Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A Lexicon and Analysis 0888660138, 9780888660138

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AMERICAN STUDIES IN PAPYROLOGY

AMER ICAN STUDIES IN PAP Y ROL O G Y VOLUME THIRTEEN

GREEK TERMS FOR ROMAN INSTITUTIONS A LEXIC ON AND ANALYSIS

HUGH J. MASON

HAKKERT

TORONTO

MCMLXXIV

Set in Aldine Roman by A. M. Hakkert Ltd . Prin ted in Canada Pub lished for The American S ociety of Papyrologists by A. M . Hakkert Ltd. 554 S padina Crescent Toronto M5S 2J9 Copyright© 1 97 4 b y A. M . Hakkert Ltd . All Righ ts Reserved It is illegal to reproduce this b ook, or any portion thereof, apart from short passages for use in review, without permission from the publishers. Reproduction of this material with out authorization by any duplication process whatsoever is a violation of copyright. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Humanities Research Council of Canada, using funds provided b y the Canada Council. S tandard Book Number 0-8 88 66-0 1 3-8 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 7 8 -1 59 262

In dedicating this volume to Edwin J. Beine cke, Jr. The American S o ciety of Papyrologists marks a de cade of friendship and support for papyrology sh own by him and h is family .

Contents

Pre face ix Format and Conventions xiii Abbreviations xv Bibliography xvii General Considerations 1 1 . The Influence o f Latin 3 2. Compendia Scripturae 9 3. Geographical Variation 9 4 . Changes in Time 1 1 5 . Individualisms 1 3 I I Greek-to-Latin Lexicon 1 7 I I I Discussion o f Selected Terms 1 0 1 1 . aA.eirovp-yrial.a. etc.: Immunity 1 03 2. avri and derivatives: Promagistrates 1 0 4 3. a1rotKl.a., KOAWVl.a. e tc . : Colonies 1 0 8 4 . apxfi ,apxwv : Magistratus 1 1 0 5 . apxi- compounds 1 1 3 6. b.pxiepevc; etc.: the priestly colleges 1 1 5 7 . abroKparwp and {3aaiA.evc; : imperator 1 1 7 8. {3ovA.i/ , ai'J-yKAf/TOc; : senatus 1 21 9 . o(e)i{3oc; , eeoc; , (}ewe; : divus 1 24 1 0 . &ara-yµa, l:7riKptµa : edicts, decrees e t c . 1 26 1 1 . &hrwv : praeses and vice agens 1 31 1 2. /:�oval.a and terms for imperium 1 32 1 3. e1Tapxeia: provincia 1 35 1 4 . i:7rapxoc; : praefectus 1 38 1 5 . E7ri: ah (e pistulis etc . ) 1 4 0 1 6 . E1TiTpo1Toc; : procurator 1 4 2 1 7 . fi-yeµwv, meoµm : praeses, prin ceps etc. 1 4 4 1 8 . Kfloeµwv: curator, patron etc. 1 5 1 1 9 . 7rpea{3evrfic; : legatus 1 5 3 vii

viii

CONTENTS 20. arparrryoc; : praetor, commander 1 5 5 21. ra:yµa, Ta�iapxoc; : army units and their officers 1 63 22. V1Taroc; : consul 1 65

IV Latin-to-Greek Reverse Index 1 7 3

Preface The standard work of reference in this field has long been David Magie's monograph, de Romanorum iuris publicique sermonis vocabulis sollemnibus in Graecum sermonem conversis, published in 1906. The number of new documents that have been discovered since then has been substantial ; other material, known to Magie, has been republished, making many of his references less useful ; and specialised works, such as M. Holleau x ' "Erparrryoc; v'I'7raroc; have brought corrections of detail. All of these factors would justify a fresh study, bringing Magie up to date. But the present work differs from the earlier monograph, to which it nevertheless owes a great debt, in its basic approach . Magie was concerned with the linguistic methods of translation. He built his work around a lexicon of Latin words, illustrating the various ways in which Greek might handle a given term. To emplcy his example, Latin quaestor could be e xpressed as raµ{ac; per comparationem , as KOVaiarwp per transcriptionem and as rT/TT/Ti/c; per translationem . This is interesting from the linguistic point of view, but it is not what concerns the scholar meeting a term in an unfamiliar text ; for him the critical fac t is that raµiac; is the regular, "standard" term in both inscriptions and literature, that Kovaiarwp occurs in a few scattered inscriptions, and that tT/TT/Ti/c; does not occur except as a gloss in a lexicon. S uch information is not easy to find in Magie. My interest in this study is in the Greek words themselves, and it is for that reason that the core of the work is a Greek-to- Latin lexicon. This is not an attempt to record every occurrence of each Greek term ; instead, I have tried to supply a sufficient number of examples to illustrate the kind of contex t in which a word occurs, literary or documentary, early or late, precise and technical or general and periphrastic. It is for this reason that the entries in the lexicon are somewhat fuller than would be necessary in an ordinary glossary. The terms discussed are primarily political ; official titles, the technical terms for commands, the bureaucratic machinery, the language in which the complex business of an e mpire was carried out. I nevitably, such was the nature of the Roman political syste m , legal, military, and religious terms enter the discussion ; but, as far as possible, only when they impinge on public, official , life. Matters of private, civil law, technical military language such as the specialised military "trades," and religious terms beyond the official cults of Rome, have in general been excluded. But to a degree, the choice of terms is idiosyncratic. IX

x

PREFACE

I have, for the most part, excluded purely Greek institutions, even when, as in the case of the irenarch in Asia, or many of the parts of the administration of Egypt, they play a part in the Roman government system ; the absence of Latin versions for these positions was a major consideration in excluding them. Likewise, municipal and local government, even though regulated by Roman rule , has not been discussed, with the exception of the strictly Roman government of coloniae and municipia. A more difficult decision has been to decide what is technical. A Greek author can call a Roman official simply apxwv or rrre µwv, his position apxi/ or rrreµovia. or e�ovaia., without necessarily wishing to state anything about his technical tide and powers. For the most part, I have included such terms in my discussion, indicating their non-technical nature by placing their Latin equivalents in parentheses. Purely to limit the size of the work, little material has been included after Diocletian. Thus Cassius Dio, Herodian, and Philostratus, along with the great jurists, are included, but material relating to the post-Diocletianic state is not. Obviously, no one working in this field can ignore John the Lydian, De Magistratibus Romanis ; but I have introduced material from him, and from other later sources, only to explain and expand patterns already observed before the Diocletianic reforms. There is m uch that is too complex to be presented in a lexicon form ; this material is discussed in the 22 chapters of Section I I I, "Selected Terms . " The material included in this section has been selected for two reasons. First, the bulk of evidence for certain terms such as arparrrro ..TOv 11[ ... ) i:11fivE"fKEV P. Oxy. 1451 ( 1 75 p.) ; cf. P. Oxy. 894, professus est [ilium sibi natum ; simile, sed 1l( solum legitur SB 9228. 11PVTWt\ 1: princeps (cf. p. 16), TOV mwrwv eif>.. )f/T[ov I BG u 646 (Pertinax, 1 93 p. ) ; 11 ... Ct!;iwµa.TO\ TOTTOV T1)\ C1V"{K'Ao/ov Mon. Anc. Gr. 4. 2-3 ; iipxiepeil\ Kai 11... T1)\ OV"{K'Ao/ov "fPatPOµEVO\ Pih. 32.6. 5. • 2: ordinarius (cf. p. 168), oi µev 11... Kai TO avoµa. T1)\ inraTEia\ foxov DC

48.35.3; oi 11... 11p�avTE\ DC 43.46. 6 ; 01!8 ' iJiraTO\ /:v TOi\ 11 ... DC 69. 1.2. • 3: (amicus) primae admissionis, KpL8Ei\ TWV 11 ... �LAWV 11apa Tt.{3Eplov KaiaapO\ Philo Place. 1 9. 1 58, cf. Str. 13.2.3 ( 6 1 8), Seneca de benef 6.35. • 4: (llvir) iure dicundo, 11p�avm Tf/v TE 11 ... 6vav6piav bll.M Kai Ti'/v i:1rwvvµov TTEVTaETT/PLKf/v 6vav6piav SEG 1 9.830 (Comama Pisidiae, non ante II). • 5 : (centurio) prior, b µ€v 11 ... ai.pEBEic: ti"feiTai Toii 6e�wii µepoV\ T1)\ a11Eipa, Pih. 6. 24.8. • 6: (11iA.o\) : primus (pilus) , b l:v 11... 11lAe0... ETO, TOv i:umUTparrrrov inro 'Aaf36ov6µo\ : lictor, im"T/pfrai TE 110>..>.o. i Kai p ... Plu. Aem. 32 ( 272). paj36ovxeoµai: lictores hahere, p ... 6€ 11powiiaai Plu. Num. 1 0 (66). pa/36ovxia: fasces, p ... EiKoaiTfoaapa\ Plu. Pab. 4 ( 1 76); cf. Cic. 16 (868), Ant. 1 7 (923). paf36oiixo\ : lictor, 00Ev oi p ... ALKTWpEt\ al TE pcif36oi (36.Kv>..a Ka'Aoiivmi Plu. Rom. 26 (34) ; ti"foiivTai Toii CJTpaTT/"fOV p... A pp. Pun. 66 ( 295) ; � apam6i [Ke)pui'At\ p[ ... ) IGRom. 1 . 1 04 (Roma, temp. incert. ) ; cf. DS 5.40. 1,

'pa(30ocf>6poc; DH 3. 30. 5 , Hdn. 7 . 8 . 5 . 'pa{350l/>opoc; : lictor, p . . rrpoai/1£aav Ev8EV Kai €v8ev TOv iix}..ov KaTetP'YOWrEc; Nie. Dam. (F. Gr. Hist. 90) F 1 30. 2 2 ; oi TOV J\.ouKOUAAOU p ... Plu. Lucull. 36 ( 5 1 6) ; rrparrreia8at p ... DH 3. 6 1 . 2 ; Twv 5€ p . .. Twee: ooorrowvVTec: TToKpaTwp SIG 3 834 (Athenae, epistula Plotinae) ; [a ... ] 'A5puw[ei]ov P. Teb. 407 (II). aE#aaTwc; : augustus, TOV a... opKOV JG 9 . 1 .643 (Cephallenia, III) ; µEXPt TWV a... xapaK Ti/pwv SIG 3 783 b (Mantinea, I a. fin.); Ilorrrraia t.wc; EVvt L. AP 9.355 ( Leonidas Alex.). ae#aaT{ryvwaToc; : ? amicus Caesaris, TOV a ... Aupfi}..wv "Poowva Aonai.ou IGRom. 1 . 889 (Bosporos, 249 p. ) ; cf. L. Robert Et. A nat.

228. ae#aaTo}..{ryoc; : (laudator Augusti) , 'lou}..u�wc; Tov bp xwewKopou Kai ae#aaTovewc; Kai. a.. . Small w ood 1 . 1 27 (Didyma, I ) ; vide L. Robert Hell. 7 . 206, REA 6 2 ( 1 960) 3 2 1 . ae#aaToc; : A ugustus (cf. p . 1 2) , b & a µE'YE8oc; 1)-yeµoviac; ai>ToKpaToiic; bvoµaa8Eic; L. Philo Leg. 21 . 143; I:� olmep Kai L... alrrov EAAT/Vi�ovTEC: rrwc; rrpoaeirrov DC 53. 1 6 . 8 ; a ... rrpoamopeuae Hdn. 2.8. 6 ; Ai>ToKpaTwp Kaiaap 8eov uwc; L. SJG 3 780 (Cnidus, 6 a.) ; et saepissime ; l:mµe}..118€vm TWV L ... EP'YWV IGRom. 4.902 (Cibyra Lyciae, 4 5 p. ) ; Ebav5pia L .. . IGRom. 4. 1 1 1 0 (Nisyros insula, tern p. incert. ) ; nomen est navis, virtus Augusta, b a . . . o!Koc; Philo, Place. 4.23. ae#aaT$VT€w : flamen esse Augustalis, a ... OGI 544 (Ancyra, I I med. ) ; bpx1£pwµevou M. Ilampi.ou MovTavou a... K. BaA#e(vric; IGRom. 3. 1 6 2 (Ancyra, 1 4 5- 1 6 1 p. ). ae#aaTOl/>ii.VT11c; : flame n Augustalis, 'EA}..aMpx11c; Kai a... IGRom. 3. 63 (Prusias Bithyniae, II-I I I ) ; a ... 5«L #i.ou OGI 479 (Dorylaeum, II); Aup. LTpaTwv a . . . IGBulg. 1 5 1 7 (Cilia Thraciae, 24 1-4 p. ) ; cf. IGRom.

83

84

ae{3aaroavnK6c; aKe'ITT/ •

3.22, 4.522, Ephes. 2.36, 6 1 ; Sardis 7 . 1 . 6 2. aE(3aaTolfia.VnK6..11ve' lwoµafouat a... o ' W\ oi b.TTtKlfovTE\ Galen. 14 K 624. • 3: speculator, Kai TWV b.-rro Tf/\ rpa'Aa'Y"(O\ TWV -rretwv oaov f\ Ota.K.oa/ou\, oi a ... (Q.µ.rp' ai.JTov EaTwaav) Arr. Alan. 22-3; vide et App. Illyr. 20. 5 7. • 4: (Germani Caesaris cu stodes) , au>..X118ek i.J-rr o TWV a. . . TOV {3aat>..e w\ Hdn. 1.8.6; cf. 3. 1 2.9.

T T. : turma ( cf. p. 9 ), i-rr -rrEV\ T. reµe">..Xou SB 6959 (III ? ) ; cf. 6958-6976. tabellarius (cf.

Ta(3e'AM.pto\ : Ilw'A'Aiwv

(3epv(J.

(Thyatira,

temp.

T...

pp.

4,

6),

IGRom. 4. 1 221 incert.) ; TOv Kupiov

Ta{3oii°>._1/ Kaiaapotara-yµa i=v Tcii Tcii T paiavcii 11poTeOfivai J ustin. Mart. Apol. 1 . 7 1 ( 87C) ; nomina oppidorum, Str. 4 . 1 . 9 ( 1 84), 5.2. 1 0 ( 227), Act. Apost. 28. 1 5. Opoc; : tributum, e()voc; b.fJaaiAEVTOV . . . Kai ... iJ7ToreA€c; 'Pwµaiwv Arr. Peripl. Mar. Bux . 1 1 . 2; €Xev0epit:w -yoiiv Ti ... fu/>eaw Philo Leg. 36. 287; airr6voµai TE Kai ... b.TeXeic; App. BC 1 . 1 02 (475); ... Kai eiaOpac; fpew ] ustin. Mart. Apol. 1 . 1 7 ( 54D ). paTep : frater (cf. p. 7), ... b.pova.Aic; Smallwood 1.380 (Ephesus, 44 p.) ; idem JGRom. 4.275, 373-390, Ephes. 3.33 (Julius Quadratus, I I ) ; ... b.pfJaXeµ AE 1 929.98, de .

•••

•

•

.

eodem, Didymae repertum. paTpa: curia, eiT, I) ' lw 'EXM& "fAWTT(I ... Kai Mxoc; 17 Kovpia DH 2.7.3; veµ110eic; b l)fiµoc; €c; Tac; ... ac; KaAOVOt KOvpiac; DH 6. 89. 1 . paTpta: curia, EKaa171 vM l>iKa ... e lxev Plu. Rom. 20 (30) ; Kai €pew 1/lfiOv fl av fJovXoiTo ... Plu. Puhl. 7 ( 1 00). paTptaK Oc; : curiatus, ... voµoc; DC 4 1 .43.3 ; cf. 37. 5 1 . 2 ; ... 1/11/00pia, fiv oi 'Pwµaioi KaXoiiow Kovpiar:v DH 9.4 1 . 2. paTpiapxoc: : curio, ... oi)c; EKeivoi Kovpiwvac; bvoµarovai DH 2.7.3. paTpieric;: curialis, avv€0vov Toic; iepeiiaw oi ... DH 2.23.2.

97

98

r/JparptKO