A Greek and English lexicon; originally a scripture lexicon; and now adapted to Greek classics; with a Greek grammar prefixed. [Third ed.] 0030375555

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I

GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON: /

ORIGINALLY

A SCRIPTURE LEXICON: AND NOW ADAPTED TO THE

GREEK CLASSICS;

A

GREEK GRAMMAR PREFIXED.

By GREVILLE EWING, MINISTER OF THE GOSPEL, GLASGOW.

THIRD EDITION.

GLASGOW: lirinteli at tf)e ©nibetiiitg

,

FOR JAMES DUNCAN, LONDON; M. OGLE,

GLASGOW

;

BELL

& BRADFUTE, AND WAUGH &

EDINBURGH. 1827.

INNES,

A.

DUNCAN, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY.

PREFACE THE SECOND EDITION.

A KNOWLEDGE

of the original languages of Scripture,

unquestionably a

is

matter of considerable importance, for understanding what those

were intended

oracles

to convey.

be communicated, which

By faithful

make men wise

sacred

translations all those truths

to salvation

yet

;

much

is

may

stiU to

be found in the original, which cannot be transfused into any translation.

common

Excellent as our

version certainly

is,

the praise of fidelity, perspicuity, and force in the learned languages,

;

and meriting, in a high degree,

those,

who

know with what advantage

are sufl&ciently versed

they can often recur to

the original, for a clearer discernment of the intention and scope, the dignity

and energy, of the oracles of God. It

an object, therefore, well deserving the attention of

is

who have

and opportunity for the

leism-e

the original languages of the as

may

Holy

devote themselves to the only, but an accurate

He,

surely,

who

—such

to

is

much

critical

others,

understand, without the revelation

work of

and

common

the

medium

Christians,

some knowledge of

a knowledge, at if

necessary, supply the

translation.

Those who

knowledge of those interesting languages.

revelation

much more he who under-

of God, ought thoroughly to

of an interpreter, the terms in wliich that

convieyed. to be regretted that the attainment of an object so important as

an acquaintance with the original languages of Scripture, has been

One

obstacle,

long stood as an insuperable barrier to many,

>vas, that

obstructed by unnecessary

for the

least,

the ministry, should seek, not a competent

wishes fully to comprehend, and

explain

to

It is

:

enable them to appreciate the merits, and,

deficiencies, or correct the errors, of the

takes

task, to acquire

Scriptm-es

all

acquisition

difficulties.

in

particular,

gi-eatly

which

the elementary books

of Gicek and Hebrew, were almost

all

written in the

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

IV

Latin language.

who would

Latin,

Holy

the

Many

have

inclination for a preliminary

little

No good

Scriptures in the original.

Hebrew

the

fits it

or Greek.

It

employed

originally

for this purpose, not

account of any intrinsic qualities which recommended

pened to have been long employed

Even

to give

they

it,

but because

if

to the Latin scholar,

new

entering on the study of a

his native tongue.

is

it

on

hap-

as the universal language of literature.

taught and studied with equal,

perspicuity and ease, in English. facility, in

why

There

exclusively, or peculiarly, to serve as a guide to

was

Hebrew and Greek may be

to read

reason can be assigned,

the means of gratifying such a disposition should not be aflForded.

nothing in Latin which

study of

some pains to enable themselves

willingly bestow

not greater it is

a great

language, to proceed directly from

Accordingly it has become the general practice of teachers,

most of their instructions in English, although the school-books which

still

employ may be written

in Latin

and most modern Grammars, in

;

the dead languages, are either composed in English, or published with an

all

English translation.

The

first

edition of this

work was undertaken

for the use of the

mere

English student, whether he should have the advantage of a teacher, or attempt the acquisition of Greek by his

was an elementary introduction

own exertions.

All that was proposed,

to the language of the

New

Testament, by the

formation of an easy Grammar, and compendious Lexicon, referring immediately

from the Greek to the English, without the intervention of any other

language. especially,

Although the Grammar was and the Lexicon was

received with success.

use

it

made

;

The

much

little

indulgence, and

edition

was quickly

at the beginning

far too concise,

more than a vocabulary, the attempt was was even attended with considerable Several teachers condescended to

sold.

and some studious persons are known, by

themselves acquainted with the Greek

New

its

assistance alone, to

have

Testament.

In this second edition, the Author has extended the plan, and endeavoured to improve the execution of

liis

work.

He

has adapted

it

to the reading of

the Greek Scriptm-es, in the Septuagint translation of the

and

in the original of the

are supplied, and three

new

has been composed anew. in the

New

Testament.

Sections are added.

An

Old Testament,

In the Grammar, former defects

The whole of

the Lexicon

immense number of words, which occur only

Old Testament and Apocrypha, have been added.

The words of

the

Apocrypha have been admitted, because the Apocryphal writers were contemporary with the Septuagint

translators,

and wrote

Important words are illustrated at considerable length

;

in a similar style.

and the

illustrations

V

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. are frequently supported

Fathers, and from the

by quotations from

have been introduced more frequently, had that

when a Lexicon

attention of the student

contains,

who

The Author

it

not been found by experience,

under every word, a

consults

it is

critical dissertation,

the

apt to be diverted from the connec-

by an endless succession of detached annotations

tion of the text of his author, in his subsidiary

from the Greek

Scripture,

Illustrations of this nature would, perhaps,

Classics.

book of occasional

reference.

has availed himself of the aid of the best

Grammars and

The Port-Royal and Eton Grammars,

Lexicons for the Greek language.

those of Moor, Parkhurst, Valpy, and Jones, have been frequently consulted

and followed.

Besides the general Lexicons

those for the

Schrevelius,

of Scapula, Hedericus, and

Scriptures,

Sympson, and especially of Parkhurst, Schleusner, and cordances

of

Trommius and Schmidius, have been

Biel,

with the Con-

constantly examined.

Various writers on biblical criticism have also been consulted. tions

Leigh, and

Stockius,

of Mintert,

In the quota-

from the Fathers, the Author would not be understood as having always

adopted their sentiments, but thinks

it

was right to show how

certain

were understood by those whose native language was Greek. aid of books, the

Author has received very valuable

literary Christian friends,

would do honour

As

it is

who have

recourse to this

the benefit of assistance from a teacher, both

been framed with a view to supersede,

those 1.

who

in

make

Grammar and Lexicon have

his

this attempt, the following hints

own

oral

To

efibrts alone.

may, perhaps, be of

use.

In studying Greek, as well as any other foreign language, the forms,

powers, and distinctions of the several

letters

of the Greek letters differs

difference

is

A

considerable.

must

to.

The form of

from the English,

in others the

first

little

be attended

moderate degree of attention, however, will

soon render the whole so familiar, as to occasion no

pronouncing the words. further,

may

A

little

not be improper.

accents, are necessary to be

Greek characters frequently and elegance,

is

the best

practice

The

known,

for this purpose should be carefully

2.

Work, may not have

some measure, the necessity of

and enable the student to proceed by

shall

from some

to mention them,

to his undertaking.

probable that some

instruction,

assistance

whose names, were he permitted

words

Besides the

in

this

difficulty in

exercise,

going

distinctions of the letters, asph-ates,

and

as they are frequently recurred to

and

and repeatedly gone over.

over, tiQ the learner can write

way

reading and

before

To

;

write the

them with

facility

of fixing them effectually in his mind.

In regard to the declinable parts of speech^

viz.

Nouns, Adjectives, Pro

•

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

VI

nouns, and Verbs, differs materially

it

must be observed, that the structure of the Greek language

from that of the English.

and modifications to which these are

In English, almost

subject, are

all

the relations

denoted by separate words

placed before or after the radical word, which remains unchanged these relations and modifications are, in very

many

cases,

any additional words, by some change upon the radical word

we

English

say,

of,

Greek we express and STRIKE.

all

to,

a man

for, with,

by

these

can, may, shall, will,

;

certain alterations

It is this structure

in Greek,

:

expressed without In

itself.

strike

on the words signifying

:

man

of the language, which renders the flections

of the declinable parts of speech, so essential a part of Greek Grammar. of them must be accurately knovra, and

it

is

All

absolutely necessary that the

examples given in the Grammar should be fixed in the memory, so that the different changes

may be

readily recognised

when they

correspondent meanings in English at once suggested.

memory,

be found useful to run over every day, at

will

it

in

occur,

To

fix

and

them

all

their

in the

least in thought, the

whole of what has been previously learned, from the beginning of the Grammar, before proceeding to any strongly on the mind, and

little

walking, sitting, or dressing, 3.

yhen

the flections of

known, the student may,

new

if

all

be performed

made

of part of the

manner

first

it

equal

The

simplicity of the Gospel according

be generally preferred for this purpose

chapter

is

:

facility.

the declinable parts of speech are thoroughly

added to the Grammar,

which the learner should proceed.

in

vritli

he chooses, begin to attempt to translate some of

the easier passages in the Gospels. to John, has

This practice imprints the lessons

or no time need be wasted in the exercise

may

it

step.

as

;

and an analysis

an example of the

After going tlu'ough

it,

he

will

probably find no great difiiculty in passing on to the subsequent parts of the

book.

At

first,

one or two verses

may

be

sufiicient at

should be carefully marked, in regard both to degrees, larger passages

more 4.

mean

may

its

a time, as every

flection

word

and sense; by

be gone over, as the words and idioms become

familiar.

While the student

is

thus beginning to translate, he should, in the

time, never lose sight, for a single day, of the

Grammar, The

rales

and

examples respecting the formation of the tenses of the verb, and the deviations introduced by custom, must be carefully perused, and fixed in the memory.

Without

this,

he would find

his progress stopped in every verse,

impossibility of discovering under

explanation of any 5.

The

what head

to tm-n

word he had not previously met

indeclinahle parts of speech

by the

up the Lexicon, for the

with.

occasion

little difficulty.

Being

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. no change, the student

susceptible of their meaning.

lias

may, however, be useful

It

VII

only to recur to the Lexicon for

commit

to

memory,

to

at least

This will save a frequent and tiresome

the Prepositions and Conjunctions.

may

turning over of the Lexicon, for words which almost in every sentence

be expected to occur. 6.

Though


)q,

2.

, , ,

pure not from

, throws away

And, sometimes,

'^',

II.

, ,

is

like a

',

nominative neuter.* V. Masc.

-^^/-,

a'hn&ig,

',,

'',

£/,

black:

graceful.

xcx,^Uv,

2. The same thing happens in many proper nouns, nally participles or adjectives; as,f

V.

two-footed.

^ittovu,

Xoc^Uu,

,

true.

merciful,

(,

^i'TTovu, fii'hocu,

N.

(Edipus.

IN ADJECTIVES.

N. Neut.

,

a boy. Amaryllis.

O'ihi'TFov,

N. Masc.

^^,

a serpent. a cluster of grapes.

,

:,

A vocative masculine

king. hull or cow.

,

-^, ,' •, /-

/^,

•ra7j,

as,

Voc.

-, -,

Also,

1.

, , .

Gen.

,

'. ".

of the nominative

-, -,

Nom.

'

Voc.

Gen.

--,, '-

Nora. XU,T'/\Q^,

Ai'oiu,

Ajax.

N.

and

in others,

'^, V. ^,

which were

Simois.

origi-

^

FOR FORMING THE DATIVE PLURAL. The

dative plural

is

formed from the dative

singular,

D. Sing.

D. Plur.

",-,

"-,

"-,

,

-,

',

The

-,

7]--,

by inserting

before

/;

as,

an orator. an Arab.

subjoined vowel of a diphthong in the nominative, which has been thrown away is resumed in the dative plural ; as,

in the dative singular,

'-,

Participles arc excepted from this rule

;

as, iiom.

aud voc.

+ See note (f ), page 10.

a king to^ttuv, TUTTcD!5•, and iauia^Yjg, are often interchanged. also is used, particularly in Attic. as A Doric form of patronymics was arose Ue^aea;, Uspasurig,

'

&c.

^; '-

,-

Patronymics of the female sex have their terminations, 1st, in ixg and ig. AriTco'ixg and -/\' ; B^;!7-/5/>, Nvi^yjiV, from the genitives B^^ffijo?, N/i^'^o^•, from ^/^?, N/j^sv^• from 2d, in /» and io}u-/\', the latter, when the primitive has or before the termination og or ]/ as A'iiog^

//?

"',-?

:

'

;

when

the former,

;

as " A'^'/og,

^/»?,

'

/^

the primitive has a consonant before the termination

'Nri^sug,

'/,

'

D-Ksxi/og,

'

og

D^KexvIu-^.

One kind of patronymics is the names of the young of animals in ihvg ; as, dyi^oyihug, a young nightingale. Some names have the form only of patronymics, without the signification ; as, TialYig, Patronymics also are often interchanged A^iardoYig, liyoju'^Yig.

/-

7rl•g,

'

'^

with their primitives. for

^

Thus,

'

AT^i^xuh^Ch-^ig for

£|>05•,

liyopjih-zig for

^,/, Ay'

Avi)v^d^Ylg.

GENTILES

,

Signify the countiy or place of residence. culine; and x, xg, or tg, feminine; as

They end commonly

in yig, og, or gyc, mas« Sjmrta, ^.Trx^nxTYig, a Spartan ; Samaria, l.xyaiiiirig, a woman of Smiiaria. It is to be observed that and ^.ly.iKiuxYig signify the Greeks residing in Italy and Sicily; and on the contrary, signify the native inhabitants. In like manner, signifies persons using the Greek language, and imitafmg the manners of the Greeks; used particularly for those Jews who, after the Babylonish captivity, were dispersed among countries foreign from their own, and chiefly Grecian, or belonging to the Grecian empire a foreign Jew in opposition to 'E/S^it/or, a native Jew; whereas "Y.'KhYivig, signify the natives of Greece.

,

,^-

?,

''.'/

//7•

,-,,

DIMINUTIVES

,

',

Signify an actual diminishing of the primitive, or are used as terms of endearment. in ix, lou, ta-^og, or a father, a little fa; as ther ; TTxlg, a boy, or girl, 'TTxihiov, a little boy, a little girl ; 'i^o)g, love, sqojtva little lover. Diminutives frequently come to be used in the sense of their primitives.

?

They end commonly

'-^,

?,

On ,,

the other hand, Amplipicatives end commonly in yx, or cju ; as, oix.oc, a house, a large building ; ^^xavg, bold, a bully. From the three persons singular of the perfect passivp of verbs, are formed three verbal nouns ; thus, ^

^,/,

TTiTCoiYifiXi,

'^, poem.

^/^,

',

'',

'TToi-fiatg,

'TroiYiT^/^g,

poetry.

'-'-^,

', -,

poet.

-^^,

'7rxig,

,',

thing done.

action, or doing.

doer.

or

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. Adjective nouns are capable of variation in Gender, Case, and Nuviber.

,

A GREEK GRAMMAR.

16

Of regular tions are, like T/^jj,

og-,

,

adjectives, the feminine gender

masculine in

has the neuter in vi,

ou,

,, ,, |:/

as

and the third

like

;

Gen. Dat. Accus.

og

-,

,

. oiv.

-,

,

KoCh-o'iu,

oCiv,

Yly

V'

)CuCK-ol•/,

ouu,

oiv.

KOth-OU,

Vlif,

ov.

-),

'

6'j.

,'-,

, ,

. .

as,

pxhog,

,

have the feminine in

^og,

manifest

-,

-,

ouu.

o7u,

poihi-oig,

poo^-og,

pcx^i -,

d.

. .

£-.

d.

.

cig,

oius-o7u,

oilu,

olu.

06,

XU£-o7u,

Dtiu,

olu.

6iU£•olg,

oilg,

olg,

d.

.

lu-og,

ccg,

d.

d,

).

Oil,

d.

pot^t-oHu,

00,

-,

-, &-.

du,

,

and compounds of

MTir'Koog, a'7r7\.OYii d'K'koou,

«,

all

-oig,

aivct, oow,

^,

,, oig,

TCOT^OiiUOi,

oy^oog,

.

d.

Z)U,

&)U,

oy^on, 6y%oou, eighth

og,

are of the third declen-ug, no,, v; as.

-ng, maai, iw.

TOiKoiU,

miserable,

TifiVjiU,

honoured.

Plural.

Dual.

rdTs.-cng,

oitvoi,

Gen.

ToK-oiuog,

ottuyig,

Dat. Accus.

rd'h-oiuiy rd'k-cx.ucc,

Voc.

rd7\.-oiu,

rah-cauig,

ToiTi-oiue,

OilUOi,

oiue,

oiuog,

roi'K-duoiu,

Oi'tUOilU,

duoiu,

oiiuij,

OiUl,

roi'h-auoiu,

eniuoiiu,

duoiu,

rd'h-uai,

oiiuau,

OiU,

rd'h-oiue,

Oi'tUOi,

OiUi,

rd'h-oiuoig,

aiuoi,

ecu.

rdT^-oiui,

ociuoi,

CtUi.

uiuui,

OiUOC,

ociuau,

duau,

ouuoiig, uai,

-UiUig,

aiuoig,

oiua,

ouucci.

UUOi.

, ^, , . , -, , , ,'-, ,, , -, , , ,, , /'/-, , ,-, , ,. ^^-, ,, . , . Dual.

Singular.

Tffivj-sig,

Ti^73-£u1og,

kaang,

uog,

Dat. r>y•u'](, Accus.

rf7]-uoiu,

Voc.

^^,^-,

-. , ig, -, -, . , -. fioiU^og,

With the

Attic writers,

iaffouUf

Plural.

^,

.y]-ulg,

kuloiu,

rtf^vi-iulau,

, . many

-, , , oi-ou, -, , . -, ci^-ou,

TifCTj-iuloig,

kaaoig,

rf'-v]g,

Dual.

iog,

kaaoitg,

euloiu, eul£,

Singular.

Voc.

as,

,-,

,

fioc&iloi,

Singular.

Nom.

Dat. Accus.

Oi.

-, -,

adjectives not ending in

Theii• regular terminations are, roi\uig,

Gen.

01,

ctl,

simple.

The masculine and neuter of

Nom.

;

o/g.

Oig,

Plural.

are excepted

ir'koog,

ot.

.

oiig, ,

pxhi-oi,

Dual.

Singular.

-',

Plural. (uu.

ov.

-, -,

,,

pcihou, easy ;

cci.

poihi-s,

Gen.

ec.

poihi-au,

Voc.

Nom.

Oil,

olu.

Vf

sion.

«,

KOtK-ol,

oCiu,

ou,

oy^oog,

oig.

,.

pooh-olu.

,

tccu,

Voc.

oug.

poihi-oi,

ioi,

Dat. Accus.

•AocK-olg,

KOi'h-ovg,

":

poi^i-ou,

•og,

UJV,

,

poihl-a,

Gen.

.

^-,

ou,

lOi,

Dat. Accus.

Nom.

pochloi,

d,

Oil,

',-,

Dual.

poi^i-og,

Gen.

ez;

Plural.

thus.

;

Singular.

Nom.

»-,

5'

pure and

/,

;

Dual.

OU,

Vi,

-,

Voc.

fair

as.

Singular.

,-, ,-,

Nom.

always of the first declension : the In this case, their terminathe first declined like T^oyog, the second is

both of the second.

ow,

£iaiiu,

£tOliU,

£toi,

kotu,

,

i-g,

u-u,

-og,

oc-ig,

adjectives, especially derivatives

. u, , .

Plural.

U,

iat,

^, 1(.

».

.

and compounds, have

A GREEK GRAMMAR. the masculine and feminine of the same termination, and the same declension ; thus. Singular.

. and F.

.

. F. .

Nom.

upp.yiu,

£">

Gen. Dat. Accus.

Voc.

1-, -, adoiuccl-og,

0U,

,/-. cioxuccl-s,

Singular.

the genders are then of

-, -,

M.

Nom.

all

Dual.

. , > . .

M.andF

17

F. N.

-). ,-.

ddoivoci-oiv,

Dual.

-. -. -,

, .

Plural.

. and

F.

.

,-. ,, auuvofl-ot.

cc.

auos,voc]-oig.

-.

adoivul-ovg.

Plural.

. and F.

-. -. opp-vg,

,. ».

.

. . ».

Gen.

oipp-suog,

Dat. Accus.

cipp-iui,

SVI,

oLpp-iuoi,

iU,

Voc.

oipp-iv.

iU.

oipp-sus.

.

. F.^N.

. and

k,

ccT^yio-h,

£05,

,^-^

/.

Singulai'.

M. and F.

Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus.

Voc.

-^-,

-.

Gen.

Voc.

Dat. Accus.

Voc.

k,

d-hrtu-k.

-.

dT^vid-iocgi

-

.

. .

-.

-, ., €V)cocQ-ig,

flog,

&-1, or ,-,

fit,

iu,

. and -^, /-;, /-, 'hiTT-ovg,

/-?,

or or

Gen.

Voc.

Gen. Dat. Accus.

Voc.

-Quoi,

IT».

oho .

h-Tk-ohotv,

h'TT-ohav,

^I'TT-ohotU,

/-/.

. f,

vog, Vi,

Plural.

N. ov,

ouog. I,

ov.

this last

/-?,

Dual.

Plural.

. and

. F. . ,-. ^--,

^.-),

^-. ^-,

ahxxQ-vocg,

Dual. F.

Plural.

. and

. .

)-.

-. -. -.

F.

-, )-ovgf /f

-^

-.

C

F.

eihx-vg,

^-, -,

example are declined comparatives

F.

--,

/-, /-.

,-.

ov.

Like

)cx-sg,

oh.

V.

-,

//, iTXy

/-?,

OihoCKQ-V,

-/, )-.

€VxaQ'{TXg,

/•-£,

f.

-)/.

. . , ,-. ^'.

ovu.

OVU.

U,

.

F.

M. and

Singular.

Nom.

-.

.

Plural.

Dual. F.

ov,

F.

,-. ,-, ,-. ^-.

.

. and ,-g,

. .

,^-/.

. and

^-,

. OV!/,

',-, ^,-. ^,-,

^

. .

ovi/,

F.

^--,

Dual. F.

/,

Singular.

Dat. Accus.

F.

7\.-,

M. and

Nom.

Plural.

xTiTid-ii,

F.

Gen.

^-.

,-. -,

Singular.

Nom.

». ».

cipp-ivotg,

, ,

Singular. F.

Dat. Accus.

Dual.

cipp

a7s.Yiu-kg,

. and Nom.

app-euoiUy

-ovxg.

in

-/.

. , ^, , . . .

. ,

, , . .

/j,

45.

sTrarjSTiog.

-

Frequently a perf p. appears to be invented merely for the sake of the derivation, although the perf. never did or could occur, as, Plat. Prot. p. 92. from Plat. Rep. ii, p. 253. as from "hix/ae/iixxe{fut. [perf. ,,]), TDCi from but Soph. p. 250. 266.

'(

,,,.,

With 1.

,,,

-

-, , ',

Those in with the Latin partic. fut. pass, and the neuter of these more commonly in the plur. -tsx) to what is called the gerund, as,

Attic

amanduSy 2.

^»}.

respect to the signification, the following verbals correspond

"TroTsog,

Those

in

bibendus. jrorlot

-

,

bibendum

have commonly a passive

est.

TroKsf^nTioi,

and

with, either the Latin particip. perf p. as, tto/jjtoVj factus, convey the idea of ability, as the Latin adjectives in ' which can be seen or heard, visible, audible.'

fiexus, or sold,'

Some have

&c.

swim.*

They have

also a neuter signification, as

,

bellandum

, }, ,

signification,

'

'

aggestus, as,

which can be acquired, * navigable, which can

^.

also frequently an active signification, as ' blaming,' id. Trach. 446. causing hatred,' dyoivuKTOg, ' causing indignation,' Plato Goi'g.

..',

,

in that case correspond

-ills,

',

est.

(in

Soph. Antig. 1011.

Xai.

M.

S.

ii,

6, 21

A GREEK GRAMMAR.

20

ADJECTIVES TO BE DECLINED.

.-6,

£-,

on,

ij,

-, -, . $-^, . sloCj

M. and M. and M. and

i),

-iu,

saaoi, su,

M. and F.

N.

-ov, unjust.

'-,

worthy.

F. F.

vj,

F. F.

-/,

-ovu,

and M. and M. and M. and

patriotic.

having

many

ye-ei.

blessed.

-ov,

,, -, . 6v,

ingenuous. greater.

ri,

good.

long handed.

ou,

,-, .

little.

-£f,

d, ov, dreadful.

eloi, v,

. '''-, . M. and F. (,, M. and M. and

-, .

[-, .

-, }'-, ,

-ou, better.

-,

,,-, , ou,

M. and M. and

pious.

graceful.

oihK-os, ou,

ex,,

tender.

-is,

F. F.

-, ,6-6,

heavy.

F. F. F.

-, -, . ,-,

M. and M. and

bad.

uiuot, ocu, black.

-ou, fairer.

swift.

;/,

sonorous.

dear.

saaoc, eu, windy. F. ^wyj^-au, N. -ou, mindful. F. evyiu-vis, N. -sV, ?ioo/c. F. ^»}?, unsubdued. exile. F.

,

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Adjectives in Greek, as in other languages, have three degrees of comparison, the and the Superlative. What the English commonly express, by the terminations er and est, the Greeks happier, commonly express by and happy, thus, ; Positive, the Comparative,

(,,,,

^

,,,

(^,

, ,, , , ^,, ,, , , , , , , ^,,

,,

happiest.

In adding these terminations, some little change is frequently made on the primary vords ; for example, adjectives in throw out the / in their compai'ison ; as,

Those

And

graceful.

,, ), ,

throw away the

in

?

;

as,

light.

, after a short syllable, changes the

Those

in

, , and /^, . and

add the

signs of

fieXoirjoc,

F.

iv^iiex,,

Those

,.

add them to

, , ,.

;

as,

comparison to their neuter gender ;

,,,

as,

black.

pious.

broad.

their nominative plural

,^, ,,,^, -, ,, in au

into

wise.

;

,,^, as,

wretched.

,..-

In some adjectives derived from substantives, the comparison is made by -;7,

Gen.

.-/,

declined like the

is

;

thus.

Plural.

Dual.

Sinsular.

Nom.

this,

and

,,.

Dat. Accus.

From

comes the compound pronoun, Dual.

. . V. -9]-, G. D.

^2-.

Plural.

. [-, ,, . . 7]-, ,

.

G. D.

. .

a,

'^-;/,

ojv,

ee.

*

Used

bj'

the Attic writers in the nominative, for

nominative.

D

eVroi:

by some grammarians given as wanting

tlie

26

A GREEK GRAMMAR.

From the three personal pronouns are derived the possessive pronouns, which are regular adjectives, viz. From

comes

s^£,

%

sjuog,

, ,

as,

/, ',

s,

,

^ ,

7],

7]7,

From

the personal pronouns and ever, are not found in the nominative.

,, ],

Gen.

s/^ecvTou,

Gen.

asoivTov,

Gen, Gen. Dat. Accus.

thine.

ou,

his.

ou, -/,

your.*

-,,

-, -,

your.

-,

-ou,

their.

-cc,

-, -ot,

come the

s^uvrov,

, , , , , , , ,, , , £/^,

Dat. Accus.

mine.

/,

",

,,

uo)i,

[,

],

sfioiVTvi,

sfioivra,

kfAoiVTviu,

sf.

I shall, &c. strike

myself.

self.

. , , , , . , , . -, ,, /, , », , , , , , /, ^ ^ , , Indicative.

Singular.

krvTrTOf^Tiu,

Dual.

IrvTrrof^iuou,

Indicative.

Plural.

srvTrTOf^eucX',

,, -, Singular. rvTrriy

--,

iTV'Tirrov,

srvTrrouTo.

Dual.

-». Plural.

TVTrfiauoUy

rvTrslauou,

rvTrovvroti.

Subjunctive

rvTTTOi/iceuou,

TVTTTf},

Optative.

'/,

Optative.

!/.

., /. rvTTTOiuro.

rvTrohro.

Imperative.

), TVTTTOVf

,.

Infinitive.

Infinitive.

TVTTTsadoci.

Participle.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Tv-TTTOfisvog,

!/•/}^

rvTFTOfAivoV)

TVTTTo/ichYigy

,. Participle.

-/, ,. Neuter.

-. ^, ., /.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Neuter.

A GREEK GRAMMAR.

32

EXAMPLE OF VERBS

IN .

, , -. . -. , , '. , ,. -, -. -. , ^ -. -, -. ', . -, ,, ', -. /, . -^ . -. -. ,. MIDDLE

AoRisT

I.

I struck, or did strike, myself.

VOICE.

Indicative.

Singular.

Dual.

-//, £/!, STv

have struck myself.

Perfect,

Indicative.

Plural.

Singular.

Dual.

Plural.

',!/,

-/, £•,

-,

STVIpMTOf

TSTVTrxTOUf

Subjunctive

-^^,

-^,

Subjunctive

•^},,

'.

'/.,

rirvTCYiTOUy

nruirvi^

'-^. •{,

, •.

Optative.

Optative.

rv^xi/u,euoUf

Tv\pxiauou,

^/,

. . . , -.

Imperative.

Imperative.

-/, '., I?ifinitive.

Feminine.

Neuter.

-^^,. -/, -/, --^,

TV\pxfi£iJog,

AoRiST

.

-,

-,

struck, or did strike,

myself.

, , ,, , ,. ^, , , ,. . . , . . . Indicative. Plural. Dual.

sTVTro/LCYiVy

IryTTo^g^oj/,

kTV'yrouTO.

Subjunctive

/!/,

rv'TTYj,

Optative.

rvTrotf^nu,

rvTiroiauviu^

, .

., Imperative.

)!/,

'. ,, ,.

TVTriauojaxu.

Participle.

TVTTO/iiS'Jog,

Tvrofisvov,

Feminine.

.. /, -. . '. . , ', ^ ', . . . . /. , -, , . ,. . . , , Masculine.

Pluperfect,

-^ '. ', Neuter.

Feminine.

had struck my-

Singular.

'7{,

Indicative. Plural. Dual.

]!/.

'',

TSTUTTlJf,

^,,

Subjunctive

--^.

Optative.

',.

•7[,

'^

Imperative.

(^.

Infinitive.

Infinitive.

Masculine.

, ,

TiTVTriuxi.

Participle.

self.

Singular.

, .

Tgry-rirg,

Infinitive.

Participle.

Masculine.

!/,

.

Neuter.

rvTTOfisuQv,

Participle.

Masculine.

Feminine. nrvTCvix^

?, ''^.

Neuter.

,

GREEK GRAMMAR.

EXAMPLE OF VERBS

33

IN .

PASSIVE VOICE.

'

Present, tv TTTOficci ing by you.

I

am

in strik-

Future .

',,

.

shall,

&c. be

struck.

'/,. ^,'^ '/. ,^ ^ ,^ ', ], -. ', '. ^^ '. ,, Indicative.

^

Indicative.

Dual.

Singular.

Plural.

Dual.

Singular.

rvTrroy^edx,

TUTTTOfiCCiy

rUTCTiauoUy

Plural.

v]oucc.

, ', -. , ,. (, , '/, . ^ }^ ^ ^ ^ '. &^^ . . .. . TUTrrouroii.

Subjunctive.

rvTrrojfciuoi,

TUTTTwdoU,

TUTrT-iiauou,

Optative.

Optative.

TVTrroi^iUQu^

TVTrroif^riu,

TV-^roiaUYii/y

rvTrroivro.

Imperative.

rwTTTiaL•,

rvTTTSaucJi/f

Infinitive. TVTrTsaScci.

Participle.

-/, /. Masculine.

Imperfect,

Feminine. TVTirro^suYi, TUTirroyJi/Yig,

£

,-» Striking

}. [, >^ ^. (, 6[/^

., Neuter.

Masculine,

TVTTTO^^iUOU,

,

1

was

in

Future

II.

by you.

Infinitive.

Participle.

Feminine.

,&,^

Neuter.

shall,

&c. be

struck.

. ^. , , ,, ^ /^ /, , ^ ^ , . , ), , . . . . ,

, Singular.

,}!/,

//, '},

Indicative.

Dual.

irvTrrofiidou,

/, iTUTrrsadoUy

Subjunctive

TVTTTUJ^suot/,

rO'TTTYiauou,

,», &. Plural.

^, Singular.

''^.

kTVTTTOuro.

Plural.

!/, '^,

ryT)9ffo^£^fl6,

rv-TTTtaurcci.

Optative.

rv^TOi/iisuou,

TVTrmoif^nv,

-7(,

TV-TTTOiTOy

Dual.

7•/[,

,,,

Optative.

',

Indicative.

v'Yiof^ov,

TVTrmoi/^s^oc,

'7r'oy

TVTTTOiuro.

rvTCViooiuTO.

Imperative.

'.

Infinitive.

Participle.

Masculine.

Feminine.

rVTCTOfAiuYly

TUTTTO/LCiUOV,

TVTTOfcei/Yig,

^ ^ ^. ,. /, Infinitive.

Participle.

Neuter.

,^^, -.,

Masculine.

Feminine.

zv%moi^sv/ii)

Neuter.

A GREEK GRAMMAR.

34

AoRisT

I.

,

EXAMPLE OF VERBS

IN .

PASSIVE VOICE. I

was struck.

Perfect,

^,,

am, or

I

have been,

struck.

^^ /, [, £, -, , , , ', ,. , ^, , , , , . , , ^^ , /, , ,, , . , , , , , , . ,. ,. . /, ,, , ^ &,, . /, ^, /. ^, , -, ', /, , '. , , /, .

, .

Singular.

'

Indicative.

Dual.

Plural.

Singular.

Indicative. Dual. Plural.

,{6,

'

[,, ,

Subjunctive.

Subjunctive.

{[/,• /^^, ^,

.

TjTOV,

Optative.

Optative.

[,

'/,

}^^!^,

vlou,

Imperative,

^^.

Imperative.

-,

!/.

Injinitive.

iTifinitive.

Participle.

Participle.

Masculine.

AoRisT

Feminine.

II.

-^

Masculine.

Neuter.

&,

Dual.

struck.

Indicative.

Dual.

,,. Singular.

Plural.

Neuter.

had been

Pluperfect,

was struck.

Indicative.

Singular.

^,, /^, Feminine.

\(^

Plural.

'],

'',

iTVTryjTYiu,

,

),

Subjunctive.

.

7).,

',

//, ,

Subjunctive.

^

, ', /,. ,, ^ ^/, , ', , , ^,. ,. . ,,: ^ . /, TVTTiJTOl/,

iJTO!/,

?!«> 'fl'

'7(/,,

.

Optative.

Optative.

r'7ry|ou,

^^

^^

Imperative.

',

-,

Imperative.

--,

^

I?ifinitive.

,,

Participle.

Masculine.

FeiJiinine.

, >., /. ^, Neuter.

Masculine.

, ^. Infinitive.

Participle.

Feminine.

Neuter.

^-

A GREEK GRAM3iAR.

^

EXAMPLES OF VERBS ACTIVE VOICE.

IN

I

AoRisT

Indicative.

'

. .

hr^j.

Dual.

Plural.

,

,.

.

".

'iaTeATOUy

hroiTou,

, ^,

'. '.

, ,

.

. , .

Subjunctive iarZfieUj iarj^Tou,

iariJTSy

,,

,,

larcinnrouy

»!/.

Lnperative,

', ,.

. hrotrs,

iarocrau,

Irifinitive.

Masculine.

Singular.

'.

"larafAiu,

Optative.

/!/.

II.

Indicative.

'-,.

',

mi.

set.

PRESENT. Singular.

35

Dual. 'iarriTou,

kaTTiTYiu,

Subjunctive

/!/,

. ^,

. .

,,

Plural.

^ , .

., ,. Optative.

(..

^/.

aTCAt'/jTYiVy

Imperative.

:.

-!/.

'.

'.

Infinitive.

. ,

Participle.

Participle.

,

Feminine.

Neuter.

ioraacCy

,/,

/.

. . , '. , Masculine.

,.

Feminine.

GTciO7£,

^.

^oinrou.

^iho'iYiaoiv.

loiriy

^OlTlTYjUj

/)9.

^.

Imperative 'hihon,

"hihoTou,

h^OTu,

Masculine.

^.

^Ztou,

Imperative.

/^/,

S^OfCiV,

sZors,

Subjunctive

,

;)7

Plural.

'/, ',,

^,

Optative. h^oivii/,

II.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

/,

MI.

I give.

, ^,

^.

lOTOU,

"^orSf

Infinitive.

;:/

Infinitive,

Participle.

Participle.

^OVVOif.

/, /?,

Feminine.

Neuter.

;,

/>.

, . , , Masculine.

Feminine.

^.

Neuter.

/,

MIDDLE

IMPERFECT.

|

VOICE.

PRESENT. Indicative. Plural. Dual. £/;.£/,

Singular.

^, /), ',

16

ew,

is

Dual.

Plural.

?,rou,

vjTS,

%TYiv,

^ooiVi

the same as the Present.

which,

in

the imperative,

is

se,

/,

con-

A GREEK GRAMMAR. The other modes of the Imperfect, are the same as those of the Present.

41 Subjttnctive.

,

/] ,

MIDDLE VOICE.

i'vj,

&C.

Optative.

,,,

&c.

Imperfect of the hidicat'ive. Singular.

Dual.

v,aOy

',

Plural.

Imperative.]

), &c. sjffps,

Infnitive. hoit.

/ am, comes from the

obsolete "), whence it has the first future middle, through all the modes and persons, regularly declined, viz. Ee

..

vowel,

thou art called.

^,

changed into

,, as,

yehaoiy.i. walls,

In Verbs.

KoiTikic,

ci

Hercules.

.>7,

,,

double.

Tifian,

Jn Nouns.

'

;

(/.[/,

£

Koi'Aifi,

;

before

Ti/icaoj,

before a long vowel or diphthong, thrown out; as, 5.

^,

scribed; to

'^!fl' xlool,

cciool.

before a

thrown out

or , is contracted into not before or oj, is contracted into cc, and where a precedes a diphthong, the second vowel of the diphthong is thrown out, before the contraction is made, and if that vowel be i, it is sub7.

,

^t^i'

', /?,

-,

dovble.

4. short vowel before /, is contracted by synaeresis into a diphthong, \vithout change of letters ; as,

rtixii.

is

as.

A

'

;/

/^,

In adjectives in long vowel or diphthong,

plural of adjectives in

. . is

,, ',

ery case, are con-

pure, in

iu.

tracted into

43

,.

Ari.ccoadiysoi;.

2. In nouns of the third declension, a nominative, after being contracted, is then declined regularly ; as.

as.

In Nouns. of the mind.

,

Astfiii,

contracted

T^scg,

a stone.

In Verbs.

Ofihoii,

],

Z/i'AOov,

But

in

>7?,

he declares. he may declare.

Iri'hov,

declare thou.

the termination onu, the

,

t

is

thrown out, and the contraction is made by Crasis, according to Rule 2d. into ov; as, oriAoiii/,

-,

O/iAOl/V,

to declare.

the contraction 3. In adjectives in of the neuter gender prevails likewise in the mascuUne and feminine.

(^, (7.,

f^thiTOug,

contracted

(, [/, (.

A GREEK GRAMMAR.

44

, , , , ,,.

A

consonant between two vowels, is 4. frequently thrown out, that a concourse of vowels may take place, and a contraction be made ; thus, In neuter nouns in ^, a horn.

,

as, KiQoig,

»,

is

In

gree,

adjectives of the comparative is

thrown out

.

thrown out

,

, '7&, ,, In verbs,

,.

is

.

tUtctv],

,,

I

IN

.

honour.

PRESENT TENSE OF THE ACTIVE VOICE.

rifA

Indicative.

~, -»,

[A- Kit,

-,

-,,

-,

,-,,

^-,

rty^-uof/^iu,

-Zf/.s'j,

-,,

-arf,

-.

rif/.-cx,af/>sv,

-,

^-,.

-,, -a,rou,

Subjunctive. rii/j

-,

rif^-KVig,

-,

TifA'avirou,

-,

-xTou,

T(f4>'ayirs,

-