Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Palestine 9781463221461

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Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Palestine

A n a l e c t a Gorgiana

316 Series Editor George Kiraz

Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and

short

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Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Palestine

Frederic Allen

1 gorgia* press 2009

Gorgias Press LLC, 180 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2009 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2009

1

ISBN 978-1-60724-548-3

ISSN 1935-6854

Extract from The American Journal of Philology, vol. 6 (1885).

Printed in the LTnited States of America

IV.—GREEK AND LATIN INSCRIPTIONS PALESTINE.

FROM

The following inscriptions were copied by the Rev. Dr. Selah Merrill in the years 1875-77, the course of journeys undertaken under the auspices of the American Palestine Exploration Society. A n account of these journeys may be found in his book " East of the Jordan" (New York, 1881). The quotations in the following are from Mr. Merrill's field-notes, except where some other source is indicated.

I. PHILADELPHIA {Amman). From the large temple on the acropolis. " Large blocks of the entablature are lying about, some of them nearly buried in the ground, and on some there are fragments of inscriptions. The letters are very large and were finely cut. The rock was soft, and the letters have suffered very much by bruising. I give a few imperfect fragments. By digging and turning over the blocks of stone, it is quite probable that much of the inscription could be recovered." In " East of the Jordan," p. 265, Mr. Merrill refers to this inscription as " beautifully carved in two lines." a.

b. N?

TlCONKYI

oyavpynoyoomgi

UT6IGR oiYcoeecoNexAiCAio a. r]tt>i> Kv\_pî(ôv r[ò]

ie[póv

b. Mdp/coju Aùp[jjXi]ou ['A^fflKifpoii

Of fragment c I make nothing. The other two seem to be part of an inscription in honor of M. Aurelius and L. Verus.

INSCRIPTIONS

FROM

PALESTINE.

191

T h e t e m p l e is a tetrastyle, with eight columns on the sides. Its dimensions M r . Merrill g i v e s as f o l l o w s : length (outside of peris t y l e ) 160 f e e t ; width 50 f e e t ; height of columns 45 f e e t ; diameter of columns 6 f e e t ; diameter of pedestals 6 feet 10 inches ; width of entablature 3 feet 6 inches.

2. PHILADELPHIA. same temple.

O n two sections of a fallen c o l u m n of

the

" W h e n the column was standing, the inscriptions

w e r e of course concealed." a.

b.

Private m a r k s for the direction of the builders. to b e taken as a man's name.

2eos is perhaps

3Sa/ui. " F r o m a stone in the a n g l e of a beautiful cornice. T h e ruins m a y be those of a church or s y n a g o g u e . T h e structure was large and elegant, with at least 100 feet front." TTATTA TEKNA

7ra7ra[i „'«*.

C o m p a r e number 54. T h e inscription can hardly h a v e a n y t h i n g to d o with the building described.

4A s n. 4 m a y stand the inscription of Gerasa published with facsimile in this Journal, V o l . I l l , p. 206, to which I recur for the p u r p o s e of m a k i n g a correction. Professor F . P. B r e w e r k i n d l y pointed out to me b y letter, that at the end of the 10th line C 'H f p[ Q ]r should be read instead of [r]ep[a]o-[?7r]; this is u n d o u b t e d l y right. It m a y be worth while to repeat the text of this interesting epitaph, thus c o r r e c t e d :

X92

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'ioi'Amvrjv O[I]TOFF] | KcvdeiRATIOS,fjv | K[T] epeigev ec^a | ra crax^pocw^s] | affka rivav ya[/teV]>jr ' | ov [¿era (Uvpo ¡inXova j ano izarplhos 'KVTIO j ^ET^F ovKtTi izpbs 7ra | rprjv raS' ¿7r(\ev Kari)(et. Tvprj^vraTT) | pipvois, H^oi 8' [eV] tcijs | XaXeois /tot, c]a> yapf |TJ7

'

llanos roi!i'[o/i]a | y a p Kare'^o).

5GERASA ( J e r a s h ) . " O v e r the g r e a t g a t e in the wall on the west side of the city 1 was originally a l o n g inscription. T h e arch and g a t e w a y are now in ruins. T h e letters are of unusual size, and were e n g r a v e d with great skill. If the great blocks of stone could be turned over, possibly more of the inscription could be recovered." TOYSHAPYrPTHSTCONS .PAIANHSTHEPANTTYAK.. ..3AMWNAN0HKANKA . . E I L U N O Y K O M . . OYTTPT e3rouff[c]X/>' I

rijs T&V

(r[_eftav avroKparoptov acoTrjpLas oi delves

. . . pat ac[e](TTij[o']av irii\\j)v TCOV ¿]SIG>I> av\J6~\R)IC\_A\v ajrctJvov Ko/x[o8]ou 77p[oKpiTou rrjs V€0TT)T0S ?

e< 'c ['AIT-

T h e b l o c k which contains this has been b r o k e n : the transpositions, therefore (the E of imp has strayed into the line below, and in the last line w e h a v e EILLI for LLINEI), m a y be d u e to misplacement of the fragments. T h i s inscription, together with n. 17, 2 establishes with a reasonable d e g r e e of probability, the e p o c h of the city of Gerasa. We h a v e as d a t a : Y e a r 559 ; M a y of a fifth indiction: Y e a r 138 ( a p p a r e n t l y ) ; with mention o f C o m m o d u s . 1 T h e r e are two gates on the west side of Gerasa. In answer to an inquiry, M r . Merrill decides that this was the more northerly of the two, the one " on the main road to Suf." 2 T h e indiction-number in n. 16 is diplomatically uncertain, a n d so of no independent v a l u e .

INSCRIPTIONS

FROM

PALESTINE.

193

To bring 138 within the adult life of Commodus, we must assume this 5th indiction to be that which began September 601 A. D. The date of n. 17 must therefore be May 602; the year 559 of Gerasa must begin somewhere between May 2d, 601, and May 31st, 602 ; and the year 1 of Gerasa must begin somewhere between May 2d, 43 and May 31st, 44. It is natural to connect this with the death of Herodes Agrippa, early in 44. That event, for most of Palestine, marked the end of the tetrarchal dominion and the re-establishment of direct provincial government. The Greek cities of the " decapolis " in the earlier days of the province (and presumably after 44 A. D. as well) enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy. Of their status in the time of Herod the Great and his successors, we have little direct knowledge. But whatever it was, it is altogether credible that the year 44 made a great change in their condition. Clinton 1 guesses that Agrippa's death may have occurred in the summer of 44. But it may just as well have been in the spring. All we know is that three full years had elapsed since he had been given the sovereignty of Judaea by Claudius, and this, it may be inferred, took place very soon after Claudius' accession in January 41. We have therefore good reason for fixing, provisionally at least, the era of Gerasa in the spring of 44 A. D. TO return to the inscription in hand : if we read in the first line ijXp' = 138, we are led to the year 181-2 A. D., the second year of Commodus's reign. But the plural T5>V in the opening formula seems to point imperatively to one of the last years of M. Aurelius, during which there were two Augusti. Commodus was made princeps iuuentutis in 175, imperator (along with his father) in 176, and Augustus in 177. Between 177 and 180 would be the time of our monument. I venture therefore to suppose that the numeral H of Mr. Merrill's copy is in reality h. W e get thus the year 136 of Gerasa ; that is from spring 179 to spring 180. Commodus was consul in 179, and it may be as consul that he was mentioned in this inscription. 6. Tablet of limestone 22 X 32 inches, with a lion in repose carved upon it. The inscription was above the lion and close to the upper edge." GERASA.

"

' Fasti Romani, under year 44.

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TCOKDCMUJKATEIAHNE KTCONIAILilNETTO 111. NE ETDYEMP

Compare CIG. 4607 (Wadd. 2309) : rov vaov crvv iravri Koafjua evo-(ii£>i> e'| Idlav axoSd^irfv. The E at the end of the second line seems to have come by mistake from the line above. Kar (tkr]v = ' collectively.' The year 190 of Gerasa (see on 5) is 233 A. D.; the year 106 is 149 a. d.

Gerasa.

" Stone 35J X 25J inches."

HN EMECICKAITATTAPAKCIM ENAKAIOBCù H?

ErENETOEKAIAeHKMEAHAIHlPIOYATTOAACWANO .. 99

9

A?

AYAETTIMÉAHTCONNIROIIAYOYAYCATOYNIKOMAXO KAIAMYNTOYMAAAATEINHC

V

Gerasa. ENTEYGEN HPSATOTO EPrONTHC KATACTPCO CEOCTHCCKA 4>HCETTI .. . APXHCCAYPH

8. evrevdev rjpi-aTO to

epyov Trjs Kiiraarpaj(T€OS TTjS 1!, éirì [rijr

2(e'£rou) Aèpij-

AIOYCAPATTO

\iov Sapairo-

ACOPOYEHITT THNTETPA OAIAN

TTJP Terpa-

èapov, e[(TT f ]7r[i obiav.

INSCRIPTIONS

FROM

PALESTINE.

195

I do not venture to disturb Karaarpatreos, in view of TreXeof, n. 26, a n d îepéof, n. 6 6 .

GERASA. " On three adjacent columns, still standing, which formed part of the great circle of columns inclosing the forum or large market-place." a.

AHMHTPIANOC

ArjfirjTpiavos

ETTAH POOCEN

€7r\rfpa>cr€V.

CABEINOCCTPATHriOY

2a/3eîi/of SrpaTTjylov

ETTAH PCOCEN

c7r\ripu>«a„« N.— ECOMATAP D.— ENTAIH DG, ENTAH C, evrai. . . , N.— El II D.—ArrEXIK..Z>, AITEAI ..G, A C E E A I K E C, ayy^O) M Line 3: ITEAEGEI C, TEAEGEI DG, reXeo« N.—KaTWaov N.— EPMA D, EP . . C, epn . . N.— G a p of several letters after tPlia indicated by GCN: no gap D.— A C T El G, O E T E Y D, TTEI C, ayipi N.—K...Kai (for K A I ) N . — N A E T N E l D, NAETTHEI G, N A E T H C C, vop^s N— ECCOMENOIO G, E E C O M E N O C, cappievo . . N, ECEOMEN D. Line 4: M A P T Y P I O N G, fiaprvpiov N, P r Y P I O N D, P T Y P I . . . C.—MAICD D, yaa N (GC like Merrill).—THC . . . TINAK G, THC

E I N A K C, TTjS . . . . ivaK N, T H E I N A K D. — avrjXBevTcme

N {DGC precisely like Merrill, save that C has a g a p between HA and GEN). -f* KvpiaKo$~\ dofios €ip.\ a€0\o(f)6pov GeoScopov 4fidpTVpos a6ava.T\_QVy /cXto? ov /cat eV] oxeauoio 4(Twfia yap ev yaiy, yjsvxr/ 81 eis ovpavov cvpvv [ 4* dyyeXiK^rjv «poSo]*/ TiXetfet, /c(at) ayrjpaop zpfia [ 4-

acrret /cat vatrrjcn /cat €0€V0i[_. TCXF 6(1

O r a c . S i b y l l . iii. 2 6 3 :

¿eiSapos apovpa | e£ evos els eKarov, reXedovrd

roia-i povois Kapnbv re per pa

Seoio.

Christian epigram in Anthol. Palat. i. 3 1 , 3 : -rrpevpevta irpamSeirtriv vTrep peponav re\edovo-a, where Jacobs says wrongly " s c r i b e reXtovaa." S e e L . Dindorf at the end of the article re\eda> in the Paris Thesaurus. 1 T h e last line is puzzling. T h e letters of the latter half of it, from K on, seem certain, from the consensus of all the copies ; and K i r c h h o f f ' s drastic remodelment cannot stand. Probably, however, Kirchhoff was right in taking vne at the end as a date. T h e year 485 of Gerasa began, if our calculation is right, in the spring of 528 A. D. M a y of 528 was in a 6th indiction, and the sign before IN A , which Girdlestone read as a T, Conder as an E, and Merrill as a T, may very likely have been ^ o r The expression avij\6ev is singular, though anjyepdri is frequent enough. Supposing this right, we have left the letters T A , which I am unable to explain. Possibly r(jjs) 'A(moxeias) ?

17GERASA. " T h e form of the letters and the character of the stone seem to indicate that both belonged to the same inscription." Besides Mr. Merrill's copy, we have one of both a and b, made b y Conder (in 1882), published in the Quarterly Statement of the English Palestine Exploration F u n d for 1882, pp. 2 1 8 and 2 1 9 ; and a v e r y imperfect one of b only, made by Girdlestone (in i860) 1 Manuscripts give this transitive reseda sometimes where it ought not to stand. Thus in Oppian Cyn. iv. 149, and Manetho Apotelesm. vi. 351, rtKkDovai has been rightly corrected into reXtovm. Both Manetho and Oppian use TCAEOOI constantly in the old and correct sense. Even Orph. Lith. 586 : sit)' baa '/J'/uir'' £Tri tj!]ac!v 7/ai>]ov ? $eoctdeos, ov kXcos e'irrrj iv \6ovX k{o.V) 7T and not 15 (ct') is pretty clear from n. 16, in which the indiction-number, t h o u g h not distinct, m a y be but cannot be A.

18. GERASA. Published, but m u c h less correctly, in the C o r p . Insc. Graec., No. 4662 b (compare also the addenda, V o l . iii, p. 1x83), from B u c k i n g h a m .

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[«ara Kf'XeufTti'] [tov òuva roO] ETTIAHAI

67rc(^)a[i/eo'ra-

TOYH EFAAOTTPE

tov [/LiJe[-y]aXo7rpe-

TTEETATOYKAITTF

7re[cr]Tarou Kai 7r\_€-

P I B A E T T T O Y K O H I T

pt/SXeVrov kó/J.LT\OS

KAIAPXONTOEÉr

K(I\ apxovros [e]y[e-

NETOTOEPrONTOY

vero to epyop tov

EHBOZOY T h e letters Al at the end of line i, " l o o k , " Mr. Merrill says, " a s if scratched on b y a later h a n d . " T h e e/u0oXor is a porch attached to a church or other b u i l d i n g ; see C I G . 8641 ( = W a d dington, n. 1878), and Byzantine writers.

19. GERASA. A O Y ;§ 1 T O Y « I

E

H T O Y

A fragment which I cannot explain.

20. GERASA. Mr. Merrill gives a new c o p y of the long metrical inscription, C o r p . Inscr. G r . 8655. A l t h o u g h it s u g g e s t s no new readings, it is in some places more correct than those hitherto published, and I print it here :

L i n e 1. +

6 A H B 0 E 0 H 0 Y K A I Q A Y H A T T A P E P X 0 H E H 0 I C I N T T A N T À P A K O C H I H C A E A Y T A I TIIH? H C T H

E T T P O T E p H C T T A H T H

B E B H K E N K A I T T O T F .

. .

E T Y X 9 H N

N E 4 > 0 C A N T I A E A H M

I . I E 0 P O Y X A P I E A M < t > l

INSCRIPTIONS

FROM

PALESTINE.

201

Line 2. OTTOCAHOrEOHTAAAHE IHEH9AAEPITTTOHEHOOHOAHHA IETEIPE I PETOAYrPHTTOAAAK I KATTTA PIC0Nn?E N?r?

EAPAgATOPIh OEKAITTNOIHETT Line 3. KAKOEHIHHAAEEIHCOHHYHAEAIAHBPOEIOIOTTEAOYTTEP n or III ?

N T E r 0 A EIT AI + A E | T T r P H Y TT A A A M H\l i: E T E P CO — ?

XA?

TTPOCArOYC IMETCOTTCOETAEAYPOYTIMH ENT Line 4. EIAE9EAEI CKTOYTOAAHMENAIOPEYEIAHE + AIHEIAC TOAEKAAA OE EMO?ITTOPENA| I EPAETONTTANCO OCEYCEBINHEMEAHMENOCIEPOANTHC + This copy is at least as good as the two older ones on which Boeckh's restoration (reproduced by K i r c h h o f f ) is based. Much worse is that published in 1870 by two Italians, Garovaglio and Vigoni, and discussed by Moritz Schmidt in the Jahrbiicher f"iir Philologie, 1870, p. 814. The inscription was also printed, in minuscules and very inaccurately, in the Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Explor. Fund, 1869, p. 389, on the basis of two unpublished copies made by Girdlestone and Warren in 1857 and 1867 respectively.

21. PELLA ( Tubakat Fah'l). " V e r y large letters over the door of a tomb that had been recently opened." In " East of the Jordan," p. 185, Mr. Merrill says : " T h e door of this tomb was 37 inches wide, 5 feet high, and inches thick. It had three loculi. T h e inscription, short as it is, occupied 33 inches on the lintel." C0C OPOY T h e name C I G . 9169 and elsewhere.

4.0,poç

KGTTAN4>IA0C YIOYCATTOAAGiC

K€

Tiav(pL\os

iiiovs Â7roXXet?.

The syntax of the last line is a barbarism.

25Beit er Ras. " The stone is hard basalt. The centre (the circles, etc.) is raised, and the letters and ornamentation are finely carved. The bottom of the face of the tablet has been chiselled

INSCRIPTIONS

FROM

PALESTINE.

203

off, cutting away the lower part of the circles." " It appeared to be a lintel, and is supported now at each end by stones." eTOYCKATAKTICINTHCTTOAGOOC

The raised part in the middle was originally blank, and an inscription was cut in two lines, above and below this part, of which the first line still remains. A later possessor of the tomb, L. Valerius Valens, chiselled off the second line and inserted the new date («') and his own name with what follows, as well as he could, in the middle. 26. Irbid ( A r b e l a ?) near Beit er Ras. " Stone now used as the lintel of a small house or goat-pen, placed so that the inscription faced the ground or threshold." See " East of the Jordan," p. 293. T?

GTOYCIGKATAKII CI NTHCTTOAGO AOYKIOCAOMH TIOCMAHCOP

T?

THNCTHAHNAYIO CYNTCÙGNAYTHMN A ?

/\M ICùGTTOI HC6 N

27.

Irbid. " O n the lintel, still in position, of a small temple or a large tomb. The building belongs to the best class of Hauran ruins." See also " East of the Jordan," p. 293.

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PHILOLOGY.

fiera navra, r[o]û[ro.

C o m p a r e the end of an epitaph in W a d d i n g t o n , n. 1936 : Urav Kafiys, T o v r o ré\os. T h e r e is a curious epitaph of B e r y t u s (Beirut), published in Perrot's " I n s c r i p t i o n s d ' A s i e Mineure et d e S y r i e " (Paris, 1877), p. 66, and of which I find a squeeze a m o n g Mr. Merrill's papers I ôdpfri 'Aprepièœpa, oùèt(ç) aôâvaros. ravra ^¡rraiTa 'érrj kô'. H e r e ravra must mean " to this thou hast c o thing similar.

28. NAWA.

reA B I BA eu

I d o not m a k e out this name.

On' appears to be the age.

29. A D R A A (JDra'a). T h i s and the following ten gravestones " had, with others, just been d u g up from a depth of ten feet below the surface of the g r o u n d . " " T h e s e eleven are but a few of a large number which exist at this place." TAYG HNAC PAAA OYGT A

Vaver] Nao'paXXou er(S>v) X/3'.

B

raverj = Faovairj in W a d d i n g t o n , n. 2032.

INSCRIPTIONS

FROM

PALESTINE.

30. ADRAA.

ZABO Y A A 6 H N

ZafSovbidrt

A C P

Nao-pdWov

AAA

€T(wi>~) Kt]'

OYGT KH

31.

ADRAA.

AAPOD NAC

Mapwvas $lX[lV]7TOt

IA • • "1 "ITO Y 6 TA

er(Si') X'.

32. ADRAA. CGM

ADRAA.

A0H

2e/ia8ri Mapava

MAP CONA GT

¿r(_S>v) . .

330PH

*0v, in the left hand corner, expecting to carry it across the stone, but finding the middle of the Stone for some reason impracticable (perhaps it was to be covered) he was crowded into the line above. On the right, the name of some month must have stood. It is perhaps simpler to read x a 'pM above and []cu. below. 42. B o s t r a . " From a grave in Bozrah. The stone was lying on its side, and had been built into a small modern tomb, i. e. a pile of stones laid in order over a grave and whitewashed. The ends of the lines on one side seemed to be perfect." oeeAAGKi TeOCGAX OHHGOONH COO^pcd Aí >izHCAceTr

X

IH

Kirf

INSCRIPTIONS BOSTRA.

Tombstone.

FROM 43-

0YA6 AA9H ABBOY G T AZ

BOSTRA.

Tombstone.

OiatXâôr, "AfifioVf f v(ô») X f .

44-

A A P eeiNH GAemc

BOSTRA.

Tombstone.

PALESTINE.

Map6^,1 'e X i V

45-

GAM APH

©flflópi).

T h e name, Waddington, n. 2147.

BOSTRA.

Tombstone.

46.

APCINO H GTOON TT H

BOSTRA.

Tombstone. D M VLPIA • FLA VIX • AN L

Apcriì/orj,

7TT] .

47D(is) M(anibus). Vlpia Flavi[a], an(norum) L.

210

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PHILOLOGY.

48. Urn el Jemal. "From the lintel of a door to a house, shop, or possibly a public building. There are at this place a good many Greek, Latin, and Aramaic inscriptions, besides those which MM. Waddington and de Vogue have given, and it is a pity that they cannot be carefully collected. ' KAIOVMOC

Kaiovfios.

c •? KAAVAIANOG

K\av8wi>6s

AAG © AOC

aSeX^oy.

The name Kalovpos is new, but Kaiafua occurs in Waddington, n. 2103, and elsewhere. In like manner we have KmWos and K a i a v o s (Wadd. 11. 2089 and 2091).

49El Ayin near Salchad. Less complete in Waddington, n. 1968 a, from copies of Graham and Wetzstein. YTTePCOOTHPIAC FOPAIANOYCGB 0AIMOCAMGPOY ONOA0OCACA 0 . )OHOA0OC . . ABPI . H

virep

crtorrjpias

TopStamd

aeß(aaroO)

V>". 'Opoaöos

'A]tp-

Ó KAI 'AOV-

ras

Kvparia*

Tpls

i^aXiSa-

y

INSCRIPTIONS

FROM

PALESTINE.

211

What stood after Kokk^os I do not know ; perhaps the tribe (TG P ?). 'AoimSos is the name which commonly appears as 'AovetSm (Wadd. n. 2081, etc.). 5iC A N A T H A (Kunawat). " On the base of a column which is now used as a stand near the door of a house. The lines are perfect on the left, and there did not appear to be many letters wanting on the right."

©çû>7tarpos] M o koX *Ai>o[iii>oj [M]o)c[f]i[^ov rò {3ô[ôpov ¿Troi\j)\a[tv eK T(ùV

GEOOTTATPO . CÙMA5IH OKAIANO O-COKCIH

. . .

OYTOBOA

. . .

GTTOITTCI . . . KTCONIAIO . . .

/3ódpov is for fiâdpov, by a substitution frequent in inscriptions of Syria. An 'Avovvos Monduov was buried in the neighboring town of Saccaea (Shakka), at the age of 25 ; see Wadd. n. 2153 a -

{Kunawat). " In the wall of a ruined house. Inscription very plain."

CANATHA

lines.

Six

TCONOI

. . pov pov . . .

POYMOY MENTO

. . 7f(ùsfte. . . . Kt'nçç . . ôiijye^.

TTODSAE KOTES AIHTEI

A second copy of Mr. Merrill's gives TTO§AE in the 4th line. Parts of lines, probably of a metrical inscription.

S3C A N A T H A (Kunawat). " Waddington, No. 2345, has one nearly" [in fact exactly] "like this, except that his has several

AMERICAN

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PHILOLOGY.

more words than mine, and was found in the house of a sheikh. Mine was in an old wall which had to be pulled down to get at the inscription, as only one corner of it appeared. The letters were well made, and I copied all there were on the stone." \_d(j>t€p