Harvard University Handbook: An Official Guide to the Grounds, Buildings, Libraries, Museums, and Laboratories, with Notes on the History, Development, and Activities of all Departments of the University [Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674184206, 9780674181021

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HARVARD U N I V E R S I T Y HANDBOOK

LONDON : HUMPHREY MILFORD O X F O R D UNIVERSITY PRESS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY HANDBOOK AN O F F I C I A L GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS, BUILDINGS, LIBRARIES, MUSEUMS, AND LABORATORIES, WITH NOTES ON THE HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITIES OF ALL DEPARTMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD U N I V E R S I T Y 1936

PRESS

COPYRIGHT,

1936

B Y T H E P R E S I D E N T A N D F E L L O W S OF H A R V A R D C O L L E G E

P R I N T E D AT T H E H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY PRESS C A M B R I D G E , MASS., U . S. A .

PREFACE T h i s HANDBOOK describes the grounds, buildings and equipment of H a r v a r d University and the activities and resources of its D e partments. It is both a guidebook for visitors to C a m b r i d g e and a h a n d b o o k for the inquirer, wherever he m a y be, w h o seeks a general impression of the University. Guidebooks to the grounds and buildings of H a r v a r d University h a v e appeared since 1878, although it w a s not until 1898 — w h e n the A m e r i c a n Association for the A d v a n c e m e n t of Science held its annual meeting in C a m b r i d g e — that the University itself undertook the preparation of an Official Guide to Harvard University. T h i s work successively passed through six editions, the last in 1929. T h e present HANDBOOK, inheriting f r o m its predecessors a geographical arrangement w h i c h seems best suited to the needs of the visitor, differs from them in being more than a guidebook, for it is concerned primarily w i t h indicating the activities of the University w h i c h are o u t w a r d l y represented by buildings and equipment. T h e HANDBOOK publishes, for the first time, a concise description of the arrangement and contents of the principal museums. D e partments of instruction w h i c h have no buildings devoted to their particular use are also mentioned: the sections on M a t h e m a t i c s , the Social Sciences and the Humanities follow the description of the W i d e n e r L i b r a r y (p. 40). A general account of certain aspects of undergraduate instruction and life (pp. 173-182) precedes the descriptions of the seven residential Houses, w h i c h are the capstone of the past thirty years' development of H a r v a r d College. T h e Editor is grateful to the heads of Departments and to m a n y other members of the various Faculties for furnishing material and articles. As it is inevitable that errors and omissions will occur in the preparation of an entirely new text, readers will confer a favor b y reporting them for the benefit of future editions. W . G . LAND, '28 CAMBRIDGE, J u n e ,

1936.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

ix-xiv

Harvard University, 1636-1936 I.

T H E Y A R D AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

3-64

a. T h e O l d Y a r d 3-26 17th Century H a r v a r d Sites The Old College (1642-c. 1686) — The Indian College (с. 1656-1698) — Present Buildings, among them Wadsworth House (1727) Historic H a r v a r d Buildings Massachusetts Hall (1720)—Harvard Hall (1766) — Hollis Hall (1763) — Holden Chapel (1744) — Stoughton Hall (1805) — Holworthy Hall (1812) — University Hall (1815) b.

The New Yard 27-46 Harvard in the 19th and 20th Centuries Memorial Church — The University Library — Widener Memorial Library Building — Sever Hall — Emerson Hall

c. A t the East of the Y a r d 47-64 The Southeast Corner of the Yard — The Harvard Union — Fogg Art Museum — Sever Quadrangle — Graduate School of Design II.

N O R T H OF THE Y A R D

a. Memorial Hall Delta 67-74 Directions for Visitors — The Delta — Memorial Hall and Sanders Theatre b. Divinity A v e n u e 75-96 Germanic Museum —· Institute of Geographical Exploration — Semitic Museum — Harvard Divinity School — Biological Laboratories — Farlow Herbarium

67-164

VLLL

CONTENTS

c.

T h e University M u s e u m 97-138 Museum of Comparative Zoology — Botanical Museum — Geological and Mineralogical Museums — Peabody Museum

d. O x f o r d Street and the Northwest . . . 1 3 9 - 1 6 4 Chemistry — Graduate School of Engineering — Physics ·— Harvard Law School — Music Building — Graduate School of Education III.

S O U T H OF T H E Y A R D

167-210

a. F r o m the Y a r d to M o u n t A u b u r n Street

167-172

b. T h e U n d e r g r a d u a t e at H a r v a r d . . . . Undergraduate Life and Studies

173-182

c.

T h e Houses 183-198 Adams — Lowell — Leverett — Dunster — J o h n Winthrop — Kirkland — Eliot

d. Athletics and H e a l t h 199-210 Soldiers Field (The Stadium, Briggs Cage, Dillon Field House) — Indoor Athletic Building — Department of Hygiene IV.

D E P A R T M E N T S D I S T A N T FROM T H E Y A R D

a. Business School (Soldiers Field) . . . .

213-248

215-218

b. M e d i c a l Institutions (Boston) 219-228 Medical School — School of Public Health — Dental School c.

Distant Botanical Institutions 229-242 Arnold Arboretum (Jamaica Plain) — Bussey Institution (Forest Hills) — Harvard Forest (Petersham) — Botanic Garden and Gray Herbarium (Garden Street, Cambridge)

d. Observatories 243-248 Astronomical Observatory (Cambridge, Oak Ridge and Bloemfontein Stations) — Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory (Milton) V.

RADCLIFFE COLLEGE

INDEX

251-256

257-260

INTRODUCTION HARVARD UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION AND

GOVERNMENT

H A R V A R D C O L L E G E was founded by a vote of the General Court of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay on October 28, 1636: 1 " T h e Court agreed to give 400/ towards a schoale or colledge, whearof 200/ to bee paid the next yeare, & 200/ when the worke is finished, & the next Court to appoint wheare & what building." (Records of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay.) O n November 15, 1637, the College was " ordered to bee at Newetowne," and five days later the General Court appointed the first Board of Overseers, consisting of Governor Winthrop, DeputyGovernor Dudley, four other magistrates and six ministers " t o take order for a colledge at Newetowne." A t some time before the end of the year the Overseers acquired an acre and an eighth of land, the nucleus of the College Yard, together with a dwelling house in which the College was opened during the summer of 1638. O n M a y 2, 1638, the name of Newtown was changed to Cambridge, in recognition of the English university at which most of the Overseers, and many other leading colonists, had been educated. O n the following day the town of Cambridge granted to " t h e professor," Master Eaton, three parcels of land, and one of these, which continued the original College Y a r d north to Kirkland Street, was eventually confirmed to the College. Although the College was opened in the summer of 1638, it did not receive the name " H a r v a r d College" until the following year. 1

Since the colonial legislature had begun its session on September 8, 1636,

the bicentenary of Harvard's founding was celebrated on that d a y in

1836.

A l l o w i n g , however, for the 18th C e n t u r y calendar change of ten days, the date set for the concluding ceremonies of the Tercentenary Celebration was September 18, 1936.

χ

INTRODUCTION

O n September 14, 1638, John Harvard, a puritan minister and Master of Arts of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, died at Charlestown in his thirty-first year. Half his estate and his library of over four hundred volumes were left to the College. Consequently the General Court, on M a r c h 13, 1639, voted " t h a t the colledge agreed vpon formerly to bee built at Cambridg shalbee called Harvard Colledge." Under Henry Dunster, a Cambridge graduate, who was appointed President in August, 1640, the College began to flourish. A course of study was established in the liberal arts similar to the course for the baccalaureate in the English universities. A new building was erected, and the first class graduated in 1642. T h e degree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred after four years' study; the Master's degree after three years' post-graduate study, either in the College or elsewhere. It was not until these last three years that candidates for the ministry, who constituted almost half the college students in the 17th Century, began their theological studies. T h e College Yard was gradually enlarged by gift and purchase; the first scholarship fund, donated by Lady Mowlson of London, was established in 1643; and students came to Cambridge from New England, New Netherland, Virginia, Bermuda and England. In order to give the College a corporate character and a less cumbrous government, President Dunster, who served from 1640 to 1654, petitioned the General Court for a charter. T h e original document, signed by Governor Dudley on M a y 31, 1650, is preserved in the University Archives. T h e President and Fellows of Harvard College — consisting of the President, the Treasurer and five Fellows, and commonly called the Corporation — were given perpetual succession by this Charter. Except for two periods of abeyance during changes in the civil government (July 23, 1686, to June 2, 1690; and July 26, 1692, to December 4, 1707), the Charter has been in force ever since. Under the Charter of 1650, confirmed by the state Constitution of 1780, Harvard College has expanded into Harvard University — the term "University at Cambridge" being formally used in a law of 1789. In the course of this development, considerable authority has been delegated by the Corporation to the several Faculties, Councils, Deans and Administrative Boards of the different Schools and Departments. T h e President and Fellows of Harvard College

INTRODUCTION

xi

a r e still the p r i n c i p a l g o v e r n i n g b o a r d of the U n i v e r s i t y , l i m i t e d o n l y b y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t of consent to c e r t a i n of its acts — w i t h the exc e p t i o n of financial transactions — b y the B o a r d of Overseers, a b o d y of thirty elected b y the A l u m n i , of w h i c h the President a n d the T r e a s u r e r are m e m b e r s ex officio. A l l the p r o p e r t y of e v e r y d e p a r t m e n t of the U n i v e r s i t y stands in the n a m e of the President a n d F e l l o w s of H a r v a r d C o l l e g e . E v e r y F a c u l t y is s u b j e c t to the a u t h o r i t y of the t w o G o v e r n i n g B o a r d s ; all i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e s in p o l i c y or in the U n i v e r s i t y statutes r e q u i r e their consent; a n d all degrees are v o t e d a n d all a p p o i n t m e n t s a r e m a d e b y t h e m , e x c e p t t h a t a p p o i n t m e n t s for terms not l o n g e r t h a n one y e a r a r e m a d e b y the C o r p o r a tion w i t h o u t the consent of the O v e r s e e r s b e i n g r e q u i r e d . THE GROWTH OF THE UNIVERSITY A l t h o u g h the s u m of £ 7 7 9 17* 2d b e q u e a t h e d in 1638 b y J o h n H a r v a r d w a s spent r a t h e r t h a n invested, b y 1700 the gifts a n d inc o m e - b e a r i n g f u n d s of H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y e x c e e d e d its r e v e n u e f r o m the State. I n 1833 H a r v a r d r e c e i v e d its last g r a n t f r o m a n y p u b l i c b o d y , a n d t o d a y is supported entirely b y gifts a n d b y invested f u n d s totalling ( J u n e 30, 1935) over $128,000,000. O n e o u t w a r d e v i d e n c e of H a r v a r d ' s three centuries of g r o w t h is the e x p a n s i o n of its grounds, buildings a n d e q u i p m e n t . H a r v a r d b e g a n b y f a c i n g south, t o w a r d s the v i l l a g e . A t the e n d of its first c e n t u r y a n e w g r o u p of b u i l d i n g s (of w h i c h M a s s a c h u s e t t s H a l l is one) h a d b e e n constructed f a c i n g w e s t w a r d a n d l o o k i n g out across C a m b r i d g e C o m m o n ; b y the e n d of a n o t h e r h u n d r e d years the Y a r d h a d b e e n e n l a r g e d to its present a r e a , a n d the b u i l d i n g s w e r e o n three sides of it; a n d n o w , at the e n d of its third c e n t u r y , H a r v a r d b u i l d i n g s h a v e spread b e y o n d b o t h the Y a r d a n d C a m b r i d g e . I n k e e p i n g w i t h this p h y s i c a l g r o w t h , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y has enl a r g e d its aims. T h e C o l l e g e w a s f o u n d e d to p r o v i d e a l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o n for a m b i t i o u s y o u n g m e n g r o w i n g u p in the N e w W o r l d , as w e l l as to train a l e a r n e d ministry. T h e election of J o h n L e v e r e t t as President in 1707 — the first President w h o w a s n o t a c l e r g y m a n — w a s a t r i u m p h for liberalism, a n d a step in the direction of intell e c t u a l i n d e p e n d e n c e w h i c h H a r v a r d has f o l l o w e d e v e r since. Before 1 7 3 6 H a r v a r d h a d sent f o r t h 1,248 g r a d u a t e s to Massachusetts B a y , o t h e r colonies a n d the m o t h e r c o u n t r y .

xii

INTRODUCTION

In its second century, 1736-1836, a period during which American culture began to assume a definite character, Harvard acquired the name " U n i v e r s i t y " and established separate schools of medicine, law and divinity. T h e presidency of John Thornton Kirkland (1810-1828) is often called " T h e Augustan A g e of Harvard," and in 1820 twenty-seven per cent of the entering Freshmen were from outside New England. In the third century of its existence, Harvard University gathered momentum in scholarship and further widened its intellectual horizon. Teachers such as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell and Louis Agassiz brought from Europe a fresh outlook which contributed to the growing idea of liberal education in America. During this period Presidents Josiah Quincy, Edward Everett, Jared Sparks, James Walker and Cornelius Conway Felton presided over the institution. President Thomas Hill (1862-1868) saw that the function of a university was to add to knowledge as well as to disseminate it. President Charles William Eliot (1869-1909), recognizing a growing demand of the community, brought to full flower the intellectual tendencies which had been gradually developing. He expanded elective courses (which had begun in 1825) into a system embracing a wide range of subjects and at the same time developed the nationwide service of the University. President Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1909-1933) continued this widening and deepening of studies through modification of the elective system, the introduction of the Tutorial System, the establishment of the Freshman dormitories and the inauguration of the House Plan; and stood firmly even in times of great stress for a free and vigorous intellectual atmosphere. H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY IN I 9 3 6

Harvard University now consists of a large number of departments for teaching and research. I. Departments in which candidates for degrees are enrolled: 1. Harvard College (the undergraduate department of the University under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences) 2. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 3. Special Students under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences 4. Graduate School of Engineering (undergraduates concentrating in Engineering are enrolled in Harvard College)

INTRODUCTION

xiii

5. 6. 7. 8. g. 10. 11.

Divinity School Law School Medical School Dental School School of Public Health Graduate School of Business Administration Graduate School of Design (formerly Architecture, Landscape Architecture and City Planning) 12. Graduate School of Education 13. Graduate School of Public Administration (established 1935) 14. University Extension (including the Summer School of Arts and Sciences and of Education) II. Laboratories and Institutions for Advanced Study and Research: ι. The University Library (composed of the Harvard College Library — including 52 special libraries; 17 Departmental Libraries; 7 House Libraries) 2. Botanical Collections (Arnold Arboretum and Atkins Institution, Bussey Institution, Botanic Garden, Gray Herbarium, Farlow Herbarium) 3. Harvard Forest (Petersham, Massachusetts) 4. Astronomical Observatories (Cambridge, Oak Ridge, Boyden (South Africa)) 5. Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory (Milton, Massachusetts) 6. Chemical Laboratories (Coolidge, Gibbs, Mallinckrodt, Converse) 7. Physical Laboratories (Jefferson, Cruft, Research) 8. Biological Laboratories 9. Psychological Laboratory 10. Other Laboratories Related to Departments offering Instruction 11. Museums: (a) The University Museum (in which are housed the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Botanical Museum, Mineralogical Museum, Geological Museum, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, and certain laboratories associated with them); (6) Museums of Art (William Hayes Fogg, Germanic, Semitic) 12. Institute of Geographical Exploration 13. Harvard-Yenching Institute 14. Cancer Commission of Harvard University and Collis P. Huntington Memorial Hospital III. Foundations and Committees for the Subvention of Research: ι. William F. Milton Fund and Joseph H. Clark Bequest 2. Bureau of International Research

xiv

INTRODUCTION 3.

Committee on Research in the Social Sciences

4.

Committee on Research in the Humanities

5.

Fatigue Laboratory

I V . Lecture Foundations (for periodical lectures) V . Other Services: ι. 2.

Departments of Hygiene and of Physical Education Committee on the Regulation of Athletic Sports (operated as the Harvard Athletic Association)

3. T h e Memorial Church and Appleton Chapel 4.

Phillips Brooks House Association

5.

Harvard University Press

6.

Harvard Film Service

Radcliffe College (for women students) is an affiliated college under its own charter.

T h e number of teachers engaged in all departments of Harvard University (1935-36) totals 1,689 (of whom 280 are full professors and 260 more are of other professorial ranks). T h e total number of students is 7,870 of whom 3,726 are undergraduates in Harvard College, the undergraduate department conferring the Bachelor's degree. In that sense Harvard College is but one department of the University; but because of its historical priority as the school of liberal arts and because the Bachelor's degree (whether obtained at Harvard or elsewhere) is in nearly all cases the prerequisite for advanced and professional studies, the College is regarded as the heart of the University. In the various graduate schools 4,144 students are registered (1935-36) as follows: L a w School, 1,466; Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 736; Business School, 746; Medicine, Dentistry and Public Health, 717; Education, 202; Engineering, n o ; Architecture, Landscape Architecture and City Planning, 78; Divinity, 61; Special Students, 28. In addition 1,637 students registered in the Summer School of Arts and Sciences and of Education; 441 in courses for graduates given by the Medical School. Thus has Harvard University grown from an undergraduate college, with professional schools attached, into a great center for learning, every department of which is concerned with the advancement of human knowledge.

I

THE YARD AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

Ritlasc

IN T H E C O L L E G E

YARD

THE OLD YARD

THE YARD A T H A R V A R D the word " Y a r d " has withstood the fashion which, introduced at Princeton in 1774, transformed in the succeeding century practically every College Y a r d and College Green in America into a classic Campus. T h e word " Y a r d " first appears in Harvard records in 1639, when, with the raising of the first college building " i n the Colledge yard," there was an expenditure for "Fencing the yard with pale 6 feet and \ high," for the lot chosen as the site for the College was one of those in Newtown's " Cow-Yard R o w . " Following English tradition, the privileges of College property were early recognized, for in 1659 the President and Fellows voted, " W e judge it not convenient, neither do we a l l o w " that the T o w n Watch " should lay violent hands on any of the students, being found within the precincts of the Coll. yard." By the end of the 17th Century the College had acquired nearly all the western third of the present Y a r d ; the central portion, extending north as far as what is now Kirkland Street — but later divided by Cambridge Street and Broadway — was acquired at the end of the 18th Century; and the eastern portion was completed in 1833 and 1835· T h e term " Y a r d " has changed in meaning as the location of the principal College buildings has shifted. For a time, in the middle of the 19th Century, it even gave way to the more general designation, " C o l l e g e Grounds," but during President Eliot's regime the word " Y a r d " again came into use, particularly with reference to the " Old Y a r d " which connotes the area faced by the older buildings. This area was laid out in its present rectangular plan when Stoughton Hall was built in 1805. Likewise, there is today a tendency to call the open space on the east side of University Hall the " N e w Y a r d " as another quadrangular division within the College Yard itself.

4

H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK

17TH CENTURY HARVARD SITES This account of historical sites and buildings is interspersed, for visitors' use, with descriptions, in smaller type, of the buildings which now occupy this portion of the College Yard.1

T o start one's tour of Harvard at the site of its earliest home, it would be necessary to stand in the center of Massachusetts Avenue, south of the Yard. Three hundred years ago this was a narrow road called Braintree Street. 2 Foundations of two early houses occupied by the College were discovered here, slightly to the east of Harvard Square, during excavations for the subway in 1909-1910. Red bricks in the paving, opposite Wadsworth House, denote the outlines of their corners. How these buildings probably looked may be seen from the conjectural picture of the College in 1638.

PEYNTREE HOUSE ( 1 6 3 8 ) — FIRST PRESIDENT'S LODGING ( 1 6 4 4 ) — G O F F E COLLEGE

(1651)

T h e earliest house occupied by the College, which opened in the summer of 1638, was formerly owned by William Peyntree and is thus known by his name. Here lived Master Nathaniel Eaton, first head of the College, until he was dismissed in 1639 for "sundry abuses and inhumane severityes" towards his students. In 16401641 the Peyntree House was occupied by the first President of Harvard, Henry Dunster. A new building, the President's Lodging, was erected in 16441645 on the foundations of the earlier Peyntree House. It served as a residence for Presidents Dunster, Chauncy and Hoar and was pulled down when a new President's Lodging was built (on the site of Massachusetts Hall) in 1680. 1 A complete account of early Harvard history is given in Samuel Eliot Morison's The Founding of Harvard College and Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century (Harvard University Press, 1935-1936). 2 In 1632 emigrants from Braintree in Essex, England, built their houses at this northern edge of the little settlement.

I 7 T H C E N T U R Y SITES

5

T h e second site is that of G o f f e College, a house " conteyning five Chambers, 18 Studyes, a K i t c h e n Cellar and 3 Garretts," purchased from William G o f f e in 1651, a time when the number of students at Harvard was rapidly growing.

G o f f e College was used for students'

rooms until around 1674. T h e money for the purchase of this building was obtained from the sale of " B r a z i l w o o d " given in 1650 b y residents of the island of Eleuthera in the Bahamas.

The Class of 1857 Gate (1901) is one of the principal entrances to the Yard from Massachusetts Avenue. T h e inscription from Horace (Odes: I, 13) reads in translation: " T h r i c e happy and more are they whom an unbroken band unites, and whom no sundering of love by wretched quarrels shall separate before life's dying day." A t the left as one enters this gate is Lehman Hall (p. 12), housing the business offices of the University; at the right is Wadsworth House. WADSWORTH HOUSE 1727: ADDITIONS 1783, 18lО

Wadsworth House, the yellow gambrel-roofed house fronting on Massachusetts Avenue, is the second oldest Harvard building now standing. Its central portion was completed in 1727 as a residence for President Benjamin Wadsworth (1725-1737). T h e two wings were added in 1783, and the ell and the brick building (which was moved in 1871 to adjoin it) were built in 1810. Here the royal governors were accustomed to assemble on successive Commencements; nor did any distinguished traveller fail to pay his respects. From July 2 to 15, 1775, it was the headquarters of General George Washington and Major General Charles Lee, until more spacious quarters were (ound on Brattle Street in the John Vassall, Jr., house (later known as the Craigie or Longfellow House). Wadsworth House was occupied by nine Harvard Presidents — the last being President Edward Everett (1846184g), renowned as statesman and orator. Later used for students' rooms, it is at present devoted to offices and to the club room of the Harvard Alumni Association. The McKean Gate (1901), the next gate to the eastward, was given by members of the Porcellian Club (p. 175), whose clubhouse of brown brick is across the street. Above the arch is their emblem, the boar's head. This gate is named in honor of the Reverend Joseph M c K e a n (A.B. I 794), one of the founders of the Club, who, from 1809 until 1818, was Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory. The Class of 188g Gate (1901), next to the eastward, provides an entrance to the Yard at one of the arched passageways through Wigglesworth Hall.

6

H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK

WIGGLESWORTH HALL

19З1 Freshman Dormitory: Not Open to Visitors

This row of dormitories, together called Wigglesworth Hall, extends from Wadsworth House to the southeast of Widener Library, thus cloistering the Yard from the noise of traffic on Massachusetts Avenue. It is named in honor of a family which, from the days of Michael Wigglesworth (A.B. 1651), pastor, poet and college tutor, has held a high place in the history of Harvard. T h e site of the central section was added to the College Yard in 1794, after having been owned by two divinity professors named Edward Wigglesworth (father and son) for almost seventy years. THE HOOKER-SHEPARD-WIGGLESWORTH LOT O n the p l a q u e at the e n d of W i g g l e s w o r t h H a l l is a picture of the house b u i l t in 1633 for the R e v e r e n d T h o m a s H o o k e r , first minister at N e w t o w n . H e settled here in 1 6 3 1 ; b u t in 1636 he led his c o n g r e g a t i o n to the v a l l e y of the C o n n e c t i c u t , w h e r e t h e y b e c a m e the First C h u r c h of H a r t f o r d . O n the south side of Boylston H a l l , opposite I E n t r y of W i g g l e s w o r t h , a r e f o u r granite blocks g i v i n g the n a m e s of the f o r m e r o w n e r s of this portion of the Y a r d : Thomas Hooker, 1633-1636; Thomas Shepard, 1636-1649, and Jonathan Mitchell, 1650-1668, first and second ministers of the First Church of Cambridge; John Leverett, 1696-1724, President of Harvard College; Edward Wigglesworth, 1726-1768, first Hollis Professor of Divinity; and Edward Wigglesworth, 1765-1794, second Hollis Professor of Divinity. BOYLSTON HALL

1858 T h e first Harvard building distinctly dedicated to the physical sciences marks the beginning of an important development in the history of the University. It is named for Ward Nicholas Boylston, whose bequest, received in 1828, provided specifically for a stone building to house the Anatomical Museum and Library, lecture rooms and the Chemical Laboratory. A t the time of his bequest all of these were homed in Holden Chapel (p. ig) under the direction of the Medical School. Thirty years later chemistry was fast becoming an important subject in Harvard College, and the erection of Boylston Hall in 1857-1858 was directly due to the efforts of the Professor of Chemistry, Josiah Parsons Cooke (A.B. 1848). In 1871 the

ν

Η. R. Shuttles T H E Y A R D A N D ITS S U R R O U N D I N G S

T H E Y A R D A N D ITS S U R R O U N D I N G S

1936

,

I 7"ГН C E N T U R Y SITES

7

addition of a third story altered the building's dignified appearance, additional changes being made until 1 9 2 8 when the Chemistry Department finally moved altogether to the new laboratories on Oxford Street (p. 1 3 9 ) . 1 Boylston Hall is at present occupied by the Chinese and Japanese libraries and the offices of the Harvard-Yenching Institute (p. 40). Here also are the classrooms and a special library of the Division of History, Government and Economics (p. 4 3 ) ; and also the student's laboratory of animal psychology (p. 46).

S I T E OF T H E " O L D C O L L E G E " 1642 -c. 1686 In the yard of the Peyntree House (about where Grays Hall now stands) was the first building in the United States designed expressly for collegiate education. This was the "schoale or colledge" which on October 28, 1636, the General Court voted £400 to build. In 1639 both the institution and its building were called " H a r v a r d Colledge" in gratitude for John Harvard's legacy. This first Harvard College — as it was called until it became known as the " Old College" after newer buildings had been acquired — was begun in 1638 and was ready for use in 1642. A provisional reconstruction of this building has been made from existing records of students' bills and a study of contemporary buildings in English colleges. It was built of wood, its two wings at the north projecting so as to make an open quadrangle. The front of the building, facing Braintree Street, had a covered porch at the center, leading through the west end of the Hall to the stair turret and the north door. On the first floor, at the east end, was the Hall, used for prayers, meals and all college exercises. This room was large enough to seat about fifty persons — the highest number of students enrolled during the 17th Century. Here was held the first Commencement in September, 1642. 2 In the west end and west wing were the kitchen, storerooms and the buttery. The second-story, 1 T h e Anatomical Museum was removed to the Medical School (p. 2 1 9 ) in 1874. The Peabody Museum (p. 126) occupied part of the third story until 1877. T h e Mineralogical Museum (p. 1 1 5 ) , one of Professor Cooke's special interests, was moved to the new section of the University Museum in 1 8 9 1 . Chemistry began its expansion outside of Boylston Hall in 1902, when laboratories were installed in Dane Hall (p. 12, п.). 1 T h e history of Commencement is given on p. 6 1 .

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H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

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the turret and the high-pitched attic were given over to chambers (each of which had small study closets with windows) except at the east end of the second floor, where a room was set apart for the Library. Unfortunately, in designing the earliest college building on traditional lines, the colonial architects did not reckon with New England weather. Within five years there were " decayes of the rooff, walls & foundation," and by 1677 the Old College had become no longer habitable. T h e founders of Harvard insisted that Harvard be a real college, in the English sense of the word: a society of scholars, where teachers and students lived in the same building under common discipline, associating not only in lecture rooms but at meals, in chambers, at prayers and in recreation. T h e early erection and ambitious dimensions of the " O l d C o l l e g e " show what they had in mind; and President Dunster bravely pushed the building to completion in the midst of an economic depression even though it cost about £1000. It was the pride of the Colony, although " b y some," as a contemporary chronicler stated, it was thought " t o be too gorgeous for a Wilderness." In erecting this first Harvard College building, it is quite clear that the founders of Harvard had in mind the English universities, and Cambridge especially. M a n y of them were Cambridge men; and the first building, rude and ill-built as it was, had much that was suggestive of an English college. Although it did not itself last, it served to carry the traditions of university life into the New World. Following the English custom, Harvard College kept in session throughout the year except for a fortnight's vacation after Commencement. T h e college day began at sunrise and followed a rigid schedule. A t six were Morning Prayers, an occasion for the translation and logical analysis of the Scriptures; at seven, Morning Bever, when students lined up for their bread and mug of beer at the buttery hatch. A t eight, nine and ten there were lectures for the different classes; Dinner at eleven, when the College Silver 1 was used at the high table. In the afternoon were Disputations in the Hall; Afternoon Bever at five; Supper at seven-thirty, with a fire blazing on the hearth in wintertime; and early to bed. As in the colleges of the Old World, each member of the pioneer Harvard community had his distinct place. T h e order of seniority in 1

College silver dating from 1637 is in the Fogg Museum (p. 52).

I 7 T H CENTURY

SITES

9

general followed English practice, but among undergraduates of the same Class the order was dependent on intellectual merit, not, as has been commonly thought, upon social rank. 1 In this order of seniority the students were seated in Hall, served at table and given choice of studies in the college buildings; in the same order their names were posted at the buttery hatch, entered in the Steward's book and on monitor bills, printed on the Commencement theses and published in each successive catalogue of graduates. Thus in the 17th Century each class became an organic unit, with consequences affecting both the social and scholastic aspects of American higher education to the present day. The organization, the life and the studies of Harvard in the 17th Century were far different from those of today, being nearer to those of medieval Paris or Oxford. Ancient as the buildings in the Harvard Yard seem in comparison with those of most American universities, there is not one that dates further back than 1720; and of the institutions that flourished at Harvard while the " O l d College" was standing, no vestige is left save the names of the four undergraduate classes and the ceremony of Commencement. GRAYS H A L L

1863 Freshman Dormitory: Mot Open to Visitors Facing the south end of the Old Y a r d (standing about on the site of the " Old College") is a building named for three members of the same family, all of whom were on the Governing Boards of the University: Francis Calley G r a y (A.B. 1809), who gave the G r a y Collection of Engravings and established the Museum of Comparative Zoology; J o h n Chipman Gray (A.B. 1 8 1 1 ) , the donor of prizes in mathematics; and William G r a y (A.B. 1829), who gave extensive book funds to the College Library. Grays 18, now the office of the Tutors in History and Literature, 2 is known among Harvard men as the study of Professor Barrett Wendell (A.B. 1877), who from 1880 to 1917 was a vital force in the teaching of E n g lish at Harvard and in stimulating creative writing. 1 Only in the second quarter of the 18th Century came the practice of placing Freshmen by " t h e Degrees of their ancestors," and the practice was abandoned with the Class of 1773. s History and Literature is one of the undergraduate " fields of concentration;" see p. 180.

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The Schofield Room (Grays 38) is set apart as a residence for Exchange Professors to the University. It is appropriately named for William Henry Schofield (A.M. 1893) who taught at Harvard from 1897 to 1920, a pioneer in the study of comparative literature (p. 41).

SITE OF THE "INDIAN c. 1656-1698

COLLEGE"

Forming a symmetrical group with the Old College, the President's Lodging and Goffe College, was another early Harvard building. Its location was probably northwest of Grays, touching the south end of the present Matthews Hall. The Indian College was the first brick college building. It was two stories high, with two " b a y e s " or entries, and accommodated twenty students and the printing press. When it was finally torn down in 1698, after twenty years of disrepair, its bricks were used for building the first Stoughton College (p. 15), but upon the condition that if any Indian students should come to Harvard, they should "enjoy their Studies rent free in said building." Harvard's first missionary venture among the Indians was the result of President Dunster's advocacy of their education. In 1651 he proposed to the " Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England " (founded in London in 1649) that they should grant some of their funds to Harvard College for the training of Indians as missionaries. In 1653 a building was begun "for the Conveniencye of six hopfull Indian youthes." Three years later, it was finished, considerably larger than originally planned, so its use was allowed by the Society as sorely needed dormitory space for English students. Of the six Indians known to have been at Harvard in the 17th Century only one, Caleb Cheeshahteaumauk (A.B. 1665), ever graduated. One died while in college, and the others stayed only a short time. Equally ill-adapted to institutional life were a larger number of Indian youths who likewise started to attend Elijah Corlet's grammar school on Crooked Lane, now Holyoke Street (p. 170). The Reverend John Eliot's Indian Bible of over 1,200 pages was printed at the Indian College between 1660 and 1663. This work was struck off on a press which the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel had sent for the purpose from England in 1659 and gave to the College in 1670. This press succeeded that which Widow Glover

I7TH CENTURY

SITES

(whom President Dunster later married) set up in 1638 for Stephen Day, the first printer in North America (p. 170). In its most prolific period, between 1655 and 1672, there are known to have been issued from the Indian College presses about 100 books and pamphlets.1 MATTHEWS HALL

WELD HALL

1872 Freshman Dormitories:

Not Open to Visitors

These two buildings, directly opposite each other at the southern end of the O l d Yard, are generally spoken of together. They were both gifts to Harvard which came unsolicited, within a few weeks of each other, from persons not Harvard graduates. O f a majestic type of architecture which has been aptly described as " h i g h Victorian" and with lofty ceilings and long window seats, these two dormitories were regarded as among the most attractive of their period. WELD HALL, at the east side of the Yard, was given by William Fletcher Weld, a Boston financier, in memory of his brother, Stephen Minot Weld (A.B. 1826). T h e architects, selected by the donor, were Ware and V a n Brunt, from whose designs Memorial Hall (p. 69) was at that time being erected. MATTHEWS HALL, on the west side of the Yard, was designed by the then young, but later well-known, firm of Peabody and Stearns. It faces both east and west, since at that time the College had not completely turned its back on Harvard Square. It was given by a merchant of Boston, Nathan Matthews, who desired to benefit the College (of which his son was then an undergraduate) and at the same time to promote the training of young men for the ministry. T h e Matthews Scholarships were established from half the net income of this dormitory.

THE

MEETING

HOUSE

SITE

1652-1832 Harvard College was founded partly because the colonists saw the need of training learned teachers of Puritan doctrine. Thus closely identified with the church, it was fitting that in 1693 Harvard should 1 After a press was established in Boston in 1675 the business of the College Press began to fall off and in 1692 it went out of business. Thenceforward, until 1800, no books were printed in Cambridge. The present Harvard University Press (p. 81) was organized in 1913.

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r e p l a c e t h e w o r d s In Christi Gloriam b y Christo et Ecclesiae as t h e m o t t o o n its o f f i c i a l seal. T h r e e successive M e e t i n g H o u s e s ( 1 6 5 2 , 1706 a n d 1 7 5 6 ) f a c e d H a r v a r d S q u a r e a t t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r of t h e Y a r d n e a r w h e r e L e h m a n H a l l n o w stands. T h i s p o r t i o n of t h e Y a r d , h o w e v e r , d i d n o t b e c o m e H a r v a r d p r o p e r t y u n t i l 1833. F r o m 1638 u n t i l 1 8 1 4 t h e F a c u l t y a n d s t u d e n t s of H a r v a r d C o l l e g e w o r s h i p p e d o n S u n d a y s w i t h t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n o f t h e First C h u r c h i n C a m b r i d g e . Then a separate University C h u r c h w a s established, meeting in University H a l l . L a t e r p l a c e s of w o r s h i p h a v e b e e n A p p l e t o n C h a p e l ( 1 8 5 8 1930) a n d t h e p r e s e n t M e m o r i a l C h u r c h (p. 2 9 ) . LEHMAN HALL

I924 Main

Entrance Open Week Days g to 5 ; Saturdays 9 to 1

Lehman Hall, whose white columns command attention from Harvard Square, 1 houses the University business offices. It was the gift of the late Arthur L e h m a n (A.B. 1894). T h e main entrance, a splendid example of a Georgian doorway, is from the Y a r d . It leads directly into the Bursar's Office, a lofty room reminiscent of a colonial counting house. O n the east wall is Copley's portrait of John Hancock (A.B. I 754), Treasurer of Harvard (1773-1777). T h e President and Fellows of Harvard College is the oldest corporation in the United States existing under its original charter. In the 17th Century the principal Harvard business officers were the Treasurer, who made investments, collected rents and paid salaries, and the Steward, who acted as domestic bursar, purchasing agent, caterer and superintendent of the college buildings. T h e Steward's records begin in 1650 when students were paying tuition with grain, cattle and garden truck. W i t h the growth of 1 Until destroyed by fire in 1918, DANE HALL (once " D a n e Law College") abutted directly on Harvard" Square at the northern end of the present Lehman Hall. It was built in 1832 just north of the Meeting House lot, but in 1871, in order to obtain a site which was suitable to the donor of Matthews Hall, Dane was moved about 70 feet to the south. This two-story brick building of Classic style had, in its earlier days, a Greek pediment and Ionic colonnade. It was the first building of the Law School (p. 153), having been given for that purpose by Nathan Dane (A.B. 1778). Later it served the Harvard Cooperative Society (whose store is now on the opposite side of Harvard Square), chemical laboratories, the psychological laboratory, debating societies, the " 4 7 Workshop" and finally the Bursar's Office.

I 7 T H C E N T U R Y SITES

*3

Harvard from a college to a large university the Steward's functions were divided between a number of business departments. All the non-academic administration of the University is now centered in Lehman Hall except the custody and investment of funds which are in the care of the Treasurer's Office in Boston. The Alumni Directory Office, on the top floor of Lehman Hall, is the center for records dealing with the Alumni. On this floor also is the Publication Office, where current official publications are available. On the floor below is the Service Bureau, a central clerical and stenographic service for both instructors and students. The Class of 1875 Gate, the main entrance to the Yard from Harvard Square, is between Lehman Hall and Straus Hall. The gate was erected in ι goo, but when Straus Hall was built in 1926 it was moved some fifty feet to the south. On the center entablature is inscribed, from Isaiah (xxvi: 2): " Open ye the gates that the righteous nation which keepeth the truth may enter in." The Class of 1873 Fence (1900), marked by an ornamental panel, is along the west side of Straus Hall. STRAUS HALL

I926 Freshman Dormitory: Not Open to Visitors Straus Hall, which since 1930 has been one of the Freshman Halls, was given in memory of Isidor and Ida Straus, the parents of three Harvard graduates. The center door is the entrance to the Straus Memorial Common Room, an informal meeting room panelled in pine. Over its fireplace is a portrait by Alphonse Jongers of Mr. Straus, who, with his wife, was lost in the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. The inscription on the memorial tablet at the door of the vestibule was composed by President Eliot. The erection of Straus Hall made a pleasant open quadrangle, the three sides of which represent entirely different eras in Harvard architecture. Massachusetts Hall (p. 15), at the north end of the quadrangle, was built in 1720. Matthews Hall (p. 1 1 ) , at the east, was built in 1872, early in President Eliot's administration. Straus Hall (1926) was placed in accordance with President Lowell's plan of shutting off the Yard from the noise of traffic. The studies of the students' suites are, for the most part, at the front of the building, facing the quadrangle. OTHER I 7TH CENTURY SITES

Besides the 17th Century buildings already mentioned there were also OLD HARVARD HALL ( 1 6 7 7 - 1 7 6 4 ) , on the site of the present

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H a r v a r d H a l l (p. 1 6 ) , a n d OLD STOUGHTON C O L L E G E (p. 1 5 ) , b u i l t a t t h e t u r n of t h e c e n t u r y . B o t h of these m a y b e seen i n t h e earliest v i e w of H a r v a r d C o l l e g e , o p p o s i t e , w h i c h w a s m a d e in 1 7 2 6 b y W i l l i a m B u r g i s . A t t h e r i g h t of t h e p i c t u r e is M a s s a c h u s e t t s H a l l b u i l t in 1 7 2 0 a n d still s t a n d i n g . A c r o s s t h e street f r o m M a s s a c h u s e t t s H a l l is t h e o l d B U R Y I N G GROUND of C a m b r i d g e , set a p a r t in 1 6 3 5 . Presidents Dunster, C h a u n c y , O a k e s , Leverett, W a d s w o r t h , H o l y o k e , W i l l a r d a n d W e b b e r w e r e b u r i e d h e r e , as w e l l as a n u m b e r of o t h e r persons i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e C o l l e g e in t h e 1 7 t h a n d 1 8 t h C e n t u r i e s . The Johnston Gate (1890) stands at w h a t has been the main entrance to the Y a r d since the end of the 17th Century. It was designed by M c K i m , M e a d and White, and is named for Samuel Johnston (A.B. 1855) of Chicago. It is fittingly inscribed with two records of Harvard's founding: T h e south wall has a quotation from New England's First Fruits (London, 1643), the earliest printed account of the College: " A f t e r God had carried us safe to New England, and wee had builded our houses, provided necessaries for our liveli-hood, rear'd convenient places for Gods worship, and setled the Civill Government: One of the next things we longed for, and looked after was to advance Learning and perpetuate it to Posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate Ministery to the Churches, when our present Ministers shall lie in the Dust." O n the north side are inscribed the votes of the General Court of Massachusetts Bay. T h e records read as follows: 28 October 1636: " T h e Court agreed to give 400/ towards a schoale or colledge, whearof 200/ to bee paid the next yeare, and 2001 when the worke is finished, and the next Court to appoint wheare and what building." 15 November 1637: " T h e colledg is ordered to bee at Newetowne." 2 May 1638: "Ordered, that Newetowne shall henceforward be called Cambrige." 13 March 1638/g: "Ordered, that the colledge agreed upon formerly to bee built at Cambridg shalbee called Harvard Colledge."

Old H a r v a r d Hall

Old Stoughton College HARVARD

IN

MASSACHUSETTS

I 726

HALL

Massachusetts Hall

Holden Chapel

Hollis

Harvard

Old Stoughton

H A R V A R D IN I 7 6 7

JOHNSTON GATE

HARVARD

HALL

Massachusetts

HISTORIC BUILDINGS

15

HISTORIC BUILDINGS OF THE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES MASSACHUSETTS 1720

HALL

Freshman Dormitory: Not Open to Visitors

T h e oldest Harvard building whose walls now stand is Massachusetts Hall, built from a grant of £3500 for a new hall made by the Province of Massachusetts in 1718. It is of a plain colonial style, and in its early days contained thirty-two chambers, each with two smaller studies. A t the west end were the College Bell and the College Clock, the face of which is painted much as it was two centuries ago. This was one of the Harvard buildings used as a barrack for Continental troops during the siege of Boston in 1775. In 1827 Massachusetts H a l l was remodelled to provide recitation rooms on the first floor; and in 1870 its interior was again reconstructed with two floors of large lecture rooms and offices. T h e L o w e r H a l l became in 1916 the headquarters of the " 4 7 W o r k s h o p , " w h i c h from 1911 to 1924 was conducted b y Professor George Pierce Baker (A.B. 1887) to test the plays written in his course, " E n g l i s h 4 7 . "

T h e y were formally produced on the stage of

Agassiz House at R a d c l i f f e College (p. 251). A f t e r a fire in 1924 which destroyed the roof, Massachusetts H a l l was completely remodelled and restored to its original use as a dormitory.

The

bust of James Russell Lowell, w h i c h formerly stood here, is now in Lowell House quadrangle (p. 185).

SITE O F S T O U G H T O N

COLLEGE

1699-1781 Across the east end of Massachusetts and Harvard Halls was the site of the first "Stoughton College." Its donor was Lieutenant Governor William Stoughton (A.B. 1650), the politician and judge who was famed for his harsh conduct of the witchcraft trials in 1692. His coat of arms, carved in stone, was placed on the fagade. Facing westward, this building was 97 feet long, 23 feet wide and contained sixteen chambers. It was occupied by Continental troops in 1775-

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UNIVERSITY

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1776 and suffered so much interior damage thereby that in 1781 it was torn down. SITE

OF

OLD

HARVARD

HALL

1677-1764 T h e predecessor of the present Harvard Hall was on the same spot. T h e earlier Harvard Hall was built to replace the " O l d Coll e g e " (p. 7), and the story of its raising illustrates the financial difficulties of Harvard's first century. Although the towns had raised subscriptions and materials were well in hand by 1672, it was not until 1674 that the frame was raised. Contributions were again delayed by K i n g Philip's War, and the building was not completed until 1677. Even then all promises were not paid in, although fortunately there were few like the farmer who, having promised a bushel and a half of corn, fell victim to the scalping knife before he could make good. A description of life in Old Harvard Hall during the 18th Century is given in the memoirs of Timothy Pickering (A.B. I 763): " In Old Harvard, the middle room in the lower story, the whole breadth of the building, was the hall where all dined in commons. Every scholar carried to the dining-table his own knife and fork, and, when he had dined, wiped them on the tablecloth. There were six scholars to a mess. T h e standing dish was fresh beef baked, — now and then a plain, hard, Indian-meal pudding, — and a baked plum pudding once a quarter. . . . T h e scholars residing in the colleges provided their own breakfast in their chambers, and their tea in the afternoon. The south-east corner of the lower story (of course fronting the Yard) was occupied by the butler; of whom were to be purchased bread, butter, eggs and, I suppose, some articles which are now called groceries. T h e northeast corner of the lower story was occupied for a kitchen. " In the middle space of the second story, over the dining-hall, was the college library, and a few very ordinary articles for a museum. T h e western chamber was occupied by Professor Winthrop 1 when delivering his lectures and exhibiting some experiments in Natural Philosophy. T h e other parts of Old Harvard, (including the cock1 Professor John Winthrop (A.B. 1732), a Fellow of the Royal Society and "the father of American astronomy" for whom Winthrop House (p. i g i ) is named.

HISTORIC BUILDINGS

17

lofts, I believe, which constituted the third story,) consisted of rooms for the scholars." Old Harvard Hall was destroyed by fire in January, 1764, with all its contents, including most of the library of 5,000 volumes which had been the largest in the Colonies. HARVARD HALL 1 7 6 6 : ADDITIONS 1 8 4 2 ,

1870

The fifth oldest Harvard building now standing is Harvard Hall, directly opposite Massachusetts Hall. Begun in 1765 and completed in June, 1766, 1 it replaced the earlier building of the same name. As the older building had been occupied at the time of the fire by the General Court (which had been driven from Boston by the smallpox), the Province of Massachusetts Bay considered itself responsible, and therefore paid for the present Harvard Hall. The original appearance of Harvard Hall may be seen from the "Westerly View of the Colleges" delineated by Jonathan Chadwick in 1767 and engraved by Paul Revere. Through the center of the building ran the stair hall, with a beautifully proportioned center window at the stair landing. This window may be seen at the north side. On the first floor at the west was the College Chapel; above it was the Library, newly gathered together after the fire of 1764. The kitchen and buttery were in the basement at the east, below the Commons or Dining Hall on the first floor (scene of the famous " butter rebellion " of 1766). On the second story at this end was the Philosophical Chamber, a lecture room containing early scientific apparatus, such as the orrery, or mechanical representation of the spheres. College studies in the 18th Century consisted of recitations in Greek and Latin classics, logic, geography, arithmetic and natural philosophy, the last containing the elements of natural science. As Pickering says: " . . . we were required to commit whole paragraphs to memory, and to repeat them to the tutor. This mode saved both the tutor and the scholar of the trouble of thinking, — one to ask and the other to answer questions on the author's doctrines." 2 1 T h e two-story stair hall projection was added in 1842, and the single-storied wings in 1870. s Compare the present plan of undergraduate study (p. 178).

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HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK

I n 1 8 1 5 , after U n i v e r s i t y H a l l (p. 25) w a s c o m p l e t e d , the C h a p e l , C o m mons and kitchen were r e m o v e d from the first floor of H a r v a r d H a l l to g i v e r o o m for the L i b r a r y , w h i c h thenceforward occupied the w h o l e of the second story. 1 T h e old C h a p e l b e c a m e a recitation r o o m and the former C o m m o n s housed the g r o w i n g " M i n e r a l o g i c a l C a b i n e t , " predecessor of the present M i n e r a l o g i c a l M u s e u m (p. 1 1 5 ) .

Upstairs, the former L i b r a r y and Philo-

sophical C h a m b e r were used during the m i d d l e of the 19th C e n t u r y for the Physical L a b o r a t o r y — successor of the " P h i l o s o p h i c a l A p p a r a t u s " — for a recitation room.

and

Because of their later e n l a r g e m e n t the rooms on the

first floor h a v e lost all semblance of their original appearance, b u t in the second-story lecture rooms one m a y still recognize the classic

Georgian

architecture of the 18th C e n t u r y .

HOLLIS HALL 1763 Freshman Dormitory:

Not Open to Visitors

Although Hollis now faces east, one may well view it from Holden Quadrangle, at the north of Harvard Hall. On the west fagade of Hollis may still be seen the decorative columns of its center window. Originally each of the thirty-two rooms in Hollis contained two small studies, or a study and a sleeping closet, but now the rooms are large and open, each with a fireplace and built-in window seats. This dormitory was erected because in the opinion of the Corporation the students who lived with private families were "less orderly and well regulated than those within the walls." Hollis was paid for by the Colony and was completed in December, 1763. On January 13, 1764, it was dedicated by Governor Bernard to honor an English family which had been especially generous to the College. 2 Along with other Harvard buildings Hollis Hall was a barrack for Continental soldiers. The prevalent spirit of patriotism found full play among the students, who from 1769 to 1787 formed the MartiMercurian Band, with the motto " T a m Martii quam Mercurio." The society, revived in 1811 under the name of the Harvard WashUntil 1841, when Gore Hall (p. 34) was completed. Thomas Hollis ( 1 6 5 9 - 1 7 3 1 ) , an Independent in religious beliefs, endowed a Professorship of Divinity, a Professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and scholarships for ten divinity students. Another Thomas Hollis ( 1 7 2 0 - 1 7 7 4 ) of Lincoln's Inn, London, was a benefactor of the College Library. 1

2

HISTORIC BUILDINGS

19

ington Corps, maintained an armory in the attic of Hollis, and from here — until finally dispersed by the Faculty — they started out on their manoeuvres and expeditions. Several rooms in Hollis have interesting associations. Ralph Waldo Emerson (A.B. 1821) lived in Room 17, and Henry David Thoreau (A.B. 1837) Room 20. Hollis 8 was long known as " T h e T a v e r n " because one of its occupants, Charles Angier (A.B. I 793), conceived the idea of holding a perpetual spread of punch and biscuits for his friends when the College refused to let students board outside of Commons. Hollis 13 was the birthplace of the notorious " M e d . Fac." which originated one evening after dinner in 1818 when four students proposed that one of them should deliver a mock lecture. T h e formation of a society was then thought of, initiation into which should be by solemn rites and ceremonies. From such a small beginning sprang the " M e d . F a c . " T h e name of this society may have been derived from the nearness of the gathering to the Anatomical Museum, then in Holden Chapel. After sending a " M e d . F a c . " diploma to the Emperor of Russia — the College receiving in return a handsome gift — this spurious " F a c u l t y " was ordered dissolved in 1834, but continued a surreptitious existence into the present century. I t was blamed for many pranks of a destructive nature, culminating in 1901 with the blowing up of the College Pump which stood in front of Hollis Hall. Another famous room was Hollis 11, which, in 1844, was the scene of the first play of the Hasty Pudding Club (p. 174). This room and also Hollis 15, on the top floor at the south end, were occupied by Professor Charles Townsend Copeland (A.B. 1882), who lived in Hollis from 1904 to 1932. Among his former pupils are many men now known in the world of letters. HOLDEN

CHAPEL

1744 In the small quadrangle behind Harvard and Hollis is the third oldest Harvard building now standing. Like other Harvard buildings of the 18th Century, Holden Chapel originally faced, with its " G r e a t D o o r " and stone steps, toward the road and Cambridge Common. Thus the historically-minded visitor may view this quadrangle much as it appeared in the 18th Century, with Harvard Hall (1766) on the right, Hollis Hall (1763) in front, and Holden (begun 1742, completed 1744) at the left. Before being used as a barrack for militia, Holden Chapel was a gem of Georgian architecture. In all probability its plans were drawn in London and brought to America by Thomas Hutchinson

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HANDBOOK

(A.B. Ι 727), who obtained the initial gift of £400 for its erection from the widow of Samuel Holden, a prominent English Dissenter, part of whose estate had been left to charity " s u c h as the promoting of true Religion." Thus the arms of M a d a m Holden, handsomely carved, were placed on the west pediment of this Chapel. T h e y were duplicated, a century and a half later, above the present east entrance. Even after its many changes, the observer may see some vestiges of the early beauty of Holden Chapel. T h e round-topped windows (originally shorter and thus better shaped), the pilasters, paired at the corners, the classic entablature (now unfortunately missing from the side walls) and the monumental treatment of the west end were in the 1740s totally new in Harvard architecture. Likewise the interior arrangements of the Chapel, although they followed the traditional English plan, were also new, for the usual box-like pews were replaced by long rows of seats placed parallel to the central aisle and rising in successive tiers to the side walls. A t the eastern end was the pulpit, or President's desk; the ceiling was gently curved; and a sober amount of carving probably enriched the whole. Holden Chapel was regularly used for morning and evening prayers from 1744 until 1766, when a new chapel was provided in Harvard Hall. From 1769 to 1772 Holden was again used for religious services, while the General Court — removed from Boston by Governors Bernard and Hutchinson — utilized the Harvard Hall Chapel and Philosophical Chamber. Only a few years later Holden was to serve as a general utility room and barrack for Revolutionary soldiers besieging the British in Boston. In 1783 the Medical School, which had given its first lectures in 1782 in the basement of Harvard Hall, found Holden's rising tiers of seats most adaptable for a dissecting amphitheatre. Thus Holden has become known as " the cradle of the Harvard Medical School." 1 During the i g t h Century Holden Chapel was reconstructed several times; notably in 1800 when it was divided into two stories, each with two rooms, and a stair hall was added on the east. Fourteen years later the windows were lengthened and skylights added. I n 1850, after having been 1 Although the Medical School moved to Boston in 1810, lectures on anatomy and chemistry were continued here until 1846 by John Warren and John Collins Warren, father and son; from 1847 to 1871 Dr. Jeffries Wyman gave anatomical lectures in Cambridge.

HISTORIC BUILDINGS

21

practically iii disuse for twenty-five years, H o l d e n was again rejuvenated, b e c o m i n g one of the most p o p u l a r lecture halls of the college. T w e n t y years later one of the rooms was fitted with a stage and r a n g w i t h the oratory of the Everett A t h e n a e u m , a student society. B y 1880 the w h e e l of c h a n g e had s w u n g a full circle and H o l d e n was finally restored to something like its original state, although w i t h the entrance at the east. It is at present used b y the D e p a r t m e n t of English for courses in public speaking. HOLDEN QUADRANGLE Site of the "Class D a y T r e e " T o the southwest of H o l d e n C h a p e l once stood a great e l m around w h i c h the ceremonies of Class D a y w e r e celebrated for m a n y years. It was in 1760 that the Seniors first selected an O r a t o r to voice their farewell to College and F a c u l t y ; but b y 1834 the farewell included iced p u n c h for all comers, provided b y the Senior Class and served in the shade on the north side of H a r v a r d H a l l . A r o u n d the " T r e e , " while their ladies looked on, crowds of Seniors used to struggle for the remnants of a w r e a t h of flowers w h i c h encircled its trunk, a b o u t 10 feet f r o m the g r o u n d . T h e s e ceremonies p r o b a b l y originated at the " R e b e l l i o n T r e e " in front of H a r v a r d H a l l . B y 1898 the old struggle for the w r e a t h h a d b e c o m e little m o r e than m o b violence, so n e w ceremonies w e r e instituted at the J o h n H a r v a r d statue (then at the west end of M e m o r i a l H a l l ) , although a " T r e e O r a t i o n " was given in H o l d e n Q u a d r a n g l e as late as 1932. F o r a description of present Class D a y festivities see p. 197. The Class 0/1870 Gate and Sundial (1901) are at the west of H o l d e n C h a p e l . A r o u n d the base of the sundial are inscribed the words: " O n this m o m e n t hangs eternity." T o the west of Lionel a n d M o w e r Halls are the Class of 18J4 Gate (1900) and the Class of 1886 Gate (1901) respectively. T h e s e gates w e r e closed after the building of the two dormitories. A r o u n d the corner of the Y a r d is the Class of 1881 Gate, erected in 1905 as the entrance to Phillips Brooks House (p. 22). LIONEL HALL MOWER HALL I926 Freshman Dormitories: Not Open to Visitors A t the west side of H o l d e n Q u a d r a n g l e are t w o small dormitories built as part of President L o w e l l ' s p r o g r a m m e of cloistering the Y a r d . MOWER HALL, at the north, takes its n a m e f r o m T h o m a s G a r d n e r M o w e r (A.B. 1810). LIONEL HALL, at the south, is n a m e d in m e m o r y of Lionel de

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Jersey Harvard (a.b. 1915), the only kin of John Harvard to attend Harvard University. He was commissioned a Lieutenant in the British Army and was killed in action at Arras, France, March 30, 1918. A panel at the north end near the sundial commemorates his name. P H I L L I P S B R O O K S HOUSE

1900 Office: First Floor A t the north end of Holden Quadrangle is Phillips Brooks House, the center for student social service in the University. It was dedicated in January, 1900, to "piety, charity, and hospitality," in memory of Phillips Brooks (a.b. 1855), Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts, who, as a member of the Board of Preachers and an Overseer of the University, had foreseen its need. Nearly six hundred people contributed toward the erection of the building, designed by Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow (a.b. 1876), a nephew of the poet. The Phillips Brooks House Association was created to provide a center where diversified religious groups might carry on their own particular activities. Since 1919, however, the development of student groups by the churches of Cambridge has lessened the purely religious side of Phillips Brooks House. O n the other hand there has been a steady growth in the broad social service programme of the Association. More than one hundred students each year volunteer for work in settlement houses and student speakers are furnished to outside religious and social organizations. Certain clubs nurtured here have since grown into their own quarters, among them St. Paul's Catholic Club, founded in 1898, which has its own rooms at 8 De Wolfe Street near St. Paul's Roman Catholic Church.

STOUGHTON 1805

HALL

Freshman Dormitory: Not Open to Visitors N e x t to Hollis Hall, and almost duplicating it, is Stoughton H a l l , the second building to bear the n a m e of L i e u t e n a n t G o v e r n o r W i l l i a m Stoughton. It w a s the first H a r v a r d building to be entered both f r o m the west a n d f r o m the east. A plan for distributing n e w buildings on the borders of a rectangle, n o w the O l d Y a r d , w a s m a d e at this time by Charles Bulfinch, w h o later designed University H a l l . In the 1820s, w h e n this plan of the Y a r d had b e g u n to take actual

HOLLIS AND STOUGHTON H A L L S

THE JOHN H A R V A R D STATUE

FACULTY ROOM

UNIVERSITY

HALL

HISTORIC

BUILDINGS

23

shape, the extra stairs of Stoughton were taken down and the east became its main fagade. Like Hollis, Stoughton Hall contained thirty-two rooms.

Among

those w h o lived here as undergraduates were Edward Everett Hale (A.B. 1839), famous as the author of " T h e M a n without a C o u n t r y , " in R o o m 22; and Oliver Wendell Holmes (A.B. 1829), the " A u t o c r a t of the Breakfast T a b l e , " in R o o m 31. Stoughton Hall was built in part from the proceeds of a public lottery allowed b y the State. 1

In the draw of January 1, 1795, the

College won its own first prize of $10,000 on a ticket which the C o r poration had redeemed from the managers of the lottery as one of a block of tickets unsold. The Class of 1876 Gate (1900), also k n o w n as the " H o l w o r t h y G a t e , " is north of Stoughton Hall, b e t w e e n Phillips Brooks House and H o l w o r t h y H a l l . I t is the m a i n gate of the Y a r d at the northwest, and provides a route to the M u s i c Building (p. 159), the Physical Laboratories (p. 148) and the L a w School (p. 153). In the Class of 1876 Fence (1910) behind H o l w o r t h y H a l l is a fountain given b y a m e m b e r of the Class in m e m o r y of his son, R o b e r t Stow Bradley, J r . (A.B. 1907). HOLWORTHY

HALL

1812 Freshman

Dormitory.

Not Open to

Visitors

Holworthy was the last Harvard dormitory to retain the designation " c o l l e g e " as applied to the structure itself, being dedicated as " H o l w o r t h y C o l l e g e " on August 18, 1812.

Its name is in honor of

Four lotteries were granted to Harvard, which was then dependent upon the State for funds. In 1765 a lottery had been granted by the Province for the replacement of old Stoughton College, but it was ten years before the plans were consummated and then the country was up in arms. T h e second lottery, in 1788, bought Harvard the orrery which in 1789 was placed in Harvard Hall. By the third lottery, granted by the State in 1794, part of the money for building Stoughton Hall was obtained; and the fourth, granted in 1806, yielded over $29,000 — enough to cover the previous expense of Stoughton and to build Holworthy. Between 1786 and 1814 the College received no money from the State, but in the ten years from 1814 to 1823 it shared with other Colleges of the Commonwealth the proceeds of a state bank, Harvard's share being $ 10,000 a year. T h e payment of this sum in 1823 was the last grant that the University received from the Commonwealth or from any other public body. 1

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Sir M a t t h e w Holworthy, an English merchant, whose bequest of £1000 in 1678 was the largest single gift to Harvard in the 17th C e n tury; but the money to build the new hall was derived from a lottery. 1 T h e architect was L o a m m i Baldwin (A.B. 1800), later noted as a civil engineer. The Meyer Gate (1891), at the east of H o l w o r t h y , is the entrance to the Y a r d at the j u n c t i o n of C a m b r i d g e Street and B r o a d w a y . It was g i v e n b y G e o r g e v o n Lengerke M e y e r (A.B. 1879), Secretary of N a v y , and designed by Charles Folien M c K i m (hon. A.M. 1890). THE OLD FOGG MUSEUM, at the east, is n o w used b y the G r a d u a t e School of Design (p. 62) and has been renamed HUNT HALL. THAYER HALL

1870 Freshman Dormitory: Not Open to Visitors T h a y e r Hall, at the east side of the O l d Y a r d , is one of four buildings given by persons w h o h a d not themselves attended H a r v a r d College — the other buildings being W e l d a n d M a t t h e w s , at the south end of the Y a r d (p. 1 1 ) , and Austin H a l l of the L a w School (p. 156). I t was given b y N a t h a n i e l T h a y e r (hon. A.M. 1866), a m e r c h a n t of Boston and a Fellow of H a r v a r d College, in m e m o r y of his father, the R e v e r e n d N a t h a n i e l T h a y e r (A.B. Ι 789), a n d of his brother, J o h n Eliot T h a y e r , w h o h a d founded the T h a y e r Scholarships. T h i s dormitory w a s designed primarily for the large n u m b e r of students w h o could n o t afford the then rising cost of rooms outside the University. 2 T h a y e r H a l l , 2 1 3 feet long, w a s the first large building in the Y a r d . I t w a s placed in front of the former A p p l e t o n C h a p e l in accordance with a measure, previously adopted, to carry out the rectangular p l a n for the O l d Y a r d . Architecturally T h a y e r H a l l is a compromise between the plainness of the earlier Hollis, Stoughton and H o l w o r t h y a n d the h e a v y stone trimming of Grays, w h i c h h a d been built at the south end of the Y a r d seven years before. Its only decoration, a well-proportioned classic arch, is at the center.

THE JOHN

HARVARD

STATUE

A t the west front of University Hall is a bronze statue of J o h n Harvard, the first benefactor of the College.

T h e work of Daniel

See footnote on p. 23. T h e T h a y e r Dining Association (p. 158), established in 1865 on the site of Austin Hall, was also one of Nathaniel Thayer's philanthropies. 1

2

HISTORIC

BUILDINGS

25

Chester French, it is a wholly imaginary likeness, there being no authentic portrait of John Harvard. On the front of the pedestal is the date 1638, that of John Harvard's bequest; at the sides are the arms of Harvard University and those of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. The statue was given by Samuel James Bridge (hon. A.M. 1880) and stood on the Delta at the west end of Memorial Hall (p. 69) from 1885 to 1924. Little is known of John Harvard except that he was born in Southwark, now a part of London, and was baptized there in Saint Savior's Church (now Southwark Cathedral) on November 29,1607. He entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, on December 19, 1627, and took his B.A. in 1632 and his M.A. in 1635. In 1636 he married, and the following summer emigrated with his wife, probably in the same ship as Nathaniel Eaton, the first head of the College. He settled in Charlestown, receiving generous shares in all divisions of land, and built a house which must have been one of the best in the village, since it was used as the parsonage for sixty years afterwards. He assisted the minister, Zechariah Symmes, but, although he is believed to have taken Holy Orders in England, there is no record of his ordination as a Puritan minister. On September 14, 1638, John Harvard died " o f a Consumption." On his deathbed he willed all his books and half his estate to the new college, which was named in his honor. UNIVERSITY 1815

HALL

University Hall, designed by Charles Bulfinch as the center of his plan for the Old Yard, is today the principal administration building of Harvard University. 1 O n July ι, 1813, at the occasion of the laying of the corner stone of University Hall, President Kirkland explained to the assembly the many reasons for erecting the new building, chief among which was the need of a larger Chapel for religious exercises and public occasions, and of more convenient rooms for the College Commons. Commons were located on the first floor and were divided into four rooms, one for each Class, with circular apertures between them 1

Inquiries may be made at the Information Office. Enter by the end door at the south.

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HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK

— still recognizable in the hallways. The border design of the " Harvard Plates" now familiar to many Alumni was taken from the English plates bought for the University Hall Commons by President Josiah Quincy (1829-1845). On the second and third floors, reached by the two granite staircases, were recitation rooms and the President's Office. In the center was the Chapel (now the Faculty Room), 55 feet long, 45 feet wide and 30 feet high, and wainscotted to the base of the Ionic pilasters which still support the cornice. At the east, beneath the high, rounded windows, stood the pulpit: at the west, an organ which had been brought from England. 1 At the ends of the Chapel were two galleries, supported by columns, where seats were reserved for the members of the Faculty and their families. After the building of Appleton Chapel in 1858 religious services were no longer held in University Hall. Ten years later the old Chapel was divided into two floors with four rooms, the attic being utilized as an examination room. The portico, which, with its granite pillars, had been part of the original design between the two entrances on the west,2 was torn away to give more light to the lower story, part of which had been set apart as the Faculty Room. By 1896, however, the Faculty had so increased as to make larger quarters necessary. It was then decided to restore the room formerly occupied by the Chapel, though without the galleries. The original wainscotting and cornices were found intact and new pilasters were added in the same form as the old. The Faculty Room, restored in this fashion and containing portraits of presidents, professors and benefactors, is today one of the most distinguished rooms in the University. 1 A n organ of this period, perhaps the identical one, is used for concerts at the F o g g M u s e u m (p. 59). 2

T h e east steps of University H a l l were given in 1 9 1 7 b y the Class of 1887.

THE NEW YARD

HARVARD IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES E A S T OF U N I V E R S I T Y H A L L is an open area which, to distinguish it readily from other portions of the Yard, is sometimes called the New Yard. 1 Dominating it is the Harry Elkins Widener Library building, the massiveness of which is partially balanced at the opposite side of the quadrangle by the Memorial Church. Completing its sides are Sever Hall (p. 43) and Emerson Hall (p. 44) slightly to the southeast. Earlier buildings here were GORE HALL, which served as the College Library from 1841 until 1913, and APPLETON CHAPEL (1858— 1931). Gore Hall is pictured on the bronze tablet at the northwest corner of the present library building. Appleton Chapel, which stood on the site of the Memorial Church, is likewise shown in bronze at the east end of the new building; its name has been given to the choir of the Memorial Church, where it is inscribed above the south entrance. The history of the New Yard epitomizes an era of Harvard's growth. When University Hall was begun in 1813 by President John Thornton Kirkland (1810-1828), Harvard was entering an era in which it sought to emulate the standards of European universities. By the time Gore Hall Library had been completed Harvard had attained a standing more nearly comparable with that of the best universities of its day; and by 1868, ten years after the building of Appleton Chapel, the University was ready for its great era of expansion, for during the previous fifty years there had been many intellectual forces at work. 1 After the building of Sever Hall this area was popularly called Sever Quadrangle, the name now designating the smaller area east of Sever; similarly it has been known as Widener Quadrangle.

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Elective courses, following the lead of Thomas Jefferson, had started as early as 1825; the study of modern literatures — under the aegis of George Ticknor, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and James Russell Lowell — was gradually encroaching on that of the ancient tongues; Jared Sparks (President, 1849-1853) was probably the first professor of civil history in any American university; and the sciences — botany, chemistry and zoology —· were being advanced under Asa Gray, Josiah Parsons Cooke and Louis Agassiz. Not only had the Divinity School been established in 1816, but also, in 1847, the Lawrence Scientific School, out of which evolved the Schools of Architecture and Engineering. In 1863 the University Lectures (the germ of the Graduate School and of University Extension) were established, and the Dental School was started as the first under university auspices in America in 1867. A t the close of this period Harvard had a President who, as a theologian and a scientist, represented old and new tendencies. A n earnest theorist in the cause of integral education, President Thomas Hill (1862-1868) visualized an ideal of university teaching " b y which each student shall have his powers of perception and imagination and reason aroused to activity upon every subject." T h e steps toward the actual accomplishment of such an ideal are those of Presidents Eliot, Lowell and Conant.

T H E MEMORIAL C H U R C H

29

THE MEMORIAL CHURCH 1932 Sunday Morning Worship, 11 A.M. during the College Tear Open Week Days, д to 1, 2 to 4; Sundays, 1 to 4 T h e first proposal for a W a r Memorial to H a r v a r d men was made in October, 1916, soon after the death of N o r m a n Prince (A.B. 1908), the organizer of the famous Lafayette Escadrille. O n Armistice D a y , 1932 — a little more than sixteen years later — the Memorial C h u r c h was dedicated in the words w h i c h are inscribed under the south portico: In grateful memory of the H a r v a r d men w h o died in the World W a r w e have built this Church. T h e Memorial C h u r c h is of modified colonial d e s i g n ; 1 but the usual severeness of colonial architecture is lessened by touches of bright color, especially in the two great entrance porticos w i t h their Doric columns and wide granite steps. A b o v e the south portico rises the tower, 172 feet to the top of the wooden spire and 197 feet to the top of the weather vane. In the form of a medieval battle pennant, the vane is capped with a large crown with two openings in the form of Greek crosses. T h e bell, announcing the hours of service and of college classes, was cast at Loughborough, England. A n anonymous gift to the University in 1926, it is 5 feet in diameter, weighs 5,000 pounds and bears the inscription: " I n M e m o r y of Voices that are H u s h e d . " INTERIOR T h e main entrance is at the west front, facing T h a y e r Hall. From each side of the arched entrance hall stairways lead to the gallery and to a small oak-panelled discussion room. T h e main portion of the church, including the gallery, seats approximately 1,200 persons. Its high white pews with m a h o g a n y rails, its gray and white walls and its colonnades supporting a vaulted ceiling, all express the development of the N e w England tradition. O n the hand-carved 1

Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott were the architects.

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capitals are a number of symbolic figures. On alternate capitals appear the R a m (the Old Testament symbol of Sacrifice) and the symbols of the writers of the four Gospels: Man (St. Matthew, the humanist), the Lion (St. Mark), the Bull (St. Luke) and the Eagle (St. John). The repetition of the figures in rotation gives an impression of richness and variety. Between the corner figures are four others, similarly repeated: the Dove flying downward, symbolic of the descent of the Holy Spirit-flying upward, signifying the ascent of the departed; the Eagle, symbolic of the strength of youth; the Lamb, with the long cross of the Resurrection and the banner in token of victory over Death; and the Pelican, which, in fable, gave its own life so that its young might live again. The pulpit was given by the vestry of Trinity Church, Boston, in memory of Phillips Brooks (A.B. 1855). 1 It is of English bog oak, as are also the chancel rail and choir screen. The lectern was given by the Harvard chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, the national fraternity whose second chapter was founded at Harvard in 1 7 8 1 . It is a memorial to the members of this society who fell in the World War. APPLETON

CHAPEL

A carved oak screen with gilt iron grille separates the main portion of the church from the choir. This section of the building, seating about 175 persons, retains the name of Appleton Chapel, built on this site in 1858 through the munificence of Samuel Appleton. It is panelled in oak throughout with its pews arranged as choir stalls. On week days it is used for morning prayers, but on Sundays it is occupied by the College Choir. The organ, divided between the two sides of the choir, was given in memory of Albert Keep Isham (A.B. 1 9 1 5 ) , who died in 1 9 3 1 . On the top of the case on the north side is carved the Isham coat of arms. This instrument is planned in the English and Continental tradition of ensemble voicing rather than as an aggregation of solo voices.2 1

For whom Phillips Brooks House (p. 22) is named. It has 101 stops and a total of 7,590 pipes. Provision has been made for additional registers and for a large antiphonal organ in the rear of the gallery at the west end of the Church. Musicians will be interested to compare this organ with an early organ built in London in 1805 and still used for occasional recitals at the Fogg Museum (p. 59). 2

T H E MEMORIAL CHURCH

31

MEMORIAL ROOM

On the south wall of the Church hangs the Service Flag of the University, representing 11,398 Harvard men in the service of the United States and its Allies. The Memorial Room, at the base of the tower, is entered from this side of the Church, and, upon occasion, from the south portico. In the Memorial Room are commemorated the names of 373 Harvard men who died in the World War. Bronze letters, plated with gold, have been set into walls of Italian travertine. Above them are laurel bands; below is a formalized wave motif which suggests service overseas. The list begins on the west wall with names of three Faculty members. Then follows the largest group, 319 alumni and students of Harvard College, arranged by their classes from 1880 to 1922. Finally, there are the 91 alumni and students of the graduate schools of Harvard University who had not previously been undergraduates in Harvard College. The dedicatory inscription, which begins at the southwest corner of the frieze, was composed by President Lowell: While a bright future beckoned, they freely gave their lives and fondest hopes for us and our allies, that we might learn from them courage in peace to spend our lives making a better world for others. On the north wall of the Memorial Room are two stylized figures, executed by Joseph Arthur Coletti (A.A. 1924) in Tennessee marble with accents of gold: Columbia and Alma Mater. These figures look down upon a sculpture of " T h e Sacrifice," a fallen knight with a sorrowing figure at his head. The sculpture, done in Caen marble by Miss Malvina Hoffman, was given as a memorial to Robert Bacon (A.B. Ι 880) and other Harvard men who died in the War. In addition to the individual memorials placed on the walls of the Church, there is, on the north wall beneath the front of the gallery, a tablet dedicated to the memory of the Harvard men who died in the service of the Central Powers. In translation it reads: Harvard University has not forgotten her sons . . . who under opposite standards gave their lives for their country, 1914-1918.

H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

32

THE UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK CHURCH

T h e Memorial Church is the center of the religious life of the University. T h e arrangements are in charge of a Board of Preachers with a resident Chairman, whose office is reached by a separate entrance from the north side of the Church. T h e members of the Board are leading ministers of the principal Protestant denominations. Each is in residence for two weeks of the college year, being accessible for consultation by students at the Preachers' Rooms in Lowell House. Harvard established voluntary attendance at chapel in 1886. 1 When the probable numbers under such novel conditions was being conjectured, it was Phillips Brooks who saw the full meaning: " I f fifty young men gather in that Chapel each morning it will be the largest daily Protestant congregation in Christendom." Besides those who attend service in the Memorial Church, more than 1,000 Harvard men each year identify themselves with churches in the vicinity. These churches maintain a staff of young ministers whose sole task is to keep in touch with college students of their own faiths, making it easier for them to continue, while in residence, their denominational connections. Through the office of the Memorial Church the pastors are notified whenever a student member of their parish is ill or in need of personal help. This connection between the Memorial Church, the neighboring churches and Phillips Brooks House — the University center of student social service — symbolizes in its contribution to the personal religious life of the University community the words of Bishop Lawrence at the dedication of the building: " In memory of those who gave their lives in a w a r . . . for the reconciliation of men and of nations and for peace, this Chapel stands and has its great mission of peace." As one walks from the Memorial Church to the Widener Library, U n i versity Hall (p. 25) is at the right. A t the left is Sever Hall, behind which is Sever Quadrangle (p. 61), where the annual Commencement exercises are held. Facing on Sever Quadrangle are also Robinson Hall (p. 62), at the north, and Emerson Hall (p. 44), at the south.

1

The history of religious services at Harvard is given on p. 12.

THE UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

33

THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY T h e Harvard University Library consists of all the collections of books in the possession of the University. It is the largest university library, and one of the largest libraries in the world. O n July ι , 1935, its collections contained approximately 3,700,000 volumes and pamphlets. T h e annual growth of the Library averages over 120,000 volumes. 1 T h e principal administrative divisions of the University Library are: HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY, together with fifty-one special libraries: over 2,000,000 volumes and pamphlets. HOUSE LIBRARIES, situated in the seven residential Houses: 67,000 volumes. DEPARTMENTAL LIBRARIES, located in seventeen schools and research institutions of the University: 1,625,000 volumes. T h e largest division of the University Library is the Harvard College Library, housed mainly in the Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library building. This collection is for the use of all departments of the University. HISTORY OF T H E C O L L E G E

LIBRARY

T h e Harvard College Library dates from 1638 when the "publick library, given by. Magistrates and Ministers" was begun. 2 In 1676 the growing library was moved from the " O l d College" to the newly built Harvard Hall; but in January, 1764, that building burned and all but 404 of its 5,000 volumes were destroyed. O f John Harvard's own books only one is believed to have been saved — John Downame's Christian Warfare against the Devill, World and Flesh (London, 1634)·3 1 A detailed account of its collections, principally in the College Library, is given in The Library of Harvard University: Descriptive and Historical Notes (4th ed., 1934), compiled by Alfred C. Potter. 2 A letter dated September 7, 1638, mentions that a library was already in existence. John Harvard died a week later, so that his library was thus added to a collection already begun. 3 It is displayed on special occasions.

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In June, 1775, when Cambridge was occupied by the Continental troops, the Library was removed to Andover, and part of it was later taken to Concord, whither the College had been transferred. It was finally restored to H a r v a r d Hall in M a y , 1778, and remained there until the erection of the first H a r v a r d building to be devoted exclusively to the Library. GORE HALL was built from part of the bequest of Governor Christopher G o r e (A.B. 1776). Begun in 1838 and completed in 1841, it was a Gothic structure of gray Q u i n c y granite, and in its outlines followed the general design of K i n g ' s College Chapel in Cambridge, England. W h e n built it was expected to provide sufficient accommodation for the Library for at least the rest of the century, but in spite of enlargement in 1877 (when the form of bookstack now in common use was first introduced in library construction), a complete interior remodelling in 1895, a n d an addition in 1907, Gore Hall became progressively inadequate. Finally, in 1912, it was announced that a new library building would be built. Gore Hall was given over to wreckers, and soon all that remained were the two granite pinnacles which now flank the entrance to R a n d a l l Hall on Divinity A v e n u e , where for over two years the Library catalogue, staff and more than half the books were housed.

THE HARRY

ELKINS WIDENER

MEMORIAL

LIBRARY

Open to Visitors Week Days, except Holidays, g to 5.30; Saturdays, during the Summer, д to 1 This building, given in memory of her son by Mrs. Eleanor Elkins Widener of Philadelphia (Mrs. A . Hamilton Rice), was erected in 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 1 4 and formally presented to the University on Commencement D a y in 1915, being occupied in July of that year. It was designed by Horace T r u m b a u e r (hon. A.M. 1915), of Philadelphia, in the form of a hollow square, 250 by 200 feet on the ground and 80 feet in height. T h e main floor is well above the ground level and is approached by a broad flight of steps surmounted by an imposing row of twelve stone columns with Corinthian capitals. O v e r the center door are carved the printers' marks of Caxton, R e m b o l t , Fust and Schoefier, and Aldus — famous among 15th Century printers.

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35

T h e name of Harry Elkins Widener is commemorated by two tablets, one on either side of the Vestibule: Harry Elkins Widener, a graduate of this University, born January 3, 1885, died at sea upon the foundering of the steamship Titanic. This Library, erected in loving memory of Harry Elkins Widener by his mother, Eleanor Elkins Widener, dedicated June 24, 1915. A third tablet is on the east wall of the Entrance Hall: Harry Elkins Widener, A.B. 1907, loved the books which he had collected and the college to which he bequeathed them: " H e laboured not for himself only but for all those who seek learning." This memorial has been placed here by his classmates. FIRST FLOOR

THE FARNSWORTH ROOM (Not Open to Visitors), at the right of the main entrance, is designed for pleasure reading in surroundings as nearly as possible like those of a home library. T h e books are all on open shelves and include standard and modern works of biography, travel, science, history and literature in English and the more familiar European languages. T h i s room was endowed in memory of Henry Weston Farnsworth (A.B. 1912), a member of the Foreign Legion in the French army, who was killed in action, September 28, 1915. This is believed to be the first World W a r Memorial to have been established in the United States. THE ENTRANCE HALL, across which are turnstiles, 1 is 36 feet wide and 50 feet long, with a double row of columns. T h e walls of this and the principal public corridors are of warm yellow-gray Botticino marble. O n the west wall is a bas-relief by Joseph Arthur Coletti (A.A. I 924) of Archibald C a r y Goolidge (A.B. 1887), Professor of History and the first Director of the University Library. O n either side of the Entrance H a l l are some of the administrative offices of the Library. 2 1 At the turnstiles, installed in 1930, every item taken out of the Library is required to be shown. 2 O n the right are the office of the Director of the University Library and the Library Council room: on the left are the offices of the Librarian and the Registrar, the Order Department and the Catalogue Department. Here is located the Official Catalogue wherein are filed not only records of books in the Library, but also a set of Library of Congress printed cards, together with other coöperative catalogue card series. The Official Catalogue supplements the Public Catalogue upstairs, and locates upwards of 6,500,000 books.

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H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY HANDBOOK

Exhibitions in the Entrance H a l l (and also in the Second Floor Hall) are changed from time to time. Here are shown not only the rarer editions of literary and historical writings but also notable books brought together to illustrate a literary type or period; or the work of one author, the art of bookmaking, or the observance of historical and literary anniversaries. THE TREASURE ROOM, entered from the southwest corner of the Entrance Hall, is allotted to the rare books and manuscripts of the L i b r a r y and to those other books w h i c h require special supervision. Continuing a custom inaugurated early in the history of the University, the cases around the walls of this room bear the names and contain the gifts of m a n y w h o have notably enriched the L i b r a r y . Certain of these collections are on special subjects, exemplifying a completeness in subject matter w h i c h is important to investigators. A m o n g these are the editions of the Imitatio Christi originally gathered b y the famous bibliographer, W i l l i a m A r t h u r Copinger, and presented b y J a m e s Byrne (A.B. 1887); the Bibliotheca Utopistica, a library of books on U t o p i a n ideas, brought together b y the R e v e r e n d Francis Greenwood P e a b o d y (A.B. 1869); the George Herbert Collection given b y Professor George Herbert Palmer (A.B. 1864); and the series of issues of the Compleat Angler b y Izaak W a l t o n w h i c h forms the center of the great angling library given b y Daniel B. Fearing (hon. A.M. IGI 1). O t h e r collections form the nucleus around w h i c h the L i b r a r y is building toward completeness, while still others are parts of the libraries of m e n prominent in the history of the nation or the University, such as Charles Sumner (A.B. 1830) and Professor Charles Eliot Norton (A.B. 1846). A m o n g the most interesting cases in the Treasure R o o m are those containing parts of the donations b y various public-spirited m e n to build u p the L i b r a r y after the disastrous fire of 1764. In the J o h n H a r v a r d cases a n attempt has been m a d e to reconstruct as far as possible the original library bequeathed b y J o h n H a r v a r d , although only one of his o w n volumes is believed to have survived. STAIR HALL MURAL PAINTINGS b y J o h n Singer Sargent face the M a i n Staircase. T h e y were presented in 1922 b y an anonymous donor as a memorial to the students of H a r v a r d University w h o lost their lives in the W a r . T h e inscription between them is most easily seen from the Second Floor Hall. It was composed jointly b y Sargent and President L o w e l l and reads: T h e y crossed the sea, crusaders keen to help T h e nations battling in a righteous cause: H a p p y those w h o with that glowing faith I n one embrace clasped D e a t h and V i c t o r y .

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37

The subjects of these paintings are D E A T H AND V I C T O R Y in the left panel, and THE COMING OF THE AMERICANS то E U R O P E in the right. The scheme is broadly treated by the artist from the decorative point of view. The right-hand panel is filled with a great column of youths in uniform. France, in the foreground, wearing the Phrygian cap, carries an infant on her left arm and stretches out her right to receive the support of the American soldiers. Behind her, Belgium, a broken sword in her hand, is upheld by other soldiers, while she partially protects herself behind the robe of Britannia, a helmeted figure behind her. In the upper left-hand corner the American eagle is silhouetted against the flag. Behind the soldiers can be seen a conventional representation of the sea. In the left-hand panel the motif is that of a mortally wounded soldier, clasping in his left arm the shrouded figure of Death, and, in his right, the Winged Victory. Beneath his feet lies a fallen private; above him are angels blowing trumpets. The face of Death is hidden and the figure wears a crown, but the effect is sombre and terrifying. Victory, on the other hand, is of a light golden color, affording a radiant contrast to the grimness of Death. THE H A R R Y ELKINS WIDENER MEMORIAL ROOMS

These two rooms, around which the entire Library building has been designed, are entered from the landing of the Stair Hall. T H E M E M O R I A L R E C E P T I O N R O O M is of white Alabama marble. Semicircular bays at the four corners and high arched window alcoves give the room an octagonal effect. T H E W I D E N E R L I B R A R Y R O O M , beyond it, forms the central feature of the Library building. The portrait of Harry Elkins Widener, by Gabriel Ferrier, is placed so as to be seen from the Entrance Hall. The room is finished in carved English oak and contains the 3,300 books which Widener wished given to Harvard when safe quarters should be available. It was this provision which his mother most generously carried out by erecting a building adequate to house not only these books but the rest of the College Library as well. His collection shows several interests — English literature, association books and authors' manuscripts, extra-illustrated books, color-prints and illustrations — typical of the taste and judgment of a book collector who valued rarity and immaculate condition, for they are either intrinsically valuable or are important in rounding out a collection on some special author or subject. In English literature, for instance, there are many rare volumes and collectors' items from the 15th to the 19th Centuries. The Stevenson collection, said to be one of the best collections of his writings ever formed, includes not only first editions, but a large number of manuscripts and letters.1 1 A partial catalogue was privately printed in 1913, and a catalogue of the whole collection in 1918.

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UNIVERSITY

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SECOND F L O O R T H E SECOND F L O O R H A L L contains exhibits similar to those in the Entrance Hall downstairs. The door to the right leads to the Reference and Circulation Department; in front is the entrance to the Reading Room; at the left, before one reaches the Periodical Room, are the stairs to the seminar rooms and special libraries on the third floor. T H E R E F E R E N C E AND CIRCULATION D E P A R T M E N T contains the public card catalogue, supplemented by an adjoining reference collection of bibliographical material. The east end of the room is marked off by two columns of Siena marble. T H E BOOKSTACK (Not Open to Visitors) is entered at the left of the Delivery Desk. It occupies practically three sides of the building and is ten floors in height. Its estimated capacity is 2,300,000 volumes; 200,000 additional volumes, however, can be accommodated in the reading rooms and special collection rooms in the Widener building. A t the windows are more than 300 alcoves or stalls, where advanced students find desk space convenient to their material. There are also over sixty private studies for the use of professors. T H E M A I N R E A D I N G R O O M (Closed to Visitors during the College Year) occupies the entire north front of the building on the second floor. It is 192 feet long, 42 feet wide and 44 feet high, and seats nearly 300 readers. Books for the principal undergraduate courses, particularly those in the humanities and the social sciences, are reserved here. Special libraries in various subjects are provided on the third floor and also outside the Widener building. In addition, the Freshman Library in the Union and the House Libraries include a large number of the books ordinarily sought by undergraduates. The Reading Room is supplemented by the PERIODICAL R O O M , which adjoins it at the west side of the building.

THIRD FLOOR T H E P O E T R Y R O O M , on the third floor to the west of the stairs, was equipped and endowed by Harry Harkness Flagler of New York in memory of the poet, George Edward Woodberry (A.B. 1877). Its purpose is to foster the appreciation of poetry. Opened in May, 1931, the Poetry Room preserves an atmosphere of quiet ease and informality. On the walls are two tablets: one dedicating the room to Woodberry, the other in memory of Amy Lowell, for here are housed the books she bequeathed to Harvard. Her library forms the nucleus of the collection. Since her death in 1925 current poetry has been added, thus joining the past and the present. Among Miss Lowell's books are first editions and association books of Keats, Shelley, Browning and others. There are also manuscripts by Keats, Kipling and the Brontes, and letters of Lord Nelson and Lady Hamilton.

THE UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

39

THE THEATRE COLLECTION is one of the greatest collections of dramatic memorabilia in the world. It occupies three rooms in the southwest section of the third floor, and the bookstacks immediately below them. In the hallw a y are a number of framed portraits and playbills illustrating the history of dramatic production. A m o n g other displays in the Collection is a scale model of the first Globe Theatre (1599—1613) where Shakespeare's plays were acted. T h e extensiveness of the material is largely due to the collection given in 1915 by Robert Gould Shaw (A.B. 1869) and added to constantly by him during his lifetime. Another great addition came in 1917 from the bequest of Evert Jansen Wendell (A.B. 1882), who for many years had been M r . Shaw's most formidable competitor in the field of dramatic collecting. T h e Rogers Memorial Collection, in a separate room, is devoted to theatrical and operatic material, presented by Henry Munroe Rogers (A.B. 1862), comprising letters, photographs and memorabilia of celebrities of the last two generations. T h e Theatre Collection today numbers approximately a million playbills, several hundred thousand portraits of actors and actresses — paintings, etchings, prints and photographs — and several thousand letters and manuscripts of theatrical interest. A m o n g the extra-illustrated volumes on the history of the stage are Joseph Ireland's Records of the New York Stage, expanded from two volumes to forty-nine by Augustin Daly, the playwright and manager. T h e resources of the Theatre Collection, which is so arranged that information on every phase of the drama within its scope is readily accessible, are used extensively by scholars of stage history and those individuals interested in some phase of the theatre, past or present. SPECIAL LIBRARIES: Seminar rooms and special collections of books on various subjects are also on the third floor. T h e CHILD MEMORIAL LIBRARY of English Literature, adjacent to the Poetry R o o m , is named in honor of Francis James Child (A.B. 1846) who taught English at Harvard from the time of his graduation until 1896. Other special libraries are those on economics and mathematics; the Library of the Bureau for Traffic Research — which conducts a cooperative investigation in this growing municipal problem; the Library for Municipal Research; and a special library of books on government. A t t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r is t h e JUSTIN WINSOR M E M O R I A L R O O M ( R o o m L )

— named for the historian and cartographer who was librarian from 1877 to 1897 — containing the Library's collection of maps. Nearby is the LINCOLN COLLECTION which is composed of the libraries of Alonzo Rothschild — a biographer of Lincoln — and of William Whiting Nolen (A.B. 1884), the professional tutor known to many Harvard men. T h e east corridor also leads to the History R o o m , the German Library,

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t h e JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL MEMORIAL ROOM a n d t h e M U R R A Y ANTHONY POTTER MEMORIAL ROOM. These last commemorate two great teachers of romance languages and literature. In the northeast corner of the building is the Classical Library and in the north corridor is the Sanskrit Library. STUDIES C E N T E R E D A T T H E

LIBRARY

In the Social Sciences and in the Humanities the Library serves as a source of material upon which teachers and investigators and creative workers depend. Scholars in these fields utilize the College Library, together with the departmental libraries of certain schools and research institutions. Special subject collections are in many cases housed in appropriate buildings; the Robbins Library of Philosophy and Psychology being in Emerson Hall, and the Fine Arts Library in the Fogg Museum. G R E E K AND L A T I N have formed part of the Harvard curriculum since 1638, but today these studies include not only the literature of classical Greece and Rome but also Hellenistic Greek and Medieval Latin. For undergraduates the Department of the Classics seeks to develop an understanding of the ancient world, and thereby of the modern world, and to encourage an appreciation of all good literature. Students may approach the field of Classics in combination with Modern Literatures, History, Government, Economics, Philosophy or Fine Arts. Graduate studies and research are devoted to the advancement of philological, archaeological and historical knowledge. The Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, published annually since 1890, is a recognized publication in the classical field. INDIC P H I L O L O G Y has been a subject of study at Harvard since 1880. Under this head come courses in Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit and Tibetan, and research in all phases of Indian culture. In close contact with the Harvard-Yenching Institute, are studied the Buddhist texts which have been lost in India but which have been preserved in Chinese and Tibetan translations. T h e Department publishes the Harvard Oriental Series, of which thirty-two volumes have been issued. CHINESE AND J A P A N E S E studies are aided by the Harvard-Yenching Institute, founded in 1928 for the support of studies in Oriental languages, literatures and history. Its headquarters and library of 87,000 volumes are in Boylston Hall (p. 6). Among its publications is a series of indexes and concordances to Chinese historical and classical works, which is valuable for furthering their study.

MODERN

LANGUAGES

41

S E M I T I C L A N G U A G E S AND H I S T O R Y , including those of Assyria, Babylonia and Palestine, are noted in connection with the Semitic Museum on Divinity Avenue (p. 85). C O M P A R A T I V E P H I L O L O G Y — or, as it is sometimes called, the science of language — involves more than the comparison of the structure of various languages and the investigation of the history and relationships of related groups of languages, for it is also related to the study of the literatures. In addition, on the physiological side, it inquires into the anatomical factors involved in the production of speech, and also contributes to the studies in anthropology (p. 127), sociology and psychology (pp. 45, 46). C O M P A R A T I V E L I T E R A T U R E was first recognized by name as a special field of study at Harvard in 1891, though the method indicated had long been followed in the various departments which deal with literary history and criticism. Teaching and investigation in this field are concerned, for example, with the composition and transmission of traditional narrative poetry, and English epic poetry as influenced by classical literature. E N G L I S H was first recognized as a separate field of study at Harvard with the establishment, in 1804, of the Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory, although the catalogue of 1 8 6 8 - 1 8 6 9 was the first to show ' 'English'' as the designation of a course of study. Its inception was due to Professor Francis James Child ( A . B . 1 8 4 6 ) , who first saw the possibilities of English as a factor in general scholarship. The results of studies in this field have, in certain cases, been printed in the Harvard Studies in English, and certain undergraduate studies have also been published as Harvard Honors Theses in English. C E L T I C studies began at Harvard in 1 8 9 6 . Their object is to determine the relations between old Celtic stories and French and English medieval fiction. S L A V I C studies, also beginning in 1 8 9 6 , now include courses in Russian language and literature, Polish, Czech and Serbo-Croatian. The undergraduate field combines Slavic literature and history. R O M A N C E L A N G U A G E S AND L I T E R A T U R E S entered the Harvard curriculum in 1782, when Albert Gallatin (later Secretary of the Treasury) was appointed Instructor in French. In the succeeding century, Professor James Russell Lowell ( A . B . 1 8 3 8 ) , "poetic, fanciful, eclectic garnerer in the field of letters" promoted studies in French, Spanish and Italian literature. There are now offered, in addition, oppor-

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tunities for the study of O l d French, Portuguese, R u m a n i a n and comparative R o m a n c e linguistics. T h e results of research are p u b ' lished in Harvard Studies in Romance Languages. T h e r e has also been published a series of Bibliographies of Spanish-American Literature. GERMANIC

L A N G U A G E S AND L I T E R A T U R E S h a v e

been studied

at

H a r v a r d since early in the ι gth C e n t u r y , although the first professor of the subject was not appointed until 1872. It w a s through the interest of one of these early students, Joseph G r e e n Cogswell (A.B. 1806), later Librarian, that in 1819 G o e t h e presented H a r v a r d with a set of his complete works. In the studies n o w offered b y the Department, the foremost writers, both G e r m a n and Scandinavian, are interpreted in special courses or studied in connection w i t h other writers of their time, both native and foreign. I n the field of philology courses are offered in various phases of historical G e r m a n i c linguistics. T h e GERMANIC MUSEUM (p. 75), created by Professor K u n o Francke (hon. LITT.D. 1 9 1 2 ) — i n whose m e m o r y a visiting professorship was established in 1929 — illustrates the artistic and cultural development of G e r m a n i c civilization. HISTORY existed in the H a r v a r d curriculum before 1838 only in the form of recitations f r o m textbooks and in the study of c h u r c h history at the Divinity School. I n that year J a r e d Sparks (A.B. 1815) was appointed as probably the first professor of civil history in an A m e r i c a n university, and showed prophetic insight w h e n he proposed instruction b y lectures, prescribed private reading and the writing of historical essays. T o d a y , in an extraordinarily large n u m ber of the outstanding periods and phases of history, specialists w h o are widely different from one another in their methods of teaching and thinking are at the service of H a r v a r d students. For the publication of research two series are available, the Harvard Historical Studies and the shorter Harvard Historical Monographs. GOVERNMENT, as a field of study at H a r v a r d , is founded on the 18th and early 19th C e n t u r y interest in the study of historical institutions. Systematized instruction in G o v e r n m e n t began in 1874 and the D e p a r t m e n t was organized in 1 9 1 1 . A s the object of its undergraduate teaching has been expressed: " It is not simply to fit h i m for a career in the public service, at h o m e or abroad, that the study of G o v e r n m e n t is useful to the H a r v a r d m a n — though m a n y H a r v a r d m e n at every step of the political ladder bear witness to this interest. It is m a i n l y to offer a field of the greatest cultural interest, w i t h a

SEVER

HALL

43

b r o a d historical s w e e p a n d a p h i l o s o p h i c a l d e p t h , t h a t G o v e r n m e n t should a t t r a c t the student w h o is interested also in the w o r l d he lives in t o d a y . " ECONOMICS at H a r v a r d has c o n s t a n t l y e n l a r g e d its scope since 1 8 7 1 , w h e n the first Professorship of Political E c o n o m y — p r o b a b l y the first in A m e r i c a d e v o t e d b y its n a m e to t h a t s u b j e c t — w a s established. Present studies i n c l u d e those o n e c o n o m i c t h e o r y , e c o n o m i c history a n d structure a n d statistics. 1 T h e Harvard Economic Studies p l a c e before the p u b l i c the results of special investigations b y a d v a n c e d students a n d m e m b e r s of the D e p a r t m e n t . MATHEMATICS has b e e n t a u g h t at H a r v a r d since 1638, w h e n it w a s i n t r o d u c e d as a direct i n h e r i t a n c e f r o m the E n g l i s h universities. I n the 18th C e n t u r y Professor J o h n W i n t h r o p (A.B. 1732) laid the f o u n d a t i o n for the study of h i g h e r m a t h e m a t i c s b y definitely establishing instruction in the calculus. F r o m 1831 to 1880 m a t h e m a t i c s at H a r v a r d w a s d o m i n a t e d b y B e n j a m i n Peirce (A.B. 1829), to w h o m is d u e the i n t r o d u c t i o n o n a lasting basis of the spirit of m a t h e m a t i c a l research. Present t e a c h i n g e m p h a s i z e s the sound reasoning w h i c h motivates, creates a n d gives life to the t e c h n i c a l structure a n d w h i c h also furnishes a basis for the u n d e r s t a n d i n g of c e r t a i n m o d e r n philosophical tendencies. SEVER

HALL

1880 D e s i g n e d b y H e n r y H o b s o n R i c h a r d s o n (A.B. 1849), w h o w a s n o t e d a m o n g architects for his a d a p t a t i o n s of the R o m a n e s q u e style, S e v e r H a l l m a y be e n t e r e d either f r o m the N e w Y a r d o r f r o m S e v e r Q u a d r a n g l e . A t the first stair l a n d i n g there are r e p r o d u c t i o n s of t w o silhouettes m a d e in 1842 b y A u g u s t E d o u a r t : one is t h a t of M r s . A n n E . P . S e v e r , f r o m w h o s e b e q u e s t the b u i l d i n g w a s e r e c t e d ; the o t h e r is t h a t of her h u s b a n d , J a m e s W a r r e n S e v e r (A.B. 1 8 1 7 ) . S e v e r H a l l is used for lectures a n d class meetings, chiefly in classics, m o d e r n l a n g u a g e s a n d m a t h e m a t i c s . S e v e r 1 1 , the semicircular l e c t u r e r o o m at the n o r t h e n d , has b e e n used for m a n y years for e v e n i n g rehearsals b y the H a r v a r d G l e e C l u b . D u r i n g the s u m m e r S e v e r H a l l houses the offices of the S u m m e r S c h o o l of A r t s a n d Sciences a n d of E d u c a t i o n . 1

See also the Graduate School of Business Administration (p. 215).

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HANDBOOK

HALL

1905 Philosophy — Psychology ·— Sociology T o the right as one leaves the W i d e n e r L i b r a r y building is E m e r son Hall. It w a s built for the Division of Philosophy w h i c h at the time included the D e p a r t m e n t s of Philosophy, Psychology and Social Ethics — the last h a v i n g been succeeded in 1931 by the D i vision of Sociology. A t the west end is inscribed the single w o r d , " Philosophy." O v e r the colonnade at the m a i n entrance f r o m Sever Q u a d r a n g l e is a n inscription chosen by President Eliot: " W h a t is m a n that thou art mindful of h i m " (Psalms, viii: 4). Professor Palmer, w h o h a d suggested n a m i n g the building in honor of R a l p h W a l d o Emerson, had previously suggested the legend: " M a n is the measure of all things." F a c i n g the m a i n entrance, in a hall of simple D o r i c proportion and detail, is a large bronze statue of Emerson by Frank D u v e n e c k . T h e first floor contains a lecture hall seating 370 students, several classrooms and seminar rooms, and a committee room. PHILOSOPHY

T h e C o m m i t t e e R o o m of the Division of P h i l o s o p h y 1 illustrates the history of philosophical instruction since the D e p a r t m e n t was formally organized in 1891, although the subject had been taught at H a r v a r d since 1638. Professor G e o r g e H e r b e r t P a l m e r (A.B. 1864), a m e m b e r of the D e p a r t m e n t from 1872 until 1913, and Professor Emeritus until his death in 1933, took a special interest in creating this informal gathering place for its teachers. Beginning at the left of the door are portraits of five former teachers w h o , in the thirty years before 1916, g a v e great distinction to the D e p a r t m e n t of Philosophy: W i l l i a m James, whose portrait is b y S a r a h W y m a n W h i t m a n ; G e o r g e H e r b e r t Palmer, b y Charles H o p kinson; G e o r g e S a n t a y a n a , b y D e n m a n Ross; H u g o Münsterberg, by his daughter, Ella M ü n s t e r b e r g ; and Josiah R o y c e , by Mrs. W i n i fred R i e b e r . O n the stairway leading to the second floor there is a large picture of Professors R o y c e , J a m e s and Palmer, also painted by Mrs. R i e b e r . 1

For admittance, visitors should apply at R o o m G

EMERSON

HALL

45

The Robbins Library of Philosophy and Psychology, on the second floor of Emerson Hall, is named in honor of Reginald Chauncey Robbins (A.B. 1892) who contributed largely to its founding and enlargement. It contains almost 9,000 volumes, principally standard texts, recent publications and the more important periodicals. In the University Library as a whole the resources for the student of Philosophy number more than 40,000 titles. T o the right as one enters is a portrait of Dr. Benjamin R a n d (A.B. 1879), who from 1906 to 1934 devoted himself to building up Harvard's collection of philosophical books. A t the end panel of one of the alcoves is a pencil portrait of Professor Alfred North Whitehead (hon. S.D. 1926), one of the most distinguished of Harvard teachers. SOCIOLOGY

In the hall, opposite the Robbins Library, is a tablet commemorating the gift of Alfred Tredway White, the philanthropist, who contributed one-third of the cost of Emerson Hall upon condition that space should be assigned in this building pro rata for instruction in social ethics. T h e lecture and conference rooms are on the second floor. Here also is the Sociology Library, whose 15,000 standard and recent works are supplemented by other collections in the University bearing on philosophy, government, law, economics, public health and business. T h e study of sociology began at Harvard as early as 1881 with courses in practical ethics offered by the Reverend Francis Greenwood Peabody (A.B. 1869). T h e Department of Social Ethics was established in 1906. First under Dr. Peabody and later under the leadership of Dr. Richard C. Cabot (A.B. 1889), it considered, in the light of ethical theory, problems of public aid, housing, the family, criminology and human relations in general. In 1931 the Division of Sociology was organized to unify instruction in sociological subjects. Present activities are especially directed toward the study of sociocultural phenomena as a whole, including sociological theory and methodology, social organization and social change. A m o n g special topics under investigation are problems relating to population, to rural and urban living conditions, to the family, and to the treatment of poverty, defectiveness and crime.

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PSYCHOLOGY

The Laboratories of Psychology occupy the third and fourth floors of Emerson Hall, the two upper floors of Boylston Hall, a section of the Biological Laboratories and additional quarters on Plympton Street. The principal aspects of its work are, in general, physiological (animal), abnormal, social and educational psychology. The laboratory in Emerson Hall was the first in America designed especially for research in experimental psychology. Harvard had been the first university in America to offer laboratory instruction in psychology when, in 1875, Professor William James (M.D. 1869) gave a course on the Relations between Physiology and Psychology. A second figure was Professor Hugo Münsterberg, who from 1892 to 1916 made the Harvard psychological laboratory a recognized center for experimental study. The Emerson Hall laboratory now includes twenty-one rooms for research and a battery room with low-voltage electrical connections to the entire laboratory. There are also machines for statistical studies, and a lecture room with apparatus for demonstration. The work here is devoted especially to problems of general psychology — such as perception, sensation, feeling, emotion, memory, action and thought. Emerson Hall also contains the rooms for experimental education psychology, where studies of disability in reading have been carried on since 1 9 1 3 . 1 The Psychological Clinic (64 Plympton Street) was founded in 1927 for research in abnormal and dynamic psychology. It is conducted principally for the study of the normal personality in relation to the abnormal personality, achieved through experimental studies of the needs and motives of normal persons. The Clinic is equipped with a lecture room, seven consultation rooms for interviews in psychotherapeutic cases as well as five rooms for testing emotional, verbal and motor reactions. In Boylston Hall are laboratories for elementary instruction in animal psychology. Research involving animal subjects in physiological psychology was transferred in 1935 to a new laboratory in the north wing of the Biological Laboratories. This research has aided in enlarging our knowledge of the functions of the brain and the nervous system. 1

See p. 162 (Graduate School of Education).

AT THE EAST OF THE YARD

THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE YARD O n a rise of ground to the south of Emerson Hall is the garden of the President's House. From the side of the Widener Library a path leads u p this slope, allowing the visitor an interesting view of the m a n y floors of the Library bookstacks, each with its row of students' desks near the windows. A t the south side of this area, cut into the slope of the hill, is the eastern section of Wigglesworth Hall (p. 6). The Class of i8go Gate (1901), through the archway of Wigglesworth Hall, is opposite Plympton Street (p. 170) which leads to the residential Houses (p. 183). This gate and the fence adjoining it were given in memory of Samuel Dexter (A.B. 1890) of Chicago, who died in 1894. Two inscriptions by President Eliot adorn the gate itself: on the outside, " Enter to grow in wisdom"; on the inside, now partially hidden by the building of Wigglesworth Hall, " Depart, better to serve thy country and thy kind." The Class of 1880 Gate (p. 171), to the eastward, is incorporated in a retaining wall facing Massachusetts Avenue. The Class of i8yy Gate (1901) is at the rear of Widener Library. This portion of the Yard — some of which is now reserved for parking professors' cars—-was given in 1645 by two Harvard alumni. Planted with apple trees and named the " Fellows' Orchard," it was doubtless intended, like the Fellows' Gardens in English colleges, as a place of recreation for the teaching staff. T h e section of the Y a r d at the slope of the hill, extending north almost to where Emerson Hall n o w stands, was acquired by the College in 1833, having formerly been the yard of the First C h u r c h parsonage. W i t h the building of the Widener Library and Wigglesworth Hall the slope has been made more pronounced. O n September 8, 1836, on the occasion of the Bicentennial of H a r v a r d College, a pavilion to accommodate 1,500 persons was erected by the A l u m n i on the site of the present Widener Library. Here was served the A l u m n i dinner, with the tables, set in rows on the sloping ground,

4

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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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rising one above the other in the form of an amphitheatre. After the dinner, Edward Everett began the speeches; forty toasts were proposed and, the hour of eight o'clock having arrived, the Assembly was adjourned " to meet at this place on the eighth of September, 1936." In fulfillment of that motion, a pro forma meeting of the Harvard Alumni Association is to be held on that day. At the corner of Quincy Street and Massachusetts Avenue is the Dana-Palmer House, the only building in the Yard with a continuous history as a private residence. On the west side of the path, as one comes up the slope from the Library, is the colonial brick President's House (p. 50). THE DANA-PALMER 1820

HOUSE

Private Residence: Not Open to Visitors This yellow clapboard house, built by Dr. Thomas Foster, was acquired by the University in 1835. From 1822 to 1832 it was the home of Richard Henry Dana (A.B. 1808), poet and essayist, the father of the author of Two Tears Before the Mast. In 1840, when a revolving turret was installed on the roof, it became the first Harvard Astronomical Observatory, and was also the residence of William Cranch Bond (hon. A.M. 1842), the first Director of the Observatory. After the Observatory was moved to its present location (p. 244) in 1844, this building became the residence of Professor (afterwards President) Felton and, later, of Professor Andrew Preston Peabody (A.B. 1826), from i860 to 1881 the beloved preacher to the University. The Dana-Palmer House received part of its designation from the name of Professor George Herbert Palmer (A.B. 1864), famed both as a philosopher and as a translator of Homer. From 1894 until his death in 1933 he lived here with his brother, the Reverend Frederic Palmer (A.B. 1869). The Dudley Gate (1915), the south entrance to the President's driveway, was erected from the bequest of Miss Carolyn Phelps Stokes. It is a memorial to her ancestor, Thomas Dudley, founder of Newtown and the Governor of the Colony who signed the College Charter. A full-length bas-relief of Governor Dudley is on the side of the clock tower facing the Yard, and on

S O U T H E A S T OF T H E

YARD

49

the Quincy Street side is a long inscription. T h e architects of this gate were Howells and Stokes of New York. The Hallowell Gate (1928) was given by his Class in memory of John White Hallowell (A.B. 1901). It is on the east side of Quincy Street opposite the Dudley Gate, and forms the entrance to the Freshman Union, Varsity Club and Warren House. T h e yellow house at the left of the Hallowell Gate is a private residence. THE

HARVARD 1901

UNION

T h e H a r v a r d U n i o n , f o u n d e d in 1901, has b e e n the social c e n t e r for all F r e s h m e n since 1930. I t houses the F r e s h m a n D i n i n g H a l l , the F r e s h m a n L i b r a r y a n d g a m e rooms. T h e U n i o n w a s e r e c t e d l a r g e l y t h r o u g h the gift of M a j o r H e n r y L e e H i g g i n s o n (Class of 1855, h o n . A.M. 1882) as a social c e n t e r for all H a r v a r d m e n ; b u t n o w t h a t the residential H o u s e s h a v e b e e n b u i l t f o r the three u p p e r classes the U n i o n has b e e n set aside as a m e e t i n g p l a c e for the t h o u sand F r e s h m e n w h o enter the C o l l e g e e a c h a u t u m n . T h u s it c o n tinues its o r i g i n a l f u n c t i o n as a c l u b h o u s e for u n d e r g r a d u a t e s . T h e n a m e " H a r v a r d U n i o n " w a s first g i v e n to a d e b a t i n g society f o u n d e d in M a r c h , 1880, w h i c h , it w a s h o p e d , w o u l d f o r m the n u cleus of a university c l u b s i m i l a r to the U n i o n s at O x f o r d a n d C a m b r i d g e . A s a d e b a t i n g society it a c c o m p l i s h e d some useful results, b u t o n the social side it failed to e x p a n d . M e a n w h i l e , w i t h H a r v a r d ' s r a p i d g r o w t h , the n e e d of a social c e n t e r b e c a m e m o r e a p p a r e n t . A t the suggestion of Professor I r a N . Hollis (hon. A.M. 1899) it w a s d e c i d e d to c o m b i n e a p r o p o s e d S p a n i s h W a r m e m o r i a l w i t h a b u i l d i n g for social activities. I n the a u t u m n of 1899, M a j o r H i g g i n son o f f e r e d to g i v e $ 150,000 for a b u i l d i n g . T h e old d e b a t i n g society h a d split u p , a n d the n e w c l u b took its n a m e . O v e r the d o o r of the D i n i n g H a l l a r e the n a m e s of e l e v e n H a r v a r d m e n w h o d i e d in the S p a n i s h W a r , w h i l e downstairs is a g u n f r o m the cruiser Harvard. T h e b u i l d i n g , d e s i g n e d b y M c K i m , M e a d a n d W h i t e , of N e w Y o r k , w a s f o r m a l l y d e d i c a t e d O c t o b e r 15, 1 9 0 1 . O n the m a i n floor, o p e n i n g d i r e c t l y f r o m the e n t r a n c e hall, is the largest of the three D i n i n g R o o m s , f o r m e r l y the g r e a t L i v i n g R o o m , n e a r l y 100 feet l o n g b y 40 feet w i d e . Its walls of p a n e l l e d o a k a r e h u n g w i t h p o r traits of H a r v a r d m e n ; there are t w o l a r g e o p e n h e a r t h s for w o o d

5°

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HANDBOOK

fires at opposite ends of the room. Occasional meetings, dances and entertainments are held here. T h e other dining rooms are at the east end of the building and in the round glassed-in porch at the south. T h e first floor of the west end and one large room on the second floor are devoted to common rooms. The Freshman Library of about 20,000 volumes occupies the second floor of the west end of the building. These books have been collected over a period of almost thirtyfive years through the generosity and labor of a number of Harvard men who were interested in providing a general reading library which should contain the best current books in addition to the standard literary works in several languages. A separate library, made up of books provided by the University for the prescribed reading in some of the larger Freshman courses, is located in the north room on the second floor. VARSITY

CLUB

1912 T h e Varsity C l u b has a separate entrance facing the path from Hallowell Gate. T h e club provides training tables and a common meeting place for members of the teams, their coaches and older " H " men. T h e building, consisting largely of dining rooms, was given in memory of Francis Hardon Burr (A.B. 1909) and was designed by Thomas M o t t Shaw (A.B. 1900). THE HARVARD ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION has its headquarters in the basement of the Union. T h e entrance to the main office is from Harvard Street; to the Ticket Department, from Quincy Street. WARREN

HOUSE

Warren House, situated at the north side of the Varsity Club, was formerly the residence of Henry Clarke Warren (A.B. 1879). It was bequeathed to the University in 1900, together with the land on which the Harvard Union now stands. T h e house has been considerably remodelled and is at present used for conference rooms and offices for instructors in the department of English.

THE PRESIDENT'S 1912

HOUSE

Residence and Grounds Not Open to Visitors

T o the north of the Dana-Palmer House is the President's House, a brick dwelling of Colonial architecture given to the University by President Abbott Lawrence Lowell. Facing on Quincy Street, be-

THE PRESIDENT'S HOUSE

S O U T H E A S T OF T H E

YARD

51

tween the Dudley and Eliot Gates, it has, at its north side, a large and beautiful room especially designed for formal receptions. The earlier President's House on this site was occupied successively by Presidents Cornelius Conway Felton (1860-1862), Thomas Hill (1862-1868) and Charles William Eliot (1869-1909). On the west side of the central chimney of the present building is a carved sandstone arch taken from the earlier dwelling. It is inscribed in Latin: " T h i s House was given to the University by Peter C. Brooks." Below it is a stone commemorating the origin of the arch above. The Eliot Gate (1936), the north entrance to the President's driveway, was given by the Class of 1908. Their gift also included the completion of the Yard Fence along Quincy Street and also at the north side of the Yard. This gate is named in memory of President Charles William Eliot, and bears the words of his biographer: He opened paths for our children's feet to follow. Something of him will be a part of us forever.

FACULTY

CLUB

I93 1 Not Open to Visitors

On the east side of Quincy Street (opposite the President's House) is the Harvard Faculty Club. This club takes the place of the former Colonial Club, which stood on this same site. The building is divided into two sections, for there are lounge and dining rooms for ladies with a separate entrance at the north side. The main entrance is at the south, the lounge being on the Quincy Street side and a large dining room at the rear. Upstairs are a library and a number of small dining and meeting rooms.

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H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY HANDBOOK

FOGG ART MUSEUM 1927 Open Daily, except Sundays and Holidays, g to 5

1

T H E F O G G A R T M U S E U M is on the east side of Q u i n c y Street opposite the Class of 1885 Gate. Its name perpetuates that of William Hayes Fogg, in whose memory Harvard's first art museum was opened in 1895. T h a t building, now known as H u n t Hall, from the name of its architect, faces on Broadway. T h e new F o g g M u s e u m was designed by Charles A . Coolidge (A.B. 1881) in cooperation with his partner, Henry R . Shepley (A.B. 1910), and Meyric R . Rogers (A.B. 1916), representing the Division of the Fine Arts and the M u s e u m staff. It is a significant example of museum architecture in its adaptation to the varying and exacting requirements of classroom, gallery, laboratory, studio and museum. Its fagade is a modern adaptation of the best in Georgian architecture. O n the Q u i n c y Street side there are two doors: the main entrance opposite the Class of 1885 G a t e ; and a separate entrance at the right, to the Large Lecture R o o m , seating about 400 persons, where large classes and public lectures are held. T h e F o g g M u s e u m possesses not only fine examples of paintings and sculpture but also extensive collections of prints and of drawings, and of Oriental Art. In building up its collections, w h i c h are used as a basis for instruction, the M u s e u m has benefited largely by the assistance of specialists in the Division of the Fine Arts. T h e presence of m a n y original works in a museum which is primarily for teaching rather than for exhibition is designed to subject each student — as well as the visitor — to the " c o n t a g i o n " of art, for he is obliged to walk through the halls and galleries in order to reach the lecture rooms or the Library. T h e Director of the M u s e u m has summed up the principle in these words: In our case the purpose of a university Fine Arts Department is not the creation of artists. It is, in the first place, to 1 Photographs and postcards and the illustrated Handbook of the Museum may be purchased from the attendant at the main entrance. The Museum publishes a Bulletin twice during the college year. A quarterly, Technical Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts, is edited by the Department of Technical Research.

FOGG ART

MUSEUM

53

g i v e to a l a r g e n u m b e r of m e n a f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e a r t h e r i t a g e of o u r c i v i l i z a t i o n a n d to a r o u s e o r c r e a t e in t h e m t h a t l o v e of t h e arts w h i c h is theirs b y i n h e r e n t r i g h t , a n d to m a k e it a n i n t e g r a l , v i t a l p a r t of t h e i r lives. I n t h e s e c o n d p l a c e , it s h o u l d g i v e to a l i m i t e d n u m b e r of m e n t h e t r a i n i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e n e c e s s a r y to e n a b l e t h e m t o serve as c u r a t o r s a n d d i r e c t o r s of m u s e u m s , o r connoisseurs, critics a n d t e a c h e r s of t h e arts.

CENTRAL COURT

Directly opposite the M a i n Entrace is an enclosed Court with corridors on three sides into which nearly every gallery and classroom of the Museum opens. T h e two-story arcade of the Court, executed in Italian travertine, has been taken from measured drawings of the fagade of the house designed by Antonio de San Gallo, a famous 16th Century architect, for the Canons of the Church at Montepulciano. T h e third story, finished in plaster and pierced by small rectangular windows, is in keeping with established Italian precedent. A b o v e it are narrow tiled eaves; the entire ceiling is of glass; and the floor is paved with flagstones. Concerts are held occasionally in this Central Court. I n the corridor opposite the stairway is a portrait bust of Professor Charles Eliot Norton (A.B. 1846) who gave the first lectures on the Fine Arts at Harvard in 1874 and, until his death in 1908, exerted a powerful influence on American literary and artistic standards. SPECIAL EXHIBITS

First Floor North T h e two rooms immediately to the left of the entrance are devoted to Special Exhibits of objects belonging or lent to the Fogg Museum. These exhibits are changed frequently, both during the college term and during vacations. ORIENTAL A R T

First Floor North Chinese Art is neither an imitation of nature nor even fidelity to nature; its object is, instead, to express the inner and informing spirit characteristic of Oriental religions rather than the outward semblance of things. A full comprehension of this point of view is essential to the understanding of the art of the Far East.

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Of special note in the galleries of Oriental Art are fragments of W A L L and a life-size polychrome statue — a kneeling BODHISATTVA — dating from the 8th to gth Centuries. These were brought by the Fogg Art Museum Expedition of 1923-1924 from Tun Huang near the border of Chinese Turkestan. The method of transferring the fragile wall paintings onto a firm support was adapted by the Fogg Museum laboratory from a process used by the Italians. The collection of Chinese and Korean CERAMICS and BRONZES, some of which are loans to the Museum, is a distinguished selection. There are also examples of Ghandharan and Indian sculpture as well as of the Cambodian art of Indo-China which kept alive the traditions of Buddhist art. Japanese Art is represented by a number of paintings and prints. The Japanese print was the product of the social and economic conditions of the Tokugawa period (1615-1867), a prosperous era when the desire to find artistic expression was widespread among the lower classes. From this need rose the popular theatre as well as the color print, the subjects of which are often connected with the theatre. Harvard is one of the growing centers of research in the field of Oriental art and history. In the Rubel Asiatic Research Bureau there is one of the largest collections of documented photographs of Oriental subjects in America. The collection is filed in the study rooms of the Oriental Department, downstairs where other Oriental material is exhibited. The great collection of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Library of the Harvard-Yenching Institute in Boylston Hall are also available to students. PAINTINGS

ANCIENT

ART

First Floor South The collections of the Museum in the field of Ancient Art consist mainly of Egyptian, Greek and Roman sculpture. The Egyptian objects which have been obtained during the thirty years' work of the Harvard-Boston Expedition are exhibited at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. There are, however, a few Egyptian pieces in the Semitic Museum on Divinity Avenue. Minoan Art, the work of a highly developed prehistoric civilization (npnGreek in origin and brought to an end probably by invasions of Greek tribes about 1100 B.C.) is represented at the Fogg Museum only by reproductions. These are on the third floor in a room devoted to ancient art and archaeology. 1 Greek Art had a marked idealizing tendency, especially in the Great Age (450-323 B . C . ) , and produced figures of remarkable beauty, characterized 1 This room is named in memory of George Griswold Van Rensselaer (Class of 1896).

FOGG ART

MUSEUM

55

by their calm serenity and poise. A m o n g the Greek sculptures at the south end of the gallery is a fine 4th Century HEAD OF AN ATHLETE. T h e wellknown statue of MELEAGER, legendary Greek hero, excavated in Italy, reproduces closely the quality of a lost original by Scopas, an older contemp o r a r y of Praxiteles.

T h e HOPPIN COLLECTION OF GREEK VASES is k n o w n f o r

its examples of the best periods of Greek vase painting. T h e Museum has also a collection of Greek figurines from T a n a g r a in Boeotia, a representative assortment of ancient coins, and a few bronzes. Tfu Ancient Near East is represented by a few choice objects in the Fogg Museum which were obtained by expeditions to Samaria, Iraq and Mesopotamia in which Harvard has taken part. O t h e r objects are in the Palestinian and Assyrian collections at the Semitic Museum on Divinity Avenue.

M E D I E V A L A N D RENAISSANCE S C U L P T U R E

Warburg Hall — First Floor South T h e principal feature of W a r b u r g Hall, named in honor of Felix M . W a r burg, who was for many years Chairman of the Overseers' Visiting C o m mittee and one of the Museum's great benefactors, is an early 16th CENTURY CEILING brought from Dijon. Richly carved with pictures of peasant life and mythological beasts, this is a masterpiece of French workmanship. A small second-floor balcony and a number of small windows at eye level on the west side permit a closer inspection of the carving. French Romanesque sculpture is represented by a number of CAPITALS from Moütier-Saint-Jean in Burgundy. Some of them are carved with a foliate design; others show the inventive genius of their unknown sculptor in the use of his Biblical subject matter. Other examples in the Museum are from the Cathedral at Avignon and the A b b e y at Saint-Pons. Spanish medieval sculptures are placed on either side of the entrance door. A m o n g them is a wood carving of the VIRGIN, originally part of a group depicting a favorite subject of Catalan sculptors in wood, the Deposition from the Cross. Groups of this kind were originally brightly polychromed and were placed behind the altar. Renaissance sculpture is represented in W a r b u r g H a l l by a 15th Century MADONNA AND CHILD. This piece is important to students of techniques as it is a Renaissance sculptor's model made of wood, cloth and stucco. Renaissance furniture, often richly carved, is placed in the corridors and in the galleries on the second floor. Germanic sculpture, of both the Romanesque and Gothic periods, is illustrated in the Germanic Museum at the corner of Divinity Avenue and Kirkland Street.

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STUDY

UNIVERSITY

ROOMS AND

SPECIAL

H A N D B O O K

COLLECTIONS

(Throughout the Museum) Open, upon Application, to Visitors Interested in Special Subjects In addition to the study rooms of Oriental and Ancient art already noted, there are several others for students of painting, prints, drawings, color theory and techniques. The Picture Study Room, at the east on the second floor, is for the study of paintings while they are not in the public exhibition galleries. These paintings are arranged on movable storage racks. Since the exhibitions in the main galleries are often changed, inquiries for objects not on public view should be made at the Office of the Assistant to the Directors (at the east end of the corridor, to the right as one reaches the second floor). The Ross Study Rooms, on the second floor at the north of the Court, contain water colors and oils by the late D e n m a n W a l d o Ross (A.B. 1875). Their principal feature is a series of exhibits which include Japanese prints, textiles and pottery, as well as Chinese porcelains and paintings. These were selected and arranged by Dr. Ross to illustrate the theories of color and design which he had developed over a period of fifty years. The Print Study Room, on the first floor directly below the Ross Rooms, contains the collection of prints from which selections are made for exhibition in the galleries. It totals about 40,000 prints which illustrate the history of engraving in all its processes and includes the work of the greatest artists. Selected groups from this collection are usually on exhibition in the Study R o o m and also in Gallery X V on the second floor. The Collection of Drawings, also housed separately, is one of the finest in America. T h e r e are studies by Pollaiuolo, Mantegna, Perugino and the great Venetians, by Dürer and Holbein, by Rubens, V a n D y c k and R e m brandt. Notable examples of later periods are the work of French artists from the 16th Century to the present day, and drawings of the English School. A selection of drawings usually accompanies the paintings and prints in the public galleries. The Naumburg Wing of the Museum was erected in 1932. T h r o u g h the bequest of Mrs. Nettie G . Naumburg of New York, a collection consisting principally of paintings but including sculpture, tapestries and other works of art came into the possession of the Museum, together with the panelled rooms from her home which formerly housed them. T h e Naumburg Rooms, on the second floor of this wing, are used for informal receptions. A m o n g the paintings are C H R I S T D R I V I N G T H E M O N E Y C H A N G E R S F R O M T H E T E M P L E — accepted by several critics as the work of El Greco; a H O L Y F A M I L Y by M u -

FOGG

rillo; the

ART

PORTRAIT OF AN OLD MAN

MUSEUM

57

by Rembrandt; and Franz Hals'

POR-

TRAIT OF A PREACHER. 1

I T A L I A N RENAISSANCE

PAINTING

Second Floor: Corridors and Main Galleries Italian paintings from the 13th to the 16th Centuries comprise an especially important collection of the Museum. The paintings are generally arranged to illustrate the development of the five main schools. To this group there are often added special exhibits of drawings, prints, furniture or sculpture. The Sienese School of the 13th and 14th Centuries was the flowering of the old Byzantine tradition of decorative and idealistic expression combined with Gothic elements. Perhaps the finest example in the Museum is a CRUCIFIXION by Simone Martine, one of the greatest masters of the first, and great, period of Sienese art. This small picture, which probably formed part of a large altarpiece, ranks among Simone's best work. Florentine painting is characterized by its attention to the problems of form and movement, light and shade, and perspective. Among paintings of this School is a fine SAINT FRANCIS RECEIVING THE STIGMATA by Giotto or a follower, based on one of Giotto's compositions. A similar painting is in the Louvre. Other Florentine paintings are a CRUCIFIXION by Fra Angelico and two works of Botticelli. Two modern copies of 15th Century Florentine frescoes made by a Russian artist, Nicola Lochoff, are valuable to students because it is almost wholly by means of reproductions that this phase of Italian painting can be studied in America. These reproductions represent years of study of the technical processes of the early Italian masters. One of them, a detail of the PROCESSION OF THE MAGI, the original by Benozzo Gozzoli, is in the Large Lecture Hall downstairs; the other, a copy of THE EXPULSION OF AD AM AND EVE by Masaccio, is in one of the second floor corridors surrounding the Court. The Umbrian School, c e n t e r i n g in P e r u g i a , a n d the North Italian

School,

centering in Padua, both flourished in the late 14th Century and in the 15th. The Sienese made their Madonna a queen, remote and aloof; the Umbrians made her a charming, simple, human mother. The MADONNA DI SANTA CHIARA, dating from the 15th Century, is a characteristic Umbrian painting. The finest North Italian painting in the Museum is the ADORATION OF THE MAGI by Cosimo Tura, the founder of the School of Ferrara which felt most 1 Visitors may see these rooms by asking at the Office of the Assistant to the Directors.

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HANDBOOK

strongly the influence of Padua. T h e metallic, sculpturesque quality of the picture shows the artist's Paduan training. Venetian painting had its greatest period in the latter part of the 15th Century and in the 16th Century. Its characteristics are the emphasis on light and shade and warm, luminous color, rather than on line. A small MADONNA AND CHILD by Giovanni Bellini exemplifies the work of this 15th Century master. T h e painting was almost ruined by fire while being brought to America and is now especially instructive to students, showing as it does the methods of both master and restorer.

P A I N T I N G IN O T H E R E U R O P E A N

COUNTRIES

Second Floor: M a i n Galleries With the exception of one or two examples, German paintings are exhibited in the Germanic Museum, facing the north end of Q u i n c y Street. Dutch paintings in the Fogg Museum include a portrait by Rembrandt and one by Hals, in the Naumburg R o o m . A m o n g the Flemish works are a diptych attributed to van der W e y d e n and David, and V a n Dyck's PORTRAIT OF NICHOLAS TRIEST, a fine characterization painted when the artist was only twenty-one years old. Spanish paintings are a 15th Century ANNUNCIATION by J u a n de Burgos, a small painting attributed to E l Greco which is in the N a u m b u r g R o o m , and a SAINT JEROME by Ribera. This last represents Ribera at his best, showing the characteristic Spanish intensity of religious feeling. T h e same countries are also represented in the Museum's collection of drawings and prints. In addition, French art is especially well represented by drawings, particularly of the 18th and 19th Century artists, Watteau, David, Ingres and Degas.

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN

ART

Second Floor North A m o n g the works of English artists is one especially interesting to America and to Harvard. This is T h o m a s Gainsborough's portrait of SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON, COUNT RUMFORD, w h o w a s b o r n i n W o b u r n , M a s s a c h u s e t t s .

He

remained a Loyalist in the W a r of 1775-1783, was knighted in England, and later went to Bavaria where he was made Count of the Holy R o m a n Empire for his services in science and social reform. By his will he founded at Harvard the Rumford Professorship and Lectureship o n . t h e Application of Science to the Useful Arts. A number of early American portraits painted by Copley, Stuart and others are in the Museum. A m o n g them is Copley's full-length portrait of

FOGG A R T

MUSEUM

59

painted when he was the first minister from the United States to the Court of St. James's, and exhibited in the Royal Academy in 1796. This picture was given to Harvard by NICHOLAS B O Y L STON, a Boston merchant, whose likeness by Copley is also in the Museum. It was he who presented the portrait of MRS. THOMAS BOYLSTON, a painting in Copley's best manner before he was influenced by the English School. With these paintings are displayed a few pieces of American colonial furniture. The H A R V A R D C O L L E G E S I L V E R , it may be noted here, including work by Paul Revere, is for the most part exhibited in the Fogg Museum. American art of the 19th and 20th Centuries is represented by Winslow Homer, Whistler, Sargent and a number of contemporary painters in oil and water color. There is also a notable collection of English water colors of the 19th and 20th Centuries, including, among others, many by Ruskin and Turner. Water colors are commonly displayed in the Balcony Gallery, which leads off the balcony of Warburg Hall. American painting is represented in other Harvard buildings by a large collection of portraits of Harvard graduates, members of the faculty and benefactors of the University. Many of these paintings are in University Hall, in the Union and in the residential Houses. A large collection of legal portraits is in Langdell Hall of the Harvard L a w School. Among them are paintings by the English portraitists, Lawrence and Raeburn, and by Americans such as Feke, Smibert, Trumbull and Stuart.

J O H N ADAMS ( A . B . Ι 7 4 5 ) ,

MAYA

ART

Second Floor South T h e work of the great M a y a civilization which once flourished in Middle America is represented in a single gallery at the south end of this floor. The exhibit is a selection lent from the large collection of the Peabody Museum. 1 THIRD AND FOURTH FLOORS

In the third floor corridor, which leads to the Small Lecture Room, offices and studios, are displayed a number of tapestries and paintings. At the head of the stairs on the third floor is a pipe organ which was built in London by William Gray in 1805. Although proof is far from conclusive, this may have been the first organ owned by Harvard, set up in the Chapel in University Hall in 1 8 2 1 . It was the gift of Mrs. Craigie who lived in the house on Brattle Strpet which later in the 19th Century was the residence of the poet Longfellow. T h e instrument is used for occasional recitals of 18th 1

The Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology is on Divinity Avenue, in the south wing of the University Museum.

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and early 19th Century music, for which the Court and corridors of the Museum provide an informal setting. T h e Research Department and the X-Ray Department are on the fourth floor.1 A m o n g the problems investigated are those of deterioration, methods of conservation and treatment, and analytical studies of the materials used in the past and available for use now. T h e analytical work is done at the M a l linckrodt Chemical Laboratory. T h e Fogg Museum has gradually accumulated what is perhaps the largest collection anywhere of X - r a y shadowgraphs of paintings in European and American collections. T H E FINE A R T S A T H A R V A R D

T h e Fogg Art Museum serves as a center for four distinct groups of students. There are, first, undergraduates whose interest is limited alike by taste and by academic requirements; and second, a selective group of about sixty undergraduates each year who are specializing in the Fine Arts. These two groups generally avail themselves of the courses on the history of art and those which offer some training in drawing and painting. T h e third group is composed of advanced students, averaging about twenty in number, who have the opportunity to pursue advanced courses on the theory and practice of the various arts; the fourth is made up of a smaller number who are fitting themselves to be teachers, scholars, critics and curators of museums. T h e Fine Arts Library in the Fogg Museum is one of the special collections of the Harvard College Library. It is at the rear of the building on the first floor and contains more than 11,000 volumes used for regular courses in the Fine Arts, a collection of more than 126,000 photographs and about 35,000 lantern slides. Below the Reading R o o m are two floors of bookstacks, with adjacent desk space. Supplemented by the Fine Arts and Archaeology collections in the Widener building, and by the libraries of the Graduate School of Design, it provides one of the most complete art study collections in America. 1 Visitors should apply for admittance at the Office of the Assistant to the Directors, on the second floor.

FOGG A R T MUSEUM

61

SEVER QUADRANGLE The Class of 1885 Gate (1904), leading into Sever Quadrangle, is opposite the main door of the Fogg Museum. Entering at this gate the visitor returns to the Yard. T o the left is Emerson Hall (p. 44) and the path to the Widener Library building (p. 34) and to Harvard Square; in front is Sever Hall (p. 43); and at the right is Robinson Hall, headquarters of the Graduate School of Design. H A R V A R D COMMENCEMENT

CEREMONIES

Commencement (Inceptio) — the oldest, most dignified and widespread of university institutions — began simply as the form of initiation to the medieval guild of Masters of Arts. T h e first Harvard Commencement was held on September 23, 1642, about the time the first Harvard College building was ready for use. Thereafter, following the custom of Oxford and Cambridge, it was held in July or August, and in 1802 was set on a fixed day in August. T h e present day in June, adopted during the administration of President Hill (1862-1868), dates from the Commencement of 1869. T h e annual Commencement exercises have been held in Sever Quadrangle since 1922 — a platform being erected at the east side of Sever. Previously, except in 1916 when the Stadium was used, the Commencement exercises had taken place in Harvard Hall, University Hall and Sanders Theatre. T h e chief features of Commencement D a y are the exercises in the forenoon. After the invocation a few " p a r t s " are spoken by selected candidates. Then the degrees are conferred by the President — including the honorary degrees granted to distinguished scholars and to men prominent in public life. Those privileged to attend the exercises will see the President's Chair, which has been used from the time of President Edward Holyoke (17371769). A t the head of the Commencement P r o g r a m m e — w h i c h , in accordance with academic usage, is printed in Latin — are the initials of the following exhortatory words: " Quod bonum faustum felixque sit." (May the event be good, auspicious, and happy.) After the morning ceremonies of Commencement D a y there is a great gathering of Alumni in the Yard and of individual classes in certain of the older buildings. In the afternoon the procession of Alumni, in order of classes, moves to the annual meeting of the Harvard Alumni Association in Sever Quadrangle.

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GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN Including the Departments of Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Regional Planning ROBINSON

HALL

1901 Office for Inquiries: Robinson Hall Professional instruction in architecture, landscape architecture, and regional planning is given in the Graduate School of Design, which occupies Robinson Hall and a small portion of Hunt Hall. Until 1936 these three professions were taught in independent schools, but since the fundamental processes and objectives are the same in all three, it has been found advisable to unite them into one department of the University which has been called the Graduate School of Design. Instruction in Architecture was offered as early as 1874 by Harvard University. It was at that time part of the work of the Division of the Fine Arts. In 1893 Professor Herbert Langford Warren (hon. A.M. 1902) began the first professional instruction in Architecture and, until his death in 1917, he guided the growth of the Department. In 1900 Harvard began instruction in landscape architecture, being the first American university to give courses in this field. In 1918 it established a separate Department of Landscape Architecture, under the direction of Professor James Sturgis Pray (A.B. 1895). T h e School of City Planning, founded in 1929, was likewise the first school in its field to be established in America. Instruction in Regional Planning was discontinued in 1936 and the resources of the Department directed entirely to research. Robinson Hall was given in memory of Nelson Robinson, Jr. (Class of 1900), whose interest in landscape architecture was cut short by his death during his Junior year in College. T h e building was designed by M c K i m , M e a d and White. Its main door is on Sever Quadrangle, but the building may also be entered at the west end, opposite the Memorial Church. The Exhibition Room may be entered directly from Sever Q u a d -

EMERSON H A L L

SEVER QUADRANGLE

H U N T H A L L ( O L D F O G G MUSEUM)

G R A D U A T E S C H O O L OF D E S I G N

r a n g l e . It e x t e n d s t h r o u g h t w o stories, a n d has peristyle galleries a l o n g the n o r t h e r n side. H e r e a r e h e l d , f r o m time to time, i m p o r t a n t e x h i b i t s illustrating the w o r k of c o n t e m p o r a r y architects in A m e r i c a a n d in E u r o p e . E x h i b i t i o n s of w o r k in allied fields, s u c h as d e c o r a tive sculpture, mosaics, o r n a m e n t a n d m i n o r arts, a r e also held in this r o o m . Passing t h r o u g h the e x h i b i t i o n r o o m , o n e enters, o n the axis of the peristyle, a l a r g e , w e l l - e q u i p p e d lecture rootn. T o the r i g h t are the offices of the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e staff a n d instructors; to the left is the L i b r a r y of the D e p a r t m e n t of L a n d s c a p e A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g — a l i b r a r y w h i c h is p e r h a p s the most c o m p l e t e of its k i n d in the U n i t e d States. T h e r e are also t w o d r a u g h t i n g r o o m s o n the m a i n floor. T h e greater p a r t of the second floor is o c c u p i e d b y a l o n g d r a u g h t i n g r o o m w h i c h a c c o m m o d a t e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y one h u n d r e d students. T h e L i b r a r y of the D e p a r t m e n t of A r c h i t e c t u r e a d j o i n s this r o o m t o w a r d s the w e s t a n d to the east is a second d r a u g h t i n g r o o m , d e v o t e d to the use of a d v a n c e d students. The Gate of the Classes of I88J and 1888 (1906), between Robinson and Hunt Halls, is a double gate bearing the numerals of both classes. Directly opposite the Transept Entrance of Memorial Hall, it is on the main route from the New Yard to the northern part of the University grounds. HUNT

HALL

1895 H u n t H a l l , f a c i n g B r o a d w a y , m a y also be e n t e r e d b y the side doors n e a r the M e m o r i a l C h u r c h . H u n t H a l l w a s f o r m e r l y the F o g g A r t M u s e u m b u t w a s r e n a m e d in 1935 in h o n o r of its a r c h i tect, R i c h a r d M o r r i s H u n t ( h o n . LL.D. 1892). F o r m a n y years, u n t i l the present M u s e u m w a s built, H u n t H a l l served as a m u s e u m of fine arts. In crossing Broadway and Cambridge Streets, visitors may recall the former ROGERS BUILDING (1860-1929), an octagonal brick structure given anonymously by Henry Bromfield Rogers (A.B. 1822), which stood on the

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HANDBOOK

triangle now occupied by the Fire Station. It was successively Gymnasium, carpenter shop, Engineering School, Germanic Museum, storehouse, and experimental theatre for Summer School courses in drama. In 1929 the Rogers Building triangle was exchanged with the City of Cambridge for a similar plot of land in front of Austin Hall (p. 156).

и NORTH OF THE YARD

MEMORIAL HALL DELTA

NORTH OF THE YARD F R O M 1794 to 1805 the northernmost boundary of the College Y a r d was the present Kirkland Street, named in honor of President John Thornton Kirkland (1810-1828), during whose administration the University first built to the north of the Yard, beginning with Divinity Hall in 1826. Once known as the "Charlestown Path," this was the shortest route to and from Boston by way of the Charlestown Ferry. When Cambridge Street and Broadway were laid out, the Y a r d was restricted to its present area, leaving two triangles between it and Kirkland Street. T h e smaller of these is now occupied by the Fire Station; the larger triangle is known as the Memorial Hall Delta. T h e University grounds north of Kirkland Street are divided into two sections, separated by Oxford Street. For the convenience of visitors, the three main routes to the principal buildings in these sections are given below. 1 T h e NORTHEAST SECTION of the University Grounds is traversed by DIVINITY AVENUE, which is conveniently reached through the Transept of Memorial Hall. T o the right as one leaves Memorial Hall is the Germanic Museum (p. 75) at the corner of Kirkland Street and Divinity A v e n u e and opposite the end of Quincy Street. It is easily distinguished by its stucco finish and domed clock tower. O n the opposite corner is Randall Hall, which houses the Printing Department of the University Press (p. 81). Other buildings on the east side of Divinity Avenue are the Institute of Geographical Exploration (with two radio towers) (p. 82), the Semitic Museum (p 85.), the Biological Laboratories (p. go), Divinity Hall — the first building of the D i 1 This part of the HANDBOOK is arranged to take the visitor through the entire north section of the University grounds; starting from Memorial Hall and going along Divinity Avenue to the University Museum; through the Museum, entering at the north wing and leaving from the south wing; thence through the Chemical Laboratories onto Oxford Street; and finally to the buildings surrounding Holmes Field, thus returning to the Yard by the Class of 1876 Gate near Holworthy Hall.

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H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY HANDBOOK

vinity School (p. 88) — and the Farlow Herbarium (p. 95). O n the west side are C h e m i c a l Laboratories and the University M u s e u m , both of w h i c h r u n through to O x f o r d Street. OXFORD STREET divides the northeast and northwest sections of the U n i versity, entering K i r k l a n d Street opposite the western end of M e m o r i a l H a l l . A t the corner is the Mew Lecture Hall (p. 74). Beyond it, at the right as one goes north on O x f o r d Street, is the Mallinckrodt Chemical Laboratory, one of the g r o u p of C h e m i c a l Laboratories (p. 139); then comes the University Museum (pp. 9 7 - 1 3 8 ) , set well b a c k f r o m the street. T h i s building extends through to Divinity A v e n u e and m a y b e entered f r o m either side. T h e center section houses the Botanical M u s e u m , a m o n g whose public exhibits are the wellk n o w n " Glass F l o w e r s . " Opposite the University M u s e u m is Pierce Hall, headquarters of the G r a d u a t e School of Engineering (p. 143). Farther north on O x f o r d Street are Conant Hall and Perkins Hall (p. 148), two dormitories for graduate students, and the Gordon McKay Engineering Laboratory. THE NORTHWEST SECTION of the University grounds is nearest to the O l d Y a r d . F r o m the j u n c t i o n of C a m b r i d g e and K i r k l a n d Streets (opposite the Class of 1876 G a t e ) a p a t h leads between the old Hemenway Gymnasium (p. 158) and Lawrence Hall (School of E d u c a t i o n , p. 162). Behind L a w r e n c e H a l l is the Music Building (p. 159), w h i c h faces the Jefferson Laboratory, one of the Physical Laboratories (p. 148), distinguished b y their three radio towers. T h e s e form the southeast border of Holmes Field, the entire west side of w h i c h is taken u p b y Langdell Hall, principal building of the H a r v a r d L a w School (p. 153). THE

DELTA

T h e D e l t a , so c a l l e d f r o m its t r i a n g u l a r s h a p e , l i k e t h e G r e e k Δ , is b o u n d e d b y C a m b r i d g e , K i r k l a n d a n d Q u i n c y Streets.

Its western

portion, h o w e v e r , f o r m e d p a r t of the C o l l e g e Y a r d f r o m 1794 until 1805, w h e n C a m b r i d g e Street w a s c u t t h r o u g h .

A few years later the

D e l t a b e c a m e t h e first g y m n a s i u m w h e n D r . C h a r l e s F o l i e n

(who

t a u g h t G e r m a n f r o m 1825 to 1835) erected here, in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h his a d v a n c e d e d u c a t i o n a l t h e o r i e s , a n o p e n - a i r g y m n a s i u m c o n s i s t i n g of " u p r i g h t posts, cross b a r s , v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l

ladders,

s w i n g i n g ropes a n d other m e c h a n i s m s of w o o d a n d c o r d a g e . "

But

t h e D e l t a is m o r e f a m o u s as t h e s c e n e o f t h e a n n u a l F r e s h m a n - S o p h o more football

fight,

p r o b a b l y the o u t g r o w t h of a Class

m a t c h w h i c h h a d b e e n h e l d in t h e 1790s.

wrestling

I n t i m e this c a m e to b e

less f o o t b a l l a n d m o r e fight u n t i l , i n t h e 1840s a n d 1850s, " B l o o d y M o n d a y " — the

first

M o n d a y of the college

year — became

an

MEMORIAL

HALL

69

a n n u a l classic. B y 1858 the undergraduate press was already advocating a change, and in i860 the F a c u l t y finally forbade the fight and the h a z i n g w h i c h had b e c o m e connected w i t h it. T h e r e u p o n , w i t h great ceremony, the students placed at the apex of the D e l t a a w o o d e n m o n u m e n t w i t h the words: " H i e j a c e t F o o t b a l l u m Fight u m . " A few years afterwards the D e l t a was selected as the site for M e m o r i a l Hall, so that it ceased to be a playground, and in 1874 the first intercollegiate football m a t c h under R u g b y rules in A m e r i c a took place on Jarvis Field (p. 148).

MEMORIAL HALL 1878 Transept Open Week Days, g to 5 ; Saturdays, g to 1 MEMORIAE EORUM

U T VIRTUTIS E X E M P L A

q u i HIS IN SEDIBUS INSTITUTI

SEMPER A P U D VOS V I G E A N T

MORTEM PRO P A T R I A O P P E T I V E R U N T

SODALES AMICIQVE POSUERVNT

In memory of the men trained here who gave their lives for their country this Hall is built by their classmates and friends to the end that examples of manhood be ever in honor among you. T h i s dedication, inscribed high over the two great transept windows of M e m o r i a l H a l l , commemorates the H a r v a r d m e n w h o fell in defense of the U n i o n . T h e plan of such a memorial —• to provide a meeting place for A l u m n i , a dining hall for the students and a commemorative m o n u m e n t to the soldiers of H a r v a r d — was adopted in 1866 b y a committee of the A l u m n i . W i l l i a m R o b e r t W a r e (A.B. 1852) a n d H e n r y V a n Brunt (A.B. 1854) were appointed the architects, a n d the corner stone was laid O c t o b e r 6, 1870. T h e G r e a t H a l l and the Cloister at the west end were finished in the summer of 1874, but Sanders T h e a t r e , the polygonal auditorium at the east end, w a s not ready until C o m m e n c e m e n t D a y , 1876. T h e whole building was completed and formally accepted by the University in J u l y , 1878. T h e extreme length of the building is 305 feet; the w i d t h through the axis of the transept is 113 feet; the tower — long distinguished as a H a r v a r d l a n d m a r k — is 190 feet high and 34 by 38 feet in width.

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T h e clock and the bell, which weighs one and one half tons, were given by the Class of 1872 on the occasion of their twenty-fifth reunion. A t the west end, in the Cloister, are statues of Presidents Everett and Walker. T h e abbreviated Latin inscription on the gates indicates that they were given by C. A . Goodnow (A.B. 1871).

TRANSEPT

The principal entrance to Memorial Hall is at the Transept, which divides the Great Hall (formerly the Dining Hall) from Sanders Theatre. Around the walls of the Transept, which was designed as the memorial part of the building, are twenty-eight marble tablets commemorating 136 Harvard students and graduates who died in defense of the Union, with the dates of their deaths and the places where they fell. O f these, ninety-seven had been enrolled in Harvard College, sixteen in the Medical School, fourteen in the L a w School, six in the Lawrence Scientific School, two in the Divinity School and one in the Astronomical Observatory. O n the walls above these tablets are painted quotations in Latin from the Bible, Cicero, Plautus, Bacon, Ovid and Horace. T h e N O R T H WINDOW of the Transept contains the names of the Virtues. T h e SOUTH WINDOW of the Transept, perhaps the most striking of the stained-glass windows, was the gift of Martin Brimmer (A.B. 1849) and was completed in 1898. T h e design, by Mrs. Sarah W y man Whitman of Boston, has as its subject the forces which inspire heroism. T h e two main figures are the Scholar, symbolizing love of the University, and the Soldier, representing love of country. Above them are cherubs holding tablets inscribed with the four heroic virtues and above them, angelic figures of praise. T h e Latin sentences on the center panel are particularly suited to the position of the window over the main entrance. T h e y may be translated: Greeting, whoe'er thou art. T h o u see'st the names of the men of Harvard who in ardent youth or manhood's riper resolution laid down their lives that the Republic might live. Pattern thy life by the principles they maintained in death, to make men freer, happier and more united.

MEMORIAL H A L L TRANSEPT

MEMORIAL

GREAT

71

HALL

HALL

The nave, or western portion, of Memorial Hall is entered from the center of the Transept. It is 176 feet long overall (149 feet long on the floor) and 58 feet wide; to the ridge it is 80 feet high, and to the beams 66 feet. Used for many years as a Dining Hall, it reached the height of its popularity about 1898. In this year Randall Hall was built nearby to accommodate the overflow of students unable to obtain membership in the Memorial Hall Dining Association. In the ensuing twenty years, however, the tide of student life turned towards Mount Auburn Street and the river, on the opposite side of the Yard, and thus the Memorial Hall dining room was finally closed in 1925. As many as 1,320 persons could be accommodated at each meal, with a total of 850 seats available at any one time. 1 Around the Great Hall were hung portraits and busts of noted alumni and benefactors of the University. As the Hall is today used only infrequently, these paintings are now placed in other buildings, many of them in the residential Houses and in the Fogg Art Museum. The W E S T E R N W I N D O W , which fills the entire end of the Great Hall, pictures the arms of the nation, the state and the University. On either side of the Hall are memorial windows, most of them given by college Classes. MEMORIAL

WINDOWS

On the south side of the Hall, beginning at the left as one enters from the Transept: (1)

C L A S S OF 1 8 6 6 W I N D O W : H o n o r a n d P e a c e .

( 2 ) C L A S S OF 1 8 5 9 W I N D O W : C o r n e l i a , m o t h e r of t h e G r a c c h i . (3) DAVIS MEMORIAL

WINDOW

(Charles H e n r y

Davis

(A.B. 1 8 2 5 ) ,

Rear

Admiral, U . S. N . ) : Columbus and Robert Blake (the English admiral traditionally known for his patriotism and chivalrous character). ( 4 ) C L A S S OF 1 8 4 4 W I N D O W : D a n t e a n d C h a u c e r .

(5) CLASS OF 1 8 5 7 WINDOW: Sir Philip Sidney, the soldier, statesman and 1 The addition on the north side of the Dining Hall was completed in 1905 as a serving room, with kitchens and storerooms in the basement. It is now used as a drill hall for students enrolled in courses in Naval Science.

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H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY HANDBOOK

poet, w h o fell on the battlefield of Z u t p h e n , refusing aid that others m i g h t live; and E p a m i n o n d a s , T h e b a n general and statesman. (6) CLASS OF i860 WINDOW: " T h e Battle W i n d o w , " representing warriors of the ancient world. T h e t w o sections form a single picture. T h i s is one of J o h n L a Farge's earliest works, in w h i c h he used m a n y unusual varieties of glass, and it was the first in w h i c h he introduced figures. (7) CLASS OF 1877 WINDOW: C h a r l e m a g n e and Sir T h o m a s M o r e . ( 8 ) C L A S S OF 1 8 5 4 W I N D O W : S o p h o c l e s a n d

Shakespeare.

O n the north side of the Hall, beginning at the west end: (1)

C L A S S OF 1 8 7 5 W I N D O W : L a S a l l e a n d

Marquette.

(2) CLASS OF 1855 WINDOW: given in m e m o r y of t w o members of that Class — the R e v e r e n d Phillips Brooks and G e n e r a l Francis C h a n n i n g Barlow. T h e i r faces appear respectively on the figures of Bernard of C l a i r v a u x , spiritual teacher and restorer of the monasteries, and G o d f r e y of Bouillon, leader of the First Crusade. (3)

C L A S S OF 1 8 6 1 W I N D O W :

a Student and a

Soldier.

(4) CLASS OF 1858 WINDOW: J o h n H a m p d e n ( C r o m w e l l i a n patriot and general) and Leonidas (Spartan general and hero of T h e r m o p y l a e ) . T h e inscriptions are f r o m letters of J a m e s Jackson L o w e l l and H e n r y L y m a n Patten, t w o members of this Class w h o died in the Civil War. (5)

C L A S S OF 1 8 6 3 W I N D O W : A n d r o m a c h e a n d

(6)

C L A S S OF 1 8 8 0 W I N D O W : V i r g i l a n d

Hector.

Homer.

(7) CLASS OF 1879 WINDOW: Pericles and L e o n a r d o d a V i n c i . Below the figure of Pericles, in the first panel, are his words to the people of Athens: " Y o u are b o u n d to support our country in the dignity of her government, in w h i c h y o u all take p r i d e " (Thucydides π, 63). Below the figure of L e o n a r d o d a V i n c i is a passage f r o m his Trattato, Book и: " R i c h e s in themselves bring n o glory to their possessor at his death, as k n o w l e d g e does, w h i c h is an everlasting witness and herald to its c r e a t o r . " (8) CLASS OF 1878 WINDOW: G e n e r a l Joseph W a r r e n and J o h n Eliot. G e n e r a l W a r r e n (A.B. 1759) drafted the " S u f f o l k R e s o l v e s " and was killed at Bunker Hill. S h o w n below is the C o m m i t t e e w h i c h , on September 9, 1774, unanimously adopted the Resolves w h i c h urged forcible opposition if necessary. J o h n Eliot, " A p o s t l e to the I n d i a n s , " translated the I n d i a n Bible, w h i c h was printed b e t w e e n 1660 and 1663 at the I n d i a n College. I n the lower panel he is shown preaching to the Indians.

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MEMORIAL H A L L

1874 WINDOW: Themistocles and Aristides. These figures typify the reconciliation of the North with the South. The inscription is from Herodotus (vra, 79): "And when Themistocles came out to him, Aristides said: At all times and chiefly now this should be our rivalry — which of us shall do most good for our country."

(9) CLASS OF

SANDERS

THEATRE

At the east end of Memorial Hall is a polygonal auditorium, erected from the bequest of Charles Sanders (A.B. 1802). This part of Memorial Hall was designed in a period when audiences relished rhetoric and debate. The exterior of Sanders Theatre is thus fittingly decorated with sculptured heads of seven famous orators: Demosthenes, Cicero, St. Chrysostom, Bossuet, Chatham, Burke and Webster. Sanders Theatre, with a seating capacity of slightly more than 1,200, is the largest auditorium in the University. It has been the principal place for lectures and concerts in the University ever since it was built. The central window of the balcony, designed in 1898 by John L a Farge, was given in memory of Cornelius Conway Felton, President of Harvard, 1860-1862. Above the stage the curve of a small gallery serves as a sounding board. The main inscription on the wall above was composed by George Martin Lane (A.B. 1846), Professor of Latin from 1851 to 1897. Stately both in the ancient tongue and in translation, it reads: HIG IN SILVESTRIBVS E T INCVLTIS LOCIS ANGLI DOMO PROFVGI ANNO POST CHRISTVM NATVM MDCXXXVI POST GOLONIAM HVC DEDVCTAM SCHOLAM ECCLESIAE

VI

SAPIENTIAM

PVBLICE

RATI

CONDIDERVNT

DICAVERVNT

QVAE

ANTE

OMNIA

CONDITAM

AVCTA

COLENDAM CHRISTO

IOHANNIS

ET

HARVARD

MVNIFICENTIA Α L I T T E R A R V M FAVTORIBVS GVM NOSTRATIBVS TVM EXTERNIS IDENTIDEM ADIVTA ALVMNORVM DENIQVE FIDEI COMMISSA AB EXIGVIS PERDVGTA INITIIS AD MAIORA RERVM INCREMENTA

PRAESIDIVM SOGIORVM INSPECTORVM

SENATVS

ACADEMICI CONSILIIS E T PRVDENTIA ET GVRA OPTVMAS ARTES VIRTVTES PVBLIGAS P R I V A T A S COLVIT COLIT

Here, in the woods and wilds, Englishmen, fugitives from home, in the year of our Lord 1636, the sixth after the settlement of the Colony, holding that the first thing to culti-

74

H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK

vate was wisdom, founded a College by public enactment and dedicated it to Christ and his Church. Upraised by the generosity of John Harvard, aided again and again by patrons of learning both here and abroad, entrusted finally to the charge of its Alumni, from small beginnings guided to a growth of greater powers by the judgment, foresight and care of its Presidents, Fellows, Overseers and Faculties, it has ever cultivated the liberal arts and public and private virtues, and cultivates them still. THE NEW LECTURE 1902

HALL

Opposite the west end of Memorial Hall, at the corner of Kirkland and Oxford Streets, is one of the principal lecture halls. As it was the gift of an anonymous benefactor, its name has not been changed since it was actually " n e w . " Except for the basement, where there are several small classrooms, the entire building is a single auditorium, seating 955 persons. T h e decoration of the fagade shows the arms of the United States, Harvard University and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

DIVINITY AVENUE

GERMANIC MUSEUM ADOLPHUS BUSCH H A L L :

9r7

Open Week Days, except Holidays, g to 5 ; Sundays, 1 to 5 T H E G E R M A N I C M U S E U M is at the corner of Kirkland Street and Divinity Avenue, opposite the end of Quincy Street. It is easily distinguished among Harvard buildings by its stucco finish, red tile roof and domed clock tower. Of the modern Munich school of architecture, it is designed to set off the works of art, and especially the great reproductions of medieval sculpture, which are the most impressive part of a collection outstanding in America. On the outside of the building are inscribed maxims from famous German writers. On the front of the clock tower is a quotation from Schiller's "Wallenstein," ES IST DER GEIST DER SICH DEN KOERPER BAUT (It is the spirit which builds the body). On the Divinity Avenue side is Schiller's wording of Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative, DU KANNST DENN DU SOLLST (You can, for you should). Over the entrance from the Garden is Faust's reply to Mephisto, from Goethe, DIE T H A T IST A L L E S NICHTS DER RÜHM (The deed is everything; renown nothing). On the west end of the Renaissance Hall is inscribed a popular saying, KUNST IST KOENNEN (Art is ability). This building, named Adolphus Busch Hall in honor of its donor, was completed in 1917, but was not opened until 1921. It was designed by Professor Germain Bestelmeyer of Munich, one of the foremost German architects; the plans being adapted to local conditions by Dean H. Langford Warren of the School of Architecture. The interior of the building suggests the characteristic features of the Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance periods. There is a lecture room on the third floor and a library to the west of the main entrance, enclosing one side of the Garden.

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H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

In the Outdoor

Courtyard,

HANDBOOK

where flowers, a lily pond and seats add

to the visitor's pleasure, is one of the earliest and best G e r m a n bronzes, the BRUNSWICK LION.

Its original was erected in 1166 in

front of Brunswick Castle b y D u k e Henry the Lion as a symbol of his sovereignty and a warning to his enemies.

T h e reproduction was

given to Harvard b y the D u c h y of Brunswick in 1913.

T h e German

inscription on the west side of the pedestal is translated on the east side. In the Entrance

Rotunda

are two murals painted in 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 3 6 by

Lewis W . Rubenstein (A.B. 1930) based on scenes from the Germanic sagas.

Facing the entrance is the Niebelheim, with warlike Albrich

driving his subjects.

A t the left of the door his hand grasps for the

R h i n e gold; at the right, a clenched fist suggests the curse of the R i n g . T h e east wall deals with the denouement of the drama and is based on an old Norse legend, Roganarock,

or the Doom

of the

Gods.

BALCONY

Early Germanic civilization is represented in the b a l c o n y of the R o m a n e s q u e H a l l , reached b y the stairs at the right of the N a r t h e x . T h e reliefs f r o m the COLUMN OF MARCUS AURELIUS in R o m e represent scenes f r o m the wars of the R o m a n s against the G e r m a n s (166-180 A.D.) and illustrate graphically the features a n d habits of the earliest historic G e r m a n tribes. T h e NYDAM BOAT is a replica of the original, measuring 75 feet in length, w h i c h was found in 1863 at N y d a m in Schleswig-Holstein. I t is p r o b a b l y similar to the boats used b y the A n g l o - S a x o n s of the 5th C e n t u r y in crossing to Britain. T h e reproductions of MEROVINGIAN METAL WORK illustrate the type of objects found in G e r m a n tombs prior to the 9th C e n t u r y . T h e case of IVORIES reproduces the development of E u r o p e a n sculpture from the end of the classic tradition, w i t h its free impressionistic style, to the stiff conventionalized handling of the R o m a n e s q u e period. NARTHEX

Medieval art in Germany over three centuries is illustrated b y t w o notable sculptures. A t the side of the stair hangs an 1 i t h C e n t u r y bronze CRUCIFIX f r o m W e r d e n . Its stylized a n a t o m y and d r a p e r y are typical of the early R o m a n e s q u e period. I n contrast are the flowing curves and far more gentle and realistic conception of the CHRIST AND ST. JOHN of the 14th C e n t u r y , on the west side of the door to the R o m a n e s q u e H a l l .

GERMANIC

MUSEUM

ROMANESQUE

77

HALL

T h e BERNWARD COLUMN, on the east side of the Hall, and the BRONZE DOORS, near the northeast corner, both date f r o m the early Ι i t h C e n t u r y and are the chief monuments of the great bronze workers of Hildesheim. T h e small lively figures clearly show a dependence on the early ivory carvings. R e l a t e d to the Hildesheim tradition, b u t m o r e restrained, is the BAPTISMAL FONT OF LIEGE of the early 12th C e n t u r y , in the center alcove at the west side of the H a l l . T o the left is the BAPTISMAL FONT OF HILDESHEIM from its C a t h e dral. T h i s belongs to the first half of the 13th C e n t u r y and has m a n y G o t h i c elements. I n its delicacy and decorative profusion it resembles goldsmith work. T h e g r o w i n g architectural quality in the sculpture of the 12 th and 13 th Centuries is shown b y the HILDESHEIM CHOIR SCREEN on the east wall. T h e straight stiff d r a p e r y of the saints, individually placed beneath an arcade, harmonizes with their f o r m a l architectural setting, but a realistic note appears in the mixture of solemnity and grace that characterizes the center g r o u p of the MADONNA AND CHILD. T h i s growing element of realism in sculpture m a y also be seen, at the right of the entrance, in the relief of the TWO PROPHETS from the B a m b e r g C h o i r Screen, whose clashing personalities are expressed in their tense faces and turbulent d r a p e r y . D o m i n a t i n g the R o m a n e s q u e H a l l is the GOLDEN GATE of the C a t h e d r a l of Freiberg in Saxony. T h i s is a perfect example of how, in the first part of the 13th C e n t u r y , sculpture b e c a m e subservient to architecture, m a r k i n g the end of the R o m a n e s q u e tradition. T h e subjects represented are the same as those on the typical F r e n c h G o t h i c cathedral. T h i s architectural influence is also seen in the separate figures from the portals of the Cathedrals of B a m b e r g and Strasbourg w h i c h stand near the piers of the R o m a n e s q u e Hall. TRANSEPT

Transition between Romanesque and Gothic in the early part of the 13th C e n tury is defined by the sculptures f r o m Wechselburg on the south w a l l of the Transept. T h e PULPIT to the left of the door, the figures of ABRAHAM AND MELCHISEDEC at the right, and the CRUCIFIXION a b o v e , still h a v e suggestions of the R o m a n e s q u e in their serious style and h e a v y , solid form. F a r more lyrical, however, are personifications of CHURCH AND SYNAGOGUE f r o m the C a t h e d r a l of Strasbourg, placed at either side of the west door of the T r a n sept, whose attitudes typify the medieval symbol of the triumph of Christianity over paganism. M o r e subtle in composition a n d profound in its emotional content is the relief of the DEATH OF THE VIRGIN above this d o o r ; it is also from Strasbourg a n d is considered one of the finest works of the

78

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UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK

Middle Ages. T h e section of the ANGEL COLUMN, from the same church, is part of a sculpture of the Last Judgment, again illustrating the architectural character of Gothic sculpture. D i v i d i n g t h e T r a n s e p t f r o m t h e C h a p e l i s t h e NAUMBURG CHOIR SCREEN,

decorated in a more prosaic style than that of Strasbourg. T h e heavy figures have a peasant-like character which shows the influence of the lower classes on German art. Examples of early Gothic statues, monuments to the A g e of Chivalry — which reached its culmination in the 13th Century — are shown in the RIDER from Bamberg Cathedral, high on the wall of the T r a n sept, a n d

again

i n t h e s t a t u e s o f t h e FOUNDERS OF NAUMBURG

CATHEDRAL

around the wall of the Chapel. Their haughty bearing and aristocratic faces reflect the mature art of the great period of the Hohenstaufen E m perors. CHAPEL

Late Gothic Art shows domination neither by the church nor by the aristocracy, but portrays an age in which middle class ideals were predominant. I n the southwest angle of the Chapel is the MADONNA of Lübeck, of the early 15th Century — typical of the middle class point of view in its mundane conception of a pretty girl with her baby. Characteristic of the middle class insistence on a rich and ornate style is the enormous elaboration of the BISHOP'S CHAIR OF ULM by Jörg Syrlin, completed in 1468. Somewhat later in the 15th Century is the TOMB OF FRIEDRICH III, which stands upright at the left of the door. T h e original is in the C h u r c h of St. Stephen, Vienna, and was the work of Nicholas Gerhaert of Leyden. Its rich decorative design and the restless flicker of light and shade — : due to the deep undercutting and the heavy splendor of the figure — are both typical of the late Gothic style. O n the east wall, near the Bishop's Chair, is the ALTAR CARVING from the Brömbsen Chapel of the Church of St. James at Lübeck, executed about 1500. It illustrates the influence of painting on late Gothic sculpture, not only in its pictorial style but also in its composition which is like a Flemish painting transposed into stone T h e TOMB OF ST. SEBALD, by Pieter Vischer, from the Church of St. Sebald in Nuremberg, fills the west side of the Chapel. A Renaissance monument of the early 16th Century, it is one of the most important bronze creations of the period. T h e airy Gothic structure is profusely decorated with saints and with both mythological and allegorical figures. O n l y the Apostles on the piers, the figure of St. Sebald and Vischer's self-portrait are by the master himself; the rest is the work of his sons and followers. O n

t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e o f t h e C h a p e l i s t h e TOMB OF COUNT AND COUNTESS

VON HENNEBERG, another product of the Vischer bronze foundry. T h e style is much more calm and restrained than the turbulent treatment of late

G E R M A N I C MUSEUM C O U R T Y A R D

T H E G O L D E N G A T E ( F R E I B U R G ) — G E R M A N I C MUSEUM

GERMANIC

MUSEUM

79

Gothic. A t the northwest corner is A d a m Kraft's ENTOMBMENT OF CHRIST, from the Stations of the Cross in Nuremberg, one of the most monumental works in stone executed in Germany in the 16th Century, again typifying the quiet, plastic style of the early Renaissance.

RENAISSANCE

HALL

Renaissance paintings, statues and tapestries —· ranging in date from the 15th to the 17th Centuries — are shown in the Renaissance Hall, which is arranged so as to be available for public lectures and concerts. Beneath the b a l c o n y a t t h e e a s t e n d is a n e a r l y 1 6 t h C e n t u r y CARVED AND PAINTED A L T A R

of provincial workmanship, showing the close relationship between painting and sculpture. Nearby, in the corner, are several 17th Century Dutch paintings. O n the south wall is a notable painting of the CRUCIFIXION, the central part of an altarpiece, by the Master of St. Severin. Its mundane and realistic representation of the Crucifixion and the inclusion of the portraits of the donors reflect the life of middle class society. This painting, which represents the Cologne School of the early 16th Century, is on loan from the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. T h e CRUCIFIXION near the west door is of the Westphalian School of the early 16th Century. T h e composition shows the influence of engraving on painting at that time, for it is taken from an engraving by Schöngauer. T h e l a r g e p a n e l o f ST. MICHAEL, ST. JOHN AND ST. GEORGE a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e w e s t

wall, an example of the Middle Rhine School, attains the true decorative monumentality of the Renaissance. Renaissance tapestries and reproductions of the goldsmith's art are shown in the balcony of the Renaissance Hall.

CONTEMPORARY ARTS

Modern Decorative Arts are shown in one room at the west end of the building; they are also represented in the Special Exhibitions placed from time to time in the other small rooms adjoining the Renaissance Hall. T h e collection of decorative arts includes contemporary examples of textiles, glass, pottery and metal work from Germany and Scandinavia. M a n y of these pieces show how perfectly modern design has adapted itself to machine methods of production. Contemporary Germanic sculpture is also represented in these rooms. Especially notable are the graceful DANCER by Georg K o l b e and the monumental and powerful figure of a BEGGAR by Ernst Barlach, typical of the artist's work and eloquent of post-war Germany.

8o

H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK

THE HISTORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM

T h e history of the Germanic Museum is briefly told on the bronze plaque in the Entrance Rotunda. In 1897 Professor K u n o Francke (hon. LITT.D. 1912) set on foot a movement to provide at Harvard a museum which would illustrate, by reproductions as well as by original works of art, the outward aspect of the development of German civilization. This project was stimulated by the German Emperor with a great gift of reproductions of monumental sculptures. Other gifts from the Swiss Government and from individuals were added, and the Museum opened in 1903 in the old Rogers Building. From this beginning it has become one of the foremost American centers for the study of Germanic art and culture. T h e Germanic Museum assists the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures by collecting reproductions, originals and study material in the field of Germanic art and cultural history. It also provides the Division of the Fine Arts with a center for material in this field. T h e Museum's work is furthered by the K u n o Francke Professorship (established 1929), bringing to Harvard each year an eminent scholar to lecture on broad aspects of Germanic culture. Special Exhibitions, changed about once a month, are held in the five small rooms at the south of the Renaissance Hall, looking out upon the Courtyard. These have been of great variety as may be seen from the following list, which mentions only a few: German Prints from 1450 to the Present D a y ; Dutch Drawings of the 17th Century; Modern Hungarian Paintings; Modern German Paintings; Books and Manuscripts by Wolfgang von Goethe; International Photography; Etchings and Dry Points by Rembrandt; Modern German and Austrian Ecclesiastical Art; and Contemporary Design in Textiles. T h e Museum also conducts a programme of extension work including free art classes for public school children. Several exhibits, circulated throughout New England, are used by teaching institutions free of charge. The Library of the Museum, at the south side of the Courtyard, contains 2,000 volumes and a carefully catalogued and rapidly growing collection of almost 10,000 photographs. This vast amount of material offers to the student of Germanic art and culture an opportu-

RANDALL

8l

HALL

nity for detailed study unique in this country.

A large collection of

lantern slides is used for instruction at H a r v a r d as well as at other institutions. RANDALL

HALL

1899 R a n d a l l H a l l , the brick building at the corner of K i r k l a n d Street and D i v i n i t y A v e n u e , was originally a dining hall built partly to a c c o m m o d a t e the overflow of students unable to obtain board at M e m o r i a l H a l l b u t also w i t h a design to furnish cheaper board than was offered there.

T h e greater part of its cost was given b y the trus-

tees of the estate of J o h n W i t t R a n d a l l (A.B. 1834) and Belinda L u l l R a n d a l l , w h i c h was left for charitable enterprises.

It was used as a

dining hall until the spring of 1912. O n either side of the m a i n entrance are two granite pinnacles from the spires of the old G o r e H a l l L i b r a r y , reminders of the three years, 1 9 1 2 - 1 9 1 5 , w h e n R a n d a l l H a l l housed the m a j o r portion of the C o l l e g e L i b r a r y while the new W i d e n e r L i b r a r y building was being constructed.

Since 1 9 1 6 it has been used temporarily b y the print-

ing department of the H a r v a r d University Press. T H E H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY PRESS

Printing and publishing have always been so intimately associated with the history of universities that it is not surprising to find the first press in the Colonies closely allied with the beginnings of Harvard College. There is no connection, however, between any modern printing plant and Stephen Day's shop of 1638; nor is there any trace of the "rare and rich present of Hebrew and Greek types" given to the College by Thomas Hollis in 1726. From 1 6 9 2 — w h e n the Indian College press 1 was discontinued — until 1871 the University had no press of its own; but it then began to print its own examination papers and other small items. The scope of the work gradually enlarged, and in 1913 a publishing department was added to the printing office, the whole organization being called the Harvard University Press. In January, 1916, quarters were transferred from the basement of University Hall to Randall Hall, which now houses the printing plant; and in the summer of 1932 the executive offices were moved to a house at 38 Quincy Street. The printing department does the official printing for the University, and in addition manufactures for the publishing department of the Press many of its books. The list now comprises about 1,600 titles, the work of both 1

See p. 10.

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H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

American and foreign scholars.

HANDBOOK

T h e Harvard University Press also dis-

tributes several serial publications, among them the Harvard the Harvard

Economic Studies

and the Harvard

Oriental

Series,

It also acts

Studies in Education.

as American publisher for the Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture

(Oslo, Norway), for the Harvard-Yenching

Institute

(Peiping,

China) and for the American School for Classical Studies (Athens, Greece). In 1934 the University received as part of the bequest of James Loeb (A.B. Ι 888) the proprietary rights in the Loeb Classical

Library.

T h e Harvard

University Press has been designated as the American publisher of this series, which now comprises over 300 volumes.

INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATION 1931 Information Office: Main Entrance

1

T h e building of the Institute of Geographical Exploration, two stories high and surmounted by two 8o-foot radio towers, was designed by Horace Trumbauer of Philadelphia (the architect of the Widener Library building) and was the gift in 1930 of Dr. A . Hamilton Rice. O n the exterior walls are marble plaques representing the signs of the zodiac. Over the entrance is a world map on the Aitoff projection, representing the continents in their true proportions. Inside the Institute building one may note its graceful architectural design: the wide central stairway, the fine mouldings and the large colonial doorways at the ends of the corridors. A t either side of the central stairway are passages to the Auditorium which seats about 300 persons and is used to show sound-films in connection with all departments of the University. T h e purpose of the Institute is primarily to train those who are to gather scientific geographical data in the field. This aspect of geography — involving the scientific measurement of position, the accurate mapping of land and water forms, and the precise determination of climatic conditions — is known as " q u a n t i t a t i v e " ge1

Visitors are requested to register at the Office.

INSTITUTE OF G E O G R A P H I C A L E X P L O R A T I O N

83

ography. 1 Projects of paramount importance, in that they are auxiliary to exploration and surveying, are the development of aerial photography and topographical surveying, and the technical development of portable wireless apparatus for communication in the field. AERIAL SURVEYING

T h e use of oblique aerial photography in exploration and surveying is shown by photographs in the first floor corridor. T h e methods of preparing maps and topographical models from aerial surveys are shown in the Draughting Room at the north end of the corridor and in the Computing Room adjoining it. Below the Draughting R o o m are the laboratories and dark rooms for photography. A classroom for instruction in the use of the aerial camera is on the second floor. T h e Computing R o o m is used for instruction in plotting geographical positions by mathematical means. A course in navigation is given for undergraduates in Harvard College by the Department of N a v a l Science and Tactics. The Harvard Travellers Club has its meeting room at the left of the south corridor. This room, furnished by the C l u b , contains a m a p of the world showing where its members have travelled since it was organized in 1902. PRECISION INSTRUMENTS

The Instrument Room is at the south end of the first floor corridor, and adjoining it is a room for instrument testing and repair. Here are kept the modern surveying, astronomical and navigational instruments used in practical instruction. T w o important instruments are a handsome ship's binnacle in brass, and a deviascope — an ingenious invention showing accurately the deviation and variation of the magnetic compass. T h e case in the middle of the room, designed with a mirror to show both sides of objects, contains a collection of time-keepers, most of which have done yeoman service on various expeditions. Instruction in the practical use of astronomical, surveying and navigational instruments is conducted on the fiat roof of the building 1 Studies in "qualitative" geography — the causation of geographic forms and their economic and social significance — are under the Division of Geology and Geography at the University Museum.

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HANDBOOK

of the Institute. T h e penthouse enclosing the stairway to the roof contains a glass-partitioned r o o m housing meteorological recording instruments. 1 A m o n g the other instruments in the Institute is one of the seven most accurate clocks in the U n i t e d States — the remarkable " Shortt C l o c k " w h i c h is installed in a constant-temperature vault in the basement. Its probable y e a r l y deviation is only four or five seconds. M a n y of the clocks in this section of the University are controlled through an adjoining " s l a v e " clock w h i c h is automatically checked every thirty seconds w i t h the Shortt clock. In the Communications Room, on the second floor, radio time signals f r o m five stations are automatically recorded for comparison w i t h the electrical impulses simultaneously sent out b y the Shortt clock. I n this w a y a n y clock error c a n be determined to a b o u t one 2000th of a second. A c c u r a c y of timing to thousandths of a second is essential to the experimental w o r k of the Institute. Efforts are being m a d e to perfect the use of portable shortwave sets for geographical expeditions in the field, and to develop the use of accurate time signals for longitude determinations in geodetic and geophysical work. T h e radio e q u i p m e n t of the Institute is effective at a distance of 5,000 miles or more, depending on atmospheric conditions. T H E HISTORY OF M A P - M A K I N G

In the second-floor corridor is displayed a collection of maps illustrating the history of m a p - m a k i n g . T h e series begins at the left of the stairs w i t h a p h o t o g r a p h of the oldest k n o w n m a p (2500 B.c.) — the original of w h i c h is in the Semitic M u s e u m next door — and ends w i t h an aerial m a p of today. T h e significance of each of these maps in the history of c a r t o g r a p h y is explained in the descriptions a c c o m p a n y i n g them. The Map Room, at the north end of this floor, is equipped w i t h shelves for the storage of large atlases and w i t h dust-proof drawers. H e r e are filed more than 13,000 sheet m a p s representing the g r o w t h of c a r t o g r a p h y and scientific surveys of the entire world. M a p s primarily of historical interest, however, are in the Justin Winsor R o o m of the W i d e n e r L i b r a r y building. 1 T h e Blue Hill Observatory in Milton carries on research in meteorology and weather forecasting (p. 247).

SEMITIC

MUSEUM

85

GEOGRAPHICAL LIBRARY

The Library of the Institute, at the south end of the second floor corridor, contains about 4,500 volumes and an analytical reference file of material in periodicals. Like other departments of the Institute, the Library is an active agent in research. In the basement and sub-basement, w h i c h are connected with the Library by a book-lift, are bookstacks with a capacity of 85,000 volumes. T h e Library collection stresses historical and scientific accounts of discovery and exploration, geographical periodicals and technical works on aerial photography, meteorology and cartography, along with a wide range of subjects related to the work of the Institute. Notable a m o n g the contemporary historical material is the collection of books and documents on early discoveries and exploration, collected by Joseph T u c k e r m a n T o w e r (A.B. 1921) and given in his memory.

SEMITIC MUSEUM 1902 Week Days, g to 5 ; Sundays, 1 to 4.30 N e a r Eastern Archaeology, the province of the Semitic Museum, provides us with a knowledge of the history and culture of the Semitic nations — Arabs, Aramaeans, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hebrews and Phoenicians. These peoples, w h o gave to the world the alphabet and the three great monotheistic religions — Judaism, Christianity and M o h a m m e d a n i s m — played an important röle in ancient and medieval history. T h e collections of the Museum, beg u n in 1889, are largely the gift of J a c o b H . Schiff, w h o also provided the M u s e u m building on Divinity A v e n u e . His portrait has been placed in the stair hall. ASSYRIA

Facing the entrance is a huge cast of an Assyrian LAMASSU, a semi-divine being having the body of a lion, the wings of an eagle and the head of a man. Statues of this type were placed at the entrance to Assyrian temples and palaces. On the second floor, at the south side of the room and beginning at the left of the entrance, are reproductions of bas-reliefs from the palace built by Ashurnazirpal, king of Assyria from 884 to 860 B.C. His reign was marked

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both by high artistic achievement and by far-reaching military campaigns, the history of which is narrated here in sculptured form. In one of the single cases (E) is the B L A C K OBELISK of Shalmanezer III (860-825 B - c ·) which shows Jehu, king of Israel, kissing the feet of the Assyrian king. The sculptured history of later Assyrian reigns is continued in the basreliefs at the northwest section of the room: Tiglathpilezer III (745-727 B . C . ) , Sargon (722-705 B . C . ) , Sennacherib (705-681 B . C . ) and Ashurbanipal (668-626 B . C . ) . Under these kings Assyria reached the apex of its imperial power and artistic development. It was of Sennacherib that Byron wrote: The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold . . . BABYLONIA

A cast of the famous STELA OF HAMMURABI (с. 2000 B . C . ) , with the text of his Code of Laws, is near the west center window. Its bas-relief represents Shamash, the sun god and god ofjustice, delivering the Code to Hammurabi, who stands in the attitude of reverence. Below the bas-relief and on the back of the stela the Code is written in ancient Babylonian characters. Among the Sumerian (Southern Babylonian) monuments are the headless statues of Gudea (с. 2350 B . C . ) , which are nearby in the single cases B, C, D and H. Babylonian CYLINDER SEALS of beautiful workmanship are shown in the low cases, together with pottery and figurines. Objects of Hurrian culture, found by the Harvard expedition to Nuzi, near Kirkuk, Iraq, in 1927-1931, are in one of these center cases and are also at the northeast corner of the room. These finds are especially significant in that they record not the legal and military activities usually found in such records, but the social and economic life of a non-Semitic people who flourished in Northern Mesopotamia about 1500 B.C. T H E OLDEST K N O W N M A P , dating from 2500 B . C . , was discovered by this expedition and is exhibited in Case 13, near the north windows. It shows a sea, two rivers, two mountain ranges and three cities whose names are given in Babylonian cuneiform characters. 1 E G Y P T , PHOENICIA AND PALESTINE

The cultures of ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, Persia and Palestine, as well as of modern Arabia, Palestine and Syria, are represented on the third floor. Manuscripts in Arabic, Syriac, Coptic and Hebrew are on exhibition in the high cases at the left. Here are also classical, Biblical and commercial 1 An exhibit of maps illustrating the history of cartography is in the Institute of Geographical Exploration, the next building to the south.

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papyri from Egypt, written in Greek uncial letters. T h e beginning of the text of Paul's Epistle to the Romans, exhibited here, is believed to be from the early part of the 4th Century. Earlier papyrus fragments shown in the same case bear the text of the Odyssey. Among other objects in the high cases here and at the other side of the room are Graeco-Roman lamps and glass objects dating from 330 B.C. to 130 A.D. T h e model of the Hill of Zion with its modern buildings, and an elaborate tentative reconstruction of Herod's Temple, are the work of Dr. Konrad Schick of Berlin, made in 1903. Other conjectural reconstructions are those of the Tabernacle (in the Stair Hall) and the smaller exhibits, including the Temple of Solomon, at the south side of the room. Collections to illustrate the birds, agriculture and natural history of Palestine — made by the Reverend Selah Merrill, consul at Jerusalem in the latter part of the 19th Century, and deposited here by the Divinity School — are on the east wall and at the south side of the room, with examples of modern Palestinian peasant dress and household implements which have changed little since Biblical days. These collections are representative of a period in which every effort was made to visualize the lands and scenes of the Bible. Egyptian and Phoenician objects in the Semitic Museum include three decorated mummy cases at the north side of the room and a number of funerary objects at the northwest corner. T h e large cast nearby is that of the lower part of a statue (с. 9th Century B.C.) with an Aramaic inscription. Near the center west window is a replica of a sarcophagus made for the K i n g of Sidon about 130 B.C. with a long Phoenician inscription. T h e color of the original is shown by two examples in the wall case at the left (Case 10). T o the north of this is a case with small Egyptian figurines. Ancient pottery and spear heads obtained at Samieh, Palestine, which date from the Early Bronze Age (с. 2500-2000 B.C.) to the Late Bronze Age (c. 1600-1200 B.C.) are in the four cases (G, Η , I and J) opposite the four south windows. RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION E x p e d i t i o n s in w h i c h the S e m i t i c M u s e u m has t a k e n p a r t h a v e w o r k e d a t S a m a r i a in Palestine, N u z i in I r a q , S e r a b i t in the S i n a i P e n i n s u l a , a n d V a n i n A r m e n i a . T o e n l a r g e o u r h o r i z o n in the hist o r y a n d c u l t u r e of the a n c i e n t peoples of the N e a r E a s t the results of these e x p e d i t i o n s h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d in the v o l u m e s of the Harvard Semitic Series, c o n t a i n i n g a r c h a e o l o g i c a l reports a n d editions of a n cient c u n e i f o r m tablets. M e m b e r s of the D i v i s i o n of S e m i t i c L a n g u a g e s a n d H i s t o r y (a p a r t of the F a c u l t y of A r t s a n d Sciences) a r e e n g a g e d in the study of the l a n g u a g e s a n d cultures of the Semites. R e g u l a r instruction is

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o f f e r e d in A r a b i c , H e b r e w , A r a m a i c , S y r i a c a n d A s s y r i a n ; special courses in o t h e r S e m i t i c l a n g u a g e s a n d dialects a r e p r o v i d e d for a d v a n c e d students. C o u r s e s o n the history of B a b y l o n i a a n d A s s y r i a , of a n c i e n t Israel, of the A r a b s a n d of the J e w s a r e g i v e n in c o o p e r a tion w i t h the D e p a r t m e n t of H i s t o r y , a n d in a n c i e n t religions in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h studies in the H i s t o r y a n d P h i l o s o p h y of R e l i g i o n s . Courses o n the O l d T e s t a m e n t in the H a r v a r d D i v i n i t y S c h o o l a r e also g i v e n b y m e m b e r s of this D i v i s i o n .

HARVARD DIVINITY SCHOOL DIVINITY HALL • — ANDOVER HALL 1826

1911

Offices and Library: Andover Hall T h e o l o g y has b e e n t a u g h t at H a r v a r d since the o p e n i n g of the C o l l e g e . T h e oldest e n d o w e d professorship in the U n i v e r s i t y is the Hollis Professorship of D i v i n i t y , established in 1 7 2 1 . T h e D i v i n i t y S c h o o l w a s o r g a n i z e d as a separate d e p a r t m e n t of the U n i v e r s i t y in 1816, a n d the F a c u l t y of D i v i n i t y w a s c r e a t e d in 1819. A t the a n n u a l G r a d u a t e s ' V i s i t a t i o n in 1838 R a l p h W a l d o E m e r s o n (A.B. 1 8 2 1 ) d e l i v e r e d his Divinity School Address, w h i c h , as the k e y n o t e of T r a n scendentalism, m a y b e r e g a r d e d as a l a n d m a r k in the history of American thought. DIVINITY HALL {Graduate Dormitory: Not Open to Visitors) seems o v e r s h a d o w e d beside the l a r g e structures of the U n i v e r s i t y M u s e u m a n d the B i o l o g i c a l L a b o r a t o r i e s . I t was, h o w e v e r , the first b u i l d i n g in this section of the U n i v e r s i t y g r o u n d s , h a v i n g b e e n erected in 1826 o n w h a t h a d f o r m e r l y b e e n pasture l a n d in the r e a r of " P r o f e s s o r s ' R o w , " n o w K i r k l a n d Street. Subscriptions for the b u i l d i n g a n d the l a n d w e r e o b t a i n e d b y the S o c i e t y for P r o m o t i n g T h e o l o g i c a l E d u c a t i o n , w h i c h has since c o n t i n u e d to s u p p o r t the w o r k of the D i v i n i t y School. S i n c e 1 9 1 1 t h e L i b r a r y of the S c h o o l has b e e n l o c a t e d in A n d o v e r H a l l , a n d in 1922 its offices w e r e m o v e d there. T h e old D i v i n i t y L i b r a r y , the n e x t b u i l d i n g to the north, w a s b u i l t in 1887; b u t since 1923 it has b e e n o c c u p i e d b y the F a r l o w H e r b a r i u m . 1 1

See p. 95.

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ANDOVER HALL 1 is across Divinity Field to the northeast of the Biological Laboratories. Built in 1911 when the Andover Seminary 2 moved from Andover to Cambridge, it was purchased by the University in 1935. T h e building, designed by Charles Collens, is Collegiate Gothic in style and is built of Fitchburg granite trimmed with Indiana limestone. T h e front is at the east, facing Francis Avenue and toward " Shady Hill," the former residence of Professor Charles Eliot Norton, part of whose estate was purchased for Andover Hall. Among the interesting features of Andover Hall are the trademarks of early printers of the Scriptures, shown in the leaded glass of the Library windows. T H E W O R K OF T H E D I V I N I T Y

SCHOOL

T h e Harvard Divinity School is free from any denominational control. Its constitution provides that " e v e r y encouragement be given to the serious, impartial, and unbiased investigation of Christian truth, and that no assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of Christians be required either of the Students or Professors or Instructors." T h e aim of the School is to develop in theological studies the same freedom of spirit and thought with which such subjects are studied in the College, and to that end most of its Faculty are also members of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Its work is thus closely allied with the Departments of History, Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology. T h e combined Andover-Harvard Theological Library in Andover Hall is supplemented by the resources of the Widener Library and the Robbins Library of Philosophy in Emerson Hall, thus providing for theological students a collection of unusual scope. T h e School is also affiliated, for the exchange of students, with the Newton Theological Institution (Baptist), the Boston University School of Theology (Methodist), the Tufts College School of Religion 1 During the summer, visitors should enter at the south end of Andover Hall by the Lower Library Entrance. 2 The Andover Theological Seminary was founded in 1807 in protest against the Unitarian tendencies then manifest at Harvard. In 1922 the Andover and Harvard Divinity Schools were joined, but legal obstructions terminated the union in 1926. Since 1931 the work of the Andover Seminary has been carried on at the Newton Theological Institution.

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(Universalist) a n d t h e E p i s c o p a l T h e o l o g i c a l S c h o o l , situated o n Brattle Street in C a m b r i d g e . I n this w a y a n o p p o r t u n i t y is g i v e n for liberal e d u c a t i o n i n t h e o l o g y a n d in practical religious p r o b l e m s . T h e results of studies in t h e history a n d p h i l o s o p h y of religion are p u b l i s h e d in t h e Harvard Theological Review.

THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES I931 Information Office: Main Entrance T h e Biological Laboratories, d e v o t e d to the study of l i v i n g o r g a n isms, are h o u s e d in o n e of the m o s t distinctive b u i l d i n g s of the U n i versity, e r e c t e d largely t h r o u g h t h e generosity of t h e Rockefeller F o u n d a t i o n . F i v e stories high, it forms a large court, similar to that of the U n i v e r s i t y M u s e u m opposite. Externally, the f u n c t i o n a l d e sign a n d simplicity of the b u i l d i n g h a v e b e e n relieved b y the c a r v e d frieze o n the u p p e r brick f a c i n g ( b e h i n d w h i c h are r o o m s c o n t a i n i n g v e n t i l a t i n g fans a n d other m a c h i n e r y ) a n d b y the lace-like sculptures of the m a i n e n t r a n c e doors. The frieze of carvings, designed by Miss Katharine Lane of Manchester, is cut into the brick with broad slanting strokes so that the effect of the actual line is heightened by the resultant shadow. The animal groupings represent f o u r of t h e Zoogeographie regions of t h e w o r l d .

The ETHIOPIAN region — Africa south of the deserts — is represented in the center section by a majestic grouping of seventeen African elephants — a composition 100 feet long and 1 of feet high. At either side of it are individual animals of this region with their common names: at the left — sable antelope, kudu, gorilla, lion, biesa oryx and gnu; at the right — zebra, black rhinoceros, Cape buffalo, African ostrich, hippopotamus and eland. The INDO-AsiATic region is represented on the south wing of the building: starting from the corner — argal, kiang, Asiatic wapiti, Indian leopard, nilgai, Prejvalsky horse, axis deer and a group of tigers. The HOLARCTIC region, which covers most of the northern temperate zone and also the arctic zones, is represented on the south wing by the following animals: polar bear, Himalayan ibex, timber wolf, puma, Rocky Mountain goat, Marco Polo sheep, sea lion and a group of buffalo. At the Divinity Avenue end of the building is a group of pelicans in flight. The NEOTROPICAL region of South America is represented on the north wing of the building by eight animals: boa constrictor, giant tortoise, tapir, giant anteater, iguana, jaguar, maned wolf and guanaco. Animals of the

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region may be sculptured later when this wing is completed to its full length. AUSTRALIAN

On the three Main Entrance Doors are designs also by Miss Lane. The left door symbolizes THE SEA, showing representatives of several invertebrate groups; the center door, with its insects, symbolizes THE AIR; the right door represents T H E E A R T H , the subjects here being botanical, showing the rise of higher or flowering plants from the lower or non-flowering ones. All of them are represented as highly magnified. On each door, from left to right, beginning at the top, they are: THE SEA: (I) a radiolarian, one of the protozoa; (2) a brittle starfish; (3) Glaucilla — a marine nudibranch mollusc; (4) a crab; (5) a sea spider; (6) a trilobite — representing an invertebrate order now extinct; (7) a jellyfish; and (8) a squid. THE AIR: (I) praying mantis; (2) wasp; (3) queen ant; (4) beetle; (5) spider; (6) ichneumon fly; (7) bee; and (8) butterfly. THE EARTH: the higher plants are at the top of the door, the lower plants at the bottom — (1) leaves and female flowers of the ginkgo or maidenhair tree; (2) flower of the cowparsnip; (3) follicles of a sedge adapted to wind dispersal; (4) fruit of the warty sedge; (5) flower of another sedge; (6) spikelet of a rough hair grass; (7) mushrooms; and (8) common seaweed — the rockweed or bladderwrack. EQUIPMENT

OF

THE

LABORATORIES

Both the exterior and the interior of the building express a rigid simplicity in which every foot of space is usefully employed, the only luxury being a multiplicity of readily available aids for all types of biological research. The various units within the building include not only working space assigned to members of the staff and their students but also certain common units which serve the needs of all. Among these common services are stock rooms (one for glassware and chemicals and another for equipment), shops containing both metal-working and wood-working equipment, and aquarium rooms for the proper housing of aquatic and semi-aquatic animals and plants. Similar facilities are the dark rooms for experiments which must be carried on under specific conditions of illumination and for special photographic work; cold rooms in which the temperature can be kept constantly low over long periods of time; animal rooms for the proper maintenance of stocks of small mammals and birds for use in the study of behavior, genetics, the physiology of reproduction

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and the physiology of development; and greenhouses which supply both terrestrial and aquatic material for class and experimental use. Other common units, devised for more specific uses, are the soundproof rooms, the physical exercise room for the study of human reactions, and a room with special foundation piers, separate from the building and hence relatively free of vibrations, for work with galvanometers and other delicate measuring equipment. Photographic equipment is likewise centralized both for general use and for special types of work. In the seminar rooms or lecture rooms throughout the building are held meetings of discussion groups as well as lectures in advanced courses. T h e principal lecture room, on the first floor directly opposite the main entrance, seats 151 and is equipped for all types of picture and sound projection. T h e Library of the Biological Laboratories (also on the first floor) is a working collection primarily adapted to those biological studies which are actively pursued here, and does not duplicate the facilities of other branches of the University Library. It contains 4,800 volumes, 255 volumes of bound collected papers, 10,500 reprints on botanical subjects, a special reprint collection of 22,500 papers, donated by Professor George Howard Parker (S.B. 1887), and files of seventy-seven scientific journals, of which fifty-three are current. TEACHING AND RESEARCH IN BIOLOGY

A century ago botany and zoology were generally regarded as unconnected subjects. T h e various biological laboratories of the University grew up in widely separated locations — at the Botanical Garden and Gray Herbarium in Cambridge, at the Bussey Institution and the Arnold Arboretum near Forest Hills, and in the University Museum. Within the last generation, however, the study of function and behavior has tended to draw together these interests and to focus attention on properties of living systems rather than on the subjects as members of one kingdom or the other. This community of interest has been served at Harvard by assembling those interested in this more general approach under one roof and by recognizing but a single field of interest, biology. T h e activities of the Division of Biology may be roughly divided into three categories: (1) instruction for undergraduate and graduate

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students; (2) the introduction to research for adequately prepared undergraduates and graduates; and (3) the investigations by members of the staff and their students. It should be noted, however, that advanced instruction, both undergraduate and graduate, tends to merge with the introduction to research and this in turn often leads to more advanced original work. With the exception of the elementary work in physiology and biochemistry (regularly carried on in the south wing of the building) all of the introductory laboratory courses in experimental biology are accommodated temporarily in the north wing. T h e common interest of the biological group is indicated by the general seminars and discussions, but the more specific interests of its members are evident in the allocation of working space. Physiology and biochemistry are located in the south wing (Section A ) , the laboratories here being fitted for work in physiological genetics, sensory physiology, animal behavior, oceanic biology, the study of growth and the quantitative study of animal and plant reactions. Laboratories devoted to the study of the physiology of reproduction are located on the fourth floor in both Section A and Section B, the adjacent end of the central portion. Similarly, laboratories in which the work is primarily of a physical nature are found in both these sections. In Section Ε (the north wing) are the laboratories of physiological psychology, devoted to the study of the functions of the brain and the nervous system. 1 Physiological laboratories are also located at the Medical School and at the Fatigue Laboratory of the Graduate School of Business Administration. Zoology, in its experimental and some of its general phases, is studied in Sections В and С of the Biological Laboratories. These sections are in the central portion of the building, adjacent on the one hand to the laboratories of physiology and on the other to those of botany. In the laboratories on the basement floor the approach to biological problems is chiefly through physics and chemistry. T h e work on the first floor is histological and cytological; the laboratories on the second floor are concerned with the analysis of development; those on the third floor with experimental morphology. O n the fourth floor the laboratories are devoted not only to the study of the physiology of reproduction mentioned above, but some, together 1

For other work in psychology see p. 46.

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with those of the fifth floor, are used in the study of animal reactions. Work in entomology occupies several floors in Section C. Students of the classification, distribution and variation of animals utilize the vast collections of the M u s e u m of Comparative Zoology. Special work on heredity is also done at the Bussey Institution at Forest Hills. Studies in marine zoology are pursued in cooperation with the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Oceanographic Institution at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and with the Bermuda Biological Station. Tropical zoology is studied at the Atkins Institute of the Arnold Arboretum at Cienfuegos, Cuba, and, in conjunction with the American Institute of Tropical Research, at Barro Colorado Island, P a n a m a Canal Zone. At all these institutions facilities are provided for investigators working on special projects. Botanical studies at the Biological Laboratories are supplemented by extensive studies on the morphology, cytology, heredity and physiology of plants carried on at the Bussey Institution, the Arnold Arboretum and the Atkins Institute. Problems of silviculture are under investigation at the H a r v a r d Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts. In the University M u s e u m is the Botanical M u s e u m with its world-famous collection of glass flower models illustrating plant classification and pathology; the laboratory of economic botany; and a notable collection of fossil plants. Mounted collections of plants are available at three herbaria: the Farlow H e r b a r i u m of Cryptogamic Botany (adjacent to the Biological Laboratories), the Gray H e r b a r i u m (Garden Street) and the Arnold Arboretum H e r b a r i u m (Jamaica Plain). I n Section D of the Biological Laboratories are the laboratories of plant morphology and cytology, in which research is pursued not only from the evolutionary standpoint but also from the standpoint of ontogeny — the life history and development of an individual. Here also are the laboratories of forest pathology, in which are investigated the fungi parasitic on forest and ornamental trees. T h e laboratories of cryptogamic botany are also located in Section D. Here experiments are m a d e on the fungi, a wide range of economically important plants, which are also significant in the study of plant disease and in h u m a n pathology. The interrelation of biological studies noted above shows that problems are being recognized in a large sense rather than restricted within the bounds of botany, zoology and physiology. This attitude

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is l a r g e l y the result of the establishment, in 1 9 3 1 , of the B i o l o g i c a l L a b o r a t o r i e s w h i c h b r o u g h t a b o u t a u n i f i c a t i o n of b i o l o g i c a l study s e l d o m seen elsewhere. T h r o u g h their close p r o x i m i t y to the C h e m i c a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , the P h y s i c a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , the E n g i n e e r i n g S c h o o l a n d the U n i v e r s i t y M u s e u m , b o t h staff a n d students e n j o y associations w h i c h a r e of the greatest i m p o r t a n c e in research. FARLOW

HERBARIUM

1 8 8 7 ; ADDITION 1 9 2 2

Open Only to (Qualified. Students and Investigators

1

G r y p t o g a m i c b o t a n y , w h i c h is the special p r o v i n c e of the F a r l o w H e r b a r i u m , relates to the l o w e r n o n - v a s c u l a r f o r m s of p l a n t life — the p l a n t b a c t e r i a , f u n g i , a l g a e , lichens a n d the b r y o p h y t e s or mosses. 2 T h e Farlow Herbarium and Library, which occupy the former D i v i n i t y S c h o o l L i b r a r y , a r e n a m e d in h o n o r of Professor W i l l i a m G i l s o n F a r l o w (A.B. 1866, M.D. 1870) w h o , in 1 9 1 9 , b e q u e a t h e d to the U n i v e r s i t y his extensive h e r b a r i u m a n d l i b r a r y of c r y p t o g a m i c b o t a n y . H e h a d b e g u n his c o l l e c t i n g w h i l e still a p u p i l of the e m i nent botanist, Professor A s a G r a y , a n d h a d a c c u m u l a t e d a n herb a r i u m of m o r e t h a n 150,000 specimens, exclusive of duplicates. H i s o r i g i n a l c o l l e c t i o n has b e e n steadily e n l a r g e d a n d its v a l u e e n h a n c e d b y the a d d i t i o n of a n u m b e r of f a m o u s h e r b a r i a , p a r t i c u l a r l y in the field of f u n g i , lichens a n d mosses. A t present there is a v e r y c o m p l e t e set of exsiccati — · or d r i e d specim e n s — of all g r o u p s of the n o n - v a s c u l a r c r y p t o g a m s . A s a result, H a r v a r d has n o t o n l y the largest f u n g u s h e r b a r i u m in this c o u n t r y , b u t also v e r y i m p o r t a n t collections of o t h e r l o w e r forms. T h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 505,000 specimens of f u n g i ; 105,000 of lichens; 195,000 of b r y o p h y t e s ; 42,000 of a l g a e ; a n d 100,000 in miscellaneous c o m b i n e d sets of specimens, o r a total of a b o u t 855,000 specimens. T h e c o l l e c t i o n is r e m a r k a b l y r i c h in types — the o r i g i n a l specimens u p o n w h i c h first descriptions w e r e b a s e d . THE FARLOW REFERENCE LIBRARY n o w comprises a p p r o x i m a t e l y 31,000 v o l u m e s , a b o u t one-third of w h i c h w e r e of Professor F a r l o w ' s 1 Those who plan to study here during the summer vacation months should make previous arrangements with the Curator for their accommodation. 2 Other botanical establishments are listed on the preceding page and are described on pp. 229-241.

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o w n collection. It is coordinated w i t h the g r o w t h of the herbarium collection. The Host Index of the Fungi of North America, published b y the F a r l o w H e r b a r i u m , is the standard reference w o r k u p o n w h i c h all mycologists and phytopathologists rely. In this are contained the names of all fungi, parasitic or otherwise, w h i c h h a v e been recorded in N o r t h A m e r i c a as occurring on different hosts, w h e t h e r plant or animal. Because of its importance, the Index is actively continued. In addition, there is the Bibliographic Index, w h i c h lists, so far as possible, all published references to the described species of fungi in N o r t h and Central A m e r i c a . T h e completeness of this card index makes it an extremely important source of information to those w h o m a y be engaged in a n y sort of investigation of fungi. T h e facilities of the F a r l o w H e r b a r i u m are constantly e m p l o y e d for the purpose of identifying material b y investigators outside the University, b y plant and animal pathologists, and to a lesser degree b y members of the medical profession.

HARVARD FILM

SERVICE

Office: Biological Laboratories, Room Ε 097 In the north w i n g of the Biological Laboratories are the offices and workrooms of the H a r v a r d F i l m Service, established' in 1934. It continues the film library a n d certain activities w h i c h had been carried on by the University F i l m Foundation, an independent educational institution operated in connection w i t h H a r v a r d University since 1928. T h e F i l m Service furnishes a licensed motion picture operator and projectors for the use of H a r v a r d and R a d c l i f f e classes as well as for other groups definitely associated w i t h the University. It also offers facilities for the developing, printing and editing of both sound and silent films, a small projection r o o m being available for previews. T h e production equipment is complete for m a k i n g silent films. T h e F i l m L i b r a r y , maintained b y the Service, is m a d e u p of over a thousand reels on a w i d e variety of subjects, either belonging to the various Departments, or otherwise available for University use. Photographs in this HANDBOOK, except as otherwise noted, were taken b y the H a r v a r d film service.

THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM

THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM Entrances from Oxford Street and Divinity Avenue

Five stories high and of dark red brick, the University Museum stands somewhat back from Oxford Street, its two wings forming a court at the rear. It contains not only public exhibition galleries but also accommodations for that part of the work in zoology, botany, geology and anthropology which is carried on through the systemization and comparison of specimens. The Museum is composed of several distinct sections. For a full appreciation of its contents and purpose, the visitor may best view its exhibits in the following order: I.

M U S E U M OF C O M P A R A T I V E Z O O L O G Y

The evolution, classification

and distribution

of animal

life.

(North wing and northwest corner; enter from Divinity Avenue at the north side of the Museum Court or through other museums.) II.

BOTANICAL M U S E U M

The classification and structure of plant life: contains the " Glass

Flowers."

(Center section; enter from Oxford Street or through other museums.) III.

G E O L O G I C A L AND M I N E R A L O G I C A L M U S E U M S

The structure and composition of the earth.

(Center section and southwest corner; enter through other museums.) IV.

P E A B O D Y M U S E U M OF AMERICAN A R C H A E O L O G Y AND E T H N O L O G Y

Anthropology:

the characteristics

of man and his

cultures.

(South wing, five floors; enter from Divinity Avenue or through other museums.)

The purpose of the founder of the Museum — the famous Swiss zoologist and geologist, Louis Agassiz, — was to bring together under one roof facilities for the study of all kinds of life — plants, animals and man. To understand what the University Museum is

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today and why it plays an important part in the scientific work of the University, one may recall the words of Alexander Agassiz, who succeeded his father in directing its activities from 1874 to 1910: It is not simply an agglomeration of room after room, of case after case, filled with specimens which to the uninitiated mean nothing; but it is a Museum which has been intelligently arranged. Each room means something; each room is there for a purpose, each case is there for a purpose, and each specimen should be there for some reason. But what is shown to the public is by far the smallest part of the Museum. Above and below the exhibition floor there are many stories and a basement in which are stored collections without which it is impossible for a teacher or professor in natural history to exist. . . . It is of the greatest importance that a university museum should not attempt to do what larger museums can do with impunity. O u r object is not to make vast collections simply for the sake of having vast collections. O u r object should be to make collections in such a way that they may be used to illustrate certain points, or used to carry on certain lines of investigation. T h a t is really the function of a university museum. Natural history collections were in existence at Harvard as early as 1769. But Agassiz's arrival in America in 1846 changed the entire trend of all collecting activities, for his unbounded enthusiasm was not only to collect on a grand scale but to utilize such collections for study. In 1847 he stored his own specimens in a shanty near the banks of the Charles River, and in 1850 the growing Museum was housed in a wooden building 1 on the site of the present Hemenway Gymnasium, adjacent to the Lawrence Scientific School, the department of the University in which Agassiz was teaching. T h e north wing of the University Museum building was started in 1859, 2 but not until 1915, when the final section was completed, was 1 Since moved to Jarvis Street, it is now the Students' Astronomical Laboratory (p. 152). 2 Beginning at the east end of the north wing, two sections were completed in i860, two more in 1872, another in 1877, the northwest corner in 1882, the central portion in 1889, the southwest corner in 1902, and the newest portion of the south wing in 1915, adjoining the Peabody M u s e u m — the two sections of which were erected in 1876 and 1888 respectively.

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99

Louis Agassiz's ideal fully realized. T h e center section carries the inscription " A g a s s i z H a l l " in honor of him w h o first conceived its plan. In fact, the entire University M u s e u m is popularly, although erroneously, called the Agassiz M u s e u m — perhaps no more than a just recognition of the share w h i c h Louis and Alexander Agassiz, father and son, had in its upbuilding. T h e i r portraits are placed in the first floor hall of the M u s e u m of Comparative Zoology.

I. THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY North Wing and Northwest Corner of the University Museum Open Week Days, g to 4.30; Sundays, 1 to 4.30: Closed July 4 and Christmas This section of the University M u s e u m is often called, for convenience, the " M . C . Z . " Its name was designated by the will of Francis Calley G r a y (A.B. 1809), w h o in 1858 left $50,000 to establish a " M u s e u m of Comparative Z o o l o g y . " A l t h o u g h its trustees transferred their trust to the University in 1876, the M u s e u m still retains its separate Faculty organization and issues a series of scientific publications, now totalling over 125 volumes, w h i c h has given it a distinctive international position a m o n g scientific institutions. T h e exhibition galleries are so arranged that a visitor m a y obtain of his own accord an appreciable knowledge of elementary systematic zoology. For convenience the exhibits m a y be grouped in four sections: A. B. C. D.

T h e evolution of animal life. T h e classification of animal life. Zoogeography: the distribution of animal life. Supplementary and special groups. (A)

THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL

LIFE

North Wing: First Floor Paleontology — the scientific study of the fossil remains of animals and plants — is carried on at Harvard under both the Division of Biology and the Department of Geology and Geography. Fossil remains are on display here; but fossil plants are shown in the Botanical Museum.

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The exhibit here displays the essential features of animal evolution through geologic time. Besides its use in elementary course instruction, it offers a great opportunity for individual study. In the stair hall near the entrance from the Museum Court are two immense sandstone slabs illustrating two types of fossil remains. In the hall leading to the main Paleontological Exhibit are a number of mounted fossil reptiles.

D E V E L O P M E N T OF T H E L O W E R ANIMALS

The main exhibit is arranged in the recognized order of classification, beginning with the lower animals. In the first room (Room 156) the invertebrate animals are arranged to show their genealogy and development. Several groups include restorations to show how animals now extinct probably appeared in life. The chart of the Echinoderms on the west wall shows the evolution of the starfish and the sea urchin over a period of 100,000,000 years. On the east wall is a similar chart showing the history, during some 12,000,000 years, of one family of the now extinct Trilobites. In the low case in the center of the room are specimens illustrating the various forms and states of preservation in which fossil animals are found. This exhibit, arranged for elementary instruction in paleontology and zoology, is but a minute portion of the vast study collection of invertebrate fossils which fills more than 8,000 drawers — sometimes with hundreds of specimens in a drawer. For advanced students of invertebrate paleontology there are two study series available: one according to zoological order; the other, which has been started more recently, arranged chronologically by geological ages in various geographical areas.

D E V E L O P M E N T OF T H E HIGHER ANIMALS

The two rooms at the end of this wing are devoted to the primitive vertebrates. In the first (southeast) room the larger specimens are in the center or are mounted on the walls. O n the north and west walls are the REPTILES which grew to enormous size in past geologic ages. As the Museum is primarily a research organization, no attempt is made to reconstruct these monsters for public display. Models of the larger reptiles are on the north wall, where there is also a rare specimen of a fossil snake and a display showing the method of preparing vertebrate fossils for preservation. A M P H I B I A N S , comparatively rare as fossils, are on the south wall. The fossil FISHES, beginning at the southeast corner and continuing around the walls of the next room, include some of the best examples from the Museum's collection of over 12,000 specimens.

MUSEUM OF C O M P A R A T I V E Z O O L O G Y

ΙΟΙ

BIRDS as fossils h a v e left only a f r a g m e n t a r y record of their development t h r o u g h the ages. O n the w a l l of the northeast corner r o o m ( R o o m 155) are the skeleton of the flightless Aepyornis of M a d a g a s c a r w i t h a perfect specimen of its egg, w h i c h is thought to h a v e given rise to the A r a b i a n Nights' legend of the R o c . FOSSIL MAMMALS are generally too large to b e systematically arranged within a small space. M a m m a l i a n fossils f r o m A r g e n t i n a are in the center of the northeast room. T h e next r o o m ( R o o m 153) is w h o l l y devoted to fossil m a m m a l s . I n the center area is one of the mastodons found at Hackettstown, N e w Jersey, in 1844 and presented to H a r v a r d in 1846. T h e tablet bearing the names of contributors has been preserved w i t h the gift. I n 1849 the remains of another mastodon w e r e found at M o u n t H o l l y , V e r m o n t , a n d w e r e secured b y Agassiz for the M u s e u m . O n the south w a l l the evolutionary series of fossil horses shows their g r a d u a l increase in size and the reduction in the n u m b e r of toes. A t the west are t w o fine Irish elk skulls, one with its complete skeleton — impressive as the remains of the largest deer k n o w n . (B)

THE

CLASSIFICATION

OF

ANIMAL

LIFE

N o r t h W i n g : T h i r d Floor T w o floors a b o v e the exhibit of the evolution of animals in prehistoric times is one that classifies animal life in our o w n era. T h e s e representative forms, giving striking examples of development, are arranged to supplement instruction in u n d e r g r a d u a t e courses in zoology. T h e i r order is as follows: Invertebrate animals Fishes A m p h i b i a n s and Reptiles Birds Mammals

R o o m 354 R o o m 355 R o o m 353 G a l l e r y of M a i n H a l l Main Hall

A d d i t i o n a l specimens, especially of m a m m a l s and birds, are in the exhibits illustrating zoogeography. T h e m a m m a l i a n exhibits in the M a i n H a l l and at the top of the stairway should properly be visited last, for m a m m a l s , including m a n , are the highest in the scale of a n i m a l classification. A t the east side of the M a i n H a l l , near the door leading to the other classified collections, visitors will pass the evidence for the last stage in animal evolution — the skeletons of the apes and of m a n . The Alexander Agassiz Memorial Coral Reef Room ( R o o m 352): T h e first r o o m at the east of the M a i n H a l l commemorates the younger Agassiz's absorbing interest in the study of coral reef formations. F o r the visitor it provides a fitting introduction to the significance of the minute invertebrates. T h e two

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models of Pacific island reefs, Borabora and Funafuti, in part built up by the skeletal remains of the corals, are best viewed from the south side near the windows. On the walls are reef-inhabiting forms of tropical marine life. 1

I N V E R T E B R A T E ANIMALS

Room 354 (Southeast Corner Room) The lower animals are so small that they take a minimum of exhibit space, yet their biological importance is becoming more and more apparent. The visitor with zoological interests will find the invertebrates exhibited in proper sequence, beginning on the west wall near the door with the most primitive protozoa and ending on the north wall with the most primitive of the chordata or vertebrates. Each phylum is further subdivided into subphylum, class, subclass, order, suborder, family, genus and species. Glass models of jellyfish and sea anemones, made by Rudolph Blaschka — famed as the creator of the " Glass Flowers" — are near the southwest corner. In the upper part of the center case are examples of insect architecture. Mounted beetles and butterflies are in the low cases at the east end of the room.2 Overhead is a life-size model of a giant squid, the largest known invertebrate. It is one of the mollusca, smaller examples of which may be seen on the north wall. 3 The valuable study collection of invertebrates, housed on the fourth and fifth floors of the Museum, consists of many million specimens. Many sections of this collection are the best or nearly the best in the world; others have not yet been fully developed. They are constantly being added to and are utilized as the basis for biological studies.

FISHES

Room 355 (Northeast Corner Room) Fishes, the lowest class of vertebrates, are difficult to exhibit satisfactorily, some forms being so soft-bodied that it is necessary to show models. The mounted specimens are often accompanied by skeletons to show important structural differences. The order of classification commences with the Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) in the floor case near the door. The Ganoids (garpikes and These supplement the special exhibit of marine fauna in Room 307 (p. 107). Neotropical and Asiatic moths and butterflies are included in the exhibits illustrating zoogeography (pp. 105-106). 3 A geographical grouping of marine invertebrates is in Room 307 (p. 107). 1

2

MUSEUM OF C O M P A R A T I V E

ZOOLOGY

IO3

sturgeons) together with the Dipnoi (lung-fish) are on the south wall near the door; the Teleosts (bony fishes) are in all the other cases. T h e Teleosts are the greatest in variety and abundance, and are significant for showing their adaptation to environments varying from shallow and well-lighted waters to the permanent darkness of great ocean depths. Certain aspects of this exhibit will appeal to different visitors: its order and arrangement to the student; the beautifully colored tropical fish to the artist; the well-known game fish to the sportsman; and the fish with peculiar characteristics to the curious. T h e study collection of fishes is not mounted but is preserved in tanks occupying five rooms in the basement of the Museum. It consists of several hundred thousand specimens, together with a collection of skeletons, being in many respects one of the finest available to American ichthyologists.

AMPHIBIANS A N D R E P T I L E S

Room 353 T h e two next classes in the order of vertebrate development are but briefly illustrated. AMPHIBIANS include the frogs, toads, newts, salamanders and blindworms. O n the east wall is shown the development of the young frog from the larva or tadpole stage to the adult. REPTILES, which no longer grow to the monstrous size of those shown downstairs (in the exhibit illustrating Evolution), include the lizards, the snakes — a suborder of highly specialized lizards — the crocodiles and alligators, and the turtles. Compared to the Museum's magnificent study collection of about 400,000 specimens, which in this field is probably excelled only by the collection of the British Museum, this small exhibit gives only the most elementary picture of these two groups. BIRDS

Gallery of Main H a l l 1 T h e synoptic exhibit of the orders and families of birds contains one or more representatives of the principal families, displaying, of course, only a fraction of the 300 genera and 25,000 known species. T h e Museum's unmounted study collection, however, has well over 250,000 skins, representing nearly all the genera and about sixty-five per cent of the species. 1 Mounted birds are also displayed in the exhibits of zoogeography and by the Thayer Collection of North American Birds (p. 107). A special exhibit of North American birds which are today extinct, or nearly so, is shown in the Northwest Stair Hall (p. 108).

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T h e sequence of the exhibit begins as usual with the primitive forms. At the south side of the gallery, to the left of the stairs, are the ostrich and cassowary; at the west side are the storks and herons, geese, ducks and the beautifully colored flamingo; at the northwest are the hawks, eagles and vultures, followed by the game birds, among which are the partridge and the splendid Javanese peacock; at the northeast are the many families of smaller perching and song birds. Especially interesting are the brilliantly colored parrots and a reconstruction of the Dodo, a flightless pigeon which became extinct only in the 17th Century.

MAMMALS

Main Hall

1

Because of their size the mammals, the highest class of animals, are not arranged in sequence. The place of the various mammalian orders in the family tree is, nevertheless, shown by a chart on the west wall. From this chart colored guide lines on the floor lead to the respective cases. The more primitive mammals are arranged along the west and north walls. Beginning at the southwest one may see the egg-laying platypus and the pouch-bearing kangaroo and opossum; insect eaters such as the bat, hedgehog and mole; and the rodents or gnawing animals — the porcupine, squirrel and rabbit. T h e groups which include the sloth, anteater and armadillo are on the north wall. The whales, whose skeletons are above the Main Hall at gallery level, are mammals especially developed for marine life. 2 The two main branches of the mammalian tree are indicated here by (1) the blue lines which lead to the cases on the south and east walls which contain the lemurs, monkeys, apes and man; and (2) by the red and pink lines which designate respectively the Carnivora, or meat-eating mammals, found on the west wall, and the Ungulata, or hoofed animals, in the center of the hall. I n the northwest center case are the odd-toed families, the tapir, rhinoceros and horse — the latter represented here by the zebra. The eventoed families are typified by the giraffe, okapi and llama, as well as by the horned mammals at the south end of the hall — goats and sheep, antelopes, deer and cattle. The Phillips Collection of Horns and Antlers, at the top of the main stairway, illustrates the variety of species in these four families of horned mammals. 1 Additional species of mammals are shown in the regional displays which adjoin the Main Hall on the west (pp. 105-106). 2 Mounted marine mammals are shown as a special group in Room 301 (p. 108).

MUSEUM OF C O M P A R A T I V E Z O O L O G Y

IO5

This collection, presented by John Charles Phillips (S.B. 1899), is one of the most complete of its kind and contains many heads of record size. The most outstanding specimens are designated by stars on the printed descriptions posted at the stair landing. In the mammalian exhibit many specimens are accompanied by mounted skeletons for purposes of instruction in the elements of systematic zoology. For advanced students a study collection is available. Ranking in number and importance about fourth among those in American museums, this collection contains over 30,000 skins and skulls, representing over 16,000 species. (C)

Z O O G E O G R A P H Y :

T H E

D I S T R I B U T I O N

O F

A N I M A L S

North Wing: Third Floor Five exhibit rooms of the Museum — two at the south side of this wing and three at the north — illustrate the geographic distribution of animals. They connect the Main Hall, where a synopsis of mammalian classification is shown, with the Northwest Stair Hall. It may be noted that the arrangement of the animals in each regional room corresponds as nearly as space permits to their sequence in classification. The Zoogeographie regions are the same as those already mentioned in describing the animal sculptures on the fagade of the Biological Laboratories (p. go).

H O L A R C T I C A N D E T H I O P I A N REGIONS

HOLARCTIC animals — those living in the North Temperate and Arctic zones — are in the first room to the left of the Main Hall. In the center are bison, deer and antelopes; on the upper level a group of bears, representing the grizzly, polar, cinnamon and black. Smaller mammals are in the wall cases. Many of these animals are not indigenous to North America, notably the chamois and ibex. The north wall case is filled with fur-bearing animals — wolverine, marten, mink and ermine, as well as the wolf, coyote and wildcat. On the east wall are some of the Holarctic rodents — the hare and rabbit, beaver, muskrat and squirrel. The birds shown here are all from the Old World; North American birds are given far more detailed consideration in Room 302 where the great Thayer Collection is placed. ETHIOPIAN animals are in Room 304 which also adjoins the Northwest Stair Hall. Here is a good collection of African big game —· the elephant, hippopotamus, eland, brindled gnu and other large antelopes. On the east wall are the zebra and the lesser antelopes; at the north are the lion, leopard

H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK

and the primates, which range from the gorilla down to the smallest monkey. The sub-region of MADAGASCAR is represented by a special case of animals and birds on the west wall. N E O T R O P I C A L , ASIATIC AND AUSTRALIAN REGIONS

NEOTROPICAL, or South American, fauna in Room 313 (entered from the Main Hall) show a lack of large animals which is offset by a varied and abundant bird life — especially parrots and humming birds. In the central case are the llama, jaguar, ocelot and the maned wolf, the latter a large and very rare species. The south wall case contains many varieties of monkeys, some of the curious South American rodents, and the sloths and armadillos. In the low center cases are some of the South American invertebrates: insects, especially butterflies, and some beautiful shells of molluscs. A special case shows the peculiarities of the birds and mammals of the West Indies and Galapagos Islands. ASIATIC animals (Room 311) include the Bengal tiger and the rare Mongolian tiger; the cheetah, a species of cat which is often trained for the chase; the nilgai, India's largest antelope; the kiang, regarded as a link between the horse and the ass; and the giant gaur, the largest of all bovine animals. The wall cases contain giant squirrels, gibbons and an orang-utan group. O n the west wall are a number of Oriental butterflies, beautiful in form and color. AUSTRALIAN animal life is shown in Room 309, which may be entered from the Asiatic Room and also from the Northwest Stair Hall. Its chief attraction is the group of Australian marsupials or pouch-bearing mammals, whose lowly place in classification has already been noted in the Main Hall. Among them are the kangaroo, wallaby, koala or native bear, opossum and the marsupial cats and squirrels. Near the windows the birds of Australia and its neighboring islands to the north are on display. A special case contains the peculiar birds of NEW ZEALAND, sometimes considered as a separate Zoogeographie region.

(D)

S U P P L E M E N T A R Y A N D SPECIAL G R O U P S Northwest Section: Third Floor

Four special exhibits supplement the regional and classified exhibits of animals. Two of these groups are of marine life — a subject to which Alexander Agassiz, who followed his father as head of the Museum, was unusually devoted. The third group illustrates the domestication of mammals and their hereditary characteristics; the fourth consists largely of the Thayer Collection of North American Birds, supplementary to the synoptic exhibit of bird classification in the Main Hall of the north wing.

M U S E U M OF C O M P A R A T I V E

ZOOLOGY

107

MARINE I N V E R T E B R A T E S

R o o m 307 (Northwest Corner R o o m ) This special exhibit of marine invertebrates (supplementing the systematic display already noticed in R o o m 354) is arranged geographically. T h e common tidepool invertebrates of the coast of Massachusetts Bay and of the northwest coast of America are in one of the cases facing the center of the room. T h e other case shows the common species of the northeastern Atlantic, familiar to the peoples of the British and northern French coasts. Specimens from the Strait of Magellan and neighboring waters are on the east wall between the doors. Blaschka glass models of sea cucumbers, cuttlefish and squids, sea anemones, and slugs, or shell-less molluscs, are in the low central cases. Near the windows many classes of invertebrates from the shallow waters of tropical seas are arranged in order of classification. Outstanding among these are giant corals from the great barrier reef of Australia. A special group of reefinhabiting animals is in the Alexander Agassiz Memorial Coral Reef R o o m (Room 352) (p. 101). Marine animals from the deep sea bottom are in the south wall case. Apparatus used in deep sea exploration is shown at the northeast corner of the room. M u c h of this material was used by expeditions in the Caribbean and in the Pacific between 1877 and 1905. M a n y objects are of historical interest, having been the first of their kind to be used in marine exploration. DOMESTICATED MAMMALS

R o o m 305 T h e extreme plasticity of animals under domestication is strikingly shown here by various breeds of chickens and dogs and by the less familar yak, reindeer, camel and dromedary. Principles of genetics and heredity — notably the degree to which the offspring of different-looking parents resemble one or the other, or combine their different characteristics — is illustrated on the north wall. Instances of albinism and other color aberrations are at the west, as are also hybrids between various distinct species of birds. N O R T H AMERICAN BIRDS

Room 302 (adjoining the Botanical Museum) and Northwest Stair Hall The Thayer Collection of North American Birds (Room 302) is a monument to the discriminating pertinacity of John Eliot T h a y e r (A.B. 1885) of Lancaster, Massachusetts. A benefactor of the Museum all his life, he left his col-

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lection to the Museum at his death. It is replete with beautifully mounted specimens of all the species native to North America, arranged in systematic sequence.1 Here the bird lover who observes afield may solve his problems of bird identification. In the Northwest Stair Hall are special exhibits relating to birds. The main types of birds' nests are illustrated on the west wall. George Washington's golden pheasants, presented to him by the Marquis de Lafayette, are among the oldest mounted birds in America. Near the door of the room is the last net used in New England for capturing the now extinct Passenger Pigeon. A large case on the opposite side of the door shows various extinct or vanishing North American birds, including the famous great auk and Labrador duck. At the other end of the Hall is a group of heath hens, a species surviving for many decades only on Marthas Vineyard and now finally extinct. The panel showing a group of white herons rising from a forest pool —• the greatest artistic treasure belonging to the Museum — was given by the artist, Frank W. Benson. In the two cases directly beneath this panel are shown noteworthy recent accessions to the collections. Over the stairs hang three pictures of unique interest: a portrait of the pioneer ornithologist of North America, John James Audubon (1780-1851); on either side of it, two of his masterpieces. MARINE MAMMALS

Room 301 (adjoining the Botanical Museum) Mounted specimens in this room illustrate the three mammalian orders 2 which have become modified for marine life: the Pinnipedia — seals, sea elephants, sea lions; the Sirenia — which include the Australian dugong and the Florida manatee or sea cow; and the Cetacea — whales and porpoises. The narwhal, a species of whale, is worthy of note for two reasons: this specimen was the first one to be mounted for exhibition in America, and it came from Newfoundland where the species is now extinct. The sea otter of the northwest Pacific Coast, now virtually extinct, is also of interest as it is the only true carnivore in North America adapted to marine life. From these seventeen exhibition rooms of the M u s e u m of C o m parative Zoology the visitor m a y gain some knowledge of the great diversity of the animal kingdom. In addition, the far more extensive 1 The Thayer Collection supplements the exhibit of Holarctic birds in Room 306 (p. 105), as well as the synoptic exhibit in the Gallery of the Main Hall (p. 103). 2 This room supplements the classification of mammals in the Main Hall, where marine mammals are represented by whale skeletons (p. 104).

BOTANICAL

MUSEUM

study collections lead one to appreciate the importance of systematic zoology, involving the accurate description and classification of animals. A s the Director of the University M u s e u m has stated in one of his annual reports: T h e realization grows that in no w a y can so wide a grasp be gained of m a n y aspects of animal life, such as of variation, of adaptation to environment, of distribution in time and space, and, above all, ,in the appreciation of the processes of evolution, as by working in a M u s e u m in daily intim a c y w i t h its great collections. T h e M u s e u m is no mere storehouse . . . but is a living and vital center.

II. BOTANICAL MUSEUM C e n t e r Section of the U n i v e r s i t y

Museum

Open Week Days, g to 4.30; Sundays, 1 to 4.30: Closed July 4 and Christmas T h e public exhibits of the Botanical M u s e u m are in the stair hall and on the third floor of the Central Section of the University M u s e u m , w h i c h m a y be entered either from O x f o r d Street or through the other exhibition halls. 1 Representing several aspects of botanical study, these exhibits are used in the work of elementary botanical courses. In this section of the University M u s e u m are also the Laboratories of Economic Botany. 2 T h e First Floor Stair Hall has been temporarily set aside for a special exhibit of FOREST MODELS loaned by the H a r v a r d Forest (p. 234). These models are described in detail in a special pamphlet. THE EVOLUTION OF P L A N T LIFE Second Floor Stair Hall P a l e o b o t a n y is concerned w i t h the ancient history of plants and the d e v e l o p m e n t of the plant k i n g d o m of t o d a y .

T h e exhibit illustrates briefly the

Visitors coming from the M u s e u m of Comparative Zoology will enter at the Economic Botany R o o m (p. 113). 1

2 For the use of advanced students systematic study collections of mounted plants are at the G r a y Herbarium on Garden Street (p. 239), the Farlow H e r barium on Divinity Avenue (p. 95), the Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum and its tropical station in C u b a (p. 229), and at the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts (p. 234). Laboratory work is carried on at these institutions and at the Biological Laboratories on Divinity A v e n u e (p. 90).

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significance of the work of the paleobotanist and the various methods used to interpret fossil plants. The structure of petrified plants is shown by selected microscopic preparations in the wall case to the right as one comes up the stairs. Such preparations from plants millions of years old tell almost as much to the botanist as do similar ones made from existing plants. T h e apparatus for making these microscopic sections is installed in the basement of the museum. O f special interest here are the "cellulose-peels" made from coal-balls. Various types of coal are illustrated on the left of the Stair Hall. Here are shown the various plants which have played an important part in coalformation. Particularly notable is the well-preserved lignite or brown-coal. Ancient plant life is illustrated in the large central case. T h e earth's history is divided into periods, each period being characterized by its own flora. In this exhibit the flora are indicated in chronological sequence — the older to the left, the younger to the right. There is a splendid set of plants from the celebrated fossil locality near Mazon Creek, Illinois. The most complete in America and outstanding in the world, the M u seum's study collection of fossil plants is for the use of advanced students of paleobotany. It comprises over 60,000 specimens, representing all the geological periods and most of the geographic localities. It contains the type specimens of American fossil plants described by Leo Lesquereux (1806-1889), the famous bryologist and paleobotanist who was brought from Switzerland by Professor Louis Agassiz.

THE

WARE

COLLECTION OF

OF

GLASS

MODELS

PLANTS

Third Floor T h e " G l a s s F l o w e r s " are precisely w h a t their n a m e implies — r e p r o d u c t i o n s in glass of flowers a n d b o t a n i c a l specimens, w i t h sections a n d m a g n i f i e d details. T h e i r b e a u t y a n d uniqueness h a v e a p p e a l e d to thousands of visitors a n d their a c c u r a c y in f o r m a n d color has m a d e t h e m of g r e a t v a l u e b o t h to the artist a n d to the stud e n t of b o t a n i c a l classification. T h e m o d e l s a r e the w o r k of t w o naturalists, L e o p o l d B l a s c h k a ( 1 8 2 2 - 1 8 9 5 ) a n d his son R u d o l p h ( 1 8 5 7 ), of H o s t e r w i t z , n e a r D r e s d e n , G e r m a n y . W o r k m a n s h i p in d e c o r a t i v e glass is h e r e d i t a r y in the B l a s c h k a f a m i l y , w h i c h c a m e f r o m B o h e m i a a n d in e a r l y times f r o m V e n i c e . There is no secret process in the making of these glass models. I n s t e a d there is a c o m b i n a t i o n of t e c h n i c a l skill, h e r e d i t a r y

B O T A N I C A L MUSEUM

I II

artistry and full knowledge of botanical structure which makes it difficult to suppose that a successor to the makers of these models will be readily found. Pictures of both Leopold and Rudolph Blaschka are in Case 105 at the head of the stairs. There are also displays showing how the models are shipped with axial supports of wire and how they are packed. The first glass models obtained for Harvard were of marine animals such as those already noted in Rooms 354 and 307 of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1 It was from these examples that Professor George Lincoln Goodale (M.D. 1863) — the Director of the Botanic Garden to whom the task of planning the new Botanical Museum was entrusted — conceived the idea of displaying a systematic collection of botanical specimens parallel to the systematic classification of animals. His first visit to the Blaschka studio in 1886 was fruitless, and he felt all the more disappointed because he had seen there some glass models of orchids which the elder Blaschka had produced twenty years before. Later, however, the artists agreed to send a few flower models to Harvard, and although at first they devoted only part of their time to this work, by 1890 a contract was entered into for their entire output. The collection was formally presented to the University in April, 1893, as a memorial to Charles Eliot Ware (A.B. 1834; M.D. 1837) and has since been increased so that it now represents 164 plant families. The greater part of the models are of plants and flowers in their natural size. These are accompanied by enlarged sections to show details of plant form and, in some cases, the structure of their tissues. CRYPTOGAMS Third Floor Hall: South Side A t the left as one faces the stairs are glass models of the cryptogams — the lower orders of plants which are destitute of proper flowers and produce, instead of seeds, one-celled bodies called spores (Cases 94 through 103). In this exhibit are graphically illustrated the life history of various thallophytes (algae and fungi), bryophytes (liverworts and mosses) and pteridophytes (ferns and club mosses). T h e glass models show these plants as through a high-powered microscope. T h e y are arranged in the form of diagrams, with 1

P. 102 and p. 107.

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H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY HANDBOOK

each distinct p a r t directly connected b y a leader to explanatory matter. M o d e l s of ferns are in Cases 1 0 6 - 1 1 6 . T h e c r y p t o g a m i c plants are especially significant in the study of plant and animal diseases. T h e diseases of the rosaceous fruits, for instance, are illustrated in connection with the exhibit on economic botany. A study collection of cryptogams, containing approximately 855,000 mounted specimens, is available to a d v a n c e d students in the F a r l o w H e r b a r i u m .

POLLINATION Third Floor Hall: North Side Pollination of flowers by insects is illustrated at the right of the stairs. T h e glass models of insects and flowers (both natural size and highly magnified) are so faithful in detail that their study gives a lasting impression of the work of the m a n y pollinating agents. M u t u a l dependence — or symbiotism —· is illustrated in the relation of the y u c c a and the p r o n u b a m o t h , shown in Case 1 1 7 , near the north wall. T h e y u c c a flower c a n be pollinated only b y this one insect a n d will not set seed otherwise. T h e m o t h lays her eggs in the developing seed p o d , w h i c h in turn forms the only food the m o t h larvae c a n live on. T h e study of the relation of insects to plants is of v e r y great economic importance.

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION Third Floor: Center Room B y far the largest n u m b e r of the glass models illustrate botanical classification. T h e arrangement of the models is according to the classification adopted b y A d o l f Engler a n d K a r l Prantl. T h i s classification is based on the evolution of the floral parts, magnified sections of w h i c h are exhibited. I n Cases 1 to 3, along the north w a l l of the Stair H a l l , are the GYMNOSPERMS, or plants bearing seeds openly as on cones. A m o n g these are the ginkgo tree (one of the earliest plants in the evolutionary scale) a n d the pine. T h e AXGIOSPERMS, or closed-seed plants, are the second large class. T h i s division begins with the MONOCOTYLEDONS, plants w i t h a single seed leaf. T h e y are shown in Cases 4 to 28 w h i c h follow into the large east room. T h e principal M o n o c o t y l e d o n s shown here are, in order of development, the cat-tail, grass, p a l m , lily, iris, b a n a n a and orchid. DICOTYLEDONS, the other division of the Angiosperms, are characterized b y h a v i n g t w o seed leaves in the e m b r y o . T h e apetalous flowers (without petals) are in Cases 29 to 33, beginning w i t h the flowers of the willows, oaks and elms and ending w i t h those of the beet. N e x t , in Cases 34 to 87, are the

B O T A N I C A L MUSEUM

" 3

polypetalous flowers ( m a n y or free-petalled), beginning w i t h simple petal forms such as those of the water lily, the pinks and the ranunculaceous plants (Case 36). T h i s last family contains m a n y well-known ornamental plants — a m o n g them the monkshood, clematis, larkspur and anemone. Farther on (Cases 39 and 40) are insectivorous plants, a class specially modified to c a p t u r e and digest insects. A m o n g these are the pitcher plant, the sundew and the V e n u s ' fly-trap. T w o of the most important p l a n t families are the roses a n d the legumes (Cases 43 to 47; C e n t e r Aisle). Included in the rose family are most of our edible fruits (glass models of w h i c h are displayed in the E c o n o m i c Botany R o o m illustrating plant pathology). A m o n g the legumes are the lupines, vetches, peas and beans. O n the opposite side of this aisle are models of the economically important cotton, cocoa and tea (Cases 53 and 54). Following them are several examples of the cactus family (Case 55) including the nightblooming cereus. T h e sympetalous flowers (with fused petals) comprise the third g r o u p of Dicotyledons (Cases 5 9 - 9 3 ) . T h e y begin w i t h the heath family w h i c h includes rhododendron, laurel, blueberry and cranberry (Cases 59 to 6 1 ) . I n Cases 66 and 67 are the mints, whose characteristic is that they contain an essential oil w h i c h gives off an odor. A t the east end of this case, a n d also in the low case opposite (Cases 67 and 69) is the family w h i c h includes the tob a c c o and potato. A m o n g the families represented at the further side of the low case is the coffee (Case 84). T h e composite family (flowers in heads) is the largest and most evolved group. T h e s e are all on the south w a l l (Cases 88 to 93) and include m a n y familiar g a r d e n flowers; a m o n g t h e m the aster, goldenrod, sunflower, dahlia and cosmos. T h e synopsis of plant classification afforded b y these models is utilized as an aid to instruction in elementary b o t a n y . T h e species selected for exhibition in the form of glass models are those w h i c h most obviously show the characteristic features of the plant family w h i c h they represent. ECONOMIC BOTANY Third Floor: North Room

T o the north, adjoining the M u s e u m of C o m p a r a t i v e Z o o l o g y , is a r o o m illustrating the economic uses of plant products. A t the east end are w a l l cases containing displays of drugs, narcotics and stimulants, w h i c h include coffee, tea, mate, c o c a , c a c a o or cocoa, tobacco and opium. I n the central case at the north is a display of the tapa cloth and paper m a d e b y the aborigines of the Pacific Islands. A l o n g the northwest w a l l are various food products, including cereals, legumes, nuts, sugar and w a x models of fruits. T h e rubbers, oils, dyes, tannins, fibers and timbers are shown along the southwest wall.

H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY

HANDBOOK

Glass models of the rosaceous fruits — for example, the apples, pears, peaches and strawberries — showing the different diseases which attack them, are in the low case at the west. These models, installed in 1934, are the most recent acquisitions from the Blaschka studios. The center case on the south wall contains an especially attractive exhibit of gums, resins and kinos — with particularly fine examples of lacquer and amber, which is a fossil resin. An additional display of lacquer is in the Fourth Floor Stair Hall where there are various types of lacquer objects, a plaque showing how lacquer is prepared, specimens showing how the latex is obtained from the tree, and various utensils used in its collection (Cases 442 to 445). The Laboratory of Economic Botany is also on the fourth floor. T h e lecture r o o m contains a catalogued collection of over 6,000 specimens of plant products that are economically important. M a n y of them are for classroom reference, and there is also a large study collection of mounted plants for the study of the plant source as well as the product. These are supplemented by a collection of photographs, charts and maps, and by a special library of more than 2,300 books a n d pamphlets. T h e card catalogue of the subject-matter is indexed b y c o m m o n n a m e , scientific name, author and illustrations. T h e r e is also a clipping file containing m a g a z i n e a n d newspaper articles relating to economic botany. Because of its extensive collections a n d library, the L a b o r a t o r y is unique in this country and outstanding in the world.

III. GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL MUSEUMS Open Week Days, g to 4.30; Sundays, 1 to 4.30: Closed July 4 and Christmas T h e southwest section of the University M u s e u m and part of the center section adjoining the Botanical M u s e u m house the public exhibition of G e o l o g y and M i n e r a l o g y . T e a c h i n g and investigation in these fields is under the Division of Geological Sciences. 1 A s it involves a wide range of subject matter and considerable interrelation w i t h other fields of knowledge, w o r k in G e o l o g y is carried on in a n u m b e r of different locations in the University. 1

Visitors interested in special topics m a y make inquiries at the office of the

Division, R o o m 24, in the southwest section of the University M u s e u m .

GYPSUM C R Y S T A L S — M I N E R A L O G I C A L MUSEUM

P E A B O D Y MUSEUM

DIVINITY AVENUE

ENTRANCE

MINERALOGICAL

MUSEUM

115

PALEONTOLOGY, the study of the animals and plants of the past. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology and in the Botanical Museum. MINERALOGY, the science of the structure of minerals. In the center section of the University Museum. PETROGRAPHY, the study of rocks in their systematic classification. In the center section of the University Museum. ECONOMIC AND M I N I N G G E O L O G Y , studies in the application of geological knowledge. Laboratories at the Rotch Building; exhibits in the Geological Museum. DYNAMIC, S T R U C T U R A L AND H I S T O R I C A L G E O L O G Y , t h e s t u d y o f

the

forces which change the surface features of the earth, its structure and its history. In the southwest section of the University Museum. SEISMOLOGY, t h e s t u d y o f e a r t h q u a k e s .

At the Harvard Seismograph Station at Oak Ridge; exhibits in the Geological Museum. GEOPHYSICS, a cooperative study in the geology, physics and chemistry of the physical properties of earth materials. In the Research Laboratory of Physics, Rotch Building, Dunbar Laboratory and Coolidge Laboratory. M E T E O R O L O G Y AND CLIMATOLOGY, the study of the principles underlying the action of wind and weather as part of our natural environment. At the Blue Hill Observatory at Milton. GEOGRAPHY

(a) in its quantitative aspects, such as mapping and exploration. At the Institute of Geographical Exploration on Divinity Avenue; (ιb) in its qualitative and social aspects. In the University Museum. MINERALOGICAL

MUSEUM

Center Section of the University Museum: Third Floor and Gallery T h e M i n e r a l o g i c a l M u s e u m displays a r e a r r a n g e d p r i m a r i l y to show the classification a n d physical f o r m a t i o n of minerals a n d also the characteristics of certain types — such as gems, crystals a n d meteorites. T h e public exhibit n u m b e r s a b o u t 8,000 specimens; b u t this represents a fraction of the total collection of the M u s e u m , w h i c h

I I6

H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY HANDBOOK

probably exceeds 50,000 specimens. T h e study material not on public display is in two series: one conveniently available for use in classroom teaching; another, stored in four rooms of the Museum, for research. T h e mineral collection was begun in 1784 by Benjamin Waterhouse (hon. M.D. 1786), Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, 1783-1812, in the Medical School. Unfortunately, however, no specimens of the earliest period of the Museum can now be identified. A considerable part of the present display consists of specimens of the highest quality from a collection, bequeathed in 1913 by Albert Fairchild Holden (A.B. 1888). His portrait in bronze basrelief is placed on the east wall of the Museum. O n the north wall is a medallion commemorating the part which Professor Josiah Parsons Cooke (A.B. 1848), Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy, had in making the collection what it is today. 1

MAIN FLOOR EXHIBITS The Classification of Minerals: A systematic arrangement of minerals according to the classification used in the System of Mineralogy of E d w a r d Salisb u r y D a n a (6th ed., 1892) occupies a large portion of the room. I n the low cases (1 to 80) are the small-sized specimens. T h e groups into w h i c h this classification is divided begin near the northeast corner of the r o o m w i t h the native elements, such as d i a m o n d and gold, and end on the other side of the room with the sulphates. T h e groups of larger specimens following the same classification are arranged in the w a l l cases of the m a i n floor and the gallery. Special Collections: I n the central case (102) is an unequalled g r o u p of giant GYPSUM CRYSTALS obtained in M e x i c o b y one of the expeditions of the M u s e u m in 1928. Across the aisle to the west are t w o cases (103 and 105) of recent accessions obtained b y purchase, b y e x c h a n g e or as the result of expeditions. A special series (Case 104) illustrates the remarkable variety of minerals found in the zinc mines at Franklin, N e w Jersey. T w o cases (100

1 T h e " Mineralogical Cabinet," first housed in Harvard Hall, was greatly added to in 1820 and 1824. From 1858 until 1891 (when it was moved to the University Museum) it was in Boylston Hall, where it was cared for — largely at his own expense — by Professor Cooke. From 1892 to 1922 it was in charge of Professor John Eliot Wolff (A.B. 1879), who did much to improve it by rearrangement and new lighting.

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