entury t hat w e f irst g et a n i ndication o f t he d evelopment o f r ural p otteries i n t he r egion. I nitially t hey w ould s eem t o h ave c o-existed w ith t he u rban i ndustries, b ut b y t he l ate 1 4th c entury i t i s p robable t hat m ost o f t he r egion 's p ottery w as m anufactured f rom r ural p roduction c entres. O n t he w hole, t he n ew r ural i ndustries p roduced n ew f abrics i n d iffering t raditions. D ocumentary e vidence f or p ottery p roduction a t C owick a nd T oynton-all-Saints f irst a ppears i n t he l ate 1 3th a nd e arly 1 4th c entury ( Le P atourel 1 968,107,110-111). O n b oth s ites e xcavated k ilns h ave p roduced c orroborating e vidence ( Aitken a nd H awley 1 968,191) f rom t he a rchaeomagnetic d ating o f s urv iving p ortions o f t he k ilns. D ocumentary e vidence a lso a ttests t o t he e xistence o f a p ottery a t Y addlethorpe b y t he 1 4th c entury, p robably p roducing t he M 1 m edium s andy f abric. T his w as t he o nly d ocumentary e vidence f or p ottery p roduction f rom N orth L incolnshire ( Lincolnshire A rchive C ommittee 1 957/8,31). T he e arliest d ocumentary e vidence s o f ar d iscovered f or p ottery p roduction i n t he F irsby H all/Conisbrough P ark a rea a lso d ates t o t he 1 4th c entury. I n 1 348 J ohn d e W arenna, E arl o f S urrey a nd S ussex, w as g ranted t he C astle a nd M anor o f C onesbrough a nd i n ' a p arke w ith d eer c alled t he H ay o f C onyngesburgh ..' t here w as ' ... a p rofit o f 3 s y earley f or d igging c lay f or m aking p ots' ( Cal. o f I nquisitions, V ol.9,54; 2 1 E dward I II). T he i nquisition i mplies t hat t he c lay r ent w as a lready a n e stablished s ource o f i ncome b y 1 348, a lthough i t d oes n ot s pecify h ow m any p otters w ere i nvolved w ith t he c lay d igging. I n a s lightly l ater r eference t o C owick , t he e vidence w as a l ittle m ore s pecific; i n 1 362 t he I nquisition o f H enry D uke o f L ancaster i ncluded a c hief m essuage i n ' Cowyk' ' with t he f arm o f p otters ( fip ilatores) d igging c lay f or c lay p ots ' ( Cal.of I nquis
1 78
i tions V ol ,I1,118;
3 5 E dward I II).
A rchaeological a nd h istorical e vidence s uggests t hat p otting h ad a c onsiderable i mpact o n t hese v illages, d uring t he 1 4th c entury, f or e xample, T oynton-all-Saints w as r eferred t o a s ' Potter T oynton ' ( Le P atourel 1 968,108). P otter H anworth i s a nother e xample o f a v illage w ith a p otter p refix; a v illage c lose t o t he C ity o f L incoln w here f ieldwork b y H ilary H ealey h as r evealed w asters i n a s hellt empered f abric ( 1974 , 3 0). R ural s ites w ould h ave g iven t he p otters c ertain a dvantages t hat w ere n ot a vailable i n u rban c entres. T here w ould h ave b een m ore r oom t o e xpand t he i ndustry, a nd p erhaps e asier a nd c heaper a ccess t o c lay, waLer a nd f uel. I t i s p ossible t hat s ome p otters w ere f orced f rom t owns b ecause o f t he f ire r isks p osed b y t heir k ilns, i ndeed, i n s ome c ases,such a s D oncaster, p otteries h ad m oved o utside t he t own a nd i nto t he s uburbs b y t he 1 3th c entury. A n u rban b ased i ndustry u sually h ad a r eady m arket a t h and t o d ispose o f t he w ares. H owever, r ural b ased i ndustries w ould h ave h ad a ccess t o m ore t han o ne m arket, a nd i t i s p erhaps n o c oincidence t hat t he C alendar o f C harter R olls s uggests t hat t here w as a g rowth i n t he n umber o f c hart ered m arkets a mongst m inor t owns d uring t his h igh-medieval p eriod. T he b alance o f e vidence a rgues a gainst t he r egion 's p otters b eing b anished f rom t he t owns a nd s uggests i nstead t hat t here w ere d elibe rate m oves b y p otters t o t ake a dvantage o f r ural s ites. I t c ould b e s peculated t hat t his e ither r esulted i n, o r w as e ncouraged b y, a d esire t o e xpand t he p ottery i ndustry d uring t his p eriod. T here w as a p eriod o f o verlap b etween u rban a nd r ural i ndustries. W hilst t he C owick p otteries, f or e xample, w ere a lmost c ertainly e stabl ished b y t he 1 3th c entury, i t i s p robable t hat p ottery p roduction a t t he H allgate k ilns a t D oncaster c ontinued i nto t he l ater 1 3th c entury ( Buckland e t a l 1 979,55-57). A t B everley, s ome o rangeware w asters h ad r elief-moulded d esigns ( Bv,Fig.221,Nos.1-5); a m ethod o f d ecoration w hich d id n ot a ppear i n t he r egion u ntil t he 1 3th c ent ury ( HM/37/Tp,Fig.78,Nos.6,9). E lsewhere u rban i ndustries w ere a lmost c ertainly s till i n e xistence i n N ottingham a nd L incoln t hrougho ut t his c entury ( Coppack 1 980,154). W hat l ittle e vidence t here i s f or p ottery p roduction i n H edon ( Chapter 4 ) s uggests t hat i t m ay h ave c ontinued i nto t he e arly 1 4th c entury. T he r eplacement o f t he o rangewares b y t he H umberwares w ould s eem t o r eflect t he d ecline o f t he o ld u rban i ndustries a nd t he c ommercial r ise t o p rominence o f n ew r ural p otteries. T he e vidence f or p ottery k ilns w ithin t he r egion a re s ummarised i n C hapter 4 . T he s trengthening o f r egional t raditions, t he d evelopment o f n ew f orms a nd d esigns u nder c ontinental i nfluence, n ew f abric t radi tions a nd a m ove f rom u rban t o r ural p otteries, f orm t he m ost p romine nt f eatures o f t he h igh-medieval p eriod. T his w as t he l ast o f t he t ime p hases w hich c an b e s aid t o b e w holly m edieval. F rom t he 1 5th c entury t here w ere c hanges a foot w hich h eralded t he a rrival o f t he p ost-medieval p ottery i ndustry.
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g •
L ate-Medieval S tratified G roups a nd P hase-Groups ( Fig.110)
i :
L ist o f s ites p roducing l ate-medieval g roups : N orth L incolnshire E pworth : M anor
1 4/1-10/Ep
S omerby D eserted V illage : G ully 6
L M/11/Sm
H umberston : B enedictine A bbey
L M/12/Hu
B urnham D eserted V illage
L M/13-16/Bc
T hornholme P riory
:C hapel
:A rea 2
L M/17-22/Tp
:A rea 1 T rench D
L M/23-25/Tp
:A rea 1 T rench J
L M/26-34/Tp
:C hurch a nd U /S
L M/35-36/Tp
R egional S outh L incolnshire L incoln : T he B ishop 's P alace
L M/37-40/Li
O ld B olingbroke : C astle
L M/41/Bb
Y orkshire
:E ast R iding
B everley : H ighgate
L M/42-47/Bv
B rough : S tation R oad
L M/48-52/Bh
H ull : M ytongate
L M/53/Hu
Y orkshire : W est R iding D oncaster
L M/54-60/Dn
:v arious s ites
T he L ate-Medieval G roups S VR 1 .0
E pworth : M anor, T rench B
L M/1/Ep
P N
.
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1
1 .
O G •
—
-
-
1
1
G roups L M/1-5/Ep w ere p robably o f a v ery s imilar d ate; a ll w ere a ssociated w ith t he d esertion o f t he s ite i n t he e arly 1 6th c entury. T his p articular g roup c ame f rom b elow g eneral d estruction l ayers i n T rench B . F or m ost o f t hese g roups, t heir c eramic d ating h inged o n t heir i mported v essels a nd C istercian w are. T here w as l ittle
1 80
e vidence f or t he o ccurrence o f C istercian w are e arlier t han t he e nd o f t he 1 5th c entury. A t T hornholme P riory t he f abric c ould o nly b e r eliably a ssociated w ith t he 1 6th c entury d issolution l evels. S imilar d ates o ccurred f or t he f abric a t F laxengate, L incoln, ( pers. c omm. L auren A dams), a lthough l ate 1 5th c entury e xamples h ave b een c laimed a t t he B ishop's P alace a t L incoln ( Coppack 1 975, 2 8). T hese E pworth g roups h ave b een d ated o n t he a ssumption t hat t he C istercian w ares w ere l ikely t o b e o f e arly 1 6th c entury d ate. T here w ere c omparatively l arge n umbers o f ' finewares' f rom t hese g roups, i ncluding a l arge p roportion o f c ups a nd d rinking m ugs, m any o f w hich w ere i n i mported f abrics. T his w as a h igh s tatus s ite b eing o ne o f t he p rincipal M owbray s eats, a nd a s s uch, i ts r ange o f f orms a nd f abrics m ay w ell h ave b een a typical. I llustrated V essels
F ig.111, N os.1-2.
F abrics
R eversed C istercian(RCIST),No.1; L algerwehe s toneware(IL), N o.2.
F orms
c ups,No.1;
f lasks/bottles,No.2.
E pworth : M anor, T rench B
L M/2/Ep
C N
F H 2
2
C M1
1
R W
1
I M
1
S VR 1 .4 O T
O G 2
2 1
-
1 1
T his s mall g roup c ame f rom t he f ill o f a w ater c istern f rom T rench B ( Fig.6B). A mongst t he u nillustrated m aterial w as a s herd o f S outh N etherlands M ajolica b ottle w ith a n a ll-over u nder g laze, b lue p aint. I llustrated V essels
F ig.111, N os.3-4.
F abrics
H umberware(H2),No.3 ; w hiteware(RW),No.4.
F orms
B ottles/Urinals,No.3;
j ugs,No.4.
E pworth : M anor, T rench F
L M/3/Ep
T his p ottery c ame f rom t he c ellar o f T rench a gain p robably d ated t o t he e arly 1 6th c entury. I llustrated V essels
S VR 1 .6 F ,
F ig.6B ,
a nd
F ig.111, N os.5-8.
F abrics
O rangeware(01),No.5; H umberware(H2),No.6; C istercian(CIST), N o.7; L ow C ountries R edware(ID),No.8.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.5-6;
c ups,No.7;
p ipkins,No.8.
1 81
C istercian w are c up , N o.7, h ad s ome s and f used w ith i ts g laze t o t he b ottom o f t he v essel. L ow C ountries r edware p ipkin ( No .8) w as b urnt a nd s ooted. O G
—
0 1
2
2
1
F D
1
1
1
H 2
3
3
C M1
1
IST — C
3
D ' I
1
L M/4/Ep
•
3
. 1
1
E pworth : M anor, T re l ich E
. .
S VR 1 .0 O G
.
. O C
1
C M1
1
1
.
1
.
1
1
T his p ottery c ame f rom a s mall p it a djoining t he c ess p it o f L M/5/Ep a nd f itting s herds f rom b oth f eatures o ccurred i n a F irsby t ype j ug. T he i llustrated c up b ase w as t ypical o f t he f ine O C f abric v ariant b eing p roduced a t C owick . I llustrated V essel F abric
F ig.111,No.9.
o rangeware(OC).
U nlike C istercian w as f ired i nverted.
F orm w are
c up. c ups,
s uch
a s
F ig.111,
N o.7,
t his
S VR 2 .2
E pworth : M anor, T rench E
L M/5/Ep
P N
.
' O C
2
—
H 2
2
-
C M1
2
aC IST
' 1
.I M
1 1
.
O G
O T
C N
2
1
'
,
1
1
2
2
1•
1
' 1
I R
1
1
1
I
1
. c ame
f rom
t he
f ill
1 82
o f
.
' 1 2
2
p ottery
D C
2
1
I S
T his
c up
.
.
a c ess
p it
_ i n
.
.
T rench
E .
I ts
r emarkable
c ontents m ade
i t
s eem a ppropriate
t o
i nclude
a ll
t he
o ther i llustrated a rtifacts. T he S outh N etherlands M ajolica c an t hus b e s een i n c onjunction w ith t he b ronze c andlestick a nd t he e name lled V enetian d rinking g lass. F ig.112 , N os.1-3 i n t he H umberware a nd C oal M easure f abrics s eemed a l ittle i ncongruous a midst t heir c eramic p eers, i ndeed, t hey w ere t he o nly p ottery v essels w hich w ere n ot ' tablewares'. T he s imila rity b etween t he C istercian w are c up, F ig.112 , N o.4 , a nd t he C owick c up, N o.5, w as v ery s triking, a nd i t w as i nteresting t hat t hey s hould b oth o ccur t ogether i n t he s ame g roup. I ndeed, t hese f ive g roups ( LM/1-5/Ep) d emonstrated t hat C istercian w are o ccurred i n c ontemporary g roups w ith i ts ' copies', a nd s uggested t hat t here m ay h ave b een c onsiderable c ompetition b etween t he o ld e stablished H umberware i ndust ries a nd t he n ew C istercian w are f actories o ver t his n ew t ableware. B oth S iegburg F ig.112, N o.6 ,and R aeren, N o.8 , s tonewares o ccurred t ogether. A lthough t here h ad b een s ome r esemblance b etween t he E nglish ' Skipton-on-Swale' t ype d rinking m ugs a nd t hese i mported s tonewares, t here w as, c uriously, n o a ttempt b y t he C istercian f act ories t o c opy t hese i mported f orms. E arlier, i ndustries s uch a s t he H umberwares h ad b een q uick t o e mulate s uccessful i mported f orms s uch a s t ripod p ipkins o r l obed c ups. T he s mall s herd, F ig.112 , N o.7, w as o f p articular i nterest a s i t w as p art o f a S iegburg d rinking m ug w hich h ad b een r e-fired w ith a l ead g laze, p robably i n t he L ow C ountries. T his g reen g lazed s tonew are i s s till a r are f ind. R egionally, a p air o f s toneware a ltar c ruets w ith s imilar g lazing c ame f rom t he D ominican F riary a t B oston ( Moorhouse 1 972,40 a nd F ig.6 ,Nos.89-90), f rom a p hase d ated t o t he 1 5th c entury. S outh N etherlands M ajolica w as u ncommon i n t he r egion ; a part f rom t he s everal e xamples f rom E pworth t he o nly o ther r eliable e xample f rom N orth L incolnshire c ame f rom t he d emolition l ayers o f t he c hurch a t T hornholme P riory, F ig.129,No.10 . I llustrated V essels
F ig.112 , N os.1-27.
P ottery F abrics
C oal M easure(CM1),No.1; H umberware(H2),No 5-2-3 ; C istercian(CIST),No.4; o rangeware(OC),No.5; I mported S toneware(IS),Nos.6-7; ( IR),No.8 ; S outh N etherlands M ajolica(IM),Nos.9-10 .
G lass
V enetian,No.11; E nglish ,Nos.12-23.
B ronze
N o .27.
P ottery F orms
p ancheons,Nos.1-2; c isterns,No.3 ; c ups,Nos.4-5 ; d rinking m ugs,Nos.6-8 ; a ltar v ases,No.9; t azza s tands,No.10 .
G lass F orms
d rinking g lass,No.11; b eakers,No.12 ; f lasks,Nos.13-15; b ottles,Nos.16-22; w indow q uarries,Nos.23-26 .
B ronze F orms
c andlestick ,No.27.
C istercian w are c up , N o.4 , w as d ecorated w ith a pplied p ads o f w hite, i ron-free c lay; c up, N o.5, w as f ired u pright; S iegburg m ug, N o.6, w as a lmost c omplete a nd c overed w ith a t hick , b right, s ilverg rey g laze. W hilst t he R aeren m ug, N o.8, h ad a b ronze c oloured g laze
1 83
o n i ts
o uter
s urface.
S houlder
s herd,
N o.7,
w as
i n a g rey s toneware
w ith t races o f i ts o riginal g rey s alt g laze o n i ts i nner s urface; i t h ad b een r efired w ith a t hin , s emi-translucent y ellow-green l ead g laze o n b oth s urfaces. O f t he t wo S outh N etherlands M ajolica v essels, a ltar v ase, N o.9 h ad a p ainted b lue d esign u nder i ts t in g laze, w hilst t azza s tand, N o.10 w as d ecorated w ith b oth b lue a nd o range. D rinking g lass, N o.11, w as i n a v ery t hin, c lear m etal w ith a pplied v ertical r ibs t o i ts u pper b ody; i ts l ower b ody h ad o val ( black o n d rawing) a nd s quare e tched d ecoration, t he o val o nes o rigina lly s howing t races o f a y ellow-green e namelling. B eaker, N o.12 a nd b ottle r im , N o.16 h ad w rythen n ecks. T he e dges o f w indow q uarries N os.23-24 w ere g razed a nd a ll f our i llustrated f ragments w ere p ainted i n r ed, w ith t he l ighter h alves o f t he p etals o f N o.23 b eing i nfilled w ith a g olden-yellow p aint ( hatched o n d rawings). T he b ronze c andlestick , N o.27 w as c omplete w ith a s trong, i sh-green s urface p atination.
L M/6/Ep
E pworth : M anor, T rench E C P '
• • •
C N
2
F D
1
1
R W
1
1
H 2
5
4
-
S VR 1 .1
•
S 3
b lack-
.
O G
2
0
.
1 , .
1
1
• .
2
T hese n ext f ive g roups ( LM/6-10/Ep) c omprised d emolition a nd r obbing d eposits a nd, a lthough o f s imilar e arly 1 6th c entury d ate t o L M/1-5/Ep, t hey c ontained a g reater p roportion o f r esidual m aterial. T he r im p rofile o f F ig.111, N o.11 r esembled t he t ype 7 c istern r ims f rom t he W est C owick k ilns a ssociated w ith k iln l evel 1 D, f or w hich a n a rchaeomagnetic d ate o f 1 450-1530 w as a chieved ( Mayes, f orthcoming; A itken a nd H awley 1 966, 1 91). A lthough i t h as b een a rgued t hat s hellt empered w ares s urvived i nto t he 1 5th c entury ( Moorhouse 1 974a,7-8), F ig.111, N o.10 p robably f ormed p art o f t he r esidual m aterial i n t he g roup. I llustrated V essels
F ig.111, N os.10-11.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3),No.10 ; H umberware(H2),No.11.
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.10 ;
c isterns,No.11.
C ooking-pot,No.10 w as b urnt a nd s ooted.
L M/7/Ep
E pworth : M anor, T rench C
A g roup o f r obbing m aterial f rom T rench C ( Fig.6B). I llustrated V essels
F ig.111, N os.12-14.
1 84
S VR 2 .0
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3),No.12; H umberware(H2),No.13; w hiteware(WY), N o.14.
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.12;
j ugs,Nos.13-14.
Y ork w hiteware j ug, N o.14 , h ad i ron-washed a pplied s pots. C P . . . ... .-
. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .
-
y
*
O G
D C
I S
S 3
1
•0 1
3
3
1
•F D
2
2
1
•1 2
8
6
W Y
1
1
I R
1
.
.
1
.
1
1
.
1 1
L M/8/Ep
.
4 1
1
.
—
E pworth : M anor, T rench C ,
. S 3
1
• 0 1
4
• 0 3
2
• F D 1 2
I
C P
C N •
•
S VR 1 .9 O G
•
.
1
. 4
2
2
2
9
9
3
8
8
.
_
L • M
2
2
• C M1
5
3
R • I
1
D isturbed l ayers, w hose r obbing a nd d emolition g roups. I llustrated V essels
.
.
.
6 '
2
2
3 '
l atest
.
.
m aterial
1
r elated
• '
1 t o
t he
F ig.111, N os.15- 2 0 .
F abrics
o rangeware ,(01),No.15; ( 03),No.16 ; f ine s andy(FD),No.17; H umberware(1 12),No.18 ; C oal M easure(CM1),No.19 ; R aeren s toneware(IR),No.20 .
F orms
j ugs,Nos.15-18 ; c isterns,No.19 ;
1 85
d rinking m ugs,No.20 .
s ites
L M/9/Ep
E pworth : M anor, T rench C C P
J
S 3
3
•0 1
7
7
0 3
1
1
•O C
3
F D
7
. .
1 2
O T
O G . 3
3
'
3
7 1
3
1
1
.R W
1
1
2
1 2
-
•
. . .
1 1 1
-
1
,
1 .
1 1
_
.
'
A s econd g roup o f l evelling m aterial w ith t he r obbing a nd d emolition l evels. I llustrated V essels
1 9 1
9 .
.
5
2 1
M L
C M1 1 5 e I S 1 . .
C N
3
2 5
-W Y
P N
S VR 2 .7
f rom
9 .
T rench
• .
1
' •
C a ssociated
F ig.113 , N os.1-12.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.1; ( 0C),Nos.6-7; H umberware(1 12),Nos.2-5 ; C oal M easure(CM1),Nos.8-11; w hiteware(RW),No.12.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-5 ,8-9,12; c ups,Nos.6-7; p ancheons,No.10 ; m ugs,No.11.
d rinking-
H umberware j ug, N o.2, h ad a v ery c arelessly a pplied g laze a nd a n u ntidy f inish t o i ts b asal a ngle, w hilst j ug b ase , N o.5, w as b urnt a nd s ooted. W hiteware j ug, N o.12, w as c oil b uilt a nd v ery c rudely w heel-finished.
E pworth : M anor, T rench E
L M/10/Ep
• 1 2
C N
,
.
1
2
• C M1
2
.C IST
2
. M N
1
• I R
1
S VR 1 .5 O G
.
1
1
2
2 2
2 1 _
1
, .
.
1
_
_
1
D emolition a nd r obbing d eposits f rom T rench E . I llustrated V essels
F ig.113 , N os.13-18 .
F abrics
H umberware(H2),No.13 ; C oal M easure(CM1),Nos.14-15; m edium s andy(MN),No.16 ; C istercian (CIST),Nos.17-18 .
F orms
j ugs,Nos.13-14 ,16; c isterns,No.15; c ups,Nos.17-18.
1 86
•
T he N ottingham w are j ug,
N o.16,
h ad a g rey-black f abric,
a b lack
i nner s urface a nd a y ellow-green s uspension g laze. U nillustrated b ody s herds o f N o.17, s howed t races o f a n a pplied z oomorphic d esign i n a w hite, i ron-free c lay.
L M/11/Sm
S omerby D .M.V.
:G ully 6
S VR *
C P
, S 3
1 0
' H 2
O G
7
.
3
3
3
3
'
G ully 6 w as o ne o f a n umber o f d itch-like f eatures f ound i n t he c roft a rea t o t he n orth o f t he e xcavated b uilding c omplex. I t w as t he o nly f eature f rom w hich a g roup o f p ottery c ould s till b e r eliably a ssociated, a lthough M ynard c onsidered t hat i t c ould n ot h ave b een a c losed g roup b ecause o f t he a pparent c hronological d ivers ity o f i ts c ontents ( 1969,71). M oorhouse s ubsequently r e-assessed t he g roup a s p art o f h is s tudy o f t he r egion 's s hell-tempered f abrics; h e a rgued t hat t he g roup w as p robably c hronologically d iscrete a nd a ttributable t o t he 1 5th c entury ( 1974a, 7 -8). T he s ource o f c ontention w as t he a ssociation o f H umberware j ugs w ith t he s hell-tempered v essels. M ynard b ased h is i nterpretation o n t he a ssumption t hat w hilst t he j ugs w ere 1 5th c entury, s hellt empered w ares w ent o ut o f p roduction d uring t he 1 4th c entury. M oorhouse a rgued t hat s uch s hell-tempered w ares p ersisted w ell i nto t he 1 5th c entury, a nd t hat t hey c ould t herefore b e o f s imilar d ate t o t he j ugs. T he c rucial d ating f or 1 5th c entury s hell-tempered w ares s eemed t o c ome f rom t he B ishop's P alace g roups f rom L incoln w hose d ate h ad b een a ssessed f rom h istorical e vidence ( Coppack 1 975, 4 8-50). T he H umberware j ugs, F ig.114, N os.6-7, h owever, h ad a l ong d ate r ange a nd c ould h ave b elonged a nywhere b etween t he e arly 1 4th a nd e arly 1 6th c enturies. T his S omerby g roup m ay t herefore b elong a nywhere i n t he 1 4th o r 1 5th c enturies, a lthough t he r egional e vidence f or s hell-tempered f abrics w ould p erhaps n ow f avour a 1 4th c entury a ttribution. I llustrated V essels
F ig.114,Nos.1-7(from M oorhouse 1 974a).
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3),Nos.1-5; H umberware(H2),Nos.6-7.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3; J ug, N o.7,
b owls,Nos.4-5;
h ad f our p airs o f t humbings t o i ts b asal a ngle.
H umberston A bbey
L M/12/Hu
:R ere D orter D rain O T
C N
a nd
S VR *
O G
D C
•
•
'
j ugs,Nos.6-7.
1 2
5
4
T i
6
2
2
1
1
5
1
6
2
• '
T he a mateur e xcavations c arried o ut 1 970 u nfortunately d id n ot a llow f or
1 87
o n t his s ite b etween 1 965 a ny s tratigraphic a nalysis
o f t he p ottery t hat w as r ecovered. T he o ne n otable e xception w as t he g roup o f p ottery r ecovered f rom t he R ere D orter d rain. O nly t hose v essels t hat r emain m arked w ith t his p rovenance h ave b een c ons idered h ere, a lthough t hey w ere u nlikely t o h ave r epresented t he w hole o f t he o riginal g roup. T he b ulk o f t he m aterial w as u nmarked a nd i t s oon b ecame a pparent t hat t he f inds h ad b een h eavily s orted a nd t hat t he l ess i nteresting b ody s herds h ad p robably b een d iscarded. N evertheless, i t i s h oped t hat t he m aterial r etained w hich w as a ttrib utable t o t he d rain i s a t l east p artly r epresentative o f t he o riginal a ssemblage. A n i mportant f eature s uch a s t he R ere D orter d rain w as l ikely t o h ave r emained o pen t hroughout t he A bbey's u se. T he v essels w ere l ate-medieval i n d ate a nd i t s eemed a ppropriate t o p lace t his g roup i n t he p eriod b etween t he d issolution o f t he A bbey i n 1 536 a nd i ts d emolition. T his d emolition w as s ubstantially c omplete b y 1 562 w hen L eland v isited t o d iscover t he ' very s mall r emains' o f t he A bbey ( VCH L incs. 1 906, 1 33-4). A d ate i n t he s econd q uarter o f t he 1 6th c entury w ould s eem t he m ost l ikely f or t his g roup. I n a ddition t o t he t wo u rinals, F ig.115,No.3, F ig.116,No.5, s everal v essels, F ig.115,No.4 a nd F ig.116,Nos.1 a nd 3 , h ad t hick w hite s alts d eposits o n t heir i nner s urfaces, w hich s uggested t hat t hey m ay a lso h ave s erved a s u rinals. T his w as t he l argest g roup o f s ubstantially c omplete v essels i n t he T oynton/Bolingbroke ( Ti) f abric f rom N orth L incolnshire. A s a g roup i t p rovided a n i nteresting c omparison w ith t he B urnham C hapel d emolition m aterial ( LM/13-16/Bc) a nd t he T hornholme P riory d emolition m aterial ( LM/22/Tp, L M/31/Tp a nd L M/24/Tp, s ince a ll t hree s eries o f g roups w ere p robably o f a v ery s imilar d ate. I llustrated V essels
F ig.115,Nos.1-6; F ig.116 ,Nos.1-5.
F abrics
T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Fig.115,Nos.1-6; H umberware(H2), F ig.116,Nos.1-5.
F orms
j ugs,Fig.115,Nos.1-2,Fig.116,Nos.1-4 ; u rinals,Fig.115,No.3, F ig.116,No.5; d rinking-mugs,Fig.115,No.4; c isterns,Fig.115, N os.5-6.
T he u pper h andle a ttachments o f F ig.115, N os.1 a nd 6 a nd F ig.116, N o.3 w ere p lugged, w hilst t he l ower a ttachment o f t he l atter v essel w as i ndented. T he b ase o f c istern, F ig.115, N o.5, h ad b een k nife t rimmed b efore t he b ung-hole p ad w as a pplied. H umberware j ug, F ig.116, N o.1, h ad e xtensive b urning a nd s ooting t o i ts o uter s urface w hich c overed o ver t he s car o f t he m issing h andle, i t a lso h ad a t hick o ff-white s alts d eposit o n i ts i nner s urface; t his s uggested t hat t his v essel ' enjoyed' a s econdary u se a s a u rinal a fter l oosing i ts h andle.
L M/13/Bc T his g roup d erived c entury r e-building o f
B urnham C hapel
S VR 1 .8
f rom d eposits b uilt u p f ollowing t he 1 4th t he c hurch, a nd w as s ealed b y d emolition
m aterial.
1 88
J 0 1
1
1
H 2
3
2
T i
1
C N
O G 1
1
2
1
.
1
.
I llustrated V essels
F ig.116 , N os.6-8 .
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Nos.6-8.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.6-7;
c isterns,No.8 .
L M/14/Bc
B urnham C hapel F
N
C P
B
J
P N
C N
M
S VR 1 .7 C
O T
S G
O G
C T
2
2
C 2
3
2
F l
2
2
«0 1
5
5
3
«0 3
1
1
1
'M l
3
2
«H l
3
3
. 12
4 8
T i 9 . ,
D C
1
2 9 4
1
1
1 1
3
.
.
2 2 2
1 4 3 .
1
1
1
2 1 6
3 « 1 .
T his p hase-group w as t he l argest f rom t he s ite a nd c ame f rom t he e arliest d emolition d eposits f rom t he C hapel l ikely t o d ate t o t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 6th c entury. G enerally, o ne c an o nly o bserve w ith s ome s urprise t he r ange o f l ate-medieval v essels w hich w ere a ssociated w ith t he d emolition o f t his C hapel. N ormally d estruction d eposits r eflect v essels i n u se a t t he t ime o f d esertion. F rom r obbing d eposits o ne g ets a w ider r ange o f m aterial i ncluding v essels d ist urbed f rom e arlier l ayers, a nd p erhaps t he o dd v essel c ontemporary w ith t he r obbing a ctivity. T he l arge n umber o f c isterns, s torage v essels, a nd c up f ragments f rom t his g roup a nd t he t wo s ubsequent g roups ( LM/15-16), h owever, w ould p erhaps b e m ore i n k eeping w ith a n i nn o r b rewhouse t han a c hapel. C omparison s hould b e m ade w ith t he p ottery f rom t he b rewhouse i n A rea 2 o f T hornholme P riory(HM/27/Tp, F ig.66, N os.18-28). I t c ould b e s peculated t hat t he c hurch m ay h ave f allen i nto a s econdary, l ess o rthodox u se, o n i ts d issolution . S ome o f t he p ottery c ame f rom o utside t he C hapel i n t he v icinity o f a t imber s hed a gainst t he e ast w all; t his w as p ossibly a s tore r oom . I n c omparison , i t m ay b e o bserved t hat t he d emolition d eposits f rom T hornholme P riory c hurch p roduced o nly o ne o r t wo l ate-medieval v essels, i ncluding a S outh N etherlands M ajolica a ltar v ase; s urely a f ar m ore a ppropriate d iscovery f rom a d emolished c hurch ( LM/35/Tp). I llustrated V essels
F ig.117, N os.1-12; F ig.118 ,Nos.1-5.
1 89
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CT),Fig.117,No.1; ( C2),Fig.117,No.2; o rangeware ( 01),Fig.117,Nos.5-6; ( 03),Fig.118,No.4; ( 0C),Fig.118 ,No.5; m edium s andy(M1),Fig.117,Nos.3-4; H umberware(H2),Fig.117,Nos. 7 -10 ,Fig.118 ,Nos.1-3 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Fig.117,Nos. 1 1-12.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Fig.117,Nos.1-2; j ugs,Fig.117,Nos.4-7,Fig.118 , N o.4; c isterns,Fig.117,Nos.9-12,Fig.118,Nos.1-3; p ancheons, F ig.117,No.3; u rinals,Fig.117,No.8; d rinking m ugs,Fig.118 ,No.5.
L M/15/Bc
B urnham C hapel . 0 1 '
'
1
1
H 1
1
H 2
5
2
T i
1
1
S VR 1 .7
C N
.
O G
.
1
.
1
1 3
.
4
.
1 '
A s mall g roup o f v essels f rom r obber t renches w hich c ut t he d emolition g roups o f L M/14/Bc a nd w as l ikely t o b e o f s imilar d ate, s ince i t m ay b e s upposed t hat d emolition w as n ot a c hance p rocess, b ut w as t he f irst s tage o f t he r obbing a ctivity w hich p robablybegan s hortly a fter t he b uilding h ad b ecome ' available'. I llustrated V essel F abric
F ig.118, N o.6.
T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1);
F orm
j ug.
B urnham C hapel
L M/16/Bc
P N
C P
. .
S VR 4 .2
C N
O G
C 2
1
0 1
2
2
2
F l
1
1
1
1
1
1
M 1 '1 2
2 0
'T i
9
'C IST
2
D C
1
8
3
9
4
1
4
'O C
. . 1
1 2 6 2
2
1
1 .
.
T his p ottery c ame f rom r ubble w hich s ealed t he r obbing.The f ragments o f c ups, c isterns a nd j ugs r esembled t he v essels f rom t he p revious g roups ( LM/14-15/Bc). C istercian w are a ppeared f or t he f irst t ime i n t his g roup i n t he f orm o f T ype I V c ups ( Brears 1 971, 1 9-23). I llustrated V essels
F ig.118, N os.7-12.
1 90
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Nos.7-8 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.9 ; o rangeware(OC),No.10 ; C istercian(CIST),Nos.11-12.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.7-8 ;
p ancheons,No.9; c ups,Nos.1-12.
H umberware j ug , N o.7 h ad a b right, m etallic p urple g laze. B oth C istercian w are c ups , N os.11-12 h ad b lack g lazes a nd w ire c ut b ases, t hat o f N o.12 h aving a n a pplied p ad o f c lay a dded t o a p resumably, a ccidental c avity i n t he b ase o f t he v essel; t his t oo h ad w ire m arks.
L M/17/Tp
S VR 2 .2
T hornholme P riory : A rea 2 , P hase 1 0 P N
C P S 3
2
— 0 1
1
• M 1
4
• H 2
1
• I S
1
O G
2 1 1
2
1
1
.
2
.
1
1 1
1
T his g roup c ame f rom t he c onstruction d eposits f or t he l ater g ranary b uilding ( Bvii). M uch o f t he b uilding w ork c an p robably b e a ssociated w ith w ork c arried o ut f ollowing B ishop A lnwick 's v isitation a nd i nstructions o f 1 446 a nd c ould, t herefore, b e d ated t o t he m id1 5th c entury ( VCH L incs.1906 ,167). S uch a d ate w ould b e q uite a ccept able f or t he S iegburg m ug , F ig.119 , N o.2. I llustrated V essels
F ig.119, N os.1-2.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),No.1; S iegburg s toneware(IS),No.2.
F orms
c ooking-pots ,No.1;
d rinking-mugs,No.2.
C ooking-pot, N o.1 w as h eavily b urnt a nd s ooted, S iegburg d rinking-mug h ad a g reenish-grey s alt g laze.
w hilst
S VR 1 .3
T hornholme P riory : A rea 2 , P hase 1 0
L M/18/Tp
0 1 M 1
1 0
1 9 1
H 2
2
-
5
O G 1
1
1
• H 1
O T
P N
C P
t he
1
1
2
9
1
1
2
2
•
T his p ottery c ame f rom t he c onstruction d eposits f or a n a gric ultural b arn(Bviii). M ost m edium s andy ( M1) j ugs o f t his p eriod n ow r esembled c ontemporary H umberware p roducts, b ut F ig.119 , N o.4 c ompared w ith l ater m edieval L incolnware f orms. I llustrated V essels F abrics
F ig.119, N os.3-5.
m edium s andy ( M1), N os.3-5 .
1 91
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.3 ;
j ugs,No.4; c ups ,No.5.
C ooking-pot, N o.3 w as b urnt a nd s ooted, a ttachment o f j ug, N o.4 w as p lugged.
L M/19/Tp
w hilst t he u pper
T hornholme P riory : A rea 2 , P hase 1 0 C P
• . .
-
S VR 1 .1
O T
O G
0 1
2
2
2
M L
1
1
1
M 1
1 1
* H 1
1
* H 2
4
5
5
h andle
1
. , .
7
1
1
4
3
• M aterial f rom P hase 1 0 y ard d eposits t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 5th c entury. I llustrated V essels
w hich
p robably
b elongs
F ig.119 , N os.6-9.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),Nos.6-8 ; H umberware(H2),No.9.
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.6 ; u nidentified,No .7 ;
j ugs,Nos.8-9 .
C ooking-pot, N o.6 w as b urnt a nd s ooted. B oth t he u pper h andle a ttachments o f j ugs N os.8-9 w ere p lugged, w hilst t he l ower a ttachment o f N o.9 w as i ndented a nd f illed w ith a n a dded s mear o f c lay.
L M/20/Tp
•
T hornholme P riory
:A rea 2 , P hase 1 0
.
.
,
0 1
2
1
* M 1
1
1
* T i
1
* 1 2
2
.
P N
1
S VR 1 .0 O G 2
,
1 1
1
'
2
2
T his g roup a lso d ated t o t he l atter p art o f t he 1 5th c entury a nd c ame f rom r econstruction w ork o n t he s ite o f t he o ld d ovecote(Eii). I llustrated V essels
F ig.119 , N os.10-11.
F abrics
H umberware(H2),No.10 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.11.
F orms
j ugs,No.10 ;
p ancheons,No.11.
1 92
L M/21/Tp N
C P
J A I.
•
. . .
S VR 2 .0
T hornholme P riory : A rea 2 , P hase 1 1
0 1
1 5
M 1
2 2
H 2
6
C M1
2
•R H
1
C IST . I S
1
P •
1 1 1 1
B D . 11
P N •
C N
M i .
a.
3 1
3
.
O T
O G
•
.
4 4
C •
•
D C P
1
9
3
8
.
. 2
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
.
1
1
1
.
P hase 1 1 w as a ssociated w ith t he e arly 1 6th c entury o ccupation o f t he s ite a nd w as t he e arliest t o c ontain C istercian w ares. I llustrated V essels
F ig.120 , N os.1-18.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.1; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.2-6 ; H umberware(H2), N os.7-13 ; C oal M easure(CM1),Nos.14-15 ; r egional s tray(RH), N o.16 ; C istercian(CIST),No.17; S iegburg s toneware(IS),No.18 .
F orms
c ruets,No.1; c ooking-pots,Nos.5; b asting d ishes,No.6 ; j ugs, N os.2-4,7-12; p ancheons,Nos.13-14 ; c isterns,Nos.15-16 ; c ups, N o.17; d rinking m ugs,No.18 .
C ooking-pot, N o.5 a nd b asting d ish , N o.6 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, w hilst H umberware j ug, N o.9 , w as h eavily o verfired w ith a m att p urple c oloured g laze. T he d ecoration o f N o.4 w as o f a n u nknown d esign ; t hat o f t he C istercian w are c up, N o .17, w as, h owever, p art o f a n a pplied i ron-free c lay o ak l eaf. T he S iegburg s toneware d rinking m ug, N o.18 , h ad a r eddish a sh g laze.
T hornholme P riory
L M/22/Tp
C P S 3
1
• 0 1
7
-
M 1
1 4
J
:A rea 2 , P hase 1 2 P N
S VR 1 .2
O T
C N
O G
1 6 3
2
7
1
4
2
9 1
1
H 1
1
H 2
5
4
1
4
•C M1
3
1
2
2
.
C IST
1
.
_ 1
'
1 '
T hese w ere r obbing a nd d emolition d eposits, p robably d ating t o t he s econd q uarter o f t he 1 6th c entury. F ig.120 , N os.19-20 , c ame f rom t he v icinity o f t he w estern a gricultural b uildings, w hilst N os. 2 1-26 c ame f rom t he a rea o f t he k iln h ouse ( Cii).
1 93
I llustrated V essels
F ig.120 , N os.19-26.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),Nos.19-20 ; H umberware(H2),Nos.21-23; C oal M easure(CM1),Nos.24-25 ; C istercian(CIST),No.26.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.20-23; c isterns,Nos.24-25 ; t ripod p ipkins,No.19 ; c ups,No.26.
T ripod p ipkin , w as o ver f ired.
L M/23/Tp F
N o.19,
w as b urnt a nd s ooted,
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench D , P hase 1 0
N
C P
C W
J
P •
•
a nd j ug b ase, N o.23,
—
B D •
P N •
C l
2
•F l
1
•0 1
6 8
•M 1
9 1
C N 9
—
M
C
S VR 1 .4
O T
O G
-•
•
. 1
3
1
1
6 2
6
7 1
1
2
4
9
3 7
1
•
5 8
3
•
4
4
3
•H 1
2
2
2
1 79
2
*C MI
2
T i
1
.
•
2
•M L
*H 2
D C 0
1 73
1
2
1
.
1
. .
9 2
2 •
1
3
.
1 .
•
1 d
•
•
•
T his p hase, d ating t o t he m id-15th c entury, w as t he f irst f rom T rench D i n w hich o rangewares l ost t heir n umerical d ominance i n t he g roup, a lthough i t h as b een a rgued t hat t he f abric h ad b een i n d ecline s ince t he e arly 1 4th c entury. I t s eems r easonable t o s uppose t hat b oth t he m edium s andy ( M1) a nd H umberwares(H2) w ere t he p rincipal f abrics c urrent d uring t his p eriod; t he C oal M easure(CM1) a nd T oynton/ B olingbroke(T1) f abrics o ccurring o ccasionally. I llustrated V essels
F ig.121,Nos.1-24 ; F ig.122 ,Nos.1-10 .
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Fig.121,Nos.1-2; f ine s andy(F1),Fig.121,No.6; m edium s andy(ML),Fig.121,Nos.3-5 ; ( M1),Fig.121,Nos.7-17; H umberware(H2),Fig.121,Nos.18-24 ,Fig.122,Nos.1-7; T oynton/ B olingbroke ( T1),Fig.122,No.8 ; C oal M easure(CM1),Fig.122 , N os.9-10 .
F orms
j ugs,Fig.121,Nos.1-9 ,18-24 ,Fig .122,Nos.1-3,8-10 ; c ooking-pots, F ig.121,Nos.10-11,Fig.122,No.4 ; p ancheons,Fig.121,No.15 ; d ishes,Fig.121,No.16 ; u nidentified,Fig.121,No.12; p ipkins,Fig. 1 21,No.13 ; b asting d ishes,Fig.121,No.14 ; c ucurbits,Fig.121, N o.17; d rinking-mugs,Fig.122,Nos.5-6 ; l obed c ups,Fig.122,No.7.
T he a pplied l ugs o f F ig.121, N o.6,were i ron-washed, w hilst t he a pplied p ellets o f F ig.121, N o.2 w ere m ade f rom i ron-rich c lay. F ig d21, N os.10 , 1 2, 1 4 a nd 1 7 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he u pper h andle a ttachments o f j ugs, F ig.121, N o.18 a nd F ig.122, N os.8 a nd 2 w ere p lugged a nd t he l ower a ttachments o f F ig.122, N os.2 a nd 3
1 94
w ere
i ndented.
L obed
c up,
F ig.122,
N o.7
h ad
a f lecked ,
o live-green
g laze f ully c overing b oth s urfaces, w hilst a p lain , o live-green g laze n eatly c overed t he f ull i nner s urface o f d ish, F ig.121, N o.16. T he u nidentified v essel f orm , F ig.121, N o.12 h ad a b right o range g laze o n i ts i nner s urface a nd w as b urnt a nd s ooted o n i ts o uter s urface.
L M/24/Tp
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench D , P hase 1 1 N
C F
J
B D
P N
C N
•
.
. .
M •
C 2
1
0 1
3 3
M 1
5 1
O T -
O G
D C
_
-
.
3 3 3
3 4
4
8
2
2 1
1
3 5
1
1
1
1
H 1
3
3
2
5 3 7
I
1
M L
1 2 . C M1
S VR 1 .6
4 5 1
6
1
4
2
1
3 1
• . 1
.
4
-
T he H umberwares ( H2) r epresented t he l atest f abric t ype i n t his g roup a nd i ts v essels w ere p robably a ll c ontemporary, t he o rangewares ( 01) o n t he o ther h and, w ere a lmost c ertainly a ll r esidual b y t his s tage. D espite t heir l arge n umbers, t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric w as p robably a lso l argely r esidual, b ut n either t his n or a ny o f t he o ther l ate-medieval g roups f rom T hornholme P riory s uccessfully e stabl ished t he t erminal d ate f or t his f abric. I llustrated V essels
F ig.122, N os.11-18 ; F ig.123, N os.1-15.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Fig.122,Nos.11-12; c oarse s andy(C2),Fig.122, N o.13 ; m edium s andy(M1),Fig.122,Nos.14-18 ; H umberware(H2), F ig.123 ,Nos.1-13 ; C oal M easure(CM1),Fig.123 ,Nos.14-15.
F orms
j ugs,Fig .122,Nos.11-12,17-18 ,Fig.123 ,Nos.1-15 ; F ig.122,Nos.13,15; c ooking-pots,Fig .122,No.14 ; F ig.122,No .16.
b asting d ishes, u nidentified,
T he u nidentified f orm , F ig.122 , N o.16, h ad a t hick o range g laze o n i ts i nner s urface w hich w as h eavily h eat c razed, a nd h eavily b urnt a nd s ooted o n i ts o uter s urface; b oth b asting d ishes, F ig.122, N os.13 a nd 1 5 w ere a lso b urnt a nd s ooted. O rangeware j ug s herd, F ig.122,No.12 h ad a c omplex a nd u nidentified a pplied d ecorative d esign , w hose s pots w ere c oated w ith a n i ron w ash , t he u pper h andle a ttachment o f F ig.123, N o.14 w as p lugged, a nd t he l ower a ttachment o f F ig.123 , N o.1 w as d eeply i ndented u sing f our f ingers. T he s mall H umberware r im , F ig.123, N o.5 h as b een l isted a s a j ug, b ut i ts s mall s ize a nd b and o f g laze p ainted n eatly a long t he t op o f t he r im r aised t he p ossibility t hat i t d erived f rom a b ottle i nstead.
L M/25/Tp
r ange
T his o f
T hornholme P riory
:A rea 1 , T rench D , P hase 1 2
T rench D r obbing a nd d emolition l evel d isturbed m aterial. T he d rawn v essels
1 95
S VR 1 .5
c ontained a w ide w ere s elected t o
i llustrate i nterest. F
b oth N
G 1
1
.F l
1
. .
0 1
7 1
M 1
7 8
t he
C P
r ange
C W
J
.1 2
t his m aterial a nd
P
1
.
B D
_ _
1 0
1
7 1
1
C N
M
o f
O T
i ntrinsic
O G
.
3
5 7
2
,
2
5
3
4 9
3
3 1
2
. .
1
,
6 6
1
3
3 5
'C MI
2 '
2'
2
.R
3
3
2
.T i
1
1
1 .
I llustrated V essels
D C .
.
6 8
'
P N
v essels
.
1
2
1 1
o f
.
2
. .
.
‘
.
.
F ig.123, N os.16-30.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Nos.16-18; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.19-25; H umberware(1 12),Nos.26-29; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.30.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.16-18,21-24 ,26-30 ; N o.20; u nidentified,No.25.
c urfews,No.19;
b asting d ishes,
U nidentified f orm , N o.25, c omprised a l arge f lat h andle s pringing u p f rom t he r im o f t he v essel, i t h ad a n o range-yellow g laze o n i ts o uter s urface a nd w as b urnt a nd s ooted o n i ts i nner s urface.
L M/26/Tp
T hornholme P riory F 0 1
N
C W
P N
4 2
H 2
1 5
O T
.
8
8
.M 1 •
C P
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 1 0
3
1
O G
S VR 1 .9 D C
• 5
3 4
2
2
2 6
1 5
. .
5
.
7
.
.
. _
'
'
T his p hase, d ating t o t he m id-15th c entury, c ame f rom r econstruct ion w ork o n t he s tone g arderobe ( Jiv). T he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric s till c ommanded a h igh p roportion o f t he T hornholme a ssemblage d uring t his p hase, w hilst c ontemporary s ites a t E pworth , D oncaster a nd H ull w ere f inding t heir c eramic m arkets i ncreasingly m onopolised b y H umberw ares. T his m ay h ave b een d ue i n p art t o t he M 1 f abrics c opying t he H umberware f orms, a lthough i t w as c urious t hat t he M 1 f abric s hould h ave r etained i ts c oil c onstruction a t a t ime w hen t he H umberwares h ad d eveloped, a nd p robably o wed m uch o f t heir s uccess t o, w heelt hrowing m ost o f t heir v essel r ange. I llustrated V essels
F ig.124,Nos.1-9.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.1; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.2-9.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-7;
u rinals,No.8 ;
u nidentified,No.9.
T he u pper h andle a ttachments o f j ugs,Nos.4 a nd 5 w ere p lugged.
1 96
L M/27/Tp
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 1 0 F
N
C P
C W
J
• 0 1
2
M 1
4 4
H 1
3 6
C M1
2
P N
.
1 6
4
C N
O T
4
5
2 2 1
3 0
O G
D C
. 2
2 7 2
'
1
2
.
2
?
2 5
2
.1 2
•
S VR 2 .6
1
1
- 1
.
2 0 -
O ccupation d eposits a ssociated w ith t he u se o f g arderobe J iv, w hich p robably b elonged t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 5th c entury.Curfew , F ig .125,No.5, s uggested t hat t he d esign o f t his v essel f orm h ad n ot a ltered a ppreciably s ince t he 1 3th c entury. T his w as n ot t he c ase w ith t he u rinals, h owever; 1 3th c entury e xamples ( Fig.62 ,No.7) w ere g lobular i n s hape , a nd f ormed i n t wo s ections w ith t he a perture c ut i nto t he s ide o f t he u pper b ody. L ater m edieval e xamples, s uch a s F ig.125,Nos.7-9, w ere o f a s imilar s hape b ut w ith a n o pen t op ; t his l atter f orm r emained u nchanged w ell i nto t he 1 6th c entury(cf.LM/12/Hu , F ig.116,No.5). I t w as i nteresting t hat t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric i n t his p hase a ppeared t o b e s lowly l osing i ts s hare o f t he j ug m arket t o t he H umberwares. I llustrated V essels
F ig.125 ,Nos.1-9 ,Fig.126 ,Nos.1-9.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),Fig.125 ,No.1; m edium s andy(M1),Fig.125 ,Nos.2-9 ; H umberware(12),Fig.126 ,Nos.1-9.
F orms
j ugs,Fig.125,Nos.2-4 ,Fig.126 ,Nos.2-8 ; u rinals,Fig.125 ,Nos.7-9 , F ig.126,No.9; c ooking-pots,Fig.126 ,No.1; c isterns?,Fig.125, N o.1; c urfews,Fig.125 ,Nos.5-6.
J ug, F ig.125 , N o.3 a nd u rinals, F ig.125 , N os.8-9 h ad w hite s alts d eposits a dhering t o t heir i nner s urfaces, t hese t wo u rinals, u nlike N o.7, w ere a lso g lazed o n b oth s urfaces. A mongst t he H umberware j ugs, ( Fig.126), t he u pper h andle a ttachments o f N os. 5 a nd 7 w ere p lugged. W hilst t he l ower a ttachments o f N os.6 a nd 8 w ere d eeply i ndented, t he r esulting c avity i n N o.6 b eing f illed w ith a s mear o f c lay.
L M/28/Tp
T hornholme P riory
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 1 0 O T
0 1
2
2
.
M 1
5
4
.
1 2
4
3
T i
1
1
. 1
1
S VR 1 .5 O G 2
.
5
.
2 1
•
A s mall g roup w hich d erived f rom P hase 1 0 d rainage a nd o ccupation d eposits. T he m edium s andy ( M1) c ondiment m ay h ave b een r esidual, a s t he f orm w as f irst r ecognised i n t he 1 3th c entury g roups ( HM/37/Tp , F ig.78,Nos.1-2).
1 97
I llustrated V essels
F ig.124 , N os.10-11.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),No.10 ; H umberware(H2),No.11.
F orms
c ondimentsPo.10 ;
j ugs,No.11.
J ug, N o.11 h ad a w hite s alts d eposit o n i ts i nner s urface.
L M/29/Tp
T hornholme P riory F
e
N ,
C P e
C W
B .
:A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 1 0
d i
J e
P N
P e
M
O T
S VR 1 .9
O G
W D
1
1
1
•0 1
2
2
1
•M 1
3 2
3
•H 2
2 9
2
•R W
1
•I D
1
I L
1
1
D C
•
1
2 6 2 0
5
1
2 1
2
1 9
1
. . . .
1
, 1 ?
1
1
,
1 A
•
T hese d eposits d erived f rom g eneral P hase 1 0 o ccupation l ayers. T he t wo r esidual f ragments o f D oncaster w hiteware ( WD), F ig.124,Nos.16 a nd 1 7, c ame f rom a s ingle v essel o f l ate 1 2th c entury d ate. T he b ulk o f t he c ontemporary j ug f orms w ere, h owever, i n H umberware ( 1 12). O ne o f t he i mported v essels, F ig.124, N o.19 w as p robably o f L ow C ountries o rigin; i ts f orm s eeming t o b e a c ross b etween a j ug a nd a p ipkin, w hilst i ts a pplied v ertical s trips o f w hite c lay a dded t o i ts i nterest. I llustrated V essels
F ig.124,Nos.12-19.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),No.12; H umberware(H2),Nos.13-15; w hiteware ( WD),Nos.16-17; L ow C ountries R edware(ID),No.19; L angerwehe s toneware(IL),No.18. F orms j ugs,Nos.12,13-14,16-17; p ipkins,No.19; o thers,Nos.15,18 . T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f m edium s andy j ug, N o.12, w as p lugged, a nd t he l ower a ttachment o f s mall H umberware j ug, N o.13, w as a pplied w ith n o b ack f illet. J ug, N o.14, w as o verfired t o t he p oint o f v itrification, w hilst b ottle f orm , N o.15, h ad a b right o range g laze c overing i ts o uter s urface a nd i ts i nner s urfaces a s f ar a s t he s houlder. T he L ow C ountries v essel, N o. 1 9, w as b urnt a nd s ooted, w hilst t he s toneware d rinking m ug, N o.18, h ad a m att c hocolate-brown g laze.
L M/30/Tp
T hornholme P riory
:A rea 1 , T rench J ,
P hase 1 1
S VR 2 .6
T his p ottery c ame f rom e arly 1 6th c entury c onstruction d eposits a ssociated w ith P hase 1 1. T he A rea 1 , P hase 1 1 g roups w ere b oth l arger t han t hose f rom A rea 2 a nd l ess e ncumbered w ith r esidual m aterial. T he b ulk o f t he v essels w ere H umberware j ugs. C isterns n ow f orm a s ignificant p art o f t hese g roups a lthough t hey d id n ot a chieve t he s ame p roportion a s t hose a ssociated w ith t he A rea 2 b rewhouse(HM/27/Tp a nd L M/22/Tp). T he s mall j ug, F ig.127,No.8, c ompared v ery c losely
1 98
w ith t hose r ecovered C owick p roduct.
.
.
•
0 1
f rom
P N 4
1 6
1
'1 3
•H 2
4 7
1
4 2
1
F ig.224 ,
C N
a nd
O T
1 1 3
D C
b e
. .
2 _
*
1
F ig.127, N os.1-11.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.1; m edium s andy(M1),No.2 ; H umberware(H2), N os.3-10 ; C oal M easure(CM1),No.11.
F orms
p ipkins,No.1; u rinals,No.2;
j ugs,Nos.3-8 ; c isterns,Nos.9-11.
T he u pper h andle a ttachments o f 7 a nd c istern, N o.10 w ere p lugged, a nd i ndented.
L M/31/Tp N
.S 3
1
1
C 2
1
1
M 1
1 4
H 2
4 3
•
C F
•
2
C W
•
J
•
B D
P N
.
C N
M
C
O T
S VR 2 .8 O G
D C
1 2
6
1
1
3 9
i •T
2
1
•C M1
2
1
•C IST
4
I S
u rinal,No.2, j ugs,Nos.5 a nd t he l ower a ttachment o f N o.6
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 1 1
F
a
1 2
1
1
.
I llustrated V essels
m ay
3 1
.
t his
O G
•
*M 1
C M1
M oat,
C F
5
•
C owick
.
'
2 1
3
,
1 '
2
1
2 -4 -1
1
' 1
r
T his g roup c ame f rom t he P hase 1 1 o ccupation d eposits w hich h ad a t erminal d ate o f 1 536 , a t t he d issolution o f t he P riory ( Knowles a nd H adcock 1 953 , 1 55). A mongst t he H umberware f orms, F ig.128 , N o.3 w as m ost u nusual a nd p robably r epresented a f orm o f s mall s aucepan. T he l arge c istern i n t he T oynton/Bolingbroke ( Ti) f abric, F ig.128 , N o.1, w as p erhaps a l ittle e arlier t han t hose f rom t he H umberston A bbey g roup ( LM/12/Hu). A gain , i t w as o nly i n t his p hase t hat C isterc ian w ares f irst a ppeared o n t his p art o f t he s ite. I llustrated V essels
F ig.127, N os.12-15 , F ig.128 , N os.1-5.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),Fig.127,Nos.12-15 ; H umberware(H2),Fig.128 , N os.2-3; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Fig.128 ,No.1; C istercian ( CIST),Fig.128 ,No.4 ; S iegburg s toneware(IS),Fig.128 ,No.5 .
F orms
c urfews,Fig.127,No.1 ; u nidentified,Fig.127,No.13 ; b asting d ishes,Fig.127,No.14 ; u rinals,Fig.127,No.12; c isterns,Fig.128, N os.1-2; p ans,Fig.128 ,No.3; d rinking m ugs,Fig.128 ,No.5 ; c ups, F ig.128 ,No.4 .
1 99
T he u nidentified m edium s andy v essel, F ig .127, N o.13 , w as g lazed o n b oth s urfaces, a nd t he h andle a ttachments o f u rinal, F ig.127, N o.12, w ere e ach l ightly i ndented. S mall H umberware p an , F ig.128 ,No .3 , w as b urnt a nd s ooted. 1 35 f itting s herds w ere r ecovered f rom T oynton/ B olingbroke c istern , F ig.128 , N o.1, w hich w as o verfired, c ausing b listering t o i ts l ower b ody; i ts l ower h andle a ttachment h ad a s ingle o uter t humbing. C istercian w are c up, F ig.128 , N o.4 , h ad a pplied, i ron-free c lay d ecoration. W hilst t he S iegburg d rinking m ug, F ig .128 N o.5 h ad a b right s ilvery-blue g laze.
L M/32/Tp F •
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench J , P hase 1 2 N
•
S 3
4 1
M 1
6 5
. .
H 1 H 2
B •
C W •
J
P N
C N
M
C
O T
,
.
O G
D C .
3 7 4
2 5 4
P
•
1
1
1 •0 .
C P •
S VR 1 .3
1
4
5 5
1
1
3
2 2
6
6
C M1 . C IST
2
1
1
•R
3
S •I
2
•I ST
1
4 -1
2
-
1
2 1 3 2
2 1
1
1xm ortarium 2 0 x1 9th c entury e arthenware
T his w as a t ypical d emolition a nd r obbing g roup i n t hat i t c ont ained a w ide c hronological r ange o f m aterial, f rom e arly o rangewares ( 01) t o m odern e arthenwares f rom t he l ast, 1 9th c entury, r obbing p hase. A cross t he w hole s ite t here h ad o nly b een o ne o r t wo s herds o f l ate 1 6th o r 1 7th c entury p ottery, a nd t here w ould s eem t o h ave b een a b reak f rom t he m id-16th c entury d emolition m aterial u ntil t he 1 8th c entury. T his w as i mportant b ecause i t m eant t hat a ll t he ' medieval' p ottery w as l ikely t o d ate t o a p eriod b efore t he m id1 6th c entury. O n t hat a ssumption, i t w ould f ollow t hat t he S aintonge c hafing d ish f ragment ( Fig.128 ,No.15) w as p robably o f a s imilar d ate, b ut i t w as u nfortunate t hat s uch a n i mportant v essel w as n ot m ore s ecurely s tratified w ithin t he m edieval g roups. I llustrated V essels
. .
4
3
M odern
4 2
2 8
1
R oman
1 .
1
4 7
T i
2 6
F ig.128 , N os.6-16 .
F abrics
R oman ,No.6; o rangeware(01),No.7; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.8-10 ; H umberware(H2),Nos.11-14 ; S iegburg s toneware(IS),No.16 ; S aintonge(IST),No.15.
F orms
m ortaria,No.6 ; p ipkins,No. 7 ; j ugs,Nos.8-9 ,13-14; b ottles , N o.10 ; c ooking-pots,No.12 ; c isterns ,No.11; d rinking m ugs, N o.16 ; c hafing d ishes,No.15.
2 00
. . . . .
T he
m ortaria,
N o. 6 ,
w as
i n a s mooth-textured
w hite
f abric w ith
i ron-stone g rits. H umberware j ug , N o.13 , m ay h ave b een a C owick p roduct. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug, N o.14, w as p lugged, a nd i ts l ower a ttachment i ndented. T he S iegburg m ug, N o.16 , h ad a s ilver-grey g laze o n b oth s urfaces, w hilst S aintonge c hafing d ish , N o.15, h ad y ellow a nd g reen g lazing.
L M/33/Tp
T hornholme P riory : A rea 1 , T rench J . C F •
.
1
0 1 *M 1
J
P
C N
•
4
O T
S G
1
9
O G
D C ,
•
I
1
3
4
1 1
S VR 4 .8
1
_
•H 1
1
1
•H 2
7
7
*T 1
3
1 '1
F l
1
1
R G
1
6
.
1 4
g
1
.
3 1
1 M odern x 2 8 v essels
T his m aterial c ame f rom t he 1 8th c entury r oadway d evelopment o n t his p art o f t he s ite a nd c ontained r esidual m edieval v essels. I llustrated V essels
F ig.128 , N os.17-19.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),No.17; r egional s tray(RG),No.18 ; m edieval, N ottingham s toneware,No.19.
F orms
l ids,No.17 ; m ortars ,No.18 ;
T hornholme P riory
L M/34/Tp N ' 0 1 *M 1
C F
J
d ishes,No.19.
7
9 1
1 8
1
P
B D
*R C
1 3 1
P N
C N
O T
O G
.
6
2 1
1
1 4
1 2
1
2
3 1
2
D C
'
'
5
6
S VR *
:A rea 1 , T rench J .
'
*1 2
T i
C W
p ost-
1
. 3
5M odern 1 8th a nd 1 9th c entury e arthenwares U nstratified p ottery f rom T rench J . I llustrated V essels F ig.128 , N os.20-26 . F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.20 ; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.21-23 ; T oynton/ B olingbroke(T1),Nos.24-25 ; r egional s tray(RC),No.26.
F orms
j ugs ,Nos.20-21,24 ; u nidentified,No.22; c urfews,No.23 ; d ishes,No.25 ; m ortars.No.26.
2 01
b asting
M ortar r im , N o.26, w as i n a h ard g rey f abric w ith o range s urfaces, t he o uter s urface w as s mooth-textured, b ut i t h ad b een g iven a d elibe rately r oughened t exture o n i ts i nner s urface. T here w as s ome b urning a nd s ooting t o i ts o uter e dge.
L M/35/Tp
T hornholme P riory
:C hurch
S VR *
T his p ottery c ame f rom r obbing a nd d emolition d eposits w ithin t he P riory c hurch o f S t. M ary, m any o f w hich w ere d isturbed a nd c ontaminated b y l ater a gricultural a nd a rchaeological a ctivity. I t i s i ncluded h ere p rincipally f or c omparison w ith t he d emolition a nd r obbing m aterial f rom B urnham C hapel ( LM/14-16/Bc, F igs.117-118). I llustrated V essels
F ig.129, N os.1-11.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.1; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.2-3 ; H umberware(H1) N o.4; ( H2),Nos.5-6; C istercian(CIST),No.7; T oynton/Bolingbroke ( T1),No.8 ; S outh N etherlands m ajolica(IM),Nos.9-10; C ologne s toneware,No.11.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-3,5; p ancheons,No.8; p osset p ots,No.7; u nidentified N os.4,6; f lagons,No.11; d ishes,No.9; a ltar v ases,No.10.
T he m ajolica ' altar v ase', N o.10 , w as i n a w hite f abric w ith a w hite t in g laze o n b oth s urfaces o ver a b lue u nderglaze d esign, w hich p arallels a v essel o n a p ainting b y H ieronymus B osch, T he S even D eadly S ins, c .1475, o r t he p anel ' pride '. D elft d ish, N o.9, h ad a b uff c oloured t in g laze o n i ts o uter s urface, w hilst t he w hite g laze o f i ts i nner s urface o verlay a p ale b lue a nd o range-yellow p ainted d esign. T he u nidentified H umberware f orm , N o.6, w as n ear c omplete, i t h ad a n eatly t urned b ase a nd k nife c ut f acets t o t he o uter e dge o f i ts r im .
T hornholme P riory
L M/36/Tp
:A reas 1 a nd 2
S VR
T his u nstratified p ottery f rom t he o uter c ourt i s i ncluded h ere b ecause i t r elates c losely t o t he s tratified l ate-medieval g roups. O nly v essels o f i ntrinsic i nterest a re i llustrated. I llustrated V essels
F ig.129,Nos.12-28.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3),No.12; o rangeware(01),Nos.13-16; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.17-25; H umberware(1 12),Nos.26-28 .
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.12; c urfews,No.16; j ugs,Nos.13-15,18-24,26-28; b astin d ishes,No.25; a quamaniles?,No.17.
t he
D ecorated s herd, N o.20 , w as a f ragment f rom a k night j ug, a nd f ace o f N o.24 w as p robably a n a pplied l ip f rom a nother h ighly
d ecorated j ug.
L M/37/Li
L incoln : T he B ishop 's P alace, G roup C
S VR *
T his p ottery g roup c ame f rom t he f ill o f a p athway a long t he w est w all o f t he E ast H all, w hich f ormed p art o f t he f oundation f or t he b uilding o f a s tairway a nd p aved c ourt a ssociated w ith t hetower
2 02
e ntrance k nown t o h ave b een t he w ork o f B ishop A lnwick. C oppack d emons trated t hat t he s tairway c ould b e a ssociated w ith A lnwick's T ower a nd t hat t he g roup c ould t hus b e d ated 1 436-1449 ( Coppack 1 975, 2 1). H owever, i t m ay b e m ore a ccurate t o s tate t hat t he g roup h ad a p ossi ble t erminus a nte q uem o f 1 436-1449. I ndeed, i t h as b een a rgued t hat s ome o f t his m aterial m ay b e 1 4th c entury ( Adams 1 977,40). T he s hell-tempered c ooking-pot, F ig.130 , N o.1, w as l argely c omplete w hen f ound, a nd i f t his v essel i s 1 5th c entury, i t i s o ne o f t he l atest e xamples o f t his f abric t o b e r ecognised. C istern, N o.19, i s i n t he g eneral T oynton/Bolingbroke t ype f abric, b ut c annot b e s pecifically p rovenanced t o t he O ld B olingbroke k ilns. C P S L
2
2
' R C
1
1
: M L
C N
•
1 5
i , T
1 2
1 5
1
I llustrated V essels
D C
O G
.
1
8 1
1
.
: .
F ig.130 ,Nos.1-19 ( taken f rom C oppack 1 975).
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SL),Nos.1-2; c oarse s andy(RC),No.3; m edium s andy(ML),Nos.4 18 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.19.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3;
j ugs,Nos.4-18 ;
c isterns,No.19.
L incoln : T he B ishop's P alace, G roup E
L M/38/Li
C N M L
6
6
' T l
2
1
'C IST
1
' R
4
1
C
O G
S VR * ,
6 1
2
D C 2
2 1
1
1
3
T his g roup c ame f rom t he f ill o f a g arderobe s haft w hich C oppack b elieved w as r eplaced b y t he o ne b uilt i n A lnwick 's t ower, a nd m ust t herefore p re-date t he m id 1 5th c entury ( 1975, 2 5). S ome r esidual m aterial w as r ecognised, b ut t he s tated p resence o f C istercian w are ( ibid) q uestions t he r eliability o f t his m aterial a s a s ealed g roup f or e ven i f i t d id b elong t o t he m id 1 5th c entury, t his w ould s till h ave b een s ome 5 0 y ears b efore C istercian w ares w ere r ecognised e lsew here i n t he Y orkshire/Lincolnshire r egion. T he f orm a nd c onstruction o f j ug, F ig.131, N o.7 s uggested t hat i t w ould b e m ore a ppropriate a mongst t he T oynton/Bolingbroke ( Ti) f abrics, t han a s aH umberware. I llustrated V essels
F ig.131,Nos.1-12(taken f rom C oppack 1 975).
F abrics
m edium s andy(ML),Nos.1-6; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.7,11; r egional s tray(R),Nos.8-10 ,12.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-9; T wo
o f
t he
c ups,No.10;
r egional
s trays,
c isterns,No.11; N os.8-9
P urple w ares.
2 03
w ere
g lazed b owls,No.12.
i dentified
a s M idland
L M/39/Li
L incoln : T he B ishop's P alace, G roup I C F
, S H
1
1
.S L
2
1
'M L .
.
B
O G
D C
-
1
1 3
,
1
0 2
O T
.
S VR *
.
1 1
' 1
1
•
1 3
1
1
1
•
T his p ottery c ame f rom t hree s eparate d eposits, l inked c eramica lly b y f itting s herds, w hich C oppack a ttributed t o t he m id-15th c entury r edevelopment o f L M/37-38/Li, a lthough n one o f t hese t hree d eposits c ould b e i ndependently d ated ( 1975, 5 0). I t s eems l ikely t hat t he t wo d eposits a ssociated w ith t his a rchitectural w ork c ontaine d ' fill' m aterial t aken f rom t he s ite o f t his t hird s ource, w hich w as a d ump o f m aterial i nto t he R oman r ampart, e xplaining t he l inking s herds b etween t he t hree g roups. A lthough a ssociated w ith m id-15th c entury b uilding w ork , s ome o f t his p ottery m ay h ave b een o f a c onside rably e arlier d ate. T he l arge s hell-tempered b owl, F ig.132, N o.1, w as a f orm m ore l ikely t o b e o f 1 2th o r 1 3th c entury d ate, w hereas t he d ecorated o rangeware j ug, N o.17, b elonged t o a f abric t radition w hich d ied o ut b y t he e arly 1 4th c entury. L incoln w are j ug, F ig.132, N o.4, w as p arallelled a t T hornholme P riory b y a L incoln w are j ug f rom P hase 5 A d ating t o t he m id-13th c entury. T he o nly o ther p ublished e xample o f t his f orm f rom L incoln c ame f rom a 1 4th c entury g roup f rom B roadg ate ( Adams 1 977, 4 0-1 a nd F ig.18 N o.168). I llustrated V essels
F ig.132, N os.1-17 ( taken f rom C oppack 1 975).
F abrics
s hell-tempered ( SH),No.2; ( SL),Nos.1,3 ; m edium s andy ( ML), N os.4-16; o rangeware ( 02),No.17.
F orms
b owls,No.1; c ooking-pots,Nos.2-3; N o.15; p ipkins,No.16.
j ugs,Nos.4-14,17;
c ruets,
B oth c ooking-pots,Nos.2-3 a nd p ipkin,No.16 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
L M/40/Li
L incoln : T he B ishop's P alace .
. M L
.
R
.
U rinals
S VR * O G '
3
3
3
2
2
2
.
F ig.133,No.3 c ame f rom a g arderobe o n t he e ast f ace o f t he A lnwick T ower, n ot c onstructed u ntil 1 436-1449; t he o ther f our v essels c ame f rom t he p ossible s poil o f 1 9th c entury e xcavations, d iscovered d uring c learance o f t he W est H all ( Coppack 1 975,52-55). A ll f ive p ots , w ere n ear c omplete, w ith w hite s alts d eposits o n t heir i nner s urfaces a nd w ould s eem t o h ave b een u rinals. T hey a re i ncluded h ere f or c omparison w ith t he d issolution g roup o f u rinals f rom H umberston A bbey ( LM/12/Hu,Fig.115,No.3, F ig.116,Nos.1,5).
2 04
I llustrated V essels
F ig.133 ,Nos.1-5 ( taken f rom C oppack 1 975).
F abrics
m edium s andy(ML),Nos.2-4 ;
F orms
u rinals,Nos.1-4; c ostrels, N o.5.
L M/41/Bb
r egional s trays(R),Nos.1,5.
B olingbroke F
N
T B
1 3
•
C F
J
a
1
'
4
B D '
:C astle
P N a
1
7
M
'
'2
'I L
1
1
. ,I R
1
1
'I C2
1 1
O T
O G
D C
1 2
2
I
C
"
'C IST
.
S VR *
.
2
. 1 •
'
• .
1 -
1 -
.
1
A g roup o f p ottery f rom b elow t he g atehouse p assage, s ealed b y r oad-metalling, a nd c ontaining a f inal i ssue g roat o f H enry V III, t hought t o h ave b een l ost c .1550 , w hich p rovided a t erminus a nte q uem f or t he g roup ( Coppack 1 576, 9). T his g roup w as i ncluded b ecause o f i ts O ld B olingbroke ( TB) p roducts w hich f ormed p art o f a n i mportant t radition o f f abrics w hich d ominated l ate-medieval p ottery i n S outh L incolnshire. I llustrated V essels
F ig.134 ,Nos.1-19 ( taken f rom C oppack 1 976)
F abrics
T oynton/Bolingbroke(TB),Nos.1-13 ; C istercian(CIST),Nos.14-15; L angerwehe s toneware(IL),No.16 ; R aeren s toneware(IR),No.17; I mported f lask(IC2),No.18 ; A lbarello(I),No.19.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-4 ; c ooking-pots,No.5; p ancheons,Nos.7-13; b asting d ishes,No.6 ; c ups,Nos.14-15; d rinking m ugs,Nos.16-17; f lasks, N o.18 ; a lbarellos,No.19.
T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug,No.1 w as b asting d ish w as f ormed f rom a s hallow b owl t hat i nto s hape ( Coppack 1 976 ,8 ,No.14). T he f lask w as a g rey s toneware w ith l ight b rown a sh g lazing. S panish h ad a t in g laze o ver a b lue d ecoration.
p lugged, a nd t he w as t hen s queezed t ype I I i n a p ale a lbarello, N o.19,
B everley : H ighgate, G roup P
L M/42/Bv
.
. C B3
1
"O B
1
'H 2
9
'I D
2
'I L
C P
J
C N
M
O T
S VR * 1 ,
O G
D C
1
. 1
1 - 1
5
2 . 1
1 .
2 05
_
1
- 6
2
2
1 .
T he d ominance o f H umberwares i n t he l ate-medieval g roups f rom H ighgate a llowed c loser p arallels t o b e m ade w ith t he l arger a ssembl ages f rom H ull. T hese l ater g roups w ere s orted a nd a nalysed b y G areth W atkins, a lthough t he v essels w ere d rawn b y t he w riter. G roup P w as p art o f a f loor l evelling a nd m ake-up. T he l arge c istern, F ig.115,No.1, w as s o c lose i n d etail t o t he w asters f rom H olme upon-Spalding-Moor, F ig.232, t hat i t c ould a lmost c ertainly b e a tributed t o t his s ource. O ne o f t he j ugs, F ig.135,No.3, w as p roba bly f rom t he s ame s ource a nd f inds p arallels f rom H ull i n g roups d ating t o t he t hird q uarter o f t he 1 5th c entury ( pers.comm.G.Watkins). O n t his r ather s lender e vidence t he g roup i s a ttributed t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 5th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.
1 35, N os.1-8.
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Nos.1-5; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),Nos.7-8 ; L angerwehe s toneware(IL),No.6.
F orms
c isterns,Nos.1,5; c ooking-pots,No.4 ; m ugs,No.6; t ripod p ipkins,Nos.7-8 .
B everley
L M/43/Bv C P
J
j ugs,Nos.2-3;
d rinking
:H ighgate, G roup Q P N
C N
M
C
O T
O G
D C
•
1
•
S VR -
•
,
•
O B •H 2
4
4 2
3 0
D •I
4
•C IST
5
2 1
2
3
2 4
'
3
' 2
1
' 3
9
•I ST
1
•I M
1
•I R
1
J
I FC
1
1
I
2
O C
1
1 9
.
,
1 .
3
.
5
5
P M
•
3
.
.
1 1
7
.
1
1
1
1 ,
,
1 ' ,
1
1
1
1
•
T his g roup c ame f rom a n umber o f s tratigraphically r elated f eat ures. T he p resence o f C istercian w are ( CIST) a nd S outh N etherlands M ajolica ( IM) s uggested t hat t he m aterial b elonged t o t he e arly 1 6th c entury, a lthough t here w as s ome r esidual m aterial. T he l obed c up, F ig.135,No.16, w as o riginally t hought t o b e T udor G reen o r F rench i n o rigin , b ut t he f inds f rom t he K ings M oat a t C owick d emonstrated t hat s imilar f ineware v essels w ere b eing p roduced i n t he H umberware k ilns i n a m uch f iner f abric v ariant t han t he m ore u tilitarian j ug f abric. I llustrated V essels
F ig.135, N os.9-17.
2 06
F abrics
o rangeware(0C),No.16 ; H umberware(H2),Nos.9-11; C istercian ( CIST),No .15 ; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),No.10 ; S outh N etherl ands M ajolica(IM),No.12; R aeren s toneware(IR),No.13 ; C ologne s toneware(I),No.14 ; u nidentified i mport(I),No.17.
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.9 ; j ugs,No.11; s killets,No.10 ; A ltar v ases, N o.12; d rinking-mugs,Nos.13-14 ; c ups,No.15 ; l obed c ups,No.16 ; c hafing d ishes,No.17.
T he L ow C ountries r edware s killet, N o.10 , w as b urnt a nd s ooted, a nd t he S outh N etherlands m ajolica h ad b lue a nd p urple u nderglaze d esigns. C hafing d ish , N o.17, w as i n a b uff f abric w ith a n a ll-over c opper-green g laze; a lthough c atalogued h ere a s a n i mport b ecause o f i ts q uality o f e xecution , i t m ay h ave b een a n E nglish p roduct.
L M/44/Bv
B everley : H ighgate, G roup Q 2 C P
J
C
S VR * O T
O G
1
1
1
' 1 2
3
3
3
'R CIST
1
' I D
1
C B
1
W Dt
'
1
1 1
-
1
1
A p it g roup s tratigraphically r elated t o G roup Q ( LM/43/Bv). I llustrated V essels
F ig.135 , N os.18-20 .
F abrics
w hiteware(WDt),No.18 ; R eversed C istercian(RCIST),No.19; c oarse s andy(CB),No.20 .
F orms
j ugs,No.18 ; c ups,No.19; c ooking-pots,No.20 . N os.18 a nd 2 0 w ere r esidual.
B everley : H ighgate, G roup R
L M/45/Bv
.
.
P N
O T
O G 3
1
2
S VR *
H 2
3
R H
1
1
1
I D
1
1
1
'
A nother s mall g roup s tratigraphically s imilar t o L M/43-44/Bv. T he c hafing d ish b ase w as a n E nglish c opy; a lthough t he d esign i ncorp orated b asal v ents, t hey w ere n ot f ully p ierced a nd c ould n ot h ave p rovided t he n ecessary u pdraught f or t he v essel t o f unction. I llustrated V essels
F ig.135 , N os.21-22.
F abrics
H umberware(12),No.21; r egional s tray(RH),No.22.
F orms
j ugs,No.21; c hafing d ishes,No.22.
2 07
L M/46/Bv
B everley F
N
J
O B
1
1
.H 2 .C IST
.P M
1 3
:H ighgate, G roup S
P N
C N
M
C
O G
D C
1
6
2
4
1
5
8 _
1 1
O T
S VR -
2
5
1
5
.
5 3
.
1 0
.I D
5
5
4
.I M
1
1
1
.I R
2
I
1
_ 1
1
. ' .
2 .
-
-
1
' .
T his g roup c ame f rom a s eries o f g arden s oils w hich s ealed G roups Q a nd R a nd w hich w as i n t urn s ealed b y G roup T . I ts f orms s uggested a d ate i n t he e arly 1 6th c entury, b ut t here w as n o e xternal d ating e vidence. V essel, F ig.136,No.8 , w as o f p articular i nterest. I t w as c ons idered b y W atkins t o b e a t in g lazed c hafing d ish o f p ossible M editerranean o rigin ( Watkins a nd W illiams 1 963). H owever, t he i nner s urface o f t he v essel c ontained t wo i ndented c hannels, w hilst i ts r im l acked t he n ecessary h orizontal c urve t hat w ould b e e xpected o n a c hafing d ish. I ts t rue f orm r emains u nknown. I llustrated V essels
F ig.136, N os.1-12.
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Nos.1-3; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),Nos.4-7; u nidentified i mport(I),No.8 ; p ost-medieval c oarseware(PM), N os.9-12.
F orms
j ugs,No.1; c isterns,Nos.2-3,9; t ripod p ipkins,Nos.4,6; s killets,No.5; d ishes,No.7; p ancheons,Nos. 10 -11; c hafing d ishes,No.12; u nidentified,No.8.
T he L ow C ountries r edware d ish, N o.7, h ad a w hite s lip o n i ts i nner s urface w ith a s craffito d esign e tched o nto t he r im; s killet, N o.5, w as b urnt a nd s ooted. V essel, N o.8 , h ad g reen t inted t in g lazes o n b oth s urfaces w hich w ere h eat c razed, a nd u nder t he g laze w ere t races o f g reen p ainting; i ts c oarse, o ff-white f abric c ontained c rushed q uartz g rits u p t o 3 mm i d d iameter.
L M/47/Bv
B everley
:H ighgate, G roup T
S VR -
T hese v essels c ame f rom a y ard s urface w hich o verlay t he g arden s oil o f G roup S ( LM/46/Bv); a lthough u ndated, i ts f orms w ould s uggest am id-16th c entury d ate. T he c hafing d ish, F ig.136,No.17, w as p robably o f l ocal p roduction a nd i t s howed c onsiderable d ebasement o f s tyle f rom t he e arlier c opies s een i n G roup R , L M/45/Bv, F ig.135,No.22, a nd G roup S , L M/46/Bv,Fig. 1 36, N o.12.
2 08
C P •
J
e
H 2 -C IST
'P M
a
1 2
P N e
1
C N
M
•
6
1
I
C I
3
'I ST
1
'
I D
1
' :
R I
2
O G
2
' 2
6
1'
2
-
1
2
1
D C
I
1
.
2 ' 1 4
O T •
7
.
2 2
1 2
2
1 1
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
1
1
I llustrated V essels
F ig.136 , N os.13-23.
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Nos.13-15 ; S aintonge ( IST),No.16 ; p ost m edieval c oarseware(PM),Nos.17-20 ; C istercian(CIST),No.23 .
F orms
j ugs,Nos.13-14 ,16 ,21; c isterns,Nos.15 ,18-19 ; c ups,Nos.22-23 ; c ooking-pots ,No.20 ; c hafing d ishes,No.17.
T he c hafing d ish i n p ost m edieval c oarseware ( PM),No.17, w as a p articularly c rude a nd d ebased c opy o f t his f orm , w ith a p urpleb lack g laze o n b oth s urfaces. C istercian w are c up ,No.23 , w as a B rears t ype 1 3 ( 1971,20-21) a nd h ad a r ich , d ark b rown g laze o n b oth s urfaces.
B rough : S tation R oad
L M/48/Bh
•
• ' ' '
.
C 2
3
O B
4
H 2
1 1
C M1
1
C P
S VR 1 .3
C N
O G
3 4 7
2 2
2
1
6
.
1
T his p hase-group l acked a ny i ndependent d ating , b ut t he a ppeara nce o f i ts v essels s uggested t hat t hey b elonged t o t he l ate-medieval p eriod, p ossibly t o t he 1 4th o r 1 5th c enturies. T he o rangeware a nd c oarse s andy s herds w ere s lightly w orn a nd w ere p robably r esidual. I llustrated V essels
F ig.138 , N os.1-4.
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Nos.1-3; C oal M easure(CM1),No.4.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-2,4 ; d rinking m ugs,No.3 .
H umberware j ug , N o.1, h ad a p lugged a nd a l ower a ttachment i ndented w ith t hree a ngle h ad t hree g roups o f t riple t humbings.
2 09
u pper h andle a ttachment, f ingers, w hilst i ts b asal
' L M/49/Bh
B rough : S tation R oad
S VR 2 .0 O G
H 2
5
5
2
A n u nillustrated g roup d erived f rom t he c onstruction e arliest l anding s urface w hich o verlay t he s ilts o f L M/48/Bh.
o f
L M/50/Bh
S VR 2 .5
B rough : S tation R oad F
N
C 2
2
C P
J
1 3
.H 2
6 1
4 5
I D
1
•
C N
•
M
O T
•
O G
.
D C
• .
1 3
1
P N
2
O B
4C M1
.
t he
7 3
7
1
1 9
6
1
1
'
1 1
'
1
T his m aterial, f rom t he o ccupation d eposits a ssociated w ith t he e arliest l anding s urface, w as t he m ost s ubstantial p hase-group f rom t he s ite. I t h ad n o i ndependent d ating e vidence b ut c omprised l argely H umberwares w hose f orms s uggested a 1 5th c entury d ate. T he c losest r egional p arallel f or t he L ow C ountries r edware s killet r im , F ig.137,No.15, c ame f rom S cale L ane, H ull f rom a g roup w hich p robably d ated t o t he 1 5th c antury ( Armstrong 1 980 ,56 a nd F ig.19, N o.24). I llustrated V essels
F ig.137, N os.1-15.
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Nos.1-13; C oal M easure(CM1),No.14; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),No.15.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-10 ,14; s killets,No.15.
c isterns,Nos.11-12; d rinking m ugs,No.13 ;
T all n ecked j ug, N o.1, h ad s and f used t o t he g laze a t t he t op o f i ts r im , a nd c istern N o.12, w hich w as s ubstantially c omplete, h ad a w hite s alts d eposit o n i ts i nner s urface. D rinking m ug, N o.13 h ad a s ingle o uter t humbing f or i ts l ower h andle a ttachment w ith a d eep c entral f inger n ail m ark . L ow C ountries s killet, N o.15, w as b urnt a nd s ooted.
O B '1 2
.
P N
_
•
,
S VR 1 .7
B rough : S tation R oad
L M/51/Bh
3 2 2
C N
_ .
M
.
O T
3 1 8
_
O G 2
1
1
1 1
2
R H
1
1
1
C M1
1
1
1
I D
1
_
2 10
.
1
1
. .
A s mall, u ndated p hase-group o f t he s econd l anding h ard. I llustrated V essels F abrics
a ssociated
w ith
t he
c onstruction
F ig.138 , N os.5-7.
H umberware(12),Nos.5-7;
L M/52/Bh
F orms
j ugs,Nos.5-7.
B rough : S tation R oad F
N
J
P N
C N
.
M A i
C 2
5
5
'H 1
1
1
'1 2
'2 5
'C IST
1
'I D
1
C
S VR 1 .4 O T
•
O G
D C .
•
2 '
1 1
2 2
1
1
1
1 7 1
•
1 1
'
1
A s eries o f s tructural f eatures p ost d ating t he c onstruction o f t he s econd h ard b ut a ssociated w ith i ts u se. T his w as t he f irst g roup t o c ontain C istercian w are, a lthough t he s mall s ize o f t he p receding g roups d iminished t he s ignificance o f t his. I t s uggested h owever, t hat t his g roup, a t l east, b elonged t o t he e arly 1 6th c entury. A lthough u nillustrated, t he C istercian w are s herd c ame f rom a t alln ecked c up s uch a s t hose f rom H ull : S ewer L ane P hase I V, P it 1 , w hich w ere d ated t o t he e arly 1 6th c entury ( Armstrong 1 977, 4 6-48 , F ig.17, N os.162-164). I llustrated V essels
F ig.138 , N os.8-10 .
F abrics
H umberware(1 12),Nos.8-9; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),No.10 .
F orms
j ugs,No.8; p ancheons,No.9 ;
s killets,No.10 .
T he s killet, N o.10 , w as b urnt a nd s ooted.
H ull
L M/53/Hu
:M ytongate, A rea 1 , P it 2 00 C N
S VR * O T
• .
•
1 2
7
R
1
I ST
2
I D
1
I SM
1
2
5
. 1 1
1 .
1 1
. ,
T his m aterial c ame f rom a s ingle p it g roup f rom t he e xtensive M ytongate a ssemblage, w hich c ould b e a ttributed a d ate b etween 1 4501 475 ( pers.comm . G areth W atkins). I llustrated V essels
F ig.139 ,Nos.1-12.(taken f rom d rawings b y H umbers ide A rchaeological U nit).
2 11
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Nos.1-7; r egional s tray(R),No.8 ; S aintonge ( IST),Nos.9-10 ; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),No.11; S panish M erida w are(ISM),No.12.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-5 ,10 ; c isterns,Nos.6-7; c urfews,No.8; 1 1; j ars,No.12 ; u nidentified,No.9 .
L M/54/Dn
D oncaster
s killets ,No.
:S ite D G, F eature S N
S VR 3 .0
O G H D A s ingle o n S ite D G.
l ate-medieval
I llustrated V essel F abric
1
1 H umberware
j ug
1 f rom
a n
u ndated
f eature
F ig.140 ,No.l.
H umberware(HD);
F orm
j ug.
D oncaster
L M/55/Dn
:F renchgate
F
N
J
C MW
2
1
S VR 1 .0
U rinal
O G
1
2
T wo n ear c omplete v essels f ound t ogether d uring b uilding w ork i n F renchgate i n 1 908 ; b oth c ontained i nternal w hite s alts d eposits. T heir f orms s uggest a l ate m edieval d ate. I llustrated V essels
F ig.140 ,Nos.2-3.
F abrics
C oal M easure(CMW),Nos.2-3.
F orms
j ugs, N o.2 ; u rinals, N o.3.
D oncaster
L M/56/Dn
:S ite D SR , F eature 1 42 C P
•
F D
2
'
W G
1
.
C MW
2
J
'
P N
S VR 1 .0 O G
2
1
1
1 1
1
1
. '
' T he
i llustrated
v essels
i n
t he
C oal
M easure
a l ate-medieval d ate. I llustrated V essels
F ig .140 , N os.4-5.
F abrics
C oal M easure(CMW), N os.4-5.
F orms
p ancheons, N o.4 ;
c ooking-pots, N o .5 .
2 12
f abrics
s uggest
L M/57/Dn
D oncaster : S ite D SR, F eature 1 35 C F
P N
C N
_ .
S VR 1 3.5 O G
•
F D
9
9
' W G
2
2
2
' C MW
4
3
3
' C MP
8
1
-
1
1
6
_
7
,
.
•
5
'
A g roup w ith a h igh o verall S VR, t he f ine s andy ( FD) f abric h ad a S VR o f 1 .0 a nd i s a lmost c ertainly r esidual, w hilst t he S VR 's o f t he r emaining f abrics ( WG=6.5, C MW=48.2, C MP=11.9) a ll i ndicated t hat t hey f ormed a c ontemporary p art o f t he g roup. A lthough t he g roup l acked a ny i ndependent d ating e vidence, t he f orms o f t he v essels, p articularly j ugs, N os.7 a nd 1 0 , p arallelled l ate-medieval f orms i n o ther f abrics f rom T hornholme P riory ( e.g.LM/26 o r 2 7/Tp). I llustrated V essels
F ig.140 , N os.6-10 .
F abrics
w hiteware(WG),Nos.6-7; C oal M easure(CMW),Nos.8-9 ;
F orms
c ooking-pots ,No.8 ;
j ugs,Nos.6-7,
( CMP),No.10.
9 -10 .
C ooking-pot, N o .8 , w as b urnt a nd s ooted.
D oncaster
L M/58/Dn
:S ite D SR , F eature 3 6 C N
P N
O G 4
2
1
1
4
C MW
S VR 2 .2
A s mall g roup w hich a gain l acked a ny e xternal b ut w hose f orms s uggested a 1 5th c entury d ate. I llustrated V essels
C oal M easure(CMW), N os.1-3.
F orms
c isterns,No .1;
p ancheons,Nos.2-3.
D oncaster
L M/59/Dn C F
J
1
1
.W Y
1
1
W G
1
H D
1
C MW
4
1
I
1
1
.
s
:S ite D A
P N
C N
S VR 1 .0 O T
O G
D C
• S D1
.
e vidence,
F ig.141, N os.1-3.
F abrics
.
d ating
P ottery
f rom
. . 1 1
a n umber
o f
1
1
c eramically
2 13
'
' 1
1
r elated
4
1
1
1
c ontexts
'
m ade
u p
t his p hase-group; a ll l acked d ating e vidence a nd t his m aterial w as t herefore p rovisionally a ttributed, t ypologically,to t he l ate-medieval p eriod. I llustrated V essels
F ig.141, N os.4-12.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(SD1),No4 ; w hiteware(WY),No.5 ; ( WG),No.7; H umberware(HD),No.6; C oal M easure(CMW),Nos.8-11; I mport(I), N o.12.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.4-5 ; j ugs,Nos.8 ,12; c isterns ,No.10 ; p ancheons,Nos.7,11; u nidentified,Nos .6 ,9.
I mported v essel, N o.12, w as i n a f ine , o ff-white f abric w ith a l emon-yellow g laze, a nd w as d ecorated w ith a n a pplied p ad o f d arker c lay, w hich a ppeared g reenish-brown u nder g laze.
L M/60/Dn
D oncaster
-
4
.
C P
-
1
5
H D
C MW/P
2 9
C IST
1 5
P N
C N
.
1
O G .
4
4
-
4
4
' W G
S VR 1 .7
:S ite D Y, F ill o f C ellar
1 9
3
4
2 1
.
.
4
1 5
1 5
' .
T he p resence o f C istercian w are a mongst t hese v essels f rom t he f ill o f a l ate-medieval c ellar, i ndicated a c losing d ate f or t his g roup i n t he e arly 1 6th c entury. I llustrated V essels
F ig.141, N os.13-15.
F abrics
H umberware(HD), N o.13 ; C oal M easure(CMW), N o.14 ;
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.13-14 ; C ooking-pot,
N o.13,
w as
( CMP),No .15.
j ugs,No.15.
b urnt
a nd
a ttachment o f j ug, N o.15, w as p lugged.
2 14
s ooted
a nd
t he
u pper
h andle
iii:
Discussion of the Late-Medieval Groups
The late-medieval time-phase spans the period from 1400 to c.1550; a period when, ceramically, numerous changes were taking place.Whereas it could be argued that in c.1400 the English pottery industry was still essentially medieval, by £_.1550 its character was essentially post-medieval. There was, however, no sudden point of transformation, the changes were _gradual in their inception and cumulative in their effect. New fabrics, new forms and new ceramic priorities had evolved. Developments in Regional Traditions
The high-medieval period had seen a strengthening of regional traditions, however, there were still a variety of coarseware and fineware fabric types in production. The decline of the traditional medieval coarsewares will be discussed later in this section. For the majority of the late-medieval period, the region's ceramics were dominated by three major rural based, reg· onal fabric traditions, Humberwares(H), Toynton/Bolingbroke(T) and Coal Measure(CM). All three were to survive to the end of the 16th century and at least two (T and CM) continuing in production into the 17th century�
The Humberwares (H) can trace a long but tenuous ancestry back as early perhaps as the 12th century, but they only achieved regional prominence during the late 13th and early 14th century. Within the East Riding of Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire, they maintained that position into the mid-16th century or later. An ext�nsive pottery is known to have existed at West Cowick. At Holme-upon-Spalding-Moor a single kiln was located, but fieldwork suggested that it was prob ably also part of a large industry (Mayes and Hayfield 1980, 99). Other production centres almost certainly still await discovery. The traditionally accepted Humberware fabric (H) was very hard, oxi dised and sand-tempered, however, the waster material from Cowick suggested that two other fabric variants were also being produced. These were a grit tempered fabric (GC) and a soft, smooth textured fineware fabric (OC) which resembled closely the fabric of the pre ceding orangewares. All three fabrics were present amongst both the waster material recovered from the King's Moat at Cowick, and the excavated kiln site in West Cowick.
The Coal Measure wares of the Firsby/Rawmarsh kilns were probably in production by the 14th century at Conisbrough Park, although the surface finds so far recovered from Firsby Hall may have been of a slightly later date. It would seem that the principal area of dis tribution for this fabric type was the West Riding of Yorkshire. Only at Epworth on the Isle of Axholme did it appear to have formed a major part of the late-medieval groups of this region, although it formed a common 'regional stray' in the western parts of North Lincolnshire.
The Toynton/Bolingbroke fabric type was the principal regional tradition in Central and Southern Lincolnshire. Production centres within this tradition have been recognised at Toynton-all-Saints, Old Bolingbroke, Coningsby and Kirkstead (Healey 1975, 28-38). There was almost certainly at least one more production centre to the north of Toyn ton which still awaits discovery. The distribution of this
215
fabric type extended to the Humber, although across most of North Lincolnshire it took second place to the Humberwares. At Thornholme Priory it was an occasional find from the late 13th century, becoming a little more frequent in the final phases of occupation. Further east, on the edge of the Wolds, it became more common, although the late-medieval groups from Burnham Chapel (e.g.LM/14/Bc) show that Humberware was still the dominant fabric. However, on the east coast at Humberston Abbey, the balance fell in favour of the Tl, Toynton/ Bolingbroke fabric (LM/12/Hu). Within North Lincolnshire, therefore, this fabric tradition's distribution strengthened eastwards. The principal characteristic of each of these three fabric trad itions was their hardness. All three produced vessels which were harder fired than any of their predecessors, indeed some of the Coal Measure wares occasionally reached the point of partial vitrification. Other characteristics of each fabric type will be more fully discussed in Chapter 5. There was, however, no evidence for coil construction on any of these vessels and it can be reliably assumed that all were wheel-thrown. The majority of known kilns in the region belonged to one of these three fabric traditions and, on balance, their products formed the most common finds amongst the medieval stratified and unstratified assemblages. This may prove to be mere coincidence, but it suggested that pottery was now more common than at any time in the Saxon or medieval period. If this were so, there could have been a number of reasons to account for it, given that it would almost certainly have resulted from a high consumer demand for pottery. An increase in demand might, for example, have been stimulated by the potters themselves by producing wares at lower prices. Work on the cost of medieval pottery using documentary sources has not really been foll owed up since the pioneering work of Jean Le Patourel( 1968, 124). It would be interesting to discover 'f the unit cost of pottery pro duced by the rural potteries was lower than that of the urban indus tries. It has been observed above that several production centres are known for both the Humberwares and the Toynton/Bolingbroke fabrics. Although some kilns have been more fully investigated than others, it is apparent that within each tradition a remarkable degree of uniformity was achieved both in fabric type, vessel shape, construc tion and glazing. This had always been an essential factor in the make-up of earlier regional traditions from the Saxon period, but now the uniformity was more evident and more complete than at any time in the past. Detailed scientific analysis alone can separate the clays used in the various Cowick and Holme-upon-Spalding-Moor potteries. Certain minor differences in potting technique have been identified between the two centres themselves (Hayfield 1980,110, however, body sherds from Cowick or Holme-upon-Spalding-Moor remained almost indistinguishable by simple visual inspection. It could there fore be supposed, perhaps, that the consumer at the market place would also have been unable to distingu · sh the two. The same strong similarities were also true of the Toynton/Bolingbroke production centres listed above. In each of these traditions it was possible to dismiss any suggestion that this could have resulted from an itin erant potter producing wares in different parts of the region.
216
D ocumentary e vidence f or C owick a nd T oynton s uggested t hat e ach v illa ge h ad l arge s cale, c ommercially b ased p ottery i ndustries ( Le P atourel 1 968,114-115). N or c an t he n umber o f p roduction c entres b e a ttributed t o c hronological d ifferences i n t heir p eriods o f p roduct ion. P resent e vidence s uggests t hat m ost o f t he k nown H umberware a nd T oynton/Bolingbroke c entres w ere i n p roduction b etween t he l ate 1 5th a nd e arly 1 6th c enturies; s ome h aving a c onsiderably w ider l ifes pan. I t c ould b e a rgued t hat s uch r egional t raditions r esulted f rom l esser p otteries c opying, a s c losely a s p ossible, t he p roducts o f l arger m ore s uccessful r ivals i n o rder t o c ompete m ore s uccessfully f or a l arger s hare o f t he m arket. T his m ay, h owever, p rove t oo s impl istic a n i nterpretation f or c ommercial c onsiderations s uch a s t hat i gnore t he p ossibility o f t he i nfluence o f r egional c ulture. R egional c ulture c an b e i dentified i n a n umber o f a spects o f m edieval l ife, s uch a s i n t imber f ramed b uildings ( Smith 1 958; 1 965). A s l ate a s t he e arly 2 0th c entury r egional c ulture w as s till a n i ntegr al f eature o f r ural l ife; f arm c arts o r \ ; aggons c losely c onformed t o r ecognised c ounty s tyles. A L incolnshire w aggon, f or e xample, w as q uite d istinct i n s tyle f rom a Y orkshire w aggon, a lthough t here w ould h ave b een m any d ifferent w aggon m akers i n e ach c ounty ( Jenkins 1 972). I t m ay w ell b e t hat r egional p ottery t raditions w ere n o m ore o r l ess t han r egional s tyles, a s a n a ccepted a p art o f r egional c ult ure a s a ny o ther r ural c raft i ndustry. C ounty o rigins a nd t ies a re s till s trong t oday i n b oth Y orkshire a nd L incolnshire a nd t here i s e very r eason t o s uspect t hat e thnic l oyalties w ere s tronger a nd e ven m ore p arochially b ased d uring t he m edieval p eriod. I n c eramic t erms i t c ould b e s peculated t hat t he a verage p erson a t a m edieval m arket w ould h ave b een w ell a ble t o d istinguish a ' Yorkshire' p ot f rom a ' Lincolnshire' p ot o n t he b asis o f i ts i mmediate v isual a ttributes o f c olour, s hape a nd s tyle. T he d ecline o f t he t raditional m edieval c oarsewares F rom t he 1 1th c entury, p ottery f abrics w ithin t he r egion c ould e ffectively b e d ivided i nto t wo c ategories, c oarsewares a nd f inewares. C oarsewares w ere e ssentially t hose v essels u sed f or c ooking o r o ther u tilitarian f unctions, t hey w ere v irtually a ll u nglazed a nd c omprised c ooking-pots, b owls, d ishes, c urfews, e tc.. F inewares, o n t he o ther h and, w ere u sually g lazed, w ith m ore c areful a ttention t o s urface f inish, d ecoration, a nd o ther a spects o f t heir a ppearance. W ithin t he r egion, f abric t ypes b ecame i dentified w ith t he p roduction o f e ither c oarsewares o r f inewares. T hese s tatements a re, a dmittedly, g eneralisations, a nd n umerous e xceptions o ccurred, f or e xample, b asti ng d ishes a nd p ipkins w ere u sually g lazed a nd y et w ere u sed f or c ooking p urposes; f ineware f abrics o ften p roduced a l imited r ange o f c ooking v essels. D espite t he c onsiderable l imitations o f t his c oncept o f f inewares a nd c oarsewares, i t s erves a s a u seful m eans o f d ealing w ith t he d ecline o f t wo m ajor f abric t ypes w ithin t he r egion, s hell-tempered a nd c oarse s andy. B oth f abric t ypes w ere c ommon t hroughout t he r egion a nd, w ith t he e xception o f a h andful o f e arly 1 2th c entury c oarse s andy j ugs, t hey b oth p roduced a r ange o f v essel f orms w hich f ell a lmost e xclusively w ithin t he c oarseware c ategory l isted a bove. P roduction i n b oth t raditions c ontinued w ell i nto t he 1 4th c entury a nd a rguably l ater ( Moorhouse 1 974(a)). B y t he m id t o l ate 1 5th c entury, h owever, b oth t raditions h ad d isappeared f rom t he r egion; a n e vent w hich m ay h ave g one h and i n h and w ith a d ecline
2 17
i n d emand f or c oarseware v essels s uch a s c ooking-pots. I t w as a rgued b y M oorhouse t hat s hell-tempered p roduction c ontinu ed i nto t he 1 5th c entury ( 1974a,7-8). H e e xamined a g roup o f s hellt empered v essels f rom B roughton a nd o bserved t hat t hey f ormed a t ype w hich c ould b e r ecognised e lsewhere i n t he c ounty, a nd s uggested t hat t hey w ere 1 5th c entury i n d ate ( ibid). G roup C f rom t he B ishop 's P alace a t L incoln ( LM/37/Li), c ontained s hell-tempered v essels, a nd h ad a d ocumentary a ssociation t o t he m id-15th c entury, h owever, s ome a t l east o f t his m aterial m ay h ave b een r e-deposited f rom L M/39/Li, a nd b e r esidual. N o o ther g roups o f s hell-tempered v essels f rom t he r egion c ould b e r eliably d ated t o t he 1 5th c entury. A t H ull t he p roportion o f c oarse s andy f abrics d eclined n oticea bly d uring t he 1 4th c entury ( Armstrong 1 980 ,47-51 a nd T ables 1 -3). F urther a field, a t B olton n ear F angfoss, i t h as b een s uggested t hat S taxton w are r emained a n i mportant p art o f t he v illage's c eramic g roups i nto t he 1 5th c entury ( Coppack 1 978 , 1 36-139). U nfortunately, d espite t he a pparent c onfident d ating o f t he B olton g roups, t here w as a n a lmost c omplete l ack o f d ating e vidence f or a ll t his m aterial, a nd t he p ublished d ates o f t he g roups f rom t his s ite m ust t herefore b e r egarded a s e ssentially s tatements o f o pinion, a lthough i t s eems p robable t hat s ome o f t his m aterial w as o f 1 4th c entury d ate. W ithin t he r egion t here w as n o c onvincing e vidence t o s uggest t hat t he c oarse s andy f abric t ype s urvived b eyond t he e nd o f t he 1 4th c entury. A t T hornholme P riory s everal o f t he l ate-medieval g roups c ont ained b oth s hell-tempered a nd c oarse s andy f abrics, a lthough i t w as p robable t hat a ll w ere r esidual. B oth f abrics h ad o ccurred o n t he s ite f rom t he 1 2th c entury b ut t hey h ad a lways b een r arities. T hese l ate-medieval g roups o f P hases 1 0 a nd 1 1 c ontained a h igh p ercent age o f d emonstrably r esidual m aterial, l argely o rangeware. A s t hese c oarsewares c omprised l ess t han 1 % o f e ach g roup t hey o ccurred i n ( e.g.LM/23/Tp o r L M/31/Tp), t hey s hould p robably b e d ismissed a s r esidual. T his d oes e mphasise t he d ifficulties o f d istinguishing b etween a d ecline i n p roduction o f f abric a nd r esiduality e ven a mongst l arge, w ell s tratified g roups s uch a s T hornholme P riory. C onsidering t he e vidence o n a r egional b asis, i t w ould a ppear t hat b oth s hell-tempered a nd c oarse s andy f abrics h ad s topped p roduct ion b efore t he e nd o f t he 1 4th c entury. N ew f abrics, n ew f orms a nd c hanging p riorities E xtending t he g eneralisations o f t he p revious s ections o f t his d iscussion, i t c ould b e v entured t hat t he l ate-medieval p eriod, h aving d isposed o f t he t raditional m edieval c oarseware f abrics, d eveloped i ts o wn n ew f ineware/coarseware d istinction, w hich w as n ow m ore f irmly b ased o n v essel f orm r ather t han o n f abric t ype. A n ew r ange o f v essel f orms d eveloped d uring t he 1 5th c entury o f w hich, p erhaps, t he m ost i mportant w as t he c up. T he d esigns o f t hese n ew f orms w ere e ssentially E nglish i n i nspiration, a lthough l ocal p otters s till c opied s uccessful i mported v essel f orms. T hese n ew f orms c an p robably b e l inked t o t he i ntroduction o f t wo m ajor n ew f abric t ypes o riented a lmost e xclusively t owards t heir p roduction, T udor G reen a nd C istercian w ares. T udor G reen h as r ecently
2 18
b een t he s ubject o f i ntensive s tudy ( Moorhouse 1 979, 5 3 ) a nd w ould a ppear t o b e t he e arlier o f t he t wo t ypes - f ew e xamples h ave y et b een r ecognised f rom N orth L incolnshire, a lthough M oorhouse h as i dent ified a n umber o f e xamples f rom Y orkshire s ites. C istercian w are, h owever, p roved c ommon a cross t he w hole r egion f rom t he 1 6th c entury. C istercian w ares w ere p roduced i n s pecialist k ilns u sing c lay s aggars t o s eparate t he v essels w hich w ere u sually f ired i n a n u pright p osition. A ll o f t hese w ere n ew t echniques t o t he m edieval p eriod. T he r ecognised f orms i n C istercian w are t ype s eries ( Brears 1 971, 1 9-23) w ere a ll s mall v essels i n c omparison t o t he t raditional r ange o f m edieval f orms. A ll w ere e ssentially n ew a nd o f E nglish o rigin, o wing l ittle, i f a nything, t o t he r ange o f i mported f orms f looding t he c ountry d uring t his p eriod. B rears s uggested t hat m any o f t hese f orms m ay h ave d erived f rom c ontemporary s ilver w ares ( ibid,19). C istercian w are f irst a ppeared a t T hornholme P riory i n P hase 1 1 d ating t o t he e arly 1 6th c entury. A t E pworth i t o nly o ccurred i n t he d esertion a nd d emolition d eposits w hich a lso d ated t o t he e arly 1 6th c entury. T he s ame p icture e merged a t B urnham C hapel w here C istercian w are o nly o ccurred i n t he d emolition d eposits, a gain o f t he e arly 1 6th c entury. W ithin N orth L incolnshire t here w as n o e xample o f C istercian w are r eliably d ated b efore t he 1 6th c entury. F or B rears, t he c hief p roblems r aised b y C istercian w are w ere i ts s udden a ppearance, a nd t he l ack o f p rototypes f or b oth f orm a nd f abric a mongst t he e xisting l ate-medieval p ottery i ndustry ( Brears 1 971,18). I t c an n ow b e d emonstrated t hat a ll t hree o f t he r egion 's l ate-medieval p ottery t raditions p roduced a n umber o f v essel f orms s imilar t o t hose o f t he C istercian w are t ype s eries. H owever, i t c annot y et b e d emonstrated t hat a ny o f t hese ' copies' p re-date C istercian w are. T he ' copies' i n t he F irsby a nd T oynton/Bolingbroke t ype f abrics w ere m uch c ruder t han C istercian w ares b ut t hose o f t he H umberware C owick k ilns, i n t he s mooth v ariant f abric ( OC) w ere o f c omparable q uality b ut f ired a t l ower t emperatures. T he • E pworth, B urnham a nd T hornholme p hases w hich c ontained C istercian w are a lso c ontained H umberware ' copies', o ften i n t he s ame g roups. A ll t hese d ate t o t he e arly 1 6th c entury, w hen t he Y orkshire C istercian w ares h ad p robably b een i n p roduction f or o ver a g eneration. T he a vailable e vidence s uggested t hat C istercian w ares f irst a ppeared i n N orth L incolnshire i n t he e arly 1 6th c entury, a nd t hat t hey d id s o i n c lose c onjunction w ith H umberware ' copies'. F rom a c ommercial p oint o f v iew t he v ery n ovelty o f C istercian w are p robably p rovided i t w ith a r eady m arket, b ut i t w as i nteresting t hat o nce a gain t he e arliest p hases o f p roduction o f t his f abric w ere c haracterised b y t he u se o f d ecoration ( Brears 1 971, 1 9). I t m ay b e n o c oincidence t hat t he r ise t o p rominence o f t he o rangewares i n t he 1 2th c entury w ent h and i n h and w ith t he m ost w idespread u se o f d ecoration i n t he h istory o f t hat t radition. W hen t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric f irst s tarted t o m ake i nroads i nto t he T hornholme P riory a ssemblage i n t he e arly 1 3th c entury, t he u se o f d ecoration w as m ore e laborate a nd m ore p rolific t han i n l ater p hases o f t he f abric's c urrency. I t c ould b e s uggested t hat i t w as a g eneral c haracteristic o f ' finewares' t hat t he u se o f d ecoration w as a n e ssential p art o f t he e arly s uccess o f a f abric o r f abric t ype. O nce t he f abric h ad
2 19
e stablished i tself t he u se o f d ecoration s tarted t o w ane. I t c ould a lso b e a rgued t hat t hese C istercian w ares a nd t heir c opies c reated a n ew t ype o f f ineware; c ertainly t heir f orms s uggested t hat t hey w ere e ssentially t ablewares. A lthough t hese v essels w ere p robably a imed a t t he m arket o f t he l arge m ass o f t he 1 5th a nd 1 6th c entury p opulation, t heir p resence i n t he M owbray m anor c omplex a t E pworth a nd t he m ajor b urgage p lots a t H ull s uggested t hat t hey m ay a lso h ave h ad a n a ppeal t o t he h igher s ocial e chelons o f s ociety. T he d eliberate l imitation o f t he C istercian w are k ilns t o t his p articu lar r ange o f v essel f orms s uggested t hat t heir a im w as t o c reate a n ew a nd p robably m ore e xclusive e lement t o t he p ottery m arket. I t h as b een o bserved a bove t hat t he r egion 's t raditional l atem edieval f abrics ( H, T , C M) r esponded t o t hese n ew f orms w ith v arying d egrees o f r efinement a nd s uccess. H owever, t hese C istercian w are ' copies' a ppear t o h ave o nly p layed a s mall p art i n t heir r epertoires. T he b ulk o f t he v essels p roduced i n t hese f abrics w ere t he m ore t radi tional m edieval v essel r ange w hich n ow f ound t hemselves t he c ompara tive c oarsewares. H owever, e ven a mongst t he e stablished m edieval f orms, t here w ere c hanges a foot. T he d ecline o f t he t raditional m edi eval c oarse s andy a nd s hell-tempered c oarsewares w as a lmost c ertainly i nfluenced b y t he s uccess o f t he H umberware, C oal M easure a nd T oynton/ B olingbroke f abrics. H owever, a m ore d ecisive i nfluence m ay h ave b een a d rop i n d emand f or t he p rincipal c oarseware v essel,the c ookingp ot. C ooking-pots h ad a lways b een o ne o f t he t wo m ost c ommon v essel f orms t hroughout t he e arly-medieval a nd h igh-medieval p eriods b ut d uring t he l ate-medieval p eriod t heir p roportion o f t he t otal v essel f orms d ropped d ramatically. T he l ate-medieval k iln w aste f rom C owick, H olme upon-Spalding-Moor, T oynton-all-Saints, F irsby H all a nd B olingb roke a ll i ncluded a s urprisingly s mall p ercentage o f c ooking-pots. C ooking-pots w ere n ever p articularly c ommon a t T hornholme P riory b ut t here w as, n evertheless, a n oticeable d rop i n t heir p ercentage d uring t he l ate-medieval p hases. T he s ame p icture d eveloped f rom e xcavations i n H ull w here c ooking-pots f ormed o nly a s mall p ercentage o f t he l ater m edieval g roups, h owever, t hese w ere l argely t he b urgage p lots o f H ull m erchants w hose a ffluence w ould h ave m ore r eadily a fforde d m etal c ooking v essels. N evertheless, o n a r egional b asis, t here w ould a ppear t o h ave b een f ewer c eramic c ooking-pots p roduced d uring t he l ate-medieval p eriod t han a t a ny t ime i n t he p ast. T here s eems t o b e n o r ecognisable a rchaeological e vidence t o p rovide a r eason f or t his. I t m ight b e s peculated t hat t here h ad b een a n i ncrease i n t he n umber o f m etal c ooking v essels ( Le P atourel 1 968 , 1 01-102). I t w as a lso p ossible t hat n ew v essel f orms m ay h ave b een u sed f or c ooking. O ne o f t he m ore o bvious c andidates w as t he i mported L ow C ountries t ripod p ipkin, w hich w as e ssentially a s mall c ooking-pot w ith t he a ddition o f h andles a nd l egs. W hatever t he r easons, i t l eft t he j ug o verwhelmingly t he m ost c ommon l ate-medieval c eramic p roduct. T here w as s ome e vidence t o s uggest t hat j ug f orms w ere b ecoming p rogressively m ore c ommon i n t he r egion t hroughout t he M iddle A ges. B y t he l ate-medieval p eriod v ery f ew j ugs w ere d ecorated. T he s ingle l ine o r g roup o f l ines w hich o ccurred a round t he s houlder o f a lmost a ll H umberware j ugs c ould p erhaps b e c onsidered a d ebased f orm o f
2 20
d ecoration,
b ut
f or t he
p urposes
o f
t his
b ook,
s uch
j ugs w ere c lass-
i fied a s b eing u ndecorated. I t w as n ot, p erhaps, t hat l ate-medieval p otters w ere l osing t he a rt o f p lastic o r i ncised d ecoration, b ut r ather t hat t he v ast m ajority o f j ugs n o l onger c ommercially m erited d ecoration. T he l ater 1 4th o r e arly 1 5th c entury h ad s een t he d evelopment o f a n ew f orm a mongst l ocal a ssemblages, t he b ung h ole c istern , w hich w as t o i ncrease i n n umbers t hroughout t he l ate-medieval p eriod. T ypica lly t he l aunch o f t his n ew v essel f orm s aw t he u se o f d ecoration o n a g reat m any o f t he e arlier f orms. T he d ecorative a ttentions o f t he p otters w ere t ransferred f rom j ugs t o c isterns, s uggesting t hat t hese w ere n ow c ommercially o f m ore i mportance t han t he j ugs, i n t hat t hese w ere t he v essel f orms w hich t he p otters w anted t o p romote. W ith b ody s herds i t w as o ften d ifficult t o t ell i f a v essel w as a j ug o r a c istern, b ut w hen t he m ore c omplete v essels w ere c onsidered, i t b ecame a pparent t hat m ost d ecoration, d uring t he 1 5th c entury, w as l imited t o c isterns. B y t he 1 6th c entury, t he l ate-medieval p otters h ad s tarted t o c opy t he C istercian w are f orms, a nd i t w as t hese n ew f inewares w hich t hen r eceived t he d ecorative a ttentions o f t he p otters. T he i nfluence o f i mported f orms I t c ould b e a rgued t hat, w ithin t his r egion, d uring t he l ate m edieval p eriod, i mported v essels b ecame m ore n umerous, m ore w ides pread a nd l ess e xclusive i n t erms o f t he s ocio-economic s tatus o f t he p otential c ustomer. A s a r esult, i mported f orms d eveloped a n e ven g reater i nfluence o n t he r epertoire o f l ocal p otters. A ll t hree o f t he m ajor l ate-medieval r egional t raditions p roduced c opies o f t he D utch o r L ow C ountries t ripod p ipkins. T he g rowing n umber o f S iegburg a nd o ther s toneware d rinking m ugs u ndoubtedly s timulated t he p roduction o f t he p lain E nglish ' Skipton-upon-Swale' t ype d rinking m ugs. T he c haracteristic f rilled b ases o f t he c ontinental s toneware m ugs w ere f ound o n s ome o f t he l ate-medieval j ugs r ecently d iscovered f rom T oynton-all-Saints ( information M rs. E .H.Rudkin). F rench l obed c ups w ere c opied d uring t he 1 5th c entury i n H umberwares ( LM/23/Tp, F ig.122,No.7). A n e xample w as f ound a mongst t he w asters f rom t he W est C owick k iln ( Mayes, f orthcoming), w hilst a n u nstratified e xample f rom t he T oynton k ilns w as r ecovered b y M rs. E .H.Rudkin. C opies o f D utch s killets w ere, r ather s urprisingly, l ess o bvious; s ome o f t he f latter d ishes i n t he m edium s andy ( M1) f abric f rom T hornholme P riory h ad h andles a nd m ay h ave b een b ased o n t he s ame i dea, a lthough t he p arallels w ere n ot p articularly c lose ( e.g. L M/23/Tp, F ig.121,No.16). B y f ar t he m ost i nteresting E nglish c opies o ccurred i n t he 1 6th c entury, w hen t he l ocal p otters s tarted t o c opy t he i mported F rench c hafing d ishes. A gain, e xamples o ccurred i n a ll t hree o f t he m ajor r egional t raditions. A ll t hese v essels, i ncluding t he c ontinental i mports, w ould s eem t o h ave b een b ased o n m etal p rototypes ( Lewis 1 978,24-36). T he u pper p art o f t he v essel c ontained b urning e mbers, t he l ower c hamber w ith i ts v entilation h oles w ould h ave p rovided t he d raught t o k eep t he e mbers a live, w hilst t he f ood p late o r d ish w ould h ave r ested o n t he v ertical l ugs a ttached t o t he t op o f t he b owl, s o k eeping t he f ood w arm . I f t he c eramic v ersions w ere t o h ave b een u sed f or s uch p urposes, t he v entilation h oles w ould h ave h ad t o h ave b een c lear i n o rder t o m aintain t he n ecessary d raught. I t
2 21
w ould a lso b e e xpected t hat t he i nner s urface o f t he b owl w ould h ave r evealed s ome b urning a nd s ooting o r a t l east s ome h eat c razing o f t he g laze. T he w riter h as n ot e xamined a ny c omplete e xamples o f i mport ed F rench c hafing d ishes, a lthough H ull's a ssemblages h ave p roduced s everal. H owever, s o f ar, n one o f t he m any E nglish c opies f rom t he r egion h ave p roduced a ny e vidence o f h eat i nside t he b owl. S ome e xamp les h ave l ower c hambers w here t he v entilation h oles h ad b een v ery h alf-heartedly e xecuted s o t hat t hey d id n ot e ven p ierce t he t hickness o f t he c lay w all a nd w ould h ave p rovided n o d raught. I t w ould s eem t hat t hese v essels m ay h ave b een m ere s keumorphs d esigned t o e nable t he l ess a ffluent t o a pe t he t able w ares o f t heir w ealthier n eighb ours. I f s o, t he g rowing n umbers o f E nglish-made c hafing d ishes s uggested t hat l ocal p otters f ound a r eady m arket. T here m ust h ave b een a c onsiderable d emand f or s toneware m ugs, D utch s killets a nd t ripod p ipkins i n o rder t o h ave e ncouraged t he w holesale t rade i n t hese v essels f rom t he 1 5th c entury. C opies o f t hese v essels d id n ot f orm a l arge p ercentage o f a ny o f t he r egion 's l ate-medieval f abric t raditions, b ut i t a ppeared t hat l ocal p otters w ere s ufficiently s ensitive t o t he c ompetition t o a ttempt t o c opy t he f orms. H owever, E nglish p otters w ere s eemingly u nable t o c opy t he a ttractive, b rilliant o range g lazes o f t he D utch v essels, n or w ere t hey a ble t o d evelop t he a rt o f s toneware p roduction f or o ver a c entury. I ndeed, i n t his r espect, i t i s s ignificant p erhaps t hat p ost-medieval E nglish p otters c onspicuously f ailed t o s tem t he r ising t ide o f i mported v essels.
2 22
C HAPTER 3 A C ATALOGUE O F U NSTRATIFIED A SSEMBLAGES
a .
I ntroduction
b .
N orth R iding o f L indsey i .
B radley W apentake H averstoe W apentake L udborough W apentake
c .
i v.
W alshcroft W apentake
v .
Y arborough W apentake
i .
A slacoe W apentake
W est R iding o f L indsey
A xholme W apentake C orringham W apentake i v. v . v i.
d .
L awress W apentake M anley W apentake W ell W apentake
S outh R iding o f L indsey I .
B olingbroke W apentake C alcewath W apentake C andleshoe W apentake
i v. v . v i. v ii. v iii.
e .
G artree W apentake H ill W apentake H orncastle W apentake L outhesk W apentake W raggoe W apentake
U nstratified R egional A ssemblages
C HAPTER 3 a .
A C ATALOGUE O F U NSTRATIFIED A SSEMBLAGES
I ntroduction
T his c hapter c atalogues a nd t abulates t he u nstratified m aterial f rom N orth L incolnshire a nd i ts s urrounding r egion ( Figs.142 ,143). E ach s ite i s a llocated b y t ownship, t o i ts m odern p arish a s d efined b y t he O rdnance S urvey A dministrative A reas D iagram f or H umberside a nd L incolnshire. T hese m odern p arishes a re t hen g rouped i nto t heir m edieval w apentakes ( Foster a nd L ongley,1921,1xxiii-lxxxv) w hich f ormed t he t hree r idings o f t he a ncient k ingdom o f L indsey. T here i s n o i ntended o r i mplied c eramic s ignificance i n t hese g roupings w hich a re s imply u sed a s a c onvenient m eans o f r endering t he m any f indspots i nto m anageable g eographical u nits f or p resentation. T he b ulk o f t his c hapter c omprises t he t abulated d etails o f t he c ontents o f e ach a ssemblage. T hese t ables c atalogue t he n umber o f S HERDS i n e ach v essel f orm a ccording t o t heir i dentified f abric t ype, a s o pposed t o t he n umber o f v essels g iven i n t he s imilar t ables f or t he s tratified g roups i n C hapter 2 . I n t he o riginal p resentation o f t his m aterial i n t hesis f orm , d etailed d escriptions w ere g iven f or e ach o f t he i llustrated v essels f rom t hese a ssemblages. I t p roved i mpractical t o i nclude t hese d ata i n t he p resent v olumes; i nstead, a s i n C hapter 2 , t he f abric t ype a nd f orm o f e ach i llustrated v essel i s l isted b y c ode w hilst a dditional n otes a re p rovided o n t hose v esse ls o f p articular i nterest. T he g eneral c haracteristics o f e ach f abric t ype h as a lready b een d etailed i n C hapter 1 , S ection F . G lazed v essels a re s hown o n t he i llustrations b y t heir d otted g laze m argins; t hese s hould a ll b e a ssumed t o b e s uspension g lazes u nless o therwise s tated. F or a dditional b revity, s ome o f t he h andle a nd s maller r im s ections h ave b een i ncluded u nder t he s ame i llustration n umber. T he l ists o f f abric c odes a nd f orms f or e ach i llustrated a ssemblage h ave b een m ade a s s imple a s p ossible, a lthough s uch a bbreviation i s i nevitably d aunting i n i ts c omplexity. O ne o f t he p rincipal d ifficulties f aced i n p reparing t his m aterial w as r educing t he d etail o f t he • o riginal t hesis c atalogue t o a l ength s hort e nough f or p ublication. M ost
o f
t hese
a ssemblages
d erive
f rom
f ieldwalking,
s ome
f rom
t he m onitoring o f e arthwork d estruction , a nd a f ew f rom t he u nstrati fied m aterial f rom t he e xcavated s ites w ithin t he r egion. R espons ibility f or t he g reat m ajority o f t his m aterial r ests w ith t he d edic ated a nd u nstinting f ieldwork o f R ex a nd E leanor R ussell o f B artono n-Humber. W here m aterial h as a lready b een p ublished b y o ther w orkers, t his h as b een e xamined, b ut n ot u sually i ncluded, a lthough r eferences w ill b e m ade t o s uch m aterial w here a ppropriate. I n p reparation, e very f indspot f rom e ach t ownship w as i ndependently s tudied a nd r ec orded. T his i nformation i s s tored o n a c ard i ndex s ystem w hich w ill e ventually b e l odged i n S cunthorpe M useum . T he s ignificance o f a ny p ottery a ssemblage t o t he s ettlement a rchaeology o f t he t ownship a nd p arish f rom w hich i t d erived f alls b eyond t he i ntended s cope o f t his b ook. H owever, i t i s h oped t hat t he c ard i ndexed i nformation w ill b e o f u se f or s uch p urposes. F or t his s tudy, t he a ssemblages w ere a malgamated i nto t ownship u nits b y p arish i n o rder t hat t he d istributional e vidence, p resented i n C hapter 5 , c an b e c learly d emonstrated.
2 24
W ith t he e xception o f t he N orth O rmsby P riory m aterial f rom L udborough w apentake, a ll t he a vailable p ottery i n p ublic c ollections f rom t he N orth R iding o f L indsey h as b een s tudied. T he W est R iding w as a lso e xhaustively s tudied, w ith t he e xception o f L awress a nd W ell w apentakes, a lthough t wo R ussell f ieldwalking c ollections h ave b een s orted a nd t abulated f rom t hese l atter a reas. A n umber o f t he a vailable s ites f rom S outh L indsey h ave a lso b een e xamined, p articu larly w ithin W raggoe w apentake. T his r eflected a n a ttempt t o s tudy t he r emainder o f t he R ussell f ieldwalking c ollections w ithin t he S outh R iding r ather t han t he t otal b ody o f m aterial a vailable.Although t he R ussell c ollection a lso c ontained a l arge a ssemblage f rom G oltho v illage, t his s ite h as r ecently b een t he s ubject o f e xtensive e xcav ations, a nd h as b een s eparately s tudied(Beresford 1 975,Coppack 1 980). T his v ast b ody o f u nstratified m aterial i ncluded i n t his c hapter h as t wo p rincipal c ontributions t o m ake. A lthough i tself u ndatable, i t e xpands t he v essel r ange a nd s ubtleties I f d esign a nd d ecoration f or e ach f abric t ype, w hilst p roviding t he b asic d ata f or a s tudy o f t he g eographical d istribution o f e ach f abric t ype. C hapter 2 h as a lready d emonstrated t hat t he b ulk o f t he s tratified p ottery f rom t he r egion i s c oncentrated i nto a h andful o f s ites w hich, t hemselves, w ould b e i nadequate f or a ny u nderstanding o f p ottery d istribution. A lthough t he m ore c omplete v essel p rofiles d erive f rom e xcavated r ther t han u nstratified s ites, t he r ange o f f orms m ay b e b iased d ue t o t he n ature a nd s tatus o f t he s ite o r t he f unction o f t he p articular r ooms o r f eatures e xcavated. T he m ore f ragmented r emains o f t he u ns tratified p ottery h owever, i s f requently d erived f rom a f ar w ider s ample o f a s ite o r s ettlement, a nd m ay t herefore b e m ore g enerally r epresentative o f t he t otal r ange o f f orms a vailable i n e ach f abric. B oth t he f orms a nd d istribution o f e ach f abric t ype i s m ore f ully i nvestigated i n C hapter 5 . T he a ssemblages f or e ach w apentake a re i ntroduced b y a l ist o f s ites i n a lphabetical o rder o f p arish. T hese l ists d etail t he g rid r eference o f t he f indspots, t he f inder a nd t he c urrent s torage o f t he m aterial, w here t his i nformation i s a vailable. I n s ome c ases m aterial h as o nly r ecently b een g iven t o a m useum a nd n o a ccession c odes w ere a vailable a t t he t ime o f w riting. R egional M useums h ave b een g iven t he f ollowing a bbreviations i n t hese l ists. B aysgarth M useum - B aysgarth D oncaster M useum -
D M/
H ull M useum
H M/
L incoln M useum
L M/
S cunthorpe M useum -
S M/
W here m aterial r emains w ith r epeated i n t he ' storage' c olumns.
t he
2 25
f inder,
t he
f inder's
n ame
i s
b .
N orth R iding o f L indsey
i .
B radley W apentake L ist o f U nstratified A ssemblages
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
A ylesby
T A 2 27/082
S outh o f W ybers F arm
R ussell
S M/AYAB
C leethorpes
T A 2 89/085
O ld G lee
W ebster
L M/244.76
T ailby
S M/GYAA
G rimsby T A 2 68/093
N orth o f V ictoria S treet
T revitt
S M/GYAB
T A 2 70/088
A inslie S treet
M iller
S M/GYAC
T A 2 67/093
H avelock S chool
L M/182.76
H avelock S chool
L M/21.70
H avelock S chool
L M/244.76
S anctuary L ane
P ocklington
C artergate
P rivate P rivate
H olton L e C lay
T A 2 87/027
C hurch E xcavation
H umberston
T A 3 15/065
G rimsby R ural D istrict C ouncil
L M/193.76
T A 3 11/052
H umberston A bbey
H umberston L ibrary
T A 3 43/022
T etney L ock S altern
T etney
T ailby
L M/248.76
A y
A ylesby
B radley W apentake
C N
O G
O T
M
D C
• 0 2
4
3
F 2
3
3
•T l
1
'G IST
1
•I R
1
I C3
1
2
1
.
2 1
1
1
1
1
.
.
,
.
1 .
U nillustrated
2 26
.
1
•
B radley W apentake
O ld C lee ( Cleethorpes)
C l
C F
. S XG
1
1
•
S i
1
1
•
S 3
1
1
•
C 3
1
•
F 2
1
0 2
2
_
S G
. . . .
1
2
.
.
U nillustrated B radley W apentake . .
, S 3 0 2
.
N 1
.
G rimsby
C P
P
P N
•
C N
_
G m M
•
C
.
O T
.
S G
O G
D C
.
1
1 8
1 6
F 2
2
M I
I
M 2
1
1
H 1
2
2
1
1
2'
2
2 7
2 4
•T i
1 9
1 4
•
1 I
. 2
1
2
1
2 2
3
1
1 0
•C IST
2
•W S
1
• R
4
4
4
I ST . I L . I S . I D
1
1
1
2
2 ,
1
'
1
1
. . 1 . .
I
1
. .
1
2
I llustrated V essels
I
'
2 1
-1 2
1 2
2
1
.
F ig.144 , N os.1-34.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3),No.1; f ine s andy(F2),No.2; o rangeware(02), N os.3-12; r egional s tray(R),Nos.13 ,27; ( RH),No.28 ; w hiteware ( WS),No .14 ; H umberware(H1),No.15 ; ( 12),Nos.16-21; T oynton/ B olingbroke(T1),Nos.22-26 ; C istercian(CIST),No.29 ; S aintonge ( IST),No.30 ;Langerwehe s toneware(IL),No.31; S iegburg s toneware ( IS),No .32 ; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),Nos.33-34.
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.1; j ugs,Nos.2-10 ,15-18 ,22-24,27-28 ; p ipkins, N o.11; c isterns,Nos.19-20 ,26 ; c ups,No.29 ; d rinking m ugs,Nos. 3 1-32; t ripod p ipkins,Nos.33-34; p ancheons,No.25; a quamaniles, N os.12,14 ; u nidentified,Nos.13 ,21,30 .
2 27
V essel N os.11,13 , a nd 3 3-34 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted; N os.2 a nd 3 h ad s plashed g lazes. N o.6 w as d ecorated w ith a n a pplied v ertical s trip o f w hite c lay; w hite c lay w as a lso u sed f or t he a pplied d ecora tion o n C istercian w are c up N o.29 , w hich w as p art o f a s tag's h ead a nd s tars d esign ( cf.Fig.18 N o.79), w hilst t he d esign o n t he H umberw are c istern N o.20 , w as s tamped o nto a n a lready a pplied p ad o f c lay. A quamanile N o.14 , h ad a p lugged f oot, a nd t he s haded a rea o n N o.25 r epresented a g laze s car. U nidentified H umberware v essel f orm , N o.21, h ad a h ollow b ase a nd w as f ully g lazed o n b oth s urfaces a nd a cross t he b asal o pening. S tray v essel, N o.27, w as p robably G rimston w are, w hilst N o.28 w as a t ype o f s mall H umberware c ommonly f ound a t W harram P ercy i n E ast Y orkshire. B radley W apentake N
C P
H umberston A bbey O T
J •
B D
1
*S XIP
1
*S XSH
1
1
1 •S
1
1
*S 3
3
2
*C 3
2
2
*0 2
2
2
*M T
1
1
*H 2
4
2 '
*T l
5
I L
1
*G IST
M
C
O T
•
S G e
O G
D C
•
1
S XG
'
C N •
I
H u
1
•
1
1
• . . 1
. .
1 1
2
-
.
2
3
2
1
1
.
2
. 1
. .
2 .
I llustrated V essels
F ig.144 , N os.35-52.
F abrics
S axon(SXSH),No.35; s hell-tempered(S1),No.36 ; ( S3),Nos.37-39 ; c oarse s andy(C3),Nos.40-41; o rangeware(02),No.42; H umberware ( H2),Nos.43-46; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.47-49; C istercian ( CIST),Nos.50-51; R aeren s toneware(IR),No.52.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.35-38 ,40-41,48 ; b asting d ishes,No.39 ; j ugs, N os.42-43 ; d rinking m ugs,Nos.44 ,52; c ups,Nos.50-51; u rinals, N o.45; l ids,No.46 ; b ottles,No.47; c ucurbits,No.49.
V essel N os.39-40 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted , w hilst C istercian c up N o.50 h ad t races o f a n a pplied, w hite c lay d esign . B radley W apentake
T etney L ock S altern ( Tetney) C N
.
. H 2 T i
1 2 4
1 2 3
U nillustrated.
2 28
T e .
O G 1
1
w are
1 2
. .
H averstoe W apentake L ist o f U nstratified A ssemblages.
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
C abourne
T A 1 45/019
V illage s ite
R ussell
S M/CBAB
G rainsby
T F 2 63/988
H awerby c um B eesby
T F 2 63/975
H awerby D MV
R ussell
S M/HWAB
T F 2 67/965
B eesby D MV
R ussell
S M/HWAC
W est R avendale
T F 2 26/996
S outh-west o f C hurch
R ussell
S M/WRVAB
S winehope
T F 2 17/961
E ast o f V illage
R ussell
S M/SHAB
T F 2 19/961
W est o f V illage
R ussell
S M/SHAC
T A 2 84/005
S outh o f C hurch
R ussell
S M/WTHAC
W aithe
L M/38 .55
H averstoe W apentake
.
C P
C b
.
.
O G
.
D C
5
C 3
5
0 2
5
5
3
1
M L
1
1
1
1
T 1
1
I llustrated V essel F abric
.
.
• .
C abourne . .
1?
. ,
1
F ig.145, N o.l.
T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1);
H averstoe W apentake
F orm c ooking-pot.
G rainsby
G r O G
T l
3
3
U nillustrated. H averstoe W apentake
H awerby c um B eesby
T he p ottery f rom t hese t wo d eserted c onsidered a nd i llustrated t ogether.
2 29
H b v illage
s ites
h as
b een
F
N
C P •
S XG
1
1
W St . S 1 . S 3 . C T . C L
8
3 3
9 4
9 1
3
. . . .
.
5
5
5
1
1
4 2
C N
M C O T S G r • • I
D C
a• . . .
1 ;
. .
.
.
3 9
.
3 1
0 1
1
1
0 2
1 38
1 29
F 2
4
4
H 1
2 1
1
2 0
H 2
7 6
3
7 0
T i
4 04
R W
1
1 6
. .
1 8
1
3
5 3
. 8
.
4
3 63
2
2
1
9
9
1 1
1
'
3 4
8
*
1 66
5
1
1 0
. .
2 7
O G
5
1
1
M
P N
_
G 1
. C IST
P
5
3 9
7
J •
4 2
'C l C 3
B •
2
2 1
6
1
5
I ST . I L . I S . I R . I D
1
4
I CI
1
1
I C3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
3 2
•
I llustrated V essels
. . . 2
e
4 .
.
2 '
.
F ig.145,Nos.2-53 ; F ig.146 ,Nos.1-40 ; F ig.147,Nos.1-8
F abrics
F ig.145 s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.2-10 ; ( S3),Nos.17-21; c oarse s andy(CT),No.11; ( CL),No.12; ( C3),Nos.14-16 ; g ritty(G1),No.13 ; f ine s andy(F1),Nos.22-25; o rangeware(02),Nos.26-40 ; m edium s andy(MT),Nos.41-44 ; ( M2),No.45; H umberware(H1),Nos.46-49; ( H2),Nos.50-51; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.52-53. F ig.146 T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.1-40 . F ig.147 C istercian(CIST),No.1; r egional s tray(RW),No.2; S aintonge(IST),No.3; S iegburg s toneware(IS),No.4 ; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),Nos.5-8.
F orms
F ig.145 c ooking-pots,Nos.2-8 ,12-15 ,19-22,41,48 ,50 ; b owls,Nos. 9 -11,16-18 ; p ipkins,No.40 ; j ugs,Nos.23-39,42-47,49,51; p ancheons,No.52; l ids,No.53. F ig.146 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-5; t ripod p ipkins,No.38 ; j ugs,Nos.
2 30
6 -27; c isterns,Nos.28-36 ; s trainers,No.37; u rinals,No.39 ; c ucurbits,No.40 . F ig.147 p osset p ots,No.1; j ugs,Nos.2-3 ,5; d rinking m ugs ,No. 4 ; t ripod p ipkins,Nos.6-7; s killets,No.8. V essels , F ig.145 , N os.14,16 , F ig.147, N o.7 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, a nd v essels, F ig.145 , N os.24-25 h ad s plashed g lazes. O rangeware j ug, F ig.145, N o.36, h ad w hite c lay a pplied s trips, a nd H umberware j ug, F ig.145, N o.49, e ither h ad a T ype I I a pplied b ase o r a n a pplied b asal a ngle. A mongst t he T oynton/Bolingbroke f abric o f F ig.146, j ugs N os.7 a nd 1 8 h ad i ndented u pper h andle a ttachments, N o.12 w as d ecorated w ith i ron-rich c lay s trips, N o.24 h ad a T ype I I a pplied b ase a nd s trainer, N o.37 h ad n eat, t apering h oles w hich h ad b een c ut p rior t o f iring. C istercian w are c up F ig.147, N o.1, h ad r ibbed d ecoration o f w hite c lay. T he s pout o f t he L ow C ountries r edware s killet F ig.147, N o.8 , w as w heelthrown. W est R avendale
H averstoe W apentake N
C P
4»» ..
. .
S XS
4
4
S XG
6
6
R SX
1 2
. S XSH 1 7 . S i 2 7 . 2 S 2 . S 3. 116 . W St 1 •G 1
5
9 7
2
2
'C 3
6
6
T l i s
M
O T •
•
S G
•
.
. . 1
. . 4
7
1
1 7 1
. 2 6
1
1
1
6
3
5
1
1
7
6
4 1
1
1 4
5
4
1
. . . .
2
.
2
2
.
' I llustrated V essels
. .
1 7
5 2
D C •
. 1 8
1 7 2 9
O G •
a
1
'C l
H 2
C N •
2
2
.
P N 6 i
.
2 2
'C T
.
P •
_ 6
2
M L
J •
.
1 1
2
•F 2
O T •
1 2
9
•0 2
B •
R v
.
F ig.147,Nos.9-39.
F abrics
S axon(SXSH),Nos.9-22; ( SXG),Nos.23-24 ; s hell-tempered(S1),Nos. 2 5-31; ( S3),Nos.32-33; g ritty(G1),No.34 ; f ine s andy(F2),Nos.353 6 ; o rangeware(02),Nos.37-38 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.39.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.9-16,23-27;
2 31
l ugged c ooking-pots,No.17;
b owls,
N os.18-20 ,28-32; l ugged b owls,Nos.21-22; j ugs,Nos.34-38 ; p ancheons,No.39.
u nidentified,No.33;
V essel N os.17,22-23 ,25,29 ,31-32 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, w hilst j ugs N os.34 a nd 3 6 h ad s plashed g lazes. T he p resence o f b urning a nd s ooting o n t he m id-Saxon l ugged c ooking-pot , N o.17, a nd l ugged b owl, N o.22, s uggested t hat t hese v essels w ere u sed f or n ormal d omestic p urposes.
H averstoe W apentake N
, . .
W St W Dt C T
• C L
1 3
.
C P
B _ _ _ _ _ _
8
9
1
6
2 7
• S 2
2 7
2 2
5
• S 3 388
3 39
6
11 3 1 * C
1 04
7
M 2
8 9
D C
1 1
.
3
3
2 9
1
2 3
3 89
1 81
3
1
1
1
2 3
4 8
8 2
2
2
2
2
• H 1
7
7
3
_
• T i 4 24
7
1 2
2
• R • I L
1
I ST
1
'
,
3 99 _ 9
2
5
1
'
. . 3
5 5
1 0
1 92 7
2 3 4
1 1 .
I llustrated V essels F abrics
1
2
1
7 8
1•
2 1 .
1
1
5
8 3
-
1
• W D
• H 2
.
. 1
4 8
13 • 0 2 4
3
O G
.
1
M 1
S G
.
3
1
M
. 2
M L
C N
6 2 5
• 0 1
P N
1
4 8
2 7
5 2
P
3
2 5
• F 2
J 1 2
3 2
• C l
O T
1
i * S
l * C
C W
3 1 0
S w
S winehope
.
F igs.148-149 a nd F ig.150 ,Nos.1-49.
F ig.148 S axon(SXSH),No.1; s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.2-8 ; ( S2), N os.15-19; ( 53),Nos.20-64 ; c oarse s andy(CL),No.9; ( CT),Nos. 1 0-11; ( C3),Nos.65-73; ( C1),Nos.74-75 ; g ritty(G1),Nos.13-14; w hiteware(WS O,No.12.
2 32
.
F ig.149 f ine s andy(F2),Nos.1-9; o rangeware(02),Nos.49-51; ( 02),Nos.10-47; w hiteware(WDt),No.48; m edium s andy(MT),Nos. 5 2-63. F ig.150 m edium s andy(M2),Nos.1-10; ( M1),Nos.11-13; ( ML),No.14; H umberware(H1),No.15; ( H2),Nos.16-22; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1), N os.23-49; S aintonge(IST),No.50. F orms
F ig.148 l ugged b owl,No.1; c ooking-pots,Nos.2-5,11-14,16,49, 6 4-70 ,74-75 ; b owls,Nos.6-10 ,15,50-63,71-73. F ig.149 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3; j ugs,Nos.4-38 ,48-61; p ipkins, N os.39-46,62 ; l ids,No.47; d rinking m ugs,No.63. F ig.150 c ooking-pots,Nos.1,11-12,16 ,45-46; j ugs,Nos.2-9 ,14-15, 1 7-39,50 ; p ipkins,Nos.10 ,13; c isterns,Nos.40-44; t ripod p ipkins, N o.47; p ancheons,No.49; c urfews,No.48.
T he f ollowing v essels w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, F ig.148, N os.3,5, 7 , 9 , 1 4, 2 8, 3 1, 3 7, 4 2, 4 6-47, 4 9-52, 5 4, 5 6-61, 7 0 ; F ig.149, N os. 4 0 , 4 7, 6 2 a nd F ig.150 , N o.48 o n i ts i nner s urface, w hilst t he f ollowi ng v essels w ere s plashed g lazed, F ig.149, N os.2, a ll o f 6 , 8 -9,11, 2 8, 6 1 a nd F ig.150 , N o.2. I ron-rich a pplied c lay d ecoration w as u sed o n F ig.149,Nos.55-57, a nd F ig.150, N os.32-38 ; i ndented u pper h andle a ttachments w ere f ound o n t he f ollowing j ugs, F ig.149, N o.52, 6 0 , a nd F ig.150 , N os.23 , 2 4 a nd i n t he c ase o f t he l atter v essel, t he r esulting c avity w as n eatly f illed w ith c lay. T he h andle a ttachments o f t wo o f t he o rangeware ( 02) p ipkins, F ig.149, N os.45-46, w ere a lso i ndented w ith a s pot o f g laze b eing n eatly p laced a round t he r esulting c avity o f N o.45. I t w as t he i nner f ace o f o rangeware l id, F ig.149, N o.47, t hat w as b urnt a nd s ooted. M T d rinking m ug, F ig.149, N o.63, h ad a w ire c ut b ase. W aithe
H averstoe W apentake C F '
J
• S XS
2
2
-S XSH
1
1
S 1
1
1
3 • 5
2
2
3 • C 0 1 0 2 F 2 M 2 • H 1
1 1
O G
D C ._
.
.
.
2
4
1
2
4
1
5 1
F ig.150 ,
1 5
1
2 0 5
'
1
2
2
1
7
2
1 0
I llustrated V essels F abrics
S G
7
1 0
6 4
O T
-
1 7
7
• T i
C N
2
1 9
2 1
,
1 1
2
- H 2
P N
,
W a
6
1
1 9
N os.49-57.
c oarse s andy(C3),No.49;
f ine s andy(F2),Nos.50-51;
2 33
o rangeware
( 02),Nos.52-53; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.54-57. F orms
c ooking-pots,No.49;
j ugs,Nos.50-56; c auldrons ? ,No.57.
C ooking-pot, N o.49 w as b urnt a nd s ooted, a nd b oth f ine s andy j ugs, N os.50-51 h ad s plashed g lazes, t he u pper h andle a ttachment o f N o.51 b eing a t t he t op o f t he r im. T he l ower h andle a ttachment o f N o.55 w as i ndented, w hilst l eg, N o.47 w as p lugged. L udborough W apentake U nrepresented. i v.
W alshcroft W apentake L ist o f U nstratified A ssemblages.
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
B inbrooke
T F 1 90/927
B eckfield
R ussell
L M/69.76
H olton l e M oor
T F 0 68/988
S ite o f T udor H ouse
G ibbons
S M/HMAA
W inghale P riory
W eightman
S M/KSWY
S outh K elsey T F 0 29/968
L M/254.76
t
T F 0 29/971 M oated s ite
R ussell
L M/-
M arket R asen T F 1 06/892
T own d evelopment
R ussell
L M/-
O sgodby
T F 0 72/927
M oated a rea
R ussell
B arton
T F 0 68/928
M anor F arm
K ay
B arton
T F 0 76/929
K ingerby D MV
T F 0 60/950 T F 0 62/949
S ites i n O wersby V illage
L inwood
N orth O wersby
T F 1 15/858
t
T F 0 62/948
S outh O wersby W est R asen
L M/73.74 P arrot R ussell
L M/152.76 L M/144.70
R ussell
L M/-
T F 0 51/963
T hornton L e M oor D MV
R ussell
L M/-
T F 0 57/958
C awthorpe D MV
H ansard
L M/-
T F 0 78/935
W ilmots F arm
R ussell
R ussell
T F 0 66/889
B roken B ack
R ussell
S M/WRSAB
T F 0 65/895
M anor H ouse s ite
R ussell
S M/WRSAC
2 34
C ont'd...
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
T F 1 91/985
E xcavation D . E veritt
E veritt
S M/TWAS
T F 1 67/967
V illage
R ussell
L M/-
T F 2 07/977
V illage W est o f C hurch
R ussell
R ussell
T F 1 89/983
C roxby V illage N ear C hurch
R ussell
R ussell
T oft N ewton
T F 0 51/872
N ewton b y T oft V illage
R ussell
S M/NTAB
W alesby
T F 1 3 4 /9 2 5
M oated S ite
B ryant
S M/WALAD
T F 1 39/951
V illage
B ryant
S M/WALAF
T F 1 47/924
S ite o f T ank
G hylott
L M/265.76
• T horesway
T horganby
W alshcroft W apentake
B inbrooke C P
.
•
.
B i P N
O G
4
• F 2
3
3
2
• 0 2
1
1
1
• M L
1
1
1
• T i
1
1
1
1
3
4 .
3
1 0
1 0
• H 1
.
4
S 2
• M 2
D C
1
3
.
_
.
U nillustrated H olton-Le-Moor
W alshcroft W apentake
P N
. M 2 •
T i
. C IST
1 1 5
H m .
.
O T
1 1 2
.
O G 1
1
1 1
1
U nillustrated
2 35
1
1 1 1
. . .
W alshcroft
W inghale P riory ( South K elsey)
W g
W apentake .
.
.
S XG
5 2 4
•S XSH
C P
.
.
4
1
4
3
O T
S G
O G
. 1 7
.
•
C T
1
'
F 2
3
3
•
M 2
1
1
•
1 2
1
1
•
T i
2
1
.
1
I llustrated V essels
.
3 1
1
1
.
1
'
F ig.151, N os.1-9.
F abrics
S axon(SXSH),Nos.1-7;
f ine s andy(F2),No.8; H umberware(1 12),No.9
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-4; l ugged c ooking-pots,Nos.5-6; b owls,No.7; j ugs,Nos.8-9.
l ugged
C ooking-pots, N os.2-3 a nd l ugged b owl, N o.7 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, w hilst t he f ine s andy j ug r im, N o.8, h ad a b right o live-green g laze.
W alshcroft W apentake
L inwood
L n
C P • S 3
'
'
1
• 1 2
3
• T l
5
.C IST
1
P N '
O G '
1 3
2
2
3
3 1
.
• I llustrated V essels
. • , .
1 .
.
F ig.151, N os.10-11.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3), N o.10 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.11.
F orms
b owls,No.10 ;
p ancheons,No.11.
P ancheon, N o.11, w as b urnt a nd s ooted. M arket R asen
W alshcroft W apentake
C P T l I llustrated V essel F abric
2
F ig.151, N o.12.
T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1);
F orm
2 36
c ooking-pot.
M r
W alshcroft W apentake
O sgodby .
C P
O g O T
.
f
O G
S XS
1
1
• S XG
1
1
•
S 2
1
1
•
0 2
1
1
1
M L
3
3
2
•
T i
.
. .
1 0
9
-
D C
.
1
1
.
6
.
U nillustrated K ingerby ( Osgodby)
W alshcroft W apentake C P . .
S XS S XG S i, S 3
6
B
J
2 7
5
6 5 4
5 1
.
1 3
2
2
C L
2
2
C 3
1
1
F 2
5
5
• 0 2
7
7
• M L
1
1
• M 1
4
• M 2
3
.
* H 2
1 4
i • T
2 4
•C IST
D C .
C T
.
O G
2 7
2
.
S G
6
W St
.
C
K g
2
1
. . .
1
5
1
. 2
1
3
3 1 0
2 3
9 1
1
. .
3
1 4
_
.
. . 4
.
2
1
.
.
U nillustrated
W alshcroft W apentake I llustrated V essels F abrics
N orth O wersby F ig.151,Nos.13-33 ; F ig.152, N os.1-45.
F ig.151 S axon(SXSH),No.13 ; s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.14-15; ( 53),Nos.21-33 ; c oarse s andy(CT),Nos.16-17; ( CL),Nos.18-19 ; w hiteware(WSt),No.20 .
2 37
O n
F
•
N
,
C P
B
C W
O T
J
P N
C N
M
C
O T
S G
O G
D C
W St
4
4
4
•W Dt
2
2
2
•C T
7
6
C L
1 1
1 1
S i
4 2
3 5
S 2
1 0
1 0
•S 3
1 04
9 2
. .
.
1
—
6
1 1
4 •S
2
1
1
C 3
7
5
2
0 1
4
.
1
—
1
— -
.
0 2
2 3
•F 2
1 7
M L
1 1
M 1 M 2 H 1 .
4 2 1
3
4 6
T i
2 37
•C IST
4
• R
1
•I S
1
1
2
1
. .
5 . 1 .
4
2 6
2 0
2
2
4 4 2 06
8
1 0
,
3
5
1
1 3
1 6
5
3
H 2
1
'1 1
8 2 9
2 1
3
2 1 1
1 3
2 3
1 1
1
3 4
4—
9 9
8
4
4 -
1 .
-
F ig.152 f ine s andy(F2),Nos.1-2; o rangeware(02),Nos.5-8; m edium s andy(MT),Nos.3-4 ; ( M1),No.9 ; ( M2),Nos.10-13 ; ( ML), N os.14-18 ; H umberware(H2),Nos.19-22 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1), N os.23-44 ; C istercian(CIST),No .45. F orms
F ig.151 b owls,Nos.13 ,17,28-29 ,31-32 ; c ooking-pots,Nos.14-16 , 1 8-19 ,21-27; j ugs,No.20 ; b asting d ishes,No.30 ; c urfews,No.33. F ig.152 j ugs,Nos.1-3 ,5-33 ; p ancheons ,Nos.4 ,42; c ooking-pots, N os.39-41; c isterns,Nos.34-38 ; c hafing d ishes?,Nos.43-44 ; c ostrels,No.45.
F ig.151, N os.13-15, 2 3, 3 0 a nd 3 3 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, t he l atter v essel, N o.33 , o n i ts i nner s urface. S tamford w are j ug, F ig.151 N o.20 , h ad a t hin , w atery, g reenish-yellow s uspension g laze. T he t wo s trap h andles i n t he f ine s andy ( F2) f abric, F ig.152, N os.1-2 , h ad s plashed g lazes. I ron r ich c lay w as u sed f or t he a pplied d ecora tion o f F ig.152, N os.3 , 8 a nd 1 0 , w hilst t he a pplied t wist o f c lay o n t he L incoln w are j ug, F ig.152, N o.15, w as o f a n u nknown d esign , t he i llustration r evealing t he f ull e xtent o f t his a pplied f eature. T he u pper h andle a ttachments o f j ugs, F ig.152, N os.27 a nd 3 4 w ere p lugged.
2 38
W alshcroft W apentake N
. ,
C P
T hornton L e M oor ( Owersby)
B
C W O T
•
•
•
J
P
B D
P N
C N
T m M
C
O T S G
O G
D C
e
e .
S XS
2
2
S XG
6
3
S XSH
2 2
1 S X1P . S i 1 92 . S 2 2 6 . S 3 1 084 . W St 8 . W Dt 1 . C T 1 5
3
1 4
8 '
1 1 44 2 1 7 86
8
8
•C 2
9
9
.
4 2 96
1 2
L •C
.
4 8 1
—
2
. 8
8
1
1
3
0 1
3 7
:0 2
1 93
1
1 85
5
F 2
8 8
9
7 6
3
.
8 2
6
— 3 3
6
M 1
1 56
M 2
1 90
M N
3
1
1 2 2
3 3 9
6 0 2
8 6
1
5
1 82
4
2
3
2
9 1
1
3
•1 2
3 31
9
3 09
3
4
•T i
1 065
•C M1
2 1
•R U
8
•R G
3
•I S
1
•I R
2
•I CT
1
1
2 1' 1 2
8
1 02
1 04
2
5 1 1 63
2
1
4-
3 19
6
1 7
1 0
9 7
1 1 '
' 2 1
F igs.153-158 .
F ig.153 S axon(SXS),Nos.1-3 ; ( SXG),Nos.4-5 ; ( SX1P),No.6 ; ( SXSH),Nos.7-32. F ig.154 s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.1-26 ; c oarse s andy(CT),Nos. 2 7-31;
( CL),Nos.32-35.
2 39
, 1
3
8 2
6 . 3
3
9
I llustrated V essels F abrics
8 94
'
5
3
9 7
3-
1 4
6 2 6
H 1
9
1
3
3 5
7 4
4
6
3
•C IST
. .
8 8
•M L
.
.
C 3
.
.
1 ,
F ig.155
s hell-tempered(S3),Nos.1-27;
( S4),No.28;
c oarse
s andy(C1),Nos.29-31; f ine s andy(F2),Nos.32-36. F ig.156 s hell-tempered(S3),Nos.1-13 ; o rangeware(02),Nos.14-34 . F ig.157 m edium s andy(ML),Nos.1-7; ( MN),Nos.10-12; ( M1),Nos. 1 3-21; ( M2),Nos.22-31; r egional s tray(RG),No.8; ( R0),No.9; H umberware(H1),Nos.32-34; ( H2),Nos.35-47; C oal M easure(CM1), N o.48; C istercian(CIST),No.49. F ig.158 T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.1-38. F orms
F ig.153 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-5,7-17; l ugged c ooking-pots,Nos. 2 9-31; b owls,Nos.18-19; l ugged b owls,Nos.20-28,32; p itchers, N o. 6. F ig.154 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-16,27-29,32; b owls,Nos.18-26,303 1,33-35; d ishes,No.17. F ig.155 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-22,28-29,32; b ow1s,No.31; c urfews, N os.26-27,30 ; j ugs,Nos.21-25,33-35 ; p ipkins,No.36. F ig.156 b owls,Nos.1-13; j ugs,Nos.14-22,24-33; p ipkins,No.23 ; b asting d ishes,No.34. F ig.157 j ugs,Nos.1-7,10-12,18-19,22-33,36-47; c ooking-pots, N os.8-9,13-15,35,48; p ancheons,Nos.16-17; t ripod p ipkins,No. 2 0; d rinking m ugs,No.21; c hafing d ishes,No.34 ; p osset p ots, N o.49. F ig.158 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3; c isterns,Nos.4-11; j ugs,Nos.122 9; u nidentified,No.30 ; p ipkins,No.31; c ostrels,No.32;drinking m ugs,No.33; t ripod p ipkins,Nos.34-35 ; b asting d ishes,No.36; p ancheons,No.37; c hafing d ishes,No.38 .
B urning a nd S ooting, F ig.153, N os.1, 1 8-20, 2 2-23, 3 0 , 3 2; F ig.154 , N os.4, 6 -7, 1 0 , 1 5, 2 1, 2 3, 2 5-26; F ig.155, N os.2, 4 , 9 , 1 3, 1 5, 2 2, 2 4, 3 1; F ig.156, N os.1-4, 6 -7, 9 , 1 1, 1 3; F ig.157, N os.16, 1 7; F ig.158 , N os.34-36. S plashed G lazes F ig.155, N o.34; F ig.156, N o.26; F ig.157, N os.22, 2 8. D ecoration a pplied i ron-rich c lay, F ig.156 , N o.30; F ig.157, N o.29, F ig. 1 58, N os.26, 2 7. F ig.158, N o.8 h ad a c rude i ncised d esign; F ig.156,No. 2 3 h ad t races o f a pplied a rms b elow t he l ip ; F ig.156 , N o.29 h ad c opper w ashed s pots; F ig.157, N o.49 h ad w hite c lay d ecoration a nd F ig.157,No. 2 5 h ad a pplied s pots o f c opper-rich c lay. H andles t he u pper h andle a ttachments o f F ig.157, N o.1, a nd F ig.158, N o.19, w ere p lugged. T he I pswich-type p itcher, F ig.153, N o.6, w as i n a s mooth-textured f abric, w hilst t he a pplied l ugs o f F ig.153, N os.23 a nd 2 8 w ere p atina ted t hrough w ear. F ig.157, N os.10-12 w ere i n t he N ottingham C ream ' Sandy F abric' ( G. C oppack p ers.comm .). W alshcroft W apentake
C awthorpe D MV ( Owersby) C P
. S 2
2
.
0 2
1
•
H 1
4
•
H 2
2
.
T i
.
3
C w .
O G
2
•
1
.
.
U nillustrated
2 40
.
1
1
3
4
2
2
3
.
1
.
. .
W alshcroft W apentake
S outh O wersby C F
T i
2 2
J
2
B D
1 1
O s P N
1
C N
3
O G
5
1 6
U nillustrated
W alshcroft W apentake
W est R asen C F
.
.
. . .
W St
1
1
C T
1
1
C L
2
I
S i
1
1
O T
R w J
.
F 2
1 6
1 6
0 2
1 2
1 2
3
M 1
3
• M 2
D C
1
7 5
M L
O G
.
S 3
6 5
S G
1 0
. 1 1
. 5
3
3
2
2
4
4
2
• W D
1
1
1
i • T
9
9
4
1
, I llustrated V essels
2
.
. . .
F ig.159, N os.1-15.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3),Nos.1-6; w hiteware(WD),No.7; m edium s andy ( M1),No.8 ; f ine s andy(F2),Nos.9-15.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-2;
b owls,Nos.3-6 ;
j ugs,Nos.7-15.
C ooking-pot, N o.1 w as b urnt a nd s ooted, j ugs, N os.11 a nd 1 2 h ad s plashed g lazes, w hilst t he u pper h andle a ttachment o f j ug h andle, N o.8 w as i ndented.
T horesway
W alshcroft W apentake I llustrated V essels
F ig.159,
T r
N os.16-31.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S1),No.16; ( 54),No.17; ( S3),No.18 ; o rangeware ( 02),Nos.19-23; m edium s andy(MT),No.24; ( M1),No.25; r egional s tray(RW),No.26; H umberware(H2),No.27; T oynton/Bolingbroke ( T1),Nos.28-31.
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.16; b owls,Nos.17-18; j ugs,Nos.19-27; p ancheons,No.28; c isterns,No.29; t ripod p ipkins,No.30 ; d ishes,No.31.
2 41
c hafing
C ooking-pot,No.16, a nd b owl, N o.17, w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. N o.24 h ad a pplied i ron-rich c lay d ecoration. T he p ossible c hafing d ish, N o.31, h ad i ts b ase n eatly c ut a way l eaving a k nife t rimmed e dge t o t he i nner b asal a ngle. F
N •
.
S i S 3
•
C P •
B
J
.
3
P N
.
C N
4
•
O T •
S G
O G
•
1 1
9
. 2
.
1
C 3
3
F 2
2
2
2
0 2
5
5
3
•M L
1
1
1
•M T
1
1
1
'M 1
2
2
1
*M 2
4
4
*H 2
6
5
*T i
1 3
1
C2 *0
1
.
1
3 4
*R W
1 1
2 5
1
5
3
1 * .
1
-
6 1 8
2
1
1
2 * 1
1 _
_ T horganby
W alshcroft W apentake .
.
C P
.
r I C .
.
3 * C
1
• F 2
1
1
* - 0 2
1
1
T i
.
S G
.
1
1
W St
,
•
3
5 4
.
D C •
1
1
.
1
-
1
U nillustrated W alshcroft W apentake
C y
C roxby ( Thorganby) O G
T i I llustrated V essel F abric
1
1
F ig.159, N o.32.
T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1);
F orm
2 42
j ug.
1
W alshcroft W apentake N • .
' S i
.
. . .
1 2
. .
1 1
1 1 52
•
C W *
J
1 11
4 0
1
F 2
7
0 2
3
3
M L
1
1
.
_
9 8
R W
O G
D C
.
7
_
, 3 7
2
1
T i
S G
. _
.
. .
1
1
. .
1 3
1
,
.
1 4
9 1
1
1
2 3
2 4 4
-
1
_ 1
1
3
. 1 _ .
4 6
1
I llustrated V essels
_ .
1
1
2 4
O T
.
C L
1 2
C N
1
1
H 1
P N
1
1
4 2
P
*
C T
M 2 .
B
•
S 2 S 3
C P
N ewton b y T oft ( Toft N ewton)
1
F ig.159, N os.33-54.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.33-35 ; ( S3),Nos.36-45 ; f ine s andy(F2), N o.46; m edium s andy(M2),Nos.47-50 ; T oynton/Bo1ingbroke(T1), N os. 5 1-54.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.33-34, 3 6-37,51; b owls,Nos.35 ,38-44; c urfews, N o.45; j ugs ,Nos.46-48 ,52; l ids,No.49; p ipkins,No.50 ; c isterns, N os.53-54 .
V essel N os.33, 3 9-40 , 4 5 a nd 5 0 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. B owl r im N o.35 h ad t races o f r ectilinear r oulette o n i ts o uter f ace. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f N o.48 w as p lugged, w hilst t he u pper a ttachm ent o f N o.52 a nd p ipkin, N o.50 , w ere i ndented.
N .
S i
1 8
P N
C P
O T
S G
O G
3
3
C 3
4
4
•F 2
1
. . . 1
1
.
•0 2
5
5
2
•M 2
2
2
2
9
7
•H 2 :T i
9 2 5
D C
1 8
S 3
.
W b
W alesby
W alshcroft W apentake
4
1 8
2
U nillustrated
2 43
1
8
. . 1
•
v .
Y arborough w apentake L ist o f U nstratified A ssemblages.
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
B arrow
T A 0 65/225
B arrow C astles
V arley
H ull
T A 0 72/219
C herry L ane
S amuels
S M/BR
T A 0 73/218
S t. C hads
B oden
B aysgarth
T A 0 75/219
D own H all
R ussell
S M/BRBA
T A 0 63/222
W est M arsh
R ussell
S M/BRAT
T A 0 73/212
N ew D evelopment
R ussell
S M/BRND
T A 0 6 4 /2 2 5
W ater M ill S ite
R ussell
S M/BR
T A 0 65/205
B arrow H all
R ussell
S M/BR
T A 0 66/240
B arrow H aven & F oreshore
N ewton
S M/BR
T A 0 30/217
T ofts R oad/
N ewton
P rivate
B arton
C arnival P .H. T A 0 37/221
E ast A cridge
B ryant
S M/BN 1 967
T A 0 35/219
S t.Peter's C hurch
R odwell
B aysgarth
T A 0 37/219
S axon C lose
C lark
S M/BNAX
G lebe H ouse,
H ill
S M/BNBC
T A 0 32/217
W hitecross S t. T A 0 35/219
T yrwhitt H all
R ussell
S M/BNBE
T A 0 32/218
P riestgate
R ussell
S M/BNBF
T A 0 33/218
S t.Mary's L ane
B irtwhistle
S M/BNBK
T A 0 34/219
S outergate
B ryant
S M/BNBD
T A 0 00/224
P oor F arm
B ryant
S M/BNAA
T A 0 32/217
C astle D yke
K nowles
S M/BN67AA
S outh-cemetery T A 0 31/223
N ewport S treet
C hapman
S M/BNNA
T A 0 38/236
H umber f oreshore
N ewton
S M/BNAS
B igby
T A 0 42/790
ussell K ettleby T horpe D MV R
B onby
T A 0 01/062
B onby S carp
D icker
S M/BYAA
T A 0 02/157
O utskirts o f
R ussell
S M/BYAB
L yons
S M/BRIBA
S M/KTAB
v illage B rigg
T A 0 01/072
Y ard o ff W rawby S treet
2 44
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
B rocklesby
T A 1 18/113
L ittle L iber
R ussell
S M/BKAA
T A 1 26/127
N ewsham C ottage
R ussell
S M/BKAA
T A 1 56/113
N un C otham
R ussell
S M/BKAB
C adney
T A 0 16/034
V illage C entre
S M/CDMC
C aistor
T A 1 15/013
T own C entre
L M/30 .66
T A 1 16/012
E xcavations b y
R ahtz
L M/54.60
R ussell
S M/CAAD
P .A. R ahtz
C roxton
T A 1 08/058
C lixby T op F arm
T A 1 15/013
B oarding H ouse S ite R ichards
S M/CA -
T A 0 98/045
C lixby D MV
R ussell
S M/CA -
T A 0 99/120
T ile K iln F ield
R ussell
S M/CXAB
T A 0 84/116
F ield S .E. o f
S M/CXYA
Y arborough C amp E lsham
T A 0 49/110
S M/ELBC
V arious s ites o n E lsham F ields
T A 0 47/124 T A 0 49/113 T A 0 48/116 T A 0 48/117 T A 0 46/112 T A 0 44/128 T A 0 45/130 T A 0 40/147 S outh
S E 9 92/217
•
•
•
••
•
••
0
S M/ELBG
•
S M/ELBH
••
•
•
S M/ELBI
•
•
S M/ELBJ
•
•
S M/ELBK
•
•
S M/ELBM
•
•
S M/ELBN
•
•
S M/ELBR
S outh F erriby
C lapson
S M/SFAA
F oreshore
F erriby S E 9 96/213
C owries F ield
N ewton
S M/SFAB
T A 0 03/212
C liff T op
N ewton
S M/SFAD
S E 9 98/222
W est o f L eggott's
R ussell
S M/SFAE
Q uarry
G oxhill
S E 9 94/218
H umber B ank
R ussell
S M/SFAF
T A 1 04/211
A bbey C lose
R ussell
S M/GXAB
T A 1 18/241
R aby's S alt
R ussell
S M/GXAC
S M/GXHC
M arsh S ite T A 1 19/248
H ogcote C lose
R ussell
T A 1 02/221
M ill F arm
V an d en B oss S M/GXAE
2 45
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
T A 1 20/255
G oxhill H aven
N ewton
S M/GXBB
• G oxhill
F oreshore H abrough
T A 1 56/141
M anor H ouse S ite
R ussell
S M/HAAB
T A 1 48/143
N un 's C lose
R ussell
S M/HAAC
T A 1 47/140
C ottage S ite
R ussell
S M/HAAD
T A 1 45/135
N ewsham F arm S ite
R ussell
S M/HAAE
T A 1 57/143
C lose o ff
R ussell
S M/HAAG
H ayfield
B aysgarth
I mmingham R oad T A 1 47/135
F ield n ext t o S tation
L M/ 4 5.62 E ast H alton
T A 1 36/204
P otters L ane
R ussell
S M/EHAB
T A 1 32/205
M anor F arm F ields
C onnell
S M/EHAB/2
T A 1 47/231
E ast H alton
N ewton
S M/GXBA
N ewton
S M/GXBC
N ewton
S M/EHAD
S kitter F oreshore •
•
•
•
••
•
•
••
•
•
••
H orkstow
S M/HKAA
I mmingham
T A 1 68/126
R oxton D MV
B ryant
S M/IMAB
K eelby
T A 1 66/099
K eelby M anor
R ussell
S M/-
R ussell
S M/-
R ussell
S M/NKAB
K elsey N . K illinghome
T A 1 47/167
D eserted a rea s outh o f v illage
K irmington
T A 1 46/169
G as P ipe t rench
R ussell
S M/NKAC
T A 0 95/105
K irmington A irfield R ussell
S M/KMAA
R ussell
S M/KMAB
R ussell
S M/KMAC
97/113 T A 0
W est o f V illage
L M/200 .76 G reat L imber
N ettleton
T A 1 35/086
N ew P riory S ite
R ussell
S M/GLAB
T A 1 33/085
atrick P riest H ouse G arden P
S M/GLAC
T A 1 35/085
N ew P riory S ite
R ussell
S M/GLAD
T A 1 22/987
W ykeham W ell F ield
R ussell
S M/NEWW
T A 1 17/993
B eck D MV
R ussell
S M/NE-
T A 1 23/983
D raycot D MV
R ussell
S M/NE-
2 46
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
S taling-
S M/STAA
b orough T A 1 92/116
R ussell
S M/STAC
L ittle L ondon
T ailby
I mmingham
E ast o f T hornton
R ussell
S M/TCAA
V illage s ite n ear c hurch
T A 1 88/116 T hornton
T A 0 89/183
C urtis
H all T A 0 97/182
D am on
R ussell
S M/TCAA/6
T A 0 84/177
W est o f T hornton
R ussell
S M/TCBA
C ase
S M/TCBC
R ussell
S M/TCTB
C oppack
B aysgarLh
v illage T A 0 85/176
S outh o f T hornton v illage
T A 1 19/186
A bbey F ish P ond F ield B urnham C hapel
T A 0 59/170
D .O.E. E xc.
W orlaby
W rawby
T A 0 57/173
B urnham D MV
R ussell
S M/TCCB
T A 0 58/174
B urnham D MV
R ussell
S M/TCCA
15/141 T A 0
O ld H all C lose
R ussell
S M/WORAC
18/141 T A 0
E xcavations
K nowles
S M/W066/CE
T A 0 19/079
W rawby F ields
R ussell
S M/ -
E ast o f V illage
A ppleby
L M/271.76
T A 0 21/087
C entre • B arrow-upon-Humber
Y arborough W apentake F
.
C T .
.
. ,
N
p
C P
1
1
C l
1
1
5 1
3
1
1 1
J
•
C
O T •
S G
.
O G
2
.
D C
•
.
1
1 0
1
7
8
F l . F H2
4
4
2
1
.0 1
C N
.
C 2
.
.
1
1
C L
S 4
.
•
. 1
.
.
2
1
7
1 1
1 1
2
A
2 47
1 6
••
•
B arrow-upon-Humber c ont id . . '
F
N
H 2
1 8
T i
1
•C M1
1
•C IST
1
.
C F
.
B
.
J
C N
1 6
C
O T
S G
2
1 2
1
1
1 _
I llustrated V essels
_
O G
D C 1 1
1 1
_
. . . 4
1
•
F ig.160 , N os.1-20 .
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.1-2; ( 54),Nos.5-7; c oarse s andy(CT), N o.3 ; ( CL),No.4; ( C1),No.8 ; f ine s andy(F1),No.9 ; ( FH2),No.10 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.11-13 ; m edium s andy(ML),No.14; H umberware ( 12),Nos.15-19; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.20 .
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1,3-6,8 ; b owls,Nos.2 ,7; a quamaniles,No.10 ; j ugs,Nos.9 ,11-17; c isterns,Nos.18-20 .
N o.10 w as o ne o f t he v ery f ew a quamanile s herds t o h ave b een r ecognised f rom t he r egion a nd i t c ame f rom t he f ield i mmediately t o t he n orth o f B arrow C astles, a nd c an p robably b e a ssociated w ith i ts o ccupation d uring t he 1 2th c entury. N os.7 a nd 8 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted a nd h andles N os.15 a nd 1 6 w ere p lugged. Y arborough W apentake
B arrow-upon-Humber F oreshore C F
B r
' .
• S XG
1
1
•
S i
2
2
S 4
1
1
C l
2
9
F H2
2
2
1
•
0 1
4
4
2
•
M 1
1
1
1
•
H 1
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
W S
1
. .
•
.
D C
O G
. . .
1
.
1 .
. .
U nillustrated Y arborough W apentake I llustrated V essel F abric
S axon ( SXS);
B arton-upon-Humber F oreshore F ig.160 , N o.21. F orm
c ooking-pot.
2 48
B t
S XS
1
1
1 2
i
R SX
2
S XGT
1
C P
O G
1
2
Y arborough W apentake N
C P
.
,
1
2
B arton-on-Humber
B
P
P N
C N
B t
M
C
O T
S G
O G
D C
S XS
1 9
1 9
3
*S XG
3 3
3 3
2
1 1
1 1
4 6
4 0
S XSH *S i * -C T
6
5
*C L
1
1
*G 1
4
1
1
1
C l -
6 1
C 2
9 4
8 6
3
S 4
1 14
1 12
2
W St F l . F H2
2 4 7
3
1
5
4
1
4 4
.
'
1
2 1
9
4
4
2
F 13
3
3
3
*F D
1
1
1
0 1 0 3 O S2 . M 1
1 44
5
2
1 31
4
M L
2
2
W S
2
2
•W B
2
2
*R W
7
6
2 5
1 2
1 88
T i
9
C M1
6
.C IST
8
7 5
. -
1 4
1
1'
1
1 1
2
4
4
1
1
6
.
—
1
2 1
1
2 1
2
1 67
1
.
1 2
1
1
2 5 1
.
5
2
2
7
1
1
3
1 4
4
5 1 6
6
1 04
5
8
1
6 5 0
5 0
2 49
5 0
1
,
N
C P
J 0 .. .--
I ST I D
P •
P N
C N
M
C
I C3
1
•I L
1
• I
1
S G .
1 3 '
O T
•
-
O G .
1
1
3
3
D C _ 1
1 1 1
•
-
-
-
4 .
4
•
•
B arton w as a c onsiderable p ort i n t he e arly-medieval p eriod a nd e ven i n l ater c enturies i t r emained a n i nfluential H umber t rading c entre. T his i s r eflected i n t he v ariety o f f abrics r ecorded i n t he t able a bove. I llustrated V essels
F ig .160 , N os.22-42; F igs.161-164 .
F abrics
F ig.160 S axon(SXS),Nos.22-29 ; ( SXG),Nos.30-32 ; ( SXSH),No.33 ; s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.34-39 ; c oarse s andy(CT),Nos.40-41; I mport M,No.42. F ig.161 s hell-tempered(S4),Nos.1-13 ; c oarse s andy(C1),Nos. 1 4-18 ; ( C2),Nos.19-22; g ritty(G1),Nos.23-25. F ig.162 f ine s andy(F1),Nos.1-5 ; ( FH2),No.6 ; ( FD),No.7; o rangeware(01),Nos.8-33 ; ( 0S2),No.34 ; m edium s andy(ML),Nos. 3 5-36; ( M1),Nos.37-40 ; r egional s tray,No.41; H umberware(H1), N os.42-45 . F ig.163 H umberware(H2),Nos.1-24 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke,Nos.252 8 ; C oal M easure ( CM1),Nos.29-30 ; C istercian(CIST),Nos.31-36 ; S aintonge(IST),No.39 ; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),Nos.37-38 . F ig.164 S axon(SXG),Nos.1-5; ( SXSH),No.6; s hell-tempered(S1), N os.7-9; ( S4),No.15 ; c oarse s andy(CT),Nos.10-11; ( CL),Nos.121 4 ; ( C1),Nos.16-21; ( C2),No.22; g ritty(G1),Nos.23-28 ; f ine s andy(F1),Nos.29-31; o rangeware(01),Nos.32-43 ; m edium s andy ( ML),No.44 ; w hiteware(WS),No.45; H umberware(H2),No.46.
F orms
F ig.160 u rns,Nos.25-28 ,31-32; c ooking-pots,Nos.22-24 ,29-30 , 3 3-37,40; b owls,Nos.38-39,41; p itchers,No.42. F ig.161 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-8 ,14-22 ; b owls,Nos.9-13 ; j ugs, N os.23-25. F ig.162 j ugs,Nos.1-12 ,17-38 ,41-45 ; c ooking-pots,Nos.13 ,39 ; p ipkins,No.14 ; u rinals,No.40 ; c auldrons ? N o.16 ; u nidentified N o.15. F ig.163 j ugs,Nos.1-17,25-26 ,29-30 ; c ooking-pots,No.18 ; u rinals,No.19 ; d rinking m ugs,No.20 ; c isterns,Nos.21-24 ,27; p ancheons,No.28 ; c ups,Nos.31,33-36 ; p osset p ots,No.32 ; s killets,No.37; t ripod p ipkins,No.38 ; c hafing d ishes,No.39. F ig.164 u rns,Nos.3-4 ; c ooking-pots ,Nos.1-2 ,5-8 ,10 ,12-25; b owls,No.11; d ishes,No.9 ; j ugs,Nos.26-28,30-42,44-46 ; p ipkins N o.43.
B urnt a nd s ooted F ig.160 ,Nos.22,34-36; F ig.161,Nos.1,9 ,18; F ig.162 , N os.15 ,39; F ig.163 ,Nos.21-37; F ig.164 ,Nos.7-8 ,10 ,11,13 ,15,17-18 ,20-22 , 2 4 ,43. S plashed g lazes F ig.161,Nos.23 ,24 ; F ig.162,Nos.1,2,4,9-12; F ig.164 , N os.26-28 ,30 ,32,44-45. B urnished F ig.160 ,Nos.24-26 ; F ig.164,Nos.3 ,5 ,6.
2 50
•
D ecoration C istercian w ares,Fig.163 , N os.31-34 h ad a pplied w hite c lay d ecoration ; i ron-rich c lay d ecoration w as u sed o n t he f ollowing v essels, F ig.162, N os.6,31,32, a nd a n i ron w ashed s lip o n F ig.162 N o.5. U nidentified f orm F ig.162 , N o.15 h ad t hrowing m arks o n i ts i nner s urface, w hilst t he b ases o f F ig.163, N os.17 a nd 2 8 w ere w ire c ut. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f F ig.163 , N o.1 w as p lugged a nd t he l ower a ttachment o f F ig.163 , N o.14 , i ndented. F ig.160 , N o.42 w as i n a h ard, r ough-textured, s and-tempered , o range f abric a nd w as p art o f t he g rave g oods e xcavated w ith a s keleton f rom t he C astledyke c emetery t o t he s outh o f B arton i n 1 981, b y H umberside A rchaeological U nit. I t h as b een i dentified b y D r. R . H edges a s aM erovingian i mport. T he p ottery o n F ig.164 f rom e xcavations b y D r. a nd
Y arborough W apentake
r epresents a s election o f t he m aterial K . R odwell a t S t. P eters c hurch.
B igby : K ettleby T horpe D MV
K t
T hese s herds c ame f rom t he w atching b rief a nd e xcavation c onduct ed b y M rs. E . R ussell i n 1 964. T he r eport o n t his w ork ( Russell 1 974) i ncluded t he i llustration o f a n umber o f v essels. T he t abulated s herds a nd i llustrated v essels i ncluded h ere a re s upplementary t o t hose p ublished. I llustrated V essels
F ig.165-168 .
F abrics
F ig.165 s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.1-3; ( S4),Nos.13-28 ,Nos.29-33; c oarse s andy(CT),Nos.4-5; ( C1),No.6 ; ( CL),Nos.7-11; w hiteware ( WSt),No.12 . F ig.166 c oarse s andy(C2),Nos.1-11; f ine s andy(F2),Nos.12-20 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.21-35 ; ( 02),Nos.36-38 ; m edium s andy(ML), N os.39-42. F ig.167 m edium s andy(M1),Nos.1-32; H umberware(H1),Nos.33-38 . F ig.168 H umberware(H2),Nos.1-21; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1), N os.22-24 ; I mported F lask(IC3),No.25.
F orms
F i .165 b owls,Nos.1-3 ,5,24-28 ,33; c ooking-pots,Nos.4 ,6-23, 2 9-32. F ig.166 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-5,32; p ancheons,No.6; b owls,Nos. 7 -10 ; c urfews,No.11; j ugs,Nos.12-31,36-42; p ipkins,No.33; d rinking m ugs,No.34 ; l ids,No.35. F ig.167 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-6,33-34 ; j ugs,Nos.7-20 ,35-38 ; p ancheons,Nos.21-27; u rinals,No.28 ; d rinking m ugs ? ,No.29 ; c auldrons,Nos.30-31; b asting d ishes,No.32. F ig.168 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-6,22; j ugs,Nos.7-19; b asting d ishes,No.20 ; t ripod p ipkins,No.21; c isterns,No.23 ; p ancheons, N o.24; f lasks,No.25.
B urnt a nd s ooted F ig.165,Nos.3 ,13-14 ,18-20 ,24-25,27-29; F ig.166 ,Nos. 4 ,6-7,9-10 ; F ig.167,Nos.1,21,30 ; F ig.168,Nos.6,20 . S plashed g lazes F ig.166 ,Nos.13-15 , 1 7, 1 9. H andles p lugged, F ig.166 , N o.23; F ig.167, N os.7,30 .
2 51
D ecoration w hite c lay,Fig.166,No.29 ; a pplied a rms/loops, F ig.168 , N o.14 .
i ron w ash,Fig.166,Nos.18 ,28 ;
T he n eat, n arrow b and o f g laze p ainted a round t he i ncised s houlder l ine o f H umberware j ug , F ig.168 , N o.13, w as r eminiscent o f t he s mall j ugs f rom C owick m oat ( Fig.224). C F .
C W
f
S XG
2
2 4
2
•C L
1 3
1 2
1
.
C l
1
1
S i
2
2
G 1
2 2 0
2 0
S 4
7 05
6 84
1 47
1 39
W St .
. . . . . . . .
8 4 1
4
0 1
3 32
5
5 10
M 2
3 6
.
C
o r
O T
S G
D C
O G
.
1
. .
2 1 7
. 1
. 5
5
3 5 3
3 13
1 6
2 8
1
1
1
5
1 58
5
2
3 22 3 4
1
2 47
1 2
5 7
1
1
2
2
4
W Y
1
1
1
4
4
H 1
1 06
H 2
6 36
T i C M1 . C IST . I S
2 04
2 0
1
2 1 3
5 68 1 58
1 0
1
3
1
1 1
3 7
2
1 2
2 2
9
5 5
6
3 37
,
2
•I C3
1
1
F abrics
.
. 3
.
2 -
-
B rigg F ig.169 , N os.1-38.
H umberware(H2),Nos.1-21; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.22-29 ; C oal M easure ( CM1),Nos.30-32; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.33-34 ;
2 52
.
.
2
I llustrated V essels
.
3 .
4 3
•I D
Y arborough W apentake
5 4
1
I
.
. 2
1 4 3
.
. 1
7 1
I
1 4 3
1
9 0
. 4 2
2 6 r
.
2 1 .
4
2 5
2
3
3 1 09
.
3
M L
R
.
. 1
3
M 1
M , _
.
3
F l
0 2
C N •
.
1
S 3 . .C2
P N •
.
2 6
.
P B D •
2
'C T
.
J •
.
B g
C istercian ( CIST),Nos.35-37; R aeren s toneware(IR),No.38. F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-2,22; j ugs,Nos.3-16 ,33-34; c isterns, N os.17-20 ,23-30 ; c hafing d ishes,Nos.21,32; t ripod p ipkins, N o.31; c ups ,Nos.35-36 ; p osset p ot l ids,No.37; d rinking m ugs, N o.38.
T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f N o.3 w as s moothed o n, w hilst t hat o f N o.28 w as p lugged. C hafing d ish f ragment, N o.21, w as g lazed o n b oth s urfaces, t ripod p ipkin, N o.31, w as b urnt a nd s ooted, a nd t he C istercian w are l id, N o.37 h ad a pplied w hite c lay d ecoration. F
.
-
C P
P N
J
-
C N
2
F l
1
1
0 1
2
2
M 1
4
3
M L
1
1 2 34
2
T i . C M1
6 4
2
4 9
3
.
D C
3
4
4
2
1 2
1 .
1
2 4
1 .
S XG
1
1
' C 2
1
1
. F l
1
1
* 0 1
5
4
• M 1
1
1
9 .
' -
4
4
' -
B o P N e
.
.
O G
S c
1
. 1
1 1
.
1
.
1
' 1 1 .
-
,
.
.
.
F ig.170 , N os.1-2.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.1;
F orms
p ipkins,No.1;
l angerwehe s toneware(IL),No.2.
d rinking m ugs,No.2.
2 53
,
.
. 4 .-
_
. I llustrated V essels
4
V
*
. .
B onby C F
.
3
d r
Y arborough W apentake
* I L
1
3
1 0
1
4
2 4
1 0
* H 1
1
2
2 4
2
8
2 3
•
• .
1 35
2
I R
O G
1
2 6
2 4
I L
S G
1
5
•
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1 ?
2 68
C IST
C
1
H 2
1 2
M
2
C 2
. .
N
.
.
Y arborough W apentake
B rocklesby C P
C N
.
O G
.
F l
2
2
H 1
1
1
1
• H 2
2
2
2
.
• T i
6
4
2
. .
• R
3
2
.
1
_
( H2),No.4;
Y arborough W apentake
C N
•
C 2
I
F l
1
1
0 1
3
3
M 1
2
M 2
1
1
M L
1
1
•H 2
4
2
. . . .
I llustrated V essel
.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.3-4.
C d .
O T
S G
O G
-
D C
1
. .
1
I
1 2
1
1
. . . .
1 1
.
1
3
F ig.170 , N o.5.
H umberware(H2);
F orm
j ug.
Y arborough W apentake C lixby ( DMV)
( Caistor P arish)
T he t abulated i nformation g eneral C aistor p arish t able.
f or
I llustrated V essel
.
C adney C P
.
.
F ig.170 , N os.3-4.
H umberware(H1),No.3 ;
•
.
2
.
I llustrated V essels
'
1
1
.
F abric
S c
3
-
F abric
.
C 2
•
F abrics
B k
t his
F ig.170 , N o.6.
s hell-tempered;
F orm
b asting d ish.
T his v essel w as b urnt a nd s ooted.
2 54
s ite
C s i s
i ncluded
i n
t he
Y arborough W apentake -
•
R SX . S XG • S XSH . S i . C T . C 3 . S 3 . .F2 . .
.
. .
N
•
1 1 0 2 7 3 3
C P
•
B
.
J
•
P
•
B D
-
C s P N
M
S G
O G
D C .
1 0
.
.
.
2
.
6 5
8
2
3 1 6
1 64
1 36
4 2
0 2
4 7
2
M 1
1 0
2
M 2
2 5
3
. . .
2 7
1
0 1
1
.
4 3
1 0
4 0
2
4 0
5
7
1 4
2
2
2 3
2
4
1 8
1
5 1
2 0
1
3
1
1
5
- 4
R W
1
1
1
H 1
2
2
2
2 8
3
.
2 6
. .
— 3
1 0
M L
H 2
. 1 .
1 4
2
1
W Dt
2
2
R
3
3
I S
1
1
I R
1
1
'
O T
1
1 6
4 4
C aistor
1
-
2
.
•
U nillustrated.
C roxton
Y arborough W apentake . . . . . . .
.
.
C x O G
.
F l
3
3
1
0 1
3
3
2
H 1
2
2
2
H 2
2
2
1
T i
9
9
6
C M1
1
1
1
I S
1
1
1
1
I R
.
U nillustrated.
2 55
. . . . . . . . .
I llustrated V essels
F ig.170 , N os.12-14.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S1),No.12 ; N o.14.
F orms
b owls,No.12 ;
c ooking-pots,No.13 ;
Y arborough W apentake N
. S XS . S XG . C T . C L . C l . C 2 . S i . S 4 G 1 . W St . F l . F H2 . F H3 . 0 1 . 0 2 . M 1 . .
C P
B
' 2
2
2
2
1 1
1 1
I 3 5 7
J
P
1 55
.
3 1
1
O T •
S G •
O G
D C
•
•
-
4
. 1
2
. . .
1
5
. -
4
1
1
1 1
3
1 7
3 02
1
3
1 56
. 2 8
1
5
6
1 0
1 31
3
.
. . 1 4
5
1 1
•R
7
•I R
6
6
•I S
1
1
•I L
1
1
1
3
4
A ll t he i llustrated m aterial h as b een p resented t ogether.
f rom G oxhill a nd G oxhill
2 56
.
.
1
8
'
1 1
3
1
2 49 .
2
2
9
1 _
1
2
9
.
. 1
1 0
1
H 1
4
2 4
5
1
1 1
3
1
5 6 1
.
-
4
1
1 3
C
.
1
T i . C IST
M •
7
5 9
2 64
C N
•
M N
H 2
P N
1
9
9
B D
1
1 3
3 20
G x
G oxhill C W
'
I
1 4
1 61
j ugs,No.14 .
V
1 5
1
g ritty(G1),No.13; H umberware ( H2),
.
f oreshore
. .
Y arborough W apentake
E lsham C P
E l
O T
S G
O G
D C
S XG
1
S XIP
1
C T
1
1
*C 2
1
1
F l
6
6
0 1
9
9
7
M 1
1
1
1
H 1
2
2
2
*1 2
2
2
*T i
1
1
. '
. . .
1
. 1
I llustrated V essels
.
_
.
. . 2
3
. .
1
1
F ig.170 , N os.7-11.
S axon(SXIP),No.7; c oarse s andy(CT),No.8 ; N os.9-10 ; m edium s andy(M1),No.11.
F orms
p itchers,No.7; c ooking-pots,No.8 ;
I pswich-type p itcher s herd, N o.7, f abric t ype, s imilar t o t hat f ound a t N o.10 w as a d ecorative a rm l oop.
Y arborough W apentake
,
C l
1
S 4
1
0 1
2 .
o rangeware(01),
j ugs,Nos.9-11.
w as i n t he F lixborough
s lightly g ritty ( Fig.201,No.27).
S outh F erriby
•
H 2
. 2
*
F abrics
.
" .
3
C P
F s S G
. 1
O G
.
.
1
.
1
. 2
.
.
3
2
.
'
U nillustrated. Y arborough W apentake
S outh F erriby ( Foreshore) C P
.
B
.
J
1
.S 4
4
4
•G 1
2
1
.F l
1
1
0 1
1
1
2
2
*1 2
S G
.
O G
.
D C
1
S i
•
-
F sH
. . 1
-
.
1
. 1 -
*
2 57
1
•
*
. 1
1 •
.
Y arborough W apentake N f
G oxhill ( Foreshore)
C P •
B
O T
J
3
1
1
C 2
8
7
G D
1
•S i
4
4
•S 4
3
3
F l
2
1
3
3
•
•1 2
5 6
R
—
.
1 .
.
'
1
4 1
1 1
,
'5 2
1
3
1 1
I llustrated V essels
-___ __
1 2 3 7
9
• .
1
2
.
1 .
•
3
.
, 1 8
. —
1
9
3
•I D
D C •
•
1
-C M1
O G •
1
1 1 9
O T
—
1 0
H 1
M f
3
• F H2 • 0 1 M 1
P N
•
S XG . C L •
P
G xH
.
.
5
2
1
.
' 1 1 . 5
F ig.170 ,Nos.15-27; F igs.171-172 ; F ig.173 ,Nos.1-8 .
F abrics
F ig.170 S axon(SXS),No.15 ; s hell-tempered(S1),No.16 ; c oarse s andy(CL),Nos.17-18 ; ( CT),Nos.19-22; w hiteware(WSt),Nos.23-25 ; g ritty(G1),Nos.26-27. F ig.171 s hell-tempered(S4),Nos.1-6 ; c oarse s andy(C2),Nos.71 8 ; f ine s andy(F1),Nos.19-32; ( FH2),Nos.33-35 ; m edium s andy ( MN),No.36 ; ( M1),No.37. F ig.172 o rangeware(01),Nos.1-38; ( 02),No.39 ; H umberware(1 12), N os.40-56. F ig.173 T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.1-5; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),No.6; L angerwehe s toneware(IL),No.7; S iegburg s toneware(IS),No.8.
F orms
F ig.170 c ooking-pots,Nos.15,17-21,23 ,26-27; b owls,Nos.16,22 ; j ugs,Nos.24-25. F ig.171 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3 ,7-16,19; b owls,Nos.4-6 ,17,20 ; b asting d ishes,No.18 ; j ugs,Nos.21-35. F ig.172 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-2,40 ; c urfews,No.3; j ugs,Nos.4-35 , 3 9 ,41-54 ; p ipkins,Nos.36-37; b asting d ishes,No.38 ; c isterns, N os.55-56 . F ig.173 j ugs,Nos.1-2; p ancheons,Nos.3-5; s killets,No.6 ; d rinking m ugs,Nos.7-8 .
B urnt a nd s ooted F ig.170 ,Nos.16 ,19 ,23 ,27; F ig.171,Nos.3,6 ,17; F ig.172 , N o .37, 3 8 ; F ig.173, N o.6. S plashed g lazes F ig.171, N os.21-23 , 2 8. D ecoration i ron w ash, F ig.171, N os.26-27; F ig.172, N os.30 , 3 2, 3 3 ,
2 58
w hite c lay, F ig.172 , N os.4 , 1 2, 2 3, 3 1; i n t he c ase o f N o.12, t hese s trips o n t he h andle w ere a pplied o ver t he g laze. H andles i ndented u pper a ttachments, F ig.172, N o.15; p lugged u pper a ttachments, F ig.171, N o.24, F ig.172, N os.44-45 , 4 9 ; s moothed-on u pper a ttachment, F ig.172, N o.8. C ooking-pot, F ig.170 , N o.21 h ad t humbed ' pie c rusting ' a long t he e dge o f i ts r im , w hilst o rangeware c ooking-pot, F ig.172 , N o.2, h ad a r im f orm d eliberately c opying c ontemporary c ooking-pots i n t he c oarse s andy ( C2) f abric. O rangeware j ug h andle, F ig.172, N o.13 , w as o f a f orm w hich e mulated t hose o f c ontemporary L incoln w are j ugs. F ine s andy ( Fl) j ug, F ig.171, N o.21, r eflected a p articularly h igh s tandard o f p otting w ith i ts b right o live-green s plashed g laze a nd c arefully w iped l ower b ody. T oynton/Bolingbroke p ancheon , F ig.173, N o.5, a ppeared t o h ave h ad a T ype I I a pplied b ase. H abrough
Y arborough W apentake F
N
C P
B
J
P
B D
C T
I
1
•C L
3
3
•W St
1
1
•W Dt
I
•S i
1
1
G 1
2
1
. .
•
M
1
C
O T
•
S G
4,
O G
f
D C
. .•
1
1 4 1
1
5 1
4
S 4
3 6
3 0
6
F l
2 5
3
1
2 0
1
1
1 1
7 9
3
3'
1
1
1
1
4 1
1
3 5
H 2
3 24
2
2 83
T i
1 04
1
8 7
5
2
3
1
1 3 3
, . .
. 6
3
4 .
1
-
.
1
1
1
3 5
2
1 4 1
1
1 9
2
1
2
1 69
2
5 3 ,
.
.
1
.
1 5 2
5 3
3 2
— . —
,
1
. 1
1
I llustrated V essels
-
8
4
3 2
. .
H 1
C M1 . C IST . I ST . I L . O C
C N
. .
5 5
8 3
e
.
C 2
F H2 . 0 1 . M 1 . M L . R W .
P N -
.
H a
F ig.173 , N os.9-44 ,Fig.174, N os.1-31.
2 59
1
F abrics
F ig.173 s hell-tempered(S1),No.9 ; ( S4),Nos.16-17; c oarse s andy(CT), N o.10 ; ( CL),Nos.11-12; ( C2),Nos.18-22; w hiteware ( WDt),No.13 ; g ritty(G1),Nos.14-15 ; f ine s andy(F1), N os.232 5; ( FH2), N o.26 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.27-39 ; m edium s andy(ML) N o.40 ; ( M1), N o.41; H umberware(H1), N os.42-44. F ig.174 H umberware(1 12), N os.1-14 ; ( 0C),No.15; T oynton/ B olingbroke(T1), N os.16-29 ; S aintonge(IST),No.30 ; L angerwehe s toneware ( IL), N o.31.
F orms
F ig.173 c ooking-pots, N os.9-11,15,18-20 , 2 3-24; b owls,Nos.12, 1 6-17, 2 1-22, 2 5; j ugs,Nos.13-14 ,26-38 ,40-44; l ids,No.39. F ig.174 c ooking-pots,Nos.1,26; j ugs ,Nos.2-14,17-24; c hafing d ishes, N o.15; c isterns,No.16; b asting d ishes,No.25; p ancheons, N os.27-28 ; c ups,No.29; d rinking m ug ,No.31; u nidentified,No.30.
F ig.173 , N os.16,17,22 a nd F ig.174, N o.25 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted; F ig.173, N os.14 a nd 2 7 h ad s plashed g lazes. T he u pper a ttachment o f h andles, F ig.173, N o.40 , a nd F ig.174, N o.11 w ere p lugged a nd t he l ower a ttachment o f F ig.173, N o.42 w as i ndented. O rangeware j ug, F ig.173, N o.38 h ad a pplied w hite c lay s trips, w hilst t he h andle o f F ig.173, N o.26 w as t wisted t o t he l eft. V essel, F ig.174, N o.29 , w as d escribed a s a c up a s i t w as g lazed o n b oth s urfaces a nd h ad a w ire c ut b ase. T he S aintonge v essel, F ig.174 , N o .30 , h ad a b right, m ottled g reen g laze o n i ts i nner s urface. Y arborough W apentake N
E ast H alton ( Village)
C P
B
J
S XG
1
•W St
2
•C T
1
4 •S
1 1
1 1
•F l
1 2
0 1
3 7
.
D C
.
•
,
2
. . 8
1 2
1 8
3 7
_
'
4
1 1
1 1
1 2
6 0
5 3
9
7
1
3
1
1
4 1
3
5 2
2
2
1
1 •
I llustrated V essels
.
•
2 1
1 6
2
2
O G •
2
4
. C IST . R . I D .
O T
.
1 1
T i
C
1 7 4
.
M
2
7 6
0 2
C N o b
1
•C 2
.
P N •
•
•
H e
. .
1 1
. . . .
.
.
F ig.174, N os.32-33 .
F abrics
S axon(SXG),No.32; c oarse s andy(C2),No.33.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.32-33.
C ooking-pot, N o.33 w as b urnt a nd s ooted.
2 60
.
2
2
.
Y arborough W apentake N
C P
S XS
3
3
•S XG
2
2
•S XSH
1
1
•S i •C T •C L
3 8 8 1 4
J
B
2 3
P
P N
C N
C
M
O T
S G
O G
D C
7
6
9
7 l
1 4
5
5
W Dt
1
1
S 2
3
2
-
3
1
S 4
3 1
2 7
4
C 2
1 26
1 19
5
G 1
2 5
2 0
1
0 1
2 40
O H
B D
-
W St
0 2
H eH
E ast H alton ( Skitter)
. . 3
4 2 26
1
1 2
4
1
1 24
7
7
1 1
1 1 1
0 S2 . F l
1
1
9
8
1
F H1
4
2
2
F H2
1 11
1 08
•F 13
1 9
1 8
C H1
1 0
1
3
1
9
1
1
1
0 S1
5 1
1
1 1
6 3
4 9
5
1
1
1 4
1
1 1 2
1 0
.
C H2
1
1
C H3
7
7
C H4
4
4
G D
2
W D
3
W S
4
W Y
1
1
R W
2
2
Ml
2
2
M L
2
2
2
M N
1
1
1
.
_
. 1
1
1
3
3 1
1 1
3 2
2
2 8
H 2
1 56
2
1 25
1
1
3
1
1
2 l
1 1 6
2 61
1 1 2
1
1
2
1 9
5
9 1
5
E ast H alton ( Skitter) c ontinued N T i . C M1 C IST R
C P
B
1 0
J
P
B D
8
3
P N
C N
M
1
3 2 1
2
3
3
I L
4
3
I R
4
4
1 2
7
1
2
3
—
6
.
1
5
1
1
.I O
1
1
F igs.
.
2
I N
I llustrated V essels
6
D C
2 3
I S
I D
O G
2
2 7
7
.
S G
-
I ST
.
O T 1
-
2 3 0
C
. 1 0
. —
1 75-186.
F abrics
F ig .175 S axon ( SXS),Nos.1-2; ( SXG),Nos.3-7; ( SXSH),No.8 ; c oarse s andy(CT),Nos.9-17; ( CL),Nos.18-20 ; w hiteware(WSt), N o.21; N ormandy(IN),No.22. F ig .176 s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.1-22. F ig.177 s hell-tempered(S4),Nos.1-11; g ritty(G1),Nos.12-20 . F ig.178 c oarse s andy(C2),Nos.1-17; ( CH1),Nos.18-19 ; ( CH3), N o.20 . F ig.179 f ine s andy(FH2),Nos.1-22. F ig.180 f ine s andy(FH1),No.1; ( FH3),Nos.2-11; ( F1),Nos.12-17; g ritty ( GD), N os.18-19 ; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.20-21; ( MN),No.22; r egional s tray(RH),No.23; ( RT),No.27; C oal M easure(CM1),Nos. 2 4-26 . F ig.181 o rangeware(01),Nos.1-29. F ig .182 o rangeware(02),Nos.1-15; ( OH),Nos.16-22; ( 0S1),No.23. F ig.183 H umberware(H1),Nos.1-12; ( H2),Nos.13-25. F ig.184 H umberware(H2), N os.1-20. F ig.185 w hiteware(WD O,No.1; ( WD),Nos.2-4 ; ( WS),Nos.5-8 ; ( WY),No.12; ( RW),Nos.9-11,13-16 ; C istercian(CIST),No.17; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.18-25. F ig .186 I mports-Saintonge(IST),Nos.1-7; S iegburg s toneware ( IS),Nos.8-10 ; L angerwehe s toneware(IL),Nos.11-13 ; R aeren s toneware(IR),No.14 ; S panish O live J ar(I0),No.15; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),Nos.16-24.
F orms
F ig.175 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-6,8-16 ,18-19; b owls,Nos.7,17 ,20 ; p itchers,Nos.21-22. F ig.176 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-8 ; b owls,Nos.9-10 ,15-22; d ishes, N os.11-14. F ig.177 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-9,12-18 ; b owls,Nos.10-11,19-20 . F ig.178 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-14,18-20 ; b owls,No.15 ; p itchers, N os.16-17. F ig.179 j ugs,Nos.1-21; u nidentified ,No.22.
2 62
F ig.180 p ipkins,No.1; j ugs,Nos.2-10 ,12-18 ,20-27; b asting d ishes,No.11; b owls,No.19. F ig.181 c ooking-pots,No.1; j ugs,Nos.2-29 . F ig.182 j ugs,Nos.1-13,16-22; p ipkins,Nos.14,23; u rinals,No.115. F ig.183 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-2,13-14; j ugs,Nos.3-12,15-25 . F ig.184 j ugs,Nos.1-6; c isterns,Nos.7-13 ; d rinking m ugs,Nos. 1 4-18; u rinals,No.19 ; p ancheons,No.20 . F ig.185 j ugs,Nos.1-4 ,6-15,21-23; b owls,No.5; c ups,Nos.16-17; c ooking-pots,Nos.18 ,24-25 ; u rinals,No.19 ; c isterns,No.20 . F ig.186 j ugs,Nos.1-4 ,6-7,16-17; u nidentified,No.5 ; d rinking m ugs,Nos.8-11,13-14; c ostrels,No.12; o live j ars,No.15 ; t ripod p ipkins,Nos.18-20 ; s killets, N os.21-24. B urnt
a nd S ooted F ig.176 ,Nos.3-4 ,8 ,18 ; F ig.177,Nos.1,3-4 ,8 ,14-15 ; F ig.178,No .18 ; F ig.180 ,No.19; F ig.181,No.1; F ig.182,No.14; F ig.184 ,No .20 ; F ig.186 ,Nos.16 ,19-21,24. S plashed G lazes F ig.180 ,Nos.1,12 ,15-18 ; F ig.181,Nos.2-4 ,7; F ig.185 , N os.6,8. D ecoration a pplied , i ron w ash - F ig.179 ,Nos.5 ,10 ,16 ; F ig.180 ,No.5; F ig.181,Nos.22-23. a pplied i ron r ich c lay - F ig.179,Nos.7,11,13,15; F ig.180 ,No.6 , 9 ; F ig.181,Nos.24-25 ,29; F ig.182,No.12; F ig.185 ,No.12. a pplied w hite c lay - F ig.181,No.27; F ig.182,No.13 . H andles-upper p lugged,Fig.180 ,Nos.1,7,20 ; F ig.183 ,Nos.5 ,15-16 ,18 ; F ig.184,No .10 . M iscellaneous F ig .175 S tamford w are p itcher,No.21 h ad a p ale w atery g reen s uspension g laze, a nd t wo o f t he t hree h andles o f t he N ormandy p itcher,No.16, w ere r ecovered. F ig.179 J ug,No.17, h ad t hree g roups o f d ouble t humbi ngs o n i ts b asal a ngle, w hilst t he b ase o f N o.20 s howed t wo g laze s cars ( illustrated), o ne o f w hich m ay h ave b een a s eparator. F ig.180 J ug,No.23 , w as i n H ambledon w are ( Le P atoure l 1 979 ,93),and N o.27 w as i n t he B ourne s mooth w are ( Healey 1 975). F ig.182 P ipkin ,No.14 , w as d esigned t o b e h eld i n t he l eft h and. F ig.183 T he l ower h andle a ttachment o f N o.25 w as i ndented w ith f our f ingers o f t he p otter's l eft h and. F ig.184 L ower h andle a ttachment, N o.1, w as i ndented a nd t hen f illed w ith a s mear o f c lay. F ig.185 D oncaster H allgate B j ug , N o.2, h ad a s trap h andle; b ase N o.15 h ad f our s ingle t humbings, a nd N o.16 w as i n aT udor G reen f abric(Moorhouse 1 979,53-61) F ig.186 D rinking m ug N o.9 w as i n e arly u nglazed S iegburg s toneware.
H orkstow
Y arborough W apentake I llustrated V essels
F ig.174 , N os.34-35.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.34;
F orms
j ugs,Nos .34-35.
f ine s andy(FH3),No.35.
2 63
R k
. . . .
.
C N
-
O G
F l
1
1
1
F H3
1
1
1
0 1
1
1
1
1 2
4
3
_
.
1
. . . .
2
e
N o.34 w as p art o f a d ecorative a pplied a rm o r l oop , w hilst h andle N o.35 w as p lugged a t i ts u pper a ttachment a nd t he h andle t wisted t o t he l eft.
Y arborough W apentake
R oxton D MV ( Immingham) C P
. • • •
S i
1
1
C T
1
1
C l
1
1
F l
2
1
0 1
4
1 2
1
T i
1
I llustrated V essel F abric
R o S G
O G
. . 1
1
4
2
2
F orm
c ooking-pot .
K b
K eelby C N
T i
O G
1
2
I llustrated V essels
2
F ig.174 , N os.37-38.
F abrics
T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.37-38 .
F orms
j ugs,No.37; c isterns ,No.38.
Y arborough W apentake
K n
N orth K elsey O G
M 2
— C M1
F abric
.
F ig.174, N o.36.
Y arborough W apentake
I llüstrated V essel
—
1
c oarse s andy(C1);
.
_ a
3
,
1
.
F ig.174 , N o.39.
m edium s andy(M2);
F orm
j ug.
2 64
3
2 1
1
. .
Y arborough W apentake F
N
C P
S XSH W St • C T • C L . G 1 . C l . C 2 . S i . S 2 . S 4
3
3
F l
N orth K illingholme B
1 2
2
2
2
1 0
3
1 4
1 4
1 6
1 4
2
1 9
*M 1
2
1 1
2
O T
S G
O G
D C .
1
,
7
.
.
3
.
.
. . 2
2 9
1
. .
2 1 5
1
0 2
C N
2
3 1
5 5
B D
.
3
3
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P
1
1 7
F H3
J
K 1
,
2
5
1
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1
5
1
1 9
. 1
.
3
1 9
. 2
I
7 2 _ I
2
2
.
T
2 2
*H 2
T i . R . I D
2 0
8
8
3
3
-
2
5
-
2
1
I
I llustrated V essels
-
1 0
. I
F ig .187, N os.1-19.
F abrics
S axon ( SXSH),Nos.1-2 ; s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.3-6 ; ( 54),Nos. 8 -9; c oarse s andy(CL),No.7; ( C2),No.10 ; m edium s andy(M1), N o.11; o rangeware(02),Nos.12-13 ; ( 01),Nos.15-17; f ine s andy ( F1),No.14 ; H umberware(H2),No.18 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.19.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3,7-11,15; 1 6-19. V essel N os.
1 , 4 -5,
.
.
. .
.
C P
I
1
C 2
2
2
F l
3
M 1
1 2 I
K m
K irmington
G 1
0 1
j ugs,Nos.12-14 ;
1 1 a nd 1 7 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
Y arborough W apentake .
b owls,Nos.4-6 ;
—
J
C N
S G
O G
. . .
3 1 2 I
2 65
2
1
2
2 1
. .
K irmington ( continued) C P 1 2 4
.
.
1
90
T i
5
R
1
1 7 4
C N
S G
O G
.
2
4
1
3
.
1
U nillustrated.
Y arborough W apentake F
N
C F
S XG . C L
1
1
1
1
S i
1
1
S 3
5
4
.
. .
S 4
1 4
G 1
1 1
C l
1 2
1 2
C 2
1 9
1 8
C 3
1
W Dt . F l . F 2 . 0 1
1
3 0
0 2
4 6
.
4
. . .
B
J
1 1 3
7
O G
D C
8
4
.
1
1 1
1
2
5
3
1
1
4 3
2 1
4
3
1 '
3
2
.
I llustrated V essels
.
. . 3
1 2 1
. 1
2
.
4
.
9
2 3
1
.
1 3
3 0
.
.
.
4
F abrics
1
1
M L
1
S G
1
- 5
C IST '
C
—
5
9 1
M
1
M 2
'T i
_
.
4
4 4
C N
3
M 1
1 2
P N
1
2
2 5
P
L g
-
1 0
1 1 4
G reat L imber
4 1
2
8 3
7 '
1 4
1
6 .
1
1
-
.
F ig.187, N os.20-50 .
s hell-tempered(S1),No.20 ; w hiteware(WDt),No.21; c oarse s andy ( CL),No.22; ( C2),Nos.23-25 ; f ine s andy(F1),No.26; ( F2),No.27; o rangeware(01),Nos.28-30 ; m edium s andy(M1),No.31; H umberware ( H1),No.32; ( 12),Nos.33-35 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.36-49 ; C istercian(CIST),No.50 .
2 66
F orms
b owls,No.20 ;
c ooking-pots,Nos.22-25,28 ,31,33,36-37;
j ugs,Nos.
2 1,26-27,29-30 ,32,34-35 ,38-48 ; c isterns,No.49; c ups,No.50. F ine s andy(F2) j ug, N o.27, h ad a s plashed w are c up, N o.50 , h ad a w ire c ut b ase.
Y arborough W apentake F
N
S XG . S 1 • S 2 S 3
. . .
. . .
S 4
.
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1 2
1 0
C l
1
1
C 3
7
7
F 2
1
0 1
3
0 2
a nd C istercian
N ettleton
C P
1
g laze
B
J
P
P N
N e C N
O T
•
S G
•
O G
. .
D C
_ . . . .
.
.
.
. . 2
.
,
. .
1 1
1 2
. 1
2 1 0
1
1
1
.
4
1
M 1
2
2
1
1
•M 2
6
6
4
1
•M L
3
3
3
1
•H 1
3
3
3
•H 2
4
4
3
•T i
1 1
I llustrated V essels
.
2
7
2
'
. . .
'
6
F ig.187, N os.51-57.
F abrics
S axon ( SXG),No.51; o rangeware(01),Nos.52-53 ; m edium s andy(ML), N o.54; H umberware(H2),Nos.55-57.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.51-52 ;
j ugs,Nos.53-57.
O rangeware c ooking-pot, N o.52, a s plashed g laze, w hilst t he u pper j ug, N o.55 , w as p lugged.
Y arborough W apentake
I llustrated V essels F abrics
d isplayed a ccidental t races o f h andle a ttachment o f H umberware
S tallingborough
S t
F ig.188 , N os.1-44.
s hell-tempered(S1),No.1; ( 53),No.2; c oarse s andy(C2),Nos.3-6 ; f ine s andy(F2),No.7; ( F1),Nos.8-9; o rangeware(02),Nos.10-23 ; C oal M easure(CM1),No.24 ; H umberware(H1),Nos.25-26 ; ( H2),Nos.
2 67
2 7-38 ; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos .39-44. F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-5 ,27-28 ; b owls,No.6; j ugs,Nos.7-22,24-26, 2 9-35,39-42 ; p ipkins,No.23 ; c isterns,Nos.36 ,44 ; p ancheons, N o.43 ; t ripod p ipkins,No.37; d rinking m ugs,No.38.
V essel N os. 2 -4 , a nd 6 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, a nd N o.7 h ad a s plashed g laze. J ugs N os.13-14 a nd 2 9 h ad p lugged u pper h andle a ttachm ents, o rangeware j ug, N o.16 , h ad i ron w ash p ainted o ver i ts a pplied s pots , a nd d rinking m ug , N o.38 h ad t races o f ac loth m ark o n i ts b ase. F .
1
1
S 2
3
3
2
C l
2
2
1 9
B
J
P
P N
C N
M
C
S G
O G
-
1 8
' -— 1
.
F l
5
5
1
2
F 2
2
2
1
1
0 1
4
4
M 2
6 3
2 3
H 2
7 0
•T i
5 8
C M1
1
C IST
2
.R
1
5 9
2
H 1
3 1
3
2
4
1 1
6 0
2 2
5 0
2 4
4
6-
2 .
2 4
4
1 —
1 2
2
1
1
I llustrated V essels
3 3
2 ----
2 3
T hornton C urtis
Y arborough W apentake
F abrics
D C ,
1 6
2
0 2 .
1 6
S 4
C 2 4
C P
S i
S 3
.
N
F ig
T c
1 89-192.
F ig.189 c oarse s andy(CT),No.1; ( C2),Nos.12-26; g ritty(G1), N os.2-6; s hell-tempered(S4),Nos.7-11; f ine s andy(F1),Nos.274 8 ; ( F2),Nos.49-50 ; ( FH2),Nos.51-53 ; ( FH3),Nos.54-55. F ig.190 o rangeware(01),Nos.1-57; ( 0S2),No.58 ; H umberware(H1) N os.59-83. F ig.191 H umberware(1 12),Nos.1-58 . F ig .192 T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.1-38 ; m edium s andy(M1), N os.39-41; w hiteware(WD),No.42; C oal M easure(CM1),No.43 ; r egional s tray(RW),Nos.44-45; C istercian(CIST),Nos.46-47 ; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),Nos.48-49 ; S aintonge(IST),Nos.50-51.
2 68
• .
. . .
C T
C 2
2 49
2 24
C 3
1 0
1 0
S 4
8 0
7 4
F H3
C W ,
J
P
B D
P N
C N
M
C
O T
S G
O G
D C .
2 0 1
1
3
1
-
2
2
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)
1 7
2
7 80 1
4
3 9
2 57
. 3 3 9
1
e
3
e 1 1 0
7 .
2
2
.
2
1
.
1
1
3 69
4 1 7
7 4
2
2-
2
2
2
3
3
3
4 8
M 2
1 2
8
1
H 1
2 32
H 2
1 528
2 0
T i
2 88
1 4
,
3 6 1 1
1
1 . .
2 12 .
1 334 2
2 7
1
2 '
2 52
1 6 1 41 6
7 9
.
. 1 . 5 .
2
.
3
1
3
-
) -
3
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2 82
.
6
3
-
. 1
M 1
M L
B
1
8 ' 5
G 1
. 0 S2 . F l . F 2 . F H2
.
4 1 1
0 2
.
4
C F
1 2
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.
C l
. W St
.
N
1
1 1
.
1
f
1 4
1
1 37
2 6
1 2
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7 98
3 9.
1 16
1 3
1 4
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4 '
2
'W D
1
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6
2
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3
3
'C IST
2
I ST
2
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1
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4
4
F orms
F ig.189 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-9 ,12-21,27-28 ; b ow1s,Nos.10-11,222 5 ,29 ; c urfews,No.26; p itchers,No.30 ; j ugs,Nos.31-47,49 ,51-55 ; p ipkins,No.48 ; b asting d ishes,No.50 . F ig.190 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-5 ; b owls,No.6,82; p itchers,No.8 ; j ugs,Nos.7,9-49,58?,59-79 ; p ipkins,Nos.50-52; l ids,No.53 ; f lasks,No.54; u nidentified,Nos.55-57; d rinking m ugs,Nos.80-81; c isterns,No .83. F ig.191 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-13 ; j ugs,Nos.14-40 ; c isterns,Nos. 4 1-52; t ripod p ipkins,No.52; s trainers,No.53 ; u rinals,No.54 ; 1 ids,No.55 ; b asting d ishes,No.56 ; p ancheons,N0 .57; u nidentified N o.58.
2
4 1 4
2
4 1 2-
' 1
1
2 69
--
1 ' t
.
. 2
F ig .192 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-9,39-40 ; j ugs,Nos.10-21,41-42 , 4 4-45 ,50 ; p ancheons,Nos.22-27; c isterns,Nos.28-36 ,43 ; c urfews, N os.37-38 ; c ups,Nos.46-47; t ripod p ipkins,Nos.48-49; c hafing d ishes,No.51. B urnt a nd s ooted F ig.189,Nos.10-11,16,22,24 ,50 ; F ig.190 ,Nos.1,3-5 ,53; F ig.191,No.56 ; F ig.192,Nos.40 ,48-49 a nd N os.37-38 o n t heir i nner s urfaces. S plashed g lazes H andles
F ig.189,Nos.30-33 ,41,46 ; F ig .190 ,Nos.8 ,22.
p lugged - F ig.191, N os.14-15,16 ,41.
D ecoration i ron w ash , F ig.189 ,No.43 ; F ig.190 ; w hite c lay,Fig.190 , N os.7,39 ,46; i ron-rich c lay,Fig.190 ,Nos.43 ,45 ; c opper w ash , F ig.190 ,No.47(scales o nly); a pplied a rms o r l oops,Fig.190 , N o.14. F ig .190 , N o.17 w as a n a pplied h ead a nd t orso f rom a k night j ug, t he h ead h aving a m oulded n ose a nd a pplied e yes; t he o uter s urface o f t he k night t orso h ad a s hield s car, w hilst i ts i nner s urface h ad a c omplex s car a rrangement s uggesting t hat i t h ad b een m ounted o n a h orse. T he H umberware s trainer, F ig.191, N o.53 h ad i ts h oles c ut b efore f iring, a nd t he k nop o f l id , F ig.191, N o.55 w as e ither p inched o ut o r a pplied. S aintonge c hafing d ish , F ig.192, N o.51 h ad t he s car o f a n a pplied o uter m edallion.
Y arborough W apentake F
•
N
W lt
1
l •C
5
•
B urnham D MV ( Thornton C urtis)
C P
3
4 8
4 8
S 4
1 5
1 3
•0 1 —
M 1
8 ' 1
1
6 2
C N
,
M
•
S G
6
I llustrated V essels
•
O G 1
2
•
D C
. . .
. 1
2 1
•1 2
•
2
1
1 88
1 6
P
•
2
2
•H 1
T i
B
1
2 'C
'F l
•
B c
1 85
1
2
7 6 4
6 1 4
2
5 9
1 1
5
9 2 4 3
. 2 . . • .
F ig.193 , N os.1-19.
F abrics
g ritty(G1),No.1; o rangeware(01),Nos.2-13 ; w hiteware(WD O,No.14; m edium s andy(ML),No.15 ; H umberware(H2),Nos.16-19.
F orms
b owls,No.1;
j ugs,Nos.2-12,14-19 ;
p ipkins,No.13 .
G ritty b owl N o.1 h ad t races o f a s plashed g laze, o rangeware j ug, N o.10 h ad a f ragment o f a n a pplied, i ron w ashed, h orseshoe m otif, w hilst t he l ower h andle a ttachment o f H umberware j ug N o.19 h ad b een i ndented w ith t hree f ingers.
2 70
Y arborough W apentake
W rawby C P
S i
2
• S 4
1
. C 2
1
' F l
3
F 2
1
S G
O G
D C
2 1
1
2
1
__ _ . .
1
. -
1
1 5
1
• M 1
1 2
5
. 1 4
2 1
6
2
2
I llustrated V essels
5
3
,
4
2
,
2
F ig.193 , N os.20-27.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S4),Nos.20-22 ; g ritty(G1),No.23 ; ( F1),No.24 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.25-27.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.20-22,25 ;
B oth t he g lazes.
g ritty N o.23 ,
a nd
Y arborough W apentake F
N
C P
S XS
3
3
S XG
. S XSH • S i • C T
1 0 4 3 2
3 1
C L
3
3
W St
1
1
G 1
1
C l
4
.S 3
6 9 2
6 4
6 4
2 0
1
0 1
5 0
3
2 0
j ugs
h ad
s plashed
W orlaby B
J
P
P N
W o C N
M
O T
S G
O G
D C
.
.
1
,
2
. 1
. .
5
2
F l
M 1
s andy N o.24 ,
4
7 5
2
f ine
1
'S 4
S 3
j ugs,Nos.23-24 ,26-27.
4
3
C 2
f ine s andy
1 0
5
.
-
1 5
• 0 1
'C M1
P N
.
2
1 7
' C l
W w
1 1
3
3 9
2 4
2
5
2 8
2
5
1 9
_ 1 2
.
2 71
. .
.
•
.
7
1 5
2
.
W orlaby ( continued) N .
C P
.
J
P
P N
,
C N
M
O T
S G
O G
M 2
1
1
1
M L
1
1
1
W D
1
1
1
H i
7
7
6
H 2
4 8
i -T
1 1
C M1
2
.C IST
1
4 5 1
2
7
1
2
1
I llustrated . V essels
3 7
-
1
5 2 1
.
.
2 0
2 „ .
D C
-
•
.
.
1 -
. _
.
_ _ .
F ig.194 , N os.1-49.
F abrics
S axon(SXG),Nos.1-4 ; ( SXSH),Nos.5-9 ; s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.101 8 ; ( S4),Nos.22-29 ; ( S3),Nos.30-31; c oarse s andy(CT),Nos.192 0 ; ( CL),No.21; ( C2),Nos.32-34 ; f ine s andy(F1),Nos.35-36 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.37-40 ; w hiteware(WD),No.41; m edium s andy ( M1),Nos.42-45; H umberware(1 12),Nos.46-47; T oynton/Bolingbroke ( T1),No.48 ; C istercian w are(CIST),No.49.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-7,10-18 ,20-26,30-33,37,42-43; b owls,Nos.89 ,19 ,27-29,34 ,38 ; j ugs,Nos.35-36,39-41,44-47; c isterns,No .48; c ostrells,No.49.
V essel N os.15, 2 1, 2 7, 2 9 a nd 4 2 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted a nd t he u pper h andle a ttachments o f H umberware j ugs, N os. 4 6-47 w ere p lugged.
2 72
c .
W est R iding o f L indsey
i .
A slacoe W apentake L ist o f U nstratified A ssemblages
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
G lentham
S K 9 93/917
N ew C lose P lantation
G lentworth
S K 9 31/877
W est o f v illage
H ackthorn
T F 9 95/824
V illage S ite
S axby
T F 0 02/865
N orth-East o f V illage
N eane
L M/245.76
W illoughton
S K 9 30/953
V illage
R udkin
S M/WLNAF
T emple G arth
R udkin
S M/WLNAG
M iddle S treet
R udkin
S M/WLNAL
L M/121.79 L M/111.53
M orris
L M/183 .76
G lentham
A slacoe W apentake
O G
C P •
S 1
1
-
S 3
3
•
F 2
1
M L
.
1
'
1
.
1
2
. 1 _
.
1
.
G lentworth
A slacoe W apentake
O G
S G
C P
,
1
G 1
1
•
M L
1
1
•
M 2
4
4
•
H 2
3
3
3
.
T i
2
2
2
.
• C M1
2
2
.
U nillustrated
2 73
1
.
3
1
_
2
A slacoe W apentake
H ackthorn
F i n O G
T i
1
1
1
U nillustrated A slacoe W apentake
S axby C N
T i
1
I ST
1
O G -
.
1 1
1
U nillustrated W illoughton
A slacoe W apentake
W 1 C N
* .
O G
M N
1
1
M 2
1
1
1
*
M T
1
1
1
.
H 1
1
1
1
T i
.
4
.
3
1
3
*
U nillusträted A xholme W apentake L ist o f U nstratified A ssemblages
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
A lthorpe
S E 8 31/095
T rent B ank
S M/ -
B elton
S E 7 99/080
H ospital C ottages , T emple B elwood
S M/BLAF
F inder
S torage
T here w ere t welve o ther s mall f indspots f rom B elton , m ostly f rom t he M 180 m otorway s urvey c onducted b y J ohn S amuels. A ll a re l odged i n S cunthorpe M useum u nder S M/BLA- c odes. S M/BWAB
W est B utterwick
S E 8 31/059
W est o f B utterwick H all
E pworth
S E 7 82/036
M owbray M anor H ouse
W illiams
D M/-
H axey
S E 7 6 3 /9 9 8
H axey C hurchyard
R ussell
S M/-
W root
S E 7 17/026
S outh o f C hurchyard
R ussell
S M/ -
2 74
A xholme W apentake
A lthorpe
A t
C F
O G
D C
' . •
W St
1
S 3
2
C M1
2
I S
1
2
2
.
.
-
2
4
.
1
1 2
,
U nillustrated.
B elton
A xholme W apentake F
N .
'
C l
1
F l
1 1 0
*0 1
1 2
.
a
H 1 H 2
1 6 1
R W
2
*R CIST
P
P N
C N
C
1 8 1 1
2
3
1
6 1
1 1
1 5
. -
1 4
1
1
2
1 1
1 3
. .
1 1
2 1
1
1
F ig.195, N os.1-5.
F abrics
o rangeware(01),No.1; H umberware(H1),No.2; C oal M easure(CM1),Nos.4-5.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-4 ;
p ancheons, N o.5 .
A xholme W apentake
W est B utterwick
1 2
I llustrated V essels
D C
1
1 6
I llustrated V essels
O G f
- ... ....1
1
H D
C M1
J
.
*F D
.
C P
B I
2
F ig.195, N os.6-7.
F abrics
H umberware(H2),Nos.6-7.
F orms
d rinking m ugs,Nos.6-7.
2 75
2
( H2),No.3 ;
A xholme W apentake F •
N •
W
S
t
. W Dt . . .
C P •
B
J
D C
2
1
6
1
1
. 2 4
0 1
3 1
3 1
. .
2
2
2
1
1
1
. . .
5 7
2
4 9
1
2
3
3 1
3
2 1
2
1 2
3
3
1
1 6
1
3
3
2
5
5
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
6
6
1 9
1
1 0
1
I S
3
•I L
3
3
•I R
3
3
*I CI
2
•I D
3
1
,
2
. . . .
1
3 6
.
. .
2
7
3
.
. 2
1
2
T his r epresents t he u nstratified t he M owbray M anor H ouse s ite. I llustrated V essels
'
8
R I
F abrics
O G
1
2 4
R
O T
1
F D
C IST
C
1
2
. C M1 . W Y . R W . 0 3 . M 1 . O C
M
1
W D
1 2
C N
•
1
7
M N
P N
E p
1
S 3
. .ML .
E pworth
m aterial
f rom
3
e xcavations
a t
F ig.195, N os.8-28 ; F ig .196,Nos.1-23.
F ig.195 r egional s tray(RC),No.8 ; s hell-tempered(S3),Nos.9-10 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.11-13 ; ( 03),No.14 ; f ine s andy(FD),Nos.15-18 ; m edium s andy(M1),No.19 ; ( ML),No.20 ; ( MN),No.21; H umberware ( 12), N os.22-28. F ig.196 C oal M easure(CM1),Nos.1-4 ; w hiteware(WDt),No.5 ; ( RW), N o.6; ( WY),Nos.7-8 ; r egional s tray(R),Nos.9,13; ( RM),No .10 ; ( RH),No.11; ( RC),No.12; ( RF),No.14 ; C istercian(CIST),Nos.151 6; F rench B lackware ( RI),No.17; S iegburg(IS),No.18 ; L angerwehe(IL),Nos.19-20 ; R aeren(IR),No.21; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),No.22; f lask(ICI),No.23.
2 76
F orms
F ig.195
c ooking-pots,Nos.8-9,25;
b owls,No.10 ;
j ugs,Nos.11-21,
2 3-24,26 ; c isterns,No.22; l amps,No.28; u nidentified,No.27. F ig.196 c ooking-pots,Nos.1,9; j ugs,Nos.2-3 ,5-8 ,10-14,17; u rinals,No.4; p osset p ots,No.15; c ups,No.16; d rinking m ugs, N os.18-21; m ortars,No.22; f lasks,No.23. C ooking-pot, F ig.195, N o.9 w as b urnt a nd s ooted. O f t he o rangew are j ugs, F ig.195, N o.11 h ad a w hite c lay d ecoration, a nd F ig.195, N o.14 h ad a n i ndented u pper h andle a ttachment. H allgate A ( FD) j ug, F ig.195, N o.18 h ad a n i ron w ashed d ecoration, a s h ad t he Y ork w h itew are j ugs F ig.196, N os.7-8. T he N ottingham w are j ug, F ig.195, N o.21 h ad a m att a pple g reen g laze t aken, e venly, r ight t o t he r im t ip, a nd t he H umberware l amp b ase, F ig.195, N o.28, w as g lazed o n b oth s urfaces. C istercian w are p osset p ot , F ig.196, N o.16, h ad a c rude o ak l eaf d esign f ormed f rom w hite c lay. F ig.196, N o.17, w as t he o nly e xample o f a F rench B lackware ( Barton 1 974) t o b e r ecognised f rom N orth L incolnshire. T he L ow C ountries r edware m orta r b ase, F ig.196, N o.22, h ad a g lazed o uter s urface b ut h Ad a n u nglazed i nner s urface w ith a d eliberately h arsh s urface t exture. F lask F ig.196 , N o.23 w as i n a c ream f abric.
H axey
A xholme W apentake
H x C N
. .
H 2
1
C M1
1
'
.
O G 1
1
1-
1
. _
U nillustrated
W root
A xholme W apentake
W r P N
_ H 2
1
1
C M1
5
1
I llustrated V essels
.
C N
.
O G 1
2
2
5
F ig.196, N os.24-26.
F abrics
H umberware ( H2), N o.24; C oal M easure ( CM1), N os.25-26.
F orms
j ugs,No.24 ;
c isterns, N os.25-26.
2 77
. .
C orringham W apentake L ist o f U nstratified a ssemblages
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
C orringham
S K 8 44/897
S omerby D MV
C orbett
L M/141.74
G ainsborough
S K 8 15/902
A quamanile f ragment
G rayingham
S K 9 3 4 /9 6 4
V illage
R ussell
L M/-
N orthorpe
S K 8 98/953
S outhorpe D MV m oated s ite
R ussell
S M/NOST
S K 8 88/952
S outhorpe D MV
R ussell
S M/NOBA
S K 8 86/952
S outhorpe D MV
R ussell
S M/NOBB
S E 0 10/887
G arden o f M ill H ouse
S E 8 86/010
i n R iver E au, n ear C hurch
S K 8 83/994
N orth o f v illage
S cotter
S cotton
C orringham W apentake
B ritish M useum
S M/SRAC
J esney
S M/SRBC S M/SNAG
S omerby D MV ( Corringham)
S m
T his a ssemblage h as b een e xamined i n d etail b y t he w riter b ut t he d rawings a nd v essel d escriptions u sed h ere a re t aken f rom M ynard ( 1969). H owever, t he r esponsibility f or t he r evised f abric a llocations r ests w ith t he p resent w riter. I llustrated V essels
F ig.197, N os.16-28 , F igs.
1 98-199.
F abrics
F ig.197 c oarse s andy(CT),Nos.16-22 ; s hell-tempered(S1),Nos. 2 3-25; ( S4),Nos.26-28. F ig.198 s hell-tempered(S3), N os.1-19; o rangeware(01),Nos.202 2; f ine s andy(F2), N os.23-25; ( FD),No.26 ; m edium s andy(M2), N os.27-28 ; ( MN),Nos.29-30 . F ig.199 m edium s andy(ML),Nos.1-5 ; H umberware(1 12),Nos.6-9; C oal M easure ( CM1),Nos.10-12; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos. 1 3-15; C istercian(CIST),Nos.16-21 ; R aeren s toneware(IR), N os.22-23.
F orms
F ig.197 F ig.198
c ooking-pots,Nos.16-19,23-27; b owls,Nos.20-22 ,28. c ooking-pots,Nos.1-12,27 ; b owls,Nos.13-19,24; j ugs,
N os.20-23,25-26,28-30. F ig.199 j ugs,Nos.1-5,8,13; c isterns,Nos.9 ,12,14-15; c ookingp ots,Nos.6-7,10-11; p osset p ots,No.16; c ups,Nos.17-21; d rinking m ugs, N os.22-23.
2 78
F
N
C P
C T
7
W St
2
S i
3
3
S 2
4
4
.
•S 3
4
B
-
O T
J
C N
3
.
M
C
O T
S G
_
.
2
1 9
1 0
O G
2 .
9
.
M L
5
5
M N
3
3
3
M 2
3
1
1
—0 1
5
5
F D
1
1
F 2
5
H 2
7
5
2
3
T i
3
1
2
3
*C M1
8
4
2
4
•G 1
1
.
I ST
8 5
I R
1 6
2
1
_
2
1
,
6
8 2
,
1 6
S XS
1
•W St
1
• S i
2
2
S 3
8
8
S 4
6
6
C T
5
5
C L
1
1
• C 3
5
1
• G 1
1
1
• F l
1 3
0 1
1 6
N o.1 w ere s plashed g lazed. O f.the 1 7 a nd 2 0 h ad a pplied w hite c lay
G rayingham C P
.
.
1
1 7 9
C orringham W apentake
.
. 3
F ig.198 ,Nos.23 ,25 a nd F ig.199, C istercian w are, F ig.199, N os.16 , d ecoration.
.
.
5
,
3
.
J
P
G y C N
S c
O G
1
D C .
1
1
1
.
_ . . . . . 2
4
. 1 2 1 5
1
2 79
3
3
1
7
G rayin. g ham L continued) F
.
.
N
M L
1 2
*M 1
2 0
.
C P
C N 1 1
4
S G
1
O G
1
D C
9
1 6
1
1
1
*H 1
5
5
3
1 2
5
4
1
2
•C M1
2
1
1
1
'
2
6
*M 2
.
. 1
. . .
.
.
U nillustrated
C orringham W apentake F • S 3
.
C P
P N
M
C
S G
O G
7 2 5
5 2 5
3
2
C L
1
1
C 3
2
2
F 2
5
0 1
6
M N
1
. _ . . 3
5
1
1
1
M L
3
3
3
M 1
9
M 2
8
8
6
*H 1
7
7
5
*1 2
2 8
•T i
1 0
*C IST
1
2
1
6
1 0
1
2 7
4
1
9
1
. . .
1
.
1
.
2
.
4
1
1
I llustrated V essels
.
.
C T
1
. _
D C
2
4
.
F orms
J
4
.
F abrics
B
S o
' S i
.
N
S outhorpe D MV ( Northo lpe)
.
.
1
F ig.197, N os.7-15.
s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.7-8 ; o rangeware(01),No.9; m edium s andy ( ML),No.10; ( M2),Nos.11-12; ( MN),No.13; T oynton/Bolingbroke ( T1),Nos.14-15. c ooking-pots, N o.7; b owls, N o.8 ; m ugs,No.15.
2 80
j ugs , N os.9-14;
d rinking
C orringham W apentake
.
S cotter
_
.
•
S r O G
C N
.
D C
F 2
1
1
1
•
M 1
1
1
1
---
M L
1
1
1
1
*
H 1
1
1
1
1
*
H 2
3
1
3
1
•
T i
1
1
'
* C M1
1
2
1 1
1 .
I llustrated V essels
. .
_
.
.
F ig.197, N os.1-6.
F abrics
m edium s andy(M1),No.1; ( ML),No.2; H umberware(H1),No.3; N os.4-5; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No.6.
F orms
j ugs,Nos.1-6.
( H2),
V essels, N os.2-3 w ere f ound i n t he r iver E au; t he L incoln w are j ug, N o.2 h ad a p lugged u pper h andle a ttachment, a nd f our g roups o f t riple b asal t humbings, w hilst t he H umberware j ug, N o.3 h ad a r elief-moulded e ar o f w heat d esign o f a v ery h igh s tandard o f e xecu tion.
S cotton
C orringham W apentake
S n
W St
1
1
1
F 2
1
1
1
0 1
2
2
2
G 1
1
1
•
M 1
1
1
*
H 2
2
• '
D C
O G
C P
— 1
. . .
2
U nillustrated
281
1
'
i v.
L awress W apentake L ist o f t he U nstratified a ssemblages s tudied.
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
B arlings
T F 1 12/705
B arlings A bbey
R ussell
L M/78.77
B usslingthorpe
T F 0 82/852
V illage
R ussell
S M/BPAB
A c onsiderable n umber o f o ther u nstratified a ssemblages e xist f or L awress W apentake a mongst L incoln M useum 's c ollection, b ut t hey h ave n ot b een s tudied b y t he w riter.
B arlings
L awress W apentake
B a O G
M 2
4
T i
2
2
4
U nillustrated
B usslingthorpe
L awress W apentake
B p S G
C P
O G
*
• 2
S 3
2
'
F 2
2
2
1
I
'
M L
2
2
1
.
M 2
4
4
1
'
H 2
3
3
T i
6
6
.
.
1
3 3 _
.
U nillustrated.
282
.
v .
M anley W apentake L ist o f U nstratified a ssemblages.
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
A lkborough
S E 8 80/216
C ountess C lose
R ussell/ M iller
S M/AKAA
S E 8 81/215
C ottage F arm
R ussell
S M/AKAC
S E 8 71/202
B arton C liff F ootpath
R ussell
S M/AKBB
S E 8 74/206
M anuring S catter
R ussell
S M/AKBD
S E 8 77/209
W alcot D MV s ite
R ussell
S M/AKWW
S E 9 4 4 /14 7
V illage
S E 9 65/125
T hornholme P riory
B roughton
S E 9 60/086
R oad W idening
D udley
S M/BHAA
B urton u pon S tather
S E 8 97/163
B agmoor
D udley
S M/BSAE
S E 8 87/166
N ormanby
S E 8 85/165
N ormanby P ark
R ussell
S M/BSNP
S E 9 02/185
T healby D MV
R ussell
S M/THDD
S E 8 77/142
T o W estof O ld C hurch
S M/FXAA
S E 8 76/142
N orth C onesby D MV
S M/FXAB
S E 8 87/148
G range B eck
S M/FXAE
S E 9 04/209
V illage
R ussell
S M/WHT
S E 8 83/193
H aythby D MV
R ussell/ M iller
S M/WHTHA
S E 9 64/033
M otorway S urvey, F ield 1
S amuels
S M/HBAE
S E 9 55/009
G ainsthorpe D MV
R ussell
S M/HB -
S E 9 38/079
H olme
S E 9 36/079
R aventhorpe D MV
R ussell
S M/HORB
S K 9 88/965
W addingham D MV
R ussell
S M/WADAD
S E 9 12/168
S awcliffe D MV
R ussell
S M/RXSA
R ussell
S M/RXSN
A ppleby
F lixborough
W est H alton
H ibaldstow
H olme
R oxby c um R isby
S M/APBF D OE
S M/AP-
S M/BSNC
S M/HORC
S E 9 11/166 S E 9 29/149
L ow R isby D MV
R ussell
S M/RXHA
S E 9 22/148
H igh R isby D MV
R ussell
S M/RXHR
S E 9 18/672
O pposite M anor F arm
K nowles
S M/RXVC
S E 9 20/169
T opsoil c overing R /B M osaic
2 83
S M/RXVK
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
( There w ere a lso s everal o ther s mall f indspots o f o ne o r t wo s herds f rom R oxby v illage. T hey h ave a ll b een a nalysed a nd i ncluded i n t he t able, a lthough t hey a re n ot l isted s eparately h ere. A ll w ere f ound b y K nowles a nd a re s tored i n S cunthorpe M useum). S cawby
S E 9 73/055
M ill L ane E ast
S cunthorpe
S E 8 92/108
F rodingham V illage s ite
S E 8 91/096
L yons
S M/SWAG
?
S M/FRAE
B rumby V illage s ite
D udley
S M/BMAC
S E 8 96/197
C onesby D MV
D udley
S M/CRAA
W hitton
S E 9 02/244
S outh o f C hurchyard
R ussell
S M/WTNAA
W interingham
S E 9 25/224
E ast o f C hurchyard
R ussell
S M/WGMBF
S E 9 2 4 /2 2 5
N orth o f C hurchyard
R ussell
S M/WGMBH
S E 9 25/223
S outh o f V icarage
R ussell
S M/WGMBI
S E 9 24/217
M ill s ite
R ussell
S M/WGMAJ
A lkborough
M anley W apentake
I llustrated V essels
A k
F ig.200 , N os.1-12.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CL),No.1; s hell-tempered(S3),Nos.2-3; o rangeware ( 03),No.4 ; ( 01),Nos.5-8 ; w hiteware(RW),No.9; m edium s andy(M2), N o.10 ; H umberware(H1),Nos.11-12.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-4;
b owls,No.9; j ugs,Nos.5-8,10-12.
H umberware ( H1) j ug, N o.12, h ad t races o f a n a pplied s trip i n a w hite c lay, s uch a t echnique o f d ecoration w as o n t his f abric.
2 84
v ertical u ncommon
F
N
C P
B
C T
3
3
C L
3
2
C 2
6
6
G 1
2
1
5
F 1
6
6
F D
1
1
M 2
2
2
H 1
8
7
N
C P
C L
3
2
S i
3
3
W alcot ( Alkborough) B
J
1 1
1 0
1
5 4
2 6
2 4
2
G 1
4
2
C l
1
1
C 2
4
4
1
3 4
3 2
F D
1 2
1 2
1
1
M L
M 2
1
4
.
C N
.
M
O T
S G
O G
D C
1
6
2
1
1
1 7
P N
1
F l
1 28
P
1
3 3
M 1
5
1
2
2
M N
2
-
W Dt
0 2
1 0
9
1
1
M anley W apentake
0 1
1
1 4
1 5
1 5
I ST .
W D
D C
2
1
3
3
1 5
R W
O G
1
1
H 2
S G
4
2 5
2 9
M 1
M
-
5
0 3
P N
_ .
S 4
0 1
F
P
J
1 0
1 2
S 3
O T
3
8
1 24
5 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 2
8 1
4
2 85
1 4
1
W alcot ( Alkborough) F
.
N
W Y •
H 1
' 1 2 . C M1 • T i
C P
( Continued) B
J
I
r
P
P N
C N
M
_
O T
S G
O G
1
1 2
1 2
3 4
3 1
D C 1
I
_ .
2
1 7 • •.. .» .. .... ...1
3
2
2
1
1
2
•
6
I llustrated V essels
-
1 -
F ig.200 , N os.13-27.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3),No.13; g ritty(G1),No.14 ; f ine s andy(F1), N os.15-18 ; ( FD),Nos.19-21; w hiteware(WD),No.22; o rangeware ( 01),Nos.23-26 ; H umberware(H1),No.27.
F orms
c ooking-pots,No.13;
F ine s andy j ugs, s plashed g lazes.
b owls,No.14 ;
N os.16 a nd
M anley W apentake
a nd
o rangeware
j ug,
N o.23 ,
A ppleby P N
0 1
3
2
M 1
3
2
1 2
2
2
h ad
A p
.
.
•
1 8 ,
j ugs,Nos.15-27.
O G
.
1
. 2
U nillustrated.
B roughton
M anley W apentake C P
C W
• .
S 3 0 1
1
•M L
2
•M 1 H 2
4
1 0
3 4
.
.
P N
O G
D C
. ,
1
1
1
2
2
2 2 3
3
3
2 4
, . , 8
3
4
T hese v essels w ere p art o f t he g roup w hich ( 1974a), b ut h ave h itherto r emained u nillustrated. I llustrated V essels
.
6
8
B u
M oorhouse
. • s tudied
F ig.200 , N os.28-40 .
F abric
s hell-tempered(S3),Nos.28-29; m edium s andy(ML),No.30 ; N os.31-39; H umberware(1 12),No.40.
F orms
b owls,Nos.28-29;
c ooking-pots,Nos.31-32;
2 86
( M1),
j ugs,Nos.30 ,33-40.
B owls N os.28-29, a nd c ooking-pot N o.32 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he • u pper h andle a ttachment o f N o.33 w as p lugged a nd t he l ower a ttachm ent o f N o.40 i ndented a nd t he c avity f illed w ith a n a dditional s mear o f c lay.
M anley W apentake
B urton-upon-Stather C P
R SX
1
S XS
7
7
S XG
8
8
C T
2
2
.
C L . . :
. . . . . .
1
C l
3
3
2 5
O T
1
S G
O G
_
D C
1
.
,
.
2 5
2
2
S 4
2
2
F l
9
9
F D
2
2
5 8
M
.
S 3
0 1
C N
1 0
2
C 2
P N
1
G 1
1
i
5 3
4
4 2
4
2
1 6
M L
1
1
1
M N
1
1
1
M 1
1 6
M 2
1 3
1 3
H 1
1 7
1 7
H 2
6 2
4 5
T i . C M1 . R W .
1 0
P
.
B s
5
9
2
6 4
1 1
4
5
1
I
R
2
1
I D
1
3
1
1 2
1 6
3
1
— .
1
3 0
1
1
1
. 1
1 3
1 1
. .
3
4
4
2
.
. .
. 1 '
D espite t he l arge n umbers o f s herds r ecovered f rom t his p arish , m ost w ere t oo s mall f or i llustration. I llustrated V essels F abrics
F ig.201, N os.1-18.
S axon(SXG),No.1; c oarse s andy(CL),No.2; f ine s andy(FD),Nos.34 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.5-7; m edium s andy(MN),No.8 ; ( M2),No.9 ; ( M1),Nos.10-11; H umberware(H1),No.12; ( H2),Nos.13-14 ; T oynton/ B olingbroke(T1),No.15 ; C oal M easure(CM1),Nos.16-18.
287
F orms
u rns, N o.1; c ooking-pots,Nos.2,10; j ugs,Nos.3-6,8-9,11-12 , 1 5-16; p ipkins,No.7; c isterns,Nos.13,17-18; l ids,No.14.
C ooking-pot,No.10 w as b urnt a nd s ooted, j ug,No.8 w as i n t he N ottingham C ream S andy W are, H umberware l id,No.14 h ad a pplied w hite c lay d ecoration,and t he u pper h andle a ttachment o f T oynton/Bolingbroke j ug, N o.15 w as p lugged.
M anley W apentake
T healby D MV ( Burton-upon-Stather) C P
S XG
1
M 1
1
T h
C W
O G
1
H 2 — U nillustrated.
F lixborough
M anley W apentake
F l
C P
.
• . .
R SX
1
S XGT
1
S XS •
-
5
S XIP
1
C L
I llustrated V essels
1 1
.
. .
8 0
8 0
S XSH
O T
4
1
. 1
1
1
•
F ig.201, N os.19-28.
F abrics
S axon(SXS),Nos.19-23; l oomweight,No.28.
( SXSH),Nos.24-26;
( SXIP),
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.19-20 ,22,25-26; u rns,No.21; p itchers,No.27; l oomweight,No.28.
N o.27;
b owls,Nos.23-24;
I pswich-type p itcher, N o.27 w as i n a b lue-grey, s oft t o h ard f abric o f s moothish t exture. T his w as a d ifferent c lay m ix t o t hat u sed f or t he B arrow : S t. C hads, B arton : E ast A cridge o r B everley: L urk L ane I pswich-type p itchers, w hich w ere h eavily s and t empered. T his e xample w as s imilar t o t hat f rom L issington a nd c ontained s parser, b ut s lightly l arger, s and p articles.
•
'
1 w
W est H alton
M anley W apentake
S G
. F l
1
1
0 1
2
2
H 2
1
1
U nillustrated.
288
O G
1
. 2
M anley W apentake F
N
C T I
C P
3
C 2
3 3
l •C
•
H aythby D MV ( West H alton) B
e
J
2
2
•S 4
1 8
1 8
•F l
1 9
1 9
•0 1
1 37
1 32
.
,
C N
M
.
O T
S G
2
1 6
M 2
P N
I ,
O G
D C .
1 9
4
,
3
•S 3
M 1
P
3 3
6
•M N
•
H y
3
1 5 0
5
2 4
2 3
H 2
5 1
4 9
1
R
1
4
1
4
1
1 2
2 4
1
,
I llustrated V essels
1
1
5 1 1
. — 2
2 1
. 4
.
6 7
1 3 1
2 '
1
6
1
6
H 1
•C IST
5
3 0
6
3
,
1 1 4
•T i
2
•
-
1 _ .
-
F ig.201, N os.29-45 .
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S4),No.29 ; ( S3),Nos.30-31; g ritty(G1),No.32 ; c oarse s andy(C2),Nos.33-34 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.35-40 ; m edium s andy(M1),No.41; ( M2),No.42 ; ( MN),No.43 ; H umberware(H1),No.44 ; ( H2),No .45.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.29,33-34 ,42; 3 6-40 ,42-45.
b owls,Nos.30-32 ,35;
j ugs,Nos.
B owl, N o.30 w as b urnt a nd s ooted, a nd o rangeware j ug s herd,.No.40 r evealed t he l ower a ttachment o f a n a pplied a rm o r l oop.
H i .
H ibaldstow
M anley W apentake
O G T i
1
1
1
U nillustrated.
M anley W apentake
G ainsthorpe D MV ( Hibaldstow)
H i O G
M 1
1
H 2
1
1
1 4
U nillustrated.
2 89
1
‘
1
M anley W apentake
H olme C P
* •
H f
.
-
0 1
2
2
0 2
I
1
M 1
2
1
S G
O G 1
I
1
1
.
U nillustrated.
M anley W apentake
R aventhorpe D MV ( Holme) C P
.
S 4
1
•
F l
1
1
*
0 1
7
6
M L
1
-
M 1
*
1 2
6
:
T i
1
-
'
1
1
, 3
6
,
1
F ig.202, N os.1-5.
F 2
3
0 1
2
M 1
3
M 2
2
H 2
1 1
( M1),Nos.3-5.
j ugs,Nos.1-2,5.
W addingham D MV ( Holme) C P
1
.
8 4
c ooking-pots,Nos.3-4;
S 3
3
6 ' .
'
1
F orms
1
O G
4
o rangeware(01),No.1; m edium s andy(ML),No.2;
W St
-
1
F abrics
M anley W apentake
P N
1
1 2
I llustrated V essels
B D
R a
C N
W d S c
O G
1
1
1
2 1
2 2 7
4
8
T i
4
4
2
* C M1
1
1
1
U nillustrated.
290
*
M anley W apentake . _
S awcliffe D MV ( Roxby c um R isby) C P
_ C T
1
1
C l
1
I
C 2
5
5
.G 1
2
1
*
. .
S 3
1 4
S 4
9
F l
3
0 1
3 3
M 1
2 4
J
_
, P
P N
S G
_
D C
•
. Ä 1
1 4 8
1
4
1
,
. _
.
3 3 1
4
4
O G
, -
1
2
1 8
,
2
1 3 2
2
7
.
.
U nillustrated.
M anley W apentake .
F
N
C F
W Dt
1
C 2
4
3
G 1
2
2
S 3
4
4
S 4
7
7
F l
8
.
.
0 1
2 8
M 1
1 4
H igh a nd L ow R isby B
P
M
C
_
O T
S G
1
2 4 3
4 4
1 1 4
7
6 1
1
1
H 1
5
4
1 7
1 1
1 5
1 '
3
2
.C M1
1
1
1
R W
1
I R
1
I C3
1
I llustrated V essels F abrics
2
.
6
3
2
.
4
T i
G IST
D C
1
8
4
O G
1
M 2
1 2
C N
R i
1
2
1
1 1 1
F ig.202, N os.6-10 .
o rangeware(01),No.6 ;
f ine s andy(F1),No.7; H umberware(1 12),Nos.
8 -10 .
291
F orms
j ugs, N os.6-.10 .
M anley W apentake F •
N
.
R oxby
C P
B
C W
S XS
1
1
S XG
1
1
2
1
1
9
8
1
• S XSH • C T . C 2 . G 1 . S i
2 5 6
1
6
4
S 3
1 2
F l
3 0
0 1
1 45
.M L
2 4
J
M
S G
O G
D C
.
1
. 5
2
.
2
.
1 2 1
2 9 1 40
1 0 4
1
5
4
'M 2
1 1
1 1
'H 1
1 5
1 3
'H 2
1 64
1 51
2 6
5
2
9 3
I llustrated V essels
5
.
5 4
7
4 1
1 3
S i 1 2
2 1
.
.
4
2 4
C N
.
1 35
C M1
P N
.
.M 1
T i
P
R x
1 9
1
9
2
1 4
3
6
6 .
.
9 5 9 4
.
. 2
. .
2 0
F ig.202 , N os.11-42.
F abrics
S axon(SXG),no.11; ( SXSH),Nos.12-13 ; c oarse s andy(CT),No.14 ; ( C2),No.16 ; g ritty(G1),No.15 ; s hell-tempered(S1),No.17; ( S3), N os.18-21; f ine s andy(F1),Nos.22-24 ; o rangeware(01),Nos.25-27; m edium s andy(M1),Nos.28-36 ; ( M2),No .37; H umberware(H2),Nos.384 1; C oal M easure ( CM1),No.42.
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.11-12,14-22,28 ,33,37,42; b owls,No.13 ; c urfews, N os.29-30 ; j ugs,Nos.23 ,25-27,31-32,34 ,38-41; p ipkins,No.24 ; p ancheons,Nos.35-36.
M edium s andy c ooking-pot, N o.28 a nd p ancheon , N o.36 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted o n t heir o uter s urfaces a nd c urfews , N os.29-30 o n t heir i nner s urfaces. M edium s andy j ug, N o.31 h ad a b right o range s plashed g laze, o ne o f t he v ery f ew k nown i n t his f abric.
292
M anley W apentake N S XSH • S 3 F 2 '
1 1 5
C P
S cawby C W
1
J -
P
P N
C N
_
1 5
3
I .
S b
0 1
1 5
1
M 1
1 4
3
1 2 1
O G
D C
2
2
1
7
2
1
6
3
8
2
6
6
3
H 1
2
2
2
'H 2
4 2
i *T
2 8
6
1 6
3
2
.C M1
1 7
1
1 0
2
3
1
3 9
2 1 1
2 0
3
1 4
3
9
2
F ig.203 ,No.l.
S axon ( SXSH);
F orm
M anley W apentake
l ugged c ooking-pot.
B rumby ( Scunthorpe) C P
•
*
S G
M 2
F abric
.
O T
'
3
I llustrated V essel
.
M
P N '
.
•
C N
.
O G
S i
1
1
5 3
7
7
C 2
1
1
0 1
5
5
4
0 2
1
1
1
M 1
2
1
H 2
2
1
1
* C M1 .
I llustrated V essels
_
. . .
1 1 '
_
1 2
1
.
1 .
'
.
F ig.203 , N os.2-9.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S1), N o.2 ; ( S3), N os.3-4 ; o rangeware(02), N o.5; ( 01), N os.6-8 ; H umberware(H2), N o.9.
F orms
c ooking-pots, N os.2-4;
j ugs, N os.5-8 ;
p ancheons, N o.9.
C ooking-pots , N os.3-4 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted.
293
M anley W apentake .
N
S 3
2
'F l
' 4
0 1 . • . .
M L M 1 M 2
.
C P
G reat C onesby D MV ( Scunthorpe) .
B
C W
J
M
O T
S G
O G
D C
.
2 4
1 8
3
1 4
3 1 3
2
1
2
4
2
2
1
2
8
1
2
1 9
1
1 8
H 2
2 5
2
1 7
4
1
1 1
.
1 5
1
2
1
2 .
1
4
3
1 1 8
2 A
1
1 0
3
3 1
C N
e
H 1
• C M1 . T i • I R
P
2 1
. 4 2 1 4
. . .
6
3
3
3
1
. . .
1 •
-
-
.
•
I
a
.
T his a ssemblage c ontained o nly r ims, d ecorated s herds o r o ther f eatured p ieces a nd w ould , t herefore, s eem t o h ave b een h eavily s orted w ith a ll b ody s herds b eing d iscarded. I llustrated V essels
F igs.204-205.
F abrics
F ig.204 s hell-tempered(S3),Nos.1-2; o rangeware(01),Nos .3-17; m edium s andy(M1), N os.18-29 ; ( M2),Nos.30-31; ( ML),Nos.32-35; H umberware(H1),Nos.36-37. F ig.205 H umberware(H1),Nos.1-2; ( H2),Nos.3-20 ; T oynton/ B olingbroke(T1),Nos.21-23 ; C oal M easure(CM1),Nos.24-26 ; R aeren S toneware(IR),No.27.
F orms
F ig.204 c ooking-pots,Nos.18-19 ; b owls,Nos.1-2; c urfews ,No.20 ; j ugs,Nos.3-14 ,21-28 ,30-34 ,36-37; p ipkins,Nos.15-17,29 ,35 . F ig.205 c ooking-pots,Nos.3-4 ,26 ; j ugs,Nos.1-2,5-15,21-22 ,242 5 ; c isterns,Nos.16-17,23; d rinking m ugs,Nos.19,27; c auldrons, N o.18 ; l obed c ups,No.20 .
B urnt a nd s ooted F ig.204 ,Nos.1-2,16-18 ,20(inner s urface),29 ; F ig.205, N o.3. S plashed G lazes F ig.204 , N os.3 , 1 5, 3 0 , 3 2 . H andles p lugged u pper a ttachment,Fig.204 ,Nos.21,23 ,25-27; F ig.205 ,Nos. 1 -2,5-7,15 ,24. i ndented l ower a ttachment,Fig.204,No.25; F ig.205,Nos.1,12 . O rangeware j ugs, F ig.204, N os.8-9 h ad a pplied w hite c lay s trips, w hilst o rangeware p ipkin , F ig.204, N o.15 h ad a n o live-green s plashed g laze, w ith t he h andle b eing a ttached t o t he t op o f t he r im o f t he v essel - a v ery e arly p ipkin f orm . T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f F ig.205, N o.6 h ad t wo p airs o f s tamped c ircles i n p lace o f t he u sual t wo l ateral t humbings, w hilst t he H umberware l obed c up , F ig.205,No .20 , w as g lazed o n b oth s urfaces.
294
M anley W apentake
F rodingham ( Scunthorpe)
.
C P
.
O G
S 3
1
•
0 1
2
2
•
M I
1
1
•
H 2
'
I llustrated V essels
F r
1
2
.
1
1
1
F ig.203, N os.10-11.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S3), N o.10 ; H umberware(H2), N o.11.
F orms
c ooking-pots, N os.10-11.
M anley W apentake
W hitton C P
G 1
1
1
•S i
1
1
S 3
1
1
S 4
2
2
C 2
1
F l
3
. . . .
0 1
.
WI S G
, .
D C
O G
. -
.
1 3
1 3
1
1 1
H 2
6
5
•C M1
1
1
1 1
3 8
1
. 1
.
3 1
. _ .
.
.
U nillustrated.
M anley W apentake I llustrated V essels
W interingham
W m
F ig.203, N os.12-32.
F abrics
s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.12-13; c oarse s andy(CT),No.14 ; ( CL), N o.15; ( Cl), N o.16; ( C2), N o.17; f ine s andy(F1), N os.18-19; o rangeware(01),Nos.20-24 ; H umberware(H2), N os.25-32.
F orms
c ooking-pots, N os.12-16,25-26 ; 2 7-30 ; c isterns, N os.31-32.
c urfews,No.17,
j ugs, N os.18-24 ,
• J ugs, N os. 1 8-19 h ad s plashed g lazes, N o.20 w as p art o f a d ecora tive a rm o r l oop , w hilst t he u pper h andle a ttachment o f N o.27 w as p lugged.
295
W interingham N
C P
S XG
1
1
W St
1
C T
3
3
C L
3
3
. C l
1
1
C 2 C l : 5 1 S 3 5 4 F l . -
. . .
0 1
C W
P
J
C N
-
O T
M
,
S G
O G
D C
1
9
1 0
.
1
—
_ I
1 2 1
-
2 1
2
2 2 1
2 1
-
6
5
6 2
2 8
3 0
M L
1
1
M 1
3
2
H 1
1
1
H 2
P N
—
T i
2
2
C M1
4
2
R
2
2
I C3
I e
2 1
' _
3
1
1 ,
1
4
2 0
2
1 1
3
1
2 I
.
1
1
1
3 3
4 0
1
,
1
4
•
296
M. -
. . .
d .
S outh R iding o f L indsey
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
S outh R iding o f L indsey : i . B olingbroke B olingbroke
T F 3 36/657
H averby.West o f
R ussell
C hurch E ast K irkby
T F 3 32/631
O ld V illage S ite n r. C hurch
R ussell
L M/-
R ussell
L M/-
S outh R iding o f L indsey :ii. C alcewath C alceby
T F 3 88/758
V illage S ite
S outh R iding o f L indsey : i ii. C andleshoe A shby b y P artney S utterby
T F 4 29/669
D MV
R udkin
S M/ABAD
T F 4 19/715
F ordington D MV
R ussell
L M/-
T F 3 85/724
V illage
R ussell
L M/-
S outh R iding o f L indsey : i v. G artree G autby
T F 1 75/125
B y C hurch
R ussell
L M/-
H emingby
T F 2 37/745
R oad-widening t o W . o f C hurch
R ussell
L M/-
G reat S turton
T F 2 16/767
L owthorpe D MV
R ussell
f L indsey : v . H ill S outh R iding o K etsby
T F 3 69/766
V illage S ite
R ussell
S crafield
T F 3 05/691
D MV s ite
R ussell
f L indsey : v i. H orncastle S outh R iding o E dlington
T F 2 28/712
W est o f C hurch
R ussell
M areham
T F 2 89/679
N .E . o f C hurch
R ussell
R oughton
T F 2 39/647
C hurchyard
R ussell
f L indsey S outh R iding o
:v ii,Louthesk
B rackenborough
T F 3 13/899
V illage S ite
R ussell
L M/-
S outh C ockerington
T F 3 78/890
H ill H ouse F arm
R ussell
L M/-
M altby
T F 3 10/839
V illage S ite
R ussell
S kidbrooke
T F 4 38/932
V illage S ite
R ussell
( Most o f t his m aterial l acks a s pecific m useum c ode d eposited w ith L incoln M useum s hortly b efore w riting).
2 97
a s
i t w as
o nly
B olingbroke W apentake
H averby
H v C N
T i
7
•
1
5
1
O G
2
3
U nillustrated.
B olingbroke W apentake
E ast K irkby
N S 3
1
R
1
•T l
C P
B D
K y
P N
C N
O G
, 1
1 6
' 8
2
4
1
1
1 1 .
U nillustrated.
C alcewath W apentake
C alceby C P
_ W St
C a O T
1
* C 3
2
* R G
1
S c
1 2 .
.
•
U nillustrated.
C andleshoe W apentake
A shby b y P artney
A s
C P
.
S XSH
2
2
S i
3
2
W St
1
I llustrated V essels
O G
1 1
.
F ig.206 , N os.9-11.
F abrics
S axon(SXSH),No.9 ;
s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.10-11.
F orms
c ooking-pots, N os.9-11. C ooking-pot, N o.10 w as b urnt a nd s ooted.
298
1
.
C andleshoe W apentake
F ordington D MV
FO
C P S XG
1
1
S i
I
I
S 3
1
1
'
M 2
1
•
T i
1
•
.
. 1
a
U nillustrated.
S utterby
C andleshoe W apentake
S u
C P
. _ S i
1
1
R C
1
1
0 2
I
O G
1
1
U nillustrated.
G autby
G artree W apentake
G o O G
C P .
•
S 2
1
1
F 2
I
1
M T
1
I
'
1
M L
1
I
. 4
1
.
4
. .
U nillustrated.
H emingby
G artree W apentake C P '
S XS S XG
' S i
m
1
1
2
2
1 1
P N
.
• S 3
2
1
C 3
1
1
F 2
2
2
M L
2
2
4
4
T i -
.
O G
,
1
M 2
S G
1 ' 1
1
.
.
,
• S 2
.
H m
, 1 .
, 1
9
1 0 t
4
-
299
.
1
t
2
.
I 4 .
I llustrated V essels
F ig.206 , N os.1-8 .
F abrics
S axon(SXS),No.1; ( SXG),Nos.2-3 ; s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.4-5 ; ( S3),No.6 ; f ine s andy(F2), N o.7; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),No .8 .
F orms
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-5 ;
b owls,No.6 ;
V essels N os.2 a nd 5 -6 w ere b urnt h ad a pplied s trips o f i ron-rich c lay.
G artree W apentake
j ugs,Nos.7-8 .
a nd
s ooted,
w hilst
e
• • • .
S 3
-
L o
8
6
S c '
1
1
F 2
1
1
0 2
1
M T
5 .
O G
-
1 1
5
1
3 1
-
. _ . . . -
1 5
3 6
.
2
W St
T 1
N o.8
L owthorpe D MV ( Great S turton) C F
•
j ug
.
9
•
•
U nillustrated.
H ill W apentake
K t
K etsby S G • • ••••• •
1
F 2 I llustrated V essel F abric
F ig.206 , N o.12.
f ine s andy(F2).
F orm
j ug.
S plashed g lazed.
S c
S crafield
H ill W apentake C F
e
1
1
S 3
4
T l
8
M T
7
P N
C N
O G
3
1
5
4 4
3
7 -
I llustrated V essel F abric
F ig.206 , N o.13 .
T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1).
F orm
300
p ancheon.
.
'
Horn asLle Wap ntnke o-
F
·- ..--N
S3
3
--
ML Tl
r,p
J
.. .,. ___
2
3
PN
Ed
OT
CN
OG
2 3
l
1�0
Illus _ ated Vessel Fabric
Edb ngton
1
29
2
4
4
-�-
..
27
,
Fjg.206 1 No 14.
Toynton/Bolingbroke (Tl).
Horncastlc Wapentnk
Form
unidentified.
Mareham
Ma
F
N
SXG
1
1
2
2
S2
RC
1
1
This un ly represents a small sample of the pot Lery from Lhis lllustraled Vessels Fabrics Forms
Fig.206, Nos.15-18.
Saxon (SXG),No.15; shell-tempered(S2), Nos.J6-17; coarse sandy(RC),No.18. cooking-pots, Nos.l -18.
Nos.16-]7 were burnt and sooted. I-Jon�astle WapenLake F
N
CP
Sl
1
1
S3
Tl
Jlustrated Vess ls Fabrics rms
Rg
Roughton
1
2
J
1
PN
OG
1
2
Fig.206, Nos.19-20.
shell--tempered (Sl),No.19; Toynton/Bolingbroke (Tl), No.20. cooking-pots, No.19; panch ons, No.20.
0
L outh W apentake
B rackenborough
.
C P
C 3
. .
2
M T
2 0
T i
1 1
-
B q O G
.
.
.
2
-
•
2 0
6
1 0
4
.
U nillustrated.
L outh W apentake
S outh C ockerington C F
.
'
S XGT
1
I
3
3
2
9
T i T
S g O G
.
.
. .
1
1
.
'
9
.
2
U nillustrated.
M altby
L outh W apentake
M I
1
I L
U nillustrated.
S kidbrooke D MV
L outh W apentake N
-
C F
1
S i
1
1
S 2
1
1
"C T
1
1
'C 3
1
1
F 2
1
1
M L
1
1
'I R
1
O G 1
.
,
1
G IST
S G
I
2
2 8
C
M
.
S 3
'T i
P N
1
W St
.
J
B
S i
.
_ ___--
1 8
]
1 1 1 6
9 1
,
I
I
U nillustrated.
302
.
1
, .
v iii.
W raggoe W apentake L ist o f t he U nstratified a ssemblages s tudied.
.. . .•• •••m o o m ma t ma mm • ma,
P arish
L ocation
S ite N ame
F inder
S torage
K irmond L e M ire
T F 1 89/924
S outh o f R oad
R ussell
L M/-
L issington
T F 1 06/836
V illage S ite
R ussell
L M/-
R and
T F 1 08/792
V illage S ite
R ussell
L M/-
S ixhills
T F 1 63/870
N ear P riory S ite
R ussell
T F 1 69/870
W est o f V illage
R ussell
T F 0 62/776
V illage S ite
R ussell
S tainton b y L angton
W raggoe W apentake F
. . . .
. . . . .
B
C T
3
2
C L
2
2
5 1 S 2
4 3 5 2 33
C W
J
P •
•
5
4 2 4 1 98
3
3
C 3
7
7
P N
C N •
.
M .
C
O T
S G
O G
D C •
• .
.
1
1
„
1
.
3 4
-
.
0 2
3 2
2 9
3
1 _ 2
1 0
I
2
8 1 1
1
1
2
2 2
2 5
2 5
1 0
M T
5
5
3
H 1
2
2
2
T i
5 23
G IST
2 1 4 73
3
4
1
7
2 8
1
4-
I S
2
I D
3
I C3
1
6
. 3 . . . 2
*
1 5
*
2 48
2 4'
7
7
7
R
, ,
2
2 1
.
. 1
2 7
H 2
.
.
2 9
M 1
B D .
F 2
0 S1
K i
5
G 1
M 2
s
C P
L M/-
K irmond L e M ire
p
W St
S 3 .
N e
.
U L M M / /-
3
4 2 3 1
_
303
3 .
I llustrated V essels
F ig.206, N os.21-32 ; F ig .207.
F abrics
F ig .206 s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.21-26 ,28-32; w hiteware(WSt), N o.27. F ig .207 s hell-tempered(53),Nos.1-8 ; c oarse s andy(C3),N0.9 , o rangeware(02),No.10 ; ( 0S1),No.11 ; m edium s andy(MT),Nos.12-13 ; ( M1),Nos.14-15 ; ( M2),Nos.16-17; H umberware(H1),Nos.18-19; ( H2) N os.20-24; T oynton/Bolingbroke(T1),Nos.25-57; L ow C ountries r edware(ID),Nos.58-59; S iegburg s toneware(IS),No.60 .
F orms
F ig.206 c ooking-pots ,Nos.21-23 , 2 8-32; d ishes,No.24 ; b owls , N os.25-26; p itchers,No.27. F ig.207 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3 ,9,48 ; c urfews,No.4 ; b owls,Nos. 5 -8 ; j ugs,Nos.10-47; p ancheons,Nos.49-51, u rinals,No.52 ; t ripod p ipkins,Nos.57,59 ; l ids,Nos.56 ,58 ; c hafing d ishes, N o.53; u nidentified ,No.54 ; o intment p ots, N o.55; d rinking m ugs, N o.60 .
B urnt a nd S ooted F ig.206 ,Nos.22 ,24-26 ,28 ; F ig.207,Nos.2,6-8 ,49,59. F ig.207, N o.10 w as s plashed g lazed , F ig.207, N o.13 h ad i ronr ich c lay s trips, w hilst h andles, F ig.207, N os.22 a nd 5 4 w ere p lugged. T he L ow C ountries r edware l id, F ig.207, N o.58 h ad a n arrow b and o f g laze c overing t he e dge o f t he r im .
W raggoe W apentake
L issington C P
S XS
1
1
'S XG
2
2
S XSH
5
4
S XIP
1
S i
4
4
S 2
4
2
R G
2
1
. . . . •
_ .
I llustrated V essels
O T
L s P N
O G
1
, 1
D C
'
. 1
'
.
. . , 1
2 -
.
1
1 • -
F ig.208 , N os.1-14 .
F abrics
S axon(SXG),Nos.1-2; ( SXS),No.3 ; ( SXIP),No.4 ; ( SXSH),Nos.5-6 ; s hell-tempered,(S1),Nos.7-8 ; ( S2),Nos.9-12; g ritty,(RG),Nos . 1 3-14 .
F orms
c ooking-pots, N os.1-3 , 1 1-12; p ancheons,
5 -10 ,
1 3 ;
p itchers, N o.4;
b owls,
N os .
T he I pswich-type p itcher, N o.4 , w as i n t he s lightly g ritty t ype o f f abric a lso f ound a t F lixborough ( Fig.201,No.27). B oth g ritty w are v essels, N os. 1 3-14 , c ontained s mall a mounts o f r ounded h aematite, s imilar t o t hat f ound i n t he D oncaster G D f abric.
304
W raggoe W apentake
R and
k n
C P
:
S 3
1
T i
2
O G
1 2
I
U nillustrated.
W raggoe W apentake N
S ixhills
C P
B
.
C W
1
J
S XG
1
1
S i
4
2
S 2
1
I
S 3
2
2
•F 2
3
3
0 2
6
5
M L
4
4
. , .
. .
C N
S G
O G
D C
.
•
1 . , .
1 9
•M T
1 3
1 3
•H 1
5
5
•H 2
5
5
.R
P N
.
1 9
8 2
B D
2
M 2
•T i
P
S x
1
2
1 1
5
.
4
. ,
1 4
3 . . _--
. I
7 3
1
1
2
3
5
.
3
2 0
'
6
1 -
I llustrated V essels
.
-
.
.
.
-
.
S
.
F ig.208 , N os.15-45.
F abrics
S axon(SXG),No.15; s hell-tempered(S1),Nos.16-17; f ine s andy ( F2), N os.18-20 ; o rangeware(02), N o.21; r egional s tray(R), N o.22; m edium s andy(MT),Nos. 2 3-26 ; ( M2), N os.27-29; ( ML), N os.30-31; H umberware(H1), N o.32; ( H2),Nos.33-35; T oynton/ B olingbroke(T1), N os.36-45.
F orms
c ooking-pots, N os.15-16 ,36 ; b owls,No.17; j ugs,Nos.18-20 ,22, 2 4-35,37-32; p ipkins,No.21; c urfews,No.23; c isterns, N o.43; u nidentified,No.44 ; b asting d ishes, N o.45.
B asting d ish , N o.45, w as b urnt a nd s ooted, j ug, N o.18, w as s plashed g lazed, a nd j ug N o.38 h ad a n i ron-rich a pplied c lay s trip. H andle, N o.23, w as i ndented a nd N o.32 p lugged. T he d ecorative c ollar t o c ooking-pot, N o .36, w as a pplied a s i ndividual p ieces o f t humbed c lay r ther t han t he m ore u sual c ontinuous b and. T he g laze s car o n t he .b ase o f j ug , N o.29, d emonstrated t hat t he v essel r esting a bove i t i n t he k iln l oad h ad b een d eliberately p laced s o a s t o s tradle t wo l ower v essels.
305
W raggoe W apentake
S tainton-by-Langton
S i
C P S i I llustrated V essel F abric
e .
1
1
F ig.208 , N o.46.
s hell-tempered(S1);
F orm
c ooking-pot.
U nstratified R egional A ssemblages
T hree c ollections o f u nstratified m aterial a re p resented h ere, f rom H ighgate, B everley a nd M iddle L ane, H edon i n . East Y orkshire, a nd f rom v arious s ites i n D oncaster, i n S outh Y orkshire. I n a ll t hree c ases s tratified g roups f rom t hese a ssemblages h ave a lready a ppeared i n C hapter 2 , t hese d rawings t herefore i llustrate e ither v essels o f i ntrinsic i nterest o r m ore c omplete v essels w hich c larify t he f orms o f s ome o f t he m ore f ragmentary s tratified e xamples. T he e xtent o f e ach u nstratified a ssemblage i s n ot t abulated a s t he s tratified g roups p rovide t he n ecessary d istributional i nformation o n t he f abric t ypes r epresented. B everley : H ißhEate ( By) U nstratified M aterial I llustrated V essels
F ig.209, N os.1-32.
F abrics
c oarse s andy(CB3),Nos.1-2; o rangeware(OB),Nos.3-14; H umberw are(H1),No.15 ; ( H2),Nos.16-24 ; w hiteware(WB),Nos.25-27; ( RW) N o.28 ; S iegburg s toneware(IS),No.29; L ow C ountries r edware ( ID),Nos.30-32.
F orms
c ooking-pots, N os.1-5 ,15-16 ; j ugs, N os.6-13 ,17-22,25-28 ,32; u nidentified,No.14; d rinking-mugs,Nos.23,29; c auldrons,No.24; t ripod p ipkins,No.30 ; d ishes,No.31.
V essels N os.1-3 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted , N o.12 w as a f ragment o f a b eard f rom a f ace j ug, w hilst t he c rude f ace o f N o.19 w as a pplied t o t he p inched o ut l ip o f t he j ug. T he u pper h andle a ttachment o f N o. 1 8 w as p lugged, a nd d ish N o.31 h ad a d ecorative d esign o f a pplied w hite c lay.
H edon : M iddle L ane ( Hd) U nstratified M aterial I llustrated V essels
F ig.210 , N os.1-26; F ig.211, N os.1-11.
F abrics
F ig.210 c oarse s andy(CH1),Nos.1-5; ( CH4),No.6 ; f ine s andy ( FH2),Nos.7-15; ( FH3), N os.16-18 ; w hiteware(WD),No.19; o rangew are(OB),Nos.20-23; ( OS)1),No.24 ; r egional s tray(RW),No.25 ; N orth F rench P olychrome(1),No.26. F ig.211 H umberware(H2),Nos.1-11.
F orms
F ig.210 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-4 ,6; N os.7,23; j ugs,Nos.8-22,24-26.
306
p ancheons,No.5;
p ipkins,
F ig.211 c ooking-pot,No.1; j ugs,Nos.2-8 ; u rinals,No.10 ; p ancheons,No.11.
d rinking m ugs,No.9 :
V essels, F ig.210 , N os.4-5,23 w ere b urnt a nd s ooted. T he h ole i n t he n eck o f c ooking-pot N o.1 w as m ade a fter f iring. J ug s herd , F ig.210 , N o.9 w as w asted t hrough g laze s eepage i nto a f iring c rack. B ase s herd, F ig.210 , N o.10 s howed t he u se o f a w aster s herd a s a s eparator d uring f iring, t his e xample h aving b een f used o nto t he b ase o f t he j ug b y t he g laze. I ron w ashed d ecoration w as u sed o n F ig.210 , N os.16-18 , a nd a pplied w hite c lay t o F ig.210 , N o.21, T he S carborough f igure f rom a k night j ug, F ig.210 , N o.24 h ad t he r emaining f ragment o f j ug w all k napped a s s mall a s p ossible, s uggesting t hat t he f igure h ad a s econdary, i ndependent f unction - p erhaps a c hild's t oy. N orth F rench p olychrome j ug h andle, F ig.210 , N o.26 h ad a pplied s trips o f d ifferent c oloured c lay, a ppearing d ark g reen a nd b rown u nder a g laze w hich w as o therwise a p ale l emon y ellow .
D oncaster I llustrated V essels
:V arious S ites ( Dn) U nstlatified M aterial F ig.211, N os.12-34 ; F igs.212-216.
F abrics
F ig.211 S axon(SXS),No.12; ( SXGT),No.13; ( SXG),Nos.14-15; g ritty(G1),No.16 ; c oarse s andy(CD),Nos.17-24 ; ( CT),Nos.25-28 ; u nidentified,No.29 ; w hiteware(WSt),Nos.30-32 ; g ritty(GD),Nos. 3 3-34. F ig.212 s hell-tempered(SD),No.1; ( SD1),Nos.2-3; w hiteware ( WD),Nos.4-7. F ig.213 f ine s andy(FD),Nos.1-4 ; m edium s andy(ML),No.5 ; H umberware(H2),Nos.6-8 ; ( 0C),Nos.9-10 . F igs.214-216 a re a ll i n t he C oal M easure ( CH1) f abric.
F orms
F ig.211 c ooking-pots,Nos.12-13 ,16-25 ,33 ; b owls,No.26 ; s ocketed b owls,No.27; p itchers,Nos.28-29 ; c ostrels,No.30 ; j ugs,Nos.31-32 ,34 ; u nidentified,Nos.14-15. F ig.212 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-3 ; p ipkins,No.4; j ugs,Nos.5-7. F ig.213 p ancheons,No.1; j ugs,Nos.2-5,7; s cent p ots,No.6; c isterns,No.7; c ups,No.9 ; c hafing d ishes,No.10 . F ig , .214 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-2 ; j ugs,Nos.3-8 . F ig.215 j ugs,Nos.1-4; c isterns,Nos.5-9. F ig.216 c isterns,Nos.1-2; p lant h olders,No.3 ; c ondiments, N o.4 ; d rinking m ug?,No.5 ; u rinals?,Nos.6,20 ; u nidentified, N os.7,17-18 ; l ids,Nos.8-9 ; c hafing d ishes,Nos.10-15 ; p ancheons,No.16 ; c urfews,No.19.
B urnt a nd S ooted F ig.211, N o.33 ; F ig.212, N os.1-4 ; F ig.214 ,No.2 ; F ig.216, N o.19 o n i ts i nner s urface. M iscellaneous F ig.211, N o.16 h ad a ccidental t races o f s plashed g laze, a nd j ug, N o .34 w as b uilt u p a s a s eries o f i ndependent r ings o f c lay. F ig.213 ,No.7 h ad t wo g roups o f f ive b asal t humbings. F ig.214,No.48 h ad a w hite i nternal s alts d eposit, a s d id N o.4. J ug, N o.3 h ad i ron w ashed v ertical s trips, a nd i ts l ower h andle a ttachment w as i ndented w ith o ne f inger. F ig.215 ,No.5 , p robably o nly h ad o ne h andle, b ut i t h as b een d rawn w ith t wo t o i llustrate t he m ethod o f a ttachment. F ig.216, N o.7, h ad a p lugged h andle. C hafing d ish b ase N o.14 h ad o nly a s ingle v ent a nd t hat w as s ituated c entrally a t t he t op o f t he b owl, a nd, l ike t he t wo s ide v ents o f N o.15, i t w as c logged w ith g laze; n one c ould h ave p rovided a ny v entilation.
307
C HAPTER 4 a .
R EGIONAL K ILN A SSEMBLAGES
I ntroduction
T his s hort c hapter s ummarises t he a vailable e vidence f or S axon a nd m edieval p ottery p roduction w ithin N orth L incolnshire a nd i ts s urrounding r egion a nd p resents a s election o f i llustrations f rom s ome o f t he k nown w aster a ssemblages. S everal o f t he r egion's m ore i mportant k iln a ssemblages, p articularly t hose f rom S outh L incolnshire , r emain l argely u npublished, w hilst m ost o f t he k nown S axon a nd m edi eval f abric t ypes e ncountered w ithin t he r egion s till l ack a ny i dent ifiable p roduction c entres. D espite t he p resence o f a n umber o f R omano-British k iln s ites ( Fig.217), N orth L incolnshire l acks a ny a rchaeologically i dentifiable m edieval k iln s ites, a lthough d ocumentary e vidence i ndicates a m anu factory a t Y addlethorpe j ust t o t he S outh o f S cunthorpe ( Lincs. A rchives C ommittee,1957/8,31). Y et t he d istributional e vidence, p res ented a nd d iscussed i n C hapter 5 , d emonstrates t hat t he a rea m ust h ave c ontained m any k iln s ites, p articularly a long t he s outhern b ank o f t he H umber b etween B arton-on-Humber a nd G rimsby. H owever, d espite i ntensive f ieldwork, t hey h ave s o f ar e luded d etection. T he p arish o f T hornton C urtis h as p roduced a n umber o f o verfired a nd p artly w asted l ate-medieval s herds b ut n o c oncentrated s catters w hich m ight c onfirm t he p resence o f k ilns. O dd w aster s herds m ay e ven h ave b een u sed f or p acking c onsignments o f p ottery, b eing d iscarded o nce t he p ots h ad r eached t heir d estination. S ection c o f t his C hapter c ompares t he l ocation o f t he k nown R omano-British k iln s ites i n t he r egion w ith t he k nown m edieval k ilns. T his n ot o nly r eveals a n i nteresting c orrelation b etween t he k ilns o f b oth p eriods, b ut a lso s uggests a reas w here f urther m edieval k ilns m ay b e f ound. W aster a ssemblages h ave a n umber o f i nherent d rawbacks t o t heir s tudy. D ifferent v essel f orms w ould, b y v irtue o f t heir n ature a nd m anufacture, h ave m ade t hem m ore s usceptible t o w astage t han o thers, w hilst t he p otter m ay h ave c onsidered s ome f orms c ommercially m ore v aluable t han o thers, p lacing t hem i n t he b etter p rotected p arts o f t he k iln, t hereby r educing t he l ikelihood o f t heir w astage. C onv ersely, t he m ore e xpendable v essel f orms m ight w ell h ave b een p laced i n t he l ess r eliable p arts o f t he k iln t hereby i ncreasing t he l ikel ihood o f t heir w astage. I n o ther w ords t he v arious p roportions o f i dentifiable w aster f orms f rom e ach k iln a ssemblage n eed n ot n ecessa rily r eflect e ither t he a ctual p roportions o f e ach f orm s uccessfully p roduced o r t he c ommercial i mportance p laced o n t hem b y t heir p otters. N evertheless, s uch c aveats a re p erhaps m ore l ikely t o b e s ignificant a mongst t he m inor v essel f orms, a nd a g eneral c omparison o f t he p ropo rtions o f t he p rincipal v essel f orms f rom e ach w aster a ssemblage r emains o f c onsiderable i nterest. T he v arying p roportion o f j ug a nd c ooking-pot f orms a mongst t he t hree H allgate f abrics a t D oncaster, f or e xample, m irrored g eneral c hanges t hat c ould b e o bserved a mongst d omestic p ottery a ssemblages i n t he r egion d uring t he 1 2th a nd 1 3th c enturies. T he f ollowing t able a ttempts t o l ist t he k nown S axon a nd m edieval p ottery
k ilns
i n
t he
r egion
a nd
i ncludes
3 08
p ublished
r eferences.
K nown S axon a nd M edieval K iln S ites i n t he H umberside R egion . L ocation
T radition
! g
u i
g
3u
,S ta n ford , L in cs .
.
D o cu ren ted
W h i tewares ( I s St)
*
T orksey , L in cs .
c oarse s an dy ( CT )
*
L in co ln , L in cs . '
c o arse s andy ( CL )
*
s hel l-te n pered ( SL )
*
L incoln , L in cs . .
A . u 1 › ,g 1. 1 M
u
S tan ford , L in cs .
W h itewar es ( WD t )
M arke t P la ce , W .Yor ks . D on caste r‚
g r itty w ares ( G) )
D onc as ter , H a llga te , W . Y o rks .
g r itty w ares ( G) )
D oncaster , H al lgate , W . Y o rks .
W h itewares ( WD )
s rarborough , N . Y orks .
W h ite weres ( WS )
D on cas te r , C attle na rke t , W . Y o rks .
L ittle K a lk , E . Y orks .
,
*
K ibur ry 1 9E0
*
B a rley 19 8 1
*
K thur ry 1 98 3
*
*
H a yfie ld 1 924
* ,
B u cklan d a t a l 1 979
*
, *
*
,
. f ine s an dy ( FD )
*
,
*
f ine s andy ( F D )
* '
'B irk lan d e ta ) 1 979
,o ran gewares ( C ( ) *
'
*
' *
*
'
A
e-a rtorough , N . Y orks .
o r ang mues ( C 6 )
*
'
S tax ton/Potter B ra mp ton , E . Y o rks .
c oarse s an dy ( CS )
*
' 1
P otterh a rm a r th , L inc s .
s hel lt Enwere d ( S )
1
L i
m ediu n s andy ( ML )
T byn ton , R c
m ed iun s an dy ( 4T )
*
*
*
H u n ler ware(HC )
*
*
*
?
*
Y addlethorpe , L incs .
u 1
! . 5
C owick , W . Y o rks .
H um be r wa res ( HC )
H olmeupon-Spa ld ing -M oor , E .Yo r ks .
H umbe rwa res ( HH )
,
*
*
, , ,
,
*
*
1
* *
*
*
' n c o l n , L i n c s .
*
, * *
*
C rA l M eas ure ( 4F )
R awmarsh , W . Y o rks .
C oA l M easure ( CMR )
T oyn ton , L in cs .
T byn ton/Bolingbroke ( 1 1 ' )
*
*
O ld B olingb ro ke , L inc s .
T bynton/Bol ingbroke ( TB )
*
*
C oningsb y , L in cs .
T oyn ton/Bol ingbroke ( T 1 )
*
B ou rne , L inc s .
B ourne w ares
*
, , ,
* *
F a rue r 1 9 79
*
*
*
*
,
F irsby H a ll , W . Y orks .
309
B uck lan d_ e t a l 1 979
'
r nArse s an dy ( CH )
C c e .dck , W . Y o rks .
B u ck . lan d _ e t a l 1 979
'
H edon , E . Y orks .
L i e s K i l n , n cs .
-
*
f i re s andy ( FH )
.
•
*
H edon , E . Y orks .
u i
F ully P ublished
'
,
o range wares ( (B )*
'B everley , E .Yorks .
K i ln
.
* ?
C dentw orth , L inc s . D oncaster , H allgate , W .Yorks .
8
.
W asters
M ayes a nd H ay field 1 9E0
S ome e ntries, s uch a s S tamford a nd B ourne, d isguise a n umber o f k nown k iln s ites w ithin t he t own, w hilst f or o thers, s uch a s L incoln o r Y ork, a f ar w ider r ange o f k ilns a re s uspected t han t he m ore d efinite e xamples l isted h ere. b .
A S election o f R egional K iln A ssemblages
T he f ollowing w aster a ssemblages h ave b een e xamined a nd s tudied b y t he w riter, r epresentative s amples o f t heir p roducts a re i llust rated i n F igs. 2 18-236. D oncaster M arket P lace ( Fig.218,Nos.1-17). G ritty w are t radition ( GD) I n 1 977 a s mall g roup o f w aster m aterial w as d iscovered o n a b uilding s ite t o t he w est o f D oncaster M arket P lace ( Fig.9). M ost o f t he s herds c ame f rom t he d isturbed r emains o f a c ircular p it-like f eature s urviving l m d eep a nd 1 .75m w ide, w hose s ides w ere b urnt a nd s ooted a nd c ontained a f ill o f b urnt b rown c lay, f lecked w ith c harcoal. T he r escue r ecording o f t his s ite d id n ot a llow f or a f ull i nvestigation, b ut t he n ature o f t he f eature, c ontaining w aster s herds , s uggested t hat i t w as t he r emains o f a p ottery k iln ( Hayfield 1 984a). A ll t hese w aster s herds w ere o f a s imilar f abric w hich b elonged t o t he g ritty w are t radition, a nd w hich w as c losely c omparable w ith t he ' C' f abric w aster m aterial f rom t he t own 's H allgate k ilns. T he t empering c onsisted o f s ub-angular g rains o f t ranslucent t o m ilky q uartz, s mall f ragments o f l imestone a nd d istinctive s ub-rounded t o r ounded f ragments o f i ronstone ( haematite). S herds w ere h eavily t empered g iving a r ough t o h arsh s urface t exture. A lmost a ll w ere o xidised t o s hades o f l ight r ed o r o range. T he p itcher a nd j ug f orms a mongst t he w aster g roup w ere s plashed g lazed, a lthough s everal o f t he c ooking-pots a lso h ad a ccidental g laze s plashes, t he c olour v aryi ng f rom o live-green t o o range-brown. T he r ange o f f orms r epresented i s i ndicated i n t he t able b elow . F orm
N umber
G lazed
D ecorated
O verfired
W asted
I ll.Nos.
C ooking-pots
6
2
-
4
-
1 -4
P itchers
2
2
1
1
-
5 ,16
3
8
3
6 -15,17
-
9
1
-
J ugs
1 1
U nidentified
1 1
1 1 5
T he r ecognisable f orms, a nd t he u se o f s plashed g lazes, p laces t his m aterial i n t he e arly-medieval p eriod, p redating t he s uspension g lazed g ritty ' C' f abric f rom t he H allgate k ilns. T here i s a rchaeol ogical e vidence t o s uggest t hat d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury, t here w as a c onsiderable r eorganisation o f p roperty b ounda ries w ithin t he t own, w hich i ncluded t he a rea a round t he m arket p lace. T he k iln f eature w as s ealed b y a g ravel a nd p ebble p athway a ligned p arallel t o t he a djacent t enement. I t w ould a ppear, t herefore, t hat t he s urviving t enement b oundaries t o t he w est o f t he M arket P lace p ost-date t he a bandonment o f t he k iln . A s t he H allgate k ilns, w hich t ypologically p ost-date t his w aster g roup, w ere s ituated i mmed-
3 10
i ately o utside t he t own d itch, i t i s t empting t o l ink t he t wo e vents a nd s uggest t hat t he t own 's p otteries m oved f rom t he t own c entre f ollowing i ts r e-development d uring t he m id t o l ate 1 2th c entury. B y t he l ate 1 3th o r e arly 1 4th c entury, p ottery k ilns w ere b ack w ithin t he t own d itch, j udging f rom t he s mall g roup o f w asters d iscovered t o t he s outh o f F riendly S treet; a n a rea w here u rban e xpansion s eems t o h ave f ailed ( Buckland e t a l 1 979 ,60-62). D oncaster H allgate ( Fig.218 ,Nos.18-42; F igs.219-220 ; F ig.221,Nos.1-18) . I n 1 965 r escue e xcavation t ook p lace t o t he n orth-east o f H all g ate ( Fig.9) e xposing a p ottery k iln a nd t hree a ssociated p its. A ll f our f eatures c ontained a l arge a ssemblage o f w aster p ottery i n t hree q uite d istinct f abric t ypes ( Buckland e t a l 1 979). T hese w aster f abr ics c omprised a r ed, f inely s and-tempered f abric ( A f abric), a w hite, m ore h eavily s and-tempered f abric ( B f abric), a nd a r ed g ritty f abric c ontaining d istinctive f ragments o f h aematite ( C f abric). B oth t he a nalysis o f t he k iln a nd p it f eatures a t H allgate, a nd w ork o n o ther m edieval a ssemblages w ithin D oncaster s uggest t hat t heir c hronological o rder w as ' C' t he e arliest, f ollowed b y t he ' B ' f abric a nd f inally t he ' A' f abric. T his w aster m aterial h as a lready b een p ublished i n s ome d etail ( ibid.) b ut a s t his p resent s tudy c ontains a l arge n umber o f s tratified g roups f rom D oncaster, i t s eemed a ppropriate t o i nclude a r epresentative s ample o f H allgate w asters i n t his c hapter. T he
' C'
f abric ( Fig.218,Nos.18-42) G ritty w are t radition ( GD)
P ottery i n t his f abric w as o xidised o range t o r ed a nd c ontained s imilar t em iering m aterial t o t he w asters f rom D oncaster M arket P lace, d escribed a bove. W here g laze w as u sed o n t hese v essels, i t w as o f t he s ame s uspension t ype a s t hat f ound o n t he ' B ' a nd ' A ' f abric m aterial. T he
' B'
f abric ( Fig.219) W hiteware t radition ( WD)
A lthough u sing e ssentially t he s ame c lay a nd f iller a s t he ' A ' f abric, t hese ' B ' f abric v essels w ere m ore h eavily t empered, g iving a r ough-textured s urface, a nd w ere f ired u nder r educing c onditions, p roducing w hite t o p ale y ellow c olours. G lazes w ere o f s uspension t ype a nd r anged f rom o live-green t o y ellow. T he
' A'
f abric ( Fig.220 ,211,Nos.1-18) F ine s andy t radition ( FD)
T he m ost f inely t empered o f t he t hree H allgate f abrics, t hese w ere u sually o xidised t o r eds a nd o ranges w ith h ard, s lightly r ought extured s urfaces. T he m ajority o f t he s uspension g lazes w ere c oloured t o p roduce o live-greens, b ut s ome w ere a pplied p lain, g iving a n o range o r o range-brown c olour. T he f ollowing t able r epresents, i n p ercentage t erms, a n a nalysis o f t he i dentifiable r im f orms i n e ach o f t he t hree H allgate f abric w aster t ypes. A lthough t he n umber o f ' C ' f abric w asters w as c onsidera bly l ess t han f or t he o ther t wo, t hese r esults s uggest t hat e ach f abric t ype h ad a w holly d ifferent e mphasis i n t heir p roduction r ange. A s ' C' w as t he e arliest, a nd ' A ' t he l atest, o f t he t hree f abrics, i t d emonstrates n icely t he r ising i mportance o f j ug a nd p ipkin f orms
3 11
a t t he e xpense o f c ooking-pots a nd b owls. T he ' C' f abric w as r esidual t o a ll f our o f t he e xcavated f eatures a t H allgate, b ut t he c hange i n g laze t ypes s uggests t hat t he f abric p ost-dates t he M arket P lace k iln w aste w hich w as i n e ssentially t he s ame f abric. A n a nalysis o f t he v arious s tratified m edieval g roups f rom D oncaster i tself s uggests t hat t he w hiteware ' B ' f abric e njoyed a b rief p eriod o f d ominance i n t he t own 's c eramic m arkets d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury, t o b e o verpowered a t t he t urn o f t he c entury b y t he ' A ' f abric w hich w as t o r emain i n p roduction u ntil t he e nd o f t he 1 3th c entury a nd p ossibly l ater. T he p recise m echanism o f t ransfer b etween t he t hree f abric t ypes i s n ot y et f ully u nderstood b ut p eriods o f o verlap a lmost c ertainly o ccurred, a nd i t i s i nteresting t hat a ll t hree f abrics s hould h ave s een s o l ittle c hange i n j ug f orms a nd d ecoration b etween t he ' B ' a nd ' A' f abrics. T he a vailable e vidence s uggests t hat t he ' B ' a nd ' A ' f abric w asters f rom H allgate b elong w ithin a d ecade o r t wo o f c .1200 a t a p oint w here t he e mphasis i n p roduction w as s witching f rom t he w hiteware ' B ' f abric t o t he r ed ' A ' f abric. T he H allgate F orms C ooking-pots
B owls
J ugs
P ipkins
0
0
g ritty
' C'
w hiteware f ine s andy
' B ' ' A '
O thers
7
7 6 4.9
2 1.6
5 .4
5 .4
2 .7
2 7.5
1 0.6
5 7.3
4 .5
0 .1
2 .1
2 .5
7 2.0
2 4.3
0 .1
H edon-Preston R oad ( unillustrated)
F ine S andy T radition ( FH)
I n 1 983, M r. P .Hampel c ollected a n umber o f p ottery s herds f rom a n a rea a round P reston R oad ( TA 1 9062912 t o 1 9182912) i mmediately t o t he n orth o f t he b oundary o f m edieval H edon. T his a ssemblage i ncl uded e ighteen w asters. T hey w ere d iscovered f rom t he s ides o f d rains a longside t he r oad a nd t here w as n o i mmediate o pportunity f or f urther i nvestigation o f t he s ite. D ocumentary e vidence f or p ottery p roduction w as f irst n oted b y P oulson a mongst t he t own 's C orporation r entals f or 1 448 a nd 1 449 w hich m entioned ' Wm. S ewardby, f or a c ommon c roft, c alled P otter C roft, i n M agdaleyn w ay, 4 d' ( 1840 ,134,137). T he m odern M agdalen L ane l ies i mmediately t o t he n orth-east o f t he P reston R oad w here t hese w asters w ere d iscovered . A n umber o f w asters w ere a lso d iscovered f rom M iddle L ane, b ut t he g eneral c eramic e vidence f rom t he s ite s uggests t hat p ottery p roduction w ithin t he t own a nd i ts e nvirons w as u nlikely t o h ave s urvived i nto t he 1 5th c entury, i mplying t hat t he a bove r eference t o P otter C roft w as l ikely t o b e a rchaic ( Hayfield a nd S later 1 984). I f i ndeed t hese P reston R oad w asters d o d erive f rom k ilns i n t he v icinity, t hen a n i nteresting c omparison c ould b e m ade w ith t he H allgate k ilns a t D oncaster w hich w ere a lso s ituated i mmediately o utside t he f ormal b oundary o f t he t own. B everley, G rovehill R oad ( Fig.221,Nos.20-24) O rangeware t radition(OB)
a nd
T he o rangeware ( OB) d rawn b y t he w riter,
p ottery p resented h ere, h as b een b ut t he m aterial h as a lso b een t he
3 12
s tudied s ubject
o f a m ore d etailed, b ut u npublished, r esearch f rom w hich m uch o f t he f ollowing d etail d erives.
n ote
b y
G .
W atkins,
P ottery w as r ecovered i n t he 1 940 's b y M r. R . C arr o n a s ite t o t he e ast o f t he t own, c lose t o t he R iver H ull. I t c ame f rom a f ield t o t he s outh o f G rovehill R oad a t T A 0 52/396. A r eported ' six s acksfull' o f p ottery, i ncluding w asters, w ere r ecovered a nd d eposited w ith B everley M useum . T his p ottery i s n ow ' lost', p robably h aving b een d iscarded . T he o nly s herds t o r emain a re 1 6 f rom 6 v essels w hich h ad b een r etained b y M r. C arr. H owever, n one o f t hese w ere w asters. T here w as n o d ating e vidence f or t his m aterial. O rangeware w as i n p roduction f rom t he 1 1th c entury, b ut t he e arliest k nown u se o f t he r elief-moulded d ecorative t echnique i n t he r egion d ates t o t he e arly 1 3th c entury ( HM/37/Tp, F ig.78 ,Nos.6 a nd 9 ). W atkins c onsiders t hat o rangeware p roduction s urvived t o c .1350 , b ut t here i s a g rowing b ody o f e vidence t o s uggest t hat i t m ay h ave f inished s omewhat e arlier . T he H umberware b ase, F ig.221, N o.23, i s p uzzling, a s t here i s n o i ndication t hat t he f abric t ype w as e ver p roduced a t B everley, a nd i t e mphasises t he a mbiguous n ature o f t hese ' waster' v essels. I t m ust b e s tressed t hat n one o f t he r emaining s herds w ere w asters. T he s ite o f t hese f inds r emains u nder p ermanent p asture w ith s urviving e arthworks. F ive o f t he s ix v essels w ere i n a f ine s oft t o h ard o range f abric o f s mooth t exture. T ypically o f o rangewares, t he f abric a ppeared v irtually u ntempered, a lthough t he c lay c ontained t races o f m ica. A ll g lazes w ere o f t he s uspension t ype, v arying i n c olour f rom o range y ellow , t hrough g reenish-orange, t o a c opper-green. W here t he g laze m ix h ad b egun t o s eparate o ut a t t he l ower g laze m argins, t he g laze b ecame m ottled; a p rominent c haracteristic o f m ost f abrics w ithin t he o rangeware t radition. T he s ixth v essel, N o.23, w as m uch h arder w ith s ome r eduction t o i ts i nner s urface a nd t herefore c loser i n c haracter t o t he H umberwares, a lthough t his m ay s imply r epresent a n o verfired p roduct. N o.24 w as a n i ron o bject o f u nknown p urpose r eputedly a ssociated w ith t his a ssemblage. L ittle K elk K iln a nd A ssociated W asters ( Fig.222) - O rangeware t radition ( 0) A p ottery k iln w as e xcavated a t L ittle K elk ( TA 0 97/601) i n 1 952. A t f irst t he w asters w ere l odged i n a p rivate m useum a t D riffield, b ut w ere l ater r emoved t o t he S ewerby H all M useum a t B ridlington. T he w riter h as n ot y et e xamined t he b ulk o f t his m aterial ; h owever, a l arge b ox o f s everal h undred w asters w as g iven t o t he W harram P ercy R esearch P roject a s p art o f i ts r egional t ype s eries, a nd t hese h ave b een u sed f or t he p resent s tudy. A s t he b ulk o f t he m aterial h as y et t o b e e xamined, t his i llustrated m aterial c annot b e p resumed t o b e t ypical, a nd i t i s l ikely t hat m any o ther f orms e xist w hich a re n ot r epresented h ere. D espite t his s evere l imitation, s everal i nteresting i nterim o bservations c an b e m ade. H itherto
t he
p roducts
o f
t his
k iln
h ave
b een
i ncluded
a mongst
t he r ange o f H umberware i ndustries ( Le P atourel 1 979, 9 2), a n a ssumpt ion u nquestioned b y t he w riter i n t he p ast ( Mayes a nd H ayfield 1 980 , 1 03). A d etailed s tudy o f t hese w aster s herds, h owever, s howed t hat
3 13
t he m ajority w ere i n a s oft t o h ard o range-red f abric w ith m inimal s and-tempering a nd a s light m icaceous c ontent. A s s uch , i t c ould b e a rgued t hat t he f abric b elongs m ore p roperly t o t he r egional o rangew are t radition r ather t han t he H umberwares. O rangeware p roduction h as h itherto b een t hought t o b e r estricted t o u rban c entres, s uch a s S carborough o r B everley, a nd t his w ould, t herefore, b e t he f irst r ecognised r ural c entre. T he q uality o f t he p ottery i s, h owever, c onsiderably i nferior t o t hat o f e ither S carborough o r B everley. T heir t hick w alls a nd c ruder m anufacture w ould i ndeed b e b etter e quated w ith t he H umberwares. I t w as a rgued i n C hapter 2 t hat t he h igh-medieval p eriod w as a t ime w hen r ural i ndustries s tarted t o a ppear, f lourish a nd e ventu ally r eplace t he o ld u rban p otteries. G enerally t hese n ew r ural i ndustries c an b e s hown t o b e a ssociated w ith t he p roduction o f n ew f abric t ypes. K elk 's ' late' o rangeware f abric w ould, t herefore, s eem t o p rovide a p ossible e xception t o t his p attern. N o d ating e vidence i s k nown t o e xist f or t his w aster m aterial, b ut, s tylistically, a d ate i n t he 1 4th c entury m ight b e s uggested. T here i s a lso n o k nown d ocumentary e vidence f or t his p ottery, a lthough i t h as n ot y et b een f ully r esearched. F ew p roducts o f t he k iln h ave b een r ecognised i n t he s urrounding a rea. T here i s n o e vidence t o s uggest t hat a s a p ottery i t e njoyed t he c ommercial s uccess o f s uch c entres a s W est C owick, T oynton-all-Saints o r F irsby H all. A t p resent, t he v ery l imited e vidence a vailable p oints t o a s hort a nd f airly o bscure p eriod o f p roduction. A lthough t he f abric o f t hese K elk w asters l inks i t t o t he o range w are t radition, t he r ange o f f orms p resented h ere m ore c losely r ef lects t hose o f t he H umberwares. T he b ulk o f t his w aster s ample c omp rised s mall t o m edium s ized j ugs. R ims w ere g enerally r ounded a nd s imple a lthough, w ith F ig.222, N os.3 a nd 9 , t here w ere h ints o f t he n eck c ordons w hich t ypified t he H umberware r ims f rom H olme uponS palding-Moor. H andles w ould a ppear t o h ave b een f airly s tandard i n s hape, a s election b eing s hown b y N o.13. O f t he s everal u pper h andle a ttachments i n t his s ample, a ll w ere p lugged w ith a f ull c irc ular w rap a nd t wo l ateral t humbings t o t he o uter s urfaces. T he l ower h andle a ttachments a lso s howed a s urprising c onsistency, a ll h aving n o b ack f illets a nd a t riple t humbing a rrangement. N one o f t he b asal a ngles h ad a ny t humbing a nd t hey w ere g enerally f lat a nd c rudely s haped, a f inish m ore t raditionally a ssociated w ith t he H umberwares t han o rangeware v essels. O f t he o ther v essel f orms, a s ingle p ipkin h andle w as p resent; a lthough t he f orm i s k nown i n H umberware, i t w as m ore c ommon a mongst t he e arlier o rangewares. T he t wo b owl r ims i ndicate v essels w ith n arrow d iameters a nd c omparatively s traight s ides, w hich w ould c ompare f avourably w ith o ther k nown o rangeware f orms. M ost s urfaces w ere o xidised o range o r r ed w ith f requent b lue g rey r eduction o f c ores a nd, o ccasionally, o f i nner s urfaces, a lthough o verfiring p roduced d arker d iscolouration. G lazes w ere g enerally a n o live green, o ccasionally a n o range-green, a nd, o n s everal e xamp les, w ith a p urp lish h ue t o t he g laze m argins. T he f abric w as g enera lly f airly h ard a nd o f s moothish t exture. A ll t hree i llustrated u pper h andle a ttachments w ere p lugged, w hilst b oth t he i llustrated
3 14
l ower h andle a ttachments l acked b ack f illets, o f t he s maller H umberware j ug f orms.
a c ommon c haracteristic
W aster A ssemblage f rom t he K ing's M oat a t W est C owick ( Figs.223-229) - H umberware t radition ( H) T his m aterial d erives f rom t he f ill o f a m oated s ite a t S E 6 52/ 2 06 t o t he s outh o f t he v illage o f W est C owick. I n 1 976 t he m oat w as b eing d redged t o c onvert i t i nto a c ommercial f ishpond. A w atching b rief w as c onducted b y t he s taff o f D oncaster M useum , u nder t he d irect ion o f M alcolm D olby. T he m aterial w as r ecovered b y h and b elow a c loudy l ayer o f l iquid m ud s lurry s ome t wo t o t hree f eet d eep. T echn ically, t he m aterial m ust b e r egarded a s u nstratified, b ut t he b ulk o f t he p ottery a nd o ther a rtifacts w ere f ound i n t he v icinity o f t he f ootings o f a t imber b ridge, a nd a ppeared t o h ave b een d umped i nto t he m oat f rom i ts i nner b ank. O n e xamining t he p ottery, 1 539 o f t he t otal o f 1 605 s herds r eco vered f rom t he m oat ( 95.9%) w ere o f o ne f abric; q uite a n umber o f v essels w ere s ubstantially c omplete, a nd a l arge n umber w ere w asted, s ome v ery h eavily. I n a ddition, t here w ere a lso a s mall n umber o f v essels w ith b urning a nd s ooting, a lthough m ost o f t hese o ccurred i n t he o ther f abrics. T he i nterpretation m ade b y t he w riter i s t hat t he b ulk o f t his m aterial r epresents k iln w aste, p ossibly f rom a k iln s ite s ituated w ithin t he m oated a rea. W asters o ccurred i n t wo f abrics, b y f ar t he l argest p roportion i n a f abric t ype k nown a s H umberware. T he s econd w as a m uch f iner, s mooth-textured f abric, w hich a ppeared t o b e r estricted t o c ups, c halices a nd s imilar s maller v essel f orms. T here w as a t hird r elated f abric, c omprising t he b asic H umberware f abric w ith t he a ddition o f a g rit f iller, b ut n o w asters w ere i dentified. A ll t hree f abrics w ere a lso f ound a mongst t he W est C owick, H igh S treet, k iln m aterial, a nd c an p robably b e a ssociated w ith p ottery m anufacture a t C owick. O nly e ight s herds ( 0 .5% o f t he t otal) c ould n ot b e a ttributed t o o ne o f t hese t hree f abrics. O f t hese, t wo a ppeared t o b e c onsiderably l ater t han t he m ain b ody o f t he m aterial. T he m ajority o f t he a ssemb lage w as p robably o f l ate-medieval d ate; t he f ine f abric v ariants i ncluded a n umber o f c opies o f C istercian w are f orms w hich d id n ot o ccur i n t he r egion u ntil t he e nd o f t he 1 5th c entury. F rom 1 322 t o 1 370 t he s ite w as i n R oyal h ands ( Colvin 1 963, 9 21-22), a nd i t i s h ard t o e nvisage t he c ircumstances w hich m ight h ave r educed i t t o a p ottery s ite, b ut t he w ater f rom t he m oat w ould h ave b een a n a dvantage t o a p otter. T he m oat i tself i s r ecorded a s h aving b een d ug i n t he s ummer o f 1 323 ( ibid, 9 22). A f ull a nd d etailed d iscussion o f t his w aster a ssemblage w ill f orm p art o f a s tudy o f t he W est C owick p ottery i ndustry w hich w ill i ncorporate b oth t he 1 964 H igh S treet k iln w aste e xcavated b y P .Mayes, a nd t he m ore r ecent d iscovery o f w asters f rom I vy L ane. F or t his r eason, d iscussion o f t he v arious v essel f orms p resented i n F igs.2232 29 h as b een d eliberately k ept t o a m inimum . I t n eeds t o b e s tressed t hat t his m aterial f rom C owick M oat w as e ssentially a n u nstratified a ssemblage. I t c an p robably b e a ssumed t hat a ll o f t he v essels i llust rated h ere w ere C owick p roducts, a nd t hat m ost w ere t he p roducts o f a n i ndividual k iln c omplex. W hat i s l ess c ertain i s t he h omogeneity
3 15
o f t he a ssemblage, w hether t he b ulk o f t he s herds r epresent a c ontemp orary a ssemblage o r w hether t hey s pan a w ider p eriod o f t ime . M ore s peculative s till i s t he d ating o f t his m aterial o ther t han a g eneral a ttribution t o t he 1 5th o r 1 6th c enturies. K ing's M oat, C owick.
F orm
T abular a nalysis o f a ssemblage.
H umber
J ugs ( unidentified)
8 48
J ugs s mall
1 55
J ugs m edium
2 42
J ugs l arge J ugs t all-necked
C ooking-pots
1
4
2
5 ( 1270) 3 7 4
P ipkins
2
T ripod P ipkins
9
B asting D ishes
1
U rinals
1
L ids
1
C isterns
D ecorated
1 5
P ancheons
D rinking M ugs
G ritty
5
J ugs b aluster J ugs - T otal
S mooth
6 1
1 8 1 92
2 2
C ups
1 7
C halices
2
K iln P rops
2
U nidentified
2
T otals
3
1 539
2 0
7
( 31)
F orms i n t he b asic H umberware f abric ( HC) F ig.223 c ooking-pots,Nos.1-11;
p ancheons,Nos.12-13;
s mall j ugs,Nos.14-16
F ig.224 s mall j ugs,Nos.1-12 F ig.225 m edium j ugs,Nos.1-17;
l arge j ugs,Nos.18-19
F ig.226 t all n ecked j ugs,Nos.1-14 F ig.227 c isterns,Nos.1-12; p ipkins,Nos.13-14; b asting d ishes,No.15; l ids,No.16; u nidentified,Nos.17-18; u rinals,No.19 F ig.228 d rinking m ugs,Nos.1-7;
t ripod p ipkins,Nos.8-15;
3 16
k iln p rops,No.16
F orms i n t he f ine f abric v ariant
( OC)
F ig.229 c ups/drinking v essels,Nos.1-14 F orms i n t he g ritty f abric v ariant ( GC) F ig.229 c ooking-pots,Nos.15-17;
p ancheons,No.18
T he f ollowing v essels w ere b urnt a nd s ooted, F ig.223 , F ig.227, N os.13-14 ; F ig.228 , N o.12; F ig.229, N os.15, 1 7.
N o.1;
H olme upon-Spalding-Moor K iln a nd a ssociated W asters(Figs.230-233) T he g eneral f eatures o f t his k iln a nd i ts a ssociated w asters h ave a lready b een p ublished ( Mayes a nd H ayfield 1 980 , 9 9-113). T he d rawings a re i ncluded a gain h ere i n o rder t o e mphasise t heir g eneral s imilarities o f f orm a nd s tyle t o C owick p roducts. L ike t he C owick M oat w asters, n o i ndependent d ating e vidence w as r ecovered, a lthough i t m ay b e a rgued o n s tylistic g rounds, t hat t he t wo a ssemblages w ere n ot c hronologically f ar a part. T he d iscovery o f s everal k iln s ites a nd s ubstantial d ocumentary s ources a ttest t he i mportance a nd t he e xtensive s cale o f t he C owick p ottery i ndustry. A s y et, o nly o ne k iln h as b een f ound a t H olmeupon-Spalding-Moor, a lthough f ieldwork b y D r. B en W hitwell s uggests t hat s everal m ore e xisted i n t he v icinity ( ibid, 9 9). O pportunity i s t aken h ere t o r evise s everal i dentifications i n t he o riginal r eport. O ne o f t he m ore i nteresting w asters w as F ig. 2 33, N o.3 , w hich m ight n ow b e b etter i dentified a s a t ype I I b ase ( Hayfield 1 980 , 3 4), a lthough i t i s d ifficult t o i magine w hy s uch a f ragment s hould h ave b een f ired w ithout h aving b een f itted. L ike t he C owick f abrics, t his w as a t ypical H umberware, a h ard t o v ery h ard s and-tempered f abric o f r ough t exture. O xidised s urfaces w ere g enerally o range t o r ed w ith b lue-grey t o g rey r eduction o f c ores a nd f requently o f i nner s urfaces. G lazes r anged f rom o range-brown t o g reen , w ith a n o live-green b eing t he m ost c ommon ; t he b rightest g lazes w ere r eserved f or t he c istern f orms, m any o f t he j ug g lazes b eing m ore m att a nd f requently c arelessly a pplied. C up r im F ig.233 , N o.4, w as i n am ore f inely t empered f abric v ariant. F orms F ig.230
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-6 ;
d rinking m ugs,Nos.7-9 ;
j ugs,Nos.10-16
F ig.231
j ugs,Nos.1-7 ( although N o.7 c ould h ave b een a c istern f orm)
F ig. 2 32
c isterns,Nos.1-13
F ig.233
u rinal,No .1; b ase o f a b aluster j ug,No.2; a t ype I I b ase,No.3; c up,No.4; t ripod p ipkin,No.5; p ancheon ,No.6 ; u nknown,Nos.7-8 ; k iln p rops,Nos.9-10 .
F irsby H all, C onisbrough P ark ( Figs.234-235)Coal M easure t radition(CM) P ottery w asters w ere f irst d iscovered i n t he f ields a round F irsby H all i n 1 966 , r ecent f ieldwork i n 1 984 d emonstrating t hat t here w ere a t . l east f our s patially d iscrete w aster s catters ( numbered A -D) i n t he i mmediate v icinity. W asters w ere i n a c oarsely s and-tempered f abric, e ither w hite o r p ale y ellow i n c olour, o r a d ull r eddish
3 17
p urple, t he l atter t ype c haracterised b y d istinctive m att p urple b listers e rupting f rom t he s urfaces, p articularly t he i nner s urface, o f t he v essel. W hite c oloured v essels w ere h ard f ired w ith r ought extured s urfaces a nd g lazes w hich v aried i n c olour f rom y ellow t o g reen. P urple c oloured v essels w ere m uch h arder f ired, o ften t o a p oint o f n ear v itrification , w ith r ough-textured s urfaces. G lazes o n t hese l atter v essels v aried f rom o live-green t o a d ense p urple c olour. E xamples o f t his t ype o f p ottery h ave b een w idely r ecognised f rom o ther, s tratified, r egional a ssemblages, a nd s uggest t hat, a s a g eneralisation, t he w hite f abric p re-dates t he p urple. L ike t he ' B ' a nd ' A ' H allgate f abrics, t he d istinction i n c olours w ould s eem t o r epresent a d istinction b etween r educed a nd o xidised f iring c ond itions. A s s uch , w aster g roups, r epresenting a ccidents o f t he f iring p rocess, a re l ikely t o c ontain e xamples o f b oth c olours, a lthough i n e ach c ase a n a nalysis o f t he f orms a nd c olours r epresented , i ndic ate t hat w aster s catter ' A ' w as p redominantly a w hite f abric s catter, w hilst ' B-D ' w ere p redominantly p urple-coloured w ares. S catter ' D' b eing t he m ost c onvincing ' purple w are ' w as ' -e r a ssemblage. T he i llustrated w asters o n F igs.234-5 a ll d erive f rom w aster s catter ' D ' r epresenting m aterial r ecovered i n 1 966 a nd 1 980. P ottery r ecovered i n 1 984 b y D r. P aul B uckland a nd t he w riter f rom a ll f our s catters i s s till u nder s tudy, a nd w ill b e p ublished s eparately. P reliminary a nalysis o f t his 1 984 m aterial c onfirms, h owever, t hat t he m aterial p resented b elow i s t ypical o f t hat f rom w aster s catter ' D '. F orms F ig.234
c ooking-pots,Nos.1-13 ; p ancheons,Nos.14-23 ; c urfews,Nos . 2 4-25 ; b asting d ishes,No.26 ; l ids,No.27; d rinking m ugs, N os.28-29 ; u rinals,No.30.
F ig.235
j ugs,Nos.1-26; c isterns,Nos.27-29; k iln p rops,Nos.30-31.
U nstratified K iln w aste f rom T oynton-all-Saints ( Fig.236) -T oynton/Bolingbroke t radition ( TB) C onsiderable w ork o n t he p ottery i ndustry o f T oynton-all-Saints h as a lready b een c onducted b y t he l ate M rs. E thel R udkin a nd H ilary H ealey ( Healey 1 975,28-36; 1 984). T he s mall s election o f w aster s herds p resented h ere c omes f rom a f ieldwalking c ollection b y t he w riter i n t he v icinity o f k ilns e xcavated b y H ealey a t T F 3 95/631. T hese f ew v essels m ake n o c laim t o b e i n a ny w ay r epresentative o f H ealey's k iln w aste, b ut m ay g ive p rovisional i ndication o f t he t ype o f l ate m edieval f orms p roduced a t T oynton. I nadequate t hough t his i s, i t m ust s uffice u ntil a f ull r eport o n t he T oynton k iln m aterial i s p ublished. I t m ust b e e mphasised t hat t his i s u nstratified m aterial w hich m ay h ave e manated f rom o ne o r m ore c hronologically d istinct k ilns. G enerally, t hese s herds w ere i n ah ard t o v ery h ard s and-tempered f abric o f r ough t exture. S urfaces w ere m ostly o xidised t o s hades o f.orange, a lthough a w hitish o uter s urface s kin w as f requently o bs erved, p articularly o n t he o uter s urfaces. C ores w ere r educed b lue o r b lue-grey, a lthough r eduction o f t he i nner s urfaces w as l ess c ommon t han o n H umberwares. G lazes w ere u sually a n o live-green o r b rownish-
3 18
g reen, o ften q uite b right a nd o ften w ith a d enser r eminiscent o f t he e arly-medieval s plashed g lazes. c .
s urface
p ocking
C omparison o f t he L ocation o f t he R egion's k nown R oman a nd M edieval P ottery K ilns
F ig.217 w as p repared i n o rder t o c ompare t he l ocation o f m edieval a nd R oman k ilns i n t he r egion. I t s hould b e e mphasised t hat t his o nly r epresents t he d istribution o f k nown k ilns. T he d istributional e vidence f or b oth R oman a nd m evieval f abrics, e specially t he l atter, s uggests t hat t here a re s till m any m ore k iln s ites t o b e l ocated. I n p articular, t he a pparent d earth o f k ilns o n t he s outh b ank o f t he H umber a nd t he e astern s eaboard m ay b e q uite m isleading. I ndeed, t he c lays a nd s ilts o f t he H umber b ank p roved i deal f or p otting a nd w ere h eavily e xploited f rom t he 1 8th c entury f or t he p roduction o f b ricks a nd t iles ( White 1 826). T his a rea a lmost c ertainly s aw s ome p otting i n b oth R oman a nd m evieval t imes. F or e xample, t he d istrib utional e vidence o f F ig.259 s uggests t hat t he u rban m arkets o f B arton-on-Humber a nd G rimsby m ay h ave b een c entres f or o rangeware p roduction, w hilst t he E ast H alton/Goxhill a rea w ould s eem f rom F ig.245 t o b e a l ikely s ource f or t he c oarse s andy C 2 f abric. T he m odern b rick a nd t ile w orks i n t his a rea w ere p articularly e xtensive, h owever, a nd m ay w ell h ave s wept a way a ny e vidence o f e arlier p ottery i ndustries. N evertheless, a c ertain d egree o f c orrelation b etween t he l oca tion o f R oman a nd m edieval k ilns c an b e c learly s een o n F ig.217. A mongst t he m ore o bvious e xamples w ere t he T hrolam ( Corder 1 930 , 1 2-14) a nd H olme upon-Spalding-Moor ( Mayes a nd H ayfield 1 980 , 9 9-100) k ilns; t he T orksey ( Barley 1 964) a nd L ittle L ondon ( Oswald 1 937) k ilns, a nd t he S wanpool ( Webster 1 947) a nd L incoln ( Coppack 1 980 , 3 5-37) k ilns. T he D oncaster; H allgate p otteries ( Buckland e t a l 1 979) w ere u sing e ssentially t he s ame c lays a s t he n eighbouring R oman k iln c omplex o f C antley ( Cregeen 1 957, A nnabel 1 960), B laxton a nd B essacarr ( Buckland e t a l 1 980). F urther a field, i n t he V ale o f P ickering, t he S taxton/Potter B rompton k ilns ( Brewster 1 958) w ere l ocated i n t he n eighbouring p arish t o t he R oman K napton k ilns ( Corder a nd K irk 1 932). T he d ocumented m edieval k iln a t Y addlethorpe ( Lincolnshire A rchives C ommittee 1 957/8, 3 1) i s s ituated a midst a l ine o f R oman k ilns w hich l ay b etween t he e astern b ank o f t he R iver T rent a nd t he L imestone r idge ( Rigby a nd S tead 1 976, 1 36). T here w ould a ppear, h owever, t o b e a s econd m ajor b elt o f R oman k ilns s ituated a long t he w estern s pringline o f t he W olds e scarpment, s tarting a t B arnetby G ap ( Samuels 1 979, 1 1) a nd c ontinuing a s f ar a s L inwood ( Bryant 1 977, 6 ). T his w ould s eem t o b e a p rime a rea f or a ny f uture s earch f or m edieval k ilns. T he u rban c entre a t C aistor f orms a p otential e arly-medieval s ource, a nd a r ural-based n orthern p roduction c entre f or t he T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics w ould b e a nother p otential c andidate f or a l ate-medieval k iln s ite i n t his a rea. I ndeed , t he c orrelation b etween t he s itings o f R oman a nd m edieval k ilns w ould s eem t o c reate a s trong a rgument f or t he s earch f or k ilns o f e ither p eriod b eing c oncentrated i n a reas w here k ilns o f o ne o r t he o ther p eriod a re a lready k nown. T he o nly c aveat t o t his w ould b e t o e mpha sise o nce a gain t he p otential o f t he s outhern b ank o f t he H umber a nd t he e astern s eaboard w hich i s u nlikely t o h ave b een t ruly d evoid o f k ilns.
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C HAPTER 5 a .
A NALYSIS A ND D ISCUSSION O F T HE R EGIONAL T RADITIONS
I ntroduction
T he v arious N orth L incolnshire f abric t ypes i dentified i n C hapter I w ere o rganised i nto a s eries o f r egional t raditions b ased o n s imilarities o f f abric a nd f orm . T hese t raditions w ere t hen u sed a s t he b asis f or t he s orting a nd c ataloguing o f t he p ottery f rom t he s tratified a nd u nstratified a ssemblages o f C hapters 2 a nd 3 . E ach t radition w ill n ow b e m ore f ully d iscussed, c entring o n t hree p rincipal c onsiderations; d ate r ange, d istribution a nd f orms a nd m anufacture. D ate R ange S mall t ables h ead e ach o f t hese s ections, w hich a re i ntended a s a n a pproximate g uide t o t he l ikely c hronological r ange o f t he v arious f abrics w ithin e ach t radition. S olid l ines i ndicate p eriods o f p robable p roduction a nd h atched l ines p eriods o f i nconclusive o r p ossible p roduction. I t c annot b e e mphasised t oo s trongly t hat d espite t he l arge n umber o f s tratified g roups f rom t he r egion, t he d ating o f m ost p ottery f abrics, a nd e ven t he g roups t hemselves,remains v ery f ragile. D istribution T he d istribution o f t he v arious N orth L incolnshire f abric t ypes i s b ased o n t he d ata p rovided b y t he u nstratified a ssemblages o f C hapter 3 , a nd i s p resented h ere i n m ap f orm. O n e ach o f t hese m aps a c ircle d enotes t he p resence o f f abrics o f a p articular p eriod o r t ype. T hese c ircles v ary i n s ize i n r elation t o t he s ize o f t he s ample b eing c onsidered s o a s t o r educe t he v isual s ignificance o f t he e vid ence f rom s maller a ssemblages. W ithin e ach c ircle, t he p ercentage s haded i n b lack d epicts t he p roportion o f t he f abric o r t radition p resent i n t he s ample i n c omparison w ith a s tated n umber o f s imilarly d ated f abrics. T he s ize o f t he s ample r epresented b y e ach s ize o f c ircle i s N OT u niform , v arying f rom m ap t o m ap. A k ey o n e ach m ap s hows t he n umerical s ignificance o f e ach c ircle s ize i n t erms o f s herds. I n a ddition, k nown k iln s ites r elating t o a p articular f abric t ype a re d enoted b y b lack d iamonds. F orms a nd M anufacture E ach o f t hese s ections i s p refaced b y a t able s howing t he p rop ortion o f v essel f orms r ecognised i n e ach f abric w ithin t he t radition . T his h as b een d one o n a p ercentage b asis, w ith t he t otal n umber o f s herds o f e ach f abric b eing g iven i n t he e xtreme r ight h and c olumn o f e ach t able. U sing t hese t otals i t i s p ossible t o e xtrapolate b ack f or a ny v essel f orm u sing t he p ercentage f igure t o a chieve t he a ctual n umber o f e xamples o f e ach. O nce a gain t his i nformation d raws e xclus ively f rom t he u nstratified a ssemblages, a lthough t he s ubsequent d iscussions a re b ased o n b oth s tratified a nd u nstratified s amples. A s eries o f c omparison p lates a re i ncluded, b ased o n s tratified v essels, t o s how c hange o r s tability o f f orm t hrough t ime w ithin e ach t radition. T hey d o n ot n ecessarily s pan t he f ull c hronological
320
r ange o f e ach t ype, t he f ull v essel r ange o f e ach f abric, o r t he f ull r ange o f v ariety o f e ach t ype o f v essel. O nly t he m ore c omplete v essel f orms h ave b een u sed, a s t hey w ere t he o nes m ore l ikely t o b e c ontemporary t o t heir g roup. D iscussion t hen f ollows o ne ach o f t he p rincipal v essel f orms w ithin e ach f abric o r t radition, c ommenting o n p articular t raits o r c haracteristics o f f orm , d ecoration o r m anuf acture w hich a ppear d iagnostic o f t hat f abric. R egional T radition : H and-finished S axon F abrics ( including f abrics S XS, i .
S XG, S XSH, S XIP)
D ate R ange
A D
4 00
5 00
6 00
7 00
8 00
9 00
S XS
S XG
S XSH
S i
S XIP
T his t radition r epresented a l oose g rouping o f t he p rincipal h and-finished S axon f abrics r ecognised i n N orth L incolnshire. E ach c onstituent f abric t ype e mbraced a c onsiderable d egree o f v ariation. A lthough t here i s g rowing e vidence f or t he t rade o f s ome v essel f orms, p articularly d ecorated u rns ( Walker 1 978), i t c an p robably b e a ssumed t hat t he b ulk o f t he d omestic S axon p ottery p resented h ere w as m ade, d istributed a nd u sed o n a v ery l ocal b asis. S ome i nitial j ustification m ust b e m ade h ere f or i ncluding I pswich-type v essels w ithin t his c ategory, a s t hey a re t raditionally h eralded a s t he f orerunner o f t he w heelthrown f abrics ( Hurst 1 976, 2 99). T he s everal e xamples r ec overed f rom t he r egion w ere a ll c oil-built a nd l argely h and-finished, w ith o nly m inimal e vidence o f ' turning ' t o t heir r ims a nd n ecks. I ndeed, t heir s hape, d ecoration a nd f inish r elates t hem m ore c onv incingly t o t he e arlier, r ather t han t o t he l ater, d evelopments i n S axon p ottery. R ecent w ork o n S axon s ettlement s ites s uch a s W est S tow h ave d emonstrated t hat t he b ulk o f t heir a ssociated c eramic a ssemblages c omprise p lain, u ndecorated p ottery ( West 1 969). T his w ould a lso s eem t o h ave b een t rue i n L incolnshire, a nd i t r aises t he d ifficult p roblem o f d ating t hese u ndecorated h and-made v essels. T he t wo m ost n umerous h and-finished S axon f abrics, t he s and ( SXS) a nd t he g rit t empered ( SXG) v essels, a ppear t o h ave b een i n p roduction t hroughout t he e arly a nd m iddle-Saxon p eriods. T here i s n ow s ome e vidence t hat
321
t he s hell-tempered f abric ( SXSH) c ould b e a dded t o t his l ist. F or t he m ajority o f s herds i n t hese t hree f abrics, b oth s tratified a nd u nstratified, i t w as i mpossible t o d ivide t hem i nto e arly o r m iddleS axon g roups. C urrent e vidence w ould s uggest t hat g rass-tempered p ottery i n t his r egion w as o f s ub-Roman o r e arly-Saxon d ate ( Hurst 1 976, 2 94). B oth t he s and a nd g rit-tempered f abrics o ccurred a mongst t he n umerous c remation u rns o f t he r egion, c onfirming t hat t hey c an b e a scribed, f or a t l east p art o f t heir c urrency t o t he e arly-Saxon p eriod. T he e vidence f rom B arton-on-Humber h as n ow d emonstrated t hat t he g ritt empered f abric s urvived t he m iddle-Saxon p eriod, o nly d isappearing w ith t he a dvent o f t he l ate-Saxon w heel-finished a nd w heelthrown p roducts. T he s and-tempered f abric w as l ess n umerous a nd t he e vidence f or t he l atter p art o f i ts r ange w as s parse b ut t his t oo p robably l asted w ell i nto t he m iddle-Saxon p eriod. L incolnshire's h and-finished, s hell-tempered f abrics h ave t raditionally b een i nterpreted a s aM axey d erivation a nd a ssociated w ith t he m iddle-Saxon p eriod ( Addyman a nd W hitwell 1 970 , 9 6-102, C oppack 1 980 , 1 1). C ertainly t here i s l ittle e vidence f or t he u se o f t his f abric a mongst t he r egion's c remation u rns, a nd t here a re n o k nown e xamples w ith a ny f orm o f d ecoration. T he p rovisional p hasing e vidence f rom B arton , S t. P eters r aises t he i nteresting p ossibility o f s hell-tempered w ares o ccurring i n d eposits d atable t o t he 6 th o r 7 th c entury ( pers. c omm . D r. W arwick R odwell). S hould t he f inal p ost-excavation w ork o n S t. P eters c onfirm t his p hasing, i t w ould c onsiderably n arrow t he g ap b etween t he d ecline o f t he N orth L incolnshire D alesware a nd r elated R oman s hell-tempered i ndustries a nd t he e arliest S axon s hell-tempered v essels. A s s uch , t he p rospect o f a n i ndirect, o r e ven d irect, l ink b etween t he t wo g rows s tronger. T his a lso i mplies t hat i t c an n o l onger b e t aken f or g ranted t hat a ll t he h and-finished s hell-tempered v essels a re o f m iddle-Saxon d ate. T he c ontemporary o ccurrence o f I pswich-type ( SXIP) w ares i n a g roup s till r emains t he s oundest i ndicator o f m iddle-Saxon d ate ( Hurst 1 976, 3 01-303). T hus t he a ssociated v essels f ound w ith I pswich-type w ares a t B arton-on-Humber a nd B arrow-uponH umber a re p resumed t o b e o f s imilar d ate ( SX/1/Bt, S X/2/Bt, S X/4/Br). H owever, t he p roblem o f r esiduality a mongst t hese g roups i s a s a cute a s f or a ny i n t he m edieval p eriod. i i.
D istribution
T he g eneral p attern o f d istribution s hown o n F ig.237 r eveals t he s hell-tempered ( SXSH) f abrics d ominating t he L incolnshire W olds a nd A ncholme V alley t o t he s outh o f G lanford B rigg. I n c ontrast, t he c oastal a reas t o t he n orth w ould s eem t o s how a p reference f or t he s and ( SXS) a nd g rit-tempered ( SXG) f abrics. A lthough t his c ould w ell r epresent a n a ccurate p icture o f m iddle-Saxon c eramic d evelopm ent, a c autionary n ote m ust b e s ounded. T hese d istribution m aps a re b ased s olely o n t he i nformation f rom t he u nstratified a ssemblages o f N orth L incolnshire. I n m ost c ases t he s tratified g roups w ould n ot h ave y ielded a ny a dditional i nformation b ut, w ith r egards t o t his t radition, t heir e vidence w as o f s ome i mportance. . B arrow , S t. C hads p roduced a m id-Saxon g roup a lmost e ntirely c omposed o f s hell-tempered w ares ( SX/4/Br, F ig.12). I n c omplete c ont rast, g roups o f c omparable d ate f rom B arton-on-Humber, o nly s ome
322
t hree m iles a way, w ere d ominated b y t he s and a nd g rit-tempered f abrics. T hese t wo g roups w ere c omparable i n s o f ar a s t hey b oth c ontained I pswich-type w ares a nd c ould t herefore b e a scribed t o a m iddle-Saxon d ate. H owever, I pswich-type f abrics a re t hought t o h ave h ad a c urrency o f s ome t wo h undred y ears. N o m iddle-Saxon s herd f rom N orth L incolns hire c an y et b e m ore c losely d ated, a nd, d espite t he a rguments f or s imilar c hronological d evelopment a bove, i t i s p ossible t hat t he d ifference b etween s hell a nd s and/grit-tempered f abrics m ay p rove c hronological. O n t he o ther h and, t he B arton/Barrow d ichotomy m ay m erely i ndicate t he p arochial n ature o f t he l ocal p ottery p roduction a nd d istribution d uring t he m iddle-Saxon p eriod. W hile t he k iln s ites f or t hese S axon f abrics r emain u nknown, t hey w ere p robably f or t he m ost p art, e xtremely l ocalised i n t erms o f t he p roduction a nd d istribution o f d omestic p ottery. H owever, t he S axon s herds r ecovered f rom B arton H aven a nd E ast H alton S kitter a ttest t o s ome f orm o f m aritime t rading a ctivity, a s d o t he F rankish i mports a t B arton a nd a cross t he H umber, t he i mported c rem ation u rn f rom D riffield ( Swanton 1 967, 4 8, F ig.3, N o.2; E vison 1 979, 7 8, F ig.15a). W ork i n t he M idlands h as s hown h ow t he d ecorated u rns o f t he e arly-Saxon p eriod c an o ccur m any m iles f rom t heir o rig inal a rea o f m anufacture ( Walker 1 978). F inally, I pswich-type w ares h ave n ow o ccurred o n a t l east s ix s ites i n N orth L incolnshire a nd, a lthough a n E ast A nglian o rigin c annot b e a ssumed f or t hese v essels, i t i s a lmost c ertain t hat t hey w ere n ot p roduced i n t he L incolnshire r egion. O n a n ational b asis, t he w ork o f E vison ( 1979) a nd H odges ( 1981) h as s hown t hat C ontinental p ottery w as b eing i mported o n s ome s cale t o p arts o f s outhern E ngland, b ut, f urther n orth , e xamples a re s till e xtremely r are. T he d istribution p attern o f t he u nstratified a ssemblages t aken t ogether w ith t he e vidence f rom t he s tratified g roups s uggests t hat m iddle-Saxon d omestic p ottery w as a vailable a cross t he w hole o f N orth L incolnshire. W ithin t his a rea t here i s n o e vidence f or a ny a ceramic ' gaps' d uring t he S axon p eriods. A cross t he H umber, s everal t housand s herds o f m iddle-Saxon p ottery h ave n ow b een r ecovered f rom W harram P ercy. T here i s n o e vidence t o s uggest w hy t his s ite s hould b e c ons idered a typical i n E ast Y orkshire, a nd i ndeed, f ieldwalking i n t he n eighbouring t ownships h as a lso p roduced a t hin, b ut e ven s catter o f S axon s herds. T he i nitial i nterpretation m ust b e t hat t hroughout t his r egion, m iddle-Saxon d omestic p ottery w as b oth c ommon a nd w idely a vailable. E xcavation w ithin t he c ities o f L incoln a nd Y ork, h owever, h as s o f ar p roduced s urprisingly l ittle h and-finished S axon p ottery, d espite t he v ast a mounts o f c eramic m aterial r ecovered a s t he r esult o f r ecent, m ajor e xcavation p rogrammes ( Coppack 1 980 , 1 35-6; H oldsworth, 1 978 , 3 -4). T he S axon b urgh d itch a t D oncaster c ontained o nly r esidual R oman p ottery f rom i ts p rimary f ills, w hilst t he l owest o ccupation l ayers f rom H ighgate, B everley c ontained n o p ottery ( Hayfield a nd W atkins f orthcoming) a nd a t L urk L ane, B everley, t he e arliest f eature w as a l arge S axon d itch w hich c ontained n o c eramics, w ith t he e xception o f s everal f ragments o f a n I pswich-type p itcher ( pers. c omm. G areth W atkins). T hese w ould a ll a ppear t o h ave b een ' urban' c entres i n t he l ater-Saxon p eriod. I n e ach c ase i t m ust b e a ccepted t hat e ither t he p rincipal a reas o f m iddle-Saxon s ettlement h ave n ot y et b een e ncountered i n t hese t owns a nd c ities, o r t hat
323
t hey u sed v ery l ittle p ottery d uring t his p eriod. R egionally , a p uzzling d ichotomy i s t herefore a pparent b etween t he a bundance o f p ottery f rom r ural c entres a nd a d earth f rom ' urban ' a reas. i ii.
F orms a nd M anufacture
C ooking p ots
B owls
L ugged B owls 2
S XS
1 00
S XG
9 7
S XSH
6 0 .4
7 ,
3
1 32
2 0 .9
1 8 .7
9 1 1 00
8 8
T otal
1 47
S XIP T otal
P itchers
6 .1
4 .5
1 .3
5 3 75
O f a ll t he t abulations o f f orms p resented i n t his c hapter, t his w as t he l east s atisfactory. V ery f ew p rofiles w ere r ecovered ( Fig .238) a nd v essels w ere o nly c ategorised a s p itchers, b owls, e tc., w here a p ositive i dentification c ould b e m ade. W here i dentification w as i n d oubt, a s i t w as w ith t he m ajority o f b ody s herds, v essels w ere c lassed a s c ooking-pots. E ven w ithin t he b owl f orms, i t i s p ossible t hat a ll t he s hell-tempered ( SXSH) b owl f orms h ad p ierced l ugs , b ut o nly t hose w ith t he r emains o f a l ug w ere c ounted. N evertheless, e ven a llowing f or s uch a b ias o f f orm , i t c an b e c onfidently s tated t hat t he m ajority o f S axon f orms f rom t his r egion w ere c ooking-pots. A ll l ocal w ares w ere c oil-built a nd h and-finished. M any o f t hese f orms c ontained c arbonised d eposits o n t heir o uter s urfaces a ttesting t o t heir d omestic u se. R im f orms o ffer t he m ost p ractical w ay o f e xamining t he r ange o f c ooking-pots a s f ew p rofiles w ere e ncountered. The m ost n umerous r im t ype w as a p lain u pright f orm ; a t B arton, E ast A cridge s everal o ccurred i n t he e arliest g roup a nd t his c an t herefore p robably b e c onsidered t he e arlier t ype ( SX/1/Bt, F ig.11, N os.1-4, 6 ). I t w as a lso t he m ost c ommonly o ccurring r im f orm a mongst t he u nstratified m aterial ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.175, N os.2-5; B arton, F ig.160 ,Nos. 2 1-24,29-30 ; W orlaby, F ig.194,Nos.1,3-7; H emingby, F ig.206, N os.13 ; L issington , F ig.208, N os.1-3,5-6). A s econd t ype o ccurred l ater i n t he B arton , E ast A cridge s equence, a s mall, s lightly e verted r im ( SX/3/Bt, F ig.11, N os.17-18 ,21). T he s hape o f t he b ases o f t hese v essels i s u ncertain , t he m ore c omplete ' domestic' v essels f rom F onaby h ad e ither f lat, o r o nly s lightly s agging, b ases ( Cook 1 981, 6 8-74). T he f ew r ecognisable b ase f ragments f rom N orth L incolnshire w ould a ppear t o c oncur w ith t his p icture ( Thornton L e M oor, F ig.153 , N os.3, 1 7; B arton : S t. P eters, F ig.15, N o.5, : E ast A cridge, F ig.11, N os.78 ). A ll d ecorated s herds o ccurred o n e ither s and ( SXS) o r g rit-
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t empered ( SXG) f abrics, n ever o n s hell-tempered v essels. W here d eco ration c ould b e a ssociated w ith a r im f orm , i t w as w ith t he e arlier, p lain, u pright f orms ( SX/17/BT, F ig.14, N o.28). M any s herds w ere b urnished, i ncluding a s ingle s hell-tempered v essel f rom B arton , S t. P eters ( Fig.164, N o.6). A s imilarity o f f orm c an b e n oted b etween t he s and, g rit a nd s hell-tempered v essels. T he s helly f abric p roduced b oth t ypes o f c ooking-pot r im, t here w ere n umerous e xamples o f t he s imple, u pright r im f orm ( West R avendale,Fig.147, N os.9-11; T hornton L e M oor, F ig.153, N os.7-13; W orlaby, F ig.194, N os.5-7). E xamples o f t he s mall, e verted r ims w ere a gain l ess c ommon b ut i ncluded s ome f rom W inghale P riory f ound a mongst a r estricted f ield s catter a ssociated w ith l ugged b owls ( Fig.151, N os.1-3). A lthough t his c annot b e a ccepted a s a r eliable a ssociation, i t d oes l end s upport t o t he e vidence f rom B arton, E ast A cridge i n s uggesting t hat t his r im f orm w as l ater, p robably m iddleS axon, i n d ate. A mongst t he s hell-tempered c ooking-pot r ims, t here w ere a n umber w hich a ppeared t o b e s omewhat l arger i n r im d iameter. T hese i ncluded a n e xample f rom B arrow, S t. C hads ( SX/4/Br, F ig.12, N o.1) a nd s everal f rom t he u nstratified m aterial, ( e.g. F lixborough, F ig.201,No.24; R oxby, F ig.202, N o.12; W est R avendale, F ig.147, N o.16). T he u se o f p ierced r im l ugs, u sually o n b owls a nd l ess c ommonly o n c ooking-pots, h as l ong b een r egarded a s a c haracteristic f eature o f m iddle-Saxon s hell-tempered v essels i n L incolnshire ( Addyman a nd W hitwell 1 970 , 1 00). A s mall n umber h ave b een r ecognised o n g rit t empered f abrics ( Winghale P riory, F ig.151, N o.6) b ut t he l ug r emains p redominantly a f eature o f s hell-tempered v essels. I n m ost c ases t hese l ugs w ere f ormed b y t he a ddition o f p ads o f c lay t o t he r im o f t he v essel. H oles w ere p ushed t hrough, r ather t han c ut, u sually a t a n a ngle ( higher f rom t he o uter s ide o f t he p ot, l ower o n t he i nner), a nd s everal s howed s igns o f c onsiderable p atination o n t he i nner s urfaces o f t hese h oles ( e.g. T hornton L e M oor, F ig.153, N o.23). I t i mplies t hat t hey w ere f unctional v essels, t he p atination p erhaps i ndicating t he g entle a brasion o f a r ope o r c ord. N o c omplete e xample o f o ne o f t hese v essels h as b een r ecovered, b ut i t i s a ssumed t hat t here w ould h ave b een a t l east t wo o f t hese l ugs o n e ach v essel. T hese p ierced l ugged b owls w ere p ossibly c eramic c opies o f S axon, b ronze, h anging b owls u sually a ssociated w ith t he e arly a nd m iddle S axon p eriods ( Thompson 1 956, e specially 1 95, F ig.5). C eramic c opies o f m etal f orms w ere c ommon d uring t he m edieval p eriod, a nd a s b ronze h anging b owls w ould a lmost c ertainly h ave b een a p roud p ossession o f t he m ore w ealthy m embers o f S axon s ociety, s uch c eramic c opies w ould h ave b een a m eans f or t he l ess w ealthy t o a pe t he l ifestyle o f t heir ' beters t. A t B arrow : S t. C hads, s everal o f t hese l ugged b owls w ere f ound a ssociated w ith a n I pswich-type p itcher ( SX/4/Br, F ig.12, N os.4-5) c onfirming t heir u se i n t he m iddle-Saxon p eriod. T he f orm w as n ot r ecorded a mongst t he l ate-Saxon w heel-finished v essels, h owever, t he e arliest d ate o f t hese l ugged b owls i s u ncertain. T here i s, a t p resent, n o e vidence t o i ndicate t hat t hey h ad a n e arly-Saxon o rigin, p articularly i f i t i s a ssumed t hat t he h and-finished s hell-tempered f abric ( SXSH) i s e xclusively m iddle-Saxon i n d ate. I f t he a rgument f or t he o ccurrence o f t he S XSH f abric i n e arly-Saxon d eposits r eceives f uture s upport, i t w ill t hen b e n ecessary t o a sk w hether s uch
325
' diagnostic' m iddle-Saxon f orms m ight a lso h ave a n e arlier o rigin . T hese l ugged b owls c an n ow b e r egarded a s a c ommon f ind i n N orth L incolnshire a nd i nclude e xamples f rom T hornton L e M oor, F ig.153, N os.21-32; W inghale P riory, F ig.151, N os.5-7; S cawby, F ig.203, N o.1 a nd W est R avendale, F ig.147, N os.17, 2 1-22. T here w ere a lso a n umber o f a pparently p lain b owl f orms, m ostly i n t he s hell-tempered f abric ( Roxby, F ig.202, N o.13; W orlaby, F ig.194, N os.8-9; W est R avendale, F ig.147, N os.13, 1 5 a nd T hornton L e M oor, F ig.153, N os. 1 8-19), b ut t here w ere a lso a s mall n umber i n t he g ritty f abric ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.175, N o.7) a nd t he s andy f abric ( Flixborough, F ig.201, N o.20). H owever, i t i s u ncertain w hether t hese w ere a ctually p lain b owl f orms, o r m erely t he o rdinary r im f ragments f rom l ugged b owls. M ost a ppeared t o h ave v ery s imple o utward s loping r ims, a lthough t here w ere a n umber o f c lubbed r im f orms ( SX/4/Br, F ig.12, N o.3). A u nique v essel f orm c ame f rom B arrow : S t. C hads ( SX/4/Br, F ig.12, N o.6). I t r esembled i n s ize a nd f orm t he t wo-handled w ooden d rinking b owls t hat w ere c ommon i n I reland a nd S cotland i n t he p ost m edieval p eriod, k nown a s q uaiches ( Evan T homas 1 932, 3 -4 P 1.3 a nd 3 a). H owever, a s i ts s hell-tempered f abric w as i dentical t o t he o ther v essels i n t he g roup, t here i s n o r eason t o s uspect t hat i t w as n ot o f l ocal m anufacture. A nother r egional r arity, t his t ime i n t he g ritty f abric, w as a s mall p ierced l ug f rom t he s ide o f a v essel, r ecovered f rom B arton, S t. P eters ( Fig.164, N o.4). T he o nly k nown p arallel f or t his f rom L incolnshire c ame f rom t he 6 th c entury c emetery a t F onaby w here a n e xample o ccurred, p robably r e-used, a s a c remation u rn ( Cook 1 981, 7 0-1, C remation 1 0, F ig.29, N o.10). F inaly, a mongst t his g roup o f f abrics w ere t he I pswich-types. S o f ar o nly t he p itcher f orm h as b een r ecognised i n t he r egion, o ccurr ing i n t wo f abric v ariants, a v ery f ine s mooth-textured f abric ( Barton, B arrow , B everley, T hornton L e M oor), a nd a h arder, s lightly m ore g ritty f abric ( Flixborough, E lsham , L issington). T hey w ere a lmost c ertainly i mported i nto t he r egion a s t here w as n o e vidence f or l ocal p roduction. H owever, i t s hould n ot b e a ssumed t hat t hey w ere a ll o f E ast A nglian o rigin. C ertain s herds i n t he l ocal g ritty f abric s eem t o h ave s everal o f t he c haracteristics a ssociated w ith t he I pswich-type p itcher s hapes ( SX/2/Bt,Fig.11,No.11), a lthough t he f orm c annot y et b e c onfirmed. I t w ould b e s urprising p erhaps i f t he l ocal p otters h ad m ade n o a ttempt t o c opy t his f orm. I t h as b een c ogently a rgued t hat t he I pswich-type w ares w ere a t echnological i nnovation, r e-introducing t he t echnique o f w heelthrowing t o E ngland ( Hurst 1 976, 2 99-300). O f t he d ozen o r s o e xamples n ow r ecovered f rom t he r egion, a ll w ere c oil-built a nd l argely h and-finished. O nly t he r ims a nd n ecks w ere ' turned'. T he t echnological g ap b etween t hese v essels a nd t he l ate-Saxon v essels o f t he T hetford a nd r elated t ypes w as s till v ery w ide. T he w hole s hape a nd s tyle o f d ecoration o f t hese p itchers r esembles m ore c losely t he e arly/middle-Saxon f orms r ather t han t hose o f t he l ate-Saxon p eriod.
326
R egional T radition : S hell-Tempered W ares ( including f abrics S l, S 2, 5 3 , S 4) i .
D ate R ange
A D
8 00
9 00
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 500
S i
S 2
S 3
S 4
T he i mmediate o rigins o f t his t radition h ave b een d iscussed i n C hapter 2 w here i t w as s uggested t hat i t d eveloped d irectly f rom t he e arly/middle-Saxon h and-finished, s hell-tempered v essels ( SXSH). T his t ransition f rom h and-finished t o w heel-finished w as l oosely a scribed t o a p eriod i n t he 9 th c entury, a lthough p recise d ating e vidence w as n ot a vailable. T he u se o f s hell-tempering i n p ottery v essels i n t he r egion h as f ar e arlier o rigins b ack i n t he p rehistoric p eriod. I ndeed, i t s till s ometimes p roves d ifficult t o d istinguish b etween m iddle-Saxon s herds a nd t hose o f t he p re-Roman I ron A ge. D uring t he R oman p eriod t hese I ron A ge s hell-tempered v essels d eveloped i nto a m ajor c oarse w are i ndustry w hose p roducts a re l oosely a scribed t he t erm " Dales W ares". A r ecent s tudy o f D ales W are h as s uggested p roduction c entres i n n orth-west L incolnshire ( Loughlin 1 977, 9 3-96). P roduction o f t his p ottery s eems t o h ave b een l arge-scale, w ell-organised, a nd c ommercially b ased, p ossibly u nder m ilitary p atronage. I t a chieved aw ide d istribution . I t w ould t herefore b e t empting t o c onsider t he p roduction o f s hell-tempered p ottery i n N orth L incolnshire a s a s ingle c ontinuous t radition f rom t he I ron A ge t o t he 1 4th c entury A .D. H owever, t here a re s till g aps i n t his s equence, p articularly i n t he i mmediate p ostR oman p eriod, b ut t his m ay b e d ue t o t he l ack o f s uitably d ated g roups r ather t han a r eal b reak i n t he t radition. i i.
D istribution
. F ig.241 s hows t he d istribution o f t he m edieval s hell-tempered w ares ( 33.S4) c ompared w ith t he c oarse s andy w ares ( Cl.C2.C3). S hell-tempered w ares e njoyed a n ear m onopoly o f m edieval c oarsewares a cross t he w hole o f n orthern a nd c entral L incolnshire, o nly e ncoun-
327
t ering s erious c ompetition f rom t he c oarse-sandy w ares i n t he n orthe astern p art o f t he c ounty. O n a w ider, r egional s cale, t he d istrib ution o f s hell-tempered v essels h as a lready r eceived s ome a ttention ( Moorhouse 1 974a, 7 -8). T hey w ere c ommon t hroughout t he E ast M idlands a nd i n p arts o f E ast A nglia; t he H umber a nd S outh Y orkshire r eflecti ng t heir n orthern l imit. A t D oncaster t hey o ccurred i n s ome n umbers, f orming t he p rincipal c oarseware f abric d uring t he 1 3th a nd 1 4th c enturies. T he m oated s ite o f E ast H addlesey, n ear S elby, p roduced a n umber o f s hell-tempered s herds, b ut t here t hey s eem t o h ave r epr esented l ess t han 1 % o f t he t otal a ssemblage ( Le P atourel 1 973, 9 6-108). T he t ype w as a lso c omparatively s carce a t P ontefract P riory ( Le P atourel 1 965, 1 07-109), C astle H ill, A lmondbury ( pers. C omm. S tephen M oorhouse) a nd S andal C astle, n ear W akefield ( ibid.); f urtherm ore, i t w as c ompletely a bsent f rom K irkstall A bbey ( Le P atourel 1 967, 3 8). E ast Y orkshire p rovides a l ittle e vidence f or t he p roduction o f s hell-tempered w ares d uring t he l ate-Saxon p eriod, a lthough t hey w ere n ever c ommon. O ccasional e xamples a re k nown f rom W harram P ercy ( Le P atourel 1 979, 8 0-81) a nd H ighgate, B everley ( Williams a nd W atkins 1 983). T he f orms o f t hese v essels d iffered m arkedly f rom c ontemporary l ate-Saxon w ares f rom N orth L incolnshire ( EM/49/Bv, F ig.46,No.1, o r L e P atourel 1 979, 8 0 , F ig.29). F rom t he 1 2th c entury, t here i s n o h int t hat t he E ast R iding e ither m ade o r i mported s hell-tempered p ottery o n a c ommercial s cale. A s ingle r im s herd o f a c ooking-pot w as r ecovered f rom W awne ( Hayfield 1 984), t he v essel r esembling t he S 3 f abrics f rom N orth L incolnshire. H edon p roduced o ne o r t wo s hellt empered v essels ( EM/56/Hd,Fig.44,No.24 o r H M/79/Hd,Fig.93,No.27), w hich w ere v ery s imilar t o t hose r ecovered f rom D oncaster. T his c onn ection i s m ade a ll t he m ore p lausible b y t he r egular o ccurrence o f t he D oncaster, w hiteware f abric ( WD) i n t he e arlier p hases f rom t he p ort. F ig.239 c ontrasts t he o ccurrence o f S i a nd S 2 s hell-tempered w ares w ith t heir c ontemporary l ate-Saxon g reywares C L a nd C T. I t d emonstrates t hat n umerically, t he s hell-tempered w ares w ere t he d ominant l ate-Saxon f abric a cross n orthern a nd c entral L incolnshire. W hilst t here w ere p robably a dditional s ources o f s hell-tempered f abric b etween L incoln a nd t he H umber, i t i s m ost u nlikely t hat t here w ere a ny f or t he c oarse s andy, g reyware f abrics. A lmost a ll L incolnshire's l ate-Saxon, c oarse-sandy v essels c an p robably b e a ttributed t o e ither T orksey o r L incoln s ources. T his i s o f p articular s ignificance b ecause i t w ould m ean t hat a ll t he l ate-Saxon g reywares s hown o n F ig.239 c ould b e r egarded a s t raded m aterial. T he r elative d istribution o f t he T orksey a nd L incoln f abrics i s e xplored f urther o n F ig.240 . T wo f urther c onsiderations c an b e d rawn f rom F igs.239-240. F irstly, t hey r epresent a n a spect, a lbeit a m inor o ne, o f l ate-Saxon t rade. S econdly, t he a reas o f p redominantly s hell-tempered f abrics m ay p rovide a t ent ative i nsight a s t o t he l ocation o f t heir p roduction s ources, o n t he a ssumption t hat t he c oarse s andy f abrics m ight f ind i t m ore d iffi cult t o c ompete i n t he i mmediate v icinity o f t he s hell-tempered p roduction c entres. • F ig.239 s uggests t hat t here w ere t wo a reas w here t he o ccurrence o f l ate-Saxon s hell-tempered w ares w as m ore i ntense, o ne a round B arton-on-Humber a nd t he s econd i n t he c entral W olds a rea a round
3 28
C aistor
a nd
K irmond-Le-Mire.
A s
c urrent
e vidence
f or
t he
p roduction
o f l ate-Saxon p ottery p oints t o u rban c entres, i t w ould b e t empting t o s uggest t hat B arton a nd C aistor w ere t he r espective k iln s ources. H owever, t he e vidence f rom m aps s uch a s F ig.239 s hows o nly t he d istrib utional c entres, t hat i s w here t he p ottery w as m arketed f rom, r ather t han w here t he p ottery w as p roduced. I f, a s s uggested, b oth t he l ate S axon a nd e arly-medieval p otery p roduction w as b ased i n t owns, b oth m anufacturing a nd d istributional c entres m ight c orrelate. D uring t he m edieval p eriod t he t wo p rincipal s hell-tempered f abrics w ere s mooth-textured ( S4) a nd r ough-textured ( S3), s uggesting t he e xistence o f a t l east t wo k iln s ources. F ig.241, s howing t he d istribution b etween t he m edieval s hell-tempered f abrics ( S3,S4) a nd t he c ontemporary c oarse s andy f abrics ( C1,C2,C3), d emonstrates t hat s hell-tempered f abrics w ere c ommon a cross t he w hole o f L incolns hire, w ith c oarse s andy f abrics r epresenting a m inority f abric. I n t his r espect, t he s ituation w as s imilar t o t hat o f t he l ate-Saxon p eriod ( Fig.239); h owever, t he m edieval c oarse s andy f abrics c an n ow b e s een t o c luster t o n orth-east L incolnshire. F ig.242 w as p rep ared s o a s t o c ontrast t he d istribution o f t he t wo p rincipal m edieval s hell-tempered f abrics, S 3 a nd S 4. T he r esults a re i nteresting b ecause t he S 4, s mooth-textured, s hell-tempered f abric c lusters n eatly i nto n orth-east L incolnshire, c overing a pproximately t he s ame a rea a s t he c oarse s andy f abrics i n F ig.241. I t s uggests t hat N orth L incolns hire's c oarsewares w ere, d uring t he m edieval p eriod, d ivided i nto t wo g eographical a reas. I n n orth-east L incolnshire, i n a n a rea b ounded t o t he w est b y t he A ncholme, a nd t o t he s outh b y C aistor a nd G reat L imber, t he c oarsewares w ere d ominated b y t he c oarse s andy f abrics a nd t here w as, i n a ddition, i n t he s ame a rea, a m inority s hellt empered f abric S 4. T he r est o f L incolnshire w as d ominated b y s hellt empered w ares w hich w ere o f t he 5 3, r ough-textured t ype. I t c ould a lso b e o bserved t hat t he a rea o f t he S 4 f abric c orrelated w ith o ne o f t he d enser a reas o f t he l ate-Saxon s hell-tempered f abric. B artono n-Humber w as p ostulated a s b eing t he l ikely p roduction/distribution c entre f or t his n orthern S i a rea, a nd i t i s p ossible t hat p roduction m ay h ave c ontinued f rom t he s ame c entre f or t he m edieval S 4 f abric. A s t he S 3 f abric h ad a w ide d istribution, F ig.242, i t p robably h ad a n umber o f p roduction c entres. O nly o ne o f t hese i s k nown, t hat o f P otter H anworth t o t he e ast o f L incoln ( Healey 1 974,30). T he p osi tion o f t he P otter H anworth k iln s uggests t hat L incoln m ay h ave b een i ts p rincipal m arket. I t i s m ost u nlikely t hat t his k iln c entre w as s upplying s ites i n A xholme o r n orth-west L incolnshire. L oughlin s uggested t hat t he R oman D ales W are i ndustry w as p robably l ocated i n n orth-west L incolnshire, i mmediately w est o f t he J urassic l imestone r idge w hich s eparated t he T rent a nd A ncholme v alleys ( 1977, 9 3-96). T his w as a n a rea w here s edimentary r ocks o utcropped p roducing t he f ossil s hell u sed i n t he D ales W are f abric ( ibid,102). I t i s n ot y et p ossible t o t ell w hether f ossil s hell w as u sed i n t he S 3 f abric, b ut t his w ould p rove a u seful r esearch p roject. I f t he S 3 f abrics c ontained f ossil s hell, a s imilar s ource c ould p erhaps b e e nvisaged t o t he R oman D ales W ares. I f f resh s hell w as u sed, h owever, a s ite t owards t he c oast w ould p robably b e m ore l ikely.
329
i ii.
F orms a nd M anufacture
C ooking p ots
B owls
S 1
5 8.1
3 9.4
S 2
8 9
1 1
S 3
8 0.5
1 9.1
S 4
9 4.6
5 .4
T otal %
8 3.4
1 6.2
C urfews
D ishes
%
%
J ugs %
B asting D ishes %
2 .1
V ESSEL T OTAL
O thers % 0 .3
2 82 1 00
0 .15
0 .07
0 .18
0 .04
2 731
1 297
0 .09
0 .14
0 .04
0 .11
0 .04
4 410
W hereas m edieval s hell-tempered v essels w ere h eavily b iased t owards t he c ooking-pot f orm, t he l ate-Saxon S 1 v essels s howed a s lightly m ore e ven b alance, a lthough ( at 5 8.1%) c ooking-pots w ere s till t he p rincipal f orm. B owls w ould a ppear t o h ave b een m ore n umero us i n a ll l ate-Saxon c oarseware f abrics t han a t a ny t ime i n t he m edieval p eriod. F or t he l ate-Saxon p eriod, t he r ange o f c ooking p ot, b owl a nd o ther f orms r emained f airly u niform w hether t hey o ccurr ed i n a s hell-tempered o r a c oarse s andy f abric. I t w ould t hus b e a ppropriate a t t his s tage t o d iscuss g enerally t he t ypes o f l ateS axon c eramic f orms i n t his r egion, a nd p ossible e xplanations o f t heir o rigins. T ypical e xamples o f l ate-Saxon c ooking-pot f orms i n L incolnshire, i n b oth s hell-tempered a nd c oarse s and-tempered f abrics, c an b e s een f rom B arrow , S t. C hads ( SX/4/Br, F ig.12, N o.7; S X/5/Br, F ig.12, N o.12) a nd E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.175, N o.18). T hese e verted r ims w ith d ished i nner f aces w ere s tandard t hroughout t he r egion i n a ll l ate S axon f abrics. A lthough t hese c ould b e d escribed a s l id-seated r ims, n o m atching c eramic l ids h ave y et b een r ecognised. I n f orm a nd s tyle t hese c ooking-pots h ave n o p arallels o r p roto-types a mongst t he l ocal e arly/middle-Saxon w ares, w ith t he p ossible e xception o f t he e arliest m aterial f rom L incoln, S altergate ( SX/20/Li, F ig.16, N os.1-10). T he c losest n ative p arallels f or t hese l ate-Saxon v essel f orms w ere t he r egion 's l ate-Roman c oarsewares. T his l ink i s u sually d ismissed b ec ause o f t he s eemingly i nsurmountable g ap o f s ome f our h undred y ears b etween t he t wo i ndustries ( Coppack 1 980 , 1 46). H owever, i f t his c hronological p roblem i s m omentarily p ut t o o ne s ide, a nd t he t wo r anges o f f orms c ompared, a s urprisingly s eries o f p arallels c an b e e stablished. T he
l ate-Saxon
c ooking-pot
w as
c lose,
a lthough
p articularly
s imilar
n ot
i n
e xact,
s hape
t o t he r egion's 4 th-century R oman c oarseware j ars.Amongst t he e arliest o f .t he r egion's l ocal R oman t ypes t o f it t his v essel f orm w ere t hose p otteries o n t he o utskirts o f D oncaster, s uch a s B laxton ( Buckland a nd D olby 1 980, 2 4,Fig.6,Nos.117-118). D ales W are j ars w ere p art icularly c haracterised b y t heir t all e verted r ims w hich a lso h ad
330
a p ronounced
b evel
t o
t he
i nner
r im
f ace
( Loughlin 1 977,
9 1,
F ig.1,
N os.1,2 a nd 2 4; o r 9 2, F ig.2, N o.64). A lthough t he r ims o f t he H untcliffe w ares o f E ast Y orkshire f ind n o o bvious p arallel w ith L incolnshire's l ate-Saxon c ooking-pots, t hey d o h ave a s tylised l id s eating a nd t he o verall p rofile o f t hese j ars i s a gain r emarkably c lose ( Rigby 1 980 , 8 4-87). T he l ate R oman S wanpool v essels f rom L incoln p rovide t he c losest p arallels, p articularly t he S wanpool ' H' t ype r im f orm w hich o ccurred i n b oth c alcite-gritted a nd g rit t empered f abrics ( Darling 1 977, 1 6, F ig.6). I n n one o f t hese c ases w as t here a n e xact p arallel w ith l ate-Saxon f orms, b ut t he o verall s imilarities w ere t oo c lose t o e asily d ismiss a s m ere c oincidence. T here w ere, h owever, a lso a n umber o f d ifferences. M ost l ate-Saxon L incolnshire c ooking-pots h ad s lightly s agging b ases ( SX/4/Br, F ig.12, N o.7), w hereas l ate-Roman j ars h ad n arrower, f lat b ases. H owever, s everal c ontemporary l ate-Saxon w ares f rom Y ork a nd o ther p arts o f Y orkshire h ad f lat b ases, s ometimes w ith ' wire-pulled' m arks o n t he b ase ( Holdsworth 1 978, 2 0, F ig.5, N os.8 a nd 2 3). K nife-trimming o f t he b ase a nd b asal a ngle w as a c ommon l ate-Saxon f eature b ut o ne t hat w as r are o n l ate-Roman v essels. T he b L Inds o f r ouletted s houlder d ecoration w as a lso a bsent f rom t hese R oman v essels, a lthough a s imi lar t echnique o f d ecoration w as o ccasionally u sed o n R oman f inewares. A f urther l ate-Saxon f orm w as t he s hallow b owl o r d ish, a s eries o f p rofiles c oming f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.176, N os.11-14). I t i s l ikely t hat m any m ore o f t hese v essels o ccurred a cross L incolns hire b ut t he s imilarity o f t heir r ims w ith c ontemporary b owl f orms n ecessitated a c omplete v ertical p rofile f or p ositive i dentification. T heir s hape r esembled c losely t he l ate-Roman d ish/platter f orms i n r egional f abric t ypes s uch a s B laxton ( Buckland e t a l 1 980, F ig.4, N os.5-9), H untcliffe ( Rigby 1 980, 8 0-81, N o.302) a nd i n t he s hellt empered D ales W are-type f abrics ( Rigby a nd S tead 1 976, 1 88-190 , N os.7-8). B owls w ere t he s econd m ost c ommon l ate-Saxon f orm a nd s eemed t o h ave o ccurred w ith a v ariety o f r im f orms r anging f rom p lain e vert ed t ypes ( SX/6/Br, F ig.13, N o.15) t o t he m ore c ommon, r ounded, i nt erned r ims ( EM/9/Bt, F ig.14, N o.24 o r E ast H alton S kitter F ig.176, N os.15-21). B owls o f s imilar s ize w ere a lso w idely p roduced i n t he r egion's l ate R oman f abrics, a lthough t here w as f requently a n o uter f lange t o t heir r ims ( Buckland a nd D olby 1 980, 1 3, F ig.4, N o.40 o r D arling 1 977, 8 , F ig.2, N os.38-42). F langed b owl r ims w ere u ncommon o n l ate-Saxon s hell-tempered v essels, a lthough s everal e xamples h ave n ow b een r ecovered f rom l ate-Saxon d eposits a t D oncaster. H owever, e xamples w ere m ore c ommon i n l ate-Saxon c oarse s andy f abrics, s uch a s T orksey w ares ( Barley 1 964, 1 81, F ig.8, N o.10), a lthough a m ore d ebased f orm o f f lange w as m ore t ypical ( SX/8/Bc, F ig.13, N o.11; o r B T. F ig.16e , N o.11). A gain, s everal m ajor d istinctions w ere a lso a pparent. T he ' 0 ' s pouts f ound o n s ome l ate-Saxon b owls a nd t he o ccas ional ' pie-crusting ' t o g reywares w ere b oth f eatures n ot f ound o n t he l ate-Roman w ares. H owever,
i t m ay
b e
o bserved
t hat
t he
r egion 's
t hree m ost
c ommon
l ate-Saxon v essel f orms f ind r elatively c lose p arallels a mongst t he m ore c ommon l ate-Roman c oarsewares. H aving a rgued a c ase f or p arall els o f f orm , t here n ow r emains t he s eemingly i nsurmountable p roblem o f t he 4 00 y ear b reak i n p roduction f rom t he e nd o f t he R oman p eriod t o t he i ntroduction o f t he l ate-Saxon w heel-finished p roducts i n
331
t he 9 th c entury. T he p roblem o f t he o rigin o f t hese l ate-Saxon f orms w as c onsidered b y C oppack w ho a ttempted t o d emonstrate t hat v ery s imilar v essels o ccurred i n c ontemporary a nd e arlier d eposits i n M erovingian a nd C arolingian F rance ( Coppack 1 980 , 1 46). A r ecent s urvey h as l isted a nd d iscussed t he m iddle-Saxon i mport ed p ottery f rom E urope ( Hodges 1 981). M any o f t he E uropean f orms s howed a d efinite l egacy f rom e arlier R oman v essels ( e.g., i bid,70, F ig.7, 6 , N os.5 a nd 8 -11). I ndeed, i t w ould a ppear t hat, u nlike E ngland, p arts o f E urope n ever l ost t he t echnical s kills o f t he R oman p ottery i ndustries a nd c ontinued t o p roduce w heelthrown w ares t hrougho ut t he ' migration ' p eriod. I t h ad b een s uggested t hat t he E nglish l ate-Saxon f orms m ay e ven h ave a risen u nder t he i nfluence o r p roduct ion o f i mmigrant p otters f rom E urope ( Hurst 1 959, 2 8-31), a lthough t he c laim h as n ow b een r escinded ( Hurst 1 976, 3 18). N orth L incolnshire h as s o f ar p roduced t wo m iddle-Saxon, E uropean i mports. B arrow : C herry L ane p roduced a n e xample o f a r ed-burnished p itcher ( HM/12/Br, F ig.59, N o.9) o f p roba i ;le M erovingian d ate, c ons idered t o b e a ' prestige' p roduct ( Hodges 1 981, 7 1-2). M ore r ecently, B arton : C astle D ike S outh h as p roduced a F rankish p itcher a s p art o f a g rave g roup f rom a n i nhumation c emetery ( Fig.160, N o.42). T his i mportant v essel, w hich w as d iscovered i n A pril, 1 982, w as i n ah ard, c oarse, o range, s and-tempered f abric, w ith r ough-textured s urfaces. H owever, i t w as t he s hape a nd c onstructional d etails o f t his v essel w hich p roved t o b e o f t he g reatest i nterest, f or i t w as w heel-thrown w ith a k nife-trimmed b asal a ngle a nd a f lat b ase. I ts r im w as e verted w ith a d ished i nner r im f ace, r emarkably c lose i n f orm t o t he l ateS axon c ooking-pot r ims o f L incolnshire, w hilst t he h andle w as o f a ' strap' t ype. I t c ame f rom a b urial w hich w as s urrounded b y o thers w hose a rtifacts s uggested a 7 th-century d ate ( Dr.J.B.Whitwell , p ers. c omm .). P rovisional i dentification o f t he v essel b y R ichard H odges s uggests t hat i t w as a n i mport o f F rankish o rigin, p robably f rom t he C ologne r egion. T he r im a nd k nife t rimming o f t his v essel p rovide t he t wo p rincipal f eatures m ost c haracteristic o f t he L incolnshire l ate-Saxon c ooking-pot v essels. I ts a ssociation a mongst a s eries o f r ich g raves, w hich i n 1 939 h ad p roduced a b ronze h anging b owl a nd o ther a rtifacts ( Watkin 1 980, 8 8-89 , B ryant 1 981), s uggests t hat t his t oo w as r egarded a s a p restige a rtifact. A lthough a s ingle 7 th-century i mport a t B arton-on-Humber c annot e xplain t he s udden a ppearance o f s omewhat s imilar l ocally-made f orms i n t he 9 th c entury, i t d oes d emonstrate t hat i mported v essels, v ery s imilar t o t he s ubsequent l ate-Saxon p ottery f orms, w ere a ccessible t o l ocal c ommunities. I t a lso s tarts t o p rovide t he e vidence o f c ont acts w hich H urst c onsidered l acking w hen h e a bandoned h is e arlier a rgument f or t he i mmigrant E uropean p otters i n t he 9 th c entury ( 1976, 3 18). A s econd p ossible r eason f or s imilarities i n f orm b etween l ate R oman a nd l ate-Saxon p ottery v essels i s t hat i n t he l ate-Saxon p eriod t here w as s till p lenty o f R oman p ottery a bout, a lbeit i n f ragmentary f orm. A lmost e very m iddle o r l ate-Saxon p ottery g roup i n L incolnshire c ontained r esidual R oman p ottery. I n s ome g roups i t w as o nly o ne o r t wo s herds b ut i n o thers, s uch a s B arton, E ast A cridge, o r s ome o f t he D oncaster s ites, 8 0 o r 9 0% o f t he g roup c onsisted o f R oman
332
p ottery. S axon b uilding a nd d omestic a ctivity i n t he v icinity o f R oman s ites w as c learly c ontinually d isturbing t hese e arlier d eposits; t he c hance d iscovery o f ' archaeological d eposits' w as p robably a s c ommon i n t he l ate-Saxon p eriod a s i t i s t oday. W ere l ate-Saxon p otters i nfluenced b y t he f orms o f t his d isturbed R oman r ubbish? A rmed w ith t he k nowledge t o f inish p ottery o n t he w heel, a l ate-Saxon p otter w ould h ave b een i n a p osition t o r espond t o a ny s uch s timuli, h owever u nconventional i ts o rigins. T he s hape o f t he c ooking-pots u nderwent c onsiderable c hanges f rom l ate-Saxon f orms ( SX/4/Br, F ig.12, N o.7) t o e arly-medieval ( EM/10 / Br, F ig.21, N o.37 o r E M/11/Br, F ig.22, N o.1). T hese c hanges c an b e c learly s een w hen c omparing p lates 2 38 a nd 2 43. C ooking-pots b ecame b igger, s hallower a nd h ad w ider b ases. B owls t oo i ncreased i n s ize a nd t herefore c apacity. I t i s p robably p remature t o r elate t hese c hanges i n f orm a nd s ize t o p ossible c hanges i n c ulinary b ehaviour, b ecause p ottery w as o nly o ne o f t he m edia f or c ooking v essels. W e d o n ot y et k now w hether s imilar c hanges o f f orm w ere t aking p lace i n w ooden, l eather o r m etal u tensils. H owever, t hese c hanges m ust a lso b e s et a gainst a g eneral e xpansion a nd l ocalisation o f t he r egion's p ottery i ndustry i n t he e arly-medieval p eriod w hich c ompeted w ith, a nd e ventually o verwhelmed, t he l arger, o lder, e stablished l ate-Saxon i ndustries. T he a dvent o f p itchers a nd j ugs w ith t heir u se o f g lazes r eleg ated c ooking-pots a nd b owls t o p ositions o f s econdary i mportance, a nd i f e arly-medieval j ugs w ere t o a chieve n ew h eights i n p otting s tandards, c ontemporary c ooking-pots a nd b owls s ometimes f ell s hort o f t he s tandard s et b y t heir l ate-Saxon p redecessors. W hereas l ate S axon c ooking v essels w ere e ither w heel-thrown o r c oil-built a nd w heel-finished t o a v ery h igh s tandard o n b oth i nner a nd o uter s urf aces, t he n ew , e arly-medieval c ooking-pot f orms, w hether i n s hell t empered o r c oarse s and-tempered f abrics, w ere i nvariably c oil-built, a nd n ot a lways f ully w heel-finished. S hell-tempered c ooking-pot r ims o f t he 1 1th a nd 1 2th c entury w ere g enerally v ery s mall a nd e verted, h aving l ost t he d ished i nner r im f ace o f t he l ate-Saxon f orms. K nife t rimming l argely d isappeared, a lthough i t w as t o s urvive o n c oarse s andy v essels u ntil t he l ate 1 4th c entury. L ower b odies l ost t heir t apered l ate-Saxon p rofiles a nd b ecame m ore s traight s ided ( Fig.243). A lthough t he l ate-Saxon s ocketed b owl a nd d ish f orms o f t he S i f abric d isappeared f rom t he e arly-medieval r epertoire, n ew f orms e merged. C urfews f irst a ppeared i n t he m id-12th c entury i n t he c oarse s andy f abrics, a nd b asting d ishes b y t he l atter p art o f t he s ame c entury. B oth f orms o ccurred i n s hell-tempered f abrics, b ut r arely f rom d ated c ontexts. J ug f orms a lso o ccurred i n t he S 3 f abric b ut t hey w ere e xtremely r are. T he o nly c omplete p rofile c ame f rom L incoln ( Adams 1 977, 2 9, F ig.15, N o.114; a nd F ig.243), b ut t wo f ragmentary e xamples w ere f ound a t T hornton-Le-Moor ( Fig.155 N o.23). T he s mall l id f rom B arrow : C herry L ane ( HM/12/Br, F ig.58, N o.18) i s u nique t o t he r egion a nd o f u nknown f unction. B y t he l ate 1 2th c entury, s hell-tempered c ooking-pots i n b oth S 3 a nd S 4 f abrics s howed a m arked i ncrease i n r im s ize; t his t rend c ontinued u ntil t he t radition's d ecline i n t he l ate 1 4th o r e arly 1 5th c entury ( Fig.243). I n a ddition t o t he d atable p rofiles o f F ig.243, s everal o ther u nstratified p rofiles o f c ooking-pots, p robably o f
333
1 2th o r 1 3th-century d ate, o ccurred ( Barton-on-Humber, F ig.161, N o.1, a nd K ettleby T horpe, F ig.165, N os.13-14 a nd W est R asen, F ig.159 ,No.1). T here a lso a ppeared t o h ave b een c onsiderably m ore m inor v ariation b oth i n o verall v essel s ize a nd r im f orms t han t here h ad b een d uring t he l ate-Saxon p eriod. T he d istribution o f t he S 3 f abric s uggests t hat t here w ere a n umber o f p roduction s ources. T he S 4 f abric w as m uch m ore r estricted i n i ts d istribution , a nd p robably o riginated f rom o ne k iln c entre, a nd y et t he v ariety o f s ize a nd f orm i s e qually a pparent i n i ts v essels ( Fig.243, a nd a lso E ast H alton S kitter, F ig. 1 77, N os.1-11). I t i s u nfortunate t hat t here w ere n o l arge s tratified g roups o f S 4 v essels, b ut i t s eems l ikely t hat t his m inor v ariation a gain o wes l ittle t o c hronology, s ave f or t he o verall i ncrease i n r im s ize r eferred t o a bove. T he l arge, p lain, e verted r im s een o n t he S omerby c ooking-pots ( Fig.243 a nd L M/11/Sm , F ig.114, N os .1-3) w ould a ppear t o b e d iagnostic o f t he f inal p hases o f r im d evelopment o n t he S 3 v essels. A s t his p articular r im f orm d oes n ot o ccur o n t he S 4 f abric, i t m ay r eflect a d ivergence o f s tyles b etween t he t wo f abrics d uring t he 1 4th c entury, b ut i t m ay a lso s uggest t hat t he S 4 f abric c eased p roduction a t a n e arlier p eriod t han t he S 3. B owl r ims i n s hell-tempered f abrics s how s imilar c hronological t rends i n t heir r im f orms, 1 2th-century e xamples t ended t o h ave s mall e verted r ims s imilar t o t hose o f t he c ooking-pots ( Fig.243; E M/12/Br, F ig.22, N o.9). D uring t he 1 3th c entury, r ims b ecame m ore c lubbed i n a ppearance, u sually h aving b een f olded ( Fig.243, a nd H M/37/Tp, F ig.78, N o.3). B y t he l ate 1 4th c entury, b owl r ims h ad b ecome l arger, f latter a nd m ore f ully e verted ( Fig.243, a nd L M/11/Sm , F ig.114 , N os.45 ). A gain, t he S 4 f abric o nly p roduced e xamples o f t he t wo e arlier r im t ypes, t here b eing n o e xamples o f t he l ater S omerby r im f orms, e ven a mongst t he u nstratified m aterial. C urfews w ere u sually b owl f orms i nverted w ith t he a ddition o f v ents a nd a h andle. F ew w ere f ound i n d ated c ontexts, b ut o ne e xample f rom T hornholme P riory ( HM/44 / Tp, F ig.81, N o.19) h ad a c hamfered s houlder a ngle. T his f eature w as a lso s een o n a s imilar e xample f rom T oft N ewton ( Fig.159, N o.45), w hilst N orth O wersby p roduced o ne o f t he f ew d efinite c urfew r ims ( Fig.151, N o.33). A ll e xamples w ere i n t he S 3 f abric, b ut t he l ack o f f urther s tratified e xamples p recludes a ny d iscussion o f t heir t ypological d evelopment. T he f ew s hell-tempered b asting d ishes a mongst t he u nstratified m aterial w ere a ll i n t he S 3 f abric. O nly t wo v essels a re i llustrated, b oth h aving ' pie-crusting ' t o t he t op o f t heir r ims ( Clixby, F ig.145, N o.6 a nd H umberston A bbey , F ig.144 , N o.39). A mongst t he d atable c ooking-pot a nd b owl f orms, t here w as t heref ore a s eries o f b asic c hronological c hanges i n r im f orm d uring t he m edieval p eriod. W ithin e ach b asic r im t ype, h owever, t here w as e norm ous m inor v ariation. I t s eems u nlikely t hat s uch m inor v ariations h ave a ny c hronological s ignificance, a lthough t he l imited n umber o f s tratified e xamples o f s ecure d ate p recludes a m ore d etailed c lassi fication. R egional T radition
:C oarse S andy W ares
( including f abrics C T, C L, C l, C 2, C 3) . T he f abrics w hich m ade u p t his t radition f ell i nto t wo c hronol ogical d ivisions, l ate-Saxon g reywares ( CT,CL) a nd m edieval c oarsew ares ( C1,C2,C3,CB,CH,CS). E ach c ategory w ill b e c onsidered s eparately.
334
L ate-Saxon G reywares i .
D ate R ange
A D
8 00
9 00
1 000
1 100
1 200
C T
C L
T he o rigins a nd d ecline o f t hese t wo f abrics h ave a lready b een d iscussed i n C hapter 2 . I t n eed o nly b e r eiterated h ere t hat o n t he c urrent, r ather l imited, e vidence, t hey p -obably b egan i n t he 9 th c entury a nd t erminated d uring t he 1 1th c entury. B oth f abrics e njoyed a v ery s imilar h istory a nd b oth h ave b een t he s ubject o f s tudy i n r ecent y ears ( Hurst 1 957, 1 959 a nd 1 976; B arley 1 964; A dams 1 977; C oppack 1 980). i i.
D istribution
F ig.239 c ontrasts t he p ercentage d istribution o f t he l ate-Saxon g reywares. I t d emonstrates t hat n umerically i n N orth L incolnshire, t he g reywares u sually f ell a p oor s econd t o t heir s hell-tempered r ivals. A s t he m ajority o f g reywares f rom N orth L incolnshire b elonged t o e ither t he T orksey o r L incoln s ources, i t s eems u nlikely t hat t here w ere a ny a dditional p roduction c entres w ithin N orth L incolnshire. T his, i n t urn, w ould i mply t hat t he g reywares o n F ig.239 r epresent p ottery t hat w as t raded i nto N orth L incolnshire f rom t he s outh. i ii.
F orms a nd M anufacture
C ooking P ots
B owls
J ars
T otals
C T
8 6.9
1 2.5
0 .6
1 60
C L
9 4.6
3 .6
1 .8
1 12
T otals
9 0.1
8 .8
1 .1
2 72
A lthough a n umber o f T orksey w ares a nd s everal L incoln g reywares h ave b een r ecognised w hich w ere a lmost c ertainly c oil-built, i t i s p robable t hat a l arge n umber, p ossibly t he m ajority, w ere w heel-thrown. F ew c omplete p rofiles w ere a chieved f or t hese f abrics a nd t heir r ep-
335
r esentation a mongst t he s tratified m aterial w as p articularly s parse. M ore c omplete, s tratified f orms h ave b een r ecovered f rom L incoln ( Coppack 1 980 , 4 5-52 a nd 7 1-82) a nd G oltho M anor ( ibid, 1 15-126). A mongst t he u nstratified v essels, E ast H alton S kitter p roduced o ne o f t he w ider r anges o f f orms. T he s imilarity w ith l ate-Roman a nd F rankish/Carolingian f orms w as a s a pparent w ith g reywares a s i t h ad b een w ith s hell-tempered f orms. L ate-Saxon g reyware f langed b owls w ere n umerous ( SX/8/Bc, F ig.13, N o.11), p articularly a mongst t he u nstratified m aterial ( Swine h ope, F ig.148,No.9, K ettleby T horpe, F ig.165, N o.5). I n a ddition, a f urther l ate-Saxon g reyware b owl r im o ccurred ( Habrough, F ig.173, N o.12, S winehope, F ig.148 , N o.10) w hich w as v ery s imilar t o r ims o f l ate-Roman w ide-mouthed b owls ( Buckland a nd D olby 1 980, 2 8 , F ig.7; R igby a nd S tead 1 976, e .g. 1 46,Fig.69; 1 69 ,Fig.83 , N o.87). H owever, t he c ommon i nterned l ate-Saxon b owl r im ( Thornton-Le-Moor, F ig. 1 54, N os.33-35, B arton, F ig.160 , N o.41) w as n ot a R oman f orm . A s mall n umber o f s torage j ars h av3 b een f ound, p rincipally i n t he L incoln G rey f abric ( Alkborough, F ig.200, N o.1, B arrow-upon H umber, F ig.160, N o.3). H owever, n ot o nly w ere t hey u ncommon, b ut C oppack c onsidered t hat t hey f ormed p art o f t he l ater r ange o f v essels i n t hese f abrics ( 1980, 1 48). M edieval C oarse S andy F abrics i .
D ate R ange
A D
9 00
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 500
C l
C 2
C 3
T hese f abrics d erived f rom l ocal p roduction c entres w hich s prang u p w ithin t he r egion d uring t he 1 1th c entury, a nd s uccessfully c hall enged l ate-Saxon p ottery m arkets t o t he e xtent t hat b y t he l ate 1 1th o r e arly 1 2th c entury t hese o lder i ndustries h ad d isappeared. L ike l ate-Saxon g reywares, t hese c oarse s and-tempered f abrics w ere u sed p rincipally f or t he p roduction o f c oarsewares a nd c an t herefore b e s een a s e ssentially p art o f t he s ame t radition. W ithin N orth L incolnshire, 1 1th- c entury d eposits a re s till u nrecognised, b ut b y t he e arly 1 2th c entury, t his c hange b etween l ate-Saxon a nd e arly m edieval f orms w as a ll b ut c omplete. L urk L ane, B everley p rovided o ne o f t he f ew i nsights i nto t his p eriod o f t ransformation ( EM/46/Bv, F ig.38 , N os.1-30), s uggesting t hat h ere a t l east, t hese n ew f abrics
336
g rew u p a longside t he l ate-Saxon g rey-wares. O ver a p eriod o f y ears, p erhaps d ecades, t heir e ase o f a vailability a nd c omparative c heapness m ay h ave c ompensated f or t heir r elative c rudeness o f m anufacture a nd a llowed t hem t o g radually t ake c ommand o f l ocal m arkets. T he c hronological r ange o f v essels p resented f or t he f abrics i n t his t radition ( Figs.246-247) i s o nly r epresentative o f g roups s tudied b y t he w riter. I t i s e vident f rom T hornholme P riory t hat t he C 2 f abric s urvived i nto t he l ate 1 4th c entury ( HM/36/Tp, F ig.73, N os.3-4), a lthough i n t he E ast R iding o f Y orkshire i t m ay h ave s urv ived a s l ate a s t he e arly 1 5th c entury. E vidence f rom B ridlington ( Earnshaw a nd W atkins 1 984) a nd W harram P ercy ( Le P atourel 1 980 ,83-86) s uggests t hat S taxton w ares ( CS) p ersisted t o a bout c .1450 , b ut t he 1 5th c entury d ates c laimed f or t his f abric f rom B olton, F angfoss, l ack a ny s upportive e vidence ( Coppack 1 978, 1 36-139). H edon 's s eemi ngly m ore r estrictive d ate s pan f or i ts C H f abrics i s l ikely t o h ave b een o ccasioned b y t he d windling h istorical f ortunes o f t he p ort b y t he 1 4th c entury ( Hayfield a nd S later 1 984). T he c halk a nd s and-tempered C l f abric w ould s eem t o h ave h ad a c omparatively l imited l ifespan. S ome o f i ts c ooking-pot f orms s uggest a l ate-Saxon o rigin ( Winteringham , F ig.203,No.16, B artono n-Humber, F ig.19, N o.17, F ig.164, N o.17). T he c orresponding f abric f rom B everley ( CB1) d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave b een p resent i n t he l evels a ssociated w ith t he L urk L ane c oin h oard o f c .851, b ut i t w as f ound i n i ntervening l ayers s ealed b y d estruction p hases a ssociated w ith t he g reat f ire o f B everley i n 1 188 ( pers.comm. G areth W atkins). T he c halk p articles o f t he C l f abric s uggest a n o rigin o n o r n ear t he L incolnshire C halk W olds a nd, u nlike T orksey o r L incoln G rey f abrics, t hese c an p robably b e r egarded a s l ocally m ade N orth L incolnshire p roducts. C urrent e vidence w ould s uggest t hat C l w as r eplaced b y t he C 2 f abric d uring t he 1 1th o r 1 2th c entury. C onsequently, i ts c ontemporary o ccurrence i n a g roup i ndicates a n e arly-medieval d ate.
i i.
D istribution
F ig.241 s hows t hat t he c oarse s andy f abrics w ere l argely r estrict ed t o t he n orth-eastern p art o f L incolnshire i n t he a rea a round G oxhill a nd E ast H alton. T here i s n o a rchaeological e vidence f or p ottery p roduction i n t his a rea, b ut E ast H alton h as a s treet n amed ' Potter L ane' a nd a c raft p otter i n t he v illage s till p roduces w ares f rom l ocal c lays. T he c oncentration o f t hese f abrics i n n orth-east L incolnshire c ould p erhaps b e r elated t o t he c ontemporary p roduction o f v essels i n t his t radition i mmediately a cross t he H umber a t H edon. T rading c ontacts b etween H edon a nd E ast H alton w ere d emonstrated b y t he l arge n umbers o f H edon F H j ugs r ecovered f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.179). T he p ossibility t hus a rises t hat a ll c oarse s andy w ares i n N orth L incolnshire m ight h ave b een t raded i n f rom H edon w ith n o i ndependent L incolnshire p roduction c entre. H owever, L incolns hire's C 2 a nd C 3 f abrics d iffered q uite m arkedly f rom t he H edon C H f abrics, a nd t he o nly p hysical l ink m ight h ave b een t he a vaila bility o f s imilar e stuarine c lay s ources. I ndeed, t he d istribution o f s hell-tempered v essels d emonstrated t hat t he H umber f ormed a n e ffective n orthern b arrier f or t hat t radition. T he i mplication i s t hat w hereas t he f inewares w ere t raded i n l imited n umbers a cross
337
t he H umber,
c oarsewares w ere n ot.
H aving e stablished a l imited s patial d istribution f or t he c oarse s andy f abrics a s a t radition ( Fig.241), t he t wo p rincipal c onstituent f abrics C 2 a nd C 3 h ave b een c ontrasted i n F ig.245. T he m ore p rolific C 2, c lustered i nto n orth-east L incolnshire, a lmost i n a m irror r eflect ion o f F ig.241. T he C 3 f abric, o n t he o ther h and, w as r estricted t o a l ine t o t he s outh o f C aistor i n a n a rea w here c oarse s andy f abr ics w ere g enerally r are. I t w ould s eem t hat t he C 2 f abric p robably h ad a s ingle p roduction c entre, p ossibily l ocated a round E ast H alton. H owever, t he r emaining C 3 f abric h ad n o a pparent d istribution n ucleus a nd o ther f actors w ill b e c onsidered b elow i n a n a ttempt t o e xplain t his s ituation. T he o ccurrence o f C l f abric a mongst e xcavated g roups i n t he n orth o f L incolnshire e nables i t t o b e r ecognised a s a n e arlym edieval f abric i n c ontrast w ith C 2 w hich l asted w ell i nto t he 1 4th c entury. I t i s u nfortunate t hat s o f ar t he C 3 f abric h as n ot b een r ecognised a mongst s tratified g roups a nd h ence t here c an b e n o c ert ainty o ver i ts d ate r ange. T he s parsity o f t he C 3 f abric, h owever, m ight i tself s uggest a r estricted e arly-medieval l ifespan l ike t hat o f t he C l f abric. A lternatively, c entres p roducing a f ineware j ug f abric o ften a lso p roduced a l esser n umber o f c oarsewares, e ither i n a c oarser f abric v ariant o r i n a c ompletely d ifferent f abric. I t i s p ossible t hat j ug f abric p otteries i n e ither t he f ine s andy ( F) o r m edium s andy ( M) t raditions w ere a lso p roducing c oarse s andy c oarsewares. T his s ort o f s ituation h as b een p ostulated a t H edon w here b oth f ine s andy ( FH) a nd c oarse s andy ( CH) f abrics w ere p roduced a t t he p ort. S uch a s cenario m ight g o s ome w ay t o e xplain t he t hin s cattered d istribution o f t he C 3 f abric. I t c an b e o bserved t hat t he C 2 a nd C 3 f abrics i n L incolnshire r epresented t he s outhern b oundary o f a c oarse s andy t radition w hich w as c entred o n t he E ast R iding o f Y orkshire. O ccasional v essels o ccurr ed a t D oncaster, b ut t he f abric n ever a ppears t o h ave b een c ommon i n t he t own. P roduction c entres a re k nown i n t he V ale o f P ickering a t S taxton a nd P otter B rompton ( Brewster 1 952; 1 958) w here t heir m anufacture a lmost c ertainly g oes b ack t o t he e arly-medieval p eriod ( Le P atourel 1 979, 8 4). T he p roducts o f t hese k ilns ( CS) f ormed t he p rincipal c oarsewares a t W harram P ercy ( ibid, 9 5-107) a nd p robably a t B olton, F angfoss ( Coppack 1 978, 1 18-139). O ther p roduction c entres s upplied a s imilar f abric t o B ridlington ( Earnshaw a nd W atkins 1 984), B everley ( Williams a nd W atkins 1 983) a nd S carborough ( Rutter 1 961). T o t he w est, t he t radition d oes n ot s eem t o h ave p enetrated f ar i nto t he V ale o f Y ork a nd t he f abric r arely o ccurred i n t he c ity o f Y ork ( Cathy B rookes p ers. c omm.). T he n orthern b oundary o f t his t radition h as n ot b een e xplored b y t he w riter.
338
i ii.
F orms a nd M anufacture
C ooking P ots
B owls
C urfews
C l
9 5.7
4 .3
C 2
9 2.0
6 .7
0 .2
C 3
9 2.5
5 .7
0 .6
T otal
9 2.25
6 .41
0 .3
B asting D ishes
P itchers
J ugs
P ipkins T otal
7 0
0 .08
0 .2
0 .7
0 .08
1 .2
0 .06
0 .12
0 .79
1 233
3 35
0 .06
1 638
T his w as p rincipally a c oarse-ware t radition , p roducing a n o verw helming p reponderance o f c ooking-pots. T he p ercentage o f b owl f orms w as f ar l ower t han t heir l ate-Saxon p redecessors. B asting d ishes a nd c urfews c ompleted t he r ange, b ut t hey w ere n ever o f a ny n umerical i mportance. T he s mall n umber o f f ineware f orms, p itchers ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.178 , N os.16-17), j ugs ( EM/11/Br, F ig.22, N o.4) a nd a s ingle p ipkin a ll s eem r estricted t o t he e arly-medieval p eriod. A lmost a ll v essels i n t he m edieval c oarse s andy f abrics a ppear t o h ave b een c oil-built a nd t hen w heel-finished t o v arying l evels o f e fficiency a nd c ompleteness. T he s ole e xception w as a s ingle b asting d ish f orm w hich h ad c oil-built w alls a nd a s lab b ase ( Goxhill, F ig.171, N o.18). M ost c ooking-pots, b ut n ot u sually b owls o r c urfews, h ad a pplied r ims a dded t o t heir c oil-built b odies ( East H alton v illage, F ig.174 , N o.33), a lthough i n s ome c ases i t i s p ossible t hat e xtensive w heel f inishing t o t he r ims a nd n ecks o bliterated a ll t race o f t he o riginal c oils, g iving t he i mpression o f w heel-thrown r ims. T his i nterpretation i s e nhanced b y a n umber o f e xamples w hich a ppeared t o h ave b een e nt irely c oil-built ( Kirmond L e M ire, F ig .207,No.9 o r W interingham , F ig.203, N o.16). B owls a nd c urfews w ere a lmost i nvariably c oil-built t hroughout ( Kettleby T horpe, F ig.166 , N o.6 ; G oxhill, F ig.171, N o.17; W orlaby, F ig.194 , N o.34). A s olitary b owl f rom K ettleby T horpe ( Fig. 1 66 , N o.10) w as t he o nly e xample r ecognised w ith a n a pplied r im . U nlike t he m edieval s hell-tempered v essels, t he u se o f k nife-trimming t o t he b asal a ngles r emained c ommon t hroughout t he r emaining l ifespan o f t his f abric t radition. B y f ar t he l argest a ssemblage o f s tratified c oarse s andy w ares i n t he r egion c ame f rom t he C H f abrics a t H edon . A s eries o f s trati fied p rofiles f rom t he p ort h ave b een p resented o n F ig.246. W ide m outhed b owls, n arrow-mouthed b owls a nd p eat p ots w ere f requently e ncountered, a lthough a gain t he l argest p roportion o f v essels w as c ooking-pots. F rom t he e arly 1 2th c entury, c ooking-pots f ell i nto t wo p rincipal f orms, l arge e xamples o f w ide d iameter ( EM/55/Hd ,Fig.42, N osi1-2), a nd t he m ore c ommon ' medium ' s ized c ooking-pots ( EM/55/Hd, F ig.41, N os.4-5, 1 9). I n a ddition w ide-mouthed ( EM/55/Hd, F ig.42,No.5) a nd n arrow-mouthed ( EM/55/Hd, F ig.41, N o.18) b owls o ccurred i n c onj unction w ith a s ingle c urfew ( EM/55/Hd,Fig.42, N o.7). T his w as t he
339
e arliest o ccurrence o f a c urfew i n t his r egion, a lthough s plashed g lazed c urfews o f 1 1th-century d ate h ave n ow b een r ecovered f rom L incoln : F laxengate ( Jane Y oung, p ers.comm .). B y t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury, t he l arge, w ide-mouthed c ooking-pot h ad p robably d isappeared. M edium s ized c ooking-pots r em ained t he p rincipal f orm f lanked b y n arrow-mouthed b owls a nd a n ew f orm , p eat-pots ( EM/56/Hd, F ig.47, N o.11). T hese p eat-pots w ere a c haracteristic E ast R iding f orm w hich c ombined a c ooking-pot p rofile w ith a w ide d iameter a nd s hallow d epth. I t i s i nteresting t hat t his f orm h as n ot y et b een r ecognised i n L incolnshire i n a ny f abric, a lt hough t he f orm i s k nown f rom o ther p arts o f t he c ountry ( Jope 1 963, 3 32-334 a nd F ig.66). A c haracteristic o f c ooking-pots o f t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury w as a h orizontal b and o f s houlder t humbing s ituated a t t he a pproximate j unction o f t he r im w ith t he c oiled b ody. I t h as b een s uggested t hat t his w as d esigned t o s trengthen t he j oin o f t he a pplied r im ( Hayfield 1 980 ,31). O nce a gain t hese s houlder t humbings a ppeared p articularly c ommon i n t he E ast R iding, s everal o ther e xamples o ccurring f rom H edon a nd o n a S taxton w are v essel f rom W harram P ercy ( Fig.247). A ll w ould s eem t o d ate t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury, a nd u ntil a n e xtended d ate r ange c an b e d emonstrated, t hey c an p robably b e r egarded a s a t ype f ossil. M edium-sized c ooking-pots p ersisted t hroughout t he r est o f t he H edon r ange ( Fig.246) b ut, f rom t he 1 3th c entury, a n ew f orm o f l arge c ooking-pot e merged ( HM/80/Hd, F ig.94,No.33), a nd a n ew s eries o f s mall c ooking-pots ( HM/67/Hd; H M/69/Hd, F ig.88,No.1; F ig.89 , N o.23). T he n arrow-mouthed b owls f ailed t o s urvive t he 1 2th c entury , w ith t he p ossible e xception o f H M/76/Hd, F ig.91,No.7, a nd t he p eat-pots h ad d isappeared b y t he m id-13th c entury. S taxton w ares f rom t he V ale o f P ickering h ave h itherto b een t he b est k nown f abric i n t his t radition ( Brewster 1 952; L e P atourel 1 965, 1 11-112). O nly a s mall r ange o f f orms h ave b een p resented h ere ( Fig.247), a ll f rom t he w riter's w ork a t W harram P ercy. O ther, l ater S taxton w are f orms f rom W harram h ave r ecently b een p ublished, b ut, a lthough f rom p it g roups, t hey l acked s atisfactory d ating e vidence ( Le P atourel 1 979, 9 9-101, 1 04-105). T here i s a f airly s trong s imil arity o f f orm a nd c onstruction b etween t hese 1 2th-century v essels f rom W harram a nd t hose f rom H edon, i ncluding t he u se o f t humbed s hould ers i n t he l ate 1 2th c entury ( Fig.247). T his a lso i ncludes a g eneral s imilarity i n r im f orms, a lthough S taxton w are r ims t ended t o b e a l ittle m ore r ounded t han t hose f rom H edon. H owever, b y t he 1 3th a nd 1 4th c enturies d ifferences w ere b ecoming m ore c learly r ecognisable, p articularly a mongst r im f orms. W hile H edon a nd B everley f orms f avo ured s imple r im s tyles, t hose o f S taxton w ares b ecame i ncreasingly m ore c omplex. A u seful s election o f l ater S taxton w are r im f orms c an b e s een f rom B olton, F angfoss ( Coppack 1 978, 1 18-139).
t he
U nfortunately m ost c omplete p rofiles c urrently a vailable f or C B f abrics f rom B everley w ere r estricted t o p re-12th c entury
p hases, a nd h ence p re-date t he e arliest a vailable g roups f rom H edon a nd W harram P ercy ( Figs.246-247). N evertheless, t here s eems t o b e n o i mmediate s imilarities b etween t he f orms ( Fig.247), p ossibly b ecause B everley C B f abrics h ad a l ate-Saxon o rigin, w hereas t he H edon p otteries s tarted a fresh w ith t he f oundation o f t he p ort i n t he e arly 1 2th c entury.
340
T he S taxton ( CS), B everley ( CB) a nd H edon ( CH) c oarse s andy f abrics r evealed s imilar s tandards o f p otting. I n a ll t hree c ases t he e arly m edieval c ooking-pots f ailed t o m atch t he p otting s tandards o f t he r egion's l ate-Saxon f abrics. W heel-finishing w as o ften i ncomp lete a nd t his w as p articularly e vident o n t he i nner s urfaces w hich r evealed e xtensive e vidence o f h and-finishing. S uch e vidence i n t he p ast h as l ed t o c laims o f a t echnological ' collapse' o f e arly-medieval p otteries ( Hurst 1 976, 3 42). H owever, w hereas c ooking-pots w ere t he p re-eminent l ate-Saxon f orm , i n t his r egion a t l east t hey w ere r eleg ated t o a s econdary p osition b y j ugs i n t he e arly-medieval p eriod. T he d ecline i n t he s tandard o f p otting o f t hese Y orkshire c ookingp ots i s m ore l ikely t o r eflect t he d ecline i n t he i mportance o f t he v essel f orm r ather t han a ny o verall t echnological d ecline i n t he i ndustry. A lthough t he r ange o f L incolnshire c oarse s andy ( Cl, C 2, C 3) f orms c ompares w ith Y orkshire e xamples, c ertain d ifferences o ccur. T here h ave b een n o e xamples o f t he n arrow-mouthed b owls, o r p eat p ots f rom L incolnshire. T he s hallow d ish f orms f rom B everley ( EM/43/Bv, F ig.38,No.22) h ave o nly o ne p arallel i n aC l v essel r ecently r ecovered f rom B arton-on-Humber ( Baysgarth M useum). T he L incolnshire e xamples a lso r esembled Y orkshire v essels i n t heir g eneral m ethods o f m anuf acture, w ith o ne m ajor e xception. I n g eneral t erms, t he s tandard o f w heel-finishing o n L incolnshire v essels w as m ore p roficient a nd m ore c omplete, u sually m atching t he h igh q uality p otting o f e arly m edieval j ugs. I t i s d ifficult t o a ppreciate t he r easons f or t hese h igher s tandards, a lthough i t c ould b e n oted t hat i n E ast Y orkshire c oarse s andy v essels h ad n o c ompetitors, b ut i n L incolnshire t hey w ere i n c ompetition w ith s hell-tempered w ares w hich w ere t hemselves o f a h igher p otting s tandard. T he e arliest r ecognisable L incolnshire c oarse s andy f abric w as C l w hich m ay h ave h ad i ts o rigins i n t he l ate-Saxon p eriod. A lthough s herds h ave b een r ecognised i n l ate-Saxon g roups ( SX/2/Bt, S X/3/Bt, S X/19/Bt), t he f orms o f t hese e arly v essels h ave y et t o b e f irmly e stablished. H owever, a mongst t he u nstratified a nd r esidual m aterial a re r im f orms w hich p arallel t hose o f l ate-Saxon g reywares ( EM/2/Bt, F ig.19, N o.17, W interingham,Fig.203,No.13). I t i s t hese f orms w hich a re l ikely t o r eflect a ny l ate-Saxon p hase o f C l p roduction. A c omp lete p rofile w as r ecovered f rom B arrow : S t. C hads a nd a s election o f r im f orms f rom B arton : S t. P eters ( Fig.164,Nos.16-21), E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.178 , N os.1-2). T hey r eveal a s eries o f v ery s imple, r ounded, u pright r ims o f w hich t he B arrow : S t. C hads' e xample c ited a bove w as t he m ost c ommon. T he b ulk o f L incolnshire's c oarse s andy v essels o ccurred i n t he C 2 f abric. A mongst t he m ore i nteresting v essels i n t his f abric w ere t wo u nglazed p itchers f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.178,Nos.161 7). T he m ore c omplete e xample h ad a f itting p rofile t o m id-body b ut t he d epth o f i ts l ower b ody w as u ncertain; t wo o f t he t hree h and les s urvived, b ut t he ' 0 ' s pout h atched o n t he d rawing w as c onject ural. T his f orm w ould s eem r eminiscent o f l ate-Saxon T hetford-type p itchers ( Hurst 1 976, 3 15,Fig.14,No.5) a nd i t i s u nfortunate t hat s o i nteresting a v essel s hould h ave c ome f rom a n u nstratified c ontext. O ther f ineware f orms o ccurred, a ll w ith s plashed g lazes, a ttributable t o t he e arly-medieval p eriod. E xamples o ccurred f rom B arrow : S t.Chads
341
( EM/11/Br,
F ig.22,No.4)
a nd
B arton
: E ast
A cridge
( EM/4/Bt,
N o.16) a nd c onform i n s hape a nd c onstruction t o o ther m edieval f abrics f rom t he r egion.
F ig.20 ,
j ugs i n e arly -
A r ange o f c ooking-pot r ims o ccurred o n t he C 2 f abric, o ne o f t he b est i llustrated s eries b eing f rom E ast H alton S kitter, ( Fig.178 , N os.3-14). T hese r ims w ould s eem t o d ivide i nto t wo b asic t ypes. T he f irst w as a r ounded, c lubbed t ype ( Fig.178,Nos.11-13) a nd t he s econd a s mall, m ore s quared f orm w ith a n i ndented o uter r im f ace ( Fig.178,Nos.4-10). A t p resent t he c hronological r elationship b etween t hem i s u ncertain, b ut t he c lubbed t ypes s eem t ypologically c loser t o C l f orms a nd a n e xample o f t he i ndented f orms w as t he l atest d ated e xample f rom L incolnshire ( HM/36/Tp,Fig.73,No.3). A lthough t here w as a g reater v ariety a mongst C 2 b owl r ims, t here w as e ven l ess e vidence a vailable t o s uggest a ny c hronological d istinct ions b etween t hem. I t w as n oted t hat w ith t he s hell-tempered b owls t heir r ims b ecame l arger a nd m ore c omplex t hrough t ime. T he e arliest c oarse s andy b owls h ad s mall, s imple r ims, s uch a s a t E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.178,No.15), S tallingborough ( Fig.188,No.6) o r T hornton C urtis ( Fig.189,Nos.22 a nd 2 4). A m ore c lubbed t ype o f r im w as r ec overed f rom m id-13th c entury c ontexts a t B arrow : C herry l ane ( HM/14/ B r, F ig.60,No.4), a nd a f ine u nstratified e xample c ame f rom G oxhill ( Fig.171,No.17). L arge e verted r ims w ith d ished i nner f aces m ade u p t he t hird a nd m ost n umerous c ategory o f b owl r ims. K ettleby T horpe p rovided a c omplete p rofile ( Fig.166,No.6) a nd a s eries o f s imilar r im f ragments ( Fig.166,Nos.7-10). O ther e xamples o ccurred a t T hornton C urtis ( Fig.189,No.25) a nd W orlaby ( Fig.194,No.34). T his w as a lso t he r im f orm w hich w as m ost c ommonly d ecorated, u sually w ith ' pie c rusting' o r a s ingle i ncised w avy l ine o n t he i nner r im f ace. C urfews w ere a m inor v essel f orm i n t his f abric. I t i s l ikely t hat t he n umber s hown i n t he t able a bove i s u nderstated b ecause c urf ews w ere v ery s imilar i n f orm t o b owls, a nd b ody s herds m ay h ave g one u nnoticed, e specially w here m inor s urface a brasion a mongst f ield w alking m aterial m ay h ave r emoved a ny s oot d eposits f rom t heir i nner s urfaces. T he o nly f irm i ndication o f t heir p rofiles c ame f rom a n e arly 1 3th-century d eposit f rom T hornholme P riory ( HM/38/Tp,Fig.74, N o.20), a s eemingly d ull v essel i n c omparison w ith t he m ore o rnate c ontemporary e xamples i n t he m edium s andy M 1 f abric ( Fig.268). T wo u nstratified e xamples o f c urfew h andles o ccurred, o ne f rom K ettleby T horpe ( Fig.166,No.11) a nd t he o ther f rom T hornton C urtis ( Fig.189, N o.26). B oth h ad t humbed e dges t o t he h andle a nd i t i s p ossible t hat t his w as t he s tandard f orm o f t he c urfew h andles i n t his f abric. T he r im f orms o f t he C 3 f abric s eemed v ery s imilar t o t hose o f C 2 a nd C l. T here w ere e xamples o f e arly, s imple, C l t ypes ( Swineh ope,Fig.148,Nos.74-75; a nd H umberston A bbey , F ig.144, N o.40), c lubbed f orms ( Hawerby c um B eesby, F ig.145,No.14) a nd s imple u pright t ypes w hose i ndented o uter f aces, a gain c omprised t he m ost c ommon t ype ( Swinehope, F ig.148,Nos.65-70; H umberston A bbey, F ig.144,No.41; a nd T hornton L e M oor, F ig.155, N o.29). A v ery d ifferent r im f orm o ccurr ed f rom K irmond L e M ire ( Fig.207,No.9); t his i s s o f ar u nparalleled. A mongst C 3 b owl r ims, t here w ere s everal e xamples o f t he t hick e verted t ypes w ith d ished i nner f aces ( Thornton L e M oor, F ig.155,No.31;Hawerby c um B eesby, F ig.1145, N o.16). F rom S winehope t here w as a b owl r im w hich c ombined s mall s imple t ypes w ith c lubbed f orms ( Fig.148,No.73).
342
I n s imilar m anner t o s hell-tempered w ares, i t i s p robable t hat t hese b asic r im f orms w ill e ach p rove t o h ave t heir o wn c hronological r ange. H owever, t here a re n ot y et e nough w ell s tratified e xamples f rom N orth L incolnshire t o e xplore t his f urther. R egional T radition : G rit-Tempered W ares ( including f abrics, G l,GD,GB) i .
D ate R ange
A D
8 00
9 00
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
G 1
G D
G B
T his f abric t radition w as f irst r ecognised i n E ast Y orkshire i n l ate-Saxon d eposits a ssociated w ith t he B everley c oin h oard g roup o f c .AD 8 51. I ts o rigin i n N orth L incolnshire i s p robably a lso l ate S axon, a lthough i ts d emise c an b e m ore c onfidently a scribed t o t he m id-12th c entury. O nly t wo e xamples o ccurred a mongst t he e xtensive d eposits f rom T hornholme P riory. T hese w ere t wo o f t he v ery s mall n umber o f v essels f rom t his s ite w ith s plashed g lazes. A s t he P riory w as f ounded c .1150 ( Knowles a nd H adcock 1 953,155), i t w ould s uggest t hat p roduction i n t his t radition h ad a lmost c eased b y t his p eriod. T he f abric t ype w as a lso a bsent f rom t he a ssemblage f rom H ayes P riory w hich w as f ounded b efore 1 164 ( ibid, 1 72). H owever, w ithin Y orkshire t he f abric a dapted a nd s urvived l ate i nto t he m edieval p eriod. G rit-tempered f abrics a lso f ormed a c ategory o f h and-finished v essels i n t he r egion d uring t he e arly/middle S axon p eriod, a nd i t w ould b e t empting t o e nvisage a c ontinuation o f a b asic g ritty f abric t ype t hrough i nto t he l ate-Saxon p eriod, b ut a s y et, t he l ink c annot b e c onvincingly d emonstrated. A t S t. P eter's v icarage s ite a t B arton, t he g rit-tempered S XG f abric w as p resent r ight u p u ntil t he p oint o f t ransition t o t he w heel-finished a nd w heel-thrown w ares ( SX/14/Bt). H owever, w ithin L incolnshire w heel-finished, g rit-tempered f abrics c annot y et b e p roved t o h ave e xisted b efore t he 1 0th c entury, a lthough t his i s p erhaps m ore l ikely t o r eflect t he l imited n umber o f 9 thc entury s tratified g roups r ather t han t he h istory o f t he f abric t radition. i i.
D istribution
T his f abric t radition h as t raditionally b een l inked w ith S outh a n d West Y orkshire ( Holdsworth 1 978, 1 1), b ut i n m ore r ecent y ears i t h as a lso b een r ecognised i n t he E ast R iding a nd N orth L incolnshire.
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T he d istribution o f t his f abric t ype w ithin L incolnshire i n r elation t o o ther e arly-medieval f abrics i s s hown o n F ig.248. I t w as s trongest o n t he s outhern b ank o f t he H umber a nd d iminished r apidly t owards t he c entral w olds a rea, a lthough G reat L imber a nd W est R avendale w ere i nteresting e xceptions. E xcluding W est R avendale a nd E ast H alton S kitter, t he G 1 f abric c onsistently f ormed l ess t han 5 0% o f t he r ecogn isable e arly-medieval u nstratified m aterial. D espite i ts w idespread o ccurrence i n t he n orthern p arts o f L incolnshire, t his w as n ever a c ommon f abric t ype t here a nd o nly h ad a l imited l ifespan. I n c ontrast, i n Y orkshire i t p ersisted a nd s everal f iner w hiteware f abrics s eem t o h ave d erived f rom i t. W hereas t he d ense c lustering o f t he C 2 c oarse s and-tempered f abric f ormed a c onvincing a rgument f or a p roduction c entre i n n orth-east L incolns hire, t he m ore s parse a nd s poradic d istribution o f t he G 1 g rit-t empered f abric m akes t he s uggested l ocation o f p ossible p roduction c entres m ore d ifficult. I t m ight e ven b e a rgued t hat i t w as n ever p roduced i n N orth L incolnshire a nd w as i nstead i mported f rom Y orkshire. T he h igh p roportion o f t he G 1 f abric f rof l E ast H alton S kitter w ould s eem t o o ffer s trong s upport f or t his a rgument, a nd u nlike t he c oarse s andy t radition, t here w as n o e asy d istinction o f f orms e ither s ide o f t he H umber. H owever, p resent e vidence s uggests t hat c oarsewares i n o ther t raditions w ere r arely t raded a cross t he H umber. O ne o f t he o ther f abrics i n t his t radition, t he D oncaster : H allgate C f abric ( GD) w as o ne o f a t l east t hree f abric t ypes, r epr esenting t hree d ifferent t raditions w hich w ere k nown t o h ave b een p roduced f rom D oncaster d uring t he e arly m edieval p eriod. R ecent e vidence f rom t he t own n ow s uggests t hat a ll t hree H allgate f abrics w ere a t o ne s tage i n c ontemporary p roduction ( Buckland e t a l i n p rep.). D oncaster i tself w as a r ather u nexceptional m arket t own d uring t he M iddle A ges ( Magilton 1 977, 3 2-36), a nd m ight t herefore p rove t yp ical o f u rban p otter i ndustries. D uring t he l ate-Saxon p eriod, L incoln h ad p roduced s hell-tempered f abrics ( SL), a c oarse s andy g rey-ware f abric ( CL) a nd a s plashed g lazed j ug f abric ( ML) ( Coppack 1 980, 1 49 a nd L auren A dams, p ers.comm.). A t N ottingham, s and-tempered f inewares f rom t he G lasshouse S treet k ilns d iffered m arkedly f rom s moother w ares t hought t o h ave b een p roduced f rom S t. A nne's S treet ( Coppack 1 978(a),21-25). T here i s, t herefore, g rowing r egional e vid ence t hat i ndividual p otting c entres m ight h ave p roduced s everal d ifferent f abric t ypes a t a ny o ne t ime. H aving e stablished t his p ossibility, a n e xamination o f t he r ole o f t he g rit-tempered H allgate C f abric a t D oncaster r eveals t hat i t t oo w as l imited t o a s hort t ime-span. S imilarly t he S t. A nne 's S treet m aterial a t N ottingham p roves a r arity w ithin t he t own ( Coppack 1 978(a), 2 1-25 a nd p ers.comm . B ob A lvey). I t m ight t herefore b e o bserved t hat p roduction o f a f abric a t a m arket c entre w as n o a utomatic g uarantee o f c ommercial s uccess o r p opularity. T here m ust h ave b een m any i nstances o f f ailed a ttempts t o m ake a nd s ell p ottery d uring t he m edieval p eriod a nd o f v arying a nd f luctuating d egrees o f s uccess a mongst t hose p otteries w hich d id b ecome e stablished.
•
344
i ii.
F orms a nd M anufacture
C ooking P ots
G 1
5 9.1
G D
T otal
5 7.8
B owls
J ugs
P ancheons
T otal
5 .3
3 4.8
0 .8
1 32
6 6.6
3 3.3
6 .7
3 4.8
3
0 .7
1 35
F ew c omplete p rofiles i n G 1 f abric e xisLed a mongst t he s tratified d eposits f rom N orth L incolnshire a nd a n umber o f e xamples f rom B everley ( GB) h ave b een u sed t o s upplement t he c omparison p late ( Fig. 2 49). M ore p rofiles w ere a vailable f rom t he u nstratified m aterial, i ncluding a n umber f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.177, N os.12-20). T he t able a bove s hows t hat o ver h alf t he v essel r ange c omprised c ooking-pots, b ut t he p roportion o f f ineware f orms w as a bout 3 5%, a m uch h igher f igure t han t hat o f t he c oarse s andy f abrics. D uring t he e arly-medieval p eriod, t he r egion's p ottery f abrics h ad s tarted t o s pecialise, e ither p roducing c oarsewares o r f inewares. T he G 1 g ritty f abric, h owever, a ppears t o h ave t ried t o p roduce b oth c ateg ories o f v essels, t hus r etaining a h old o n t he o ld c oarseware m arket i t h ad s uccessfully s hared, i n Y orkshire a t l east, d uring t he l ate S axon p eriod, w hilst a lso e ntering t he n ew , a nd r apidly e xpanding, f ineware p roduction o f g lazed v essels. I n t his r espect i t m ay b e n o c oincidence t hat t his• w as t he o ne m ajor f abric t radition w hich f ailed t o s urvive t he e arly-medieval p eriod i n N orth L incolnshire. G enerally, c ooking-pots a nd b owls i n t his t radition w ere o f a h igh q uality w hich c ompared w ith, a nd a t t imes s uperseded, t he b est p roducts o f c ontemporary s hell a nd c oarse s and-tempered f abrics. L ike l ate-Saxon g reywares, t hey w ere f ired h arder t han t heir c omp etitors a nd i n t erms o f d egree o f p orosity a nd s trength o f f abric, t hey w ere p robably t he b est o n t he m arket. H owever, t he e xpanding s ection o f t he e arly-medieval p ottery m arket w as g lazed f inewares, a nd G 1 j ugs m ay h ave f ailed t o c ompete s uccessfully w ith t he o ther c ontemporary f ineware f abrics s uch a s f ine s andy w ares ( F1) a nd o range-wares ( 01). I ndeed, t he G 1 j ugs s hown o n F ig.249, w hich w ere t ypical o f t heir f abric, s eem r ather c rude a nd l umpy i n a ppearance i n c omparison w ith t heir c ompetitors. I t m ay p rove a n a nachronism t o c onsider t he i nfluence o f a esthetics o n w hat w as e ssentially a u tilitarian p roduct, n evertheless, i t i s d istinctly p ossible t hat t he ' less p leasing ' a ppearance o f g rit-tempered f ineware f orms m ay h ave c ontributed t o t he d ecline o f t he f abric. M edieval p otters w ere u ndoubtedly i nvolved i n d eliberate a ttempts t o a ttract c ustomers t o t heir w ares. I t h as a lready b een s uggested i n C hapter 2 t hat t he p eak u se o f d ecoration o n a ny f abric i n t he p ost-splashed-glazed
345
p eriod w as o ften a ssociated w ith t he i ntroduction o f t hat f abric; s uggesting t hat d ecoration w as d eliberately u sed t o a ttract a m arket. T he a ssociation o f g laze w ith t he n ew v essel f orms o f t he e arlym edieval p eriod m ight s uggest t hat g laze i tself w as p rincipally a f orm o f d ecoration d esigned t o a ttract c ustom. T he n ew f ineware f abr ics o f t he e arly-medieval p eriod w ould t hus a ppear t o h ave v ied w ith e ach o ther t o c orner t heir l ocal m arkets. I t s eems n o c oincidence t hat t he g ritty w ares s hould f all v ictim t o t his c ompetition w hen t heir f ineware f orms w ere t he l east v isually a ttractive. T he a bility o f t he g ritty w ares t o p roduce g ood q uality c ooking-vessels w ould h ave b een a n a dvantage i n t he p re-jug p hases o f p otting, b ut o nce t he j ug b ecame t he g rowth a rea o f m edieval p otting, t he a dvantage w ould h ave b een d issipated. I n t his s ituation t he i nability o f t he g ritty w ares t o p roduce j ugs t o m atch t he q uality o f i ts c ompetitors m ay h ave b een a n i mportant f actor i n t he r apid d ecline o f t he f abric d uring t he l ater 1 2th c entury. O nce a gain D oncaster o ffers a p otential p arallel f or t his s itu ation. S ubstantial p re-jug p hases h ave y et t o b e i dentified i n D oncaster, b ut a mongst t he s plashed g lazed f abrics t here w ere f our b asic t ypes, t he t hree H allgate t ype f abrics a nd a n o rangeware, w hose o rigin i s, a t p resent, u ncertain. O f t he t hree H allgate f abrics f ound a mongst k iln m aterial, t he g ritty f abric w as t he l east w ell r epr esented ( Buckland e t a l 1 979, 1 3-14). I t w ould a ppear t o h ave b een p rincipally a c oarse-ware, a lthough i t p roduced a c onsiderable n umber o f g lazed j ugs. I n t his r espect i t w as v ery s imilar t o t he G 1 f abric. A lternatively, b oth t he f ine s andy A a nd w hiteware B H allgate f abrics w ere p rincipally j ug f abrics, a lthough p roducing a l imited n umber o f c ooking-vessels ( ibid, 1 3-14). B y t he e arly 1 3th c entury, t he g ritty ' C' f abric h ad d isappeared, t he ' B ' f abric w as i n d ecline a nd t he ' A' f abric w as l eft a s t he t own's p rincipal j ug f abric, w hilst c oarsewares w ere n ow i n t he h ands o f a s pecialised s hell-tempered f abric. T he s pecialisation i nto c oarse a nd f inewares h ad a pparently e liminated f irst t he g ritty f abric a nd t hen, e ventually, t he ' B ' f abric. A gain t he g ritty H allgate C j ugs w ere t he l east a ttractive o f t he t hree H allgate f abrics. I t i s t empting t o s uggest t hat t he r efusal t o s pecialise a nd t he p oorer q uality o f i ts f ineware f orms w ere t he m ajor d etermining f actors i n t he d ecline o f t he g rit-tempered f abrics i n b oth D oncaster a nd N orth L incolnshire. T he m ost c omplete e xamples o f c ooking-pots i n t he G 1 f abric o ccurred a t E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.177, N os.14-15). T heir s lightly c lubbed r ims w ould s eem t o b e a d irect d erivation f rom t he t ypical l ate-Saxon c ooking-pot r ims, a lthough t heir o verall f orm w as m ore m edieval i n a ppearance. K nife-trimming o f t he o uter s urface w as m ini mal, b ut F ig.177, N o.15 s hows k nife-trimming o f t he i nner s urface, a f eature u sually c onfined t o e arly-medieval s plashed g lazed j ugs. A w ide v ariety o f r im f orms o ccurred o n t he c ooking-pots w hich r anged f rom a t rue l ate-Saxon f orm ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.177, N o.16) t hrough t o m ore c lubbed e xamples ( East H alton S kitter,Fig.177,Nos.131 5 a nd 1 7-18 , a nd G oxhill, F ig.170 ,No.27). M ore a ngular s quared r ims w ere p resent o n s ome v essels ( Goxhill,Fig.170 ,No.26 ; T hornton C urtis, F ig.189,No.6), a lthough t his w as a f orm m ore c ommonly f ound o n B everley G B f abrics. T here w ere a lso a ttempts t o c opy t he s mall s imple u pright r ims o f t he e arly-medieval C l c oarse s andy f abric ( Thornton C urtis,Fig.189,No.4 a nd B arrow : S t.Chads ,EM/14/Br, F ig.22, N o.16).
346
O ther
r im
f orms
o ccurred
a t
T hornton
C urtis
( Fig.189,No.3),
R oxby
( Fig.202,No.15) a nd L issington ( Fig.208 ,No.13). T here w ould s eem t o h ave b een a g reater d egree o f v ariation o n t hese c ooking-pot r ims t han o n a ny o ther o f t he l ocal c oarsewares. A mongst t he b owl f orms, o nly t wo r im f orms o ccurred, a s mall s quared t ype ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.177,No.19; H aythby, F ig.201, N o.32) a nd a l arger e verted t ype w ith a d ished i nner r im f ace ( Burnham, F ig.193, N o.1; W alcot, F ig.200, N o.14; L issington, F ig.208, N o.14). T wo p rofiles e xist, o ne f or e ach r im f orm ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.177, N o.20 a nd t he L issington e xample a bove) o f w hich t he L issingt on v essel w as g lazed o n t he i nner s urface. G enerally t hese g ritty c oarsewares w ere n eat, h ard, t hin-walled v essels. S everal j ug p rofiles e xist, i ncluding E M/3/Bt, F ig.20 , N o.10 a nd W est R avendale, F ig.147, N o.34. T hey w ere g enerally t hick-walled a nd r oughly f inished. W hile s trap h andles w ere t he c ommon e arly m edieval h andle f orm, t hese j ugs h ad t hicker p lainer h andles ( South F erriby, F ig.170, N o.13; B arton-on-Humber, F ig.161, N o.24). J ug r ims c ould e ither b e o f a s imple u pright t ype ( Barton , S t.Peters, F ig.164, N o.26) o r a c ollared t ype ( Habrough, F ig.173, N o.14 ; W est R avendale, F ig.147, N o.34). R egional T radition : F ine S andy F abrics ( including f abrics F 1,F2,FD,FH) i .
D ate R ange
A D
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 500
F l
F 2
F D
F H
F ine s and-tempered f abrics f ormed o ne o f a n umber o f e arly m edieval f abric t raditions w hich h ad e merged b y t he 1 1th o r e arly 1 2th c entury. A ll f our o f t he c onstituent f abrics i n t his t radition h ad a s plashed g laze p hase o f p roduction. B y t he l ater 1 2th c entury t his t radition w as b eing i ncreasingly o vershadowed b y o rangewares. H edon's F H f abrics c ould b e s ub-divided i nto t hree ( FH 1 -3), w ith t heir n umerical s equence r epresenting t heir a pproximate c hronological o rder. A s t he t own a nd p ort o f H edon i s n ot t hought t o h ave b een f ounded u ntil t he 1 1th o r e arly 1 2th c entury, t his w ould s eem t o r epresent t he e arliest l ikely d ate f or t his f abric.
347
i i.
D istribution
T he f ine s andy, m edium s andy a nd o rangeware t raditions h ave h ad t heir d istribution e xamined i n t erms o f t he t otal b ody o f s herds r ecovered i n e ach o f t he f abrics a nd s econdly o n t he b asis o f t he o ccurrence o f s plashed-glazed s herds. T hese s plashed g lazed s herds c an n ow b e c onfidently a ssigned a n e arly-medieval d ate a nd t herefore a llow s ome d iscussion o f t he e arliest p hase o f t hese t raditions. F ig.251 i ndicates t hat t he f ine s andy f abric w as t he m ost c ommonl y o ccurring s plashed g lazed t radition i n N orth L incolnshire, w here, g iven t he s mall s ize o f t he a ssemblages, i t w ould s eem t o h ave h ad a f airly e ven d istribution f rom t he T rent a cross t o t he e astern s eab oard. A n o verall c omparison o f t he f ull r ange o f t his t radition ( Fig.250) s howed i t t o b e o f a l esser s ignificance i n c omparison w ith o ther m edieval f ineware t raditions; h owever, t he g eneral p attern o f i ts d istribution d iffered v ery l ittle f rom t hat o f i ts s plashed g lazed v essels ( Fig.251). T his w ould s uggest t hat t here w as n o d rama tic c hange i n t he t radition 's m arket a reas f rom t he e arly-medieval t o t he h igh-medieval p eriod. T he n umerical s trength o f t he f ine s andy s plashed g lazed v essels i n c omparison t o t he s plashed g lazed o rangewares o r m edium s andy w ares ( Figs.258, 2 63) h as t wo p ossible e xplanations. I t c ould s imply h ave b een t hat t he f ine s andy t radition w as t he m ore i mportant, t hat i s, t he m ore p opular, d uring t he e arly-medieval p eriod. H owever, i t c ould a lso m ean t hat t he f ine s andy f abrics h ad a l onger s plashed g lazed p hase t han t he o ther t wo t raditions. A lthough t he c hangeover f rom s plashed g lazes t o s uspension g lazes w as p robably f airly s wift f or e ach p roduction c entre, t here i s e vidence t o s uggest t hat s ome t raditions m ade t he c hange b efore o thers. A t H edon, t he e arliest g roup o f m aterial h as b een a ssigned a d ate, o r d ate r ange, d uring t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury ( EM/55/Hd). W ithin t his g roup, t he l ocal, f ine s andy ( FH) w ares w ere l argely s plashed g lazed h owever, t he o rangewares f rom t he g roup b elonged t o t wo f abrics. T he o ne f abric ( OH) w as s plashed g lazed, b ut t he B everley o rangewares ( OB) f rom t he s ame g roup w ere s uspension g lazed. T aken a t a r egional l evel, i t w ould a ppear t hat o rangewares w ere p robably t he f irst o f t hese t hree m ajor f ineware t raditions t o m ake t he t ransition t o s uspension g lazes. T his m ust i nevitably h ave s ome b earing o n t he c omparatively p oor s howing o f t he d istribution o f s plashed g lazed o rangewares ( Fig. 2 58). W hen t he t otal n umber o f f ine s andy, m edium s andy a nd o rangew are s herds w ere c ompared, r ather t han j ust t he s plashed g lazed v ess els, t he w idespread d istribution o f t he f ine s andy f abrics r emained, b ut t heir n umerical i mportance h ad s lumped f rom b eing t he f oremost t o b eing t he l esser o f t he t hree t radtions. A m ore d etailed a nalysis o f t he d istribution o f t he v arious c onstituent f abrics w ithin t he f ine s andy t radition r evealed s ome n eat c lustering p atterns. F abrics F l a nd F 2 ( Figs.252 a nd 2 53) . T he l onged t o t he N orth
b ulk
o f
t he
f ine
s andy
s herds
f rom
N orth
L incolnshire
b e-
o ne o f t hese t wo f abrics. F abric F l c lustered n eatly t o o f L incolnshire, w hereas F 2 l ay t o t he S outh o f a l ine
348
f rom
G rimsby
t o
C aistor
t hrough
t o
G rayingham .
I t
c an
b e
o bserved
t hat t he F 2 f abric w as t herefore p robably a vailable a t G rimsby, C aistor a nd G ainsborough m arkets t o t he e xclusion o f F l ( Fig.253), w hereas t he r everse w as t rue f or t he F l f abric a t B rigg a nd G reat L imber ( Fig.252). T hese t wo m aps s how , t herefore, a v ery c lear-cut m arketing d ivision b etween t he t wo f abrics. T he s ignificance o f t his d istribution i s e nhanced w hen i t i s c orrelated w ith t he d istribution o f t he C 2 a nd C 3 f abrics ( Fig.245). A r emarkable d egree o f s imilarity e xisted b etween t he d istributions o f t he F l a nd C 2 f abrics a nd b etween t he F 2 a nd C 3 f abrics. I t s uggests t hat t hey h ad s imilar m arketing o rbits, a nd s trengthens t he a rguments f or a c lose m anufacturing r el ationship b etween t he f ine s andy a nd c oarse s andy f abrics. F abric F D ( Doncaster
:H allgate A )
( Fig.254)
T he g eneral d istribution o f t he D oncaster : H allgate f abrics h as a lready b een t he s ubject o f s ome d iscussion ( Buckland e t a l 1 979, 5 3-55). T he f ine s andy H allgate A f abric w ould a ppear t o h ave b een o ne o f t wo f abrics c ommercially m arketed i nto t he I sle o f A xholme d uring t he e arly a nd h igh-medieval p eriods. A s t he I sle s eems u nlikely t o h ave h ad i ts o wn p roduction c entres d uring t he m edieval p eriod, i t h ad t o i mport a ll i ts c oarsewares a nd f inewares f rom e ither S outh Y orkshire o r N orth L incolnshire. T he H allgate v essels c ould h ave r eached A xholme v ia l and o r w ater. T he A xholme F ens h ad n ot y et b een d rained ( Dunston 1 909) a nd r iver a ccess c ould h ave b een a chieved a long t he O ld R iver D on o r t he T urnbrigg D ike ( Gaunt 1 975, 1 5-21). R oad l inks w ere m ore d ifficult, b ut r outes e xisted t hrough H axey a nd a cross t he H atfield C hase ( Fletcher 1 858). T he r iver t rade o ption i s g iven e xtra w eight b y t he d istribution o f H allgate A v essels o n s everal s ites a long t he E ast b ank o f t he T rent i ncluding A lkborough, B urton-Stather a nd S omerby b y G ainsborough. T he n avigability o f t his s ection o f t he R iver T rent h as a lready b een t he s ubject o f d etailed r esearch ( Barley 1 936). F abric F H ( Fig.255) A lthough t he H edon f ine s andy f abrics h ave b een s ub-divided i nto t hree v arieties ( Hayfield a nd S later, 1 984), t hey a re n ow c ons idered h ere a s a s ingle e ntity. W hereas t he d istribution o f t he D oncaster H allgate A f abric s uggested a t l east a p artial d egree o f r iver t ransport, s uch a m eans w as a n ecessity f or t he H edon f abrics t o h ave r eached N orth L incolnshire. I t c an , t herefore, b e c onfidently a sserted t hat t he d istribution o f t he F H f abric o n F ig.255 r epresents a m arine b ased d istribution. I n t his r espect i t i s n o c oincidence t hat t he m ajor f indspot f or t he F H f abric w as E ast H alton S kitter. T he f abric w as a lso s trong a t G oxhill a nd B arrow H avens. F urther a field a t B arton o r K illingholme, t he f abric w as o f l ess c onsequence, a s i ndeed i t w as f urther i nland a t G oxhill ( via B arrow a nd G oxhill H avens) a nd T hornton C urtis ( via t he S kitter). T he s mall q uantities o f t he F H f abric i nvolved s uggest t hat t he f abric w as n ever d elibera tely m arketed i nto N orth L incolnshire, b ut i nstead c ould b e s een a s a p ossible b y-product o f l ocal c oastal t rade a long t he H umber. I ndeed, i t c ould b e s uggested t hat F ig.255 s hows t hose m inor t rading p orts o f N orth L incolnshire t hat h ad c lose m arine t rading c ontacts w ith H edon. E ven t hough t hese f inewares d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een m arketed o n a c ommercial b asis, i t m ust b e r emembered t hat t heir
349
n umbers w ere c onsiderable i n c omparison t o t he v ery f ew c oarseware v essels w hich c rossed t he H umber. O n p resent e vidence, i t w ould a ppear t hat t he H edon F H f abrics h ad a f airly r estricted m arket h interland w ithin E ast Y orkshire. V ery f ew F H v essels h ave b een r ecognised f rom t he e xtensive H ull a ssemblages a nd o nly a h andful f rom B everley, w ith m ost o f t hese b eing c onfined t o 1 2th a nd 1 3th-century d eposits. L ittle w ork, h owever, h as y et b een d one o n t he p ottery t o t he s outh a nd e ast o f H edon t owards P atrington a nd t he p orts o f R avenser a nd R avensrodd. i ii.
F orms a nd M anufacture
C ooking B owls B asting P itcher J ugs P ip- P anM ugs O ther P ots D ishes k ins c heons
F l
3 .3
F 2
4 .0
0 .2
0 .2
0 .1
F D
F H
T otal
1 .9
2 .9
0 .2
0 .4
0 .1
9 2.1
2 .7
0 .9
9 3.7
2 .0
0 .3
9 6.1
3 .9
5 1
9 6.1
1 .9
1 55
9 3.2
2 .5
0 .6
0 .2
0 .1
T otal
7 02
3 47
0 .2
0 .1
1 255
T he t able a bove, b ased o n t he N orth L incolnshire u nstratified m aterial, d emonstrates t hat t his w as p rincipally a t radition o f f inew are f abrics. A t H edon i t w as c lear t hat t hese f inewares a nd t he c oarse s andy c oarsewares w ere r elated; i n N orth L incolnshire, t he d istributional e vidence a lso s uggests a s imilar r elationship b etween t he l ocal w ares. T he e xistence o f s ome c oarseware f orms i n t hese f ine s andy f abrics n eed n ot d etract f rom t his a rgument a s a lmost a ll f ineware f abrics w ithin t he r egion p roduced a s mall n umber o f c ooking-pots a nd b owls. O ther f orms s uch a s p itchers, p ancheons a nd d rinking-mugs w ere a lso o f l ittle n umerical i mportance. T he m ajority o f c omplete v essel p rofiles i n t his t o t he e arliest, s plashed g lazed p hase o f p roduction e arly v essels w ere u sually o f a v ery h igh s tandard o f i t w as H edon w hich p roduced t he b iggest r ange o f t he f ull c hronological r ange o f t he t radition a nd t he F H v essels w ill b e c onsidered f irst.
t radition b elong ( Fig.249). T hese p otting. H owever, p rofiles a cross f or t his r eason
F irst h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury •T he e arliest p hase o f f ine s andy ( FH) v essels f rom H edon w as s plashed g lazed ( Fig.42, N os.8-12 a nd F ig.256). A lthough t here w as s ome v ariation i n v essel s ize, t here w as a g eneral c onformity o f s hape. T hese t hin-walled, w ell-finished v essels p roduced l ittle e vi-
350
d ence o f c oil c onstruction e xcept i n s ome o f t he l arger j ugs w ith t heir t hicker w all ( EM/55/Hd, F ig.43, N os. 2 -3). I t m ay h ave b een t hat o nly t he l arger v essels w ere c oil-built a nd i n t his r espect i t w as p robably n o c oincidence t hat i t w as u sually t he l arger j ugs w hich h ad k nife-trimming t o t he l ower p arts o f t heir i nner s urfaces. T his i nternal k nife-trimming w as c hronologically r estricted t o t he s plashed g lazed p eriod, p re c .1150. T he e arliest r ims o n t hese j ugs w ere g enerally s mall a nd s quared w ith s hallow n ecks ( EM/55/Hd, F ig.42, N o.8-9). F or t his s plashed g lazed p hase, h andles w ere o f s trap f orm a nd a pplied t o t he t opof t he r im w ith a s mall f illet o f c lay u nderneath t o s trengthen t he j oin. L ower h andle a ttachments w ere s moothed o n w ith n o b ack f illet a nd n o t humbings. I n s uch r espects, t hese h andles s howed c onsiderable s imilarity w ith t he h andles o f l ate-Saxon p itcher f orms i n t he T orksey/ T hetford f abrics ( Hurst 1 957, 3 1-60 ; 1 976, 3 14-318). G enerally, l ower b odies o f t he s maller j ugs w ere w iped, w hilst t hose o f t he l arger o nes w ere k nife-trimmed, a lthough t here w es s ome d egree o f o verlap. T here w as, h owever, n o i ndication o f t he u se o f b asal t humbings d uring t his p eriod. T he s plashed g lazes o n t hese v essels w ere b right a nd c lear, e ven i f o nly r ather s parsely a pplied o n t he s maller v essels. S econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury T he r ange o f H edön v essels b elonging t o t his 5 0-year p eriod d emonstrated a n umber o f c hanges. A r ange o f n ew f orms a ppeared f or t he f irst t ime i ncluding g lazed b owls, c ruets, l amps a nd p ipkins. F ig.45, N o.1 w as t he e arliest l ocally m ade p ipkin r ecognised i n t his t radition , a nd i ts o verall s hape a nd i ts r ounded b ase c losely r esemb led t he i mported R hennish, B lau G rau l adles w hich w ere p roving r ela tively c ommon c ontemporary i mports ( Dunning 1 959 , 5 6-60). A n e xample o f B lau G rau h ad o ccurred i n t he e arliest H edon g roup ( Fig.44, N o.4), w hilst a nother w as a ssociated w ith t his l ate 1 2th c entury p hase. A s n o E nglish p ipkins h ave b een r ecorded p rior t o t he i mportation o f t hese b lue-grey l adles, i t i s p ossible t hat t he E nglish p ipkin f orm o riginated a s d irect c opies. R ound-bottomed E nglish p ipkin f orms w ere r are a nd w ould a ll s eem t o b e r estricted t o a 1 2th-century d ate. T he r ange o f s maller v essel f orms ( Fig.45, N os.2-5 a nd F ig.256) h ad a t hick, e ven , l ightly p ocked g laze r eferred t o a s " developed s plashed g lazes". H owever, t he f ine s andy j ugs h ad b y n ow m ade t he t ransition t o s uspension g lazes a nd, w ith t he p ossible e xception o f t he g ritty w ares, w ere t he l ast o f t he e arly-medieval f ineware t raditions t o d o s o. • J ug p rofiles t ended t owards m ore g lobular f orms. E xamples o f i nternal k nife-trimming w ere b ecoming r are. A lthough b asal t humbings w ere p resent o n o rangeware j ugs a t T hornholme P riory s hortly a fter 1 150, t hey w ere n ot u sed o n H edon f ine s andy w ares u ntil a fter 1 200. J ug r ims b y t his t ime w ere d ivided b etween s mall s quared t ypes ( EM/56/Hd, F ig.45, N o.14) a nd m ore n umerous c ollared f orms ( EM/56/Hd, F ig.45, N os.6,12), w hilst c ontemporary j ug h andles w ere a ttached e ither t o t he s ide o f t he r ims ( EM/56/Hd, F ig.47,No.1) o r i mmediately b elow t hem. T he u se o f w raps w as n ow m ore c ommon f or u pper h andle a ttachments, a nd a lthough l ower h andle a ttachments w ere s till s moothed o n w ithout t he u se o f b ack f illets, h andle t humbings t o s ecure t he ' tail' w ere n ow b ecoming s tandard p ractice. J ugs, F ig.45, N o.15 a nd F ig.47, N o.15 w ere t he f irst d ecorated v essels
351
i n
t his
f abric,
a lthough
s uch a s o rangewares,
c ontemporary
v essels
i n
o ther
t raditions,
w ere m ore c ommonly d ecorated d uring t his p eriod.
F irst h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury
J ug F ig.87, N o.12, d espite i ts r elative c ompleteness, w as p roba bly r esidual a s i ts f orm , r im a nd s plashed g laze r eflect t he s tyle o f t he e arly 1 2th-century v essels. T he m ajority o f h andle f orms o n j ugs w ere b y n ow o f t he r od t ype w ith t heir u pper a ttachments i n t he m ore u sual m edieval p osition o n t he s ide o f t he n eck ( HM/65/Hd, F ig.86, N o.21). F illets o f c lay w ere b eing u sed t o s upport b oth u pper a nd l ower h andle a ttachments. A n i nteresting r egional d istinction w as p rovided b y t he u pper h andle a ttachments i n t his f abric, w hich w ere a pplied w ithout t he a id o f a ny l ateral t humbings ( Fig.86,No.21; F ig.87, N o.13), w hereas o n t he F l f ine s andy f abric a cross t he H umber, s uch t humbings w ere a lmost d e r igeur. T he u se o f b asal t humbings w as b ecoming c ommon, w ith p airs o f t humbings ( Fig.86,Nos.21,23) b eing t he m ore t ypical. I n g eneral, H edon F H v essels s eemed s low t o a dopt j ug d ecoration w hich e lsewhere h ad b ecome w idespread a nd v aried b y t he e nd o f t he 1 2th c entury. A rchaeological e vidence, h owever, p oints t o M iddle L ane b eing o ne o f t he l ess a ffluent a reas o f H edon, a nd i f t here h ad b een a c ost d istinction b etween d ecorated a nd p lain v essels, t hen t he o verwhelming p reponderance o f p lain j ugs o n t his s ite w ould b e m ore r eadily e xplainable. T he s econd h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury T his p eriod p roduced t he g reatest v ariety o f j ug f orm a nd d ecora tion t hat w as e ver a chieved i n t he H edon F H f abrics. S uch v ariety a lso e xtended t o r im a nd h andle f orms ( Fig.256), i ncluding s trap, r od a nd t wisted r od f orms. G enerally, u pper h andle a ttachments w ere p lugged, t he e arliest u se o f t hat t echnique i n t his f abric. L ower h andle a ttachments i ncluded t riple a s w ell a s d ouble t humbings. T hese t riple t humbings, w ith t he c entral o ne b eing t he d eeper, a ppeared t o h ave b een p eculiar t o t he F H f abrics, a s t hey d id n ot o ccur e ither o n o ther f ine s andy f abrics o r i n f abrics i n o ther t raditions. W ithin t he r egion, t his f eature w ould a ppear t o b e a r eliable g uide t o l ate1 3th o r e arly 1 4th-century H edon p roducts. T he f irst h alf o f t he 1 4th c entury A lthough i t i s d ifficult t o p rove t hat t he H edon f ine s andy f abric d id n ot p ersist b eyond c .1350, i t m ay b e s ignificant t hat t his w as t he l ast, a nd t he s mallest, g roup o f v essel p rofiles f rom t he M iddle L ane a ssemblage. J ug, F ig.92, N o.9 , w ould s eem t o r epresent t he f inal d evelopment o f t he F H j ug a nd w as a t ypical, t all-necked j ug f orm . I t w as u nfortunate t hat t his w as n ot m ore c omplete a nd t hat t here w ere n o o ther j ug p rofiles o f s imilar d ate. F ig.95, N o.27 w as t he l atest p ipkin p rofile t o b e r ecovered i n t his f abric, a lthough s maller, p robably r esidual, s herds o ccur l ater o n b oth t his a nd o ther s ites. T he t raditional p ipkin f orm w as g enerally b ecoming l ess c ommon b y t he 1 4th c entury, a nd a s i t w as e ssentially a c ooking-vessel, i t w ould b e t empting t o r elate t his t o t he g radual d ecline i n t he n umber o f c ooking-pots d uring t he l ate-
352
m edieval
p eriod.
A lternatively,
i t
c ould
b e
a rgued
t hat
t he
f orm
w as s uperseded b y t he t wo-handled t ripod p ipkin f orms. T hese w ere b eing i mported f rom t he L ow C ountries i n i ncreasing n umbers d uring t his p eriod, a nd w ere a lready g enerating c opies i n l ocal f abrics. T he D oncaster f ine s andy H allgate
' A'
f abric ( FD)
A lthough t he ' A ' f abric w as p resent i n a n e arly 1 2th-century s plashed g lazed p hase o f p otting ( EM/62/Dn), t here m ay h ave b een a p eriod i n t he l atter p art o f t he 1 2th c entury w hen t he w hole o f D oncaster's p ottery p roduction w as g iven o ver t o t he w hiteware ' B ' f abric. B y t he e nd o f t he 1 2th o r e arly i n t he 1 3th c entury, t he ' B ' f abric d isappeared a nd t he r e-emerged ' A' f abric a sserted i tself, b ecoming t he t own 's p rincipal f ineware f abric. I n m any r espects t he D oncaster ' A' f abric ( FD) f orms c ompare w ith t hose o f t he o ther f abrics i n t he f ine s andy t radition ( Figs.2202 21). J ugs c ame i n t wo b asic s hapes; g lobular ( Fig.220,No.3) a nd c ylindrical ( Fig.220,No.1). T he g lobular t ype h ad p lain, k nife-trimmed b ases, u sually w ithout t humbings, w hilst t he c ylindrical f orms h ad a p edestal b ase. A lthough s ome r od a nd t wisted r od h andles w ere p res ent a mongst t he w aster a ssemblage, t he p rincipal f orm w as t he s trap h andle w hich w ould s eem t o h ave p ersisted l onger i n t his f abric t han i t d id e lsewhere i n t he r egion. A m ore d etailed d iscussion o f t hese w aster f orms h as a lready b een p ublished ( Buckland e t a l 1 979, 1 3-20). T he t ypical, d ecorated H allgate ' A' j ug w ith i ts t ubular s pout, r im t ype a nd a pplied, n otched s trip d ecoration ( Fig.220 ,No.4) h as a n umber o f c lose r egional a nd n ational p arallels. T he D oncaster H allgate ' B ' f abric ( WD) a lso p roduced s imilar f orms, a r econstructed 1 5 rofile c oming f rom t he H edon : M iddle L ane a ssemblage ( Fig.45,No.20). R emarkably s imilar p rofiles o ccurred a mongst t he D eveloped S tamford f abrics ( Kilmurry 1 977, 5 8-59, G roup 2 4, a nd H edon E M/56/Hd, F ig.46, N o.4) a nd o n t he G lasshouse S treet a nd S t. A nne's S treet k iln m aterial f rom N ottingham ( Coppack 1 978, 2 4, F ig.2, N o.27). S everal w hite s andy v essels f rom B everley ( WB) p roduced t races o f a s imilar f orm a nd d esign ( EM/53/Bv, F ig.40 ,No.24). T he s eemingly c lose d ate r ange o f a ll t he v essels o f t his t ype s uggests a g reater a stuteness o f l ocal p otters t o p revailing f ashions t han m ay h itherto h ave b een a ppreciated ( Hodges 1 974, L e P atourel 1 976). F abric F l A vailable p rofiles i n t he F l a nd F 2 l ocal f abrics w ere r estricted t o j ug f orms o f t he e arly-medieval s plashed g lazed p hase ( Fig.249). T hese c ompared w ith t he e arliest p hase o f H edon j ugs, a lthough t he L incolnshire j ugs s eemed t o h ave a s lightly m ore b ulbous p rofile. T he g eneral t echniques o f m anufacture w ere a lso s imilar a nd t he s ame b asic d evelopment o f h andles w ould s eem t o h ave o ccurred. T he o nly s tratified e xamples o f t he 1 3th a nd 1 4th c entury v essels i n t his f abric c ame f rom B arrow : C herry L ane ( HM/12/Br, F ig.59, N os.3-6; H M/13/Br, F ig.59 , N os.17-19), b ut t hese w ere v ery f ragmentary a nd m any m ay e ven h ave b een r esidual. T he r ange o f d ecoration o n t hese a nd o ther s herds a nd t heir a ssociated v essel f orms c an b est b e s een a mongst t he u nstratified v essels i n t his f abric.
3 53
A mongst t he s plashed g lazed j ugs i n t he F l f abric, t he s quare, o utward t urned r im f orm w as t he m ost c ommon; e xamples w ere f ound a t E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.179, N o.1); K ettleby T horpe ( Fig.166 , N os.12,14); T hornton C urtis ( Fig.189, N os.30-32); B arton ( Fig.162 , N o.1) a nd W interingham ( Fig.203, N o.18). T he a ssociated h andle f orms w ere u sually a t hick , s trap f orm ( Walcot, F ig.200, N o.16; W interingham , F ig.203, N o.19 a nd G oxhill, F ig.171, N o.28). A f urther n ear-complete p rofile f rom G oxhill ( Fig.171,No.21) p roduced a s imilar s hape t o t he s tratified B arton-on-Humber e xamples ( Fig.20 , N os.11-12, 1 5). T he u se o f i nternal k nife-trimming o n t he l arger j ugs i n t his f abric w as c onfirmed b y a b asal s herd f rom W alcot ( Fig.200 , N o.18). W ith t he a dvent o f s uspension g lazes t here a ppears t o h ave b een a c ommensurate g rowth i n t he v ariety o f r im f orms, h andle f orms a nd d ecoration. T he c haracteristic l ate 1 2th-century r im f orm w ith t he n eck c arination, w hich w as p opular o n t he t ubular-spouted j ugs w ith a pplied n otched d ecoration, w as s een o n a s herd f rom K ettleby T horpe ( Fig.166, N o.13), b ut t he f orm w as n ever c ommon i n t his f abric. G enera lly r ims b ecame s maller a nd m ore u pright, t he f ollowing e xamples s howing s ome o f t he r ange, G oxhill, F ig.171, N os.24-25; T hornton C urtis, F ig.189, N os.36-40 ; G reat L imber, F ig.187, N o.26. A lthough t here w as s ome v ariation i n h andle f orm , t he m ost c ommon w as t he r od h andle ( Worlaby, F ig.194, N o.36; K ettleby T horpe, F ig.166, N o.20). T he t ypical j ug b ase i s s een f rom G oxhill, F ig.171, N o.31. S everal e xamples o f r ough p edestal b ases o ccurred ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.189, N o.47), b ut i n o ne c ase t he p edestal b ase w as a pplied ( Type 1 ,Goxhill, F ig.171, N o.32) a nd i n a nother t he o uter e dge o f t he b ase w as f ormed f rom a n a pplied s trip ( Walcot, F ig.200 , N o.17). T he m ost c ommon m ethod o f d ecoration w as p lastic r ather t han i ncised o r i mpressed; h owever, a r ouletted s herd d id o ccur f rom T hornton C urtis, ( Fig.189,No.44). A mong t he d esigns w ere v ertical s trip a nd p ellets ( Goxhill, F ig.171 , N o.26), p lain v ertical s trips ( Barton, F ig.162, N o.5), a nd h orizontal p ellets w ith i ncised l ines ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.189, N o.43). I n m ost c ases t he a pplied p art o f t he d ecoration w as c oated w ith a n i ron-wash. A mongst t he o ther f orms, a s ingle p ipkin i s i llustrated ( Roxby, F ig.202, N o.24). C ooking-pots w ere r are b ut o ccurred i n a n umber o f f orms ( Habrough, F ig.173, N os.23-24; G oxhill, F ig.171, N o.19 ; T hornton C urtis, F ig.189, N os.27-28). T wo t ypes o f b owl r im o ccurred , a s mall, s quared f orm p robably b elonging t o a s mall, e arly b owl F ig.171, N o.33) a nd a l arger, m ore e verted t ype ( Habrough , F ig.173, N o.25). A s ingle a quamanile f orm w as r ecognised ( Barrow , F ig.160, N o.10). I t c ame f rom a f ield a djoining B arrow C astle e arthworks. E xcavation b y t he l ate W . F . V arley i n t he 1 960s p roduced a r ange o f p ottery r estricted t o t he e arly-medieval p eriod ( material i n H ull M useum). I t i s p robable t hat t his s herd b elongs t o t he s ame e ra. U nfortunately i t w as s lightly a braded a nd, a lthough i t h as b een p rovisionally a lloc ated t o t he F l f abric, i t m ight w ell h ave d erived f rom a ny o f t he r egion 's f ine s andy p roduction c entres. F abric F 2 T he v essels i n t his f abric w ere r emarkably s imilar t o t hose o f F l a nd i nstead o f r epeating t he v arious d escriptions a lready o ut -
354
l ined f or F l a s eries o f e xamples w ill b e l isted f or e ach f orm . S plashed g lazed j ugs ( Swinehope, F ig.149,Nos.5-9; W est R avendale,Fig. 1 47,No.35; W inghale P riory, F ig.151,No.8; T hornton-Le-Moor, F ig.155, N os.33-35). S uspension g lazed j ugs ( North K illingholme, F ig.187,Nos.12-13; H awerby c um B eesby, F ig.145,No.23; W est R asen, F ig.159,No.10). C ooking-pots ( Hawerby c um B eesby, F ig.145,No.22; S winehope, F ig.149, N os.1-3; T hornton-Le-Moor, F ig.155,No.32). R egional T radition : O rangewares ( including f abrics 0 1, 0 2, O B, O H, O S) i :
D ate R ange
A D
9 00
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 500
0 1 0 2 O B O H O S
O rangewares w ere a c lass o f f ineware f abrics w hich f irst a chieved p rominence d uring t he e arly 1 2th c entury, a lthough t heir o rigins m ay g o b ack a s e arly a s t he e nd o f t he l ate-Saxon p eriod. T hey r em ained t he s ingle m ost i mportant r egional f ineware t radition u ntil t heir d ecline i n t he e arly y ears o f t he 1 4th c entury. T he e arliest g roup p resented h ere t o c ontain o rangeware w as E M/49/Bv w hich p robably d ates t o t he 1 1th c entury. T he l ocally m ade, m edieval o rangewares h ad a v ery f ine, s mootht extured f abric w hich, l ike c ontemporary S tamford w ares, a ppeared v irtually u ntempered. A s t heir n ame s uggests, t he f abric w as u sually a n o range c olour, a lthough v arying t o s hades o f r ed a nd p ink. O f a ll t he f abrics w hich m ake u p t his t radition, t he S carborough w ares h ave h itherto b een t he b etter k nown ( Rutter 1 961; F armer 1 979). W hilst S carborough w ares w ere u ndoubtedly t raded o ver c onsiderable d istances, o ther o rangeware p roduction c entres m ay h ave i ncluded t he p orts o f B everley, B arton a nd G rimsby w hich w ould a lso h ave b een w ell p laced t o a chieve a w ide c oastal d istribution. T he t erm o rangewares w as f irst u sed b y P eter A rmstrong w hen r eferring s pecifically t o t he f ine t empered o range p roducts f ound a t H ull ( 1977, 3 5-51) w hich w ould s eem t o h ave d erived f or t he m ost p art f rom B everley. A s i t b ecame i ncreasingly a pparent t hat a r ange o f k ilns i n e astern Y orkshire a nd N orth L incolnshire h ad c hosen t o p roduce a s eries o f s imilar
355
v essels i n a n a lmost i dentical f abric, i t s eemed a ppropriate t o u se t he t erm o rangewares a s a l oose g eneric n ame f or t his w hole r egional t radition. T he d ecline o f t he o rangewares s eems t o h ave t aken p lace d uring t he l ate 1 3th o r e arly 1 4th c entury. A t H ull t hey w ould a ppear t o h ave b een d irectly r eplaced b y t he H umberwares ( Armstrong 1 980 , 3 2). H owever, i t w as d ifficult t o d ecide w hether t he H umberwares h ad d irect ly c hallenged t he o rangeware s hare o f t he c eramic m arket, o r w hether t he o rangewares w ere a lready i n d ecline a nd t he H umberwares w ere m erely f illing t he r esulting m arket g ap. A t T hornholme P riory, o range w ares f ormed t he d ominant f abric f rom t he s ite's f oundation ( c.1150) u ntil t he t radition's d ecline i n t he e arly 1 4th c entury. H owever, t he f abric w hich r eplaced i t, t he M 1 m edium s andy f abric, a s t he d ominant f ineware f abric o n t he s ite, h ad a lready b een o ccurring i n s mall q uantitites a t t he P riory f rom t he l ate 1 2th c entury. I n t his c ase a t l east, t he M 1 f abric w ould a ppear t o h ave s imply f illed a g ap l eft b y t he d isappearance o f t he o rangewares r ather t han b y i ts o wn a ggressive c ompetition. D istribution S plashed G laze P hase T he q uantity o f s plashed g laze o rangewares w as c onsiderably l ess t han t hat o f t he f ine s andy w ares, b ut t hey s howed a g reater d egree o f s patial c lustering ( Fig.258). T hree c oncentrations c ould b e s een, t he f irst a round B arton-on-Humber a nd t he s outhern b ank o f t he H umber, t he s econd a round G rimsby a rea, a nd a t hird a round C aistor. T hese t hree t owns m ay h ave r epresented t he c entres o f m anuf acture f or t he f abric d uring t he e arly-medieval p eriod, o r a ltern atively, t he p rincipal c entres o f i ts m arketing. O rdinary o r S uspension G lazes W ithin N orth L incolnshire, o rangewares w ere t he d ominant h ighm edieval f ineware f abric ( Fig.257). I t w as m ost p rolific t o t he n orth a nd e ast o f L incolnshire, t hinning c onsiderably t o t he s outh-west, a long t he u pper p arts o f t he A ncholme v alley a nd t he n orthern t ribut aries o f t he W itham. O rangewares w ere a lso c ommon i n e astern Y orks hire, a t l east a s f ar n orth a s S carborough. T hey f ormed a f requent f ind a t W harram P ercy, b ut t hey f ailed t o p enetrate t he V ale o f Y ork i n a ny n umber. O rangewares o ccurred a s a m inor f abric a t D oncaster, a lthough t hey w ere m ore c ommon i n t he e arly-medieval p hases t han t hose o f t he h igh-medieval. T he t ype w as r are i n L incoln. A s a t rad ition, o rangewares w ould s eem t o h ave h ad a p redominantly c oastal d istribution f rom S carborough t o G rimsby, s tretching w estwards o nto t he Y orkshire a nd L incolnshire W olds, b ut o nly a long m ajor w aterways, s uch a s t he H umber, d id i t p enetrate a ny f urther w est. A lthough i ts d istribution c overed a w ide a rea, t he p rincipal u rban c entres c ont ained w ithin i t w ere p orts, e ither c oastal s uch a s S carborough o r G rimsby o r i nland s uch a s B everley. T he t wo p rincipal o rangeware f abrics t o o ccur i n N orth L incolns hire w ere t he 0 1 a nd 0 2 t ypes. T heir d istribution, w hich h as b een c ontrasted o n F ig.259, p roduced a n eat n orth/south d isivion. O f t he
356
t wo, t he n orthern 0 1 f abric a ppeared b oth t he m ore n umerous a nd t he m ore w idespread. A lthough s ome s ites, s uch a s G reat L imber a nd T hornton-Le-Moor, s howed s ome o verlap b etween t he t wo f abrics, i t w as c lear t hat c ertain m arkets s uch a s S cotter a nd B rigg w ere c ommitt ed t o t he 0 1 f abric w hilst o thers, s uch a s T horesway a nd M arket R asen, f ell w ithin t he 0 2 d istribution a rea. C aistor, w hich h ad b een o ne o f t he a reas o f s plashed-glazed o rangeware c oncentrations, n ow s eemed t o h ave b een e qually d ivided b etween t he t wo f abrics. I f t he t own h ad e ver b een a p roduction c entre f or a n e arly-medieval, s plashed g lazed, o rangeware, t his w as p robably n o l onger t he c ase d uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod a s b oth t he 0 1 a nd t he 0 2 f abrics f ound a m arket t here. L incolnshire w ould s eem t herefore t o h ave h ad a t l east t wo p rodu ction c entres f or o rangeware, o ne f or 0 1 a nd a nother f or 0 2. A s o rangewares w ere f ineware f abrics o f t he e arly a nd h igh-medieval p eriods, i t i s p robable t hat t hey w ould h ave h ad u rban m anufacturing s ources i n c ommon w ith o ther c ontemporary i ndustries a t B everley, S carborough, Y ork, L incoln, D oncaster, N ottingham e tc. T aking t he e vidence o f F igs.257 a nd 2 59 t ogether, i t s uggests t hat B arton-onH umber w ould h ave b een t he m ost l ikely s ource o f t he 0 1 f abric a nd p erhaps e ither L outh o r G rimsby f or t he 0 2 f abric. T his i s e ssent ially s peculation, b ut w ith t he e limination o f C aistor a s a p ossible s ource, t hose t hree t owns w ere t he o nly m ajor m edieval u rban c entres w ithin t he p rincipal a reas o f o rangeware d istribution. F rom t he 1 8th a nd 1 9th c enturies, s everal t ileries w ere s ituated o n t he s outhern b anks o f t he H umber a round B arton a nd B arrow H avens w hich m ade e xtens ive u se o f t he e stuarine c lays. T he f abric o f t hese t iles f orms a n a lmost e xact p arallel w ith t he m edieval o rangeware f abrics b oth i n c olour, t exture a nd m acroscopic i nclusions. i ii:
F orms a nd M anufacture
C P %
B %
C W %
B D %
P itch %
0 1
1 .2
0 .4
0 .03 0 .15 0 .03
0 2
0 .5
0 .09
0 .09
J %
P %
P N %
9 3.6
4 .0
0 .15 0 .2 0 .06
9 4
4 .9
0 .2
O S
7 1.4 2 8.6
O H
1 00
T otal % 1 .05 0 .3
0 .02 0 .11 0 .05
M %
C %
A q %
O T %
0 .2
0 .09 0 .09
T otal
3 239
. 09 1 111
7
1 1
9 3.69 4 .23
0 .16 0 .14 0 .07 0 .02 0 .16 4 368
S plashed G lazed V essels F ig.260
s hows
s everal
s plashed
g lazed
357
j ugs
w hich
b elong
t o
a
p eriod b efore 1 150. A ll w ere i n t he 0 1 f abric, a lthough s plashed g lazed s herds a lso o ccurred i n t he 0 2 f abric a mongst t he u nstratified m aterial. T he s hapes o f t he 0 1 s plashed g lazed j ugs c onformed t o t he t ypes a lready s een f or t he f ine s andy f abrics a nd s eemed t o h ave a n a lmost i dentical d evelopment o f m anufacture, a lthough t here w as a l ittle m ore v ariation i n t he r im f orm. W hereas m ost f ine s andy s plashed g lazed j ugs h ad s quared r ims, t his f orm w as n ot e xclusively u sed o n t he 0 1 f abric. E xamples o ccurred a t E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.181, N o.3; B arton-on-Humber, F ig.162, N o.8; T hornton C urtis, F ig.190 , N os.8-10. E ast H alton S kitter p roduced t wo d ifferent r im f orms ( Fig.181, N os.4, 6 ), b ut n either o f t hese w as p articularly c ommon e lsewhere. H andle f orms w ere u sually a r ather t hick s trap t ype ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.190 , N os.21-23). B ases w ere w iped o r k nife t rimmed o n e ither s urface b ut r emained w ithout b asal t humbings. 0 1 F abric - O rdinary/Suspension G lazes T he e arliest j ugs o f t his t ype o ccurred a t T hornholme P riory, p hase 1 , d ating s hortly a fter c .1150. O f t hese, F ig.26, N os.3 , 6 f rom E M/29-30/Tp, r eflected v ery s trongly t he e arlier, s plashed g lazed v essel f orms. I n e ach c ase t heir b odies w ere d ecorated w ith a pplied, i ron-washed s pots, b ut t hey r etained s trap h andles. O ther, c ontemp orary v essels f rom t his g roup, s uch a s F ig.26, N os.4, 7 , w ere o f a m ore d eveloped f orm w hich w as t o r emain c urrent t hroughout t he r emaining l ifespan o f t he 0 1 f abric. T he u se o f b asal t humbing a lso o ccurred f or t he f irst t ime o n b oth v essel s hapes. T wo p rincipal r im f orms w ere f ound, t he f irst b eing a n u pright s quared f orm w ith a n eck c arination, ( Fig.26, N o.1) a nd t he s econd, a s imple, u pright, r ounded f orm ( Fig.26, N o.4). A n e arly v ariety w as a n e verted r im w ith i nner l id s eating s een o n E M/21/Tp, F ig.24, N o.3. E lsewhere i n t he r egion t here w ere f urther v arieties s uch a s t he f olded, i ndent ed r ims s een a t G oxhill ( Fig.172, N o.6); B urnham ( Fig.193, N o.3); G reat L imber ( Fig.187, N o.29) a nd H abrough ( Fig.173, N o.30). T he a pplied l ips, s uch a s a t E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.181, N o.12) o r N orth K illingholme ( Fig.187, N o.14), w ere r are b ut t hey w ould a ppear t o b e f airly e arly i n d ate. T he e arliest r ecognised i n t his f abric w as f rom T hornholme P riory, E M/26/Tp, F ig.25, N o.1, d ating e arly i n t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury a nd p robably b elonging t o a v essel s imilar i n f orm t o F ig.26, N o.3 . A pplied l ips w ere n ever c ommon i n t his r egion, e ither i n o rangewares o r o ther f ineware f abrics, b ut e xamples a re k nown t o h ave o ccurred i n b oth t he F D a nd W D f abrics f rom D oncaster, H allgate ( Fig.219, N o.14; F ig.220, N o.11). T hey m ay h ave d erived i n p art f rom t he ' 0 ' s pouts o f t he l ate-Saxon p itcher f orms a s t hey r epresent a v ery s imilar t echnique o f m anufacture. W ithin t he r egion t hey w ould a ppear t o b e c onfined t o a p eriod b efore 1 250 , o ne o f t he l ater e xamples o ccurring f rom E pworth H M/1/Ep,Fig.44 , N o.1.
i n
T he s ome
t ypical e arlier
h andle f orm f rom c .1150-1300 w as f orms t his w as f olded ( EM/27/Tp,
a r ibbed o val; F ig.25, N o.18),
b ut s uch v ariations w ere r are a nd a lmost c ertainly a ll o f 1 2th-century d ate. A t D oncaster, s trap h andles p ersisted i nto t he 1 3th c entury, b ut o nly a h andful o f s uch f orms o ccurred w ith s uspension g lazes i n t he 0 1 f abric ( Brumby, F ig.203, N o.7). O rangewares d id o ccasionally c opy t he r ibbed r od h andle o f t he L incoln w ares ( Barton,Fig.162,No.23;
358
G oxhill, F ig.172, N o.13 a nd E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.182, N o.1). L ater t here w ere a lso c opies o f t ypical H umberware f orms ( Conesby, F ig.204, N os.13-14). A s F ig.260 d emonstrated, t here w as a v ariety o f i ncised a nd a pplied d ecorative d esigns o n o rangeware j ugs, b ut t hese w ere u sually n eatly r egimented i nto v ertical o r h orizontal r ows. O ften t he a pplied d esigns h ad a n i ron-wash a nd o ccasionally t he v ertical a pplied s trips w ere m ade o f a w hite p ipe c lay. T he u se o f a d eliberate s lip w as r are b ut w hen u sed, p roduced a b right, c lear, l emon y ellow g laze, u sually f orming a b ackground f or a pplied c opper-washed s pots(HM/16/Tp, F ig.61, N o.13). S uch v essels w ould a ppear t o h ave b een c omprised o f t wo p anels; t he o ne h aving t he s lip a nd r esulting y ellow c oloured g laze, w hilst t he o ther w as l eft p lain p roducing a b right c opper g reen g laze ( EM/32/Tp, F ig.29, N o.2). T his f orm o f d ouble-panelled d esign w as c omparatively r are i n t his r egion, b ut h as b een r ecognised o n a n a lmost c omplete Y ork w are v essel ( Rackham , 1 972,Plate E ). T here w ere s everal r ouletted s herds, t he u sual p attern b eing h orizontal l ines o f s mall s quares ( Habrough, F ig.173, N o.37). M ore c omplex r oul etted d esigns o ccurred a t E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.181, N o.16) a nd W alcot ( Fig.200 , N o.25). T he v arious l inear d esigns s een o n t he T hornholme v essels ( Fig. 2 60) w ere o ccasionally a lso u sed i n l ess r egimented s tyles ( Bartono n-Humber, F ig.162 , N o.32; E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.181, N os.17,21) b ut t hese w ere r are. R andom a pplied s pots, u sually i ron-washed, w ere f ound o n l ate 1 2th c entury v essels a t T hornholme P riory a nd e lsewhere; a lthough g enerally r are, t hey w ould a ll a ppear t o b e o f a s imilar d ate. I n a ddition , s ome o f t he v essels h ad a c urvilinear, f loral m otif, s een a s a c omplete d esign o n a m edium s andy M 1 v essel ( HM/18/Tp, F ig.62, N o.6), b ut a gain t hese w ere r are ( Conesby, F ig.204, N o.9; G oxhill, F ig.172, N o.31). T he h orseshoe d esign, s een a s p art o f t he d ecoration o n t he s ame M 1 v essel, w as r epresented o nly o nce i n o range w are o n a j ug f rom B urnham ( Fig.193, N o.10). O ther u nusual t echniques i ncluded p anelled i nclosures o f c opper-washed s cales ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.190 , N o.47) a nd s tamped n otching, ( Swinehope, F ig.149, N o.51). F rom t he e arly 1 3th c entury, a n ew t echnique o f d ecoration w as u sed, r elief m oulding, w here a m ould w as h eld a gainst t he o uter s urf ace o f t he v essel w hilst t he i nner s urface w as t hen p ressed i nto t he m ould. T he m ost c ommon d esign w as t he e ar o f w heat a nd r aspberry m otif, c learly s een o n a b eautiful H 1 v essel f rom C onesby ( Fig.205, N o.1). 0 1 o rangeware e xamples w ere f ound f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.181, N o.26) a nd T hornton C urtis ( Fig.190 , N o.44). A v ariation o n t his a lso o ccurred a t E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.181, N o.28). S carborough w ares a re p erhaps b est k nown f or t heir r ange o f f ace a nd k night j ugs ( Farmer 1 979), b ut a s y et v ery f ew o f t hese a nthropomorphic d esigns h ave b een r ecognised i n o ther o rangeware f abrics. A s plendid e xample o f a n 0 1 f ace j ug c ame f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.181, N o.5) a nd a r ather w orn h ead o f a k night f rom T hornton C urtis ( Fig.190 , N o.17). A llied w ith t hese a nthropomorphic f orms w as t he u se o f a dditional d ecorative l oops o f c lay, u sually r eaching v ertically f rom t he s houlder t o t he n eck. A s ubstantially c omplete p rofile w as r ecovered f rom T hornton C urtis ( Fig.190 , N o.7), w hilst f ragments o f t hese l oops p roved q uite c ommon ( Goxhill, F ig.172,
359
N o.24). A v ariation o n t his w as t he u se o f t wo i ntertwined l oops u nder a n a pplied l ip, a n e xample b eing r ecovered f rom E pworth ( HM/1/Ep F ig.55, N o.1). S imilar d ecoration w as u sed e xtensively o n b oth t he H allgate A a nd B f abrics f rom D oncaster ( e.g . F ig.220 ,No.10). A lthough f ew o f t hese f orms c an b e a ccurately d ated, t hey w ould s eem t o b elong t o t he l ate 1 2th a nd e arly 1 3th c entury. T he f inal a spect o f t he 0 1 j ugs t o c onsider i s t heir b ases. T heir u sual s imple f orms c an b e s een o n F ig.260 ; n early a ll a ppeared f ully w heelthrown. H owever, t here w ere s ome e xamples w ith b oth T ype.i a nd I I a pplied b ases ( Hayfield 1 980 , 3 4 a nd G oxhill, F ig.172, N os. 3 4-35). T here w ere a n umber o f b aluster f ormed j ugs i n t he 0 1 f abric, a lthough t hey w ere u ncommon. A r econstructed p rofile i s i llustrated o n F ig.260. T he p edestal b ases a ssociated w ith t his f orm o f j ug o ccurr ed i n a v ariety o f s hapes a nd s izes ( Winteringham , F ig.203, N o.24; T hornton C urtis, F ig.190, N o.49; B arton-on-Humber, F ig.162, N o.33 a nd K ettleby T horpe, F ig.166, N os.30-31). F rom c . 1 200 t o t he d ecline o f t he 0 1 f abric t here a ppears t o h ave b een l ittle c hronological v ariation i n j ug f orm , d esign o r d ecora tion. T hose f orms w hich w ere p resent i n c .1200 w ere s till i n u se b y 1 350. O n t he a ssumption t hat a ll t he o rangewares s een o n F ig .260 f rom T hornholme P riory c ame f rom t he s ame s ource, i t i mplies t hat t hree o r f our s uccessive g enerations o f p otters p roduced a r ange o f p ottery j ugs w hich w ere s imilar i n f abric, f orm, m anufacture, s tyle a nd d ecoration. I f i t c an b e a ccepted t hat s uccessive g enera tions o f p otters c ould c onform s o c losely i n t erms o f p otting t radi tion, i t b ecomes a l ittle e asier t o u nderstand h ow c ontemporary s tyles c ould a lso c onform f rom c entre t o c entre. I t s uggests t hat a p otter's w ares c ould h ave b een l argely d etermined b y t raditions w hich c ould s eemingly o verride a ny i ndividual ' expression ' i n v essel f orm. O f t he t otal o rangeware p roduct, p ipkins c omprised o nly 4 % a nd y et w ere s till n umerically t he s econd m ost i mportant v essel f orm i n t he 0 1 f abric. T he r ange o f p ipkin f orms s hown o n F ig.26I w as d rawn e ntirely f rom T hornholme P riory w here t he v essels w ere p articu larly p rolific. T ypologically, t he e arliest p ipkin f orm i n t he 0 1 f abric c ame f rom C onesby ( Fig.204, N o.15). I ts h andle w as a ttached t o t he t op o f t he r im a nd i t h ad a s plashed g laze. S uch h andle a ttachm ents w ere c ommon o n e arly 1 2th c entury j ugs f rom t he r egion, b ut t hey w ere a lso u sed o n t he ' Blau G rau ' R hennish l adles ( Dunning 1 959, 5 6-60) w hich m ay h ave f ormed a p rototype f or t he m edieval p ipkin f orm. P ipkins w ere u sually d esigned t o b e h eld i n t he r ight h and a nd t o p our i nwards, a lthough s ome l eft-handed e xamples a re n ow k nown. T heir l ong h andles i nvariably h ad a c urved o r h ooked e nd ( Goxhill, F ig.172, N o.37; C onesby, F ig.204, N os.15-17) w hich m ay w ell h ave b een d esigned t o e nable t he v essel t o b e h ung u p o n a n ail o r c ord. T he g reat m ajority o f t he p ipkin f orms f rom T hornholme P riory s howed t races o f s ooting t o t heir b asal a ngles, i mplying t hat t hey w ere e ssentially c ooking-vessels. P ipkins m ay h ave h ad a s pecialised c ooki n äf unction, s uch a s t he p reparation o f s auces a nd t he l ike, o r a lternatively, t hey m ay h ave b een ' individual' c ooking-pots. T he l arge n umber f ound a t T hornholme P riory f rom t he s mall g uardrooms
360
o f t he g atehouse i n A rea 1 w ould h ave p rovided a n a ppropriate s etting f or s uch a n i nterpretation. I t i s a lso w orth o bserving t hat a lthough o rangeware l ids w ere u ncommon, w here t hey o ccurred t hey w ere a lmost i nvariably o f a s ize w hich w ould h ave f itted t he a verage p ipkin ( Kettleby T horpe, F ig.166, N o.35; H abrough, F ig.173,No.39 a nd T hornton C urtis, F ig.190, N o.53.). C ooking-pots i n o rangewares w ere r are a nd n o f ull p rofile h as y et b een r ecognised; F ig.190, N o.1 f rom T hornton C urtis r epresented t he m ost c omplete f orm a vailable. P erhaps i t w as b ecause c ookingp ots w ere n ot a r egular o r i mportant p art o f t he 0 1 p otter's r epert oire t hat t here w as n ever a d istinctive o rangeware c ooking-pot r im f orm. W ith a lmost e very e xample, i t w as a pparent t hat t he p otter w as c opying t he f orms o f o ther c ontemporary c oarseware f abrics. A n umber o f e xamples o ccurred w hich w ere c opying s hell-tempered c ookingp ots ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.190, N os.2-3; K ettleby T horpe, F ig.166, N o.32; G oxhill, F ig.172, N o.1). O thers c opied t he d esigns o f t he c oarse s andy w ares ( North K illingholme, F ig.187, N o.15; G oxhill, F ig.172, N o.2) w hilst a f ew c opied t hose o f t he g ritty w ares ( Barton, F ig.162, N o.13; N ettleton, F ig.187, N o.52). G enerally i t w as o nly a mongst t he c ooking-pots t hat s uch c lose a ttempts t o c opy t he w ares o f o ther t raditions c ould b e o bserved. T he l imited n umbers f ound d emonstrate t hat t hey w ere n ever p roduced o n a s ufficient s cale t o r epresent a t hreat t o t he m arkets o f t he t raditional c oarseware f abrics. A lthough t here w as t he s ame v ariety o f r im f orm a mongst t he b owls, t here d id s eem t o b e a t l east o ne d istinctive o rangeware f orm . T his w as a s mall, n arrow-mouthed b owl w ith a lmost v ertical w alls a nd s mall, f ully e verted r ims ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.190 , N os.4-5; G reat L imber, F ig.187, N o.28). O ther b owl r ims f rom T hornton C urtis ( Fig.190, N o.6) a nd H aythby D MV, ( Fig.201, N o.35) w ere p robably o f l ater d ate a s t hey s eemed t o b e c opying t he l ater, t hick, e verted b owl r ims f ound o n t he s hell a nd c oarse s andy c oarsewares. T here w as a t l east o ne p ossible c urfew f ragment i n a n 0 1 f abric H M/37/TP, F ig.75, N o.16 w hich w as g lazed, a s imilar e xample o ccurring i n t he O B f abric f rom B everley ( HM/60/Bv, F ig.85, N o.9). O nly f ive e xamples o f b asting d ishes w ere f ound, o f w hich o ne o f t he e arliest w as E M/26/Tp, F ig.25 , N o.16, d ating t o t he l ate 1 2th c entury. A nother, u nstratified e xample c ame f rom G oxhill ( Fig.172, N o.38). T he s ix e xamples o f d rinking m ugs i n o rangeware i ncluded a f orm i n a l ate 1 4th c entury c ontext f rom T hornholme P riory H M/36/Tp, F ig.73, N o.2, a nd e xamples f rom K ettleby T horpe ( Fig.166, N o.34) a nd E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.182, N o.5). T hese w ere t raditionally a l ate-medieval f orm a nd i t i s p ossible t hat t hese v essels s hould b e m ore p roperly c lassified u nder t he O C f abric, t he s mooth, l ate-medieval f abric v ariant f rom t he C owick k ilns ( Fig.229, N os.1-14). T hornton C urtis
p roduced
a n
i nteresting
r ange
o f
u nusual
v essel
f orms i n t he 0 1 f abric; F ig.190 , N os.55-57 r emain u nidentified. P late F ig.190, N o.54 w ould s eem t o b e a f ragment f rom o ne f ace o f a f lask. A gain t his w as a t raditional l ate-medieval f orm u sually a ssociated w ith i mported f abrics ( Hurst 1 966, 5 4-59). T wo o ther u nidentified f orms o ccurred f rom B arton-on-Humber ( Fig.162,Nos.15-16).
361
T he 0 2 F abric I n a lmost a ll r espects o f v essel r ange, f orm , s hape a nd d ecora tion t he v essels i n t he 0 2 f abric r esembled t hose o f 0 1. D istinction b etween t he t wo f abrics w as n ot a lways e asy, t he g lazes o f 0 2 w ere p erhaps a l ittle l ighter a nd b righter w ith l ess o f a t endency t o m ottle, w hilst t he f abric w as a lso p aler, s lightly m ore s andy w ith o ccasional t iny v oids v isible i n t he f racture. T he l arger g roups o f d rawn v essels c ame f rom t he a ssemblages a t S tallingborough ( Fig. 1 88 , N os.10-23), S winehope ( Fig.149, N os.10-47), T hornton-Le-Moor ( Fig.156 N os.14-34) a nd H awerby c um B eesby ( Fig.145, N os.26-40). T here w ere a n umber o f v essels w orthy o f s pecific a ttention, a nd s everal f eatures w hich w ere n ot p resent o r c ommon o n t he 0 1 f abric. S trap h andles w ere g enerally l imited t o s plashed g lazed 0 1 v essels, b ut i n t he 0 2 f abric t here w ere a g reater n umber w ith s uspension g lazes ( Swinehope, F ig.149, N o.23; E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.182 ,Nos.6, 9 ). Q uite a n umber o f t hese s trap h andles h ad t humbed e dges, a f eature n ot u sually f ound o n 0 1 j ugs ( Hawerby c um B eesby, F ig.145, N o.35; K etsby, F ig.206, N o.12 a nd S winehope, F ig .149, N o.27). T he u se o f r ouletted d ecoration w as s lightly m ore c ommon o n 0 2 t han o n 0 1 a nd t here w as a t endency f or l arger, b older r ouletting. O n 0 2 v essels t his r ouletting w as o ften f ound a round j ug n ecks, a f eature n ot y et r ecognised o n 0 1 ( Hawerby-cum-Beesby, F ig .145, N os.30-32; G oxhill, F ig.172, N o.39). T he a pplied f loral d esign w as e qually r are o n 0 2 j ugs, b ut o ne e xample o ccurred w ith a s plashed g laze ( Thornton-Le M oor, F ig.156, N o.26). T he s ame s ite a lso y ielded a f ragment o f a b eard f rom a f ace j ug ( Fig.156, N o.22). G rimsby p roduced t he f oot o f a n a quamanile ( Fig.144, N o.12), w hilst f rom E ast H alton S kitter c ame t he m ost c omplete e xample o f a p ipkin i n t his f abric ( Fig.182, N o.14) a nd a n e arly u rinal f orm ( Fig.182, N o.15). N o e xamples o f t his f abric h ave y et b een r ecognised f rom s tratified d eposits a nd i t c an o nly b e a ssumed t hat i ts d ating, l ike i ts f orms, w ere s imilar t o t he n orthern 0 1 f abric. T he O H v essel f orm h as o nly b een r ecognised a mongst s tratified g roups a t H edon ( EM/55/Hd, F ig.43, N os.15-17) w here i t w as g enerally c onfined t o e arly 1 2th-century g roups. S ome s uspension g lazed v essels, p resumably l ater, i n a s imilar f abric w ere r ecovered f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.182, N os.16-22). T he f ew e xamples k nown i n t his f abric w ere j ugs a nd a ll s eemed t o c onform t o t he g eneral e arly-medieval o rangeware j ug f orms. T he O B o rangewares a re t hought t o d erive f rom k iln s ources a t B everley ( Fig.221, N os.20-23 a nd G areth W atkins, p ers.comm .). C urrent e xcavations a t L urk L ane, B everley, o ffer t he p otential o f t he b est, m ost r eliably d ated s equence o f s tratified p ottery g roups i n t he r egion, b ecause o f t he w ealth o f e xternal d ating e vidence a nd c rossr eferencing d endrochronological d ates w hich s hould b e a vailable f rom t he e xtensive w aterlogged d eposits o n t he s ite. P ost-excavation w ork i s s till i n i ts e arly s tages, b ut a p reliminary s equence o f g roups i ncluded i n C hapter 2 p rovides t he e arliest s tratified o ccurrences o f o rangeware i n t he r egion. I f t he r egion 's o rangewares w ere g enerally o f a s tandard f orm d uring t he e arly-medieval p eriod, t here w ere c onsiderable v ariations
3 62
b y t he e nd o f t he 1 3th c entury. T he N orth L incolnshire f abrics p rod uced s imilar g lobular j ug f orms w ith o nly t he o ccasional b aluster f orm . T he Y orkshire o rangewares, h owever, w ere s howing a n i ncreasing i nfluence f rom t he t all, b aluster j ug f orms t hat w ere s o c ommon i n t he V ale o f Y ork ( Holdsworth 1 978 , 2 8-30). T his w as c learly d emon s trated b y a g roup f rom H ull : B lackfriargate ( HM/8 ]/Hu, F ig.96) w here t he r ange o f l ate 1 3th c entury o rangeware j ugs c ontrast m arkedly w ith c ontemporary v essels f rom N orth L incolnshire. I t m ust b e s tressed t hat t hese d ifferences o nly s eem t o h ave d eveloped t owards t he e nd o f t he o rangeware t radition, b ut i t d oes d emonstrate t hat r egional t raditions w ere n ot c ompletely s tatic b ut w ere o pen t o t he i nfluence o f o ther t raditions. A lthough p ipkins o nly a mounted t o a bout 4 % o f t he t otal n umber o f N orth L incolnshire o rangewares, t he f orm w as c onsiderably r arer i n t he E ast R iding o f Y orkshire, f ew b eing r ecognised f rom H ull i n a ny f abric, a nd a t H edon t hey f ormed l ess t han 1 % o f t he v essel r ange. T his m ay p rove t o b e a f urther e xample o f t he g eographical d ifferences i n t he o ccurrence o f v essel f orms. R egional T radition : M edium S andy F abrics ( Including f abrics M l, M 2, M L, M T) i :
D ate R ange
A D
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 500
1 600
M L
M 1
M 2
M T
T his t radition s eems t o h ave c entred a round t he i nfluence a nd i nspiration o f a s ingle, p rincipal, p ottery i ndustry b ased i n t he c ity o f L incoln. D uring t he l ate-Saxon p eriod, L incoln i s t hought t o h ave b een a p roduction c entre f or b oth t he g rey s andy w ares a nd s hell-tempered f abrics ( ibid, 1 36-148). C oppack s uggested t hat t he e arly s plashed g lazed p hase o f L incoln w are d eveloped d irectly f rom t he g rey s andy f abric d uring t he l ate 1 1th o r e arly 1 2th c entury ( ibid, 1 44). T hroughout t he e arly y ears o f t he L incoln i ndustry t here w as s till a c onsiderable n umber o f s plashed g lazed p roducts f rom N ottingham a mongst t he c ity's a ssemblages a nd C oppack s uggested t hat t hese v essels h ad a n i mportant i nfluence o n t he o rigins a nd d evelopm ent o f t he l ater L incoln i ndustry ( ibid, 1 51). N o T oynton
s plashed g lazed f abric ( MT) a nd
v essels h ave o nly a s ingle
3 63
y et r im
b een r ecognised s herd i n t he M 1
i n t he f abric.
S everal s plashed g lazed v essels a re n ow k nown i n t he M 2 f abric, a nd i t i s t herefore p ossible t hat t he M 2 f abric w as t he f irst ' dependent' f abric t o d evelop u nder t he i nfluence o f t he L incoln i ndustry. I t i s h ighly p robable t hat t he M 1 f abric d erived f rom a s maller, r ural b ased i ndustry. W ith t he e xception o f a s ingle s plashed g lazed s herd ( Roxby, F ig.202, N o.31), i t f irst o ccurred a t T hornholme - P riory i n t he s eond h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury ( EM/31/Tp). T here w ere f ew s trati fied T oynton v essels, b ut a p ipkin r im i n t his f abric o ccurred a t T hornholme i n d eposits d ating t o t he e nd o f t he 1 3th c entury ( HM/38/Tp, F ig.74, N o.23). T oynton p roducts h ave a lso b een f ound i n L incoln, a t F laxengate i n p re-1300 c ontexts ( research n ote b y D r.Lauren A dams). M rs. R udkin f ound d ocumentary e vidence t o s uggest t hat p roduction w as u nderway a t T oynton b y t he 1 3th c entury, a nd i t i s p robable t hat t he p roducts o f h er ' Roses' k iln a t T oynton w ere o f a s imilar d ate ( Mrs. R udkin p ers.comm .). I t i s p ossible t hat L incoln 's i ndustries s urvived t he g eneral d ecline o f t he u rban p otteries i n t he l ate 1 3th a nd e arly 1 4th c ent uries, w ith p roduction c ontinuing i nto t he l ate-15th c entury o r b eyond, ( Coppack 1 980 , 1 54). I n d oing s o i t m ay h ave e nabled i ts d ependent f abrics t o f ollow s uit, a lthough a t l east t wo w ere r ural i ndustries. T he M 1 f abric c ontinued a t T hornholme P riory i nto t he 1 5th c entury, p ossibly l ater. A t T oynton , t he M T f abric d eveloped i nto t he l ate-medieval T oynton/Bolingbroke f abric w hich c ontinued i nto t he l ate-15th c entury a t T oynton a nd t hen m oved t o t he n eighb ouring v illage o f O ld B olingbroke, w here p roduction s urvived i nto t he p ost-medieval p eriod. T he f ull d ate r ange o f t he M 2 f abric i s u ncertain a s e xamples w ere r are i n s tratified c ontexts. i i:
D istribution ( Fig.262)
T hese f abrics w ere s trongest i n t he w estern a nd s outhern p arts o f N orth L incolnshire, a lthough a round L outh t hey e xtended t o t he c oast. F our f abrics f rom a t l east f our s eparate s ources m ake u p t his t radition, a nd t hey a re d iscussed i n t urn b elow . F ig.262 s hows t he d istribution o f t he t otal b ody o f v essels i n t his t radition a gainst t hose o f t he f ine s andy a nd o rangeware t raditions. S plashed G lazed V essels ( Fig.263) F ig.263 r epresents t he p roportional d istribution o f t he t otal n umber o f s plashed g lazed v essels i n t his t radition a gainst t hose o f t he f ine s andy, a nd o rangeware t raditions. T he b ulk o f t hese s plashed g lazed v essels w ere i n L incoln w are ( ML) a nd t herefore t he p attern o f d istribution q uite c losely m atched t hat o f L incoln w are i tself. M L L incoln W are ( Fig.264) T he d istribution o f t his f abric ( Fig.264) w as p articularly i nt eresting b ecause i t d erived f rom a k nown s ource o utside t he a rea o f N orth L incolnshire u nder s tudy. A lthough i t h ad a w idespread d ist ribution, i t u sually o nly f ormed a s mall p ercentage o f t he m edium s andy w ares f rom e ach s ite. A s m ight b e e xpected, i ts p ercentage o f t he t otal m edium s andy w ares i ncreased g ently w ith i ts s outhern p roximity t o L incoln. T rade a long t he R iver T rent a nd t he E rmine
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S treet m ay w ell a ccount f or m uch o f i ts w estern d istribution. I ts p resence a t p laces s uch a s G reat L imber, W est R avendale a nd S kidbrooke a re l ess e asy t o e xplain. T he c ase o f G reat L imber i s p articularly i nteresting a s i t w as a m arket t own w ithout d irect a ccess t o t he r iver s ystem, i mplying t he u se o f o verland t ransport. T he M 1 f abric ( Fig.266) T his w as o ne o f t he t wo p rincipal f abrics t o o ccur a t T hornholme P riory, A ppleby. I ts d istribution d emonstrates a d istinct c lustering o f t he f abric t o t he n orth-west o f L incolnshire. T his a rea w ould i nclude t he l ikely h interlands o f s uch m arkets a s B urton-upon-Stather, W interingham, A ppleby, B rigg, B roughton a nd M essingham . I t w as a p articularly d istinctive f abric w hose d istribution p attern ( Fig.266) s uggests a s ingle s ource. A lthough t here w as n o a rchaeological e vid ence f or t he p roduction c entre o f t his f abric, d ocumentary e vidence s uggests t he s ite o f a k iln s ource a t Y addlethorpe. I n 1 338 a p otter a t Y addlethorpe f ailed i n a c ontract t o s upply 2 000 p ots ( olle) a nd d ishes ( patelle) o f e arth t o R obert B eaumont _ o f A ppleby ( Lincolnshire A rchives C ommittee, 1 957/8, 9 , 3 1). T he p lacing o f s uch a h uge o rder i mplies t he e xistence o f a p ottery o f s ome c onsequence. T his w as t he o nly h igh-medieval f abric w hose d istribution c lustered i n t he Y addlethorpe r egion , w hilst t he 1 4th c entury w as a t ime w hen r ural p ottery i ndustries w ere t o b e e xpected. Y addlethorpe l ies o n t he w estern s carp o f t he l imestone r idge w here d rifts o f w indblown s and h ad a ccumulated. T o t he w est o f t he t ownship l ay t he a lluvial s ilts o f t he T rent v alley. T he v illage a lso h ad a s tream r unning t hrough i t o ffering t he p otter a r eady w ater s upply. I t i s s ignificant, t heref ore, t hat t he p rincipal t empering a gent i n t he M 1 f abric w as w indb lown s and. I n t he w riter's o pinion, t here i s a s trong p robability t hat Y addlethorpe w as t he p roduction c entre f or t he M 1 f abric, a lthough a rchaeologically t his h as y et t o b e p roven. T he d istribution o f t he M 1 f abric s tretched a s f ar a s t he e ast c oast t o p laces s uch a s E ast H alton S kitter, H abrough a nd G rimsby. T o t he s outh, i t r eached S outhorpe b ut n ot S omerby, a nd w as, t herefore, u nlikely t o h ave b een m arketed a t G ainsborough. T o t he s outh-east, i t r eached W est R asen b ut n ot T oft N ewton. I t w ould a lso a ppear t o h ave r eached t he m arket t owns o f C aistor a nd T horesway, b ut i ts a bs ence a t H awerby c um B eesby a nd B rackenborough s uggests t hat i t d id n ot r each L outh . I t w as u nfortunate t hat s o f ew a ssemblages w ere a vailable f rom A xholme a s t he T rent m ay h ave f ormed a b arrier t o i ts w estern d istribution. O nly a s ingle s herd o ccurred a t E pworth a nd a s ingle v essel f rom D oncaster i n a g roup w hich p robably d ates t o t he 1 4th c entury ( Site D Q). N o e xamples o ccurred a t H edon, a lthough a f ew s herds h ave n ow b een f ound a t H ull ( pers.comm . G areth W atkins). T he M 1 f abric h as y et t o b e r ecognised a t L incoln. T he M 2 F abric T his f abric h ad a s parse b ut s urprisingly w idespread d istribution ( Fig.269) a lthough i ts d enser p roportions c lustered a round t he m arket t owns o f C aistor, M arket R asen a nd T horesway. A p roduction c entre i n . o r a round t hese t owns w ould s eem l ikely o n t he p resent e vidence. T he f abric w as s urprisingly s trong a t p laces s uch a s T oft N ewton , w hose p roximity t o L incoln m ight h ave p resumed a l arger n umber o f
365
L incoln w ares. A s a f abric i ts c lose v isual s imilarity t o L incoln w are h as a lready b een o bserved. I ndeed, t he e xistence o f t his M 2 f abric m ay e xplain w hy L incoln w are i tself d id n ot o ccur i n g reater n umbers w ithin N orth L incolnshire. T he M T F abric T here w as a lways a p roblem i n d istinguishing t he e arly T oyntont ype s herds ( MT) f rom t he l ater, d eveloped f orm ( Ti). T his m eant t hat a s o nly d efinite e arly T oynton v essels w ere i ncluded i n t his c ategory, t he n umbers h ave a lmost c ertainly b een s ubstantially u nders tated. N evertheless, t he d istribution o f t he M T f abric ( Fig.270) s uggests t hat i n i ts e arliest p hase, t he T oynton i ndustry h ad a f ar m ore r estricted m arket t han i t w as t o a chieve i n t he l ate-medieval p eriod. I t w as l imited t o t he s outhern p arts o f t he W olds w ith o dd o utliers a t W illoughton a nd H umberston. W hile i t c an p robably b e a ssumed t hat t he M T f abrics d erived e ntirely f rom T oynton-All-Saints, t he T i f abric i s l ikely t o h ave b een m ade i n a n umber o f c entres. i ii:
F orms a nd M anufacture
I n t he c ase o f t he f ine s andy a nd o rangeware t raditions, s trong s imilarities b etween t he c omponent f abrics i n t erms o f t he p roportions o f t he p rincipal v essel f orms m ay b e o bserved. W ithin t his t radition t he M 1 f abric c an b e s een t o c ontrast m arkedly w ith t he o ther m edium s andy f abrics, a nd i ndeed c ontrasts w ith t he m ajority o f t he r egion 's f ineware f abrics i n t hat i t a ttempted d uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod t o p roduce b oth f inewares a nd c oarsewares. T he m anufacturers o f a ll o ther f abrics h ad o pted t o s pecialise. D espite t his d ifference t here s till r emained a c onsiderable c ohesion b etween t he c omponent f abrics o f t his t radition. M L LincolnWares ( Fig.265) T he r ange o f L incoln w are v essels s hown o n F ig.265 w as d rawn f rom T hornholme P riory a nd s upplemented w ith a n umber f rom t he c ity o f L incoln. A mongst t he l ate 1 2th-century g roups, t here w ould a ppear t o b e s ome t ypological d iscrepancy. T he T hornholme d ating a nd t hat o f t he L incoln, B ishop's P alace g roups w ould b oth a ppear t o r est p rincipally o n d ocumentary a nd a rchitectural e vidence, o r m ore a ccura tely u pon t he i nterpretation o f t hat e vidence, ( Coppack 1 975 a nd p ers.comm.). I t i s p ossible t hat t he l ate 1 2th c entury w as a p eriod o f r apid c hange a nd d evelopment i n t he p ottery i ndustry o f L incoln, o r e ven t hat d ifferent p otters w ithin t he c ity w ere p roducing d iffere nt f orms. A mongst t he p hase a ttributed t o t he e nd o f t he 1 2th c entury a t T hornholme, t here w as a k night j ug i n L incoln w are ( EM/34/Tp, F ig.33, N o.7), m aking t his b oth o ne o f t he e arliest d ated k night j ug f orms a nd o ne o f t he g rowing n umber r ecognised i n L incoln w are. A s t he t able a bove s uggests, t he v ast b ulk o f t he L incoln w are p roducts t raded o ut o f t he c ity w ere j ugs, o f w hich a h igh p roportion w ere d ecorated ( North O wersby, F ig.152, N os.15-17; T hornton-Le-Moor, F ig.157, N os.2-7; N ettleton, F ig.187, N o.54; K ettleby T horpe, F ig.166, N oä.39-40). M ost o f t he e xamples c ited w ere v essels w ith c omplex a pplied a nd s tamped d esigns, w hich w ould h ave s tood o ut f rom t he m ore c onventional d esigns o f m ost o f t he l ocal N orth L incolnshire
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v essels. T he n umber o f L incoln w are v essels f rom T hornholme P riory w ould, n evertheless, s uggest t hat t hey w ere d eliberately m arketed i nto t he P riory e ither d irectly o r v ia l ocal m arkets. T he M 1 F abric ( Figs.267-268) F igs.267-268 d emonstrate t he m ost i mpressive r ange o f c omplete a nd d ated p rofiles f or a ny f abric w ithin t he r egion; a ll d erive f rom T hornholme P riory. T his f abric h as o nly b een r ecognised i n r ecent y ears ( Hayfield 1 977, 3 2, N o.4) a nd i n t erms o f v essel r ange a nd a llegiance t o p ottery t raditions i t p roved t o b e s omething o f a n e nigma. A lthough j ugs c onstituted t he m ost n umerous v essel f orm , t heir p roportion f ell w ell s hort o f t hat a chieved b y t he o ther f ineware f abrics. I t w as u sually t he j ug f orm w hich p resented t he m ost r eliable i ndicator o f t he p ottery t radition w hich a f ineware f abric b elonged t o. I n t erms o f f abric c omposition, M 1 f ell c onvincingly i nto t he m edium s andy c ategory, a nd f rom c .1150-1350 i ts j ugs d id c onform t o t he L incoln a nd o ther m edium s andy f abric s tyles. H owever, f rom c .1350-c.1500, t he M 1 j ugs a ltered i n b oth f orm a nd s tyle ( Fig.267) t o c onform m ore c losely w ith j ugs f rom t he H umberware t radition. T his r epresented a c lear s witch i n t he a llegiance o f t he M 1 f abric f rom o ne p ottery t radition t o a nother. I n a ll t he o ther v essel f orms i n t his f abric, ( Fig.268), t here a ppeared t o b e n o c orresponding c hange i n f orm. T his m ay h ave b een d ue t o t he f act t hat b oth t he m edium s andy a nd H umberware t raditions w ere f ineware f abrics w ith n o c orresponding c oarseware r ange. A part f rom t he s ingle s plashed g lazed v essel r ecognised i n t his f abric ( Roxby, F ig.202,No.31), t he e arliest M l v essels o ccurred a t T hornholme P riory. A lthough s everal w ere r ecovered f rom l ate 1 2th-century g roups, t hey f ormed a s mall p ercentage o f t he t otal v essels. T he j ug f orms i llustrated o n F ig.267 s how a r ange o f s izes w hich w ere l argely p lain a nd r ather u ninspiring. H owever, t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury s aw a n i ncrease i n t he n umber o f v essels i n t his f abric a t T hornholme P riory a nd i t w as, p erhaps, n o c oincidence t hat t here w as a lso a c orresponding p rolif eration i n t he i ncidence a nd d esign o f d ecoration. C omparison o f t he j ugs o n F ig.267 a nd t he c orresponding o rangeware j ugs ( Fig.260) f rom T hornholme s how a c omplete c ontrast i n f orm , s tyle, a nd e speciall y d ecorative d esigns. W hereas, a lthough t he o rangeware d esigns w ere c ompetent a nd w ell-executed, t hey w ere u sually n eatly r egimented i nto v ertical o r h orizontal r ows. I n c ontrast, c ontemporary M 1 j ugs s howed a m ore f lamboyant s tyle w hich w as v ery s imilar t o t he d esigns f ound o n t he T oynton-all-Saints ' Roses' k iln m aterial ( Healey 1 984). D uring t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 4th c entury, M 1 j ug f orms b ecame a l ittle t aller, w hilst t he n umber o f d ecorated e xamples d eclined a long w ith t he s tandard o f d esign. S imple c hevrons a nd t he v ertical b ands o f t hree l ines b ecame t he d ominant, a nd r ather m onotonous d esigns. T he w hole e mphasis w as n ow t owards l ess d ecoration a nd a p oorer
q uality
c aptured p erhaps,
o f
d esign.
t he m ajor s hare a s a c onsequence,
B y
n ow ,
t hough,
t he
f abric
h ad
c learly
o f t he T hornholme p ottery m arket, a nd t he n eed f or d ecoration h ad d iminished.
F rom c .1350 t he M l j ugs a t T hornholme P riory s howed c hange o f i nfluence f rom L incoln w ares t o H umberwares. T he
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a m ajor n arrower
v essels o f t he 1 3th c entury d isappeared t o b e r eplaced b y s quatter a nd m ore g lobular j ugs w hich c ompare w ith t he H umberware j ugs o n F igs.274 a nd 2 75. T he g rooved r od h andles s o c haracteristic o f L incoln w are j ugs a lso d isappeared, t o b e r eplaced b y t he r ibbed o val h andles w hich w ere t o b ecome s imilarly c haracteristic o f t he H umberwares. J ug d ecoration a ll b ut d isappeared, w ith o nly t he s tandard h orizontal s houlder l ines r emaining w hich w ere a lmost d e r igeur o n H umberware j ugs. T hese s imple s houlder l ines h ave n ot b een c ounted a s ' decoration' i n t his s tudy. T his n ew s tyle o f M 1 j ug p ersisted t hroughout t he 1 5th c entury a nd o nly t wo j ugs ( LM/18/Tp, F ig.119, N o.4; H M/36/Tp, F ig.73, N o.7) a ttempted t o r eflect c ontemporary L incoln s tyles, a nd t he c ontrast i n t heir f orms w ith t he m ajority o f c ontemporary M 1 j ugs ( Fig.267) d emonstrates n icely t he o verall c hange i n t radition t hat h ad t aken p lace. I t i s p ertinent t o c onsider w hy t here h ad b een t his c hange i n t radition d uring t he m id-14th c entury. I t w as c ertainly a p eriod w hen t he H umberwares w ere b eginning t o e xert t heir i nfluence i n t he r egion a nd h ad, f or e xample, b ecome t he d ominant l ocal w are i n H ull ( Armstrong 1 980 , 5 1). I t w ould b e t empting t o s ee t he M 1 p otters r eacting t o t his p ossible t hreat t o t heir m arkets b y c onforming t o t he H umberware s tyles. A lternatively, t he c hange m ay h ave b een n othing m ore c omplicated t han a c hange o f p otter a t t he p roduction c entre. T here i s a n u nparalleled n umber o f ' other f orms' i n t his f abric, a gain d eriving a lmost e xclusively f rom T hornholme P riory. T he c omparat ively h igh p roportion o f c ooking-pots, a t 2 3.9% , a mongst t he u nstrati fied m aterial, e mphasised t he w ay i n w hich t his f abric d iffered f rom o ther c ontemporary f inewares. T here w ere o ther d ifferences, p articularly i n r egard t o t he m ethods o f p roduction. W hereas m ost h igh-medieval c oarsewares w ere c oil-built, t he m ajority o f t he r egion 's f inewares e xhibited a ll t he a ppearance o f h aving b een w heelt hrown. H owever, w ith f ew e xceptions, a ll t he M I v essels, i ncluding j ugs, d emonstrated t races o f c oil c onstruction. W heel-finishing v aried i n i ts q uality w ith s ome v essels s howing a n e xtraordinary h igh q uality f inish. G enerally, t here w as l ittle d ifference i n t he q uality o f f inish b etween, f or e xample, a c ooking-pot a nd a j ug. I t w ould b e d ifficult t o d eride t his c oil c onstruction a s a n e xample o f i nferior t echnology a t w ork, w hen t he e nd r esult m atched i n a ppearance m ost o f t he c ontemporary o rangeware o r L incoln w are p roducts. T he r emarka ble v ariety o f p ottery f orms s hown o n F ig.268 a lso d emonstrates t he v ersatility o f t he M 1 p otters w ho, i t w ould s eem , w ere p repared t o ' turn t heir h and' t o a lmost a ny c eramic f orm . W ith t he n otable e xception o f t he j ugs, t here w as l ittle c hange i n m ost o ther v essel f orms t hroughout t he r ange o f t his f abric. C ooking-pots r emained r emarkably s imilar i n f orm w ith t he s ame v arie ties o f s hape a nd s ize o ccurring i n t he 1 5th c entury a s t hey h ad i n t he 1 3th ( Fig.268). T he r ange o f c omplete c urfew p rofiles w as p articularly i mpressive, b ut a gain s howed n o r eal v ariation i n s ize, s tyle o r d ecoration. U rinals d id c hange i n f orm d uring t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury f rom t he t wo-piece v essel w ith a s ide a pert ure ( Fig.62, N o.7), t o t he s ingle p iece v essel w ith t he o pen t ops ( Fi8.79, N o.19). T his w ould a ppear t o h ave b een a m ajor r egional c hange i n f orm r ather t han a nything e xclusive t o t his f abric. T he e arly s tyle w as p resent i n e arly c ontexts a t S andal C astle, W akefield
368
( Moorhouse 1 974) w hereas t he l ater f orm w as p resent f rom t he e arliest g roups a t H ull ( Armstrong 1 980 , 5 4, F ig.18 , N o.11). T he n ew u rinal f orm w as a m ore s imple a nd s traightforward v essel a nd t he s aving o f t ime a nd e ffort i n i ts p roduction p robably h ad m uch t o d o w ith t he c hange i n f orms. A mongst t he u nstratified m aterial, p ipkins w ere a r are f orm i n t his a nd o ther m edium s andy f abrics. N evertheless, t hey a ppeared t o h ave b een a n u nusually i mportant v essel f orm a t T hornholme P riory e specially a mcngst t he o rangeware f abric. I t w as p robably f or t his r eason t hat t here w ere m ore M 1 p ipkins f ound a t T hornholme t han t here w ere a cross t he r est o f N orth L incolnshire. T hey w ere s lightly s maller i n c apacity t han t he o rangeware e xamples a nd h ad n o o bvious l id s eati ng t o t heir r ims; i ndeed, i n f orm t hey a ppeared t o b e m iniature c ooking-pots w ith h andles. A mongst t he e arliest f orms i n t his M 1 f abric w ere v essels d esc ribed a s c ondiments w ith t wo s hallow d ishes j oined b y a c entral h andle ( Fig.62, N o.4). A n umber o f t hese v essels o ccurred a cross v arious p arts o f T hornholme P riory i n e arly 1 3th-century c ontexts. I t i s u ncertain h ow l ong t he f orm p ersisted, s herds o f t hese v essels o ccurred t hroughout t he T hornholme s equence, b ut m any o f t hem m ay h ave b een r esidual. A H umberware e xample f rom H ull o ccurred i n d eposi ts o f c onsiderably l ater d ate d espite h aving a n a lmost i dentical f orm t o t he e arlier M 1 e xamples ( Armstrong 1 980, 5 8, F ig.21, N o.69). T he p recise f unction o f t hese v essels r emains u nknown a lthough t hey m ay h ave b een u sed f or s alt. U ntil e arly t his c entury o pen s alts w ere p roduced a nd s old i n p airs, t hough m any e arlier w ooden e xamples o f t he 1 7th a nd 1 8th c enturies w ere c onstructed f rom a s ingle b lock o f w ood w ith t wo a djacent c ompartments ( Evan T homas 1 932, 1 13 a nd 1 16-117, P 1.45, N o.G). S ome o f t he m edieval c eramic f orms h ave t races o f b urning a nd s ooting t o t he u ndersurfaces a nd t his c ould h ave r esu lted f rom t he h eating o f s alt w hich h ad b ecome t oo m oist. L ate-medieval E nglish t ripod-pipkins a re g enerally a ssociated w ith c opies o f i mported D utch f orms. H owever, e xamples o ccurred i n t he M 1 f abric a t T hornholme f rom t he l ate 1 3th c entury i n c onjunction w ith s imilar h andled f orms w ith l onger l egs w hich h ave b een c ategori sed a s c auldrons. R ecent e vidence f rom H ull h as d emonstrated t hat D utch t ripod p ipkins w ere b eing i mported i nto t he p ort f rom t he l ate 1 3th c entury ( Armstrong 1 980 , 5 4, F ig.18, N o.1) a nd s o t he l ink m ay s till p rove v alid. T ripod c ooking v essels w ere a lso a c ommon M idland f orm f rom t he e arly-medieval p eriod, a nd t here i s a p ossibility t hat t he f orm m ay h ave e volved f rom s uch e arlier E nglish p roducts r ather t han f rom t he l ater i mported v essels. F ig.268 d emonstrates a s eries o f o ther v essel f orms, a ll f rom T hornholme P riory. W hether t hese w ere a r egular p art o f t he M 1 p ott er's r epertoire o r s pecific c ommissions f or u se a t t he P riory, i s d ifficult t o d ecide. S ome v essels s uch a s t he s hallow d ish ( HM/44/Tp, F ig.80, N o.19), d ating t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 3th c entury, w ere r emarkably d elicate p ieces o f w ork , a nd i n t his c ase w ere p robably i mitating c ontemporary s ilver v essels. T he p otter
s econd
h alf
o f
t he
1 4th
c entury
s eemed
t o
w ith a t aste f or a nthropomorphic d ecoration a nd,
369
p roduce
a n
M 1
o ne s uspects,
w ith a s ense o f h umour. A j ug, a c urfew , t wo b asting d ishes a nd a b asket a ll d ating t o t his p eriod e ach h ad a pplied f ace d esigns. A n a dditional, u nstratified s herd ( Fig.129, N o.24) c an a lso b e s tylist ically a ssociated w ith t hese v essels. A lthough a nthropomorphic d ecora tion w as n ot u nusual o n m edieval p ottery ( Dunning 1 971), a ll t hese M 1 v essels s eemed t o o ccur w ithin p hases d ating f rom c .1350-1400 a nd e ach f ace d isplayed a r emarkable s imilarity i n d esign, ' expression a nd m anufacture. I t w ould t hus s eem r easonable t o a ssume t hat t hey w ere t he w ork o f o ne m an. T he r easons f or t his d ecoration a re h ard t o u nderstand. T he u se o f t he j ug d ecoration h ad d eclined a nd t he M 1 p otter h ad f ull c ommand o f t he T hornholme a ssemblage d uring t his p eriod. I t m ay b e n o c oincidence t hat t his a nthropomorphic d ecoration s hould h ave c oincided w ith t he t ransition o f j ug t ypes f rom L incoln t o H umberware f orms. A s t his t ransition a nd g eneral i ndication o f a n ew p otter a t w ork t akes p lace c .1350 i t i s h ard n ot t o c onsider t he p ossible i nfluence o f t he B lack D eath o f 1 348 ( Zeigler 1 969 , 1 78-80) w hich m ust s urely h ave a ffected t he m edieval p ottery i ndust ry a s i t d id a ll o ther w alks o f l ife ( Le P atourel 1 968, 1 10). D espite t he c hanges i n j ug f orm a nd t he c orresponding u se o f a nthropomorphic d ecoration, F ig.268 s hows t hat m ost o ther M 1 f orms c ontinued i n t he s ame s tyle a nd m anner w ith n o s uggestion o f a b reak i n t radition. T he M 2 F abric V ery l ittle i s k nown a bout t his f abric a nd t he o ne i dentifiable s tratified e xample c ame f rom T hornholme P riory f rom c ontexts d ating t o t he e arly 1 4th c entury ( HM/21/Tp, F ig .63, N o.24). A s t he t able a bove s uggests, i t w as p rincipally a j ug f abric; t he T hornholme e xa mple a nd a j ug f rom T hornton-Le-Moor ( Fig.157, N o.25) w ere t he c losest t o a f ull p rofile t hat c ould b e a chieved i n t his f abric. T he r ange o f i llustrated s herds i n C hapter 3 s uggests t hat t his f abric w as v ery s imilar t o L incoln w ares i n f orm , s tyle a nd d ecoration . T he o ccurrence o f s plashed g lazed v essels, s uch a s a t S winehope, F ig.150 , N o.2, w ith i ts s trap h andle, s uggests a n o rigin i n t he 1 2th c entury, b ut h ow f ar i nto t he l ate o r e ven h igh-medieval t his f abric s tretched r emains u ncertain. B oth t he d istribution a nd t he r ange o f f orms r ecovered i n t his f abric d emonstrated t hat i t w as a l ocal N orth L incolnshire i ndustry. T he M T F abric V ery f ew s herds o ccurred a mongst t he u nstratified a ssemblages w hich c ould b e r eliably a ssociated w ith t he e arly p hase o f p roduction a t T oynton-all-Saints. F ew o f t hose w ere i llustrated a nd t he f ullest g uide t o t he T oynton f orms u nfortunately r emains u npublished ( Healey 1 975), a lthough M rs. R udkin's r emarkable w aster c ollection f rom t he ' Roses' k iln i s n ow i n t he h ands o f L incoln M useum . P roduction a t T oynton r anged f rom t he 1 3th c entury t o t he 1 6th i n w hat w as p robably a n u nbroken p otting s equence. O f t his s equence o nly t he v essels o f t he 1 3th a nd e arly 1 4th c entury w ould s eem t o r elate c losely t o t he f orms a nd d esigns o f t he L incoln w ares. F rom t he l ate-medieval p eriod i t b ecame o ne o f a n umber o f c entres p roducing a r ange o f p roducts w hich d iffered f rom L incoln w ares a nd h ave t hus b een a ttributed a s eparate ( Toynton/Bolingbroke) t radition. T here r emains a g reat d eal o f w ork t o b e d one o n t he p ottery f rom T oynton-all-Saints t o e stabl ish w hether t here w as a s low a nd g radual c hange o f e mphasis i n v essel
3 70
f orms o r w hether, l ike »t he M 1 f abric, t he c hange w as m ore d ramatic. B ut, l ike t he M l f abric, t he d eclining i nfluence o f L incoln w are m ay a lso h ave o ccasioned a r ealignment o f t his f abric t o a n ew t rad ition, t he T oynton/Bolingbroke t radition. T he M N o r N ottingham W ares T hese f abrics f rom N ottingham r elate v ery c losely t o t he c eramic s equence a t L incoln ( Coppack 1 980), a lthough i t w ould p robably b e i nappropriate t o r egard t hem a s p art o f t he s ame t radition. T he m ajo ti ty o f N ottingham w ares r ecognised f rom N orth L incolnshire w ould a ppear t o b e o f h igh a nd l ate-medieval d ate, l ong a fter a ny c lose c eramic a ffinities h ad p assed, w hich h ad p reviously e xisted b etween t he N ottingham a nd L incoln i ndustries d uring t he 1 1th a nd e arly 1 2th c enturies. E xamples o ccurred f rom E pworth ( Fig.195, N o.21). E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.180, N o.22), G oxhill ( Fig.171, N o.36), H aythby ( Fig.201, N o.43), B urton-upon-Stather ( Fig.201, N o.8) a nd T horntonL e-Moor ( Fig.157, N os.10-12). W ith t he e xception o f t he T horntonL e-Moor e xamples, a ll t he s ites l ay i n f airly c lose p roximity t o t he R iver T rent o r t he c oast. A dditional u nillustrated s herds c ame f rom B arton-on-Humber. U nlike t he L incoln w are v essels, t hese N ottingham e xamples c an p robably b e r egarded a s o ccasional i mports o r s trays w hich w ere e ssentially a b iproduct o f t rading c onnections r ather t han a d eliberate i tem o f t rade. R egional T radition : W hitewares ( Including f abrics W St, W Dt, W D, W S, W B, W Y) I t s eems l ikely t hat n o w hitewares w ere e ver p roduced i n N orth L incolnshire. T hey w ere, h owever, e xtensively m anufactured i n Y orks hire a nd, a long w ith S outh L incolnshire's S tamford w ares, t hey f req uently o ccurred a s i mported v essels a mongst N orth L incolnshire a ssemb lages. T hey a re i ncluded h ere f or c ompleteness a nd a re o nly d iscussed i n g eneral t erms. i :
D ate R ange A D
9 00
1 000
1 100
1 200
W St W Dt W D W S W Y
371
1 300
1 400
1 500
i i: F orms a nd M anufacture
C ooking P ots
B owls
P itcher
J ugs
7 0
W St
1 9.8
A quamanile
O thers
9 1 9 2.9
W D
7 .1
1 00
1 2.5
1 2.5
T otal
70
7 0.2
W Dt
W S
P ipkins
1 4
1 0
6 2.5
1 2.5
8
W B
1 00
3
W Y
1 00
5
R W
5 .3
3 .5
T otal % 1 1.7
1 .6
3 8.8
8 9.5
1 .7
4 6.3
0 .5
5 7
0 .5
0 .5
1 88
T he i nformation i n T able ( ii) a bove, l ike a ll t hose i n t his c hapter, r epresents o nly t hose v essels f ound a mongst t he u nstratified m aterial i n N orth L incolnshire, a lthough m ore c omplete v essels f rom f urther a field i n t he r egion h ave b een u sed o n F ig.271. M any o f t hese f abrics h ave a lso b een t he s ubject o f i ndependent s tudy i n r ecent y ears. W ith t he e xception o f t he e arly S tamford m aterial ( WSt), t hese f abrics w ould s eem t o b elong t o t he e arly a nd h igh-medieval p eriods. W ith t he p ossible e xception o f S tamford w are ( WSt, W Dt), i t s eems u nlikely t hat a ny o f t hese w hitewares w ere e ver t raded i nto N orth L incolnshire m arkets o n a c ommercial b asis. T hey w ould a ppear i nstead t o b e c asual i mports, b iproducts o f t rade r ather t han d eliberate c argoes. I t w ill b e s een f rom T able ( ii) t hat, a gain w ith t he e xcept ion o f t he e arly S tamford w ares, j ugs w ere t he p rincipal i mported f orm. T his w ould s eem t o c onfirm t he e vidence f rom t he p revious s ect ion w here L incoln a nd N ottingham w ares a rriving i n N orth L incolnshire w ere a lmost a ll j ug f orms; a h igh p roportion o f t hese j ugs w ere a lso d ecorated. S tamford W ares ( WSt, W Dt) . S tamford w ares h ave p robably b een t he m ost i ntensively s tudied o f t he E nglish m edieval f abrics ( e.g. H urst 1 958, K ilmurry 1 977(a), 1 977(b) a nd 1 980). A s a n e arly f ineware f abric i t w as i n m any w ays ' ahead o f i ts t ime', w hich w as p robably o ne o f t he r easons f or i t
372
a chieving s uch a w ide d istribution. I ts o ccurrence a cross m uch o f l owland B ritain h as e nabled a r easonably c lose d ating f ramework t o b e e stablished ( Kilmurry 1 980, 1 30-143 a nd 2 01-203), a nd t his i n t urn t ransforms i t i nto a p otential d ating t ool o n o therwise u ndated a ssemblages. I t w as i nteresting t hat i t w as e arly S tamford w are ( WSt) w hich w as t he m ost n umerous o f t he t wo a nd a chieved t he w idest d istribution i n N orth L incolnshire. D uring t he l ate-Saxon a nd e arly-medieval p eriods i t r epresented t he b est q uality tf ineware t v essel a vailable i n t he r egion. B y t he 1 2th c entury, w hen D eveloped S tamford w ares w ere p roduced ( WDt), t here w ere a n umber o f o ther w hiteware f abrics a vailable t o c ompete f or t he ' quality' m arket. I t w as p robably n o c oincidence, t herefore, t hat t he D eveloped S tamford w ares f ailed t o h ave t he n umerical i mpact o n N orth L incolnshire a ssemblages t hat t heir p redecessors h ad e njoyed. H allgate
' B '
F abric ( WD)
T he D oncaster : H allgate f abric h as a lready b een d iscussed i n s ome d etail ( Buckland e t a l 1 979). I n t hat r eport t he p resent w riter a ttempted t o d emonstrate t hat t he f abric p robably b elonged t o t he e arly-medieval p eriod, a lthough i ts e xact d ate r ange w as n ot c lear. T here w as a lso e vidence t o s uggest t hat a part f rom t he h ome m arket, t he w idest d istribution o f t his f abric o ccurred t o t he e ast, a p redominantly r edware a rea, r ather t han t o t he w est w here w hitewares w ere t he d ominant t radition. H allgate ' B ' ( WD) b elonged t o a p hase o f n ewly e merging f ineware f abrics i n t he e arly-medieval p eriod. A v ery s imilar f abric w as b eing p roduced a t U pper H eaton, a s a s econd, m inor f abric t o t he m ore n umero us w hite g rity p roducts ( Manby 1 964). H owever, t he U pper H eaton j ug f orms a nd d ecoration w ere s o c lose t o t hose o f H allgate ' B' t hat t he t wo s ources m ust s urely b e r egarded a s p art o f t he s ame t radition. M anby r ather c autiously a ttributed t he p roducts o f t he U pper H eaton k ilns t o t he e arly y ears o f t he 1 4th c entury, b ut t his w as b ased l argely o n a d eed o f 1 314 r eferring t o t he v illage o f ' Potter H eaton ' ( ibid, 1 02). T he c lose s imilarities o f t his f abric w ith H allgate w ould s trongly s uggest a r oughly c omparable d ate r ange. A lthough t he p roducts o f U pper H eaton h ave s till t o b e i ndependently d ated, t heir f orms w ould s uggest a d ate i n t he l ate 1 2th c entury. W ithin N orth L incolnshire a nd i ts s urrounding r egion, t he d ist ribution o f t he H allgate ' B ' ( WD) f abric w as l argely c oastal w ith t he g reatest n umbers o ccurring a t p orts s uch a s H edon, o r H avens s uch a s E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.185, N os.2-4). S everal e xamples a lso o ccurred f urther i nland a t T hornholme P riory ( Fig.124 , N os.161 7), W orlaby ( Fig .194, N o.41), T hornton C urtis ( Fig.192, N o.42), W alcot ( Fig.200, N o.22) a nd W est R asen ( Fig.159, N o.7). W alcot ts p osition o n t he T rent m akes t he f abrics o ccurrence r eadily e xplainable i n t erms o f c oastal t rade. I ts p resence a t o ther, i nland s ites, h owe ver, r emains m ore d ifficult t o u nderstand. S carborough W hitewares ( WS) A s eries
o f v essels i n a d istinctive h ard,
3 73
w hite,
s and-tempered
f abric h ad b een r ecognised f rom H edon a nd o ther s ites i n N orth L incolns hire; a lthough a Y orkshire s ource w as s uspected, t he f abric c ould n ot b e p recisely p rovenanced. R ecent f inds f rom S carborough h ave p roduced a r ange o f w aster m aterial i n a c orresponding f abric(P.Farmer p ers.comm.). A n umber o f t hese w asters c omprised j ugs w ith s plashed g lazes. T hese f inds w ere o f p articular i mportance a s S carborough h ad h itherto b een r egarded a s a n e xclusively ' orangeware' p roduction s ource ( Farmer 1 979). T he c hronological r elationship b etween t hese w hitewares a nd t he t wo o rangeware f abrics h as y et t o b e f ully d eterm ined. H owever, t he s plashed g lazes o n a n umber o f w asters s uggests a p roduction p eriod w hich, i n p art a nyway, p re-dated t he e arliest k nown S carborough I v essels, c urrently t hought t o b e o f l ate 1 2thc entury d ate ( ibid). S everal S carborough w hiteware s herds o ccurred f rom s tratified d eposits i n N orth L incolnshire, n otably a t B artono n-Humber w here t hey w ere a ssociated w ith o ther s plashed g lazed v ess els i n g roups t hought t o b e o f 1 2th-centu:y d ate. T he e vidence f rom H edon w ould s uggest t hat t his f abric m ay h ave p ersisted w ell i nto t he 1 3th c entury. H owever, a W S a quamanile, w hich o ccurred i n a m id 1 3-century c ontext ( HM/69/Hd, F ig.89, N o.27), m ay w ell h ave b een p art o f a r esidual e lement i n t he g roup. O n t his r ather s parse e vid ence a p rovisional 1 2th t o 1 3th-century d ate r ange f or t he f abric w ould s eem a ppropriate. I n t his r espect t he f abric h as m any s imilari ties w ith t he D oncaster : H allgate ' B ' f abric, w hich a lso d eclined d uring t he 1 3th c entury t o l eave a ' red' f abric w ith a n ear l ocal m onopoly. S carborough c an n ow j oin D oncaster, N ottingham , Y ork, L incoln, U pper H eaton, C owick e tc. a s a p otting c entre w hich s aw c ontemporary p ottery p roduction o f a n umber o f c ontemporary f abrics f rom d iffering r egional t raditions. B everley-type W hite W ares ( WB) A w hite s andy f abric, n ot u nlike t he H allgate ' B ' f abric, o ccurr ed i n c onsiderable q uantity a t B everley, b ut a t a ll t imes i t w as n umerically s ubordinated t o t he o rangewares. I ts o rigins r emain u ncert ain, p ossibly b elonging t o t he V ale o f Y ork , b ut a s i t c an n ow b e d emonstrated t hat D oncaster a nd S carborough p roduced b oth w hite a nd o range f abrics, t he p ossibility o f t he B everley o rangeware i ndustry h aving a c orresponding w hiteware f abric b ecomes f ar s tronger. T he B everley, H ighgate s equence w ould s uggest t hat t his f abric a ppeared d uring t he l ate 1 2th c entury, r eplacing e arlier w hite g ritty w ares, a nd l asting w ell i nto t he 1 3th c entury. I t w ould t herefore s eem t o h ave h ad a p otential d ate r ange w hich w as o nce a gain s imilar t o t hat o f t he D oncaster, H allgate ' B' a nd S carborough w hitewares. L ittle w ork h as b een d one o n t he d istribution o f t his f abric i n Y orkshire, b ut t he f abric s eems t o h ave h ad a f airly d istinctive s and f iller w hich s hould a llow e asy i dentification. I n p articular, i f t he f abric f ails t o o ccur i n t he V ale o f Y ork a n E ast R iding p rov enance w ould s eem t o b e c onfirmed. O f t he t hree v essels i n t his f abric r ecognised f rom t he N orth L incolnshire, u nstratified m aterial, a ll w ere j ugs t hough n one h ave b een i llustrated.
3 74
CN 1
c N i
sTu tInJoD
sojip js
s ieuTin
s ulaqs u
s Pr l
s 2 I 1N s uoa tpued
s uoipineD
s up idTd p odTai c 1 S I
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375
V ale o f Y ork W hitewares ( WY) D efinite e vidence f or t he p roduction o f a m edieval w hite f abric i n Y ork i s s till l acking, a lthough t his s eems i ncreasingly l ikely. R ural p roduction c entres a re k nown a t B randsby a nd f urther a field a t W inksley ( Bellamy a nd L e P atourel 1 970). O f t he m any w hitewares t o o ccur i n N orth L incolnshire m ost c an b e a scribed a ' Yorkshire' o rigin. A mong t hese v essels t here w as a d istinctive c onical j ug s hape w ith a n arrow n eck a nd v ertical r ows o f i ncised l ines a nd i ron-washed s pots. A c omplete p rofile w as r ecovered f rom Y ork ( Holdsworth 1 978, 2 8, F ig.12, N o.148), b ut e xamples a lso o ccurred a t W inksley ( Bellamy a nd L e P atourel 1 970 , F ig.47, N o.35). S everal f ragments o f t his v essel f orm , a ll i n a s imilar f abric, h ave b een r ecognised, t wo f rom E pworth ( Fig.196,No.8 a nd H M/1/Ep, F ig.55,No.11), o ne f rom C herry L ane ( HM/13/ B r ,Fig.59,No.23), a nd a nother f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.185,No.12). M iscellaneous W hiteware F abrics ( RW) S ome 5 7 w hiteware v essels o ccurred a mongst t he u nstratified m aterial i n N orth L incolnshire f or w hich n o d efinite p rovenance c ould b e s uggested. I t w ould s eem l ikely t hat m any o f t hese a lso d erived f rom Y orkshire. H owever, t he S urrey w hiteware j ug f rom E pworth ( HM/7/ E p,Fig.56,No.14) s erves a s a w arning t hat s ome m ay h ave c ome f rom f urther a field. A lthough s ome o f t he b iggest g roups o f t hese s herds c ame f rom c oastal s ites s uch a s E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.185, 1 1) a nd B arton-on-Humber ( Fig.162,No.41) t here w ere a gain a s mall n umber f rom i nland s ites s uch a s T hornton C urtis ( Fig.192,Nos.444 5) a nd T horesway ( Fig.159,No.26). R egional T radition : H umberwares ( including f abrics H 1, H 2, G C, O C) T he a dvent o f H umberwares w as, i n m ost p laces w ithin t he r eg ion, p receded b y a t ransitional f abric, H 1, w hich w ill b e c onsidered s epara tely f rom t he m ain H umberware d evelopment. T he H 1 S mooth H umberware i :
D ate R ange
1 1 5 0
1 2 50
1 2 0 0
1 3 0 0
H 1
T his f abric w as a ssociated w ith t he H umberware t radition o n t he b asis o f i ts f orms, g laze a nd e xtreme h ardness. H owever, i n t ext ure a nd f abric t empering i t r etained a s trong a ffinity w ith t he o rangeware t radition, i ncluding o rangeware's c haracteristic s light m ica c ontent i n i ts f iller. I n c omparison w ith t he o rangeware d istrib ution ( Fig.257), t hat o f t he H umberware f abrics ( Figs.272-273) s hows a c onsiderable o verlap. I t c ould, t herefore, b e a rgued t hat, s patially a s w ell a s c hronologically, t he H umberwares r eplaced t he o rangewares. C eramically, t herefore, t he H 1 f abric f orms a n i nterface b etween t he t wo t raditions.
3 76
T he d ate r ange o f t his H 1 f abric d epends h eavily o n t he e vidence f rom T hornholme P riory w here i t f irst a ppeared e arly i n t he 1 3th c entury ( HM/37/Tp) a nd, a lthough n ever c ommon, s urvived t hroughout t he c entury. E lsewhere, i n p laces s uch a s H ull, t he f abric w as e clips ed d uring t he e arly 1 3th c entury b y t he H 2 H umberwares. H owever, a t T hornholme P riory , H umberware w as l argely r esisted b y t he M 1 M edium S andy f abric w hich m ay c onsequently h ave g iven t he H 1 f abric a c omp aratively e xtended l ifespan. N evertheless, t he H 1 f abric w ould s eem t o p rovide a r eliable i ndicator o f a 1 3th-century d ate. i i:
D istribution ( Fig.272)
A lthough i t h as b een o bserved a bove t hat t he d istribution o f t he H 1 f abric c orrelated w ith b oth t he o rangewares a nd t he H umberwares, i t i s u ncertain w hether i t r epresented t he f inal d evelopment f rom t he o rangeware c entres, t he e arliest p hases o f t he H umberware f act ories, o r t he p roduct o f a n e ntirely s eparate s ource o f m anufacture. F orms a nd M anufacture
C ook ing P ots
H 1
2 .4
B ast ing D ishes 1 0 .1
J ugs
9 1.4
, an cheons P ipk ins P
0 .1
0 .3
M ugs
L ids
4 .0
0 .1
ther U rinals O C isterns '
1 .1
0 .1
0 .3
T ota l
7 46
I f t he d istribution p attern d oes n ot d emonstrate t he o rigin o f t he H 1 f abrics, t he s tudy o f t heir f orms w ould s eem t o i ndicate a c loser a ffinity w ith t he H umberwares. A s t he t able a bove s uggests, i t w as a f ineware f abric p rincipally u sed i n t he p roduction o f j ugs w hich w ere w heelthrown t o a h igh f inish, c arefully g lazed a nd d ecora ted w ith a w ide r ange o f d esigns. T he s tratified p rofiles o n F ig.274 a ll c ame f rom g roup H M/37/Tp, d ating t o t he e arly y ears o f t he 1 3th c entury. T heir f orms a nd r elief m oulded d ecorative d esigns w ere n ew t o t he T hornholme s ite a nd p roba bly n ew t o t he r egion. T his m ethod o f d ecoration w as a lso u sed b y 1 3th c entury o rangeware a nd H umberware p otters a nd s eemed t o h ave b een r etained b y t he l atter u ntil t he l ate 1 5th c entury, o ccurring, f or e xample, a mongst t he w asters f rom C owick M oat ( Fig.226, N o.3). T he m ost c ommon r elief-moulded m otif w as t he e ar o f w heat a nd r aspberry s een o n t he j ugs f rom C onesby ( Fig.205,Nos.1-2). F urther e xamples o ccurred f rom T hornton C urtis ( Fig.190 ,Nos.66-67). O ther, m ore c omplicated d esigns s uch a s w horls ( Kettleby T horpe, F ig.167, N o.38) a nd o ther, u nidentified f orms ( Haythby, F ig.201,No.44; H M/37/Tp, F ig.78,No.9) w ere o ccasionally u sed. A mongst l ocal p otteries o f t he p ost-medieval p eriod t here w as a c lass o f d ecorated j ugs c alled ' Harvest j ugs' ( Brears 1 971) w hich r emained a p opular r ural d esign u ntil t he 1 9th c entury. I t i s p ossible t hat t he e ar o f w heat a nd r aspberry d esign o n t hese j ugs r epresented a p rototype H arvest j ug. A r ange o f m ore t raditional m ethods o f d ecoration a lso o ccurred i ncl uding a n a pplied a rmorial d esign f rom T hornton C urtis ( Fig.190 ,No.65) a nd a pplied p anels e nclosing s tamped d ecoration ( Fig.183,No.10).
3 77
T he m ost c ommon j ug r im w as a s imple u pright w ith a n i nternal b evel ( Thornton-le-Moor, F ig.157,No.32; E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.183, N o.6; T hornton C urtis, F ig.190 ,No.59). A r ouletted e xample f rom S tallingborough ( Fig.188,No.13) w as r eminiscent o f t he 0 2 o rangeware f orms f rom G rimsby. F ig.190 ,No.60 f rom T hornton C urtis h ad a m ost r emarkable r im f orm w hich i s s o f ar u nique t o t he r egion. O ther f orms, s uch a s F ig.190 ,No.63 f rom T hornton C urtis, h ad r ims m ore t ypical o f j ugs f rom t he T oynton/Bolingbroke t radition. J ug h andles w ere g enerally o f t he H umberware t ypes ( for e xample, H abrough, F ig.173, N os.42-44) b ut i ncluded o ccasional e xamples m ore t ypical o f t he o rangewares ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.190,No.75). A mongst t he b ases t here w as a n e xample w ith s ome f orm o f a pplied b ase o r b asal a ngle ( Hawerbyc um-Beesby, F ig.145,No.49) a nd, f rom T hornton-le-Moor, a s mall b aluster f orm ( Fig.157, N o.34). T he s mall p roportion o f c ooking-pots h ad r im f orms c learly r emini scent o f l ater H umberwares ( for e xample K ettleby T horpe, F ig.167, N os.33-34). C isterns w ere a lso u ncommon b ut, g iven t he d ate o f t he f abric, m ust h ave b een a mongst t he e arliest o f t his f orm f rom t he r egion ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.190 ,No.83). S everal d rinking m ug f orms w ere a lso r ecognised ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.190, N os.80-81). T he H 2 H umberwares i :
D ate R ange
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 430
1 500
1 600
H 2
G C
_
O C
T he t erm ' Humberware' w as f irst d evised a nd d efined b y J ean L e P atourel, e ncompassing a ny h ard r ed s and-tempered f abric i n t he Y orkshire r egion, i ncluding t he p roducts f rom K elk ( Le P atourel 1 965, 1 13-114) a nd t he f ine s andy D oncaster : H allgate ' A' f abric ( Le P atourel 1 966, 1 60-164). H owever, c urrent c onsensus n ow l imits t he u se o f t he t erm t o t he p roducts o f H olme upon-Spalding M oor ( Mayes a nd H ayfield 1 980), W est C owick , a nd o ther r elated f orms i n t he H umberside r egion. i i. D istribution T he d istribution o f t he r egion 's f our l ate-medieval f abric t rad itions ( Humberwares, T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics, C oal M easure f abrics a nd C istercian w ares) h ave b een c ompared a nd c onstrasted. G iven t he s horter l ifespan o f t he C istercian w ares i n t erms o f t he p eriod u nder s tudy h ere, t hese f our f abric t ypes d ominated t he
3 78
p ottery o f t he r egion t hroughout t he 1 5th a nd 1 6th c enturies. T he d istribution o f t he H umberwares a gainst t hese o ther l atem edieval f abrics i s s hown o n F ig.273. T heir o ccurrence w ould s eem t o h ave b een r estricted t o n orth o f a l ine d rawn b etween G ainsbrough, C aistor a nd G rimsby b ut t hey o nly p redominated i n a ssemblages f rom n orth o f B rigg a nd S tallingborough . H aving e stablished t hat t he f abric w as s trongest t owards t he n orth o f L incolnshire, o ne m ay a lso s ee a w estern b ias, s ince t he f abric b ecomes s lightly w eaker t owards S tallingborough a nd G rimsby. T he c losest k nown k ilns t o N orth L incolnshire w hich p roduced H umberwares w ere i n Y orkshire a t W est C owick a nd H olme upon-SpaldingM oor. A lthough o ne o r t wo v essels f rom N orth L incolnshire a ssemblages c an b e c onfidently a ssigned t o t hese t wo k iln g roups, i t i s m ost u nlikely t hat t hey s upplied t he m any t housands o f H umberware v essels r ecovered f rom N orth L incolnshire. T he n eighbouring F irsby k ilns p roducing t he C oal M easure f abrics h ad a m uch m ore r estricted d istrib ution i n N orth L incolnshire ( Fig.278). I t w culd b e t empting t o h ypot hesize a n a s y et u nlocated H umberware k iln s ite i n N orth L incolnshire. G iven t he r egional e vidence, a r ural p ottery m ight b e e xpected b ut t he o nly k nown r eference, a t Y addlethorpe, f ails t o q ualify b ecause t he n eighbouring s ite o f T hornholme P riory p roduced v ery f ew H umberw are v essels d uring t he k nown h istory o f t he Y addlethorpe k ilns. A n umber o f H umberware w aster f ragments h ave b een f ound a t T hornton C urtis. T hey w ere, h owever, r ecovered w idely o ver t he e astern p art o f t he p arish a nd s o f ar n o d efinite c lustering c an b e r ecognised. O ther l ate-medieval k iln s ites s uggest t hat o perations w ere o n a l arge s cale w ith a n umber o f p otters w orking f rom t he s ame v illage ( Le P atourel 1 968 , 1 10-111). O n t he p resent v ery l imited e vidence, T hornton C urtis w ould s eem t o o ffer t he m ost l ikely s ite f or H umberw are k ilns i n N orth L incolnshire. i ii:
F orms a nd M anufacture
• • H , 2 C / ) O 4 O 0 O P -
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%
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5 126
I n m any r espects t he p roportions o f t he v arious v essel f orms i n t he H 2 f abric d iffered l ittle f rom t he r ange o f h igh-medieval f inewares. T he p roportion o f c ooking-pots a nd j ugs w as m arginally l ower t han i n e arlier f ineware t raditions, a ccounting f or 1 .3% a nd 8 8.7% r espectively. T he m ajor d istinction w as t he h igher p roportions o f c isterns ( 7.0%) a nd d rinking m ugs ( 1.6%), n either h aving b een s ignificant i n e arlier f abrics. I n a ddition t here w ere a n umber o f m inor f orms n ew t o l ocal f abrics, s uch a s t ripod p ipkins, c ups, l obed c ups . a nd c hafing d ishes; e ach f orming l ess t han 1 % o f t he t otal. A lthough
t he m ost c omplete s equence o f H umberware f orms i n N orth
3 79
L incolnshire
c ame
f rom
T hornholme
P riory
( Fig.274),
s everal
o ther
s ites s uch a s E pworth, B urnham a nd H umberston A bbey p roduced i mportant g roups o f t hese v essels ( Fig.275). I n Y orkshire, e xtensive l ate-medi eval d eposits f rom H ull a lso g ave r ise t o a l arge n umber o f s tratif ied H umberware v essel p rofiles. O nly a f ew o f t hese h ave b een u sed o n F ig.275 i n o rder t o s upplement N orth L incolnshire's r ather m eagre l ate 1 4th-century r ange. S mall, m edium , l arge a nd n arrow-necked j ugs w ere f ound, o f w hich t he m edium s ized v essels w ere b y f ar t he m ost n umerous t ype. A lthough a c onsiderable v ariety o f s hape w as e ncompassed b y t he ' medium s ized j ug' t here s eemed t o b e l ittle c hronological v ariation f rom t he e arl iest 1 3th-century e xamples t o t hose o f t he m id-16th c entury. T here w ere h owever, s ome p oints o f d etail w hich m ay b e o f c hronological s ignificance. T he f orms o f t he f ew 1 2th c entury e xamples o f H umberware h ave y et t o b e e stablished, b ut t hose o f t he 1 3th c entury s eem t o h ave u sually h ad r ims w ith a s harp i nternal b evel ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.191, N o.14; G oxhill, F ig.172,No.41; E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.183, N os.17,19). M any o f t he m ore s outherly e xamples o f H umberware j ugs h ad s imilar r ims ( Thornton-le-Moor, F ig.157, N os.36 , 3 9-40 ; K irmond L e M ire, F ig.207,No.21), s uggesting, p erhaps, t hat t he H umberwares m ay w ell h ave m ade t heir g reatest d istributional i mpact d uring t he e arlier p hases o f i ts p roduction. L ater r ims i ncluded s imple u pright t ypes ( Goxhill, F ig.172,No.48; B arton-on-Humber, F ig.163,Nos.1,3; B urnham , F ig.193,No.19) a nd c lubbed r ims w ith f lattened t ops ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.183,No.16; G oxhill, F ig.172,No.44; S winehope F ig.150 ,No.21). T he m ajority o f H umberware j ug r ims w ere o ne o f t hese t hree t ypes. H owever, s everal e xamples a ppeared t o h ave, o r b e c opies o f, r im t ypes w hich w ere m ore c ommonly f ound o n j ugs o f o ther c ontemp orary t raditions. F ig.200,No.40 f rom B roughton, f or e xample, a ppeared t o b e c opying L incoln j ug r ims, t ypical T oynton/Bolingbroke r im f orms w ere s een o n F ig.187, N o.18 f rom N orth K illlingholme o r f rom B rigg, F ig.169,No.3, a nd t ypical C oal M easure f abric j ug r ims w ere s een a t C onesby, F ig.205,No.5 a nd f rom G oxhill, F ig.172,No.43. S uch i mit ations w ere r are, h owever. O ne e xample f rom E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.183,No.21, w as a lmost c ertainly p roduced a t H olme upon-Spalding M oor, b ut f ew o ther N orth L incolnshire v essels c ould b e d irectly p rovenanced t o Y orkshire k ilns. O ne o f t he r eputed c haracteristics o f t he H umberware j ugs w as t he ' kicked-up' r ibbed o val h andle ( Le P atourel 1 965, 1 13-114). S everal e xamples w ere f ound ( LM/9/Ep, F ig.113 ,No.2 o r S tallingborough, F ig.188 ,No.31) b ut b y a nd l arge t he t ypical j ug h andle e merged a lmost p erpendicularly f rom t he n eck w ith a s harply-angled b end t o t he l ower b ody a ttachment ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.183,No.15 o r H M/80/Hd, F ig.95,No.39). T hese r ibbed o val h andles ( Habrough, F ig.174 ,Nos.91 3) w ere t he m ost c ommon t ype o n t he m edium s ized j ugs, a nd a lmost i nvariably h ad t wo l arge l ateral t humbings o n t heir u pper a ttachments w hich w ere o ften p lugged i nto t he n eck. T hicker h andles f requently, b ut n ot u niversally, h ad s tabbing h oles t hrough t heir w idth ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.183,No.25). L ower h andle a ttachments w ere o ften i ndented, a lthough t his p roved m ore f requent o n l arger j ugs. I t o ften i nvolved t he u se o f s everal f ingers, a s i n t he E ast H alton S kitter e xample. O n o ccassion t his i ndentation w as d eep e nough t o f racture t he w all o f t he v essel, w hen i t w as u sually f illed w ith a s mear o f c lay ( Brocklesby, F ig.170 ,No.4).
380
J ug d ecoration w as r are o n H umberwares a nd w as l argely r estricted t o t he m edium-sized v essels. B ands o f o ne o r m ore i ncised s houlder l ines w ere a lmost u niversally u sed ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.184,No.1; B arton-on-Humber, F ig.163,No.5) a nd t his h as n ot b een c ounted h ere a s d ecoration. O ne o f t he m ore c ommon d ecorative t ypes w as t he r elief m oulded e ar o f w heat a nd r aspberry d esigns f rom t he p utative H arvest j ugs ( Barton-on-Humber, F ig.163,Nos.13-14; H abrough, F ig.174,No.5). S imple a pplied v ertical r ibs ( Conesby, F ig.205,No.11), n otched r ibbing ( Goxhill, F ig.172,No.53; B rigg, F ig.169,No.14), r ouletting ( Habrough , F ig.174,No.8), a nd a pplied t humbed s trips ( Habrough, F ig.174,No.7) w ere a lso f ound. M ayes' k iln a t W est C owick p roduced a r ange o f c omp lex, b ut c rudely e xecuted a pplied d ecoration ( Mayes, i n p rep.), a lthough o nly o ne e xample o f t his w as r ecorded i n N orth L incolnshire ( Thornton-le-Moor, F ig.157, N o.43). T his t ype o f d ecoration w as r est ricted t o t he e arlier p hases a t C owick a nd i ts o ccurrence a t T hornton l e-Moor o n t he s outhern f ringe o f t he H umberware d istribution c orresp onds w ith t he e arly r im f orms o ccurring o n t his a nd o ther s outhern s ites. M edium-sized j ug b ases w ere u sually p lain a nd k nife-trimmed ( Grimsby, F ig.144,No.18), a lthough a c onsiderable n umber w ere u nt rimmed ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.184,Nos.5-6). S everal e xamples o f t he t ype I I a pplied b ase o ccurred ( Hayfield 1 980 , 3 4) ( Goxhill, F ig.172,Nos.54-55). E xamples o f a pplied b ases w ere u ncommon a nd s hould p robably b e r egarded a s t he r epair o r s alvaging o f p ots f rom t he p otters w heel w hen t hrowing h ad r educed t he t hickness o f t he b ase t o s uch a n e xtent t hat i t c ould n ot b e s afely f ired o r u sed. L arge j ugs w ere r arely r ecognised a mongst t he u nstratified m ate rial, b ut t heir s ize p artly d iminished t he l ikelihood o f t heir i dent ification a mongst t he m any s mall b ody s herds w hich u sually m ade u p t hese a ssemblages. T he e vidence f rom C owick a nd H olme upon-SpaldingM oor s uggests t hat t heir s hape a nd m anufacture d iffered v ery l ittle f rom t he m edium-sized j ugs. E vidence f or s mall j ugs w as s lightly m ore p lentiful, e specially t heir e asily r ecognisable b ases ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.191,No.38; R isby W arren , F ig.202,No.10; H umberston A bbey, F ig.144,No.44). S everal s houlder s herds ( Barton-on-Humber, F ig.163, N o.6; E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.184,No.2) d emonstrated t hat t he s hape o f t hese v essels w as, o verall, v ery s imilar t o t hose f ound a t C owick M oat ( Fig.224). A mongst t he l ess u sual j ugs a t C owick M oat w ere t he t all-necked f orms ( Fig.226), o f w hich v ery f ew h ave b een r ecorded i n N orth L incolnshire. A b aluster b ase w as f ound a t T hornton C urtis ( Fig.191, N o.40) a nd a p ossible i mported C owick e xample w as f ound a t E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.184,No .4). I t s eems l ikely t hat t he f orm w as n ever p rod uced i n N orth L incolnshire a nd, i ndeed, i t w as a j ug s hape m ore c haracteristic o f Y orkshire p ottery t raditions ( e.g., H oldsworth 1 978,
2 8; F ig.12 N o.149). C eramic
i n
t he
c ooking-pots
l ate-medieval
w ould
p eriod
t han
s eem t hey
t o
h ave
h ad
b een
b een
m uch
e arlier.
l ess
c ommon
I t h as
b een
d emonstrated a bove t hat t he h igh-medieval s hell a nd c oarse s and t empered f abrics h ad l argely d isappeared b y t he e arly-15th c entury a nd t he o nly v essels a vailable w ould h ave b een t he s mall n umber p rod uced i n H umberware a nd o ther l ate-medieval f ineware f abrics.
381
I t i s m ost u nlikely t hat t here w as n o l onger a m echanism f or t heir l arge-scale p roduction. T heir d ecline w as m ore p robably d ue t o a d rop i n t heir d emand. H umberware c ooking-pots h ad v ery c haracteristic r im f orms a nd o verall s hapes, o ne o f t he b est r anges o f c ooking-pot r ims c oming f rom T horton C urtis ( Fig.191,Nos.1-13). A lthough n o c omp lete p rofiles h ave y et b een r ecovered f rom N orth L incolnshire, a n umber h ave b een f ound a mongst r ecent e xcavations a t H ull ( e.g., A rmstrong 1 980 ,62;Fig.23,Nos.92-93). T he p rincipal c haracteristic o f m ost o f t he H umberware c ooking-pot r ims w as t heir o utward e vertion w ith f lat i nner f aces, o ften p ainted w ith a b and o f g laze ( Kettleby T horpe, F ig.168,No.3; B rigg,Fig.169,No.1). I f t hese g laze b ands h ad a f unction i t m ust s urely h ave r elated t o t he u se o f l ids o n t hese v essels. W here p ottery l ids o ccur i n H umberware t hey w ere u sua lly t oo s mall f or c ooking-pots a nd w ere m ore a ppropriate f or t ripod p ipkins. O ne c an o nly p resume t hat i f c ooking-pots w ere l idded t hese w ere m ade o f o ther m aterials, s uch a s m etal o r w ood. E ven i f j ugs w ere n umerically o nly m arginally l ess i mportant a mongst t he l ate-medieval H umberwares, t hey m ay h ave b een o f c onsidera bly l ess c ommercial s ignificance i n c omparison t o s uch n ew f orms a s c isterns. T he f irst o f t he t wo c istern t ypes, w as a b asic j ug w ith a s ingle h andle a nd t he b ung h ole p laced f rontally a t 1 80 0 t o t he h andle ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.184,No.7). T he s econd, a nd m ore c ommon, t ype w as l arger w ith t wo o pposing h andles a nd a c entral b ung h ole ( LM/50/Bh, F ig.137,No.12). T here s eemed t o b e n o c hronological d istinction b etween t hese t wo t ypes a s t hey o ccurred t ogether i n a c ontemporary k iln w aste d eposit a t H olme-upon-Spalding-Moor(Fig.232, N os.5-13). T he j ug-shaped, s ingle-handled c isterns h ad a v ery s imilar c ons truction t o t he m edium-sized j ugs w ith p lugged u pper h andle a ttachm ents a nd s imilar r im f orms. T he t wo-handled c isterns h ad a l arger c apacity a nd i t w as t herefore s urprising t o n ote t hat m ost o f t he h andles w ere s imply s moothed o n w ith n o a ttempt a t p lugging o r i ndent ing ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.191,No.43), a lthough t here w ere a f ew e xceptions ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.184,No.10). T his i mplies t hat t hese l arger c isterns w ere n ot d esigned t o h ave b een c arried b y t heir h andles, a nd p resumably w ere p laced o n t he f loor o r o n s helves a s s torage v essels f or f ermenting l iquids s uch a s b eer; t heir h andles m erely b eing u sed t o t ilt t he v essel w hen r equired. I ndeed, t he p osi tion o f t he b ung h oles w ould s eem t o c onfirm t heir u se f or l iquids w hich l eft s ediments. T hey w ere u sually p laced s everal c entimetres a bove t he b asal a ngle, e nsuring t hat s ediments w ould b e t rapped b en eath ( LM/50/Bh, F ig.137,No.12; L M/30/Tp,Fig.127,No.11 a nd G oxhill, F ig.172,No.56). M edieval p otters s eemed t o h ave m ade m ore a ttempts t o d ecorate t hese v essels t han t hey d id w ith t he m ajority o f c ontemp orary j ugs. A pplied d ecoration w as p articularly c ommon, e ither i n t he f orm o f t humbed s trips ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.191,No.37) o r a pplied s tamped p ads ( Grimsby, F ig.144,No.20 ; T hornton C urtis, F ig.191,No.50). C ombed d ecoration ( Barrow-upon-Humber, F ig.160,No.18 ; B rigg, F ig.169, N o.13) a nd s tamped, a pplied s trips ( Kettleby T horpe, F ig.168,No.14; B arton-on-Humber, F ig.163,No.23) m ade u p t he r ange o f d ecorative t ypes. I t w as a lso c ommon t o f ind a n a pplied t humbed s trip a ttached t o t he r im a nd n eck o f t hese v essels ( Conesby, F ig.205,No.16; T hornton C urtis, F ig.191,No.41; G rimsby, F ig.144,No .19; E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.184,No.11). A t H olme upon-Spalding-Moor t here w as e vidence t hat
382
t he c istern g lazes w ere b righter a nd c learer t han t hose e mployed o n j ugs ( Hayfield 1 980(a),108-109). T he m ore l avish a ttention a ssoci ated w ith t hese c istern f orms w as p robably r eflected i n t he c ost o f t he v essels. O nce a gain a g reater u se o f d ecoration c an b e a ssoci ated w ith a d eveloping f abric t ype a nd a n ew v essel f orm . D rinking m ugs w ere a mongst t he e arliest H umberware v essel f orms t o b e r ecognised a t T hornholme P riory i n t he l atter p art o f t he 1 3th c entury ( Fig.274). T hese w ere c onstructed i n m uch t he s ame w ay a s t he s mall j ugs w ith u ntrimmed b ases a nd s moothed-on h andles, u sually w ith n o w raps f or t he l ower a ttachments. T he f orms c ontinued a lmost u naltered i nto t he 1 6th c entury. N ear-complete e xamples o ccurred f rom S tallingborough ( Fig.188 ,No.38 a nd W est B utterwick ( Fig.195,Nos. 6 -7). P ancheons w ere c omparatively r arer i n H umberware t han i n T oynton/ B olingbroke f abrics o f C entral a nd S outhern L incolnshire. A c omplete p rofile o ccurred a t T hornton C urtis ( Fig ,191,No.57) a ssociated w ith a t ype I I a pplied b ase. T his w as a f airly s mall v essel, b ut l arger e xamples o ccurred a t E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.184,No.20). U rinals w ere a ll o f t he l ater, o pen-topped t ype, a c omplete e xample o ccurring f rom H umberston A bbey ( LM/12/Hu, F ig.116, N o.5) a nd a l arge r im s herd f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.184, N o.19)..0ther m inor f orms i ncluded l ids ( Humberston A bbey, F ig.144,No.46; T hornton C urtis, F ig.191,No.55 a nd B urton-upon-Stather, F ig.201,No.14), b asting d ishes ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.191,No.56; K ettleby T horpe, F ig.168, N o.20), a nd t ripod p ipkins ( Kettleby T horpe, F ig.168 , N o.21, T hornton C urtis, F ig.191,No.52). E xamples o f c hafing d ishes o ccurred a t H abrough ( Fig.174 ,No.15) a nd B rigg, ( Fig.169,No.21) a nd a l obed c up w as f ound a t C onesby, ( Fig.205,No.20). T hese l obed c up f orms w ere p robably b ased o n c ontemporary w ooden m azer f orms w hich u sually h ad d ecorative s ilver m ounts i n t he c entre ( St.John H ope 1 887,136,P1.13). F ig.191,No.53 f rom T hornton C urtis a ppeared t o b e s ome f orm o f s traine r. S uch f orms w ere r are i n t he m edieval p eriod, a lthough a l ittle m ore c ommon a s c olander f orms i n l ocal R oman g reywares ( Buckland a nd D olby 1 980 ,26). A mongst t he u nidentified f orms w as F ig.144,No.21 f rom G rimsby; t he b ase o f t his v essel t apered t o a t hin e dge a nd w as c oated o n b oth s urfaces a nd a cross t he e dge w ith a c lear g reen g laze. I t s eems l ikely t hat t his w as t he d eliberate i ntention o f t he p otter a s t here w as n o e vidence t o s uggest t hat i t w as a w aster a nd i t w as t oo f ine t o h ave b een a ny f orm o f r oof f urniture. A s mooth, f ine f abric ( OC) a nd a g ritty f abric ( GC) t ype a lso o ccurred a mongst t he C owick m oat w asters. T he r elation o f t hese t wo f abrics t o t he H umberware w asters w as d iscussed i n C hapter 4 , w here i t w as s uggested t hat t hey b oth f ormed m inor p roduction v ariants a t C owick M oat. T his i nterpretation w as s trengthened b y t he p resence o f b oth v ariants a mongst t he m aterial r ecovered f rom t he H igh S treet k iln a t W est C owick b y P hilip M ayes ( material i n D oncaster M useum). I t i s p ossible t hat s everal f orms i n t he H 1 s mooth H umberware f abric, s uch a s t he c hafing d ish b ase f rom H abrough ( Fig.174,No.15) w ould b e m ore a ccurately c ategorised i n t he O C f abric, a s w ould s ome o f t he. a pparently l ate o rangeware f orms f ound a t T hornholme P riory ( perhaps L M/21/Tp, F ig.120 ,No.1 o r H M/36/Tp, F ig.73,No.2). H ull a lso p roduced e xamples o f b oth t ypes i n g roups d ating t o t he m id-14th
3 83
c entury
o r
l ater
a t
M onkgate
( HM/84/H1,Fig .100,No.27).
M any
o f
t he
s mall f ineware f orms, s uch a s c ups, r ecovered f rom l ate-medieval c ontexts a nd d escribed a s C istercian w are c opies c ould a lso h ave b een p roduced f rom H umberware p otteries. R egional T radition : T oynton/Bolingbroke F abrics ( including f abrics T i, T T, T B) i :
D ate R ange
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 500
1 600
T l
T his t radition r epresented a v ery d istinctive t ype o f l ate m edieval f abric w hich, i n t he c ase o f T oynton-all-Saints, d eveloped d irectly f rom h igh-medieval p otting t raditions. T he e arliest T oynton m aterial f rom t he ' Roses' k iln h ad f orms w ith c lose a ffinities t o L incoln w are a nd i ts r elated f abrics. O nly d istinctive s herds o f v essels s imilar t o t his R oses m aterial w ere c lassified a s f abric M T; a ll o ther m aterial i n t his f abric t ype w as l isted a s T i. T he e arliest s tratified e xample o f t he T i f abric i n t he r egion c ame f rom T hornholme P riory, P hase 5 ( HM/38/Tp) d ating t o t he e nd o f t he 1 3th c entury. T wo j ug r ims a nd h andles f rom t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 4th c entury ( Fig.277) a lready h ad r im f orms c haracteristic o f t he T oynton/ B olingbroke t radition r ather t han t he p roducts o f t he T oynton-allS aints ' Roses'/kiln. E vidence f rom F laxengate : L incoln, i ndicates t he e xistence o f t he T oynton f abric i n c ontexts d ating b efore 1 300 ( Lauren A dams, p ers.comm .). F urther s tratified e xamples o f t he T i f abric f rom N orth L incolnshire w ere r are b efore t he 1 6th c entury. H owever, a j ug f rom t he B ishop's P alace s ite a t L incoln o riginally d escribed a s aH umberware c an n ow b e r e-classified a s aT l j ug ( contra C oppack 1 975, 2 3-4,Fig.9,No.75). E xcavations a t O ld B olingbroke C astle s uggested t hat p roducts o f t he O ld B olingbroke k ilns w ere a vailable f rom a t l east t he l ate 1 5th o r e arly 1 6th c entury t hrough t o t he 1 7th c entury ( Coppack 1 976 , 6 -24). T hroughout t his p eriod, t he f orms o f t hese v essels s howed a r emarkable, i ndeed, r ather a larming, r etention o f t he l ate-medieval s hapes. P roduction w ould s eem t o h ave s urvived a t T oynton-all-Saints u ntil t he l ate 1 5th o r e arly 1 6th c entury; M rs. R udkin h as s uggested ( pers.comm .) t hat t here m ay h ave b een a d eliberate m ove o f p ottery p roduction f rom T oynton t o t he n earby p arish o f O ld B olingbroke. A ll l ate-medieval f orms i n t his f abric f rom t he u nstratified a ssemb lages h ave b een i ncluded i n t his b ook. A lthough a c onsiderable n umber o f t hese s herds m ay e ventually p rove t o b e o f p ost-medieval, r ather t han l ate-medieval d ate, a t p resent t here i s n o w ay o f d istinguishing b etween t hem . D istribution T he
d istribution
o f
t he
T oynton/Bolingbroke
384
f abrics
( Fig.276)
s eemed t o c ontrast w ith t hat o f H umberwares ( Fig.273). A gain t he b oundary l ine b etween t he t wo t raditions w ould a ppear t o r un f rom f rom T etney t hrough M arket R asen t owards G ainsborough. S mall q uant ities o f t he T i f abric d id o ccur n orth o f t his l ine a nd s eemed t o s how s ome s trengthening t o t he E ast. H owever, t here m ay a lso b e s ome c hronological p erspective t o t his d istribution. A t T hornholme P riory t he T i f abric o nly s tarted t o f orm a s ignificant p roportion o f t he a ssemblage d uring t he 1 6th c entury, a lthough o ccurring o ccasionally f rom t he l ate 1 3th c entury. T he s ame p attern s eemed t o e merge f rom B urnham C hapel. I t c ould b e s uggested f rom t his t hat t he T i f abric w as o nly a ble t o m ake i nroads i nto t he N orth L incolnshire m arkets f rom t he 1 6th c entury; i mplying a p ossible w eakening o f t he h old o f t he H umberwares. A d etailed m ineralogical a nalysis h as y et t o b e m ade b etween t he v arious k nown k iln p roducts i n t his t radition, a nd t he m any e xamp les o f t he T i f abric f rom N orth L incolnshire. H owever, t he d ensity o f t he T i f abric o n t he c entral w olds a rea ( Fig.276) s uggests t hat t here m ay h ave b een a n a dditional, m ore n ortherly, s ource t han t hose k iln s ites s hown o n t he m ap. i ii:
F orms a nd M anufacture
0
1
8 6.3
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4 273
D espite a w ide r ange o f v essel f orms, t he j ug w as s till o verw helmingly t he m ost n umerous p roduct, a lthough, l ike o ther l ate m edieval f abrics, t he p ercentage w as s lightly l ower t han t hat o f t he h igh-medieval f inewares. T here w ere a lso s ome d ifferences c ompared w ith t he c orresponding p ercentages o f H umberware v essels. T he p ercent ages o f T i c ooking-pots a nd p ancheons w ere, f or e xample, h igher t han t he H umberwares, b ut c isterns a nd d rinking-mugs w ere c onsiderably l ower. G iven t he c lear n orth-south d istinction i n t he d istribution o f t he t wo t raditions, i t i s r easonable t o a sk w hy t here s hould b e g eographical d ifferences i n t he o ccurrence a nd t herefore t he d emand f or v arious v essel f orms. T his m ay, p erhaps, h ave b een m erely d ue t o c ustom , o r p erhaps t o d ifferences i n t he a gricultural e mphasis
385
b etween
t he
t wo
a reas.
T he
c eramic d rinking m ugs a nd c heons a nd c ooking-pots.
n orth
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m ore
m ore
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A lthough t his w as o ne o f t he m ore n umerous f abrics a mongst t he u nstratified a ssemblages, i t w as p oorly r epresented a mongst t he s trati fied g roups a nd t he n umber o f c omplete p rofiles i s d isappointingly s mall. I n h er s tudy o f L incolnshire p ottery , H ilary H ealey ( 1975 ;1984) i ncluded a r ange o f f orms i n t his f abric d rawn f rom t he l ater T oyntona ll-Saints k ilns. H owever, i n c onjunction w ith k ilns f rom O ld B olingbroke, C oningsby a nd K irkstead, t hese h ave y et t o r eceive d etailed s tudy a nd p ublication, r epresenting a m ajor g ap i n t he a vaila ble c eramic e vidence f or c entral a nd s outhern L incolnshire. S mall, m edium a nd l arge j ug c ategories w ere a pparent. U nlike t he H umberwares, t here w as n o e vidence f or t he p roduction o f t he t all-necked j ugs i n t his t radition, e mphasising p erhaps t hat t his w as e ssentially a Y orkshire f orm. T he g laze u sed o n t hese v essels i n t he T oynton/Bolingbroke t radition p roved t o h ave a p articularly d istinctive, h ighly p ocked s urface r eminiscent o f t he p itting f ound o n e arlier s plashed g lazes. I n a ddition, t he o uter s urfaces o f t hese v essels o ften h ad a t hin w hitish-coloured s kin c aused, n ot b y t he a ddition o f a s lip, b ut f rom t he o xides e xcreted f rom t he s urface o f t he c lay d uring f iring. R eduction o f t he c ores a nd i nner s urfaces w as p erhaps m ore f requent t han o n t he H umberwares. T he f iring t empera ture o f t his f abric m ay, t herefore, h ave b een h igher t han t hat o f H umberware, p roducing f requent f iring d istortions a nd a ir b listers i n t he w alls o f t he v essels. A lthough a c onsiderable v ariety o f j ug r ims o ccurred i n t his t radition, t here s eemed t o h ave b een t wo p rincipal t ypes. T he f irst w as a n u pright f orm w ith a n i nternal b evel ( Grimsby, F ig.144 ,Nos.222 3; T hornton-le-Moor, F ig.158,Nos.14,16,21,23; H awerby c um B eesby, F ig.146,No.6). T he s econd w as a n u pright r im w ith a n o utward f old F ig.173,No.1; S winehope, F ig.150 ,Nos.23,25-27; T hornton l e-Moor, F ig.158,Nos.12,17-18). A lthough t here w ere s ome q uite d iffere nt f orms ( Goxhill, F ig.173,No.2; T hornton-le-Moor, F ig.158,Nos.46 ), m ost r ims w ould a ppear t o h ave d erived f rom o r b een v ariations o f t hese t wo b asic t ypes. T here w ere f ew c ases o f t he u pper h andle a ttachments b eing p lugg ed d irectly t hrough a h ole i n t he n eck, a s w as t ypical i n H umberwares. T he m ost c ommon m eans o f r einforcing t he h andles o n t hese T 1 j ugs w as t o i ndent t hem, u sually w ith a s ingle f inger ( Hawerby-cum-Beesby, F ig.146,No.11; T hornton-le-Moor, F ig.158,No.12; S winehope, F ig.150, N o.23). T his i ndenting o ccasionally p enetrated t oo f ar, i n w hich c ase a s mall p lug o f c lay w as i nserted i nto t he c avity ( Swinehope, F ig.150,No.24). I t i s p ossible, t herefore, t hat m any o f t he h andles w hich a ppeared t o h ave b een p lugged i n t he H umberware m anner ( Thornton l e-Moor, F ig.158,No.20) m ay a lso b elong t o t his c ategory. T he h andle s ections w ere u sually i rregular a nd a morphous i n s hape, c ontrasting w ith t he m ore r egular r ibbed o vals o f t he H umberwares, a lthough t here w ere s ome e xamples o f t he l atter ( Hawerby-cum-Beesby, F ig.146,No.6; B urton-upon-Stather, F ig.201,No.15). A s election o f j ug h andle s ect ions h as b een i llustrated f rom S winehope ( Fig.150 ,No.30) a nd K irmond l e M ire ( Fig.207,Nos.31-42). I t s eemed c ommon p ractice f or t he l ower
386
h andle a ttachment t o b e i ndented a s w ell ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.192, N o.21; H awerby-cum-Beesby, F ig.146,Nos.15,20). W hereas t he H umberwares h ad a s tandard d ouble o uter t humbing f or t heir l ower h andle a ttachm ents, t here w ere s ome e xamples o f T l j ugs w ith a s ingle t humbing ( Habrough, F ig.174 ,No.16; E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.185,No.20),although t he d ouble t humbing w as m ore c ommon ( Grimsby, F ig.144,No.22; H awerbyc um-Beesby, F ig.146,No.15). J ug d ecoration h ad b een c ommon o n t he e arlier T oynton p roducts ( Swinehope, F ig.150 ,Nos.31-38) b ut i t b ecame p rogressively r arer a nd l ess e bullient. T he e arliest d ecoration t ook t he f orm o f i rons tained p lastic s trips l aid i n w horls ( Conesby, F ig.205,No.22), h orses hoes ( Swinehope, F ig.150 ,No.34) a nd m ore c omplex d esigns ( Swinehope, F ig.150 ,Nos.35-36). L ater T i d esigns a lso i nvolved t he u se o f p lastic s trips, n ow o f s elf-clay a nd o ften w ith s imple s tamped d ecoration ( LM/37/Li, F ig.130,No.19; E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.185,Nos.21-22). B y t he 1 6th c entury t his s eemed t o h ave d egenerated t o s imple t humbed s trips ( Thoresway , F ig.159,No.29; G reat L imber, F ig.187,No.45) w hose u se w as n ow g enerally r estricted t o c istern f orms ( LM/12/Hu, F ig.115, N os.5-6). T he a ddition o f o ne o r m ore i ncised s houlder l ines w as a s c ommon o n t hese f abrics i n t he l ate-medieval p eriod a s t hey w ere o n c ontemporary H umberwares ( Grimsby, F ig.144,No.22; C roxby, F ig.159, N o.32) b ut a gain , t his h as n ot b een c ounted a s d ecoration. O f a ll t he f eatures o f T oynton/Bolingbroke j ugs, i t w as p erhaps t he b ases w hich s howed t he g reatest d ivergence f rom H umberware f orms. H umberware j ug b ases w ere u sually k nife-trimmed, a lthough a l arge n umber o f t he s mall a nd s everal o f t he m edium-sized j ugs h ad u ntrimmed b ases ( East H alton S kitter, F ig.184,Nos.5-6; C owick M oat, F ig.224,Nos. 1 -4). T hese u ntrimmed b ases w ere a lso c ommon w ith t he T i f abric ( Habrough, F ig.174,No.23; S ixhills, F ig.208,No.41), b ut i n a l arge n umber o f c ases t his w as d eliberately a ccentuated a nd t idied t o f orm p edestal b ases, t ypes w hich w ere r are i n H umberwares. T hese p edestal b ases r anged f rom s hallow f orms ( Stallingborough, F ig.188,No.42; K irmond l e M ire, F ig.207,No.46) t o d ecorated e xamples ( Habrough, F ig.174,No.24; H awerby-cum-Beesby, F ig.146,No.26) t hrough t o e xagg erated f orms ( Sixhills, F ig.208 ,No.40 ; H awerby-cum-Beesby, F ig.146, N o.23). K nife-trimming o f t he b asal a ngles ( Kirmond l e M ire, F ig.207, N o.47; S ixhills, F ig.208,No.42) a nd t he u se o f b asal t humbings w as r are i n t his f abric; F ig.152,No.33 f rom N orth O wersby w as o ne o f t he v ery f ew e xamples. T he o nly f ull T i c ooking-pot p rofile f rom N orth L incolnshire, f rom K ettleby T horpe ( Fig.168 ,No.22), h ad a s imple e verted r im w hich w ould a ppear t o h ave b een o ne o f t he t wo p rincipal r im f orms(Cabourne, F ig.145,No.1; B rigg, F ig.169,No.22; H umberston A bbey, F ig.144,No.48). T he s econd t ype h ad a d ished i nner r im f ace s imilar t o t hat f ound o n l ate-Saxon c ooking-pots o f t he r egion ( Market R asen, F ig.151, N o.12; S winehope, F ig.150,No.45; T hornton C urtis, F ig.192,Nos.6-7). A s w ith j ug r ims , t here w as a c onsiderable d egree o f v ariation a nd o verlap b etween t he t wo t ypes. T he u se o f g laze w as r are, e ven t o t he r im f aces ( Kirmond l e M ire, F ig.207,No.48) b ut s everal e xamples a ppeared t o h ave h ad a m ore d eliberate e xternal g laze ( Cabourne, F ig.145,No.1; S winehope, F ig.150 ,No.46). T he u se o f k nife-trimming w as u ncommon o n j ugs, b ut s eemed t o h ave b een m ore r egularly u sed o n c isterns a nd c ooking-pots ( Kettleby T horpe, F ig.168,No.22; N orth O wersby,
F ig.152,No.39).
T he
K ettleby T horpe
387
e xample
w as
o ne
o f
t he
f ew
i n
t his
f abric
t o
s how a ny
t he c hances o f r ecognising s uch b y t he h ardness o f t he f abric.
t race
o f
e vidence
c oil c onstruction, w ould
h ave
b een
a lthough m inimised
T here w ere m ore c omplete p rofiles o f c isterns t han o f a ny o ther v essel f orm i n t his f abric, a nd i t i s a pparent t hat, l ike H umberwares, t here w ere b oth s ingle-handled ( Kettleby T horpe, F ig.168,No.23) a nd d ouble-handled ( Stallingborough, F ig.188 ,No .44; L M/12/Hu, F ig.115, N os.5-6) t ypes. T he r im f orms f rom t hese v essels s eemed t o i ncorporate b oth j ug a nd c ooking-pot r im t ypes. T he d ifficulties o f d istinction b etween c ooking-pot a nd c istern r ims m ay e ven a ccount f or s ome o f t he d iscrepancy b etween t he p ercentage o f v essel f orms i n t he T oynton/ B olingbroke a nd H umberware f abrics a lluded t o a bove. C ertainly, t here w ould s eem t o h ave b een n o d istinctive c istern r im f orm i n t his t radi tion. A part f rom t he h andles, t he e asiest m eans o f r ecognising c ist ern r ims w as t he p resence o f a pplied, t humbed s trips o n t he r im ( Brigg, F ig.169,Nos.23-24) o r, m ore u sually, o n t he u pper n eck ( Keelby, F ig.174,No.38; G rimsby, F ig.144,No.26; H awerby-cum-Beesby, F ig.146, N os.28-29,33-34). A s i n t he H umberwares, c istern h andles w ere r arely s trengthened, a lthough t here w ere s ome e xamples o f p lugged u pper a ttachments ( Conesby, F ig.205,No.23; T hornton C urtis, F ig.192,Nos .29, 3 2). C istern h andles t hemselves w ere s imilar t o j ug h andles a nd o ffere d n o e asy m eans o f d istinguishing b etween t he t wo f orms a mongst l oose h andle s ections. C istern b ases w ere g enerally k nife-trimmed, w ith t he b ung h oles s et j ust a bove t he b asal a ngles, a gain, p resumably , t o f orm a s ediment t rap ( LM/12/Hu, F ig.115,Nos.5-6; T hornton-le-Moor, F ig.158,No.11; N orth O wersby, F ig.152,No.38). W ith t he e xception o f F ig.163,No.27 f rom B arton-on-Humber, a ll t he b ung h ole p ads w ere p lain w ith a w iped f inish. D ecoration w as a pparently m ore c ommon o n c isterns t han j ugs. T he u sual d esign w as a s imple s wag o f a pplied t humbed s trips ( LM/12/Hu,Fig.115,Nos.5-6), a lthough s ome s tamped d esigns o ccurred ( LM/33/Li,Fig.130 ,No.19; H awerby c um B eesby, F ig.146, N o.32) a nd t here w as a s ingle e xample o f a r ather c rudely-executed i ncised d esign ( Thornton-le-Moor, F ig.158,No.8). P ancheon r ims s eemed t o h ave b een v ery s imple i n f orm , r anging f rom s mall ( Thornton C urtis, F ig.192,No.22; H abrough, F ig.174,No .27) t o l arger e verted t ypes w hich b arely a ltered d irection f rom t he a ngle o f t he v essel w all ( Goxhill, F ig.173 ,No.5; L inwood, F ig.151,No.11; S winehope, F ig.150 ,No.49). S everal h ad d ished i nner r im f aces s imilar t o t hose f ound o n s ome c ooking-pot f orms ( Scrafield, F ig.206,No .13; K irmond l e M ire, F ig.207,No.50 : T hornton C urtis, F ig.192,Nos.26-27). O nly o ne r im f ace w as d ecorated ( Goxhill, F ig.173,No.4), a lthough a n umber o f t he s hallower e verted r ims w ere r eeded ( Kettleby T horpe , F ig.168,No.24; G oxhill, F ig.173,No.3). T he i nternal g laze w as u sually f ull a nd c arefully a pplied. S everal e xamples o ccurred o f t ype I I a pplied b ases ( Barton-on-Humber, F ig.163 ,No.28; S tallingborough, F ig.188,No.43; K ettleby T horpe, F ig.168,No.24); i n e ach c ase t he a pplied b ase w ould a ppear t o h ave b een c oil-built. D espite t he g rowing n umber o f e xamples, i t s till s eems u nlikely t hat d eliberate a spects o f t heir m anufacture, b ut r ather
t hese w ere e ver r epairs t o b adly
t hrown v essels. T here w ere s everal e xamples o f t ripod p ipkins w hich, l ike t he H umberware e xamples, s eemed t o h ave b een b ased o n t he c ontemporary i mported f orms f rom t he L ow C ountries. H owever, d espite a r ange o f i llustrated e xamples ( Kirmond l e M ire, F ig.207,No.57; T horesway,
388
F ig.159,No.30; T hornton l e M oor, F ig.158,Nos.34-35; H awerby c um B eesby , F ig.146,Nos.38-39), t his w as n ever a c ommon v essel f orm a lthough b ody s herds m ay h ave b een u nrecognised. L ike t he e arlier m edieval p ipkin f orms, t hese v essels u sually d isplayed t races o f b urning a nd s ooting w hich s uggested t hat t hey w ere u sed i n c ooking. B oth l ocal a nd c ontinental f orms c ompare c losely w ith k nown l ate-medieval b ronze a nd i ron c ooking-pots ( Lewis 1 978, 3 2-33,36; D rescher 1 968 ,23-33). T his w ould s eem t o p rovide y et a nother p ossible e xample o f p ottery f orms w hich b ore a c lose r esemblance t o v essels i n o ther m aterials. B asting d ishes w ere r epresented b y i llustrated e xamples a t S ixhills ( Fig.208 ,No.45) a nd H abrough ( Fig.174,No.25). A f urther e xample f rom T hornton l e M oor ( Fig.158,No.36) s howed a p articularly f ine p ulled l ip a t t he b ow o f t he v essel. A ll e xamples s howed t races o f b urning a nd s ooting. E xamples o f c urfews o ccurred a t T hornton C urtis ( Fig.192,Nos.37-38) a nd S winehope ( Fig.150 ,No.48) a nd d rinking m ugs a t T hornton l e M oor ( Fig.158,No.33), a lthough t his l atter f orm w as c omparatively r are i n t his f abric w hen c ompared w ith t he h igher p ercentage w hich h ad o ccurred i n H umberwares. A c omplete u rinal f orm w as r ecovered f rom H umberston A bbey ( LM/12/Hu, F ig.115,No.3), w hilst f ragments a re i llustrated f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.185,No.19) a nd H awerby c um B eesby ( Fig.146,No.40). T wo e xamples o f l ids w ere f ound ( Hawerby c um B eesby, F ig.145, N o.53; K irmond l e M ire, F ig.207,No.56) e ach b eing l arge e nough t o f it t he r ims o f t ripod p ipkins, s everal o f w hich h ad l id s eatings o n t he i nner r im f ace ( Kirmond l e M ire, F ig.207,No.57). T hese l ids w ould a lso h ave f itted t he t wo c ucurbit f ragments w hich w ere r ecogn ised ( Hawerby c um B eesby, F ig.146,No.41; H umberston A bbey, F ig.144, N o.49). A c omplete e nsemble i n t he M 1 f abric b eing i llustrated f rom T hornholme P riory ( HM/24/Tp, F ig.65,No.12), a lthough t he m ore u sual m atching v essel, t he a lembic ( Moorhouse 1 972(a),79-121), h as y et t o b e r ecognised a mongst t he r egion's c eramic f orms. A mong t he m ore e xotic f orms w as a s eries o f c hafing d ish f ragm ents w hich m ost p robably b elong t o t he l ater-medieval p eriod. T hey p resumably c opied t he i mported S aintonge v essels a nd t hese h ave y et t o b e r ecognised e arlier t han c .1500 i n t he r egion ( Hurst 1 974,233). A r econstructed p rofile c ame f rom T hornton-le-Moor ( Fig.158 ,No.38). U nlike s ome o f t he H umberware e xamples, t heir c lear a ir v ents w ould h ave e nabled t hese v essels t o f unction, b ut n one o f t he f ive e xamples s howed a ny e vidence o f h eat o r b urning t o t he v essel s urface, a nd i t i s p robable t hat t hese t oo w ere e ssentially s kuamorphs f or t hose w ho c ould n ot a fford t he f iner e xamples. O ther e xamples c ame f rom K irmond l e M ire ( Fig.207,No.53), T horesway ( Fig.159,No.31) a nd N orth O wersby
( Fig.152,Nos.43-44).
T wo-handled f lasks o r c ostrels w ere k nown i n b oth C istercian w ares ( Brears 1 971,18-23) a nd t he i mported G erman S tonewares ( Beckmann 1 974,209-210 ; a nd E ast H alton S kitter, F ig.186,No.12). T wo e xamples w ere r ecognised i n t he T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics ( Humberston A bbey, F ig.144,No.47; a nd T hornton-le-Moor, F ig.158,No.32), a lthough c opies o f C istercian f orms w ere g enerally l ess c ommon i n t his f abric t radition t han t hey h ad b een i n t he H umberwares. A s mall p ot f or o intment o r s pices w as r ecovered f rom K irmond l e M ire ( Fig.207,No.55) a long w ith a h andle f rom a n u nknown v essel f orm ( Fig.207,No.54).
389
O ther u nidenti-
f led f orms o ccurred a t H awerby c um B eesby(Fig .146,No.37) a nd E dlington ( Fig.206,No.14). R egional T radition : C oal M easure F abrics ( including f abrics C M1) i :
D ate R ange
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 500
1 600
C M1
T hese f abrics h ave b een r eferred t o h ere a s ' Coal M easure f abrics ' b ecause t he c lays f rom t he k nown p roduction c entres a ll d erive f rom t he C oal M easure d eposits o f S outh Y orkshire. T he t radition f irst a ppeared i n D oncaster d uring t he e arly 1 3th c entury a s a s oft w hite g ritty f abric w ith b right, g lossy g reen g lazes, b ut e xamples o f t hese e arly v essels h ave n ot y et b een r ecognised i n N orth L incolnshire. T he p roducts o f t he F irsby H all k ilns i n C onisbrough P ark ( Magilton 1 977,30) w ere t he f irst t o a chieve a r egional r ather t han l ocal d ist ribution. T he f abric w as r ecorded a t T hornholme P riory a s e arly a s t he 1 4th c entury, b ut d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave o ccurred r egularly o n t he s ite u ntil t he l ate 1 5th a nd e arly 1 6th c entury. V essels i n t his f abric t radition d ivide i nto t wo c lasses, o xid ised, ( producing p urple-red s urfaces) a nd r educed ( white f abrics). W hereas t here w ould a lways a ppear t o h ave b een s ome c hronological o verlap b etween t he t wo, i t w ould a ppear t hat t he w hite r educed v esse ls f ormed t he e arlier w ares, b ut t he o xidised p urple c oloured v essels d id n ot b ecome c ommon u ntil t he l ater 1 5th c entury. A s a g enerali zation t his d istinction h as b een u sed t o g ive a pproximate d ates f or t he u nstratified m aterial, b ut b ecause o f t he s mall n umber o f s tratified e xamples t his m ust b e r egarded a s p rovisional. L ike t he T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics, t his t radition c ontinued w ell i nto t he p ost-medieval p eriod, w ith c entres s uch a s R awmarsh p roducing p ottery i nto t he 1 7th c entury ( Stephen M oorhouse, p ers. c omm.). I n t his c ase, h owever, i t w as p ossible t o d istinguish l atem edieval f rom p ost-medieval v essels w ith m ore c onfidence t han c ould b e d one f or t he T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics. I n t erms o f t he f ortunes o f t he ' local' H umberware i ndustries o f N orth L incolnshire, i t i s p robably s ignificant t hat t he l ate 1 5th a nd e arly 1 6th c entury s aw a s udden i ncrease i n n umbers o f b oth C oal M easure a nd T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics i n N orth L incolnshire. T he v ery o ccasional o ccurrence o f b oth t raditions i n t he a rea u ntil t he l ate 1 5th c entury s uggests t hat l ocal f abrics h ad h itherto h eld a f irm g rip, a lmost a m onopoly, o n t he l ocal m arkets o f N orth L incolns hire. T he i ncrease i n n umber o f r egional i mports i n t he l ate 1 5th c entury m ight s uggest t hat t his n ear m onopoly w as s tarting t o s lip .
390
i ii:
D istribution
A s t his w as a p articularly d istinctive f abric t radition, i ts p roducts c ould b e r eliably p rovenanced t o t he S outh Y orkshire r egion. W ith r egard t o t he m edieval p roducts w hich o ccurred i n N orth L incolns hire, a m ore p recise o rigin f rom t he F irsby k ilns c an b e s uggested. T here w as c ertainly n o e vidence t o s uggest t hat a ny f abric i n t his t radition w as p roduced e ither i n N orth L incolnshire o r E ast Y orkshire. T he f abric n ever s eemed t o h ave p enetrated i nto t he c entral a nd s outhern W olds a rea ( Fig.278). I ts m ore n ortherly d istribution a t B arton-on-Humber, E ast H alton S kitter a nd S tallingborough m ay w ell r eflect t he c oastal t rade a long t he H umber. P erhaps n ot s urp risingly, t he f abric w as n otably s tronger i n A xholme; a lthough t he u nstratified m aterial f rom t his W apentake w as s mall, t he s ubstantial s tratified d eposits f rom E pworth w ould s eem t o c onfirm i ts i mportance a mongst l ate-medieval d eposits ( LM/1-10/Ep). i ii:
F orms a nd M anufacture
C ooking p ot
C M1
7 .5
J ug
5 9.5
P ancheon C istern
8 .1
U rinal
2 3.1
0 .6
C hafing D ish
O ther
1 .2
1 73
T he p roportion o f v essels i n t his f abric t radition d iffered m arkedly f rom b oth t he p reviously d iscussed l ate-medieval t raditions. I n p articular, t he n umber o f j ugs w as c onsiderably l ower i n r elation t o t he o ther v essel f orms. U nlike t he T oynton/Bolingbroke a nd H umber w are f abrics, C M1 f abric w as n ot p roduced i n t he r egion. T he p roport ion o f v essel f orms s hown i n t he t able a bove r eflects p ottery t raded i nto t he r egion a nd m ay b ear l ittle r elation t o t he p roportions o f v essel f orms f rom t he k iln s ources. T he p roducts o f t he R awmarsh k ilns a re c urrently u nder r eview b y S tephen M oorhouse ( pers.comm .) a nd t hose o f t he F irsby H all k ilns i n C onisbrough P ark b y t he p resent w riter. T hese f abrics w ere m arketed q uite h eavily i nto D oncaster i n t he l ate-medieval p eriod, f orming a p articularly c ommon f ind f rom e xcavations i n t he t own ( LM/54-60/Dn). M ost v essels i n t his f abric h ad t hick w alls a nd a c rude a nd h eavy a ppearance. T he m ajority o f N orth L incolnshire e xamples b elonged t o t he l ater, o xidised p hase o f p roduction a nd h ad t hick p urple g lazes . T he t ypical j ug f orm o f t his l ate-medieval p eriod c an b e s een f rom E pworth ( LM/9/Ep ,Fig.113,No.8). T his b evelled r im f orm w ith b ands o f d eeply i ncised l ines a t n eck, s houlder a nd m id-body a lso o ccurred a t C onesby D MV ( Fig.205,No.25) a nd o n n umerous e xamples a t D oncaster. A s election o f j ug f orms i n t his f abric w ere r ecovered f rom D oncaster ( Fig.140,Nos.2,7; F ig.141,Nos.8,15; F ig.214,Nos.3-8; F ig.215,Nos.1-4). W hereas t he o xidised, p urple f abric ( CMP) s eems t o b e a l ate-medieval i nnovation, t he u se o f t he e arlier w hite, ( CMW) r educed f abric m ay
391
h ave o verlapped w ell i nto t he s ame p eriod. T he l ate 1 5th/early 1 6thc entury c ess p it f ill f rom E pworth w as s ealed b y a l arge p ancheon s herd i n t his f abric i n t he r educed f orm w ith p ale b uff-coloured s urfaces ( LM/5/Gp, F ig.112,No.1). I t w ould b e t oo c onvenient t o d ism iss s uch a s herd a s b eing r esidual, e specially a s t he r esidual e lem ent o n t he s ite a ppeared t o b e l ow i n c omparison w ith t hat i n t he l ate-medieval d eposits a t B urnham C hapel o r T hornholme P riory. A s econd v essel i n t his f abric f rom C onesby D MV ( Fig.205,No.24) m ay r epresent a n e arlier r im f orm a s i t a ppeared s impler i n f orm t o m ost o f t he o xidised r ims ( Fig.205,No.25). O nly o ne j ug, F ig.214, N o.3, f rom D oncaster s howed a ny f orm o f d ecoration, a nd t his w as s imilar i n d esign t o s ome o f t he m ore s tylised d ecoration f ound o n t he 1 3th a nd 1 4th c entury j ugs i n t he M 1 m edium s andy f abric ( e.g. H M/44/Tp, F ig.80,Nos.9-10). F ig.163,Nos.29-30 f rom B arton-on-Humber w ere t wo o f t he v ery f ew v essels t o s uggest t he u se o f a pplied b ases. I n g eneral f orm , j ug b ases w ere s imilar t o t hose o f t he H umberwares, f alling i nto t wo b asic t ypes; k nife-trimmed b ases a s s een o n F ig.140 , N o.2; F ig.215,No.1, a nd n arrower, u ntrimmed b ases, F ig.163,Nos.293 0. M edium a nd l arge-sized j ugs m ade f requent u se o f p lugged u pper h andle a ttachments, i n s imilar f ashion t o H umberwares. C oal M easure f abric c isterns a lso d ivided i nto d ouble a nd s ingleh andled t ypes. I t h ad b een n oted t hat s ingle-handled H umberware c ist erns m odelled t hemselves o n t he o rdinary j ug f orm , a nd t he s ingle C M1 e xample s o f ar r ecognised f rom t he r egion ( Fig.215,No.6) w ould s eem t o f ollow t his t rend, e xcept t hat i t w as s omewhat l arger. D ouble h andled c isterns o ften h ad r ims w ith l id s eatings ( Wroot, F ig.196, N os.25-26; D oncaster, F ig.141,No.1; F ig.216,No.1). A s t hese l id s eati ngs a lso o ccurred o n b oth t he H umberwares a nd t he T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics i t w ould s eem t o h ave b een a b asic d esign f eature f or t wo h andled c isterns. T he i llustrated l ids i n t his f abric ( Fig.216,Nos.89 ) w ould h ave f itted c ertain c istern r ims b ut t hey w ould a lso h ave f itted s everal c ooking-pots ( Fig.205,No.26). C ooking-pots o ccurred a t E pworth ( Fig.196 ,No.1) a nd R oxby ( Fig. 2 02,No.42), p ancheons a t E pworth ( LM/9/Ep „ F ig.113,No.10); D oncaster ( LM/58 a nd 5 9/Dn,Fig.141,Nos.2-3,11) a nd B elton ( Fig.195,No.5). A s ingle u rinal w as r ecognised f rom E pworth ( Fig.196,No.4) a nd a t ripod p ipkin f rom B rigg ( Fig.169,No.31). S everal f ragments o f c hafing d ish w ere f ound, b ut t hese m ay b e p ost-medieval ( Brigg, F ig.169,No .32 a nd D oncaster, F ig.216,Nos.10-15). A s w ith m ost r egional c opies o f c hafing d ishes, t hese w ere p articularly c rude s kuamorphs w ith n o s ign o f b urning t o i ndicate t hat t hey w ere e ver a ctually u sed a s p late-warmers. H owever, i t w as o f i nterest t hat F ig.216,No.14 f rom D oncaster h ad b oth b ase a nd d ish t hrown a s a s ingle p iece o f c lay w ith a n a pplied b ase t o t he f oot a nd a n a pplied b ottom t o t he d ish. O ther r egional e xamples h ad b een m ade i n t wo s ections, b ase a nd d ish, w hich w ere t hen s tuck t ogether ( e.g. T hornton-le-Moor, F ig.158,No.38). T he m ajority o f t he F irsby-type v essels t o o ccur i n N orth L incolnshire w ere t he l ater o xidised t ypes w ith t heir c haracteristic p urple g lazes. T hese v essels h ad b een f ired t o a c omparatively h igh t emperature i n c ommon w ith t he o ther r egional l ate-medieval, f abric t raditions. A lthough w heelthrown, t hese v essels w ould s eem t o h ave h ad l ittle a esthetic m erit a nd, w ith o nly t heir p racticality t o c om-
392
m end t hem a lmost d efy c lassification a s ' finewares'. I t w as s uggested i n C hapter 2 t hat t he a rrival o f t he C istercian w are f orms c reated a n ew f ineware c ategory r elegating v essels i n t he t raditional l atem edieval f abrics t o c omparative c oarsewares. T hese d ull, t urgid l ooki ng v essels i n t he C oal M easure t radition w ould a mply j ustify s uch a r e-definition. R egional T radition : C istercian W ares i :
D ate R ange
1 400
1 500
1 600
C IST
T he d iscussion o f C istercian w ares h as b een k ept d eliberately b rief a nd g eneralised a s a f uller s tudy w ould m ore p roperly b elong t o t he p ost-medieval p eriod f or, w ith t he e xception o f a p ossible l ate 1 5th-century e xample f rom L incoln, B ishop 's P alace ( Coppack 1 975,28), C istercian w ares h ave n ot b een f ound i n p re-1500 c ontexts i n t he r egion. T his i ncludes r ecent w ork a t L incoln, F laxengate ( Lauren A dams, p ers.comm.), a nd t he n umerous e xcavations a t H ull ( information G areth W atkins). T here i s e vidence t o s uggest t hat C istercian w are w as i n p roduction i n Y orkshire f rom t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 5th c entury ( Brears 1 971,18-23) w here i t f ormed a s ister t radition t o t he ' Tudor G reen ' w ares o f c entral a nd s outhern E ngland ( Moorhouse 1 979,53-61). C istercian w ares c ontinued w ell i nto t he p ost-medieval p eriod, e ventually d eveloping i nto t he ' blackwares' o f t he l ate 1 7th a nd 1 8th c enturies. D istribution ( Fig.279) T he d istribution o f t he C istercian w ares h as b een b ased o n t heir p roportional o ccurrence i n c omparison t o o ther l ate-medieval t radi tions. A s t his t radition o nly b arely e xtends i nto t he p eriod u nder s tudy, F ig.279 i nevitably d iminishes i ts s ignificance. N evertheless, t he m ap a ccurately s uggests t he c omparative r arity o f C istercian w are i n i ts e arliest d ecades o f p roduction. T he e vidence f rom K ettleby T horpe s eems t o s uggest t hat t he f abric b ecame i ncreasingly m ore c ommon t hroughout t he 1 6th c entury ( Brears 1 974,26). i ii:
F orms a nd M anufacture
C ups
G IST
9 6.1
P osset P ots
2 .7
L ids
C ostrels
T otal
0 .4
0 .8
2 59
393
D espite t he w ide r ange o f v essel f orms i n t his f abric t ype ( Brears 1 971,18-23), o nly t he f our t ypes s hown i n t he t able h ave b een r ecognised i n N orth L incolnshire. C ups f ormed t he o verwhelming p roportion. T he ' newness' o f C istercian w are f orms h as a lready b een o bserved i n t he l ate-medieval d iscussion o f C hapter 2 . T he u se o f w ire-cutting f or t he b ases a nd s aggars f or f iring w as a lso n ew t o t he r egion. T hese a dvances i n f orm a nd t echnology m ay h ave l ed t o t he r ange o f C istercian p roducts o utclassing t he t raditional f ineware f orms. M any o f t he d ecorative d esigns u sed o n t he e arlier C istercian w are p roducts w ere a lso n ew. C ommon d esigns i n t he r egion i ncluded t he s tag's h ead s urrounded b y a v ignette o f o rbs o r s tars ( Bartono n-Humber, F ig.163,No.31; G rimsby, F ig.144,No.29) a nd r ather c rudely i ncised, a pplied o ak l eaves ( Epworth, F ig.196 ,No.16; B arton-on-Humber, F ig.163,No.34). I n e ach c ase, t he d ecoration w as a n a pplied i ronf ree c lay p roducing a l emon c olour u nder g laze. D ecoration w as r are a nd s eemed l argely c onfined t o t he e arliesc p eriods o f p roduction; p erhaps t he p otters o f t his n ew f abric w ere u sing d ecoration t o t ry a nd a chieve a m arket. S uch v essels m ay h ave i nitially b een q uite e xclusive; f or e xample, t hey f ormed o ne o f o nly t wo l ocally-made t ablewares t o o ccur i n t he E pworth M anor C ess P it g roup ( LM/5/Ep, F ig.112,No.4). S everal f ragments o f p osset p ot w ere r ecognised, u sually c haract erised b y n arrow v ertical b ands o f n otched w hite c lay, a s s een o n a n e xample f rom B arton-on-Humber ( Fig.163 ,No.32). T hese v essel f orms w ere p robably s old w ith a m atching l id b ut o nly o ne f ragment o ccurred, f rom B rigg ( Fig.169,No.37). T his w as a nother n ew f orm w hich c ertainly h ad n o c eramic p redecessors b ut, l ike t he m azer/lobed c up f orms, t here w ere c ontemporary, t hough o ften l arger, w ooden f orms w ith l ids c alled w assail b owls ( Evan T homas 1 932,9-29). L ike m azers, t hese w ere p restigious v essels m ade f rom e xpensive i mported w oods. I f p osset p ots w ere i ntended f or s imilar u se, t hen t hese c eramic v essels w ould a gain h ave f ormed t he c heaper ' copies'. E xamples o f c ostrels o ccurred f rom N orth O wersby ( Fig.152,No.45) a nd W orlaby ( Fig.194,No.49). A c opy o f t his f orm h as b een r ecognised i n b oth L incoln w are ( LM/40/Li, F ig.133,No.5), p robably a lso o f 1 6thc entury d ate, a nd i n t he T l f abric f rom T hornton-le-Moor ( Fig.158, N o.32). U nlike m any C istercian f orms, t his v essel t ype h ad e arlier c eramic p arallels f rom t he c ontinent, m ost n otably a mongst t he L angerwehe s tonewares ( Hurst 1 977), a l ocal e xample b eing r ecovered f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.186,No.12). C ontinental I mports T his f inal c ategory r epresents a l oose g rouping o f a ll t he v essels f rom t he r egion w hich w ere o f c ontinental o rigin a nd w hich o we n othing t o l ocal p otting t raditions. N evertheless, i n t heir f orms a nd t he p restige t hey c arried, t hey, i n m any w ays, h ad a c onsiderable i mpact o n t he d evelopment o f p ottery i n t he r egion, a nd t hey f ormed a p otentially u seful m eans o f d etermining p ossible t rade r outes. A t otal o f 3 1 u nstratified a ssemblages c ontained i mported p ottery o f t he S axon a nd m edieval p eriods ( Appendix B ). T he m ajority o f t hese
3 94
i mports w ere e ither f rom t he S aintonge a rea o f F rance, G erman s tonew ares o r L ow C ountries r edwares. E xamples o f a ll t hree t ypes w ere r eaching t he r egion f rom t he 1 3th c entury ( Moorhouse 1 972,21-53) b ut t he b ulk o f t hese v essels b elong t o t he l ate-medieval p eriod. A r eview o f t he l arge q uantities o f i mported p ottery a t H ull a nd t heir d ating h ad r ecently b een p repared b y G areth W atkins(forthcoming) , a nd t his f orms t he b ackground a gainst w hich t he f ar m ore m eagre n umbers o f i mported w ares f rom N orth L incolnshire m ust b e c onsidered. F ig.280 s hows t he t otal n umber o f i mports i n t hese c ategories, a s a p ercentage o f t he l ate-medieval f abric t otals, b ased o n t he a ssumpt ion t hat t he g reat m ajority o f t hese i mports b elonged t o t he l ate m edieval p eriod. C onsidering a ll N orth L incolnshire's i mports t ogether, F ig.280 s hows t hat t he m ajority o ccurred e ither o n c oastal s ites o r t hose w hich h ad d irect a ccess t o a w aterway. B onby, C roxton a nd T hornton C urtis w ere e xceptions, a lthough T hornton A bbey m ade c onsiderable u se o f E ast H alton S kitter. T he l arge p ercentage ( 15.5%) a t E pworth r eflects m ore t he s ite's s tatus a s a M owbray m anor h ouse. I ndeed, s ome g roups f rom t his s ite, s uch a s L M/5/Ep h ad 4 1.7% i mports i n p roportion t o E nglish f abrics. S uch p ercentages c ould o nly b e p arall eled a mongest t he m ore e xceptional b urgage p lots a t H ull ( Watkins, f orthcoming). A mongst t he u nstratified m aterial f rom N orth L incolnshire, t he p ercentage n ever r ose a bove 1 8%. C oastal s ites s uch a s E ast H alton S kitter o r p orts s uch a s G rimsby s eemed t o p roduce t he h ighest p ercent ages. B arton-on-Humber c ould o nly b oast 2 %, t hough t his m ight w ell r eflect t he w aning i mportance o f B arton a s a p ort i n t he l ate-medieval p eriod ( Brown 1 908 ,182-3), d uring w hich G rimsby w as o n t he a scendancy o n t he s outh b ank o f t he H umber ( Gillett 1 970 ,19-29). T he s eemingly h igh p ercentage f rom S omerby w as b iased b y p ost-excavation ' sorting', w hich h ad a lso d istorted t he d istribution o f t he C istercian w ares f rom t he s ame s ite. I ts p osition c lose t o t he m ajor i nland p ort o f G ainsborough ( Stark 1 843,77-78) w ould, h owever, h ave i ncreased t he l ikelihood o f i mported p ottery o ccurring a t t he v illage. C roxton a lso h as a n a nomolously h igh p ercentage ( 16.7%), f or i t w as n either a m arket t own n or h ad i t a ccess t o a w aterway. O nly f ourteen l ate m edieval s herds w ere f ound, h owever, ( Appendix B ), a nd i ts h igh p erc entage o f i mports i s c onsequently l ess s ignificant. O nly s ix o f t hese 3 1 s ites p roducing i mported p ottery h ad n o d irect a ccess t o c oastal o r w aterway n avigation, a nd o n t hree o f t hese n avigable w aterways e xisted a long s ome p art o f t he p arish e xt remities. I t s trongly s uggests t hat a ccess t o w aterways c ould h ave b een a n i mportant e lement i n t he d istribution o f i mported v essels e ven a s l ate a s t he l ate-medieval p eriod. A gainst t his i t s hould b e a dmitted t hat m any a ssemblages, s ome l arge, c ontaining l ate m edieval p ottery f rom e ither m arket t owns o r t owns w ith a ccess t o w aterways, p roduced n o i dentifiable i mported p ottery. B efore a m ore d etailed s tudy i s m ade o f t he v arious c ategories o f i mported p ottery, s everal p oints s hould b e e mphasised. I t w as o nly t owards t he e nd o f t he m edieval p eriod t hat t here i s a ny e vidence f or t he c ommercial i mportation o f p ottery v essels f rom t he c ontinent. I ndeed, i t w as o nly i n t he p ost-medieval p eriod t hat i mported p ottery
395
s eems t o h ave b een g enerally a vailable o n a c ommercial b asis. P rior t o t his i mports a rrived e ither a s c ontainers f or m ore v aluable i mport ed p roducts, o r p erhaps a s i ncidental g oods, s ouvenirs o r b allast. T he c oncentration o f t hese e arlier i mports i n t he h ouseholds o r t enem ents o f t he w ealthy w ould s uggest t hat c ertain c ategories o f i mport m ay h ave h ad a c ertain p restige v alue. S uch f actors m ay h ave h ad a n i mportant b earing o n t he c reation o f a g eneral m arket i n E ngland f or i mported v essels. A t S outhampton a nd H ull b urgage t enements p rodu ced t he f inest q uality i mports d uring t he h igh-medieval p eriod ( Platt a nd C oleman-Smith 1 975; W atkins 1 978), w hile p lots o r t enements o f l esser i mportance a t p orts s uch a s H edon p roduced v ery f ew i mported v essels. F ig.281 s hows t he d istribution o f m iddle a nd l ate-Saxon i mports i n t he r egion. I n N orth L incolnshire t hese w ere l imited t o aN ormandy t ype p itcher f rom E ast H alton S kitter ( Fig.175,No.22), t he F rankish m iddle-Saxon j ug f rom B arton : C astledyke ( Fig.160 ,No.42) a nd t he r ed b urnished p itcher f rom B arrow : C herry L ane ( HM/12/Bv,Fig.59 ,No.9) . E lsewhere i n t he r egion a nother e arly/middle-Saxon i mported j ug w as r ecovered f rom n ear D riffield ( Evison 1 979,78), a f ragment o f T ating w are f rom W harram P ercy ( Hurst a nd H odges 1 977, 2 49-250) a nd a c onside rable n umber o f l ate-Saxon i mports f rom Y ork : C oppergate ( pers.comm . C athy B rookes) a nd L incoln : F laxengate ( pers.comm . L auren A dams). Y ork a nd L incoln w ere m ajor i nland p orts i n t he l ate-Saxon p eriod. T he t hree N orth L incolnshire s ites w ere c oastal a nd t he D rif f ield s ite h ad a ccess t o t he H umber v ia t he R iver H ull. O nly W harram P ercy s eems a nomolous i n t his r espect, e specially s ince T ating w are h ad h itherto b een r estricted t o e cclesiastical o r s ecular s ites o f m ajor i mportance ( Hurst a nd H odges 1 977, 2 49-250). F or t he e arly-medieval p eriod ( Fig.282), t he p rincipal i mported p ottery o f t he r egion w as e ither R ouen ( Barton 1 956) o f B lau G rau ( Dunning 1 959,56-60). W ithin N orth L incolnshire t he o nly i mport o f t his p eriod c ame f rom T hornholme P riory w here s everal s herds o f a B lau G rau p ipkin o ccurred r esidually i n a l ate 1 3th-century c ontext ( HM/40/Tp,Fig.79,No.21). E xamples o f b oth f abrics h ave b een f ound a t L incoln ( Adams 1 977,20 ,No.81 a nd 2 8 ,No.117). R egionally, H edon a nd B everley e ach p roduced s everal e xamples o f b oth B lau G rau a nd R ouen t ypes ( HM/59/Bv,Fig.85,No.7; E M/55/Hd, F ig.44,No.4; g 17 7/Hd,Fig.87,Nos.18-19), b ut b oth w ere a bsent f rom H ull, a f act w hich W atkins u ses t o s uggest t hat t he i mportation o f R ouen p ottery h ad c eased b efore c .1260 w hen t he p resent s ite o f t he p ort o f K ingston-upon-Hull w as f ounded ( Watkins, f orthcoming). T he e arliest o ccurrence o f S aintonge p ottery w as a s plashed g reen-glazed s herd ( EM/56/Hd,Fig.45,No.25) d ating t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury. I t i s p ossible t hat a s ingle s herd s uch a s t his c ould h ave b een i ntrusive, b ut t here w as l ittle e vidence o f i ntrusion e lsewhere i n t his d eposit. I mports o f S aintonge g reen-glazed j ugs c ontinued t hrough t o t he 1 5th c entury w here t hey s till f ormed 7 % o r m ore o f H ull's 1 5th c entury a ssemblages ( Watkins, f orthcoming). T heir d istribution i n N orth L incolnshire ( Fig.283) i s a gain p redomina ntly c oastal a nd a ll t he f indspots r epresent t he p lain g reen-glazed j ugs w ith t he e xception o f T hornholme P riory ( an e arly 1 6th-century c hafing d ish f ragment, L M/32/Tp,Fig.128,No.15) a nd D oncaster w here,
396
i n a ddition t o t he g reen-glazed j ugs, t he E lephant H otel s ite p roduced a n ear c omplete p olychrome j ug w ith f loral d ecoration ( HM/93/Dn, F ig.109,No.13). G enerally, p olychrome j ugs w ere r are a nd r estricted t o t he m ore i mportant a reas o f H ull a nd t he L urk L ane s ite a t B everley . T he d istribution o f t he L ow C ountries r edware i s s hown o n F ig.283 . T he r egion 's e arliest d ated e xamples w ere i n 1 3th c entury l ayers f rom H ull a nd B oston ( Armstrong 1 980,48; M oorhouse 1 972,27-28), b ut d espite s uch e arly o ccurrences, t he l arge-scale i mportation o f D utch v essels i nto t he r egion d id n ot c ommence u ntil t he 1 5th c entury ( Watkins, f orthcoming). W hereas i t i s a ssumed t hat t he b ulk o f l ocally-made m edieval p ottery w as d istributed a nd s old b y t he p otters w ho m ade t hem , t he m echanism w hereby c argoes o f i mported p ottery e ventually r eached t he c onsumers h as y et t o b e s tudied. S uch c argoes p ossibly p assed i nto t he h ands o f l ocal m erchants o r m iddle m en w ho w ould t hen h ave p assed t hem d own t he e ntrepreneurial c hain u ntil t hey r eached t he m arket s tall. T he l imited c oastal/waterway d istribution o f m edieval i mports i n N orth L incolnshire m ight s uggest t hat t here w as n o d irect s hipment o f p ottery c argoes t o N orth L incolnshire d uring t he p eriod s tudied. H ad s uch v essels b een m ore f reely a vailable a t m arkets s uch a s B arton-on-Humber o r G rimsby, a w ider d ispersion a mongst s urrounding l ocal s ites w ould b e e xpected. I t c an a lso p robably b e a ssumed t hat a s t he n umbers o f s uch v essels i ncreased t hey w ould h ave b ecome c heape r, o r a t l east l ess e xclusive, a nd c onsequently b ecome a vailable t o a w ider m arket/range o f c onsumer. T o c omplete t his s eries o f m aps, F ig.284 s hows t he d istribution o f t he t hree p rincipal G erman s toneware i mports o f t he m edieval p eriod , S iegburg ( Beckman 1 974), L angerwehe ( Hurst 1 977) a nd R aeren. O nce a gain t he d ating o f t hese i mports i s d iscussed i n m ore d etail b y W atkins i n r elation t o t he l arge q uantities r ecognised f rom r ecent e xcavations i n H ull ( forthcoming). O n a g eneralised b asis, t he S iegburg a nd L angerwehe t ypes b elonged t o t he 1 4th a nd 1 6th c enturies. I t i s a pparent f rom t he N orth L incolnshire d istribution t hat t hey o ccurred o ver a f ar w ider a rea w ith c onsiderably m ore i nland s ites, a lthough m ost o f t hese h ad r iverine l inks. L ike t he L ow C ountries r edwars, t he e arliest o ccurrences o f t hese s tonewares w ere s poradic b ut i ncreased i n f requency t hrough t ime. T he n umber o f s tonewares f ound a mongst t he e arly 1 6th-century d esertion d eposits a t E pworth m anor s uggest t hat e ven a t t his t ime t hey c ould s till c ommand a p lace i n a m ajor m anorial h ousehold. T he c ess p it g roup f rom E pworth ( LM/5/ E p) p roduced e xamples o f b oth S iegburg a nd R aeren s tonewares i n a ddi tion t o a n e xample o f a S iegburg s toneware m ug w hich h ad b een r efired w ith a g reen g laze, t he o nly k nown e xample o f t his t ype f rom N orth L incolnshire. T wo
p rincipal
d istribution a nd
c onsiderations
o ccurrence
o f
w ould
m edieval
s eem
t o
i mported
h ave
g overned
p ottery w ithin
r egion: a )
t he s ocio-economic s tatus o f t he c onsumer
b )
t he p roximity t o aw aterway o r p ort w hich h ad d irect o r i ndirect t rading l inks w ith t he c ontinent.
3 97
t he t his
S tudies o f l ate-medieval F lemish p aintings h ave s hown t hat s peci fic p ottery t ypes s uch a s S outh N etherlands M ajolica, f irst a ppeared a s i ncidental b ackground o bjects i n p aintings o f p eople a nd s ettings o f h igh s ocio-economic s tatus. A s t ime e lapsed, t he s ame v essels w ere m ore o ften s hown o n p aintings d epicting l ess a ffluent s cenes a nd p eople. T his i mplies t hat, i n t he e arliest y ears o f i ts p roduction , S outh N etherlands M ajolica w as s ufficiently e xclusive a nd d esirable t o b e t he c ommercial p reserve o f t he b etter-off. P erhaps t his i tself c reated a d emand f or t he s ame p ottery a mongst t he l ess a ffluent, b ut, n evertheless, t he n umbers o f s uch v essels i ncreased a nd e vidently b ecame a vailable t o h ouseholds f urther d own t he s ocial s cale. O nly t wo e xamples o f S outh N etherlands M ajolica v essels h ave b een r ecogn ised f rom N orth L incolnshire. A s ingle e xample o f a n ' altar v ase' o ccurred f rom t he p riory c hurch a t T hornholme ( LM/35/Tp,Fig.129,No.10) w hilst f our e xamples c ame f rom t he M owbray m anor h ouse a t E pworth , i ncluding a t azza f orm. I n b oth c ases t he d eposits w ere l ikely t o b e o f e arly 1 6th-century d ate a nd b oth s ites c an b e r egarded a s m ore w ealthy t han t he m ajority o f a ssemblages f rom t he a rea. T he f abric i s o nly k nown f rom p ost-medieval c ontexts a t b oth H ull a nd B everley ( LM/43/Bv,Fig.135,No.12). T he n ature o f t his B everley, H ighgate s ite i n t he l ate-medieval/post-medieval p eriod i s u nknown, b ut t he h igh p roportions o f i mported v essels f rom E urope a nd e ven s ome f rom f urther a field ( LM/46/Bv,Fig.136,No.8) s uggests t hat i t w as o wned b y p eople o f s ome s ubstance. U ntil t he m id 1 950s, a s ubstantial t imber-framed h ouse o ccupied t he f rontage o f t he p lot. T hroughout t he S axon a nd m edieval p ottery p roduction i n t his r egion t here w ould s eem t o h ave b een a c ontinual d emand f or p ots w hich a ped v essel f orms u sed b y t he s ocial e lite. T his w as p erhaps f irst s een i n t he m iddle-Saxon c eramic v ersions o f b ronze h anging b owls. B y t he 1 6th c entury, o ne o f t he m ost o bvious m anifestations o f t his t rend w as t he c hafing d ish. B rass a nd b ronze c hafing d ishes w ere u ndoubtedly a vailable d uring t his p eriod, b ut t heir c ost w ould h ave m ade t hem a l uxury i tem f or t he w ealthy o nly. T he b rightly c oloured, o rnate, c eramic c hafing d ish f orms f rom t he S aintonge ( Hurst 1 974,233-247) a lso p rove r are a nd w ere a lmost c ertainly n ot a vailable t o t he g enerality o f s ociety. A s ingle e xample o ccurred a t T hornholme P riory ( LM/32/Tp,Fig.128,No.15) a nd s everal f rom 1 6th-century d eposits a t H ull ( Armstrong 1 977,p.46-47,Nos.159-161). I t w as a f orm w hich w as s oon a ped b y t he l ocal l ate-medieval p ottery t raditions, e xamples o ccurring i n H umberwares ( labrough,Fig.174,No.15), T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics ( Thornton-le-Moor,Fig.158,No.38) a nd C oal M easure f abrics ( Brigg,Fig.169,No.32). I t i s u nlikely t hat s uch c omparatively c omplica ted f orms w ould h ave b een i ncluded i n t he p otters' r epertoire u nless t here h ad b een a r eady d emand f or s uch v essels. I n a lmost e very c ase t hese l ocal v essels c ould o nly h ave b een o rnamental. N o l ocally m ade e xample o f a c hafing d ish w ith i nternal s igns o f b urning o r h eat c razing o f t he g lazes i s k nown. A s d iscussed i n C hapter 2 , l ack o f e ffective v entilating h oles w ould h ave p revented t he m ajority o f t hem f rom f unctioning p roperly. S uch l ocal c opies w ere a lmost c ertainl y a imed a t t he l ess w ealthy i n s ociety, a nd i t i s u nlikely t hat m any o f t he i ntended c ustomers w ould m etal p lates u sed o n s uch d evices.
h ave
h ad
t he
n on-combustible
I t h as a lready b een c ommented t hat t he M owbray m anor h ouse a t E pworth p roduced a p articularly h igh p ercentage o f i mports a ssociated w ith i ts d estruction a nd d esertion d eposits. S imilarly h igh p ropor-
398
t ions o f i mports c ould o nly b e m atched i n t he m edieval p eriod a mongst t he m ore i mportant b urgage p lots o f H ull. P orts s uch a s H edon h ad t heir p oorer q uarters a nd t he M iddle L ane e xcavations e xposed p lots w hich a lmost c ertainly b elonged t o t he l ess w ealthy. E ven a mongst t he 1 2th-century d eposits, w hen t he p ort w as i n i ts h eyday, t he n umber o f i mported v essels w as s urprisingly l ow . W ealthier p eople w ere m ore l ikely t o h ave p ossessed i mported p ottery t han t he l ess w ealthy. T his s ituation w ould o nly h ave c hanged w hen l arge-scale i mportation o f p ottery b egan d uring t he 1 5th a nd 1 6th c enturies.
399
Humberside Medieval Pottery an illustrated catalogue of Saxon and medieval domestic assemblages from North Lincolnshire and its surrounding region
Part ii
Colin Hayfield
BAR British Series 140(ii)
1985
B.A.R.
5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OES, England.
GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.
B.A.R. 140 (II), 1985: 'Humberside Medieval Pottery' Part II
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407391236 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407391243 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860543336 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407317533 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543336 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
L IST O F C ONTENTS V OLUME 7
P age
A cknowledgements C ontents L ist o f A bbreviations L ist o f S ite C odes C hapter 1 : I NTRODUCTION a .
S ummary
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T he A rea o f S tudy
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C hronological R ange
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B ackground S tudies 1
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C hapter 2 : S TRATIFIED A ND A SSOCIATED G ROUPS O F P OTTERY a .
S ummary
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I ntroduction
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L ist o f S tratified S ites a nd A rchaeological S ynopsis o f e ach S ite
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D iscussion o f t he E arly-Medieval G roups
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T he D evelopment o f t he E arly-Medieval F abrics a nd F orms
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T he 1 2th C entury C ollapse o f t he P ottery I ndustry a nd i ts R evival i n t he 1 3th C entury 1 05 F abric S tandardisation a nd J ug D evelopment d uring t he 1 2th C entury . 1 06 0
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L ate-Medieval S tratified G roups a nd P hase-Groups
i i.
1
1 73
T he M ove f rom U rban t o R ural B ased P otteries
i .
1
T he D evelopment o f R egional T raditions
T he I nfluence o f I mported F orms
g .
1 11
1 80
L ist o f S ites p roducing L ate-Medieval G roups
1 80
T he L ate-Medieval G roups
1 80
.
•
.
D iscussion o f t he L ate-Medieval G roups
2 15
D evelopments i n R egional T raditions
2 15
T he D ecline o f t he T raditional M edieval C oarsewares 0
4
0
4
0
0
0
4
a
l
2 17
P age N ew F abrics, n ew F orms a nd c hanging P riorities
2 18
T he I nfluence o f I mported F orms
2 21
••
••
..
2
•
C hapter 3 : A C ATALOGUE O F U NSTRATIFIED A SSEMBLAGES a .
I ntroduction
b .
N orth R iding o f L indsey i .
0
0
.
B radley W apentake
i i., H averstoe W apentake
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L udborough W apentake
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,.
i v.
W alshcroft W apentake
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v .
Y arborough W apentake
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W est R iding o f L indsey i . i i. i ii. i v. v .
d .
A slacoe W apentake
i . i i.
i ii. i v. v . v i. v ii. v iii.
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L awress W apentake
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S outh R iding o f L indsey ,
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A xhholme W apentake
M anley W apentake
B olingbroke W apentake C alcewath W apentake
4 1
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0
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2
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G artree W apentake
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H orncastle W apentake L outhesk W apentake
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H ill W apentake
2 23
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i ii.
c .
e .
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U nstratified R egional A ssemblages
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2 44 2 73 2 73 2 74 2 78 2 82 2 83 2 97 2 97 2 97 2 97 2 97 2 97 2 97 2 97 3 03 3 06
C hapter 4 : R EGIONAL K ILN A SSEMBLAGES a .
I ntroduction
5 .
.
I I
.
0
0
2
3 08
b .
AS election o f R egional K iln A ssemblages
. P age . 3 10
c .
C omparison o f t he L ocation o f t he R egion's k nown R oman a nd M edieval P ottery K ilns
3 19
C hapter 5 : A NALYSIS A ND D ISCUSSION O F T HE R EGIONAL T RADITIONS a .
I ntroduction
.
•
3 20
•
radition : H and-finished S axon F abrics R egional T radition : S hell-tempered W ares R egional T
3 21 •
.3 27
R egional T radition : C oarse S andy W ares
3 34
radition : G rit-tempered W ares R egional T
3 43
R egional T radition : F ine S andy F abrics R egional T radition : O rangewares
..
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•
•
•
•
•
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3 55
••
3 63
radition : M edium S andy F abrics R egional T radition : W hitewares R egional T radition : H umberwares R egional T
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3 47
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•
•
•
•
3 71
•
•
•
•
•
3 76
radition : T oynton/Bolingbroke F abrics R egional T
3 84
radition : C oal M easure F abrics R egional T
3 90
radition : C istercian W ares R egional T
••
••
3 93
V OLUME 2 C hapter 6 : D ISCUSSION a .
4 01
R egional P ottery T ypology a nd T echnology
4 01
1 .
P ottery T ypology
2 .
S ome G eneral A spects o f P ottery T echnology
4 02
b .
R egional T raditions - A g eographical A ssessment
4 04
c .
M arketing a nd D istribution M odels
•
•
•
•
••
O
e
•
0
•
0
T he M edieval F air i n N orth L incolnshire C hapter 7 : E PILOGUE
4 08 4 18 4 20
A PPENDICES A ppendix A : G rants o f F airs a nd M arkets i n t he N orth R iding o f L indsey t aken f rom t he C alendar o f C harter R olls
i v
4 22
L e _g _ e _ A ppendix B : L ist o f U nstratified A ssemblages p roducing T ypes o f L ate-Medieval i mported P ottery . .
4 26
B IBLIOGRAPHY
4 27
••
••
F IGURES 1 - 2 90
,
V
.
•
•
•
L ist o f A bbreviations a :
F abric T raditions C oarse S andy f abrics C IST
C istercian w ares
C M
C oal M easure f abrics F ine s and-tempered f abrics G ritty f abrics H umberwares I mported f abrics M edium S andy f abrics
0
O rangewares S hell-tempered f abrics
S X
H and-finished S axon f abrics T oynton/Bolingbroke t ypes W hitewares
T hese f abric c odes a re u sually m odified b y a n a ppended l etter o r n umeral t o d enote t he p articular s ub-type o f t he f abric, f or e xample, S XG o r 0 2. T hese s ub-type a re f ully o utlined o n p ages 1 3-20 .
b :
V essel F orms b owl B D
b asting d ish c up
C N
c istern
C P
c ooking-pot
C W
c urfew j ug d rinking m ug
O T
o ther p ipkin
P N c :
p ancheon
G eneral B& S
b urnt a nd s ooted
C B
c oil-built
C R
c ore
D SG
d eveloped s plashed g laze
v i
H F
h and-finished
H L
h ighlights
I S
i nner s urface
K T
k nife-trimmed
L HA
l ower h andle a ttachment
M G
m argins
O G
o rdinary ( suspension) g laze
O S
o uter s urface s herds
S G
s plashed g laze
S VR
s herd/vessel r atio
U HA
u pper h andle a ttachment
V
v essels
W F
w heel-finished
W T
w heelthrown
L ist o f S ite C odes A k
A lkborough
C x
C roxton
A p
A ppleby
C y
C roxby
A s
A shby b y P artney
D n
D oncaster
A t
A lthorpe
E d
E dlington
A y
A ylesby
E l
E lsham
B a
B arlings
E n
N orth E lkington
B c
B urnham
E p
E pworth
B g
B rigg
F b
F irsby H all
B h
B rough
F l
F lixborough
B i
B inbrooke
F o
F ordington
B k
B rocklesby
F r
F rodingham
B i
B elton
F s
S outh F erriby
B m
B rumby
F sH
S outh F erriby H aven
B n
B olton/Fangfoss
G a
G ainsborough
B n
B oston
G m
G rimsby
B o
B onby
G n
G lentham
B p
B uslingthorpe
G o
G oltho
B q
B rackenborough
C r
G rainsby
B r
B arrow-upon-Humber
G s
G reat S turton
B rH
B arrow-Haven
G t
G lentworth
B s
B urton-upon-Stather
C u
G autby
B t
B arton-on-Humber
G x
G oxhill
B tH
B arton H aven
G xH
G oxhill H aven
B u
B roughton
C y
G rayingham
B y
B everley
H a
H abrough
B w
W est B utterwick
H b
H awerby c um B eesby
C a
C alceby
H c
H olton L e C lay
C b
C abourne
H d
H edon
C d
C adney
H e
E ast H alton
C h
C onisbrough
H el
E ast H alton S kitter
C k
C owick
H L
H ibaldstow
C l
C leethorpes
H k
H orkstow
C m
C owick M oat
H u
H ull
C n
C onesby
H m
H olton-Le-Moor
C o
C oningsby
H n
H ackthorn
C r
C orringham
H o
H olme upon-Spalding-Moor
C s
C aistor
H p
H ayes P riory
H r
H orncastle
N h
N ettleham
H u
H umberston
N t
T oft N ewton
H v
H emingby
N w
N ormanby L e W old
H w
W est H alton
O b
O ld B olingbroke
H x
H axey
O g
O sgodby
B y
H aytheby
O m
N orth O rmsby
I m
I mmingham
O n
N orth O wersby
K b
K 4elby
O s
S outh O wersby
K e
L ittle K elk
P h
P otter H anworth
K g
K ingerby
R a
R aventhorpe
K i
K irmond L e M ire
R b
R iby
K k
K etsby
R d
R edbourn
K l
K illingholme
R g
R oughton
K m
K irmington
R i
R isby
K n
N orth K elsey
R n
R and
K r
K irkstead
R o
R oxton
K s
S outh K elsey
R v
W est R avendale
K t
K ettleby T horpe
R w
W est R asen
K y
E ast K irkby
R x
R oxby
L g
G reat L imber
S a
S axby
L i
L incoln
S b
S cawby
L n
L inwood
S c
S crafield
L o
L owthorpe
S f
S narford
L s
L issington
S g
S outh C ockerington
M a
M areham
S i
S kidbrooke
M l
M altby
S i
S tainton b y L angton
M r
M arket R asen
S m
S omerby
N e
N ettleton
S n
S cotton
S o
S outhorpe
S r
S cotter
S t
S tallingborough
S u
S utterby
S w
S winehope
S x
S ixhills
T c
T hornton C urtis
T e
T etney L ock
T g
T horganby
T h
T healby
T k
T orksey
T m
T hornton-Le-Moor
T p
T hornholme P riory
T r
T horesway
T y
T oynton-all-Saints
W a
W aithe
W b
W alesby
W c
W alcot
W d
W addingham
W g
W inghale P riory
W h
W ragholme
W I
W illoughton
W m
W interingham
W n
W interton
W o
W orlaby
W p
W harram P ercy
W r
W root
W t
W hitton
W w
W rawby
i x
C HAPTER 6
D ISCUSSION
a .
R egional P ottery T ypology a nd T echnology
I -
P ottery T ypology
T he m ethod o f d ating v essels b y t rying t o r elate c hanges i n f orms, e specially r im f orm , t o t ime i s n ow r egarded a s l argely u nr eliable ( M.P.R.G.1976). N evertheless, t he f requent a bsence o f a ny o ther f orm o f d ating o ften l eaves i t a s t he o nly a vailable m eans o f c hronological s orting. I ndeed, t he r esults o f t he c hronological s tudy o f N orth L incolnshire p ottery i n C hapter 3 s uggests t hat i t m ay s till h ave a n i mportant r ole t o p lay i n f uture p ottery s tudies. T he s ynopsis o f t he r egional t raditions i n t he p revious c hapter s uggests t hat s ignificant c hronological c hanges t ook p lace w ithin e ach t radition w hich c an b e r egarded a s e ffective d ating c riteria. O n a w ider, r egional s cale, t here w ere a lso s everal b asic c hanges i n p ottery t echnology w hich c an b e r elated t o c hronology, i ncluding, f or e xample, t he t ransition f rom h and-finished t o w heel-finished p ottery a nd t he c hanges f rom s plashed g lazes t o s uspension g lazes. T he b ulk o f t hese t ypological c onsiderations, h owever, r elate t o t he c hanges w ithin e ach s eparate f abric t radition a nd r arely a chieve a w ider s ignificance. S uch t ypological c hanges h ave b een r eferred t o e n p assent i n C hapter 5 a nd t herefore o nly a f ew i llustrative e xamples w ill b e d escribed h ere. A mongst t he c oarseware t raditions, t he r ims o f t he e arly-medieval c oarse s andy f abrics w ere g enerally s impler, m ore r ounded a nd u pright t han l ater e xamples o f t he h igh-medieval p eriod. T he e arly-medieval, s hell-tempered r ims, f or e xample, w ere u sually v ery s mall, t hin a nd e verted i n c omparison w ith t heir l ater f orms. K nife-trimming o n t he b ases o f s hell-tempered c ooking-pots w as c onfined t o t he l ate-Saxon p eriod, a lthough i t w as u sed o n c oarse-sandy c ooking-pots t hroughout t he m edieval p eriod. I n s ome c ases, s pecific d etails o f m anufacture w ould a ppear t o h ave h ad v ery b rief p eriods o f u se. T he s houlder t humbings o f t he c oarse-sandy c ooking-pots, f or e xample, w ould s eem , o n p resent e vidence, t o b e c onfined t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 2th c entury. I n a ll t he r egion 's f ineware t raditions, t he u se o f s plashed g lazes w ould s eem t o h ave b een i ndicative o f a n e arly-medieval d ate, a s w as t he u se o f k nife-trimming t o t he l ower, i nner s urfaces o f t he l arger j ug f orms. S ome f eatures o f j ug m anufacture c an o nly b e u sed f or t ypological d ating i n t he m ost g eneralised t erms. S trap h andles, f or e xample, w ere u sually f ound i n e arly-medieval c ontexts, w hereas r od a nd t wisted-rod h andles b elonged t o t he h igh-medieval p eriod. Y et e ven w ith t his e xample, t here w ere n umerous e xceptions. T he D oncaster, H allgate ' A' f abric j ug w asters, w hich w ould a ppear t o h ave b een p art o f a c ontemporary k iln a ssemblage, w ere p redomi nantly s trap h andled, b ut t hese w asters a lso i ncluded a s mall n umber o f r od, a nd t wo t wisted r od, h andles ( Buckland e t a l 1 979,16).
c an
T he l ist o f d etailed o bservations o n t ypological f eatures w hich b e r elated t o c hronology i s c onsiderable, a lthough v arying i n
401
n umber a nd a uthority f or e ach t radition. S ome g eneral c omment o n r im f orms i s a lso a ppropriate s ince t hese w ere a t o ne t ime r egarded a s t he m ost d iagnostic f eature o f t ypological c hange ( for e xample , L e P atourel 1 965,Fig.31, a nd 1 979,Fig.33). I n g eneral t erms, t here w ould a ppear t o h ave b een a s eries o f f undamental c hanges i n r im f orm t hrough t ime i n m ost t raditions. F or e ach b asic r im t ype,how e ver, t here w as u sually a m yriad o f m inor v ariations w hich a lmost c ertainly h ave l ittle o r n o c hronological s ignificance. I n c ontrast t o t his, s ome o f t he c omparison p lates, s uch a s t hose f or H umberwares ( Figs.274-275) a nd o rangewares ( Figs.260 ,261), s how t hat b asic j ug f orms c ould m aintain a n a larming c onsistency i n f orm, d ecoration a nd m anufacture f or s evera l h undred y ears. T his c onservatism w ould s eem t o h ave b een m ore c haracteristic o f t he s tronger r egional t raditions, b ut i t e mphasises t hat c ontinuous t ypolo gical v ariation w as b y n o m eans i nevitable. I n s hort, t herefore, t ypology r emains a u seful, t hough l imited, m eans o f c hronological i dentification, a nd a s s uch s hould c ontinue t o m erit s erious s tudy. 2 .
S ome G eneral A spects o f P ottery T echnology
I t m ight b e c onsidered t hat t he r eplacement o f t he l ate R oman p otteries b y t hose o f t he e arly-Saxon p eriod, r epresented a m ajor t echnological r egression i n t he c eramic i ndustry, i f i ndeed t he w ord ' industry' w as a ppropriate t o e arly-Saxon p ottery p roduction. T he l ate-Roman p ottery i ndustry, h owever, w as t echnically f ar f rom u niform . A longside t he w heel-thrown g reywares , m ass p roduced f rom s uch c entres w ithin t he H umberside r egion a s T hrolam ( Corder 1 930) a nd C rambeck ( Corder 1 928), t here w as a s eries o f ' Romanised' n ative f abric t radi tions w hich w ere a lso b eing p roduced i n v ast n umbers i n t he l ateR oman p eriod. T he n ative f abrics w ithin t his r egion w ere t empered w ith e ither c rushed s hell o r c alcite. T he s hell-tempered f abrics, u sed f or t he R oman D alesware i ndustry o f t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c enturies, d eveloped, i n t he 4 th c entury, i nto a n ew r ange o f f orms b ased o n t he L incoln, S wanpool ' H ' t ypes ( Webster 1 947, 1 960; C order 1 950 ; D arling 1 977,27-31), T he c alcite-tempered f abrics.of E ast Y orkshire w ere p roducing j ars o f t he c haracteristic l ate-Roman ' Huntcliffe' t ype a long w ith a r ange o f o ther m ore c onventional R omanised c oarse w are f orms ( Rigby 1 980, 9 2-94). T he v essels i n t hese R omanised,native t raditions w ere s till c oil-built, d espite t he l arge n umbers i nvolved, a lthough t hey w ere n ow f inished o n a w heel ( ibid,81-88,Nos.303-306). T he 4 th c entury, t herefore, s aw t he c o-existence, w ithin t he r egion, o f t wo g roups o f m ajor p ottery i ndustries; t he o ne w heel-thrown, t he o ther c oil-built. T he s hell-tempered, R oman ' Dalesware' f abrics h ad b een w heel-finished s ince t he 2 nd c entury ( Loughlin 1 977), h aving d eveloped o ut o f L incolnshire's h and-finished, I ron A ge,shell-tempered v essels ( May 1 970 ,235-242). I n Y orkshire, t he l ocal ' Iron A ge' p ottery, a lso h and-made, c ontinued a s a n ative t radition a longside t he w heelt hrown R oman c oarsewares u ntil t he l ate 3 rd o r e arly 4 th c entury ( Corder a nd K irk 1 932), w hen t hey f inally s ucc umbed t o R oman f orms a nd w heel-finish ing. W ith t he m ounting e vidence f rom s ites s uch a s W harram P ercy a nd B arton-on-Humber f or b oth t he s hell a nd c alcite f abrics r e-emerging i n h and-finished f orms d uring t he e arly-Saxon p eriod, t he ' regression' o f t he e arly-Saxon i ndustry w ould s eem t o r epresent a m ove b ack t o t he t echniques a nd t echnology o f t he r egion 's p re-Roman,
n ative p otting t raditions.
402
I n 1 980 t he w riter s uggested t hat t he p roducts o f t he m edieval c oarseware i ndustries w ithin t he H umberside r egion r emained c oil b uilt a nd w heel-finished , t heir p roduction o nly t erminating w ith t he g eneral d ecline i n t he d emand f or c oarseware v essels i n t he l ate m edieval p eriod ( Hayfield 1 980 ,31). S ome f abrics, s uch a s t he m edium s andy, M l, p roduced a r ange o f f ineware f orms, d ominated b y j ugs, w hich w ere s till b eing c oil-built a nd w heel-finished u ntil t he d ecline o f t hose f abrics i n t he l ater 1 5th c entury ( ibid, 3 2). I t w as s uggest ed b y t he w riter t hat t he t hicker, c oarser f abrics a nd t he c omparat ively l ower f iring t emperatures w hich c haracterises b oth t he c oarse w are f abrics a nd t he m edium s andy, M 1 f abric, m ay h ave b een t he c riti cal f actors w hich e nabled t heir c oil c onstruction t o b e d etected. T he i nsinuation w as t hat t he b etter f inish a nd h igher f iring t empera tures o f t he m ajority o f c ontemporary f ineware f abrics m ay h ave c oncealed s imilar e vidence ( ibid, 3 2). O n r eflection, i t i s p erhaps m ore l ikely t hat w heel-throwing a nd c oil c onstruction t echniques e xisted a longside o ne a nother d uring t he m edieval p eriods, a s t hey h ad d one d uring t he l ate-Roman p eriod. B y t he 1 5th c entury, w ith t he p ossible e xception o f t he M 1 m edium s andy i ndustry, i t i s p robable t hat m ost o f t he r egion 's p ottery w as n ow w heel-thrown. A lthough s ome f orms s uch a s b asting d ishes r emained c oiled o r s lab b uilt b ecause o f t heir s hape, t he l ate m edieval p eriod s aw a c onsiderable d egree o f t echnological u niformity i n p ottery p roduction. C hristopher D yer h as r ecently s uggested t hat, d espite a m ajor d ecline i n t he p opulation f rom t he 1 4th c entury, t here w as a n e ffective r ise i n g eneral p rosperity w hich m ay h ave h ad a n umber o f b asic i nfluences o n t he E nglish p ottery i ndustry ( 1982). A c omparative i ncrease i n r eal w ealth m eant t hat p eople c ould a fford m ore o r b etter p ottery, i ncluding p erhaps m ore s pecialised v essel f orms t o c ater f or g reater v arieties o f f oodstuffs n ow a vaila ble t o t he l ower l evels o f s ociety. H e s uggested t hat t he i ncrease i n w ealth m ay e ven h ave e xpanded p eoples ' expectations' ( ibid). I t m ay, t herefore, b e n o c oincidence t hat t he l ate-medieval p eriod s aw a g rowth i n t he n umber o f t he m ore a mbitious c eramic i mitations o f m etal a nd w ooden t able w ares s uch a s c hafing d ishes o r l obed c ups. A ny i ncrease i n w ealth, h owever, w ould a lso h ave e nabled a f ar g reater p roportion o f t he p opulation t o a fford m etal c ooking v essels a nd t ablewares ( ibid). I t h as b een e stimated t hat b y t he e arly 1 4th c entury, s ome 4 4% o f t he p opulation o f C olchester o wned o ne o r m ore m etal c ooking-pots ( Le P atourel 1 968, 1 01-102). A ny i ncrease i n l abour c osts w hich m ay h ave r esulted f rom a d eclining p opulation w ould a lso h ave a ffected t he m edieval p ottery i ndustry a nd p erhaps e ven i ts t echnology. S uch c onditions w ould h ave e ncouraged p otters t o m ake t heir i ndustries l ess l abour i ntensive a nd t o s peed u p p roduction. I t w ould s eem t hat i n t he 1 4th c entury s ome p otters a t b oth C owick a nd T oynton e mployed s ervants o r l abourers ( ibid, 1 10-111). G iven t he e conomic c onditions d escribed a bove, t he d ecline o f t he m ore l abour i ntensive c oil-construction t echniques b ecomes e asier t o u nderstand. I t m ay e ven e xplain t he a pparent d ecline i n t he a esthetic s tandards e xhibited b y s o m any o f t he p roducts o f t he , r egion 's l ate-medieval f ineware t raditions. I t m ay h ave b een t he p otter's i ntention t hat t he b asic l ate-medieval c eramic v essel, t he j ug, s hould b e p roduced a s c heaply a nd a s q uickly a s p ossible. C areless g laze a pplication, u ntrimmed b ases a nd s parsity o f d ecoration
403
a ll p oint t o a ' no f rills, b asic b uy' j ug w hich w ould s eem t o h ave f ormed t he f oundation o f t he r egion 's l ate-medieval p ottery i ndustry. D ecoration w as p robably n ow a l uxury w hich c ould n ot b e a fforded b y e ither p otter o r c onsumer o n s uch a b asic, e stablished v essel f orm a s a j ug. I nstead, t he u se o f d ecoration w as n ow . g enerally c onfined t o o ther v essel f orms, s uch a s c ups o r c isterns, w hich r epr esented n ew a nd e xpanding d imensions t o t he r epertoire o f m ost l atem edieval p otters; f orms w hich w ere a lso l ikely t o h ave c ost m ore t han t he b asic j ug. b .
R egional T raditions - A G eographical A ssessment
C hapter 5 h as g one s ome w ay i n d emonstrating t he p hysical e x ist ence o f r egional t raditions a s e xpressed b y t he f abric, f orm a nd s tyle o f t he v essels t hemselves. I t n ow r emains t o b e s een h ow f ar t he d istribution o f t he v arious p ottery f abrics w ill h elp s trengthen t his c oncept o f r egional t raditions b y e nabling s uch t raditions t o b e c onsidered a s g eographical e ntities, w hich c ould t hen b e c ompared w ith o ther a spects o f m edieval l ife. A s tudy o f t he d istribution m aps o f t he v arious f abric t raditions r evealed t hat f or e ach t here a re t wo z ones o f c oncentration o r ' zones o f i nfluence'. T here i s a z one o f m ajor i nfluence w here t he f abric m ade u p a s ubstantial p art o f t he c ontemporary f ineware o r c oarseware a ssemblage ( more t han 2 0%), a nd a z one o f m inor i nfluence w here t he f abric w as p resent b ut i n s maller n umbers ( less t han 2 0%). A lthough t hese a re e ssentially a rbitrary d istinctions, t hey c ould b e u sed t o i nterpret a reas w here a t radition w as r egularly m arketed a nd a reas w here i t o ccurred a s a ' stray'. F igs.285-288 h ave b een d rawn u p t o d isplay, i n g eneralised t erms, t he r espective z ones o f i nfluence o f e ach o f t he m edieval, r egional t raditions t o o ccur i n N orth L incolnshire. T he m aps r evealed t hat c ontemporary, c ompeting z ones o f m ajor i nfluence r arely o verlapped, u nlike t heir z ones o f m inor i nfluence, h owever, w hich g enerally o verlapped o ne w ith a nother, a nd w hich a lso f requently i ntruded i nto o pposing a reas o f m ajor i nfluence. A c ompari son o f t hese f our m aps a lso r evealed s everal s imilarities i n t he b oundaries b etween t he v arious c oarseware a nd f ineware t raditions o f e ach p eriod. C oarsewares a nd f inewares a re n ot r egarded h ere a s c ompeting t raditions b ecause t heir v essel f orms a nd f unctions d iffered . A lthough i t i s l ikely t hat c ontemporary f inewares f or e xample, s uch a s t he o rangeware, f ine s andy a nd m edium s andy f abric t raditions, w ould h ave b een p otential m arket c ompetitors. I t i s t herefore i ntere sting t hat, w ith o ne m inor e xception , t here w as l ittle d iscernible o verlap b etween t he z ones o f m ajor i nfluence o f e ach c ompeting t radi tion. T he e xception b eing t he o rangewares a nd f ine s andy w ares w hose z ones o f m inor i nfluence c oincided a lmost c ompletely. I n t heir z ones o f m ajor i nfluence, h owever, t he f ine s andy f abrics p roved m ore l ocali sed t han c ontemporary o rangewares. I n t he E ast R iding o f Y orkshire f or e xample, i n t he h eart o f o rangeware ' territory ', t he f ine s andy f abric d eveloped a l ocalised z one o f m ajor i nfluence a round H edon. A lthough t he u se o f t ime-phases a llows s ome c hronological s orting , t hese b oundaries w ere p robably n ever e ntirely s tatic, a c ertain a mount
404
o f f luctuation b eing i nevitable. I n a ddition, t hese b oundary l ines w ill i nevitably p rove s omewhat a rbitrary; n evertheless, t he m ore d etailed f abric d istribution m aps w ill e nable r eaders t o m ake t heir o wn j udgement a s t o t heir v alidity. I t s hould a lso b e r emembered t hat t he u nstratified a ssemblages, w hich f ormed t he b asis o f t his d istributional s tudy, w ere n ot e venly s pread a cross N orth L incolnshire , n or w ere t hey o f u niform s ize. F or e xample, t he a rea a round B radley W apentake a nd t he e ntire W est R iding o f L indsey, w ith t he e xception o f M anley W apentake, w as g enerally s parsely r epresented. I t i s t o b e h oped t hat f uture w ork i n t hese a reas w ill c orrect s uch b iases i n t he p resent s tudy. F ig.285 : T he M edieval C oarseware T raditions T his m ap c ontrasts t he z ones o f i nfluence o f t he t wo p rincipal m edieval c oarseware t raditions, t he c oarse s andy a nd s hell-tempered f abrics, w hose m ore p recise d istribution w as p lotted o n F ig.241. T heir z ones o f m ajor i nfluence h ad a c ommon b oundary s tretching a ppr oximately f rom G rimsby, t hrough B rigg, w estwards t owards B urton u pon S tather. T he z one o f m inor i nfluence o f t he s hell-tempered t radi tion e xtended t o t he s outhern b anks o f t he H umber e stuary b ut d id n ot c ross i t. T he z one o f m inor i nfluence o f t he c oarse s andy t radi tion r an a long a l ine w est f rom t he c oast o f T etney L ock , a cross t he W olds a round B inbrook, p ast M arket R asen a nd t he u pper s tretches o f t he A ncholme, a cross t o t he T rent a bove G ainsborough. T his l ine f ormed t he a pproximate s outhern b oundary o f s everal o ther ' northern' t raditions z ones o f m inor i nfluence. F ig.286
:T he E arly-Medieval F ineware T raditions
T his m ap i ncorporates t he s plashed g lazed p hases o f t he m edieval f inewares a nd t he e arly-medieval g ritty t radition. T he d istinctions b etween t heir z ones o f m ajor a nd m inor i nfluence w ere n ot s ufficiently d istinct ( Figs.248,251,258,263) t o p lot s eparately, t herefore F ig.286 m erely d emonstrates t he t otal a reas o f a f abric's i nfluence. N everthel ess, i t c an b e s een t hat i n t he e arly-medieval p eriod, t he z one o f i nfluence o f t he m edium s andy f abrics d id n ot q uite r each t he H umber. T he o rangewares a nd g ritty w ares h ad a s t heir c ommon s outhern b oundary t he T etney L ock - G ainsborough l ine d iscussed a bove. T he f ine s andy f abric, w hich n umerically w as t he m ore d ominant o f t hese f our t raditions, h ad t he m ost s outherly b oundary o f a ny o f t he ' northern' t raditions t hroughout t he m edieval p eriod, e ncompassing m ost o f t he W olds a rea, t he u pper h eadwaters o f t he R iver T ill a nd o ther t ributaries o f t he W itham. F ig.287
:T he E arly/High-Medieval F ineware T raditions
T his m ap c onsidered t he t otal n umber o f v essels i n t he o range w are, f ine a nd m edium s andy t raditions a nd p roduced m ore d istinct z ones o f i nfluence. N umerically, t he t wo d ominant f abrics w ere t he o rangewares a nd t he m edium s andy f abrics. W ith o ne m inor l oop o f o verlap, t he b oundary o f t heir r espective z ones o f m ajor i nfluence r an f rom T etney t hrough t o C aistor a nd t hen n orthwards t owards t he T rent a t B urton u pon S tather. T he n orth-west p art o f t his b oundary r eflects t he d istribution o f t he M 1 m edium s andy f abric. A ll t he v essels i n t his f abric h ave b een c ounted a s p art o f t he m edium s andy
4 05
t radition,
a lthough
i n
c .1350
t he
M 1
f abric
a ltered
i ts
a llegiance
t owards t he H umberware t radition a nd t his b oundary w ould t hen h ave c orresponded m ore c losely w ith t hat o f t he H umberwares o n F ig.273. L ike t he s hell-tempered t radition, t he z one o f m inor i nfluence o f t he m edium s andy f abric e xtended t o t he H umber, w hereas t hat o f t he o rangewares f ollowed t he T etney, M arket R asen, G ainsborough l ine. T ransposed o n t op o f t he o rangewares w as t he f ine s andy t radition, i ts z one o f m inor i nfluence c orresponding a lmost e xactly w ith t hat o f t he o rangewares. I ts z ones o f m ajor i nfluence w ere m ore l ocalised, h owever, a nd r estricted t o a reas i n t he v icinity o f D oncaster a nd H edon, w ith n o a pparent a rea o f m ajor i nfluence i n N orth L incolnshire, a lthough t here w as p robably a t l east o ne p roduction s ource i n t hat a rea. F ig.288 : T he L ate-Medieval F ineware T raditions D uring t he l ate-medieval p eriod, t he p rincipal f abric t radition i n N orth L incolnshire w as H umberware, a nd o nce a gain t he s outhern b oundary o f m inor i nfluence f or t his t radition w as t he T etney L ock, M arket R asen, G ainsborough l ine. I n t his r espect i t c orresponded w ith t hat o f t he o rangewares a nd f ine s andy w ares, h owever, i ts z one o f m ajor i nfluer .ce w as m ore e xtensive i n N orth L incolnshire t han t he o rangewares : l ad b een. T his w as d ue t o a w esterly, r ather t han s outherly, e xtension o f i ts i mportance, r eflecting p erhaps t he i nf luence o f t he m ajor p otteries a t C owick a nd H olme upon-SpaldingM oor. T o t he s outh, t he T oynton/Bolingbroke t radition, i f c ombined w ith t he d eclining u rban i ndustry a t L incoln, o ffers a g eographical s uccessor t o t he m edium s andy t radition, p articularly i n r egard t o i ts z one o f m inor i nfluence. I ts z one o f m ajor i nfluence w as s omewhat r estricted i n c omparison w ith t he m edium s andy t radition, e xtending f rom T etney L ock t o C aistor, t hrough W illoughton, s outhwards t owards t he F ossdyke. Te t hird t radition, t he C oal M easure f abrics, w as n umerically l ess i mportant, b ut r eflected t he g rowing i nfluence o f t he p ottery k ilns o f S outh Y orkshire, w hich a chieved a w ider m arket i n N orth L incolnshire t han t he e arlier D oncaster, H allgate i ndustries h ad a ccomplished.
T he r egion s hown o n t hese d istribution m aps i ncorporates t he H umber b oundary b etween t he h istoric c ounties o f Y orkshire a nd L incolnshire. I n t his r espect t he v arious f abric t raditions c ould b e d ivided i nto e ither ' Yorkshire' o r ' Lincolnshire' b ased t raditions, v iz: Y orkshire
L incolnshire
G rit-tempered
S hell-tempered
C oarse s and-tempered
M edium s andy f abrics
O rangewares
T oynton/Bolingbroke f abrics
F ine s andy f abrics H umberwares C oal M easure f abrics
406
O n t he b asis o f t his d ivision , i t c an b e o bserved t hat t he s outh b ank o f t he H umber r epresented t he n orthern l imit o f t he z ones o f m inor i nfluence o f t he L incolnshire t raditions a nd t hat t he T etney, M arket R asen, G ainsborough l ine r epresented t he s outhern b oundary o f t he z ones o f m inor i nfluence o f t he Y orkshire t raditions. T he r esulting s egment o f N orth L incolnshire c aught i n b etween t hese t wo b oundaries a cted a s a n i nterface b etween t he t wo g roups o f t raditions T he i nfluence o f t he L incolnshire f abrics n ever e xtended i nto Y orkshire, e ven i n a m inor f orm . T he Y orkshire f abrics, h owever, h ad m ajor i nfluence z ones i n N orth L incolnshire t hroughout t he m edi eval p eriod w hich w ere a lways m ore e xtensive f or t he f ineware t radi tions t han t he c oarsewares. W ith a s ingle, m inor e xception t here w as a lso n o o verlap b etween t he z ones o f m ajor i nfluence o f t he Y orkshire a nd L incolnshire t raditions. I t c an n ow b e c onsidered w hether t his d istribution p attern h as a ny w ider s ignificance i n t erms o f r egional c ulture. I t c ould b e a rgued t hat t he i nfluence o f Y orkshire f ab rics i n N orth L incolnshire m erely r eflects t he a vailability o f s imilar p otting c lays o n b oth s ides o f t he H umber. H owever, S ection ( b) o f t his c hapter d emonstrated t hat t he s hape, s tyle a nd m anufacture o f t hese v essels h ad a Y orkshire a llegiance f ar b eyond t hat d ictated b y t he n ature o f t he c lays. J ean L e P atourel h as s uggested a m odel o f p ottery t rade w hereby " The n ormal r adius f or m arketing p roducts ( from a k iln s ite) i s b elieved t o b e s ome 3 2Km." ( Bellamy a nd L e P atourel 1 970 , 1 13 a nd F ig. 4 3). O n t he b asis o f t hat a ssumption, i t c ould b e a rgued t hat i f k iln s ites i n N orth L incolnshire c entred o n a l imited n umber o f c lay s ources t hroughout t he m edieval p eriod, t hen a s imilar p attern o f d istribution w ould i nevitably r esult. T he u rban t o r ural c hange i n p otting w ould m ake t his u nlikely, b ut t he a pparently s table n ature o f t he z ones o f m inor i nfluence s eems t oo c onsistent f or s uch a s iml istic i nterpretation. T he p osition o f m arkets w ould s eem t o h ave h ad n o s pecific i nf luence o n t he b oundaries o f t he r egional t raditions ( Fig.290). W hereas s ome, s uch a s L incoln o r L outh, w ere a lways w ithin a t otally ' Lincolnshire' a rea a nd B arton-on-Humber a lways w ithin t he m ajor i nfluence z one o f t he Y orkshire f abrics, t here w ere o thers, s uch a s C aistor o r M arket R asen, w hich a t t imes a ppeared t o b e o n a n i nterf ace, m arketing s everal c ontemporary n orthern a nd s outhern p ottery t raditions. I t w ould c ertainly s eem t hat m edieval m arkets, g reat o r s mall, d id n ot h ave t o f orm a m onopoly a rea f or a ny s pecific p ott ery t radition. T he H umber e stuary m ay h ave b een a n i mportant i nfluence o n p ottery t rade b ut i t a lso p resents s omething o f a d ichotomy. O n t he o ne h and i t f ormed a b arrier f or t he d istribution o f t he ' Lincolnshire ' t raditions, w hile o n t he o ther, i t d id n ot p revent t he ' Yorkshire' f abrics f rom e xtending i nto L incolnshire. I t m ay b e n o c oincidence t hat t he s outhern b oundaries Y orkshire f abrics i ncluded t he b ut, w ith t he e xception o f t he t radition, t his d id n ot e xtend
t hat
o f t he m inor i nfluence z ones o f t he u pper h eadwaters o f t he R iver A ncholme e arly-medieval p hase o f t he f ine s andy t o t he u pper t ributaries o f t he W itham.
F rom t he e arly 1 3th c entury i t c an b e s tated w ith s ome c onfidence t he c oastal p orts o f t he s outh b ank o f t he H umber ( Barton,
407
I mmingham , G rimsby) n ever e qualled t he e conomic i mportance o f t hose o f t he n orth b ank ( Hedon, H ull a nd l ater R avenserodd) ( Gillett a nd M acMahon 1 980). E ven w ith t he d ecline o f H edon ( Poulson 1 840 , 1 05) a nd t he l oss o f R avenserodd ( Boyle 1 889, 3 9-41), H ull's g rowing d omina nce e asily m aintained t his s uperiority. T hus, f or t he p ort o f B artono n-Humber, f or e xample, t rading a nd c ommercial l inks w ould a lways h ave b een g reater w ith H ull a nd t he N orth t han t hey w ould h ave b een w ith L incoln a nd t he S outh f rom t he 1 3th c entury o r e arlier. T his m ay n ot h ave a lways b een t he c ase, h owever, a s L incoln w as a m ajor i nland p ort d uring t he l ate-Saxon a nd e arly-medieval p eriods, w hen H ull h ad n ot a chieved a ny p rominence, and B arton i tself w as p robably t he p re-eminent H umber p ort ( Hill 1 948). I f t he p orts o f t he s outh b ank o f t he H umber h ad, i n t he M iddle A ges, l ooked t o t he n orth b ank f or t heir c ommercial a nd t rading l inks, t hen w hy n ot a lso f or t heir c ultural l inks? N evertheless, t his c annot r epresent a c omplete e xplanation f or t he p henomenon r evealed o n F igs. 2 85-288. I t r equires f urther w ork o n o ther a spects o f m edieval c ulture s uch a s f olk l ore, c ustoms, d ialect a nd a rchitecture ( „ Tope 1 963) t o d etermine w hether t his p ottery d istribution w as p art o f a w ider c ultural b oundary, o r s omething w hich d erived e xclusively f rom t he i nternal c eramic d evelopment o f t he r egion. c .
M arketing a nd D istribution M odels
I t c an b e a ssumed t hat t here w ould h ave b een a v ariety o f w ays i n w hich p ottery c ould h ave b een d istributed f rom i ts p lace o f m anuf acture t o t he c onsumer. S uch m eans m ight h ave i ncluded: 1 )
B y p urchasing d irect f rom t he k iln s ite, e ither o n b ehalf o f a l arge i nstitution s uch a s am onastic c ommunity o r m anor, o r b y am iddle-man
2 )
B y a p otter o r m iddle-man t aking t he p ots d irect t o t he c onsumer b y h awking t hem a round f rom v illage t o v illage
3 )
B y t he p otter o r am iddle-man t aking t he p ots t o a f air o r m arket a nd s elling b oth t o l ocal i nhabitants a nd v isiting f olk f rom n eighbouring s ettlements
W ith t he e xception o f t he Y addlethorpe r eference d iscussed b elow , t here i s s till n o h istorical e vidence f rom t he r egion t o s upport a ny o f t hese p ossibilities. T he Y addlethorpe p otter's f ailure t o h onour h is c ontract t o s upply R obert B eaumont o f A ppleby i n 1 338 w ith 2 000 p ots w ould s eem t o f all i nto c ategory ( 1) a bove ( Lincolns hire A rchives C ommittee 1 957/8 ,31). R obert B eaumont m ay p ossibly h ave r epresented a s tallholder a t A ppleby m arket ( chartered i n 1 267) o r p erhaps a s teward o r s imilar o fficial a t T hornholme P riory. I n S outh L incolnshire, t here i s m ore c onvincing d ocumentary e vidence f or m iddle-men b ulk b uying f rom t he p otteries o f T oynton-all-Saints d uring t he 1 4th c entury f or r esale i n t he m arket t owns t o t he s outh ( Mrs. E .H.Rudkin p ers.comm. a nd L e P atourel 1 968,119). A t a ny g iven m arket i t w ould b e r easonable t o a ssume t hat, f or a p articular c ommodity, t he l ocally p roduced e xamples w ould p oten-
408
t ially h ave b een t he m ost c ommercially s uccessful b ecause t hey w ould h ave h ad t he a dvantage o f l ower t ransport c osts o ver t heir m ore d ist ant r ivals, T hus, f or e xample, a t D oncaster, Y ork o r L incoln, l ocally m ade p ottery p roducts w ould b e e xpected t o d ominate l ocal a ssemblages. I f p ottery v essels w ere t o b e t raded i nto a m arket f rom s ome d istance a way o ne w ould h ave e xpected t hem t o h ave f ulfilled o ne o r m ore o f t he f ollowing c onditions: 1 )
T hat t here w as n ot a m ore l ocal s ource o f p ottery
2 )
T hat t he p ottery c ould b e s old a t t he s ame, l ower p rices t han t he l ocal p ots
3 )
T hat i f i t w ere t o b e s old a t a h igher p rice t han l ocal w ares , i t w ould h ave t o h ave b een s ufficiently a ttractive, s uperior o r u nusual t o d raw b uyers a way f rom c heaper l ocal p roducts ( Le P atourel 1 968, 1 21)
o r
A part f rom t he a ctual c osts o f m anufacturing t he p ots, s uch a s c lay r ents f uel a nd l abour, t he c ost o f t ransport a nd t he s tallage o r t ollage o f t he m arkets w ould a lso h ave a ffected p rices. J ean L e P atourel h as e stimated t hat t ransport c osts c ould a mount t o s ome 2 5% o f t he c ost o f a c onsignment o f p ottery ( 1968 , 1 20). T he p rofits o f a ny m iddle-men w ould h ave b een a n a dditional f actor. A ll t hese w ould h ave b een t he s ubject o f v ariation. L abour c osts i n g eneral p robably r ose q uite s harply a fter t he m id-14th c entury ( Mate 1 975), w hilst t he c omplex s ystem o f t oll e xemptions a t e ach m arket m ay h ave f avoured m erchants f rom c ertain a reas i n p reference t o o thers, p ossi bly c loser b ased, c ompetitors. T he f ollowing s tudy o f p ottery d istrib ution a nd m arketing i s b ased o n t he a ssumption t hat t here w ould h ave b een a c ommercially v alid r eason f or t he o ccurrence o f a p art icular p ot i n a p articular a ssemblage. P ossible e xceptions t o t his a ssumption s uch a s g ifts, s ouvenirs o r t he l ike, m ust i nevitably h ave o ccurred, b ut f or t he p urpose o f t his d iscussion t hey a re a ssumed t o h ave b een i nsignificant. T he e vidence f or m edieval m arkets r elies a lmost e ntirely o n s urviving h istorical s ources. T hese a re c hiefly c harters g ranting o r r eaffirming r ights f or a p articular p erson o r i nstitution t o h old a m arket, a nd p assing r eferences t o m arket r ights i n I nquisitions P ost M ortem, l awsuits a nd s imilar d ocuments. T he b ias o f s urviving m anuscripts o ffers a c learer p icture f or t he h igh-medieval p eriod t han i t d oes f or t he e arly-medieval ( Britnell 1 978; 1 981). T hese d ocuments d o n ot a llow f or a ny a ssessment o f u nofficial t rading. M arket t olls, h owever, w ere a n i mportant s ource o f i ncome f or t he g rantee a nd a lso a f orm o f s tatus, a nd a s s uch, m arket r ights w ere l ikely t o h ave b een z ealously g uarded. T he f ew i nstances o f l itigation a gainst u nofficial m arketing i n t he r egion w ould s uggest t hat, f rom t he h igh-medieval p eriod o nwards, s uch a ctivity t o t he l egitimate m arketing n etwork. O ur
k nowledge
o f
c hartered
m arkets
r emains
f ormed
l ittle
l argely
t hreat
i ncomplete.
W hereas c harters c ommissioned t he r ight t o h old a m arket, t hey d o n ot n ecessarily i mply t hat t here h ad n ot b een a p revious m arket h ell ( Britnell 1 981,209). U nless a c harter w as r eaffirmed o r o therwise r eferred t o i n l ater d ocuments, t here i s n o m eans o f a ssessing h ow
409
l ong i t s urvived,
o r w hether o r n ot i t e ver p roved a v iable c ommercial
p roposition. L ike g rants o f f ree w arren o r c renellation, m arket g rants a lmost c ertainly h ad a n e lement o f s tatus a ssociated w ith t hem i n a ddition t o t heir m ore m undane f iscal a dvantages. M arkets w ere t he s ubject o f t olls o n g oods e ntering o r l eaving t he m arket, a lthough c omparatively l ittle i nformation r emains o f t he a dministration w hich l ay b ehind t hem ( McCutcheon 1 939 , 9 7-125). I ndividuals o r t he i nhabitants o f a p articular p lace c ould b e g ranted e xemptions f rom t oll; i n 1 201 t he m erchants o f G rimsby w ere e xempted f rom t oll i n a ll t he m arkets i n t he c ountry s ave L ondon i tself ( Gillett 1 970 , 1 1). T hese e xcemptions w ere o ften h otly d isputed a s, f or e xample, w hen t he m erchants o f L incoln t ried t o c laim f reedom f rom t oll i n B arton-on-Humber ( Ball 1 856, 9 -20). T his, i n t urn, c ould h ave h ad a n e ffect o n w hich m arkets a m erchant o r p otter m ay h ave c hosen t o s ell h is w ares. I t i s, t herefore, p ossible t hat m ore d istant m arkets m ay o ccasionally h ave b een c hosen b y a p otter i n p reference t o a m ore h eavily t olled l ocal o ne. T his r clresents a w hole d imension o f m edieval t rading f or w hich t here w ould a ppear t o b e v ery l ittle d etailed i nformation a vailable. A s y et, t here h as b een n o s tudy o f L incolnshire m arkets t o p ara llel t he w ork c arried o ut o n Y orkshire f airs a nd m arkets ( McCutcheon 1 939). H owever, t he w riter h as i ncluded i n A ppendix A a l ist o f t he L incolnshire f airs a nd m arkets r ecorded i n t he C alendar o f C harter R olls. I t i s n ot s uggested t hat t his l ist i s e xhaustive, b ut i t p roba bly i ncorporates t he g reater m ajority o f m edieval m arkets t o h ave e xisted, o r b een g ranted c harters i n N orth L incolnshire. C orrelation w ith t he l ists o f p ost-medieval L incolnshire m arkets p ublished e lsew here, d emonstrates w hich o f t hese s urvived t he m edieval p eriod ( Owen 1 770; S aunders 1 836, 1 77-178). T here i s n o r eason t o s uspect t hat t here w as a ny u niformity i n t he s tatus o f m arkets; i ndeed, t he a vailable e vidence w ould p oint t o t he c ontrary. B y t he C onquest i t s eems c ertain t hat t here w ere a lready i mportant u rban c entres w ithin t he r egion, s uch a s Y ork a nd L incoln a nd, o n a l esser s cale, p laces s uch a s B arton-on-Humber a nd T orksey. T hese u rban c entres a lmost c ertainly h ad m arkets a nd f or t he m ost p art, g iven s ome f luctuations i n t heir e conomic f ortunes, t hey r emained u rban c entres t hroughout t he m edieval p eriod. H owever, t here w ere m arket g rants t o p laces s uch a s B onby, A ppleby a nd G oxhill ( Appendix A ), w hich r epresented a verage-sized, r ural s ettlements. T hese m arkets w ere u sually g ranted a t t he b ehest o f t he l ocal l ords o f t he m anor o r o ther m ajor l andholders, a s a p otential, a dditional s ource o f i ncome. T he l ack o f l ater c onfirmation f or b oth t he B onby a nd A ppleby m arkets, f or e xample, w ould s uggest t hat t hey w ere n ever o f a ny l asting e conomic c onsequence. T he g eneral d istribution a nd b oundaries o f t he v arious r egional t raditions h as a lready b een d iscussed i n t he p revious s ection ( Figs. 2 85-288). T hey w ould s eem t o h ave r epresented s omething m ore f unda mental t han s imple g roupings o f m arket h interlands ( Chisholm 1 979, 1 5-17) b ecause t he b oundaries o f t heir m ajor a nd m inor z ones o f i nf luence s eemed t o s how l ittle r espect f or m arket c entres. M arkets c ould, t herefore, b e e ncapsulated w ithin a z one o f i nfluence o r l ie o n a n i nterface b etween t hem. I ndeed, p ottery p roduction w ithin s ome
4 10
m arket t owns, s uch a s D oncaster, i ncluded a n umber o f d ifferent, c ontemporary, c ompeting f abric t raditions. D oncaster l ay w ithin t he z ones o f i nfluence o f t he g ritty w ares, t he Y orkshire w hite w ares a nd t he H umberside f ine s andy f abrics. T he H allgate ' A', ' B ' a nd ' C ' f abrics e ach c onformed t o o ne o f t hese t hree t raditions ( Buckland e t a l 1 979, 5 7-59). E ach r egional t radition c omprised o ne o r m ore p otting c entres w ithin a z one o f i nfluence, e ach m aking s imilar p ottery. I n C hapter 1 t hese w ere t ermed ' local t raditions'. I t i s p ossible t hat t hese l ocal t raditions m ight r eflect t he p attern o f m arketing a nd d istribution m ore c learly t han t he r egional t raditions i f i t i s a ssumed t hat p ott ery w as p rincipally d istributed t hrough t he m arket s ystems. A s uccessf ul m edieval p otter m ay h ave e njoyed a s hare o f, p ossibly e ven a m onopoly o f, t he c eramic i nterests w ithin o ne o r m ore m arket c entres. F or t he e arly-medieval p eriod, t he m ajority o f p otters w ould s eem t o h ave b een u rban b ased. T hese u rban c entres a lmost i nvariably h ad m arkets, g iving t heir p otters a n a utomatic o utlet f or t heir w ares w ith n egligible t ransport c osts ( Le P atourel 1 968, 1 19). T he d istrib ution o f t he p roducts o f t he H edon a nd D oncaster k ilns, f or e xample, w ould s uggest t hat t he w ares o f t hese t owns w ere r arely c ommercially m arketed i n o ther m arket c entres. R ural i ndustries l argely a bandoned t hese c aptive m arkets i n f avour o f e asier f uel, c lay a nd w ater s upplies. I t w ould a lso h ave g iven t he m ore e nterprising p otters t he o pportunity t o e xploit s everal m arkets ( ibid, 1 19). I t h as b een a rgued t hat m any u rban c entres u nderw ent a p eriod o f d ecline a nd s tagnation d uring t he l ate-medieval p eriod ( Bridbury 1 981) a nd t hat t his, c ombined w ith a s harp r ise i n l abour c osts ( Dyer, 1 982), m ay h ave b een a n i nfluential f actor i n p ersuading p otters t hat f uture c ommercial s uccess l ay o utside t he t owns. I n h is s tudy o f t he c eramic i ndustries o f t he M alvern r egion, V ince ( 1977) s uggested t hat m edieval p otters w ould h ave s old t heir w ares t o t he n earest a vailable m arket, a nd t hat a ny f urther e xtension o f t he d istribution o f t hose w ares r ested i n t he h ands o f a n e ntrep reneurial c lass o f m iddle-men w ho, i n s ome c ases, w ould h ave b ulkp urchased d irect f rom t he k iln s ite ( ibid, 2 89-290). E vidence f or t he a ctivities o f m iddle-men i n t his r egion i s v ery l imited, w hilst t he p ottery d istributions w ould s uggest t hat t he p otters w ere p robably f ar m ore d irectly i nvolved w ith t he d istribution o f t heir o wn w ares t han m ay h ave b een t he c ase i n t he M alvern r egion. S tudies o f c oarseware d istribution i n t he R oman p eriod h ave e mphasised t he i mportance o f a m arket-orientated d ispersal s ystem w hich w as, i n s ome c ases, e xtended a long m ajor r outeways ( Hodder 1 974, 3 41, M odel 1 ). I n h is r emaining t hree m odels o f p ottery d istrib ution, H odder c onsidered t hat a l arger, c ommercially-based p ottery i ndustry c ould b reak o ut o f t hat s imple o ne m arket d istribution s ystem a nd d ispose o f w ares a cross a w ider a rea(ibid, M odel 2 ). H is t hird m odel c onsisted o f a s eries o f s mall l ocal k ilns e ngaged i n s malls cale p roduction o verlapping m any o f t he m arket a reas o f t he l arger c o .4rseware c oncerns a nd, i n t his r espect, h e q uoted a s a p arallel J ean L e P atourel 's m odel o f p ottery d istribution i n r elation t o t he W inksley k ilns o f n orthern Y orkshire ( Bellamy a nd L e P atourel 1 970 ,
4 11
1 13-116). H is f inal m odel i nvolved t he p atronage o f am ajor c ommercial f orce, i n p articular t he R oman a rmy w hich , w ith i ts o wn c ommissariat, c ould d isperse t he w ares o f o ne f actory o ver a f ar g reater d istance t han n ormal m arket f orces w ould h ave a llowed ( 1974 , 3 55). H odder's f our m odels w ould s eem t o h ave b een b ased o n t he a ssumption t hat p ottery d istribution w ould h ave b een p redominantly l and-based. F or t he m edieval p eriod, h owever, t here i s e xtensive e vidence f or a s eries o f w ater-based t rade r outes s upplementing t he r oad n etwork . N everthel ess, i t s eemed w orthwhile t o e xamine t he f irst t hree o f H odder's m odels i n r elation t o N orth L incolnshire 's p ottery d istributions. H is f ourth m odel l acked a ny r ecognisable p arallels w ithin t his r egion. H odder M odel 1 T he d istribution o f t he e arly/high-medieval f ineware t raditions ( Fig.287) w as l argely b ased o n u rban p ottery p roduction s ystems, w ith t he e xception o f t he e arly i ndustries a t T oynton-all-Saints a nd Y addlethorpe. T his s ort o f u rban-based p roduction a nd m arketing s ystem w ould s eem t o f all i nto H odder's M odel 1 , i nvolving p roduction c entres b ased o n a s ingle m arket c entre, a nd b eing d istributed w ithin i ts n atural c atchment a rea o r m arket h interland ( Chisholm 1 979 , 1 51 7). W ithin t his r egion, t he t owns o f D oncaster, L incoln, H edon a nd B everley, e ach w ith t heir o wn p ottery k ilns , o ffer a c hance t o e xamine t his m odel. T he f oremost o f t hese f our u rban c entres, i n t erms o f s ize, w ealth a nd e conomic i nfluence, w as t he c ity o f L incoln . A lthough d iscussing t he d evelopment o f L incoln 's p ottery i ndustry i n s ome d epth, C oppack h ad i nsufficient e vidence t o d iscuss m ore t han s uperf icially t he w ider r egional d istribution o f i ts p roducts ( 1980 , 1 351 54). F ig.264 d emonstrates t he d istribution o f L incoln w are i n N orth L incolnshire i n r elation t o t he o ther m edium s andy, f ineware f abrics w hose t otal d istribution w as s hown o n F ig.262. A n umber o f s ites, s uch a s S omerby, G rayingham , W est R asen o r H emingby , h ad a c onsidera ble n umber o f L incoln w are s herds. T hese s ites m ay w ell h ave f allen w ithin t he m arketing o rbit o f L incoln, b ut t he f abric n ever s eemed t o h ave d ominated t heir a ssemblages. T he r elatively h igh p roportion f rom N ettleham i s a lmost c ertainly b iased b y t he B ishop 's P alace a ssemblage ( Russell a nd M oorhouse 1 971 , 2 2). A lthough S omerby, G rayingham , W est R asen a nd H emingby e ach f ell w ithin t he z one o f m ajor i nfluence o f t he m edium s andy f abric t radition , a n e xamination o f F igs.266, 2 69 a nd 2 70 s uggests t hat L incoln w are i tself d id n ot f orm t he m ajor f ineware f abric d uring t he e arly/high-medieval p eriod. T he a bsence f rom t his s tudy o f r ural s ites i n t he i mmediate v icinity o f L incoln p revents o ne f rom s eeing i f t here w as e ver a c lose h interland a round t he c ity w hich w as c eramically d ominated b y L incoln p otters. F ig.264 s hows t hat L incoln w are p roducts w ere c apable o f r eaching t he H umber, a lthough t hese w ere l argely c onfined t o t he W est o f t he W olds. T hey f ormed a t hin , b ut w idespread, z one o f m inor i nfluence a s ' strays' i n l ocal a ssemblages. A l ow b ut c onsist ent p roportion o f L incoln w are w as r ecovered f rom T hornholme P riory, w hich w as p robably b ulk-buying m ost o f i ts c eramics. A s T hornholme o wned l and i n L incoln, ( Glyn C oppack , p ers,comm .), t he i ncidence o f L incoln w are a t t he P riory m ay p ossibly b e a typical f or t he a rea. I t c ould b e s uggested t hat a lthough L incoln w are o ccurred i n l imited n umbers a cross m ost o f N orth L incolnshire, i t w as p robably n ever a vailable o n a r egular, c ommercial b asis. H owever, L incoln m erchants
4 12
w ere a ctive o ver a w ide a rea, a nd t he d ocuments r ecord a r egular p resence a t b oth B arton-on-Humber ( Ball 1 856, 1 9-20) a nd G rimsby ( Shaw 1 897, 8 6). I n a ddition t o t he w eekly m arkets t hat m ost m arket c harters c onferred, t here w as u sually a n a nnual f air o f t hree d ays ., b ut t his c ould b e e xtended f or s everal w eeks i n m ore i mportant o r f avoured p laces ( Appendix A ). T he l arger t he f airs, t he w ider t heir c atchment a rea i n t erms o f b oth c ustomers a nd m erchants. I t i s n ot k nown w hether u rban p otters w ould h ave e ver a ttended o ther f airs a nd m arkets f or t he p urposes o f s elling t heir w ares. T he n orthern d istribution o f L incoln w are ( Fig.264), h owever, c ould b e r elated t o t he E rmine S treet w hich l inked t he c ity t o t he H umber a t W interingham a nd f ormed a n i mportant m edieval l and r oute ( Stenton 1 936, 3 ). M ajor r oads, H odder s uggested ( 1974, 3 49), c ould o f p ottery d istribution.
l ead
t o a c orresponding a xial e xtension
D oncaster, H allgate ' A ' p roducts i n N olf1 L incolnshire a re s hown o n F ig.254 a nd, g iven t he d ifficulties o f r ecognising o dd b ody s herds a mongst t he r egion 's m ore n umerous f ine-sandy f abrics, t he d istrib ution a ppears r ather s parse. T he f abric w as m arketed o n a r egular b asis t o A xholme, w hich h ad n o p ottery i ndustry o f i ts o wn , b ut e ven h ere i t d id n ot h ave a m onopoly. F ig.257 s hows t hat t he r egion's o rangewares a lso f ound a c onsiderable m arket t here. T he o ccurrence o f t he ' A' f abric a t A lkborough , B urton-upon-Stather a nd H aythby s uggest t he i nfluence o n l ocal t rade o f t he H umber/Trent c onfluence; t he T urnbrigg d yke e nabled D oncaster t o k eep c oastal t rading l inks a long t he H umber/Trent r iver s ystem . T he w hite, ' B ' f abric f rom D oncaster a chieved a w ider d istrib ution i n t he r egion t han t he ' A' f abric, e ven t hough t he z one o f m ajor i nfluence o f t he w hitewares w as r estricted t o Y orkshire. E xamp les o f t he ' B ' f abric o ccurred a t H edon, E ast H alton S kitter, T hornholme P riory, W orlaby, A lkborough, T hornton C urtis a nd W est R asen. H owever, w ith t he p ossible e xception o f H edon, t he l ow n umbers m ake i t u nlikely t hat t here w as e ver a r egular t raded s upply o f t he f abric. N evertheless, t he m ajority o f t he f indspots w ould e mphasise r iver o r c oastal t rading l inks, a lthough t he o ccurrence o f H allgate ' B' a t t he i nland v illage o f W orlaby i s m ore i ntriguing. A d etailed d istributional s tudy o f t he D oncaster f abrics h as n ot y et b een u ndert aken t o t he N orth, W est o r S outh o f t he t own, b ut i f t heir e astern d istribution i s r epresentative, a s imilar p attern w ould e merge t o t hat o f L incoln. I f t here w as a m arket h interland a round D oncaster i n w hich t he H allgate f abrics h ad a n ear m onopoly o f c ontemporary f inewares, i t d id n ot e xtend i nto A xholme, d espite t he ' open ' c eramic m arket t here. T his w ould s uggest t hat s uch a h interland c ould h ave b een l ess t han 1 2 m iles i n r adius. H owever, l ike L incoln w are, D oncaster's f ineware p roducts a chieved a t hin z one o f m inor i nfluence a cross a f ar w ider a rea t han t hat o f i ts m ajor i nfluence. T he
d istribution
o f
H edon 's
w ares
w ithin
E ast
Y orkshire
h as
y et t o b e s tudied i n d etail. O nly a f ew v essels i n t hese f abrics h ave . b een r ecognised i n B everley, b ut a s t his w as a lso a m ajor p otting c entre, i t w ould, p erhaps, h ave b een s urprising h ad t here b een m ore. T here w as a c onsiderable c hronological o verlap b etween t he p utative H edon p ottery i ndustry a nd t he f oundation o f t he n ew s ite o f K ingston-
4 13
u pon-Hull
i n
c .1260
( Watkins,
f orthcoming),
b ut
v ery
f ew H edon p rod-
u cts h ave b een r ecognised f rom t he p ort's a ssemblages. D espite t his, H ull w as i mporting m ost o f i ts ' local' p ottery f rom t he o rangeware k ilns a t B everley d uring t he 1 3th a nd e arly 1 4th c enturies. A lthough H edon w as c loser t o H ull, B everley's w ater l inks v ia t he R iver H ull w as p robably t he d etermining f actor. A cross t he H umber, • fine s andy f abrics o nly f ormed s ome 3 0% o f t he e arly/high-medieval f inewares a t E ast H alton S kitter, b ut t he g reat m ajority o f t hese w ere f rom H edon. T his p roved t o b e t he e xception, h owever. E lsewhere i n N orth L incolnshire H edon's p roducts w ere r are a nd t here w as c learly n o a ttempt t o m arket t he w ares o n t he s outh b ank; t he d ifficulties o f t he H umber c rossing ( Barley . 1 936, 1 2), a nd t he p resence o f a l ocal f ine s andy t radition i n N orth L incolnshire w ould h ave c ombined t o m ake t his a m ost u nlikely p roposition. T he o verall p icture o f t his u rban-based f ineware p ottery d istrib ution w ould l argely c oncur w ith H odder's M odel 1 , i n t hat t he p rinc ipal, p erhaps t he s ole m arket f or a p ottery, w as t he t own w here i t w as b eing p roduced. R oadways s uch a s E rmine S treet, o r w aterways s uch a s t he R iver H ull, c ould c onsiderably e xtend s uch a d istribution, b ut u sually o nly i n t erms o f a z one o f m inor i nfluence. H odder M odel 2 I n t his m odel H odder p ostulated t hat a l arge-scale, c ommercially b ased, R oman c oarseware i ndustry, t rading c heaper p roducts, c ould b reak o ut o f t he s ingle m arket c onfines o f M odel 1 a nd a chieve a w ider d istribution ( 1974, 3 52-355). T his m odel c ould, t herefore, b e t ested a gainst t he r egion's l ate-medieval f abric t raditions ( Fig. 2 88), w here i t c an b e s hown t hat p ottery w as b eing p roduced f rom r ural c entres w hich i ncorporated m ore t han o ne p otter. J ean L e P atourel d emonstrated f rom t he c ourt r olls o f C owick i n W est Y orkshire t hat t he v illage h ad a t l east 5 p otters w orking t here i n t he m id 1 4th c entury ( 1968, 1 10). A t T oynton-all-Saints i n S outh L incolnshire, M rs. R udkin ( pers.comm.) f ound e xtensive a rchaeological e vidence o f p ottery p roduction d uring t he h igh/late-medieval p eriods ; t he T oynton c ourt r olls a lso s how u p t o 7 c ontemporary w orking p otters d uring t he m id-14th c entury ( Le P atourel 1 968, 1 11). F ieldwork b y B en W hitwell a t H olme upon-Spalding-Moor s uggested t he p resence o f s everal o ther k iln s ites i n a ddition t o t hat e xcavated b y G reenfield ( Mayes a nd H ayfield 1 980 , 9 9). T he s urface s catter o f w asters a t F irsby H all ( Magilton 1 977, 3 0) w ould a lso p oint t o l arge-scale p rodu ction, a lthough t he e xtent a nd d ate r ange o f t his c omplex i s m ore o bscure. T he e mergent p attern i s o f t he r egion's t hree l ate-medieval t raditions e ach e ncompassing a n umber o f p ottery c entres w hich , i n t urn, c ontained a nything u p t o s even o r m ore c ontemporary p otters. T he r esemblance t o t he l arger l ate-Roman c oarseware p ottery i ndustries i n t he r egion, s uch a s T hrolam ( Corder 1 930), C rambeck ( Corder 1 928, 1 937), o r t he C antley/Bessacarr/Rossington B ridge c omplex o utside D oncaster ( Buckland a nd D olby 1 980 ; B uckland e t a l 1 980), i s s triking. T hese l ate-medieval p ottery i ndustries w ould i ndeed s eem t o f it i nto H odder's c oncept o f l arge-scale, m ore c ommercially b ased, p ottery i ndustries. I t h as a lready b een d emonstrated t hat t he m ove t o r ural b ased i ndustries h ad s tarted b y t he h igh-medieval p eriod. I t w as
4 14
a lso
s uggested
t hat
s uch
a m ove
w ould
h ave
p rovided
c heaper
a ccess
t o t he p otters' b asic r equirements o f c lay, w ater a nd f uel, a nd a llo wed t hem t o e xploit m ore t han o ne m arket c entre; m any o f t he t radi tional u rban c entres b eing i n d ecline b y t he e nd o f t he 1 4th c entury ( Bridbury 1 981). T his c an n ow b e e xamined i n m ore d etail. G iven t hat m any n ew m arket f oundations f ailed t o s urvive a s v iable e conomic e nterprises, t he g rants o f m arket c harters i n t he r egion p roved o f g reat i nterest. H aving m ade a l ist o f m arket g rants f rom t he C alendar o f C harter R olls f or N orth L incolnshire ( Appendix A ), t he w riter m ade a f urther s tudy o f t he d ates o f f irst-time g rants w hich a re p resented i n t he b ar-graph b elow . T his, t herefore, e xcluded c onfirmation o f e xisting c harters o r t hose m arkets w hich h ad o rigina ted i n t he S axon o r e arly-medieval p eriods, s uch a s B arton-on-Humber, G ainsborough o r T orksey. T he I ncidence o f N ew G rants o f M arket C harters i n N orth L incolnshire ( based o n t he C harter R olls)
N o. o f G rants 1 2 1 1
. 1 340
1 0
1 335
9 8
1 278
1 334
1 271
1 332
1 270
1 329
1 268
1 318
1 245
1 267
1 317
1 235
1 265
1 314
1 234
1 258
1 305
1 227
1 252
_
7 6 _ 5 4
,
•
3 2
_
1 A .D.1150 T his
1200 217 = " »
d iagram
1 250
d emonstrates
.
1 304
1 300 t hat
1 383
.
1 441
1 350 . 2 . 7 . 7 . 2 . - 1 4002:= . .1450
r ecorded
N orth L incolnshire b egan i n 1 227 a nd t hat,
_
m arket
c harters
f or
f or a l ittle o ver a c entury ,
t hey c ontinued i n i ncreasing n umbers u ntil c .1340 w hen a d ramatic d rop o ccurred. T his w as f ollowed b y a s ingle l ate 1 4th-century g rant i n 1 383 a t E pworth, a lmost c ertainly l inked t o t he r aising o f T homas
4 15
d e M owbray t o E arl o f N ottingham i n t he s ame y ear ( Cal.Charter R olls, V , 3 E dw.III 1 383). T he l ast g rant i n 1 441 w as a s witch i n m arket s ite f rom G arthorpe t o C rowle. T hus t o a ll i ntents a nd p urposes, t he g ranting o f m arket c harters i n N orth L incolnshire h ad c eased b y c .1340 , a d ate w hich c ould c orrelate w ith t he B lack D eath i ncurs ions o f 1 348 a nd t he r esulting e conomic p roblems ( Zeigler 1 969, 1 78-80). T his p attern o f m arket g rants i s, t herefore, s imilar t o t hat e ncountered f or o ther a reas o f t he c ountry ( Britnell 1 981, 2 10). I t m ay b e n o c oincidence t hat t his p eriod f rom t he m id-13th c entury t o t he e nd o f t he 1 4th w as a lmost c ertainly a t ime w hen m any o f t he r ural p ottery i ndustries w ere f ounded, w hich s ubsequently w ere t o d ominate t he r egion's c eramics i n t he l ate-medieval p eriod. T he r ise i n t he n umber o f m arket g rants m ay h ave a ppeared t o h ave b een c reating t he r ight e conomic o pportunities f or p otters t o a chieve aw ider d istribution f or t heir w ares. N ot a ll o f t he n ew m arkets c reated d uring t his p eriod s urvived e ven t o t he e nd o f t he 1 4th c entury, b ut b y t hen a lmost a ll t he r ural i ndustries h ad b een e stablished, s ome f or s everal g enerations. T he e conomic p roblems o f t he t raditional u rban c entres, c ombined w ith t he s urvival o f m any, p erhaps m ost, o f t he n ew m erket f oundations i nto t he l ate-medieval p eriod, n o d oubt c atalysed t he s uccess o f t hese r ural i ndustries. A lthough u rban p otteries m ay h ave s urvived i n p laces s uch a s L incoln ( Coppack 1 980 , 2 26-227), t hey h ad c ertainly d ied o ut a t H edon, B everley, S carborough a nd D oncaster b y t he e nd o f t he 1 4th c entury. B ecause o f t he c lose v isual s imilarities b etween t he p roducts o f t he v arious l ocal t raditions, s uch a s C owick o r H olme upon-SpaldingM oor, w hich m ade u p t hese l ate-medieval r egional t raditions, i t p roved d ifficult t o c omment u pon t he d istribution o f a n : i ndividual p ottery c entre. N evertheless, t he s ize, l ocation a nd s cale o f t hese l ate m edieval p otteries w ould s uggest t hat t hey m ay h ave c onformed, i n g eneral t erms, w ith H odder's s econd m odel. H odder M odel 3
t wo
H odder m odels,
w as l ess b ut M odel
d etailed i n h is d iscussion o f h is r emaining 3 i nvolved t he c oncept o f s mall-scale, r ural -
b ased p ottery p roduction w ith r estricted m arket a reas, w hich o verl apped w ith e ach o ther a nd w ith t he l arger p roduction c oncerns ( Hodder 1 974, 3 55). T he a nalogy t hat H odder d rew o n w as t he m arketing m odel p roposed b y J ean L e P atourel f or t he Y orkshire k iln g roups(Le P atourel 1 970 , 1 13-116). I n s ome w ays t his w as u nfortunate b ecause t his Y orkshire e vidence w as b ased o n t he p roximity o f m arket t owns a nd k iln s ites r ather t han o n a ny d etailed d istribution o f p ottery t ypes. M ost o f t he r egion 's k nown m edieval k iln s ites w ould s eem t o f all i nto e ither H odder's M odel 1 o r M odel 2 , b ut t here w ere s ome e arly-medieval, r ural-based k ilns s uch a s t he S taxton/Potter B rompton c omplex, a nd t he d ocumented, t hough u nlocated, s ite a t G lentworth ( Stenton 1 922, 8 5). F ig.285, w hich s hows t he b oundaries o f t he m edi eval c oarseware t raditions, c ontrasts t he s hell a nd c oarse s andt empered f abrics. I t s hows t hat b oth h ad z ones o f m ajor i nfluence w hich m et
w ithout a ppearing
t o o verlap.
4 16
I n a ddition,
b oth t raditions
h ad z ones o f m inor i nfluence w hich c ompletely o verlapped w ithin t he o pposing t radition 's z one o f m ajor i nfluence. I t w as s uggested i n t he f oregoing d iscussion o f M odel 1 t hat t he c oarsewares p roduced f rom u rban c entres w ere l argely r estricted t o a z one o f m ajor i nf luence, a nd t hat i t w as o nly t he f inewares w hich w ere a ble t o a chieve a n e xtended z one o f m inor i nfluence. S uch a s uggestion w ould, s uperf icially, s eem t o c onflict w ith t he e xistence o f m inor i nfluence z ones o f t he s hell a nd c oarse s andy c oarsewares o n F ig.285. H owever, f urther e xamination o f F ig.242 f or t he s hell-tempered t radition a nd F ig.245 f or t he c oarse s and-tempered t radition, r eveals a p ossible a nswer t o t his d ilemma. F or t he c oarse s andy f abrics t here w as a s ingle f abric, C 2, w hich d ominated t he z one o f m ajor i nfluence a nd a s econd f abric, C 3, w hose o ccurrence w as r estricted t o t he z one o f m inor i nfluence. T he s ame p henomenon w as r evealed f or t he s hell-tempered t radition w here t he S 3 f abric o ccurred w ithin t he z one o f m ajor i nfluence, a nd t he S 4 f abric w ithin t he z one o f m inor i nfluence. T hus t he t wo n umerically m ore i mportant f abrics, C 2 a nd S 3, r arely o ccurred o utside t he z one o f m ajor i nfluence f or t heir r espective t raditions. T he p roduction s ources f or t hese t wo f abrics a re u nknown , a lthough l inks h ave b een d rawn i n C hapter 5 b etween t he p roduction o f t he c oarse s andy f abrics a nd t he f ine s andy f abrics b ased o n t heir c ommon p roduction a t H edon. T he S 4 a nd C 3 f abrics w ould b oth s eem t o h ave b een p roduced a nd d istributed w ithin t he z ones o f m inor i nfluence f or t heir t radi tions. A lthough t heir d istribution w as f airly w ide, t heir n umbers w ere c omparatively s mall. I f e ach w as p roduced f rom a s ingle k iln s ite t he s mall n umbers i nvolved m ake t heir d istribution s eem s urp risingly e xtensive. I t h as b een s uggested a bove t hat s uch m inor f abrics c ould a lso h ave b een p roduced f rom t he s ame c entres a s m ore i mportant c oarseware o r f ineware f abrics. T he v ariety o f f abrics p roduced f rom a n umber o f t he r egions u rban c entres s uch a s D oncaster, S carborough o r H edon, p rovides t he b ackground f or s uch a n i nterp retation. S uch m inor f abrics w ould p robably h ave b een a ble t o e xploit t he s ame m arketing n etwork a s t heir m ore s uccessful u rban p ottery f abrics t owards
a long t he l ines o f H odder's M odel 1 . T his m ay g o s ome w ay e xplaining t he s urprisingly w ide d istribution o f t hese m inor
f abrics. T he S taxton/Potter B rompton k ilns w ould a lso s eem t o r epresent a dditional c andidates f or M odel 3 , e specially i n t heir e arlier p hases o f p roduction. C urrent e vidence w ould s uggest t hat t his s eries o f k ilns w as i n o peration b y t he 1 2th c entury ( Le P atourel 1 979 , 8 4), a nd t hat t hey w ere s pecifically g eared t owards t he p roduction o f c oarsewares, w hich t he e xperience o f o ther s imilar f abrics w ould s uggest s hould o nly h ave a chieved a d istribution w ithin a l imited a rea o f m ajor i nfluence. T he s iting o f t hese k ilns c lose t o M alton m ight s eem i ntentional i n o rder t o e xploit t he t own 's m arkets. T he S taxton/Potter B rompton k ilns, h owever, w ere s ituated o n a n o utcrop o f n atural c lays, w hich h ad a lso b een e xploited b y R oman c oarseware k ilns i n t he n eighbouring v illage o f K napton ( Corder a nd K irk 1 932). P roduction w ould s eem t o h ave c ontinued a t t he S taxton k ilns u ntil t he l ate 1 4th o r e arly 1 5th c enturies, s urviving, a nd n o d oubt t aking a dvantage o f, t he g eneral m ove t o r ural i ndustries a nd t he e xpanding m arket o pportunities. T he n earby v illage o f S ledmere, f or e xample,
4 17
w as g ranted m arket r ights i n 1 303 ( McCutcheon 1 939, 1 66). T hese f abr ics o nly d isappeared e arly i n t he l ate-medieval p eriod w ith t he g eneral d ecline o f t he m edieval c oarseware i ndustries. T he M edieval F air i n N orth L incolnshire T he m edieval f air h as b een d escribed a s " a k ind o f g lorified m arket" ( Salzman 1 931, 1 42). A lmost a ll t he 1 3th a nd 1 4th c entury m arket g rants i ncluded a f air, a nd t he f ollowing d iscussion s eeks t o a ssess t heir p ossible r ole i n N orth L incolnshire's e conomy. M ost f airs w ere g ranted f or t hree d ays o n t he ' vigil, f east a nd m orrow ' o f a g iven S aints d ay ( Appendix A ). S ome f airs, h owever, w ere g ranted f or a c onsiderably l onger p eriod; G rantham 's l asted t hree w eeks a nd H ull's s ix w eeks. F airs c ould a lso b e g ranted t o a s eparate p erson o r i nstitution t o t hose w ho h eld t he m arket r ights, a lthough t his w as p erhaps m ore c ommon a mongst t he o lder u rban c entres t han t he l esser m arket s ites g ranted i n t he 1 3th a nd 1 4th c enturies. F ig.289 w as p repared t o d emonstrate t he r elative s izes o f t he f airs i n N orth L incolnshire. S ome s erious i mbalances o ccur r egarding t he s ize o f t he f airs a t G rimsby, C aistor, L outh a nd L incoln w hich a re n ot k nown t o t he w riter. L outh h ad t hree f airs b ut t heir s ize i s n ot r ecorded ( Goulding 1 891, 4 ). A lso t his m ap m akes n o c oncessions t o c hronological c hange; t he f air s ize r ecorded b eing t he l argest p eriod d ocumented f or e ach p lace d uring t he m edieval p eriod. N everthel ess, t he p attern w hich i t p resents i s a n i nteresting o ne. T he l oca tion a nd n umber o f t he l arger f airs i s b iased t owards t he w est o f t he c ounty. T he d ominance o f t he f airs b ordering o nto t he R iver T rent i s p articularly n oticeable a s t hey i nclude t he r egion's o nly t wow eek f airs a t T orksey, G ainsborough a nd t wo a t B urton-upon-Stather. T he o ther t wo l arger f airs i n t he a rea o ccurred a t W interton a nd K irton L indsey, b oth p laces b eing g ranted t wo, w eek-long f airs. T heir l ocation n ext t o t he E rmine S treet i s a lso u nlikely t o b e a c oincide nce. G iven t he l ack o f k nowledge c oncerning G rimsby a nd C aistor, t he N orth R iding o f L indsey a ppears t o h ave h ad o nly t he o ne w eekl ong f air a t B arton-on-Humber. T he l ocation o f k nown m edieval m arkets ( Fig.290) a lso r eveals a s imilar, n umeric b ias t owards t he w est o f t he c ounty. N one o f N orth L incolnshire's f airs c ounted a mongst t he g reat f airs o f E ngland, s uch a s S t. I ves ( Hunts.), N orthampton, B oston o r t he S t. G iles f air a t W inchester ( Salzman 1 931, 1 54). H owever, i n 1 293 t he n ewly f ounded p ort o f K ingston-upon-Hull w as e ndowed w ith a s ix-week f air ( Cal. C lose R olls, 2 92). S tatutes o f 1 328 a nd 1 331 d emanded t hat t he L ord o f e ach f air w as t o p roclaim i ts d uration a t i ts o nset ( Salzman 1 931, 1 46). O nce t he f air h ad b een p roclaimed, n ormal m arket t rading w ithin t he t own w as u sually s everely r estricted o r, o n o ccasion, h alted f or t he d uration o f t he f air, i n o rder n ot t o d etract f rom t he r evenues o f t he f air i tself ( ibid, 1 45). T he l arger f airs w ould i nevitably a ttract m erchants f rom a ll o ver E ngland, a nd c ould a lso b ring i n c ontinental m erchants, s ome h aving r egular b ooth p ositions a t t he l argest f airs. T he d istribution o f L incoln w are o n F ig.264, a nd t o s ome e xtent t hat o f m edium s andy w ares a s a w hole ( Fig.262), r eflects t he s ame g eographical i mbalance a s t hat o f t he f airs i n N orth L incolnshire. I t i s q uite p ossible
4 18
t hat m erchants f rom L incoln w ould h ave a ttended t he l arger f airs o f N orth L incolnshire, s uch a s G ainsborough a nd B urton-upon-Stather, o r e ven W interton a nd K irton L indsey. I t i s f ar f rom c ertain w hether a ny o f t hese m erchants w ould h ave t raded i n s uch l owly w ares a s p ott ery. A lthough i n t his r espect, i t c ould b e o bserved t hat t he g reat m ajority o f L incoln w are v essels w ithin t heir z one o f m inor i nfluence w ere j ugs, m ost o f w hich w ere h igh q uality a nd h ighly d ecorated. S uch v essels, b eing s lightly a bove t he o rdinary, m ay w ell h ave e nsured s uccessful s a les i n t he m ore d istant p arts o f L incolnshire. I ndeed, a s a g eneral t rend r egional s trays f ound i n t heir z ones o f m inor i nfluence w ere f requently b etter t han a verage f or t heir t ypes. I t i s d ifficult t o r esist e quating t his n ortherly s pread o f L incoln w ares w ith t he c orresponding n orthern d ensity o f f airs, w hich i n t urn c ould b e d irectly r elated t o t he p osition o f t he T rent a nd E rmine S treet. I t i mplies t hat t he T rent a nd t he l and b etween i ts e astern b ank a nd t he w estern W old s carp a cted a s a f orm o f t rade f unnel l inking L incoln w ith t he H umber. S alzman s uggested t hat t he 1 3th c entury w as t he h eyday o f t he E nglish m edieval f air, a nd t hat b y t he e arly 1 4th c entury, a d ecline h ad s et i n w hich w as t o b e a ccelerated b y t he B lack D eath ( 1931,156). I n N orth L incolnshire, g rants o f f airs c ontinued u nabated u ntil t he m id-14th c entury, b ut m ost w ere o n a s mall, t hree-day s cale a nd i ndeed , i n s ome 1 4th c entury c onfirmation o f g rants, t he s ize o f f airs w ere r educed. T orksey, i n 1 282, h ad b een g ranted a t wo-week f air, b ut i n 1 345 i t w as r educed t o 8 d ays ( Appendix A ). N evertheless, t he f ortunes o f t he ' Lincolnshire' r egional t raditions s how s ome g eographi cal c ontraction b etween t hat o f t he h igh-medieval, m edium s andy w ares ( Fig.262) a nd t hat o f t he l ate-medieval T oynton/Bolingbroke t radition ( Fig.276). T he p rincipal a rea o f c ontraction b etween t he t wo t raditions w as t he n orth-west p art o f L indsey, a nd i t m ay b e n o c oincidence t hat t his i ncluded a s ubstantial p art o f t he a rea c overed b y t he b elt o f l arger, h igh-medieval f airs b etween L incoln a nd t he H umber ( Fig.289).
4 19
C HAPTER 7
E PILOGUE
U ntil t he r esearch w ork b egan o n t his s tudy, m any o f t he N orth L incolnshire p ottery f abrics, e ven s ome o f t he m ajor t raditions d isc ussed i n C hapter 5 , h ad n ot b een r ecognised o r d efined. H opefully t his s tudy w ill h ave p rovided a n i nterim d efinition o f t he v arious p ottery f abrics i n t he a rea, t heir d istribution, d evelopment, r ange o f f orms a nd d ate r ange. N evertheless, t he g aps i n o ur k nowledge o f e ach f abric r emain c onsiderable, w ith t he b ulk o f t he e vidence b iased i n f avour o f s ome t raditions, s uch a s t he o rangewares o r H umberwares, a t t he e xpense o f o thers, s uch a s t he g ritty o r f ine s andy t raditions. T here w ill a lways b e s cope f or f urther r esearch t o b roaden a nd r edefine t he v arious f abric t ypes i ncluded h ere; f or e xample, t his s tudy i nvolved n o d etailed m ineralogical a nalysis. N ow t hat s ome o f t he r egion 's c eramic p roblems h ave b een i dentified, t here i s a n eed f or a p rogramme o f t hin s ectioning a nd h eavy m ineral a nalysis t o t est a nd c ompare t he v arious f abric g roupings w hich h ave b een s uggested h ere. T here w as a lso a c orresponding g eographical b ias i n t he d istri , b ution o f t he v arious s tratified a nd u nstratified a ssemblages f rom N orth L incolnshire. T his w as m ost m arked b y t he c omparative d earth o f e vidence i n a nd a round t he t owns o f G rimsby, L outh a nd G ainsborough . I t i s p robable t hat h ad t he c eramic a ssemblages f rom t hese t hree a reas b een g reater, t he b oundaries f or s everal o f t he f abrics a nd t raditions m ay h ave d iffered f rom t hose p resented h ere. T he c orrelation o f t rade, m arketing a nd p roduction t echniques b etween t he R oman a nd m edieval p eriod w ithin t he r egion h as s uggested i nteresting s imilarities. H opefully i t w ill e mphasise t he p otential f or a c ontinuing c omparison o f r esults, e specially i n r egard t o s uch a spects a s k iln l ocation. T his r esearch w ould u ndoubtedly h ave b enef itted f rom a s imilarly d etailed r egional c omparison o f t he p roduction a nd m arketing o f o ther m edieval a rtifact t ypes s uch a s g lass, m etals, s tone, w ood o r l eather. I n t his r espect, p ottery s tudies a re p ossibly i n d anger o f s uffering t he p enalties o f i ncreasing s pecialisation. E ven a c asual s tudy o f l ater-medieval, d omestic p aintings a nd h ouseh old i nventories p roves a v ery s alutory e xercise i n p lacing p ottery s tudies i n a m ore r ealistic p erspective r egarding t heir r ole i n m edieval l ife. T o c onclude o n am ore g eneralised n ote, a ll t he m any e xplanations a nd s peculations w hich h ave b een m ade i n t he p receding c hapters h ave b een b ased o n t he a ssumption t hat h istorical e vents p rogressed i n a r easonable, r ational a nd l ogical m anner. T his h as a lways b een, a nd r emains, a n i nherent w eakness i n a ll a rchaeological i nterpretation b ecause i t i gnores t he e ffect o f ' twists o f f ate' a nd t he w hims o f h uman n ature. P otteries m ay h ave d eclined, n ot t hrough i nevitable m arket f orces, b ut s imply b ecause t he p otter w as i ll, i nefficient, i ncompetent, l acked t he n ecessary b usiness a cumen o r d ecided t o m ake g ood h is w ealth b y t urning t o f ull-time a griculture. P otters m ay h ave d ied s uddenly w ithout l eaving a ny s uitably q ualified a pprentice o r. s uccessor. T hey m ay h ave t raded t heir w ares i nto s ome m arkets r ather t han o thers f or n o o ther r eason t han t hat t hey l iked a p lace o r k new p eople l iving t here, o r f or a w hole h ost o f o ther, s eemingly
420
i rrational m otives. I n c ertain r espects, m any o f o ur p resent i nterp retations a re a lso a lmost c ertainly a nachronistic, s uch a s v essel u se, a esthetics o r m arketing m odels. W e w ill n ever k now t he f ull r easons w hy m edieval p eople c hose t o b uy a p articular s hape o r s tyle o f p ot, t he v arious u ses t hey p ut i t t o, o r t he m any s tages b y w hich i t f ell o ut o f u se a nd w as d iscarded. I f a m edieval p otter c ould b e t old o f t he m any r ecent a dvances i n t he 2 0th c entury s tudy o f E nglish m edieval p ottery, h e w ould p roba bly s hake h is h ead a nd, w ith a w ry c huckle, t ell u s t hat w e s till k now v ery l ittle a bout m edieval p ots a nd p otting.
421
A PPENDIX A G RANTS O F F AIRS A ND M ARKETS I N T HE N ORTH R IDING O F L INDSEY T AKEN F ROM T HE C ALENDAR O F C HARTER R OLLS Y ear
P lace
G rantee
A ppointed D ays
1 234
L aceby
J ohn N evill
F air o n t he V FM o f S t.Margaret ( 19-21 J uly)
1 235
B rigg
E rnisius d e N evill
F air o n t he F o f S t.James a nd t he 3 d ays f ollowing ( 25-28 J uly) M arket o n T hursday
1 236
I rby
W illiam d e I reby
F air o n t he V FM o f S t.Matthew ( 20-22 S ept.) M arket o n T hursday
1 252
T horesway
E lias d e R abayn
F air o n t he m orrow o f W hit S unday a nd t he 3 d ays f ollowing M arket o n M onday
1 258
G oxhi11
G iles d e G ousell
F air o n t he V FM o f A ll S aints ( 31 O ct - 2 N ov) M arket o n T hursday
1 317
T horesway
I sabel V esay
F air o n t he V F o f t he N ativity o f S t.Mary a nd t he 2 d ays f ollowing ( 7-10 S ept) M arket o n M onday
1 ;18
B onby
B ishop o f E ly
F air o n t he V FM o f S S P hilip a nd J ames ( 24-26 J uly) M arket o n W ednesday
1 340
B inbrook
W illiam d e G aunt
F air o n t he V FM o f t he t ranslation o f S t.Thomas t he M artyr ( 6-8 J uly) M arket o n F riday
422
G RANTS O F F AIRS A ND M ARKETS I N T HE W EST R IDING O F L INDSEY T AKEN F ROM T HE C ALENDAR O F C HARTER R OLLS
Y ear
P lace
G rantee
A ppointed D ays
1 227
K naith
W alter d e E vermue
F air o n t he V FM o f S t. W erburg M arket o n M onday
1 245
B roughton
O liver d e A lbiniaco
F air o n t he V FM o f H oly T rinity M arket o n T uesday
1 265
M essingham
W illiam d e M arescall
M arket o n M onday
1 267
A ppleby
G eoffrey d e N evill
F air o n t he V FM o f S t. M argaret ( 19-21 J uly) M arket o n W ednesday
1 268
S tow
P rior o f S empringham
F air o n t he V FM o f S t. J ohn t he B aptist ( 23-25 J une)
1 270
S cotter
A bbot o f P eterborough
F air o n t he V FM o f S S P eter a nd P aul ( 28-30 J une) M arket o n ( date u nspeci fied)
1 271
B ottesford
H ospitallers
F air o n t he V FM o f S S P eter a nd P aul ( 283 0 J une) M arket o n M onday
1 278
G lentham
W illiam d e B rakenbergh
F air o n t he V FM o f S t. M ary M agdalene ( 21-23 J uly) M arket o n M onday
1 286
T orksey
J ohn d e B alliol
F air o n t he V FM o f H oly T rinity a nd t he 1 2 d ays f ollowing M arket o n ( date u nspeci fied)
1 292
G ainsborough
W illiam d e V alencia
F air ( date u nspecified) f or 1 6 d ays
1 304
F illingham
H ugh B ardolf
F air o n t he V FM o f S t. B artolph ( 16-18 J une) F air o n t he V FM o f A ll S aints ( 31 O ct - 2 nd N ov.) M arket o n W ednesday
4 23
Y ear
P lace
G rantee
A ppointed D ays
1 305
C rowle
A bbot o f S elby
F air o n t he V FM o f S t. O swald ( 4-6 A ug ) M arket o n W ednesday
1 314
B urton S tather
T homas, E arl o f L ancaster
F air o n t he V F o f A ll S aints a nd t he 1 3 d ays f ollowing ( 31 O ct 1 4 N ov) F air o n t he V F o f t he H oly T rinity a nd t he 1 3 d ays f ollowing M arket o n F riday
1 317
W intringham
J ohn M armyon
F air o n t he V FM o f S t. M ary M agdalene ( 21-23 J uly) M arket o n W ednesday
1 328
G lentham
W illiam d e S narford
F air o n t he V FM o f S t. M ary M agdalene ( 21-23 J uly) M arket o n M onday
1 329
S tow
B ishop o f L incoln
F air o n t he V FM o f t he A ssumption ( 14-16 A ug) F air o n t he V FM o f t he N ativity o f t he V irgin ( 7-9 S ept) F air o n t he V FM o f M icha elmas ( 28-30 S ept)
1 330
K naith
J ohn D arcy
F air o n t he V F o f S t. B arnabas a nd 4 d ays f ollowing(10-15 J une) M arket o n S aturday
1 332
S cotter
A bbot o f P eterborough
F air o n t he V FM o f S S P eter a nd P aul ( 283 0 J une) M arket o n ( not s peci fied)
1 333
W intringham
J ohn M armyon
F air o n t he V FM o f T ranslation o f S t. T homas t he M artyr ( 6-8 J uly) M arket o n S aturday
1 334
W interton
E arl o f C ornwall
F air o n t he V FM o f S S P hilip a nd J ames a nd t he 6 d ays f ollowing ( 24-31 J uly) F air o n t he V F o f A ll S aints a nd t he 6 d ays
424
Y ear
P lace
G rantee
A ppointed D ays f ollowing ( 31 O ct 7N ov) M arket o n T hursday
1 334
K irton L indsey
E arl o f C ornwall
F air o n t he V F o f S t. T homas t he M artyr a nd t he 6 d ays f ollowing ( 6-13 J uly) F air o n t he V F o f S t. A ndrew t he A postle a nd t he 6 d ays f ollowing ( 29 N ov - 6 D ec)
1 335
L ea
J ohn d e B reouse
F air o n t he 3 d ays b ef ore t he f east o f S t. L aurence(7-9 A ug) F air o n t he 3 d ays b ef ore t he f east o f S t. M atthew t he A postle ( 18 - 2 0 S ept)
1 345
T orksey
J ohn D arcy
F air o n t he V F o f S t. T homas t he M artyr a nd t he 6 d ays f ollowing ( 6-13 J uly) M arkets o n M onday a nd W ednesday
1 383
M essingham
M ichael d e l a P ole
F air o n t he F east o f H oly T rinity M arket o n M onday
1 383
E pworth
T homas d e M oubray
F air o n t he V FM o f t he D ecollation o f S t. J ohn ( 28-30 A ug) M arket o n T hursday
1 441
C rowle
A bbot o f S elby
F air o n t he V FM o f M art inmas ( 10-12 N ov) F air o n t he V FM o f S t. O swald ( 4-6 J une) M arket o n M onday
425
A PPENDIX B L ist o f u nstratified a ssemblages p roducing t he p rincipal
t ypes o f l ate-medieval
i mported p ottery
A c e s
R i v e r / W a t e r w a y
P o r t
M a r k e t S i t e
R a e r n S t o n e w a r e
L a n g e r w e h S t o n e w a r e
S i e b u r g S t o n e w a r e
R e d w a r e s
L o w C o u n t r i e s
S a i n t o n g e
P e r c e n t a g e I m p o r t e d P o t
T o t a l L a t e M e d i e v a l P o t
W 4 -,
. r 1
c n
T o t a l L M I m p o r t e d P o t
S i t e
W a 0
_ E .H. S kitter
1 71
1 7.5
3 0
1 2
7
3
4
*
4
* — . .
1 6 .7
1 2
S omerby
1 02
1 6
1 5 .7
E pworth
8 4
1 3
1 5 .5
1
3
3
3
G rimsby
4 8
5
1 0 .4
1
2
1
1
H umberston
1 1
1
9 .1
C aistor
2 8
2
7 .1
A lkborough
1 5
1
6 .6
R isby
2 3
1
4 .3
W . R avendale
5 9
2
3 .4
S kidbrooke
2 9
1
3 .4
B rigg
2
1
C roxton
—
3 68
1
3 .3
C onesby
3 2
1
3 .1
E .Halton
7 1
2
2 .8
4 82
3
*
*
*
1
2 .1
1 0 4 .
1
1
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
1 1
* *
2
2
1 0
—
*
1
3 .3
1 2
3 0
4
1 6
. . ,
K illingholme
H awerby c um B eesby
1
*
* *
1 1
*
2
4
1
1
1
3
1
6
—
*
G oxhill
2 88
6
2 .1
B arton
2 53
5
2 .0
G oxhill H aven
5 7
1
1 .7
1
B urton u pon S tather
8 3
1
1 .2
1
K irmond l e M ire
5 51
5
0 .9
3
H abrough
4 36
3
0 .7
2
1
*
S winehope
5 06
2
0 .4
1
1
*
N orth O wersby
2 93
1
0 .3
1
*
K ettleby T horpe
8 84
3
0 .3
1
*
T hornton C urtis
1 820
5
0 .3
T hornton l e M oor
1 426
3
0 .2
1
1
*
*
4 26
*
*
* *
2
* 1
-
*
*
4
1
*
2
* *
—. .
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L e P atourel, H . E . J ., 1 966. " Hallgate, D oncaster, a nd t he I ncidence o f F ace-Jugs w ith B eards": M edieval A rchaeology, 1 0, 1 60-164. L e P atourel, H . E . J ., 1 966(a ). " The P ottery" i n E .J .E. P in e e t a l: " Kirkstall A bbey E xcavations, 1 960-4": P ublications o f t he T horesby S ociety, 5 1, 3 6-50. L e P atourel, H . E . J ., 1 968. " Documentary E vidence a nd t he M edieval P ottery I ndustry": M edieval A rchaeology, 1 2, 1 01-126. L e P atourel, H . E . J ., 1 973. T he M oated S ites o f Y orkshire : S ociety f or M edieval A rchaeology M onograph S eries: N o. 5 ( London ). L e P atourel, H . E . J ., 1 976. " Pottery a s E vidence f or S ocial a nd E conomic C hange": i n P . S awyer ( ed.) M edieval S ettlement: C ontinuity a nd C hange ( London ), 1 69-179. L e P atourel, H . E . J ., 1 979. " Medieval P ottery" i n J .G . H urst ( ed.) W harram : A S tudy o f S ettlement o n t he Y orkshire W olds : S ociety f or M edieval A rchaeology M onograph S eries: N o. 8 ( London ). P eacock, D . P . S . ( ed.) 1 977. P ottery a nd E arly C ommerce: C haracterisation a nd T rade i n R oman a nd L ater C eramics
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1 969.
T he B lack D eath
( London ).
4 40
•
LOCAT ION M AP
•
SHO W I NG THE REGION UNDER STUDY
F ig .1
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HM/7/Ep
F ig .56
1 4
5 0mm
2
L
4 3
9 1 5
6
Si b
A1 0
7
B urnham HM/9/Bc
Kett leby T horpe HM/10/Kt . • • • • - + •«w if l ue lg
1 9 1 6
1 7
% 20
( draw ings b y S tephen Moorhouse)
•
22 2 1
25
Barrow :Cherry L ane HM/11/Br
2 3
26 24
_
F ig .57
e o p)
P t
1
2
5
9
6
1 0
7
3
1 1 8
4
g o / C P
1 9
1 8
1 2
20 1 3 2 1
1 1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7 22
Barrow :Cherry L ane HM/12/Br
50 m m
24 26 d e 25 27
28
32
33 29
F ig .58
7 )
\
2
1
50 m m 7
, ‘ \ \ \ , s
e f t i
HM/12/Br c on t .
9
1 0 1 1
1 3
1 7
22
23
24 20
B arrow :Cherry L ane
F ig .59
4
3
4 I
U
7
8
50mm
9
1 5
10
1 1
1 6 1 2
rrrt rr rrr rr, .r t f i
r r rrrr rr r r\
lr i lr iir UI- U T 4
U
\\
\ \
U r r i 'r
' turrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrt urrt
rffil trf riffrff f r f rr rfr r
y frf, r y .
1 7
20
2 1
1 8
1 9
Bar row :Cher ry L ane HM/14/Br
F ig .60
6
7
HM/15/Tp
1 8
14
1 3
HM/16/Tp
1 7
1 8
1
1 2 23 1 9
50 m m
20 Ilhimmen
• 2 1
22
t -
25
T hornho lme P r iory
24
27
HM/17/Tp 1
4 7/ II
• • . 7
\
2
3
) I
. .•1
50 m m
I ' \
5
6
6
HM/19/Tp
7 / 1
•
1 2
\ \
• 1 1
\
HM/20/Tp
9
\ II NE I N
J
T hornho lme P r iory
1 3
F ig .62
S T A
27
$
30
HM/22/Tp
29
28
HM/23/Tp
8
i-
4
_
9 7
1 0
3
1 2
1 4 1 6 1 5 1 8
1 7
2 1
20 2 5
50 mm
26
HM/21/Tp T hornho l me P r iory
F ig .63
-\ 8
4
1'
I
\ 1,1
\�- - -�� :: :_j �- � / 10
9
11
13
I
160mm 1
12
-?
14 16
\-1 -j
15
20
Thornholme Priory
I I
11
I
I
'\::-_-_-_- __2_1j
'_Cf.f'.=/ Fig.64.
2
3
50 mm
4 1 1P
/ 1 ,
•,
, /
1 0 -t SZZ ,
-
-
T hornho l me P r iory
F ig .65
2
6
3
7 5
HM/24/Tp c on t .
8
. e 1 1
HM/25/Tp 1 4 1 0
41 1P
1 )I
HM/26/Tp
1 6
1 5
1 2
1 3
-
2 0
2 1 1 8
AM
1 9
24
HM/27/Tp
50 m m
2 5
2 6
/ -
27
T hornho lr ne P r iory
F ig .66
4
6 3
f 2
7
5 0mm
8
1 2
1 3
1 0
1 5
HM/28/Tp
1 1
1 7 1 6
1 9
23
2 2
20
HM/29/Tp T hornho l me P r iory
F ig .67
3
50 m m
_ 2
4
T hornho lme P r io ry
6 7
9
HM/30/Tp 10
1 2
1 3
1
F ig .68
f l I
1
Om m
3
4
HM/31/Tp
T hornho l me P r iory
2
m we .
A M i gg e le W Mem e
F ig .6 9
3
1 1
1 2
7
1 0
• 1 3
50m mj 1 5 \
14
1 7
N 1 6
1 8
T hornho lme P r iory HM/31/Tp c ont .
F ig .70
2
8
6
1 3
1 2
1 5
HM/32/Tp 14
1 1 1 1 1 0
T hornho lme P r iory 1 6
)
5 0mm
1 1 1 8 -
F ig .71
3 . I
3
HM/33/Tp
1 7
6
HM/34/Tp
9
1 0
50mm
1 1
1 2
T hornho lme P r iory
1 3
F ig .72
1
HM/35/Tp
2 5 3
6
HM/36/Tp 7
9
8 50 m m
1 0
MOP 1 1
1 2 1 3
T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .73
5
D a)
6 2
EM/35/Tp
3
• 9
7
8
EM/37/Tp
EM/36/Tp
• 1 2 1 0
• 1 3
• 1 4
• 1 5
16
1 1 5 0mm
1 8
1 7
- - -
20
22 2 1
23
HM/38/Tp
T hornho l me P r iory
F ig .74
• 1 0
1 6
1 50mm
1 7
1 8
T hornho lme P r iory HM/37/Tp
F ig .75
2
60 M M
3
5
9
1 0
1 6 1 4
1 1
1 3
T hornho l me P r iory HM/37/Tp c on t .
F ig .76
1 5
1,
. . -''
3 5 0mm
5
T hornho l me P r iory HM/37/Tp c on t .
F ig .77
-
5 0mm
8
9
T hornho l me P r io ry HM/37/Tp c ont .
F ig .78
HM/40/Tp
HM/39/Tp
' 30 '
29
v i
3 1
_ . F __ _ _ _ _
,. r 32
HM/43/Tp
HM/42/Tp T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .79
33
3
1 7
1 0
8
1 1
1 8
1 3
1 9
T hornho l me P r iory HM/44/Tp
F ig .80
1 2 4
1
7
1 3
« r o ,
1 4
111
1 0
0
.5
L .
0 mr!
1 5
1 6
HM/44/Tp c ont .
1 7
1 8
24
2 1 2 2
o g ree 4 1 11 11 27
2 3
HM/46/Tp
2 8
HM/47/Tp
,
29
3 0
HM/50/Tp
HM/48/Tp T hornho l me P r iory
F ig .81
3 1
i e d it iM A vet t f 44444 .4 %
1 7 1 3
HM/49/Tp
HM/51/Tp
2 2 1
Thornho l me P r iory
F ig .82
7‚
2
7
5
4
HM/52/Tp
5 0mM
1 0 1
1
1 3
• 17
1 5
1 9
1 2
(
(
1 8
( ( 2 1
HM/53/Tp
2 0
T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .83
9
1
1 0
2
•5 0 mM
34
33
T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .84
1 6
1
4
( draw ings b y S tephen Moorhouse)
2
Nett leham HM/58/Nh
HM/59/Bv
HM/61/Bv
HM/60/Bv
1 3 1 1 1 4
1 6
1 9
1 7
2 1
HM/62/Bv
1 8
Bever ley :H ighgate
2 2
F ig .85
2 3
5
8P i)
6
HN I/64/Hd
3
•
1 0
1
1 2
50 mm 1 3
1 7
2 0
1 5
HN 1/65/Hd
1 9
2 4
2 5
2 6
2 1
Hedon
F ig .86
(
7 -1
3
4 8 5 1 0
9
1 2
50 m m
Hedon HN I/66/Hd
F ig .87
2
4
9
8 7
16
6
ö 1 7 1 2 I t
-
\
1 3
H
1 4
115
1 9
50 m m
Hedon HM/67/Hd
F ig .88
2 2
I L
V .
HM/68/Hd
5
6
1 0
1
1 4 1 2
1 3
1 7
1 6
50 m m 2 1
3
1 8
22
1 9 24 12 0
l -.
r t i. \
'_ I
, . . _, • • •
.
-
' • .
-• \ , ,
.
. ..'' S .
/
s1
\
-- J
r _ ,
mr tinry rr M in r t nn n A nAnnn Ow ln f ry l
Mnnnnin n r I n enn
f r r lr Y 1
27
uu t i kc 1 t 1 4 -
HM/69/Hd
L I L IU U v „ 'v N IL /u t iv i , 77 1 /V : Amu u / 1 1Vv uv i « V L I LW ) V t i An
/ r In t 1 17 17 1,17 1/ 17 1( 1A
nr (r -rr in i1 Aniv it w ir lI i n
A rr rv v innrr Ai tA r ,1 0 1 ( y üt k A nnevr i Me"
Hedon
nn
_
23
1
6
(i
HM/70/Hd
9
' 5
1 0
r
7
, 091eV 4\
j
1 7 .1 1 1 M :A M
1 5 1 8I
HM/72/Hd
1 2
HM/73/Hd
HM/71/Hd
2 2
1
50 m m
24
2 6 2 5
2 1
( l a
HM/74/Hd
2 8
35
\
Hedon HM/75/Hd
3 \ F ig .90
2 7
5
-
2
50 R I M j
1 3
4
6
1 0
1 1
14
1 7
H edon HM/76/Hd
F ig .91
-
4
8
6
10
9
1 4
12 13
HM/77/Hd
50m in 19
1 6
1 7 20 1 8
22
23
24 25 1 1
1
32
29
26
31
HM/78/Hd
Hedon
F ig .92
27
-
7
8 1 5 9
1 0 1 7 1 1
20
24
23
. 6 • 2 1
2 5
22
1 50
31
29
H edon HM/79/Hd
F ig .93
mm
i h e d ,
Ab e 5
25
HM/79/Hd c on t .
27
60 mm
3 1
28
29
HM/80/Hd Hedon
33
F ig .94
a le 6
1 1 1 1. 7
Hedon HM/80/Hd c on t .
F ig .95
4
7 9
1 4
( draw ings b y H umbers ide A rchaeo logy U n i t )
H u l l :B lackfr iergate HM/81/Hu
F ig .96
2
H u l l :B lack fr ierga te HM/82/Hu c on t .
6
1 0
1 2
1 3
\ -
/ 1 6
1 1
50 m m
1 5
1 4
H u l l :Monkga te HM/83/Hu
( draw ings b y Humbers ide A rchaeo logy U n i t )
F ig .97
1
1U
2
T
/
t i 1 1
13
1 2 50 m m
1 6
17
H u l l :Monkgate HM/84/Hu
( draw ings b y Humbers ide A rchaeo logy U n it)
( 22 4
1
50mm 5 1 0
6
7 1 1
8
9 1 2
13
1 4 1 5
H u l l :Monkgate HM/84/Hu c on t .
( draw ings b y H umbers ide A rchaeo logy U n it)
F ig .99
6
1
.1 1 11 1 1 1 »:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5
2 2
2 3 1 0
50 mm
1 16
1 1
2 0 1 2 1 8
2 1
1 4 1 3
2 8 2 9
/ , ‚ 3 0
H u l l :Monkgate HM/84/Hu c ont .
( draw ings b y H umbers ide A rchaeo logy U n i t)
F ig .100
5
3 6 1 0 4
1 1
1 3
1 2
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
1 6
/
1 7 2 5 1 8 50 m m
28 2 6
H u l l :Monkga te HM/84/Hu c on t .
2 9
( draw ings b y Humbers ide A rchaeo logy U n it)
F ig .101
2• • . • . 4
1
2
5 3
7 •d .
1
L
8
7
9
1K) 1 0 1 2 1 1
i5 0 mm
j
( draw ings f rom J ohnson 1 980) Con isbrough HM/85/Ch
F ig .102
\ \
\
5 0m m 2
4
7
D oncas ter HM/86/Dn
F ig .103
I 2
4
5 ' E Fe2 ±2 1
1
6
7
5 0 mm
1 0
Doncaster HM/87/Dn
F ig .104
1
Od le t5 Omm
6
Doncaster HM/88/Dn
F ig .105
2
4 3
3
4 5
I
`
8
Doncaster HM/88/Dn c on t .
5 0 \ F ig .106
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
24 I 25
23
17
D oncas ter HM/89/Dn
F ig .107
' "Z
2
HM/90/Dn
1 3
•
1 4
1 2 50, 1 1M
1 5
HM/91/Dn
16
1 7
HM/92/Dn
1 8
1 9
Doncaster
F ig .108
1
2
7
8
• •
9
5 O im
1 1
• 1 2
1 4
1 3
1 0
Doncaster HM/93/Dn
F ig .109
F ig .110
C o m p a r t i v e S i z e s o f t h e L a t e M e d i e v a l A s e m b l a g e s .
4
2
LM/2/Ep
5 0 mm
LM/1/Ep
1 6
7
LM/3/Ep
1 0
LM/4/Ep
LM/6/Ep
1 2 1 3
LM/7/Ep
1 8
1 6
1 5
e x 1 7
20
LM/8/Ep
E pwor th
F ig .111
5 0r nr n
3
7
r i 1 I
\ \ -
• I
II
9
10
1 1 1 4 1
1 9
1 2 1 5
20
22 27
25
E pwor th LM/5/Ep
F ig .112
26
S 1 1
3
4
2
6
1 2
9
7
1 1 1 0
L N 1/9/Ep
I
II I 1 6
I
'
1 4 1 7
18
/
L N I/10/Ep 5 0 mm
1 3
E pwor th
F ig .113
1
( 2
50 m m
4
5 3
6
7
( draw ings f rom Mynard 1 969)
Somerby LM/11/Sm
F ig .114
1 5 0m m
4
H umberston LM/12/Hu 6
F ig .115
50 m m
4
H umberston LM/12/Hm c on t .
6
7
a B urnham LM/13/Bc
F ig .116
1
3
6
5 0mm
8
1 1
k
9
B urnham LM/14/Bc
F ig .117
1 0
9
LM/14/Bc c on t .
I>
I
/
t
• *" '• I I
3
4
2
,
LM/1
\ 11 1 11 . 1 1 5 / B c 6
8
LM/16/Bc
9 1 2 1 0
B urnham
1 1
I50m m
F ig .1 1 8
1
3
4
LM/17/Tp
LM/18/Tp
6
8
50 m m
LM/19/Tp 9
LM/20/Tp
1 1
T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .119
4 3
5
60 m m
7
1
8
1 2
1 3
1 4
LM/21/Tp
1 8
1 7
20
2 1
23
22
26
4 1 0 b 25
T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .120
LM/22/Tp
«
1
3
8 5
2
50 m m
1 0
1 1
•
1 2
J 1 5
1 6
1 7
1 9 22 1 8
20
23
T hornho lme P r iory LM/23/Tp 2 1
F ig .121
1
4
6
9
LM/23/Tp c on t .
7
1
T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .1 22
1 0
1 3
LM/24/Tp c on t .
I50 R M . '
1 8
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 8
1 7
2 1
26
2 7 29
24
28
T ho rnho lme P r iory
F ig .123
LM/25/Tp
30
1
T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .124
1
S 2
3
eel 4
9
T hornho lme P r iory LM/27/Tp
F ig .125
9
5 0mm
T hornho lme P r iory LM/27/Tp c on t .
F ig .126
1
3
I WO 2
4
5
1 1 1 1 1 , 6
7
14 1 3
\ \ s.
1 5
1 2
LM/31/Tp T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .127
8
10
1 5 1 1
1 2
[ 1 2
LM/32/Tp 50mm
g in
1 7
1 8
LM/33/Tp
1 9
2 1
LM/34/Tp
23
T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .128
1
I4
4 1 1 15
8 I
2 6
I 7
3
1 1 1 0
LM/35/Tp
1 2
•
1 5
1 7
1 9 1 8
a 2
-13 2 1 20
24
50mm
1
C
6 1 1 11
26
LM/36/Tp T hornho lme P r iory
F ig .129
28
2
1
n -
1 2 6Om m
1 0
1 6
1 3
1 4
1 1
1 7
9 2 . 1 9
1 8
L inco ln :B ishops P a lace LM/37/L i
( d raw ings b y G lyn C appack )
F ig .130
4
s Omm
7
1 0
.1 2
1
L inco ln :B ishops P a lace LM/38/L i
F ig .131
( draw ings b y G lyn Coppack)
1
3
2
4
5
1 1
1 2
8
T i
9
50 mm
1 3
1 4
1 0 I A
1 6 1 5
1 7
L inco ln :B ishops P a lace LM/39/L i ( d raw ings b y G lyn C oppack)
F ig .132
1
2 50 mm
4
3
( draw ings b y G lyn Coppack) 5
L inco ln :B ishops P a lace LM/40/L i
F ig .133
2
1
3
u 8
5
9
1 0 7 1 1
5 0 mrn
1 2
1 3
1 4 1 8
1 8
1 5 1 7
O ld B o l ingbroke LM/41/Bb
1 9
( d raw ings b y G lyn Coppack)
F ig .134
I
9
^ 1 0
60 m m 1 8
_2
O MN IO P / 0 1 1
LM/43/Bv
1 7
1 8 2 1 1 9 -5f e= 3
2 2
LM/45/Bv
2 0
LM/44/Bv B ever ley :H ighga te
F ig .135
8
9 50 m m 1 0
1 2
1 1
L N 1/46/Bv
1 3 1 7
2 1
1 4 1 8
r fT W U M Uf U
M M
U f lu rfr i llUr ruur 1 9
23
L IA/47/Bv Bever ley :H ighga te
F ig .136
p . 4 1
g e
9
1 1
1 0
5O m m
1 2
1 3
1 4 1 5
B rough LM/50/ 1 3h
F ig .137
i
50 m m
L 3
2
L N 1/48/Bh
7
5
L N1/5 1 /Bh
8
9
L N1/5 2 /Bh
19 0
r
Br ough
F ig .138
2
L
L L i 3
4
5
M ae I N
N 6
‘1 1 11 m 7
9
5 O rn
1 0
1 1
1 2
H u l l :Mytongate LM/53/Hu
( draw ings b y Humbers ide A rchaeo logy U n it)
F ig .139
LM/57/Dn
F ig .140
2
LM/58/Dn
3
10
LM/59/Dn 1 1
2
6
1 4
1 5
LM/80/Dn
D oncas ter
F ig .141
F ig .142 L o c a t i o n o f U n s t r a t i f e d A s e m b l a g e s
F ig .143
C o m p a r t i v e S i z e s o f t h e U n s t r a t i f e d A s e m b l a g e s
G r i msby ( Gm)
1 4
. L911 1 1 _ , T 1
1 0
1 3
1 1
1 6
1 7
1 5
35
40
3
36 42
4 1
37
f t
48
43
38
45
49
47
50
Humberston ( Hu)
F ig .144
5 1
52
50mm
Cabourne ( Cb)
5
1 2
6 1 7
3 8
I
9
1 2
1 3
1 0 1 4
1 1 1 7
1 5
1 8
1 9
_
2 0 2 1
I
1 2 6
err e r r rererr
r .
30
I 27
1I
1 3 5
/ I / //
28
29
33 38
3 9
40
1 1, MO»
4 1
47
45
48
42 43
50
44
' 1 4 153
52
Hawerby-cum-Beesby ( Hb)
F ig .145
5 1
1
1 3 6 4
4 1
Hawerby-cum -Beesby c ont .
F ig .146
Hawerby-cum-Beesby c ont .
1 2
1 8
1 0 1 3 1 9
1 1 50mm
1 4
1 5
20
1 6
1 26
J
37 38
36
34
39
Wes t Ravenda le ( Rv)
F ig .147
1 4
I 5
5 0mm
7 1 3 8
e s t
9
1 6
1 5 1 4
1 0 1
1 7
1 8
1 9 1 34 26 1 35
20
2 7 28 3 7
2 1 29 22
-
, )
1 30
P38 8-39 2 4-07 )
4 1 44
4-2 45
43
46
(9
131 23
48
50 5 3
56
1 1
57 58
65
59 66 16 7
1 6 8
60 1 6 1
74
72 75
Sw inehope ( Sw)
F ig .148
•
5 1
54
49
52
55
: ‹ s
6
5 0mm
3
1
1 0
7a
at -
1 1 2
1 6 /I
.7 )
1 7
1 3
I
- 1 3 9 1 40
-2
1 42
-( 43
47
e
.
\
56
48 49 0
5 5
1
'
M
g> 58
• 59
1 1 0
.50
60
5 1
5 7
54
Sw inehope c on t .
F ig .149
62
Sw inehope c on t .
e i mo w a de l im
3
1 0 1 4 8
1 6
1 1 9 1VT 3r
1 5
1 8
2 2
21
20
3 9
45 a b4 7
40
, • .•• •• .• . • ' 43
46
50mm
49
1
1 49
50
54
52 S O 5 1
1 % 1 0 53
4 1 1,
Wa ithe (Wa)
F ig .150
55
dp 56
57
W ingha le P r iory (Wg )
2
ri
7
1 0
L inwood ( Ln)
1 1
Market R asen ( Mr)
1 2
50MM 1 3
C :C E ECe r 3 D ip 1 7
1 4
1 9 1 6 /
1 5
2 1
1 8
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F ig .152
1
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T hornton l e Moor ( Tm)
32
F ig .153
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50 mm
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F ig .160
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39
43
Bar ton-on-Humber c ont .
F ig .162
2
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8
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30
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36
Bar ton-on-Humber c ont .
F ig .163
1
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36
37
42
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Bar ton-on-HumberSt .Pe ter isChurch
F ig .164
46
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F ig .165
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F ig .166
37
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F ig .168
1 50 mm
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F ig 1 69
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7
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B rock lesby ( Bk)
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t
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F ig .170
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54
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F ig .172
3
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27
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F ig .173
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E ast Ha lton ( He)
33
Horkstow ( Hk)
50 36
37
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f K ee lby ( Kb )
N or th K e lsey ( Kn)
F ig .174
39
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F ig .175
22
1
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1 7
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E as t Ha lton S k it ter c ont .
22
F ig .176
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7
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E as t H a lton S k it ter c on t .
F ig .177
I
2
3
4
5
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1 2
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F ig .178
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F ig .179
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F ig .180
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F ig .181
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F ig .182
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F ig .183
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F ig .185
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F ig .186
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F ig .187
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F ig .188
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F ig .189
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F ig .190
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40
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4 1 4 7
T horn ton C u r t is c on t .
F ig .192
1
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Fig .. 193
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mm
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49
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F ig .194
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West B utterw ick ( Bw)
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F ig 1 95
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E pwor th c on t .
24
2 6
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F ig .196
3
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S co t ter ( Sr)
6
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Southorpe ( So)
1 2
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F ig .197
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S omerby c on t .
F ig .198
2 2
1 50 mm 6
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22 1 7 2 1
23 1 9 1 8
S omerby c on t .
F ig .199
L Crr = 4
1 -
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2
9
3
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1 1
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20
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Wa lco t (Wc)
28
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29
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3 1
34
43 0 35
36
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B roughton ( Bu)
F ig .200
1 7 l a —1
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B ur ton-upon-Stather ( Bs)
25 « M I
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23
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F l ixborough ( F I)
-
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30
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F ig .20 1
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.8
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24
25
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38
39
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F ig .202
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1
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B rumby ( Bm)
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25
28
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F ig .203
30
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F ig .204
i
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1 7
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2 7
2 6
G reat Conesby c on t .
F ig .205
2 5
1
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Hem ingby ( Hv)
3 6
5
7
Ashby-by-Par tney ( As) 1 0
8
K etsby ( Kk)
1 .
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1 3
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Mareham ( Ma) 2 1
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22
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32
26
K irmondle-M ire ( K i)
F ig .206
5
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56
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K irmond— le—M ire c on t .
F ig .207
35
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26
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42
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S ta inton—by—Langton ( S I)
F ig .208
4 1
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B ever ley ( By)
F ig .209
1
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F ig .242
C o m p a r i s o n o f S h e l t e m p e r e d V e s e l F o r m s .
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C o m p a r i s o n o f G r i t e m p e r e d a n d F i n e S a n d y V e s e l F o r m s .
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F ig .273
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F ig .275 C o m p a r i s o n o f H u m b e r w a r e V e s e l F o r m s
F ig .276
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F ig .277
F ig .278
A g a i n s t O t h e r L a t e M e d i e v a l T r a d i t o n s
T h e P r o p r t i o n o f C o a l M e a s u r e F a b r i c s
F ig .279
A g a i n s t O t h e r L a t e — M e d i e v a l T r a d i t i o n s
T h e P r o p r t i o n o f C i s t e r c i a n W a r e
F ig .280
L a t e M e d i e v a l I m p o r t s
a s a P e r c e n t a g e o f L o c a l L a t e M e d i e v a l F a b r i c s
F ig .28 1 S i t e s P r o d u c i n g S a x o n I m p o r t s
F ig .282
L o c a t i o n o f E a r l y M e d i e v a l I m p o r t s
( I G B l a u
G r a u , I R O R o u e n )
F ig .283
L o c a t i o n o f M e d i e v a l I m p o r t s f r o m t h e S a i n t o n g e ( I S P , I S T ) a n d t h e L o w C o u n t r i e s ( I D )
F ig .284
L o c a t i o n o f K n o w n I m p o r t e d M e d i e v a l S t o n e w a r e s ( I L L a n g e r w e h , I S i e g b e r g , I R a e r n )
F ig .285
T h e Z o n e s o f I n f l u e n c e o f t h e P r i n c i p a l M e d i e v a l C o a r s e w a r e T r a d i t o n s
F ig .286
T h e Z o n e s o f I n f l u e n c e o f t h e P r i n c i p a l E a r l y M e d i e v a l F i n e w a r e T r a d i t o n s
F ig .287
F ig .288
T h e Z o n e s o f I n f l u e n c e o f t h e P r i n c i p a l L a t e M e d i e v a l F i n e w a r e T r a d i t o n s
F ig .289
F ig .290